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OF THE

(GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

OF OHIO.

VOLUMES Ie

ECONOMIC GEOLOGY.
ARCHAEOLOGY.
BOTANY.
PALEONTOLOGY,

BeotisneD BY AUTHORIDY (OF THE LEGISWARURE, OF OHIO:

OPFICERS OF THER URV EN.

EDWARD ORTON, : STATE GEOLOGIST.
ASSISTANTS.

Clay Working, . PROF. EDWARD ORTON, JR.

Mapping Coal Fields, : : Pror. C. N. Brown, in charge.

oe : . J. A. BOWNOCKER.
Ee i ‘s F : AYE SHORRSEE eh»)
a AS : . GG. P. Grimsiey, Ph.D.
es es : : ; C. E. SHERMAN, C. E.
a ie ‘s ‘ ; : Pror. F. W. SPERR.
i c f ; : Pror, He AY SuREACE:

Map Construction, : : : C. EK. SHERMAN, Chief Draftsman.
( fs HARRY SHAw, Assistant “

Archeology, GERARD FOWKE.

Botany, ; : d é at Pror. W. A. KELLERMAN.
es W. C. WERNER.

Paleontology, Pror. R. P. WHITFIELD.
re : : 2 » Pinos (Ch IE g IBbeIcerce
sf ; ; : ; AC OR: FOERSTE. Ph. D:
ef . : : y PROF. Ve CeAvPOLE:
oe . ‘ 5 f De Os Whiromer

PREFACE.

It becomes my duty to set forth in this preface a brief account of the present
volume, to explain its composite character, in which it differs in some respects from
all its predecessors, and, as it is the last official volume that I expect to prepare, to
briefly point out the lines, along which the work of the Geological Survey has ad-
vanced, and the results that have been thus far attained. By the numbering under
which it appears the present yolume is counted in with the reports that have pre-
Ceded it during the last 21 years; but as a matter of fact, it is the outcome of a dis-
tinct organization of the geological work of the State.

The Second Geological Survey was organized in 1869 and was under the direc-

tion of the late Professor J. S. Newberry up to 1883, although his active work upon
it was substantially terminated in 1876. Under Dr. Newberry’s direction, Reports of
Progress for 1869, 1870 and 1871, and Volumes I, II, III and IV were issued; includ- .
ing also VolumesI and II, Paleontology, togther with a geological map of the State,
ona scale of four miles to the inch. In direct continuance of this work, volumes
V and VI were issued, under my direction as State Geologist, in 1884 and 1888 re-
spectively. A preliminary report on Petroleum and Gas was also published in this
series in 1886.
i The Second Geological Survey nominally terminated in 1888, with the publica-
tion of Volume VI; but in the subsequent year (1889) provision was made by the
Legislature for the continuation of geological work ona small and inexpensive scale,
the results to be made known by annual reports. The direction of this work was
placed in my hands, but provision was made for only a part of mytime. A report
was issued in 1890, entitled “First Annual Report of the State Geological Survey,
Third Organization.” Shortly before the time for publication of the second annual
report, I was disabled in health to such a degree that it no longer seemed advisable
for me to continue the double duty which I was carrying on; and permission was
accordingly obtained from the 70th General Assembly to publish the material gath™
ered for the Second Annual Report together with certain other chapters, presently
to be named, under the title of Geology of Ohio, Volume VII.

It was the original plan of my predecessor, Dr. Newberry, to divide each vol-
ume of his reports into two parts, the first covering general geology and the second;
paleontology. In pursuance of this plan, Voiumes I and II were issued in two parts,
or, in reality, in two distinct volumes, the volumes in fact, differing in size and in
other respects. But when the time came for the publication of Volume III, the
finances of the State had become somewhat straitened, and the legislature to which
the voluine was offered was disinclined to incur the large expense, viz., about £60.000,
necessary for publishing the paleontology on the scale on which the two preceding vol-
umes had been issued. The Legislature, however, authorized the publication of the
general geology part 1, under the title of Volume III. Considerable material had been
prepared under Dr. Newberry’s supervision for the paleontological part of this volume.
A chapter prepared by Prof. R. P. Whitfield of the American Museum of Natura]
History, New York, after having been held for several years without any indication

vi PREFACE.

that the State would undertake to issue it, was finally published in the Transactions
of the New York Academy of Sciences. The edition thus issued was not, of course,
designed for general distribution and but few copies could have found their way to
Ohio. Through the courtesy of the Academy,I have been enabled to reproduce
Professor Whitfield’s chapter, and also to use the engraved plates, prepared for the
Academy’s Transactions. This constitutes Chapter III, Part II, of the present vol-
ume. It will be bornein mind that it was originally prepared under the direction of
Dr. Newberry and at the expense of the State, for Volume III, Paleontology. When
the plates were ordered for this chapter, the preparation of my Second Annual Re-
port was in progress, and the plates are accordingly printed as belonging to the
Second Annual Report. The Survey is greatly indebted to the courtesy of the New
York Academy of Sciences in this matter.

A similar state of things was found in the case ofa chapter prepared by Mr. E.O.
Ulrich of Newport, Kentucky, except that he had received no compensation for his
work, this being made to depend on the publication of Volume III. I have
made good the promise of Dr. Newberry in this respect, also, and Mr. Ulrich’s chap-
ter, viz.: chapter VII, will be found to be of great service and value to students of
Ohio paleontology.

Three other paleontological chapters I have been able to add to Volume VII.
through the generous and gratuitous contributions of the gentlemen named below,
Prof. C. L. Herrick, of Denison University, has thrown a great deal of light on the
history and subdivisions of the Waverly group of our series by his methodical
study of the paleontology of its different elements. The materials embodied in
his chapter had been previously published, in the main, in college bulletins; but
they become for the first time accessible to the State at large in the present chapter,
viz., Chapter IV, Parti,

Similar statements can be made as to Chapter V, prepared by A. F. Foerste,
Ph. D. He.treats of the paleontology of a single formation of the Ohio scale, and
makes additions to our knowledge, of great interest and value. Part of his chapter
has been previously published in transactions of societies; but the same statement
applies to it as to the preceding chapter.

Finally, Prof. E. W. Claypole of Buchtel College, contributes a very interesting
chapter, viz., Chapter VI, on the great fossil fishes of the Ohio shale. With his
chapter there is also included an important contribution in the same line by Prof.
A, A. Wright of Oberlin. This chapter may be counted a direct continuation of the
work in which Dr. Newberry was so deeply interested, and to which he gave so
much time and space in the previous reports of the Survey.

The paleontological chapters thus enumerated are as follows:

Chapter IIT, Contributions to the Paleontology of Ohio, by Prof. R. P. Whit-
field (originally prepared for Volume III, Paleontology).

Chapter IV, The Waverly Group of Ohio, Prof. C. L. Herrick.

Chapter V, The Clinton Group of Ohio, Dr. A. F. Foerste,

Chapter VI, Fossil Fishes of the Ohio Shale, Professors E. W. Claypole and
A. A. Wright.

Chapter VII, Lamellibranchiata of the Lower Silurian Formation of Ohio,
E. O. Ulrich (originally prepared for Volume III, Paleontology).

The cost of each of the two volumes of Paleontology previously published was
at least $60,000, the editions being 20,000. The present volume has been printed in
an inexpensive form, and the full equivalent of Volume III, Paleontology, is now
furnished to the people of the State at scarcely greater cost than a volume without
illustration would require. The choice was necessarily made between a volume
issued in this way and no publication of paleontology.

In making up my final volume I found that chapters had been promised on
certain other subjects, by the organizations of the Surveys, with which I have been

' PREFACE. vii

connected during the last twenty-five years. In Newberry’s First Report of Prog-
ress, 1869, he named among the subjects that were to be studied and reported upon,
the Archeology of Ohio. This promise also I have been able to make good, by the
publication of a sound and judicious chapter on the subject by Mr. Gerard Fowke.
Mr. Fowke has been for many years in the employ of the Ethnological Bureau of
the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, and is an expert on all the questions
which hediscusses. Through the courtesy of the United States Bureau above named,
Mr. Fowke was allowed to make free use of the information he had collected while
in its employ. The present chapter was thus prepared at merely nominal expense
on the part of the State.

The publication of Volume IV of the main series of our reports was ordered
by the Legislature on the promise that it should contain an account of the Zoology
of the State and also a list of the plants growing within its boundaries. It was
accordingly named in the act authorizing its publication,” “ Volume IV, Zoology
and Botany.” A botanical list had been duly prepared for the volume by the late
Dr. H. C. Beardsley of Painesville; but when the printer called for the copy, it had
been in some way mislaid, and was not recovered in time for publication with the
rest of the volume. Thus the volume entitled “Zoology and Botany” finally ap-
peared without a line pertaining to the last named subject. This deferred promise
I have also been able to make good. Prof. W. A. Kellerman of the Ohio State
University, assisted by Mr. W. C. Werner, of the same institution, took upon them-
selves, without any compensation from the State, the great labor involved in mak-
ing out alist of Ohio plants. This work has been done with the greatest enthusi-
asin and fidelity. It combines all*the facts of previously published lists with a
considerable addition of original determinations, making the list far more complete
than any that has appeared hitherto.

Part II of the present volume is thus largely devoted to making good the
promises made by the Survey to the State during the last twenty-five years; and
while in no way personally responsible for any of these promises, itis a great sat-
isfaction to me to see them amply fulfilled in my last volume.

Part I of the present volume is devoted to Economic Geology. It includes a
chapter on the Geological Scale of the State, and is accompanied by a small geo-
logical map, printed in colors. It also includes a chapter on the Clay Deposits, and
one on the Coal Measures of the State, prepared by the writer. To these there is
added an especially valuable chapter on the Clay Working Industries of Ohio, by
Edward Orion, Jr.

A large portion of the appropriation made for the preparation of this volume
has been used in the construction of maps showing the boundaries of our more im-
portant coal seams. These maps, therefore, constitute an integral and important
part of the volume. In regard to them and the service that they can be made to
render to the economic interests of the State, a few statements are necessary at this
point.

In their construction a great deal of faithful labor has been expended. All the
outcrops indicated were traversed on foot, with barometer and township map in
hand, and the aid of the landowners was constantly sought in securing the results
of observations and tests as to the presence of coal seams on their respective farms.
The question as to whether the coal had been mined or is still left in the ground is
not touched in the maps. They are designed to show the original outcrop boundaries
of the seams. Thus, also, it comes about that seams are represented in some areas
where they are too thin for working, under present conditions. Their presence as
geological elements in the section is sometimes all that can be asserted; but, when-
ever practicable, the thinner extensions of the seam are left out.

In Chapter IV, Part I, page 270, a classification of our coal seams will be found.
The coal seams of the Conglomerate Coal Measures, though possessing great im-

Vili PREFACE.

portance at a few points in the State, are not delineated, except in a single instance
on the present series of maps. These seams are four or five in number, and one of
them, viz., the Sharon coal (Coal No. 1 of Newberry), has been an important ele-
ment in our coal resources up to the present time. But all the known areas of it
are either already worked out or are rapidly approaching exhaustion. It could
answer no useful purpose to delineate the original boundaries of exhatisted coal
fields, and the known portions of the seam that remain untouched would appear
insignificant if laid down by themselves.

The Quakertown coal (Coal No. 2 of Newberry) attains considerable importance
in one district of the State, viz., in Jackson and Vinton counties. It is here known
as the Jackson Hill or Wellston seam. Its areas, at ieast as they were understood
two years ago, are indicated on Map No. 2, by a subordinate boundary.

The remaining seams of this division, viz., the Mercer and Tionesta coals, are
nowhere of importance enough to justify their representation on our maps from an
economic point of view. =

The next great division, the Lower Coal Measures, constitutes the heart and
center of the Ohio Coal Field; but the two lowermost seams of this series are too
inconstant to justify representation. In Stark county the Brookville seam, or the
coal under the Putnam Hill Limestone is locally mined, but such is its uncertainty
that no good purpose could be subserved by representing it much beyond its
present development.

A similar state of things is found in the case of the Clarion coal in Vinton and
Jackson counties. This seam underlies the famous Ferriferous limestone and there
is a considerable territory in which it gives promise of being able to support min-
ing in the large way, but it was feared that more harm than good would come by
representing it as present in unexplored areas in which while it is geologically due,
it has not been proved. The Kittanning coals, Lower and Middle, therefore, are the
first seams to which the mapping has been made to apply. Inasmnch as the upper
of these two seams, viz., the Middle Kittanning, isimmensely the more important of
the two, its outcrops are the ones that are represented. But, as already noted else-
where, the lower seam is separated from it by so small a vertical interval that the
one boundary answers almost equally well for both.

A similar state of things is found to hold in the case of the two Freeport seams,
Lower and Upper. The Upper, which is by far the steadier and more valuable seam, is
represented by a boundary, but whenever the Lower is present in the same areas, the
one boundary is generally sufficient for all practical guidance. It is to be carefully
noted by all who study the maps, that where the Kittanning and Freeport bound-
aries appear on the same maps, the boundaries of the former are in all cases to be
continued through the areas which are assigned to the Freeport coal.

It would have been more satisfactory if each seam could have had a sheet to
itself, but the demands of economy in the accomplishment of our work, necessi-
tated the adoption of the present plan.

The great Pittsburg seam as a matter of course, comes in for a boundary in our
maps, as does also another seam a hundred feet above it, which is well developed in
three or four counties in the very centre of our coal area. The latter is known in
Ohio geology as the Meigs Creek coal. Finally, on map No. 10, the collected areas
of the several seams are shown in their outcrops.

In the representation of each seam, the object has been to delineate the boun-
daries of those portions of it that lie above the natural drainage, but far more care
has been taken in running the outcrop or upper boundary than in running the lower,
for the reason that when this lower boundary occurs, the character of the territory
is already established, as certain to be within the recognized boundaries of the
seam. In the drainage boundary there are always enough points definitely located
to justify the position given to this line in a general way.

PREFACE. ix

In several of the maps, and notably in Nos. 7 and 8, there has been a slight de-
parture from the general plan in the following particular, viz., the Kittanning coal
is indicated in areas where it has descended below drainage, but where one or both
of the seams are still known to exist. It would perhaps have been better to have
maintained the same system throughout the entire field; but persons of intelligence
enough to take interest in the maps will scarcely be misled by the features named.
All of the maps are drawn to one scale, viz., two miles to one inch, except maps 9
and 10. Among the advantages to be derived from them, the two named below are
especially prominent.

l. The continuity of the various seams,and their identity with well known
seams of adjo:ning states is fully and finally demonstrated. Since the publication
of Volume V, in 1884, there has been, in fact, no adequate ground for doubt in re-
_ gard to this subject. The connections of the main seams were fully recognized and
they were continuously traced in a general way at that time; so that no open minded
student of our geology has since that day, been in doubt as to the true order, but
the present maps, with their unbroken lines of outcrop, make the whole subject so
plain that even the wayfaring man can henceforth have no excuse for mistaking or
confusing their places in the system. The propriety of replacing the local and nu-
merical designations of our coal seams with the names first given to the same seams
in Pennsylvania, is fully established by these maps. The laws of scientific nomen-
clature do not allow us to multiply names unnecessarily for one and the same object.
A fossil must always be known by the first name given to it, in connection with ade-
quate description and publication. So, also, an identifiable stratum must retain the
designation under which it was first made known to the scientific world. This com-
mon law requires us to adopt the Pennsylvania designations of our coal seams, be-
cause the latter were first described in Pennsylvania. The Pittsburg and the Sharon
seams, especially the former, have always been known in Ohio by their Pennsyl-
vania names, but from lack of knowledge of the true equivalents of the remaining
seams, local names and worse than this, numerical designations that have not even
the merit that one and the same number is applied to one and the same seam in all
instances, have beeu fastened upon them, and thus the recognition of their identity
has been seriously obstructed. In conclusion, it can truly be said that these ques-
tions are permanently settled for both the practical man and the scientific student
by our maps.

A few questions of subordinate interest remain as to the proper places in the
scale of certain seams in particular fields, but the large questions have passed
from debatable ground into demonstrated certainties.

2. The second and by far the more important service that these maps are able
to render is found in the fact that they, for the first time, make it possible to deter-
mine the areas of our several coal fields. ‘The areas above drainage can be directly
measured, by cutting them out of the maps, with proper care, weighing the several
areas in a chemical balance, and comparing their weight with that of some standard
area; ur, better still, they can be determined by the use of the planimeter. Prof. C.
N. Brown has at my instance applied this instrument to the maps under considera-
tion, and the results which were thus attained will forthwith be stated.

Our coal seams cannot, however, be supposed to terminate abruptly with their
disappearance below drainage. Some extension of them under,cover is believed in
by everyone; but very different judgments will be formed by different observers as
to the limits within which they can be reasonably expected. Theoretical views will
color our opinions on such a question. An estimate made by one who holds to the
essentially marginal character of our coal deposits will differ widely from an esti-
mate made by another who counts it entirely possible that all the seams of the Ohio
scale could be cut by a single shaft at the center of the field. Any measurement of
the acreage of our coal resources must, therefore, in this respect, be a matter of

x PREFACE.

judgment; and so, also, will be the fixing of an average thickness of our seams in
the several fields.

In making an approximate determination of our coal lands on this new basis, I
have, in the first place, assumed a total breadth of the coal-forming swamps of
twenty miles, measured from the average outermost outcrop of the seam, in the di-
rection of the greatest dip. This shows a somewhat larger area of the seam under
cover than above drainage. The coals would thus be followed down to a depth of
200 to 300 feet below the surface. It does not seem to me that the most sanguine
“student of the facts would ask for a larger extension of any of our seams that have
been treated in this way, unless an exception be made for the Upper Freeport Coal.
The Freeport coals seem to have had a somewhat different history from that of the
earlier seams, and for them it is possible that the assigned limit will sometimes be
too narrow

The areas assigned to the Pittsburg coal are deduced rather from reported
occurrences of the seam in deep borings than from any theoretical views.

In the second place, I have had the areas of the seams in question measured as
they are found above drainage or rather until they are fairly under final cover. The
boundaries on which this measurement depends are visible and unquestioned.

With areas of coal seams computed in square miles, and with the thickness of
each estimated in feet, the problem of determining the quantity of coal in township»
county or state, becomes a simple one. The specific gravity of Ohio coals ranges
between 1.24 and 1.34. I have taken 1.28 asa fair average. On this basis a cubic
foot of coal weighs eighty pounds. An acre of coal one foot thick, yields about
1,750 tons, and a square mile 1,120,000 tons.

The two Kittanning seams show, on the first basis a total area of 3,873 square
miles; on the second basis, of 1,847 miles. For the combined thickness of the two
seams calculated for this area, I count four feet a fair figure. The contents of the
field are, therefore, 17,350,000,000 tons, by the first computation and 8,274,000,000 by
the second.

The Freeport coals show, on the first basis, an area of 3,149 square miles, and
1,285 miles by the second. I assume four and one-half feet for.the total thickness
of this area. The original amount of Freeport Coals in Ohio, is, therefore, 15,880,-
000,000 tons by the first computation and 6 476,000,000 tons by the second.

The Pittsburg coal, with an estimated thickness of four feet, has a computed
area of 1,250 square miles, and a tonnage of 5,600,000,000 tons. Finally, the Meigs
Creek coal shows a tonnage of 2,777,000,000 tons, on an area of 620 square miles and
with a thickness of four feet. ,

The sum of these several results exceeds 40,000,000,000 tons by the first computa-
tion and 23,000,000,000 by the second. The total acreage of the measured seams of
the State is 8,893 square miles by the first measurement and 5,032 square miles by
the second, and the average thickness is estimated as four feet.

But, even were these figures entirely within the mark, there would be large
abatements necessary in the computation of our coal resources. In all coal mining
acertain percentage of loss must be provided for. It never falls below ten per cent.,
and it sometimes reaches forty per cent. I will estimate the loss in Ohio niining at
twenty per cent.

Again, all of our seams have suffered more or less loss from erosion that took
place during or immediately succeeding their formation, and this may be styled
contemporaneous erosion. The losses in our best fields from this source are con-
siderable. I will put them at ten percent. Finally, ‘“‘wants” occur in every field,
and, including in this reduction the areas that have already been worked out, I should
be disposed to reduce the figures by at least twenty percent. These three sources
of loss make a total abatement of fifty per cent., thus leaving an available supply of

PREFACE. xi

20,000,000,000 tons by the first computation and 12,000,000,000 tons by the second.
Even when thus reduced, the figures pass far beyond all intelligible conception.

For how long a time would such amounts of coal last? That, of course, de-
pends upon the rate of annual consumption. In 1892, the output of Ohio mines
was 13,500,000 tons. Since mining has been going on in the large way in the State
the production has been doubled in periods of about ten years. At this rate the
annual production will reach 25,000,000 tons a year, early in the twentieth century.
Supposing it to run steadily at this point, Ohio coal would last about eight hundred
years on the basis of the first measurement and less than five hundred years by the
second. But,if the rate should continue to advance as it has done heretofore until
an annual output of a hundred million tons is reached, the duration of the supply
would be correspondingly diminished, viz., to two hundred and one hundred years,
respectively.

I look to see our mining engineers avail themselves of the above named
boundaries, now for the first time provided for them, and proceed along different
lines of theory and investigation to determine the coal resources of particular fields
or definite areas.

In conclusion, a few words will be devoted to a review of what has been already
accomplished by the several geological surveys of this State, and to a brief consid-
eration of what remains to be done. ~

1. The general stratigraphical order of our several formations is now fairly
well determined; so far, at least, as their occurrence within our State boundaries is
concerned. Their correlation with the series of neighboring states leaves some-
thing to be desired. This is especially true of the northeastern corner of Ohio.

2. The leading features of our economic geology have been set before the peo-
ple of the State so that land owners of ordinary intelligence can acquaint themselves
with the probable value of their mineral resources. They are no longer at the
mercy of men who are able to take advantage of their ignorance.

3. The salient features of our paleontology have been made intelligible to all
of our people who take an interest therein.

As to what remains to be done in Ohio geology, it is difficult to speak. The
science of geology is constantly lengthening its cords and strengthening its stakes.
Every line of investigation opens up larger questions than those which it directly
undertakes to settle. New methods of research are coming into use, and old prob-
lems must be reconsidered by their aid. It is only the generalities of our geology
that have been thus far attacked. Deeper and more thorough work will be de-
manded in every subdivision of every field. It remains to be seen how much of
this more refined study will be carried on at the public expense under State direc-
tion. Speculation’ upon this point is unnecessary.

There are, however, severai subjects that could well bear more investigation of
the type that ! as been thus far maintained than they have received. The Jower
Helderberg limestone and the Ohio Shale, in particular, furnish excellent subjects
for more careful stratigraphical and paleontological determination.

The drift formations, glacial and post-glacial, of the State, have thus far been
studied in a very superficial way. It is but recently that methods have been devised
for taking better account of their complex history. Closely connected with these
deposits, is the consideration of the pre-glacial drainage systems of the State. The
little study that has already been given to these subjects reveals their highly inter-
esting character. Further investigation in these lines is sure to bring ample reward.

It cannot be denied that during the progress of the survey, the great interest
of Agriculture has received less direct attention than, in the beginning of our work,
it was led to expect and much less than its intrinsic importance would warrant it in
demanding. There are two principal reasons for this neglect, first, that the geolog-

Xil PREFACE.

ical work proper of the survey has always thus far required the full amount of time
aud means that were available; second, that the knowledge necessary for thorough
scientific work in this direction could not be easily commanded. In short, it may
be true that the time has not yet come for a satisfactory treatment of the important
relations between geology and agriculture, but the subject is to be kept in view as
one of the unfinished problems of the survey. A beginning could perhaps be made
with profit at the present time in a preliminary classification of the soils of the
State in connection with their native floras. Such a task would require adequate
acquaintance with and adequate interest in the several branches involved which in-
clude agriculture, botany, meteorology, geology, chemistry and some divisions of
“zoology.

The building-stones of the State have not received the attention that their
growing importance demands. No review has been made of them since the publi-
cation of volume V, and the treatment at that time was far from satisfactory, hav-
ing been condensed from a report made for the 10th United States census. A good
beginning of a new chapter on this subject was made four years since by the writer
but the loss of the field notes before they were put in shape brought this purpose to
naught.

The recent discovery of rock salt in northern Ohio and the establishment one an
important business upon this unexpected occurrence have been alluded to in the
opening chapter of the present volume, but the facts justify a more extended
account for which, to my regret, time and space do not now suffice.

The production of petroleum and gas has been by far the most interesting and
important subject in the economic geology of the State during the last ten years,
Three separate volumes of the Survey reports have been devoted almost exclusively
to it within this period, viz.: Preliminary Report, 1886, Vol VI, 1888, and First
Annual Report, 1890. The development has gone on with unabated vigor since the
publication of the last volume and arich harvest of facts remains ungarnered at
this time, but the exclusive privileges of this subject could not be further continued
without doing injustice to other economic interests. I greatly regret that I have not
been able to follow with proper care and detail the progress of the drill during the
last four years. I also regret that the want of space forbids the introduction of such
of these facts as I have in hand into the present volume.

Two oil fields of considerable importance have been brought to Hatt within
this time, viz: The Monroe county and the Corning fields.

The Monroe county oil is derived from the Logan Conglomerate which is known
in the adjacent Sistersville oil field of West Virginia as the ‘Big Indian” sand. It
is identical with the salt water rock of Pomeroy, and also with the great salt water
horizon of the Macksburg oil field. Its outcrops constitute the most striking
feature in the scenery of the Hocking Valley from Lancaster to Logan and are also
finely shown in the picturesque gorge of the Licking river between Newark and
Zanesville.

The Corning field derives its oil from the Berea Grit, which is eee in wells
about 1,000 feet in depth. These wells produce a moderate quantity of rather heavy
oil but they seem to show fair vitality.

The principal feature of the last four years in this connection is, however, the
continued development and expansion of the oil production of the Trenton lime-
stone in northwestern Ohio. This production is beyond question the most striking
and surprising fact in the economic geology of the country for the last twenty-five
years. Ten years ago, it would not have been possible to make a more improbable
forecast as to the future oil supply of the country than one which should emboay
the results of our present experience. The black swamp of northwestern Ohio is at
this time the leading source of the illuminating oil of the United States and the
source of this oil is found in a lower Silurian limestone.

PREFACE. xiil

The last four years have not given us new oil fields in the Trenton limestone so
much as important extensions of those already discovered. The counties which
were named in the report of 1890 as the chief sources of supply still constitute
our main reliance. The principal generalizations that the opening years of this
development seemed to warrant have been in the main confirmed and established by
the later experience, but a proper study of the newer facts cannot fail to throw im-
portant light on the geological conditions of petroleum accumulation.

At the date of the last report, viz., 1890, many facts were adduced showing the
rapid decline of the wonderful supply of natural gas that several counties of north-
western Ohio were then enjoying, from which decline the speedy extinction of the
supply was inferred, so far as its large use in manufactures was concerned, unless
the unworthy applications and reckless waste that were then going on should be
promptly arrested. These warnings were disregarded; in one or two instances,
they were even resented, as likely to interfere with enterprises that were under
way.

The event has proved, however, that the facts that were then apparent were
correctly interpreted. The decline went on steadily. Most of the glass factories
for example, that were brought into the district on the promise-of free fuel have
been abandoned or removed. The few that remain are eking out the feeble gas
supply with coal, wood and oil. Pumps have been added to almost all of the pipe
lines, but even with their aid it has proved impossible to maintain an adequate do-
mestic supply for all consumers during the last two winters.

The outcome is indeed a sorry one. Under judicious control, the gas stored
in the Trenton limestone might easily have supplied all northwestern Ohio with the
unspeakable advantages of gaseous fuel for household use for at least a quarter of a
century. Household use is the highest and, in reality, the only proper use to which
natural gas can be applied.

It isa relief to be able to name one gas-field in the state that has, in the main,
escaped the prostitution and abuse which all the older fields have suffered. The
Thurston field of Fairfield county deserves this distinction. It has supplied gas in
large amount, to the city of Columbus, for household use, since January, 1890. For
a few months in the summer and autumn of that year, gas was also furnished to
manufacturers 1n various lines, as 1ron-working, brick-making, lime-burning and
the production of steam for power, but under these demands, the supply soon gave
unmistakable evidence of being overtaxed. Pressure and volume in the wells and
pipe-lines rapidly fell away, and the large consumers were, one after another, obliged
to return to coal. The pressure continued to fall until domestic use became
dangerous and finally the gas was shut off from the city altogether.

After being closed a few weeks, the wells regained their pressure, but the
company had learned by disastrous experience, that it could not maintain the
domestic supply of the city and at the same time furnish fuel for rolling mills and
brick kilns. Household supply was forthwith resumed and it has not been inter-
rupted for a single hour during the past three and one-half years. The field gives
every indication of maintaining the supply for many years to come. Fully half
the population of Columbus is now enjoying the inexpressible advantages of an
ample and constant supply of gaseous fuel.

Xiv PREFACE.

Questions are often asked as to the number and order of the reports of the
Geological Survey of the State under its several organizations. A list of these
publications is given herewith.

No.

pages No. copies.
ges.

Title: | Date. Geo-ogist in charge.

First GEOLOGICAL SURVEY—1837-8.

|
First Annual Report.......... | 1838 |

He 134 | 5,000 | W. W. Mather.
2 Second Annual Report........| 1838 | 2386 | 5,000 | W. W. Mather.
SECOND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY—1869-1888.

Jee pPOTEOl ETO STeSSs.. 6. - eee 1869 176 14,500 | J. S. Newberry.
An ReportiofProgress:....-a-.-5- | 1870 568 14,500 | J. S. Newberry.
5. Report of Progress..... Hogade|| |) ksi 3 | 400 J. S. Newberry.
6. Geology of Ohio, vol. I, part |

MEG Colo gia weesete ce: 1872 680 | 20,000 | J. S. Newberry.
7. Geology ot “Ohio, vol. I, part! 4o1_|

Idi Paleontologyse ee reesces 1873 HO siates| 20,000 | J. S. Newberry.
8. Geology of Ohio, vol. II, Pas

pantel Geologyiere. cue. 1874 701 | 20,000 | J. S. Newberry.
9. Geology of Ohio, vol. II ‘part| 431 |

Il, Paleontology Sie soar 1875 |no rest 20,000 | J. S. Newberry.
10. Geology of Ohio, vol. III, es aia aed

Ceolo ouyeaear.s. cnace selasaesnade 1878 958 20,000. | J. S. Newberry.
a1BIE Geological Atlas of Ohio.. TSAO uals sececos 5,000 | J. S. Newberry.
12. Geology of Ohio, vol. Iv, '

_ Zoology and Botany........ | 1882 1,070 | 20,000 | J. S. Newberry.

13. Geology of Ohio, vol. V, | |

Economic Geo!ogy......... i 1884. 1,124 | 10,000 Edward Orton.
14. Preliminary Report on Pe-| | y,

troleum and Inflammab! e|

Gaste. eee ae deee ates Se beaeee 1886 | TOMS 2,900 | Edward Orton.
15. Geology of Ohio, vo}. VI, |

Economic Geology......... USSS seco: 15,000 ° Edward Orton.

THIRD GEOLOGICAL SURVEY—1889-1894.

16. First Annual Report.......... | 1890 | 323 | 10,000 | Edward Orton.
17. Geology of Ohio, vol. VIL,| | |
part I. Economic Geology P1893) 290), 2,500 | Edward Orton.

18. Geology of Ohio, vol. V iT

(complete.) PS a ot cde ‘ 1894 ! 970 7,900 | Edward Orton.

PREFACE. XV

Ail of these volumes have been published by the State, under the general and
sometimes under the entire control of the State printer. The Geological Atlas
alone, No. 11 of above list, was published by a private firm.

The distribution of the copies of each volume has been made through the
members of the General Assembly by which the publication of the volume was or-
dered, or, in some instances, by the members of the next succeeding General Assem-
bly. Up to the issue of Volume V (No. 13 of the list) the entire editions, after pro-
viding moderate allowances for the geological corps and the State Library, were
distributed p7vo vata among the members of the Legislature. No opportunity was
afforded for the purchase of copies on the part of those desiring to secure them
and no provision whatever was made for maintaining the sets of those who had re-
ceived the earlier volumes. It is almost incredible that after making the expendi-
tures which the large editions of the earlier volumes necessitated, the volumes
shou'd be scattered over the State in such a reckless and wasteful way. Individual
members of the Legis!atures would sometimes take pains to distribute their quotas
to those who had the preceding volumes, but such cases have been comparatively
infrequent.

With the issue of Volume V (No. 13) a new policy was inaugurated, to the ex-
tent of placing a cert)in number of copies in the care of the Secretary of State, to
be sold at cost of publ'cation. This arrangement has met a real want, as is shown
by the fact that the stocks of all the volumes but the last two are entirely, ex-
hausted. There is no State office and no State officer that can furnish at the present
time either a single complete set or any single volume of the other reports, in answer
to the most deserving applicant. Book dealers in the larger cities of the State are in
some instances gathering complete or broken sets of the reports, to meet the de-
mands. The prices of the volumes range from $1 to $3.50 per volume. Some of the
volumes cannot now be found in the market, at least in complete form. Vo'ume V
with its maps seems to have been entirely absorbed and Volume VI is but infre-
quently offered. It may prove to the advantage of the State to republish some of
these volimes, as they haye not, by any means, outlived their usefulness.

It remains for me to make acknowledgment of valuab'e aid and assistance tht
I have received in the preparation of the present volume.

The mapping of the coal seams was kindly taken off my hands after I had sulf-
fered a disablement which incapacitated me for the necessary fieldwork, by Prof. C.
N. Brown of the Ohio State University. The credit for this entire division of the
report belongs to him and to his assistants. All of the latter displayed great fidel-
ity and diligence, but it is proper that special mention be made of Mr. C. E. Sher-
man, C. E., chief draughtsman; of G. P. Grimsley, Ph. D, who was engaged in field
work for a longer time than any other assistant, and of A. F. Foerste, Ph. D., whose
service though brief was of unusually high character, standing as it did for good
training and previous experience in similar lines of work.

To the several railroad companies who have furnished free transportation to
the officers of the Geological Survey forall or portions of the time in which the work
of preparation of volume VII has been going forward, cordial thanks are hereby
tendered. The aid so rendered has been of great advantage to the State, helping
out the narrow appropriations with which the Survey has been carried forward.

To Mr. W. K. Moorehead, Curator of Archeology in Ohio State University,
thanks are due for the generous loan of his map of Fort Ancient, which accompanies
Chapter I of Part II.

To Hon. Leo. Hirsch, Supervisor of State Printing, I am under great obligations.
He contributed all the assistance possible in every stage of the publication, and itis
through his skillful administration that so large and varied a volume is issued at so
small a cost to the State.

Xvi PREFACE.

For the typographical errors in two of the cha>ters, their authors, viz., Prof. R.
P. Whitfield and Edward Orton, Jr., must not be held accountable, as it was not
practicable to give them the opportunity of reading their own proof.

Many defects and errors, typographical and otherwise, I recognize, but in exten-
uation, I may urge that the preparation and publication of the volume have been
attended with some peculiar disadvantages, which it is not necessary to explain. In
view of the facts, I bespeak the lenient judgment of the reader. 15, ©

CEAPTER > I.

CHARTER] lk

CHAPTER II.

CHAPTER iv.

CEASERS = V1

CHAPTER: IT.

CHAPTER III.

CHAPTER IV.

CHAPTER V.

CHAPTER VI.

CHAPTER VII.

CONTENTS:

PART I—ECONOMIC.

Geological Scale and Geological Structure of Ohio.
Bysbrots HdwardeOrntonin.seaeese tence teers sees erate Pages 3-44

The Clays of Ohio, their Origin, Composition and Varieties.
By Rrotek dwardi@ntoimGssneeessssceesessee eae a eee case se Pages 45-68

The Clay Working Industries of Ohio.
Bye dwardiOrtomijit.,) ys IM ieeseoeeerereeeee ase enact cee Pages 69-254

The Coal Fields of Ohio.
By ProfeEdward Orton. .5. ccs ies. epceeen eee eee ee Pages 255-290

PART II—GENERAL.

The Archzeology of Ohio.

Gerard MOwK eno saesccnaseaindes hice Geass pieisnacaceoe resents Pages 3-55

The Botany of Ohio.
Prof ww, As kWellermanyand we iC) Werner 2221 siete Pages 56-406

Contributions to the Paleontology of Ohio.
Bro fw nat elles een Loess cine sae ad ea tert iar ain eas Pages 407-494

Observations on the so-called Waverly Group of Ohio.
Jerqoy ay Ou eal eens aol eae Asa Umn Aiserlay User Hanns ale Ln a AN Pages 495-515

Fossils of the Clinton Group in Ohio and Indiana.
JRE M Oe IeVolei ce Heel ely) D Poe ange dasasusdadoeancondscooe soquepossdee Pages 516-601

The Fossil Fishes of Ohio.

Profs. H. WeClaypolevandyAl Al Wariolit co.cc ences Pages 602-626
New and Little Known Lamellibranchiata from the

Lower Silurian Rocks of Ohio and Adjacent States.

BOM Uriel, peepee cel vara Cac teieccn aucune au oA a Pages 627-693

EIST OF TEEUSMRATIONS ANDaMiVAlks:

General SOHO Ose WAS IRGSS Osi OlaOxsoacqaooasersecess-veosbsesougosnacbon seone086- Faces page 4
OMEN OL GOKQULAOMMUS \COMCEILI ICUS. oth a. ob veeosi Aesenaae tae perc Ge eee meee Page 493
ISI ES Ole A CL IDL CELI ie dade oscreramsticns norsersioe eee nc eee nea man sone Gee Canee A eee ee ES OMT
MOI eS HOTA OP LHOCEH CLG te ates (arc ater cuains Soe aetat nee Ree ener tem AE Eg Seta “840 >
BMI ESOL SS OP GHIA UCN Orson nctic hans teers eec ne ae xt ceeee s Sass REE STS eee ee << 1629
RM pUKeS Of ODUSLLOPLET.G (CLUCTUOLE ©. co -nsaenatne coaeeeetene: Peer te “645
PME Of CLOW GIL SWOUIEALL oe xii sake nie oe sniease se jones stectece cee aca eee eee Goll
AUS URES Of ACLU OULY GCONCELIOLG :ioc.cce uss cas ceds oonsdsracdecs seals seein sedan ere eee eRe Sonat

MAPS SHOWING BOUNDARIES OF PRINCIPAL COAL SEAMS.
(IN ENVELOPE.)

1. In Lawrence, Gallia and Jackson Counties, (in part).

2. In Jackson, Vinton, Meigs and Gallia Counties, (in part).

8. In Hocking, Perry, Athens and Vinton Counties, (in part).

4. In Muskingum, Licking, Perry and Morgan Counties, (in part).
5. In Coshocton and Holmes Counties.

6. In Tuscarawas, Harrison, Stark and Carroll Counties, (in part).
7. In Columbiana, Jefferson and Carroll Counties, (in part).

8. In Guernsey and Stark Counties, (in part).

9. The Pittsburgh and Meigs Creek Coal Seams.

10. The Coal Fields of Ohio.

SeOlLOGy Mi Onn:

CHAPTER I.

SHOLOCICAL SCALE AND /GHOLVOGICALS SERUCTLURE Or
OHIO.

By PRoF. EDWARD ORTON.

Owing to the mode of distribution of the volumes of the Ohio Geo-
logical Reports, viz: through the members of the successive legislatures
that order the publication of the successive volumes, it becomes neces-
sary to introduce each volume as it appears, with a brief review of the
geological column of the state, in order to make it certain that the state_
ments which are to follow will be properly understood by those into
whose hands the volume may fall. It is never safe to assume that those
who receive one volume have any knowledge of or any means of obtain-
ing any other volume of the series.

The geological scale of Ohio comprises strata, named in ascending
order, of Lower Silurian, Upper Silurian, Devonian, Sub-carboniferous
and Carboniferous age, and also a series of deposits of the Glacial period.
The principal divisions are shown in the following table. The thickness
that is assigned to each of the elements is not necessarily the average
thickness of the various exposures. In some cases the more common
measure is given; in others it is counted better to indicate the thickness
of some of the best known exposures. In the text, the limits of each
formation will be more definitely stated:

The geological order herewith described is further represented in the
accompanying diagram. A brief review of each of these divisions will
be made in the succeeding pages of the present chapter.

4 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

Irs
BG laetal, dacs as, Gah nates ora, labs cola ae 0 to 550 feet. } eB
s ew
Ig, Wijoyoeie Weve (Corll MCAS WEES ok. cosadooassuesocop ane saws adigevina featioae D0 Ops are ages
IG Oppersbrodiuctive Coal@Vicasmnespwre ces saeco eee aneste ects 2008s ies ieee
ij evower barney CoaliMeasunesecess snc he tanotecc Recta cues 500.4 go
AG owen Prodi etiverCoalmWieastinese tes asststnaa =: ey see ee eee 200 oe % 4
san Conelometaten Groupee reece sii. ce eceeccecasscotu ae sosee eee eect 250) eae
12. Sub-carboniferous limestone, Maxville, Newtonville, etc., 20) ie Dhan ince
( lle Logan Group. ......0-350. NON || Lg
| 11d Cuyahoga Shale, 150-450. | 5007 pers
11. Waverly Group 4 1lc Berea Shale......... 20- 50. + to 500“). (Ons
ili aBereal Gist. see. 5-160. | 8007 ae
| la Bedford Shale........50-150. } Np
10c Cleveland Shale. : ) :
10. Ohio Shale. | 10b Erie Shale. 250 to 8,000 feet.... Bx) = ely
10a Huron Shale. Le
GmHamiltonisiales(@lentangy Shale?) .1-ssc...c---0sesesecense te eee 25) “ic ae.
8. Devonian Limestone, Upper Helderberg or Corniferous, ©
including West Jefferson sandstone...............0.0608 CR R
7. Lower Helderberg limestone, or Waterlime, including Syl- }
vatia sandstone, 50) to 600 feet: 5...222-e.secec soit ee ees 500) “Seale
(@GdsHulllsborossandsStomer-cssess-ceesese-eeeee SUR een =
| 6c Guelph or Cedarville limestone,50-200, 150) ne ies
GuNiagara Groupit), GbaNiagaralimestome: -0..2.ctccscc--eenceceoe WU
| 6a Niagara Shale, including Dayton lime- (aoa
Stoney tonl00..9 a ee 100) “eas
5. Clinton Group, in outcrop, 20 to 75 feet; under cover, 75 to 150. 50 > “t olsedd
4. Medina shale, in outcrop, 25’; under cover, 50 to 150............ 75. oa
SEidson RaAveriGrolp, eo007 tO Ol Gor tecennesccenasde specs ie ceeep cee: 700) aes
2. Utica Shale, not seen in outcrop, but 300 feet thick under | os
Cover, NOLEDe TNO iow eenir dee. tcticseaccenetee sn eeceens 300 ene
1. Trenton limestone, seen only in Pt. Pleasant quarries, if at |e eetpe!
altaniielve Stat Ok | a aieae awe ete ia) hte AS Ce Q=50) 7s sg ee

THE TRENTON LIMESTONE.

The Trenton limestone is one of the most important of the older for-
mations of the continent. It is the most widespread limestone of the
general scale of the country. It extends from New England to the
Rocky Mountains, and from the islands north of Hudson’s Bay to the
southern extremity of the Allegheny Mountains in Alabama and Georgia.
Throughout the vast region it is found exposed in innumerable out-
crops. As it decays, it gives rise to limestone soils which are sometimes
of remarkable fertility; as, for example, those of the famous Blue Grass
region of central Kentucky, which are derived from it. It is worked for
building stone in hundreds of quarries, and it is also burned into lime
and broken into road metal on a large scale throughout the regions where
it occurs. :

But widespread as are its exposures in outcrop, it has a still wider
extension under cover. It is known to make the floor of entire states, in
which it does not reach the surface in a single point.

It takes its name from a picturesque and well known locality in
Trenton township, Oneida county, New York. The small river, known

CARBONIFEROUS

LOWER SILURIAN

GEOLOGICAL SCALE OF OHIO

UPPER BARREN COAL MEASURES

UPPER PRODUCTIVE COAL MEASURES

LOWER BARREN COAL MEASURES

LOWER PRODUCTIVE COAL MEASURES

CONGLOMERATE SERIES

SUBCARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE
s
lis LOGAN GROUP { sanosrone
CONGLOMERATE

WAVERLY $5e0-800/ th CUYAHOGA SHALE

tc BEREA SHALE
lie BEREA GRIT
a BEDFORD SHALE

{0c CLEVELANB SHALE
OHIO SHALE 300-2606 110, ce Rie SHALE

(0a HURON SHALE
HAMILTON SHALE
DEVONIAN LIMESTONES _) 25-75

LOWER HELDERBERG LIME STONE 5-205

60 HILLSBCRG SANDSTONE E25
6e GUELPH LIMESTONE

6e NIAGARA LIMESTONE

6a NIAGARA SHALE. DAYTON LIME f

NIAGARA SERIES

CLINTON SERIES
MEDINA SHALES

HUDSON RIVER SERIES see - s0se

UTICA SHALES . ¢-3e¢

TRENTON EIMESDONe 7

GEOLOGICAL SCALE AND STRUCTURE. 5)

as West Canada Creek, makes a rapid descent in this township, from the
Adirondack uplands to the Mohawk Valley, falling three hundred feet in
two miles, by a series of cascades. These cascades have long been
known as the Trenton Falls, and the limestone which forms them was
appropriately named, by the New York geologists, the Trenton limestone.
The formation, as seen at the original locality, isa dark blue, almost
black, limestone, lying in massive and even beds, which are sometimes
separated by thin layersof black shale. But it is to be noted that a few
feet of its uppermost beds consist of crinoidal limestone of great
purity of composition. Both limestone and shale contain excellently
preserved fossils of Lower Silurian age. By means of these fossils, and
also by its stratigraphical order, the limestone is followed with pertect
distinctness from Trenton Falls to every point in the compass. It is
changed to some extent in color and composition, as it is followed in
different directions, but there is seldom a question possible as to its iden-
tity. The Trenton limestone forms several of the largest islands, in
whole or in part, in the northern portion of Lake Huron, as the Mani-
toulin islands. From this region it dips, under cover of the lake and
also of higher formations, to the southward; but it is found rising again
in outcrop in the valley of the Kentucky River, near Frankfort, and pos-
sibly, also, at a single point within the limits of the state of Ohio, viz.:
in the quarries of Point Pleasant, which are located in the valley of the
Ohio River, in Clermont county, twenty miles above Cincinnati. The
Point Pleasant beds have a thickness of about fifty feet. This outcrop
of rock was definitely referred to the Trenton horizon, apparently on
stratigraphical grounds, by the late W. M. Linney, of the Kentucky Ge-
ological Survey, a number of years ago; and in the course of the explo.
rations of our underground geological structure, which followed the
search for oil and gas in western Ohio, the indications seemed to point to
the correctness of Mr. Linney’s conclusion, and the Point Pleasant beds
have been counted Trenton limestone in several of the last volumes of
the Geological Survey. This determination has, however, lately been
called in question by Mr. Joseph F. James, of the U.S. Geological Sur-
vey, who bases his argument on paleontological grounds. Mr. James
holds that it is impossible to separate the Point Pleasant beds from the
overlying series, which are referred to the Hudson River age. It is not
safe to affirm positively that the determination made by Mr. Linney, and
supported by the facts brought to light in the Ohio reports, is beyond

question ; but it still seems probable that this is the true interpretation. —
The- fossils of the Trenton limestone and of the Hudson River group are
identical to a considerable extent. :

The thickness of the Trenton limestone proper, as it appears in out-
crop in the rocks of central Kentucky, is given by the geologists of that
state as one hundred and seventy-five feet. It is immediately underlaid,
in this region, by two other limestones, viz.: the Birdseye and Chazy,

6 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

which have a thickness respectively of one hundred and thirty and three
hundred feet, the entire set of unbroken limestones, beginning with the
Trenton, and including the two formations above named, being thus
about six hundred feet in thickness.

It is altogether probable that these three limestones constitute the
solid mass which the drill has so often penetrated in Ohio within the last
few years to a depth of five or six hundred feet. The formations, which
the geologists separates when they rise to the surface, are counted by the
driller as a single limestone, for which he needs no other name than that
with which he begins, viz.: Trenton. The several divisions, however,
are found to vary somewhat in grain, in color and in chemical composi-
tion as well as in the fossils they contain.

Below this great limestone mass a sandstone, more or less caleareoues
is reported in many of our deep wells. This is probably on the horizon
of the St. Peter’s sandstone of the northwest and very likely deserves to
be called by this name. It is forty to sixty feet thick, as generally re-
ported, and is charged with the rank salt and sulphur water which is
known in Kentucky as Blue Lick water. It must, however, be ac-
knowledged that water of quite similar composition is sometimes found
in or between the limestone beds above named as well as in the under-
lying stratum.

Still deeper, impure magnesian. limestones are found, at least in the
Ohio series, for the next one thousand feet of descent. This was well
shown in the deep wells of Springfield and Dayton. ‘These beds must
be referred to the Calciferous period of the general scale, so far as, at least,
as their uppermost portions are concerned.

To the question so often asked, and to which a sharp and exact
answer is expected, ‘‘How thick is the Trenton limestone?” it is thus
seen that it is not only not easy, but not even possible to give such an
answer, on account of the ambiguity of the term as it is popularly used. .
The interest of the question, however, is practical, and centers in those
portions of the limestone that yield gas and oil. Restricting the scope
of the question to this point of view, it can be stated that no part of
the Trenton limestone, more than a hundred feet below its uppermost
surface, has thus far proved productive of either gas or oil,in the large way:

Bo eu OG eNe Speetuee.

The immediate cover of the Trenton limestone in the locality from
which the latter derives its name, is a well-known stratum of black shaie,
three hundred to seven hundred feet in thickness, and, possibly, in pur-
tions of eastern New York, much thicker than the maximum above given.
This conspicuous stratum received from the New York geologists the
name of Utica shale, from the fact that very many outcrops of it occur in
the vicinity of the city of Utica. This bed of slack shale has proved to
be very persistent and wide-spread. It must be acknowledged, however,

GEOLOGICAL SCALE AND STRUCTURE. 7

that it is not as well characterized by definite forms of life as most of the
strata that receive independent names 1n the geological scale. It is every-
where, but sparingly fossiliferous; but while only a few of the forms that
t contains are found exclusively in this series of deposits, there are still
enough, when taken in connection with the lithological characteristics of
the shale, to establish and maintain its identity.

The first of the deep wells that was drilled in Findlay revealed, at a
depth of eight hundred feet, a stratum of black shale, the fragments of
_ which, brought up by the driller or by explosion of nitro-glycerine in the
oil rock, contained what may be styled the most characteristic fossils of
the Utica shale of New York, and the black shale eight hundred feet be-
low the surface in northwestern Ohio, was thus positively identified with
the Utica shale of central New York. ‘This bed of shale, as proved by
the driller, in Ohio has the normal thickness of the formation in New
York, viz.: 300 feet, and, taken in connection with the other elements in-
volved, it extended and continued the New York series into the under-
ground geology of northern Ohio in the most unexpected and at the same
time in the most satisfactory way.

The Utica shale thus discovered and defined is a constant element in
the northwestern portion of the state. Its upper boundary is not always
perfectly distinct, as the Hudson river shale that overlies it sometimes
graduates into it in color and appearance. But asa rule the driller, with-
out any geological prepossessions whatever, would divide the well section
in his record so as to show about three hundred feet of black shale at the
bottom of the column, or immediately overlying the Trenton limestone.
This stratum holds its own as far as the southern central counties. In
the wells of Springfield, Urbana and Piqua a dark-colored stratum is
found in undiminished thickness, but apparently somewhat more calca-
reous in composition than in the locality where it was discovered. From
these points southward, according to the somewhat scanty facts that
have been secured, the formation thins rapidly until it is apparently re-
placed by dark-colored limestone bands, known as “pepper and salt rock”
by the driller. No great falling off in black shale appears in the
Dayton wells; but at Middletown a sharp boundary between gray shale
three hundred and ten feet thick (Hudson river), and black shale one
hundred feet thick (Utica), the latter directly overlying the Trenton
limestone, was reported by a driller whose observations seemed entitled
to confidence. ‘The black shale was reported still further reduced in the
wells at Hamilton and from that point southward it was not distinctly
recognizable. From these and similar facts it appears that the Utica
shale is much reduced and altered as it approaches the Ohio Valley, and
is finally lost by overlap of the Hudson river shale in this portion of the
state and to the southward.

The identification of the Utica shale as a distinct stratum in the
lower beds of the series exposed at and near Cincinnati, which has been

8 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

made by some geologists, 1s counted doubtful,.to say the least, in view of
the facts given above.

3. THE Hupson RIVER GROUP.

The very important and interesting series now to be described ap-
pears in most of the previous reports of the State Geological Survey
under another name, viz.the Cincinnati group. It is unnecessary to
review here the long discussions pertaining to the age of this series, or
the grounds on which the change in the name by which it is known has
been based. Suffice it to say that the change has appeared necessary to
many geologists on paleontological grounds, solely. But for those who
have not been convinced by the statements in regard to this subject, a
sure ground for the change has been found in the recent discoveries in
our underground geology, by which it appears that the Hudson River
series of New York can be followed almost continuously, and with but
little change in its general character, irom the eastward into the state of
Ohio, and thus to the outcrops of the formation in the southwestern: por-
tion of the state.

The Hudson River group in southwestern Ohio consists of alternat-
ing beds of limestone and shale, the latter of which is generally known
as blue clay, but which was called in the earliest accounts of our geology,
marlite. The proportions of lime and shale vary greatly in different
parts of the series. The largest percentage of shale occurs in the two
hundred and fifty feet of the series that begin fifty or seventy-five feet
above low water in Cincinnati. The entire thickness of the series in
this proportion of the state is about seven hundred and fifty feet.

The division that has been proposed and adopted in the previous
reports of the Survey into an upper and a lower series, seems natural and
convenient, and accordingly likely to be maintained. ‘The lower is
designated in the reports as the Cincinnati division and the upper as the
Lebanon division. The Cincinnati division has a thickness ot four hun-
dred and twenty-five to four hundred and fifty feet, and the Lebanon
division a thickness of about three hundred feet. The divisions are
separated on both paleontological and stratigraphical grounds. Both of
them abound in exquisitely preserved fossils of Lower Silurian time; and
in fact the hills of Cincinnati and the vicinity have become classical
ground to the geologists of the world on this account.

As the series takes cover to the northward and eastward it retains
for some distance the characteristics already described; but as it is fol-
lowed further it becomes less calcareous. The limestone courses are
thinner and fewer in number, and inasmuch as they resist or delay the
drill but little in its descent, the entire series comes to be counted shale.
One other fact must be noted in this direction. The shale at certain
points, and especially on the western border in the northern portion of
the state, as noted in the previous section, grows dark in color, so that
the boundary between the Hudson River and the underlying Utica divi-

. GEOLOGICAL SCALE AND STRUCTURE. i)

pass with the driller as black shale. The Hudson shales are thin in this
northwestern corner of the state, the entire measure running as low as
three hundred feet, or even less. It seems probably, in view of this and
other facts, that they were lain down in a sea that grew shallow in that
direction, viz, the west. At least, there was a perceptibly smaller amount
o: the fine sediments of which the formation consists brought in as we fol-
low itin this direction. To the eastward the greenish blue shales already
named are always found, and the series also thickens considerably in this
directiou. The Hudson river shales are everywhere fossiliferous, as the
fragments of corals and shells brought up in the drillings abundant
testify. Some of the fossils are identifiable in the fragments brought to
the surface by the driller.

The Hudson River group occupies in its outcrop, about four thousand
square miles in southwestern Ohio, but it is doubtless coextensive with
the limits of the state, though under very deep cover in large part. The
shales of the series in in southwestern Ohio contain large quantities of
phosphates and alkalies, and the soils to which they give rise are pro-
verbial for their fertility.

The presence of these fined-grained and impervious shales in so many
separate layers forbids the free descent of water through the formation.
In its outcrops, consequently, the Hunson River shales have no water sup-
ply, and, as found by the driller, they are almost universally dry. The
shales give rise to frequent “blowers” or short-lived accumulations of
high-pressure gas when struck by the drill, as is found in the experience
of many towns of western Ohio within the last few years, and it also
yields considerable amounts of low-pressure shale gas at many points in
the state, some of which have proved fairly durable.

4. THe Mepind SHALE:

A stratum of non-fossiliferous shale, generally red or yellow 1n color,
and having a thickness of ten to forty feet, directly overlies the upper-
most beds of the Hudson River group at many points of outcrop in
southwestern Ohio. Froin its stratigraphical position, these beds were
referred to the Medina age in the reports of the Geological Survey for
1869, but the identification was considered as grobable, rather than cer-
tain. The occurrence of fifty to one hundred and fifty feet of red shale
in the deep borings that have recently been carried forward in northern
Ohio, at exactly the place in the general scale where the Medina forma-
tion should be looked for, and so much nearer to the outcrops of the
formation, that its continuity with these was hardly to be questioned,
this fact, taken in connection with the occurrence of like beds of red shale
holding the same relative position in all the deep borings in the central
portions of the state, gives full warrant for counting the Medina epoch
duly represented in the outcropping strata of southwestern Ohio, accord-
ing to the determination above named. It occurs here only in included sec-
tions, its thin and easily eroded beds never being found as surface

10 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

formations for large areas. ~There is good reason to believe that the
Medina formation is coextensive with the limits of the state, except in
the regions from which it has already been removed by erosion. F
The red color of the shales is persistent, but there are some well
records in which this color does not appear. ‘This is especially true in
Allen county, and to the westward and northwestward from Lima. Blue
shales alternate with the red in the eastern sections. In the western they
replace the latter. Thin beds of sandstone are found in the Medina,
especially to the westward. Small pebbles occur in some of these beds.

5. THE CLINTON LIMESTONE. .

The-Clinton group of New York appears as a surface formation in
Ohio only in the area already named. It forms a fringe or margin of the
Cincinnati group through ten counties, rising above the soft and easily
eroded rocks of this series, and of the previously named Medina shale, in a
conspicuous terrace. It is everywhere a well-characterized limestone
stratum. ‘The stone is highly crystalline in structure, and is susceptible
of a good polish. In some localities it is known as a marble. A consid-
erable part of it, and especially the upper beds, are almost wholly made
up of crinoidal fragments. In thickness it ranges between ten and fifty
feet. Its prevailing colors are white, pink, red, yellow, gray and blue.
At a few points it is replaced by the peculiar form of hematite ore that 1s
elsewhere so characteristic of the formation. The ore is generally too
lean and uncertain to possess economic value, but 1t was once worked for
a short time and in a small way in a furnace on Todd’s Fork, near Wil-
mington, Clinton county. ,

The limestone contains throughout most of its outcrops a.notable
quantity of indigenous petroleum, but the only valuable accumulations
of oil and gas that have been found in it thus far have been brought to
our knowledge since 1885. It is the source of the low pressure gas of
Fremont (upper vein), and also of the important supplies at Lancaster,
Newark and Hadley Junction. Ina few instances it has proved itself an
oil rock. Wells drilled to this horizon have in a few instances yielded
twenty to thirty barrelsaday, thesupply being continued for several months.

Under hezvy cover, and particularly in the new gas fields named
above, beds of sharp sandstone are sometimes interstratifed with the
limestones. The main reservoir of the Lancaster gas is in fact a sandstone.

In outcrop the stratum is porous, as a rule, and the water that falls
upon its uncovered portions sinks rapidly through them to the under-
lying shale (Medina), by which it is turned out in a well-marked line of
strong springs.

In composition the limestone in its outcrops in southern Ohio is
fairly constant. All its most characteristic portions contain eighty to
eighty-five per cent. of carbonate of lime, and ten to fifteen per cent. of
carbonate of magnesia. At a few points, however, and notably at
Brown’s quarries near New Carlisle, Clarke county, it appears as the

GEOLOGICAL SCALE AND STRUCTURE. 11

sion is somewhat obscure. The entire interval in such instances may
purest carbonate of lime in the state. Under cover to the northward it is
found more magnesian in composition, being indistinguishable from the
Niagara that overlies it. It also becomes shaly and changeable in char-
acter at many points, but in this respect it is growing more like the
formation as found in western New York. As it becomes shalv the
thickness of the series is much increased.

It is everywhere uneven in its bedding in its outcrops, being in
striking contrast in this respect to the formations below it and also above
it. The beds are markedly lenticular in shape, and extend but a few feet
in any direction. They seldom rise to two feet in thickness.

The uneven bedding, the crystalline and crinoidal characters, the
high colors, and particularly the red bands, taken in connection with the
chemical composition, combine to make the Clinton limestone an exceed-
ingly well-marked stratum throughout southwestern Ohio, and from the
hints yielded by the drill in northwestern Ohio, it seems to have much
the same character there. It becomes more shaly and much thicker to
the eastward. Throughout the northern central and central portions of
the state it carries bands of red shale universally.

The fossils of the formation by which it is most definitely character-
ized will be found described in a subsequent chapter of this report.

The Clinton limestone is directly followed at a number of points in
the territory occupied by it in outcrop, by a bed of very fine-grained,
bluish-white clay containing many fossils distributed through it, the
fossils being crystalline and apparently composed of pure carbonate of
lime. Some of them are characteristic of the formation elsewhere, while
others are known only in this bed. A similar bed of white clay is
reported at the same horizon by the drillers in northern Ohio, and the
drillings show the presence of fossils of the same characters. This clay
seam can be appropriately designated as the Clinton clay, but it merges
into and is indistinguishable from the lowest element in the overlying
group. It has been named by Mr. Foerste the Beavertown marl. The
Clinton, in its outcrops, is entirely confined to the southwestern part of
the state.

6. THE NIAGARA GROUP.

The Clinton limestone is followed in ascending order by the Niagara
group, a series of shales and limestones that has considerable thickness
in its outcrops, and that occupies not less than thirteen thousand square
miles of territory in Ohio as a surface rock.

The lowest member is the Niagara shale, a mass of light colored
clays with many thin calcareous bands. It has a thickness of one hun-
dred feet in Adams county, but it is reduced rapidly as it is followed
northward, and in Clark and Montgomery counties it is not more than
ten to fifteen feet thick. Still further to the northward, as appears from
the records of recent drillings, the shale sometimes disappears entirely ;

12 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

but in the great majority of wells, especially in Hancock and Wood
counties, it is a constant element, ranging from five to thirty feet. The
gas wells are often cased in this shale, but a risk is always taken in doing
so, as water is liable to be found in the underlying Clinton rocks.

In Montgomery, Miami and Greene counties the shale contains, in
places, a very valuable building stone, which is widely known as the
Dayton stone. It is a highly crystalline, compact and strong stone,
lying in even beds of various thickness, and is in every way adapted to
the highest architectural uses. It carries about ninety-two per cent. of
carbonate of lime. ‘The Niagara shale, as a rule, is quite poor in fossils.
It is apparentiy destitute of them in many of its exposures; but there
are still parts of the state in which it contains a considerable fauna.
The best phases of it, in this point of view, are found in Highland
county, south of Hillsboro.

The limestone that succeeds the shale is an even-bedded, blue or
drab magnesian stone, well adapted at many points to quarrying pur-
poses. It contains many characteristic fossils of Niagara age. It is
known in Ohio by various local names, derived from the points where it
is quarried. ‘There are several subdivisions of it that are unequally
developed in different portions of the state. Like the shale below it,
this member is thickest in southern Ohio. It cannot be recognized as a
distinct element in the northern part of the state, either in outcrop or in
drillings. It may be that its horizon is not reached in any natural ex-
posures of the formation in this part of the state.

The uppermost division of the formation is the Guelph limestone,
which differs very noticeably in several points from the Niagara lme-
stone proper. lt obtains its name from a locality in Canada, where it
was first studied and described. It has a maximum thickness in south-
ern Ohio of two hundred feet. It differs from the underlying limestone
in structure, composition and fossils. It is either massive or very thin-
bedded, rarely furnishing a building stone. It is porous to an unusual
extent. It is generally very light in color, and is, everywhere in the
state, nearly a typical dolomite in composition. It yields lime of great
excellence for the mason’s use. It is exceedingly rich in fossils, contain-
ing a large number that is thoroughly characteristic.

Unlike the previously named divisions of the Niagara, the Guelph
limestone is as well developed in northern as in southern Ohio in all
respects. Not more than forty feet of it are found in its outcrops there,
but the drill has shown several times this amount of Niagara limestone,
without giving us, however, the data needed for referring the beds trav-
ersed to their proper subdivisions. What facts there are seem to point
to the Guelph as the main element in this undefground development of
this formation in this portion of the state.

The Hillsboro sandstone is the last element in the Niagara group.
It is found in but few localities, and its reference to the Niagara series in
its entirety is not beyond question. In Highland county it has a thick-

GEOLOGICAL SCALE AND STRUCTURE. 13

ness of thirty feet in several sections. It is composed of very pure,
even-grained, sharp silicious sand. Other deposits of precisely the same
character are found in the two next higher limestones of the scale at
several points in the state. One of these deposits is interstratified with
the Waterlime in Scioto, Wood and Lucas counties, and others are im-
bedded in the Corniferous limestones of central Ohio. ‘The latter have
been referred to the Oriskany period, but, strictly speaking, this reter-
ence is inadmissible, inasmuch as normal Corniferous limestone with its
most characteristic fossils is found below as well as above the sandstone.
The subject will be further considered on a succeeding page.

The Hillsboro sandstone is sometimes built up above all the beds of
the upper Niagara limestone, but again, it is, at times, interstratified
with the beds of the Guelph division. In the latter case it is itself fossil.
iferous, but when found alone it seems destitute of all traces of life.
These sandstones in the limestone formations suggest in their peculiari-
ties a common origin. They all contain many unworn and nearly perfect
crystals, and sometimes seem to be mainly composed of the same. Their
occurrence in outcrops becomes a matter of interest to us, now that we are
called to interpret the varied records of deep drillings throughout the
state. What would otherwise be altogether anomalous sections may be
rendered intelligible by the known presence of such elements in the
scale.

The Salina Group.

This group has appeared in all the recent tabular sections of the
rocks of the state, but in the light of facts obtained within the last four
years, it can no longer be counted a distinct or recognizable element in
the Ohio scale. Newberry gave it the place which it has held in the
column, and assigned to it a thickness of forty feet. To it he referred
the plaster beds of the Ottawa county peninsula, and certain impure
limestones of Put-in-Bay Island. He also recorded the disappearance of
what he counted the same stratum a few miles south of the lake shore,
in a shaly bed that rests immediately upon the Niagara limestone.

The identifications are, however, incompatible. The limestones of
Put-in-Bay and the plaster beds of the peninsula do not directly overlie
the Niagara limestone as represented, but on the contrary are separated
from it by several hundred feet of the brown, even-bedded, sparingly fos-
siliferous magnesian limestone that we call the Lower Helderberg lime-
stone or the Waterlime. In other words, the plaster beds of Gypsum are
buried in the middle, or above the niiddle of this great sheet of limestone,
instead of being planted at its base. The reference of this formation to
the Salina was rendered probable at the time from the fact that all the
gypsiferous formations of New York were then counted of Salina age. It
has since been proved, however, that gypsum is also contained in the
Waterlime of central New York, and it is in like situations that the Ohio

14 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

quarries are found. There is nothing to excite surprise in these new
facts, for both gypsum and salt are the products of geological accidents
and can be found in formations of every age, unless it be the oldest.
Wherever, by warping of the crust, bodies of seawater have been exposed
to evaporation these products are bound to appear.

The Salina period is an important one in the New Yerk scale, a
thousand feet of deposits being credited to it, and there are probably
some deposits in Ohio that are contemporaneous with it in age;
but it cannot be the gypsum-bearing beds of Ottawa county that
held this place, unless the formation is made to take in at least one half
of the entire series that we now call Lower Helderberg or Waterlime.
This gypsiferous series proves to be of considerable thickness and to be
wide-spread. It is struck in scores of walls that have been recently
drilled in northern and central Ohio. In Sandusky, gypsum was found
in quite pure and thick beds, through several hundred feet of the strata
through which the drill passed, and 1n the deep wells of Cleveland, Wads-
worth and Akron both rock salt and gypsum are found in large and
economically important deposits. The salt beds of Cleveland are found
at a depth of about two thousand feet below the surface of the lake, in
the latter named stations at a depth of two thousand six hundred and
fifty to two thousand eight hundred feet below the surface. Small
deposits of gypsum have also been found in the deep wells of Columbus,
Newark and many other towns in this same association.

The reference of distinct portions of our geological scale to the
Salina period must be discarded {or the present, at least, on the grounds
that have now been given.

7. THe LOWER HELDERBERG OR WATERLIME FORMATION.

Tle interval that exists between the Niagara and the Devonian
limestones is occupied in Ohio by a very important formation. ‘This
formation was first separated from the previously undivided mass of the
Cliff limestone by Newberry in 1869. He found and identified its fossils
and showed by means of them and by the position of the stratum in our
series, that the rocks of this interval are the equivalents in part, at least,
of the Waterlime of the New York scale. The Waterlime of New York
is classed by most geologists with the Lower Helderberg series; but
Hall counts it the upper member of the Salina group of that state, a ref-
erence that seems likely to be ultimately considered the true and
proper one. The name is most unhappily chosen. Strictly applicable
to only an insignificant fraction of the beds of this series in New York,
we are still obliged to apply the designation Waterlime, with its mislead-
ng suggestions to all the deposits of the same age throughout the
country. The name is in fact a type, or representative of a class of
names that ought never to be introduced into science.

GEOLOGICAL SCALE AND STRUCTURE. 15

Though the last to be recognized of. our several limestone forma-
tions, the Waterlime occupies a larger area in Ohio than any other, its
principal developments being found in the drift covered portions of the
northwestern quarter of the state. It has also a much greater thickness
than any other limestone of the state, its full measure being at least six
hundred feet, or twice the greatest thickness of the Niagara limestone

It can be described as, in the main, a strong, compact, magnesian
limestone, poor, as a rule, in fossils, and often altogether destitute of
them for considerable areas, microscopic forms being excepted. It is,
for the most part, drab or brown in color; but occasionally it becomes
very light-colored, and again it is found dark blue in color. Throughout
much of its extent it is brecciated, the bed seeming to have been broken
into sometimes small and sometimes large angular fragments after their
hardening, and then to have been recemented without further disturbance.
In addition to this, it contains an immense amount of true conglomerate,
the pebbles, many of which are bowlders rather than pebbles, being all
derived from the rocks of the same generalage, but frequently differing in
color from the matrix. A bowlder weighing a ton or more has recently
been found in central Okio, which was broken from the conglomerate
phase of this formation. The most striking exhibitions of this phase are
found in Lucas county. ‘The surface of many successive layers at numer-
ous points are covered with suncracks, thus furnishing additional proof of
having been formed in shallow water near the edge of the sea. In such
localities the beds are usually quite thin and are also impure in composi-
tion. In these respects, this phase suggests the conditions of the Onon-
daga Salt Group of New York. These features are very characteristic
ones. A rude concretionary structure is also quite distinctive of the beds
of this age. The Waterlime in Ohio everywhere contains petroleum in
small quantity, which is shown by the odor of freshly broken surfaces.
No noteworthy accumulations of oil or gas have thus far been found
within it. At some points it carries considerable asphalt, distributed
through the rocks in shot-like grains, or else in sheets and films. Thin
streaks of carbonaceous matter traversing the rock parallel to its bed
planes are one of the constant marks of the stratum in Ohio It is
generally thin and even in its bedding, but in some localities it contains
massive beds. At some points, as at Greenfield, Highland county, it is
remarkable for its evenness, and great value is given to the formation on
this account, when combined with other qualities already named. It is
frequently a pure dolomite in composition and accordingly it yields mag-
nesian lime of high quality and is extensively burned in the state, rival-
ing in this respect the Guelph beds of the Niagara. In southern Ohio it
has a maximam thickness of one hundred feet, and heré it reaches its
highest quality in all respects; butin central and northern Ohio it attains
the great thickness previously reported. There also, it contains several

16 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

distinct types of limestone rock. A considerable part of it is very tough.
strong, dark blue limestone, while other portions are white, porous and
soft.

This formation has a great extension throughout the peninsula and
the islands of northern Michigan. It constitutes the greater mass of
the island of Mackinac and is also found carrying beds of gypsum and_
possibly salt in the mainland of St. Ignace and northward. In Macki-
nac Island the concretionary, conglomeritic and brecciated phases are
very strikingly shown. It no doubt underlies all the lower peninsula.

_ The line of junction between the Niagara and Waterlime is some-
times obscure and no means are at hand for drawing sharp lines of divi-
sion.

All that has been thus far said applies mainly to the formation as
found in outcrop; but well-reamings brought up from considerable
depths at various points in the state render it certain that the principal
features now given mark the formation below ground as well as above.
There is no reason to doubt that the Waterlime has as wide a distribution
in the subterranean geology of Ohio as the formations already described.
It is to be found in every part of the state in which it is due.

The formation has come into new prominence, through-the revela-
tions of the drill, within the last few years. In regard to no other ele-
ment of the series have the geologists been so wide of mark as in
regard to the Lower Helderberg formation. What belongs to it was
taken from it and given to a stratum that has no existence in the state;
and it was credited with but one-sixth of its real thickness. Its out-
crops ought to have shown that it has a much greater thickness than
was assigned to it, since they cover several scores of miles in an east and
west line. A large amount of additional investigation is demanded to
put it in order, and to secure such a mastery of it as to be able to
determine from an inspection of any outcrop what place it holds in the
general series, will be a valuable service to the geology of the state.
Winchell established, approximately, one horizon in it which promises
to be of some service, namely, the horizon of the Tymochtee Slate, a bed
of dark blue slaty limestone that is found in outcrop in the valley of
Tymochtee Creek near Carey, Wyandot county. It is below the middle
of the formation and probably within one hundred to two hundred feet
of the Niagara limestone. A few other facts can be added that bear upon
the same point. The excessively hard and strong dark blue pure lme-
stone of Allen, Hardin and Hancock counties and some adjoining :
regions, which often has its surface conspicuously marked with sun-
cracks, belongs to the middle portion of the tormation, but probably
above, rather than below the middle.

The purity of the limestone renders-it easily soluble in atmospheric
water, and more than any other lime of the state it gives rise to subter-
ranean water courses. The most striking example in this line is to be

GEOLOGICAL SCALE AND STRUCTURE. 17

-

found in the Castalia Springs of Erie county. The Castalia Springs are,
in reality, the point of exit of a large volume of under-ground drainage.
For fifty to seventy-five miles to the southward there is an entire absence
of surface streams, all the water descending promptly through the joints
of the limestone, which is here covered with but a shallow deposit of
drift.

The Lower Helderberg formation undoubtedly gives rise to the oil
rocks of Petrolia, Canada, and of the immediate vicinity. It unquestion-
ably, also, contains many of the salt deposits of that portion of the
country, which have been in past time referred to the Salina age.

A single other element remains to be inserted in the Lower Helder-
berg column, the interpolation of which, at this point, may occasion sur-
prise to those who are conversant with the older statements in regard to
our geological scale. The element to which reference is here made is
known as the Sylvania sandstone. A remarkable series of deposits of
extremely pure glass sand has long been known in Lucas and Wood
counties of northern Ohio and in adjacent territory in the state of Michi-
gan. ‘The two best known of the Ohio deposits are those of Sylvania and
Monclova, which respectively lie ten miles northwest and west of Toledo.
Other similar deposits are known in Wood county. Since the develop-
ment of the glass industry in northwestern Ohio, following the discovery
of natural gas in that region, these sand deposits have been worked on a
very large scale in meeting the demands of this new interest. The sand
affords a basis for the manufacture of glass of the highest quality. In the
Sylvania quarries the sandstone is found twenty or more feet in thickness,
and resting upon beds of normal Waterlime, which is exposed a few rods
to the eastwara. The entire series is sharply inclined here, descending
in almost a due west direction at the rate of one foot in seven. The
rocks overlying the sandstone, as observed in extensive quarries that are
open here, are unmistakable Waterlime, or Lower Helderberg, containing
all the characteristic marks of the formation, including its chemical com-
position, its bedding, its bituminous streaks and its fossils. Further on,
the conglomerate phase of the Waterlime, described on the previous page,
appears. There is nothing in the whole formation more characteristic
than this. At the end of the series, eighty rods to the westward from the
sandstone quarry, a few feet of undoubted Corniferous limestone occur,
rich in the fossils of the formation and true to its chemical composition.
These facts are absolutely decisive as to the age of the sandstone. It lies
at least two hundred feet below the Corniferous limestone.

The Monclova or Holland sandstone apparently holds a like position
in the series to that of the Sylvania sandstone. The Grand Rapids sand-
stone of Wood county probably belongs to the same horizon. Again, it
is presumably the Sylvania sandstone that was reached in the deep wells
of Cleveland and Wadsworth within the last four years, at a depth of

over two thousand feet below the surface and under cover of three hun-
Zz Ce @.

18 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

dred feet of limestone.. At any rate, a sandstone found at this depth
has very much the same character as that from the Sylvania quarries.

That there is another sandstone of character similar to that of the
Sylvania sand, and which is included in the Corniferous limestone, is
beyond question. This formation will be described in the next succeed-
ing section. The Sylvania sand can henceforth be counted an Upper
Silurian sandstone and a part of the Lower Helderberg series.

Whether the sandstone beds of Champaign and Logan counties are
all to be referred to one horizon remains to be determined by further
study. At present such a reference seems very doubtful.

|

|

8. THE UPPER HELDERBERG LIMESTONE.

All of the limestone of Devonian age of Ohio has been referred by
Newberry to the Corniferous limestone, and this term is in general use
at the present time. It may be questioned whether it is wise to break
in upon this use, but inasmuch as several geologists hold that the
Devonian limestone of Ohio covers more than the simple epoch known
as the Corniferous in New York, a more comprehensive term, viz., the
Upper Helderberg limestone, is on the whole counted decidedly preferable.
A two-fold division of this series in Ohio is possible and proper, the divi-
sions, being based on both lithology and fossils. The divisions can be
known as the Lower and Upper Corniferous, if the old term is still
maintained in use; or, on geographical grounds, as the Columbus and
Delaware limestones. For the upper division the designation Sandusky
limestone might well be used. In central Ohio, at a few points, there is
a marked contrast between the lower and the upper beds, the latter being
thin and shaly, non-fossiliferous in the main, and interrupted with fre-
quent courses of black flint. This phase is seen at the state quarries
near Columbus. Generally, however, both divisions are calcareous and
fossiliferous, and the differences consist in changes of color and com-
position, in the thickness of the several beds and in the distribution, and
also in the kinds of fossils present. The maximum thickness of the
Upper Helderberg series in Ohio, so far as present records show, is
between seventy-five and one hundred feet.

Included in the lower beds of the limestone there are at many
points, deposits of sharp sand of the same general character as the
deposits that have been already described under the names of Hillsboro
sandstone and Sylvania sandstone. These beds may be known under
the name of the West Jefferson sandstone, one of the localities at which
the sand is found being near this village. This Upper Helderberg sand-
stone is not Oriskany in age. It has nowhere been found to underlie
the Corniferous limestone, but it is always interstratified with the latter,
at least where its place in the series can be fully determined. It attains
a thickness of but few feet at most, and is nowhere worked for economic
uses except upon a very small scale.

GEOLOGICAL SCALE AND STRUCTURE. 19

In chemical composition the Corniferous limestone is easily distin-
guished from all that underlie it. It is much less magnesian than the
other members of the Cliff limestone of Ohio, already described. It is
never a true dolomite in composition, as the Waterlime and Niagara
limestones almost always are. ‘The carbonate of magnesia ranges in it
from two to thirty-five per cent., reaching the latter figure in but few
cases. The composition of the typical, heavy-bedded lower Corniferous
may be taken as seventy per cent. carbonate of lime and twenty-five per
cent. carbonate of magnesia. The higher beds of the Columbus stone,
regularly yield ninety-one to ninety-five per cent. of carbonate of lime.
The upper division, or the Delaware stone, is much less pure in central
Ohio than the lower, a notable percentage of iron and alumina, as well
as Silica, generally being contained in it. It is therefore, seldom or
never burned into lime. In northern Ohio, on the contrary, it is often
found a fairly pure limestone.

Both divisions, but particularly the lower one, carry occasional
courses of chert, that detract from the value of the beds in which they
occur. The chert is found in nodules which are easily detached
from the limestone for the most part. In some conditions in which the
chert occurs, fossils are found in it in a remarkably good state of preser-
vation. The percentage of chert and flint in any section would be con-
siderable, and this fact must be borne in mind in the analysis of drillings
from wells that penetrate the formation. ‘The beds of the lower division
are prevailingly light-colored, ranging from whitish to gray, drab and
brown. ‘The upper beds are oftener blue than otherwise.

The beds of the lower division are, as arule, much thicker than those
of the upper. The lowermost courses are sometimes quite massive. In
the state quarries the thickness of these courses is not less than five feet-
In the upper division the thickness of the several courses seldom reaches
one foot.

Throughout the entire formation Devonian fossils abound in great
variety and in great numbers of individuals. ‘They are often found in an
excellent state of preservation. The oldest vertabrate remains of the Ohio
rooks are found in the Corniferous limestone, a fact which gives special
jnterest to it. The uppermost beds of the lower or Columbus division is,
in many places, a genuine “‘ bone bed”; the teeth and plates and spines of
ancient fishes, largely of the nearly extinct family of ganoids, constitut-
ing aconsiderable portion of the substance of the rock. Corals of vari-
ous types are also especially abundant and interesting in this limestone.
In fact, the formation is the most prolific in life of any in the Ohio scale.
At a few points in central Ohio, the upper division is found in a shaly
state and carrying characteristic fossils of the Marcellus slate. This fact
was first noticed in its true significance by Professor Whitfield.

20 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

9. THE OLENTANGY SHALE.

At Prout’s Station, seven miles south of Sandusky, Dr. Newberry
found fifteen to twenty feet of a highly fossiliferous blue shale, interven-
ing between the Corniferous limestone and the great black shale. The
fossils that he found in this exposure are proved to be all of Hamilton
age, unmingled with those of the underlying Corniferous limestone ;
and he accordingly described this stratum, of which there are several
other exposures in the same region, as the only Hamilton formation of
the entire scale of the state.

It seems probable that this blue shale of northern Ohio is the exten-
sion and equivalent of a deposit of shale which Professor N. H. Win-
chell found in Delaware county and which he named the Olentangy.
This stratum is twenty or thirty feet in thickness, is blue in color, cal-
careous in composition, but almost destitute of fossils. Its stratigraph-
ical position is exactly that of Newberry’s Hamilton. It is found in
comparatively few sections of three or four counties of central Ohio.
When the rocks of this part of the series are traversed by the drill of
the well-borer, this stratum is likely to be classed with the limestone be-
low, rather than with the black shale above, and, as already suggested,
the incorporation of this element with the limestone might easily serve
to expand the measurement of the latter by a small amount.

With this formation the great limestones of Ohio were completed.
“While they are built ito the foundations of almost the whole state, they
constitute the surface rocks only in its western half. The Upper Silu-
rian aud Devonian limestones of our scale which were formerly known

collectively as the Cliff limestone, have an aggregate thickness of seven
hundred and fifty to eleven hundred and fifty feet where found uncer
cover; and though differences exist among them by which it has already
been shown they can be divided into four or more main divisions, there
is still no reason to believe that any marked change occurred in the char-
acter of the seas in which they were formed during the protracted
periods of their growth. The life which these seas contained was slowly
changing from age to age, so that we can recognize three or more distinet
faunas or assemblages of animal life in them.

Differences are also indicated in the several strata, as to the depth
of the water in which they were formed, and as to the conditions
under which the sedimentary matter that enters into them was supplied,
but no marked physical break occurs in the long history. No part of the
entire series indicates more genial conditions of growth than those that
the Devonian limestone, last described, and the latest in order of them
all, shows. It is the purest limestone of Ohio. The formation consists
almost exclusively of the beautifully preserved fragments of the life of
these ancient seas. In particular, the corals and crinoids that make a
large element in many of the beds could only have grown in shallow but
clear water of tropical warmth.

GEOLOGICAL SCALE AND STRUCTURE. 21

The change from the calcareous beds of this age to the next succeed-
ing formation is very sharp and well marked, as much so, indeed, as any
change in the Ohio scale.

10. THE OHIO SHALE.
(Cleveland Shale, Erie Shale, Huron Shale, of Newberry.)

A stratum of shales, several hundred feet in thickness, principally
black or dark brown in color, containing, especially in its lower portions,
a great number of calcareous and ferruginous concretions, many of them
large, and all of them remarkably symmetrical, stretches entirely across
the state, from the Ohio Valley to the shores of Lake Erie, with an out-
crop ranging in breadth between ten and twenty miles. This formation
has constituted one of the most conspicuous and well-known features of
Ohio geology since this subject first began to be studied. It separates the
great limestone series already described, which constitutes the floor of all
of western Ohio, from the Berea grit, which is the first persistent sand-
stone reached in ascending the geological column of the state, and which,
in like manner, may be counted the floor of all of eastern Ohio. By the
geologists of the first survey it was designated as the Shale Stratum or the
Black Slate. It will be treated in this report under the designation Ohio
Shale. Newberry divided it into three divisions, which he named respec-
tively the Huron, the Erie and the Cleveland shale. He based the
separation of the hitherto undivided mass in part upon the colors of the
proposed divisions, the Cleveland and the Huron being counted black
shales, and the Erie a greenish-blue shale. The names Huron and Erie
were unfortunately chosen, for both are liable to be confounded with cur-
rent names of other geological formations. The name Huron was adopted
from Alexander Winchell, but a very different range was assigned to it
from that which its author originally claimed. Winchell’s ‘ Huron
group” extends, in his own words, from the top of the Devonian lime-
stones, “to the conglomerate above the grit stones of Huron county.”
It is thus seen to include Newberry’s Huron, Erie, Cleveland and Bed-
ford shales, together with the Berea grit and Cuyahoga shale. It would
have served the interests of geological classification much better to have
replaced the term altogether than to have thus restricted it to a small
fraction of what it was originally made to cover. The name is also likely
to be confounded with the Hurontan slates, an older and well established
division of the Canadian system of rocks.

The Erie shale, in like manner, is sure to be confounded with the
Erie clay of the Canada Survey, a name given to an important line of
deposits of the Glacial period. Both the shale and the clay have their
typical exposures in the same localities and their outcrops are not
dissimilar in appearance. It is not, therefore, surprising that the names
should be confused in popular use.

22 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

But aside from these grounds of objection to the particular names
employed, the classification referred to is itself inconsistent with our
present knowledge of the shale formations. We have records by the
score of wells drilled through the shale at many points in northern Ohio
during the last few years, and we have also the results of continued study
of the formation in its outcrops. The facts gathered from both these
lines of investigation, not only fail to confirm the three-fold division
above announced, but they demonstrate the impossibility of applying to
the shale formation any system of classification based upon the color
of the shales; and as for the fossils, they are so sparingly distributed that
they cannot well be used to mark horizons in the formation, aside from
the few that will be mentioned Jater.

10a. The Lower Beds—Huron Shale.

The Huron shale was defined by Newberry as a homogeneous mass
of black, bituminous shale, two hundred to three hundred and fifty feet
in thickness, directly overlying the limestone series already described.
The objection to this definition is that there is no such mass of shale in
Ohio ‘The formation on which the main statements pertaining to the
Huron rests, and which furnishes nearly all the examples instanced, is
the shale stratum of central and southern Ohio, but this is not merely
the bottom portion of the shale series of northern Ohio. It comprises all
of the elements of the northern section. In other words, the so-called
Huron shale of central Ohio is the full equivalent of the Cleveland, Erie,
Huron shale of northern Ohio. It is not a homogeneous mass of black
shale, as it has been commonly counted, but beds of blue or greenish-blue
shale are frequently interstratified with the prevailing black beds,
especially in the middle portion of the series. The top and bottom of
the column are generally black shale, and the same thing is true in north-
ern Ohio. These facts show the grounds on which the classification now
referred to is based, but the objection to it is that no line of division can
be drawn between the Huron and Erie, or the Erie and Cleveland shales.
The records of many drilled wells in northern Ohio show that alternations
of black and blue shale occur not once only, but scores of times, in the
formation.

10c. The Upper Beds— Cleveland Shale.

The Cleveland shale has a somewhat better chance for survival as a
distinct division than the Erie or Huron. ‘The upper boundary of it is
tolerably distinct, inasmuch as a belt of black shale generally underlies
by fifty to one hundred feet the Berea grit, which is by far the best land-
mark in this part of the scale, the interval being occupied by the Bedford
shale, itself a well characterized formation. In some sections, however,
there is no black shale at the point where the Cleveland shale belongs,

GEOLOGICAL SCALE AND STRUCTURE. 23

and in all sections the lower boundary of the formation is likely to be
uncertain, unless the bottom of the first bed of black shale found below
the Berea grit is in every case taken for the bottom of the Cleveland
division. If this is done, the Cleveland shale will be found to stand for
very unequal periods of geological time, as the uppermost black bed has
a considerable range in thickness. It often falls to thirty feet and some-
times extends to two hundred feet. It is probably the larger half of the
great black shale of southern Ohio. It is this element that proves most
persistent in the southerly extension of the black shale. The shale that
covers the Lower Silurian limestone in central Kentucky is the upper or
Cleveland division, as its most characteristic fossils, presently to be named,
prove.

The mineral basis of all these shales, whether black, brown, blue or
red, is essentially one and the same thing, viz., afine-grained clay derived
from the waste of lands. As supplied to the sea basin, it was originally
blue or gray, but a small percentage of peroxide of iron goes a great way
in coloring such deposits red; and in like manner, organic matter in
comparatively small amount gives them a dark or black color. .The
organic matter that colors these shales was probably derived in large part,
as Newberry has suggested, from the products of growth and decay of
sea-weeds, by which these seas were covered like the Sargasso seas of
our own day.

These organic matters seem to have accumulated along the shores
and in shallow water in ‘greater quantity than in the deeper seas. Hence,
it the section of these Gene deposits is taken near the old shore-lines, or
where shallow water occurred, a larger proportion is black than if the
more central areas are examined. The only land of Ohio at this time
was to be found in and along the Cincinnati axis, a low fold that had en-
tered the state from the southward at the close of Lower Silurian time,

and that had been slowly extending itself northwards through the suc- |
ceeding ages. Southwestern Ohio was already above water, a low island ~~

in the ancient gulf. But the shales on their western outcrop, where they ~

are largely black, are exactly equivalent in age to the alternating and ~

much thicker beds of black and blue shale, the latter being in large “”

excess, that were forming at this time in the central part of the basin, S

viz., in eastern Ohio. ‘The color of the shales is, from this point of view,
an accident, and cannot be safely used as a ground of division. The entire

shale formation that we are considering seems to have been laid down |*

without physical break or interruption. It must have required an im-

mensely long period for its accumulation, This is shown not only by the .

«\

ee

fineness and uniformity of the materials which compose it, and which Awe

could not have been rapidly supplied, and by the great thickness of the
formation in eastern Ohio, but also by the geological equivalent of the
shale in the general column of the country, which furnish even more con-
vineing proof as to its long-continued growth. The Ohio shale, as

24 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

Newberry first proved, is certainly the equivalent in the general scale of
the Genessee slate, the Portage group and the Chemung group, the last
named being itself a formation of great thickness and extent in New
York and Pennsylvania. In other words, the shales of our column fill
the entire interval between the Hamilton proper and the Catskill group,
and in the judgment of some geologists a wider interval even than that
named above. As Newberry was the first to show, the oil sands of
Pennsylvania are banks of pebble rock that are buri d in the eastward
extension of the Ohio shale, but which make no sign within our own
limits.

But while definite boundaries for the division proposed can not be
laid down or applied within the shale formation, the facts that the top and
bottom of the column, on their western out-crops, are prevailingly black,
and that the middle of the series is oftener interrupted with light colored
beds, are important ones in the history of the formation and deserve to be
held in mind. From what has been already stated, it is seen that the com-
position and thickness of the shale series depend upon where it is meas-
ured, whether on the border of the formation or in the interior of the old
sea-basin in which it was formed. On the western border of the shales in
southern Ohio, in Highland county, for example, the interval between the
Upper Silurian limestone, on which the shales here rest by overlap, and
the Berea grit, is three hundred feet. In Ross county the same iuterval
is nearly four hundred feet. From both of the measurements fifty feet
must be deducted for the thickness of the Bedford shale, in order to give
the real thickness of the series now under consideration. In the sections
named the shales are mainly black, although blue beds are still recogiza-
ble in the series. Passing northwards to Crawford county, the series is
found about four hundred and fifty feet thick. In Lorain county, at Elyria,
itis about nine hundred and fifty feet, and at Cleveland, about one thou-
sand three hundred feet thick: while in Tuscarawas county, at Canal Do-
ver, the drill descended through one thousand eight hundred and sixty feet.
of alternating beds of blue and black shale without reaching the bottom
of the series, and in the Ohio Valley, at Wellsville, through two thousand
six hundred feet of shales, without reaching bottom.’ In the last two sec-
tions the blue shales decidedly preponderate, though the separate black
beds can be counted by the score.

The shales are for the most part poor in fossils, except in those of mi-
croscopic size. Banks representing a score or more of feet in vertical
column often fail to reward a careful search with a single specimen of ver-
tebrate, molluscan or articulate life, and so far as the unaided eye is con-
cerned, they are almost equally barren of vegetable remains. Occasion-
ally, however, fossiliferous bands are found, the contents of which serve
to determine the geological age and equivalence of the portion of the
series in which they occur.

GEOLOGICAL SCALE AND STRUCTURE. 25

A calcareous band near the bottom of the series at Bainbridge, Ross
county, has yielded a few Hamilton fossils. A band of similiar character
near Defiance, and in the same part of the column, yields a few forms in
abundance, but not in a very good state of preservation. Newberry re-
ports from northern Ohio a number of forms that are counted character
istic of the Portage group of New York.

The great black shale of the mountains of Virginia, which has gen-
erally been recognized as of Hamilton age, is the equivalent of the for-
mation which we are now describing, and carries some of the same fossils
that are alluded to in the preceding paragraph.

The Erie shale of Newberry, embracing the central and most of the
upper portion of the shale column, has yielded a somewhat larger list of
fossils at a few points in northern Ohio, from which the age of the beds is
shown to be Chemung, a determination of great importance in Ohio geol-'
ogy. In higher beds of the same blue shale there are found at a few
points forms that are referred to as the Sub-carboniferous. Counting this
the boundary line between the Devonian and Sub-carboniferous, Newberry
took what he deemed the first identifiable horizon above as the base of the
last named division, and accordingly drew the line at the base of the so-
called Cleveland shale. This boundary is not a definite one, as subsequent
investigations have shown, but the top of the upper black or Cleveland
shale would answer fairly well for this purpose. It is the first stratigraphi-
cal mark that has any claims to persistency above the beds that hold the
fossils already named. ‘The fossils of the black shale proper offer no
serious difficulty in the way of extending Devonian time to the upper limit
of the stratum, and this boundary is consequently assumed as the only
one that can be made practically serviceable.

The Cleveland shale, limiting the term to the highest bed of black
shale in the series, and which is about fifty feet thick at various points
near Cleveland, contains a few fossils, most of which are quite small, but
the most striking and remarkable fossils at once of the shale formation
and of the entire scale of Ohio, remain to be named. ‘They are the great
fishes which have been described under several genera and species, by
Newberry and later by Claypole. Some of them belong to the basal beds
of the black shale, and others, including the largest, are found near the
summit. The first of the series were found at the centers of the great
concretions that have been already named as characteristic of the forma-
tion. The latterare also found in the uppermost beds of the formation
in central and southern Ohio, and also in Kentucky, proving the age of
the latter to be the same as that of the upper beds of northern Ohio.

Brief mention must be made of the vegetable fossils of the shales.
Fossil wood, derived from trees allied to the pine, is quite common in the
lower beds (Huron). The wood is often silicified and the original struc-
ture is in such cases admirably preserved. This wood is sometimes found,
like the fish remains already noted, at the hearts of the concretions, but

26 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

occasionally large sized blocks are found free in the shale. On account
of its enduring nature it is often found in those beds of glacial drift that
were derived largely from the destruction of the shales.

Strap-shaped leaves are occasionally found upon the surfaces of the
shale layers. Sometimes they form thin layers of bright coal which de-
ceive the ignorant. Fossil rushes, of the genus Calamites, are also occa-
sionally met with.

But the forms already named are of small account, so far as quantity
is concerned, when compared with certain microscopic fossils that are,
with little doubt, of vegetable origin, and which are accumulated in large
amount throughout the black beds of the entire shale formation, compos-
ing, sometimes a notable percentage of the substance of the rock, and ap-
parently giving origin, to an important extent, to the bituminous charac-
ter of the beds.

The leading forms of these microscopic fossils are translucent, resin-
ous discs, ranging in long diameter from one-thirtieth to one-two-hun-
dredth of an inch. Several varieties have already been noted, depending
upon the size, particular shape and surface markings of these bodies.

They were first discovered by Mr. B. W. Thomas, an expert micro-
scopist, in the water supply of Chicago, which is derived from Lake
Michigan, and Mr. Thomas afterwards learned that they were washed by
the water from the bowlder clays that compose the banks and bottom of
the lake. He found the discs present in fragments of black shale, and
also free in the clay which was derived from the comminution of the shale.

They were afterwards re-discovered in the black shale of Kettle Point-
Lake Huron, by Sir William Dawson, who published a description of the
form here found under the name Sforangites Huronensis. Sir William
counted them at this time the spore-cases of some lycopodiaceous tree.

The facts pertaining to them have of late been more widely published
and the attention of geologists in various parts of the world has been
called to these and similar forms, and thus there is promise of a speedy
enlargement of our knowledge in regard to them. Sir William Dawson
now considers the common forms to be the spore-cases of rhizocarps allied
to Salvinia of the present day. This identification would refer these
bodies to floating vegetation on the surface of the seas in which the shales
were formed and is thus directly in line with the sagacious interpretation
of Newberry, who many years ago attributed the origin of these black
shales to a Sargasso sea.

11, THE WAVERLY GROUP.

"(he important mass of sediments of Sub-carboniferous age, which is
known in Ohio and in some adjoining states as the Waverly group, comes
next in the column, The name Waverly was given to these strata by the
geologists of the fiirst survey, from the fact that at Waverly, in the Scioto
Valley, excellent sandstone quarries were opened in them, the products of

GEOLOGICAL SCALE AND STRUCTURE. 27

which were quite widely distributed throughout central and southern
Ohio, as far back as fifty years ago. Associated with the sandstone at
this locality, and everywhere throughout the district, were several other
strata that were always counted as members of the group by the geolo-
gists who gave the name. In fact, the boundaries were made definite and
were easily applied. The Waverly group extended, by its definition and
by unbroken usage in our early geology, from the top of the great black
shale to the Coal Measure conglomerate. ‘This latter element was, in a
part of the field, confused with the Waverly conglomerate, afterwards
recognized and defined by Andrews, until a recent date, it is true, but the
intent of the geologists is apparent, and many of their sections were com-
plete and accurate. If the term Waverly is to be retained in our classifi-
cation, and it bids fair to be, every interest would be served by recogniz-
ing and retaining the original boundaries. The departure from them that
has been proposed has led already to more or less confusion. ‘To make
the Cleveland shale the base of the Waverly is, as has been already shown,
to turn the entire shale stratum into a no-man’s land. Aside from a few
sections in northern Ohio, where an arbitrary limit was fixed for this
upper division, there is no place in the state where a line can be drawn
with any approach to a certainty between Cleveland and Erie, or between
Erie and Huron. The plan was proposed before the true equivalence of
the northern and southern ends of the column had been established. If
the fact that the Cleveland shale of northern Ohio forms the top of the
great shale of central and southern Ohio had been known, it is doubtful
whether any proposal would have been made to break into this undivided
and indivisible series, which had been held to underlie the Waverly group,
ever since the name was first applied.

lla. The Bedford Shale.

At Waverly and in its vicinity, numerous sections are afforded
reaching from the black shale to the Waverly sandstone courses. ‘This
interval ranges from fifty to ninety feet in thickness, and its boundaries
are generally clear and distinct. It is occupied with shales, light blue or
gray for the most part, but sometimes reddened in the lower portion
with peroxide of iron. The latter phase is seen in the excellent section
found at Piketon. These shales are thin-bedded, occasionally inter-
rupted with fine-grained sandstone courses, and sometimes carrying un-
gainly masses of the same material, nodular or rudely concretionary in
shape. The beds are almost entirely destitute of fossils, aside from the
burrows of sea-worms, which are found on the surfaces of most of the
layers, often preserved with great sharpness of outline. At a few points,
however, fossiliferous bands, containing a considerable number of species,
are found. These have recently been pointed out by Prof. C. L. Her-
rick, and an account of some of these fossils will be found in his con-

28 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

tribution to the present report. All the layers, and especially the upper
ones, are generally ripple-marked. In many instances, every sheet, for
many successive feet, is marked with the most symmetrical sculpturings
of this sort.

This stratum, thus definitely characterized and bounded, received
the name of the Waverly shale in the reports of the second Geological
Survey for southern Ohio, but in northern Ohio, it was named by New-
berry the Bedford shale, the equivalence of the strata not being at that
time recognized. ‘The latter name deserves to be universally accepted,
being applied to a perfectly distinct and homogeneous formation. The
‘stratum has precisely the same boundaries in northern that it has in
southern Ohio, viz. the top of the great black shale and the Berea grit,
and, in the main, precisely the same characteristics throughout its whole
extent. ‘The description of the stratum at Waverly applies to it at every
other point, except that in northern Ohio at a few localities, and espe-
cially about Cleveland, there are fifteen to twenty feet of valuable stone
included in it. ‘This stone is even-bedded, very strong and durable and
it supplies a large quantity of flaggings, caps and sills of the best grade.
It is known as the East Cleveland, Euclid and Independence blue stone.
In northern Ohio more of the Bedford formation is red colored than in
southern, and here it is the top of the formation, rather than the bottom
that is thus marked. In the lower beds of the Bedford shale, fossils are,
in northern Ohio, at a few points, abundant. They are of pronounced
Sub-carboniferous character according to Newberry’s determinations, but
Professor Herrick inclines to place them somewhat lower in the scale.
None of these fossils have been reported south of the lake shore, but the
stratigraphical relations of the shale are so clear and its lithological char-
acteristics so persistent and pronounced, that there is not a stratum in
our geological column that can be followed across the state in more
easily demonstrated identity than this.

116. Zhe Berea Grit.

We have reached in our review the Berea grit, the second element
of the Waverly series, and not only the most important member of the
series, but by far the most important single stratum in the entire geolog-
ical column of Ohio. Its economic value above ground is great, but it
is greater below. In its outcrops it is a source of the finest building
stone and the best grindstone grit of the country, and when it dips be-
neath the surface it becomes the repository of invaluable supplies of
petroleum, gas and salt-water. Its persistence as a stratum is phenome-
nal. Seldom reaching a thickness of fifty feet, its proved area in Ohio
above ground and below, is scarcely less than 15,000 square miles, and
beyond the boundaries of Ohio it appears to extend with continuity and
strength unbroken into at least four other adjacent states. In the

GEOLOGICAL SCALE AND STRUCTURE. 29

opinion of Prof. I. C. White, the Berea grit becomes the famous Murrys-
ville gas sand and also the Gantz oil sand of Washington county, Penn-
sylvania, but other of the geologists of the state and particularly J. F.
Carll, deny such equivalence. As a guide to the interpretation of our
series, and especially as a guide to our subterranean geology, it is
invaluable.

The stratum was named by Newberry from the village of Berea,
Cuyahoga county, where the largest and most important quarries of the
formation are located. The name is the most appropriate that could
have been selected for this stratum, and inasmuch as it has priority in
all fields, it ought to be made to supersede all other names, in adjoining
states as well as in Ohio.

From what has been already stated, it will be seen that the Berea
grit and the Waverly quarry-stone of southern Ohio are one and the same
sheet of sandstone. The identity was missed for a long while in the
study of our geology and a wrong order of arrangement found temporary
acceptance. The resulting dislocation of our Sub-carboniferous series
brought into all our work upon it an element of confusion that is scarcely
yet eliminated.

The Berea grit, as seen in outcrop, is a sandstone of medium grain
im northern Ohio and of fine grain from the center of the state southwards.
In northern Ohio it contains one pebbly horizon over a considerable
area, but the seam is thin and the pebbles are small. ‘The stratum is
sometimes false-bedded and on the other hand, it is sometimes remark-
ably even in its bedding-planes. Its main beds or sheets have a maxi-
mum thickness of ten feet, but this is an unusual measure and is seldom
reached. The formation ranges in thickness from five to one hundred
and seventy feet. Occasionally, but very rarely, it fails altogether from
the sections in which it is due. Like the Bedford shale below it, it
stands for an old shore line, many of its surfaces being ripple-marked and
worm burrows abounding in its substance.

it is poor in fossils, but not entirely destitute of them. Fish
remains are the most conspicuous, but by far the rarest of the forms it
contains. Plant impressions are also unusual through most of the for-
mation, but in northern Ohio there is a certain part of the stratum in
which they are quite abundant. They sometimes accumulate in quantity.
enough to be known as coal blossoms, the carbonaceous streaks that sep-
arate the sandstone beds varying in thickness from a line to a_ half inch.
These carbonaceous streaks are a source of weakness, as a rule, to the
stone. Throughout the great quarry district the material of which the
stratum is composed is sand as clean as can be found on any sea-beach
today. As the stratum is followed into central and especially into
southern Ohio it grows more impure as its sand grows finer in grain, a
small percentage of clay being held in it at most points.

3U GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

Under cover it retains the same characteristics in composition that
it possesses above ground, ranging from fine to middling grain, and very
seldom showing pebbles. It has been proved by many hundred borings
in southeastern Ohio during the last few years, and its composition at
great depths is almost as well known as in its outcrops.

lic—The Berea Shale—Waverly Black Shale of Andrews.

A bed of dark, often black shale, fifteen to fifty feet in thickness
makes the constant and immediate cover of the Berea grit throughout its
entire extent in Ohio. ‘The shale is highly fossiliferous. The bottom
layer, which is especially rich in fossils, is very hard and stubborn,
being composed of sand bound together with pyrites ; consequently this
bed when struck in the drilling of wells, is often referred to the sand-
stone below, rather than to the shale above, but its fossils and its bitum-
inous character favor the reference here given, inasmuch as it marks no
new conditions in the history of these beds.

The stratum was first described by Andrews under the name of the
Waverly black shale, the typical outcrop being found at Rockport on
the Ohio River, but about the same time Meek, who was studying the
fossils of the formation in northern Ohio, introduced the designation
Berea shale. The latter name is clearly preferable and ought to obtain
currency.

In southern and central Ohio, and indeed in almost all of its out-
crops, the boundaries of the Berea shale are sharp and perfectly distinct.
The Berea grit is its base, and the blue beds of the Cuyahoga shale over-
lie it. In Cuyahoga county, however, and eastward, the upper limit can-
not always be fixed with precision, neither the dark color nor the fossils
of the shale disappearing abruptly, but both gradually diminishing.
There are, however twenty to forty feet that always deserve to be
counted here.

When struck by the drill under cover, the formation uniformly
yields a line of facts similar to that already reported. Of the records of
the many hundred wells that have been carried down to and below this
horizon in southern Ohio and in adjacent territory, during the last few
years, there has nota single one been found that has failed to give a
place to this little band of black shale. Its services in setting in order
our Sub-carboniferous geology have been simply invaluable. It is
apparently wanting at a few pointsin northern and central Ohio. At
least some of the drillers who have sunk deep wells here declare that
they have found no trace of this stratum.

The Berea shale contains a larger percentage of bituminous matter
than the Ohio shale, the amount sometimes reaching twenty-four per cent.
It isa source of petroleum ona small scale, as is shown by the fact that in
southern Ohio an important ledge of sandstone that belongs just above
it is often saturated with mineral tar derived from this source.

GEOLOGICAL SCALE AND STRUCTURE. 31

Ud. The Cuyahoga Shale

It is impossible to retain for this great division of the Waverly the
limits assigned to it by Newberry when he gave it its name. He made
it fill the entire interval between the Berea grit and the Coal Measure
conglomerate, and according to present knowledge, at least three distinct
elements are to be found in every full and normal section of this interval.
One of them, viz., the Berea shale, has been cut off from the foot of the
column. Another, and a much more conspicuous division, has been taken
off of the top of the column, viz.,the Logan group. But there still remain
one hundred and fifty to four hundred feet of a perfectly distinct, homo-
geneous and most persistent formation that deserves a name as much as
the Berea grit itself, or any other stratum in the Ohio scale, and for
which no more suitable name could be found than that which it already
bears, viz., the Cuyahoga shale.

It consists of light-colored, argillaceous shales, which are often re-
placed with single courses of fine-grained sandstone, blue in color, and in
southern Ohio weathering to a brownish-yellow, As a constant charac-
teristic there are found through the shales nodules of impure iron ore,
generally flat in form, concretionary in origin, and often having white cal-
careous centers.

By good rights the shale should suffer one more reduction at its lower
extremity. Everywhere through the state there is found, directly above
the Berea shale, or at a short remove from it, a number of courses of fine-
grained stone. These courses are sometimes separated from each other
by beds of shale, or they may be compacted into a single stratum. ‘The
individual courses also vary greatly in thickness and in color and general
characters. Throughout southern Ohio, and particularly in Ross, Pike -
and Scioto counties, the stratum yields freestone. It is best known from
its outcrops on the Ohio River at Buena Vista, where it has long been
very extensively worked for Cincinnati and other river markets. The
Buena Vista stone, at its best, is one of the finest building stones of the
country. The same horizon yields excellent stone near Portsmouth,
Lucasville and Waverly. At the latter point it is known as the Waverly
brown stone.

Northward, through the state, stone of more or less value is found in
the bottom courses of the Cuyahoga, but in Trumbull county, near War-
ren, the horizon acquires extreme importance as the source of the finest
natural flagging that is to be found in our markets.

It would have been well if the thirty or forty feet containing these
courses had been cut off from the Cuyahoga shale, in which case the divi-
sion thus formed would have been well named the Buena Vista stone;
but inasmuch as the series does not absolutely require the change, it is
left unmodified. The Sharpsville sandstone of White (Second Penna.
Survey, Q. 4) belongs to this horizon and is the proper equivalent of the
Buena Vista stone.

32 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

There are a few sections in which the Cuyahoga shale is more largely
replaced by these freestone layers than in the general account above
given. In the cuts of the Marietta and Cincinnati Railroad, east from
Chillicothe, the freestone appears to constitute a notable proportion, per-
haps fifteen or twenty per cent. of the whole material. There are other
points at which the stone has no value.

Under cover the Cuyahoga shale retains with great distinctness and
persistency the same characteristics that are foundinits outcrops. From
the deep drillings of eastern Ohio, wherever its horizon has been reached,
there are uniformly reported three hundred or four hundred feet of white
shales with occasional sandstone layers through which the drill descends
rapidly andeasily. The Buena Vista courses are also frequently reported
directly above or at least near to the Berea shale.

The fossils with which the Cuyahoga shale has b en credited have
been largely derived from the division next to be described, while this was
counted a part of the shale. As here limited, it is, for the most part, poor
in fossils. The surface of many of its beds are marked with the impres-
sions of the cock-tail fucoid, and in its upper portions occasional courses
are found in which the animal fossils of this age are abundant and well
preserved, The most characteristic and interesting fossils of the Cuya-
hoga shale, proper, are preserved in concretions, as has recently been
shown by Professor Herrick.

lle. The Logan Group.

The divisions of the Waverly series in northern Ohio as
laid down by Newberry, happened to be made at a _ point
where the section is abnormal and incomplete. By atrophy or
by overlap, the upper member of the series is wanting in the Cuyahoga
Valley, or is at least very inadequately represented there. The
missing member is, in volume, second only to the Cuyahoga siale, among
the divisions of the Waverly. It is much richer in the fossils of the Sub-
carboniferous than any of the other members. In composition it is varied
and striking, one of its elements being a massive conglomerate, or series
of conglomerates, not less than two hundred feet in its largest sections,
which extends in unbroken outcrop through at least a half dozen counties
of Ohio. No good reason can be found for dividing the Waverly series at
all, if a member like this is to be left without a name, or is to be merged
with an unlike and incongruous division from which it is as sharply differ-
entiated as any one stratum ot Ohio is from any other.

A typical or representative section of this group is scarcely possible,
but the most characteristic and persistent part of the series is one of the
conglomerates that occurs near the bottom. At all events, coarse rock,
if not always technically conglomeritic, is generally found here. Pebbles
do not in all cases make a conspicuous part of the rock when it takes a
conglomeritic phase. The most characteristic feature of the pebbles in

GEOLOGICAL SCALE AND STRUCTURE. 33

large bodies of the rock is their small and uniform size. The larger
pebbles are generally flat. There is, however, a good deal of variation
in all these respects. Much of the conglomerate is fairly even in its
bedding and otherwise adapted to quarry purposes. Theformation yields
in central and southern Ohio quite a large amount of valuable building
and bridge stone.

The conglomerate is peculiar in this respect, viz., that it is fossilifer-
ous, containing both animal and vegetable fossils. The usual Sub-car-
boniferous types of both divisions are found init. It is interrupted by
layers of fine or medium-grained sandstone and sometimes by shale
deposits. In central Ohio, there are two fairly persistent beds of con-
glomerate, as recently shown by Herrick, that can be used in stratigraphi-
cal determinations. In a succeeding chapter of this report the divisions
that are recognized by the author last named and that are based upon
both lithological and paleontological characteristics will be found suc-
cinctlyand clearly described. The work of Professor Herrick in this field
makes a valuable contribution to our Ohio geology.

The prevailing colors of the coarse sandstone of the Logan group
are yellow, red and brown. Some of it is beautifully varigated. Its
best developments are in Hocking, Fairfield, Ross, Vinton, Licking,
Knox and Wayne counties, which constitute the northwestern arc of the
sea-boundary of Ohio in Sub-carboniferous time. South of Ross county
it loses most of its pebbles, and south of the Ohio it becomes the Knob-
stone formation of Kentucky. It is also the Knobstone formation of
Indiana, at least in part. In northeastern Ohio the Logan group is
also destitute of fossils, and perhaps the conglomerate element proper
does not appear here at all.

White gives a generalized section of the rocks of Erie and Crawford
counties of Pennsylvania, in Report Q 4, page 66, of the Second
Pennsylvania Survey. He shows the presence of six sandstones in the
scale, and three of these are common to the Ohio scale as well. ‘The
Shenango sandstone of his column is without doubt the representative
of our Logan sandstone and Waverly conglomerate. His Sharpsville
sandstone is our Buena Vista stone, and his Corry sandstone appears to
be none other than the Berea grit. The sandstones of the Pennsylvania
column that underlie the Berea grit do not appear as such in the Ohio
scale, as has been already shown. By the same token, White’s Orange-
ville shale is an equivalent of our Berea shale, his Meadville shales are
our Cuyahoga shale in part, and his Shenango shales are a part of our
Logan series.

Interstratified with the conglomerate courses in southern Ohio, are
two or more fairly persistent layers of impure limestone. No fossils
have been found in them. Similar layers occur in the Logan series of
northeastern Ohio, except that in this case the limestones are fossilifer-

3 Guo:

34 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

ous. They are the upper and lower Meadville limestones of White, and
can be followed into Ohio from Crawford county, Pennsylvania, where
they were first described. |

The Logan sandstone that succeeds the Waverly conglomerate in
the full section is an uncertain and inconstant element, for the reason
that it plays fast and loose with the stratum last described. Much could
be said in favor of counting it the upper portion of the conglomerate.
In typical exposures it is a fawn-colored, fine-grained, even-beded sand-
stone. In this phase of the formation the most favorable conditions for
the marine life of the period seem to have been attained, the sandstone
being prolific in fossils. ‘The characters above given are quite widely held .
throughout the state. The Logan sandstone is often found directly
underlying the lowest coal seam.

The Olive shales of Read are probably the exact equivalent of the
Logan sandstone in age. They seem to take its place in the central
counties in part. Overlying the coarse rock in Knox and Coshocton
counties, Read reports more than three hundred feet of sparingly fos-
siliferous shales, to which he gives the name here used.

Diverse as these elements are, they are blended and interlocked in
the Logan group, leaving it in stratigraphy and fossils a well-defined and
easily followed series throughout all parts of the territory in which it is
due, except in possibly a small area in northern Ohio, as already noted,
and even here, there is no difficulty in recognizing the presence of this
series. ‘The several elements are, however, of smaller volume here than
elsewhere. Under cover, throughout southeastern Ohio, the series is in the
highest degree persistent and regular, much more uniform, indeed, than
in itsoutcrops. It consists of two hundred feet or more of prevailingly
coarse rock, almost everwhere pebbly in spots, but interrupted with sheets
of shale, yellowish and reddish colors being the characteristic ones. It
has considerable interest in connection with gas, oil and salt water in
Ohio, being the reservoir of the brines of the Hocking and Muskingum
valleys, and furnishing in the latter large supplies of gas in the early days
of salt manufacture in this state. It is also the “‘ Big Indian” sandstone
of the oil well drillers of western Pennsylvania, West Virginia and
Southeastern Ohio.

The Sub-carboniferous series of Ohio has now, with the exception of
a single element next to be named, been passed in review. It is seen to
be a very sharply characterized series, a most persistent sandstone, though
not a thick one, lying near its base, bedded in shale and covered also by
shale, the lower shale being often red in color and the roof shale being
always black, and another sandstone or conglomerate stratum, two hun-
dred feet or more in thickness, forming the upper member of the series;
these two persistent sandstone formations being separated from each
other by three hundred or more feet of light-colored, soft, argillaceous
shales. No conditions could be more favorable for tracing such a group

GEOLOGICAL SCALE AND STRUCTURE’ 34

under ground than the conditions here found, and consequently the
records of deep drillings in southern Ohio become almost as clear and
legible as if the rocks through which the drill has passed lay exposed to
the light of day.

The real, though not the formal separation of this group from the
underlying shale is due to the late Professor E. B. Andrews, and consti-
tutes one of his most important contributions to our knowledge of Ohio
geology. He was the first to show that the great conglomerate of Hock-
ing, Fairfield and Licking counties is Sub-carboniferous in age, and he
further called attention to a highly fossiliferous, fine-grained sandstone
overlying the conglomerate, to which he gave the name of Logan sand-
stone, from its occurrence at Logan, Hocking county. Up to this time
» this conglomerate had been universally counted as the Coal Measure con-
glomerate. Read made know the existence of a heavy body of shale,
which he called Olive shales, overlying the conglomerate and replacing
the Logan sandstone in Knox, Holmes and Richland counties.

As both conglomerate and sandstone have their typical outcrops at
Logan, no better name can be found for the formation, which must
include conglomerate, sandstone and shale, than that here adopted, viz.,
the Logan group.

The maximum thickness of the Logan group is not less than four
hundred feet. Its average thickness is perhaps two hundred feet. It has
received less study than the rest of the series, and it is only within the
last three years that divisions have been recognized in it by means of
which a measure of order can be given to its principal outcrops.

12. THE SUB-CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE.

This element is of comparatively small account as far as its surface
outcrops are concerned, in Ohio, but it gathers strength to the southeast-
ward, and is shown in several well records of the Ohio Valley, in the
eastern part of the state, as a stratum fifty or more feet in thickness. It
was recognized as a member of our geological column by the geologists
of the first survey, but Professor Andrews was the first to assign to it its
proper place, and to show its true equivalence. He designated it the
Maxville limestone, from a locality in southwestern Perry county, where
it is well exposed in beds that aggregate fifteen or twenty feet in thick-
ness. Still heavier deposits of it are found in the valley of Jonathan’s
Creek, in Muskingum county, near Newtonville. Professor Andrews
collected at these points the fossils by which its age was determined to
be that of the Chester limestone of the Missouri and Illinois sections.

In its best development, the limestone is a fairly pure, fine-grained,
sparingly fossiliferous rock. It breaks with a conchoidal fracture. In
fineness and homogenity of grain it approaches lithographic stone and
has been tested practically, in a small way, forthis use. It is seldom even
or regular in its bedding. It is light drab or brown in color, and often is
a beautiful building stone, though somewhat costly to work.

36 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

The fire-clay found associated with it at several points in southern
Ohio is one of the most valuable deposits of this sort in our entire scale-
The outcrops of the limestone occur in Scioto, Jackson, Hocking, Perry
and Muskingum counties. It is reported in some of the well records of
Steubenville, Brilliant, Macksburg, Clarington and at several other points
in eastern Ohio.

‘There remains to be briefly described the great Carboniferous system
of Ohio. An extended and more careful review of its composition will
be given in succeeding chapters of the present volume, and it will be
enough, at this point, to set in order its more striking features. ‘There is
a question as to the divisibility of the lower portion of the series. The
Pennsylvania geologists describe as the conglomerate series a number of
strata, including several beds of coal, limestone and iron ore, that have -
been counted members of the true Coal Measures in most of the
volumes of our Ohio geology. ‘The grounds for such division are, with-
out doubt, much more imperative when the formations are studied in
Pennsylvania and the Virginias. So far as the Ohio series is concerned,
it is not probable that any division would have been called for on this
ground, but, for the sake of the general order, the classification recog-
nized in Pennsylvania and to the southward will be adopted here.

13. THE CONGLOMERATE GROUP.

This group consists of three great sandstones, between which and in
which are distributed two thin but persistent limestones and four coal
seams, several of them of considerable value. ‘The order is shown in the
table below. A fifth coal seam is occasionally found.

{ HOMEWOOD SANDSTONE.
(Tionesta Coal).

Ore.
Upper Mercer Group. | Limestone
Coal, No. 3 a. Newberry.
7Ore:
Conglomerate group.

Lower Mercer Group. , Limestone.

( Coal, No. 3, Newberry.
MASSILLON SANDSTONE, UPPER.
(Quakertown Coal). Coal No. 2, Newberry.
MASSILLON SANDSTONE, LOWER.
Sharon Coal—Coal No. 1, Newberry.
SHARON CONGLOMERATE.

oe

This group has an average thickness of two hundred and fifty feet,
though the range of the formation is considerable.

14. THe LowER CoAL MEASURES.

‘This division includes the most important section of the Coal
Measures, so far as Ohio is concerned.

In it are found six seams of coal, four horizons of limestone, two of
which are marine in origin, and several valuable iron ores and fire-clays.
A detailed account of the composition of this important division will be

GEOLOGICAL SCALE AND STRUCTURE. 37

found in the succeeding chapter, and the reader is, therefore, refered to it
for details as to the structure of the group. Its thickness can be counted
about two hundred and fifty feet.

15. THe LOwER BARREN MEASURES.

For the sane reasons that have been given under the preceding
head, no detail will here be entered into as to the composition of this
formation, further than to say that it comprises from three hundred to
five hundred feet of strata which have been of little economic interest.
Though included in the Coal Measures they are well described by the title
which they bear, the Barren Coal Measures, the coal seams that are
included in them being thin and wanting in persistency.

16. THe Upper Coat MEASURES.

This division is also to be treated in a succeeding chapter. Its thick-
ness may be taken as two hundred and fifty to three hundred feet, but its
upper boundary is lacking in definiteness.

17. THE UrerER BARREN MEASURES.

The upper Barren Measures compleie the geological column of Ohio
so far as its bedded rocks are concerned. In other words, the latest
formed rocks of our scale are included in this division. ‘They are to be
looked for in the southeastern portion of the state. Belmont and Monroe
counties contain the most of these exposures. While they are included in
the Coal Measures by the name above assigned to them, a question has been
raised by some geologists as to whether they should not be referred to the
succeeding age, viz., the Permian. The argument for this is based upon
the character of the fossil plants that they contain. The formation is but
poorly shown in Ohio, and no ground appears upon which an easily
recognized classification could be established.

18. THe Gracia Drirt,

Over the various bedded rocks of at least two-thirds of Ohio are
spread in varying thickness the deposits of the Drift. The boundary
which marks the farthest advance of the Drift formation, enters Ohio
in Columbiana county, passes eastward through Stark into Wayne county,
where it bends sharply to the southward, following in that direction as
far as Holmes county. From this point its general direction is south-
westerly. It leaves the state in Brown county, crossing the Ohio River
into Kentucky, a small part of which is included in the Drift formation.
A number of prominent points can be noted by which the boundary can

38 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

be well designated. Newark, Lancaster and Chillicothe, for example, are
situated almost exactly upon the Glacial boundary. The Drift deposits
are separated by a vast period of time from the bedded rocks of the
geological scale of the state. Many millions of years would undoubtedly
be needed to fill the interval between the latest formation of the state,
viz., the Upper Barren Coal Measures, which mark the period when rock-
making in Ohio was brought to an end, and the deposits of the Glacial
Drift. These deposits consist of beds of sand, gravel and clay, variously
intermingled and distributed. Bowlders or large blocks ot rock, make a
conspicuous contribution to the drift deposits. The clay, by reason of the
distribution of these bowlders through it in large amount, is named the
Bowlder clay. Another designation of it is Till, by which name a deposit
of similar age and origin is recognized in Great Britain. Although the
most recent of our geological formations, and separated from the present
but by a few thousands, or tens of thousands of years, the questions as to
its origin are still anomalous and perplexing to a remarkable degree. We
can give a much better account of the formations of Paleozoic time than
we can of this series that almost merges into the present. Suffice it to
say that all geologists now believe that the Drift series is the product of
two great lines of events which have worked separately in part, and in
part have worked in combination.

The Bowlder clay, which is the most characteristic of the Drift de-
posits, is now known to have been formed under land ice. It can only
be explained by the passage over the regions in which it is found of a
sheet of land ice, advancing slowly from the northward. The beds of
gravel and sand, on the other hand, which| make the latest formation of
the drift, are the results of a re-arrangement of the materials of the
Bowlder clay in shallow basins of water. The bowlders which constitute
so marked a feature of the Bowlder clay can be, in multitudes of
instances, traced directly to the ledges of rock from which they were
derived. Many of them must have been transported from the Canadian
highlands, a journey of not less than five hundred miles. Upon the
University farm, within the limits of the city of Columbus, representa-
tives of various formations of Canada and northern Michigan have been
found, as, for example, portions of the conglomerate which has its out-
crops at the Bruce mines along the north shore of the River St. Mary’s,
in Canada. Fragments of the Marquette iron ores and of Keewenaw
Copper are also found there; bowlders of the Pictured Rocks, or Pots-
dam sandstone of the south shore of Lake Superior also occur. All of
the material of the Drift is derived from regions to the northward. A
large portion of that which covers Ohio, at least in the central portion of
the state, is derived faom the formations that come to the surface in the
northern parts of the state. The limestone and the shale of these
regions has made very extensive contributions to these beds. The black
shale, especially, proved an easily wasted formation, as the ice sheet

GEOLOGICAL SCALE AND STRUCTURE. 39

attacked it, and it gave way to such an extent that it disappeared
entirely from large areas which it must have formerly covered. ‘This is
attested by the vast amount of shale which can be recognized in the
Bowlder clay. As the ice advanced, it exerted great disturbing force
upon what was then the surface of the state. A sheet weighing scores
of tons to the square foot and moving forward with irresistible force,
holding in its foot fragments of the hardest rocks of the continent, cou!d
not fail to leave the traces of its advance by smoothed and striated rocks,
which occur everywhere along its path.

There is a question among geologists as to whether the Glacial
deposit can be best explained by a single ice period, or by recurrent
ice periods. The question is still under discussion, but the weight of
opinion on the part of those best qualified to judge seems to be in favor
of the latter theory at the present time. But all of the questions per-
taining to the origin and history of this formation must be counted far
from being definitely settled. The average thickness of the drift
deposits cannot be given without providing at least for very wide
departures from any general figure. The greatest thickness yet observed
in the state is five hundred and thirty, feet, which was reached in a boring
that was begun near St. Paris, Champaign county, several years ago. The
five hundred and thirty feet of Drift there found, did not exhaust the Drift
deposits, but the driller was obliged to abandon the work before he had
reached bedded rock. The estimates of average thickness that are occas-
ionally made are entitled to but small consideration. The valleys of the
old surface of the state are packed full to a depth of several hundred feet,
while the original up-lands that bound the valleys may be covered by but
a few feet or by a few scores of feet. Itis sufficient to say that the amount of
material thus brought down and distributed over the state is vast in
amount and that its deposit has added immensely to the value and
resources of the state. The soils of three quarters of Ohio are derived
from the Drift and are consequently much more varied in composition
and, at the same time, of more uniform excellence, than they could have
been if derived solely from the underlying bedded rocks. The water
supply of the same portion of the state is almost wholly dependent up-
on the Drift formation. ‘There are entire counties in which the bedded
rocks do not once come to the surface, and in which they have, conse-
quently, no effect upon the character of the surface.

GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE.

The chief formations of the state have now been passed in brief
review. As to the geological structure of Ohio, or the mode of arrange-
ment of these several formations, as far as their departures from the posi-
tion in which they were formed is concerned, a few general statements
must suffice.

40 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

The annals of the geological structure of Ohio are comparatively
short and simple. All the movements that have affected its strata have
been of the continental type, z. e., slow and gentle and unaccompanied by
fractures, displacements, or the formation of well-marked arches and
troughs. ‘The dominant forces in all movements which we can trace
have been two-fold; first, that growth of the continental nucleus to the
southward which began in the earliest era and which was maintained
throughout paleozoic time, and, secondly, the system of northeast and
southwest foldings of the eastern border of the continent, which culmin-
ated in the formation of the great Appalachian mountain system. ‘The
latter division of these forces is the more conspicuous. It was displayed
in the first emergence of the rocks of the state above the surface of the
sea. The approximate date of this emergence is the close of Lower
Silurian time.

THE CINCINNATI AXIS.

Under the above designation, the most important fact in the early
history of the geological structure of the state is known. The best ac
count that has been given of it is that of Newberry which is found in
Geology of Ohio, Volume I, page 90. This account needs to be sup-
plemented by the facts given in Volume II, page 411, and in Volume
VI, page 46.

About the close of Lower Silurian time a broad and very flat arch
made its appearance in Ohio at its southwestern corner. This arch had
already traversed Tennessee and Kentucky in a northeasterly direction,
and upon the geology of these states it exerted a profound influence.
Newberry counts this elevation due to the same cause by which the great
mountain arches of the Atlantic border were long afterwards formed,
namely, the crumpling of the crust, due to its contraction by cooling, the
force acting at right angles to the Atlantic coast line. The direction of the
Cincinnati axis is approximately the same as that of the later axes of
elevation, namely, north of east and south of west. In Ohio and Indiana,
this important feature proves to be much less simple than was formerly
supposed. This has been shown in Geology of Ohio, Volume VI, page
41. The main axis is there proved to have, in western Ohio and in
Indiana, a northwesterly instead of a northeasterly trend; but a subor-
dinate elevation branches from it on the western border of Ohio in Mer-
cer county and traverses northern Ohio to the shore of Lake Erie.
Possibly it crosses the lake basin into Canada.

There are probably other lines of slight elevation in southern Ohio
that go back for their origin to an early date. The few facts that we have,
bearing on the structure of the Lancaster gas field, for instance, seem to
point to such a date of the uplift upon which its gas production depends.
But such conclusions can be derived only from the results of the drilling

GHOLOGICAL SCALE AND STRUCTURE. 4]

of deep wells, and consequently the facts will be scanty and cannot be
worked out minutely, or with absolute certainty.

The movements to which the Cincinnati axis is due, were in reality
profound and long continued, and their influence on the geology of this
portion of the Mississippi, were far-reaching. All the dips of the strata
in the southwestern quarter of the state stand in close connection with
the formation and growth of the Cincinnati axis. These dips are mainly
southeasterly in direction and are satisfactorily accounted for by the uniform
growth of the Cincinnati axis while the strata were in progressof formation.
So far as known the Cincinnati anticline is nowhere, in southern Ohio or in
the states of Kentucky and Tennessee, distinctly associated with the ac-
cumulation of petroleum ; but in central and northern Ohio and also in
Indiana, its influence in this connection has lately been found to be im-
portant and of vast economic interest. A slight modification may be re-
quired as to the date of the origin of this great feature in the latter areas.
‘The Indiana gas field, which is probably the largest continuous gas field
thus far discovered in the world, is wholly conditioned by and dependent
on the broad up-lift which is the immediate and direct extension of the
Cincinnati axis. It is certain, however, that the movements of the strata
in the territory last named, by which petroliferous accumulation was pro-
vided for, occurred at a much later date than that assigned for the original
emergence of the Cincinnati axis at the southward. Upper Silurian and
Devonian strata are distinctly involved in the low arch in which the gas
and oil are gathered. The same thing is true of the broken structure on
which the oil productlon of Hancock and Wood counties in northern
Ohio, depends. This district can be referred to the Cincinnati arch
only by a very liberal interpretation of this great structural feature of the
state. The details of this structure are traced out at some length in
Geology of Ohio, Volume VI, chapter ITI.

Tur APPALACHIAN FOLDS OF EASTERN OHIO.

The rock flexures of eastern Ohio are invested with much more
general interest than the facts pertaining to the far more ancient and ob-
scure Cincinnati uplift. The cause of this greater interest is found in
the economic importance of the former in connection with oil and gas.
The anticlines of eastern Ohio are unmistakably part and parcel of the
great series to which the Allegheny mountains of Pennsylvania and Vir-
ginia belong. These folds are exceedingly well developed in central
Pennsylvania. The whole system of Paleozoic rocks is there bent into
enormous arches in which two or three miles of length are compressed
into a single mile. Nowhere in the world is there any more striking and
beautiful exposure of rock arches than here. The number of distinct
folds is considerable; but as the series is followed to the westward the

42 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

flexures become less crowded and less pronounced, until in western Penn-
sylvania they no longer constitute the dominant features of the country.
They are flattened and reduced until the pitch of the strata falls as low as one
or two degrees, and the beds now traverse the summits of the arches with-
out any fracture whatever. It has been found by the experience of the last
twenty-five years that these unbroken arches are the main repositories
of the oil and gas that have acquired such extraordinary value within this
period, especially in Pennsylvania. The further westward the arches are
followed, the feebler they are found to be; consequently, only the lowest
of the Pennsylvania series pass into Ohio. But the same law holds be-
yond state boundaries, and the folds which are due to the same general
cause, that originate and run their entire course in Ohio, are even lower
and weaker than the lowest of Pennsylvania. ‘They no longer take an
important part in the topography of the regions which they traverse, and
they can be detected only by close and continuous series of measurments.
Sometimes they are represented only by a suspension of the usual dip,
the beds taking a terrace-like arrangement for a smallspace. ‘They are,
however, still found, to some extent, effective in the separation of the
contents of the porous rocks of the series involved. Consequently, the
driller for oil and gas makes constant inquiry as to the location of the
axes or anticlines of eastern Ohio. It is not pleasant to be obliged to an-
swer that these important structural lines have not been as yet laid down
upon our maps, but this is the fact in regard to-them. As already im-
plied, the feebler the axes, the greater must be the difficulty in tracing
and locating them. Labor enough has been spent on this line of ques-
tions to have accurately located all of our anticlines, if they could have
been followed with the same ease and certainty with which the arches of
western Pennsylvania are traced. But aneroid measurements are not suf-
ficient, as a rule, for this sort of work in Ohio. Nothing less than pro-
files run by the engineer’s level affords a sure basis for the determination
of our feeble folds. But the running of such lines across a rough country
is expensive and, furthermore, can be done only under careful geological
guidance, for the reason that the determination of the strata on which the
whole work turns, involves an accurate knowledge of the entire geological
section that is concerned. The scale on which it has been possible to
carry on field work in Ohio for the last few years has been so very small
that it has been out of the question to attempt the determination of many
lines by the methods here noted. A careful examination was made by
the Survey of the Baltimore and Ohio railroad from Newark east to Bel-
laire, to catch, if possible, the arches that cross this road. A like exami-
nation was made of the southern poition of the Cleveland, Lorain and
Wheeling railway and a less careful examination of the Cleveland and
Pittsburg railroad on Yellow Creek. Private surveys have also covered
considerable territory in Muskingum, Morgan, Guernsey and Harrison
counties, the results of which have been, in part, available to the Survey.

GEOLOGICAL SCALE AND STRUCTURE. 43 |

The results of all the observations made to date can be summarized in
few words.

THE FREDERICKTOWN ARTICLINE.

The first axis known to enter the state from Pennsylvania north of
the Ohio river, is avery feeble fold, named by Prof. I. C. White, in the
Geological Reports of Pennsylvania, the Fredericktown axis, the name be-
ing taken from the small village on the Little Beaver, in the southwest
corner of Pennsylvania. ‘The axis gives rise to the Smith’s Ferry oil field
and probably also to the weak gas prcduction of East Liverpool. But it
is not known that any value is attached to it northward. It apparently
crosses the Ohio Valley near East Liverpool and traverses the Pan Handle
of West Virginia for a few miles ; probably it recrosses the river near T’o-
ronto. Its feebleness is shown by the fact that, though crossing the river
twice, it has not had the slightest apparent effect on the course of the
stream.

THE WELLSBURG ANTICLINE.

Another weak line of elevation comes into Ohio from West Virginia,
a few miles below Steubenville. It may be called the, Wellsburg anti-
cline, a gas field of considerable promise having been found ten years ago
near the West Virginia village of this name. ‘The gas of Brilliant, on the
Ohio side of the river, must apparently be referred to the same elevation.
If this axis is assumed to run parallel with the line already indicated as
the Fredericktown axis, it will be found to cross Captina Creek near the
Captina coal mines where, as is well known, a distinct uplift is seen. If
extended still further to the southward, this line would cross Monroe
county a few miles east of Woodsfield.

THE SALISBURY ANTICLINE.

The next fold to be indicated lies six to eight miles northwest of the
Fredericktown axis. It may be called the Salisbury anticline, from the
fact that it was first located near the station of this name on the Cleve-
land Pittsburg railroad, in the Yellow Creek Valley. The extension of
this axis, if it crosses the state line into Pennsylvania, has not been noted.
As seen in tracing the well known coal seams of the Yellow Creek Val-
ley, the fold is very slight, but is still an arch and may reasonably enough
be expected to show some economic interest in portions of its extent.

THE Capiz ANTICLINE.

This fold is probably entirely confined to the territory of Ohio. Itis
somewhat more distinct and of greater force than any of those already
named. Its best marked development thus far is to be found in the cen-

44 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

ter of Harrison county. The summit of its low arch lies one to two miles
due east of the court house in Cadiz. The general fact of an uplift at
this point was noted as far back as 1874 by Prof. J. J. Stevenson, who
refers to it in his report upon the geology of Harrison county, Volume
III, page 201. It has been traced through two townships to the northward
of Cadiz; its extension southward is probably indicated either by the
Barnesville gas field, which lies about two miles northwest of the village,
or by the low arch that was found by the work of the Survey in the sec-
tion already named along the line of the Baltimore and Ohio railroad, a
mile east of the railway station at Quaker City. If the latter identification
is true, it would be to this arch that the short lived gas production of the
last named town is due. ‘The former reference seems, however, the more
probable.

A slight change in the direction of either this line of elevation, or
the one last named, viz., the Salisbury axis, would reach and explain the
well known oil field of Macksburg. Though at no time a great oil field,
Macksburg has been of considerable economic importance at times dur-
ing its development, while in scientific interest, it is not inferior to any oil
field of the country. It was here that the “terrace structure” as con-
nected with oil accumulation was worked out by F. W. Minshall, Esq., and
the verification of his discovery by the detailed work of the Ohio Geolog-
ical Survey, makes a contribution of great significance and value to the
geology of petroleum. If still continued southward, this line would cross
the Muskingum Valley near Lowell.

THE CAMBRIDGE ANTICLINE.

The next arch or fold to be noted, is like the one last named, though
feeble, still distinctly traceable. It was first recognized by Prof. J. j.
Stevenson in his report on the geology of Guernsey county, Geology of
Ohio, Volume III, page 220. As determined by the instrumental work of
the Survey, the summit of the Cambridge arch, lies very near the western
boundary of the corporation limits; but the developments of the drill
seem to place the axis a mile or so further eastward. As to its extension,
the uncertainty already confessed in regard to the axes previously named
exists. From the occurence of gas and oil near McConnelsville, a slight
relief in the rock formatlons must occur at that point. If Cambridge and
McConnelsville are joined by a straight line, this line would be in fair ac-
cord with the facts previously indicated in this section.

The recent oil production of Corning, in the southeastern corner of
Perry county, must be explained by some low fold of the strata in this
territory, and this fold may be designated as the Corning axis, but there
are not facts enough at hand to determine its exact location or its exten-
sion.

CHAP’TER It.

THE CLAYS OF OHIO, THEIR ORIGIN, COMPOSITION AND
VARIETIES.

By PrRoF. EDWARD ORTON.

In Volume V, Geology of Ohio, published in 1884, a chapter
prepared by Edward Orton, Jr. was devoted to the clays and the
industries established on them in the state. The chapter contained
an excellent review of the various substances which the com-
prehensive title above given includes. In its first section was
discussed the question as to the origin and composition of clays. In
the second section the several divisions of the clays of Ohio were pointed
out, so far as their places in the geological scale are concerned, and in the
third section a careful review was made of all the leading lines of manu-
facture in which the clays of the state at that time were being employed.

In the several years that have passed since the publication of Volume
V there has been a great expansion of clay working industries in Ohio
and in the country at large. One of the most important of these indus-
tries in the state at the present time has been introduced within this
period and other older lines of manufactures have been greatly increased
and strengthened during the same interval.

Districts from which the coals have been mainly taken are the prin-
cipal theaters of this development; and it is now evident that the clays
which have hitherto been entirely neglected, after the coals ceased to be
mined in the large way, will prove far greater sources of wealth to such
districts than the coal itself ever proved to be. Higher grades of labor
and more stable industries are built on the clays than the coals could be
made to support. The remnants of coal in such places are generally
ample to supply cheap fuel for the manufacture of the clay, for a few
years, at least.

The new and general interest with which the subject of clay is now
invested demands more than a simple supplement to the chapter con-
tainedin Volume Y. ‘There is need of the same elementary and extended
statements that this chapter presented and since it cannot be presumed
that the volume in question is accessible to the great majority of persons
who are now disposed to study the subject for the first time, it has been

46 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

deemed best to furnish to all such readers as intelligible an account as
possible of the origin and classification of clays and shales, as well as a
description of the uses to which they are being applied in the state at the
present time. This, however, will involve a repetition of the statements
and discussions of the former chapter on the subject; and inasmuch as
the mere change of form in the statements for the sake of change can be
of no value, the materials of the previous chapter will be used in the pres-
ent teport with all freedom. ‘The divisions of the chapter of Volume V
will be for like reasons employed in the present report, with but slight
. modifications. The present chapter will be devoted to the origin, com-
position and varieties of clay.

SECTION a:

THE ORIGIN AND COMPOSITION AND THE VARIETIES OF CLAYS.

ORIGIN OF CLAY.—What is clay? No substance entering into
the composition of the earth is more commonly met or more familiarly
known. All persons of ordinary intelligence have a more or less definite
idea as to what is meant by the word. As ordinarily used, clay denotes
any earthy substance which can be worked up with water into a plastic
mass and then retain the shape into which it has been formed, when dried.
Clay and sand are two of the most common products of the decomposi-
tion of the older rocks that constitute what is familiarly known as the
crust of the earth. They enter into almost all soils and generally their
aggregates make nine-tenths of these soils. Desert plains and barren
mountain sides as well are largely covered with clay or sand. And the
same is true to a great extent of the floor of the sea, especially that por-
tion of it that constitutes the margins of the continents.

So wide a range of distribution naturally suggests great variety of
composition in the substances that are called clay and the most casual
examination confirms this expectation. Varying and ever-changing pro-
portions of sand, iron oxide, lime and organic matter and fragments of
many kinds of rocks are found associated in masses to which we are
obliged to give the name of clay. Strictly speaking, however, the term
applies to asingle mineral, viz., silicate of alumina or kaolinite. This
mineral in a pure state is of comparatively rare occurrence, and large and
accessible accumulations of it become of great economic value in many
parts of the world. Butit is this mineral that makes the basis of all
clays. ‘The percentages of it vary indefinitely in their composition and,
as already stated, other substances in considerable variety are united with
it under a common designation. The larger the percentage of kaolinite,
the more characteristic is the clay containing it.

Kaolinite is not an original product of the earth’s crust. It is
always the result of the decomposition of other and more complex min-
eral aggregates. The one great source of it is felspar in one or the other”
of its leading divisions. The most abundant mineral in the crust of the

CLAYS, THEIR ORIGIN, COMPOSITION AND VARIETIES. 47

globe is quartz or crystallized silica. Quartz, including the silica derived
from it, forms one quarter of the portion of the earth which we know as
its crust. Next to quartz in abundance is felspar, or rather the group of
felspathic minerals. There are three or more well-marked divisions of
the felspar family, viz., orthoclase or potash felspar, albite or soda felspar,
and anorthite or lime felspar. All of these are complex minerals.
Orthoclase may be taken as the type of the group. Its composition is
thus expressed in chemical terms, K,,0, Al,O; 6 SiO, In other
words it is a double silicate of potash and alumina. It appears that in
nature, when the opportunity for original composition among the
elements was offered, their natural affinities were never satisfied with
the formation of the simple compounds of silica and alumina, or silica
and potash, but these substances were obliged to enter into double
combination. As above described, the case is really much more complex
than has been here represented. Silicates of both potash and soda and
also of lime and magnesia are all found in the same mineral aggregation,
which must be designated by one or the other of the general terms used
in the classification of the felspars. But one of the substances named
above is quite likely to be in the ascendant and gives character to the
compound. But if the silicate of alumina is to be sought for in a com-
plex mineral, how does it attain the separate existence in which it
becomes so serviceable to us? In other words, how does clay originate
from felspar?

Clay is a product of the decomposition of felspar through the agency
of the atmosphere. Though seeming so bland and harmless, the atmos-
phere is charged with agencies that will dissolve the firmest rocks of the
earth’s crust. The oxygen, which is one of its main constituents, the
carbonic acid and the water that are always present in it, though the latter .
occur in small and in varying proportions, constitute, when taken
together, an almost universal solvent. Soil waters also, containing the
acid products of vegetable decomposition, become a powerful agent of
rock disintegration and decay. Under the combined agencies above
noted granite rocks, and particularly those containing potash fel-
spar, pass through a rapid process of decomposition. At least one phase
of the process is the decomposition of the silicate of potash of the com-
pound mineral, through the agency of the carbonic acid of the air. The
carbonate of potash thus formed is soluble and is removed as fast as set
free in drainage or in surface waters, while the silicate of alumina
remains behind as clay. The granite rocks of which the felspar was a
leading component contain also quartz and mica and various other min-
erals, some of them in relatively large amounts. ‘These accessory min-
erals become blended with the silicate of alumina in the process of
decomposition; and it is the product of this result that we call: clay.
The silicate of alumina is its base and its characteristic element, but dis-
seniinated in the mass are grains of quartz, flakes of mica and indefinite

48 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

proportions of lime, iron and other ¢lements, together with fragments of
various minerals and rocks in all stages of disintegration and decomposi-
tion. Clay, therefore, is not silicate of alumina pure and simple. For
this compound we have the specific name already given, viz., kaolin.
This word comes to us in a somewhat modified form from the Chinese
language. It is said to be derived from two words (Kau-ling), meaning
‘high ridge,” reference being made to some locality from which large
deposits were derived.

Physical Properties of Kaolin. Kaolin is adefinitely constituted min-
eral and can therefore be represented by a chemical formula, which is as
follows: Al, O;, 2Si0*, 3 H? O. The proportions of the different
elements are shown herewith, viz:

ANI TTL ANE ron uaeee levee meen Gh on car eneet wesc or OG LOO.
Sah Cae ere ira er See Re Se ee AD ec 46.30 + Geikie’s Text Book, p. 81.
Waterss erosion acti saeccumecsmaneeeatactntionion 13.90

or, discarding fractions, we have, Alumina, 39, Silica, 47, Water, 14.
The color of the mineral is white. Its specific gravity ranges from 1.5 to
2.2. Its hardness varies between 1 and 2. It is soft and meagre to the
touch when dry, and plastic when wet. It takes, also a definite crystal-
line form, that of thin plates. This, however, it very infrequently assumes.
Derived, as it is in most instances, from the decompesition of felspathic
rocks and chiefly from the decomposition of granite and gneiss, kaolin is
very seldom found pure in nature. In other words, the usual product of
such decomposition is clay and not kaolin. But the name of the mineral
is commonly applied to masses of high-grade clays, from which the finest
work can be manufactured. The deposits are generally found bordering
masses of easily decomposed felspathic rocks. The particles of kaolin
are exceedingly fine and hence are easily held in suspension in water
and can be transported for long distances; but part of them, carried by
water to lower levels, accumulate there in such settling basins as are
naturally furnished. With the clay, fine particles of sand and rock are
also transported which are subsequently removed from the so-called
kaolin deposits by repeated washings. Most of the kaolin used in the
arts has been subjected to this last mode of treatment. A new method
has recently been invented in which separation of the clay is effected by
regulated air blasts.

In the decay of felspar, it happens that many of the grains of the
undecomposed mineral are set free along with the products of chemical
change. A fine mechanical division of the mineral is also accomplished
by ordinary abrading agencies, as those of streams and waves. ‘The fel-
spar particles constitute almost as fine-grained a mass as the kaolin itself,
and they are often mistaken for clay, but they do not become plastic in water,
and by this means can be distinguished from clays proper. It is thus
seen that finely divided felspar, known as felspathic mud, must be dis-

CLAYS, THEIR ORIGIN, COMPOSITION AND VARIETIES. 49

tinguished from decomposed felspar, though a superficial examination
would easily confound the two products. As a necessary result of the
mode of origin already described, more or less of this felspathic mud is
ordinarily associated with deposits of clay.

Chemical Properties of Kaolin—The physical properties of kaolin
have been described in the preceding paragraph. It remains to describe
with equal brevity the chemical behavior of the mineral. Its most marked
chemical characteristics are its insolubility and its infusibility. Kaolin is
not affected by any of the ordinary chemical agents, nor by the high tem-
peratures that we are able to produce. Out ot the latter fact grows one
of its most important uses, viz: the supply of refractory materials for
the various needs of metallurgy and other lines of manufactures. Kaolin
shares this character off infusibility to some extent with one or two other
substances, as, for example, with quartz, which is pure silica, and also
with talc, which is silicate of magnesia. But it easily stands at the head
of the list of refractory substances and is indispensable in many of the
arts of practical life.

But while kaolin, taken by itself, is infusible even when exposed to
the highest temperatures, in the presence of compounds of lime, mag-
nesia, iron, potash, soda and certain other elements, it readily combines
with these substances and forms double silicates, similar to those which
constitute the felspars of the granite rocks, the history of which we have
already briefly followed. ‘The substances last named are accordingly
called, in these relations, fluxes. Named in the order of their effective-
ness in this work, the principal fluxes are potash, soda, iron, lime and
magnesia. Even small percentages of one or more of these substances in
admixture with the clay will destroy the value of the latter as a refractory
substance. So, also, with the felspathic mud, already described. Con-
taining, as it does, the potash, soda and lime of the original minerals, it is
ready to take part in the mischievous reactions which render the clay
fusible. On the other hand, the finely divided silica of the original min-
eral, which is sure to be left in greater or less amount from the decom.
posed granite in intimate admixture with the kaolin particles, detracts
nothing from the latter in its heat-resisting properties. In almost all
high-grade clays a notable percentage of free silica is found. ‘This is the
only impurity that can be allowed in clay without detracting from its
value as a refractory body. For many uses the silicious clays are not
inferior to the purest kaolin.

The fluxing elements already named, and particularly potash, lime
and iron, are so widely distributed in nature, and especially in the older
felspathic rocks, that it cannot be expected that they would be wholly
wanting in the products of decay of the latter. Only in the rarest
instances, as already stated, in another connection, will the kaolin parti-
eles be found without admixture. Whenever they occur, the deposit, if
easily accessible, acquires considerable commercial value. The great

4. G.©;

50 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

mass of clays consist of these more or less impure products that have
been already described. No chemical formula can be given that will
include them, but they vary from one another indefinitely and endlessly.
The only thing essential to their retaining the name of clay is that a con-
siderable percentage of the kaolin base, namely hydrated silicate of
alumina, must enter into all, giving them the quality of plasticity when
wet, which is the commonly accepted characteristic of this group of sub-
stances. The name of clay is, probably, sometimes applied to compounds’
containing as small an amount of the hydrated silicate as ten per cent.

_ From the statements already made it will be seen that the clays of
high grade are likely to be found near the rocks from the decomposition
of which they are derived. ‘They have been transported but short dis-
tances from the places where they were disengaged. In point of fact they
are often found intermingled with undecomposed rock in the very ledges
which gave rise to them. ‘The well-known Cornish rock of southwestern
England, widely used in porcelain manufacture, is an example of this
mode of occurrences.

Clays of this character, however, constitute an extremely small per-
centage of the immense group of argillaceous deposits. The great
majority of them have been transported by the ordinary agencies of
rivers and seas far from their original sources and have been variously
blended with other products in the course of their removal. Entering
into stratified rocks of various grades and names, these clay deposits pass
through an unending cycle of change. Formed from the waste of the
dry land in one geological period, they may themselves become the dry
land of a succeeding period, to be again removed and built into new rock
formations; and to each stage the proportions and associations of the
clay may be different from any that have preceded it. Much of the clay
that takes part in the formation of the present surface was originally dis-
charged from the felspathic rock to which it is to be traced in the earliest °
stages of the earth’s history. The felspathic decomposition accomplished
in our own period is a relatively insignificant source of the clays that are
available to us for any of the uses to which we apply them. ‘The soft
beds from which we make our building and our paving brick to-day, if we
could follow them through all their history, might lead us back at least in
part to the original granitic crust that constituted the first dry land of the
globe. Certainly a considerable part of the clay that we are at present
using in Ohio is taken from beds of Paleozoic age.

CLASSIFICATION OF CLAYS.

There is no scientific, or, in other words, there is no exact classifica-
tion of the clay deposits of the earth’s surface possible at the present
time; but for the sake of convenience, we divide them roughly into a few
general divisions. One of the commonest of these popular divisions is

CLAYS, THEIR ORIGIN, COMPOSITION AND VARIETIES. 51

that which classifies argillaceous material into two groups, namely, clays
and shales.

Clays and Shales—This distinction is recognized in geology also. It
does not necessarily mark any difference in quality or in chemical compo-
sition, though many of the leaner varieties of clay will be found under
the head of shale; but it is based upon the presence of a thinly stratified
or fissile structure in the latter which is wanting in clays proper. ‘This
structure is called lamination. It is quite possible for materials of ident-
ically the same chemical composition to be found in both divisions. The
clays proper lack this fissile texture, but between well-marked types of
the two extremes every gradation can be recognized. The line separat-
ing such a series into clays and shales will be an altogether arbitrary one.

The clays may contain such large amounts of one or another of the
impurities already mentioned as of common occurrence in these deposits
that they can be named from these impurities. Thus we find calcareous
clays, silicious clays, ferruginous clays, carbonaceous clays.

Similar divisions of shales are recognized, but in addition to those
already named as calcareous, silicious, carbonaceous, or bituminous and the
like, we sometimes speak of argillaceous shales implying a decided pre-
ponderance of the. last named element. We also recognize alum shales,
pyritiferous shales and various others. Shales differ among themselves
very much as to hardness and other physical properties. Some of them
break up easily into clays, under the action of water, while others can
with difficulty be made to show the plasticity which is the first test of all
true maltered argillaceous deposits. Shales must be carefully distinguished. -
from slates, with which they often agree closely in appearance and in general
composition. Slates are shales or other argillaceous deposits that have
been hardened and otherwise metamorphosed by heat combined with high
pressure. Slates are among the most durable rocks, while almost all
shales are perishable upon exposure.

As a tule, shales originate in deeper water than clays. ‘The lamina-
tion which is characteristic of them may take its rise either from inter-
mittent deposit of the materials composing them, or from the effect of the
pressure of the overlying beds, or from both these factors combined.

Several varieties of shale have been found to be better adapted to
important lines of clay manufacture than even the higher grades of clay,
and a great enhancement of value is in progress in respect to such
deposits.

VARIETIES OF CLAY.

Bearing still in mind that the divisions of argillaceous deposits which
we find it convenient to recognize are for the most part popular and not
scientific, and furthermore that the exact boundaries of these divisions
cannot be laid down, we can separate, for our present purpose, all of them
into two main groups, viz., high grade clays and low grade clays.

52 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

Uses.
1. Kaolin. Manufacture of fine ware.
2. China clay. is Seg A i
3. Porcelain clay. ms Br iate ses aig gtd
EDGE CHRD CUA: 4, Fire clay (hard). Refractory materials.
5. Fire clay (plastic). s f
6. Potters’ clay. Earthenware, etc. §
Uses.
1. Argillaceous shale. Paving block, ete.
2. Ferruginous shale. Pressed brick, etc.
3. Silicious clays. Paving block, sewer pipe, ete.
Ibioye Emel Sore CEE A eile clays. Roofing tile, draining tile.
5. Brick clays. ences brick, o:namental brick,
6. Caleareous shale. Common brick, ete.

The first division comprises ail clays and shales that contain in con-
junction with not less than fifty per cent. of kaolin base little else but
finely divided silica. The amounts of the fluxing elements are in all cases.
small, rarely aggregating as much as five per cent. and generally falling
below three per cent. Oxide of iron constitutes much the largest single
element of these fluxes. In almost every case the potash is low. Such
a division as is suggested here wou’d leave out some highly refractory
clays, it is true, but the good properties of such noua! seem to result

principally from the silica they contain.

The second division includes all ordinary clays and shales. ‘They
may range in kaolin base from ten to seventy per cent., but they always
carry a notable percentage of the fluxing elements. The alkalies gen-
erally make two to five per cent., while lime, magnesia and iron add two
Or three times as much more. Coarse sand and rock fragments often
make a conspicuous part also. These low qualities of the clay more
frequently result from a surplus of fluxing element than from a deficiency
in kaolin base.

In the present discussion of these several varieties of deposits,
special consideration will be given to those that are found represented in
the geological scale of Ohio. Kaolin, china clay, porcelain clay and pipe
clay, as they are ordinarily designated and distinguished, do not occur
within its boundaries, but all the other divisions named above are found
in great abundance and in great variety. Brief descriptions of these
several divisions as they occur in Ohio will be given at this point.

1. Fire Clay—Between kaolin proper and the purest fire clay of the
state no true line of division can be drawn. In chemical composition |
they are identical, as seen 1n the following analysis:

ae
1. Mineral Point clay. (Worley) Silica. 49.20 | 43.78
2. Sciotoville clay. (Lord.) Alumina. 37.80 | 46.82

Combined water.} 11.70 | 13.77

CLAYS, THEIR ORIGIN, COMPOSITION AND VARIETIES. 538

but in popular language they are separated into distinct groups. ‘The
name “kaolin” has generally been given to deposits derived directly from
the decomposition of felspar, though it is not strictly confined to such
products. But the term “‘fire clay” is restricted to clay deposits of more
or less purity that are found in our'several series of stratified rocks and
notably in the underclays or slates of coal seams. Coal Measures are
universally Clay Measures as well.

It must be distinctly borne in mind, however, that the designation as
commonly used in the state at the present time is no guarantee of the
quality of the deposit to which it is given. The name is applied indis-
criminately to all underciays of coal seams without any reference whatever
to their grades or composition. Hard clays that come fully up to the
kaolin standard are grouped promiscuously with soft or plastic deposits
that may be very low in the kaolin base and very high in all the elements
that impair the quality. The truth is, the word has lost its proper restric-
tion of meaning, and unless its appropriate limits are restored it would be
better if it could be dropped altogether. A fire clay, properly speaking,
is what its name indicates, a refractory clay, and therefore a clay of high
grade. It becomes white by calcination. ‘The term becomes positively
misleading when applied to fusible clays that will melt into slag at
moderate temperatures. But by far the largest use of it in the state at
the present time is in application to this last named ciass of clays. In
this report the designation will be limited as strictly as possible to refrac-
tory clays.

Fire clays are divided into two well-marked and contrasted groups,
viz., non-plastic and plastic clays, ‘The former constitute our chief supply
in Ohio. Non-plastic fire clays are sometimes known as rock clays and
also as flint clays. They exhibit when broken a smooth conchoidal frac-
ture. On exposure to the weather they crumble into small but angular
grains, beyond which the disintegration does not advance perceptibly.
Their particles, even when finely ground, do not show the ordinary plas-
ticity of clay. In this respect, one of the most important and character-
istic of all the clays departs notably from the definition of the very class
to which it belongs, but it is held in its place by its chemical composi-
tion and behavior. Moreover, by repeated and prolonged grinding, a
growing measure of plasticity is imparted to the mass.

Plastic fire clays do not necessarily differ in appearance from. other
plastic clays, but chemical analysis shows the ground of their separation.
The best of them equal the best of the hard clays already described,
closely approaching kaolin in composition, and they areof equal value
for refactory materials.

To the question so often asked, as to what the peculiarity of the
hard fire clays depend upon, no full and satisfactory answer can be given.
The more probable explanation is that the clay has assumed a definite or
at least an incipient crystalline form. Under the microscope it is some-

54 GEOLOGY OF OHIO. ~

times seen to consist of bundles of minute rods, crowded close together, |
while the soft clay lacks this feature altogether, or contains only frag-
ments of these rods. The difference between the two groups of clays
does not depend on the amount of alumina nor on the impurities they
contain, as a superficial examination might lead us to conclude. What-
ever the explanation may prove to be, the line of demarkation between
them is clear and well defined.

None of the plastic underclays of the state, so far as known, show
the high quality which would justify the application of the term “fire
clay”’ to them; but they are all universally known by this name and it
seems a hopeless attempt to restrict the term to its true signification.

2. Potter's Clay.—Between the plastic underclays of the state that
are called fire clays and the clays that are known as potter’s clays, there
is no difference whatever. ‘The names are strictly interchangeable in
common use. When potteries are drawing their supplies from them,
they are likely to be named in accordance with the fact; but otherwise
they are ‘known under the former designation. Asa rule, however, the
most characteristic clays of this division are decidely inferior in composi-
tion to the fire clays. ‘They contain large proportions of the fluxing
elements and always show a high degree of plasticity. The last named
quality it obviously an essential one and governs all the rest. The clays
of this division are used not only in stoneware, but also to a considerable
extent in sewer pipe, fire-proofing, flue linings, paving blocks and orna-
mental brick.

3. Brick Clay.—The last of the divisions made in the rough classi-
fication that has here been attempted, comprises a large variety of clays
and shales, which are more or less used in the manufacture of sewer pipe,
paving blocks and common building brick. It includes all the coarser
forms of clay and the numerous varieties differ so widely among them-
selves that no definition can be given beyond the simple statement that
all contain more or less silicate of alumina in their composition.

SECTION fie
THE CLAY DEPOSITS OF OHIO.

To understand the distribution of the clays in Ohio, we must acquaint
ourselves with the geological scale in the state, and of the areas covered
by its several formations. All the varieties of argillaceous deposits that
have been enumerated in the preceding section, so far as they have pres-
ent or prospective economic value, viz: shales, brick clays, potters’ clays
and fire clays, will be included in this review.

_ CLAYS, THEIR ORIGIN, COMPOSITION AND VARIETIES. 5d

GEOLOGICAL SCALE OF OHIO.

TAG (Ga eTEA GCS fe te cats aoa airies SAC EMA ENRC IN elie a sn eS RRM AEE 0 to 550 feet.
Meetinnerbarren Coal Measures. csc. ccssssss cess deco sbeotatbeoscun ee 500 “ | ay
fosruipper Productive: Coali Measures ki Rs sec 200 “ ea
Wor owemimharnen\ Coal Measunes.tosis-nussscastcsctensensecctnee sasece 500‘ Pues 5
i Power Productive Coal Measures. 02 ecccsu.. sic ccccee sss dionneeets 250“ | HO
LD» COTES NG iTS UE. | Ca Oy Oo Shs bs bacadeonun sonsbadsodcandcHcpodseencoosBomscanG 200 “ 1S)
12. Sub-carboniferous Limestone, Maxville, Newtonville, etc.... PAB ein Sula Aten
lle Logan Group..............0-8507 } | S34
11d Cuyahoga Shale,.....150-450’ | 5007 ES
11. Waverly Group. Ile Berealohaleyrsieic. 20- 50’; to } 500 “ wr
116 Berea Grit,............ 3 to ae) 8007 aia
1l@ Bedford Shale,......... 50-1507 n
10¢ Cleveland Shale... :
10. Ohio Shave] 106 Erie Shale.......... lo to 3,000 feet....... ; | 3
10@ Huron Shale....... | "9
Je amiltonsoualey(Olentaney Siialep) er wes sncataesscccnersece ee eeee 25) is f 2
8. Devonian Limestone, Upper Helderberg or Cornierene in- | ®)
eludinseWestieilersomlSandSuomes: sits ose ssaseentenecueececces MO Merereens) A
7. Lower Helderberg Limestone or Waterlime, including Syl- )
vania sandstone, 0) 1H) 0} 010) SRS En OR Sar acdesoocadcoRebasdndaorok soneonbG 500 “ :
62 Halilsboroisandstomer ct. ..-cscssecos sc see 0p | 2
6¢ Guelph or Cedarville limestone, ss
+: QUA AO BSA. vecsts sects. sto weceetenasie ns NO tas lees
eo EOuD: GO Niagaray limestones si itnteee sees eens SOs QD
6a@ Niagara Shale, including Dayton H
IIMESEONIE SOC NEO LOO Gree eT seen ee 100 “ a,
5. Clinton Group, in outcrop, 20’ to 75’; under cover, 75’ to | Sy
Ue ceil dae AB erise aa abet bein na da lle aati EL Sa Ra re nae 50 “
4, Medina Shale, in outcrop, 25’; under cover, 50’ to 150” ........ TOemenied|
SeeElidson River Group, S007 TONS oooh se ded coh ase ako 750 << 1 9
2. Utica Shale, not seen in outcrop, but 300 feet thick under eu
Pe COVE IM INOLENELM! OMLO ss isccsursctae sec ce eet set eas coer usa se aaeeee 300, os
1. Trenton limestone, seen only in Pt. Pleasant quarries if at all 50: “ ale

1, The lowest, or oldest argillaceous stratum that is. known to be
worked, or to have been worked for economic use in Ohio is the Medina
shale, No. 4, of the table above given, As will be seen from the table, it
has a thickness of twenty-five feet in its outcrops, which are wholly con-
fined to southwestern Ohio. In fact, it scarcely appears as a surface for-
mation at all, even there. Its soft and easily eroded beds account for this
fact. It is mainly found in included sections and the number of them is
not large. The Medina shale is reddish, whitish; yellowish, or blue in
color. The first named color is most characteristic. In composition the
shale undoubtedly contains a considerable percentage of lime and mag-
nesia, occurring as it does between two great limestone formations, but no
analysis is at hand. It has not appeared to be of value enough to justify
any outlay in this direction, since but a single application of it to
economic uses is known in the state. ‘I‘wenty years ago, one of the most
conspicuous beds of the shale exposed in the state was worked to a mod-
erate extent for the manufacture of common drain tile in connection with
the ordinary clays of the Drift. The locality is on the National Road in
Miami county, as the road descends from the east into the valley of the
great Miami River. The clay is said to have proved satisfactory in the

56 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

very common use to which it was here applied. It was used, not because
it was counted superior in any way, in quality, to the drift clays that were
worked with it, but because it was obtained with less trouble and expense
than they. It cannot reasonably be expected to bear high heat without

melting, on account of the large amount of lime in its composition. |

The same line of remarks would apply to the numerous beds of shale
that occur in the Hudson River formation, which directly underlies the
Medina shale. There are about eight hundred feet of this formation
shown in the state and its outcrops occupy six thousand square miles of
our territory. The upper part of the formation is rich in shale, beds of five,
ten, or fifteen feet of it frequently occurring interstratified with the limestone
sheets. No instance is known, however, in which an attempt has been
made to turn these calcareo-argillaceous beds to economic use, ‘The
latter are marls rather than shales. A similar line of facts is also found
in certain argillaceous deposits of the Clinton and Niagara divisions of
our shale. At the top of the first named series of beds a very fine-grained
deposit of bluish-white clay occurs. It is locally known as the Clinton
marl, Beavertown marl, ete. Calcareous fossils are distributed through
it. ‘The marl is but one to four feet in thickness. If there were more of
it, it is possible that some use could be found for it, since the fineness of
grain is unusual. )

The Niagara shale (6a of the scale above given) is another of these
calcareo-argillaceous deposits that deserve the name of marls in part, at
least, of its extent, rather than of shale, There is a large body of this
formation, its maximum thickness, which is reached in Adams County,
being a full one hundred feet. In so considerable an extent there must
also be considerable range in quality, and it seems by no means unlikely
that some parts of the Niagara shale wlll prove well adapted to use in
clay working o some sort.

The next formations that deserve mention in this list are numbers
nine and ten of the scale, viz: the Hamilton or Olentangy and the Ohio
shale, respectively. [he Hamilton (No. 9) has no where been worked as
a basis of clay manufacture and does not seem likely to be. ‘There are
but few outcrops of it to be found and what there are give no promise of
special adaptation to practical uses. This stratum has a thickness of
fifteen or twenty feet only.

It is somewhat different with the Ohio shale (No. 10), at least so far
as its possibilities are concerned. This is a great formation, ranging in
its outcrops between two hundred and fifty and four hundred feet in
thickness. Under cover, as it is followed to the eastward, it is continu-
ally strengthened until on the Pennsylvania border it has been proved by
drilling to be more than two thousand five hundred feet thick. Its out-
crops are of large extent, occupying a belt ten to twenty miles wide that
reaches entirely across the state from north to south.

CLAYS, THEIR ORIGIN, COMPOSITION AND VARIETIES. 57

It is not a simple or homogeneous formation, but consists of alter-
nating bands differing slightly from each other in composition. ‘The two
leading types included in the formation are a black shale and a greenish-
blue shale, but several other varieties are occasionally met. All of them
are highly silicious in character, but the black shale contains eight to ten
per cent. of organic matter that gives to it its color, while the greenish-
blue variety derives its characteristic tint from silicate of iron. ‘The
black shale is found at the bottom and generally again at the top of the
formation, while the blue shale characterizes the middle of the series.
But no three-fold division based upon the facts above given can be any-
thing but misleading, for the reason that there are more likely to be thirty
or three hundred alternations than three. It is, however, true that beds
of black shale are almost certain to be found at the bottom of the series,
while at the middle of the column more or less blue shale is present.
The alternations are very frequent in this last named division, as a rule,
as is shown in a multitude of well records.

There is but one point in the state where large use has been made
of this series, viz., Columbus. It has been here employed in the manu-
facture of sewer pipe of thoroughly approved quality and also of com-
mon and of building brick in the large way. In both cases it is the
greenish shale, or some variety of it, that has been brought into requisi-
tion. The possibilities of the formation have scarcely been touched as
yet, however. There will, without doubt, be found large uses to which
parts of it will be found well adapted.

The Bedford shale (No. lla of the scale) is the next argillaceous de-
posit in our series that deserves mention. It cannot in all cases be dis-
tinguished from the underlying series that has just been described
Where the latter, for example, has the blue color that occasionally marks
it, and where the Bedford also has the same color, no line of demarka-
tion can readily be drawn between them. The only means of distinguish-
ing the two series in such cases would be by noting the fossils that they
severally contain; but the characteristic fossils of each are few in number
and uncertain in occurrence, at least in the great majority of its outcrops.
A ready means for the determination of the Bedford shale is, however,
at hand in most instances. It is generally a ved shale and is thus sharply
distinguished from the hundreds of feet of shale below it that are really
continuous with it, and also from the great series that overlies it with
but one or two interruptions in the way of sandstones which occupy the
interval.

The Bedford shale can therefore be described as a stratum twenty to
eighty feet thick, red or light blue in color. In the great majority of in-
stances more or less of it is red, while bands of grey or blue shale are
sometimes intercalated. This color is its characteristic mark and by
means of it the stratum has been proved a very persistent one, having
been followed under hundreds and even under thousands of feet of cover

58 GEGLOGY OF OHIO.

in the drilling of deep wells to the east and south of its present outcrops.

It is at present used at but one point in the state in the large wav.
The Akron Vitrified Brick Company employes the red shale in the manu-
facture of a pressed brick that is certainly not surpassed by any like
product of the state. The shale is mined and worked at or near Inde-
pendence. The great possibilities of this stratum for such applications
have been recognized and indeed demonstrated for many years. It is
surprising that but one practical attempt has been thus far made to ren-
der it available for economic uses. ;

The Cuyahoga shale, (No. 1ld) a great stratum one hundred and
fifty to four hundred and fiity feet in thickness, consists of light colored
grey or blue shales that has unlimited possibilities of service in the prac-
tical way, but which has been almost completely ignored thus far. Its
day is, however, sure to come. Its adaptation to paving block manufac-
ture in particular will be recognized, and it will be at once demonstrated
as soon as it is used, that no better material for this purpose is found in
our entire series than the Cuyahoga shale can supply. It has a broad
outcrop and is available for use in every county in which it is due from
the Lake shore to the Ohio Valley. Without doubt different sub-divisions
will be established in the formation when it comes to be generally used.
Particular beds will be discovered adapted to particular kinds of clay
manufacture.

The Subcarboniferous limestone horizon (No. 12) holds a far more
valuable argillaceous deposit than any that has yet been described in our
series. ‘The limestone itself is an uncertain deposit, but its place in the
series is well marked. In a few instances in southern Ohio, and in a
much larger number of instances in Kentucky, a hard fire clay, known
as flint clay, comes into thesection. This clay is one of the two or thrce
strictly first-class clays of the state. It has been worked largely at Scioto-
ville and Portsmouth, and is accordingly commonly designated in Ohio as
the Sciotoville clay. Other outcrops of it occur near Logan, Hocking
county,and here it iscalledthe Logan clay. It has beenused in manufac-
tures here also, to quite an extent. Wherever found, its great value is at
once recognized. Itbecomes a basis of manufacture of fire clay products in’
the strictest use of this word. Furnace linings and other similar uses
demanding refractory quality of high grade absorb the entire product
of this seam. A single analysis exhibits the general characteristics of
the Sciotoville clay. (Lord).

SyU LO rea Ree a tee ee diese Ul an ge A i SR i ar aso boaadans 50.95
PAU UAT Ty aaa SE Ue Re Sh SS a Le CCE oe Be oe a ee 39.49
HAN Bam ES SPE ea See a aa ES ia leh ee Oe | Rs 30
INS O NESTA waco Fook costes oc an SURR Gpe tals SEEK e a whine ce seoe teed bid teres een ae enn 28

CLAYS, THEIR ORIGIN, COMPOSITION AND VARIETIES. 59

These figures show a deposit approaching absolute purity, and attest
the very great value of the clay. Unfortunately the deposits of this seam
in Ohio are few in number, and they are also capricious to a high degree,
even within the narrow limits in which they are represented at all.

The clay deposits of Ohio that have now been described, with the
exception of the one last named, would scarcely enter into the account of
the practical clay working of the state as at present carried on. We
should be told in making this review that we had not yet reached the
clays of the geological columns; that the latter are all to be found, with
the single exception noted above, at a higher level in our series than our
examinations have yet covered. As far as general use is concerned,
this is entirely true. The coal measures of the state at the level to which
we have now come in our review, are also the clay measures of the state.
Every coal seam is normally underlaid by a bed of clay. Further, it is
often overlaid as well by clay or shale. Sometimes the coal fails to appear
where it is due and clay may occupy the place that belongs to it. The
thin coal-measure limestones, in like manner, often rest on clay or are
covered by such deposits after the fashion of coal seams. It thus results
that we find argillaceous deposits by the score, through the entire series
of the Conglomerate group and the Coal Measures proper, including the
Barren Measures. A brief catalogue of the principal horizons, so far as
the latter are known, will now be given.

13. THe CARBONIFEROUS CONGLOMERATE GROUP.

As is well known to all students of our geology this group em-
braces several great sandstones and conglomerates, four or five coal seams,
some of them of wide range and one, at least, of considerable economic
value, two thin but persistent limestones, three or four iron ore seams,
and a half dozen argillaceous deposits that are severally known as fire
clays and shales. The order of the Conglomerate group is as follows:

Tionesta sandstone.
Tionesta coal.

Tionesta clay and shale, -
Upper Mercer ore.

Upper Mercer limestone,
Upper Mercer coal.

Upper Mercer fire clay.
Lower Mercer iron ore.
Lower Mercer limestone.
Lower Mercer fire clay.
Massillon sandstone (upper).
Quakertown coal.
Quakertown shales.
Massillon sandstone (lower).
Sharon shales,

Sharon coal.

Sharon clay.

Sharon conglomerate,

6U GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

The elements of interest to us in the present connection are the fol-
lowing: Tionesta clay and shale, Upper Mercer clay, Lower Mercer clay,
Quakertown clay and shales, Sharon shales. ‘These elements will each
be briefly characterized in the order that has been followed thus far in the
chapter, viz., the ascending order. ;

The lowest coal seam of our series, the true designation of which is
the Sharon coal, but which is also known as the Mahoning Valley coal, —
the Youngstown coal, the Akron coal, the Massillon coal, the Jackson
Shaft coal, rests on a thin deposit containing a small amount of clay,
which in turn is supported by the massive Sharon conglomerate. No one
would venture to call this particular underclay as it generally appears, a
fire-clay. It is highly silicious and would serve as refractory material of
fine grade. It resembles in composition and character the gannister of
the English miner. No use has thus far been made of it in Ohio and it
is not therefore included in the list of our clay resources.

(a) The Sharon Shales—This series directly overlies the Sharon
coal in most sections. In thickness it ranges from one to fifty feet. In
its most characteristic form it is a dark blue, sometimes an almost black
shale, carrying at certain levels heavy nodules of iron ore, which in the
early days of iron manufacture in western Pennsylvania and northeastern
Ohio were drawn upon toa small extent for furnace supplies; but they
are not likely to be further molested. Near the bottom of the series and
overlying the coal, the shale frequently contains abundant and charac-
teristic fossil plants. The shales proper have lately become the basis of
one of the largest sewer pipe industries of the Un ted States, at Akron and
in its immediate neighborhood. The same deposit is also worked in Ak-
ron in one of the largest roofing tile works of the country. The shale is
generally high in iron oxide, the amount of this substance ranging be-
tween 10 and 15 per cent. So important a proportion of iron as this ina
clay would be sure to impress a particular character on all the products
manufactured from it. The excellent color of the Akron sewer pipe,
which has done so much to commend it in the general markets of the
country, is mainly due to the abundance of this element.

(6) The Quakertown Clay and Shale. The deposits here named
occupy a few feet (5 to 30) between the two divisions of the Massillon
sandstone, when such a division occurs. ‘They can, with a great deal of
propriety, be referred to the Quakertown coal, from which they take their
name, one body of the clay lying under and one directly over the carbon-
aceous streak that is the sole representative of this coal seam in a large
part of the area where itis due. The argillaceous deposits of this age
are worked in but three counties of the state at the present time, so far as
known, viz., Summit, Portage and Stark counties. In Summit they fur-
nish the stock for the important potteries of Springfield, and in Portage
for the Mogadore potteries. The Massillon Fire Brick Company has de-
veloped the most valuable deposit yet known on this horizon and so far

CLAYS, THEIR ORIGIN, COMPOSITION AND VARIETIES. 61

the only one of its kind, It consists of four to five feet of hard fire clay,
immediately underlying the carbonaceous streak which represents the
Quakertown coal. The bottom of the fire clay is thirty feet above the
Sharon coal, which has been mined in the same territory. ‘This clay re-
sembles the hard, or ‘“‘number one” fire clay of southern Ohio in its general
appearance. It contains, as the latter clay does, abundant traces of veg-
tation which consist in the main of the rootlets of Stigmaria or old coal
plants. This seam has been made the basis of an important fire brick
manufactory, though other first class clays are also worked here.

Overlying the coal streak ten feet of shale are found adapted to
coarser clay products, as paving blocks.

(c) The Lower Mercer Clay and Shale.—We reach in our ascent the
best marked horizon of the entire Conglomerate Measures, that, namely,
of the blue or Lower Mercer limestone. This limestone constitutes one
of the vital nodes of this series. Above it is found an iron ore that often
proves valuable. Under it is a coal seam for which not very much can
be claimed, but which in three counties in the state supports a few small
mines. Below the coal is an argillaceous deposit, sometimes shale, but
generally clay, which is worked ina large way and increasingly, for var-
ious clay products. This horizon is the basis of important manufactures
in Stark, Tuscarawas, Muskingum and Hocking counties and particularly
in the latter. The Columbus Brick and Terra Cotta Works, located at
Union Furnace, is a large and well-established enterprise. There is con-
siderable range in the quality of the formation throughout the state, but
it nowhere yields clays of especially high character. The average com-
position would be without meaning or significance of any sort. A single
analysis from the Union Furnace field is here introduced as showing as
well as any one analysis can, the general type of clay that belongs here.
The figures are as follows. (£4. Lovejoy, E. M.)

AWAIT See tea esta ct aerate reaper ar leg AA RATAN ET RR CUP NEMA YL RBTILCS HA DCE ee Btls
Silicaticomibiited pes amc sese raoeeskaice anti sdsas dal sa mupeecciepiciel an smerian as naRnet td 34.27
PHISH G) BEE ME emp SARE) COB CHE SEC AACE GES UE ASE SRS BE NE Oban MAS Hen Hip aan uL ai AA NAS 27.64
SimtCaw hee ae eae h ae vena aah hG mann euaune Sr nee Me Me rode ua WAG aad aun 23.92
ESS ape RN a NEA RI AO SU ec 1.39
1 Dab Ta (Sapper ape UN Recetas tial T Ma tah i MES ER Ab anes Selb VaR Sica colina ae 00
Miao es tatoaeeentncee aad are eeiaencs Wosaannamncieser nena, sasunoncluiosssecuaenseacbbtte 64
TS EAS lass ete eee eb rar) agenda yD Rusts lll bead hl ascii ice cuek 2.70
WISI HOCH Sy: sober AoE OE el AEE ey COTES SCs NEP EIIEL Sra HEAP aE NOD eta SI Ca eM eae Cy 1.15

The shale or clay that immediately overlies the Lower Mercer lime-
stone gives promise, in its appearance, of adaptation to economic uses. At
the bottom of it, the place of the Lower Mercer ore is found, and for three
or four feet directly above the ore the clay is exceptionally light colored.
The stratum is nowhere thick, however, and no instance is known of its
being brought into use.

62 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

(d) Upper Mercer Clay and Shale-——The Upper Mercer coal (num-
ber 3 of the numerical series) is not a seam of economic importance in
any part of our coal field. It is not worked in even the the smallest way
at more than a single point in the state, viz., Canfield, Mahoning county,
where it is known as the Bruce coal. It has here a thickness of about
thirty inches. But though generally too thin to be considered, at least
under present conditions, as worth mining, it is nevertheless a persistent
horizon. ‘Thereisalmost always a few inches of coalat its proper level.
Its clay is even more persistent than the coalseam. A bedof light-colored,
plastic clay can be found at this level in every county in the state in
which it is due. It has been practically worked in but few instances
and therefore it is be judged mainly by its outcrops. But it seems
safe to say that the deposits of this age contain a large amount of argil-
laceous material of at least fair character. At Haydenville, Hocking county,
it is extensively worked under the name of the Mingo Clay. It is one of
the most valuable clay deposits of the entire series that is included with-
in the Haydenville coal field, the series ranging from the Mercer to the
Freeport horizon. As shown by a single analysis, it has the following
composition: (Reed, .

Sil eat tes Cee es eR REI aE SI oe OL PERE RD dk nee aa rk ROR Rr 69.92
PAM UTITAATT ANE eet tam tack ieee” Pee ei hes ee: sh bei he st nated eee jean 23.4€
PAT ea lie serene sence iaiteeec Mast ae Guise esata Mt) Seca I 9 SE al Penne Sa ee AT ah 1.48
@xa des OL PEO see aes eee oe ee a sie date Oe ao eee 2.00
IMA CHEST AR a tyne enact aeuiriyac oe Mammo as tiae aa nee ctacocmtaiet eaearen Scenes eens 40
WATT Neamt ane ale ees e Se Ay MUN MEU Ais RE A Ne OMS a TOTES fin Nett ane ye CRE 48
Water iene ie to or ses a SER Oe are SAS epee tale me Agta Ea U9 a 3.84

The deposit is eight to ten feet in thickness here. Much can be ex-
pected on the Upper Mercer horizon in cross sections of the coal field,
when clay comes to be required in larger quantities and in gteater
variety than the present demands.

(e) Tionesta Clay.—A few feet, fifteen or twenty, above the deposits
of the age last named, another valuable bed of clay is sometimes found
which can be designated by the name given above. But it must be con-
fessed that this horizon is one of the undetermined and therefore of the
uncertain horizons of the Conglomerate Coal Measure series. Whatever
name shall be decided upon for the deposit, it is certain that a more or
less persistent clay formation occurs in many counties of the state, as
above described. It is used and valued highly in the Union Furnace
works already named. A single analysis cannot, of course, go far toward
showing the character of a widespread deposit, but the following results
give the general composition of the seam as shown at the point last
named. (£. Lovejoy, E. M,)

CLAYS, THEIR ORIGIN, COMPOSITIONS AND VARIETIES. - 63

SSD Gace Zar Re SAM RU RRA ERE OS ec on ae ene ROR AS mee yas eerie ans Dan 33.42
J ND Hub gatb al brent AS ee SAECO RITA A GEO ECRIE CSE Eg CHEREE DEC ESOC C BURT ore EEE Ee Rear Gucicns 25.80
JRNREYS Sau biel OO AR IE ene ME Re gs a iene tae Ge Coens eS Ha oas 28.39
(OSG COM RNG Le es a RNa SEA oa Ay SE SALONA I 1.39
TNR aA Se aA Re A AEA ath Ea LIS RE OG pI Sa a ARG. hin eae 51
MV ea Cet SS Late s oss case sek clawacete ce sees ea cua uc aantceets Gel Seamer RUC ts ecuiauu aa Unite 64
Aulisallves asks Sanne sit eps erl se, SSMS SSE NS SA aE SRL ee le ote stam tets SISeIaE Sue a EN 2.70
Wie ke ryatisact ce Nat eaten da osu As ancien auts ian ve ee iae uatuid cMNeeaap ER EEL onitee uae 6.51

The description of this stratum completes the list of the principal
clay and shale beds of the Conglomerate Coal Measure group. Itremains
to enumerate the beds of like composition and character in the Coal
Measures proper. ‘This great series embraces the following elements,
V1Z.:

Upper Barren Coal Measures.
Upper Productive Coal Measures.
Lower Barren Coal Measures,
Lower Productive Coal Measures.

The list of principal clay deposits of the Lower Coal Measures is as
follows, viz.:

Upper Freeport clay and shales.
Lower Freeport clay and shales.
Middle Kittanning clay and shales,
Kittanning clay.

Freeport limestone clay.

Putnam Hill limestone clay and shales:

These deposits are named in descending order.

1. Tse Putnam Hitt LIMESTONE Horizon.

The Putnam Hill limestone covers a coal seam which is designated
in Geology ot Ohio, Volume 5, as the Brookville coal. This identification
is called in question, though not positively denied, by some geologists who
have written upon the qnestion, but for want of abetter title, the desig-
nation can still be maintained. A valuable deposit of clay is found in
the central Coal Measure counties at the level herein named. It is espec-
ially well-developed in Muskingum county, where it is worked on the
large scale. But it extendsin good volume and good character through
Coshocton, Tuscarawas and Stark counties, where itis also worked quite
largely; and, further, it is found in promising condition in Perry, Hocking
and Vinton counties to the southward. Likethe Lower Mercer clay of
the Union Furnace section, it yields on calcination, at least as it is found
in the vicinity of Zanesville, a buff or cream-colored product. This clay
is the main reliance of the great tile manufactory of Zanesville. In its
chemical and in its physical structure it meets the demands of this very
important industry better than any other deposit that has been found.

64 - GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

It hasalso been sent out in thelarge way from the Zanesville districtto North
Baltimore, Wood county, where a Cleveland company is engaged in the
manufacture of pressed brick. The clay here named furnishes a buff
brick of great beauty and excellence, natural gas being used as the fuel
for burning.

In the Zanesville field the clay seam proper ranges from three to teu
feet in thickness, with a general average of six feet, but for thirty feet
below the limestone in many sections nothing but shale and clay are
found. It is generally divisible into an upper or plastic portion and a
lower and more silicious division. ‘The seam is largely worked at Canton
in the manufacture of paving brick. A single analysis of it, as it is found
at North Industry, near Canton, gives the following result: ,

(Stein and Schwartz.)

MAMOTS HUT ete Hae eect e theese a et AD eee EP 6.45
Combined Waterss esate eee so oe eee Be gee ea eee 5.41
Sill cae ee Sea o5 a saree ae hers ye as a ere ae oa elealane SUS SROS EA Sere ee oe a Sa 63.09
GAG Aner td Abaca Selstes sfetto aviae Sect mec eycio SS oe ewau a onae d oSE Sa ae aR A Coes EEE Oe 20.17
(Oba VGKEVCoy tel recy bya ar anal eee ee gits Lt a RAI as a ae a 22;
AWAIT eS Sirs ies tate osseccs beset: Esto cc ueivecoseecshunt ou ccs cosaeonceesuae te eee 2.76

The lower portion of the seam at the same point was analyzed by
itself, with the following result:

Bea Cos tst eb ope a MG ae te ge ORES I a RO Br rea AS AN oa RUE 10.42
Combined Water, -sciitee ere seca a ee eae 12.72
Sy Ker ee Sar eA AR ee EEE Raa Snel a RODeC Ge bach Aap cari cUC ERR ADHERE 41.15
J \iibooht sheet aeaee tee oceece cee Tome aap ree Pee stceceeacndachenonomenc caer Das a nema 28.78
(0 p:a Ko Kex(0y 02) bron eR ee Rena de erlS pan esHo aS ones ROR aridtse sacrcrigacenoeacd cos ae ABOOuOEe ce 3.38
AUC ANTES io eatiaciel uae me caeas eels cong Sh sae caine seals Soe os ona etna ae aetuoeak eee eae ae 3.55

This lower half of the seam is known as fire-clay, but the analysis
shows that it certainly cannot rank high in refractory qualities.

This horizon must be counted as without doubt one of the valuable
clay deposits of the state. Its use has only been begun as yet. The areas
occupied by the seam in the district named are large and the exposures
in natural sections are abundant. It can be mined under cover to good
advantage, the limestone furnishing a strong and excellent roof for the
workings. A certain part of the seam in the vicinity of Zanesville is
highly esteemed as a source of refractory material. The Harris Fire
Brick Works, six miles above Zanesville, on the west side of the river;
make use of the lower part of the formation. The series found at this
point is as follows:

Putnam Hill Limestone.

Ratnam Holl limestone isda Gy. or... 0s 5s cla seene cease seesesermenaeteeees piece
SUPER COLA yrs mene ta ee ee eee ioe en ee eee eee A tO Ones
Marl (elas Ke Aue. ce ioe nds oate ase te dacaeom etc dcts dees aes see Rec eae cee eee Dh
ine) Clay; <5. svacsedsets coe ch gs obacotaee. deh arses sensation. | eetese sa ee eee aes Di.
Sandstone and sandy shale. oo. socc215..8.o. coc sara oeparb eae eeeeeeee peo Dist

IB O WUC lays, secre vonececanc neces eenee sae er ncens sean cess co enese ec eaaneneen ee eet 1

CLAYS, THEIR ORIGIN, COMPOSITION AND VARIETIES. 69

The beds known as fire clay in the table above, and the sandstone and.
sandy shale underlying it are what are used for the brick manufacture and
the product serves an excellent purpose in the construction of the kilns
for the manufacture of pressed brick, in the great factories of Zanesville.

2. THE FERRIFEROUS LIMESTONE CLAYS.

This deposit must not be omitted, as it occupies a well-marked place
in our series, especially in the southern counties, of our Coal Measures.
It underlies the limestone coal of the district named above, having a
thickrfess of two to six feet. It is light-colored, of the plastic variety, and
appears to be of fair quality, but no important use is known to have been
made of it as yet. As clay industries are developed in the districts in
which it occurs, it will no doubt be found able to make some contribution
to their supplies.

3. ‘THE KrIrraANNING CLAY AND SHALES.

Under this head we come to the great clay horizon of the state. Its
importance far outweighs that of any other clay seam of our scale.
Indeed, it is probably equal, in value, to all other sources of clay in the
Coal Measures combined. The geological position cf the Kittanning clay
is easily remembered. It belongs between the Ferriferous limestone and
the Lower Kittanning coal. Often it fills the entire interval between
these well-known beds. In some sections, however, where the interval
is unusually expanded, a sandstone occurs and the clay and shale are con-
sequently reduced to some extent thereby. In its more important fields
it ranges in thickness between eight and thirty feet. In some districts it
is merged, with only the interruption of the Lower Kittanning coal seam,
into the clays that belong next in the ascending series, viz, those which
come in below the middle Kittanning coal. In this case the combined
deposits constitute a section measuring not less than fifty feet. The Kit-
taning clay horizon proper is seen at its best where it enters the state
from Pennsylvania, and again where it leaves the state in its extension
into Kentucky. In both of these localities of the Ohio Valley, viz, in
Columbiana and Jefferson counties, on the one side, and on the other, in
Lawrence county, it shows large volume and excellent quality. In Tus-
carawas, Stark and Muskingum counties, also, and, in fact, in the other
central counties of the coal field, it is scarcely less developed.

As a rule, the horizon produces a white plastic clay, almost always
of fair quality and, in places, of the highest excellence. The plastic clay
is the foundation of the great pottery industries of Eastern Ohio, where
it is worked on a very large scale. A second, and even morxe valuable
phase of the clay is found at a few points in Stark, Tuscarawas and
Carroll counties. The formation here yields a hard or flint fire clay of

4 (Gea 8 f

66 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

quality scarcely inferior to the best clays of the country. This phase is
known under the name of the Mineral Point clay. It is largely worked
and manufactured at the village of this name, and at Canal Dover, as well,
and the products have an excellent name in all markets, for their refrac-
tory quality.

Analyses of the Mineral Point clay have been often published. A
single one will be quoted here, fairly representing the formation. (Lord)
The figures show a clay of great excellence.

Combine dievsilica ey cee secatscceceSe case cocceoecteaecte saeesyaaeeenebereen Benne 35.39
PANIIT a Bors sss one secu crow saan ss cos se kbewianensueeecadaea bisa oucucias cineca pane eee 31.84
Gombinediwater.: ees oes ccesdecuctnsen cose cose aes cee ae ee eee ae 11.68
Percentagerkaolimiteibasemets:acensecnas seat em eee eee ee ee ree eee eee 78.91
I TFESASUTCA ce Se cen cnet ee ceaetedcessebsean oauciemedawemaenecaee an tees mec ree BER OME ae Reena 17.13
MitaniC {acl Gin is. nee vena ces eaten ra toc tame ne RE Cae aa eR 1.68
Sandy, material: (total). 5c: 225 suc. spscccn dee vecensscnceccadesecsicencesosentaaeeee 18.81
SUSQULOKAM EOF OM. S.C orssecseaccscaen seb adnssDavatemee eas hee se nannies mencceenceees 0.67
JATIG (ech tameceieewicccda she vtec wees Sananteoeane ae ciec conan aun ueeeene eoumoee rnc ene eaeweenees 0.50
Magn esta yeerans an awnsce tek ones oueeeeoe aon oulen tem sec oecen aati Ok cca taavan neauaes aces 0.19
POLAS Wiese els scisa sles dosse's sess acinstcescedescieetscsccs acess setcnecseuaedetmosensamacceeeacees 0.59

Of the ordinary phase of the deposit, viz., the white plastic variety,
abundant analyses are at hand, but it is hard to find any one that can be
called thoroughly representative. In the discussion of clays in manufac-
tures in a succeeding chapter, numerous analyses will be found. The
products of this horizon are used on a great scale in the finer pottery
manufacture for saggers, also in part for the manufacture of Rockingham
and yellow ware; and, bower still in the scale of value, for stoneware.
These clays are a main dependence of great sewer-pipe factories, and also
are sometimes used in making fire-brick of ordinary quality. An enor-
mous amount is now being turned to account in the manufacture of pav-
ing brick. By reason of the uses and adaptations above named, the Kit-
tanning clay seems certain to hold for all time to come the first place in
our clay horizons.

4. THE MiIppLE KITTANNING CLAY.

As already stated, this stratum is in some instances merged into the
Kittanning clay proper, but it deserves a name and place of its own in
our scale. At one locality, viz., Oak Hill, Jackson county, it yields a
“No. 1,” or hard fire clay, and is there made the basis of an important
fire-brick manufacture. It carriesin many ofits outcrops, nodules of iron
ore, which interfere to some extent with its availability as a source of clay
for manufactures. No peculiarities of composition can be claimed for it,
according to present knowledge, but it reinforces in an important way,
the deposits of the horizon already described, which directly underlie it.

CLAYS, THEIR ORIGIN, COMPOSITION AND VARIETIES. 67

5. THe LOWER FREEPORT CLAY.

For the clay seam that underlies the Lower Freeport coal, no great
development can be asserted and no great peculiarity of composition can
be claimed. At one locality, viz., in the vicinity of Moxahala, Perry
county, the seam has been found in the condition of a hard or flint clay,
but of only moderate excellence. It carries enough oxide of iron to shut
it out from the highest grade. Usually the clay is of the ordinary type
of the plastic under-clays of the Coal Measures. It is possible that
special adaptations will be found in some of its outcrops when the demand
from our clay manufactures becomes more extensive.

6. THE Upper FREEPORT CLAY AND SHALR.

Much more can be said for the agillaceous deposits of this horizon
than for the two last named. They are found in large volume and
extend much more widely throughout the Coal Measures than the coal
from which they derive their name. At several points in its extent, the
Upper Freeport clay has assumed a hard or flinty phase, and then
becomes a refractory clay of greater or less excellence. In western Penn-
sylvania this phase is known as the Bolivar clay. In the Muskingum
Valley, below Zanesville, it has been worked to a small extent, under the
name of the Ballou clay.

The common phase is found to be well adapted to all ordinary uses
in almost all parts of the state. It is certain to become one of the main
dependencies of the future clay-working industries of those districts in
which it occurs.

The detailed description of the persistent deposits of clay and shale
of the state series, will not be carried beyond this point in our review.
The Lower Barren Measures that follow the Lower Coal Measures, next
in ascending order, contain vast deposits of shale, the true value of which
is just beginning to be understood and appreciated. It is the paving
brick industry that has, for the first time, shown the possibilities of
service that they contain. These shales are distributed through the
entire series, but about the middle portion of this division, some deposits
of peculiar excellence have been developed, particularly in the Sunday
Creek Valley. That part of the series bounded by the Cambridge lime-
stone below and the Crinoidal limestone above, seems admirably adapted
to paving block manufacture. No true fire-clays are known in this
division until its summit is reached in the Pittsburg coal. A fire-clay of
some promise has been noted underlying this great coal seam at a few
points in Athens county. It is not known that any test has been made
by which its character or value can be determined. Ata single point in
eastern Ohio, viz., at Bellaire, a bed of shale twenty feet or more in thick-
ness directly underlies the Pittsburg coal. This deposit has lately been
made the basis of a promising paving block and sewer-pipe plant.

68 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

Certain deposits of red shale and clay, by which the Barren Measures
are made conspicuous, will doubtless be found on suitable trials to furnish
materials adapted to some of the uses to which like deposits are being
turned in other portions of our scale. It seems quite probable that they
can be made into pressed brick of high quality. These red bands a:e
very wide-spread and persistent, and attention will no doubt be soon
directed to them.

It can be seen from this review that every portion of our Coal
Measures can be depended upon for a supply of argillaceous material,
fire clay, potter’s clay or shale, covering a wide range of composition,
' from nearly pure kaolin to brick clays, and adapted to nearly all the lines
of manufacture in which these substances are employed.

CHAPTER IIt.

THE CLAY WORKING INDUSTRIES OF OHIO.

By EDWARD ORTON, JR., E. M.

he manufacture of clay wares of all kinds in Ohio has experienced
very great expansion in the last decade. Next to the mining of coal, it
is probable that clay working occupies the highest position in those
industries which depend upon the natural mineral resources of the state.
It a prophecy without risk to say that it will be only a short time until
clay working becomes the more important of the two, as our coal deposits
have been subjected to a yearly increasing strain for over half a century
and are becoming every year less accessible in location and smaller in area,
while on the other hand, the clay deposits have so far been only barely
touched and still yield new measures of their enormous value and extent as
attention is turned to their exploration.

The expansion which has prevailed in the last decade in the clay
business has several causes: one of them is the natural increase which
has blessed alike all of the healthy, well-located industries of the state; a
second reason is the recent adaptation of brick to the paving of city
streets, which has opened a new and virgin field to our manufacturers,
and thirdly: the comparatively recent discovery of the great value of
the shale deposits of the state in the manufacture of the grosser forms
of clay wares.

A careful statement of the origin of clays and the geological and
geographical distribution of the shales and clay deposits of Ohio, as well
as a discussion of the relation that these shales and clays bear to each-
other, will be found in the preceeding chapter of this volume.

It is the intention to confine this article to a description of the
various clay working industries established in the state, giving such
information in regard tothe development of each and the underlying
principles of manufacture and to the chemical technology of the proces-
ses as has been found current among the clay workers of the state, or
has been available from other sources. In order to properly take up
the discussion of these questions it is fitting that a brief review of the
main points as to the origin, composition and properties of clay should
be first presented, even though it duplicates to some degree the work of
_the preceding chapter. The present review is written from a practical
standpoint.

7U GEOLOGY OF OHIO.
SECTION I.
GENERAL CONSIDERATION OF CLAYS.

(a.) Ovigin. Pure clay is a hydrated silicate of alumina, composed of
one portion of the sesquioxide of aluminum united with two portions of
silica and two portion of water. Clay in this sense may be represented
by the chemical formula.

Al,, 03,2810, +2H, 0.

Clays in this popular meaning of the term are something very differ-
ent from the pure mineral. ‘They are compound minerals or mixtures
of minerals, having no definite proportions of base to acid, no definite
composition either chemically or mineralogically, but all containing some
of the real mineral clay and all retaining something of its physical and
chemical characteristics.

Pure clay, Kaolin, or Kaolinite is not a natural mineral, but is
derived from the decomposition of another. Feldspar, which is a silicate
of alumina and some alkaline base like potash soda or lime, is a hard
stony rock bearing no resemblance to clay in anyrespect. ‘This feldspar,
when exposed to the action of water containing carbonic acid gas in
solution, is dissolved or broken up and the alkaline base is carried away in
solution; leaving the silicate of alumina alone.

This origin of kaolins from the decomposition of feldspar rock is
thoroughly established and cases are frequently found where a bed of
feldspar is covered or surrounded by the kaolin formed from its decom-’
position and extending down into the crevices of the rock wherever the
water has had a chance to penetrate.

But while it is likely that many of our beds of kaolin owe their
origin directly to beds of feldspar, still it is not to this source that we
owe our enormous deposits of clay.

Feldspars are very widely disseminated in other minerals and form a
notable part of granitic and gneissic rocks, which form a large part of
the earth’s crust. Granite consists of quartz, mica and feldspar. Quartz
is not affected by any of the natural atmospheric or aqueous agencies
now at work, and mica but slightly so, but the feldspar, as has already
been shown, is sensibly attacked.

When the feldspar is thus decomposed the bond which held the
quartz and mica firmly together is gone, and these minerals are partly
washed away and partly retained in mixture with the kaolinite which
has been formed. Granite is not of any permanent composition chemi-
_cally, but is always composed of varying proportions of these three
minerals. Hence, the clay resulting from granite would vary with the
variations of the parent rock, as well as from the great variations which
attend the conditions of its formation. Also, nearly all of the clay
deposits of the world are formed from the decomposition of the earlier
rocks, and have been successively deposited in water, hardened into rock, _

CLAY WORKING INDUSTRIES. 71

eroded again by the rains and frosts and ice of centuries, and again
deposited. No one knows or can guess how many times our clays have
been thus treated, and each transfer is of course accompained by the
further mixing and blending of clays with each other and with the
detritus of all other rocks.

In the light of these few statements on the origin of our clays, it is
not a source of surprise that they vary but that they retain as much of a
family likeness as they do.

(6) Composition.—As has just been indicated, we must expect to find
their chemical and mineralogical composition varying through a very
wide range. Indeed, there is some difficulty in determining how much
the pure clay base may be mixed with silica and other minerals and still
be called a clay. There is hardly any common rock which does not con-
tain it. Limestones when they disintegrate and dissolve away leave a
residue of clay behind them; sandstones will generally become plastic if
ground fine with water, from the presence of the same mineral.

This irregularity of composition led at first to great misunderstand-
ing of the nature of clays. It is only in the light of their origin that we
can understand the anomalies which their composition presents. Pure
clay or kaolinite has a percentage composition of

SUE (Sit C5) asec chadacocdcadccodbaoncuddustionesttind) <dosoosbeesineccccon 46.3.
PAtiiteri ria (Alot Osis acunnaccce ce oe ee eee sae eee see alae aaine peomeas 39.8.
Water (iSO) ist cascauas cake stivceae loca seuctiee cncslesmaeeeeleeenteaceee 13:9.

which may be represented by the chemical tormula Al, O; 2Si O, 2H ,O.

Impure clays contain less alumina and water and more silica and
other elements beside. The researches of the late Professor Cook first
demonstrated that in any clay the silica could be separated into two kinds: |
viz :—that combined with the alumina as a hydrous silicate, and that free
from combination and present as quartz or sand. It is possible that free
uncombined hydrated silica is present in some clays, but this form is cer-
tainly rare. By a chemical process it is possible to make a separation of
the silica into the two named classes, and on assembling the alumina, com-
bined water and the combined portion of the silica together, and finding
their ratio to each other it was found that a body was obtained having the
same percentage composition as kaolinite. There were naturally some
variations due to the errors of the chemical process employed and proba-
bly to the presence of other silicates than those of the clay proper, but
while the kaolinite bases thus found were sometimes too silicious and
sometimes too aluminous, nevertheless the essential identity of the base
of all clays was established. ‘This chemical proof of the identity of the
presence of one kaolinite base in all clays has been a strong support of
the theory of their origin, and their origin in turn leads us to expect what
by research we find in the composition.

Clay then is found, both by this theory of its origin and the discrim-
inating use of chemical analysis, to be a mixture of a kaolinite base with a

72 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

large variety of other minerals. The most important of these associated
minerals is quartz, or free silica, or sand, as it is variously termed. It is
found in all clays, tosome extent. Even the purest kaolins contain small
fractions of a per cent. of it, and on the other extreme it is hard to say
where a sandy clay ends and an argillaceous sandstone or freestone begins.
There is a great difference in the size of the grains of quartz, some clays
being very coarse and others are so very fine grained that it becomes im-
possible to separate the sand from the clay by any mechanical process,
like washing in water.

Feldspar and mica are found in almost all clays. Sometimes the
-miica can be plainly discerned by the eye. Feldspar cannot be distin-
guished from sand by such means, but its presence is highly probable in
many clays. Both feldspar and mica contain the alkalies in combination
with silica and alumina. Hence we can most easily understand the pres-
ence of the alkalies in a chemical analysis of clays, when we believe them
to exist in these minerals. It is not possible to imagine free alkalies exist-
ing in a mineral which owes its origin to slow deposition in water and
the presence of some comparatively insoluble silicates, like feldspar or
mica, seems necessary to explain their continual presence.

In this connection, the question arises, how can feldspars remain un-
decomposed or unkaolinized during all the exposure to water and air
which must have been their lot. Possibly the formation of kaolin on the
surface of a grain of feldspar serves as a shield to shed water from the
inside of the grain and possibly the retention of the feldspar in the mass
of tough and plastic clay protects it from continual attack by the elements.
It seems likely that the mica minerals contribute more largely to the pot-
ash of clays than the feldspars, as they are very much less affected by the
agencies of decomposition.

The oxides and other compounds of irons are an almost invariable
constituent of clays, and probably next to the silica, they are the most
important. ‘The oxides, both as sesquioxide and protoxide, free or hy-
drated,are the commonest forms, but the carbonates of iron are not un-
common, and sulphides are an occasional and very injurious impurity.
Possibly iron combined as silicate is sometimes present.

Iron is the great coloring agent of clays. The tints vary from the
lightest buff to strong chesry red and from drab to blue or green. ‘The
amount of coloration is not proportional to the amount of iron, however,
as perfectly white china clays have been found in analysis to contain over
one per cent.of iron, and other clays containing this amount might showa
strong yellow or pink color. The effect of the iron on the color of a clay
is much increased by the burning process, and the colors produced in
burning vary from cream color to perfectly black—almost all tints being
represented, but the reds, browns and greens predominating. The condition
of the iron has much to do with its coloring power. If it is disseminated

CLAY WORKING INDUSTRIES. 73

in little grains or crystals it has but small effect on the color of the clay;
the more intimate the mixture or combination the greater its effect.

The amounts of iron found in clays vary from minute fractions of
one per cent. to twelve or even fifteen per cent. of the whole.

Lime and magnesia are found in small but persistent amounts in
nearly all clays. These alkaline earths are probably present in many
cases as silicates, as they are insoluble in water and nearly so in acids—
but many clays contain notable amounts of carbonates of lime and mag-
nesia. These carbonates are sometimes present as small pebbles or grains
of limestone, brought into their present position by the glacial agencies of
Tecent geological time. In this condition they do very great harm to the
clay in manufacturing processes. When intimately mixed with the whole
substance of the clay their effect is less apparent. Clays of this descrip-
tion generally burn to a greenish color, or even cream colored, if the lime
is present in large amounts. The cream colored bricks which are found
so commonly in Canada, northern Michigan, Wisconsin and Minnesota
are manufactured from this class of clays. :

Titanic acid is found in nearly all clays. Its presence was viewed
with much interest for some time, and is attributed to the mineral menac-
canite or titanate of iron, but titanic acid is so nearly chemically inert
that it is not commonly determined in an analysis. It is weighed in an
ordinary analysis partly with the silica and partly with the alumina. It
is not known to have any effect on either color or fusibility.

Organic matter is a frequent but not an important constituent of
clays. In many of the Ohio clays and shales large quantities of decom-
posing carbonaceous matter was in suspension in the water which was
depositing the beds of clays; and as a result the shales or clays are col-
ored bluish or black. When a clay is colored by this cause it can readily
be detected, as acomparatively low heat is sufficient to drive out the
organic matter, leaving the clay to be colored by its mineral constituents.
It is not often that organic matter is a source of any detriment to a clay;
it is generally so finely divided or present in such volatile organic com-
pounds that it leaves the clay sound and solid after the gases are expelled
by heat. When it occurs as smal lignitic grains, as it sometimes does in
the clays of later geological age, it is a possible source of porosity after
burning. In some parts of the Huron shale, there is so much organic
matter that it greatly facilitates the burning of the clay, just as some
black band iron ores contain enough organic matter to aid in their own
calcination.

Rare minerals containing barium, strontium, lithium, cobalt, copper,
zinc and such bases, and phosphoric, sulphuric, and hydrochloric acids,
are liable to be occasionally found in clays, but are not frequent enough
to be of any real importance in practical work.

Thus we have seen that mineralogically clay isa compound of a clay
base with sand, feldspar, mica, and uther silicates, colored by iron oxides,
or organic matter.

74 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

Chemical analyses of clays generally state the ultimate quantities of
the various elements represented, but failto give any idea of their minera-
logical structure. This can be in part remedied by such an arrangement
of the elements as was first devised by the late Prof. Cook, of the New
Jersey Survey, and which was followed in Vol. V of the Ohio Survey,
and has been used largely in the present report. This method of report-
ing an analysis classifies the clay into kaolinite base, sterile impurities
like quartz and titanic acid, and deleterious or fluxing impurities includ.
ing the strong bases such as iron, lime, magnesia and the alkalies. ‘This
system requires, however, that an extra determination shall be made for

-each analysis, separating the silica into the combined and the free. The
chemical processes employed in this separation are far from satisfactory,
however, and since the essential facts of the kaolinite base theory have
been generally adopted it seem not inadmissible to divide the silica into
free and combined, by calculation of the kaolin ratio from the percentages
of alumina and water present. This has been done in most of the new
analyses made by the Survey for the present report. No table of analysis
has been prepared for presentation in this section of the report, but special
pains have been taken under each separate industry described, to present
such analyses as were available in that particular branch. Attention is
therefore invited to the succeeding tables to illustrate the general state-
ments relative to composition of clays made here.

(c) Properties——The properties of clay which make them indis-
pensable to mankind are three fold:

Ist. Plasticity when wet, by which it can be formed into the
multitude of shapes that suit our convenience.

2d. Permanence when burnt, which enables us to fix these useful
forms in material at once cheap, ornamental and durable.

3rd. Refractoriness or the ability to stand high and long-continued
heat without fusion or loss of form.

Plasticity is a quality which is shared by very few other minerals
and very few other artificial compounds. capable of standing heat. It has
never been satisfactorily explained by any one who has worked upon the
subject. The late Prof. Cook, of New Jersey, has done more for the sub-
ject than any one else. He found out by microscopical examination of
kaolins that the mineral generally presents a distinct tendency to crys-
tallization. Some kaolins are composed of masses of hexagonal plates or
scales piled up in long bundles or faces and masses of unattached scales.
When they present this appearance they are very little plastic. By grind-
ing a sample of such clay fine, and working and kneading it with water, it
gradually becomes plastic however, and an examination urtder the glass
then shows that the crystalline structure is much broken up, and that the ©
still perfect scales or crystals are embedded in a homogenous matrix com-
posed of the waste of the other crystals which have been destroyed by
the grinding and kneading. Other clays, already naturally plastic, show

CLAY WORKING INDUSTRIES. 79

no plates at all, only a homogenous matrix. These points indicate that
the plasticity of a clay depends on the extent to which this tendency to a
crystalline structure has been destroyed in the treatment that the clay
has received. This theory is in harmony with the facts as presented by
the clays of New Jersey, which are of more recent geological formation
and of different character from those found in Ohio. In Ohio, the clays and
shales all belong to the Carboniferous or older geological formations, and
it seems probable that some other agency than crystallization has made
many of our clays and shales non-plastic which once were so. In
default of any adequate explanation, it may be suggested, that long and
intimate association of the clay base with its silica and its other constit-
uents, the influence of enormous pressures for age after age of geological
time, possibly the influence of low metamorphic heat and the binding,
cementing action of the tarry organic compounds produced by the slow
change of the vegetable matters incorporated into the clays, have com-
bined to make many clays non-plastic. Most of these can be made plas-
tic again by grinding and kneading with water, but many fail to develop
much of their old plasticity. Beside these clays, which are now difficultly
plastic, there is a class of clays found in the Coal Measures of Ohio and
adjoining states which is entirely devoid of plasticity and no known
treatment is sufficient to induce any marked return to the plastic state.
Such clays are known as fn? clays and are only known as clay at all by
their behavior under heat and by the fact that an analysis discloses that
they are generally nearly pure kaolins in composition. The action of
frost and water on these clays is to crumble them to a fine, sharp sand;
grinding with water leaves them still gritty and with no more plasticity
than a sand rock would develop under similar treatment.

The origin of these clays is altogether unexplained. Occurring as they
do, remarkably pure clays in the midst of very impure ones—they must
have been deposited in much the same way as the plastic clays around
them. They even contain pebbles sometimes, which shows the existence
of currents through the swampy tracts of which they formed the floor.
Organic acids, such as are, developed in swamps, are supposed by some to
have aided the vegetation in withdrawing everything of a soluble nature
from the clay, but this does not account for their freedom from silica.
The subject is full of interest and greatly needs more time and attention
than the Survey was able to devote to its study.

Permanence in clay ware depends on the way in which the chemical
changes during burning are brought about and the temperature to which
the clay is ultimately subjected. If the heat applied has been only suff-
cient to drive out the water of hydration, the resulting material
will be porous and friable, and while it will have shrunk very sensibly in
volume and is not soluble in water or organic acids, still the action of
frost is sufficient to crumble it to dust on account of its porosity and
attraction for moisture. If the heat has been carried up gradually above

76 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

this point, the clay will be found to continue to shrink and grow more
hard and dense and more impervious to water until finally, if the heat be
stopped at the right point, the clay will have become practically imper-
vious and very hard, strong, and tough. Clay in this condition is a new
chemical compound composed of a mixture of all its bases combined with
all its acids, forming a mineral as nearly indestructible as any known to
man. Small bits of pottery made in the earliest times of prehistoric man
come down to us as fresh and unaltered by the centuries of exposure as
they were when made. Records made in hard-burnt clay are imperisha-
ble except to animate force. If the heat be continued above this most
- favorable point the clay begins to deteriorate in some of its qualities. It
may grow harder but less strong, or it may become spongy and vesicular
like lava, or it may melt into a fragile glass, but whatever the change, it
is a retrogression. What the temperatures are at which these various re-
sults are obtained varies entirely with the nature and composition of the
clay under treatment. Some clays require only a low heat to develop
their best qualities, others demand the highest heats attainable in metal-
lurgical practice.

Refractoriness or infusibility is the last property of clays which
makes them of such great value to man. ‘This subject naturally becomes
involved with a consideration of the causes and conditions which contribute
to permanence, as in both, the action of the clay under fire is the subject
of discussion. ‘The qualities which a-clay develops while burning are
obviously largely dependent on its chemical and mineralogical composi-
tion. As has been pointed out, the heat which is applied and the way it
is applied and the kind of atmosphere which surrounds the clay under
heat, have an important bearing on the qualities it shall develop, But
the composition is of first and foremost importance and not only the ulti-
mate composition but the method of combination of its various parts.

Kaolin or the kaolinite base of clay is practically infusible in the
highest heat obtained in metallurgical practice. Quartz, its chief and
bulkiest impurity, is likewise infusible in practice. Both can be fused in
the flame of the oxyhydrogen blowpipe. But intimate mixtures of clay
and quartz, even in the absence of all other impurities, are not as infusible
as the ingredients are separately and the application of intense and long
continued heat tends to form a new chemical compound having all the
silica combined with all the alumina in a new relation of base to acid.

Fusibility of a clay has been in the past considered as depending
mainly on the relative amount and character of its impurities other than
quartz. Both quartz and kaolinite being infusible the idea has been that
the metalic oxides present formed the entering wedge which destroyed a
clay infusibility. There is much to be said in favor of this view, eas it is
an open fact that clays do stand high temperatures substantially in the
order of their purity.

However, the drift of opinion now seems to be toward the theory that
the fire qualities of a clay will depend on its total aggregate composition,

CLAY WORKING INDUSTRIES. ad

in which: all of its bases are combined with all of its fixed acids. This
aggregate composition is best expressed by means of the ‘‘ Oxygen
Ratio.”

By the oxygen ratio is meant the ratio existing between the oxygen
of the silica and any other acid elements, against the oxygen existing in
the alumina, iron, lime, magnesia, and alkalies or other bases present.

It is the peculiar quality of silica in the capacity of an acid to unite
with any indefinite quantity of bases, and the only present means of
classifying these miscellaneous compounds is by the ratio of the oxygen
in their bases and acids. By this means silicates can be classified as being
subsilicates, protosilicates, sesquisilicates, bisilicates, trisilicates, etc.,
or nearest to one or other of these standard compounds, as the case
may be.

In considering this theory of the importance of the oxygen ratio of a
clay it is not meant to disparage the important influences exerted by its
feldspathic and ferruginous impurities; but only to point out that a given
amount of these fluxing impurities would probably cause clay of a certain
oxygen ratio to vitrify at a comparatively low heat, while another clay
containing the same fluxing impurities, but of quite a different ratio,
would still be unaffected at the same temperature.

The ferruginous impurities of clays consist, as has been before
stated, of both of the oxides of iron, anhydrous or hydrated carbonates
of iron, sulphide of iron, sometimes sulphate of iron, phosphates of iron,
titanates of iron and possibly silicates of iron. In all of this array of
minerals it is to be expected that the action of the iron would vary ; it is
known to play two important parts as free or uncombined sesquioxide of
iron, and free protoxide of iron, and is now believed by many chemists to
act in a third and still moreimportant role as hydrated sesquioxide of iron,
chemically combined with the alumina and silica to form an iron clay.
Instances of this substitution of part of one base for another are not
infrequent in chemistry. They are called double-salts. For instance,
alum is a sulphate of alumina but an iron alum may easily be made in
which part of the alumina is replaced by the similar oxide of iron. This
iron alumina sulphate them becomes a fixed chemical compound, only
broken up by chemical means. This theory,based on the part that iron plays
in clays, goes further to explain the various and confusing reactions of
iron in clays than any yet brought forward. For instance, two clays of
the same iron content are found to be of entirely different color on burn-
ing, one being red in every particle and the other of a light color with
here and there a dark grain. The latter will stand a large increase of
temperature with no further change than shrinking somewhat, and the
black grains becoming black blotches ofa fluid cinder. The red clay, on
being brought upto the same heat successively grows closer grained, then
vitreous or glassy in fracture changing color from darker to lighter red,
and then through the brown colors till finally the vitreous fracture disap-

73 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

pears, the clay turns black in color and porous and vesicular like lava
and worthless for any purpose.

In the light colored clay the iron was present as grains of sesquiox-
ide; heat and the influence of the gases of the fire reduced this finally to
ferrous oxide; in this condition the fluxing action began to assert it-elf
and combination between any accessible free silica and the iron ensued,
forming black ferrous silicate; this would rapidly continue to absorb such
additional quantities of silica from the clay as would satiate its affinities
at that temperature; and the iron has now done its worst in this clay.

In the red clay the iron is assumed to be present as an iron alumina
silicate. All parts of the clay alike are equally permeated by it and colored
by it. As the heat is increased the iron, affecting every part of the clay
causes a fritting or incipient fusion of the clay with its other constituents.
When this process is complete the clay presents a glassy fracture, a very
hard structure, non-porous and having no affinity for water, and generally
a brown red color. If now the heat be still increased the iron begins to
be affected by the reducing gases of the fires, and to be reduced to a lower
state of oxidation in which combination with the alumina of the clay is im-
possible. ‘This reaction then continued, results in the complete destruc-
tion of the valuable qualities of the clay; it becomes porous, light in
weight, brittle and rotten in texture, unable to stand either blows or fric-
tion. Also the phenomena presented in the changes of color of clays
under the action of reducing and oxydizing atmospheres lend additional
strength to this theory.

Take several samples of fire clay, such as is used for pipe or stone-
ware, and subject them to a strong reducing or carbonaceous atmosphere
for a time; if one sample be quickly withdrawn and cooled it will show
itself probably of a gray or bluish color in its whole structure, indicating
the presence of a ferrous oxide in very small quantities. If the balance
of the white hot samples now be allowed to slowly cool in a light draft of
air they will become yellow, red or brown according to the quantity of
this iron, aside from the free iron which the clay contains, which will
manifest itself by small blotches of black cinder for every grain which lay
exposed to the surface. This change in color is due to a re-oxidation of
the iron in its long exposure to heated air during the cooling process.
Also it very seldom happens that a clay is found which will yield up its
iron contents by solution in boiling hydrochloric acid. Yet any free iron
oxides, or ferrous silicates or other iron compounds are readily decom-
posed by this means. . Hence the inference that part of the iron is present
as a double silicate of iron and alumina which like the simple silicate of
alumina is not attacked by hydrochloric acid.

These and other reasons make the assumption a probable one that
iron plays its most important part in the chemistry of clays as a chemi-
cally combined constituent of the clay base.

The action of lime and magnesia in promoting the vitrification and
fusion of clays is a power ul one if the bases are present in large quantity.

CLAY WORKING INDUSTRIES. 79

Nearly all clays contain small amounts, probably united in the feld-
‘spathic minerals present; when the amounts of lime and magnesia are
larger they are most frequently present as carbonates. ‘These carbonates
are not often present in the fire clays but they are a frequent and impor-
tant constituent of the shale beds of Ohio. The carbonates are some-
times finely divided and intimately mixed with every portion of the clay,
as in the slip clays used by potters for glazing, on account of their low
melting points, or are disseminated in grains and pebbles as in the clays
of glacial origin. When in this latter form the clay is useless, except for
the commonest and crudest purposes, as the particles of lime having be-
come caustic by heat, slack on exposure to the air again and mark the sur-
face of the ware with unsightly pit holes. Besides assisting materially in
lowering the melting point of the clay, these alkaline earths exercise an
important action on its color. The famous cream-colored brick clays of
our northwestern states contain twenty to thirty per cent. of lime and mag-
nesia and this is sufficient to disguise the presence of five per cent.of iron.

In smaller quantities seven to twelve per cent. of the earths are sufh-
cient to make the vitrification of the clay occur at so low a heat that it still
retains the bright red color due to itsiron and the strength that it is capa-
ble of giving.

If the clays contain less than seven or eight per cent. of lime and
magnesia and the heat used in burning be high the clay generally becomes
a dirty green in color by the formation of lime and iron silicates.

The alkalies, potash and soda are the most powerful fluxing agents
which clays contain. ‘They are present, as has been explained, as feld-
spathic and micaceous minerals and are therefore ready to begin to melt
as soon as the temperature rises. Free oxide of iron is the least obnox-
ious state in which iron can be present in a clay, since it requires more
temperature to get it to unite with the minerals around it than a pre-
viously formed silicate of iron would require. So also the potash and
soda are in condition to do the most harm to the melting point of the clay,
being already combined as silicates.

The actual amount of any of these active fluxes, which a clay can con-
tain and retain its fire qualities is impossible to say. ‘The result of these
fluxes depend on the amount, on the state of division of the clay, and the
state of division of the fluxes, and on the character of the silica with
which they are associated, and also largely on the number of fluxes rep-
resented. It is a general rule in the theory of fluxing compounds that a
mixture of bases will make a more fusible compound than an equal
amount of any of the bases separately.

(2) The Changes Occurring in Clay by Burning. In forming a concep-
tion of the qualities that a clay will develop on burning, its composition,
considered as to its oxygen ratio and as to the probable effect of each sep-
arate impurity, is seen to be of the greatest importance.

80 GEOLOGY CF OHIO.

But in attempting to develop these qualities which its compositiom
indicates, it is necessary to understand the chemical and physical changes.
which take place in all clays when subjected to heat.

Clay when heated, first loses the water which has been mechanically
added to it, to render it plastic and soft. This water having been mechan-
ically added to the clay, has no chemical ties to break in coming out again,
and therefore evaporates at all temperatures and at the temperature of 212°
F. is converted into steam. Therefore it is necessary to raise the heat so
slowly as to allow all of this moisture to escape as vapor before the clay
becomes heated above the boiling point of water, for the generation of
- steam would of course tend to destroy the structure which has been im-
parted to the clay and which it is important to keep. After the moisture
has been thoroughly driven out, the temperature may be increased with
much more speed. For purposes of investigation, if the heat be raised at
a slow rate and the clay weighed at frequent intervals, it will be found
that no change in weight occurs (after the moisture is expelled) while the
clay is successively raised past the melting point of tin, lead, zinc and an-
timony, and that it is considerably above this point, probably not far from
1,000° F. or a low red heat, hardly perceptible in daylight but clearly per-
ceptible in the dark, when the clay next begins to lose weight. When this
heat is attained, the combined water, which has been a chemical part of
the clay heretofore, is expelled and the clay loses weight to this extent.
A pure kaolin loses about 14%, and any other clay less, in proportion
to the amount of real clay it contains. If there is any organic matter in
the clay it will probably be driven out at about this stage in the burning.
It depends on the kind of organic matter; if it were sawdust mechanically
added to the clay to induce porosity of structure, it would require further
heat to remove the charcoal produced; if it were hydrocarbons and coaly
materials existing in the clay naturally, they would probably be driven
out at this heat. If there is any sulphide of iron present in the clay it
begins to decompose at this temperature, giving off free sulphur, which
oxydizes at once to sulphurous acid, and usually in the presence of the
superheated steam and air to sulphuric acid.

These reactions are beautifully illustrated in the successive changes
of vapor which discharge from the stack of a kiln which is burning
wares made froma sulphurous clay. First of all comes a copious cloud of
steam while the moisture is being driven off; then a period during which
no gases are seen to emerge except black smoke after each fire is replen-
ished with coal, then the combined water beginns to appear in the form
of steam, and soon the steam is reinforced by a blue permanent smoke
which still floats away into the atmosphere after the steam disappears.
When occasionally this blue smoke is brought down to the surface of the
earth it is found to be intensely irritating to the lungs ef man and beast,
and fatal to vegetation. The production of the first sulphuric acid is
accomplished while the water of hydration is still passing off, but the cloud

CLAY WORKING INDUSTRIES. 81

of sulphuric acid still continues to come after no more steam can be
detected by the eye. Sometimes the gases from sulphurous clays are not
blue as have been described, but brown or reddish in color. This may
be due to the simultaneous expulsion of carbonaceous matters and sul-
phuric acid, and the reaction between these two. ‘The production of all
these gases and their. expulsion from the mass of the clay is easily
effected if the temperature of the clay is kept nearly stationary while the
expulsion is in progress. The heat must not be allowed to fall below the
initial point, and it must not be allowed to go much above, for as fast as
the clay loses its combined water, it undergoes a great physical change, a
closing up of its pores, a general shrinking and settling together of its
molecules, so that it becomes more and more difficult for the gases of the
interior portions of the clay to find their way out through the dense
layer of the exterior.

It is by a failure to recognize aud obey this simple law that 90% of
the losses in burning clay wares occur. All clay workers appreciate the
importance of burning slowly at first, but very few realize that the real
time to go slow is midway in the process of burning, or more explicitly
while the combined water or “‘water smoke” is being driven off. Aftera
kiln of clay ware is lit and the moisture is dried out, the heat may safely
increase as fast as convenient till the water smoke begins to appear. At
this stage the heat must be simply maintained until the steam ceases to
issue from the stack or until every part of the kiln has attained the dull
red color in daylight and been held at that point for a few hours,

If this precaution is not observed and the heat is allowed to increase
on the ware before the water is all expelled, the escaping steam from the
inside of the ware being confined by the denser layers surrounding it,
causes the clay to swell or puff up like a loaf of bread under the action
of yeast. This comparison is not an idle one. A piece of bloated clay
ware and a loaf of light bread have both been made porous and spongy
by the efforts of an imprisoned gas to escape from confinement.

This action, variously named as puffing, bloating, blowing, sweliing,
blistering, blubbering, manifests itself in very many ways in the different
kinds of wares which are made out of clay. As might be expected from
the principles involved, the larger the mass of the clay the greater dan-
ger of bloating it, and the longer the heat must be held stationary to
allow the escape of the gases. Large objects like fire bricks, glass pots
and glass furnace blocks and retorts contain a notable quantity of calcined
clay or ground brickbats from which all water has been expelled. This
produces an open structure and allows the escape of the gases from the
interior. Great care and long time has still to be taken in burning these
objects. But in the case of large paving blocks, where no calcined clay is
used and where the body clays are generally somewhat plastic and easily
fusible, the difficulty is much increased, as the clay tends to begin to

6 G. O.

82 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

_vitrify at so low a heat that the opportunity of expelling the combined
water before the outer layers of the clay become dense is much diminished.

In pottery and pipe-making, less trouble is experienced on account of
the thinness of the section of the ware. This change of structure in a
clay by bloating may be very marked -or very slight. If the action has
been very slight no change in structure can be detected by the naked
eye, but a change in color is apparent, perhaps in a narrow band or small
area furthest from the surface of the ware. As the action increases,-the
deepness of the color increases, the size of the areas affected increases,
and soon the discolored areas are seen to be minutely porous or full of
holes and cells. Further increase of the action is marked by an increase
of all these symptoms and the object begins to swell out of its proper
shape. The last stages are so excessive in some cases that the clay has
become so porous and cellular that it will float on water.

In this discussion, combined water has been mentioned as the cause
of these phenomena. It is the common cause, without doubt. Iron
pyrites or any form of sulphur which is decomposed by heat at the same
temperature is able to cause the same phenonena and is harder to control
than water alone. It is possible that organic matter may have the same
action in some cases.

If the clay has been safely brought through to this stage of its burn-
ing with no changes of physical structure except the shrinkage and
closing up of its pores and general consolidation of its particles, there is
generally no further fear of trouble in burning it. The heat may be
raised as rapidly as is convenient and as high as the fusibility of the clay
will allow without danger to the structure. There are, however, excep-
tions to this general line of facts. Ifa clay contains sulphate of lime or
any other sulphates not decomposed at low red heat, they are likely to be
decomposed at a still higher heat, to give off sulphuric acid and cause a
set of phenomena very similar to those caused by the combined water.
There is this difference, however, that bloating from combined water or
sulphides nearly always proceeds from the center of the mass outwards,
while porosity produced by sulphates or sulphuric acid begins on the out-
side and proceeds inward as the temperature sufficient to cause it pro-
ceeds by absorption toward the center of the mass. Instances have been
seen of this kind of bloating where a still unaltered core was surrounded
by a porous envelope, when the burning process was stopped before com-
pletion of the bloating. This is due to the fact that the body of the clay
had become compact and solid before the heat necessary to decompose the
sulphate had been attained and gases generated near the surface of the
clay were unable to make their escape, which is never the case where
combined water is the cause of the bloating.

The presence of sulphate of lime in small quantities is not likely to
do any harm, for it is comparatively soluable in water and if the clay is
washed, as in the pottery process, small quantities of this mineral will be

CLAY WORKING INDUSTRIES. 83

removed. If the clay is not washed but merely tempered with water,
this water becomes a solution of sulphate of lime and when the clay is
dried before and during the burning process, the sulphate is carried to
the surface of the ware in small quantities and deposited there as a white
incrustation. If the clay contains a small quantity only of the sulphate,
it is probable that the action of the water mo preveut any of the bloating

effect being accomplished.

There may be other agencies besides those which have been indi-
cated which are the cause of this second bloating of clays. The question
has not been, by any means, probed to the bottom as yet, but it seems
tolerably certain that in the cases mentioned the action is substantially as
has been described.

The phenomena which clays show when undergoing the changes due
to excess of heat are very various. Some clays simply get soft and pasty
and become more and more fluid as the heat is raised. Such clays gen-
erally contain a good deal of the alkalies and alkaline earths. Many good
fire-clays, when their refractory qualities have been over-taxed show their
failure in this way.

Other clays do not melt at any heat but seem to undergo a complete
disunion of their former chemical compounds and become perfectly
worthless. Clays in which iron is the chief impurity and in which it is
believed to be in chemical combination with the clay ‘base, generally
behave in this manner. Some few clays cannot be made to undergo
chemical dissolution or even fusion under any heat which metallurgical
practice brings to bear on them. ‘These clays fail by the fluxing and
scorifying action of the slags to which they are exposed. ‘They are simply
dissolved away.

In addition to the facts which are presented to us in the application
of heat to clay, there are other phenomena which are due to the chemical
character of the flames which give off this heat. Ifthe clay is burnt in
an atmosphere which is always free from unconsumed carbon, the colors
it develops will be clear and bright. If the fire places are badly con-
structed and the fires badly managed, clouds of smoke will be produced,
which darken the color of the wares. Sometimes the coloring is done
intentionally, by what is termed “smudging” the kiln, or making a very
dense smoke for a time just before and during the glazing of the ware.

Sometimes the idea is advanced that this darkening color is due to
the absorption of carbon from the smoky flames while the surface of the
ware is sticky with the glaze. This is not so. The variation in color
produced in clay wares by changes in the quality of fire employed is due
to the oxydizing or reducing action of the gases on the oxides of iron
present on the clay.

It is not probable that the quality of the flame affects anything else
except other metallic oxides, artificially employed in the oleh for fluxing
or glazing effects.

84 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

The oxides of iron have proven themselves to be very sensitive to
these influences. It is a fact that oxide of iron, if it has once been
affected by a reducing influence, is far more susceptible to an oxydizing
influence than it was at first. A clay which has been burnt in a steadily
oxydizing atmosphere shows, for example, a steel gray color. Now burn
the same clay in a fire alternately reducing and oxydizing, if the sample
be withdrawn and suddenly cooled when the fire is reducing, or has been
so lately, the color will be still gray or blue. If the ware be left to cool
slowly in the hot air of the kiln, it will be strongly colored by the iron, ©
much more so than that which had never been reduced. Potters who are
engaged in producing stone ware, have to watch this point with the
greatest care, and use all pains to prevent their fires from burning smoky,
for they know, practically, what has just been stated, that “smothered
ware is always dark colored.”

The influences which the burning of a clay have on its ultimate qual-
ities, are thus seen to be very great. While the composition of the clay
limits the qualities which can be obtained from it, while ng amount of
skill, in burning, can make a bad clay into a good product, yet, unless the
burning be substantially right, the finest clay in the world is easily
injured or ruined, and unless these principles, which underlie the burning
of clay, be understood by those in charge, there is likely to be a constant
production of wares which are either inferior or a total loss. Now and
then a kiln will be burnt which happened to avoid the transgression of
any law, but, as a general thing, the loss in each kiln will be a noticeable
percentage. Part of this belongs to defects of the kilns employed, per-
haps, but the importance of manipulating the burning in accordance with
the natural laws is none the less sure.

e. The testing of clays. As to the best means of testing a clay with
regard to its fitness for manufacturing any kind of ware, it cannot be
claimed that much that is new or valuable has been added to already
existing methods in the last decade. Those establishments which are
engaged in manufacturing clay products on a large scale and of a high
grade, usually have perfected a system of testing clays for their own pro-
cesses, which is, in effect, merely their regular process, carried out in a
small and rapid way. Small testing kilns fired by gas or oil, which can
be heated up and burned ina few hours, are sometimes employed. Some
few works, where the artistic effects sought are of the highest class, and
where the use of the highest skill of the potter's art is called in play,
employ skillful chemists, not so much in testing the nature of the crude
clays employed as in working out and keeping control of the delicate
problems of glazing and coloring.

It is a fact, and one to be regretted, that there is no really valuable
way to find out what a clay can be made to do but totry it. It may be
tried in a crude and ignorant way, and rejected, or it may be tried in the
light of all the technical knowledge available on the subject and found

CLAY WORKING INDUSTRIES. 85

useful. Instances of this kind are not uncommon, but, after all is said
and done, the proof is by trial alone.

There are certain aids to a proper trial of a clay which are beginning
to find use in clay works in the country. Among them are various
forms of pyrometers for measuring the heat employed in burning. An
instrument which is accurate and convenient and portable has long been
needed in the clay working industries.

There are a large number of patented pyrometers in the market, none
of which have proved their usefulness to the clay-worker. Those de-
pending on the expansion of a metallic bar by heat are not conveniently
portable and are easily deranged and the bar is constantly liable to give
out, as the temperatures employed in clay working are much higher than
the metallurgical processes for which these bar expansion pyrometers are
especially designed.

A new pyrometer in the market depends on the expansion of a
column of air enclosed in a strong but thin metallictube. ‘This instrument
is claimed to be very accurate but is very expensive. One of the com-
paratively recent forms of heat measuring appliances is the Lunette Pyro-
metrique or pyrometric telescope invented by M. M. Mesure & Novel
and manufactured by E. Ducrete, of Paris. This instrument is an optical
one and depends on the use of two nicol prisms, one fixed and the other
capable of revolution on its axis,and separated from the other by a quartz
disc or plate. In looking at a radiant heated object with this instrument,
the light transmitted, when the two prisms are at a certain position with
respect-to one another, is almost colorless. When the movable prism is
revolved on its axis by means of a graduated hand wheel, the color
changes through the usual range of colors produced in the polariscope.
There is one point in this array which presents a reasonably sharp tint,
and that is when the green colors fade away to be replaced by red. In
using the instrument, the operator sets the prisms in the colorless rela-
tion, as indicated by the zero mark on the hand wheel, and fixing his gaze
on the hot object to be measured proceeds to turn the hand wheel when
the colors run through the green series and into the pink or reds. The
transition point between the two tints is selected as the reading point,
and when this has been determined by rotations backward and forward,
the number of degrees of rotations are read off from the graduated hand
wheel. This figure can then be turned into degrees, Centrigrade or Fahr-
enheit, if desired, by comparison with a scale of known heats and read-
ings taken from them by the Lunette.

This instrument has been in use by the Survey during the visits paid
to clay working establishments in all quarters of the state. A very large
number of readings were taken and the instrument was found to be con-
sistent with itself on all occasions. The heat of a certain fire being read
by one man several times would give a series of closely agreeing read-
ings, and diff=rent parties, including some who had never seen such an in-

86 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

strument before, were able to get the same results. Occasionally a man
would be found whose eye failed to distinguish the minute shades of color
on which the value of the instrument depends, and to such a man the
pyrometer would be useless.

By this careful and extended examination of the instrument, under-
taken with a view to determine its fitness to be used as an instrument of
daily reference in clay works, many valuable facts were ascertained which
will be presented in connection with the latter part of the work, but the
general conclusion arrived at is as follows: Ist. It is the lightest, most
_ portable and simpiest of all the pyrometers of moderate price now in use
in this country. 2nd. Its use is recommended as an instrument of con-
trol for superintendents, managers and foremen in charge of clay factories,
and not directly in charge of the burning processes. By its use, any ir-
regularity in the progress of a burn, any retrogression of the heat by
carelessness, or any undue increase of the heat by ignorance can be de-
tected. 3rd. A fixed temperature reads the same on the Lunette by day
or night, where the unassisted eye is greatly deluded by light or darkness
in judging the heat of a kiln. 4th. This instrument or any other pyro-
meter is not recommended as a means of finishing the burning ofa kiln
of any kind of ware, or it is not recommended to supersede the trial piece
system now in use, for the guidance of workmen in the performance of
their duties. The final heat to which a kiln of clay ware is to be sub-
jected is a matter of very great delicacy and can only be determined by
the most careful and vigilant attention and skill.

In no clay working process now in operation is it possible to com-
mand such extreme regularity of composition of the materials that the
burning processes can be brought to a termination by means of the ac-
complishment of any special temperature or heat. The burning of each
lot of material must be concluded for itself and the use of trial pieces
made of the same mixtures at the same time under the same conditions,
and of the same bulk as the articles being burnt forms the safest and
easiest guide which the nature of the case admits.

Dr. Seger, a German chemist and technologist, has perfected a system
of tests for temperature, which, while they are ingenious, are in reality
but little more than a modified form ofthe trial piece system. The theory
of the process involves making a fusible base mixture of ordinary potter’s
materials, clay, flint and spar, and perhaps the glazing materials as well.
To separate portions of this base he adds successive portions of silica or
flint each larger than the last and increasing in regular order. These sep-
arate compounds are each infusible in proportion to the amount of silica
added to the fusible base. By taking a well known mixture of predeter-
mined thermal qualities far a starting point and another fora finishing
point and-dividing the intervening space into as many aliquot parts as he
desires, he obtains a fairly regular set of melting points.

CLAY WORKING INDUSTRIES. 87

The compounds are mixed and molded into pyramids about # of
an ineh on each side of the base and one to two inches high. When the
melting point of each one of these is reached it indicates it by drooping
over to one side and gradually fusing.

This system is ingenious and to potters who are in possession of all
the materials and machinery for making the mixtures, as well as the
knowledge of the principles of fluxing involved, it is possible that this
idea may be useful; but for the clay workerin the commoner forms, it is not
likely to find any extended field of usefulness. In fact, the variations
of the clays used in all manufacturing processes are liable to be so con-
stant and so great that it seems doubtful if the pyrometer will ever find
any very important field of usefulness. As an instrument of control in
the hands of those in charge it is certainly valuable now. As a means of
regulating the process and finishing it at the right time it is not likely to
ever become highly useful.

The usefulness of chemical work tc the clay worker has often been
questioned and in the pottery industries of the country, which are really
a chemical industry, based on chemical laws and principles, it is astonish-
ing to find so little use of the literature of science. Whatever has been
accomplished in these lines has been by the crudest kind of experiment
and by personal transfer of knowledge from one to another Nearly all
the radical steps or changes have been introduced here from Europe,
where much more has been accomplished by way of chemical control of
the process.

It is doubtful if there are many clay working establishments in the
country now that are really able to utilize the services of a competent
chemist. What is much more needed and more directly beneficial to these
great industries is that the young men growing up in the business should
be sent to the best technical schools available for special courses on the
chemistry and technology of the subject. The State University provides
free instruction for the young minersof the state by the establishment of a
short mining course which is designed to teach what will be most directly
useful to them. Why should not the other industries of the state receive
similar recognition ?

Many works that are not now able to employ or even to use a chem-
ist would be infinitely benefited if they were managed by a man who had
had the benefit of this scientific and chemical training in addition to the
practice of the shop, and it seems that in this way only will the use of
science be brought to bear on the problems of clay working.

SECTION II.

THE PRESENT CONDITION OF THE CLAY WORKING INDUSTRIES OF
THE STATE.

The healthy and vigorous condition of the clay working industries
of the state has been alluded to before, and it is because their present

88 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

status is so inadequately represented by the most recent notice which
they have received in the volumes ot the survey, that the present chars
ter has been prepared.

The industries represented are practically the same as in the report
of nine years ago; in the department of pottery manufacture, the china
business has been formally introduced, and the whole of the now enor-
mous trade in clay paving material has sprung into existence mostly in
the last five years. It is a matter of regret that accurate figures show-
ing the productions of Ohio as a clay producing state are not accessible.
Statistics of this subject are in process of compilation by the Census
office at Washington, but no data from the census of 1890 are yet fur-
nished the public. Wherever possible, approximate figures of the pro-
duction of 1891 were obtained, but these give us only an idea of our own
status and none as to our relative advancements.

However, there is no doubt of Ohio’s supremacy in this line in every
department unless, perhaps, the manufacture of fire brick, in which Penn-
sylvania has had the lead for many years and whose deposits of clay for
this particular purpose are larger and probably better than ours.

Also it is likely that the production of common building brick is
larger in some of the eastern states than in Ohio, on account of the enor-
mous consumption of the large eastern cities. But as the production of
comtnon bricks is more nearly a commercial question and less a technical
problem than any other branch of ciay working, it is not material to the
points at issue.

The clay working industries of Ohio may be divided into several
well defined groups. The classification is somewhat different from that
adopted in the previous report: in this chapter it has been designed to
treat under one head all materials manufactured to fill one purpose and
the classification is the most easy and most natural one; but in some
groups, notably in the manufactures of pipe and hollow goods, it is
found that articles which unmistakably belong in this section by the
processes of manufacture, find their field of usefulness in another class
of work and do not conflict or compare with the regular products of
their class.

In the principal groups however there is no such difficulty of classi-
fication. ‘The clay working establishments comprise manufactures in
not less than twenty-five distinct lines. These may be divided into the
following general groups:

Ist. The manufacture of pottery.

2d. The manufacture of paving material.

3rd. ‘The manufacture of pipe and hollow goods.

4th. The manufacture of refractory material.

5th. ‘The manufacture of building material.

It may be said that the last three groups are all substantially brick
making industries. Thisis so in one respect, but the extreme divergence

CLAY WORKING INDUSTRIES. 89

-

of the qualities sought in the manufacture of each kind of material and
the differences of material and the processes involved, justify their separ-
-.ate consideration.

I. THE MANUFACTURE OF POTTERY.

The manufacture of pottery is the oldest form of clay working
-known to man. His earliest efforts to establish a home are coupled
with the need of utensils to contain the supplies for his immediate
necessities.

In Ohio the manufacture of primitive stoneware began along the
valleys on the margin of the Coal Measures where the fire clays had been
amellowed and softened into plasticity by the exposure of centuries.
From such beginnings the industry has grown to the present importance.

The pottery manufactures of Ohio may conveniently be divided
into the following classes.

(a.) Earthen wares.

(6.) Stone wares.

(c.) Yellow and Rockingham wares.

(d.) C.C. wares.

{e.) White granite wares.

{7.) China wares.

(g.) Ornamental pottery.

A more detailed description of pottery makes necessary a much
closer division, classifying the higher grades of pottery in many groups
according to the method of decoration or special character of body
employed. But these distinctions belong to the technical treatise on
pottery only and not to a document for general use.

(a) EARTHENWARES.

Earthenwares are perhaps the lowest form of pottery manufactures.
The technical distinction between earthenware and stoneware lies in
the degree of heat used in the burning, or rather the degree of change
which it is desired to produce in the body of the ware by heat. Earthern
wares are expected to be comparatively soft burned and porous, and except
in certain cases where the glazes are used, they are not fit for containing
liquids. The types of earthenware most familiar to the public are the
red and yellow flower pots which are sold in such enormous numbers
every fall for the preservation of the summer’s floral treasures.

The production of earthernware in Ohio, while it includes the pro-
duction of flower pots, etc., on a small scale in a good many small shops,
is represented by only three large and responsible concerns, all located in
the Zanesville district.

The clays suitable for the production of earthenware have a very
wide range of composition. Inasmuch asit is not designed to bring the

90 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

clay to a state of vitrification in burning, any clay of suitable plasticity
and color will fill the requirements. Even the purer grades of Drift
clays are occasionally utilized. ‘The earthenware manufactures of Zanes-
ville have, however, been developing a specialty in cuspidors, which
they find it necessary to glaze inside. On account of this specialty
the clays suitable for use are narrowed down very greatly and it is nec-
essary to select a clay which has refractory qualities sufficient to make it
stand up well, and not vitrify to any extent at the heat required to melt
a glaze composed of about two-thirds Albany slip clay and one-third
oxide of lead. The Albany slip, the great stoneware glaze, will be
further described under that head; it requires more heat to melt the slip
alone than the clay body of earthernware will stand without vitrification
and hence the addition of lead oxide is necessary to cause the lower
melting point of the glaze.

The choice of clays is also controlled by the color of ware which it is
desired to make. The staple articles manufactured are flower pots, jar-
diniers, cuspidors, vases and umbrella stands.

One manufacturer uses a body composed of two parts of an exces-
sively tough plastic clay, probably of glacial origin, not unlike the ball
clays used by whiteware potters, one part of a white hard refractory fire
clay and one part of red loam designed to add color. This body has
not much excess of refractory power, though it is successfully glazed. It
has a fine red color characteristic of typical earthenware. Another man-
ufacturer uses a fire clay obtained from the horizon of the Putnam Hill
Limestone, This clay, however, has too little heat resisting power
to be a profitable one and its color is not a clear yellow, but shades off
into brown by any excess of heat.

The best clay used for this purpose is a very sandy stoneware clay,
which has so much silica and so little clay in its composition that it has
no tendency to vitrify at any heat necessary to use.

The processes used in these factories are practically the same as in
the manufacture of stoneware and will be sufficiently described under
that head. ‘The clay is prepared by washing, in two establishments, and
grinding, in the third. For the production of a mixed body like the first
one described. the washing process is necessary as a means of get-
ting uniformity of color. But where porosity and openness of structure
is desired in the ware, it would seem that washing would not be the best
method of preparation of the clay. The superior ease of using the washed
clay on the jolly wheels on which the production of these cheap articles
so largely depends is doubtless the reason why this method of prepara-
tion has been selected.

The kilns used for the burning of earthernwares are not character-
istic of that business or specially adapted to it. There are several kinds
in use. The Akron square, end-fired kiln, the up draft muffle, and the
old-fashioned updraft stoneware kiln are all used successfully. In

CLAY WORKING INDUSTRIES. 91

one case a stoneware manufacturer has built a double decked kiln,
in which he burns stoneware in the lower chamber, and the hot
gases from below are used to burn the flower pots in the upper story.
He thereby burns his flower pots for nothing, as no heat is produced
which the stoneware does not require for itself. This is a possible
arrangement only on wares like flower pots, where the heat they receive .
may be more or less varied, with but small effect on the ware. Glazed
cuspidors could not be treated in this way as the heat must be gradually
raised on these articles till the glaze is melted, and then stopped at once.

The details of setting, drawing, etc., will be touched on in connection
with stoneware. The most original part of these industries at Zanesville
is the method of decoration which has been devised. The wares are
painted in oil paints, decorated with flowers and other rapidly execufed
ornaments, varnished and dried in hot closets at 200 to 225 degrees F.

The effects produced are really creditable and the jardiniers and
cuspidors of this description have made their more costly competitors in
the yellow and whiteware industries a world of trouble in the last four
years.

Almost all the decoration is done by women and girls and the
rapidity with which it is done is wonderful. The prices of these hand-
painted cuspidors vary from $1.50 to $3.00 per dozen according to shape,
size and decoration.

The following tables gives the available statistics in this industry -

EARTHENWARE.

Name. Location. Output 1891. Present cap’y. | Hands.

Samuel A. Weller....:.... Zanesville. ... $ 68,000 $ 100,000 60
J. B. Owens, Pottery Co. : ....| In construction. 100,000 60
Roseville Pottery Co....| Roseville...... ~ 40,000 60,000 45

(6). STONEWARE.

Stoneware is defined as that kind of pottery which is made from a
natural clay and whose burning and glazing is accomplished in one oper-
ation. It is distinguished from earthenware on the one side, by the
fact that itis always glazed und generally it is vitrified in its body texture,
and it is distinguished from yellow and Rockingham wares on the other
side, in the fact that its burning and glazing is done in one operation
instead of two.

Stoneware is a crude form of pottery, but a wonderfully useful
one, especially to those engaged in farming and marketing of farm,
orchard and dairy products.

92 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

Stoneware has until comparatively recently been confined to such
uses as have been indicated, for containing fluids, and semi-solid materials
but a promising trade is now growing up in the manufacture of a special
kind of stoneware for cooking purposes, which can be used directly on a
fire or stove with safety and great convenience. ,

In geographical distribution the stoneware, business occupies the
same general limits that it did ten years ago. The largest district is at,
and near to, Akron in Summit county. The Zanesville district has made
great progress and now makes a good second to Akron. Besides these
two well defined districts, there are quite a number of large and well-
appointed shops in various out-lying points. The Rock House district
of Hocking county has ceased to play any part in the business asa
commercial factor.

The clays used in the manufacture of stoneware are confined to one
well defined class, and no great variations are detected in analyses from
a number of points in the state.

The qualities which a clay must have to fill the various needs of a
stoneware potter are essentially as follows :

Ist. It must be plastic, so that it can be spun and moulded into any
desired shape, without the expenditure of any excessive power in pre-
paration or the use of excessive strength in turning. ‘There isa great dif-
ference in clays in this respect which in others meet equally well the
demands of the business.

2d. It must be refractory enough to stand up weliand keep its shape
at a heat sufficient to melt the clays which are used for glazes, or to takea
good salt glaze on its surface. This condition is of the utmost impor-
tance; a fusible clay will cause the manufacturer a regular percentage of
loss in every kiln, which can be avoided entirely by using a stronger clay.

3rd. While keeping its shape at this heat, it ought to be undergo-
ing a process of vitrification which, while not being sufficiently marked
to make the ware brittle or glassy, still makes the body practically imper-
vious to water. Much stoneware is now made which does not fill this
condition, as it is not vitrified at all and depends upon its glaze to make
it impervious.

4th. When burnt with a continuously clear fire or oxydizing
atmosphere, it ought to present a clear and uniform tint, varying from
light straw yellow or buff when rather soft burnt, to a clear stone gray or
blue color when hard. If the clay shows, on short exposure to a smoky
flame, a brown tint or scum, it will be undesirable, as it is always likely
and almost sure to be exposed to reducing influences in a 40 hours’ burn,
and a brown color is unpopular in the market.

5th. Blotches, pimples, blisters or any other eruption on the surface
of the ware, which are due to impurities in the clay and not to faults of
burning, will rule the clay out, no matter if all other qualities are correct.

It may seem that it would be a difficult matter to secure clays in
which these various qualities are united, but such is not the case. The

CLAY WORKING INDUSTRIES. 93

average clays in use in both the two stoneware districts fill this descrip-
tion well, with here and there a case which fails to some extent in one or
other of these points.

The following table of analyses has been prepared with a view to
illustrating the chemical character of such clays as are in actual use and
are giving good results.

One clay, however, was selected as being an undesirable one for use
as a stoneware clay, and its analysis very clearly shows the cause of this
failure to developthe proper quality. Also a few analyses which had
never been completed, and one which shows such a marked difference
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table.

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CLAY WORKING INDUSTRIES. 95

Tne clays represented in the first table are as follows:
No. 1. Brumage’s Stoneware Clay, Roseville, Ohio.
No. 2. Allen’s s ‘ if “s
No. 3. Walker’s Clay, used for cooking wares, Roseville, Ohio.
No. 4. Zanesville Stoneware Co., clay ground in tracing mill for
hand turning.
No. 5. Zanesville Stoneware Co., same clay washed and pressed for
use in jollies.
No. 6. Bagley & Roberts, Zanesville, clay for cooking wares.
No. 7. Uniontown Stoneware Clay.
No. 8. Akron Stoneware Clay. Average of several samples selected
from the ground clay used in several plants, and mixed. :
No. 9. New Brighton, Pa. Stoneware clay, from the factory which
is supposed to produce the finest American stoneware.
No. 10. Salineville,O. Stoneware clay deficient in fire qualities.

TABLE I.

The analyses of this table comprise a fairly full representation of the clays of
the Zanesville district, but only give one analysis of the more important Akron
district. This one analysis is one of uncommon value, however, as it represents in
itself an average.

The analyses referred to before as incomplete or unsatisfactory, are given below:

1 2 3 4
SF ee eee here aa Ra 72.10 68.24 69.05 72.26
PAU AETER ET Acie er eet eae Uae 19.3 22.61 Qesn 19.23
Impurities ........ Sees ate aerate 2.27 2.59 2.58 .96
UWA LOI ee escent o soo neta ece ew atics 6.25 6.56 7.00 7.59

100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

“By calculation.
1-2-3. Old analyses of the Akron stoneware clay from the Springfield clay pits.
4, Greentown stoneware clay.

A careful study of these figures, even the incomplete ones, shows a
substantial uniformity in the character of clays used for this branch of
pottery manufacture. The following facts are deduced from the table,
which may prove of value to anyone wishing to investigate a clay as to
its fitness for this business:

ist. The average of ten accurate and skillfully made analyses of
clays now in use shows:

(55 ea TSE Sp eer a a HE Ai cog ad ii ae EN Meee ena 56.65
SASEG S/THE TE 9 Ce iced dase asin SROSOOCEC DB UEAE CHER EERE EAE GASHE Aor ROS Ono E EERE ne eS 37.45
btext Sp MALlety trees: sasenicseMecsscslclslerest a cseestenccseooikscusneeneadaeneeteateesss 4,44
aS EN Bb ern here BCC C eECCERE COPE: Con? DCC ERO CED EEY EEE EE ESLER CDSE EES PEE SSCe DEE Er Er EEES 1.57

100.14

SO UAL STT Cater ee eer ese LE Maca sue eer Teen eu mee ars TE IONS. S92 65.09

96 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

The oxygen ratio of this clay being calculated, shows it to be:
Oxygen in silica : Oxygen in bases : : 34.72 : 11.52 0r3: 1
or that the clay in fusion is practically a trisilicate.
The extremes from this average are found to be three pounds and ten
pounds. No. 38 is the sandiest clay of the lot, showing:

Clay asec mais aie eis ele ncn Sant wenn cmaaseaencite omer: Hosaka seee ee eer 48.27
Sandy, Mattern. sasshc ter. tics scoss saute sadasemeue eee Snoumeuenacn. oueeee aemeeeeees 46.91
Tm purities: (ysis) soo. 2s sa.00s5-<csscaehaeuanancun sselloesaeseassosoesenceeeeee sees 4.80
Wiateigncesestasessssecscicanc sha sosiceconeses socmceninter comceaentas aaescnec acetates 1.97

100.00

Oxygen ratio, acid : base: : 2.66: 1

This clay is used in making cooking pottery which differs from or-
dinary stoneware in that it must be open and loose in structure to rapidly
convey the heat through its body, and allow rapid expansionand contrac-
tion, and it depends on the glazes entirely for retention of its fluid contents.

No. 10, the opposite extreme of the series, is a clay used in making a
fair article of stoneware. It is what is called a tender clay or, in the
language of stoneware men, it is not “safe.” The slightest excess of heat
results inthe ruin of some ware and extra precautions have to be adopted
in cooling it down, to prevent cracking. ‘The defects are such as to affect
the pockets of those who make it ratherthan those who buy the mar-
ketable ware.

The trouble lies in its readily fusible nature. Clays used in glazing it
have to be softened with lead or borax and even then though a beautiful
glaze is produced there is very little margin between melting the glaze
and sagging the ware.

The chemical character of this clay shows the reasons for this con-
dition of affairs.

Clay Dasetsc otic. socoss ces ssccnnesesncclevscsaecsesatee tesa etrcs tema seceseeceaee eee 66.50
San dy, Matte nye. sees hecwcs ues awnsissdes succes ocaeeeceeea caus eteeassemaccheisncet tes 24.1]
Plusxiniotatterssaaseneceste sess JBdaoie ae eae sence ohameme nea ene caer sees 6.56
WAC Rios actwace tenes saaiviejcaic'sleioseies ese aisles io de cocets conasessimausseeaase ne seemeetaaens 2.48
99.65

Oxygen ratio, acid : base : : 2.15: 1

or,but little over the bi-silicate ratio.

The preparation of clays for use in the stoneware pottery is accom-
plished in two different ways, (a2) by grinding, (4) by washing. Each
process is specially adapted to the preparation of clay for certain shapes
and sizes of ware and also to different kinds of ware.

Many well equipped stoneware shops contain both a washing and a
grinding plant in order to avail themselves of the advantages of each
kind of clay.

In the Akron district a number of the smaller firms have united to
build a washing plant at the clay mines, some five miles from the fac-

CLAY WORKING INDUSTRIES. 97

tories, and the clay is mined and washed at the cheapest price and deliv-
ered to the stockholders according to their requirements.

Those works which have only one method of preparation of their
clay are usually strong partisans of the benefits of that method. Butthe
candid judgment of the majority assigns to each process its advantages.

The preliminary preparation of clay does not cut much figure in this
country; in some foreign places much stress is laid on the proper weath-
ering of the clay, but many of the best works in the United States use
the clay absolutely without regard to this point. That weathering has
the advantage of slacking the clay down to a fine state of division, and de-
creasing the labor of the machinery, isa point generally recognized.

The Grading Process is the old and standard process of preparation.
The simplest device used in Ohio for this purpose, consists of a circular
trough about twelve inches wide and twelve inches deep. Either three
wheels in echelon or four wheels at equal intervals are made to run around
this trough, and their iron tires are forced into the clay by heavy weights
of stone or iron resting on the axles. This was devised as a horse
power machine, and is still used as such wherever the industry is de-
veloped on a small scale; in larger places, the revolution of the wheel is
managed by use of a small engine.

The improved machine in use for this same purpose in larger fac-
tories is variously called a “‘tracer” or a “‘chasing mill.”

The principal features are a circular iron pan,stationary on the floor,
in which revolves a horizontal, oblong frame, carying heavy iron wheels,
about thirty-six inches diameter bytwo inches face, on its two extremities.
While this frame is continuously rotated by a vertical shaft with large
over-head gear, the wheels are made to work slowly from the circumfer-
ence to the centre of the pan and return, this motion being actuated by a °
small pinion working in an endless rack. Thus the wheels are made in
the course of one complete round of the pinion to cover successively every
point in the floor of the pan. A charge of clay consisting of one thous-
and to two thousand pounds is dumped in, wet with buckets of water
and ground from one to two hours.

The expenditure of power is very heavy compared to the results
achieved. ‘The character of the work done, is everywhere urged as the
chief recommendation of the machine. The grinding part of the process
has much less to do with securing this, than the kneading and stirring
caused by the wheels and scrapers as they revolve; and another point of
undeniable weight, is the fact that each panful of clay is homogenous and
of even temper.

These machines are made by several shops around Akron. Messrs
Taplin, Rice & Co., and the Turner, Vaugh & Taylor Co., of Cuyahoga
Falls, both have a high reputation for the perfection they have attained
in the manufacture of these machines.

In one or two works in the state a new departure has been inaugu-

rated, in the use of the same kind of wet pans that are employed in sewer
7 GO

98 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

pipe or brick factories. ‘This machine will be described in detail later
on. In regard to its use in this connection it would seem a sensible
change. As to the cost, a wet pan is as cheap or nearly as cheap as the
tracer and it has the advantage of requiring far less power in proportion
to the work it is capable of doing. Ina wet pan the clay is forced by the
scrapers to pass under the wheels continuously. In ten minutes in the
wet pans, the clay is ground more than in an hour in the tracer, and there
is far less likelihood of any lumps remaining unreduced. ‘The chief ob-
jection urged to it is that the tempering is so rapid that the clay requires
frequent wetting or it becomes too dry and that in emptying a charge
while the pan is in revolution the temper of the first portion removed will
be softer than the last portion. ‘The tracer has to be stopped to empty it
and the product is therefore all alike. The capacity of one wet pan
would be sufficient to grind clay for the largest factories now in opera-
tion, which are using three or four tracers for the same purpose.

The washing process has been introduced largely into the stoneware
industry in the last ten years. Prior to that the only attempt at washing
clay was by boiling it in iron pans. The washing plants now in use are
in all respects similar to those used in all branches of the pottery industry
and need be described only once to answer for all.

The theory of the process is to beat the clays into a thin “slip;’ or fluid
pulp with water, and then after sifting out all coarse particles, remove the
water and soluble impurities of the clay by filtration.

The machinery is substantially the same everywhere. The clay is
reduced to a slip in the blunger, a vat generally of wood but sometimes of
iron. An upright shaft driven from overhead by gears, revolves in the
center of the tub and three or four stiff blades arranged like a propeller
are fixed near the bottom. As the clay is shoveled into this tub of water
it is kept constantly in motion and reduced toa pulp. Sometimes the
blunger is a double one and has two shafts and two sets of arms, which
are set so that their circles of revolution overlap. The shafts revolving
in contrary directions give an extremely vigorous action to the machine,
‘and it is wonderful how hard and rocky a clay can be reduced to a fiuid
pulp in these machines.

The screens are the next machine employed. They are generally
made of fine brass wire cloth stretched on rectangular frames which are
rapidly shaken back and forth by a high speed crank or eccentric. The
slip is delivered from the blunger on to the screen at its highest point
which slopes away at a small pitch toward either side. The liquid and
fine clay run through, are collected and conducted to an agitator. The
coarsest particles, including gravel, coarse sand, chips, etc., are retained
on the wire and by the constant vibration are carried down and off the
screen into troughs to receive the refuse. The fineness of the mesh for
stoneware is about one fortieth of an inch; it is not considered best to use
too fine a mesh in this business.

CLAY WORKING INDUSTRIES. 99

The agitator is the counterpart of the blunger, except as to size and
strength of its driving mechanism. It generally is made big enough to
hold four blungers of slip and its function is to keep this slip in suspension
to prevent the settling of clay.

The next machine is the pressure pump, which is used to take the slip
from the agitator and put it into the filtering press against whatever head
of pressure may exist there. There is nothing peculiar about this pump
except that it must be strong and ought to be provided with extra facili-
ties for packing, etc. Some are arranged to work in oil and impart their
alternate suction and pressure to the slip without coming in contact with
it. The latest and best devise for effecting this purpose is a compressed
air plant made purposely to work up toa pressure of one hundred and
twenty-five to one hundred and fifty pounds. The slipis run into a strong
tank by gravity, and is forced out again by air pressure into the press.
This absolutely does away with the constant wear andtear of the pump.
Only a factory of large size can afford to use this plan, as the cost of put-
ting it in operation is rather heavy.

The press or filter is the most ingenious and most troublesome part
of the washing machinery. It consists of a series of iron or wooden frames
suspended on iron side bars. These frames are covered with single or
double layers of stout canvas or duck, made for the purpose. Through
the center of each frame is a hole also lined with duck. When a press is
in order, ready to fill, these frames or chambers are squeezed up tight
against each other by a powerful screw at one end of the press. ‘The can-
vas between the edges of the iron frames makes a tight gasket or joint
and the holes in the center coincide all the way through, so that between
the canvas of each two frames, there exists a duck-lined cavity, commun-
icating by the central hole with the similar chambers on either side of it.
When the slip is pumped in, it fills these cavities and the water soaks out
through the canvas and drains away, leaving the clay behind. When the
cavities are filled and no more slip can be pumped in at a pressure of one
hundred and twenty-five pounds to the inch, the operation is complete.
The screw is loosened, the frame separated and the clay is disengaged in
flat leaves or plates one to two inches thick and weighing thirty-six to
forty pounds each in the ordinary sizes.

The plates of washed and filtered clay are now tempered to the re-
quired consistency in a pug mill of vertical design and simple construc-
tion. The cost of the various machines for such a plant, will run from
$1,000.00 to $1,500.00, according to details, without the power.

Washing plants are constructed by several machine shops in the
‘state. The following make a specialty of this business: M. Patterson &
Co., FE. Liverpool; H.J. Boyce, EK. Liverpool; The Bonnot Co., Canton.
The Griffith & Wedge Co., Zanesville, and the South Zanesville
Machine Co.

100 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

Such is the process of washing clays. The machinery has been
greatly perfected in late years and fine grade clays can hardly be sold now
until they have been washed and dried again to atmospheric condition.

The use of steam in assisting to disintegrate the clay in the blunger
has been tried with very great success in a few placesin Ohio. The warm
water does its work quicker, the liquid filters much faster, and the men
engaged in handling the wet clay in the winter time are relieved from the
suffering from cold.

The peculiar quality of washed clay is its fineness and eveness of
structure. No two particles of the original lump are together in the
washed clay. Toa certain extent, the waxy toughness of the original
clay is gone; the result is more granular, though finer grained clay, which
under the hands of the turner usually works “short.” The clay is purer
by the removal of whatever may be of a soluble nature, like lime salts.
Iron existing in the form of grains is very apt to be removed with the
coarse sand. Clay by this process is not considered so “safe” in the kiln
as ground clay, on account of its fine, close-grained body, and liability to
checking in cooling. For working into small wares, up totwo gallon jars
and crocks, in the jollies, it is far preferable to turned clay.

In order to test the amount of impurities removed by the washing
process, analyses were made of the same clay, both ground and washed,
at the plant of the Zanesville Stoneware Co. The figures are given in
No. 4 and No. 5 of the table. In this case the chemical changes produced
amount to nothing. ‘There is no doubt however that some clays do con-
tain impurities which are largely removed by this treatment. The salts
of the alkalies do not seem to be affected by washing, which proves that
they must be present as insoluble silicates. The highest potash per cent-
found in the table (No. 10) is from a washed clay.

The qualities of ground clay which make it useful are its toughness
and strength. ‘There is a structure to the original clay which washing
destroys, and which grinding only develops. For ware to be made by
hand by the spinning or turning process, this is a very important thing-
Ground clay is just as impure as the natural clay and fuses just as readily,
but on account of its more open structure, it is safer in the kiln. For
large ware, from two gallons up, t is almost a necessity,as it stands up so
much better. |

The cost of washing clay varies greatly, according to the quantity
which the press is required to do. To operate a 72 leaved press, to its
maximum is the labor of two (2) men. They can take out five presses a
day, or about 14,000 pounds of clay. This is at the rate of thirty six cents per
ton. By increasing the number of presses and subdividing the labor the
price may be reduced. If steaming the blunger increases the speed of the
operation as it is claimed to do, the cost could be materially reduced. Twen-
ty five cents per 2.000 pounds would bea low figure for the cost of washing
and fifty cents ismuch nearer the average. The cost of grinding is difficult

CLAY WORKING INDUSTRIES. 101

to estimate closely. The duration of a grind depends on the size of a charge,
and the hardness oftheclay. Itis not less than one and one-half hours on
the average, or 7 charges per day at 1,200 pounds per charge—8,400 pounds
= '‘.20 tons per day per mill. It would occupy t.ie time of one man to tend
this mill, and this clay would cost 30 cents. By using more mills the labor
cost could be reduced somewhat. There is not much odds in the labor cost
of clay by the two processes.

The selection of the clays for the stoneware industry has been dis-
cussed and their preparation for use in the potter’s hands. In both of
these subjects, there is much room for chemical and technical investiga-
tion and discussion. In the actual fashioning of the wares from the pro-
posed clays, there are but few points of a scientific nature involved. The
problems are mainly mechanical and industrial ones. However, as the
processes employed in all branches of pottery, from the highest to the
lowest, are substantially the same, a brief description of the various steps
will be given in this conection.

Pottery is manufactured by three different plans; Ist, by turning; 2d,
by jollying in molds; 3rd, by casting. Turning clay by hand was the
original method, the two latter processes are out-growths from it. Stone-
ware ten years ago was nearly all turned; now there is probably fifty per
cent. of itjollied; all of the lighest pieces of simple shape, are produced
in this way.

The steps to the production of turned ware from prepared clay are
wedging, turning and drying.

In wedging the clay, a lump is cut off of a proper size and weight
to make the desired object. This is cut in two by a wire and united again
by a violent blow, kneaded, cut and reunited again, andso on for a few
moments. This treatment is supposedto work out air blebs and make
the clay solid and dense. The turning or spinning is done on a rapidly
revolving horizontal disc. The clay is slapped down against this so as to
adhere and revolve with the disc. On wetting it and covering it with fine
pulp of clay, and pressing it with the fingers it can be made to take any
shape when in revolution. ‘There is great art and skill in doing fine turn-
ing. The men take great pride in the possession of this skill and fre-
quently vie with each other in trials of it.

The turner works by a standard known as the “day’s work”. A day’s
work is a definite number of gallons of each kind and size of ware; it isa
very complicated standard and one which ought to be abandoned, as a
turner now makes frequently seven or eight days’ work in aday. ‘The
standard varies greatly in different districts; fifty-six gallons of one of
the standard sizes is a day’s work in one place, while eighty maybe the
number in another, and also in making twenty gallon crocks only three or
four would be a days work, which does not compare in labor and time

with making sixty or eighty one-gallon pieces, or thirty or forty two-
gallon pieces.

102 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

The ware from the turning wheels is seton board shelves in open
racks, where it slowly dries and sets in a solid shape. After twenty-four
hours it is removed to a hot room, or oven, or steam heated shelves, or
other appliance for completely drying the moisture from the clay. All
breakage in drying after the ware is moved from its original position on
the shelf, belongs to the manufacturer. The loss of all cracked or defec-
tive ware on the shelves falls on the turner.

When dry, the ware is stacked in piles in the slip room, which con-
stitutes a sort of storage from which the manutacturer can choose the
materials with which to set the kilns in whatever order may be most
advantageous to him.

The production of ware by the jolly is much more rapid. The clay.
is tempered for this purpose to a soft pulp or slush. The jolly is a wheel
like the turner’s wheel, provided with a hollow head, which is made
to receive a large assortment of different sized molds, by the use of appro-
priate rings for each size. The jolly is also provided with a variable
speed arrangement, by which the operator can run his wheel fast or slow
by the pressure from his foot. |

Each jolly is provided with from one thousand to three thousand
molds, made in sets for producing the various kinds of ware. ‘The
molds are of plaster of paris and are made from uniform standards which
have been turned to size ina lathe. In acommon sized stoneware shop
there will be from fifty to three hundred molds of each shape and size,
in the largest pottery shops working on whitewares a wheel may be run
all day on one kind of ware and though each mold be used twice, as they
generally are, and sometimes three times a day, this would necessitate
the possession of from one hundred to one hundred and fifty dozen molds of
a kind. The mold to be filled is brought by a boy, emptied of its piece of
ware, partly filled with soft clayand given to the jolly man, who sets it'deftly.
into his whirling wheel and with his hand forces the clays to cover the
inside of the mold evenly. He then lowers a pivoted arm, which bears a
scraper or ‘‘ shoe” fitted to produce the exact inside shape of the ware.
As the wheel and mold revolve the shoe turns up the clay to the desired
form and the surplus collects and is removed by theoperator. A com-
mon stoneware jolly man will make six-hundred pieces per day, all sizes
as they come; a good man will make one-thousand pieces. Many articles
are now made in half onthe jolly and the two halves united while still
fresh. Jugs, bottles, fruit jars, cans, etc., are made this way now which
were formerly altogether turned, as the constriction of the neck, makes
it impossible to shape it in one operation by a jolly and then withdraw
the shoe. These double wares, take more time to produce than single
wares, but are greatly cheaper than handturned goods. A good man will
make five hundred jugs a day by this process.

As soon as the mold is filled the boy takes it away to the drying
closet, close behind the wheel. The heat in these closets is kept up by

CLAY WORKING INDUSTRIES. 103

steam pipes or hot air fans or other devices. Here the water of the clay
is evaporated from the surface of the mold and the ware shrinks away
and loosens in its case. ‘The air currents may be quite strong in these
dry closets, as well as the heat quite high, as the most of the evaporation
of the moisture is from the porous mold and the surface of clay itself is
not exposed. In the drying of hand turned ware on its Open shelves,
great care has to be used to protect the ware from any draft, but no pre-
cautions are necessary on drying in mold.

When the ware is removed from its mold, it is fettled, or trimmed
and smoothed up; this is done on wheels turned by hand generally. The
handles are put in at this stage and the surfaces and edges of the ware
are finished fit for the kiln.

The system on which jolly work is done is uniform in nearly all
branches of pottery. The jolly man is paid for the finished product of
his wheel, and he pays all his assistants, carrier boys and finishers, from
his own wages. Sometimes as many as five boys and women are needed
to tend the labor of one jolly man. Wages made by good jolly men are
frequently very large, far out of proportion to the skill demanded.

Casting, as its name indicates, is a process by which a piece of ware
is made by pouring a slip or paste into a dry porous mold. As the dry
mold absorbs the water greedily, the clay is deposited in the surface of
the mold. After the operation has gone on long enough to deposit the
requisite thickness of clay in the mold, the mold is inverted and the re-
maining slip is poured out. The mold is then dried in the hot closets as
before and when dry, is taken apart in two or more pieces and the cast-
ing remains.

This process is adapted to the manufacture of high grade wares,
vases, filigree work, bottles, etc., which can scarcely be made by the usual
processes.

These three processes are common to all branches of pottery mak-
ing and will not receive any further mention in the succeeding parts of
this section. The succeeding steps diverge from this point according to
the kind of ware which is being made.

Stoneware, being distinguished from the other pottery processes, by
the fact that it is burnt only once and that glaze and body are developed
together, is therefore ready to be treated with the glaze at this point, be-
fore being taken to the kilns for burning.

The glazes uniformly employed in stoneware manufacture are
natural clays of a highly fusible quality and which give brilliant color
and finish to the ware. These natural glazes are called “slip clays.”
They are found in all parts of the country. Ohio has a number of de-
posits. But really good and serviceable slip clays are rare and valuable.
In a general way, any very fine grained, impure clay is a slip clay, yet it
is only when its qualities have been tried and proved that it is of any
value.

104 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

The slip clays used by Ohio stoneware potters are mainly as follows:

1. The Albany Slip from Albany, N. Y.

2. ‘The Rowley Slip from Northern Michigan.

3. The Brimfield Slip from Summit county, Ohio.

4. ‘The Kaolite Slip.

These are named in the order of their importance. Albany slip is
the finest, single, natural clay glaze known in the country and, while its
qualities can be enhanced by mixture with other clays, it alone will make,
on clays which are refractory enough to stand the required heat, a won-
derfully fine and beautiful glaze.

The peculiarity of this kind of a glaze is that it never cracks or
“crazes”; it is itself a clay; it is burned into another clay; the chemical
changes of burning affect glaze and body alike, and when the operation
is finished there are no artificial conditions of expansion and contraction
always at war with each other in the body of the ware.

The fault of all these natural glazes is, that they require a good heat
to bring them to thorough fluidity and thus many clays which would
make a fair grade of ware are rejected as being too easily fusible for the
glazes. Potters have frequently tried to remedy this fault by use of the
common fluxes, lead oxide, or litharge, borax, spar, etc. It is a possible
thing to make a glaze of which slip clay is the base and which is fusible
at a low heat, but many of those who have tried to do it so far, have too
little technical knowledge to do so successfully.

The addition of lead or borax alone will reduce the temperature of
fusion but it destroys the beauty of the glaze; instead of being a clear
velvety black or reddish black color, it appears thin and washy in color
and irregularly spotted with specks of coloring matter.

An attempt has been made to counteract this clearness by the use of
a little manganese in imitation of the Rockingham glazes, but while a
softened slip glaze thus treated is improved, it still lacks the original
quality. The cause of the failure of these attempts, is, in many cases,
the addition of a quantity of some base like lead, without any acid to
satisfy its affinities. The glaze has the desired qualities naturally except
as to fusibility. Then a satisfied compound which is fusible and color-
less or of the same color as the slip should be added, so that the mixture
will fuse easier without undergoing a radical rearrangement of its nature.

The chemical constitution of these natural glazes has been inves-
tigated by the Survey to some extent and the results will be found incor-
porated in the following table, Table No. II.

105

CLAY WORKING INDUSTRIES.

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106 ~ GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

1. Albany slip clay, average sample from three or four lots of the
clay. Orton.

2. Albany slip clay. Langenbeck.

3. Rowley slip clay. Orton.

4. Brimfield slip clay, Summit county. Orton.

5. Kaolite slip clay.

6. Springfield slip clay, from Sharonville, Hamilton coun Lan-
genbeck.

7. Bronhar clay, Zanesville. Langenbeck.
Nos. 6 and 7 are not in use as slip clays, as far as is known, but were
_ tested with a view to determine their fitness.

The Springfield slip clay was found to be an easily fusible clay,
which gives a greenish yellow glass, very similar to that produced by the
Rowley slip.

The No. 7 Bronhar clay is used in making a fusible body for tiling,
and is not used as a glaze at all. It requires too much heat to melt it.

An examination of these clays for their oxygen ratio reveals the
following tabulated facts :

TABLE IIa.
Oxygen Oxygen : Oxygen Oxygen :
No. in acid. in base. Ratio. in alumina, in fluxes. Ratio.
1 30.72 12.28 25O0ee ell Bill Ds cee:
2 32.37 11.28 2.80 : 1 5.80 Dstt 1 its
3 23.44 11.93 1:96) 271 5.20 6.73 1 1.29-
4 33.94 | 10.58 320 el 6.32 4.26 Le G 7
5 32.21 11.09 2.90 : 1 4.85 6.24 1 1.28.
6 29295 13.03 L765 2 al 5.16 7.87 al ILsy<

Judging from these figures, these clays are fusible in the following
order :

6:38: 5: 1 and 2:4,and from the reports gathered among the potters,
these figures are borne out in practice.

The general character of the natural glazing clays thus is seen .to be
as follows; excessively fine grained sandy clays of about the following
average composition,

CHES 7 SES Ses Saou sasece seorns 55 25 S0 saa ROSS So RED REC das aS noses soaonnbaacosacsoscaese soe 31.00
COYT5 16 Ie pi i ate BE ee ea NS A one ae HR aS ne aoa asOCeES 39.00
PON TERES ec oS rea ca aca oe Bae Padua sek Tea Eee Se ee eee 21.00
Volatile (waterandicarbonticacid) sco ssenseces one eee e neers 9.00

CLAY WORKING INDUSTRIES. 107

their oxygen ratio is about as follows:

2.5 acid to 1.0 base and 1 alumina to 1 flux.

CaHing to mind the average analysis of the stoneware clays, which
constitute the body which these glazes are used to adorn, we see the wide
difference best expressed in the oxygen ratio:

3 acid to 1 base and 10 alumina to 1 flux.

The colors which these slip clays burn, varies entirely with the heat
to which they are burned. The Albany slip and the Brimfield slip are
both dark colored, normally. The Albany is in itself a perfect glaze, how-
ever, and becomes glossy and bright alone, while the Brimfield has a
muddy black color, without luster, when used alone. The Rowley slip
and the Springfield slip both burn to a yellowish green glass, due to the
high amounts of lime and magnesia in both. They are neither suitable
tousealone. ‘The finest raw clay glaze in use, is a mixture of the Albany,
Rowley and Brimfield clays. The Rowley adds fluidity, the Brimfield
adds dark color to counteract the light color of the Rowley, and the
Albany gives its own fine tone to the whole. Ware glazed with this
imitation can be detected by an expert as soon as he sees it—it has a
lustre, a clearness and a brilliancy all its own.

In addition to the natural glazes, three or four of the most enterpris-
ing of the stoneware potters are bringing a line of ware into the market,
which is glazed with a white translucent glaze of artificial preparation.
It is a simple white glaze, such as is familiar to every whiteware potter,
but it has to be modified to suit the stoneware body.

In using the natural glazes, the stoneware men meet no problems of
any difficulty, but in adopting an artificial glaze to a natural clay, and
burning both together, there is much skill required; if the glaze fluxes
too early,it will be bubbled by the escape of the gases of the clay through
it; if it be too hard to run, the ware will suffer.

The results when this glaze is successfully used are beautiful, the stone
gray color of the ware is softened and reduced to an even tint.

The same potters are turning out a fancy red glazed ware, which is
probably a compound of the three slip clays named before, mixed with
the other constituents of a clear artificial glaze and softened a little. The
colors attained are similar to the mixture of the natural slips, but clearer
and brighter and more uniform, a result which has been accomplished
by the use of machinery and expedients similar to those used in the
manufacture of yellow and white ware glazes.

It is a note-worthy fact that nearly all these improvements and spec-
Ities are worked up and introduced by potters who have been or are at
present manufacturing some higher class pottery, usually yellow and
Rockingham wares. Their knowledge of the theory of artificial glazes
enables them to devise and work out these improvements, which would
never come except in some such way.

108 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

The foregoing remarks 01 the glazing of stoneware are all directed
to the slip glazing. At present the importance of slip glazing is on the
increase; some works produce little else but slip glazed ware. But this
state of affairs is of recent occurrence. The standard outside glaze of
stoneware in the past has been the salt glaze, so called because it is made
by throwing salt into the fires and allowing the vapors to ascend through
the kiln and attack the surface of the hot ware. The salt glaze is a sili-
cate of soda formed by the decomposition of the chloride of sodium and the
liberation of hpdrochloric acid gas or volatile chlorides. It has the merit
of being cheap and easy to apply, and it answers well enough for the out-
‘side surface of the ware, but it is usually much crazed and easily perme-
able to water. The glaze on the outside of the ware answers no very
useful effect except making it easy to clean and wash.

The different facilities with which different clays will take a salt
glaze depends, probably, on the amount of free silica they contain and its
fineness of division. ‘The difference is very marked. Some which will
receive the salt retain a granular appearance which is not sharp to the
feel, though it is rough; it is as if the glaze had gathered together in
minute pools like beads of prespiration, instead or spreading evenly. Occa-
sionally the glaze is perfectly smooth like an artificial glaze.

There are chemicals which operate to interfere with the formation of
the salt glaze. Chief among these are the sulphate and carbonate of lime.
‘The nature of the action of these bodies has been much disputed. The view
which seems to be supported most closely by the facts, is that the inter-
ference is a mechanical one and not chemical as has been generally
assumed. ‘The sulphate of lime and the carbonate are soluble in water in
the order named and if these bodies exist in clay they are apt to be dis-
solved, in part or in whole, and as the water evaporates from the surface
of the ware in drying, these salts are left in a whitish deposit on this sur-
face.

Now when the kiln is very hot and the salt vapors are produced in
the fire holes and ascend through the wares, this film of lime protects the
real surface of the clay, so that there is but little free silica or even sili-
cate of alumina exposed to the action of the salt fumes. The tempera-
ture at which the limesalts are decomposed to’ form a lime silicate is a
little higher than the heat at which the salt is generally used, hence the
salt fails to do its work simply because it fails to meet the surface of the
clay. Now if the kiln be made hotter and the salting be kept up, a glaze
is finally produced, but it is greenish yellow in color, indicating clearly
that at the increased temperature the lime salts finally united with the
soda to produce a lime-soda-silicate glaze, which, at the lower heat, was
not formed at all. But this glaze is of a dirty color, and requires too
much heat for the safety of the ware. Hence its formation offers no
relief to the interference caused by soluble lime salts in the clay.

The color of a piece of salt glazed ware depends on the amount of

iron in the clay and the kind of fire which was maintained in the burn-

CLAY. WORKING INDUSTRIES. 109

ing. The effect of the oxydizing and reducing atmosphere in the color
produced by iron has been alluded to in the general remarks on the action
of heat in clays. Its application to the pottery business is vital. Potters
all know, practically, that clear fires throughout a burn will probably pro-
duce clear ware and that a choked draft or smothered fire will, infallibly,
produce red or brown ware. Two or more of the stoneware makers are
using oil fires, in order to get the advantage of perfect combustion of an
oxydizing heat. The clear color of the ware, in their opinion, gives
them an advantage which offsets the increased cost for fuel.

Oil will not be available for fuel purposes much longer, however, and
the problem must be attacked on other lines. The use of fire places, which
are, practically, gas producers, and the use of combustion chambers to
effect perfect combustion of the gases from the fires, or, perhaps, the
direct production if it produces gas in a separate plant and its use in the
various kilns, will be the lines along which improvement will come.

In cases where the iron in the clay is high and the wares are always
an off color, and the clay is in all other respects just what is wanted, it
is convenient and profitable to use a slip of a pure clay, or better still a
white china clay. This is done in a few places in the state and outside,
and one of these places has a very high reputation for the beauty of its
wares. The slip is applied just as the black glazes are, and when the
ware is salt glazed the thin layer of pure clay unites with the salt fumes
to produce a beautiful white salt glaze better than any natural stoneware
clay can produce. The expense of the clay is an item which has to be
considered. New Jersey white clays suitable for th s purpose cost from
$6 to $15 per ton at the mines.

After the necessary work in making and slipping the ware has been
done, it is ready for setting in the kiln. In most stoneware shops this
is in charge of the man who does the burning. Each burner prefers to
supervise the setting of each kiln, in order that lie may be familiar with
its contents and every peculiarity which call for variations in his treat-
ment of the kiln under fire.

The general principles involved in setting stoneware are:

1. To secure a steady and even draft through all parts of the kiln,
and allow no short cuts from the fires to the stack.

2. Secure solidity and good equilibrium in putting the ware in
position. The bottom of each tier rests on ‘‘bats” of stiff clay for
leveling pieces and each tier must be supported from the others by
“chucks” of stiff clay.

3. The black glazed ware which is to be burnt simultaneously with
the salt glazed ware must be protected very carefully from the salt fumes
which instantly will bleach the dark colors to a light yellow.

4. The heavy and large sized wares must be collected in the centers
of the kiln furthest from the points of admission of the fires in order to

10) 7 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

allow the heaviest sections of cl-y to have the longest time to season
under the heat before the vitrification begins.

Setting stoneware, like burning it, is an art which can only be
learned by actual practice, and which is likely to be costly practice, un-
less it is learned by slow degrees under the tutelage of one who knows
how it should be done.

As in all other clay working processes the burning is the most im-
portant stage. Imperfections in the steps already described are imper-
fections at the end of the process and as such, affect the value and
quality of the ware. They grow no worse nor better;~but a little
negligence or mismanagement in burning may ruin a large quantity of
ware, good and bad alike, and make it not only imperfect but valueless.

The care, the skill and the knowledge of all clay working enter-
prises are bound, in the nature of the case, to center around the burning.

In regard to the theory of the burning it is not necessary to make
any detailed statements; it is no way different from the general theories
already laid down, except that due consideration must be given to the
extremely thin section of the clay in the most of the ware. A great
deal of it does not exceed one-fourth inch in thickness and the heaviest
~sections in the bottoms and corners of any large crocks is hardly more
than seven-eighths of one inch in thickness.

In such a thin section it is obvious that the chemical changes of
burning are likely t» progress very rapidly. The duration of a burn
varies with the size of the kiln, etc., but ranges from twenty-four to
ninety hours. Fifty-five hours is the average figure for the Akron dis-
trict, thirty for the Zanesville district.

As the process is usually carried out, about half this time is spent in
warming the kiln up and getting the ware up toa black heat. This is
the critical point. When the ware is s-en to be dull red throughout then
the finishing can be rapidly brought forward. The temperature used on
stoneware kilns was the subject of some attention. The following meas-
urements were made by the Lunette pyrometer.

111

CLAY WORKING INDUSTRIES.

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112 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

Taking the measurements made under the most satisfactory condi-—
tions, Nos. 3, 4, 6, 7 the results 1,922, 1,980, 1,987, 1,982, average, 1,970, -
show a closer agreement than was expected. These results are them-
selves the averages obtained in readings in different parts of the kilns.
The maximum temperatures on these four results show 2,010, 2,010,
2,045, 2,045, average 2,027, and the minimum temperatures show more
variations naturally.

The other potteries tested were either distinctly past the maximum
temperature of the process or distinctly below it, and therefore were not
considered in the averages.

Surprise may be felt that the heats assigned are so low. Conversa-
tions with clay workers has generaly shown a very erroneous view of the
heats they employ. A table in the appendix will show the relative heats.
of the clay working and iron and steel working processes as measured
by the same instrument and the same observer.

The kilns are naturally the most important, the most discussed and
the most interesting appliance of the stoneware pottery.

An examination of the types of kilns in use in the potteries of the state
and a comparison of these types with those used by other clay working
industries, indicates that there is much in common in their construction
and principles. However, there is much less variation among the kilns.
used for burning stoneware than in kilns of the same type used for pipe
or brick.

Examining the kilns in use in Ohio stoneware potteries the following
facts have been classified:

Name of kiln. |Akron ave Gene State.
| ist.
Akron ogiuare WOwnGratt ns. .c.n..cescssmscc seas sccceswee 29 00 29
As VO WN AG Owl ical tse sees eaae reer e a eeetscee 18 2 20
IM Gobacl Ke Uh ooh gabe es iat cacnospSncdsosccesanudad iadeeessnodconedoce 2 17 19
PlaingUpdratty (Old istyle) sx sccesssss-ss-qceenseemessas “sees 0 10 10
SOtAles Neeser cncoseces cts des Sadssiesahoee reece eies tones 49 29 78

Factories represented in this list, 32.

It is thus seen that the Akron district, including all northeastern
Ohio, uses nearly all downdraft kilns and the standard square Akron kiln
is the most popular. It is to be noted, however, that the newest works,
almost all of them, are building the round kilns, and the new kilns.
being built in all works are mostly all round.

The Zanesville district, on the other hand, goes on record as using
almost entirely the updraft kilns, the only two downdraft being in com-
paratively new plants. j

It is impossible in the space assigned to give any adequate descrip-
tion of the technical points, pro and con, in these different kilns, But a

CLAY WORKING INDUSTRIES. 113

very brief description will be given of each type and as nearly as possible
the consensus of opinion, in regard to their qualities, from those who are
best situated to know.

The Akron Square Kiln, the most widely used of any one kind in the
stoneware business, is a rectangular structure about fifteen wide by thirty
feet long outside. The inside dimensions are about twelve wide by eight-
een or twenty feet long; the roof is a groined arch, about seven feet
above the floor at the spring and ten feet at the center. The peculiarity
of the kiln is that it is fired at the ends exclusively. There are either
two or three fire holes at each end, opening inside the end wall of the
kiln into a common combustion chamber the full width of the kiln and
about eighteen inches wide. This combustion chamber is formed by the
erection of a fire wall or flash wall across the kiln, parallel with the end
wall and extending from the floor to within about twelve or eighteen
inches of the spring of the arch. This combustion chamber becomes the
hottest part of the kiln and it greatly assists in the combustion of the
flames and smoke from the fires and keeping the reducing influences at
aminimum. ‘The kiln has a cross flue in the center leading to a stack on
one side or the other. This stack for one kiln need not be twenty-five
feet high by four square feet internal area, but is usually made three or
four feet wide by six or eight feet aréa. The floor of the kiln is checker
work, allowing free passage of the gases into the side flues, which run
from end to end of the kiln joining the main flue at the center. The
door isin the center of one side. The kiln may be built double with only
one wall between two kilns. The strong points in favor of this kiln are:

1. The compact form, and the small amount of yard room which it
requires; this is a great advantage in grouping kilns closely around the
factory so as to make short distances to handle the unburnt wares.

2. The common combustion chamber, through which the gases
must pass before entering among the wares, reduces the liability to
smothered or dark colored ware as much as is accomplished in any down-
draft burning kiln, :

3. The fire holes are capable of very close regulation and get more
of the gas producer effect than any fire hole in use in the stoneware busi-
ness.

4. The kiln is considered the “safest’”’ one for large wares, on account
of the heat being introduced wholly at the ends which causes the middle
of the kiln to always hang back in burning, and large pieces being set in
the middle, have the greatest time to get up to the finishing heat.

5. It is easy to set and draw, as the courses of ware are all straight
and at right angles to the long way of the kiln.

On the other hand, the following points are against :

1. The cost of the kiln is high. The brick work is more in quantity
for the capacity of the interior than in the round kiln and the strength of
the bracing and bridging required to hold the roof up is excessive. The

8 GO

114 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

cost of an average kiln is from $1,500 to $2,000, with a capacity of 7,000
gallons per burn.

2. The heat is irregularly fate being greatest at the ends and
least in the center.

3. The fuel consumed is higher in proportion to the output. From
unofficial figures furnished by several manufacturers on each side, it ap-
pears that the round kiln will burn ware with from ten to twenty per
cent. less coal per 1,000 gallons.

It is thus seen that there are many things to be said pro and con
about this kiln. In one works, one of these kilns was burned fifty-one
times, in fifty-two consecutive weeks and no money was spent in repair
in that time. A record of this kind can only be accomplished by the best
of care and management.

The Round Downdraft Kiln, regarded by many as the stoneware kiln
of the future. is built in all sizes from sixteen to twenty-five feet in diam-
eter. ‘The latter is the largest size used in the stoneware business, and it
is not in favor with those who have to operate it. The prevalent sizes
are twenty and twenty-two feet which hold respectively 7,000 and 9,000
gallons. Of course these figures as to capacity depend on the kind of
ware being set. They are intended to represent the average.

The kiln is usually about seven feet high to the spring of the arch
from the floor, and the fire places arranged at equal spaces around the
circumference, number from seven to ten.

The fires are smaller than those used in the Akron kiln. Some are
arranged with the Akron fire hole, more often they used the incline grate
bars and open front. The “bags” or “pockets” inside run from 4 to 6
feet up the wall. The floor is checkered and is usually built from eigh-
teen to thirty inches higher than the level of the surface of the yard and
higher than the bottom of the fire holes. This is the most important
point in the construction of the kiln, and stoneware men, more than any
other class of clay workers, have realized the value of the raised floor, in
getting the heat down to the bottom and making an even burn. It saves
at both ends; it takes less draft to operate the kiln and less coal to burn
it. ‘The points for and against this kiln are conversely the points of the
square kiln; they will be merely recapitulated. In favor:

1. Cheapness of first cost and repairs. A twenty-foot kiln of the best
material and construction can be put up for $1,000 to $1,200

2. Heat is distributed evenly at all points around a center; there is
no hot end or cold spot.

3. Economy in fuel.

Against:

1. Takes up more room.

2. Is easier to smother, but if the burner knows his business, there
is less need of smothering as it is easier to drive the heat to the center of

CLAY WORKING INDUSTRIES. 115

the round kiln from all sides than it is to the middle of a square kiln from
both ends.

3. The round kiln is thought by some to be safe on small wares but
not safe on thick sections, as the temperature rises too much alike all over
the kiln and gives no place of an especial security for the large pieces.

4. The round kilns are certainly harder to set and draw.

Downdraft kilns of the two kinds are thus seen to be the mainstay
of the Akron district.

It is claimed that it is entirely possible to burn a kiln containing
nothing but black glazed ware in a downdraft kiln, which has been used
previously as a salt glaze kiln—and that the results are good. No
instance was found where this was being done.

The Muffie Updraft Kiln is the commonest kiln in use in the pottery
trade. All the yellow, white and china pottery in the country is burnt
in it. Its adaptation to the stoneware potteries originated with a firm of
Pennsylvania potters, who had been in the yellow ware business and took
some of their old ideas and appliances with them. Itsuse in Ohio was begun
about six years ago by the Zanesville Stoneware Company, of Zanesville.
It has become the main kiln of the Zanesville district.

In construction it consists of a circular bench containing the fire
places which are equally spaced around the center. Each fire place,
which is a regular inclosed furnace, with iron doors, delivers its heat
partly to an inside pocket and partly through a horizontal flue to a cent-
ral stack. ‘The kiln proper is built on top of the fire bench. It is round
and tapers to a small diameter about twenty-five feet above the floor. An
arched crown, with numerous perforations, is sprung across the inside
about eight feet from the floor. The bags run up within a foot or so of
this crown, and the central stack runs through the crown and assists to
support it. A door affords access on the level of the floor, which is solid.

In operation the kiln is filled with ware up to the level of the top of
the bags and the heat is, therefore, entirely by radiation from the bag
walls, the central stack and the floor, which is heated by the radial flues
uniting at the center. The gases from the fires do not come into contact
with the ware at all, except on the topmost course and then but slightly.

Such a kiln, it will readily be seen, is slow to heat up and slow to
cool—sudden changes in the fires cannot affect the ware quickly and
there is, practically, no reducing action from the fires.

These kilns are especially adapted to the production of slip glazed
ware, either black, red or white; they are useless for salt glazing. There
are several works in the Zanesville district which do, practically, all their
work with these kilns.

The points in regard to the kiln are as follows:

1. Cost. A kiln which will hold six thousand gallons of pans or closely
nested ware, or three thousand gallons of ware as it comes from the shop,

116 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

will cost $1,000 to $1,350, well built and of good fire brick in all the essen-
tial parts.

2. Repairs are heavy, if the materials are not first-class. If the best
fire brick are used in the beginning, they will be light. Repairs are
expensive, owing to the shape of the fires and flue system under the kiln
floor.

3. Fuel. This kiln undoubtedly uses more fuel to the one thousand
gallons than the downdraft. A comparison between the two kilns could
not be had.

4. The convenience of setting and drawing are not equal to the
downdraft kilns, owing to the interference of the central chimney.

0. The safety of the burning is the strongest feature of the kiln.
With any reasonable care there is no need of any loss, while a downdraft
kiln is hardly ever burned off without the rejection of more or less dam-
aged ware.

In one works in the state there are three kilns in use: One square,
Akron kiln of six thousand gallons capacity, one round downdraft of
eight thousand gallons capacity, and one sixteen foot muffle of three
thousand gallons common capacity. The manager of the works placed
himself on record, as follows:

The best kiln, all things considered, the round downdraft.

The hardest to burn, the Akron kiln.

The easiest to burn, the Muffle.

The safest kiln, the Muffle.

The most expensive, high fuel and slow production, the Muffle.

The old-fashioned updraft kilns are not important as a commercial
factor in the business and are dropping out of use. ‘They are used for
producing salt glazed ware in factories where the muffle is used for the
black glazed articles. In the smaller and outlaying potteries these old
updrafts are still the only reliance.

The cooling and annealing of stoneware after the burning is finished,
offers no special difficulties. It occupies from two to three days, accord-
ing to the weather. The critical point in cooling is when the ware is at
a black heat, just below redness. The kiln can be left open for several
hours until the kiln begins to look dark red. Every air inlet at the bot-
tom of the kiln is then shut up tight, and daubed with mud, and the vent
holes in the crown are opened so that what little draft gets into the kiln
passes out upwards. The connection to the stack is broken soon after
the fires are shut down.

The cost of manufacturing stoneware was approximately obtained in
several places in each important district. The following figures represent
the average of five estimates, prepared by five stoneware men, independ-
ently:

CLAY WORKING INDUSTRIES.

117
CBZ pendanccecuaseoceacedoneddo \daaconddseosoodole dachodougooudodasconagodeouaqnudss 51 cents.
BS URG Pe eeee ce ce tvc Susasou acc tecin cet mauintiowoeas aed Son cqdassovesssinecaecaeaber trsess 1A Geeecc’
RO treIye Ww OL onsen se cece ee -ateres eaten -nstecseioasinats sactsaaceoetiesisesty ls Omer fey
Gomis Orne AWOL cso sacs ese ae ease ee oda oeee eH cauicle se ouaqs alle Sas UE Nees meteee EOIie. Ste
Office supplies and contingent Expenses,.......ccceseccecesenceeeeeees 42) is

Average selling price, 4 cents per gallon.

The following facts, as tothe magnitudeandimportance of the industry,
have been prepared. The figures are not as accurate as would be desir-

able.
of the present situation.

TABLE III.
STONEWARE STATISTICS.

In default of better information they will suffice to give some idea

Name of manufacturers.

se

Whitmore, Robinson & Co...............
AICEONES LOMEWATEC1 COs cess coer eoneecns

iieshe ae Merrill Pottery Cots. suesccec-
hel Onto: Stoneware: Comes. o sscncdecece
Mianikel pinamant iC Osecerenae. oneeeecncecs
Cooks Hainbanks/SailCor ansececn en seeees
ae OWWiEe ls Meee 2 Re cs ee neil
PACA PVICC KS cohese ac cicatenr cer aiieasteeaseetees
The Diamond Stoneware Co............
The Champion Stoneware Co
Canton Stoneware Co

see re eee eee eases eesee

eee eee tessa seesaces

Weyer S67 s Hci e othe acecevcne secu once sexe
TESS VOmEROe ee SONS a c2.6 ee scceetenee es
Siracec kee celia leeeeseee naan sae
Ehe Standard Pottery Co..............000
Gerhardt & Goodman..,.............:<-2.-
Kuntz & Sons

ee rr rr

Muskingum Stoneware Co
South Z. Stoneware,

ing
South Z. Clay Manufacturing Co
MidlandePottery, CO... ..22-00.c00edeceescese
BAP eVs ON OMCEUS i210 0002s6 <sceseoneeenenses
L. S. Kildow
W. B. Lowry

Peete eee enw ene

Brick and Pay-

a eeeee

PORT eae Dewan reas see easeessseneees
Poem ee meee ese esses er see sessesasecs

Bisley GcoWAMECES ccs. cece ses ssccevevevsencs:
Crooksville Stoneware Co

sere eee sees aeees
Tree eee sees eases esse ssees

iy

Convay, Watt & Allen
Buckeye Stoneware CO... 2.r.cesc4 ee.
Small country shops in Roseville,
Potters Ridge, Saltillo, Crooksville,
McLuney and Hopewell districts ...

Totals

eee eee eee eee ee ee)

Location.

Sy
sere ee er eee eee
See e ee eceneecee
eee eee eres veces

oe eee coer esene
ey

ete e reer ero eee

sete eww eeeeceee

eee see ee reece «

Ceres esceeresie
eee e cece ees
eee ees en eee
See

scccccccne.
cee seeeone

ce

scceccccce

South Zanesville..

ce

oe ceesecee

“ce

White Cottage.....
iss oe .

Crooksville.........
“c °

eereeses

eee eerste eee e se aes passeeeos

Number of
kilns.

WWWNMNKCNNNH ROS

to Wr bo ©

DNDTONNNWNWHrrENbh

Number of
employes.

|

pacity in

Annual ca-
gallons.

2,500,000
2,000,000
1,200,000
1,200,000
700,000
700,000
700,000
700,000
700,000
Building
1,200,000
1,050,000
850,000

sec cot ese eeeesecce

a eecoescsccesessen

900,000
600,000
400,000
900,000
600,000

500,000
500,000
500,000
125,000
125,000
125,000
175,000
150,000
400,000
400,000
750,000
600,000
600,000
500,000

2,000,000

24,350,000

118 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

In addition to the tabulated data the total quality of ware actually
manufactured in 1891 was made the subject of inquiry and the results
collected indicate that the production of the state was very close to
13,500,000 gallons, with a value $540,000.00; of this quantity the Akron
district produced a little over 7,000,000 gallons, the Zanesville district
about 4,000,000 gallons, and outside shops 2,500,000.

‘The markets reached by Ohio stoneware are only limited by the con-
fines of the country. It is shipped to the Pacific coast, and north and
south. Some competition has been introduced in the western states, by
potteries being located there, but Ohio still manufactures far more ware
than any other state in the union.

(c.) YELLOW AND ROCKINGHAM WARES.

The technical distinction between stoneware and yellow ware lies
in the fact that yellow wares pass through a burning process to develop
the body of the clay, and a second firing to develop the glaze which is
put on after the first or biscuit burning. In this respect the yellow ware
process is exactly like the processes used in the higher grades of pottery,
while it resembles the manufacture of stoneware in being composed of
natural clays entirely.

The yellow ware is glazed with a clear glaze, composed largely of
lead oxide, which developes and adds luster to the natural buff color of
the clay.

The Rockingham wares are glazed with a similar glaze brown or
black by the addition of manganese; this is either applied solid or spat-
tered over the yellow glaze in blotches.

The clays tor yellow wares should be very plastic, smooth, potters
clays, free from impurities or fine specks, with enough iron to give a fair
color to the ware.

They need not be refractory, as the heat used in glazing is low, and
the intention is only to burn the clay to its best physical strength. Ina
general way, any good stoneware clay will make good yellow ware but
the converse of this assertion is not true.

CLAY WORKING INDUSTRIES. 119

Two analyses of yellow ware clays have been made as follows: :

1 2. 3
Silica, combined (by calculation).................ceeeee ind dys .| 28.41 29.93 32.33
IRI TEN ecacgoneacboood BoceacadoncoDadoaus soadebdnecuunadoadboncdadooudodd 24.12 25.12 26.60
(WEEE, COHAN OTT led AGgacgobadcudbeabog eusbsdesBdondda cobbonBosodcn Ueou 7.75 7.09
RSF cee aoa e cee sa asece senate cetericssasecaredccasececusdtnconeaedeesions 60.30 62.80 66.50
BRS 1 CaN ERECT ae oot cee cor ne somacce seauecene ance nes Saeeiucnacamuse ashes 31.89 29.61 24.11
“TR GaNTIS EVKG ae ear eda carder ar oeio te Soe aun arAad une SAG OR ase OENRABaE 2 Oia ae Oecteke [pee east eeen
SETTG hy SEs TUS) eerpton ede oReeeO aS Ea Hee cor cr ErorascBeBbancobcertncsadocge 33.09 29.61 24.11
OTM MORAG CL eects seems sees eae tesa eee Sessa oasis clea wieeasteitea 1.46 1.57 2.00
NG YER Cree ecene sane oe ses eec eran esos s cents seses see eeeeschneet ose inesscdnes Oo 57 47
IVE ENE S TA Sae srs ache Rrataern ceidaise ae Seah Neseaet oe eee eaGh owas 68 51 63
RO LAS TN eee ne snes sae suntan auhia saan tae yaaa gee ater omaate aneisesisneen 2.42 1.95 3.20
SSO tee eee ne anne as eae Aaca re mecneere cess eeec eitsioct eam esioure| sciace seccineisied|| ee slccieesismines 26
Hslietxcitl OM IITALLE Tense ven s Sees coe stecasecce cae rece dacecee ss termstine kt 5.15 4.61 6.56
NARA Le Tapers eee ene Seeger nase re Nica os aka lata : 86 2.63 2.48
CEranidisto taliehen oe ae eee eee ah eee cae peak tae 99.40 99.64 99.65
No. 1. Yellow ware clay from East Liverpool. E. Orton, Jr.
No. 2. Yellow ware clay from East Palestine. ie .
No. 3. Stoneware clay from Salineville. ie ss

The two yellow ware clays are seen to be surprisingly close in
chemical character. The analysis of the Salineville clay was appended
to illustrate that it was out of its place as a stoneware clay, and that it
was by composition and what is known of its physical properties admira-
bly fitted to the yellow ware business. Its easy fusibility as a stoneware
clay would hardly affect it at the lower range of temperatures used in
burning yellow wares, and would probably only suffice to make the body
of the ware compact and strong.

The average character of the two clays which are now in actual use is°

Slava baASere ccs: casserancs essen aceoceeslecescescieranin oss aeae ame sanesueatecnne 61.50
JAN yatMAatlLeT seca cnanscicsaa ce teeesostae tine tate we oes teh weet Teasdseecerusceueesedeer 31.35
ESM PUTAt esi mencortscssasvadetetesoesncnas or csteemaentalesyatcnace ts Sask seen cuesencnees 4.88
\YEIs 7 ecacerlondas tecbod dob a od ob code oo Sa nee acca UR ROSES URb ROH Aa cra ScnHAEY nc HARA SBER CREB SHAS 80

SU OLA ees sec areca tick Hs scos tee ede seat ne ce caec ce Sener ceas Vena te dvgmnan teat cise $9.53

having an oxygen ratio of:

Acid, 2.57 to base 1.
Alumina, 9 to flux 1.

which indicates that the clays selected for this purpose are intentionally
of a more fusible quality than stoneware clays, in order that the best
strength of the clay may be developed at the low heats used in burning
and glazing. Notwithstanding this, there are at least two establishments
engaged in making stoneware and yellow ware from the same clavs in the
same pottery.

120 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

Preparation of the Clay. More stress is laid on suitable weathering
than in the stoneware business. There is but little chemical change
involved, merely the physical changes due to exposure.

The mechanical treatment is by washing altogether; no other pro-
cesses are in use so far as is known. ‘The washing is in all respects the
same as for stoneware, except that the screens for sifting the pulp are of a
much finer mesh—sixty to one hundred mesh instead of forty.

The pottery processes are largely confined to jolly and mold work;
very little hand turning is done.

In burning small and delicate clay wares, it becomes necessary to find
-a way to separate the wares into small portions so that the weight of one
piece on another shall not deface or bend it. This is accomplished by
what is known as saggers. ‘They are variously shaped and sized boxes or
cases, made of refractory, open-grained clay ware, which will stand a high
heat and much handling. The ware is packed into these saggers which
are then set in the kiln until it is filled with these cases piled one on
another, the bottom of one forming the cover for the next. Between each,
a thin coating of clay is put so as to make the saggers airtight or nearly
so. ‘The expense of burning in saggers is largely in excess of the direct
burning in stoneware. ‘The cost of heating up the large mass of clayware
in the saggers on each burn is no slight item. ‘The expense of the labor
and material in making them is still more important. Ina good sized
pottery two or three men are generally kept busy all the time in making
saggers. In East Liverpool, there are two or more establishments who
do a large business in manufacturing nothing but saggers and other pot-
ters supplies.

The kilns used are the regulation muffle updraft kilns employed in
burning all kinds of pottery and described in connection with stoneware.

In some potteries, however, there are used double decked kilns, in
which white, or CC wares are burnt in the lower compartment and the
first or biscuit burning of yellow ware in the upper story. This is the
same device used by stoneware men to increase the profits, by burning
flower pots with the waste heat of the stoneware. This process is a great
saving of cost, but in the nature of the case is not as good for the uniform
quality of the ware, for where two kinds of ware are burnt in one kiln the
burning is bound to be adjusted for perfection of one grade, and the other
must take what heat it can get.

The temperature employed in burning yellow ware is low. Only one
opportunity was afforded to measure a kiln of yellow ware at its highest
heat. ‘The temperature in this case showed by the lunette 1,710 degrees
at the top peep-holes and 1,680 degrees at the bottom, or practically 1,700
degrees on the kiln. This is about 175 degrees cooler than a stoneware
kiln. The trials at this point were light buff and could be scratched with
a knife with difficulty.

CLAY WORKING INDUSTRIES. 121

The biscuit burning is intended to be hotter than the gloss burning,
in order to take out all shrinkage that the ware is to undergo before the
glaze sets on it.

The ware as it comes from the kiln or biscuit burn is cleaned with
brushes, inspected and sent to the glaze room. ‘The glazes used in this
pottery are the simplest kind; they are composed of lead (litharge) flint
(silica) spar (felspar), paris white and a small amount of white clay.
The ingredients are not fused together and then re-ground as is done in
manufacturing fine white ware glazes, but are merely ground ina glaze
mill with water till the slip feels perfectly smooth to the fingers. This
glaze is used just as the stoneware glazes are used. ‘The porous biscuit
ware absorbs the water and leaves the fluxes in a thin, uniform layer on
the surface.

The ware is taken from the glaze room to the packing room for the
gloss burning and is there put into saggers again, but each piece is kept
carefully from any other by stilts, piers and other devices; these are made
of a very refractory pure clay, and though the glaze melts fast to them
wherever it touches the ware, the difference in the nature of the clay is
such that it is easily broken loose with but slight marks on the piece of
ware, é

About one-third as much ware can be put into a kiln for the gloss
burn as can be put into the same kiln fora biscuit burn. The burning
processes are short in duration as vitrification is not desired.

The list of articles manufactured from yellow wares has been gradu-
ally narrowing down for some years past. The main articles now made
are bowls, nappies, pie plates, pitchers, tea pots and chambers. ‘Trade is
as good as ever but the list of articles has been cut here and there.
There used to be a good trade in spittoons which has almost completely
gone to the earthenware industry and to metallic and rubber goods.

The following list comprises the yellow ware manufacturers of the
Stater7

Manufacturers. Location. Kilns.

pie © CP ompsonCOcine vuscseeiecce enone ene tees Hast WAverpoolen. Ueceacs 8
pblici Globel Pottery CO: ena. tactics Wo -eeesaonmacen: Prien ca gy set am Sale ta 5
olin WaCroxall S21 SOnsi).s..-sscsse ds conten dees Si OR Nate Cee re 4
“hess MeNicol Pottery Com. ..c4s-4-2conn a be Ua ate eel seers ers a 3
WeDevitl 62 MOOT... oc. cccnces0s: dovwgnaat cue capistes Se MOAN upturn aa 2
PCCW Pe DAG SOL sccasad adeno anny cuancenshestssates ses CONSE CORTON ONS Sela a 2
olin PattersOnyee SOms. ese. susececes eset saeaeoetes Wrelisvillenis en. ees: 2
Wihttarore LWobinsonm G21 COnpesescks soe cen nee Aer Ole vos atanaa tenements 2
ipbatestine Pottery, COs, csccccerssccnesessgecscnsssece: Palestine va snesvscesee: 3
EES EL ACNE Osco citeeal visi oaa wenehiowse oo uetidee aeueees. Cincinnati ence. 2

PB OEA se ssattesccocereeh ey aaccesce sy ete ce ete swans cnc sande test ne ca Mac uaRy aus ou souc 33

122 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

(ad. e. 7. —C. C. WARES, WHITE, GRANITE AND CHINA.

The three kinds of wares included in this list, which constitute the
different varieties of white pottery, are all closely allied and are all of
them so little connected with the mineral resources of the state that it
has been considered best to treat them together.

The materials from which white pottery is made comprise a good
many other articles than clays.

Clays however constitute the base of the mixture and as may be
eypected only the purest and whitest varieties can be used.

In earthen, stone and yellow wares we have seen how the careful
attention of the potter must be directed to the clays which constitute his
body material.

We have seen that these clays contain a clay base mixed with silica
and fluxes in varying proportions, and that the potter is compelled t>
search among the mineral deposits for these clays in which the proportion
of sand and flux are naturally united to secure the ends which he has in
view.

In making the body mixture for white pottery, the process is reversed.
The potter’s skill is now directed to compounding a body from its
elements, which, when ultimately finished, shall possess all of the qualities
which an exacting market demands.

The clays for his purposes are limited to those of a pure nature.
Every tinge of iron or impurity which goes into his wares is to be cor-
rected only by the use of expensive chemicals.

‘The china clays or kaolins of commerce come from very many sources.
Every state which carries the Appalachian mountain range across it, con-
tributes more or less to the supply of pure kaolin and Kentucky, Indiana,
Texas and other localities are producing more or less of this mineral.
The best or at least the most expensive clays are imported from abroad,
Large quantities come annually from England, Germany and other coun-
tries.

Ohio, has so far failed to produce or indicate the presence of one
pound of pure white clay. The geological formationof our state contains
only sedimentary formations. No granite or feldspathic rocks occur on
the surface any where in the state and we naturally therefore expect to
find only such clays as are formed elsewhere and are brought here mingled
with the detritus of many other rocks.

The clays brought into the state for pottery purposes are many of
them devoid of much plasticity and the potters findthe need of a tough,
waxy, thoroughly plastic clay. To fill this want, the ball clays are used,
some from this country but the majority brought over from England.

To counteract the excessive shrinkage of these pure clays the potter
uses what he calls “flint.” It is practically pure silica, being made out of
the finest white sand, groundto an impalpable powder. But silica, in

CLAY WORKING INDUSTRIES. Ph A283

connection with the pure clays, would make so refractory a mixture that it
would be impossible to vitrify or make solid by heat; therefore it is neces-
saryto add felspar, which takes the place of the impurities of the stoneware
clays. This felspar is ground to a powder like the flint.

The mixture of these ingredients then is the body of white pottery;
kaolins for the body, ball clays for plasticity, silica to counteract
shrinkage and felspar to make the mixture fusible. The proportions of
these ingredients each potter keeps to. himself. Each one has his own
recipes, which he has worked over for years perhaps, and which he knows
and understands fully. These recipes are his secret, his stock in trade and
recipes for body and glaze are to potters a merchantable article.

The variations in this body which are made to produce the three
grades of wares, CC, White, Granite and China, are not important in
theory, they are mostly changes in the quality of the ingredients. CC,
was a term originally for ‘common clay” wares and means a low grade of
white pottery. The ingredients are the same kinds as those used in the
best grades, but the off color varieties and cheapest goods are used alto-
gether, and the slight cast of color, due to iron, which will creep into
white ware bodies is not counteracted by the necessary chemicals, but
instead, a glaze is used which hides the color of the body from view and
makes the surface appear nearly as well as if the body were of a good
color.

In white granite, the best materials of each class are bought; the
color of the body due to iron, is corrected by adding a minute quantity
of cobalt oxide, the yellow of the iron is thus neutralized by the blue of
the cobalt, and a green color is produced. When the ware is seen in
bulk the green is easily detected, but in a single article it is much less
apparent than either the yellow or blue cast would be.

The aim in white granite is to produce strong white pottery, able to
resist a sharp blow, and able to bear scrutiny as to its tint. It is not
supposed to be thoroughly vitrified or to have any approach to translu-
cency.

In china the aim is to produce a body which shall become more
thoroughly vitrified or fused in its nature and which shows a power to
transmit light like an opaque glass.

This can only be attained by giving it such a composition that it can
be vitrified at the ordinary heats employed by the potter. ‘This increased
fusibility is of course brought about by the increased use of fluxes.
China which is fluxed by felspar is called technically spar china. It
shows a yellowish color to transmitted light. China in which a part of
this spar is replaced by calcined bones or phosphate of lime, is called
bone china; it shows a bluish white color to transmitted light and a
much more delicate beauty under all conditions.

China bears the same relation to white granite, that stoneware bears
to earthenware; its burning is accomplished only by use of all the care,

124 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

watchfulness and skill which accompany the production of any clay ware
that owes its value to its vitrification.

The method of preparation of the body for these various kinds of
ware is substantially alike. The ingredients are collected in a charging
car or box, each one being carefully weighed. ‘They are shoved into the
blunger and united in the most intimate mixture by the formation of a
fluid slip. ‘The screens employed are brass or silk gauze from 100 te 160
mesh to the inch. The strained slip is run through a magnet box in
some potteries to try to separate out any magnetic particles of iron from
the machinery or clays.

The pressing and pugging offer no peculiarities.

The pottery processes are also much the same as described before,
except that as the wares grow more costly, the value of the machinery
and appliances increases in like proportion.

The use of every mechanical contrivance which can assist them is
freely adopted by potters of this grade.

The burning is accomplished in just the same way as in yellow ware,
except that the saggers are made of better material and are glazed inside
to prevent the ware from becoming soiled by any effloresence from the
sides of the saggers.

The heats required vary of course with the kind of body com-
pounded. ‘The best practice in making the white granite body is to
make a rather refractory body which requires a high heat to bring it to
its proper degree of combination. When such a body is given the proper
heat, it is stronger and tougher than one which matures at a lower tem-
perature, and consequently the weight of clay used for each piece may
be decreased a little, and the ware becomes lighter and more delicate
without loss of strength.

The heats employed in burning white granite and CC ware were
tested in one factory of each kind with the following results:

| is Bottom of a
\hep of kiln. aL Average.
| |
|
(OG ER Skoodccttncwostocanned aosocu beaded Bas suDbopasceende | 1,930 1,950 1,940
\ilatives eae WenltS. SS cagoscdcodancsanspaconddboobenuasdosocag 2,160 2,010 2,085

But there is no probability that these temperatures stand for these
respective classes, as the body is bound to vary in its chemical qualities
according to the composition which the potters give it and in this they
are regulated each by his own preference. The limits of variation in
which a good body may be produced are rather large.

The glazes used in the white ware potteries are much more complex
than the yellow ware glazes. The nicest problem the potter has to
handle, is the adjustment of his glaze to his body. ‘The defects of the

CLAY WORKING INDUSTRIES. 125

glaze are made manifest in many ways; it may “craze” or even “shiver.”
The first term is applied to the formation of fine cracks all through the
glaze which destroys its beauty and makes it permeable to liquids. This
occurs when the composition of the body and the glaze are not suited to
each other, and they contract at different rates on cooling. If the lack
of adjustment is great, the glaze will craze at once; if the difference is
slight the crazing may begin months after the ware has been sold. If the
difference is excessive, and the glaze is a thick heavy one and the ware is
rather weak or porous in structure the contraction of the glaze is some-
times powerful enough to crush the piece, or chip pieces out of the sur-
face of the ware. This is called “shivering”.

Glazes may also devitrify, or become opaque or stony in nature
instead of clear and glossy. :

The adjustment of a glaze to a body would not be beyond the range
of even ignorant experimenting, if the body and glaze could be kept
always the same, but the composition of these elements is bound to con-
stantly vary; the purest kaolins vary just as poor clays do; and,above all,
the composition of the felspar, which is depended on to unite the
elements of the pottery into a fused or vitrified material, is subject to
considerable fluctuation.

Consequently, the same body and glaze will work well or ill, even if
mixed with never failing accuracy in the compounding room, on account
of irregularities of the materials.

It seems that the composition of these bodies could be regulated
with the most valuable results by the use of chemistry in the pottery.
It would be useful in keeping track of variations of the strength of
supplies and still more so, in keeping the body of one uniform composi-
tion.

As before suggested, it is not a chemist that is wanted as such but
itis a manager whocan understand and use the work of a chemist.
The compounding and manufacturing of white pottery is a chemical
industry; it deals with chemical material and is governed by chemical
laws, and yet the business has been groping along in the dark for decade
after decade using the most expensive ‘‘cut and try” methods for the
accomplishment of every improvement.

White ware glazes are usually what is called “fret” glazes. The
constitutents have been weighed out, mixed and melted in a sagger into
a fluid, which solidifies into a solid cake when cool.

The sagger is then broken off from the cake of glaze which is
broken up and ground with the addition of a certain amount of other
materials.

The grinding of the fret is done in mills lined with French buhr
stone, an intensely hard silicious rock. The reduction to the neces-
sary fineness is a slow operation.

126 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

The value of the fret glaze over one in which the ingredients are
merely mixed into a slip is very marked. The essential part of the glaze
is already a chemical compound. It is impossible for its components to
segregate out or to produce soft and hard spots on the glaze, if it has-been
united once, all gases expelled and all chemical changes effected. When
applied on the ware and brought up to the melting point it quickly fuses
again, while the freshly compounded glaze has to make a chemical
combination out of a mechanical mixture in the same time.

Glazes are colored to produce effects in the wares, by the use of
metallic oxides. Very little white ware is decorated in colors, under or
with the glaze. This class of work is mostly confined to ornamental pot-
tery.

In burning the ware in the gloss kiln there is the danger of leaky
joints between the saggers or cracks by which the sulphurous gases from
the fire will get among the ware.

Any metallic oxides like lead or manganese are readily affected—the
results generally show a bluish white film or scum in the ware.

An instance was observed of a piece of ware thus affected which
could be wiped bright by a piece of cloth, but after a few moments exposure
to the air the film would reappear. This phenomenon was probably due
to the presence of an inconceivably fine film of metallic lead, reduced to
this condition from the lead oxide of the glaze by contact with reducing
gases in the kiln. This film.on being polished showed the bright metal-
lic surface of the lead, but it speedily became clouded again by the
oxydising action of the air.

The decoration of the ware after it is finished is a separate branch
of the business. ‘The colors used are enamel paints or readily fusible
glazes colored with metallic oxides and used as paints. The ornamenta-
tion is chiefly by ‘“‘transfers” papers or “‘prints”, though some finer ware
is decorated by hand painting.

The development of the white ware business in Ohio sprung from
the manufacture of yellow wares at East Liverpool, and the constant
improvement of these wares, by bringing on the better materials from
other states. The industry is most flourishing. The following table
shows the number and location of the manufactures.

TABLE IV.
CC WARE POTTERIES

seen CA Ce hompsoOmsCOlmsesenseets anssetoene sees East Liverpool............. 8 kilns
‘Rhee McNicol Pottery; Compress ceecessescos read Smee ren asice | Asai
CORBET EATS BIRO Horpogssosacyaes00 6oqccossadauDadgacuneeen SA Ww Sook is) sgeaeeeaeeee Dn as

GOOG WAMMIBOS. snc. ste esn nc cock sonecsineeeesuceces sess es | Peas Ao iciosabocsdon Sua dass
Carty elite Scr Greene cececesceseetecss eeescs reece PelOiredovatlety ye eh e5da58 35055 Pies:
GaGRES QOH SS SOMES sossasdedacccdat ose pisbegieacincsee J CrrnSreaME NE O)soscsosssasdece | assiges osc saeenses

Brockman Pottery COs isctencsccore tee ecesu sence este eh he ae DER eee Peep eo es eeeeeee

BIN Cell ett ecicee cone es Ree eat oe eaer eae ee Totalkalis sees | 27 kilns

CLAY WORKING INDUSTRIES. 127

WHITE GRANITE POTTERIES.

uw

BS

n 4

a “4

Z| 2

0 a

Sf 8

— A
The Knowles, Taylor & Knowles Co............ Bast Wiverpoolies....osess. 17 12
sRhevPotter's Co-operative COnssssessescssereseeee a P iqdashaeanissatins 8 4
Wiineeb runt Som) Sel COsn coceccsscec sce seaceeanenan nace fe Soi Dye ea ee Na 7 4
WO ERY SA BLOC iercce ssc nteccaccrecscccesth on eeeces sloSe a sists aR eve eiane a ite 4 2
Walla cerGex Che tynyitGieies-sseccnceceeacnernereec= ssc ss phe bauecscan ce dantee 4 4
pebres Harken bOUre ry, CO’ ve cassecenesecsesssecneseorsss a See a Niece cenacecee 6 4
SRHeRE ASE PAVErpOOl CO.20 2.2.5 sovesescsrssconseccee: 2 Sens cdc soapadhone 4 2
phen Sebring Ottery: COs .scse.c cee daccdsccteces ene: is piben skater wae cemhares 3 2
RETLOLO UB LOS eck cace ce eocses cask cet soesion etwas se voces eats eee ah Paw as ater 4 2
Homer Laughlin.......... pe ddscsatied sels wcmsasaastonwees Sen Uden teseaincains 4 2
her StandardePottenyeCOnsercce ssc secees ese seen eee i hts Meus ae menesrne 4 2
eAWilleyecce SONS he etee eos es ccen ss wyeseceeee cance “ DUET. Rt etseeae ®), lodcooea at
roti ERORd BAC Orr iccenscec st oscesnctestins<cserseeveote se u Ait Reus env Re Dial Rae eee ae
AASB ATM ae placirce sk aaese se soa. ecleles canine See ececs ek Wrelliswalllem ten sesecn eee ree £83 Fl Gea ae
Bie Piouecr Pottery, Works Co... ..cc.scscsce0-ss etipag Oe Nc cai, ceneumuce ana AN Ws eareae
astipalestinesPottery CO... sc.t.c0seccecestesessec HastiRalestimeiseesaeeas OM Ree easees
PROLONLGEEOttehy, CO. citesse.cecoecscevssesteccsedesess MOrOntOvesescnseees cee. ee Clea leet
seHiperiville Pottery COn s-.20-c--ccc2sce ssaeeo donee Steubenville tas-ccvee eee 7 4
ROWE CO cect a see ss Mecca decowce cos seen tascentaeeswdeos iltonwille: ce ccossssscsdost Boles ier
kt One OUCEHSWATEN COstiscecsscscccesssuescecsceosees IANS O Mes ane Salata sete ee sileoeice 3 2
RSPB EOSe eee tossccosiccscadedsccsscdcrsceaccetucss occas Eiri dary. ccs sessecesceesssoce: (i ilsantadods
BLEW CrePOULei ya C Os siecen cxcciede scewceeeseeaaeoneec tes PL THe scet acssenaecenecsia 8 4
BEOCKIIAU SE OLteh ys CO esie.tvencsceties enc ceseaee acs Cincinnati ecco eens Oy Neaateetssiet
BOLLS SCOLEI CE SONS hese covacsatsecdeccccesctvcceusss SOL Cl such caensbanatcne tes 6 m2
PAS fits: HAVAN CIN “USEs. 2... sates eco ato. Laer eo aroriee: 127 52

CHINA POTTERIES.

Renowles* Vaylor So KnOWIES. n..cencse<tee-niese saontaleeceee Hast, Wiverpools:..:...s-s+ 6
Burgess & Co. Bone china......... ot por once tea Srcuaboceocy OMe PAD MAME e en emsncetee 2
PUTA Ses cetetsc ase sagas stise= act iec as cet esate soe austell asteee enaastssieses cnticccuee se osees 8

POTTERS SUPPLY COMPANIES.

Knowlesselavlonisc Anderson Comey uss asst sncntescercstess East Liverpool.
IDE OY (Clays b0(0k eon hor EceecUEc aacisice re DDeOB ELT SecHOBE Sy CREeCACUROROEEE: :
IMO TBELOL GOS COSA, tease cet vectscne tence set tease steadas seevesae sconces if
BILE OSS BA CO a a nrsccna seteccdeseensee ce setiar ness endeciseueeatneasee “
AGHET ENON SACO Mess ae seeker sont en TORE Tyne oe Oe eR ns
EGE MINIT SCE SC Oes adse nena etdencdstedicaaseters tase suans 4
Whe Colding: &1 Sous! COs sot ss esac. side sone se ecce vee suetedens ss
Dp PEE LER Se ee ae aaa neces de eerste ene naesut cond eliiactsede ita emela eloreins dels a dees

Pottery machine shops—making a speciality of the machinery used
in potteries.

128 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

Mi PattersO tts ioccefiiss achiae sn icceaow «cos toasted aah maeteeeee eee East Liverpool.
PAL IBOVICER ue), iaezls tutes UMN rt stdin sags en Sota arse uae ts sie eee eR es i

Ae sBomso ti Coase eere cde aM ere cra ee ie tea na oe a Canton.
Gritty Re Wedigeireis sce ces ceases ctise nace ene tebatenmenenn emcee eaeees Zanesville, O.

The growth of the industry has been enormous in the last ten years.

The position of Ohio as a pottery producing state cannot be given
from official data. An intelligent estimate made in East Liverpool
places the White Pottery production of the country about as follows:

ONTO ws ee cline Bes Shes Ue bance ctage Se eulcie nay Nese aide cee aie ubsewre maton eta 50 per cent.
INGA (ScEn aaieedanacis waneee tar aate secs or oadesauiaadancssenacaraaurcsdsadauno Son wes
SCALLSHIM Gy es acon ssctione st decee th anen thy dar cashestnes ce ocheAseceeeee eben. Lr

PRO GaN Se seco wacre sed deemccuactocmeee neta odessa cabave qaseateee eee sic eee 100

So that, according to this estimate Ohio and New Jersey have
changed places in the last ten years.

East Liverpool is now the largest pottery producing center of the
United States and aside from Staffordshire, England, ranks among the
first of the world.

(g.) ORNAMENTAL POTTERY.

There is only one pottery in Ohio devoted entirely to the production
of ornamental wares; that is the now famous Rookwood Pottery of Cin-
cinnati. The wares of this institution have met with constantly
increasing favor in the last few years and the business which was
organized and begun at a heavy expense and rewarded its patrons with
a loss at each annual meeting, has at last been put on a paying financial
basis and isexpanding. ‘The struggles of this infant industry to obtain a
foothold make an interesting story. Its success now safely attained is all
the more flattering.

The character of the wares of this pottery are unlike any other.
They have earned a name and place by themselves, in the records of
ornamental pottery.

The body clays used in the production are largely from Ohio and
adjoining territory. The only object aimed at in this stage is the pro-
duction of a good, strong body. Its color, for a large part of their wares
at least, is immaterial. The preparation of the body material offers no
new or unusual points.

The decoration is of the highest order; competent and trained artists
being employed at liberal rates of compensation.

The characteristic of the work is that it is almost all underglaze
decoration. The figures are painted in enamel paints on the bisque ware
and the glaze is put on over all. The problems which arises are of the
most complex nature—the expansion and contraction of the glaze must be
not only suited to the body, but the effect of these patches of enamel

CLAY WORKING INDTUSRIES. 129

paints must be seen and provided for and as all kinds of composition are
required in the colors, the adjustment of any possible glaze to all of the
various conditions it is required to meet seems well nigh impossible.

The underglaze decoration while it is more difficult to perfect than
any other is the most valuable of any.

The work of the artist is indestructible to anything except the force
which shatters the work as a whole. The decorations of the white ware
potter are sometimes beautiful and well executed, but the work is
external to the ware and not an integral part of it and use will gradually
destroy its beauty.

The success of this institution has caused several attempts to be
made to start others, all of which are unsuccessful so far.

Much artistic skill in parallel work is being expended in the pro-
duction of flooring and encaustic tile by the different tile companies of the
state, but this will be touched on in a later part of the work.

Il. THE MANUFACTURE OF PAVING MATERIAL,

The manufacture of Clay Paving Material is a new industry in this
state and country and in the scale and manner in which the business is
conducted, itis a new one to the world as well. Bricks have in the past
been used to pave streets in a small way and in isolated cases for a long
time, but the growth of the modern traffic in vitrified, imperishable
materials designed and guaranteed to bear the severest traffic tor terms of
years is a new and valuable industry.

The enormous bulk which the industry has attained in the last five
years is wonderful and the mental activity which has enabled a people
to so quickly grasp the main principles and with so few blunders carry
a new industry forward to a permanent success, is only another instance
of the energy and intelligence of the nation and the state.

The manufacture of paving materials has been made the subject of
special inquiry in collecting the materials for this report, and while the
results have rewarded the effort, it is a matter of regret that the experi-
mental and chemical work which was undertaken was necessarily so
much limited.

The Clays. ‘The choice of materials for the manufacture of vitri-
fied clay ware has been the subject of much discussion among the public
and some research by interested parties.

The production of vitrified clay wares has not been confined to
paving brick or rather the ability to so rapidly and successfully produce
vitrified paving brick, has come from the long experience gained in the
manufacture of vitrified sewer pipes, by which the processes of prepara-
tion of the clays, the kilns and much general information on the subject
of clay working has been a heritage of unlimited value.

The use of vitrified wares has been steadily on the increase and is
not confined to sewer pipes and paving material; building materials in

9 GO;

130 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

the shape of foundation blocks, roofing tiles, and even bricks for ordinary
construction are either required to be vitrified or become specially valu-
able by possession of this quality.

In making a scientific study of the chemical qualities of clays for
producing vitrified materials, it is found that there is nothing about the
character of the clays of any one branch like paving bricks or sewer
pipe to distinguish them from the clays used for vitrified wares in gen-
eral, and it is therefore necessary to consider under one general head all
_ the clays used in producing material of this kind.

Before making use of the word “vitrified” any further, it is proper
to carefully define what is meant in this technical use of the term.

In its general acceptation, vitreous means glassy; a vitreous fract-
ure means a glassy fracture and nothing else.

But in discussing the burning of clay wares, the word vitrified has
come to mean rather that the material has entered into the preliminary
stages of fusion, and that its chemical ingredients have begun, if not
thoroughly completed, the process of chemical union by heat, rather than
that the fracture of the material under question is a glassy one. The ©
appearance of the ware cannot be made the test of this condition. A
glassy fracture is rather the exception than the rule in vitrified wares.
Many wares are vitrified in this special meaning of the term, which are
strong in fracture.

The test of vitrification is the ability of the material to absorb
water. Glass, as the type of a vitrified body, willabsorb none. Clay wares
absorb water freely even after the shrinkage which comes with the
expulsion of the combined water has taken place. But when the chem-
ical union of the clay ingredients begins, the appetite for water begins
to cease, and in many clays will absolutely cease as the vitrification
becomes perfect. In other wares, more sandy and coarse grained in
nature, it is impossible to bring about such chemical union by heat as to
destroy the power of the material to still absorb water.

Therefore in the special sense in which this word is used, a piece of
clay ware which still absorbs water freely after exposure of a high heat,
is not vztrified. It is as much vitrified as it will ever become by the use
of heat, but it does not contain those elements which make a fusible com-
pound.

It therefore becomes necessary to set a standard of absorption
which must not be exceeded if the ware is to be called vitrified. What
this amount must be will be carefully considered under the head of Tests
for Paving Material.

The physical appearance which enables us to conclude in a general
way as to the right of a ware to the name vitrified is mainly its smooth
conchoidal fracture, and the absence to the eye of pores in the substance.
There may be cracks, and fissures, and holes, for which the machine or
process of manufacture is responsible, but the mass must not be porous.
As to the fracture, the breaks or surfaces exposed follow no regular

CLAY WORKING INDUSTRIES. 131

cleavage lines, but pursue their way in plane surfaces of larger or smaller
area, without any regular arrangement. It is impossible to convey ade-
- quately by words the peculiarity of fracture which comes from vitrifica-
tion. But it is something which the natural sense of any one very
readily teaches him to detect by observation.

The qualities which a clay must have in order to be profitably made
into vitrified ware are:

ist. A combination of refractoriness and fusibility ; there must be
refractoriness to enable the ware to stand up and keep its shape unaltered
during the process of vitrification. In most clays this process begins
somewhere in the neighborhood of a good red heat, and increases in
perfection as the heat is increased until the clay melts or until the iron
changes its condition and the clay puffs and cinders without undergoing
fusion.

In other words, in order to produce vitrified wares at a profit, there
must be a margin of heat-resisting power which shall enable the burner
to conclude his operations with confidence as to the degree of non-absorb-
tion he has produced without too great fear of having destroyed the shape
and condition of the articles under heat.

Thus in the nature of the case, the burning of clay ware to a vitrified
condition is an operation of risk; the two qualities, refractoriness and
fusibility are, as it were, in contention in the clay. If the heat is not
high enough or maintained long enough, the vitrification will be imper-
fect. If it be too high or long continued, the ware will begin to sink out
of shape. It will therefore be readily seen that the clay which is valuable
to the makers of vitrified ware is one which matures slowly under the
action of heat; one which will begin to vitrify and continue to progress
in that condition at a temperature considerably below the point where
softening and loss of shape begins.

2d. Assuming that this proper balance peewecn refractoriness and
fusibility is present, the next quality of value is the possession of suf-
ficient plasticity to make the working easy and perfect. Many clays fail
in thisrespect. They may have been plastic once, but they have in a large
measure lost this quality, and the use of expensive mechanical work is
“necessary to bring back enough of the quality to make the working of
the clay profitable or the results merchantable. Too great plasticity is as
much of a drawback as too little, however, for the passage of a plastic
material through a die or constricted area is, in the nature of the case,
sure to produce a certain rearrangement of the structure of the material,
and this structure in the manufacture of clay ware is in every case a
detriment to the strength and solidity of the ware.

Here again is a condition of balance between opposing influences.
This condition is, however, one in which the mechanical faults are con-
cerned rather than the chemical, and this subject is therefore less import-
ant in view of the fact that it is possible to greatly influence the mechanical
structure of the clay by varying the treatment to which it is subjected.

132 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

As a rule, the conditions which afford the easiest success and the
least trouble from this cause are when two or more clays can be economi-
cally mixed, one of which shall give to the mass a plasticity and obedience
to the influence of pressure which will allow it to be worked without
great expenditure of mechanical energy and with satisfactory smoothness
of surface and finish, while the other ingredient shall, by its rough, gritty
and granular nature, prevent the too free and rapid motion of the parti-
cles on each other, and the ensuing faults of structure. It is rarely that
a clay or shale is found which in itself unites these fire qualities and
plasticity, while the number which can be made satisfactory by judicious
mixing is very large.

3d. In addition to these all-important qualities, the amount and -
character of the iron is worthy of mention. On the state and quantity of
the iron depend two things (a) the color of the ware, (b) the smoothness
of the surface.

If the iron be too low in quantity it is impossible to obtain a good
red brown or dark colored ware, and it is the general demand of the
makers and ihe buyers of vitrified goods that they shall be dark in color.
Many people will wrongly reject an article on the ground of its light ap-
pearance or light colored fracture, while at the same time it may be
vitrified past the point of its best qualities.

Also, if the iron be present as ‘grains of iron ore or sulphide, it not
only does no good to the general color of the ware but it does great harm
by the formation of blotches of silicate of iron which destroy the surface
smoothness and damage its color and appearance. ‘This holds good more
of sewer pipe than it does of paving brick, because smoothness of surface
is a really valuable quality in securing the flow of thick and sluggish
fluids like sewage.

These three qualifications are the important ones to consider in the
selection of a clay for use in making vitrified wares. The conclusions as
to these questions may be, perhaps, indicated by analysis, but must come
to actual trial to form a proper basis for confidence.

The clays which are actually found in use in the state for these pur- ~
poses may be divided into three classes:

Ist. Shales, Carboniferous and others; 2d. Impure fire clays;
3d. River clays, or sedimentary deposits of recent geological date along
the valleys of the large rivers.

The drift clays, brought here by glacial agencies, do not figure as
available material, for it is only in small patches and isolated cases that
these clays are used at all. They are, as a rule, too readily fusible, or
they fuse too quickly when they begin to fuse, and in addition they are SO
contaminated with lime in small pellets that they are likely to ruin the
wares in which they are used.

The following analyses have been made in the Laboratory of the
Survey, and collected from other sources, which illustrate the character
of shales and clays used for vitrified ware:

133

CLAY WORKING INDUSTRIES.

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134 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

No.1. Shale used by Bucyrus Brick & Terra Cotta Company, mined at Glouster,
Ohio, on horizon of Cambridge Limestone. Lord, Chemist. Average sample.
No. 2. Same shale with addition of one-fourth leached drift clay, added to in-
crease plasticity; same place. Lord, Chemist. Average sample.
No. 8. Shale from Royal Brick Company, Canton, Ohio, from the horizon of the
Putnam Hill Limestone; Average sample. Lord, Chemist.
No. 4. Shale from Waynesburgh Brick & Clay Manufacturing Company, from
the Middle Kittanning horizon. Lord.
No. 5. Shale from the Ohio Paving Company, Columbus, Ohio, mined at Dar-
-lington, Ohio, on Lower Kittanning horizon. Average sample. Lord, Chemist.
No. 6. Shale and fire clay mixture, from the A. O. Jones Company, Zanesville,
from the Kittanning horizon. Lord, Chemist.
No. 7. Shales and fire clays mixed from the T. B. Townsend Brick Company,
Zanesville. Freeport shales and Kittanning. Fire clays. Lord, Chemist.
No.8. Shales from Columbus Sewer Pipe Company, from Huron shale horizon.
Average sample. Macpherson, Chemist.
No. 9. Bedford shale northern Ohio; Chemist not given.
No. 10. Same shales different sample and another chemist; name not given.
No. 11. Shales from Royal Brick Works, Canton, Putnam Hill horizon. Kind
of sample not stated. Rattle & Nye, Chemists.
No. 12. Same shales at another opening, kind of sample not stated. O. Wuth,
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Chennist.
No. 18. Shales fron: Holloway Paving Brick Company. North Industry; from
L. Mercer horizon. Kind of sample not stated. Stein & Schwartz, Philadelphia,
Chemists.
No. 14. Average of first ten analyses.

The three last anlyses in the table are by reputable chemists and com-
mand respect on that account, but the extraordinary character of the re-
sults, show that the samples are not indicative of the average composi-
tion of the shales, and the results are excluded from the averages on that
account.

The analyses of the Bedford shales are given as being of interest and
pertinent to the subject, though, as far as is known, they have never been
used tor paving or sewer pipe purposes.

This table of results shows a most unexpected regularity in the char-
acter of the shale clays from the various horizons of the state, and by in-_
ference we form a new opinion of the probable character of the other
great shale formations now practically untouched.

These clays show an average composition of
84.78 clay and sand,
3.22 fluxes,

98 00
with a variation in ten samples of only 4.1 per cent. in clay and sand, and
6.04 per cent. in fluxing ingredients.

An examination of the oxygen ratio of the average clay shows

Acid, 2.19: base 1.

Alumina, 2.72: fluxes 1.
or nearly a bisilicate with over a quarter of its oxygen derived from
fluxes. This composition indicates a very ready fusibility, which is what
the facts bring forth.

CLAY WORKING INDUSTRIES. 136

None of these shales require a high heat to vitrify them ; many of
them will cinder hopelessly. if they get a high heat for a short time only.
They all of them owe their fusibility partly to the large amounts of earths
and alkalies present. It is probable that the iron retards rather than
assists in bringing about the fusing action. as it is observable that vitrifi-
cation begins in all these clays while the iron is still in the sesquioxide
form as evidenced by the handsome color, and that long exposure at a
comparatively low heat will toa large extent perfect the vitrification ; but
as the heat is raised the color darkens until the iron finally breaks up the
combination which has existed, by its conversion to the lower oxide.

Thus while we have in this table the records of a set of very easily
fusible clays, we also have, as is determined by the experience of those
using them, that peculiar quality or balance between refractoriness and
fusibility which allows the vitrification to be made practically complete
without going over the danger line of temperature.

The shales constitute a new and valuable addition to the mineral
wealth of the state, especially valuable in the production of vitrified
wares, but the importance ot the fire clays of the state which have for
years constituted almost the entire source of material for vitrified wares
must not be overlooked.

The table of analyses here appended shows the composition of a few
of the fire clays in use in the state:

GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

136

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CLAY WORKING INDUSTRIES. 137

1. N.U. Walkers, sewev pipe clay, Columbiana county.................s2e006 Lord.
2. Freeman’s sewer pipe clay, Jeffersom COUntY................esceseneoereenees Lord.
3. Island Siding Clay fefferson county, fit for sewer pipe..............66 Lord.
a < Serants Clehy, Euaondalere Cith eet al (Sasso scsh oacingcososasoadecousondantoocobeoaduesasoeacaRndenr Lord.
5. E. Palestine paving brick clay, Upper Fresport horizon................. Lord.
6. Massillon Fire Brick & Stone Co., mixture of fire clay with shale

and surface clays used for paving brickS...............:eccecsseeeeeees Lord.
fee eLOLONto:sewer pipe clay. tOpecierccd.c.csscoencas ests ans: Chemist not known.
8. = < “ Sri. DOLEOME eer caae doce scoters ‘ Ui s
YereAverave topsand boOtrOmls MOLrOmtOssecsssccess eee ce oars - y ey

LOS -Pinpire Sewer pipe Clay. asosicssse-scecs qoss-5 esse case sauce
ee Etottsvallle sewer pipe clayaercsss cece stesnaat asses

12 “ce ‘ “cc is 66 66 66
3a CroxtonsRun sewer piper Clayascet cesses ecasseececeneecets s a
EO Near Walker siSe Wer plpecClaye.rs-sacssosess sestescassaecasstanUscssbesassese sec Reed.

These analyses were for the most part collected from the previous
report on clays and from other sources. Only two analyses, Nos. 5 and
6, were made for the present investigation, and from samples which are
valuable or important.

The series of analyses from the seventh onward were made from the
excellent sewer pipe clays which are worked along the Ohio valley from
Toronto northwards, but they lose force from our ignorance as to how
samples were taken and to whom the work is to be attributed. It is likely
that the analyses indicate clays of greater purity than the results would
show if the analyses could have been made from good samples of the
finely ground material. However, the results as they are, are interesting
and show far better than mere description the general character of the
vitrifying fire clays.

The average of these analyses shows a clay composed of

93.41 per cent. clay and sandy matters
with 5.65 per cent. of iron and fluxes.

99.06
This shows on being calculated an oxygen ratio of

2.40 acid to 1 base, and

7.7 alumina to 1 flux.
which shows a clay more fusible than the stone ware clays and yellow
ware clays, but far less fusible than the shales.

These indications are borne out by the facts, as the clays of the Ohio
River Valley, while they vitrify fairly well in the shape of sewer pipe
where the thickest section of the ware is not to exceed 2 inches and most
of it less than 1} inches, when made into paving bricks or blocks, are
very difficult to vitrify sufficiently to stand a good absorption test.

This will be more fully discussed in the paving brick tests later in
this article, but suffice it to say that a clay of such a composition as this
average shows, would not be suitable for paving material without the

_ 138 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

admixture of some more fusible clay. It also seems likely that there is
a decided difference in the thermal qualities of the shales and fire clays
which their analyses and oxygen ratios fail to show.

It cannot be stated as a fact or even a theory of well established
likelihood that such a fact exists, but if such were the fact it would
explain a number of questions which are very difficult to answer or
explain.

If the theory concerning the role of iron in clays, as part of the
hydrous silicate base of the clay, be true, then these shales in which this
condition is best shown will depend on the thermal qualities of an iron-
alumina silicate, about which asa separate ingredient or mineral we know
nothing. The fire clays of the river district contain their iron largely
as granular iron oxide and sulphide, in which the iron acts directly as a
flux from the beginning and is to be classed as such.

The actual temperature used in burning these two classes of clay
throws little light on the problem.

The following measurements were made in kilns of sewer pipe and
paving brick which were at the highest temperature and just Bae: to
finish the burning:

|. The A. O: Jones Co., Fire clay.and Shales mixture:...<:.2.:. <<2-.-+s: 1,860

2. The Logan Fire clay Co., Fire clay and Shales mixture............. 1,712

3. The Massillon F. B. & S. Co., Fire clay and Shales mixturel........1,890

4. Che Nelsonville Sewer Pipe'Cox Fireiclay---ss.ccsec-s-sese-2e- ooo ee sees 1,920

5. The Canton & Malvern Paving Brick Co., Pure Fire clay......... 1920

6. The Crown Sewer Pipe Co., 4 Shales 4 Fire clay.......:......-..-+----- 1,820

7. W. BS Harris & Bros.,. ohales|and Drift clayjs-s.-.1s-2-<--ecesseesee see 1,800

8S hel CantonBricki Co: eShalesyontliy.ccss-se-cness sees sseees cc seaeseaesecees 1,800

9) The Hill’ Sewer Pipe Co: sandy: shales. ae see ccoctea-s noe sscetaes enacre 1,920

10S Akron Sewer bipeCo:, andy shalese esate: scape seeeeac cesses sees ee see 1,900
ii. the Buckeye Sewer:Pipe Con SaridysShalesse.s:le.essencemmesec nner: 1,875
IAVIEHAG Crist Sessa cecre sscccceccnscteseace-esceesasassenuse wacceate eee tes naene auaeeneaes 1,860

In this table, the quality and appearance of the mixture used is very
much alike in Nos. 1, 2,3 whose temperatures are 1,860, 1,712, 1,890
respectively.

The qualities of 4 and 5 are very sinilar and both show the same
temperature, 1,920.

The shales used at numbers 7 and 8 are not especially similar in
appearance, the temperatures coincide at 1,800.

The shales at 9, 10, 11 are similar in composition except that the
clay used at 9 was more croppy and sandy than usual and showed the
effect in its fire qualities.

Whether this suggestion as to the part that iron plays be the true
reason or not, suffice it to say that there is not the difference of temper-
ature or duration of exposure in that temperature which the difference in
the average analyses or oxygen ratios would lead us to expect.

CLAY WORKING INDUSTRIES. 139

As has been before indicated it is probable that there are few clay
deposits in the state which are able to satisfy all of the conditions of
fire qualities and physical qualities also. But the Coal Measures abound
in the materials which are capable of giving the proper qualities by
judicious mixture.

The following table of analyses was furnished by the Haydenville
Mining and Manufacturing Co., who manufacture the Hayden paving
and sidewalk blocks in one plant, and fire proofing and sewer pipe in
another, side by side. The value and benefits of maxing are well exem-
plified in this case for out of the clays of this table, they are able to pro-
duce material of the best quality and reputation in each of the lines they
have developed.

TABLE VII.
i 2 3 4 5

iltcaks to tal ssp secccsesesasecen ast ses 69.92 76.24 62.05 61.86 62.10
PRET TI Aor ceacereewssrcssctbescen etree 23.46 16.87 Ziel 26.02 22.71
TO ne Osx el eleen sep erese eae Sassen watt sces .20 16 60 63 3.69
LEG OT SAE eaeeee poe cebrane at eetis steeee gale ee A Sia melllcostenacs ses 15 alg adil
IMAGES Tale tersce tee eect ostecne ce ae cence -40 00 .20 1.26 .86
PAU AITC Sue hee cate ae Scat costa 1.43 1.09 2.40 ol 3.65
\ WEIS is Seana ae eee anae emer teas 3.84 4.90 6.67 9.98 6.03

SRO EAISE pire iae secs ccateeaaue cesabes 99.73 99.86 99.78 100.25 99.75

E. M. Reed, Chemist.

No. 1. Soft Lower Mercer.

No. 2. Hard Lower Mercer.

No. 3. Soft Brookville Clay.

No. 4. Out-crop Lower Kittanning.
No. 5. Middle Kittanning.

These clays are all fire clays, and it has been the policy of these firms
to confine their production to fire clay goods. However, it is highly
probable that even more beneficial results are attained by the mixture of
fire clays and shales. The vitrifying action in the shales is usually earlier
to begin and relatively slower in its progress than in fire clays, but many
shales are so near the danger iine of fusibility that the margin of profit
is much diminished by the results of the least negligence or mismanage-
ment. If to such a shale, a good hard fire clay be added in proportion
of one-fourth or one-third and the machinery be such as will effect an
intimate mixture of the two, the result is all that would be desired, being
refractory enough and yet easy to vitrify, having still a good dark color
and some glaze.

Instances of the use of the good qualities of shales and fire clays
conjointly to do what neither would profitably do alone are very common
in the state. Some of the best vitrified goods in the market are produced
from such material.

140 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

The use of the sedimentary clays of the Ohio River in the produc-
tion of vitrified wares began some six or eight years ago at Middleport.
Ohio is now represented by three factories, two at Middleport and one
at Addyston, below Cincinnati.

These clays evidently owe their origin to deposition in eddies of
the Ohio River, as they alternate with deposits of sand and gravel.
Where they occur, they are 20 to 30 feet deep, almost without a pebble or
stone in them. ‘They present the cheapest form of clay which can be
used for paving material, as they can be dug by steam shovel for a nom-
inal cost and the work involved in preparing the clay for use is almost
nothing.

The plastic nature of the material is against it however as it is diffi-
cult to prevent faults of structure in producing the brick.

An analysis of the clay from a large test of twelve car loads from
Columbia which was worked into vitrified wares of high grade shows the
following composition :

Silica (total) wesseesoccse-vasesseeecscese eee 63.73
NILES bb ens sAee none cantnceenesoattoscaspoatercradteEd: 17.17
Water: (combined!) Ses.c.acncssesessse:cecce tee 4.90
Claydand’ Sand acss-ssmessossosstecesnnn. 85.80
OxidecOLaTons osccecoseree our seete score ee eases 5.85
DB DETL Gee ease ae aee se actos Sours oases Somes 58
ia SIO S1a kee wae desis certante onsen oseach tse caceea ane 97
IPO EAST es were aeise see aie Sok ocean Gla site ae eaiass Sone aes 2.33
S OG Aaeaasntaee noticia dee eeu neo se nioa anche meee scum Ee 67
Clay and sand 85.80.
MIKES i ceetecn cacesevetcecccdnsccsmecce eee 10.40 PlaKeSt aces 10.40.
Watery (dreeliisonns te tecck ate bessaaaa coe etsees 2.96 Wraterianceieesce 2.96.
MOtalcerecseasccoscsseee cde an steers cacao 99.16 Motaleeee 99.16.

E. Orton, Jr., Chemist.
The oxygen of ratio of this clay shows:

3.12 acid to 1 base and 2.77 alumina to 1 flux

which indicates a clay less fusible than the average shales, but much
more fusible than the fire clays. ;

Under fire this clay vitrifies beautifully, but unfortunately it begins
to bend and lose its shape also, unless the burning is managed with great
dexterity.

The quantity of these clays along the banks of the Ohio River is
enormous, and the discovery of the vitrifying qualities coupled with the
close proximity of shales and fire clay clays, at various intervals, forms a
most valuable addition to the mineral resources of the state. The gen-
eral character of the vitrifying clay deposits may be summed up as
follows:

CLAY WORKING INDUSTRIES. 141

Shales, enormous in extent and area, difficultly plastic, but easily
vitrifiable.

The fire clays, less in volume and accessibility, but still present in
large quantity; fairly plastic, but more difficultly vitrifiable.

Sedimentary clays, limited in area but of enormous bulk in their
district, the cheapest of all to dig and prepare—too plastic and easily
vitrifiable.

There are instances in each division of clays which fill the wants of
the manufacturers just as they are naturally found. It can hardly fail,
however, that as the industry gets older and the qualities of the output
become further tested by use, that the brick makers of the future will
avail themselves of the advantages of mixture. Each class of minerals
is deficient in some quality. Any two can be united to better effect than
either alone, and in large areas, the geological conditions admit of this
being easily and cheaply done.

The preparation of clays—As in the selection of clays for the fabri-
cation of vitrified ware, we have seen that no line can be drawn between
the various industries represented, so also in the preparation of clays for-
the actual manufacture of the different wares. The methods of prepa-
ration are common to all. :

The treatment varies more with the peculiarities of the clays them-
selves, than it does from the character of ware to be made. For instance,
it is true that more tempering and plasticity is required in making sewer
pipe than brick, yet the variations in tempering different clays for brick
are greater than the general differences between the tempering in sewer
pipe shops and paving brick factories.

Both shales and fire clays are minerals in which the natural plasticity
has been to a large degree lost, and it can be brought back only by the
expenditure of power.

The general treatment for both involves grinding the material in its
dry or natural condition to a powder, more or less fine, and tempering
the powder to the desired consistency with water in pug mills or wet
pans.

Grinding— Dry grinding is universally accomplished in Ohio by use
of the machine called a Dry Pan. Preiiminary to the grinding, the clays
are sometimes crushed to a uniform size, but this is unusual and in most
places unnecessary.

The Dry Pan is a horizontal iron pan, revolving on a central vertical
shaft and driven by a heavy gear wheel above or below. In the pan are
placed two heavy iron mullers or wheels, with faces from six to fourteen
inches wide and weighing from 2,000 to 6,500 pounds each. ‘These are
held in position by horizontal axles which are arranged to slide in
grooves up and down so that the wheels may run up on the top of any
thickness of clay that may be introduced into the pan. ‘These wheels
revolve only by the tangential friction of the rotating pan floor, and’

142 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

scrapers are so set as to catch the clay and throw it in a stream under the
mullers. The floor of the pan is solid under the wheels, but outside of
the area covered by the wheels in revolution, the bottom is made of
grates made in sectional plates which can be removed and replaced with
ease.

The clay being crushed fine under the wheels, flies out over the
grates by centrifugal force and falls through the grates or is forced
through by the scrapers or is carried back under the wheels. When it
falls through the floor plates, it is caught in a circular wooden box and
is carried around by scrapers attached to the pan floor to a point of dis-
charge.

The capacity of a dry pan varies with the size of its screen plates
and with the kind of clay on which it is working. It is highest on
brittle flaky shale, and lowest on wet plastic clays. If the clay be too
wet or plastic it cannot be treated in a dry pan at all.

The maximum quantity which is on record for one dry pan in ten
hours is two hundred tons of rocky fire clay. The clay was fed from an
elevated shute into the pan by gravity by the labor of one man and
passed through screen plates of one-eighth and three-sixteenth aper-
ture. There is no record in this state to compare with this for efficiency,
so far as is now known.

Under average conditions and with average clay a good dry pan will
grind one hundred tons in ten hours through one-eighth screens; one
hundred and twenty-five is frequently accomplished in good weather and
with dry stock; in wet weather and with snowy or frosty clay, seventy-five
tons would be good work.

- There are a number of Dry Pans of a special merit on the market.
Each one has some special feature which recommends it. They can be
divided into two classes—wooden frame and iron frame pans. ‘The
wooden frame pans are made for much less money and their makers and
many of their users contend that they require far less repair than the
iron frame pans; the elasticity of the wood gives the necessary relief
from the shocks which are constantly occurring. This may be true, but
on the other hand it may be said that the wooden frame pans will require
more power to operate them, as it is nearly impossible to keep the bear-
ings in line, since the joints of the frame and the bolt holes will work loose
in a short time and are bound to become more flexible every month the
pan runs. The iron frame pans are neater in appearance and occupy
less space, are easier to get around to fill and repair and keep in line;
they suffer from shocks it is true, and it may be true that the repair
bills on a year’s run would be higher; this would have to be proved by
records of the two kinds on the same clay, etc., to make the assertion
good.

‘There are some nine or ten varieties of iron dry pans in use in Ohio.
Among them the Frey Sheckler Co. of Bucyrus takes the lead, having in
two years sold more pans in this state than any other firm doing business

CLAY WORKING INDUSTRIES. 143

here. Their pan unites more good points than any other in general use
though several pans have been built but not yet extensively marketed,
which would equal it in every way.

Among the other pans deserving special commendation are the Bon-
not pan of Canton, the Carlin of Pittsburgh, the Penfield of Willoughby.
The Turner Vaugh & Taylor, of Cuyahoga Falls, and the Hayden of
Columbus must also be mentioned.

The average price of a nine foot dry pan of the best design is $ 1,000
to $1,100.

The wooden frame pans are used more generally in sewer pipe shops
than in brick factories, probably because the sewer pipe shops are largely
old and the brick factories have been built since the use of the iron dry
pan has become popular.

The makers of wooden frame pans supply a much more nearly uni-
form machine than those who make pans with theironframe. The price
including the timbers framed ready for erection is about $700 and $600
will often buy the barecastings. The frames are of 12x12 oak usually
and are made as strong as they well can be.

The wooden frame pan is probably wasteful of power, but requires
less mechanical skill and care, than the iron frame. In wooden frame
pans, that made by Jas. Means of Steubenville divides the honors
with the Stephenson Pan of Wellsville,among the clay working establish-
ments of the state.

The fineness to which it is advisable to grind in the dry pan before
allowing the fine material to escape for more accurate sizing in the screens,
is a question on which some. experimenting could profitably be done.
The usual practice is to use plates with about 33, aperture-when new; as
the plate wears the apertures rapidly become larger, so that as the differ-
ent sections are put on at different times, one can find spaces any where
from =, tot. The action of the pan is much more vigorous and effective
when the fine material is kept screened out, for if fine dirt and coarse
together are allowed to run under the wheels for a few revolutions they
pack into a dense cake which prevents any effective work at all. On the
other hand it would seem foolish to allow material to escape from the pan
to go tothe screen which is not yet prepared to pass through it. The
proper course lies between the extremes; the pan plates ought to be so
regulated that not less than 66 per cent. of the product will go through
the screens and probably 75 per cent. is in most cases the better propor-
tion. If the screen plates are too coarse no useful result is accomplished,
for the tailings from the machine must all be returned to be reground,
and energy is being expended in elevating and screening material which
cannot go through the screen.

The screening of the ground clay from the dry pan is the next step
in the process.

144 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

The dirt from the pan is usually dropped into a bucket elevator and
carried up a sufficient height to get proper head room, so that the mate-
rial passes to all subsequent operations by gravity alone.

The methods of screening clay in use are three:

Ist, by fixed inclined screens; 2nd, by rotary screens; 3rd, by
shaking or vibrating screens.

The inclined screens are the simplest and cheapest and the most fre-
quent in use. The clay is merely delivered to the surface of a shute
about thirty inches wide by ten to fifteen feet in length. The bottom of
this shute is the screen material which may be sheet metal perforated
with round holes, or sheet metal perforated with parallel slots, or wire
cloth. ‘The first material is the best on every account and the last is the
worst.

The screen shute is given whatever pitch the clay needs to run down
freely. The greater the pitch the more rapid the movement of the clay
and the finer the screenings will be through any size screen; the less the
pitch, the slower the movement, and the nearer to the size of the open-
ings will the grains be. The objections to this screen are:

Ist. It requires a high building to give it proper room for opera-
tion. In a small brick plant it requires the use of an additional story to
the machinery building. In a sewer pipe shop this point is of no weight
as the building is high enough, necessarily.

2nd. The quantity which one screen, thirty inches by fifteen feet,
can run through per day is limited, and for the production of a large
quantity of ground clay, a large number of screens must be maintained
and kept in order. One screen to one dry pan is the usual allowance,
yet if the conditions are anything like favorable the dry pan will over-
work two screens of this character.

3rd. The screen requires frequent attention or it will become coated
with fine clay until it fails to do its work. One screen will require oeca-
sional attention in good weather and frequent attention in bad weather.
Two screens take the time of a boy constantly to make them do their
maximum. .

The points in favor of this screen are, Ist, simplicity and cheapness;
2nd, no power required to operate It.

The rotary screens are finding some considerable use in the state at
present. There is hardly a sewer pipe plant in the state that has not
tried them at some time or other. They are finding more extensive use
in brick works than elsewhere.

There are a number of different kinds of rotary screens. ‘The fol-
lowing types have been seen and the workings observed:

1. A cylinder or truncated cone made of perforated metal with its
irame work outside of the screen, so that material introduced at the
higher end works gradually down to the lower end and lies in the bottom
of the cylinder all the time it is in the screen.

CLAY WORKING INDUSTRIES. 145

2. A similar cylinder, with its frame and spider wheels zzszde, by
which the dirt is kept in agitation all the time.

3. A similar cylinder, covered with wire cloth, and provided with a
set of flites or buckets inside which carry the dirt up on one side and
throw it violently against the cloth on the opposite side. The dirt in
this case only travels along the bottom as it falls from one bucket and is
caught by the next. |

4. A hexagon or octagon frame, like No. 1, which has the advant-
age of carrying the dirt up on its angles and letting it slide back with
some force when its equilibrium is overcome.

Of these four types—Nos. 8 and 4 will screen m re clay than either
1 or 2 of the same dimensions—they will also use more power. No. 4 is
‘the most efficient rotary screen for the power it uses. No. 3 is the
most efficient in screening dirt regardless of power consumed. ‘They
are all equipped with various automatic devices for keeping the screen
cloth clean from adhering clay; generally knockers or weights dropping
in quick succession on the cloth are used. In spite of all the mechanical
ingenuity expended on this subject there is absolutely no rotary screen
in use in the state that does not require practically all the time of one
attendant man or boy to keep it in efficient operation.

In several cases, a boy was seen at work side by side with elaborate
automatic appliances supposed to do away with his services.

The objections to rotary screens as aclass are: Ist. That they use
up a good deal of power in doing their work; 2nd. That they require
constant attention; 8rd. ‘That they require much repair.

The points in favor of them are, Ist. That with good construction
and careful attention they can be made to do a very large amount of ser-
vice per day. 2nd. That they occupy but little space and require but
little head room or elevators.

The shaking screens in use in the state are manifold, but so far as is
known, there is only one which is regularly manufactured by a machinery
house. The majority of them are the invention and manufacture of the
various manufacturers and superintendents who have had the troubles of
the other systems to endure, and have tried a new plan as a possible relief.

The following shaking screens have been observed in use in the
state:

Ist. A screen made of perforated metal forty-eight inches wide by
twelve feet long, suspended on iron rods from points eight to ten feet
above, the amount of inclination being about two feet in twelve, or one
in six. The dirt was thrown into the upper end in one stream but
divided by a ““V” shaped plow, it covered the whole area of the screen.
The vibration was given by a small crank and connecting rod and the
necessary jerk and recoil was effected by making the frame strike a solid
post.

10 (Caa(@s

146 . GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

This arrangement, which cost not over $50.00 and required not over
one-fourth horse power, screened two hundred tons in a day with no
attention but an occasional sweeping by a boy.

2nd. The same general style, but narrower, suspended by flat steel
spring bars and driven by eccentric. This screen invariably gave trouble |
until the method of suspension was changed to round rods, instead of
flat springs, which speedily crystallized and broke. ‘The eccentric also
uses more power, and wears out faster and is more expensive to repair

than the simplest crank.

5rd. A screen box, about thirty inches to ten feet long, pivoted at
the lower end and shaken from side to side at the upper end by a rapid
crank motion; this inclination about three feet in ten.

This is, all things considered, the best shaking screen in use—it is
cheap—simple—and requires less power to run it than any other, and it
will do more work per square foot of surface. The motion of the
screen from side to side is quicker, but less violent than the longer sweep
from end to end of the first shaking screen described. The jar of the
latter is hard on a weak building. .

The general results obtained, indicate that where a high building is
to be used, the incline screens are the best as by duplication the capacity
can be brought up to any demand. Where a low building is to be used
and the quantity of work is large, the shaking screens will be found the
best and of the shaking screens, those which accomplish the main move-
ment of the clay down the screens, largely by gravity and the short lat-
eral motion, back and forth, by power.

The fineness to which it is advisable to reduce the clay for making a
vitrified ware varies with the qualities of the clay. If the clay is refrac-
tory, it should be ground fine; if it is easily vitrified it need not be made
so fine.

If it is plastic it may be left coarse, if it is rough it must be made
fine. ‘The effect of fineness of division in the clay in the character of
the ware is noticeable; it increases the danger of bloating, and increases
the danger of bad structure by too great plasticity, but the results are
firmer and stronger knit. For paving material it is beneficial in increas-
ing the wearing qualities, and in sewer pipe it assists in getting an even
smooth surface.

The clay from the screens is allowed to fall into a storage bin if the
tempering processes are to be done by a wet pan, or go direct to the pug
mill if the tempering is to be done in that machine. The use of a stor-
age bin for tempering by pug mill is very rare, but it has many advant-
ages to recommend it.

The tempering of clays for the use in the finishing machinery, is one
of the most important steps in the process. Mismanagement in grinding
and screening results in lost time; mismanagement of tempering affects
the value of the ware produced.

CLAY WORKING INDUSTRIES. 147

The two methods in use are by Wet Pans and by Pug Mills.

The wet pan process is used in almost all of the sewer pipe factories,
and in many brick works, while the use of pug mills is nearly limited to
brick works and similar works.

The wet pan is a counterpart of the dry pan except that its bottom
is solid instead of perforated and its mullers are generally narrower in
tread and lighter in weight.

The usual wet pan muller has a face five or six inches across and
weighs from 1,500 to 4,000 pounds. The scrapers are not so long nor
set so deep, nor with so flat an angle in the wet mill as in the dry.

The framing, be it iron or wood, is just like the dry mill and the
gearing, etc., are also just the same or a little lighter.

The mode of operation consists in running a charge of clay from
600 to 1,200 pounds into the pan from a large box or shute with proper
valve for controlling it. While the clay is running in, the water is also
turned on, and is being mixed with the clay by the combined action of
the scrapers and mullers. When clay and water are added in sufficient
amount, they are shut off and the grinding progresses. As the clay gets
more uniformly wet and plastic the wheels cut through it cleaner and
grind and crush the particles as they pass under. The grinding action is
not to be overlooked in this process. The mixture secured is intimate
in proportion to the length of the grinding; two and one half minutes
will temper a charge for brick thoroughly; for sewer pipe four or five
minutes ought to be consumed. As the tempering progresses the opera-
tor adds water as is needed. When the charge is ready to withdraw it is
taken out by a shovel. The blade of the shovel is made of wood about
18x24 inches, and the handle is a heavy bar of wood, 3x4, pivoted on a
ring bolt near the blade end. |

The shovel is lowered into the pan where it is instantly filled by the
clay sliding upon it. It is then lifted out and dumped into the boot of
the elevator or conveyor which is to take it away.

This operation is always done by the operator who does the temper-
ing. One man can run two wet pans comfortably, filling, tempering and
emptying in rotation so that one pan is grinding a charge while the other
is being emptied and filled.

There are two devices in use for emptying the wet pans automatically.
The first and simplest device has been perfected simultaneously by two
men, working independently. It consists of the shovel arrangement just
described, actuated by machinery, so that it comes down, pauses a moment,
raises, dumps and comes back again with no help but starting and stop-
ping. ‘This device simply saves labor on the part of the temperer, but he
must be there just the same and paying attention to his work just the
same. It accomplishes the work so much easier and quicker however,
that it is alleged that the capacity of a wet pan isincreased from twenty
to thirty per cent. by its adoption.

148 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

The other self-emptying device is that employed on the Carlin pans
made in Pittsburgh. It consists of a movable section in the side of the
pan rim, which is hinged solidly against the frame of the pan. In this
case the bottom of the pan revolves but the rim is stationary, When the
pan is grinding the movable section is out in its place as part of the rim
When the charge is ready to empty, the section is moved inwards slowly
by a screw worked by a hand wheel, and all clay striking it is swept out
of the-pan into a belt or table. The action is that of a movable plow.
entering from one side and plowing the contents of the pan out into the
receptacle beyond.

Neither of these devices make any great difference in the expense of
tempering; the only difference is in the slightly increased out put. The
character of the tempering given by a wet pan is the most thorough and
efficient it is possible to give clay. The grinding action is a very impor-
tant adjunct to the tempering. When a hard gritty shale is being used,
and it fails to develop the proper plasticity in being treated by pug mills
it is necessary to add a plastic clay to assist it. But a wet pan will make
any clay plastic that has the elements of plasticity in it. Also in mixing
clays, a pug mill merely stirs the particles together. A wet pan grinds
them together so that it often happens that the result cannot be detected
as a mixture.

In mixing two clays of different fire qualities together by pug mill,
the ability of the mixture to keep its shape depends practically on the
character of the mineral in excess. Thus a soft vitrifiable shale, would
allow a brick to bend under heat if there were fifty per cent of the shale
used with fifty per cent of the refractory fire clay, but if the ingredients
of the two clays were worked together until practically united, it is pro-
bable that twenty-five per cent of fire clay would sufficiently elevate the
melting point of the shale.

The defects of the wet pan as a tempering machine are Ist. Its cost,
which is two to three times that of the pug mill. 2nd. The fact that it has
to be put on the bottom floor of the building on account of its weight
and vibration and thus generally necessitates a second elevation of the
clay. 8rd. The clay is tempered in batches and even with the utmost
fa thfulness it is impossible to always get each batch of an even tem-
per. 4th. The clay will sometimes absorb water so fast that it will
become quite dry and hard in temper in two minutes after a copious
addition of water. In treating a clay of this nature, the first portions
removed from the pan are likely to be more soft than the last portions of
the same batch.

As to capacity, one good wet mill, well handled, will temper suffici-
ently for brickmaking all the clay that one dry pan will grind. For the
additional plasticity, required by sewer pipe machinery, an additional pan
will be needed to keep one dry pan working constantly. Instances are
on record of one wet pan taking all the clay from two dry pans but this
is exceptional.

CLAY WORKING INDUSTRIES. 149

The pug mill, as a tempering deviceis the oldest machine employed
The principle on which it is founded is the Archimedes screw. A re-
volving bar is equipped with knives, or cutting bars, or propellers, set so
as to form an interupted screw thread. ‘These knives or “paddles” stir
the clay up and pass it slowly forward in the direction the screw is run-
ning. Pug mills are now made horizontal for use in large brick works.
The older pug mills used in small brick yards and potters pug-mills are
still vertical. The trough in which the screw works is either of iron-
bound wooden staves, or sheet iron, and the shaft is usually made of
jorged iron and the paddles are either cast solid to slip on this shaft one
after another, or are made in two pieces, a cast stub which slips on the
shaft as before and a wrought iron or steel blade which bolts fast to the
stub and can be removed or repaired with no trouble. The gears which
drive the mill are either single or double according to the work which is
put on the mill.

The clay is run into the mill in a continuous stream at one end and
is immediately wet with nearly all the water which it requires, further
addition of water is effected, if necessary, when the clay has progressed
part way down the pug mill. The discharge of the pug mill may be
either free or under pressure. Some of the recent forms of pug mills
are regular brick machines, forcing the clay out through a constricted
opening and cutting it off in small shavings by a revolving cutter outside
of the delivery. One mill forces the clay out through a dozen or more
holes, one and one half or two inches in diameter and cuts the bar up in
sections from one to two inches long.

The closed delivery pug mills are more efficient in getting uniform
plasticity and uniform structure of the tempered clay, than the open
top mills. In the latter there is no pressure brought on the clay, it is
continually and loosely stirred until it is tipped out at the discharge open-
ing in a loosely granular condition.

The advantages of the closed pug mills over the open ones are mani-
fest in the work they do, but the increase of power consumed is very
great. The character of the tempering done on a rocky clay not pos-
sessed of much natural plasticity is poor and the power consumed is
nearly as great as that used in a wet pan.

In the open mill, much less power is used and the work done is still
poorer in quality.

The advantages which can be claimed for the pug mill are,

1st. Cheapness of first cost and small expense in repairs.

2d. The action is continuous and if clay and water be within the
control of the temperer, more uniformity is possible than can be
attained in the wet pan. Under ordinary conditions, however, this
advantage is lost, for not one in ten of the plants using pug mills have
any storage bin for securing a regular flow of clay, but are made to
depend on the supply of clay that falls from the screen, which in turn

450 ~. GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

depends on the dry pan. It is not possible to secure an even supply of
clay for feeding the pug mill in this way. Any inattention, any variation
_of the dryness or hardness of the stock, any choking of the screen, or
any one of a thousand conditions is always interfering, and the result is
a constant fluctuation, a feast or a famine, at the pug mill. Hence the
temperer has to face the difficult task of adding the proper amount of
water to a clay supply which does not remain constant two minutes at a
time and it is needless to say that no man can maintain vor under
such conditions.

When a storage bin is situated above the pug mill and the clay from
the screens falls into this bin, then there is nothing to interfere with the
mainténance of a steady stream of clay except the constant difficulty,
which is inherent in the nature of the case, of getting any supply of
ground clay to feed freely or run down grade without choking and bank-
ing up. Ground clay is like snow; it will amalgamate on very small
excuse, and in order to get amassof groundclay to “run”’ at any regular
rate it is necessary that not only every natural advantage should be given
it, but that the temperer should have some ready means of dislodging and
stirring it up.

The storage bin should be as tall as is feasible, should be larger on
the bottom than the top, the supply should strike in the center of the bin
and the outlet should leave the center of the bin at the bottom, and the
outlet should be smaller when it leaves the bin than at the bottom, in
order to prevent choking in the spout. Even with all these igucioaltt lors
observed, the clay will require to be dislodged frequently.

It is possible to arrange a screw, or other mechanical appliance at
the bottom of a bin of clay which shall deliver a constant supply as long
as any clay remains in the storage bin. In order to use the pug mill to
temper clay advantageously this provision would be worth all it costs.

3d. Pug mills area good means of uniformly wetting and mixing
clays which by nature are already plastic. In such clays the use of the
grinding action is not only unnecessary but is detrimental,

The use of each of the two forms of tempering apparatus is thus
seen to have its own especial field of usefulness. The wet pan in
tempering rough, hard and rocky clays and shales; the pug mill in
tempering soft plastic clays; the latter can be used in tempering dry,
ground clays of any nature, but the results are not as good as they ought
to be, except when the natural plasticity of the clay is high. Where
mixtures of clay are used to effect changes in the chemical character of
the material the use of a wet pan is nearly indispensable to good results.

The use of hot water in tempering has a very beneficial effect in
many cases. Aside from the comfort to the men who handle the wet
brick in cold weather, and the assistance to the drying of the ware when
it comes warm from the machinery, the disintegrating effect of hot
water and steam is more pronounced and complete than cold water.

CLAY WORKING INDUSTRIES. 151

The processes of preparation have now been described. They are
common to all industries using hard or rocky clays for vitrifying pur-
poses, and are used for the preparation of clay for many other purposes
beside. At this stage the clay passes to the special machinery required
in making the kind of ware under discussion.

Brick Making Machinery. ‘The manufacture of bricks by machinery
is accomplished in several ways, and with a great variety of machines.
As paving brick are liable to be made in any one of the processes it is
necessary to give an outline of all the different means employed. ‘The
bulk of the paving brick manufacture—all that is important—falls under
one of two plans which will receive careful consideration... Bricks are
made at present in the following ways:

1. By hand moulding.

2. By soft mud machinery.

3. By stiff mud machinery.

4. By dry press machinery

Hland moulding is not employed to any extent in making paving
material. It is still used in making fire brick and in making common
brick. ee

Soft mud machinery is used to a limited extent in paving bricks and
to a large extent in making fire brick and building bricks. The process
is characterized by using the clay in a very soft.and pasty state and by
the fact that the soft clay is forced into molds like those used in hand
molding, and these molds are then removed, emptied, cleaned, sanded and
replaced by hand to be refilled by the machine. This process will thus be
seen to be but an imperfect attempt to perform by machinery the same
processes originally carried out by hand. Thereareanumberof different _

machines of this class, but all unite the same essential principles and
attain similar results.

Sif mud machinery, is that now almost universally used in paving
brick plants, and is becoming more and more important in the manufact-
ure of all kinds of bricks for building and refactory purposes. ‘The
clays in stif/mud machines, are tempered to a plastic state but are not
soft and pasty. They are able to retain their shape under considerable
weight when taken fresh from the machinery, and the process unites the
benefits obtained by wetting the clay, with those which accrue from the
easier handling of the product. ay

The dry press process, aS its name indicates, takes the ground and
sifted clay, and by the exertion of great pressure forces it into a compact
and dense brick, without the use of any moisture. The products of
this process are used in a limited extent for making fire brick, but are
ordinarily applied to the production of fine building material. Some few
dry pressed bricks have been tried as paving material with nearly always
unfavorable results.

The character of the wares made by these four processes may be
briefly described as follows:

152 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

Hand-molded bricks are irregular in shape, generally more or less
porous or open grained, owing to the lack of all pressure in their form-
at on and to the large amount of water used in tempering. ‘They are
devoid of any cracks, cleavages or laminations resulting from the arrange-
ment of the particles of clay by the power that formed the brick. The
material used is generally poorly prepared and not homogenous but if
clays of suitable composition were used and were ground fine and temp-
ered with the proper machinery, a brick could be produced by hand-
molding whose structure would more closely approximate our ideal than
can be made by any other method.

Soft mud bricks have most of the good points of the hand-molded
bricks so far as structure are concerned; they very rarely show faults
like laminations or cracks; they are usually open grained and porous on
account of the large quanties of water used in their tempering. ‘This
loose knit structure can only be remedied by the use of compressive
force after the brick have been partly dried and become stiff enough to
benefit by such treatment.

A brick which has had this treatment becomes one of t e best in
structure that it is possible to make. But such a process of manufacture
becomes an expensive one, on account of the necessary division of the
drying into two stages.

The stiff mud bricks have usually a dense compact arrange-
ment of their particles and possess good strength, but are apt to
show evidences of the influence of the machinery in their structure.
This process is the cheapest way to manufacture bricks from tempered
clay, but no machine has yet been devised which is capable of contin-
uously producing material whose structure is even approximately
what is desired and needed by the paving brick industry. The
advantages of the process are such however as to indicate that success
will be attained by overcoming the obstacles which interfere with this
plan, rather than by developing the usefulpoints of any of the other
ystems of brick making.

Dry press brick possess the most dense, even grained structure
and the highest specific gravity of any kind made. Butas a result of the
process of manufacture, the brick is an agglomeration of grains which
owe their conjunction to pressure. Ifthe clay is easily enough vitrified to
unite its various particles at a safe heat and form one coherent mass in-
stead of many thousand separate masses, then the dry pressed brick
would be the best and cheapest known. But the facts are, that no one
has ever succeeded in producing to any profit a dry press brick in which
this has. been continuously accomplished. The grains of clay may
vitrify, but do not unite. The green brick is an agglomeration of sepa-
rate particles which can be separated by friction. The burnt brick is the
same, and while each grain may be vitrified to non-absorption and the
brick as'a whole be nearly non-absorbent, still the particles will easily

vi-ld to the disintegrating effect of friction. ;

CLAY WORKING INDUSTRIES. 153

In the bricks made by the wet processes, the preliminary cohesion is
accomplished by water, and burning merely perpetuates the bonds
ai eady formed. In the dry press brick, the kind of vitrification required
to establish a bond between the particles would be scarcely less than
fusion.

Hence it is to the stiff mud processes that we must look for the
paving bricks of the future.

The machines in use for the manufacture of brick by the stiff mud
process can be classified as, 1. Plunger machines; 2. Auger machines;
3. Combination of these principles

Plunger machines are those in which the tempered clay is introduced
in a cylinder, or press box, and forced out through the die by pressure of
a piston operating from in rear of the clay.

This is the simplest and most natural method of forming clay or any
plastic material into a required shape or size.

The character of the bar of clay produced by being thus thrust out
of a die or constricted opening by pressure from in rear, is a very im-
portant field for study. To begin with, there are certain qualities which
it is thought probable are inherent in any bar of clay which is formed by
expulsion from a constricted opening. A study of the product obtained
from a large number of different machines, working on different clays
indicate this very strongly.

When plastic tempered clay is put under pressure before a constricted
opening it issues forth and its flow from this opening appears to operate
under the same laws that govern the flow of fluids, That part of the
clay will be in most rapid motion, which is furthest from any solid fric-
tional surface, just as water in the center of a stream flows faster than its
edges. Hence the center of a bar of clay is sure to move faster than the
outside. These conditions become less marked in producing a large bar
than in a medium sized one. A bar having a section 6 x 1linches has but
little tendency to drag on the outside and run ahead in the center, be-
cause the inside area bears so large a proportion to its surface. ‘There are
about two inches square area to every lineal inch of surfacein such a bar
In a bar 3x4 there is less than one inch square area for each inch of
surface. Hence the center will te more likely to run ahead in the small
bar.

But if we reduce the size of the bar to 1 x 4 the tendency to run ahead
in the center again nearly disappears, for while plastic clay under pressure
acts like a fluid, it is a very stiff fluid, and in sections where the surface
is so large in proportion to the area the retarding effect is nearly equal
all over the bar, and it comes out at nearly equal speed in all parts of its
section.

The sizes of aperture then at which the clay develops the greatest
tendency to run at unequal speeds, lies in the limits of those sizes that

164 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

are now used for producing end cut bricks and paving blocks—that is
from 2x4 to 4x0. In either larger or smaller sizes the tendency
diminishes.

The effect of this tendency has an important bearing on the structure
of the bar of clay. If made of clay which is a little too dry in temper
it will break into pieces showing on one side of the fracture a cup-shaped
cavity, and on the other a conical projection. If the temper be a little
soft, the corners of the bar will tear back or ruffle up, making an utterly
unsaleable article If the clay be tempered well, but too little plastic in
its nature, the corners of the bar will show a multitude of cracks going
down into the clay for quite a distance and trending forward at an angle
toward the center instead of at right angles to the flow. If the clay
be too plastic, the center is liable to flow so much more freely that
division lines are formed between the outside and the center and these
slipped surfaces or laminations can not be made to unite again, by any
subsequent repressing, and naturally these cracks or laminations are a
detriment to the strength of the burnt brick.

‘These various phenomena which have been mentioned are all due to
the one general cause—the flow of the plastic clay through the die and
they are faults which are inherent in the case, and not the result of the
kind of machine used, or rather of the way in which the pressure which
causes the flow is applied.

Besides these faults, which are common to all, plunger machines are
likely to have another which is characteristic of them only—that is the
imprisonment of air in greater or less quantity in the substance of the
clay from which it cannot escape.

The pressing chamber is filled with a mass of more or less granular
clay at the beginning of each stroke. The motion of the piston forward
rapidly consolidates the mass and the air has only the chance to escape
by the leakage of the piston head or through the die with the clay.
Vents on the surface of the chamber serve but small useful purpose, as
they speedily choke with clay and only drain the space close to them.
As the air goes out with the clay through the die it generally occupies
the space between the slipped or laminated surfaces and thus assists in
keeping them apart. Sometimes large cavities are formed and if the clay is
too soft it sometimes swells up like a loaf of bread from imprisoned air,

There is no way yet devised which does away with the introduction
of air in bricks from a plunger machine. As would be expected the
more granular and sandy the clay is, the less the trouble amounts to, but
the limit of sandiness will be attained before the trouble is cured.

One of the most promising attempts to do away with the trouble has
been made by Mr. H. B. Camp at Cuyahoga Falls. He uses a packer
which by constant strokes catches and consolidates the soft granular clay
from the tempering machinery into a large round bar, this is cut off in
chunks or crumbs of seventy-five to one hundred pounds weight and is

CLAY WORKING INDUSTRIES. 155

dropped into the clay cylinder of his machine. ‘This lump is as nearly
the diameter of the cylinder as will allow it to be dropped in and the air
in the cylinder is on the ends and outside of the lump of clay where it
can most easily make its escape when the pressure comes on it.

An application of this idea to the feeding of other forms of plunger
machines will undoubtedly assist in reducing this most troublesome de-
fect in their product. Aside from these faults, 1st, those common to the
production of a bar of clay by any means and, 2nd, those due to impris-
onment of air in the bar, the plunger process affords a result of high
excellence.

By careful attention to keeping the conditions of plasticity, sandi-
ness, richness, etc. as favorable as possible and using every means to
keep air out of the clay, this process can probably be made to yield better
results than any process in which a bar of clay is formed. In the nature
of the case, mere pressure on a plastic mass of clay imparts no structure
other than that due to flow.

The plunger process is subject to one peculiarity or limitation, that
is, the intermittent character of the flow. This is a feature which can-
not be eliminated; it does not interfere with the production of a good bar
while the flow is in motion, but it limits the methods of removing and
handling the output to those plans which employ a good deal of hand-
ling by men instead of machinery. No automatic devices have as yet
been successfully applied to handling the output of plunger machinery,
and the intermittent character of the flow threatens to stand in the way
of such improvements. The methods of handling a bar of clay for the
production of bricks will be discussed under the head of auger machinery.

There are several types of plunger machines applied to brick making,

Ist. The pipe press, in which sewer pipe and hollow goods are
made, is also used to a small extent as a means of making brick. The
machine will be described in detail under the head of sewer pipe, for the
manufacture of which it was devised. It consists of a vertical clay cylin-
der surmounted by a vertical steam cylinder. The piston rod is continu-
ous from the clay piston to the steam piston, and the pressure is there-
fore, a direct one from the steam totheclay. Itis an extravagant machine
ju the use of steam, but its simplicity and lack of wearing and breakable
parts make it one of the favorite machines in use.

2nd. The same principle has been used in the horizontal steam
press, this is used for brick and small sizes of hollow goods. It is made
usually double ended, a steam cylinder in the middle and clay cylinder
at each end, so that instead of losing the steam on the return stroke it is
used in making ware; also two kind of ware can be produced at once,
which is of great importance in some places and in any place it saves the
loss of time in changing dies frequently.

3rd. The Penfield Plunger consists of a pair of press boxes of rec-
tangular section, situated on either side of a central vertical shaft. The

156 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

pistons are connected together by a pair of connecting frames of heavy
design, and the rear side of each piston carries a chilled roller. On the
main shaft a large cam is keyed fast and in its revolution it forces the
piston frame backward and forward, the motion being received from the
cam and conveyed to the frame by the rollers alluded to before. Proper
dies bolt into the ends of the press boxes. ‘The press boxes are filled
with clay from above by a vertical pug mill which surmounts the entire
frame of the plunger machine. This pug mill receives its clay on top
and works it down and into the press boxes wherever the vent is open.

This machine has been used largely in the past in making common
brick; it has been used to some extent in making paving brick. Itisa
good machine for working a plastic clay and making building brick,
For making paving brick from gritty non-plastic clays, and made ata
very stiff temper, the machine has proved itself too complicated and too
expensive in -repairs, and the simpler method of getting the pressure by
steam direct is much preferable.

The use of Auger Brick Machinery is growing in importance in the
manufacture of paving material and all other kinds of brick as well.

‘There are several reasons for this increase: Ist, it produces a continu-
ous stream of clay which allows of the utmost economy in handling the
output and getting the utmost duty from the employees in charge. 2nd,
it is always driven by power from shafting and hence the use of steam
in the engine can be made economical, while in plunger machinery actu-
ated by steam, the use of the steam power is divided and the require-
ments do not admit of very high efficiency being attained. 8rd, the ma-
chines are capable of doing more work in a specified time than any other
of equal cost.

The main underlying principle of the auger machine is the use of a
continuously revolving screw to carry the clay forward and force it out of
the die. ‘The mechanism as usually arranged, consists of a cylindrical or
conical, horizontal iron case with an opening at the rear end on top for
the admission of clay, and a movable front which carries the die and
former.

Inside this clay cylinder is fixed a horizontal shaft carrying the fittings
which give it its character asa screw. Sometimes these fittings are noth-
ing less than a cast iron screw cut in sections which slip over the shaft
one atter the other. Sometimes the fittings are merely blades forming a
slightly interrupted screw and sometimes they are a set of steel forged
knives set at variable lead at different points on the shaft. However
the effect is obtained, in all cases the essential elements of the screw are
there, and its action on the clay is just the reverse of the action which
takes place when a carpenter bores a hole with an auger. The chips
from an auger are carried back from the point of production the clay is
carried forward toward the outlet.

CLAY WORKING INDUSTRIES. 157

The front end of the shaft is equipped with a casting designed to
gather up the clay delivered to it by the knives or blades in rear, and
force it out of the aperture in front.

This casting is a solid, chilled iron screw, made in a single thread or
double thread according to the kind of bar which is to be produced.

The shaft, which is unsupported at its working end, is held firmly in
position in two long bearings and is driven by powerful gears, either
single or double. The backward thrust of the auger shaft is of course
equal to the forward push it gives the clay, and this has to be provided
for by a carefully adjusted step or bearing designed to take the continual
strain and wear without heating.

This is a short description of the main points of an auger mill.
There is a great variety in use and many which have attained special
excellence in securing the maximum out-put with the minimum wear and
breakage.

Auger mills are divided into two distinct grades—those which make
a side cut brick and those which make an end cut brick.

By a side cut brick is meant one which has been cut from a bar of
clay whose cross section at right angles to its line of flow is equal to the
area of the side or largest plane surface of a brick.

Similarly an end cut brick is a section of a bar of clay whose cross
section represents the end or smallest plane area of abrick. "The mechan-
ical problems met in producing these two kinds of bars vary quite widely.

In a side cut machine the bar of clay produced is about four and a
fourth inches high by eight and three-fourths inches wide. <A brick repre-
sents a section of this bar two and ahalfinches long. ‘The power required
to force clay through so large an area is not great, the back thrust of the
auger shaft is not very heavy and the general working of the machine is
easy.

The clay in side cut machines is often carried forward by a double
thread instead of a single, and nearly all side cut auger points are double
threaded, so that the clay is simultaneously delivered at the end of the
auger in two streams which unite into one bar as they pass out of the die,

In an end cut machine, the bar of clay produced is about two and a
half inches wide by four and a half deep, for common sized brick.

To force clay at a rapid rate through so small an opening requires
the use of great power and great strength in the machine and good
arrangements for receiving the back thrust of the auger shaft.

The auger isa single threaded one—delivering one stream of clay
only.

Some machines are adapted to produce both side cut and end cut
brick—they do it in two ways: Ist. By merely changing dies of a side
cut machine, inwhich case the volume of clay, delivered by the auger is
merely split up into two or three end cut streams instead of one side
cut stream.

158 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

The end cut bars of clay thus produced are not perfect bars except
in outward form; they are in reality a divided or split bar and the arrange-
ment of the particles of clay in various parts of the bar is not alike; this
will usually cause the bar to crook or warp in drying. Other objections
can be raised against this method of making end cut brick.

2nd. By changing the auger and auger cases and dies of an end cut
machine to a side cut outfit, side cut brick can be produced as well as ina
machine especially made for the purpose. If both kinds of brick are
needed, the proper thing to do, is to buy an end cut machine of good
design and capable of making the desired quantity of end cut brick in a
single bar of clay. This machine will then be useful in either capacity,
but if a side cut machine be used to make end cut brick it is either at the
risk of over-taxing its strength in producing a single stream of clay, or
in making an inferior out-put in making two or more streams at once.

The general characteristics of the bar of clay produced by auger
machinery are well marked. To begin with, the bar has the same disposi-
tion to defects, due to its passage through a die, which were carefully set
forth in treating of the bar produced in plunger machines.

Aside from this structure, the gathering and assembling of the par-
ticles of clay by the constant revolution of a screw unavoidably causes
their arrangement around a center point.

The mere fact of the particles arranging themselves around a center
is not detrimental but when the clay is plastic it tends to slip over the
polished surface of the auger and the smooth surfaces thus produced do
not readily unite again, and as the clay is pushed forward through the die
these separate successive waves or layers of clay coming from the auger
are readjusted into layers of clay around the center of thebar. Thus the
tendency of the auger machine to arrange its clay around a central point
becomes a very serious defect in treating a plastic clay. With a gritty,
rough, coarse grained clay this tendency is much reduced, as the clay does
not readily form the slips or smooth spots from contact with the auger.

This tendency of all auger machines to build the bar of clay out of
concentric layers is of course most strongly developedin the end cut ma-
chines for there the propelling force is greatest andthe molding forces of
the die are greatest. Side cut bars while still formed around a center are
much less laminated.

This characteristic fault of the product of the auger mill is something
which is inherent in the nature of the machine; it is not like the fault of
the plunger machine which can be partly overcome by the proper appli-
ances. All that can be done is to see that the conditions which tend_to
produce laminations are obviated just as much as possible.

The clays which laminate most in auger machninery are rich, fat,
aluminous clays, clays whose natural plasticity is great. Clays of this
kind cannot be worked in an auger machine with the production of ware
which is structurally sound. If the clays are gritty, not naturally plastic

CLAY WORKING INDUSTRIES. 159

and only made workable by the aid of efficient machinery, and the dies
are well arranged to promote an easy flow with as little friction or holding
back of the surface as is possible, then the defects can be almost obviated.
Instances are not uncommon of where the very best structure has been
attained in this way, but it could not be maintained continuously.
Sometimes it is attained by sacrificing the outside appearance of the bar
by using clay which is too short and tender and devoid of enough plas-
ticity to make it hold together well.

The adaptation of auger machinery to paving material has been very
greatly assisted by the use of the shale deposits of thestate. ‘These shale
clays are really the only class of clays which will give wide success to the
auger machine for this purpose. Asa maker of building brick the auger
machine is without an equal, for the structure of the bar has but very
little to do with the value of the product. But with the paving brick
the structure is all important.

The method of handling the bar when made, is a subject scarcely
less important to the brick maker than the structure is to those who
use the brick, as the cost of the product and its surface finish are largely
influenced by this part of the work.

The usual method of handling the output of the side cut machine
is by an ingenious mechanism known as the side cutting table.

The bar of clay is received on a smooth plate which is kept well
greased to assist the clay in slipping over it freely. When the bar has
advanced along the plate to a sufficient length, the operator by use of a
powerful lever draws a set of parallel wires, strung on a metal frame,
through the clay, cutting it into parallel sections of equal length: These
are side cut brick. At the conclusion of the cut, the brick are lying close
to each other, merely separated by the thickness of the cut which the
wires have made. On the return motion of the lever the cut of brick,
usually ten or twelve in number, are slipped adroitly to one side on a
wooden pallet, to make room for the continuously advancing bar of clay.
When thus removed, the bricks are taken to the dryers or to the repress-
ing machinery.

This process of cutting brick by hand and removing them on a
pallet, limits the production which can be attained on a side cut machine
very greatly. The amount of clay which a good side cut machine is
capable of putting out into a well formed bar is enormous, but the amount
of this bar which can be cut on any common side cut table is limited to
about 30,000 bricks in ten hours. By working the hands by relays, and
driving everything to the utmost, more can be managed, but 30,000 con-
stitutes the economical limit of the table.

One great impediment to the speed of the operation of cutting brick
by the common side cut table,is the constant use of dexterity and strength
which is called for in disengaging the block of freshly cut bricks, and
moving them out from in front of the constantly approaching bar.

160 GEOLOGY OF OHL1O.

A new side cut table has recently been devised which does away
with this trouble; the bar of clay is received on a greased metal plate as
before, but the cutting yoke is so arranged that the cut is made on
both the forward and back motion. Instead of separating each cut of to
one side, the advancing bar is permitted to shove the block of cut bricks
ahead of it until they are each in turn caught on the surface of a bet
which moves at a slightly faster rate than the bar of clay moves. He:.c-
each brick is moved off a little distance before the next one gets .in
motion. ‘This device is called a separating belt.. From the surface ot
this belt each brick can be picked up separately and set on the carriage
to the dryer or on the feed table of the repress machines.

This table, while still actuated by hand power, is a long step ahead
of the pallet delivery and it is said to be as easy to handle 40,000 per day
on this table as 80,000 on the old form. The cutting of a bar of cicy
into side cut brick automatically has not yet been successfully accom-
plished. The problem is one which is causing general interest. Manv
people believe in the advantages of a side cut brick over the end cut fo:
any purpose and to these people the production of side cut brick as
cheaply as end cut brick are produced is a vital matter. There are
three or more automatic side cutting tables under construction but none
in the market. ‘The problem is certain to be solved in the near future.

There are a large number of side cut brick machines on the market.
There are two of special merit.

The E. M. Freese Company of Galion, Ohio has probably the bes:
all-round side cut brick machine in use. There are more Freese machine+
in Ohio than any other kind of side cut machine. The cutting table is
the old style side cut, pallet delivery but of its class, itis the best made.

The Frey Sheckler Co. of Bucyrus are the manufacturers of the
- Wellsville side cut table, just described. It deserves the credit of being
called the most successful modern device for handling side cut brick.
Their auger machines are also excellent in every way.

The handling of the end cut bar has attained far greater perfection
than the side cut. In end cut machinery the problems of cutting and
removing the brick have been solved and there is no limit to the work
which may be done, except the limit of the machine itsel!.. It become:
a question of size, speed, power and clay supply rather than ability to
handle the output.

End cut bricks when made in double and triple stream dies on a
side cut machine, are cut off and handled by hand tables, something
similar to the side cut apparatus or by reel cutters also operated by hand.
But in all of the successful, steam, end cut machines, the cutting is
done automatically without the intervention of any labor.

In all of the automatic cut off tables in use, the bar of clay, as it
issues from the machine, is received on a belt, and the fric*ion of the
clay on the belt forms the motive power which actuates the ‘cutter. By

CLAY WORKING INDUSTRIES. 161

this means the speed of the cutter is proportioned to the flow of the
clay; if it were otherwise, the brick would be of unequal length, The
cutter is driven in the different types by either a cam motion, or by gear-
ing, or by link belting and sprocket wheels. The cutter consists of a
reel with cross wires which are made to cut down through the clay as it
runs under the axis of the reel.

The bricks as fast as they are cut off, are separated by a belt running
at slightly higher speed; by increasing the speed of the separating belt
and increasing its length, any out put whatever can be removed and
taken care of. In some of the recent trials, the enormous quality of 250
brick per minute were produced and handled perfectly. This is at the
rate of 150,000 brick per day.

There are machines now in operation which have made an average
run for many days at a time of 75,000.

Among the automatic end cut brick machines now in successful
operation the most prominent are the following:

1. The Chambers machine of Philadelphia.

2. The Penfield machine of Willoughby, Ohio.

3. The Frey Sheckler machine of Bucyrus, Ohio.

4. The Wallace machine.

Among the third class of stiff mud, brick making machines, there
are two of more prominence than the rest.

The first of these, made by the Brewer Machine Co. of Tecumseh,
Mich., is a complicated affair. The principle of its action may be de-
scribed by saying that a vertical pug mill is used to force the clay down-
ward and a large “mud wing” or revolving arm is used to give the final
propulsion to the clay. This mud wing forces the clay down into a set
of molds, arranged around the periphery of a horizontal table. Each
mold box is filled with clay and when full, comes under a pair of plungers,
acting vertically, one working up under the clay and one down on it.
The clay is thus compressed to a solid block, which is subsequently re-
moved, when the movable bottom of the mold box is elevated to the
surface level of the table.

The main point about this machine is that the clay is forced into
the molds by a power so obscure in its application that no structure, or
arrangement of particles is imparted to it, and the plunger pressure,
merely operating to compress a portion of clay already introduced into a
confined space, cannot possibly do it any harm in this way. ‘Therefore
this machine should be an especially valuable one to apply to clays which
are naturaly too plastic for use in Auger mills or Plunger mills. The
capacity of the machine is about 25,000 per day.

The second machine of the combination type is called the Grant
machine or the Grant & Murrey. It consists of a vertical pug-mill,
crowding theclay downward and forward something like the plunger motion
of the Penfield plunger machine. A large mud-wing at the bottom of

11 Gee):

162 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

the pug mill forces the clay into a space in front of the plunger, which
then forces the wad or ballof clay out into a mold; here it is stamped by
a vertical plunger and consolidated into the brick form and again
forced out on a carrier belt, which takes it away. The action of this
machine is not as clean-cut and desirable as the Tecumseh, the clay beiug
subjected to movement 38 times, in getting it into the mold box where
it is made into a brick. However, it at no time passes through a die
under pressure, or is acted on by an auger, so that the field of usefulness
of the machine in working plastic clays may be quite important. Its
capacity is about 2500 per day. The structure of the brick made on it
from plastic clays is very fair, free from the defects which would surely
present themselves in working the same clays by auger or plunger
machinery.

A third type of machine, the invention of Mr. H. Camp of Cuya-
hoga Falls has been built and tested at Greentown, Ohio. It is not prop-
erly a combination machine as the clay is formed by a distinct plunger
action. But the novel feature of the machine is, that it combines the
manufacture of the brick, with the repressing of them, and the automatic
delivery on a dryer car so that one man in general charge of the machine
can produce 25,000 repressed bricks per day on the cars ready for drying,
with no assistance. While this machine has been subjected to the prac-
tical test of manufacturing 600,000 brick, in which it gives satisfaction, the
company that controls it has not made a success of the plant as a whole
and its use was not continued. The machine is a marvel of ingenuity,
and without question has the elements in it of a very great success; it is
likely that some alterations would be needed to adjust its action if it were
being introduced widely.

Repressing. After the bricks are made and cut to length, they are
finished as far as their torm is concerned and with no further work
except drying and burning. They are a marketable product. But pav-
ing brick manufacturers have many of them gone farther and submitted
their bricks to a second mechanical operation, for producing the finished
shape. ‘This operation is called re-pressing, though in most kinds of
brick it is not properly Re-pressing, as it is the frst application of pres-
sure in a confined space.

The purposes which makers have in view in the repressing are as
follows:

Ist. ‘To give their ware new and ornate shapes and marks which
are not attainable by use of any die where flow of the clay is produced.

2nd. ‘To obliterate the rough sides or ends caused by the passage of
the cutting wire through the clay, and give the biick a smooth, dense
skin which shall assist in preventing the absorption of water.

3rd. ‘To produce a stronger, denser, better wearing material than
can be abtained by the formation of a bar of clay by passing through a
die.

CLAY WORKING INDUSTRIES. 163

The claims of the value of repressing have been very much over-
stated at times and the prices of paving materials have been raised and
kept up, on the strength of the improved quality and additional cost of
manufacture of repressed bricks.

Recently however, a distinct counter current of opinion has set in.
Opposition to repressing has heretofore been confined to those who had
not provided themselves with the necessary plant for doing the work;
the recent movement is coming from those who make both plain and
repressed brick and are therefore in a position to know the facts in the
case.

The claims of this faction are that the structure of the bar of clay
is determined in the auger machine and die and that to take the bricks
fresh from the machine, and inclose them in a fixed space, and there
subject them to heavy pressure causes a breaking up of the original
structure, and that the new arrangement of the brick, particles is not
as good as the old. They allege that the new material is not denser
than the old and that it will not wear as well, and chips easier. Some
few even say that the pressure in the repress die does not permeate the
entire brick, but only affects it to a slight depth and that the change in
shape which the brick undergoes in the repress die is effected by a sur-
face flow of the clay and not by a rearrangement of the whole structure
of the brick, and that this surface flow of the clay produces laminations
between the unaffected interior and the exterior.

This last claim is an absurd one, and one which ought not to find
credence with any intelligent man. The clay in the brick machine acts
like a fluid; it is still able to respond to the same influences when it is
put into the repress die. One of the laws controlling fluids is that pres-
sure applied anywhere on it, is transmitted throughout the mass equally.

The repress die must be larger than the brick in two dimensions, in
order to admit of the brick being easily and automatically dropped into
the die before pressure; hence the dimensions of the plain brick are
appreciably changed in all directions and the theory of surface flow
being sufficient to account for this readjustment of the mass is absurd.
The mass is altered by just such a flow and response to pressure as
occurred when it was made in the auger machine die.

The question as to the benefits of repressing hinges on this point.
No one can doubt that the appearance of the brick is improved by
repressing and that new and desirable shapes can be imparted which
could not be obiained in any other way. Also, it is apparent that the
ragged surfaces of a side-cut or end-cut brick offer facilities for absorption
of water, which a smooth surface doesnot. But whether the new struct-
ure obtained in the repress die is as good as the one first obtained in the
machine die, is a matter still open for debate.

In the paving brick tests, conducted by the Survey on Ohio
material, (and of which extended notice will be given further on) the

164 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

twenty-six varieties of repressed material tested, showed a loss in rattling
of 17.92 per cent. while the plain bricks, (nineteen varieties) showed a loss
of 17.42 per cent. Also the tests of the various brands of brick manu-
factured at Canton, Ohio, (which were all furnished both repressed and
plain, and which are included in the general average given above) show
in the rattling test as follows:

Repressed—Loss, 16.43 per cent.

Plain side-cut—Loss, 16.68 per cent.

A special test was made on material submitted by the Holloway
Paving Brick Co., and seven repressed brick and eight plain brick were
given 1,000 revolutions together in the rattler with a loss of

Repressed, 15.02 per cent.
Plain, 19.56 per cent.

Also, in the same test, one repressed brick each from Canton, Royal,
and Williams factories at Canton, were rattled with two each of the same
factories, plain. ‘The results here showed,

Repressed, 11.45 per cent.
Plain, 10.12 per cent.

The total average loss of all four brands of paving brick in this

special test of 1,000 revolutions showed :
Repressed, 13.23 per cent.
Plain, 14. 84 per cent.

This difference is not great, and the fact that the plain bricks would
lose their square corners and edges very rapidly, while the rounded edges
of the repressed brick would last some time before the skin would break,
indicates that in the average there is little to choose between the two in
point of toughness and resistance to abrasion.

This test, however, is a, very hasty and inconclusive one: itis merely
an indication, not a proof; to make the results conclusive, two kinds of
brick should be made so that every other condition except the pressing
should be exactly the same. They should be made of the same clay, at
the same time, dried alike, burnt in the same course of the same kiln
Such material was not procurable however, and the tests as made simply
represent the run of the yard when they were selected.

The test which is recommended is a very easy one to make, and is
within the reach of any paving brickmaker without expense. The
truth of the matter could in this way be easily ascertained.

The method of repressing is much the same everywhere. The bricks
are taken as directly as possible from the separating belts, cars or pallets,
and fed to a repress machine by a feeder—and the machines now in use
are arranged to automatically receive, press and deliver the finished
block. ‘Two machines at present are in use in the state.

1. The Raymond Repress, of Dayton. 2. The Eagle Repress,
by the Frey Sheckler Co., of Bucyrus.

CLAY WORKING INDUSTRIES. 165

The Raymond press has by far the most extended use of any
machinery of its kind. Other types of represses are in process of con-
struction by other manufacturers, put nothing of any importance is yet
on the market, except the Eagle.

The capacity of the single Raymond repress is about 12,000 brick
per day of ten hours. Itcan be run at a speed sufficient to make 15,000
per day, but this speed results in loss of perfection in the work, and
rapid wear. ‘Two men are required torunthe machine. ‘The latest styles
of Raymond press are adopted to press large blocks, like furnace tiles,
etc., or to press two bricks of the paving block size together. The con-
struction and action are exactly the same, but the expense of repressing
is much reduced, as one man can feed both dies and two boys can receive
and pile up the pressed blocks. The best records yet made on the new
double press show 26,400 brick in ten hours.

The Eagle repress is also fitted with two dies and makes two bricks
at each pressure.

The labor of feeding it and disposing of the brick is just the same as in
the Raymond. ‘The machine is guaranteed to produce 22,000 bricks per
then ours and it can just as easily produce more as any other machine, since
the results are mainly dependent on the work of feeding and taking away
the bricks.

The mere fact of repressing is not a good reason for any great in-
crease in price over plain material, but if the qualities of a brick are much
improved by repressing, the public should demand that it should be done,
and the maker should be glad to do it at a fair profit on the cost.

- The labor of three men, estimated at $3.75, is sufficient to press an
average of 20,000 per day which is less than two cents per thousand.

Drying. ‘The bricks are ready for drying either when they come
from the auger machine, or when they come from the repress.

The work of driving out the water which has been added to secure
plasticity in the clay is no light affair. In the course of a day’s run in a
factory making 30,000 nine-pound blocks, the amount of water used in
tempering is not far from fifteen tons. ‘To remove fifteen tons of water
from bricks by evaporation once in twenty-four hours is a more serious
problem than would appear at first sight.

Paving brick pla ts are in a state of growth or evolution in this
country and their mechanical processes, and chemical ones as well, are
accomplished in a great variety of ways which a few more years’ experience
will considerably simplify.

Many firebrick and sewerpipe plants have been converted into
paving brick plants of late—hence, we find the methods of drying which
characterize the other industries, applied to paving brick merely because
the facilities are there. There are also several processes of drying
especially designed for the rapid and economical production of brick
which have not yet fully demonstrated their value to the public.

166 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

The systems of drying, excluding open-air racks, may be classified as
follows :

Ist. Dry floors.

2d. Sewerpipe floors.

dd. Compartment dryers.

4th. Progressive dryers.

Dry floors are the oldest means of drying used in the regular daily
production of a considerable quantity of bricks. The dry floor system
- has grown up with the fire brick business in which it is almost univers-
ally used.

The dry floor system uses a large fire proof floor, heated by a sys-
tem of flues underneath. The fires are maintained in fireplaces at one
side of the floor, and the heated products of combustion pass through
the flues, keeping the floor above hot, and unite in a draft stack, at the
opposite side of the floor. The bricks are put down in the floor on their
edge, or end, and sometimes are hacked up in open piles two or four or
six deep: usually, however, the floor is expected to hold the day’s run and
must be emptied and filled once a day. The longer the floor is made, the
cooler the products of combustion will become, and the greater number
of bricks can be dried with the same quantity of coal. Dry floors are
naturally of all sizes according to the manufacturer’s requirements: the
best ones are often made one hundred and fifty or one hundred and sixty
feet from fireplace to stack, Two hundred feet would not be too long to
get the best economy in the use of fuel. The roof over the dry floor
ought to be provided with ventilation, to allow of air currents through
the room. If other stories are added above the dry floor, the amount of
drying which can be done with the same fuel can be greatly increased,
as the heat arising from the floor is enough to give very good drying
power above. ‘The material is placed on the floor by hand, and is taken
off again by hand. Sometimes it is necessary to move the bricks on
edge or alter their position during the drying which calls for another
handling.

The cost of this system of drying is variable: where slack coal is ac-
cessible for little or nothing, it isa cheap plan. Where coal has to be
delivered by rail, it is not cheap. The moisture in this method is liter-
ally evaporated or driven out by heat. The effect of air currents assists
somewhat, but the air is given no adequate chance to do any work.

There are objections to the use of this plan. The unequal heat of
the two ends of the floors causes the brick to dry under different condi-
tions and to very different extent, in the same time. When a brick is
put down moist from the machine on a floor heated about 212°, the rapid
and unequal drying cannot help but do harm tothe structure of the brick.
There is often a loss by bricks cracking and falling in two from this
cause, but the greatest damage comes from bricks whose structure is
weakened but not broken, and whose failure after being burnt and trans-
ported away for use causes more loss.

CLAY WORKING INDUSTRIES. 67

The cost of the additional labor and handling required by this method
of drying must be included as a part of the expense. In fact, all of the
systems of drying in use, are so connected with the means of getting
the brick into and out of the drying plant, that the mere cost in fuel and
attendance cannot be given as a fair statement of the cost of the method.

Sewer Pipe Floors. Sewer pipe is an article which it is very diffi-
cult to dry safely and fire proofing is still more troublesome and hence
those engaged in this line of work have perfected a system of drying
which, when applied to bricks, forms the safest and least objectionable
plan that can be used. However, it entails the use of a very expensive
plant, especially if the quantity to be dried daily is large.

The plan of operation is to expose the wares, piled in open order
two or four deep on slatted or open floors, to the gentle heat and soft air
currents caused by steam pipes placed in open order underneath the
floors. The piping is generally applied under the two lower floors, and
the warm air from below is sure to rise and assist in drying the wares
above. The steam is supplied during the day time by the exhaust of
the steam engines and steam presses if they are used. During the night,
the use of a small amount of live steam is necessary especially in cold
weather.

The principle of this process is the absorption of the moisture o
the bricks by simple exposure to warm air. No effort is made to pro_
duce air currents and the heat used is usually quite small and cannot be
made high without great cost for extra piping and use of live steam.
The cost of the process is most manifest in considering the expense of
fitting up to use it.

The ordinary period of exposure is about seven days for paving
blocks. It can be managed with less time, but seven days is the least
time to do the work with the attainment of great economy.

To get floor room capable of holding an output of 30,000 per day
and allowing seven days for drying, requires a large, tall and strong build-
ing,as aside from the weight of the machinery, the weight on the floors
will run from 600 to 1,000 tons.

The labor involved in the use of this process is just the same as in
the dry floor; the material all has to be put down and taken up by hand
and in addition, the large area of floors occupied by bricks and the num-
ber of stones generally used, cause extra expense in getting the material
down to the kiln yard after it is dry.

The character of the drying done in this way is the safest, best and
most wholesome that can be obtained; there are no violent changes in
temperature, or forcing of natural conditions at any point.

The cost of drying by this process after the building and piping are
once in operation is very little. Many brickmakers dry during 9 months
of the year at absolutely no expense whatever for fuel, which would not

168 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

be spent in any event, in the production of power. During the balance of
time they expect to use a little live steam to supplement the exhaust
provided by the power plant.

If the floors are smaller and the time which can be allotted to the
bricks to dry is limited, then the use of live steam becomes necessary all
the time, and while the drying that is secured is still of a good quality,
the use of the heat is not an economical one Many more feet of pipe
are required to accomplish a given amount of drying by this way than
will be required by other plans; hence the only economy of the process
-consists in the possession of ample space and equipment, so that by the
use of the waste steam and time, the work can be done without extra
fuel.

Chamber Dryers. ‘The plan of action of the chamber dryer consist
in exposing the brick piled in open bulk to the drying influences of heat
and air currents continuously until they are dry and then emptying and
refilling the dryer for another change. The dryers are usually built on
what is know as the Tunnel System; the compartments are long, low
rooms, arranged in parallel order, each compartment being provided
with its own heat supply, air supply, and draft arrangement, to carry
off the steam and vapor and each compartment being equipped with its
own doors, and means of control of all the necessary conditions. In
some places, the output is sueh, that two chambers can do all the work,
one being filled and emptied every day while the other is drying its
charge. Elsewhere, three compartments are needed, one being filled,
another drying and another emptying. Again there may be a large
number of compartments operated in rotation as indicated. The
methods of generating heat and air currents and draft are essentially the
same in these dryers as in the next class and will be described later.

The principle of their action, that of drying a charge by itself and
under conditions that it is some one’s business to keep right, is a good
one. It connot be assailed on any theoretical grounds. But in practice,
the dryer is emptied and filled with its air currents and heating arrange-
ments inoperative, and when it is full of a given number of bricks, the
heat and air flow is usually put into operation at once. There is great
danger of cracking the brick at this stage and only the most skillful
manipulation will prevent it.

Progressive Dryers, are those which are being constantly filled with
greensware at one end, and emptied of dry ware at the other.

The use of this principle depends on some means of advancing the
position of the bricks along the dryer at will. The means adopted in
almost all cases, is by use of iron or wooden cars, each capable of carry-
ing a good load of brick without great use of power in moving it.

The use of the car system is not at all confined to progressive
dryers, but of the progressive dryer it is an integral part.

CLAY WORKING INDUSTRIES. 169

The operation of the progressive dryer offers us the best example
of the highest type of the art of artificial drying at the present time.
The bricks are brought to the rear end of the dryer on their car and
passing through double doors are placed in the rear of a line of similiar
cars. The heat and air are being introduced at the opposite end of the
dryer. By the time the air currents reach the rear end they have
absorbed in passing through the great volumes of brick ahead, about all
the vapor which they are capable of retaining, consequently, the temper-
ature is low, generally 80 to 100 degrees, and the air is filled with humid-
ity, almost to the dew-point. The new carload of bricks in an atmos-
phere like this, does not begin to dry at all, but it begins to warm
through, till the individual bricks are as hot as the surrounding atmos-
phere. After a time, the cars are shoved down the tunnel to make room
for other cars in the rear. The first car now begins to find itself in an
atmosphere a little warmer and not quite saturated with moisture. The
water now begins to dry on the surface of the bricks, and as they have
been previously brought to a warm steamy condition, the surface evapor-
ation is constantly replaced by moisture from the inside. Hence, there
is no tendency for the outside of the brick to contract faster than the
_ inside and therefore no tendency to cracking or breaking. As the bricks
proceed onward they yield up successive portions of their moisture and
finally emerge from the hot end of the dryer, ready for the kiln. There
are a few instances of clays which will not yield to this system of drying
as itis ordinarily carried on. These clays are of sucha nature that they
are almost sure to crack even on exposure to the open air for a half hour
after they are made. Such clays as these can only be treated in any
- form of dryer by the use of special conditions, and the special conditions
necessary, are a prolonged exposure to a wet steamy warm atmosphere,
so that the clay has an opportunity to become not only hot through and
through, but can also have an opportunity to absorb moisture rather
than lose it during this heating up.

The theory of this plan of drying is as near perfection as it is pos-
sible to attain at the same time with rapid and effective work. Where
these styles of dryers are used, it is usually the intention to dry every
day the entire quantity manufactured in the day’s run. It is usually pos-

ible to do so with no harm to the bricks, and therefore to make the
investment as small as possible in proportion to the work accomplished,
the drying is always estimated on the basis of the shortest possible
exposure to the conditions.

It is the preliminary exposure te the steamy atmosphere of the rear
end of the dryer which makes the rapid and effectual drying without
loss by cracking and checking a “possibility.” In the beginning of the
tunnel dryer system, the arrangements in rear comprised only one door
to keep out the outside air and make the draft arrangements do their
work. But great trouble was experienced from cracking of brick, and

170 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

the draft was found to be taking the lighter part of the atmosphere and
the steam out of the top part of the tunnel and the bricks below were in
an atmosphere where they were warmed or dried very slowly, Hence the
top part of each car was often cracked and the bottom part sound, hav-
ing been raised to the dryer heat before meeting the dry current of air.
Sometimes the reverse of this was found, and was due to the lower parts
of the cars going down into the lower parts of the dryer before they
have been properly prepared for it. ;

A vertical sliding door was then arranged inside of the outer door
and in front of the stack, so that the entire flow of heated air and steam
had to go down nearly to the floor of the tunnel before it would escape
into the draft. Thus the whole car was subjected to the steamy atmos-
phere and the drying was equally good at the bottom and top.

- 46ing importance of the preliminary heating up of the bricks in a
steamy atmosphere, or one so moist that no drying can take place, cannot
be overstated. In any form of dryer where the operations of nature are
sensibly hastened, or rather where air currents other than natural circu-
lation are used, it is the key to the success of the operation.

In the chamber dryer, this condition is best produced by shutting
off all air flow and producing the moist atmosphere by gentle heat alone
until the steaming is sufficiently performed; then the heat and air may
be both increased. In the progressive dryer, the effort must be directed
to continuously maintaining the atmosphere of the rear end of the dryer
in this condition.

The action of air in drying brick has been indicated briefly. The
mere use of heat, as is done on the dry floor, is the crudest and most
expensive plan; water is literally baked out or dvzveu out of the clay.

The atmosphere does its drying by absorption or evaporation of the
water from the surface of the wet clay. The ability of the air to absorb
the moisture of the clay depends on its temperature and its previous
condition of humidity. Dry air absorbs water at all temperatures, but
the amount which it will absorb increases enormously as its heat arises.
So that in drying a large quantity of brick, in a small space, in a short
time, the use of the air as a vehicle for the moisture in the bricks is
most important. A strong current of air will of itself dry the clay quite
rapidly, even at a low temperature, and in tunnel dryers the production
and control of the air currents is of equal importance with the production
of heat. The methods by which air currents are produced in tunnel or
compartment dryers are two:

First by stacks and second by fans.

The stacks employed are usually tall wooden chimmeys, of large
internal area, in order to secure the movement of a large volume of air
with a comparatively small difference in temperature between the inside
and outside of the stack.

CLAY WORKING INDUSTRIES. 171

The use of fans to produce the air current in brick dryers is increas-
ing rapidly. The advantage lies in the fact that the fan’s action is a
positive force; that so many revolutions per minute mean so many
thousand cubic feet of air per minute; and that the action of the dryer
is not made to depend on the natural conditions of the atmosphere,
which greatly influence the draft of a stack, especially where the available
head is so small.

The stack has the advantage of operating without power or the
expenditure of fuel for the purpose, while the fan has the advantage of a
positive supply against a variable one.

The means employed to heat the air supply in these dryers are
four:

“A.” By the Radiation of Hot Floors and Brick work, which is heat-
ed by the direct combustion of fuel. The products of combustion pass off
in the stack at the rear, without having been in direct contact with the
ware inthe tunnel. Thisis the principle adopted by the Sherer Dryer of
Philadelphia. A number of dryers of similar design, but each con-
structed on its own plans, are in operation. One at Middleport, Ohio, is
using producer gas as a means of getting the initial heat. The following
points can be raised against this class of dryers.

Ist. They consume fuel expressly for drying brick while more
heat than is needed to do the work is thrown away from the plant unused
each day.

2d. They consume more fuel than ought to be necessary, be-
cause all the heat they impart to the atmosphere is by the radiation of
the heated brickwork.

3d. ‘They involve an extra heavy expense for original outlay, as
the structure of the dryer and the brick cars have to be fireproof.

4th. The losses in drying brick are almost universally greater
where direct combustion is used, than where steam heat is the supply, as
the range of temperature is greater, and the radiating surfaces go clear
to the rear end of the tunnel. The brick when newly put into the dryer
are therefore subjected to heat underneath them at once, which is not the
case where steam heat is applied.

“B” By the combustion of fuel and the direct use of the heated
gases, diluted with air as the means of drying. ‘This plan was in opera-
tion at one point. A large flat hearth furnace with grate bars was
used to burn the fuel and the heat, smoke and gases were drawn
away by a fan, and, mingled with the proper quantity of outside
air to cool them down to the proper point, were blown into the tun-
neJ.

The operation at the point where it was used was very crude, though
successful and cheap. But the plan is capable of modification to give
good results. It has some inherent faults, however:

172 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

Ist. The method of generating the heat is sure to produce
inequality of temperature. It is impossible to always get the proportion
of outside air m:xed with the right proportion of gases fromthe fire to
keep mixture at any given temperature.

2d. It requires a fireproof structure to make its use safe.

3d. ‘The smoke, unless it can be prevented by use of gas fuel,
or coke, is a serious draw back to the cleanliness of the place.

In favor of the plan, it may be said that the total heat generated is
used, except a very small amount for the radiation of the furnace, and
the cost of fuel can be thus kept very low; and also that the plan has
the advantage of using the fans or positive blowers without the expense
of installation attaching to the usual methods of heating the air supply.

“C.” By the radiation of steam pipes placed under the floor of the
dryer at its hot end, and extending part way back toward the cold end.
This is the plan adopted by the Ironclad Dryer Co. of Chicago who have
one of the best and most popular dryers in the market. ‘The pipes are
filled with live steam which is kept in the heating coilsat boiler pressure.
The water of condensation is trapped out and returned to the boiler
for use again, so that really all the expense in generating the heat, is the
cost of the fuel used in vaporizing the water.

The advantage of the use of steam as a means of generatng the
heat required are: Ist. That there is no possibility of getting the dryer
very much hotter than is intended; indeed the general mode of operation
is to use all the heat that can be obtained. 2nd. ‘The cheapness of con-
struction which is thus possible, using wood and sawdust partitions and
no brickwork, or iron work except the running parts of the dryer cars.
3d: The comparatively even efficiency of the heating apparatus even
under careless management. If there is any steam in a boiler the tem-
perature of the dryer pipes is over 212°. If the steam pressure is 60 lbs.
the temperature of the dryer pipes is 807°. Thus the steam may vary in
pressure considerably without materially injuring the work of the dryer.
But if a fireman is careless or negligent in tending the fires of direct com-
bustion dryer, it cannot fail to produce bad results by excess or defiency
at once.

“D.” By the use of a compact coil of steam piping arranged to se-
cure the largest possible heating surface in the smallest convenient bulk.
By blowing or exhausting air through such a heater by a fan and con-
veying the heated air in underground brick flues to the dryer, the amount
of heating surface may be greatly reduced over the plan of direct radia-
tion on the dryer.

This is the plan adopted in the Benedict dryer, the Sturtevant dryer
and various others. ‘The heaters are all so arranged that exhaust steam
can be used during the day, while it is being made, and then be replaced
by live steam at night. Also in the Buffalo Forge Company’s heater the

CLAY WORKING INDUSTRIES. 173

latest arrangement allows of simultaneous use of exhaust steam, and
live steam, in any variable proportion which is desired.

This plan probably presents the greatest perfection yet attained in

the art of drying bricks. ‘The use of a fan has many advantages over a
stack, and the use of a compact heater, in which the heat of the exhaust
can be used wherever it is available and in whatever quantity it is avail-
able, enables the manufacturer to do the maximum amount of drying in
the minimum amount of space with the minimum amount of fuel, and
attention. The efficiency to which these dryers actuated both by stack
or fan are now brought is shown by the fact that there are several firms
willing to make guarantee contracts to dry a daily output of any size, in
twenty-four hours with not over one per cent. loss by cracking in any
kind of clay, at a final cost of about $1,000.00 for every 5,000 brick per
day to be dried. ‘This cost includes the dryer complete with tracks, turn-
tables, iron cars and transfer cars—in fact everything necessary to the
operation of a progressive dryer with the car system. ‘The cost per
thousand after the dryer is in operation depends on the fuel, on whether
live or exhaust steam be used, and in the arrangements of filling and
emptying the dryer. Under good conditions the cost can be reduced be-
low twenty cents per 1,000.

In most brick plants the exhaust steam of the engine if applied in
a condensed space and used to impart a low heat to a large body of air
under constant motion, is sufficient to do three-fourths of the drying.
Economy demands that either the waste heat of burning or the waste
heat of manufacturing should be used.

Two plans are open to the manufacturer who wishes to get the maxi-
mum economy in running expense, rather than the minimum first cost
of investment.

Either the exhaust steam of his engine should be made to do all
that it is able to do toward drying the daily product, in which case he is
justified in using a common engine not especially economical of steam,
or he must dry his bricks by the waste heat of the burning processes,
and get the utmost efficiency out of the boiler fuel by use of compound
condensing engines.

The waste of fuel now going on in most of the brick factories in
the drying process seems almost as criminal as the fearful waste in min-
ing the coal from its underground resting place.

Many factories are employing low grade steam engines, whose best
economy of steam consumption is very poor, and are over-burdening
them so that not over one-half of the possible economy is attained, and
then are throwing away into the air the heat which would more than
suffice to dry their whole output. In addition, they calmly proceed to
draw. on their already over-taxed boilers for live steam for their dryers or
else use the still worse plan of burning up fuel direct for this purp se.
And to all these wastes the burning and cooling kilns of brick are every

174 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

day throwing out waste heat enough to dry all the daily product twenty
times over.

There have been several attempts made by manufacturers to
use this absolutely wasted heat from the kilns. No method worthy of
general adoption has yet been devised. In one place the kilns are lo-
cated in a leanto building alongside the main shop. ‘The kiin shed is
made tight and has an iron roof. The heat arising is accumulated under
this iron roof and directed into the upper stories of the main building,
through a row of upenings. There being no outlet above in the main
building the claim is made that the hot air is forced as it cools to descend -
by displacement and as it goes downward it dries the wares exposed on
the floors. The air current is finally allowed free exit at the bottom.
The operators and inventors of this system, which they call ‘ Down draft
drying”’ lay great stress on its benefits. In addition tothe heat of kilns,
however, the boilers are in the center of the factory on the lower floor
aud the heat radiated from this source is in itself no small factor in keep-
ing the drying conditions up to the mark. In addition to this economy
of drying, the generation of power is accomplished by use of a high
grade Corliss engine, so that the best economy of steam consumption
possible with the use of non-condensing engines is attained.

In another place, the kilns themselves are located in the basement of
the building, which-when completed will contain several stories of slatted
floors above. The heated air rises in this case directly through the wares
and escapes at the roof in ventilators.

In still another place the wares are placed in the kiln in a semi-dry con-
dition and by use of a fan system connecting all the kilns in the place,
the heat is abstracted from a cooling kiln and, mixed with the proper
quantity of ccol air from outside, is blown into the newly set kiln; by
this means the temperature is slowly increased until 230° or 250° or even
300° is attained, when the burning proper is commenced. Though this
is a drying process, it is attained in the kiln, and not in the dryers, and
it is conducted on material in which the moisture is not to exceed five
per cent at most. It would be hardly applicable to the proces of paving
material made from stiff mud, which must be approximately dry before
being set in the kilns.

Though there are grave objections to the use of any of these three
plans, yet they are all based on the proper line of action; the improve-
ments which will come to the drying process are sure to be in this line,
for in the burning and cooling of clay wares of any kind there is more
heat wasted than will dry twenty times the output, and the recovery of
the necessary portion of it is only a question of time. With this
economy would come the less important but much needed use of high
grade power generation, by which the full value of the fuel in the boiler
room can be secured.

CLAY WORKING INDUSTRIES. 175

The Burning of Paving Material. 'The delicacy and importa ce of
this part of the process have been previously alluded to in various con-
nections in this article. Much of the trouble heretofore has lain in the
fact that the pioneers in this business have had to build their own roads
and find their own way, for while there is very much in common in the
burning of sewer pipe and paving brick and in fact any vitrified clay
ware, still the difficulties involved have not only been those of vitrify-
ing larger masses of clay than was ever before attempted, but in also
satisfying a market that did not yet know what it wanted.

What is really desired or needed to produce a perfect paving mate-
rial is now beginning to be better understood, and as it is in the burning
process, where these qualities are largely made or lost, it is best to dis-
cuss the subject in this connection.

The qualities which a city street must have, to make it a good in-
vestment for the tax payers who build it are:

1st. Durability under heavy traffic.

2d. Sufficient smoothness to make traction easy and comparatively
noiseless, and yet not such smoothness as to make it slippery for horses’
fee:

3d. Reasonable cost.

4th. Good sanitary qualities; that is, that the street as a whole or the
material of which it is composed shall not be absorbent of the filth
which always finds its way there, and thus becomes a receptacle for
disease.

Without entering into a general discussion, it is safe to say that vit-
rified clay is undoubtedly the most satisfactory material now in use in
regard to the 2d, 3d, and 4th specifications and that the position of
brick pavements yet remain to be proved in regard to the first point.
Sufficient time has not yet elapsed since the laying of any street with
what we zow call good brick paving material, to enable us to make a de-
duction as to its relative wear and cost compared with granite or
other natural stone.

The qualities then, which must be possessed by bricks to fill these
various requirements are:

1st. Vitrification—by which the ma‘erial becomes indestructible to
weather or any natural influence it will have to endure.

2d. ‘Toughness, which enables it to stand friction and blows with-
out undue wear.

3d. Uniformity—which prevents the early failure of the material
in spots, which very soon extend to the ruin of the whole. |

Vitrification, as we have already shown is wholly a matter of burn-
ing. ‘Toughness is a quality which depends on three conditions;

1st. The natural quality of the clays, some of which produce tough
ware, and some which do not.

176 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

_ 2d, The burning, which may be so managed as to destroy this
quality wholly.

3d. The cooling or annealing process, which, more than any-
thing else, makesa brick tough or brittle.

Uniformity is a quality affected by two forces; Ist. The process of
manufacture, which ought to secure by its machinery material of very
great homogeneity; 2d. The burning, which can be managed so as to
make but little variation in the different parts of one kiln, and also
between the product of different kilns.

So that in the burning more than in anything else, the value of the
material for paving purposes depends.

The chemical processes of burning are those which have been pre-
viously set forth. The only point of variation consists in the large size
and area of the clay body which is to be vitrified and the greatly increased
danger of bloating in driving off the combined water.

The custom of glazing paving material has been much discussed and
agitated. A popular impression, carefully fostered by the manufacturers
who do not glaze, is to the effect that the glaze is a surface veneer which
merely adorns the surface of an otherwise unprepossessing material, and
that, as arule, it is used to allow bricks which are too soft in the center
to pass inspection. ‘There is no foundation for this belief. As a matter
of fact, the glaze of a paving brick is harder than the substance of the
brick; and in addition to this it is a fact that very few clays can be suc-
cessfully and handsomely glazed which have not been thoroughly burnt.
Instead of casting suspicion on the quality of the ware, it is more often
a proof of its quality. Salt glazing cannot be made to take effect on
clay ware at any low temperature; and the presence of any salt glaze is
presumptive evidence, though not a positive proof, not only that the brick
has been at the vitrifying point, but has been held at that temperature
until thoroughly soaked with heat; for practical experience of those who
have used salt glaze invariably goes to show that their glazing is only
satisfactory when a kiln is thoroughly burnt. Thus the salt glaze in
paving material is a source of benefit to the public and makers on the
following accounts: First it delays the wear of the surface for a time,
and assists in preventing absorption. Second, it is an indication but not
a sure proof of satisfactory vitrification, and thereby assists in culling out
soft material.

The attention of the maker or public is always directed to that por-
tion of the product which is “off color’ and different from the rest; in
salt glazed goods this portion included most of the soft material. All
the unglazed portions of a kiln are not necessarily soft, because many
clays will not readily glaze, owing to the presence of lime salts. So that
it is not fair to count glazed material as good, or all unglazed as bad.
Nevertheless on a yard where salt glazed goods are made, the. good
material is largely found among the glazed, and the bad is largely found
in that devoid of glaze.

CLAY WORKING INDUSTRIES. 177

No intelligent objection can be raised against salt glaze, except from
those makers who are trying to make paving blocks and building brick
in the same kiln at the same time. In this case, the glazing of a few
courses of the building bricks is likely to happen and is undesirable, for
in building material a certain amount of porosity is essential and a glaze
interferes with it.

The Kilns in which the burning of vitrified clay wares is accom-
plished, do not vary much in reference to the kind of the ware to be
burnt, consequently the kilns in use are most of them used indiscrimi-
nately by the makers of vitrified wares.

The conditions which the satisfactory drying of clay wares demand
have been seen to be definite and concise. Any radical departure from
these conditions is fatal to the success of the operation, and that form of
dryer in which these conditions can be most easily brought about, or has
the most power to vary these conditions slightly to suit the peculiarities
of the clay under treatment, is the one which meets the surest and widest
SUCCESS.

In burning vitrified clay wares, also, the conditions under which
success can be obtained are comparatively sharply marked; to produce
and obey these natural conditions must be the aim of any successful kiln
constructor or operator.

The first condition of success in a kiln for burning paving material
is the use of fireplaces which not only admit of regulation and control,
but enable the burner to consume large amounts of fuel without making
poor combustion, and which will allow the cleaning of the fires without
the loss of great heat or time in the operation.

' In burning paving material the heat, after being carefully and grad-
ually raised to the vitrifying point must be held there for some time, to
allow it to “soak in” or permeate the entire body of ware, also the
various parts of the kiln are not likely to obtain the proper heat just at
the same time and the production of heat must therefore be under
accurate control. ‘The vitrifying action takes place over quite a range of
temperature and it is the aim of the burner to hold the heat at a point
where the vitrifying action will take place slowly and without failure of
the shape of the ware. Also, the burner must be able to produce and
maintain high temperatures for long periods.

If the fireplace be of a type that is difficult to clean when under full
fire, the loss of fuel and time in clearing fires becomes a serious item in
the success and cost of the operation.

There are a number of types of fireplaces in use:—The most impor-
tant ones will be described.

1st. The outside furnace is used in a few kilns. It consists usually
of a square brick structure with flat arched roof provided with firedoor
and ashdoor in front and witha flue leading into the lower part of the kiln

12 G30;

178 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

inrear. ‘The fire is maintained on grate bars similar to the furnace of a
steam boiler.

There are many objections to this style of fireplace. 1. The
production of heat is too far away from the scene of its usefulness.
2. It is hard to clean the fires thoroughly. 8. The fire is not under
good control, as, on flat grate bars, the air is apt to burn through the fuel
in holes and thus allow the heat to be lowered without the burners’
knowledge. ‘The radiation of the furnace is great and causes a loss of

fuel on this head. One very serious objection lies in the fact that the
outside furnace invariably causes heavy smoke during firing and for
sometime afterwards. ‘Thisis due to the fact that when fresh coal is
thrown into a furnace full of incandescent coals, the evolution of gasses
is sudden and strong. ‘These gases cannot get enough air in the furnace
for complete combustion and are “fixed” or “cracked” by the high heat
of the walls and brickwork around them. Jn this condition they go
into the kiln and though they meet plenty of free oxygen there to
burn them completely, the temperature is seldom high enough to cause
ignition. It is a general rule among fuel and combustion experts, that
“smoke once formed, remains smoke.” The only way to prevent it, is
to cause complete combustion of the gases at the point of their formation,
and before they escape from contact with the incandescent objects around
them.

The objections urged against the economy and success of the out-
side furnace, are of a sweeping character; indeed, but little can be said in
favor of this method of heat generation which does not apply with
greater force to every other kind of fireplace.

Careful examination of the fireplace as seen in operation in many
points has demonstrated the essential truth of all of the theoretical con-
siderations advanced.

2d. ‘The inside furnace, is a flat hearth, grate bar furnace similar
to the first described,except that it is bulit in the walls of the kiln and
foot of the bags, instead of the outside of the kiln. Its firedoor and ash-
door open flush with the outside of the kiln wall. The same faults as to
regulation control and ease of cleaning, can be urged against this
kind of fire. But as to loss by radiation, and opportunity of complete
combustion of gases, no fault can be found. The objections to this fire
are confined to points of ease and expediency in manipulation rather than
in radical defects of the combustion itself.

3d. ‘Tne open front, incline grate bar fireplace,” is perhaps the
commonest style in use. Without the bars the fireplace merely consists
of an opening into the kiln wall about eighteen or twenty inches wide,
three feet high and extending from the bagwall in the inside to six inches
or a foot outside the line of the kiln’s circumference. The grate bars are
hooked at the upper end over a cross bar near the top of the projecting
side walls of the fireplace and the bottom ends rest on the ground or over
a second cross bar lower down. In this fire the flames proceed directly

CLAY WORKING INDUSTRIES. 179

through the bag which acts as a combustion chamber up into the kiln.
The incline grate allows the air to play freely beneath the fire, but
also allows the burner to see that no air holes are allowed to form through
the coals to the interior. The bars being loose are easily moved about in
cleaning the fires. The loss of heat by radiation is large; the fuelis piled
up level with top of the fireplace when freshly replenished, but as soon
as it burns a few moments, it settles down allowing a constant stream of
outside air to flow into the fireplace over the surface of the fire. This air
is often needed to promote good combustion but in this type of fireplace
it is not under control and frequently much more than needed is allowed
to enter.

4th. ‘‘ The closed front, inclined grate bar fireplace” in use on the
Akron stoneware and sewer-pipe kilns, is one of the best fire places in use.
It is fired from the end as in the preceding, but the front is arranged to
be closed tight by a door or tile and the only influx of air into the kiln
except that which works through the mass of hot coals on the incline
grate, is admitted from small holes in rear of the firedoor and which are
under control of the burner.

The character of the work of this fireplace is of the highest type;
it is practically a gas producer, applied to the needs of the brick kiln; no
better control of the work of the fire can be had by any means, but in
cleaning the clinkers out from the grates some inconvenience is felt,
especially when burning the fireplace for six or eight day campaigns; in
its original work it was never necessary to clean the fire thoroughly dur-
ing the progress of the short burn.

5th. The last important type of fireplace is hard to describe by a
name. It is fired from above, not from the end as before and no grate
bars are used. The fireplace consists of a space eighteen inches wide by
th ee feet deep and extending from the bag wall inside to about eighteen
inches beyond the kiln in the outside.

The front is closed by a permanent or movable brick wall, leaving an
aperture about 18x18 below it to serve for an ashdoor; on top, the
aperture is 18x18 and is provided with a tile or metal cover. Across the
fireplace close to the circumference of the kiln, a 12x24 tile is placed ver-
tically on its edge, its top flush with the top of the fireplace. This serves
to make a false front for the fire and to hold it back from dropping down
into the foot of the bag too far. Between the tile and the kiln wall a
small space is left which on being opened or closed acts as a damper in
controlling the fireplace and perfecting the combustion.

It is impossible for any air supply to get into the kiln except what
passes up through the fire from the ash door and down through the fire
from above. Hence all the air is converted into combustible gases which
continue in combustion through the bags and into the kiln.

The advantages of this fireare: lst. There are no grate bars to burn
out. 2d. It can be cleaned from clinkers with the greastest possible
facility and the least loss of heat. 3rd. The character andamount of the

180 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

combustion is entirely within the burner’s control, for by admitting
air in front of the fire the draft in the fire is diminished. 4th. The radia-
tion is ata minimum. dth. The comsumption of coal is at a minimum.
6th. ‘The quality of the coal used may be very inferior with no further.
trouble than increased frequency of clinkering, for the fire acts like a gas.
producer and will consume any kind of inflammable material with a pro-
duction of hot flame.

The two last fireplaces are the best in use and are easily adapted to
any form of kiln. Between the two there is little to choose in point of
efficiency; the latter, especially, when provided with the movable front
wall is the easiest to clean and manipulate. Comparing these two and
any of the other types, there is a distinct economy in coal, in their favor.
The saving is slight in the case of the second and third forms described,
and considerable in the case of the first.

The second condition in the arrangement of a successful kiln is the
use of means to produce astrong draft and yet one wholly under control.

In burning material in down draft kilns, the course of the heated
gases is directly contrary to nature. They must go downward, through
the wares, before they can escape up through the stack. The advantage
of the use of this downdraft is in the greater regularity of the distribution
of the heat. In updraft kilns, the gases establish certain channels
which offer the easiest passage upwards. The burning is thus apt and, in
fact, is nearly sure to be irregular or uneven. In the downdraft kiln, the
heat progresses downward inch by inch as the draft maintains a constant
flow from above to below, and this distribution is nearly even in every
part of the kiln.

To produce this draft, a stack has to be provided which will have
sufficient “head” or power to cause this temporary defection of the heated
gases from their upward passage.

The best form of stack for producing this draft isa matter which
has furnished ground for much discussion and disagreement among clay
workers. ‘There are several plans in use:

1. Single stacks—or one separate stack to each separate kiln.

2. Compound stacks—or stacks which have two or more kilns depen-
denton them. ‘The stack may be divided at the bottom into compart-
ments looking upwards so as to prevent the different currents of gases
from baffling each other, but the stack-pipe is one chamber for the greatest
part of its height above ground.

3. Multiple stacks—or the use of two or more small stacks, all
working on one kiln space.

Single stacks for around kiln are preferable to any other arrangement,
on account of the following reasons:

Ist. The draft on the kiln in question, being always actuated by one
and the same stack is always approximately uniform; or rather it varies
through approximately the same cycle, each burn; the only sources of

CLAY WORKING INDUSTRIES. 181.

variations would be in the state of the atmosphere and the closeness of
the setting of the ware in the kiln. In a compound stack, the draft
varies greatly according to the number of kilns on full fire at once, and
the burner, unless he is a man of intelligence and good judgment, is likely
to have constant trouble from this cause, and no matter how good judg-
ment he may possess, the more judgment required, the more frequent
will the failures be.

2d. One stack permits of more easy regulation than two or more.
One damper affects all parts alike, while in multiple stacks the number
of conflicting currents prevents the burners from securing very accurate
regulation.

On the other hand, it may be urged in favor of the compound stack,
that the heat of one kiln, just finishing or cooling off, gives powerful
assistance to the draft of another which is just starting and whose draft
is therefore in the weakest condition. ‘This assistance is of great benefit
in getting through the drying out and heating up stages of the burn, but
as previously shown, it becomes a source of danger when the vitrifying
stage is attained. Also in favor of multiple stacks it may be urged that
they are cheaper to construct than one stack of any pretensions, and also
they have the great advantage of using no yard room, being built in the
circumference of the kiln walls, and thus affording greater economy of .
space and convenience of arrangement than can be attained with either
single or compound stacks.

In producing the draft of square kilns, the conditions vary somewhat
from those of round kilns. By a square kiln is meant a rectangular one;
mot one of equal length and breadth. In fact the square kilns in use, are
usually eighteen feet wide, by seventy or eighty feet long. In kilns of
this size, it is impossible to devise any plan which shall enable one stack
to reach the various parts of the kiln with equal efficiency. ‘Therefore,
a multiplicity of stacks is a necessity in this type of kiln. But they may
still be arranged so asto be under as much control as the single stack on
the round kiln or they may be arranged at such frequent intervals along
the sides as to produce entirely different effects.

The most excellent burning that was seen in the state in a rectangu-
lar kiln was accomplished in one which was about thirteen feet wide by
thirty feet long. ‘The stacks were arranged at both ends of the kiln and
the main central flue connected each stack. ‘This flue was divided by a
horizontal partition into a top and bottom conipartment. The bottom
compartment, opened only into the central third of the kiln’s length, the
top parts drained the two end thirds of the kiln, each to its own stack;
by dampers the whole draft or any part of it could be directed to either
end or the center. By such an arrangement, where control is possible,
two or more stacks are an advantage; in fact, in long kilns they are almost
a necessity to secure anything like the best work. By the use of a large
number of small stacks built in the kiln walls the problem is somewhat

182 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

complicated, and control is more difficult in proportion to the number of
vents and number of currents to regulate.

Whatever the method of production of draft and there is certainly
room for honest difference of opinion as to what is best, especially in the
two main types of down draft kilns, the functions which that draft has to
perform are always alike. It must carry the hot products of combustion
down through the kiln; it is the vehicle which transfers the heat from the
fireplace to the wares.

The amount of the draft, or rather the rapidity of the flow of the
- gases is a matter which each burner must regulate for himself. If the
flow is too rapid, the heat will not have time to soak or penetrate the sub-
stance of the clay wares, but it is whisked down through them and out at
such a speed that onlya surface heat is imparted to the wares. Every crack
and opening is supplying outside air to nullify the effects of the combus-
tion of the fuel in the fireplace, and while the consumption of fuel will
be enormous, the progress made in the burning will be very slow.

The other extreme, that of having too little draft is nearly as bad; the
consumption of fuel is also heavy in this case for the burning process 1s
prolonged day after day in a vain attempt to draw the heat downward to
the lower portions of the kiln. In this case the upper portions become
overburnt and cindered and the lower portions are still soft and unfinished.
No skill in manipulation can help a kiln out of trouble from this cause.
It is a stze gua non that there must be draft enough; too much is easily
regulated by a damper, but too little cannot be remedied in any such
way.

The proper amount cannot be laid down in any fixed rule. Every
kiln and every clay has its own character, The best way of determining
the correctness of the draft pressure is by a study of the results of the
kiln. If the top is always overburnt and the bottom soft, an increase is
needed. If the bricks are hard on the surface and soft in the center, de-
crease the draft. When it is right, the vitrifying temperature ought to be
produced first on top and then downwards, course by course, until the
bottom of the kiln is reached. A complete burn in any good round kiln,
set with dry bricks of moderate heat-resisting power, ought not to occupy
more than seven days, in burning clean to the bottom course, and allowing
three days for the preliminary heating up and raising of fires, and four
days to the finish. If it takes more than this, the draft isin need of regu-
lation, either more or less is required, except in clays of more than the
usual difficulty of vitrification, which demand from one to two more days
to attain their best properties.

3rd. The next essential condition in the burning of vitrified mater-
ials, is the uniformity of distribution of the heat over the area ofthe kiln,
The control of this distribution is obtained by the construction of the
hollow bottom of the kiln; in all down draft kilns, the floor, or level in
which the bricks are set, is merely a false structure designed to hold the

CLAY WORKING INDUSTRIES. 183

weight of the material to be burnt, while the gases find ready circulation
through and beneath this floor, and from this lower level they make their
escape to the outside.

On the arrangement of this lower flue area or “bottom”, the effi-
ciency of the kiln largely depends.

There are very few, ifany, kiln bottomsin which an adjustable control
of the gases is attempted. The only feasible plan seems to adjust the ar-
rangement from burn to burn according as the results indicate a meee! of
more or less draft in certain areas.

In rounds kilns the different kinds of bottoms employed are very
numerous. It is impossible to describe all the types, and the variations
among these types are innumerable. A few of the most important will
be mentioned.

ist. The main flue from the foot of the draft stack runs to the center
of the kiln and is there crossed at right angles by a flue of equal area,
running across the entire w dth of the kiln. The stack flue is covered
over; the cross flue is open to the top; the pier walls which support the
floor run at right angle to the cross flue and they are usually built of
“pigeon work” or checker work to allow free movement of the gases
back and forth as well as toward the point of draft outlet.

The tendency of this bottom is to produce a zone of good burning
for a short distance on either side of the cross flue, and best in the center
of the kiln, leaving the opposite sides furthest from the center, soft.

2d. The main flue from the floor of the stack runs into and straight
across the kiln. A circular flue or ring flue runs around the inside
circumference of the bag walls and communicates with the main flue at
the point of entrance, nearest to the stacks. The portions of the
straight flue and ring flues nearest to the stack are covered over, wholly
or partially; the pier walls run at right angles to the inain flue. This
bottom is the main feature of the socalled New Discovery Kiln, which is
sold under yard rights and ‘‘protected by patents.” (?) The trouble with
this arrangement is that the draft tends to take the shortest course to the
stack and though the front is more or less blockaded to prevent this
tendency, still the draft will take the shortest course accessible, to the
neglect of the more distant parts of the kiln. The principle of this
bottom is therefore less rational than the first described.

3d. The flue from the foot of the stack goes to the center of the
kiln, being open on the top from the circumference to the center. The
pier walls are built in a series of concentric circles, each circle being cut
by the main flue at one point. The floor bricks are arranged as nearly
as possible at right angles to the pier walls. and therefore radiate from
the center like the spokes of a wheel.

This bottom besides being very hard to clean and repair, still allows
the front half of the kiln to rob the rear half of its fair share of the
draft.

184 GEOLOGY OF OHIv.

4th. The main flue runs from the stack under cover to a central
well hole which is open to the top. From this wall, radiating pier walls
run to the circumference.

By this arrangement, the draft of any one part of the circumference
is as good as any other, but the tendency is for the draft to take the
shortest cut to the center of the kiln leaving soft bricks all around the
circumference.

oth. ‘The main flue runs under cover to a center well-hole, which is
partly covered with impediments to the draft. From the well-hole a
number of flues radiate under cover to points around the the circumfer-
ence of the kiln, where they come to the surface with an open top. By
this arrangement the draft is equal in all parts of the circumference, and
in addition, the excess of the draft which cannot get through the aper-
tures above the well-hole is diverted to the circumference of the kiln,
by which the most even distribution of the heat can be effected.

6th. ‘The flue runs under cover to a center well hole which also is
nearly covered up by tiles. From the well hole, 8 or 10 flues radiate under
cover, to a ring flue which runs with open top around the kiln in front of
the bag walls. ‘ By this arrangement, practically all the draft is made to
escape from the kiln from this ring flue. No section can possibly have
any advantage over another. And the heat of the kiln being brought to
the floor in a zone around the center and near the outside is bound to
travel to the center by induction.

This arrangement is often varied by making the only points for the
draft to leave the kiln to be a set of holes between each bag. ‘There is
danger in this plan, especially when burning brick, that the outsides will
become hot too far in advance of the center and accordingly a little heat
is usually allowed to find its way into the well hole direct, without
going to the circumference of the kiln and then traveling back to the
center under cover.

7th. ‘The flue system is sometimes arranged asin 5 and 6, under a
solid floor; the ends of the flues being marked merely by holes of small
size. ‘The small flues are then made of the material to be burnt, by set-
ting it with this point in veiw. This kiln has one great advantage. It
can be cleaned every burn with no expense, while the others are some of
them very expensive to clean from the sand and ashes and brick dust
and chippings. ‘The distribution of the heat in this style of bottom is
not apt to be as good as in a permanent checker floor.

There are two principal points which ought to be always provided
_for in the construction of any round kiln bottom.

Ist. Make all the draft accumulate in the center of the kiln, before
- conducting by a covered flue tothe stack. By this plan only is it possi-
ble to give every point of the kiln an equal chance for draft.

2d. Arrange that the largest part of the draft shall only get to
the center, after having passed through the floor of the kiln and then

CLAY WORKING INDUSTRIES. 185

travelled through covered radial flues from the circumference to the
central well hole. By this forcing of the draft to the circumference,
only, is it possible to get the outside portions as hard burnt as the center,
for the circumference is constantly cooled off by radiation and cold air
leaking into the kiln and perhaps water, etc., while the centet is sur-
rounded by heat on all sides and is bound to become equally hot with the
outsides by conduction alone if it is furnished no draft at all.

If these two principles are adopted in reference to the arrangement
of the bottom, and good economical fireplaces are used and a single stack
of sufficient size with proper dampers for controlling it are provided,
the round down draft kiln cannot fail to be a good and satisfactory
means of producing vitrified clay ware. There is another point of
importance, which directly influences the economy of fuel and time, etc.,
but it is subsidiary to these essentials without which the highest grade
of results are impossible. This point, which has great influence in
assisting the draft to bring the vitrifying temperature down to the floor
of the kiln, is the relative height of the kiln floors and the fireplace
floors. The fireplace floor or gratebars ought to be placed 86 inches
lower than the kiln floor or as near this as the conformation of the kiln
yard and surroundings will admit. ‘The reason is twofold; Ist. The
lower part of the fireholes and bags become choked with clinkers dur-
ing the progress of a burn and therefore cease to radiate heat to any
extent. If the floor of the kiln’and the foot of the ‘bag: are on
the same level, the bricks around the foot of the bag will not be heated
by radiation and the draft will pass them by in a more direct course
to the escape points, and a constant percentage of soft material around
the bags and walls at the floor may be expected. If however the
floor be 18 or 24 or 36 inches up above, the bag wall is always hot at
that point and by its radiation powerfully assists in drawing the draft
away from the center and other favored spots to those which are natur-
ally cold.

2d. The deeper the kiln bottom, with its network of flues is set
in the ground, the more trouble from dampness and water from
outside andthe more time and more fuel are expended in getting
the heated currents of gases to penetrate it and the higher will the stack
have to be built, in order to obtain the necessary head to overcome this
natural reluctance to go down.

By raising the floor, the bottom can be made very shallow, and not
only is the extra expense of a higher stack saved, but the draft of the kilns
begins earlier in the burn thus heating up faster and saving in this way
both time and fuel.

In some situations, the establishing of a different level for the kiln
floor and the firing floor, isa decided inconvenience—but wherever it
can be obtained it is well worth all the inconvenience it costs, in the
increased and regular percentage of hard burnt wares.

186 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

Among all the various types of Round Kilns in the state it is hard
to select one which unites the greatest number of favorable points. The
kilns of the Hocking Clay Company at Logan and the Haydenville Com-
pany at Haydenville are probably as uniformly successful as any kilns in
the state. Their. bottoms are of the best type possible; their fireholes,
using inclined grate bars, are not as economical in fuel or labor as the
kind fired from above and without grate bars. ‘The stacks are four to a
kiln in one case, but merely divide the draft of the well hole into four
parts so that no irregularity in the division of the draft is possible. In
the other case a single stack is used, on one side of the kiln. The floors
are flush with the bottoms of the fire holes. ;

Another most successful kiln is that devised and used by H. B. Camp
at Cuyahoga Falls. In this case, the floor is raised about twenty or twenty-
four inches above the firehole. The latter use no bars, are fed from on
top and have their front wall made of a cast iron plate or clamp lined
with firebrick—the removal of this clamp allows great saving of time in
cleaning out the fireholes after a burn is over.

The stacks are in all cases separate and outside the kiln.

At the works of the Cincinnati Sewer Pipe Company at Cincinnati
are four kilns built from English designs which have been in operation
for some years. ‘Their novel feature is the use of a central stack running
up through the arch roof of the kiln.

The use of this central stack has some great advantages:

Ist. It enables the greatest economy of construction possible in any
form of round kiln.

2d. It becomes kot as soon as the kiln is lit, and affords a draft at
once which makes it the quickest acting kiln in use.

3d. The central stack, becoming highly heated, radiates its heat
powerfully, and assists in bringing the center of the kiln to its final heat
as early as the sides are ready.

4th. The central stack renders a very shallow kiln bottom easy to
arrange, so that little or no difference of level of the floor and fire holes
is necessary.

As ameans of burning, it is the nearest perfection of any kiln in
use. Against it however the following points can be raised.

Ist. “The cubic contents of the stack kiln room is lost each burn.
This area in a twenty-six foot kiln with a three foot stack is only about
1.5 per cent. of its cubic working space, so this loss is not serious.

2d. The center stack is in the way of drawing and setting, especially
when using cars—for bulky articles like sewerpipes ths interference is
more serious than in bricks, where less lost space is necessary.

8rd. There is the possibility of frequent repairs to the ceniral stack,
if the bricks used in its construction are not of the best and the work
carefully put up.

The disadvantages do not counter-balance the advantages and it is
strange that the virtues of the kiln should have been so long unnoticed

CLAY WORKING INDUSTRIES. 187

In square kilns the arrangement of the flues or bottoms is much less
thorougly worked out than in the round.

There are several types in use however. Ist. A solid floor with a
deep flue from end to end of the kiln down the center. Inthe Hallwood
Kiln the flue communicates with a stack at one end. In the Thomas
Kiln a stack at both ends is provided. In the Griswold Kiln a stack at
one end is used with a horizontal partition in the flue, dividing it into an
upper and lower half in the two-thirds of its length nearest the stack.
By the use of a damper the heat can be made to escape all from the front
end of the kiln or all from the back, or in any ratio between, that is desired.

This principle has been applied to the other kinds mentioned, though
in different ways of manipulation.

In the Eudaly kiln, which is nearly always built in the rectangular
form, the floor is a checker bottom which is divided up into sections by
dead walls from end to end and crossways. Each section is drained by a
small stack, built up in the sidewalls of the kilns. The claim is that by
the regulation of the dratt of these stacks the most perfect uniformity
can be obtained. This theory certainly looks plausible, but in practice
it is nearly always found that the heat takes the shortest course toward
the outlet and that the portions of the bottom near the dead walls and
partitions suffer from lack of draft.

The Excelsior kiln is practically the same as the Eudaly in form,
but its bottom is made of pigeon work partitions so that the currents
freely circulate from one part of the kiln to another in response to move-
ments of the dampers in the stacks. In addition the furnaces of the
Eudaly are replaced by incline grate bar fireholes, which make no smoke
when firing. The kiln is a great step ahead of the Eudaly in its opera-
tion while embodying all of the structural advantages and shape of the
latter.

The Yates Kiln is another kiln very much like the last two; the
stacks, instead of issuing from the sidewalls of the kiln, run up the out-
side of the crown in pairs and meet in a line of low stacks along the
centers of the crown. ‘The fireholes are of good type; the dimensions
and shape and structural points are almost identical with the former two.
The patentee claims great advantage from the use of one stack in the cen-
ter of his kiln instead of two on each side. The reason for any great
superiority by virtue of this point is not apparent, but the use of the
improved fireholes is certainly commendable. Nearly allof the patented
kilns in the market are of the square form—only one or two round kilns
being in use which are operated under patents.

The value and utility of any of these patented kilns have received a
severe check in the last few years in the fact that the results attained
in several forms of the common round down draft and two forms of the
square downdraft have been continuously and steadily of a very much
higher grade than any of the patented kilns have been able to attan;
under these circumstances, the advantage of paying a large royalty or

188 GECLOGY OF OHIO.

yard right is not apparent and it is now chiefly confined to those who are
entering the business for the first time and are not familiar with the
results of modern practice.

The statistics of the kilns actually in use in the state will prove of
interest in this connection.

A—Paving Material. .
1. Round down drafts=

Common munpatente dey ii... cr scendinesaectocecsnsoseheen eteteeeeee pe ee SS 1252
NG WAGISCOVENY ad cocccesiseas sates susiecss deer secsoneee aetenecest snecn Soe nee aren Mec ace ee een 20
A Gally eccsanc sedesedacscslscclestitesecelatesencncterceceet neces reer a senna canes tene none 4
276

2. Rectangular down drafts—
Wipate mite Gee ee ry UNO ORe eGo cataie eM R eee ITE are SEDC tei mee 20
BUG aL YN etoice lola ecwslcbe waceea se cotaalaes opting srelsetiloeainn ade a oman Abia late ey are oes eer tee 41
YETI oi osonc ac eng eC 4 3040 BE DRaaBHOnE boring pb obe chsopdaobecas00b0: SooBBOLBeebEL auaobdaste 3
Pall WOO dy ss secccesseensadcesaetece ste Jandndenplsite sarosiagei el tioasaheciene mena sane te ueane ee 3
3. Updraft clamps used in burning paving material— 72
Wp dlinabt ssc icati reek tsnwten deceit sects shane ue codasiehamae dade dgarcete de seaaecane meen 16
ALO tal AKALMS ie ean osceks sieldete ves ducwaloase deeesesesaccentcec an asesseanneneaneeec ee aeaee Rene 364

B.—In the sewer pipe business the kilns employed are:

IRowund) dowrikdinatts js ocseeen scasaseesdalsnclevcose teens ss soetaesecoeease desea reecaene 369
2 RectaneularcA kronid OWMGTATL scp ccccceesccadccacsskemtincrecenateccteneseecete 73
448

The total number of kilns in the two industries is 812—of which
621 or 76.4 per cent. are round and 191 or 28.6 per cent. are all other
kinds together.

Of these round kilns, those used in the manufacture of brick have
an average diameter of twenty-five and one-tenth feet, and an average
capacity when set 25 courses high, of 80,000 bricks.

If set full, the capacity would be about 40,000. The maximum dia
meter is thirty feet and the minimum seventeen feet. Of the sewerpipe
round kilns, the average diameter is twenty-seven and three tenths feet
with maximum and minimum diameters of thirty-three and twenty-two
feet:

The production of paving material has now been as tully ciscussed
as the space will allow. The clays, their preparation, their manufacture,
their drying, and their burning have been treated. Much remains to be
said about the methods of handling the output, arrangement of plants
and similar questions which would be useful and interesting to those
engaged in this line of work, but their remains available space for the
discussion of only one more topic in this connection, which is the testing
of paving materials and the results of the Ohio materials which have
been subjected to official test.

The Testing of Paving Material. The testing of paving material
has been subjected to more inquiry and discussion perhaps than ary part
of its production.

What constitutes the best means ot testing? As previously described,

CLAY WORKING INDUSTRIES. 189

the qualities which paving material must possess must be vitrification,
toughness and uniformity. Of the latter point, inspection is the only
test of the ability of the manufacturer to deliver bricks by the thousand and
hundred thousand of one uniform hardness, toughness and solidity.

Of the vitrification, the ability toabsorb water has been constituted
the official test. As usually carried out, two whole bricks and one broken
in halves are dried carefully at a low heat, as over a register or in a
radiator or on top of a boiler setting. This drying should be continued
not less than forty-eight hours. This drying is necessary to expel water
accidentally introduced into the samples, or introduced for purposes of
fraud. When dry, the bricks should be weighed separately, and in the
ageregate,in scales fit to distinguish the influence of one fourth ofan ounce.
The bricks shonld then be soaked forty-eight or seventy-two hours in
clean water and then removed, wiped dry and weighed again. The
increase should be reduced to a percentage of the dry weight, and reported
as such. ‘The average of the three is to be taken as the correct figure, pro-
vided none ot the samples fall conspicuously below the required standard.

Under such treatment as this, vitrified material ought not to show a
gain of over two percent. In Cincinnati and Louisville, the specifica-
tions of the city engineers make two per cent the maximum limit which
will be received. ‘This practice is gaining ground in other cities where
brick pavements are being adopted. Certainly there is no safety in allow-
iug the limit to be raised much over this point. There is some material
which might stand very creditably in actual use which would show an
absorption higher than this amount, but it is only where extreme tough-
ness is combined with high refractory qualities that these conditions are
met, and such material while possibly good in some cases, is apt to prove
dangerous in the long run.

On the other hand, it is not politic to insist on too high a degree of
non-absorption, as manufacturers are likely to burn their material past its
best physical strength and toughness, in their endeavors to produce a
thoroughly vitrified ware.

It should be the aim of the paving brick maker to use a clay which
vitrifies early in its burning; that is one which vitrifies easily; such clays
often show their best physical strength, coupled with their best vitrifica-
tion. Refractory clays like sandy fireclays, while they are capable of
being made into paving material of very great excellence, require to be
burned relatively much harder to come inside the two per cent limit, and
are constantly liable to show themselves above itif the samples are taken
at ramdom. |

The value of the absorption test is unquestionable. It is, more than
anything else, a measure of the fitness of the material for the street.

To test the physical quality of toughness, or ability to withstand
abrasion and wear, various tests have been devised.

The commonest and perhaps the fairest test of this nature is the “tum-
bling” test or “rattling” test as variously called. The value of this test

190 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

however, lies wholly in the way in which it is carried out. The best
brick ever made can be reduced to a powder in an hour or two and the
poorest bricks can be made to come out of the test unscathed, if the
operator so desires.

The process when carried out honestly and to the best advantage is
as follows: A rattler, such as is used for cleaning castings in a foundry
is procured. It should be thirty-six inches in diameter and forty-two to
forty-eight inches long. It should be supported from the ends without
the use of a continuous shaft and its cross section should be an octagon.
This machine should be equipped to run by power and be started and
stopped quickly at the will of the operator. The speed of revolution
should not exceed twenty-six or be less than twenty-two times per minute
to secure the maximum grinding effect of the charge.

The bricks to be tested should first be weighed accurately and marked
with white lead paint in several places each. It is alsoa useful precau-
tion to break off a small chip of each brick and number it so as to use it
as a guide, if all marks are worn off from the samples. The bricks are
then thrown into the rattler, which should not be more than a third filled.
A rattler of the dimensions given will only handle about forty bricks ata
time. For every three bricks, a billet of wood about eighteen inches
long by two and a half inches square should be thrown into the rattler
and the lid bolted tight. The machine should be started and run for
1,060, 1,500o0r 2,000 revolutions according to the severity of the test
desired. The bricks are now weighed again individually and collectively
and the percentage loss of each sample determined.

In conducting a rattler test on these lines, the friction and blows
given and received are wholly by the bricks themselves. ‘The billets of
wood prevent the too great violence of the falls and blows and the gen-
eral result is that of frictional wear of brick on brick, in which the fittest
survives.

If the amount of brick be increased the efficiency rapidly diminishes
as the space left for falling and jostling is diminished. In the same way
if the bricks do not fill the rattler third full, so also the violence of the
test increases.

The utility of putting the bricks intoa rattler half full of angular
scrap iron is very much doubted—it is undoubtedly a comparative test,
but the conditions in this case find no parallel in the actual conditions of
wear. We have no interest in testing bricks for their fitness to do work
which they will never be called ontodo, Rather, the conditions of street
wear should be duplicated in the application of force as nearly as is possi-
ble in this form of test.

Under such a test as has been described brick will lose from five per
cent to thirty-five per cent in an hours run.

Another method of testing the abrasive strength of bricks is the grind-
ing table. A horizontal iron disc of six or eight feet in diameteris covered
with the brick to be tested and each brick is weighed down with forty or

CLAY WORKING INDUSTRIES. 191

fifty pounds of iron. When the table, which is covered with sharp san d
and water, is rotated, the under side of the brick will be worn away toan
extent strictly proportional to its hardness. This test is valuable in
measuring the hardness only; it gives us no true indication of what may
be expected from the same material under the combined blow and rolling
friction of actual wear.

The crushing strength is often obtained as a test of the value of the
material. At one time it was considered the best that could be applied.
The facts wrought out by a comparatively short series of tests in the crush-
ing strength go to show, however, that this factor is of very little real
value in determining the quality of the paving material.

Progressive tests in the same kind of material at different stages of
hardness generally show that the highest crushing strength is attained
sometime before the best vitrification, and that the best crushing strength
isat a point where the absorptionis much toohigh. Also, no condition of
actual wear in any way approximates the stress of the testing machine,
and as has been stated before, there is no benefit from applying tests which
only give the relative endurance of materials under conditions they will
never be called on to meet.

In classifying the various Ohio bricks on the results of the test, the
absorption and ra tling tests alone were considered; the crushing tests
were made with great care and are recorded with the other tests, but
enough was seenin making these tests to decide that crushing strength is
not a quality worthy of notice in getting the comparative excellence of
brick paving materials.

A test was made in one of the western cities not long ago, by laying
a circular track and paving it with bricks of the various kinds to be tested.
They were put down with all the care that a city street would receive as
to bedding and cement, etc. A heavy, broad tread, wheel, carrying a
heavy load of iron was now pivoted from the center of the circle and run
round the track for hours at a time; after the proper duration of the test
the bricks were takenvup and their loss determined.’ This test, while it
is too cumbersome to be of much public benefit, approximates more
closely to an exact determination of the relative value of the material
than anything but actual trial can do.

The probabilities are that an absorption test and a rattling test, in
which the conditions of the test are made absolutely uniform everywhere,
will soon become recognized as the best modes of making the preliminary
tests of paving material.

The manufacturers of the state were requested by the Survey to fur-
nish each a sample of five (5) of their paving brick for a test, and with
the exception of a few factories, the samples were received and tested,
The tables of the actual figures obtained in each kind of test will be
found in an appendix to this chapter, where those interested can trace the
exact behavior of their material; the summary of the results, however, is
included in the following table:

GEOLOGY OF OHIO

192

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CLAY WORKING INDUSTRIES. i)
COMPARATIVE STANDING.

Based on the Average Rank obtained on the Absorption and Rattling Tests—and
excluding the Crushing Tests.

Name of firm. Kind of material. Per cent. "
64

Wassall Fire Clay Company.............. Hallwood Block............ 8 1
Athens Paving Brick Company......... Hallwood Block............ 9
Canton Brick Company............00se000 Red Granite Paver........ 9 } 2
Bucyrus Brick and Terra-cotta Co.....) Side-cut Brick.............. 9 |
Scioto Star Fire Brick Company....... Grant Star Block.......... 9.5 3
Royalubrick, Company......s-1c-.---<cs->2 Side-cut Bricks... 9.5 \
WS Se BUT Re aa men aac GcReRcce Repressed Pavers......... 12.0 4
Raya Brick COM panyer.cscsee-s.ccsocces-6: Repressed, Paver..scncssss 13.0 5
Logan Fire Clay Company................ Hallwood Block............ 15.5 6
Nelsonville Sewer Pipe Company...... Hallwood Block............ 14.0
Portsmouth Paving Brick Company.... Hallwood Block............ 17.0 } dt
Ironton Fire Brick Company............ ShalevPaversccessseet-casctne 17.0
Roseville Brick and Terra-Cotta Co...| Roseville Block............ 17.5 8
Imperial Brick Company................+. Metropolitan Block...... 18.0 9
Canton Brick Company................054+5 Side-cut) Bricksiscsssste ss 19.5 10
State Line Fire Brick Company.......... Side-cut Brick.............. 19.5

PAVING Brick TEsTs.

The results of this test, which is by all means the largest and most
complete investigation of its kind yet made, are of great interest in many
ways. Not only is it interesting to brickmakers, who are competing for
standing, but it is interesting to the public at large, to see that material of
such excellence, and such high average excellence can be produced by our
Ohio manufacturers.

By a careful study of these tabulated results, the following deduc-
tions have been made:

1. Fire clays vs. Shales. ‘Twenty-three varieties of shale brick, or
bricks whose largest constituent is shale, and whose color is red or dark
were grouped together.

Fifteen varieties of fire-clay brick, or bricks whose largest constituent
is fire-clay, and whose color is light (gray bluish, or buff), were grouped
together.

Four varieties, composed of a shale fire-clay mixture in about equal
proportions, and whose color is speckled white and red, were grouped
together.

Three varieties, composed of Ohio river sedimentary clays exclusively,
and whose color is dark red brown were grouped together.

200 GEOLOGY OF OHIO

The average results of these four classes are:

Absorption.| Rattling. Crushing, | Crushing, Rank.

sq. inch. cub. in.
Shales sci ssatenaeeectraness 1.17 17.61 7,307 1,764 1
ine=el ay. ncasnes. setae coeeae 1.62 17.32 6,876 1,678 2
Wiixture 2 eassee ne erorete se 1.44 18.72 5,788 1,400 3
RU EIIC ayy east eeece ste. < 1.36 19.02 4,605 1,176 4

The shales are seen to be distinctly ahead in this table; while they
show slightly more loss than fire-brick in rattling, they also show much
better vitrification and much better total strength.

Also, in examining the composition of the bricks holding the ten
highest numbers in the general table, there are seen to be thirteen shale
bricks, against three fire-clay bricks, showing that the best material of
the state is eighty per cent of it made of shale clay.

2. Side Cut Material vs. End Cut Material:

Taking nine samples of repressed bricks made on end cut machinery,
whether plunger or auger, and comparing them with twelve side cut re-
pressed bricks, the following figures were obtained:

Absorption.| Rattling. Crushing 9) Cashing arent

sq. in. cu. in.
SIGEICMILIS. haciassskedascoeseeces | 72 17.78 6,925 1,649 1
EPEC CUE ee cee e sco ee sees 92 17.49 5,418 1,354 2

Showing a distinct advantage in general average for side cut mate-
rial; however, the end cut material in this test was made in many differ-
ent kinds of machinery and of very different clay. Separating the va-
rious kinds more closely the following figures are obtained:

End cut material, plunger machines ;

Three samples made in sewer pipe press and then repressed;

One sample made in Penfield plunger machine and then repressed;

ee Pct | Crushing | Crushing
Absorption. | Rattling. sq. eS | en. fav Rank.
|
Sewer pipe press............ 1.18 11.13 5,903 1,480 1
Penfield machine... ........ 1.08 32.77 4,465 1,188 2
Avg. for plunger mach’s. 1.15 16.54 5,944 1,395. eee

(a) End Cut Material, Auger Machines. Five samples, all made cn
the Penfield automatic cut off, end cut, auger machine, and then repressed.

CLAY WORKING INDUSTRIES. 201

Crushing | Crushing

Absorption.| Rattling. sq. in, eee Rank.
End cut auger brick ...... 73 18.25 5,318 1,322 2
Side cut auger brick...... 12 17.78 6,925 1,649 ]

By still further eliminating the causes of variation in these samples,
aside from the effect of the mode of manufacture, the following figures
are deduced. =

Four samples of end cut repressed auger brick made of shale clays,

against eight samples of side cut repressed auger brick, also made from
shales.

Absorption.) Rattling. Case sey If Caleb Rank.

sq. in. cu. in.
rid cut Shales. ..cc...s506s 58 18.94 5,326 1,338 2
Sidercutashalerreesese eae 74 15.64 7,690 1,187 1

In this last comparison, the sources of variation have been largely
eliminated and the results are therefore much more: valuable; as will be
szen, they point strictly to the general superiority of the side cut brick
over the end cut.

In order to test the matter still more fully, five side cut common
bricks made from a sedimentary riyer clay and five end cut bricks from
the same clay and same factory, were burned side by side in a kiln of
sewer pipe. When burnt and glazed, they were put into a rattler with
some other material for special test and were given 1,000 revolutions.

The bricks were fortunately much too soft to develop the quali-
ties of the clay, the heat having been too low and not continued long
enough to vitrify them.

The results showed more abrasion of the side cut bricks than of the
end cut, but with this important difference; that the five side cut bricks
were represented at the finish by four pieces representing each a brick,
and two pieces which could be fitted together, representing one brick.
The abrasion had stripped off all edges and corners, but had left the main
core or section of the stream of clay as it came through the die, intact
and recognizable.

In the end cut bricks, however, the fragments were, one brick, four
half bricks, representing two whole ones and seven fragments represent-
ing two other bricks, showing that while the fragments left, showed more
actual collective weight, yet the side cut bricks had far the best of the
test in the condition of the bricks coming from the rattler. Only one of
the end cut bricks was in as good condition as four out of five of the
side cut.

202 GEOLOGY OF OHIO

-It is much to be regretted that the samples were not burnt hard
enough to develop the qualities of the clay; in this case the results would
be very valuable. poe

3. Plain vs. Re-pressed Bricks. Has been discussed in connection
with that subject; the general averages of the repressed and plain
materials are of interest however in another connection.

Absorption.| Rattling. Crushing | Crushing

sq. in. cu. in.
MREpPLesseduntyssacssssteanctes-bsces ces 85 17.92 6,228 1,514
IPL aa tie versus aie been ites vaeet le sndnwens 2.05 17.42 7,705 1,869

While the plain material shows the better abrasion test of the two,
the balance between the absorption and crushing strength is beautifully
shown. ‘The repressed bricks were better burnt, and took much less
water, but their crushing strength was lower. ‘The plain bricks, while
not as well vitrified as they should be, several of these going up to 4.6
and even to six per cent absorption, still showed a very distinct improve-
ment in their crushing strength.

4. Lfffect of size on the strength and testing qualities.

Fifteen samples of material, including the best known materials in
the state, such as the Hallwood Block, Hayden Block, Jones Block, Metro-
politan Block, Parto Block, Roseville Block and several others, all of
which were three by four by nine inches in dimensions or larger, were
compared against eleven samples of Smaller repressed paving bricks,
including the Canton and other standard brands.

The results are:

| ae -_ | Crushing | Crushing
Absorption.| Rattling. sq. in. = er aL Rank.
Ga eee pre eeenn a eeenee ences .89 16.69 5,857 1,443 1
POM all, teense ceewnc ose eescs .80 19.59 6,701 1,604 2

In this table, grading the bricks by absorption and rattling tests,
the large blocks have the very distinct advantage over the small ones.

In crushing strength, they are at a distinct disadvantage; their
larger surface is not backed up by proportionate strength of structure,
and while they usually stand fully as much actual pressure per brick as
the small sizes do, they do not stand as much per inch of surface or
bulk.

As has been previously remarked, there seems little ground to
attach much value to the crushing test, and it seems probable that the
strength of the largest sizes is ample to ensure their bearing any load
they will ever have to stand.

The actual loss in ounces was perhaps the same in the large
bricks asin small ones in the rattling test, but the percentage. loss is
much less.

CLAY WORKING INDUSTRIES. 203

This same difference extends to the use of the brick in the streets;
the large material may lose as much in five years as the small, but
there are twenty to thirty per cent less brick used in paving any given
area and twenty to thirty per cent less joints and points at which failure
is probable. Also while the strength to resist a breaking strain is not as
high per inch of surface or bulk, itis as high per brick as the smaller
ones.

A prejudice has existed in some quarters against the large blocks in
the alleged difficulty of vitrifying them. By the test it will be seen
that there is practictically no difference in the vitrification of large and
small blocks; as a matter of fact, the difficulty of burning large blocks
comes in avoiding the bloating tendency when expelling the combined
water. A very few hours of time and a very few pounds of coal are all
that is required to vitrify the extra half inch in thickness which makes
the brick classed as a “‘ block.”

The manufacture and sale of vitrified material for paving purposes
is a new business, and one which is still in the early stages of evolution.

Five years ago, there was not a brick company in the state of Ohio
which had any comprehension of the needs and necessities of the con-
tractors, whom they so cheerfully agreed to furnish with vitrified brick.
The manufacturers have been learning in the hard school of experience
these five years.

One of the great temptations of the manufacturer has been to grade
his product leniently. Especially has this been true of all manufacturers
who have been making paving blocks, or bricks of special shape and
size, designed for street use only. To the maker of this class of wares, the
merciless system of rejecting anything in any way deficient has been almost
an impossibility. It has meant in many cases a balance on the wrong
side of the ledger at the end of the year. And above all the cheerful
ignorance of those who have been inspecting and laying this material has
made the moral strain on the manufacture still more severe.

The soft brick, or those which do not receive sufficient heat to vitrify
them, and the culls or those, which, while hard enough, are cracked,
twisted, or chipped, constitute a regular percentage of every kiln’s con-
tents. The best burning in the state produces some. ‘The average burn-
ing produces twenty-five per cent. to thirty per cent. of material which
has no business in the street.

Many companies in starting out have not made fifty per cent. of
merchantable material in the first six months. The culls must be dis-
posed of for some secondary purpose. The soft brick can now be burnt
over again and made merchantable, at an increased cost of ten or twelve
dollars per thousand.

The advantage of paving blocks over brick are being recognized on
all sides. In Ohio, the Hallwood block was put into the market in 1888.
now there are not less thanten different brands of blocks all of which

204 GEOLOSY OF OHIO

are essentially the same size, shape and weight although manufactured by
twenty different companies. This growth of the block manufacture
would have been much more marked, except for one thing, that is, the
disposition of the culls. ;

Block culls are not a merchantable article and are disposed of at a
sacrifice. The culls of the common brick size and shape, while not pro-
fitable to the maker, are not usually a source of loss to him, for they are
a desirable building material when soft and when hard are in good de-
mand for foundations, vaults, sewers and side-wall use, and in fact any
- place where exposed service is demanded.

In consequence of this fact, block-makers have had an uphill fight,
and they deserve far greater credit than they receive, on account of what
they have done to raise the standard of the material.

The future of this great industry largely depends on the concen-
trated efforts of paving brick makers to keep up the high grade of their
wares. To sell a soft and imperfect article, merely because the purchrser
is ignorant of what he wants, or because the contractor who is putting
the pavement down, hopes to hoodwink the citizens who pay for the
street by putting in an inferior material because he makes more out of it,
is not only an act of dishonesty on the part of the manufacturer but is
short-sighted policy, as well.

If brick are put in at one-half the cost of granite or asphalt and last
only one-quarter as long, the market will be largely reduced after the
first crop of streets begins to fail. On account of this fact, the manufac-
ture of blocks rather than brick, and the use of every means to prevent
the sale of soft or imperfect material for paving purposes ought to be the
policy of the manufacturer. By making paving blocks popular, the
market for brick will be damaged; brick of the proper kind are con-
stantly liable to be mixed with low grade brick, which are difficult to
recognize or cull out, It is the constant temptation of the maker who
is selling two kinds of brick of the same size and shape, to sell just as
many as he can for the highest price. Paving brick are worth about
twice as much as building brick, and when both are manufactured at the
same yard it is a moral impossibility to get a shipment of uniformly
high quality.

On the other hand, the public is entitled to the advantage to be de-
rived from large blocks and at the lowest cost which will enable the
manufacturer to make a fair profit on his business. It is unfair that the
makers of large blocks should be compelled to charge the public a price
sufficient to pay for the loss of his culls. What is recommended in the
joint production of vitrified blocks and bricks at the same time. In
down draft kilns set twenty-five courses high, the average paving brick
burn will not include over seventy-five per cent. of thoroughly first class
paving brick. Of the twenty-five percent. culls, the twenty per cent. is
soft material in the bottom and around the sides of the kiln out of the

CLAY WORKING INDUSTRIES. 205

direct line of the draft and, five per cent. is likely to be hard bricks,
twisted or cracked in burning. If the bottom of the kiln had been set
with five or six courses of plain side cut or end cut brick, and on top of
these nineteen or twenty courses of paving material of special design
the loss of the material in the kiln would have been confined to the five
per cent. of damaged ware.

This simultaneous production of two grades of ware has been tried
in many places; it is amuch more sensible plan than by trying by the
expenditure of large amounts of coal and extra pains in the construction of
the kilns, and setting, to force the heat to every partofthe kiln. Especially
desirable is this plan in the beginning of the business; in this case fifty
per cent of common material is better than twenty per cent, and more
profitable. ‘There is no trouble in reducing the courses of common brick
at any time that the success in burning paving brick seems to justify it.

The cost of production of paving material is various; the location of the
factory ; its natural advantages as to crude supplies and the equipment of
machinery have everything to do with it. In many old factories, which
have taken up the manufacture of paving material as a new lease of life,
the cost is much too high and they will find themselves overtaken again
in the race of competition.

In a modern, new factory, provided with the best appliances in every
department, and situated where coal, clay and shale and water supply can
all be obtained at the first cost of production, the actual cost of manu-
facture and burning and putting the ware in cars, wagons or yards, can
be reduced to about $4.00 per thousand; $5.00 per thousand is still a
low price; $6.00 is too much for the manufacturing cost. ‘To these prices
must be added the losses by inferior grades of goods produced; cost of
extra handling of product in the times of dull trade; interest on the in-
vestment; insurance; taxes; cost of maintaining the office and salesman;
and all other items of general expense which are common to all business
interests.

Where blocks are produced, the increased amount of coal and clay
used, with a slight increase on the labor, will cause an additional cost of
fifty cents or seventy cents per thousand. The total expense per thous-
and, then, on a modern plant, located and equipped as described, ought
not to exceed $7.00 per thousand at the factory.

The price which material has been bringing has been much higher —
than this. It began, for all points in central Ohio where the freight
would not exceed $2.00 or $3.00 per thousand; at about $20.00. The
price has dropped every year as the confidence of the manufacturers to
produce the required article grew stronger. The sales of 1892 were
largely on a scale of $14.00 per thousand; and $10.00 per thousand for
repressed common brick sizes. Every indication points to a still large
cut in prices this year. A number of new factories are now ready to
market their output, which have in the past season merely been gettinz
ready for operation and “learning the trade”’.

206 GEOLOGY OF OHIO

The public are certainly entitled to a considerable reduction in prices;
$10.00 per thousand ought to buy good vitrified blocks in any town in
central Ohio.

One reason for this elevation of prices which has been mantained so
far, has been in the fact that municipal corporations have been the prin-
cipal buyers of the wares. It is a shameful fact, attested to by many of
the most prominent makers of paving material, that the venality of those
who have conducted the public business has hitherto greatly increased
the cost of brick pavements to the public. It is certainly a misfortune
to the industry that its product is bound to be marketed principally to
municipal corporations, if not directly, at least indirectly, through the
contractors who agree to furnish material and build the streets. One
great source of expense to the manufacturers and therefore to the public
has been the unskillful and prejudiced inspection, to which the paving
material awaiting use in city streets has been subjected. Large lots have
been condemned by reason of the failure of small samples; or have been
rejected on account of trivial surface defects or color.

The present development of the paving brick industry in Ohio has
been putin shape in the following table as far asthe data have been avail-
ables

207

CLAY WORKING INDUSTRIES.

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CLAY WORKING INDUSTRIES. 209

Ill. THE MANUFACTURE OF PIPE AND HOLLOW GOODS.

The manufacture of pipe and hollow goods is made to include the
following general divisions:

1. Sewer pipe.

2. Fire proofing.

3. Terra cotta chimneys and flue linings,
4. Building tiles.

5. Drain tiles.

Of these, the first four are frequently worked all together in the
same factory. The fireproofing and terra cotta work is managed entirely
in connection with sewer pipe plants. The manufacture of building tiles
or hollow foundation blocks of heavy cross section is now carried on in a
few factories as a separate business, entirely apart from the sewer pipe
manufacture. Great expansion is sure to take place in this direction in
the future; the use of vitrified clay products in this class of work has
scarcely begun and it cannot fail to become a constantly increasing source
of wealth to the state.

The manufacture of sewer pipe and building material demands the
use of vitrifying clays; terra cotta and fireproofing, though not vitrified,
are as a fact produced from the same clays; the difference in their ap-
pearance is due to the comparatively low temperatures used in burning.

The clays used in the manufacture of the first four kinds of hollow
ware have already received general notice under the description of clays
suited to the manufacture of vitrified wares.

The processes of preparation of these clays has also been described
in connection with paving material; there is nothing about the prepara-
tion which is characteristic of this particular use except that the temper-
ing has to be much more prolonged and thorough, on account of the
difficult shapes and sections of ware which are produced. ‘The shapes
required in fireproofing are especially difficult and troublesome to manu-
facture, and they require very thorough tempering of the clays.

The manufacture of the various kinds of pipe and hollow goods is
almost wholly accomplished on one machine, the sewer pipe press; this
machine has had brief description in connection with brickmaking ma--
chinery. It consists of two vertical cylinders separated by a heavy, cast
iron frame to which the cylinder heads are bolted; the upper or steam
cylinder is usually forty inches in diameter. ‘The piston rod is made
either single or triple and connects the steam and clay pistons. The clay
piston is a cast iron head, which can be renewed easily and it is not usu-
ally provided with any means of taking up wear. It is rapidly cut away
around its edges by the flow of the clay past it when under great press-
ure. It is sometimes bushed with a wrought iron ring shrunk on, which
can be replaced easily as it wears out. ‘The clay cylinder should be a

14 CAO:

210 GEOLOGY OF OHIO

casting of good strength and thickness to allow for frequent boring out.
The walls are worn by the escape of clay under pressure, the wear being
usually greatest about one-third of the way down the cylinder where the
clay first begins to feel the effect of the pressure.

The cylinders can be bored out by hand without moving from the
piston by use of appropriate devices, but the usual plan is to send the
cylinder and piston to the shop for refitting.

The area of the steam and clay cylinders is usually in the ratio of
four to one. The tendency in the newer shops however is towards the
use of a larger ratio. Clay cylinders of twenty inches are now frequently
equipped with steam cylinders of forty-four inches, and eighteen by
forty is another common combination. Smaller sizes are made down to
twenty-four by eleven.

In response to the growing demand for large pipe, larger presses
have been constructed; one in use is forty-eight inch steam, by twenty-
four inch clay, by five feet stroke. This press will make thirty inch pipe
in one stroke without refilling the clay cylinder.

Another press not yet in operation but in process of construction is
sixty-four inch steam cylinder by thirty-six inch clay cylinder by five
feet, eight inch, stroke.

This will be the largest press ever made for this: purpose; the utility
of these large presses will be in the ease with which they can get outa
large run of large pipe. They will make twenty-four and thirty inch
pipe with the same ease and speed that a forty by twenty press will make

fifteen and eighteen inch pipe. The sewer pipe business is conducted on
very close margins and consequently any possible source of economy in
production is eagerly taken up, and the tendency now is towards using

presses capable of making large pipe with a speed and economy com- |

mensurate with the production of the smaller sizes.

‘The steam which is used in the work of the sewer pipe press is regu-
lated by a rotary steam valve, controlled by a lever from the level of the
working platform; the piston is moved up by the steam as well as down,
and is kept at the top of its stroke while the clay cylinder is being filled
by the expansive force of the steam used to lift it up; when the clay cyl-
inder is filled, the steam is liberated from under the piston which by its
“weight compacts the clay beneath it and expels most of the air. The
steam pressure is now used above the piston and is cut off when the
stroke is nearly completed, Jeaving only a short portion of the stroke to
be accomplished by expansion. The use of steam in the sewer pipe
press is excessively wasteful and if its lost efficiency were not largely re-
covered by use in drying the pipe and heating the building, the loss
would be still more grievous, The loss of economy in the steam is
greatest when cutting rings or making small sizes of pipe by which the
steam cylinder is successively filled and emptied of steam a number of
times in each cylinder full of clay.

CLAY WORKING INDUSTRIES. 411

The lower end of the clay cylinder has a set of rings bolted to it in
the form of an extension. In this extension a tripod casting called the
“spider” is secured; from the center of the “spider” a short, stout bolt
depends, to the lower end of which is fastened the “bell” which is the
core which regulates the interior size of the sewer pipe. ‘The outside of
the pipe is formed by a die ring which bolts onto the extension ring car-
rying the “spider.” The sockets of the pipe are made by securing a
core or “socket former”’ onto the end of the die ring and forcing the clay
to fill the vacancy till it appears at a number of small issue holes around
the circumference. The “socket former” is then unclamped and the
further stroke of the clay piston only forces out a stream the size of the
straight part of the pipe.

The manipulation of the socket former which is a movable counter-
poised piston bearing the former on its upper end, takes the active work
of one man; the manipulation of the steam valve and cutting off gear,
which severs the pipe from the press, and the counterpoise of the socket
former, takes the time of another man. ‘Two men are required to re-
move the pipes, up end them, and turn them toa standard length. Three
men are usually sufficient to take them away and deposit them on the
drying floors. Ifthe distance is great, or the use of two or more floors
is needed, another man is required; seven men or eight men thus .con-
stitute a “press gang.” ‘The amount of work which any average “press
gang” gets out in a day’s continuous run is about as follows, for each size
of pipe:

ler aN@) sl 9 fh 3X Sscacoadsneeodane sate f Peehe oeat est casceereene- sen OOD pieces! per, Gaye
20Fo esata HCAS Ae cnigeeneals secaddonee as saua Ca onsteaoucecicids AN) SoBe es
Ley PRTG ed Meaetin tae cose anette oak Gad tue ema mestteae Bait) sits onthe
Bye Sin pe iacs cate atacae aagoatotaagihs tes ek sae Meier eres Ge wma ates S10 the Sittin
Liss Gonicstatra)t dareatiastas da acicehe cetera cen seidncseios dewasanmeteen cise 1000 . eiedytns
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Gis De eee caer cor Pain en Bae Pari cr Mean Rei es 22000 toe eae
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Aes Berean 00n OSB IODIDE GeDE BOHOB ROA MP HBORORPGCHE ER ESAbr PREEE so UM LA ent his

These figures hav often been exceeded. In large pipes, twenty-
four inch have been turned out at the rate of five hundred or six hundred
per day, and in six inch pipes, the best Ohio record is four thousand,
one hundred and six (4,106) pipes in ten hours.

The causes of limitation inthe work of a sewer pipe press lie partly
in the expert gang work required to finish and remove the pipes as fast
as made, and partly in the necessity of frequent loss of time in refilling
the clay cylinders. The most modern presses are being fitted out now
with a number of labor saving devices for simplying the gang work as
much as possible. The additions are largely in the way of applying
power to each operation of the crew where it is possible to do so. The

212 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

large 48 x 24 press at the Calumet works has been equipped with power,
Ist, for moving the socket former and platform up and down; 2d, for
cutting off the pipe and throwing the knife out of gear; and 5d, witha
small steam cylinder, called the “doctor,” for throwing the latch of the
socket former in and out of gear.

These various power appliances are controlled by a set of levers in
front of one man, who in the course of time becomes wonderfully expert in
handling them; so much so that an outsider cannot follow his motions

with any show of intelligence. yes

The use of the “doctor” and the power cutting off gear are now com-
mon. A movement toward improving the work of the press by using
better means to fill it with clay has been inaugurated at the National
Sewer Pipe Co. at Barberton. A press is in course of construction for
them which will use a horizontal steam cylinder with a long slot in its
upper side, through which the clay will be introduced. This horizontal
cylinder bolts onte the main vertical clay cylinder, close to its upper end;
in operation, the clay is to be filled into the horizontal cylinder loose, and
compacted in the course of the five foot stroke into a solid plug of the
same dimension as the clay cylinder. When the vertical cylinder is
empty, and its piston drawn up above the level ot the horizontal cylinder’s
entrance, the movement of the horizontal piston will fill the vertical cyl-
inder with a solid compact charge ot clay which will enable the work of
pressing to begin instantly when the piston touches it and will enable a
cylinder full of clay to furnish material for two or three pieces of each of
the smaller sizes,in excess of the number obtained by the common
method of filling. By the use of this cevice, which is well secured by
letters patent, it is expected to increase the out put to five thousand or
six thousand pieces of six inch pipe in ten hours.

A similar idea has already been used in the horizontal press and
has long been giving satisfaction. ‘The mechanical appliances in use in
feeding theclay to the steam press have been considerably improved.
There are two plans using mechanical skill, the Smith Feeder and Ander-
son Feeder. Both of these work with great dispatch ; the Smith Feeder is
very easily arranged so that one man can distribute the clay to two presses;
indeed in the National Works, one man feeds three presses on three
different floors atthe same time. He is located on the middle floor and
has the lower and middle feeders in plain sight, and uses mirrors to re-
flect the appearance ofthe upper one down to him. The Smith Feeder
consists of two belts, one running at high speed all the time, and the
other which carries the clay to be fed is stationary except when clay is
needed. The big belt by a motion of a foot or so throws enough clay
into the little one to fill the cylinder; it can be done with very great
celerity.

In some old works the press is still fed by hand power with a shovel,
but this method has nearly disappeared.

CLAY WORKING INDUSTRIES. 213

The pipes as fast as they are made are cut to length and deposited
on wooden pallets of appropriate size; if the pipes are small they are
then set on end on a platform truck until it is loaded and are then
wheeled away and set on the dry floors.

Large pipes are transported to their destination on pronged trucks
which enable the workmen to raise the pipe and pallet an inch or two
off from the floor and run with it at a good speed.

After the pipes have been stiffened in the warm air for a few hours,
they are trimmed and sponged and finished up smooth and any incipient
cracks are mended.

The drying of sewer pipe has been explained and discussed in con-
nection with brick drying, as many brickworks use this plan of drying.
There is no question as to the great benefits of this plan of drying, as
to economy and safety, but even with the use of all the room that is
needed, sewer pipe men frequently have great trouble from cracking of
the pipes. ‘This is likely to be due to faults of the structure of the pipe
or using clay fresh from the mines as much as to any thingelse. How-
ever, any hollow ware is more difficult to dry safely than any kind of
solid ware, and asarule, the use of only the slowest and most natural
processes will suffice to dry without considerable loss.

The burning of sewer pipe is accomplished in all respects like the
burning of paving brick except that much less time is required owing to
the thin section of clay to be vitrified. When burning a kiln of fireclay
pipe in which there are many large pipe or double strength pipe, the
burning is much slower, often lasting five, six or even seven days.

For kilns containing no double strength pipe and mostly small sizes,
four days is usually sufficient. Shale pipes require somewhat less time
than fireclay and are never made in double strength; for a long time it
was asserted that they could not be made more than the usual thickness,
but it is now admitted to be possible to make them, while it is not done.

~ ‘The kilns for this class of work have been described in connection
with paving brick; the round down draft kiln is the standard every-
where. The contents of a kiln of pipe is estimated by its list value; for
instance, the average size of the round kilns used for this work is 27.3
feet. A kiln of this size would hold an average of pipe about $1,600 to
$1,800 list value; if a large number of handmade fittings were put in,
the value of the contents might easily be made much larger, but the aim
is to burn a regular proportion of fittings to every kiln, so as to make
the loss as small as possible in event of too much or too little heat.

The surface finish of sewer pipe is a matter of much importance to
the manufacturer; the requirements of the market are very severe and
even unjust. Sewer pipe seems to find a very small and unprofitable
market, and yet the slightest defect, even of color, is frequently enough
to condemn the pipe.

The glaze which is imparted to the surface of the pipe is a matter
of much importance; it not only beautifies the color and appearance,

214 GEOLOGY OF OHIO

but it fills up the pores, smoothes over minute cracks and renders the
surface of the pipe little liable to offer obstruction to floating solids in
the sewage which the pipe is designed to carry.

The glaze is uniformly obtained by using salt vapors; no instance of
any slip glazing has come to notice. ‘The salt glaze is obtained by one
or two applications of the coarse salt in the fire holes, the operation
lasting from one to two hours.

Great care has to be observed in setting the pipe to avoid bringing
any two pieces too close together, for it frequently happens that the salt
_ vapors are carried through the kiln, only attacking the exposed parts of
the ware and two pipe leaning together would both be devoid of glaze
irom the point of contact downwards.

The inability to secure a good dark glaze is a source of much loss
to the manufacturers; if their clay is difficult to glaze or takes a light
clear glaze,the use of oxide of manganese is sometimes resorted to. It
is mixed with the salt and burnt in the fire and its effect when vaporized
as chloride of manganese is to form a dark, black colored glaze. This
is an unsightly color to one who knows what it is, but it has been of
great assistance to many manufacturers in getting rid of pipes which
would be otherwise rejected on account of their color.

In fact the system of grading sewer pipe is unnecessarily severe.
For any ordinary use, the seconds are as good as the firsts; it is not the
consumer who profits by this severity of selection; it is the middle men
or retailers who buy the seconds at low rates, and work them off on the
public as first class goods, which, for any matter of service and utility,
they are.

The position of Ohio as a sewer pipe producing state has long been
foremost. We not only make by all odds the greatest amount of ware,
but we have the three largest factories of this kind in the world.

The National Sewer Pipe Company at Barberton, Ohio, enjoys the
proud distinction of being the finest plant of its kind in the world; it is
in reality four complete plants in one.

It has introduced a number of labor saving economies in its con-
struction which are worthy of notice. The. clay which is a fairly hard
shale is loaded in dumping railroad cars by a steam shovel and hauled by
the company’s engine to the factory, two miles distant.

The clay in being dumped is fed to the dry pans by long, steel lined
conveyors which are fed by men stationed along its line in the stock
house.

The grinding and tempering offer no special novelties except the
great excellence of their mechanical arrangements.

Six presses, two on each of the three lower floors are run by four
crews, who are changed about somewhat, in order to produce the mat-
erials where they can be put on the floor to dry with the least cost.

The drying is novel; it is accomplished by use of the Sturtevant
System of heating buildings, using steam coils and a fan for producing

oO

CLAY WORKING INDUSTRIES. 21%

a large flow of hot air which is conducted to the building in underground
flues and distributed by large galvanized iron pipes. The system, while
new to the sewer pipe business, has the elements of success in it. The
distribution of air should be around the circumference of the building,
and the fan house ought to be placed in communication with the top of
the building so that the air could be worked over and over without the
useless expense of heating up a fresh supply of air all the time. Some
difficulties are likely to occur in this system in regard to cracking the
wares nearest the vents of the hot air supply, which can be remedied by
providing more and smaller vents so as to make no decided currents.

The kilns are fifty-two in number and operated by four crews set-
ting, and four crews drawing; the kilns are round down drafts 28 ft. 6 in.
in diameter with one of the best kind of fire places and a good arrange-
ment of “bottom:” The burning is all under the control and supervision
of one man.

The generation of power isaccomplished in a magnificently equipped
power plant; one engineer and one foreman do all the work for the
daily production and maintenance of seven hundred and fifty horse-
power. The Brightman mechanical stoker and a system of conveyors
and elevators do all the handling of coal, which is only shoveled once,
from the railroad car to the coal bin.

The following table gives the only statistical inform.tion of the
sewer pipe business which was attainable.

TABLE X.
LIST OF SEWER-PIPE FACTORIES OF OHIO.

|
1 | Haydenville Mining & Mfg. Co) Haydenville............. Firec ays... 2 15
2 | Jefferson Sewer Pipe Co......... a Drogrcasamaoyen mci eae ep fd 2 10
3 | John Francy’s Son’s & Co...... See Wek seeee eens eee im 2 16
fn wohe Greatwestua hire Clay Cole 4.1 ie ak nace ktaac ates oe 2 17
5) | Ohio Valley Fire Clay Co......... | i INC ewe Pe see : 2 10
6 | Calumet Fire Clay Co............ I Elvottsvillles,¢ 7h) es 5 21
7 | Excelsior Sewer Pipe Co’s...... iy dt We dee Re i I 8
So Preenian Hire Clay) Co..7:..4. 5. Freeman’s Station... H 3 15
9 | Empire Sewer Pipe Co........... EVP IGS eens ese a 2 8
LONE Un Walker & Cov 2.3i85:: Walker’s Station...... ‘ 4 23
EAS OS: My ther Sy SONS: ese: sosc 4 O55 Wellswalll ent ee iieea sce: i 2 14
12 | Knowles Taylor & Anderson...) East Liverpool......... < 2 15
13 | Royal Clay Manufacturing Co.) Midvale..................5 a 5 36
14 | Diamond Fire Clay Co........... Wiltisichis valle ceases - 2 10
15 | Uhrichsville Fire Clay Co....... a cake seen o 2 10
16 | State Line Sewer Pipe Co...... Hast'Palestineni 22.4... 1 12
1f | United States Fire Clay Co.....| New Lisbon............. G 1 12
Een | Onio Sewer Pipe Co... -..- edad Gull Gand istics 4 1 12
19 | Camp & Thomp<son............... Greentown jis...) 3 i 9
Oe Crown, bite: Clay,Co,.-/5....40.. FB DYOn chan tnarehoneanedecuane: is 2 21
AS | En Sewer Pipe Co... JAN) <5(0) 0 epncaady Sap oouedene Shalese ite: 1 11
22 | Akron Sewer Pipe Co............. Neneh Ne ease Hee eae Be adverts 2 20
23 | Buckeye Sewer Pipe Co. ........ [sel es Ment ce eacheaec dist Bi ceaeree 2 3
24 | Summit Sewer Pipe Co.......... bee drone chi, Sanaa Pea easeees 2 12
25 | Robinson Bros. & Co............. Te ete HaNeAniey eas rake ae 2 16
2 I Georee PY Sperty ..95,.0020.55 5 Salmadge ye. ee ae. Magli 1 9
27 | Camp & Thompson...............| Cuyahoga Falls........ Sie, Wee 2 16
28 | National Sewer Pipe Co......... Barberton yeas Re ecene re 6 52
29 | Columbus Sewer Pipe Co....... Columbus Vie cese: Al iieaeictics 2 12
30 | Cincinnati Sewer Pipe Co........ Cineiimati ee seo .05.: Fire Clay... 1 4

216 GEOLOGY OF OHIO

SEWER PIPE PLANTS RUNNING ON PAVING BRICK.

31 { Nelsonville Sewer Pipe Co.....| Nelsonville.............. Fire Clay... 2 20
32 | East Clayton Mfg. Co............ IOS AEB ss occodacsconuce = syd 1 12
33 | Haydenville Mining & Mfg. Co} Haydenville............ > ah 1 14
S40) Elockanies Clay Come asscces one Wogan eect * uae 1 14
Bi) OMovS ANS O), Obes co%4 (Coy cssaodoonces Zanesvilllepvesceesseecce 1 10

ARC) 2 aa Aa ec Hin SABRE a SADR EC ICA] ieee Snosaen ces AanceSemacraean| eadenunoadaaconads 41 529

* One-half fire clay and one-half shale.

The manufacture of building blocks has been alluded to before as
being a very promising business, and one which is sure to grow; it offers
two special features for consideration. The first point is, that the use of
Auger machines is possible and indeed profitable, the building blocks
being plain sections of a square hollow bar; the production of such a
bar is more economical by Auger mill than by the vertical steam press.
The Double Ended Horizontal Steam Press is specially adapted to this
class of work and enables the simultaneous production of two differ-
ent kinds of ware.

The second point is the introduction of the car and tunnel
system of drying; the ware having comparatively little variation
in size and like fireproofing, electrical subway conduits, building
blocks, etc. enables the dryers to furnish a steady supply of one kind of
ware to the kiln setters. In the regular sewer pipe process the drying
floors not only serve as means of drying the pipe, but as storage rooms
from which the various kinds of ware needed in setting the kilns most
economically can be drawn as needed. On this account the drying
system for sewer pipe is not likely to undergo material change from
existing plan.

But in bu lding blocks this is a great step in advance, as it reduces
the cost of the plant so much that the business is likely to be pushed by
many men who could not otherwise touch it.

The first tunnel and car dryer for hollow wares originated with Mr.
H. B. Camp of Cuyahoga Falls; he worked this plan successfully for
nearly ten years before any one else saw fit to try it; it is now in use in
six or eight plants. The present experience indicates that drying hollow
wares of small and medium size is not only possible, but profitable in a
chamber dryer, and that by rigidly watching the conditions of the air,
larger wares still could be profitably handled in this way. The use of
progressive dryers has not been attempted in this connection and it is
not likely that it will be.

The manufacture of drain tiles for agricultural purposes is to the
art of pipe making, what common brick making is to the paving brick
business. 2

It not being either desirable or advantageous to have the product
vitrified, the clays used can be of a very low grade. The bulk of the
material used is red plastic clay from the drift, or sedimentary clays

CLAY WORKING INDUSTRIES. 217

from the river valleys. The preparation of this class of clays ranges
from nothing at all to crushing between rollers and pugging. ‘The
Auger mill is almost the universal machine used in manufacturing; the
drying is usually in racks protected from sun and rain but unassisted by
artificial heat. The burning is usually managed in small round down
draft kilns, though some tilemakers retain the old updraft kilns.

The business is not a large or important one, or one which bids fair
to add much wealth to the state for the manufactures are almost wholly
for the homie consumption of their district. "The low values and fragile
character of the wares stand in the way of any extensive shipments.

There is one tile works, that of Messrs. Dennison Bros. at Delaware,
Ohio, which has taken a new departure inthe business. They have
built an entirely new plant, suitable for sewer pipe manufacture, includ-
ing dry and wet pans, sewerpipe press, elevators, etc. and devote their
special attention to the manufacture of the largest sizes of tiles suitable
for county ditches and railroad work.

The product is not vitrified, but is hard burnt, and will stand ship-
ment. They. make common drain tile up to twenty four inches in
diameter.

Their clays are derived from a stratum of the Huron Shales, which is
of avery high grade clay here, except for the presence of considerable
iron pyrites in little nodules.

The field of operation in this line is not large however, anda long
experience in the drain tile business has been the only way to get a trade
in this line sufficient to ensure success.

IV. THE MANUFACTURE OF REFRACTORY MATERIAL.

The art of manufactuing refractory material calls into play a know-
ledge of the higher qualities of clay; we have considered in the discussion of
crude pottery and vitrified wares the kinds of clay suited to each, and have
seen that in these cases, a certain degree of fusibility isrequired. In mak-
ing refractory materia! the whole study is to secure the utmost resistance to
the fusing and fluxing action of fire, consistent with a certain physical
structure of the material.

The importance of this form of clay working is hard to justly
represent. It does not now occupy the important stand it once did in
the business industries of the state or the world; other forms of clay
working have easily outstripped it, as far as capital invested and value of
output go. Perhaps, however, the best way to picture its importance is
to try and imagine what we should do without it. Every ton of iron in
the country is smelted inside of firebrick walls; every boiler setting and
household grate uses a small quanity of it. No metallurgical industry is

218 GEOLOGY OF OHIO

possible without the use of fire resisting brick, and no other form of
clay working would be possible if it were not for fire proof kilns.

In a word, while making refractory materials has not had the expan-
sion and development of some of the cruder forms of clay working, it is
par excellence the most important use to which clay can be put.

Taken as a whole, this industry in Ohioisnot in as healthy a con-
dition as could be wished; many of the fire brick factories have
deserted their original business to enter into the temporarily more
profitable manufacture of paving materials, and but few new factories
_for the manufacture of fire brick have been built in the last decade.

The reason for this is probably due to the over expansion which
prevailed some ten years ago. ‘The iron business, on which, above
others, the firebrick business depends, has been constantly improving
in its metallurgical work, so that while less furnaces are in operation
year by year, and that while for one new furnace built about five old ones
are dismantled, the production of iron increases nevertheless as the
demand justifies it. Also, the introduction of new processes and new
refractory materials in both iron and steel making are combining to cut
down the demand or the product of former years.

Notwithstanding these facts many of the well located firebrick
plants of the state show a gratifying advance in prosperity in the last
decade.

The Clays.—The native clays, suitable to manufacture of refractory
materials, are of two classes:

Ist. The Flint Clays.

2d. ‘The Plastic Fireclays.

Flint clays are the man standby of the refractory material trade of
Ohio and Pennsylvania. As has been mentioned in the preliminary
discussion of the general properties of clay, flint clays are a /usus nature
which scientific men find it very hard to explain. In composition, the
best of them are practically pure kaolins but other flint clays are found
which are the counterpart of the common plastic fire clays ofthe state in
chemical analysis, and still show the typical flint clay structure to its best
advantage. And furthermore, flint clays have now been encountered
which retain the flinty structure in connection with the most impure
chemical character and an absence of any high refractory qualities.

The main and essential feature which distinguishes the flint clays
from others is their almost complete lack of plasticity. Flint clays do
exist which are apparently a connecting link between the strictly non-
plastic and the common hard plastic clays, and such clays by use of
severe physical treatment become somewhat plastic.

But, it is claimed by those who use the best grade of flint clays that
no amount of grinding and kneading with water will make a true flint
clay any more plastic than a sand rock would become under similar con-
ditions. One or two dealers in flint clays have asserted their ability to

CLAY WORKING INDUSTRIES. 219

make any flint clay plastic, but have failed to prove their assertions or
show any basis for their statements. The effect of weather, including
frost and heat, will undoubtedly crumble a flint clay to a fine sharp sand,
but personal examination ofthe surface of piles of flint clay which had
been exposed for several years failed to show any indication of plasticity.

Also, the fine dust of flint clays which have been ground dry, which
has settled out of the air, has been collected and wet and kneaded with-
. out any indication of plasticity.

The composition of the flint clays of the state is illustrated by the
following table of analysis:

GEOLOGY OF OHIO

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CLAY WORKING INDUSTRIES. 221

No. 1. Flint Clay from C. E. Holden, Mineral Point, Ohio, Lower Kittanning,
Horizon, used for high grade refractory material sampled in 1883—analysis by Lord.
No. 2. Same clay, finely ground and averaged, sampled 1892, analysis by Orton-
No. 3. Flint Clay from Carter County, Kentucky, furnished by Portsmouth

_Fire Brick Co., analysis by Otto Wuth.
No. 4. Same clay , sampled and analyzed by Kentucky Geological Survey.
No. 5. Gaylord Clay, Scioto Co., Ohio, from Portsmouth Firebrick Co.—by

Kremer & DeDeken.
No. 6. Ejifert Clay, Carter Co., Kentucky, from Portsmouth Fire Brick Co., by

Kremer & DeDeken.

No. 7. Tiplan Clay, Carter Co., Kentucky, from Portsmouth Fire Brick Co., by
Kremer & DeDeken.

No. 8. Stone City Flint Clay, Stone City, Kentucky.

No. 9. Salineville Flint Clay, Furnace Fire Brick Co., Salineville, Ohio.

No. 10. Mount Savage Clay; New Jersey Report.

These clays are seen to be of great purity, the average contents of
fluxing materials being only 1.54 per cent.

The oxygen ratio of the average of these clays is:

Oxygen in acid, 1.36; oxygen in base, 1.

Oxygen in alumina, 51; oxygen in flux, 1.
indicating a compound between a protosilicate and a sesquisilicate with
very low proportion of fluxing bases.

Silicates of most of the bases are most fusible between the subsili-
cates and bi-silicates with pure compounds of silica and alumina; how-
ever, the point of greatest fusibility seem to be above the bi-silicate ratio
and below the trisilicate ratio.

These flint clays constitute the body mixture of all of the refractory
materials of the state, but on account of their non-plasticity, it is neces-
sary to use plastic fireclays to act as a bond material.

The aim in selecting the plastic clays for a refractory mixture. is to
get as sandy a clay as can be had which will develop plasticity well; the
more sandy the clay is, the less it shrinks, except by vitrification. A clay
free from any impurity but sand will stand a-high heat and shrink but
little and it is a clay of the nature that is sought.

In the following table, No. XII, the analysis of five Ohio plastic fire-
clays, which are actually used as bond clays for the flint clays of the state
arecompared. _

Also the analysis of a very superior high grade plastic clay which is
imported from Germany for use as bond to flint clays in glass pot manu-
facture is given.

This clay is far superior to anything which we find in this state in
the way of a plastic clay.

~

by McDowell.

222 GEOLOGY OF OHIO
TABLE XII.
———s
Number. 1 2 3 a 5) 6
Silicaicomibimedteesetesss. 31.07 29.22 60.77 53.84 63.12 72.33
Mla Aeeasece teens eee 26.47 24.97 25.74 24.93 26.20 19.06
Water combined ;........... 9.96 8.90 9.46 11.50 10.72 5.52
Clay baseneercscces 67.50 63.09 95.97 90.27 100.05 96.91
SiUbICAY SRE: Gocdobhaosubencesoce 27.71 Pa Lg ai Dae eee Ra Mere SH alles AaB ial bahin aocnaoN
PIA TA CACT Cae assneeaieciseicis 94 PBO) sev cse sev seisenl| ues shsdscne cd aeanetcest ecetdl Be seeeeeeeeeens
Sandy impurities .. 28.60 BY AGY 34 Bepadaesdecoss | eabassassanace lsebossanocsan6llddqcac pocacoo9
Sesquioxide of iron ...... 1.22 1.66 1.61 PAS) 3 eubcbcnapsoco of dl
pb ToS eee nS SOD ENEA NE Be CNA CEP EAE 59 63 .89 Ue Se ogaceoesnee 28
Ma onesiam ninccasscscsdsccest 32 40 63 5X0) eat da seoeeca. 18
RO tas Wray eeeec seuss ese ste 299 .28 1.20 Dili Seams 45
S Od anes skecensaseanesecsasenes tr. Li,0 Il awaceeecnar el TOU os Es Semen 14
Fluxing impurities 3.12 2.97 4.33 Gest)" \\Gesanoddocs0s 1.76
MOIS HUE atasaseeisclesees/isee 1.04 aI} eee peppooeeeeol NGecasBunaal a MoAsandsdincos 1.33
POEL Sena satoet vce 100.31 100.39 100.30 97.65 | 100.08 100.00
No. 1. Ballou fire-clay; Muskingum Co., Ohio, analysis by Lord.
No. 2. Island siding fire-clay, Jefferson Co., Bolivar clay, analysis by Lord.
No. 3. Phelpsclay from Hocking Co., used by Wassall fireclay Co., analysis

No. 4. Hanging rock fire-clay, from Kittanning Horizon, from Portsmouth

Firebrick Co.
No. 5.
No. 6.

Oak Hill plastic clay; partial analysis by D. O’Brien.
Plastic fire-clay from Gros Almerode, Germany.

The average analysis of these clays indicates about the following

structure :
Clay basen reise cce cnorSastsctenes ousocaet asc cenan ve sseanarcns ceionineiat tame ssemine seein neeecs 61.50
GATT GL eRe ee Se US AE So AN hl Tee ALE SS Sa SER RE ae aR mR Re OA)
FEN UISRES Soe sch cads scenic RS Rae eae Cee Ee Oe ea ono Oe eee ee 4,25

with an oxygen ratio as follows:

Oxygen in acid, 2.60; oxygen in base 1.

fltixe Ae

Oxygen in alumina, 10.3; oxygen in

This ratio indicates a clay very close to those used in yellow ware
manufacture and less sandy than those used in stone ware manufacture
and more refractory than the sewer pipe clays.

Very much depends on the quality of these bond clays, for the action

of the bond under heat is very similar to its action when wet, even though
there be but little of it, it is the envelope which holds the other particles
in shape; if it softens and flows, the particles of good clay flow with it
while not affected much by the heat or water themselves.

CLAY WORKING INDUSTRIES. 223

The supply of clays that are fit to make the highest grade bonds is
actually more scarce and difficult to obtain than good, fire resisting, flint
clay.

The compound of the mixture for producing refractory brick depends
on the following considerations :

1st. ‘The source of fire resisting power is mainly in the flint clay.

2d. The source of physical strength when ready for use depends on
the plastic bond ; when the bricks are in position and under a high heat,
the flint clay becomes softened and cohesive and it then furnishes
the real strength of the brick, but at these high temperatures there is
no danger of friction from material as highly heated as the bricks them-
selves.

3d. To allow of rapid change or alternations of high and low tempera-
tures, the bricks must be of a loose, open grained structure, so as to admit
of rapid absorption or radiation of heat.

4th. To produce a sound and strong brick composed of non-plastic
material which has a very high shrinkage and a plastic bond, itis neces-
sary, first, that the bond clay should be of very low shrinkage and
second, that part of the flint clay should be calcined p,evious to mix-
ture, so as to take out the shrinkage and allow the union of the particles
to remain unbroken when burned. It is impossible to make a strong and
good fire-brick from a mixture of dissimilar clays of high shrinkage, for
one kind invariably tends to separate from the other when under heat,
and the bond is therefore destroyed. It is to this fact that the failure
of all attempts to make a good refractory material out of pure quartz and
pure kaolin is due. Both are infusible, but when mixed and burned
together, the kaolin bond shrinks away from the grains of quartz, and
the whole structure becomes perfectly worthless and rotten. No satis-
factory refractory material was made from quartz until the use of clay as
a bond was given up, and milk of lime in small quantities was substituted.

On these four conditions, the mixtures for refractory clay bricks
depends.

It will readily be seen that these conditions are to some extent ini-
mical to each other, and to secure a brick of the highest fire qualities, it
is necessary to sacrifice its physical strength to a large degree.

A common mixture for this purpose consists of 45 per cent. calcined
flint clay, 45 per cent. raw flint clay and 10 per cent plastic bond. A
brick made of such a mixture !s very loose and porous in structure, very
friable and easily worn away by friction, even when hard burned. To
use such a brick to advantage it must be placed where the heat is so
intense that the flint clays become slightly soft and cohesive and the sub-
stance of the brick becomes plastic by the influence of heat. ‘Therefore
to use such a brick where the heat is only moderate and where it would
be subjected to abrasion of stock or tools, would be a waste of money,
for a brick of lower fire qualities would stand the heat equally well
and the friction very much better.

24 GEOLOGY OF OHIO

The charge used to produce a brick of good physical strength and
moderate fire properties is often about 50 per cent. plastic fire clay and
50 per cent. of calcined and raw flint clay.:

Often mixtures, based on these same considerations and compounded
with reference to the kind of work they have to do, are also made; some,
between the two just quoted and some, composed of still larger propor-
tions of plastic clays.

There is aclass of brick called mill brick which are used almost
wholly in lining puddling furnaces and like structures and these brick have
to stand quite severe abrasion from the tools of the puddler and firemen
and the scorifying influence of the iron slags. ‘These bricks are gener-
ally composed of all plastic fire clay which makes a brick of great tough-
ness though of rather low heat resisting power. In some few places,
paving brick and mill brick are made from the same clay in the same
factory. ‘This is a mistake, for it is a certain fact that a clay which will
make good paving brick cannot make good fire brick and vice versa.

The compounding of the charge of these various clays is accom-
plished in most cases by use of ashovel. ‘The clay is loaded into wheel-
barrows, so many shovelsful of each kind. In only a very few cases is
the compounding done by weight.

The preparation of the clays. The makers of firebrick usually lay
considerable stress on the weathering of the clays, some urging that a
great purification ensues from so doing.

The experiments and experience of potters have shown pretty
clearly just what purification may be hoped for by the exposure of clays
to weather.

Weather acts in two ways, one physical and one mechanical. Phy-
sically it breaks the hard clays up into fine grains which greatly reduces
the labor of grinding. The soft clays are rendered tough and plastic by
their exposure to weather. Chemically, the atmosphere oxydizes sul-

phide of iron to sulphate which the rain water dissolves and carries
away. In addition to sulphate of iron, sulphates of lime.and magnesia,
existing as such or formed by metathesis from the sulphate of iron and
carbonates of lime and magnesia, are soluble in water and are removed
by rain. Any changes in the other iron constituents or the potash and
soda compounds must not be expected, as it has been shown that wash-
ings clays in the pottery processes does not diminish these constituents
by solution.

These oxydizing and washing effects are very gradual indeed; the
conditions under which they proceed most rapidly are very seldom pre-
sent in the stock piles of clay companies and as a matter of fact, the
benefits of weathering are almost wholly confined to the improved
mechanical condition of the clay for the machinery.

CLAY WORKING INDUSTRIES. 225

The accumulation of clay in stock, however, is a necessity with most
works, whose winter supply has to be dug and hauled to market in the
favorable seasons of the year.

The washing of the charge of hard clays is a practice resorted to at
the best works; it is much scoffed at by those who do not use it as being
an utterly useless expense. Its utility depends altogether on the condi-
tions under which hard clay is obtained; if from a mine under ground, it
is not likely to be in need of washing; if from open cut benchings, it is
sure to have more or less mud in it which ought to be removed.

Even drenching with a hose pipe over a sink is beneficial, but the.
use of a mechanical device is necessary to do the work thoroughly.

The log washer, or a crude form of pug mill, used in washing iron
ores from adhesive clay would answer this purpose satisfactorily.

The processes of grinding the clay and tempering it ready for use is
accomplished in three principal methods:

Ist. The wet pan.

2d. The dry pan and pug mill.

3d. The dry pan and wet pan.

The wet pan is the characteristic implement of the fire brick makers
of the state; it is in all respects comparable to the machinery already
described under the preparation of brick clays, except that the wheels
are usually very broad and of much smaller diameter. The common
dimensions are tweive to fourteen inch face by twenty-four to thirty
inches diameter; the wheels weigh from three to six thousand pounds
each.

The charge of clay is dumped in altogether and wet down as often
as necessary; the soft clay speedily becomes very plastic, especially as
the amount of water used is often considerable and as the wheels reduce
the hard clay and calcine finer and finer, the plastic clays are distributed
in a thinner and thinner enveloping layer over each particle. The grind-
ing usually occupies from ten to fifteen minutes, occasionally much more
time is allowed.

Such treatment as this will develop the very. best plasticity that any
c’ay is capable of; the only thing which can be urged against its efficiency
is the fact that there is no absolute means of regulating the sizes of the
particles of hard clay, which may survive the grinding without being
crushed.

The use of a dry pan proves itself of great value to the makers of
high grade refractories. It permits the accurate sizing of the flint and
calcined clays and it permits their reduction to a size with far greater
economy of power and time than can be attained in the wet pan. ‘The
further tempering after grinding by dry pan may be accomplished by pug
mill or wet pan.

The use of a wet pan is by all means to be recommended. It is of
more importance in making refractory material than sewer pipe and pav-

15 C0;

226 GEOLOGY OF OHIO

ing brick manufacture, for in refractory material the main value of the
product depends on the proper mixing and blending of the qualities of
the various ingredients.

Clay prepared by dry pan and tempered by wet pan is in the most
satisfactory shape for use that modern experience is able to suggest.

In some cases as in the manufacture of mill brick from all plastic
clays, the use of a pug mill is permissible, because the natural plasticity
of the clay and the fact that it is all one kind, render a mere mixing with
water sufficient.

The tempering of the clay being completed, the moulding process
begins.

Fire brick of good quality are still made largely by hand; the aim
of the maker is to produce in each brick, an absolutely structureless piece
of clay, which can have no tendency to failure of strength by the influence
of any machinery in its formation.

No machinery has yet been devised which enables the production of
such an article. The auger and plunging machines are wholly unsuited
to the needs of the fire brick maker, each brick is with them but a sec-
tion of a bar of clay of very objectionable structure.

The nearest approximation to good structure is obtained in the soft
mud machines and these are sometimes brought into requisition.

The best fire brick, however, are still hand moulded; by the human
hand each brick becomes a unit by itself and no structural defects are
obtained.

The labor of hand moulding is severe and costly; 4,000 per day is the
standard day’s work for each moulder and his off bearers, whose work is
to take the product to its place on the dry floor, sand the monlds, and
bring in the supply of tempered clay.

Where hand moulding is the only means of manufacture, the mould-
ers tables are arranged along one side of the dry floor, a certain space of
which is allotted to the product of each table. The work of the day is
usually finished by noon and is put on the dry floor as fast as made.
Early in the afternoon, the pressing of the brick begins. This is so man-_
aged as to allow each portion of the day’s product about an equal portion
of the day to dry before pressing. The press crew consists of four men,
who, by use of a portable press, do a similar stint to the moulders, 4,000
per day’s work.

This pressing when partly dried is made necessary by the softness of
the temper for hand moulding; it would remove some expense if the
pressing and moulding could be performed in one continuous operation.

By this system, bricks are dried in just twenty-four hours; the work
of each crew being so timed as to keep always a sufficient space for work
between dry brick on their way to the kilns and the new crop being
deposited on the floor.

CLAY WORKING INDUSTRIES. 227

The manufacture of fire brick on soft mud machinery can not be
specially objected to as far as the structure of the product is concerned,
but in shape and finish it is not nearly the equal of hand made brick.
The moulds all have to be stroked or cut off level with a large metal
plate; this leaves one side of the brick rough and unpresentable. Also
to operate the brick machine to an advantage it is necessary to run it
something near its capacity, which is 25,000 to 30,000 per day. ‘The dry-
ing of such a large quantity by hot floor is not usually possible, and the
use of racks and pallets become necessary as the brick are much too soft
when first made to stand handling of any kind. This fact makes their
repressing a source of considerable expense, as they have to be brought
out of the racks and pressed and then put back again or placed on a hot
floor or other drying apparatus.

Hence, the limitations of the soft mud process; it makes a good
brick, strong and of good structure, but of bad appearance, and to
remedy its appearance by repressing is out of the question at the common
prices. On very high grade material it might be possible. In this con-
nection, the use of the iron clad dryer on the product of the soft mud
machine is interesting to note. The drying was effected without trouble
or cracking, and was carried on in connection with stiff mud bricks at the
same time.

The use of auger or plunger brick machinery in the manufacture of
high grade brick isa constant temptation to the brick makers by reason
of the lessened cost of production.

Aside from the structural defects of the bar from which the brick
are cut, the brick are too dense and compact for the best results,
and it is impossible to get the proper bond with the small quantity
of plastic clay which is used, unless the temper of the mixture be made
softer than the Auger machine will work to an advantage. The methods
of burning refractory bricks are beginning to experience some change,
for many years past, almost the only process of burning was in the old up
draft clamp kilns, A great many works still retain them. But the
- progressive members of the business have been introducing the down
draft kilns. The down draft kilns employed are mainly of the com-
mon round type. A few square Newcastle kilns, built in blocks or bat-
teries are in use. No Eudalys or other patent kilns are in use in the fire
brick business of this state. ‘The Thomas kiln, a down draft kiln, of great
excellence, which originated from an effort to convert the old up draft
kilns into down draft is in use in the Scioto and Lawrence county d s-
tricts. The up draft kiln which furnished the main points of this
Thomas kiln was constructed as follows:

The width of the kiln was twelve to thirteen feet inside; the length,
though immaterial, was usually about thirty feet; the walls which were
about thirty inches thick, were pierced at intervals of every twenty-seven
inches by narrow fire holes, twelve or thirteen inches wide. ‘These fire

228 GEOLOGY OF OHIO

holes deliver into the kiln at a point just about level with the floor, the
height of the floor level above the bottom of the fire holes, being about
twenty-four inches. The kiln is entered through a narrow wicket at each
end, just wide enough to let a man come in with a brick barrow.

In setting these kilns. they adjust the arches carefully in front of the
fire holes, so that each arch is filled with the heat from the fire holes at
each side of the kiln. ‘The bricks were burned very satisfactorily in these
kilns but at a rather high expenditure of fuel; the top course of fire brick
were commonly left on edge and in open order, to promote a strong draft
of air through the kiln while drying it off. When the red heat had
worked its way upwards to this course, so that it could be seen red at
night through the cracks, then men were sent out to tighten the platting.
This they did by putting the top cour.e down flat and as close together as

-possible and sprinkling sand or ashes or slack coal on the surface,
This acts asa seal to the rising draft and prevents the waste of fuel and
the formation of uneven drafts up through the bricks. The heat being
compressed under the tight course is carried by conduction to every part
cf the kiln equally.

With a well equipped up draft of this description, the a: can
be managed with great precision and excellence though it is undoubtedly
somewhat more extravagant in fuel.

In making this kiln into a down draft kiln, but few alterations were
necessary. ‘The crown was sprung from wall to wall at a height of nine
or ten feet from its centre to the floor. The heat was carried to the top
of the kiln by a fire wall on either side of the kiln, tied to the main
wall by distance brick at frequent intervals to keep it from falling into
the kiln. ‘The draft was provided by a small stack at each end of the
kiln and a continuous flue from end to end down the centre connected
the two stacks.

This flue was divided into an upper and lower section which was
made to draw from separate portions of the kilns’ length so as to get an
equal draft at all points.

Simple and cheap as such a kiln is, it meets as many of the essential °
constituents of success as any square kiln in use. The burning which
was exhibited from this kiln cannot be surpassed by any appliance now
in use.

The burning of fire bricks is not in any way as delicate or skillful an
operat on as the burning of almost all other clay wares is, for the reason
that the material, being made to endure high heats, cannot easily be over
burned and if burned less strongly than is desirable there exists no difficulty
in disposing of the product without sacrifice of the price. In short, the
customers of the fire brick trade are about divided in their preference for
hard and soft bricks, so whatever the kind of burn, the prodacs will be
acceptable to one or the other class of customers.

GEOLOGY OF OHIO 229

In theory, it is much better to use fire brick which have already
passed through severe heat in burning, for most purposes, because their
shrinkage is thus brought to a very small amount, and shrinkage of the
brick of large pieces of brickwork is a frequent cause of very expensive
repai s,

The shrinkage to clay bricks of all kinds is the main reason for their
abandonmient for use in steel furnace roofs which are now built almost
entirely of silica brick which expand when heated.

The use of soft burned fire bricks is sometimes justified by the theory
that clay ware will stand just so much heat, that each time bricks are
brought to that heat their life is so much shortened, etc.

Another reason why soft brick in a certain proportion are useful is
found in the case of cutting and trimming them to fiit in odd shaped work.
Fire brick laying has a great deal of fitting and adjusting to do and hard
bricks offer great trouble and delay to the operations of the bricklayers,
The effect of high heat in burning fire brick ought never to produce

any signs of vitrification in its particles; if it does, the clays are not of
high grade. Bricks like the Benizette, Woodland, Mount Savage, Solid
Crown, etc., cannot be made to show the effects of heat in any such tem-
perature as is developed in the burning kiln.

The temperatures actually employed in burning fire brick are very
much the same that are used in burning other clay wares, but the range
of temperatures is greater for the obvious reason that the excess temper-
atures will do no harm other than the waste of a little coal.

The heat which fire brick receives in burning, however, is sufficient
to effect some changes in the impurities. Iron, for instance, in any hard
burned fire brick is apt to indicate its presence by a black blotch of cinder
or silicate of iron. The ends and exposed portions of the bricks often
show a black or brown incrustation, commonly ascribed to the “sulphur”
in the coal, which is in reality a fused layer of fine coal ashes drawn into
the kiln by the draft and attached to the surface of the brick while sticky
by heat.

The regular manner of fire brick manufacture has been briefly set
forth. One important addition to this statement has now to be made.

This is the application of the dry press machinery to fire brick mak-
ing. The origin of this departure from the old customs of the fire brick
business probably came about through the use of dry press machinery
by several firms who are engaged in making fine buff and other light
shades of building brick from fire clays.

However, this may be, the process is in operation at the works of
the Dover Fire Brick Co. near Strasburg. ‘The clays used are a very
hard flint clay from the lower Kittanning horizon and various plastic fire
clays found associated with the flint clay and in other horizons.

The mixture is ground in a dry pan and screened to a rather fine
powder and is then run through a “Steamer” which is a tempering device
patented by Mr. C. Arnold, the manager of the works.

230 GEOLOGY OF OHIO

The “Steamer” consists of a tight wooden box, provided with two
small parallel pug mill shafts in the bottom. ‘The clay is fed into it ina
stream, which is broken up into a shower by a high speed rotary wire
brush. The shower of clay falls through a zone where it passes between
jets of steam blowing in contrary directions, and falls to the bottom of
the box where the pug shafts keep it agitated in the steamy atmosphere
until it is ejected.

Mr. Arnold claims great advantage for this arrangement in temper-
ing clay for a dry press machine; he asserts that the strength of the brick
are very materially increased, and the general quality of the ware greatly
improved.

As a means of introducing evenly a small quantity of moisture into
the clay to be pressed, this machine is probably a valuable contribution
to the already existing forms of tempering machinery.

The same effect is to some extent realized by wetting slightly the
clays as they are grinding in the dry pan. ‘This is the wrong place to
add the water however, for it interferes both with grinding and screening

The importance of this addition to the mechanical part of fire brick
manufacture cannot be properly defined. The quality of the material
has hardly been sufficiently demonstrated as yet, though in this one in-
stance the promises of permanent success are flattering.

Dry pressed brick have certain advantages over all other kinds in the
particular field of usefulness which they are able to fill. ‘They are first,
perfect in form and size, which is of great importance to the brick layers
in their work. Second, they are dense and strong, resisting more pres
sure under a crushing test than any other kind of brick. Third, they
cost less to manufacture than any other kind of brick. On the other
hand they will not resist severe abrasion, no matter how hard they are
burned, as they never develop any cohesive bond at all comparable with
that attained by the use of water.

The structure of good fire brick has aia been purposely made
very open and porous. ‘The dry pressed brick cannot be called open in
any sense. It is an aggregation of particles brought into their relative
position by pressure and nothing else, and it is more dense and weighs
more to the cubic inch than any wet brick can be made todo. Neverthe-
less it is easily permeable to water and possibly to air and heat as well,
for it is impossible by pressure alone to force any particles into any close
union like that attained by water.

The question of the value of the process hinges on this point. Is
the fine and minute porosity of a dry pressed brick a fair equivalent for
the coarser and more apparent porosity of the hand moulded article. If
it is, an intelligent and careful trial of the two kinds of material will prove
it to be so, and in that case, the use of dry press machinery in fire brick
manufacture is the most important and valuable addition to the resources
of the trade that has been made in the last twenty years.

CLAY WORKING INDTSTRIES. 201

The use of dry press machinery does away with the necessity of the
use of any dryer, though as a matter of expediency a tunnel dryer is gen-
erally used, and the cost of production is very greatly decreased over the
old plan.

The manufacture of other refractory materials than fire brick is rep-
resented at present mainly by the glass pot and glass works supply trade.
Retorts for gas making were formerly manufactured at three or four
points in the state. The extensive use of iron retorts and the perfection
of other gas processes have very seriously crippled this trade in the
United States however, and clay retorts are only manufactured at a few
points in the county.

The manufacture of steel work specialities, like nozzles, stoppers,
stopper sleeves, ladle brick, Bessemer tuyeres, etc., is carried on in a lim-
ited way in one or two factories.

Glass pot manufacture is probably the highest and the most tech-
nical work in the refractory material business. ‘Ihe service which is ex-
acted froma glass pot has probably no equal for severity, unless the work
of a steel crucible be considered.

The pots are of various types and sizes, but a large pot of the cov-
ered style weighs thirty-five hundred to four thousand pounds. It not
only has to stand up in a furnace filled with flames at a high temperature
and sustain its own weight, but must retain a fluid charge of a ton or
more of molten glass whose ingredients comprise the most powerful fluxes
like soda ash and oxide of lead. It is a wonder how a pot can be made to
last at all, but cases are not infrequent where they are made to last a
number of months. They are never allowed to cool when once heated
on account of the danger of cracking but are kept continuously in service
until worn out.

The material used in glass pot construction comprises only the finest
refractory clays. Ohio furnishes only one or two clays used in this
business.

The Mineral Point clay, which occurs on the Lower Kittanning
horizon has heen used for this purpose for a number of years. Its
quality has been greatly improved by a system of rigorous hand picking
and chipping. :

The majority of glass-pot clays come from Germany and Missouri.
Every clay now used is subjected to a most rigorous inspection at the
mines and at the factory. At the factory this work is performed by
women, who break open every lump and by chipping free it from every
speck of impurity. No piece larger than a walnut is permitted to enter
the mixtures. The mixtures employed are made on the same principal
as those compounding in fire brick. The calcine is supplied in part by
calcined flint clays, but more largely by old pot shells returned from
service. ‘These old shells have to be chipped with the most scrupulous
care from the adhering layer of glass inside and the scorified and incrusted

232 GEOLOGY OF OHIO

outside portion. Strange things are often found imbedded in the bottom
of old glass pots; bolts, nails, lumps of metallic lead, and all kinds of
iron objects, added with the charge through carelessness or spite.

These old shells come from pots previously made and numbered
and of whose number a record is kept, and can be thus identified as to
composition and graded accordingly so that no uncertainty of composi-
tion is encountered by their use.

The charge when mixed is ground in a dry pan, and tempered in a
pug mill, by repeated passages through, When tempered, the clay is
piled in large masses and. compacted by hammering till solid, and
blanketed to undergo a process of sweating or steeping.

By common opinion among glass pot men, this steeping is a very
important part of the work. It is hard to see from a theoretical stand-
point where the value of this process comes in. The only reason that
can be suggested, is that the grinding of the clays, especially hard clays,
exposes more surfaces to the action of the water than would be exposed
by a natural process of cleavage by weather and that a long process of
soaking may induce a softening of its nature not otherwise attainable.
It is claimed that the quality developed by long standing is toughness;
that clay newly mixed is short grained, while old clay is cohesive, like
rubber.

Whatever may be the truth of this claim, the universal practice is
to allow as long a period to elapse as possible between the mixing of the
clay and the using of it. In some cases as long a period as two years is
allowed to pass before the clay is used.

‘The various parts of the glass pet are constructed of different mix-
tures of clay. The top of the pot has only to stand the heat and bear
up its own weight. ‘The bottom has to stand the weight and the scorify-
ing action of the glass. The sides have the severest work of all, having
to maintain the weight of the roof and the inside pressure of the molten
charge. The usual point of failure is eighteen to twenty four inches
above the bottom of the pot.

The actual process of manufacture is one of slow building. A pot
is built up in sections of a few inches every day. Each days work is
welded onto the last, and the new work is kept from becoming too dry
by wet cloths. Thus the process continues until completion, which
occupies from one month to six weeks. A pot maker will have twenty
or thirty pots in treatment at once, in various stages of progression.
As fast as one crop comes off, a new one is blocked out. The drying it
most carefully managed in perfectly tight rooms; no heat is used except
to prevent freezing and no draughts of air, above all things. A month
or six weeks of air drying is allowed, followed by a few days of heating
in a hot room, preliminary to shipment.

The pots are never burned, except in the place where they are to do
their work. ‘They are put in position and heated very gradually up to

CLAY WORKING INDUSTRIES. 233

the full heat of the furnace and never cool until the furnace is shut down
for repairs.

The manufacture of glass in tank furnaces has turned a part of the
energy of the glass pot men into a new channel. Glass tanks are large
iron tanks lined with special shaped blocks of the finest refractory
materials and are covered by an arched brick roof, under which the flames.
from the furnace circulate. Very few tank furnaces are built alike and
consequently each one necessitates a complete set of moulds, for every
-block and brick required.

A tank is usually constructed by contract, the manufacturer agreeing ©
to make the blocks and erect the brick work. Great stress is laid on a
perfect fit of the blocks, as the glass is sure to search out any cracks or
fissures in the retaining walls.

Blocks for tank furnaces are of various sizes. Some of them weigh
eight or ten hundred pounds. ‘To dry and burn such enormous lumps
of clay, is a matter of great difficulty. Time is the main feature and
must be used without stint.

The refractory material trade of Ohio is now situated in two districts.
The Scioto district, including the factories at Portsmouth, Sciotoville,
Webster, Ironton and Oak Hill forms the principal center of production.
This district depends mainly on the fine flint clays of Scioto county,
Ohio, and Carter county, Kentucky, just across the Ohio river.

The Ohio Valley from Steubenviile to Wellsville is the source of a
large brick and sewer-pipe industry. The bricks however are sold
indiscriminately as fire brick and pavers. ‘The factories on the Ohio side
of the river are mainly in the fire brick business. The factories on the
West Virginia side of the river are in the paving brick business, and
only make fire brick incidentally. ‘These works all use one stratum
of hard fire clay which however, readily becomes plastic when ground
and tempered. ‘The balance of the fire-brick manufacture in the state is
conducted in isolated shops at Youngstown, Niles, Cleveland, Dover,
Mineral Point, Zanesville, Logan and a few other towns. No statistics
were collected or are available from other sources.

V. THE MANUFACTURE OF BUILDING MATERIAL.

The manufacture of building material made from clay really includes

the following lines of production:

Common hand made brick.
Soft mud brick.
Stiff mud brick.
Stock brick.
5. Pressed brick.
|6. Enameled brick.

Terra cotta.—Building ornaments.

. Fire proofing.

2. Chimney and flue linings,

3. Building and foundation blocks.
{ 1. Roofing tiles.
Pe
U3.

OUR Gobo

Bricks,

Hollow goods. |

Tiles. Glazed panel tiles.

Encaustic floor tiles.

234 GEOLOGY OF OHIO

The manufacture of hollow goods has been fully considered under
the former heads. ‘The brick industries of the state have also been
largely discussed.and described in dealing with the more important and
technical subjects of paving bricks and fire bricks. However, there
remain several interesting forms of clay working which could not justly
be passed by at this point.

The manufacture of low grade brick for the common purposes of
life has become a business of the very greatest importance as a commer-
cial matter, but is becoming less a matter of technical skill or of scientific
interest as the years pass by.

The larger cities, which are the main consumers of brick, now
demand two distinct kinds of brick materials. One class of comparatively
small quantity is needed for the fronts and exposed parts of buildings.
In this grade, the demand is gradually stimulating the manufacturers to
fresh trials of skill and taste, regardless of cost.

The second class includes the inferior grades which constitute the
bulk of all the walls, and of the sides and the rear portions, the whole.
Bricks for this purpose are certainly not becoming any better as the years
pass by, and many contend that the grading is becoming more and more
lenient. In Chicago and other large markets almost anything made of
clay, regardless of its shape, finish or color, is readily accepted, if it is
only fairly hard. Soft material, especially for tall buildings, is strictly
ruled out, but in proportion as attention is turned to the beauty of the
fronts and architectural shapes, the demands as to the finish of the remain-
ing portions are reduced.

The contractors of these large buildings regard the common brick
as so many cubic inches of hard burnt clay and nothing else about the
brick interests them. This influence has led in many centers of produc-
tion to a distinct lowering of the grade of the common brick, and the
whole attention of the maker is turned to the improvement of his
mechanical facilities, and lowering the cost of his product, rather than to
improve the grade which he is able to produce.

It is the history in every city where this spirit extends,’ that the
hand moulding process is rapidly being pushed to the wall. In fact the
hand moulding process is in full and healthy development only around
some of the smaller cities and in country districts. Toledo and Cleveland
have began to depend wholly on the product of yards in which the soft
mud machinery is used. ‘Thirty thousand per day is the usual output of
these machine; yards are therefore classed according to the number of
crews they run, as thirty thousand, sixty thousand or ninety thousand
yards.

In Columbus, the machine brick trade is represented by two factor-
ies making dry pressed shale brick for backing up purposes. No front
brick are made in this vicinity. In Cincinnati, the rushing methods of .
Chicago are finding rapid acceptance. Stiff mud brick are crowding the
old time hand moulding yards more sorely each year.

CLAY WORKING INDUSTRIES. 235

The hand moulding process, while using less machinery and power
than any other, produces a brick free from structural faults. Manufac-
ture by this process is largely a matter of labor, and the cost is now reg-
ulated by the price of union labor. Everything is reduced to a system,
and one standard price for an alloted quantity of brick per day is the rule
in all centers of production. ‘The actual production of the various manu-
facturers thus costs about the same. ‘Their only chance to economize, is
by management of the details, and the skill of burning; one burner may
produce a larger percentage of good brick than another.

The soft mud machine makes a brick of good structural quality, but
every brick has one rough side where the mold is stroked off. ‘The main
advantage of the machine over the hand moulding is the increased out-
put. The cost of the plant is much higher, however, a large part of the
expense being for racks and pallets for outside drying.

The auger machine process for building brick is mainly confined to
the production of end cut brick. It is in this business that the automatic
end cutting machines originated.

The formation of the bar of clay has nothing to do with the value of
the product for building purposes, and color or smoothness has about
as little, in the large markets.

For building brick, the clays selected are usually plastic drift and
sedimentary clays.

The preparation consists usually in passing through rollers to separ-
ate large stones, and to crush smaller ones, and a pug mill to temper the
clay. For the soft mud and hand moulding process no machinery except
a crude pug mill for preparation is used. ‘The drying is accomplished by
the most elaborate dryers in the large factories, and by racks and open
yards in the smaller yards. Burning is altogether accomplished by the
use of clamp up-draft kilns. The use of oil fuel, and natural gas, has
been atemporary advantage tosome few brickmakers, but has been of no
permanant profit to the industry. ‘The firing of the kilns is done in the
arches, in the fire-holes or in outside furnaces.

Stock brick are a grade between pressed front brick and the best
grades of common brick. The grade is dying out as the introduction
and perfection of the dry press process goeson. At onetime stock brick
were the best that could be obtained. The method of manufacture is
much the same as that of coramon brick, except that they are subjected
to a pressing process after they have been allowed to partly dry, and be
come of a stiff, cheesy consistency. Atthis temper the clay takes a beau-
tiful sharp edge, and if handled carefully the results are very fine. The
clays are selected to make a fine colored brick; no other will sell at the
advanced figures charged, and the burning is done generally in clamp
kilns, in which the arches, benches, sides, ends and top are made of com=
mon brick, and the stock brick are put in a compact mass in the center,
where they are all sure to be burnt hard and informally. The gradiny

236 GEOLOGY OF OHIO

of the colors produced is managed just the same as the grading of pressed
brick and ten or twelve shades are recognized.

In actual quality, fine stock brick are apt to be of+a higher character
than press bricks which sell for more, on the principle that any clay-
ware that has been tempered in water is more cohesive and less absorb-
ent than dry press brick of equal hardness.

Pressed Brick. ‘The manufacture of high grade pressed bricks for
city buildings and artistic architectural construction, has been slowly
developing for some years. It has received much stimulus in the last
- few years and the industry is rapidly coming forward. Indeed the younger
generation of architects, and these same progressive manufacturers, are
rapidly making a new industry out of the old one. While there are a
number of pressed brick manufacturers, in Ohio, there area comparatively
few who are representatives of the new departure. The Columbus
Brick and Terra-Cotta Co., The North Baltimore Pressed Brick Co., The
Akron Vitrified Pressed Brick Co., The Oakland Pressed Brick Co., of
Zanesville, and The Findlay Hydraulic Pressed Brick Co., are types of
the most progressive ones. Of these the last three named firms produce
nothing but fine red front bricks. The clays they use are different in
each case. The Akron Vitrified Pressed Brick Co., whose factory is at
Independence, is the only factory using the red Bedford shales, so far as is
known. Theseshales constitute a persistent but comparatively thin stratum,
which crosses the state in a line taking in Cleveland and Columbus. The
shales are always red in color. At Independence they form the top of
the hills and cover the surface down to the top courses of the Berea Grit
which is quarried extensively near by.

Exposures as fortunate as this one, are likely to be rare, as the soft
shales are too easily eroded to form the surface deposit over any large
area. Hard rocks are usually found on the surface. ‘The high grade of
this deposit is undoubtedly due in part to the mellowness which has been
imparted by centuries of exposure.

The Oakland plant at Zanesville began operations on the famous red
loam which has made Zanesville stock brick famous in past years. After
some months of successful work they introduced a change in the compo-
sition by using one-half of the shales which cover the middle Kittanning
coal with the red loam. The change gave them no less choice a color,
together with far greater toughness and strength. ‘The loam clay was
very sandy, and while it made a very beautiful brick it was a very tender
one and the edges were likely to be rubbed off and broken.- The shale
is a fine paving brick material, and one which vitrifies easily; by mixing
it with the sandy clay, a bond by partial vitrification was produced.

The Findlay Pressed Brick Co., use a surface drift clay of a very
sandy character, which they gather and shed during the summer season
with great care and by methods which insure thorough mixing and aver-
aging of the composition.

CLAY WORKING INDUSTRIES. 237

The preparation of the clays where the shales are used, is by
dry panandscreens. When the drift clay is used, such thorough methods
are not required. Brick are made at Independence, by the Boyd Press.
by the Whittacre at Oakland; and by the Hydraulic at Findlay.

The brick at both Independence and Zanesville are dried in steam
heated dryers, using cars as a means of transportation. At Findlay the
brick are set directly in the kiln and are dried by the heat of one of the
cooling kilns which is blown in to the green kiln by a fan. This method
was alluded to more fully in the remarks on drying of paving brick. The
burning is accomplished by down draft kilns of rectangular form. Each
factory uses a different kiln, one the Eudaly, one the Griswold and one
the Graves.

The two factories located one at Union Furnace, and one at North
Baltimore, are entitled to special credit as being the pioneers in the line
of new architectural work alluded to before. The Union Furnace plant
is located in the edge of the Coal Measures, and has in the hills surround-
ing it a series of strata, comprising three or four veins of fire-clay,
besi es several shales and surface clays of value. The colors produced
are a line of buff brick, comprising ten or twelve shades; a line of so
called terra-cotta shades, which are a mixture of buff and dull red; and
a line of grays, which are very light buff with pure black. Other lines
of colors have been experimented on and produced on a small scale.

The North Baltimore Plant produces a similar line of buff brick, and
also a fine red color. They have also gone into the manufacture of
enameled brick.

In these two works, the efforts of the manufacturers have been to
meet the architects half way in the production by accurate and scientific
means, of whatever colors, shades and shapes may be needed for artistic
work in construction.

The mixtures are controlled by weights and thorough care is taken, to
keep the stock always uniform, so that the production of the shades of
any one color will fall inside the regular classified grades. In these
works the process of manufacture is distinctly less important than the
accurate control and grading of the product.

It is found necessary for each line of colors to establish not less than
ten or twelve shades of that color due to the variations of the burning,
and position in the kiln, The accurate grading of the brick into shades
is a matter of great delicacy and expense, and yet on this stage of the
work the artistic value of the product depends.

The process of manufacture is by use of the dry-pan and screen and
Boyd brick press at Union furnace, and by Steadman disintegrator and
Simpson brick press at North Baltimore. The burning is accomplished
by down draft kilns at both plants. At Union Furnace, there are two
large continuous kilns of the Guthrie patent. The principle of these
kilns is undoubtedly correct as it involves the use of the waste heat of

238 GEOLOGY OF OHIO

cooling in pre-heating the air to be used for combustion in the chamber
which is burning, and the use of the heat from the burning chamber in
_ drying off and heating up the chambers in advance.

The method of accomplishing this result however is defective, in
every style of continuous kiln which has yet been erected in the state.
The failure usually is in the waste of heat in the rear of the fuel cham-
ber. One chamber in the rear of the fire is ample to pre-heat all the air re-

; quired for combustion, and it has been determined by practical tests that
no drying takes place further than three chambers ahead of the fire.

If the maximum speed and the minimum consumption of fuel is to
be reached, it must be through some plan by which the surplus heat of
the cooling chambers can be made to assist in the drying off and heating
up of the chambers which are too far ahead of the fire to benefit by the
waste heat of combustion.

The faults of the continuous kiln as it stands are mainly against the
speed of its operation. Only three chambers ahead of the fire can be
benefitte i by the heat of combustion, and from six to seven days are re-
quired to the kiln. Hence a chamber can only be burned off every two
days. If, by transfer of heat from rear of the fire to the fourth, fifth, or
sixth chambers ahead of the fire, it could be managed to bring these cham-
bers up to three or four hundred degrees before their time came for direct
heat, then the burning could progress with nearly twice the speed, with-
out any more fuel being used. However, the economy in fuel which is
attained by use of even the most imperfect of the continuous kilns, is so
very great compared with that obtained hy down-draft or up-draft kilns
that it cannot but prove attractive to any brick maker who sees it,
The obstacles in the way of its general adoption are, Ist, the great cost
of the kiln; 2d, the comparatively limited out-put; 3d, the skill required
in the proper management of the kiln, These three reasons stand in the
way of any rapid changes to this plan from the older methods, though
the economy in fuel cannot be questioned or doubted by anyone familiar
with its work.

Enameled Bricks, have been produced in Ohio for eleven or twelve
years to a limited extent. At one time the industry seemed to be likely

to go forward rapidly to a substantial development. Comparatively little
headway has been made however in the last ten years. There are three
factories which produce enameled brick in Ohio—W. B. Harris & Co., of
Zanesville, T. B. Townsend & Co., of Zanesville, and The North Balti-
more Pressed Brick Co., of North Baltimore. Possibly there are others
who have taken up this line recently, but none others are known to the
Survey. The enamels, which are thick, opaque, colored glazes, are laid
on the burnt bricks, which are then put into saggers and burned, just as
any pottery ware would be.

“ CLAY WORKING INDUSTRIES. 239

The white colors are the most difficult to produce, as the glaze has
to be sufficiently thick and opaque to conceal the dark red color of the
body of the brick; blues, browns and other strong colors are less trouble-
some. °

The use of enameled brick places at the architect’s disposal a range
of beautiful effects which he can obtain in no other way. "They are more
suitable for inside decoration of public buildings, halls, waiting rooms etc.,
than for the decoration of outside work.

Terra cotta. The manufacture of high grade building ornaments is
not carried on to any extent in Ohio. ‘The process of manufacture is an
elaborateone. The clays for each color are prepared with great care and
are often compounded with other clays and chemicals to obtain the de-
sired effects. The process is dry press machinery on all sizes and shapes
which can be produced in this way; the larger pieces are made in molds
from: tempered clays and thehighest grades are even moulded and carved
by hand.

Ties. The manufacture of roofing tile has been in progress for
some ten or twelve years in the state, though the industry is still confined
to comparative by small dimensions. There are three factories represented
viz: The J. C. Ewart Roofing Tile Co., of Akron, The Repp Roofing Tile
Co., of New Philadelphia, and the Barnard Tile Co., of Bellaire. The latter
company has only recently completed and perfected its process and
is just begining the manufacture of tile.

The advocates of roofing tile are mainly architects who like it for
artistic reasons. Some forms of it certainly produce very fine effects on
roofs which are designed for its use. ‘The shapes used are diamond or
lozenge shaped, plain flat shingle tiles, scalloped shingles, and a new de-
sign like a modified letter S in section.

The qualities which a roofing tile must have in order to compete
with the other well established forms of roofing are: Ist, vitrification, so
as to stand frost and rain without any sign of failure. 2d, strength and
toughness, by which it will stand transportation and handling during its
application. 3d, thinness of section, by which its weight can be brought
within reasonable limits. Tile makers contend that a tile roof is lighter
than a slate roof, owing to tlte great overlap of the slate and practically
no overlap of the tile. A popular prejudice to the contrary effect, has
a strong hold on the public. 4th, the tile must be true and not easily
warped in order to make its attachment easy and secure.

A line now being introduced, in which the tiles are glazed with the
cheapest lead glaze on the exposed portions of the outside. ‘The pur-
pose of this is to avoid the necessity of such hard burning, the strength
and toughness of the tile being at its best stage before the proper vitrifi-
cation is attained. ‘This action is in the proper line as it will allow
lighter, thinner tiles, with equal strength and increased impenetrability.

The manufacture of the tile is by process which the makers wish to

240 GEOLOGY OF OHIO

keep secret. The main principle of the process is the production of thin
flat bars of clay about six by three-eights inches in section, which are
then pressed or stamped into the requisite shape.

The strips may be made by forming a single or multiple bar of clay
of this kind, or cutting up a common sized bar into ribbons by wires
across the die.

The manufacture of panel and flooring tiles is a business which calls
in play the highest skill of the potters art, coupled with mechanical at-
tainments of a superior grade. Panel tiles, which are intended for purely
- decorative use in fine buildings, are usually made of a white composition,
similar to the white body employed by white ware makers. ‘The deco-
ration is largely by glazes which are made to produce effects of light and
shade by the thickness of the layer which they form in the elevations
and depressions of the surface. The use of colored glazes and decora-
tion by them becomes a distinct branch of pottery decoration. The de
signs which are produced on the surface are mechanical in the cheap
goods, and on the most expensive, artistic skill of high grade is demanded.

~The manufacture of encaustic flooring tile is a matter of far more
skill than the production and ornamentation of white ware panel tiles.
The process in brief involves the compounding of a separate body-mix-
ture for each color which appears in the finished tiles. The body is pro-
duced by uniting the clays, flint spar, and metallic oxides, which are to
produce the color in a washing plant and the thoroughly mixed ingredi-
ents are separated out by the filter press as in common pottery. The
cakes from the press are dried in tunnels like brick and are then ground
up to a fine powder by high speed disintegrators, and the powder is re-
moved by air blast as fast as it is reduced to the proper fineness. ‘This
powder is then put away in brick cemented bins, where it retains just
the proper dampness for use. Each powder mixture is used in making
a tile by just such means as the ground clay is used in making a pressed
brick, except that where tile are made showing two or more colors, a
separate operation has to be made for each color employed. ‘The presses
used are of special construction. The burning of the ware is done in
saggers in regular pottery kilns.

There are three works in Ohio which are engaged in the manufac-
ture of artistic panel and encaustic tiles. The American Encaustic Ti-
ling Co., of Zanesville is the oldest, largest and best concern of its kind
in the United States. It has recently occupied its new factory which has
been equipped at a cost of over a half million of dollars. It has
mechanical arrangements for the simultaneous production of eight dif-
ferent colors of body mixtures. It uses electricity as a means of trans-
mitting power from the engine house to the various parts of its enor-
mous plant where power is required. Thirty kilns are in user.

241

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246

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GEOLOGY OF OHIO

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CHAPTER IwV.

THE COAL FIELDS OF OHIO.

By PRoF. EDWARD ORTON.

Areas.—The rocks of the Carboniferous system, in which all our
coal seams are embraced, constitute the surface rocks of about ten thou-
sand square miles in the southeastern quarter of the state. The counties
in which these rocks are found in whole or in part, are the following:

Trumbull, Mahoning, Columbiana, Carroll, Jefferson, Harrison, Bel-
mont, Guernsey, Noble, Monroe, Washington, Morgan, Athens, Meigs,
Gallia, Lawrence, Scioto, Jackson, Vinton, Hocking, Perry, Muskingum,
Coshocton, Holmes, Tuscarawas, Stark, Wayne, Medina, Summit and
Portage. A few insignificant outliers are found in other counties. But
what has been said is by no means the same as saying that there are 10,000
squares miles in Ohio, under any one of which square miles, one or
more coal seams exists. There are large areas within the general bound-
ary named above in which, although the rocks are included in the Car-
boniferous age, coal seams were never formed. There are other consid-
erable areas from which the coal seams that once existed have been
entirely removed by the processes of denudation that have been at
work during the millions of years, in which this part of the continent
has stood above the level of the sea. There are still other considerable
areas in which coal seams are found in their regular places in the series,
but too thin, or too impure, or too much broken by the accidents of
their early history, to possess any economic value. Finally, there are
considerable sections in which, while half a dozen coal seams are repre-
sented, but one or two are found in volume large enough to justify
mining, at least, under present conditions.

The general statement, therefore, that the Ohio coal field embraces
ten thousand square miles of territory, is calculated to give an erroneous
and misleading impression. In any case, the assumption that the value
of a coal territory can be properly estimated by measuring the surface
which it occupies, is altogether inadmissible. One district may have
but a single seam that is worth mining, while another may have two,
three or four seams. Neither can the value of a coal field be determined
by the aggregate thickness of its several seams. In one district, there
inay be a single seam, five feet in thickness, for example; and in another

256 GEOLOGY OF OHIO

district, there may be five seams, aggregating ten feet in thickness. The
chances are that in this case the first named field will be the more valu-
able; the second may not justify mining at all. To determine the rela-
tive values of coal lands. a number of consideration must be taken into
account.

The maps that accompany this volume render it, for the first time,
possible to determine approximately the coal resources of the state.
They show the separate areas of the principal seams, above drainage.
To these areas there must be added the extensions of the several seams
under cover so far as they have been determined by test boriugs in
advance of development. In default of such tests, the additional areas
required in carrying the seam to some arbitrary depth below drainage,
as 500 or 500 feet, may be computed. Nothing but the vaguest estimates
of the amount of Ohio coals has heretofore been possible, but it is prob-
able that the amount is always exaggerated in our speculations on the
subject. A study of these maps will reveal the fact that our coal
resources are by no means co-extensive with the ten thousand square
miles of our Carboniferous rocks. Some important deductions from this
study will appear in a later section of this report.

Origin of Coal.—For the last. fifty years, there has been no reason-
able ground for doubt as to the real nature and ultimate source of coal.
Coal is more or less metamorphosed vegetable structure, and conse-
quently the materials composing it were, in the main, derived from the
atmosphere, by the cells of growing plants, under the agency of sun-
light, at some earlier stage of the earth’s history. These conclusions are
questioned by no one who has earned a right to an opinion. Occasion-
ally, it is true, some belated denizen of the seventeenth century still
attacks the problem of the origin of coal in the a priori way, and
evolves a theory of its formation from his own consciousness. Such
theories do not deserve or require refutation. Like the seed sown in
stony places, they speedily wither because they have no root. They are
inventions, and not discoveries, and in our day at least, they are quite
sure to go to their own place and to be buried with their inventors.

Again, for the last fifty years, there has been no reasonable ground
for doubt, or at least, ever-lessening reasonable ground for doubt, that
the vegetation which formed the coal grew where it is now found. It is
not drifted vegetation, but it was accumulated zz sztu, by the slow pro-
cesses of plant growth. This position received powerful support from a
famous paper of the late Sir William Logan, which was read before the
Geological Society of London, in 1841. It was entitled ‘On the Char-
acter of the Beds of Clay lying immediately below the coal seams of
South Wales.” In it, Sir William announced the significant fact, which
had long been known by the miners and used by them asa guide in
their practical explorations, and from whom he had received it, that all the
coalseams of the South Wales field are underlaid by beds of clay, and that

COAL FIELDS. 257

these beds always contain the well known vegetable fossils, s¢zgmaria.
The statement of the fact we owe to him. Its modern significance
escaped him for the time. The proof was forthwith furnished by Binney,
that the stigmaria are the roots or underground stems of lepidodendroid
and sigillaria trees. At about the same time came the discovery, in a
railway cutting near Manchester, of a number of sigillaria trees, standing
unmistakably where they grew and immediately connected with an over-
lying coal seam. ‘These were the initial and epoch-marking facts of the
subject, but they have been repeated and supplemented and extended in
every region of the world in which coal is mined, from that day to this,
until they have become, to the last degree, familiar and commonplace.
| As we advance beyond this position and inquire as_ o the conditions
and modes of growth of this land vegetation, we find ourselves at once
among unsettled questions. Most of the well matured and more elabo-
rate theories that have been advanced in recent times, however, agree still
further, and, in regard toa very important factor in the discussion. Almost
all of them hold that this vegetation grew on lowlands, and not only near
the sea level but near the sea itself. The obvious facts of almost every
section of Carboniferous rocks, in which a seam of coal is included,
allow, indeed, no escape from this conclusion, but the particular modes of
growth of these great sheets of vegetation are variously conceived and
represented.

(a) Forests growing on swampy tracts, finally submerged and
buried under sheets of sand or clay, the forest trees themselves, and
chiefly their bark, constituting the bulk of the coal; this is one of the
earlier and cruder theories which it is somewhat surprising to find still
surviving. It has recently found new expression through Carruthers,
the distinguished paleo-botanist, who seems to adopt it without reserve.
Several elements of it also enter into the extravagant theory of Grand-
Eury which has recently appeared.

(6) An accumulation of vegetation quite after the manner of the
mangrove swamps of sub-tropical lands at the present time makes
another theory. Sir Archibald Geikie adopts this as the best picture of
the conditions of coal formation that we can find in the existing order of
things.

(c) By Sir Charles Lyell, the cypress swamps of the lower Miss-
issippi were made to do like service. Sir William Dawson seems to
agree with Lyell that the conditions of coal formation are most adequately
represented by these great accumulations.

(d) Fifty years ago Brogniart made the suggestion in an almost
incidental way that we should find in the peat bogs of today the ana-
logue and representative of the coals seams of Carboniferous time. It
is not necessary to claim that a suggestion of this sort had never been
made before, for such a claim could not be maintained, but the time had

174 (Coal Or

208 GEOLOGY OF OHIO

come at last for it to strike root. It has been living and growing ever
since.

A young Swiss naturalist, Leo Lesquereux, was perhaps the first to
expand the suggestion into a theory of definite shape and proportions.
Called by the government of his own canton to report upon its peat beds
as a source of fuel, he took up the study of the bog and made himself
thoroughly master of its botany, its physics, its chemistry, its geology-
He extended his observations and studies, still under government patron.
age, to the peat bogs of northern Europe until he knew better than any
one had known be ore, the laws of their formation and growth. From
peat bogs he came to the study of coal. His field now lay on this side
of the Atlantic. He saw, or thought he saw, that the laws of the peat
bog could be applied to the coal seam; that the key, the only key, to the
history of the latter was to be found in the knowledge that he had
already acquired among the beds of fuel that are growing now but whose
roots go back into past millenniums.

In its development, this theory appears to be almost an American
theory. It has found far wider acceptance here than elsewhere, and the
best statements of it all come from this side of the Atlantic.

It was expounded very ably in the main by Henry D. Rogers in
the reports of the First Pennsylvania Geological Survey, but his state-
ment was marred by the introduction of some dynamic features that are
quite foreign to our present thought and in which he has no followers.

Dr. Newberry made one of the most compact and symmetrical
statements of it that has yet appeared, and he came to the subject with
large and fresh and independent knowledge from every part of the field.
Prof. E. B. Andrews repeatedly presented the theory in excellent shape,
basing his statements in the main on his own observations.

But it still remains true that in view of the central and far-reaching
claims of the theory, no thoroughly worthy or adequate presentation of
it has ever yet been made. We can go further and say that no near
approach has yet been made to sucha presentation. All the statements
that we have are limited to a few pages each, designed for popular use
and falling far below the demands of scientific completeness and exact-
ness.

While, therefore, there are considerable differences of view as to the
modes in which vegetation was accumulated in the Carboniferous swamps,
these differences concern points of minor value. All of the leading
theories have a great deal in common.

As to the kinds of vegetation that make the chief contributions to
the formation of coal, a few words must suffice.

The vegetable kingdom is divided into two principal sub-divisions,
viz., the Phanerogamia, or flowering plants, and the Cryptogamza, or lower-
less plants. These divisions are further sub-divided as follows:

COAL FIELDS.. 209

Exogens, common forest and frutt trees.
Phanerogamia (Flowering plants.)..Endogens, palms, grasses, grains, etc.
Gymnosperms, pies, cedars, etc.
Club mosses.
Acrogens..... | Ferns.
Scouring rushes, ete.

Cry ptogamia ( Flowerless plants.)...Anogens, ....... Mosses, etc.
Alge or seaweeds.
Thallogeuns... Tichens

The coals of the Carboniferous age are principally derived from
groups of plants that belong near the middle of the series, viz., from the
Acrogens and the Gymnosperms, or, in other words, from the lowest of the
flowering and from the highest of the flowerless. The contributions of
the Gymnosperms are relatively unimportant and the families of plants
from which the coal is almost entirely derived are the /ycopods, or club
mosses and the ferns. ‘These families were expanded far beyond their
present condition of development. They have left such abundant ma-
terials for our study in the coal seams and the associated strata that we
are able to restore them, with a good degree of confidence as to the faith-
fulness of our results. We know their roots, their stems, their bark, their
wood, their pith, their leaves, their spores, their fruits.

It isto the microscope that we owe the final demonstration of the
vegetable origin of coal. An addition to our knowledge of its composi-
tion, made within the last twenty years, may be stated in this connection.
It has been proved by means of thin sections of coal that considerable
portions of some seams are made up of the spores and spore cases of lyco-
podiaceous plants. Professor Huxley went so far, in a paper published
in 1870, as to claim that coal of the Carboniferous age is mainly derived
from this particular source. While this extreme claim cannot be allowed,
it is doubtless true that the spores of the ancient club-mosses, took a large
part in the up-building of many seams.

The spores of modern club-mosses are produced in great abundance.
They constitute an article of commerce under the name of /ycopodium,
which is found in all drug stores. When it is remembered that the club-
mosses of our day are generally less than one foot in height, it is easy to
understand how the gigantic representatives of the order in Carboniferous
time, which attained a height of fifty to seventy-five feet, could make so
important a contribution to our fossil fuel, as has been claimed for them
in the preceding paragraph. ‘The composition of lycopodium is excel-
lently adapted to preservation, under the conditions which must have pre-
vailed in the coal-forming swamps.

It seems probable that the division oF our coals into coking and open-
burning will be found to be based on the particular sources of plant
growth from which they are respectively derived.

Coal seams are generally found combined in great systems, interstra-
tified with sand stones, conglomerates, shales, limestones and beds of iron
ore, the whole series measuring hundreds and sometimes thousands of

260 GEOLOGY OF OHIO

feet in thickness. We bring to our interpretation of a coa/ field, thus con-
stituted, the points already made, viz., that every seam was accumulated
by vegetable growth in swamp, or marsh, or bog near the sea level.

It goes without saying that in the explanation of a coal field, subsi-
dence of the coal forming area must be invoked. The swamps are suc-
cessively buried under sediments brought in from the adjacent sea, or
more infrequently, by sheets of limestone that grew in the invading
water.

5 The northern extension of the Appalachian coal field, as it is found

in Ohio, is by far the most orderly field that has ever been described.
There is a regularity and simplicity of structure in it that makes it the
type and standard for this whole class of formations. The questions con-
nected with coal fields are found here in their simplest form. There
are no folds in its strata, and very few arches, and these few are low and
gentle. There is not, within the limits of the field, a fault that deserves
the name. Its reliefs are almost wholly due to erosion. ‘The dip is re-
markably steady and uniform, and inasmuch as it very rarely rises as high
as one degree, it can be determined only by triangulation. The series
that is found on one side of a hill can be depended on with like intervals
and relations on the other. ‘The general order of its most important coal
beds has long been known, the great economic interests involved leading
to their early and continuous exploitation on a large scale.

What, then, do we find in this, the simplest and most symmetrical,
the least disturbed and complicated of all known coal fields ?

We find a maximum of two thousand feet of strata covering ten
thousand square miles of surface.

Of what does this series consist? Irregularly distributed through
it, but most largely in the lower portion, are found six or eight strata of
sandstone that can be followed with a good degree of steadiness through-
out the field. They have their names and places in thescale. Part of
them are conglomerates, characterized by the presence of quartz pebbles,
which sometimes are of large size and form the bulk of the stratum.
These sandstones and conglomerates constitute the largest single element
of the series.

Next to them in aggregate thickness are beds of shale, frequently
replaced with sandstone layers, the shales being gray, blue, black or red
in color, and gathered in the largest quantity, in the upper half of the
Coal Measures.

There are a dozen sheets of limestone distributed irregularly through
the entire series. All of them are thin. They are often to be measured
by inches instead of by feet, but they hold their places in the scale with
wonderful tenacity. Half of them are of marine origin, as is clearly
shown by the abundant fossils which they contain, and, on the same
grounds, the rest are found to be of fresh or brackish water origin.
Part of them are underlaid by seams of coal and others of the series

COAL FIELDS. 261

have coal seams directly above them. In addition to the persistent
sheets of limestone, there are many sporadic deposits of calcareous
character.

Always associated with the limestones, and often replacing them, are
ten or twelve deposits of iron ore, some of which have been of large
economic value.

Distributed throughout the entire series, and giving name and char-
acter to the whole, are fifteen. or more seams of coal, ranging from a
black mark to a dozen feet in thickness. The valuable phases of the
seam are uncertain and unsteady, but the horizons are persistent and
distinct, to a wonderful degree. Each, as we know, stands for a land
surface. With the seams of coal and far more extensive and steady
than they, are beds of fire clay, of varying degrees of purity. Almost
every coal seam is underlaid by clay, and the limestone and ores are also
covered or supported by them in many cases.

How are these elements distributed? By no means at hap-hazard
throughout the scale, as it might appear at first sight. A well-marked
order of arrangment comes into veiw when the series is properly studied.
The three elements of those already named that stand for life, that repre-
sent the agencies and forces of life, are always found in close proximity
to one another. Coal, standing for the life of the land, limestone, for
the life of the sea, iron ore, equally dependent on life for its separation
and concentration, but blended with both limestone and coal, these form

vital nodes in the series, relatively of small amount but containing most
of its economic interest and value. The intervals between the nodes
are occupied by the sandstones and shales already named as forming the
bulk of the series. They are, for the most part, barren of life, and owe
their accumulation to inorganic forces. Measured against the products
of life, these sandstone intervals have a thickness of five or ten feet to
one. But these intervals are approximately equal. In every part of
the field, some normal measure will be found that will occur again and
again in the sections we shall meet, as we rise with stair-like regularity
from coal to coal, or from one limestone to another.

The eastern, northern and western boundaries of the Ohio coal field
are well defined and well known. Were the lowest coal seams formed
over this entire area? Have we aright to expect their presence within
the central portions of the basin if we descend deep enough? Were the
earlier seams progressively covered with the swamps of all the latest
coals, and were the last the widest in extent? These questions, and
others of like import, have been variously answered, but the affirmative
replies are so irreconcilable with the facts o the field, and with the first
principles and established laws of coal geology that they must ultimately
be abandoned and discarded. A few propositions embracing these points
that could be abundantly expanded and supported if time and space
allowed, will! be stated here.

262 GEOLOGY OF OHIO

1. The present coal field of Ohio, at the beginning of the Carboni-
ferous Age, was occupied by an arm of the sea, the slowly-growing Cin-
cinnati Arch making its western boundary.

2. Around the shores of this ancient gulf, marginal swamps of
varying width existed, which, by their long-continued growths and sub-
sequent fossilization, became the earliest coal seams.

3. While the swamps were successively submerged and covered by
shales, sandstone and limestone, derived from or formed in the adjacent
sea, and were finally covered by other swamps, the continental nucleus
was slowly growing to the southward, as it had been growing from the
earliest records, and with it the Cincinnati Arch united, by a like advance
to the eastward, the combined movements gradually expelling the waters
of the gulf and converting the earlier formed portions of the coal field
into dry land. A

4, Every successive coal-forming swamp, thus had a narrower area
than its predecessor,

5. As all the coal seams were formed at sea level, so all were raised
by the continental growth to an approximate equality which their outer-
most outliers still retain. .

6. ‘To look for the earlier formed seams inthe center of the basin,
would be to look for the living among the dead.

7. In the formation of one seam, in particular, the floor of this
gulf around which the coal swamps were growing, appears to have been
raised nearly to the sea level at many points, and coal appears to have
formed in island-like masses over much wider areas than any single
marginal swamp could account for.

The importance of the facts that are here considered cannot well be
overstated. ‘The resources of the Ohio coal field, as can easily be seen,
are intimately connected with and dependent upon the mode of growth
of the entire field. The affirmative answers to the questions proposed
in a preceding paragraph, would give us a hundred fold more coal within
the boundaries of the field than the answers that the facts oblige us
to make. It does not now appear that Ohio has any great stock of
deeply buried coal. At no point in the state have coal seams been
brought to our knowledge in the repeated tests for gas and oil that have
been carried forward in the last few years, at a greater depth than six or
eight hundred feet. It seems quite likely that these figures will make
the general limit of the extent of our coal seams as they descend towards
the center of the gulf around which they were formed. Such a depth
would be consistent with a breadth of seam of twenty to thirty miles,
the breadth being measured at right angles to the axis of the gulf.

Value of coal.—One of the most striking generalizations of modern
science is to this effect: all the force that is in the world, available for
man’s use, is derived from the sun.

COAL FIELDS. 263

To this statement there is but a single exception, and that an insig-
‘nificant one. When the tide rises highest upon the land, some little
portion of it can bearrested, and detained by dams and gates suitably
located. By opening the gates when the tide turns, the head of water
which has been secured can fora few hours turn wheels, grind grain,
saw lumber and execute other like offices. This force is, however, limited
to a very small portion of the earth’s surface and is of small account at
the best.

But every other form of force that men utilize, is directly or indirectly
referable to the sun.

The wind is one of the natural forces that men learned to use long
ago in their migrations and their mechanical work, but it is the heat of
the sun that is the cause of every movement in the atmosphere. The
entire power of the winds is borrowed directly from the sun.

The force of running water, applied also to transportation and
mechanical work, has been of larger service than the force of the wind.
What gives the running water its force? It is gravitation, as the water
descends the mountain side or the continental slope to the sea. But
how came the water upon the mountain side or the continental slope?
Every drop that we find above the ocean level was lifted from the great
reservoir by the heat of the sun and borne to its destination by winds
that had the same origin.

But the earliest force that man learned to use in the improvement
of his condition was the power of muscle. To the power of
his own muscle he soon added the patient strength of the animals
that he was able to subdue.

From what source is muscular power derived? ‘The animal world
is, in the last analysis, wholly dependent on the vegetable world and the
vegetable world is, in warp and woof, the direct product of the sun’s
rays. All vital or living force can therefore be traced directly back to
the sun.

But what of the great powers that are making over the world in our
time, viz., steam and electricity? Do not these forces of the modern
world come from a new source? By no means. It is the sun’s power
that works in and originates both. The changing of water into steam
is the work of fuel, and as fuel is always organic in its origin, it must be
accounted for by the sun’s rays as shown in the preceding paragraph.
For electricity, every current that we can utilize takes its rise either in
motion produced by steam or in the chemical changes of certain elements
and compounds, all of which are based ultimately on some form of carbon
derived from the vegetable world and therefore from the sun.

How does this power of the sun become available to us? By what
process is the solar energy transformed into the power of muscle, steam
and electr city?

264 . GEOLOGY OF OHIO

The vegetable kingdom is the agent of transfer. The all important
office of absorbing, appropriating and storing the power of the sun has
been assigned to the plant. The plant accomplishes the all important
work of storing the sun’s power through the agency of the cells of which
it is composed. The vegetable cell has the surprising property of being
able to live and multiply itself on air alone, through the agency of the
sunlight.

One of the constant constituents of the atmosphere is carbonic acid,
a gas that consists of one atom of carbon combined with two atoms of
oxygen. ‘The bond that holds these elements united is a powerful one.
We are able to break it in our laboratories, it is true, but only by employ-
ing the full resources of chemical skill. But in the vegetable cell, under
the sun’s light, this bond melts away, like a thread of flax in the flame
of a furnace. The carbon is fixed in the forming tissues of the plant,
while the oxygen is restored to the atmosphere to maintain its vitality.

To effect this decomposition a certain measure of the sun’s force is
required. All the force that was employed in breaking this bond, the
heat, the light, the chemical power, is now held in these products of
growth, in a potential state. But it is readily given back to ali appropri-
ate demands and the self-same light and heat by which the vegetable
substance grew, we obtain again when we burn this substance in furnace
or grate. ‘This is the sole source of the power of fuel, and all fuel, or in
other words, whatever will burn, has borrowed its power, to burn from
the sun.

Taken within the animal system, the products of plant growth give
to it, also, the force that they hold imprisoned. On this account and in
this way, they become the food, the support, of animal life, the sole
source of its heat, its activity, in a word, of its vital force. All animal
movements, muscular or molecular, that we can see or that we are obliged
to infer, result alike from, or at least are alike conditioned by, this trans-
formed power of the sun.

The remarkable office of the vegetable cell is thus brought to light.
It is a storer of power, a reservoir of force. It mediates between the
sun, the great fountain of energy, and the animal life of the world. The
animal can use no power that has not been directly or indirectly stored
in the vegetable cell. This storage is forever going on. Of the vast
floods of energy that stream forth from the great center of our system,
an insignificant fraction is caught by the earth as it revolves in its orbit.
Of the little fraction that the earth arrests, an equally insignificant part
is used directly in plant growth. But the entire productive force of the
living world turns on this insignificant fraction of an insignificant frac-
tion.

Is there any way in which this sun power can’ be permanently
stored on the large scale? Nature hasdevised various ways of retaining
and preserving the power which the vegetable cell has accumulated in the

COAL. FIELDS. 268

past years or centuries or ages. Some of these forms of stored power,
men have long known and valued, but with the really great accumula-
tions, they have but comparatively recently become acquainted.

These accumulations are found in soz/s, which, originally composed
of the disintegrated portions of the earth’s rocky crust, have been
gradually enriched by the remains of vegetable and animal life. Centu-
ries have been spent in storing a fertile soil with this transformed sun
power.

A second example of stored sun power is to be found in /orest
growths. ‘They always stand for centuries of accumulation. <A forest
consists of air, moulded and subdued temporarily by the sun’s rays, but
ready to pass back into the atmosphere again, and bound to restore, as it
either burns or decays, all the heat by which it grew.

Peat bogs, in the third place, furnish a similar example of stored
sun power. Built up of humbler forms than forests, they still represent
in all respects the same great laws of accumulation. ‘They stand for the
separation of large amounts of carbon from the air through the agency
ot the solar ray.

But the accumulations of power that have been already noted shrink
into insignificance when compared with the coal seams of the geological
scale, which represent the forests and the neat bogs of earlier ages in the
earth’s history. These are the great accumulations of power. ‘Taking
their place as they do, in orderly fashion, among the stratified deposits of
the earth’s crust, and going back in many instances to a high antiquity,
we rightly name them /osszl power.

Sir William Dawson estimates that a foot of coal requires for its
origin the patient growth and slow decay of a hundred of the forests
out of which it was formed, for of this vegetable growth only a remnant
was saved. For many thousands of years for every foot of coal, we can
be sure, the sun must have poured down its floods of light and heat up-
on these Carboniferous swamps. ‘The light and heat were absorbed
there in the processes of plant growth, were locked up in leaf and stem
and spore, were buried beneath the sediments of an advancing sea, were
converted at last into stone, became a part of the earth’s crust, but still
retaining their original nature, still containing, literally and truly, the
light and heat, the fower of the ages of the early world in which they
had their birth.

The fossil power stored in coal began tobeturned to some small account
in England several years hundred years ago, but there were only a few
districts in the kingdom that could readily avail themselves of th new
found supplies. The impossiblity of transporting coal on the large
scale forbade any general development of it. All the great applications
of the stored power of the world belong to the nineteenth century and
the most important of them belong to the last fifty years. What has been
done within this century constitutes by far the most important chapter in

266 GEOLOGY OF OHIO

the economic history of the race. Fossil power lies at the root and
center of an unparalleled advance. It is connected in a most intimate
and important way with a single invention, viz., the steam engine.
But the steam engine in allits formsis conditioned by and depend-
ent on the fossil fuels, which are now under consideration.

The forests of any country would, under its exorbitant demands,
melt away like dew before the sun, In large portions of the world, and
even in those as England, where steam power has worked its greatest
triumphs, it would be simply impossible to use it in any large way, were
it not for the vast stocks of power that were stored in the strata during
the earlier ages of the earth’s history.

There are, in particular, two great lines of service rendered by coal
through the steam engine. They are found in manufactures and in
transportation.

In manufactures, the steam engine supplies power wherever it is
wanted and just as much as is wanted. Before its advent men were
sharply restricted in their use of power. They were limited to winds,
to streams, to tides and to the power of muscle. The restriction applied,
not only to the amount, but also to the location of the available power.
But the steam engine has changed all this. It brings to any desired
point the energy that is required for the most gigantic and the most
varied tasks.

At the bottom of all this wonderful and, on the whole, beneficent
activity, lies coal, the great representative of the fossil power of the
world. It is coal that turns every wheel, lifts every lever, strikes every
blow. In Great Britain alone, coal does the work of more than a hun-
dred million men. It adds to the wealth of these fortunate islands on
this basis. In transportation, steam has brought about a still more won-
derful change. The civilized world, with all its belongings, has been
mobilized by means of its application to locomotion.

The sun power that in reality does all this work has been buried in
the earth’s crust for many millions of years. While coal is rendering
these several lines of service it gives value at the same time to every
other form of power and every other source of wealth, as soils, forests,
mines.

The most striking characteristics of our day center around this one
element. There is no more distinctive feature of the nineteenth century
than (a) the remarkable growth of cities throughout the civilized world,
and (6) the unparalleled increase of wealth among men. Both take their
riseincoal. Both are conditioned in its use in all their phases and stages.
In no century of the past has there ever been any close approximation
to these features of our owntime. ‘The problem of food and fuel supply
has heretofore held the growth of cities in close check, but coal in the
steam engine removes this check. Since the year 1800, the total wealth
of Great Britain has been more than doubled. Similar facts obtain in

COAL FIELDS. 267

all progressive nations, in propertion to their utilization of fossil power.
The increase of wealth in the United States during the present century
is vast beyond all expression or conception. It is easy to show how
vital a factor in it all, transportation through the stored power of coal
has always been.

Never before has such extreme inequality prevailed in the distribu-

tion of wealth, as in this century. The individual fortunes of our day,
mainly gathered in the last forty years, exceed all that have been known
before, and render the standards of comparison that the world has used
for the last two thousand years, ridiculously inadequate.

The secret of this amazing increase of wealth, is to be found in the
steam engine or rather in the coal which feeds it. A pound of good
coal used in a good engine stands for the work of six horses for an hour;
a ton of coal, for the work of 1300 horses, for a day of ten hours.
There are lines of railroads under a single management, whose locomo-
tives comsume 10,000 tons of coalina day. But 10,000 tons of coal
stand for the work of 13,000,000 horses, working ten hours a day.

It is considerations like these that set coal before us in its proper
light. It is because we find in it the chief representative and the main
accumulation of the stored power of the sun that we are bound to set
so high an estimate upon it. We are unable to see how the world can
maintain the astonishing rate of progress which has been established
within the last fifty years, if our coal resources are cut off or materially
reduced. But coal is not a mineral of indefinite amount, like limestone
or sandstone or clay. On the contrary, its stocks are sharply limited.
This fact, taken in connection with those already named, lays upon us
the imperative obligation to make every pound of it go as far as it can,
do all the work of which it is capable. Our practice cannot, however,
bear examination from this point of view. We are guilty of the
grossest and most reckless waste in all our dealings with coal, in min-
ing, in marketing, and in utilization. The treatment that this precious
form of wealth is receiving at our hands is a disgrace to our civilization.
A few examples will set the facts before us, as they are found in our
own State.

In one Ohio coal field a seam of coal is found that expands for a
limited area, from four or five feet, to ten or twelve feet in thick-
ness, but the upper or added portion of the expanded seam, though
excellent coal, is somewhat inferior to the lower portion. If all of the
thicker seam is sent out, the product of the mine is discredited to some
extent, in comparison with the output of mines in which the thinner
phase only is mined. The result is that the upper portion of the thick
seam is often left in the mines, hopelessly lost tohuman use. The rejected
portion is in reality better coal than the best that is produced in the
entire coal fields of some of our western States. This lamentable result
is due to the conditions of marketing coal that prevail.

268 GEROLOGY OF OHIO

In the same field, two seams of coal are found within the same
acreage, fifty to seventy feet apart. ‘The lower seam is the thicker and
stronger coal and on this account is somewhat the more marketable.
But if the lower seam is mined first, the upper seam is rendered value-
less, through the disintegration affected by the unwatering of the coal
and by the irregularities that result from the subsidence of the strata
over the worked-out spaces. If the upper seam, which is also a valuable
bed of coal, is to be saved at all, it must be mined first. But there are
considerable areas in which the lower seam is taken and the upper there-
by sacrificed. The fault in this case, is due to the demand for immediate
returns on the part of the coal operator.

Another lamentable source of loss occurs in the districts in which
the coal is of the open-burning variety. The slack of this open-burning
coal, which results from undermining and handling, is mainly wasted;
but the portions of the coal from which the greater part of it is derived,
constitutes the best and purest portion of the entire seam. This waste
accumulates to the extent of millions of tons in our great coal fields.
Only a brief exposure of it to the air is necessary to rob it of all value.
Still another important source of loss is to be found in the work:of un-
skillful miners, especially in the districts in which the open-burning coals
occur. The unskillful miner reduces a much larger portion of the coal
to slack than the properly trained miner and as alteachy stated this pro-
duct of the mines is mainly lost to service.

But the greatest loss of all results from the failure to take out all
the available coal in the operation of mining. ‘This failure has several
roots, as the demand for immediate returns; improper system of mining,
reckless or ignorant administration of whatever system it employed.
The chief cause is, however, the low prices at which coal is sold. No
proper incentive to intelligent and thorough work is found in the value
of the coal thus wantonly wasted.

The unnecessary losses thus far entailed and now in process o¢
infliction on our most important coal-fields are estimated by those best
calculated to judge as ranging from 5 to 25 per cent. The latter figure
includes losses of the first sort named in this review.

In a civilized state it ought to be impossible for barbaric waste of
the kinds above named to go on. But there is no power that can be
invoked to arrest it. Our whole system of laws forbid interference with
the land owner or the coal producer in the question involved. Each can
do ‘‘what he will with his own”. .

At no distant day, the State will be obliged to take a radically new
departure in putting an end to this reckless and unnecessary sacrifice
of its stored power, which while it does not enrich us, makes the future
poor indeed. The sooner the State assumes the necessary supervisory
and restrictive power, the better. Along with this increased exercise of
power on the part of the State, there should follow an increased price of

COAL FIELDS. 269

coal. Our coal will never be properly mined or properly burned so long
as it costs at the mines less than $1.00 per ton. ‘This question of waste
demands immediate and serious consideration. "The present status of
coal mining in Ohio is a reproach to the commonwealth, but like condi-
tions prevail in all the other portions of our coal fields, and a reform
cannot be accomplished in one State or district without the co-operation
of the rest.

DIVISIONS OF THE OHIO COAL, FIELD.

The number of fairly persistent coal seams that justify mining in
the large or small way in this State at the present time is not less than
15. By the most liberal construction, 18 such seams might be counted.
Of the really important seams there are not more than 10.

Before making out the list, the principles on which our coal seams
are named, will be indicated. The laws of geological nomenclaturs
require that any regular element of the scale shall be known, wherever
it is found, by the name by which it was first adequately described.
The Pennsylvania coal fields were developed considerably in advance of
those in Ohio, and consequently all the principal seams were found to be
provided with names when first recognized within our territory. These
names we were obliged to adopt, even though the Ohio representatives
of particular seams might be more valuable than those found in Penn-
sylvania. There are a few seams found in Ohio, the equivalence of
which with Pennsylvania coals has not been fully demonstrated. For
such seams we must use names derived from the Ohio localities in which
they occur. In the lists which follow hereafter both the Pennsylvania
names and the Ohio equivalents, so far as sales have been determined
will be presented.

In his original classification of the Pennsylvania coal seams, Pro-
fessor Lesley adopted the letters of the alphabet for the designations,
A being applied to the lowest seam of the lower coal measures; in hke
manner, Professor Newberry, in his classification of the Ohio coals,
applied numbers to the seams, using J for the lowest seam of the con-
glomerate coal measure, but supposing it to be the same as coal 4 of
Lesley. It so happened that the numbers were fixed to the coals of the
Ohio scale before the facts as to the series were adequately collected and
consequently their use has brought great confusion and trouble into our
system. Valuable seams were left without a number and again the same
number was given to different seams and one and the same seam received
different numbers in different localities. Numbers are easily remembered
and prove very popular with the practical part of our population that is
chiefly concerned with the coal fields, and it cannot be denied that if
the facts were all in hand, there would be comparatively little objection
to the application of such designations. But even in such a case, con-
fusion would sometimes result from the failure of one or more seams to |

270 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

put in an appearance in a particular section, thus bringing, in apparently
consecutive order, elements that are separated in nature by well marked
intervals.

Coal, SEAMS OF OHIO.

Washington coal.
Waynesburgh “

Sewickley ty Macksburgh or Meigs Creek.
Pittsburgh ss

Crinoidal Limestone coal.
Patriot coal.

Cambridge Limestone coal.
Vira ominlousseecntemcrice ‘
Upper Preeporticncces ie
Lower Freeport.... .... aS
Middle Kittaning ...... if
Lower Kittaning........ Se
Clarion i

Coc cee reer eee eeeeeece

eee e reece secccs

Coe cece reese nsec ese

Upper Mercer

eect ee cccces

Tower Mercer cs

eccceccesce:

Quakertown. a
Sharonees.sweeeeescoseets es

Coals above the Pittsburgh as named by Prof. I. C. White, Bulletin
65, U. S. Geol. Survey are as follows:

Nineveh coal.

Jollytown ‘“

Washington “ with several splits.
Wayensburgh“ <
Uniontown “

Sewickley ‘“

Redstone f

We are obliged also, by the requirements of geology, to adopt the
divisions of the Carboniferous System that were established in Penn-
sylvania. It is certain that the column would have been somewhat differ-
ently dealt with if its subdivisions had been first established in Ohio.
But all the boundary lines of the Pennsylvania system can be plainly
enough followed here when our attention is directed to them. Against
one division only, have we even any apparent ground of complaint.
Moreover, the entire system is much more fully expanded in Penn-
sylvania than in Ohio and on this account, the former state furnishes the
best grounds for making out the true order. The main divisions, which
were established by Rogers and his assistants, in the First Geological
Survey of Pennsylvania, have been universally adopted by the geologists
of the Appalachian coal fields. They are as follows: all of the divisions
being represented in Ohio.

COAL FIELDS. 271

Upper Barren Measures,
Upper Coal Measures.
Carboniferous System. Lower Barren Measures.
Lower Coal Measures.
Seral Conglomerate.

It is the lowest of these divisions, for the establishment of which
we find no suitable justification in the facts as they occur in Ohio, con-
sidered by themselves alone. With us, this part of the scale would cer-
tainly be merged in the next higher division, viz., the Lower Coal Meas-
ures, if we were to consult our own geology solely. It has, in fact, al-
ways been so treated, in the discussion of our series in the state reports.
But this treatment isolates our coal field and breaks up a scientific ar-
rangement that has a wide spread application and ought to be abandoned.

These several divisions will be considered separately.

SECTIONGE
THE COAL SEAMS OF THE CONGLOMERATE COAL MEASURES.
(Seral Conglomerate, Pottsville Conglomerate, No. XII)

This series was originally described as an enormous mass of con-
glomerate, mainly white, interbedded with gray sandstones, with a maxi-
mum thickness of eleven hundred feet in the Pottsville coal field of
eastern Pennsylvania. It was noted at an early date however, that sev-
eral coal seams were found, included in the conglomerate. As the formation
is followed westward, across Pennsylvania, as has been fully demonstrated
by the Second Geological Survey, it is reduced in volume and its con-
glomeritic features are less pronounced and sometimes wholly lost, and
certain intercalated elements acquire greater development and impor-
tance. When the series was at last traced into Ohio in Trumbull and
Mahoning counties, the pebble rock, though present in a thin stratum
was no longer its most striking feature, but it was found to consist of
coal seams, fire clays, limestones, iron ores, shales and ordinary sand-
stones. In other words, it had become a considerable and integral part
of our productive coal measures. The conglomerates are, however, still
recognizable, and while we should never have thought of making them
the normal and characteristic elements of the section, we are still able to
recognize all the divisions of the Pennsylvania system within our limits.
There are three main divisions of the Seral Conglomerate, in western
Pennsylvania, viz., the Homewood sandstone, the Conoquenessing sand-
stones, upper and lower, and the Sharon conglomerate. The Sharon
conglomerate is fairly well developed in northeastern Ohio. ‘The Cono-
quenessing sandstones are also in some localities, well represented. They
are known by us as the Massillon sandstone, while the Homewood sand-
stone is much reduced in thickness, supports no quarries and has conse-

272 GEOLOGY OF OHIO

quently taken no distinctive name, but it can be recognized in a coarse
and uneven-bedded sandstone, containing many coal plants, ina thou-
sand sections. From point to point, around the margin of our coal field,
these elements can be traced, and they thus constitute an identifiable
framework, which has its bodily extension to the eastward into Penn-
sylvania, and to the southward into Kentucky and West Virginia. The
Seral conglomerate in Ohio can be counted as 250 feet in thickness.
The coal seams included in this series, are the following:

Tionesta.
Upper Mercer,
Lower Mercer.
Quakertown.
Sharon.

The Sharon Coal—This, the lowest coal seam of Ohio, was for
twenty-five years, in the early days of our mining interests, our most
valuable deposit of fossil fuel, but the seam has been almost exhausted
ana it no longer holds an important place in the enumeration of our coal
resources.

The peculiarities of its occurrence have been well described in pre-
vious reports of the Geological Survey. Dr. Newberry, in particular,
made a special study of this seam in its economic and geological features.
His descriptions of the seam and its mode of occurrence leave little to
be desired. (Volume I, page 214; volume II, page 126.) He showed
that the Sharon coal in Ohio was formed in basins, excavated in the sub-
carboniferous rocks and that consequently, continuity of the seam on a
large scale does not exist. In volume V, much additional information
is given as to this coal deposit. (Volume V, pages 156, 169, 773, 1011.)

No mapping of the areas of the Sharon coal has been attempted in
connection with the present report, because of the rapidly approaching
exhaustion of the seam in all its known areas. In Trumbull and Mahon-
ing counties, the work of mining coal in the large way has almost come
to an end. ‘There is at present but a single large mine left in this once
prolific field. A few small areas remain, mainly in connection with the
older mines, but no considerable body of untouched coal of good thick-
ness is now known, although explorations have been carried on in a very
thorough and extensive manner through the entire region in which the
coal could reasonably be looked for.

In Portage county, there is still some activity in the mines of this
seam. [he Palmyra district supports four or five mines, and explorations
to the eastward show some areas of coal which will probably prove thick
enough for mining.

In Summit county, mining has practically ceased, though it was the
center of an important production for 25 or 30 years.

In Medina county, a small amount of coal is mined in the Wads-
worth district and several new areas have recently been brought to light.

COAL FIELDS. 273

The most important mines of the Sharon coal in northern Ohio are
now confinea to the Massillon field of Stark county. Mining is here car-
ried on with a fair measure of vigor in several bodies of coal. All of
these deposits are reached by shafts of greater depth than was required
in any of the early mines, but there is no considerable body of the coal
known that has not been already attacked. The end of the field cannot
be removed more than a few years at furthest from the present time.

A few spurs of the Massillon field extend into Wayne county, but
they are of small extent and value.

From this point southward to Jackson county, the Sharon coal is
not mined except in an occasional drift bank, opened for the supply of
one or more households of the immediate neighborhood.

In Jackson county, the Sharon seam has long been worked on a
moderate scale under the name of the Jackson Shaft coal. The mines
in this seam are still in operation, but the boundaries of the known areas
are all in sight and not far distant. A full account of this field is to be
found in volume V, Geol. of Ohio.

From this review is seen that the Sharon coal belongs mainly to the
past, and is no longer an important feature in the supply of Ohio coals,
As explained above, this is the reason why no mapping of the Sharon
field has been attempted, in connection with the present volume. The
areas of the coal now known, if delineated, would be insignificant, while
if the old boundaries were represented as coal lands, the representation
would prove misleading.

The Quakertown Coal—The second coal of the Pennsylvania
series, counting upwards, is named the Quakertown coal, from a
locality in the Mahoning Valley. It is here a thin seam, lying about fifty
feet above the Sharon coal. It was once mined at Quakertown, Pa., on
the small scale. The Quakertown seam can be plainly followed into Ohio
through all the counties in which the Sharon coal is or has been mined.
Its place in the series is well marked, being between the two division of the
Conoquenessing or Massillon Sandstone and it is not likely to be either
missed or confounded with any other seam in the explorations by the drill
which are carried forward in the field. It is familiarly known in the dis-
tricts in which the Sharon coal occurs as the rider seam. It seldom
reaches a thickness of more than eighteen inches in northern Ohio and is
often reduced toa black mark. At many points to the southward a thin
coal is found within one hundred feet of the base of the Conglomerate
group which may represent the Quakertown coal, but the facts do not
Warrant anything more than the probable reference of these occurrences
to this horizon. art

The Wellston or Jackson Fiill Coal—lIn Jackson and Vinton counties,
one hundred or more feet above the horizon of the Jackson Shaft coal, a val-
uable coal seam is found. It is locally known as the Jackson Hill coal, and
also as the Wellston seam. The latter designation is decidedly to be pre-

18 C40;

O74 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

ferred, and will be used in this chapter. The coal has been extensively
worked at afew points during the last twenty years and its boundaries have
been constantly widening through all this time, and a much larger area of
itis now known than was suspected when the seam was first opened. This
area is indicated on map No. 2, by a boundary subordinate to that of the
upper coals. ‘Tests have developed the existence of this seam to the
northward and eastward, and the boundary upon the map is made to include
all of the territory that lies within a line connecting the most distant
points in which the coal is known to exis:. It is, therefore, to be expected
that large “wants” in the seam will be found to exist within the field as
thus indicated. ‘The Madeira shaft sunk on the line of the Baltimore and
Ohio Southwestern Railway, near McArthur Junction, has found the
seam in good condition. ‘This is the northermost mine in the seam.

As was shown by Professor Andrews, in 1869 and 1870, the Wellston
seain is one of unusual excellence. It is in some respects distinguished
from every other coal in our entire field. In its best phases, it runs
exceedingly low in ash, and what ash there is falls through the grate bars
like wood ashes. It also islowin sulphur and therefore makes no clinker.
It is easily kindled and for steam production, where careful stoking can
be provided, it is unsurpassed. The worst charge that can be maintained
against it is, that it is “flashy,” i. e. that it burns up rapidly and conse-
quently requires much care in keeping up the fire. Wherever introduced,
the Wellston coal holds its place against all competition. The coal is soft
and tends to mine small; but on account of its purity, the nut coal com-
mands a ready market, at a price but little below the price of theh ighest
grade or lump coal. The additions that have been made to the Wellston
field during the last ten years, may be counted the most important exten-
sion of our fuel supply from the Coal Measures of southern Ohio within
the period named above. It is altogether likely that the boundaries of
this seam will be still further extended by explorations that are now in
progress. From the statements now made, it is evident that favorable
conditions for coal making prevailed over a considerable area in southern
Ohio during the epoch of the Quakertown Coal. These conditions were
also extended to the southward. We find in northern Kentucky several
important bodies of coal on the level of the Wellston seam.

The Lower Mercer Coal—Not much more is known of the Lower
Mercer coal than was known in 1888, the date of the last report of the
Survey on the Ohio coal fields. The statements then made would apply
in unchanged and unqualified terms to the facts of today. The seam is
found around the entire margin of the Ohio Coal Measures. Its place
which is approximately at least, one hundred and fifty feet (100-200) above
the Sharon seam, is distinctly marked in every township in which it
is due, but there are only a few points at which it offers suitable encourage-
ment to mining, even in neighborhood banks. The only work done in it
is confined to Mahoning, Holmes, Licking, Muskingum, Hocking and

COAL FIELDS. 275

Vinton counties. A few thousand tons, perhaps less than twenty thou-
sand, will cover its annual output. Nor is the prospect for the future
better than the experience of the present. Where thick enough to justify
mining as far as this factor is concerned, the seam is so mixed with slate,
as to be a most unsatisfactory fuel. It is safe to say that the Lower
Mercer coal will stay in the ground until fuel of all sorts becomes more
scarce and more valuable than it is at the present time. ‘The best phases
of the Lower Mercer coal now known are found in the first two counties
named above, Mahoning and Holmes. ‘To this list we may add the Flint
Ridge cannal of Licking county, but this bed seems to have been maimly
worked out.

The Upper Mercer Coal.—A somewhat more favorable account can
be given of the next higher seam in the scale, namely, the Upper Mercer
Coal; and yet little that is new has been learned in regard to it since 1888.
Its position is so well marked, that wherever the seam is developed to
any considerable extent, it is sure to be noted. The Upper Mercer lime-
stone is frequently replaced on a large scale by flint, This phase of it is
especially conspicuous in its outcrops, which are commonly known as
flint ridges. The coal belongs directly below the limestone or flint, or at
most is separated from it by only a short interval. Wherever the lime-
stone or flint is exposed, the coal, if present, is sure to be seen. ‘The in-
terval between the two Mercer coals generally exceeds 30 feet, and is
rarely more than 40 feet. The approximate measure most frequently
. repeated in experience, and which therefore can be counted the best gen-
eral figure, is 55 feet. This interval helps to determine the name and
place of the seam in the cases in which the limestone or flint is found
wanting.

This coal is mined in a small way in Mahoning, Holmes, Coshocton
and Vinton counties, possibly, also, in a few county banks in Hocking
and Jackson counties. It has no constant or established character. In
Mahoning county, in the neighborhood of Canfield, several banks are
opened in the seam, where it is known as the Bruce coal. It is here an
open burning coal of ordinary grade. In Holmes county, near Miliers-
burg, the seam shows large volume at a few points, but the quality is so
low that it is hard to say whether the seam is best described as an impure
cannel, or a rich bituminous slate. But in Bedford township, Coshocton
county, it occurs as a valuable body of cannel coal. This field was
described in some detail in Volume V, and nothing remains to be added
at this time except the statement of the fact that railroad facilities have
recently been brought to it and practical development has since gone
forward on a larger scale than was ever before possible.

In Vinton county, the seam attains, on the whole, its best develop-
ment. It is found in the neighborhood of McArthur, where it is known
as the Newland coal. The seam has good volume throughout portions
of Hocking, Vinton and Jackson counties, but its quality is unreliable

276 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

where the thickness is greatest. It tends to become impure and slaty.
Occasionally part of it becomes cannel coal of indifferent grade.

While there is a large body of fuel to be found on this horizon, it
does not seem probable that it can compete in the markets of our day
with the seams that are now being mined. It does not, however, follow
that it will remain without value for all the future. When the time
comes, as it must come at no distant day, in which different grades of
coal can be offered in market. at prices corresponding to their intrinsic
value, the Upper Mercer coal will then find its proper recognition.

The Tionesta Coal—Some doubt has been expressed as to the exis-
tence of a coal seam sufficiently persistent to deserve to be included in
our list between the Upper Mercer and the Brookville coals. It must be
acknowledged that the question as to these lower coals can be studied
further with profit. There are, however, a few sections in Ohio, ar
shown in Volume V, in which a coal seam of thickness sufficient to jus-
tify mining, at least in a small way, is found about equidistant betweer
the Upper Mercer coal and the seam which underlies the Putnam Hill lime
stone. ‘The latter is counted in Volume V as the Brookville coal, or the
representative of the first seam of the Lower Coal measures proper. The
question of identification, hower, extends to this last named seam, as
well as to the one below it. There is more stratigraphical than economic
importance, in the questions so far as Ohio is concerned, and since ne
new facts have recently been brought to light upon the section involved,
the question must be left here unsettled, as it was left in Volume V.

SE CMON wile
Tue Coat SEAMS oF THE LOWER COAL MEASURES.

The division which we now reach in our review, is by all means the
most important division of the Carboniferous system in Ohio. We find
here not only a larger number of coal seams that justify mining, than ip
any other division, but we find associated with these coal seams the most
valuable beds of fire clay of our entire series. The only limestone for-
mation of the Coal Measures that is found reliable.in a large way fot
lime-burning and for furnace flux is also included in the same division,
viz., the Ferriferous limestone. To this list there should be added num-
erous beds of iron ore that were counted of considerable value a few
years since, but which have lost their economic importance, in great part,
since the development of the iron ore fields of Michigan, Wisconsin and
Minnesota.

The coal seams of the Lower Coal Measures in Ohio are six in num-
ber. They are named below in decending order :

6. Upper Freeport coal.

5. Lower Freeport coal.
4. Middle Kittanning coal.

COAL FIELDS. . 277

3. Lower Kittanning coal.
2. Upper Clarion coal.
1. Lower Clarion coal (Brookville).

The only change made in this enumeration from the order named in
Volume V is in the replacement of the term ‘‘ Brookville” by “Lower |
Clarion.”

Professor Lesley, in his final review of the Pennsylvaina coal fields
has found it necessary to recognize a tri-partite arrangement of the coal
seams of the Lower Coal Measures as follows:

Upper.
Freeport Group. ...... [sie

Lower.

Upper.
Kittanning Group....{ Middle.
Lower.

Upper.
Clarion Group.........4 Middle.
Lower.

The Ohio coal seams can be wellenough provided for by a bi-partite
system, as indicated above; though it cannot be denied that occasional
representatives of the extra Pennsylvania seams are found within our
limits. The questions in regard to the exact correlation of these extra
seams are, of course, open ones. The leading seams named above will
be briefly revieved in the order’ of their formation, but for a more
extended account of the facts pertaining to them, the reader is referred
to Geology of Ohio, Volume V.

THE CLARION GROUP.

1. Lower Clarion or Brookville Coal. ‘This seam underlies the
Putnam Hill limestone. It is best developed in Stark county, where it is
mined under the name of the Limestone coal. A full account is given
of itin Volume V, p. 230, to which the reader is referred. ‘The same
seam is mined in a very small way at Zanesville within the city limits.
It has acquired no new importance since the date of the last review. It
adds so little to our fuel resources, that it would scarcely be missed if it
were dropped from the scale.

2. Upper Clarion Coal. The coal seam which directly underlies
the Ferriferous limestone is confined to the southwestern extension of
the Ohio coal field for the reason that the limestone itself is limited to
this district, so far as a generous development of it is concerned. Tne
limestone makes its first appearance asathin and inconstant bed in
Perry county. It gains strength and steadiness through Hocking county
and comes to itself in Vinton county, extending thence in full force
through Jackson, western Gallia and Lawrence county, to the Ohio
river. In Vinton, Jackson and Gallia counties, the limestone coal, as
this seam is universally called, is an important local source of fuel. It is
beginning to be appreciated as a possible basis for mining in the large
way, and the lands containing it are now being gathered in considerable

278 GEOLOGY OF OHIO

bodies with reference to future mining enterprises. One or two mines for
the general market have been added to tnose named in Volume V, which
are still extensively worked.

None of the coal seams thus far named have been included in the
‘maps of Volume VII. But the map of Jackson and Vinton counties, ac-
‘companying Volume V, gives the main boundary and also the outliers of
the Ferriferous limestone. This map would answer almost equally
well for the “Limestone coal.”

THE KITTANNING GROUP.

3. The Lower Kittanning Coal. This is a fairly wide-spread seam and
is accordingly known by many local names. It is Coal No. 5 of New-
berry, from the Tuscarawas Valley, westward and southward. It is Coal
No. 3 of the same author in the Ohio Valley, where it is also known as
the Clay Vein coal. Itis the Lower Zanesville and the Lower New Lex-
ington coal of Andrews, and the Newcastle coal of Lawrence county. It
is also the Washingtonville or Letonia coking coal.

The Lower Kittanning coal may be said to be included in the first
main boundary of the maps that accompany this volume, The boundary
is referred to the Middle Kittanning seam only, in the legend of the maps:
but as the two seams are only twenty to thirty feet apart in the region
of their best development, their outcrops, where both seams are present,
are practically identical. There are a few localities, in which outliers of
the Lower Kittanning coal maintain themselves beyond the margin of the
Middle Kittanning coal seam for a mile or two. But even in such cases
nothing is really sacrificed of economic value in counting the boundaries of
the two seams identical, because the coal of the outliers is generally under
‘so thin cover as to be worthless. The frequent absence of the lower coal
forbids us to introduce its name in the description upon the map.

The practical developement of the Lower Kittanning coal remains
about the same as the date of the issue of Volume V. ‘There is less
rather than more mining done in this seam at present than there was
ten years ago.

4. The Middle Kittanning Coal. The seam now reached is, on
every account, one of the three most valuable seams of our entire coal
measures. The only two with which it can be fairly compared in econ-
omic importance are the Upper Freeport and the Pittsburgh coals. So
far as Ohio is concerned, the seam now to be considered is, in reality, the
Upper Kittanning seam ; but in the Pennsylvania scale the present seam
is identified as the first seam above the Lower Kittanning coal, while a
distinct seam is found in some counties at a somewhat higher place in
the scale. It must thus be known, therefore, as the Middle Kittanning
coal, though at Kittanning itself, the locality from which the name is
derived, it is the upper of the two seams that are found there. The case
is the same in Ohio. .

Of its numerous synonyms no list need be made at this point. By

COAL FIELDS. 279

outcrops that no geologist could be pardoned for losing for a single mile,
if allowed to connect his series step by step, the seam can be followed
from the Pennsylvania state line in the Ohio valley, where it is known as
the block coal, through the Yellow Creek valley, where it is called, the
Hammondsville strip vein, under the divide that separates Tuscarawas
water from Yellow Creek, to the Little Sandy, where it is universally
known as number 6. Eastward from this point, it is extensively worked
in Stark county, and is also present everywhere, though thin, in northern
Columbiana county. It can also be directly connected, with the Penn-
sylvania series through the Mahoning valley, as was first shown by Pro-
fessor I. C. White.

Westward and southward from the Sandy Creek valley, the seam is
the most reliable and the best known element, as well, of the entire geo-
logical scale of the district traversed. No question is possible as to its
extension and continuity from the Tuscarawas valley to the Ohio River.

This is the lowest of the coal seams, the outcrops of which have
been laid down on the series of maps that accompany this volume. As
explained under the previous head, the outline of the Middle Kittanning
seam answers for the Lower Kittanning seam nearly as well, the two
seams being separated by so small an interval.

A study of these maps reveals large areas of the Middle Kittanning
seam in many counties of our Coal Measures. ‘These facts will be treated
under a subsequent head.

' The Middle Kittanning seam does not promise to support deep
mines to any great extent in Ohio. It isemphatically a marginal deposit,
in the order of its formation.

THE FREEPORT GROUP.

The two coal seams of the group next reached are the counterparts
in many ways o: the group last passed in review, namely, the Kittanning
coals. While three seams are recognized in the Freeport group in Penn-
sylvania, but two are found in Ohio, viz., the Lower and the Upper.
Again, as in the Kittanning group, the principal value belongs to the
uppermost of the two seams, so far as Ohio is concerned. ‘The Upper
Freeport seam, as has been already stated, is beyond question one of the
three leading seams of our coal field. For the present, the Middle Kit-
tanning seam is much more productive than the Upper Freeport, largely
through the contributions of the Hocking valley field, but in the course
of a generation or two, the table will be completely turned. The facts
pertaining to this point will be presented on a later page, in connection
with a description of the maps.

5. The Lower Freeport Coal. Coal No. Ga. The Lower Freeport
seam supports but one important coal field in the state, namely, the
Steubenville field. At no other point does it attain importance enough
to warrant mining in the large way at the present time. From large
areas where it is due, it is altogether wanting, at least in any econom-

230 GEOLOGY OF OHIO

ically valuable condition. Even its place is by no means always marked.
In numerous sections, distributed through a score of miles at a stretch,
its place in the scale will be passed without a blossom of coal, clay, lime-
stone or iron ore to indicate the fact.

Above Steubenville, in the Ohio valley, the Lower Freeport coal is
known as the Roger seam. Many small mines are opened in this seam
in Jefferson and Columbiana counties.

The next best development of the Lower Freeport coal is found
along the western margin of the Ohio coal field, from the Hocking valley
southward to the valley of the Ohio River. In the Hocking valley it is
occasionally fairly developed, attaining a maximum thickness of three
feet. ‘The coal is of fair quality, but capricious in its development to a
high degree.

The reference of what is known as the Hamden Furnace coal to the
Lower Freeport horizon, which was made in Volume V, has been proved
to be erroneous, by the work done in the present report. The seam thus
designated has been shown to be the Middle Kittanning coal by means
of a better series of sections than was before found. *

In Lawrence county the Lower Freeport coal is known as the
Hatcher vein. It is about three feet thick at its best and at present ren-
ders a small measure of service in supporting small mines for neighbor-
hood supply.

The Steubenville coal lies entirely below drainage, but an exception
has been made for this important field by indicating it on map No. 8,
covering the territory in which it is now being mined. Asa rule no ac
count has been taken of coal seams when they have fallen below
drainage.

In regard to the Steubenville coal a question of identification has
always existed. Dr. Newberry referred it confidently to the Upper Free-
port horizon, and he had the analogies of this seam in his favor in this
reference. More careful work, however, done in the preparation of
Volume V, seemed to necessitate its reference to the Lower Freeport hori-
zon. While it has all along been acknowledged that the horizon of this
field is not as definitely settled as those of our other coal fields may be
said to be, nothing has come to light that tends to really unsettle this
conclusion. In the preparation of the present volume, a review of the
Steubenville field, with special reference to this question, has been made
by Prof. F. W. Sperr, who did the work of determination for Vol. V. but
no change has been warranted thereby. The main facts that tend to
keep the question open are those derived from the drilling of deep wells
in the territory contiguous to western Jefferson county. "The Cambridge
coal (Upper Freeport) is found running down under deep cover towards
the known extension of the Steubenville seam.

The most that can now be said is, that the facts gathered from the

* This new determination is to be credited to Mr. C. E. Sherman, an assistant
on the Survey for 1892-3.

COAL FIELDS. 281

surface geology seem to point clearly to the Lower Freeport horizon,
while the underground facts lean toward a reference of the seam to the
Upper Freeport as the true equivalent. The facts derived from the first
source are the more satisfactory and they oblige us therefore to adopt
the conclusion already given.

6. The Upper Freeport Coal. Coal No.7. 'The seam now to be con-
sidered has already been repeatedly named in the preceding review as one
of the three most important seams of the Ohio Coal Measures. At pres-
ent time it holds the second place in this list, the Middle Kittanning out-
ranking itin production. But in the course of twenty-five years the
Upper Freeport will undoubtedly be in the lead of our coal seams in pro-
duction, and this relativesuperiority it will probably maintain for a consid-
erable period. Its only competitor for the first place in production will
thenceforth be the Pittsburg coal seam.

The Upper Freeport coal has a fairly distinct character through its
entire extent in Ohio. It is always a moderately cementing coal, is well-
jointed, does not contain an excessive amount of ash, but is rather nigh
in sulphur. It carries 52 to 55 per cent. of fixed carbon, and less than
40 per cent. of volatile matter. It is somewhat lacking in physical
strength, and therefore does not bear transportation as well as most
phases of its principal competitor, viz., the Middle Kittanning seam, but
as it is largely used in steam production, this fact does not weigh heavily
against it. Moreover its slack admits of being coked and can be turned
to some account in this way.

The seam has not the continuity that belongs to the Middle Kittan-
ning. ‘The latter, as will be remembered, can be followed in wellnigh un
broken outcrop, around the entire margin of the Lower Coal Measures;
but the Upper Freeport seam, although it can be distinctly traced as a
horizon by the presence of characteristic black shale, fire clay, limestone,
or iron ore, one or all, is found asa valuable seam of coal in limited and
distinct basins. Of these basins there are two that are the present cen-
ters of important mining operations, viz., the Carroll county field and
the Guernsey county field. The Sunday Creek Valley also contains an
important development of the Upper Freeport coal. But the two fields
first named give promise of important extensions far below drainage.
The Guernsey county coal field, in particular, has been proved by
thorough exploration to extend for many miles to the southward and
southeastward in excellent volume and character. ‘The testimony of the
drillers of deep wells in central Harrison county also point to valuable
extensions of the Upper Freeport seam in that region, at a depth of ap-
proximately five hundred feet below the surface. A like report was also
made by the driller of a deep well at Quaker City near the eastern bound-
ary of Guernsey county. In this case the coal brought up was analyzed
and was found to agree in composition with the Upper Freeport coal of
this district.

232 _ GEOLOGY OF OHIO

This completes the review of the coal seams of the Lower Measures.
There is a single seam in the Lower Barren Measures that has been .
mined in a small way for the general market. It was described in Vol-
ume V, under the designation of the Brush Creek coal, but a better name
is now proposed for it in the Pennsylvania scale, viz., the Mahoning coal.
Its place is about midway between the Upper Freeport coal and the Cam-
bridge limestone. It is in Columbiania county only that the Mahoning
coal has been found in volume large enough to justify its being worked
in systematic mining operations in Ohio, and even here the seam has

lost its former importance. It is here known as the Groff vein.

No account will here be given of the several thin seams belonging to
the Barren Measures that are found irregularly developed within our
Coal Measure territority. A coal seam that reaches 18 inches in thick-
ness, if of good quality, is never to be despised. The time will come
when every such addition to our fuel supply will be carefully counted
and utilized. :

SECTION III.

THE COAL SEAMS OF THE UPPER PRODUCTIVE MEASURES.

Two seams, one of them of first class importance, have been
mapped in connection with the present volume, viz., the Pittsburgh coal
and the Meigs Creek coal, of our scale, which is probably the Sewickley
seam of the Pennsylvania reports. Other seams also find place in the
Ohio series and one and another may be worked in a small way, but none
has importance enough to demand admission to this review.

The Pittsburgh Coal Seam. The Pittsburgh coal is unquestionably, —
and by all odds, the most valuable single coal seam of the great Appa-
lachian field. It has a far wider area, a greater average thickness, and,
on the whole, is of better average quality, than any other seam. At the
same time, it is by far the steadiest of all our seams, holding the same
general character from town to town, from county to county and even
from state to state.

It reaches its highest development in western Pennsylvania. where
it furnishes a considerable portion of the gas coal of the United States,
and where it is also the center of our greatest coke production. ‘This
highest development is attained in Westmoreland and Fayette counties-
As the seam is followed northward and westward from the centers named
it suffers some reduction in quality, even before it reaches the state line.
There is a distinction in all the markets which the Pittsburgh coal
reaches between the eastern and western mines of these Pennsylvania
counties, and the distinction is to the disadvantage of the latter.

A few words will be given to a description of the character of the
Pittsburgh coal in this, its most characteristic field. The description is
drawn from the volumes of the Second Pennsylvania Survey. It is
everywhere a double seam, consisting of a roof coal and a main bed,
between which a clay parting intervenes, ranging in thickness from an

COAL FIELDS. 285

inch to three feet, but over wide areas this parting is found about ten to
twelve inches in thickness. The roof coal generally consists of several
thin sheets separated from each other by layers of shale. The combined
layers of coal and shale in the roof stratum have a maximum thickness
of eight feet, and an average of three to four feet can be found continu-
ously for hundreds of square miles. The roof coal is never mined, as
the fuel is too impure to find any place in the market.

The lower division of the Pittsburgh coal, which in reality consti-
tutes all that we know by this name, ranges in thickness from three and
one half feet to nine feet. It shows three persistent shale partings which
divide the coal into four benches. ‘These benches are universally known
in the Pittsburgh district, as the Upper, or Breast coal, the Bearing-in
coal, the Brick coal and the Bottom coal. The Upper Bench, or the
Breast coal, is the main reliance of the miner. The Bearing-in bench is
from two to four inches thick and is constant in its occurence. Its name
indicates the use to which it is put by the miner, and its main contribu-
tion to the output of a mine is inthe form of slack.

The third bench, or the Brick coal, consists of bright, well-jointed
coal, equal, or nearly equal in quality, to the coal of the main bench. It
holds a thickness of eight to fourteen inches, through large areas.

The bottom bench is so slaty and sulphurous, or, in a word, so nearly
worthless, that it is seldom mined. It generally has a thickness of about
four inches. /

The roof coal thickens to the northward at the expense of the lower
or main division; conversely the latter thickens to the southward and
reaches its maximum of nine feet in some of the townships of Fayette
county. In the vicinity of Pittsburgh and in Allegheny county generally,
it is about five and a half feet thick. In northern Washington, or the
Pan Handle district, it falls to its lowest mark, or three and one half feet;
and at the same time its quality is less approved than at any other points.

In composition the Pittsburg coal ranges as follows:

Sted CAGDOMs ssees conse feresecaesteicosustevertedescnedsestindedsetss08 tO; O4 percent:
WOlatilen mal tersisaesccssscecteccocascehaes sss secs teense eecectses 30 to 35 per cent.
PERS a pions Rats aeyc oli ca States sutescnetsetwa Nya wisceisbinwcle se lesurs vadenelene 4to 14 per cent.
Sil plats ee yews caa esse BAER atte, Seinen atlnua eb llslsine'e wansnisdsicenlse ess 1 to 3 per cent.
WVMIGHSEELEE: sesea seria etored| beste ceier ce tudaae emir estonten scuetoanewonte 1 to 4 per cent.

These figures are the result of a very large number of analyses, con-
tinued through many years. They show that the best phase of the
Pittsburg seam is a coal of great excellence, while in its poorer condi-
tion, it may show a large amount of ash and sulphur, and take a com-
paratively low place among our fossil fuels. There are large districts,
however, in western Pennsylvania, in which the better phase predom-

inates.
THE PITTSBURGH COAL SEAM IN OHIO.

The statements now given reveal the general structure and char-
acter of the Pittsburgh coal in the district from which it takes its name.

284 GEOLOGY OF OHIO

As this great seam is followed across the Ohio river into Ohio, two dis-
tinct and important areas of it are brought to our view, the first of them,
in eastern Ohio, occupying southern Jefferson, eastern Harrison, Bel-
mont and probably the northeastern corner of Monroe county. Its.
approximate western boundary may be indicated, according to present
knowledge, by a line drawn from the southwestern angle of Belmont
county, to New Martinsville, West Virginia. The Pittsburgh seam has
very little value west of this line as a deposit continued from the east.
The second division is found to the south and west of the first. It
occupies in valuable condition, all or most of Meigs county, the eastern
half of Athens and a very small portion of Morgan county on its southern
border, and possibly the southwestern corner of Washington county,
The first of these divisions may be called the eastern Ohio field; the sec-
ond, the southern Ohio field. Between the two, as now appears, a
great “want,” or break in the continuity of the seam is found. It
shows itself in a progressive reduction of the seam, the roof coal dis-
appearing first and the Pittsburg sandstone being let down directly on
the coal. ‘The close association of a sandstone with a coal seam shows
itself here in the usual way, viz.: the sandstone cuts into the coal, reduc-
ing its thickness and lowering its quality. In the center of the want, as
for example, in the Duck Creek valley in Noble county, there is nothing
but a fire-clay and a black mark to represent the great coal seam. Its
absence can be explained either by erosion after its regular formation or
by the failure of appropriate conditions for its original growth. Both
explanations are doubtless required for different portions of the area in
which the Pittsburg coal is due, as far as geological horizon is concerned,
but not present. This “want” occupies Muskingum, Guernsey, Morgan,
Noble and probably the northeastern half and the southwestern half of
Washington and of Monroe counties, respectively. Its axis or central
line extends in a southeasternly direction apparently on a line connect-
ing Cambridge and St. Mary, West Virginia, or Newport, Ohio. The
breath of the area from which the coal is missing, measured at right
angles to the axis, is found to be approximately forty miles. For the
southwestern boundry of the ‘‘want” a line drawn from McConnelville to
Parkersburg, West Virginia, can be taken as agreeing best with the facts
now known. At least to the east of this boundary, very little coal of the
Pittsburg seam is known to exist until the easteru field is again reached.
Each of these subdivisions will be briefly characterized.

(a) The Eastern Ohio Division of the Pittsburgh Coal Seam. ‘The
seam enters Ohio from Hancock and Brooke counties, West Vir-
ginia. Its most northerly outcrops in this state are found in the
highest river hills of Jefferson county, a few miles above Steubenville. As
it is followed southwestward, it takes heavier cover and finally extends in
unbroken continuity into the adjacent counties of Harrison and Belmont.
Its dip is to the south and east, but the exact direction and the amourt

COAL FIELDS. 285

of the descent vary in different parts of the field. All the characteristics
of the seam as it occurs in Ohio can be found in the western townships
of Jefferson county and the eastern townships of Belmont county, where it
is mined on a large scale. These characteristics agree closely with those
of the seam on the opposite side of the river which have been already
described. Foran extended account of this field see the chapter of Prof.
C. N. Brown in Vol. VI (Chapter X.)

The Pittsburgh coal in eastern Ohio is a bright, well-jointed and
well-faced coal. It is of a highly cementing nature, is moderate in ash,
but rather high in the proportion of sulphur that it contains. It hasa
fair measure of physical strength, and consequently is mined in blocks of
good average size. It “bears the grief” of transportion fairly well, and
the cementing quality of its slack comes in to help it out on every turn.
It has the same remarkable steadiness that marks the seam in the Pitts-
burgh field. Its thickness in the district named ranges from four and a
half to six and a half feet.

In its structure it shows the same alternations of conditions of origin
which the Pittsburgh coal proper everywhere attests. The seam con-
sists of a roof coal and a main coal, as already described. As in Penn-
sylvania, so in Ohio, the roof coal is a worthless deposit of blended coal
and shale, from one foot to four feet in thickness. When exposed ina
fresh cut it is hard to believe that it is destitute of value. It is separated
by about one foot of fire clay from the main coal and this fire-clay is
known as the “draw-slate” among the miners, as in the Pittsburgh field.

The main coal is in reality a four-benched seam, but in Ohio only
two divisions are commonly made of it, viz., an upper and a lower por-
tion which are known respectively, as the top coal and the bottom coal.

The upper bench or top coal, is the “‘breast coal” of the Pitts-
burgh district, There is a “bearing-in” slate, occupying exactly the
same position and answering the same office, here as there; but the
bottom coal is seldom further subdivided, though, in reality, exactly the
same divisions could be made of it as in the Pittsburgh field, viz.,
brick coal, lower slate and bottom bench.

The thickness of the two above named divisions is as follows:

Upper bench, 28 to 40 inches, averaging 30 inches. ~

Bearing-in slate, 5 to 4 inches.

Lower beach, 24 to 28 inches.

The brick coal, so called, of the Pennsylvania field, ranges in Ohio
from 8 to 14 inches; but, as already stated, it is not commonly separated
from the coal of the lower bench, proper.

It is difficult to give the average composition of the Pittsburgh coal
of eastern Ohio because of the great differences that obtain in the
methods of mining it. The seam, as has been shown, carries three
dividing bands of slate, and when carelessly mined, the coal is contami-
nated by more or less of this substance, while careful mining would

286 GEOLOGY OF OHIO

reduce the amount of foreign material and improve the valuable per-
centages correspondingly.

The composition of the Pittsburgh coal as it is sent to market from
the great mines of Jefferson and Belmont counties is about as follows
the figures being the average of a dozen or more analyses:

Ke MCAT ih secseconcceceones ccucedscs semewee steer i neansecereeeesseeasecuees 50 per cent.
Wolatiletmatterscss-ce oa: adiswae sesloeneuues sucadcousebedeces aeateen 40 per cent.
JENS dopo gbobodcdbobes os HosdGnEB BUT Baa a Ben scoSdneDABonccHEpaandbboudadans,,caaopodes 7.5 per cent.
NSM ANS sae os co cokoaanopenee Aap BaroALUPrnnatiarietoe soos odacsoe ob boaondouhsns 3.5 per cent.
IMPOSE UTE Rated Hee ce aS Baa o a cds Sent acta Sane Site maine Remains wa ate 2 per cent.

Careful mining, on the contrary, yields a coal in which the figures
run approximately as follows:

PRE WCATD OM coi. seme selelae dane swasalaok oeeidemarmesiatibtn sae ecaors F4 todd per cent.
Wolatile miatternt ci00 ta casscet-rocencteoaceese eben enna ache sed pul ORoS mane Ine Cts
JENS) SL OSE SEGRE DAE ROS ace aU AES Boda c coc One Hobe aod Seba S ue SHatonmBbabED 45 to 6 per cent.
SUP MU rss sc. socacn ese cones euoteetemessse: sae snaseanatesseecemess 10 to 2 per cent.
IMOISEURES:: 3c. code caves a donsnncaael meres esse east seectneee oes baaes 1 to 3) per cent:

These results, even the best of them, may seem unfavorable to the
character of the Pittsburgh seam in Ohio, but the coal is easily kindled,
it burns with a hot fire and the utilization of all its slack is possible
These facts outweigh any disadvantage which its composition might lead
us, on theoretical grounds, to expect. It is a thorougnly approved steam
coal and is especially valued for steamboat use because of the readiness
with which it is kindled. It also ranks high as a domestic fuel, and taken
allin all, is a welcome addition to any market.

At some of the great mines, coking ovens have been built for the
better utilization of its slack. While, as has been before stated, the slack
possesses the coking property in a high degree, the amount of sulphur
in the resulting coke, forbids its employment in most kinds of metallur-
gical work. It is never an iron making fuel, and can be used but to a
limited extent in iron working. This important limitation reduces its
market value and the demand for it greatly.

The extension of the Pittsburgh seam below drainage is one of the
important questions pertaining to the coal resources of Ohio. Much is
to be expected from it on account’of its persistency, but the view of
twenty-five years ago, that it was reasonable to count on it as stretching.
entirely across the interval between Pomeroy and Bellaire, can find no
intelligent defenders today.

The facts, as at present seen, have been indicated, at least by impli-
cation, in the preceding statements. The eastern field gives promise of a
noble extension under cover throughout the southwestern portion of Bel-
mont County.

In map No. 10, the coal is represented as occupying this area in a
solid body. The ground on which this liberty has been taken has been
already set forth. On the same ground we have a right to expect the
Pittsburgh coal in good condition in the northeastern half of Monroe
county. The facts derived from the recent drilling of oil wells seem to

COAL FIELDS. 287

bear out this view, though the unsatisfactory nature of such testimony is
fully recognized. Many years must, however, elapse before mines will
be worked in Ohio through shafts 500 feet or more in depth. It is
probable that the shallow-lying seams will first have been approximately
exhausted.

(6) The Southern Ohio Division of the Pittsburgh Coal Seam.
This division has its chief center of development in Meigs County,
where under the name of the Pomeroy coal, it has been extensively
mined for the last fifty years. This field was treated of at some length
in a chapter of a former report prepared by Ellis Lovejoy, E. M., (See
Geology of Ohio, Vol. VI. Chap. XI.)

Besides, the great development in Meigs county, the seam is found
in good condition in several townships of Athens county, and it also
extends in a few unimportant outliers into Morgan county. The general
structure of the coal in the Pomeroy field is as follows:

ROO ECO A Re sacs eT Nee ee AMOS A ae eee OU aetees 8 to 14 inches.
[BIOTA Corll 6S canacantiie sonecgscooe qadoosnaodsenocoboqouDbopseoo5hen dood ausenc: 3inches. |
Wat CO al essen nase Oc hea cae Sactioe acca k aecns Dede onie stapes uee temo ass 42 to 48 inches.
QO] iy Reema cites neue sinict fouk goes soa haces asec eacn ais ca een eticae ee aen ese eetas 4 inches.
IBGEEOIIS COdaerssseis rateres ros coher eeu ee MeN HCA RESELL eee eee 7 inches.

The first two divisions do not furnish marketable coal. The lower
bench is also inferior and is not mined. This leaves three and a half to
four feet of coal for the general market.

Pomeroy coal has long been an approved fuel throughout the Ohio
and Mississippi valleys for domestic use and steam production, and large
areas of the original deposit have been exhausted in meeting these
demands. Its average composition is as follows:

ESTEE CLR CA TI) O Is ee ce oe Sac ee RC NTE AN aa are ea Se Ee cen a nan ecm ak OOO)
Wola til prin ttermwtesrr a teee ca anes sence aan inh See ir Lay dnee se LUMO Mey uaa aly 38.50
ENS) Tepe SSeS GOCD OUR EEE CEES OCA EC OE EET FACTS HOTA Ie Hees Tai GEE SE ce EI eT AaUin uD TEER 6.50
VEO US ELa Ts Se Ne re fete otc mien Mae NLU eA ROTC aye aM CSE et ecoa Eon 2b 3.50
STU] PODS eee eaicisete suc ae oats ott ae ane actA aE eae eeatostiontenk duequnenty MAL eds 1.50

It is interesting to note that the establishment and development
of the salt production of Pomeroy and vicinity have been intimately
connected with and dependent upon the character of the Pittsburgh coal.
As noted above, the uppermost portion of the seam, eleven to seventeen
inches in thickness, consists of inferior coal, which the general market
will not accept. To find a use for this waste portion of the seam,
the salt manufacture of this portion of the Ohio Valley was pro-
jected. By deep drilling a fair source of brine was found in the
great sandrock, that has since been known as the Logan Conglomerate,
and more recently, as the ‘“‘Big Injun” oil rock of western Pennsylvania
and West Virginia. On this supply of fuel and brine, an important
business was established, which grew to large proportions between 1865
and 1870. Since that time the industry has languished, being unable
to meet, with comfort, the competition forced upon it by the new centers
and new sources of salt production.

288 GEOLOGY OF OHIO

In the chapter above referred to, the extension of the Pittsburgh or ~
Pomeroy seam, known as the Federal Creek coal, was also described.
But an important section of it has had its chief development since the
publication of that report and consequently a few additional statements
are demanded here. ‘The tract in question is situated in Berne Town-
ship, Athens county, and is drained by Federal Creek and its tributaries.
Ot the latter, the most important is Marietta Run. The seam here
reaches a greater volume than at any other point in the state. It
yields, at its best, eight feet of clean coal, which occurs in two nearly
equal benches that are separated by one or two feet of fireclay or
sandy shale. ‘This phase of the seam is now being worked on a large
scale in several mines on an extension of the Toledo and Ohio
Central Railway. The output of the mines also finds a way to
market by the Baltimore and Ohio Southwestern Railway. The
coal is of the ordinary type of the Pomeroy seam, except that
it runs higher in sulphur than the best phases of the seam. The
latter element thus far stands in the way of the successful production of
coke from the slack of the mines. A bright coke of unusual physical
strength comes from the ovens, but the sulphur runs so high in it as to
forbid its employment in iron making or other metallurgical work of
high grade. This defect can no doubt be corrected to a considerable
degree by. washing the coal. The Federal Creek coal, however, has a full
measure of popularity as a steam and domestic fuel.

‘The seam is at its best volume, as above described, when it descends
under final cover on the east side of Federal Creek Valley. The testi-
mony of certain well drillers who have operated in adjacent territory is
positive as to its extension in the same condition for several mines to the
east and southeast of the valley. If this testimony proves trustworthy,
an important addition to our coal resources is to be found in this new
field. In any case, the proved and fairly inferrible area of the thick
coal constitutes a field of considerable value. There is nothing to render
unreasonable or improbable the view that this phase of the seam is the
one to be looked for under cover through its remaining extent to the
southedstward. It may, therefore, well be that one of the chief remain-
ing coal fields of the state will be found in southeastern Athens and
adjoining parts of Washington county.

The seam falls abruptly from its great volume, as it is followed to
the northward, the loss occuring, as usual, by failure of its upper member.

THE MEIGS CREEK COAL.

The only remaining seam to be considered here, is that which is
known in our reports as the Meigs Creek coal, from its development in
the drainage basin of the stream of that name in Morgan county. It is
probable that this seam is identical with the Sewickley coal of the Pen--

COAL FIELDS. 289

sylvania series. Its place in the series is seventy-five to one hundred
feet above the Pittsburgh coal and about 250 to 300 feet above the Crinoi-
dal limestone. The outcrops of this seam have been traced in Musk-
ingum, Morgan, Guernsey and Noble counties, and are represented in
Map No. 9. A few outliers occur in Washington and Monroe counties,
which were not reached in our work, but these deficiencies are not
important. - Lith

A good account of the Meigs Creek coal in Ohio was prepared by
Prof. C. N. Brown for Volume V, of which volume it constitutes Chap-
ter XI.

In its best condition, in Muskingum and’ Morgan counties, the seam
shows a thickness of four and a half feet of coal fit for the market. It
is, however, split by more or less clay and shale partings. From its
maximum thickness it falls to four, three and two feet in-the surround-
ing territory, as indicated in the report above referred to.

Its composition as averaged from a sufficient number of samples, is
as follows:

TEN E=qG}. (OB ie ofa nats 4s Mech nat Sc GaSe EE ECOG URS OR DUCES USOC USO RET EMER SE eT me as Ets 44,50
Wiolaieilesirt ate teccceee see reach cine eee ese oe ne eon een niniclom c Mamraamienetagtl em cle emer ae 40.50
DNS BOS pone noc Ne OC SEE SEBO BOC Se OTA SE ETS ei Ca oA BHA eo STAD NA LOE 11.00
Stl Ola yec cages seco beenosnsagcucopepesoean bacecaniees Lb Ae era Cae SRR REI mE 5.00
INOW ab Tees Seon aC BASAn ES arabe aR ERO SER GOR ORCA COSTOC ECE EEO Aue aR IU Betta ae 3.00

These figures indicate a coal of comparatively low grade, but it is a
welcome fuel, all the same, throughout a large district that is more ton-
veniently supplied by it than by any other seam.

The identification made in Volume V, of the coal formerly mined in
the large way at Macksburg, Noble county, with the Meigs Creek, or
Sewickley seam, has been called in question by some geologists, who are

disposed to place the Macksburg coal higher in the series and to count it

the probable equivalent of the Waynesburgh coal of Pennsylvania. But
a teview of all the available facts made by Professor Brown with refer-
ence to the present report, leaves him confident, that his original refer-
ence is the correct one. ‘The facts of its occurrence and composition are
in harmony with this reference.

In the higher strata of Belmont and Monroe counties, there are oc
easionally found coal seams thick enough to justify mining in the small
way. It is probable that if full knowledge of the stratigraphical facts
were in hand, all these cases would fall under one or another of the
seams already named in our general list. But in default of such knowl-
edge, no exact reference is possible.

At alittle hamlet called Mechanicsburg, twelve miles south of Woods-
field, Monroe county, a four-foot seam of coal has long been known and
worked in the deep valley of one of the tributaries of the Little Musk-
ingum. The seam has not been followed in any direction outside of the
valley in which its outcrops occur. Some of the facts of its occurrence
give it a decidedly sporadic look. But, on the other hand, it may prove

19 GeO):

290 GEOLOGY OF OHIO

to be, on some coal horizon that possesses more or less value for this re-
gion. The seam cannot apparently lie lower in the scale than the Meigs
Creek horizon, and it may be much higher.

This completes the brief account of the coal fields of the state
which was undertaken in the present chapter. A description of the
maps to which frequent reference has been made in these pages will be
found in the preface of the present volume.

de

irene,
iS Wy,

GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

VOLUME VII.
PART IL.

ARCHAEOLOGY,

BOTANY,
PALEONTOLOGY.

GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

CHAPTER I.
THE ARCHEOLOGY OF OHIO.

AN ABSTRACT EMBODYING THE PRINCIPAL RESULTS OF EXPLORATIONS
AND DISCOVERIES THUS FAR MADE, DESIGNED FOR THOSE TO
WHOM THE HITHERTO PUBLISHED LITERATURE OF THE
SUBJECT IS NOT EASILY ACCESSIBLE.

By GERARD FOWKE.

From the earliest settlement of Ohio the aboriginal remains of the
State have aroused curiosity and stimulated research. The present paper
will attempt a veswme of what has been learned concerning them; but
the limited space that can be allowed to it precludes any citations from
the many books, pamphlets, and shorter articles, or any extended refer-
ence to the various theories, that have been put forth in regard to their
uses or the people to whom they are to be attributed. Its only aim will
be to present in a compact form conclusions based upon a careful study
of the earthworks and the relics associated with them. ‘There is little in
the article that has not previously appeared in some form; the publica-
tions of zealous workers have been so numerous as to render difficult any
originality of statement beyond records of personal discoveries. As it
would be invidious to make particular mention of one investigator to the
exclusion of others equally meritorious, and is impracticable to give due
credit to all who deserve it, this compendium will be made as impersonal
as possible.

SECIIGN
PALAEOLITHIC MAN.

The discovery of rude implements of human fabrication in presums
ably undisturbed gravel beds along the lower portion of the Delaware
River, has led western archzeologists to believe that similar evidences of

4 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

man’s presence in the valley of the Ohio and its tributaries will reward
the patient investigator. The series of gravel beds in the two regions
are practically of the same age, belonging to the period immediately fol-
lowing the recession of the ice-sheet after it had reached its southernmost
limit, and were deposited by the great floods resulting trom the
melting ice.

If it can be proven that these implements are scattered promiscu-
ously throughout gravel which has remained as it was originally deposited,
the fact of human existence during or at the close of the glacial period is
beyond controversy.

Implements have been found in several places in Ohio under such
conditions that the time of their manufacture would appear certainly to
have preceded that in which the river valleys were filled with the drift;
notably the chipped flint found at Madisonville by Dr. Metz twelve feet
beneath the surface in a knoll higher than any other ground within
several hundred yards. On the other hand, specimens from Piqua, which
were reported to occur under conditions essentially similar to the last,
and which much resemble some of the European implements from the
drift, have been found, as was afterward determined, intermingled witu
ordinary Indian relics, under flood deposits which may have accumulated
within a few decades.

The streams in the glaciated district of Ohio have worn their beds
from the level of the highest terraces bordering them, to that at which
they are now found; this erosion was more rapid in former time than at
present. The shifting of such streams from side to side of the alluvial
lands through which they flow is also quite rapid in some cases; it being
not unusual for a river or ereek to change its course hundreds of yards
in a single generation, cutting away the earth on one side and filling it
in at a lower level on the other. With a rapid current to carry away the
detritus, a stream will in this manner often produce a vertical bank to the
top of any terrace against which it may impinge; and when it again
makes its way toward the opposite side of the valley, denudation will
give to this bank a slope whose inclination will depend upon the character
of the material and the length of time given to atmospheric agencies for
their action. These alterations have been continually in progress since
drainage was established along its present lines. For this reason, a stone
implement of any description that was once on top of the ground, or in
the soil near the top, may now be found in clean gravel much below the
present surface, some distance from a stream or at a considerable eleva-
tion above it, or may be covered by a mass of earth nearly equal to the
thickness of the highest gravel bank reached by the water;—and yet
have come to its present position within a few centuries; for polished
grooved axes and well finished spear-heads have been found at a depth
of twelve feet or more in river bottoms. ‘The discovery of an implement,
no matter how rudely finished, under such circumstances is by no means

ARCH AOLOGY. 5

to be accepted as indubitable evidence that man existed in that locality
during glacial floods. ‘To establish such existence it is necessary to prove
beyond doubt that the gravel or sand in which the specimen occurs still
retains the exact position and condition in which it was laid down at the
beginning; this can be determined only by geologists who have made a
close and careful study of such deposits in every phase of their compli-
cated structure. The question must remain an open one until the claims
of the advocates and the opponents of glacial man in America are more
definitely substantiated than at present.

The terraces with a thickness of fifty feet or more along our rivers
and creeks owe their formation to precisely the same causes that are
daily creating the minor bars a'ong the shores of these streams; the
difference is merely in the diminished forces now at work.

It will be apparent, therefore, that great caution is to be exercised
by those who are seeking for paleolithic implements; many things, as
indicated above, are to be taken into consideration. ‘The most skilled
glacialist is liable to be deceived by the arrangement of secondary ter-
races, and thus countenance an erroneous opinion which more extended
observation would correct. All the greater need, then, for one to whom
may not have been given the opportunity for a large field of study, to be
chary of hasty deductions.

It is probable that discoveries of this character will multiply with
the growth of such work as requires excavations on a large scale; those
interested will do well to remember that many persons are given to such
“practical jokes” as making false statements regarding circumstances
under which specimens are obtained, or deftiy concealing desirable objects
' in places where they are being sought. This is particularly the case
when a pecuniary reward awaits an interesting discovery.

SECTION TILE
ENCLOSURES, ROADWAYS, MOUNDS.

Casual mention had been made concerning earthworks by various
travelers, in connection with short descriptions of mounds, but the first
comprehensive account of them was given by Squier and Davis in their
report on “The Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley.” The
publication of this volume called general attention to the existence in
Ohio and, to a less extent, in the adjoining states, of a class of prehistoric
remains differing in character from those belonging to any other part of
the country.

In Ohio, works of this kind fall in three separate classes:—the heavy
embankments of earth peculiar to the level or low lands of the southern
half of the state; the larger hill-top fortifications composed of earth and
stone in varying proportions, confined mainly to the same localities as

6 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

the first; and the far greater number resembling in some respects both
of the above, but usually smaller, seldom symmetrical, evincing less care
or design in construction, and placed on high or low ground indifferently,
sometimes with little regard to topographical features. They are of
wider distribution than the others, occurring more or less frequently
throughout the area between the Alleghanies and the Mississippi, oe
Tennessee to Michigan.

(a.) LOw-LAND ENCLOSURES.

Coincident with the appearance of the volume above mentioned was
the manifestation of public interest and curiosity in the remains placed
first in this division. ‘The regularity of curves, the remarkable uniformity
in lengths and areas, the complexity and intricacy of structure, the abso-
lute geometrical accuracy of squares, octagons, and circles, as claimed in
the text and portrayed in the illustrations by the authors, induced the
belief that this region had been occupied by a race which had attained to
a high degree of culture; and finally extravagant theories were promul-
gated, totally unauthorized by the most liberal interpretation ot statements
which themselves claimed much more than was justified by facts.

The fertile valleys of the Muskingum, Scioto, and Little Miami, seem
to have been the favorite homes of the builders of these earthworks,
whose magnitude compels the admiration and serious consideration of
every intelligent visitor. With the exception of one group on the Kana-
wha River, and another opposite the mouth of the Scioto, which is really
a part of the ‘“ Portsmouth Works,” all the principal enclosures of this
class are confined to the vicinity of these streams. Many speculations
have been indulged in concerning the purpose for which such works
could have been constructed; but so far without definite result. Every
explanation or theory yet advanced is largely conjectural, and in some or
many respects inconsistent with facts which soon become apparent to the ~
careful observer. The term “sacred enclosures” was among the first
applied to them, from the supposition that they were used only in the
performance of religious ceremonies. It is impossible to imagine any
condition of life that would lead people to enclose areas so great for no
other purpose than to conceal the operations of one portion of the popu-
lation from the remaining portion; or to conceive of what use the walls
would be in case all should take part in the exercises. There is nothing
in our knowledge of any barbarous race, extant or extinct, that justifies
such a statement. True, the priests of most religious systems in former
ages, concealed the preliminaries of their rites from the multitude;
but to cite records of the use of caves or groves for this purpose
in vindication of the theory that the same object could be attained
by means of a comparatively low wall aro-nd a twenty-acre field, is
a large tax on credulity. Nor is the suggestion more tenable that
they were used as “game drives and preserves,” or places wherein to

ARCH AOLOGY. 7

decoy and confine wild beasts until such time as it might be convenient
or necessary to slaughter them; for such animals as existed here in that
period would make scant ceremony of surmounting any walls that could
be built of earth. Moreover, such methods are not in accordance with
the disposition of people who live even partially by hunting; the love of
adventure, the desire to achieve noteworthy exploits, the excitement and
emulation of the chase, reacting upon one another, will not be satisfied
by so tame a pleasure as may be derived from slaughtering in cold blood
a defenceless quarry. At any rate, admitting that our aborigines had
become so enervated as to enjoy this form of “sport,” they would have
accomplished their aim more readily by making palisade traps at the
head of some ravine near where the game was to be found, than by the
construction of these awkward contrivances, usually placed in a situation
as unsuitable as could be found for such a purpose.

The idea has been advanced, also, that the walls served as founda-
tions for houses, the interior space being devoted to cultivation. Calcu-
lations have been made showing the exact width of such houses. But
the theory takes as its basis that the walls are composed of tough clay
which will stand with a very steep slope from top to bottom. None of
the embankments are thus constructed, being made of the loam and
gravel constituting the soil around them, which will not maintain a
greater angle than an ordinary fill made of similar material for a road or
railway. ‘To erect on them at their present height a dwelling, except of
very contracted width, would require a breadth at the top greater than
can be given to any of them with the amount of material used, unless
means be taken, as by palisades or a retaining wall of some description,
to keep them from crumbling down; there is no evidence that this was
ever done.

Somewhat akin to the last, is the suggestion that the enclosed space
was used for agricultural purposes by the inhabitants of villages at some
place outside the walls, who took this method ot checking the encroach-
ments of animals destructive to their crops; but, as before mentioned,
such animals would find earthen walls a trifling obstacle. This objection
is overcome by supposing palisades along the top of the embankment;
but if such were used only sufficient earth to hold them in place would
be needed. ‘There are no indications of such protection; logs or posts of
the size to be an effectual barrier would leave their traces in charcoal,
ashes, decayed wood, or cavities filled with lighter earth, for an indefinite
time, as is fully verified by numerous discoveries of the sort in mounds
and village sites.

Another hypothesis is that villages were located within the walls
which were erected as a defense against invaders. Some of them may
have answered for such purpose; but in most there is one feature that
militates against this supposition as it does against all the preceding ;—
namely, the openings or gateways, which are usually so numerous as to

8 GEOLOGY OF OHIO

show that ready entrance and exit was to be liberally provided for, and
almost invariably so wide that speedy closure would be impossible even
with much greater facilities for such work than we have any reason for
supposing to have been at the command of the owners. Further, a wall
higher than a man’s head,—-as many of these now are, after the denuda-
tion of centuries,—especially one with an interior ditch, would give the
defender no advantage over his opponent; for unless a platform were
constructed entirely around the inner side, he could not see over the top
except by climbing up a slope on which it would be difficult to secure a
foothold. With a lower wall and an exterior ditch, the conditions would
be different; and if some adequate method of defending the gateways
were devised, a successful defense could be made against superior num-
bers—provided the work was at a sufficient distance from a hill or body
of timber overlooking the interior. As an example of this feature, the
circle in the works at Hopetown (Ross County) extends for a part of its
course along the side of a hill, at some distance above its foot. Also, in
the works at Anderson Station in the same county, the larger embank-
ment which encloses considerably more than a hundred acres, is built
on the side facing the high land from which an enemy would naturally
approach, just on the bank of a terrace in such a way that the inmate
would have barely room to stand, while the besieger has an ample space
of level ground in hs favor. Again, the usual indications of permanent
occupation are lacking; village sites are recognized by the great accumu-
lation of refuse due to the life habits of the people, broken bones, ashes,
burned stones, and the like occurring in profusion. ‘These have not been
found in sufficient quantities to lend color to the theory.

Still others have assigned to enclosures an office similar to the
Roman circus, considering them places where persons inclined or com-
pelled to entertain the populace with games or feats of strength and valor,
would have abundant space for the display of their skill and prowess; the
spectators meanwhile viewing the performance from seats provided for
them along the top of the wall. ‘This is giving prehistoric man credit for
more enterprise and public spirit than seems warranted by known facts,
If boundaries were needed, they could be marked by lines; and the hills
or terrace-banks in the immediate vicinity of any of these works overlook
level tracts as well adapted for such purposes as those within the walls.

A few illustrations are here presented that will give a fair idea of the
arrangement and appearance of some of the more notable enclosures.
Except when otherwise stated, all figures are copied from the work of
Squier and Davis. :

Plate I is a map of ‘‘twelve miles of the Scioto Valley,” in the vicinity
of Chillicothe.

Plate II, a map of “six miles of Paint Creek Valley,” about Bourne-
ville.

ARCHAHOLOGY. g

There is scarcely a point in either valley, below Circleville or Bain-
bridge, where one may not be within a few minutes ride of a mound,
village site, or other evidence of aboriginal habitation. ‘The same is true
of both Miami valleys in the lower half of their course, and of the Cuya-
hoga and some other small streanis tributary to Lake Erie; the only
1eason for showing the one section in preference to the others is because
of the greater extent of its enclosures. The scale upon which the maps
are drawn prevents an accurate delineation of the separate works; but
their relations to each other and to the topography of the territory con-
taining them is sufficiently well shown.

Plates III and IV give an enlarged representation of two groups
according to the surveys aud measurements of the authors; the former
being named by them “ High Banks” works, and the latter ‘Liberty
Township” works, situated respectively four and eight miles south of
Chillicothe. At High Banks the river sets against the terrace along the
north side, forming a steep bluff from the top to the water’s edge, the
current carrying away the earth as fast as it caves in; and it would seem
that no great length of time has elapsed since the river had its channel
along the western bank of the terrace, as there is a depression or thor-
oughfare at its foot through which the water rushes in time of freshets,
while the higher parts of the bottom land are still several feet above
overflow.

Plate IV shows similar enclosures, but without the long parallel em-
bankments of earth common to most works of this class. Especial
reference will be made in another place to features of these groups.

In Plate V are shown the Newark works, which in extent, variety of
structure, and amount of labor involved, probably surpass any similar
remains in the world. Mile after mile of embankment—circles and other
geometric figures, parallels, lodge-sites, and mounds, covering an area of
more than four square miles, amaze the archaeologist and curiosity-seeker
alike as they spend hours and days traversing the ground in every direc-
tion, constantly finding something worthy of investigation and descrip-
tion. No oné who visits this place can fail to be impressed with the
thought that he is viewing the results of a vast amount of labor intelli-
gently performed for a definite purpose; and few can avoid the tempta-
tion of endeavoring to interpret this purpose, to fathom the motives which
would impel men thus to labor, or to frame a theory that will clear away
the obscurity impending as a cloud over these mysterious tokens of an
unknown people. Many have tried; none has succeeded.

The “ Marietta Works” shown in Plate VI comprise a group whose
main interest is found in the flat-topped mounds within the lines of em-
bankment. Such mounds are common in the southern states, and several
of great size, including the famous Cahokia Mound, stand in the bottom
land opposite St. Louis; but with this exception they are of rare occur-
rence north of the Ohio River and there is no place other than at the

10 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

mouth of the Muskingum River where they are so large, or are found in
connection with the enclosures belonging to the middle Ohio Valley.

The topographical markings in the figure will show that, whatever
may have been the design of this particular group, it occupies nearly all
the available level ground in the plain on which it is erected. While this
fact does not necessarily reinforce any of the theories above set forth, as
to the purpose of such works, the adherents to some of them will find
difficulty in providing sufficient space for the town or village and culti-
vable ground necessary for the accommodation of those by whom the
structure is supposed to have been reserved for only occasional or tem-
porary use.

Numerous other groups in the state are worthy of separate mention;
but as a large volume would be required to contain all that might be
properly said regarding them, this sketch must suffice. Some are so
complicated in arrangement as to suggest the idea of a labyrinth; others,
more simple in form, are in such situations as to render approach to them
inconvenient or even difficult. In extent they range from those meas-
ured by square miles to those which are contained within an area of two
or three acres.

(6.) HILL-TOP ENCLOSURES,

The second division is intended to include only the larger enclosures,
on high ground, in the same section of the State containing those just
described. ‘The difficulties in the way of accounting for the uses of the
former do not exist with the latter. To all who examine carefully their
locations it is evident they were intended for defensive structures.
Whether composed entirely of stone, or of earth, or of both combined;
whether confined to a plateau or extending down the hill-side below;
whether having a ditch, either interior or exterior, or rising directly from
a level surface;—in all, the method of construction and their position
relative to the surrounding country, make it obvious they were intended
as a place of refuge in time of danger from foes. Many of them com-
mand extensive views in every direction, notably the one on Spruce Hill,
nearly opposite the village of Bourneville, which overlooks the valley of
Paint Creek from the hills along tke Scioto to the high land about Hills-
boro, as well as the region for many miles north and south. ‘This fortifi-
cation is indicated at C in Plate II, and is shown in detail in Plate VII.
The hill on which it stands is a long, narrow spur projecting from the
table-land to the south, with steep, in some places almost precipitous,
sides. The wall, composed entirely of boulders and cobblestones, result-
ing from disintegration of the sandstone strata at and near the surface,
closely follows the margin of the level summit at every point except
where the lines connecting the ends is carried across. It was only from
this direction that danger need be apprehended by the inmates, as no
other portion of the enclosure could be reached except by a tedious ascent

ARCHAOLOGY. 11

of the steep hill, over loose rocks in many places, and constantly exposed
to the missiles of the besieged. Although nowhere more than two feet
in height now, the amount of material scattered along the line where it
has stood is abundant for the construction of a barrier sufficient to check
the advance of an unorganized or undisciplined foe. ‘The few breaks or
openings easily accessible are all in the part crossing the neck of the
spur, and are quite narrow, with the wall curving inward at each. Thus
every entrance could speedily be closed to form a cué-de-sac, making an
assault extremely hazardous to a hostile force by exposing them on three
sides to those within. ‘This feature, infrequent in ancient works, is indi-
cative of considerable military knowledge and skill on the part of the
builders.

Somewhat similar in construction is the stone fort near Glenford,
Perry county. It is built on a hill, cut off by deep ravines from the ad-
jacent country except on the southeast side where a narrow isthmus,
scarcely wide enough for a wagon road, connects it with the higher land
in that direction. The outcrop of the cap-rock of the hill, a heavy
stratum of coarse sandstone, forms a vertical cliff of varying height
almost entirely around it; onthe edge of this cliff have been piled thous-
ands of cubic yardsof stones. Where the height of the cliff would obviate
the necessity of further obstacles to an enemy, the wall ceases; where it
is so low as to afford but little protection, an amount of stone sufficient
to answer the purpose is heaped up. There are many crevices in the
bed-rock, all of them guarded according to their size and position; one of
these opens out on the isthmus, and here was the principal entrance.
Possibly this had something to do with the selection of the site. A wall
is built along each side, and opposite the end is a wing wall commanding
its whole length. At several different points are minor openings, most
of them convenient to good springs at the foot of the hill.

Fort Hill in Highland county is another example of this class. It is
located on one of the western peaks of the Sunfish Hills, entirely detached
by Brush Creek and deep ravines from any other elevated area. ‘The
hillsides present a succession of minor cliffs, shale banks, washouts, and
loose, broken rock; in only two or three places can a continuous moderate
grade be found to the summit. At the top, a sandstone Jedge creps out,
and the weathered fragments of this are piled up into a rude wall around
the hill, conforming in some measure to its irregular outline. The height
of the wall was increased by throwing on it a large quantity of earth,
excavated along its inner, or upper, side, leaving a considerable ditch.

Differing somewhat in method of construction from the above, but
similarly located in a defensible position is the embankment at North
Bend, also known as Fort Hill. As this title is due by preemption to
the work last described, it would be well to call this one Fort Miami,
from its location on the high hill overlooking all the territory about the
mouth of the Great Miami River. Although there is some stone in the

12 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

embankment, by far the greater portion of it is earth, obtained from a
ditch along the inner foot of the wall. Perhaps careful measurements
would show otherwise, but there appears to be more earth heaped up
than could be replaced in the trench; if so, the surplus was gathered up
close by. The gateways are comparatively narrow and few in number;
from the situation of some of them, it would seem they were little used;
others open toward the easiest approaches. ‘The walls are massive; if
their cubic contents should be divided by their total length, it is probable
the quotient, representing the amount of earth in any given unit of length,
~ would exceed that similarly obtained in any other structure in the state.
It is doubtful whether nearly all of those described in the first section
would not suffer by the comparison. Unless the embankment has been
much reduced in height by atmospheric agencies since its abandonment,
with a corresponding increase in breadth and diminution of slope, some
of the difficulties in the way of ascribing a military purpose to the large
enclosures of the level lands apply with the same force here. Under
present conditions there would be small choice in position on either side
of the wall at equal distances from it. Possibly there was some additional
method of defense or protection of which no trace now remains.

Surpassing all other hill fortifications in magnitude as well as in
systematic design is Fort Ancient in Warren county. Built on a spur
almost detached by deep hollows from the plateau, somewhat more than
two hundred feet above the level of the Little Miami River, which flows
close below, its walls follow accurately the tortuous course due to the
scores of ravines which give a crenulated outline to the brow of the hill.
The numerous openings, almost without exception, lead out on narrow
points overlooking ravines on either side, and commanding from two or
three directions every possible avenue of approach. ‘The thought at once
suggests itself they were completed by bastions closing in the limited
outside space, usually only a few square yards in extent. Where facing
a slope easily defended, the embankment is quite low; parts most liable
to attack, or commanding important points, are greatly strengthened.
The portion crossing the level is nearly twenty feet in height; the ditch
here is on the outside; elsewhere it is within.

Few modern fortifications equal Fort Ancient as a defensive work.
With ordinary care surprise would be impossible. Omitting the few rods
of level ground at the east, the walls can be reached only by ascending a
steep slope, in plain view of any who may be on the watch; while from
the peculiar conformation of the ground nearly every portion of the hill-
sides may be placed under cross-fire. Properly garrisoned, the place
would withstand a prolonged siege by a well-equipped army; with primi-
tive methods of warfare it would be impregnable.

Shown in Plate VIII.

A perplexing element in the study of all these forts is the question of
water supply. No springs exist within them, as they are above drainage ;

ARCH AHOLOGY. 13

shallow depressions in some have been called reservoirs, but these would
be very precarious as they depend entirely upon rain-fall and are dry
most of the summer and autumn; to carry from the base of the hill an
amount adequate for the multitude which could find quarters within the
enclosure or be necessary for its defense, would be an undertaking arduous
always, and hazardous in time of war.

(c.) PROTECTIVE ENCLOSURES.

The more elaborate works, having been so often described and
figured are somewhat familiar to the public; fully as interesting, though
not so impressive, are those which have been less noticed. ‘They vary in
design from a straight wall, to a combination of ellipt:cal or nearly circu-
lar enclosures, with accompanying wing walls or supplementary structures,
covering many acres. Apparently their general purpose was for protec-
tion to villages or settlements within them. The point of a high hill
with precipitous sides, or a peninsula in a level bottom, is cut off from
the adjacent country by an earthen or stone wall, straight, curved, or
broken, as may be most suitable; as large a level area as may be desired
is enclosed by a crooked enibankment, whose ends abut upon a cliff or
stream; or, where these plans are not feasible, the entire space required
is often artificially enclosed. All these methods may be combined in one
series. Generally, but not always, a ditch accompanies the wall; it may
be interior or exterior. It is probable the earth in the majority of these
embankments upheld palisades. Such barriers were common with the
Hurons and Iroquois of the seventeenth century and earlier; logs were
placed vertically in a ditch and the excavated earth packed solidly against
them. When necessary, greater stability was obtained by piling against
the rampart a quantity of earth gathered from the surface close about, or
taken from a trench which in its turn gave additional security.

Analogous works are found in the southern states, some where Indian
towns are known to have stood, others in natural strong-holds where they
have been erected within this century, during war with the whites, by
Creeks and other Indians who manifested much tactical skill in their
construction and use.

In Ohio, remains of this sort are most numerous in the valleys of
the two Miamis and in the two or three tiers of counties south of Lake
Erie, though not uncommon in other portions of the State. Many of
them closely resemble enclosures and defensive works in other states
known to have been occupied or built within the historic period. Ina
few cases transverse cuttings have shown marks along the center line,
due, beyond question, to the decay or burning of posts that stood in them.

The works at Norwalk, Huron county, shown in Plate IX, fairly
represent this division; the method of closing the entrance in the ellipse,
the manner in which the end of the hill is guarded against forays, the

14 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

dependence upon the stream and its banks, for security in other directions,
and the partially excavated ditch within the ellipse, are well shown and
render further illustrations unnecessary.

(d7.) SMALL, ENCLOSURES, LCDGE-SITES, ETC.

Besides all these, there are many small, tolerably regular, circular,
square, and elliptical enclosures, found in nearly all portions of the State,
often on top of the highest hills. They are from fifty to two hundred feet
across, some scarc-ly traceable, others having an elevation of two or three
feet, with a breadth of five to ten times the height. There is but one
entrance way, on the east side in most, sometimes on the north or south,
very seldom on the west. In Plates III and V, they will be seen in con-
nection with the larger enclosures evidently forming a part of the system;
they also occur with other groups. With some, mounds are associated;
others are miles from the nearest aboriginal structures. The heavier
embankments frequently have an interior ditch; occasionally a mound
stands on the space thus enclosed, sometimes quite small,again taking up
nearly the whole area within the ditch. Skeletons have been exhumed
from such mounds. In a few instances a curved bank surrounds a square
center, the ditch varying in width to accommodate itself to both.

In erecting council-houses, lodges, or even temporary wigwams,
Indians are accustomed to make a bank of earth like a circus ring around
the sides, to keep the floor dry and serve as a wind-break. Such may
have been the nature of these prehistoric works; they are not larger than
would be required for some Indian houses of recent times. The utility
of the ditch, however, is not apparent; nor is it a part of the modern
Indian’s plan. The central mound would certainly exclude a number
from this category, unless it were erected after the building was destroyed
or abandoned. Some of them sufficiently resemble the large enclosures
to induce a belief in their creation for a similar purpose—whatever that
was. If the method of constructing dwellings along the top of an artifi-
cial ridge was ever in vogue, the low, broad embankments would be much
better adapted for such houses than the higher ones which have been
attributed to such intention; they would be less subject to damage by
erosion, more easily kept in shape, less difficult to reach from the ground,
and sufficiently high to protect the floor from dampness by seepage from
the adjacent soil. If thus utilized, the ditch might form a reservoir
(many of them retain water nearly all the year), while the court would
answer for various public purposes.

In the Scioto Valley, mostly at some distance from other remains,
are several excavations which have no counterpart elsewhere; they are
not properly enclosures, yet cannot be placed with anything else. On the
top of a low hill; near the edge of a terrace in bottom land; or in the
iniddle of a level field;—a circular hole has been dug and the earth

ARCH HOLOGY. : 16

thrown around the margin. All have been considerably filled in by cul-
tivation, but some are yet from six to eight feet deep and eighty to one
hundred and fifty feet in diameter, measuring from the highest part of the
wall. The sides now slope uniformly, whatever may have been their
original shape, to form an inverted cone; in wet weather they contain
some water, which soon disappears. The sameendisalsoeffected in a pecu-
liar manner; on a low, depressed ridge connecting two hills, commanded
by high ground on every side, a circular embankment has been thrown
up to a height of eight feet on so small an area as to leave no level space
inside, the inner face of the bank forming a conical basin whose bottom
is at the original surface. This form is the last connecting link between
the enclosures and the mounds.

The purpose of these pits is beyond conjecture; there is nothing in
use among modern tribes with which they can be compared.

(e.) ARTIFICIAL ROADWAYS.

The existence of a few gentle inclines from a higher to a lower
terrace, or to a stream, has caused a belief that the ‘‘Mound Builders”
cut such roadways, piling the earth on either side. None were thus made.
The few which are actually artificial have escaped notice through their
insignificance; they are usually found in connection with larger groups
of works situated on a plain with steep banks. To facilitate ascent, steps
would be cut or a pathway dug, the removed earth falling toward the
bottom. With every heavy rain, more or less dirt would wash down, and
from throwing this out of the way, the excavation would widen and
deepen; in time a gully of considerable width and easy slope would
result.

Fic. 1. View of Graded Way, near Piketon.

Those usually described or figured are natural depressions, possibly
slightly modified, which happened to be where they were needed... The
“Graded ,;Way” at Piketon has long been cited as a remarkable

16 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

example of such industry. Figure 1 from the original drawing repro-
duced in various archaeological works, has always been taken as a correct
representation. In Plate X are given a plan and sections from a recent
survey. The error and exaggeration of the figure will be apparent at
once. In itself, the work is of no special importance or interest; butthe
perverted accounts of it have done much toward impressing the reading
public with erroneous ideas regarding the people who are credited with
its formation.
The depression is not in any degree artificial, but is due entirely to
erosion, being a former cut-off or thoroughfare of Beaver Creek. It does
not rise to the level of the upper terrace, but continues with a slight
grade to the bank of that stream, in a curved line, growing wider as it
proceeds. The bottom at the narrowest part measures 120 feet across,
whereas the greatest base measure of either wall is sixty-nine feet.
Instead of the whole work being 1,080 feet in length, as stated, the
‘depression is 2,225 feet, one wall 636 feet, and the other 761 feet along
the top. ‘The elevation of the terrace is twenty feet, not seventeen,
while neither wall is more than nine and one half feet at any point and
only a few rods of it is over six feet high. Instead of gradually tapering
to a point, the west wall when viewed from the south end more resembles
an ordinary mound. ‘The earth composing them was not thrown up
from below, but was gathered on the surface and deposited along the
break of the depression, a portion of it being allowed to fall down the sides
to make a steeper slope. Both walls change direction at more than one
point, and so far from extending its entire length on the upper terrace,
the east wall descends into the depression and terminates near its bottom.

(f.) EFFIGY MOUNDS.

In several states are mounds presenting a rude outline of some
animal. They are almost invariably made of earth, though occasionally
one is of stone. By far the greater number is found in the north-west,
especially in Iowa and Wisconsin, where they exist by thousands. The
human figure as well as that of many species of quadrupeds and birds
have been recognized, generally by persons who are not expert zoologists.
They are frequently, and it may be correctly, called emblematic or sym-
bolic structures; “effigy” is, perhaps, a safer term.

Ohio possesses several of these figures, only two of which really
resemble anything. First, and above all others for its size and striking
appearance, is the Great Serpent of Adams county. With its head at the
end of a narrow point, jutting out over Brush Creek bottoms, restricted by
a perpendicular cliff on one side and a deep ravine on the other, the efigy
winds its contorted body along the surface for a quarter of a mile. The
front part of the figure, which lies on sloping ground, has been partially
effaced by denudation, and was overlooked by earlier visitors, as may be
seen in Plate XI, from the original survey. In this the ellipse is greatly

ARCHAZOLOGY J.

Geol. of Ohio, Vol. VII.

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ARCHAZOLOGY II.

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Geol. of Ohio, Vol. VII.

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ARCHAEOLOGY IX

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Geol. of Ohio, Vol. VII.

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ARCH A OLOGY. 17

_exaggerated; instead of filling all the space toward the end of the cliff, as
represented, it terminates several rods from the point, leaving room for
an elevation, plainly artificial, covering several rods. It is believed by
many archaeologists that the so-called “‘body”’ is only the tail; that the
“open mouth” is the expansion of the rear portion of the body; that the
“egg” represents the heart or vital principle, as is common in Indian
pictographs where animals or birds are portrayed; and that the raised
portion beyond the ellipse constitutes the head and beginning of the body,
the outlines along either side having been washed away..

So much as is here figured has been rebuilt by the Peabody Museum,
which now owns the structure. Should the more recent explanation of
the figure be found correct, the restoration will no doubt be completed
and the entire work brought to its original condition.

The other effigy, known as the “ Alligator Mound,” is near Granville,
Licking county, on a ridge projecting into the valley of Raccoon Creek.
In direction it does not coincide with the trend of the ridge, which term
inates with a smooth rounded outline, but is built across the extreme
point. A small pile of burnt stone and earth lies to the right of the
mound, a slight artificial bank connecting them.

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Fic. 2. Opcssum or Alligator Mound.

The name does not seem well chosen. The body (see Figure 2) may-
be supposed to resemble any short-legged, short-necked animal, while the
tail is not tapering but of nearly uniform size and has a more pronounced.

2 G70:

18 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

coil at the end than a saurian’s tail is capable of assuming. The figure
is evidently intended for an opossum—an animal much better known |
than an alligator to the aborigines of Ohio.

The small figure near the center of the large circle at Newark (Plate
V) is generally considered an effigy; but it has not yet been agreed
whether it represents a prostrate man with extended arms, a flying eagle,
a bended bow with an arrow across it, or a bird’s foot. A similar, but
smaller mound is near the ““Graded Way” at Piketon.

On the right bank of the Scioto, six miles from Portsmouth, in an
enclosure, is an irregular mound supposed to be intended for an effigy,
which has been compared to a tapir; it resembles that animal about as
much—and as little —as it does any other.

(g.) MOUNDS.

The great majority of mounds in Ohio are composed entirely of
earth, though many are altogether of stone and occasionally one occurs
in which both materials are used.

As a rule the earth mounds resemble in shape a medium between a
low cone, and a flat dome or segment of a sphere. Some have an ellip-
tical outline; others are flat-topped. All these usually come under the
designation of “conical mounds,” which is, perhaps, as accurate as any
single descriptive word could be, though none are, or ever have’ been,
‘exactly conical; a mound could not be built in that form, nor, if it could,
would it retain such shape after the first storm. A few are truncated
pyramids, the base always four-sided, sometimes almost a rectangle. As
it was a rather comnion practice for southern Indians to use structures
similar to the last as sites for buildings, it has been supposed the ones
found here were utilized in the same way. While this may have been
the case with those standing on low or level ground, in connection with
additional evidences of occupation, as at Marietta and in two or three
other localities, there are some whose situation is contrary to such a sup-
position. For example, a mile south of the stone fort in Perry county, is
a mound of this character about eighteen feet high and covering nearly
two acres. It is on top of a hill which slopes away in every direction.
The soil in the vicinity is poor, the surface is a succession of hills and
ravines, and it is not credible that an aboriginal settlement would have
been located amid such surroundings.

The sparseness of such mounds and their occurrence under the same
conditions as the commoner forms, are inconsistent with the idea which
has been advanced that they owe their origin to a different people or
belong to a different age; their erection is undoubtedly due to the same
motives which induced the building of nearly all the others. Only two

ARCH AOLOGY. 19

or three have been opened, but their contents and method of construction
were practically of the same character as shown in numerous mounds of
the usual form, examined in the same localities.

The total number of mounds in Ohio has been estimated at ten
thousand. ‘This is probably under the correct figure; for while they are
almost totally absent in the northwestern counties forming the “Black
Swamp” district, and are comparatively scarce in the rugged hill-lands
of some of the southern and southeastern counties, there is scarcely a
township in any other portion of the state in which they are not found.
In Ross county there were not less than five hundred, probably more,
before any had been destroyed by the advances of civilization. Butler
and Licking counties were not far behind. In the valley of every tribu-
tary of the Ohio, except where it flows through rough country, the
surface is so dotted with them that signals could be transmitted from one
to another for a hundred miles or more. On the summits of steep hills;
in bottom lands subject to overflow; on every terrace bordering a stream;
on plateaus and uplands; wherever there is cultivable or naturally drained
land, a good point of observation, an ample supply of water, a conven-
ient topography for trails;—the Mound Builder has left his mark. Even
in places where it would seem a nomad would not care to go, except as
led by the excitement or necessities of the chase, and for as brief a time
as possible, such evidence is not lacking of prehistoric residence or, at
least, sojourning.

In magnitude they vary from one reduced by farming operations
until it is scarcely perceptible and probably never more than three feet in
height or twenty feet across, to those fully thirty feet in elevation with
a base diameter from one hundred and fifty to two hundred feet. But
the latter dimensions are rarely reached; by far the greater number are
below twenty feet in altitude and one hundred feet across at the ground.
The immense pile at Miamisburg, with an elevation of sixty-eight feet
and an estimated volume of more than sixty thousand cubic yards is so
far beyond any other in size that it must be excluded in giving figures
that shall fairly represent those falling within the ordinary limits.

Various schemes have been proposed for the classification of the
mounds into definite groups and systems, but none that will meet all
requirements. There is so much similarity in the arrangement and con-
tents of some amid totally different surroundings, and conversely such
unlikeness in the structure of others which constitute a single group, that
conjectures as to their purpose, based on location or appearance, find as
many exceptions as examples. Of the great number of mounds exca-
vated with more or less care and exactness by farmers, collectors, scientists,
and others, the results of such explorations as have been reported estab-
lish the fact that fully nine-tenths of them, if not more, contained skele-
tons; and it is a fair assumption that the ratio will hold good for all.

20 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

Nor is the absence of human remains to be considered an indication,
unless otherwise substantiated, that they were constructed for some other
purpose; for conditions are frequent in which, although the character
and disposition of relics found are such as invariably mark those deposi-
ted with a corpse, all traces of bone have disappeared. There are many,
however, which present not the slightest evidence of ever having been
used or intended for mortuaries; and no hypothesis yet advanced con-
cerning their purpose is satisfactory. The flat-topped ones have been
referred to above. ‘Those on high points are usually called signal mounds

from an idea that fires were built on them as semaphores, the ashes often
found in them being adduced as proof of such use. But skeletons with
relics have been found in such mounds; in situations so exposed wind
and rain would prevent the accumulation of ashes due to occasional fires;
there could be no reason for piling a quantity of earth over the spot used
for this purpose; to increase by a few feet the elevation of a point which
already commanded an extensive view, would be of no advantage; ashes
are found in as great quantities in many mounds on low land as in those
on hill-tops; finally, a pile of damp leaves and trash which would make a
column of dense smoke, and leave few traces of their use, would serve
better than any quantity of large wood. The mound on Mt. Logan,
opposite Chillicothe, so often mentioned as composed nearly altogether
of ashes from signal fires, was found on examination to contain only a
relatively small amount, being mostly of earth, and containing human
remains.

Fires were also maintained for other purposes than as signals. Near
Linnville, Licking county, on elevated land, is a group consisting of one
stone and three earth mounds. From one of the latter, originally eigh-
teen feet high, eight feet of the upper portion was cut off. Almost from
the top the earth was burned to a deep red, small masses being glazed or
even vitrified; flint fragments the size «f a brick resembled pieces of
chalk, the result of intense heat. Numerous holes filled with charcoal
and ashes, showed plainly by their regularity, and the marks on the sides,
they were casts of upright posts or logs, some of them a foot in diameter,
These were first noticed three or four feet above the point at which the
explorers ceased to work; several of them were followed as far below
that level as the shovels would reach, without coming to the bottom.
They must have formed only a smali part of the material necessary to
convert so great a mass of earth almost into the condition of a brick-kiln;
their vertical position shows the earth was piled around and above them
before they were burned, somewhat after the manner of a charcoal pit
It was plain that a fire was kept continuously burning here for a consid-
erable period, perhaps several days; but for what reason is not apparent.
Certainly it was not as a “signal,” although the mound is visible for
several miles from d fferent directions.

With reference to all earth mounds except “effigies,” it seems best
for the present to describe them simply by their situation, shape, and

)

ARCH_LROLOGY. 21

dimensions. A definitive name expressive of one certain purpose,
applied to a mound on account of its location or outward appearance, is
very apt to be misleading.

Specific descriptive terms, suggested by some peculiarity of internal
structure, have also found a place in mound nomenclature; all are open
to the same objection, namely, the lack of uniformity in those to which
any particular word is applied, and their close resemblance in some
respects to many which are arbitrarily placed in another division. It is
natural to employ the term “burial mound” for one containing human
remains; but the desire to honor the dead may not have been the only
motive leading to its construction. So with those erected for any other
apparent purpose; while the work may have been undertaken with a
definite object in view, subsequent or subordinate ideas may have led to
modifications of the original plan. Thus, a mound intended as the burial
place of one body may be afterwards made to cover several; one erected
to protect a deposit of various articles, possibly as a votive offering on an
“altar,” perhaps only for concealment, may be extended to include
another in which several bodies are interred. Occasionally several small
mounds placed near together, some for burial purposes; some apparently
to protect property considered valuable; others containing quantities of
implements and ornaments injured or almost destroyed by fires made on
them after they were deposited; still others which contain nothing to
throw light on the reason for their existence;—may all have earth heaped
on them until they merge into a single symmetrical structure that seems
the result of a continuous effort toward a defined end.

In magnitude and ingenuity the large enclosures and fortifications of
Ohio have no equals; but, as a rule, other remains are less impressive
than similar works occurring elsewhere. The few representatives of the
effigy groups of the northwest are, with the single exception of the Ser-
pent Mound, inferior in size and interest; the same is true in regard to
those resembling the great flat-topped pyramids of the south. Iyxternally,
the ordinary conical or dome-shaped mounds present no remarkable
features, unless it be the great size of some; and even in this respect they
are surpassed by many in other states. Explorations in these mounds
however, have resulted in discoveries which render them of the highest
interest, not only to the archzeologist, who finds in them abundant mater-
jal for careful study, but also to the general public whose attention is
attracted by the novelty of what can be placed on exhibition.

The manner of their construction was long a puzzling question; it
was deemed impossible that such piles of earth could be made without
the aid of machinery or beasts of burden. But there has never been
found the slightest evidence of the use of any mechanical appliances, not
even a hand-barrow, nor a bone of any animal susceptible of domestica-
tion and of sufficient strength to be serviceable in such work. On the

22 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

other hand, scores of mounds of various sizes, in different localities, have
furnished proof that human toil alone was employed. In many, almost
the entire interior is composed of lenticular masses of earth, from a peck
to two pecks in volume, or as much as a man will easily carry, such as
could result only from loads of this size being flattened out by the weight
of the earth above them. ‘They are not apparent in some mounds; sand
and certain kinds of clay or loam will often unite so that no division is
perceptible between different deposits; their regularity may have been
destroyed by the workmen passing over them; the earth scattered as it
was thrown down; in shallow mounds or in the upper portion of large
ones their outlines may be effaced by the action of percolating water; but
as no indications of a different mode of construction have been reported,
from any source, it is fair to assume this was the ordinary method.

A singular product of aboriginal notions, and one that seems peculiar
to Ohio mounds, is found in the so-called ‘‘altars.” There are masses of
clay six to eight feet across,—seldom larger—usually irregular in outline,
and up to a foot in thickness. A sufficient space of ground having been ©
cleared off and sometimes burned or pounded until hard, the material was
spread out, kneaded or “‘ puddled” to a firm and uniform consistency, the
upper surface made smooth and flat, and a basin excavated in it. ‘This
is always rectangular, with rounded corners and a level bottom. It varies
from three to five feet in length with a width one-half to three-fourths as
much, and a depth of four to eight inches; very few fall beyond these
limits in either direction. ‘The margin of the clay was either left as it
had been deposited, or cut away its entire thickness to form a rim of
uniform width around the basin. A fire was then kept burning on it
until all the clay remaining was hard as a brick. Sometimes all the ashes
and charcoal resulting from the fire were carefully removed; in this case
the altar-cavity is usually filled with fine, dark earth, possibly resulting
from decayed organic substance, or with clean white ashes. Occasionally
it contains human bones which may belong to adults or to children, may
be nearly consumed by heat or may show no trace of fire. The name
“altar” is derived from the deposits, presumably sacrificial offerings,
frequently found on them; though quite often they contain no relics.
Some yield only a pipe, a fine spear-head, ornaments, or a few other arti-
cles, generally well-finished. In others the contents amaze the most
experienced explorer. Ornamental objects of every material which it was
possible for a primitive people to obtain or utilize; minerals whose near-
est beds are hundreds of miles away; shells from the ocean or gulf;
stamped and carved figures in copper whose design points unmistakably
to a Mexican origin;—all occur, some in the greatest profusion. From a
single altar near Madisonville were taken fully two bushels of specimens;
among them alligator and shark-teeth curiously carved; thousands of
pearl beads, ornaments of copper, shell, bone, quartz, slate, meteoric iron,
and many other materials; besides objects whose use is not apparent.

ARCH AOLOGY. 23

From another in a small mound near Chillicothe were obtained over two
hundred pipes made from several varieties of stone and carved into faith-
ful efigies of more than a score of different animals and birds. In a very
large mound a few miles from the last, were several altars covered with
specimens, many of them different from any previously discovered; for
examples, a copper axe weighing thirty-eight pounds; obsidian imple-
ments over a foot in length, of exquisite finish; pearl and copper beads so
numerous they were measured in cigar-boxes; copper plates stamped and
cut into most intricate designs and figures seemingly impossible of
accomplishment without steel dies and cutters. Nearly all in the above
list—which might be indefinitely multiplied, though not with such
remarkable examples—had been injured by fire after they were deposited;
some of the copper was partially fused, the pipes and many other stone
' pieces badly shattered, the shells and pearls almost calcified.

Such specimens, though most abundant on the altars, are by no
means confined to them, ‘They are found in other parts of the same
mounds, and in mounds without altars. In these cases they most fre-
quently occur with skeletons, or in positions indicating obsequies. Some,
however, may be found singly or in small collections, at the bottom or in
the body of the mound, having no relation to other deposits or, apparently,
to the general purpose of the structure. Usually the latter are less care-
fully wrought or of inferior material; a part of them may have been
dropped by the builders, but others were so placed intentionally. They
may be votive offerings or a tribute to the dead, overlooked at the proper
time, or added subsequently.

The tumuli usually contain few skeletons; the ossuaries where, at
long intervals, were deposited the bones of all who had died since the last
general sepulture, or the communal burial mounds in which bodies are
piled one over another year after year, such as are frequent in other
localities, seem foreign to Ohio, unless in the northern counties. Occa-
sionally a mound fully twenty feet high was erected over one person;
often not more than five or six skeletons are found; very seldom more
than twenty. In most cases the body was extended on the back, though
instances are reported of skeletons sitting up or lying on either side,
extended or drawn up till the knees touch the chin. The head may be
toward any point of the compass; in many mounds no two skeletons are
parallel or in the same posture. Ordinarily the bodies were laid on the
surface and a mound built over them; but it is not unusual to find
remains at various places within the deposited earth. The spot selected
was almost invariably cleaned off before burial, though the sod was not
always removed, as shown by a thin, grayish, clayey streak, seldom more
than an inch thick, produced by decay of grass and roots covered with
earth. Graves, most of them less than two feet deep, have been found in
the earth beneath the tumuli; in some, the disposition of the bodies and
character of the specimens with them is the same as in the mound; in

24 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

others, different. As the sod line extends unbroken over some of the
latter, they may pertain to a different people.

Although many skeletons are in direct contact with the earth, some-
thing was probably always interposed at the time of burial. Poles,
puncheons, or bark frequently formed a resting place as well as a cover-
ing for a corpse. Sometimes these were placed across two logs, one on
either side of the body. Pens were often built of poles or small logs
crossing at the corners after the manner of a log cabin; some were barely
large enough for one person, others were fully ten feet square. The

~walls were either vertical, and covered with poles to form a flat top, or

drawn in on two sides like the roof of a house. Again, poles were set
with one end in the ground, the tops being fastened together to form a’
conical or bee-hive like structure inside of which the dead were placed;
some of the poles were cut or broken to the desired length, others left
projecting considerably. “Such ligneous remains are found only in excep-
tionally dry mounds, and are loose as ashes, their arrangement being
traceable only by the casts or molds left in the earth. Bark exists only
as a very thin layer which appears always to extend somewhat beyond
the bones; hence reports of skeletons wrapped in it are questionable,
unless it be shown to cover a space but little larger than a body would
occupy.

The light, porous, black, earth so often found about skeletons, may
result from decay of furs, cloth, feathers, and the like.

Fire was sometimes an important feature in funerals, as shown by
large quantities of ashes; these were often brought from elsewhere, skel-
etons without any marks of burning being partially or entirely covered
with them.

If it was customary to deposit with the dead his personal belongings,
they must have been largely of a perishable nature; for more than half
of the skeletons exhumed are unaccompanied by relics of any description.
With some are only a few beads or arrow-heads, a pipe, ornament, or
hatchet; others were provided with a considerable variety or large num-
ber of articles. No systematic distribution is manifest in relics associated
with skeletons. Various ornaments are found in positions denoting
attachment to the clothing or person of the deceased; but for the most
part funeral offerings seem to have been deposited promiscuously, the
mourners having little regard for preciseness in the arrangement of their
tributes. Pipes are found near the skull, in either hand, on the breast, or
at the feet; clay vessels containing carbonaceous matter, probably remains
of food, though of rare occurrence, have no particular place; objects suit-
able for war, hunting, or adornment are put anywhere. ‘True a consid-
erable degree of uniformity which may signify tribal relationship, has
often been observed in different places, in the positions of skeletons and

AKCHAZOLOGY. \ 20

the adjustment of specimens with them; but such coincidences are less
remarkable than a distinct fashion of burial would be for each of many
thousand individuals.

Marks of violent death, as a fractured skull, broken limb, or bone
with imbedded arrow-head, are sometimes met with; but no indications
that any tumulus was erected solely to cover those slain in battle. On
the contrary, all periods of life are represented in many of them, from the
infant of a few days to the man or woman of extreme age.

Below the base line of many mounds, especially the larger ones, are
cylindrical holes sometimes by scores, from six to twenty inches in diam-
eter and from twelve to thirty inches deep. Some of them by their
position and regular intervals seem to have held posts which formed part
of a house or other structure. “These contain charcoal, ashes, or traces of
wood; and in a few instances portions of the posts themselves, converted
into charcoal, extend upward two feet or more into the mound. Other
holes are filled to the top with the ordinary refuse of an Indian camp-fire,
as clean ashes, fine loose earth apparently from decay of organic sub-
stance, mussel and snail shells, broken and burned animal bones, frag-
ments of pottery. Very few of these seem to have had fire in them, the
sides rarely showing any evidence of heat. Some were dug considerably
anterior to the construction of the mound, as skeletons have been found
lying directly across them with a thin intervening layer of accumulated
earth.

At least one example is known of a mound being erected above the
charred, fragmentary remains of a person who was burned at the stake.

Intrusive burials by modern Indians, or by whites, at the apex of the
mounds, are very common; and, rarely, a mound has been opened from
the top nearly or quite to the bottom by persons who have placed in the
excavation additional bodies and then restored the mound, carrying it to
a height several feet greater than its original elevation.

Stone mounds are confined to such parts of the State as have on the
surface an abundant supply of stones of convenient size for handling, and
to situations where these may be easily collected. Less numerous by far
than the earthen tumuli, they compare favorably with them in average
size. One which stood eight miles south of Newark had a base diameter
of two hundred feet with a height fully one-fourth as great. All the stone
in the retaining wall along the north side of the Licking reservoir was
taken from this mound, yet several thousand cubic yards remain in place.
This one, however, was exceptional; few exceed twenty feet in height,
with a base line from three to four times as much. ‘The difficulty of ex-
cavation, and a general belief that nothing of interest is to be found in
them, have prevented a thorough examination of any of these mounds;
in such as have been removed the aim was to utilize the material, and
little attention was paid to anything else. Human bones, broken by the

26 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

pressure of the stones and softened by percolating water, have been found
at the original surface; and vague statements are made regarding copper,
shell, and stone objects with them; but nothing definite can be learned
as to their type or arrangement. Relics sometimes occur alone in such
order as to suggest they were deposited with bodies of which no trace
now remains. Earth was very seldom used in constructing these mounds,
but decaying vegetation and the dust borne by winds have caused a con-
siderable accumulation within them.

‘

In a few mounds the bodies were covered by stones over which
earth was piled sometimes to a thickness of several feet. In one of these
a space fully fifteen feet in diameter was covered with human bones pro-
miscuously thrown in as if from sacks or baskets. ‘They were between
two layers of bark, beneath a stone mound four feet high, over which six
feet of earth was heaped. No similar case is reported, bodies usually be-
ing interred as in earth mounds.

Through much of the hilly portion of Ohio, particularly along the
Ohio River, are numerous stone graves. Almost without exception they
are on the summit of a high hill, or the point of a long ridge, command-
ing an extensive outlook. In their construction the ground was cleared
off, sometimes only the humus being removed, at others the earth being
dug away to the subsoil. Large flat stones, closely fitted, were then laid
down and the body or bodies deposited on them. Similar slabs were set
on edge around this base, the tops projecting perhaps a foot above the
surface. Most of the graves are circular or elliptical in shape, a few be-
ing rectangular. The latter are often only large enough for a single
body, though several may be built in a connected group; the former vary
from that size to twenty feet across. Narrow ones have a covering of
slabs, thus forming a box-like receptacle. ‘The enclosed space of those
too wide for such protection is filled with stones which were loosely
thrown in, or supported by timbers whose decay has allowed them to fall
in confusion. Sometimes the vertical slabs rest on the margin of the
pavement instead of around it; occasionally there is more than one row
of them. Over some of thegraves loose stones were piled, forming a cairn.
The bones are generally so decayed and broken it is impossible to ascer-
tain the number of individuals buried; and relics of any kind are very rare.

(%.) GRAVES, CEMETERIES, AND VILLAGE-SITES.

As nearly three times the average population of any community will
die within a century, it is obvious that, large as may be the aggregate of
mound interments, only a small portion of the dead were thus disposed of.
The great majority were buried in ordinary graves, whose form is deter-
mined by the nature of the ground. In sandy or gravelly earth they are

ARCHAVOLOGY. 27

of ample size to receive one, or perhaps several extended bodies, and may
be three feet in depth, though usually less; in tough clay soil they are
not often over a foot deep and barely large enough for one corpse to be
crowded in, either straight or folded to the smallest compass. In most
cases the earth seems to have been thrown back directly on the body;
though flat stones were sometimes placed over them; there are also faint
indications of wood having been interposed. Scarcely a day passes that
skeletons are not unearthed somewhere in the State either singly or col-
lectively. They are most frequent in gravel beds and alluvial land, but
occur in various other situations, seldom in any definite order. A few,
especially on plateaus or hill-tops, are in graves the bottom and sides of
which are lined with thin stone slabs. Few artificial objects are with
them, principally implements of the chase or simple ornaments. It is
quite probable, from the method of burial, and the character of the relics,
they are the remains of modern Indians, or at least of a tribe different
from the “Mound Builders;” and as they are not numerous in any one
place they may represent only a small or temporary camp.

Of a different nature are some extensive aboriginal cemeteries and
village-sites, particularly in the Miami valleys, in which explorations have
disclosed hundreds of graves and lodge-sites interspersed in the manner
common to many known tribes. Removal of the soil that has formed
since their abandonment reveals in the latter the characteristic ash-pile of
the central fire, in and around which is scattered all the refuse of a
primitive dwelling, along with almost every variety of tool, ornament, or
whatever property these people had that could resist decay under such
circumstances. ‘The graves are somewhat similar in their construction to
those above described being shallow and usually containing only a single
skeleton, either extended or folded; but a much greater diversity and
amount of personal belongings are found in them and more care seems
to have been taken in the burial.

Remains of this nature have been found in river-bottoms under
several feet of silt that is now subject to frequent overflow.

The discovery of these villages and cemeteries, like that of the
graves, has in nearly every case been accidental. ‘The soil above them
may be cultivated for generations without a suspicion of what les
beneath until denudation by a freshet, the excavation of a cellar or
foundation, or some more trivial cause exposes them. Their present
arrangement indicates that wigwams, huts, or whatever form of shelter
was in use were placed in any spot convenient to the builders, and inter-
ments made almost at random in the spaces between; but a more regular
system was probably observed, the apparent lack of order resulting from
moving the domicile occasionally; with such methods of living, house
moving was easier than house cleaning. In the lapse of time, too, the
exact position of graves would be forgotten or disregarded and inter-
ments encroach upon those already made. This confusion makes exam-
ination tedious and expensive; it is necessary to upturn every square

28 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

foot of surface to make sure that nothing is missed, consequently, only
comparatively small areas have been carefully worked over. None of
the principal ones so far discovered, are in the immediate vicinity of large
enclosures or mound-groups; but undoubtedly wherever there are exten-
sive surface remains of any prehistoric people, similar evidences of dense
or continuous occupation exist under a depth of earth that effectually
conceals them. Considering the nature of the soil, the character of their
utensils, and the preservation in low, moist mounds, of childrens’ skele-
tons, it is impossible that all vestiges of the ordinary life of the ‘‘ Mound
Builders” should have disappeared. The remains in question are indeed,
usually attributed to them; but be this as it may, nothing has been dis-
closed incompatible with the habits of several tribes of modern Indians.

At present, any attempt to elucidate the principal questions concern-
ing the various earthworks and allied structures of Chio, must end in
failure. ‘Too little is known; in some respects the matter stands almost
where it did in the beginning. Nothing can yet be stated positively as to
their age or builders, or the purposes of the enclosures. The evidence is
mostly negative, confined to showing what is not correct rather than
what is; but the emendation of an error is a step toward the truth, and it
is a satisfaction to know that as one discovery follows another, and suc-
cessive earnest investigators gradually develop a systematic method of
dealing with the subject, the: false impressions due to those who have
attempted to generalize upon insufficient knowledge, are being refuted
and swept out of the path of scientific research. Theorizing and guess-
work are being relegated; recognizing the necessity for in.mediate action,
the tendency now among archzeologists is toward closer observation, and
the collection of facts to be collated by future students. Each is stimu-
lated by the thought that he is adding his quota to a result demanding
the continuous and untiring efforts of many diligent workers.

SECTION AIT
tHE MOUND BUILDERS:

Racial connection, or even ordinary communication is not to be in-
ferred from a practice common to all times and countries. Mounds are
among the earliest and most widely distributed means of honoring the
dead or establishing a land-mark. Savages could pile up earth or stones
before they could carve a rock or hew a piece of wood; barbarians could
show more respect by a memorial in whose erection all might take a part.
Nothing is more enduring; when once heavily sodded a heap of earth
remains unchanged through vicissitudes which will reduce to ruins any
other form of human industry. Oriental cities, now deserted and crum-
bling, were founded in sight of mounds whose origin was even then lost
in the mists of antiquity. The Vikings and sea-kings were thus interred.

ARCHA OLOGY. 29

Travelers report them in nearly every portion of the globe, among races
who are ignorant of their meaning.

In our own country the expression ‘‘Mound Builder” has been ap-
propriated as a distinctive term for a people supposed to have preceded
the modern Indians, and to have differed from them in almost every
respect; and was made to embrace the authors of not only the remains
in the Ohio Valley, but all cognate works in the United States. Method-
ical investigation has broken up this mythical ‘‘nation” into separate
tribes whose relationship to one another, if, indeed, there be any, is very
obscure. Most, if not all, of the southern Indians built and used mounds
subsequent to the advent of the French and Spaniards; around the lower
lakes are the small mounds and burial pits of the Hurons and Six Na-
tions; east of the Blue Ridge are the ossuaries and communal graves,
some of them more than ten feet high, of the Massawomees who were
probably consanguineous with the last; in the upper Lake region are
similar sepulchres, known to contain the dead of the Iroquois, Sioux,
and Chippewas; through Wisconsin and adjacent portions of Minnesota
are hundreds of mounds, some intended as tombs, others the covering
and banking of huts erected by the “Ground House Indians,” who were
exterminated by the Sioux a little more than two centuries ago; there
are reasons for believing that the numerous efhgies of Wisconsin and
Iowa, with their attendant tumuli, dome-shaped mounds, and long em-
bankments were constructed by the Saks, Foxes, or Winnebagoes; most
of the stone graves of Tennessee, with the mounds belonging to them,
are thought to be the work of the Shawnees; in the Shenandoah and par-
allel valleys are the cairns and burial mounds of the Mingoes, Delawares,
and Catawbas; the Cherokees of East Tennessee and North Carolina
used mounds for burial and for house-sites; Osages, Blackfeet, and other
Indians west of the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers made tumuli. The
Mandans, Iroquois, and some southern tribes protected their towns with
embankments, ditches, and palisades.

These were all builders of mounds; but none of their remains can
be compared with those of Ohio, although many efforts have been made
to prove thattothe ancestors of some or other of these tribes the latter
works are to be ascribed. Various fugitive clews have been followed, but
all, have, literally, terminated in the wilderness.

It is very desirable that the name of “Mound Builders” instead of
Its being used in its present vague and discursive meaning should be re-
stricted solely to the unknown race which constructed the enclosures,
hill-top fortifications, and large mounds of the upper Ohio Valley (in
which sense it is used in this article); adopting some other appellation
for the equally unknown—if different—people whose traces are found
lower down in the same valley and in the contiguous territory along the
Mississippi—and, for the present, assigning remains in other localities to
such stocks as probably made them. ‘These distinctions would be only

30 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

provisional, and subject to any changes required by new discoveries; but
they would at once convey a more definite meaning than the present in-
coherent generalization which often exacts a lengthy explanation for a
simple statement.

Even with the above limited signification, the title ‘‘ Mound Builders”
may be eventually found too general in its application. ‘There is suffi-
cient difference between the symmetrical enclosures of the bottom-lands
or the massive hill-forts, and the smaller or irregular embankments found
in the same sections, to justify a supposition of different builders. So of
the large mounds, whether earth or stone, and some of the smaller
mounds of either material alone or of both combined, or the stone graves
or cairns. Still further subdivision may be necessary as the work pro-
gresses. With the migratory habits of the native Americans, it is not to
be supposed that a single stock or tribe held possession of any section
for an unlimited time, or that fertile districts would remain unoccupied
for a long period. Tke dissimilarity observed in the various remains
which were at first thrown into a single classification denotes that several
waves of population swept over this region. Perhaps the resultant en-
tanglement may never be unraveled; but better to be confronted with
this difficulty, than to rest content with the partial knowledge that does
not recognize its existence.

An argument in favor of the unity of mound-building people and
their entire disconnection from the modern Indian, has been the sup-
posed Jack of knowledge on the part of the latter concerning these works.
The error of this assumption is shown, as specified above, by numerous
cases of comparatively recent construction. The Indians found in the
Ohio Valley by the whites, having been in the region only three or four
generations, no doubt came here long after the departure of the Mound
Builders; they could know nothing of them merely from living among
their remains, and if any vague record had been handed down from a
former age of possible contact, its connection with unaccustomed features
jn a strange country would probably not have been noticed.

The Delawares have a tradition—translated and committed to writ-
ing more than a century ago—that their tribe in migrating from the west
toward the east, came to a great river. The country beyond this was
occupied by a people called the Allegwi or Tallegwi, who had many
towns. ‘They gave the Delawares permission to pass through their terri-
tory; but when a part of the tribe had crossed the river, the Allegwi
attacked and routed them with great slaughter. Enraged at this treach-
ery, the Delawares formed an alliance with the Iroquois, who had, in the
meantime, come to the same river farther up. The combined forces
crossed and drove back the Allegwi. For many years warfare continued
with varying fortunes, but gradually the allies gained ground. The
Allegwi built large and strong forts, which they stubbornly defended but

ARCH AOLOGY. 31

were, sooner or later, compelled to abandon. Finally the superior skill
of the invaders triumphed. ‘To escape utter extermination the remnant
of the native tribe fled southward of the Ohio. The Delawares passed
on to the sea, while the Iroquois remained west of the mountains.

It is said the Iroquois have a similar legend.

The most that can be made of it, however, is that the Delawares at
some indefinite time and place in their migrations, expelled a people who
made use of some sort of protective works. ‘This is scarcely sufficient to
identify them with the Mound Builders. Still less does it justify a recent
attempt to show that because they “went south” and because “’Tallegwi”
ean by skillful manipulation be transmuted into “Cherokee,” the latter
people are therefore lineal descendants of the former. By a similar pro-
cess the name Alleghany has been derived from ‘ Allegwi.”

On the other hand, if it be assumed that, after the Allegwi were
driven back from their borders, the struggle reached its maximum in
central Ohio, the progressive development of defensive works will be
accounted for, from the minor embankments forming a part of the prin-
cipal groups, through the hill-top enclosures in the same sections, to the
strongholds in rugged, broken, country remote from other evidences of a
permanent settlement, as exemplified in the forts of Highland and Perry
counties.

But allowing the tradition everything that can be claimed for it, the
question is merely shifted, not solved; there is nothing to indicate what
river may have constituted the boundary, except the statement that it
was “full of fish”—a vague description. ‘The transcriber of the legend
claims to have identified the Detroit as the proper stream, and to have
seen on its banks a great mound under which lay the bones of the slain.
But this stream could not have been crossed by immigrants from the west
unless they had first made their way into the Georgian Bay district and
retraced their route; moreover, the country about the western end of
Lake Erie, and particularly the northwest corner of Ohio where they
must have come first, is precisely the region in which remains of Mound
Builders or any other prehistoric race, are most lacking.

With aboriginal methods, the construction of such works as Fort
Ancient or Fort Miami would have required a considerable length of
time; yet they must have been completed before an enemy could molest
the laborers to any great extent. It does not seem they could be erected
to meet an emergency; on the other hand it is improbable that a people
with foresight thus to provide for a contingency would make no effort to
protect outlying territory in the direction of any river or other natural
division they could choose as a boundary.

The resemblance of the flat-topped mounds at Marietta to those of
the Cahokia group or analogous structures farther to the south may be
merely a coincidence or may indicate a relationship between the builders,
It is easier to accept the former alternative than to believe a single group

382 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

of such size would occur at so great a distance from mounds of the same
type and yet be surrounded by embankments belonging solely to the
region in which it is found. If they be considered the work of the
Mound Builders, as the term is used in this paper, then with Chillicothe,
in whose vicinity their principal settlements seem to have been located,
as a center, a radius of a little more than one hundred miles will include
nearly all the remains which appear to belong to this particular tribe, ex-
cept those in the vicinity of Charleston, West Virginia, and some mounds
on the upper Ohio. Outside of these limits, the size, appearance, interior
arrangement, and contents of the different mounds and enclosures com-
pel a belief that they are due to different peoples, or if to the same peo-
ple then to different periods. A similar statement may be made for
almost any portion of the country; namely, that no connected system or
definite form of aboriginal work of any nature, prevails over a scope of ter-
ritory much, if any, exceeding two hundred miles in linear extent. This
is a wide departure from the popular view, and may be too radical for
ready belief; but unless the general drift of archezeological discoveries is
very deceptive some such conclusion must be finally accepted. The no-
tion that all prehistoric remains in the eastern United States are the
work of a single race, is now thoroughly demolished; but it may be that
the reactionary idea which supposes a separate tribe for every observed
difference in such remains is equally erroneous. As in all other debat-
able questions, the truth will probably be found at last somewhere in the
middle ground avoided by disputants who seek the extreme in either
direction.

(a.) SOCIAL ORGANIZATION OF THE MOUND BUILDERS.

A primitive people must conform their habits to their surroundings;
with the ability to modify physical conditions to meet enlarged desires,
civilization begins. Under analogous circumstances races or tribes of a
like degree of culture, though unrelated, will attain similar ends by prac-
tically the same methods. It is not to be overlooked, however, that the
means must be adapted in large measure to the environment. A resem-
blance in certain typical forms is not absolute proof of identity or even
communication of the people to whom they belonged, but may mean only
that the social conditions were essentially alike. The discovery in mounds
of objects showing characteristic Indian handiwork does not, therefore,
signify that these mounds were built by known tribes, but is only an
indication that the Mound Builder had not, in this particular, advanced
beyond the Indian. Hence the value of specimens; in the absence of —
written records or trustworthy traditions, the status of the Mound Build-
ers is to be learned only from a correct interpretation of their tangible
remains.

With the notable exception of grooved axes, of which only two or
three have been unearthed, all the ordinary forms of so-called Indian

ARCH AOLOGY. 33

relics, whether of a useful, ornamental, or supposed ceremonial character,
are common in the mounds, and present no special features. in appear-
ance or material, that may not be observed in similar specimens from
the adjacent surface. This statement applies only to articles of stone
or other durable material. Objects peculiar to mounds are almost in-
variably of something that would soon be destroyed if exposed to the
weather; as pottery, bone, shell, copper, wood, textile material, or soluble
minerals, whose preservation is due to the protection afforded by the
earth above them. ‘They are more abundant than mound relics of the
more lasting materials, and of greater scientific value, as a careful study
of them has revealed much that would otherwise have remained unknown
concerning the customs and habits of their makers.

The sole evidence of a mechanical or artistic ability beyond that at-
tained by many tribes independently of contact with a civilized race,
found in any mound in Ohio under circumstances precluding the possi-
bility of intrusive deposit, and bearing no similitude to any wares of
European manufacture imported for barter with the natives, are some
objects of sheet copper from Ross county. ‘They present an intricacy of
design, a degree of symmetry and finish, impossible of achievement by
the most advanced aborigines who have ever existed within the limits of
the United States, so far as there is any historical, traditional, or other
knowledge; and could have been made only by a skilled artificer, from
accurately drawn patterns, with tools of steel or like metal. A very few
similar pieces have been found in other states. Their rarity refutes the
idea they were made in the vicinity where found; with the abundance of
copper it is unlikely that its use would be confined to rude ornaments
and implements to the exclusion of such ornate specimens; and no signs
have been fonnd of the tools requisite for their manufacture. ‘The
resemblance of human figures among them to characteristic carvings in
Mexican antiquities, points to that country for their origin; but it is un-
certain whether work of this character was performed there.

Omitting from consideration the few articles so plainly of foreign de-
rivation, a comparison of all the relics collected from mounds with those
picked up on the surface and those of known Indian manufacture will
show that the former do not surpass the latter in any particular denoting
superior skill, knowledge, or discernment of harmonious proportion. It
is remarkable that the contrary opinion should be so commonly accepted
and so tenaciously adhered to despite the evidence of abundant material
widely distributed and readily accessible for examination. Because many
specimens, really beautiful in design and execution, are exhumed from
tumuli,and many rude or hastily wrought ones are gathered up on the
surface or observed in use among Indians at the present day, it seems to
be taken for granted that all relics may be brought under this conven-
ient and inclusive system of classification. But the converse is equally
true; some modern or surface specimens are more artistic and of better

3 G40:

34 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

finish than most of those from mounds. The exquisite, gem-like, war
and hunting arrow-tips from Oregon and Arizona; the long, slender, deli-
cately chipped knife or spear-like implements of agate and obsidian from
the Pacific coast; the smooth, compact, perfectly moulded pottery from
the Pueblos of the south-west; the ornaments, masks, and engraved em-
blematic figures of shell, of the Cherokees, Shawnees, and others; the
copper tools, weapons, and ornaments around the upper lakes; the care-
fully made arrow or spear-heads and knives of flint, the polished celts or
hatchets, the symmetrical banner stones and various other forms of dec-
orative or so-called ceremonial pieces found so abundantly throughout
the Mississippi Valley ;—are fully equal and often superior in every respect
to objects of the same class taken from the mounds Pipes must be ex-
cepted; while those made of Catlinite by the Sioux are as correct in
design and as skillfully made, so far as the work is carried, the others
are unequaled in their minute carvings and their faithful representations
of the animal life they are intended to portray.

Not everything belonging to the builders of the tumuli was interred
with them, for the objects are too few as compared with the skeletons;
neither was a selection made of personal belongings with reference to
certain types or degrees of imagined excellence, for a great variety is
sometimes found in a single deposit; nor do surface specimens pertain
altogether to either a later or different race, for this would mean that the
Mound Builders never mislaid property about their village-sites, and that
by a singular coincidence the presumed different race lost on these sites
many implements and other articles corresponding closely in appearance
to what their predecessors—or successors according to the point of view
—had carefully hidden away.

These facts in themselves suffice to show that the Mound Builders
had not reached a stage of culture in advance of some tribes well known
to history. But there is ample other evidence to the same effect.

They had no alphabet. ‘They had no domestic animals or beasts of
burden. They knew nothing of the economic use of any metal; copper,
galena, hematite, they had in plenty, meteoric iron, gold, silver, in small
amounts; all were treated as so many stones to be chipped, beaten, or
rubbed into desired tools or gew-gaws. Cement or mortar was unknown.
They could not build an upright wall with flat stones. They could not
dig a well. They did not wall up a spring. They did not facilitate pass-
age up and down the bank of a gravel terrace by constructing a roadway
They had no hand mills, not even as rude an implement as a Mexican
metate or grinding stone, though corn must have been a staple food.
The various objects that have been preserved to the present time, were
picked, rubbed, chipped or flaked into shape according to the nature of
the material and their intended use. Holes were drilled in pipes and
ornaments with a stick, cane-stem, point of antler, horn, or stone, with
sand, either dry or wet, as a cutting medium. Mussel-shells, perforated

ARCHAOLOGY. 30

for attachment to a handle, were used as hoes. ‘The principal reliance
for agricultural implements was bone, horn, or wood, which would
soon decay; few or none of stone are found, but this is no doubt because
stone which can be wrought into suitable forms for such usage does not
occur within convenient distance.

They brought together, it is true, various substances from widely
separated localities; but this is far from conclusive that they dominated
the country over so great anarea. Itis not even evidence they performed
the labor necessary to obtain these things. After settlements were made
by whites along the coast, trade was carried on among the Indians over
a territory requiring journeys of hundreds of miles. Undoubtedly a sim-
ilar traffic had long been practiced. Extended hunting and war excur-
sions were not uncommon among many tribes, notably the Iroquois,
whose raids extended to upper Michigan, the Mississippi River, North
Carolina, and Tennessee. Shawnees and other Indians have migrated
from place to place over several states. ‘The Chippewas carried copper
nuggets for exchange, from Lake Superior to the coast of Virginia. Arrti-
cles of barter were passed from hand to hand, from tribe to tribe, through
long periods of time. In all these ways small objects could wander hun-
dreds or thousands of miles from their starting point.

Of material foreign to Ohio, used by the Mound Builders, obsidian
is nowhere nearer than the Rocky Mountains or Yellowstone Park; cop-
per is found in the southern Alleghanies and the Blue Ridge, but chemical
analysis shows their supplies came from northern Michigan; mica was
obtained east of the Blue Ridge in Virginia, or the mountains of North
Carolina; catlinite (it is not definitely determined whether this was
known to them) only from the Pipestone quarries of western Minnesota;
marine shells, native to warm waters, from the Gulf or southern Atlantic
coast; lead ore from central Kentucky, or the vicinity of Galena, Illinois.
Artificial objects of all these substances occur more plentifully in the
neighborhood of the natural deposits than farther away; so it is probable
that the principal work of quarrying, and much of the manufacturing
was done by the aborigines living in the vicinity, from whom others ob-
tained their supplies. If outsiders had conducted the necessary mining
operations, they would have taken home, to work up at their convenience,
most if not all of the raw material which could be utilized; and it is
probable this plan was followed with unwrought pieces obtained bv trade.
They certainly would not have been at the trouble to complete, and then
abandon, the great quantities of specimens found remote from their
habitations.

The various positions in which bodies are buried, and the character
of the objects placed with them, accord with what is observed among
many modern Indians. It is said—the report lacks confirmation—that

36 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

/

the Chinooks of the extreme northwest bury their dead in the exact atti-
tude in which they died. ‘This custom, if it ever existed, offers the only
reasonable explanation of the extraordinary postures so often noticed,
even to the discovery of sitting skeletons. ‘The last, however, are infre-
quent; the cases reported are usually the skeletons of bodies which were
closely folded and laid on the side; when the flesh decayed the bones set-
tled to the bottom of the grave in a promiscuous heap, and the skull, if
not broken, apparently rests upon them.

The depositing of food, weapons, or other articles with the dead, is
generally supposed to signify belief in a future life where decedent will
have occasion for the possessions found useful in this. Conceptions of this
nature are necessarily very shadowy in primitive minds. <A great many
people in the most enlightened communities believe in ghosts, dread
to rema‘n alone with a corpse, avoid a cemetery after night-fall, deposit
various articles in coffins, array a corpse in the best a>parel attainable,
decorate graves at intervals for years. They can give no reasons for do-
ing these things; if any notion of immortality is involved it is only a
vague feeling too faint for logical expression. It cannot be expected
that barbarians or savages should have clearer ideas. Imbued with the
same solicitude that animates their more civilized congeners, they may
intend only an offering to make amends for any injury or slight that
might call for retaliation. When private property is concerned, there
may be a feeling that, whether dead or alive, the individual was entitled
to keep what belonged to him and no one else had a right to claim it.
There is a wide-spread superstition, too, that the. use of small personal
possessions after the death of their original owner, will entail disaster
upon any one so rash as thus to tempt his fate.

Any or all of these motives may have entered into the custom in
question; and all of them are equally set at naught by the fact that so
many bodies were deposited with absolutely nothing to accompany them.

The opinion that a prehistoric race exercising undisputed jurisdic-
tion over any considerable portion of the territory, or one that attained
as near to civilization as the highest stage of barbarism, ever dwelt in the
Mississippi Valley, is contradicted by all observed facts. Nor does the
assertion ‘of a dense population in any section, even where there is the
greatest evidence of it, rest upon a better foundation. The imagination
is charmed with the picture of toiling multitudes under the direction of
task-masters, engaged year after year in building tumuli, bases for sacred
edifices, enclosures for various purposes, and doing many other things in
a systematic way according to a pre-arranged, intelligent plan. But it is
more probable that structures of this kind, whether intended as a mark
of respect, for social requirements, to afford protection, or whatever pur-
pose, were public in their nature and erected by the joint efforts of the

ARCHAOLOGY. 37

whole commnnity. The varieties of earth often intermingled in a mound
show that parties were working from different directions at the same
time, and the small quantities of oue sort or other denote that work was
desultory or intermittent. The latter is more plainly shown in mounds
which were carried to a certain height and their completion left to a
future time. In the interim briars, bushes, even small trees grew up,
and were burned off when the work was resumed; the signs being quite
distinct in thin layers or streaks of charred matter parallel to the upper
surface. Some were thus abandoned and renewed several times, a num-
ber of years elapsing between inception and termination. ‘The wall of
Fort Ancient, also, shows marks of such interruption. So the size of
any earth or stone work is no indication of a large force of workmen;
a smaller number, given ample time as was sometimes the case, could as
well accomplish the task.

Aside from all this, the amount of labor necessary for the construc-
tion of the Mound Builders’ remains has been greatly exaggerated.

A regular cone twenty feet high and one hundred feet in diameter
at the base, will contain 1940 cubic yards. For one mound that will exceed
this size, a hundred will fall below it; but taking it to represent the
average and accepting the estimate of 10,000 as correct, the entire amount
of earth—and stone—in the mounds of the state will be about 19,400,000
cubic yards.

A regular enclosure 1,000 feet square or 1275 feet in diameter, meas-
uring twenty feet in breadth at the top, forty feet at the base, and six
feet high, with four gateways each twenty-five feet wide, will contain
26,000 cubic yards. It is doubtful whether any one is so large. ‘The
equivalent of four hundred such will fully equal the contents of all en-
closures, making in all about 30,000,000 cubic yards for the entire vol-
ume of aboriginal remains in Ohio. No one familiar with them will
dispute the liberality of these figures.

A man can easily carry a half a bushel, or five-eighths of a cubic
foot of earth; 83,800 such loads will make the mound whose dimensions
are used above. If one hundred persons engage in the work, each will
have to carry eight hundred and thirty-eight loads; in a day of ten hours,
twenty such loads would not be an onerous task. ‘Thus the mound could
be finished in forty-two days. With the same force, working in the same
way, the illustrative embankment could be completed in five hundred
and forty-six days; but a village that would require such a work could
furnish a much larger number of laborers.

Or, on the estimate of 30,000,000 cubic yards, one thousand men,
each working one hundred days in the year and carrying three wagon-
loads of earth or stone in a day, could construct all the works in Ohio,
within a century.

38 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.
(6.) PROBABLE AGE OF MOUNDS.

There has not yet been found in one of these structures, under cir-
cumstances that put beyond question the fact of its being deposited by
‘the original builders, a single article of such pattern or material as to
prove incontestably that it was obtained from Europeans. Reported dis-
coveries of this nature are not authenticated; nothing less can be accep-
ted as testimony of a date more recent than 1492. How far back of this
time they may have been erected it is impossible to ascertain. Having once
settled compactly and become overgrown, there is no further change due
to age. ‘Trees on them are of the same size as those near by; but this
proves nothing except that they are older than the timber, which is self-
evident, for they would not have been built in the woods. There are
few, if any, trees in Ohio four hundred years old; with an annual growth
of one-eighth of an inch of new fiber, a tree in that time will reach a cir-
cumference of twenty-six feet. Few varieties of timber but will exceed
this rate of increase in the fertile ground where most of these remains
occur; in fact they should grow more rapidly on the works than else-
where, as these are usually made of the surface earth and therefore furnish
more nutriment to the roots. A cypress tree planted in Philadelphia in
1808, had in 1892 a height of 120 feet and a girth of twenty-eight feet;
this however, is a soft wood and grows rapidly. An elm in Chicago
known to be just fifty years old measured eight feet and two inches in
circumference, three feet from the ground.

Growth-rings are not an accurate test of age: it is not unusual for
two or three to form in a year.

The irrational assertion is often made that a mound must be at least
five hundred years old for the reason that it is covered with large trees.
It has been reserved for a well-known geologist to cap the climax, within
a few months, by stating that some mounds are at least a thousand years
old, because not only are large trees growing over them, but on the
ground are remains of other trees which lived out their period and fell
into decay before those now standing had sprung up. This is, in effect,
to claim that all trees live five hundred years and no longer; that all trees
growing on mounds have reached this age; and that wood in a state of
decay will remain exposed to the weather for the same length of time.
Absurdity cannot go further.

The roots of trees extend many feet into the interior of mounds;
when they decay, the casts contain mold, from the roots themselves or
settled in from the surface. If successive generations had flourished on
them, it would seem mounds would contain a great number of these casts;
but they are comparatively few. This gives reason for supposing the
mounds do not reach back many centuries. To avoid such conclusion.
the opinion ventured by some geologists that until relatively recent time
the Ohio Valley was devoid of forests, has been made to support an argu-

ARCH AOLOGY. 39

ment that the country was a prairie in the time of the Mound Builders. |
The many timber remains in mounds effectually dispel this hypothesis.

Various earthworks have been encroached upon by streams near
which they were built; sometimes a river has partially cut down a mound
or embankment and then worked its way in the opposite direction, form-
ing a low timber-covered bottom of considerable width. Such a process
is generally supposed to require a very long period; but it may take
place in a short time, from the constant shifting of channels in alluvium.
Occasionally embankments appear to have been partially destroyed,
which were really constructed as they now exist. ‘The line B in Plate
III which appears to be the residue of a complete circle originally extend-
ing over a portion of the terrace now washed away, was built thus, to
reach the bank which is now where it was then.

It is singular, though perhaps only a coincidence, that the cairns and
mounds between the Alleghanies and the Blue Ridge, thought to have
belonged to tribes which roamed over that region up to the middle of the
last century, yield numerous slate gorgets and steatite pipes of the forms
common or almost typical to the Ohio mounds, along with relics more
common near the sea-coast. Whether this fact, and the almost total
absence of grooved axes from the mounds, have any bearing on the ques-
tion of age, remains to be decided.

On ground not subject to wash or overflow, the accumulation of soil
from the decay of vegetation, is nearly three inches in a century. Hence
the depth of village-sites beneath the surface offers some clue to the num-
ber of years since their abandonment. But there are so many disturbing
influences that it is unsafe to place much reliance on such measurements,

Nothing can be judged of the age of a skeleton from its condition;
the preservation of bones is dependent entirely upon the protection
afforded them, regardless of the length of time they have been buried.
“If kept perfectly dry they may last thousands of years; if exposed to
dampness they may utterly disappear in a very short while.

The existence in Wisconsin of an effigy mound in the form of a
mammoth mastodon, and the discovery in Iowa of two pipes of the same
pattern, shows that their makers had some knowledge of such an animal.
This, also, has led many authors to attribute a very great antiquity to the
remains; the same geologist who has seen wood that had lain on the
ground in the open air for five centuries, asserts that they must neces-
sarily be many thousand years old. Other writers have assailed vigor-
ously the genuineness of the pipes and the likeness of the mound to its

40 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

supposed prototype. The only point of agreement seems to be a reluct-
ance to admit the possibility of the mammoth having survived into
recent time.

While the bones of this species are frequent in gravel deposits of
glacial or post-glacial age, they also occur under other conditions. The
pioneer who discovered the Big Bone Lick Springs, twenty miles south of
Cincinnati, made tent-poles of mastodon ribs; people now living there
remember having, when children, gathered vertebrae which they used as
seats or door props. The Springs are in a basin with a very narrow out-
let, so the presence of these remains on the surface cannot be attrib-
uted altogether to erosion.

When aquatic vegetation once gains a foothold, swamps or shallow
lakes fill rapidly; elephant bones, often much nearer to the surface than
to the solid ground underneath, are common in such places, the animals
probably having mired while seeking food or water.

Instances like these can be accounted for only by admitting the sur-
vival of the living species to within a few centuries at the most. More-
over, there is definite proof that it was not unknown to the aboriginés;
the bones of one were found in Missouri, under circumstances which
showed plainly that it had been slain by men, while fast in a bog. Rude
weapons were scattered about it and some of the bones were charred-
The Mound Builders, indeed, have left no indication that they knew of
it; but this is equally true respecting other animals with which they must
have been familiar.

It has been alleged that no earthworks are found on the latest or
lowest formed terraces. Both statement and inference are wrong; mounds
do occur in such places; but if they did not it is only a natural sup-
position that their builders would avoid situations liable to inundation,
when high ground as suitable in all respects could be found close at hand.
The same ar¢ument could be used to prove that modern buildings, which
are usually located above ordinary floods, are older than geological form-
ations near them.

To sum up, there seem to be no data from which can be determined
what people built these mounds and enclosures, whence they came, how
long they lived here, when or why they left, or what became of them.

It may, however, be considered definitely settled that in no particu-
lar were they superior to, or in advance of, many primitive Indian tribes.
They hunted with the same kind of weapons. ‘They worked with similar
tools. ‘They were patient and plodding. ‘There is nothing that shows
they had any appliances or conveniences for economizing time or lighten-
ing labor. Agriculture was rudely carried on and practicable only in loose
soil.

Under such conditions a dense population is impossible even among
the most peaceable people; intestine disputes or warlike neighbors would
still further prevent a rapid increase.

ARCHAOLOGY. 41
(c.) SOME DELUSIONS REGARDING THE MOUND BUILDERS.

The records of mound exploration and the efforts to explain or
account for all discoveries, go back to the beginning of the present cen-
tury, and are scattered through every form of literature from a fugitive
newspaper paragraph to a philosophic treatise. Much of this material is
of little scientific value, being the work of relic hunters, persons whose
curiosity has been excited by somethiug they have seen or heard, vision-
aries seeking proof of a pet hypothesis—and generally finding it;—care-
less, unskillful, or superficial observers whose statements are unsafe to
rely upon no matter how honest may be their intentions. Almost invari-
ably something has been taken for granted, ultimate conclusions predi-
cated from partial examinations, definite assertions based upon hasty
surmises, indications used as established facts. Some pretentious vol-
umes are only an expression of opinion based upon partial and often
incorrect information interpreted in the light of very limited personal
investigation, and depending for acceptance mainly upon the author’s
reputation for ability in some other profession or branch of scientific work.

The specious fictions of the theorist who lets his enthusiasm run
away with his judgment, seems to meet with a more cordial reception than
the moderate statement of the explorer who wishes to record only what
he has seen. As a result, the prevalent notions concerning all the native
races of North America, whether of past or present time, are not at all in
accord with the conclusions of those who have given them long and care-
ful attention. There is always room for difference of opinion on ques-
tions which must be solved by comparative or analytic study. But in
matters that depend entirely upon observation or can be placed beyond
controversy by methods at the command of any one who chooses to in-
form himself regarding them, there can be but one side.

A considerable amount of archzeological literature contains such
gross errors and manifest perversions of fact, as almost to indicate a
deliberate and intentional effort at deception. It is not supposable,
however, that unworthy motives can be attributed to a writer on a
scientific topic; at the most, he can only be accused of reprehensible
carelessness or ignorance of his subject.

Chief of all these mistakes, the one which has done most to create a
totally false idea of the extinct population of the Ohio Valley, and has
resisted years of persistent effort to remove from the popular mind, is the
pretended geometrical accuracy of the enclosures. Several degrees in
angles, scores of feet in lines, rods or even acres in area, have been added
to or subtracted from correct measurements to force a resemblance or
coincidence between works which in reality widely differ. Absolute
symmetry, or identity in form or size, is claimed in numerous cases;
whereas there has not been found one true circle, square, octagon, or
ellipse, among these works, nor any two that exactly correspond in

42 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

dimensions, although nearly all of them have recently been very carefully
surveyed. There are some with a striking approach to regularity; but
none that cannot be laid out with sight-stakes and a rope of sufficient
length to reach across them.

Nevertheless, with this assumed mathematical ability as a starting
point, aided by the equally assumed perfection of mechanical skill neces-
sary for the fabrication of their various objects of utility or ornament,
and further reinforced by similar evidence from remains in other parts of
the country, there has been evolved in the minds of some authors a wide-
spread, highly civilized nation with a wonderfully developed government;
—monarchy, oligarchy, aristocracy, hierarchy, or whatever strikes the
writer’s fancy.

Many of these errors have been incidentally referred to in the course
of this paper. One other must be mentioned.

In Plate IV, the smaller enclosure is represented as a perfect circle
800 feet in diameter. Figure 3 shows its actual shape—an elliptical

PLATE 1V. ARCHAOLOGY. GEOLOGY OF OHIO. VOL. VII

40 Aeres.

soo 1000

Scale Feer

atl
ini ANY Fin <1) \ Low Bo tioms.

Awan GRIN i)

Tiberty Township Works.

ARCH HOLOGY. : 43

figure of irregular curvature, with one diameter more than a hundred
feet longer than the other. Instead of continuing around the head of the

XA .
pdt eS

M My ~
"Wor

Fie. 3.

ravine south of the entrance, the embankment stops more than 300 feet
from the corresponding point on the opposite side. The original forest
extends over this portion of the work, and the ground is perfectly level;
while the southern part is in a cultivated field, and the wall quite distinct.
So there can be no claim that any portion of it has ever been obliterated.
Yet in the original description of this plate, the authors claim to have
been at great pains to ensure the absolute accuracy of their work. Ina
foot-note presumably referring to this figure, they give the field notes
and diagram of a purported survey in which they make chords of 500
feet—something no surveyor would think of doing—turning off 30° at
the end of each, with the angle on the embankment, thus completing
their figure with twelve chords. This would form a dodecagon with a
perimeter of 3600 feet, which they have inscribed within a ‘‘circle” hav-
ing, according to their figures, a diameter of 800 or a circumference of
2515 feet.

It is not the province of this article to criticise; but when such niis-
takes are made the foundation of a science, it is well to present them in
their proper light.

The minor errors due to hasty observation, or incorrect deductions,
are numberless. Mounds are almost invariably represented much steeper
than they are. Nearly all cuts of the large mound at Marietta show its
height to be equal to its breadth; sometimes it is shown as perpendicular
for fully ten feet up its sides. But the base diameter of a mound undis-
turbed by cultivation is never less than four times and from that to ten

44 3 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

times its height. An ideal “section” of the large mound near Licking
Reservoir gives the impression that the stones are each several feet thick.

Ty IM ge ————
WAS SMM i= ==

h

|
|
(77;

|
‘

“
Y,
|

My
Y

Sy SL SBEN

hi
\\i
|

yy} Ag re WD
————— yy TTR TNS <=
— =

HS
Me.
1%

Fic. 4.

Figure 4, a small work in Pike county, shows a ditch of uniform width
surrounding a square court, the whole enclosed by a circular embank-
ment which touches the ditch only at the corners. Actually, the ditch
occupies the whole space between the inner level and the embankment,
the outer margin following the curvature of the latter.

Such details are in themselves trivial; but they show a negligent,
slip-shod manner, which casts doubt on more important work. It is un-
necessary to multiply instances; they are to be found in nearly all works
upon archeology.

A vast amount of toil has been expended in attempting to establish
classifications based upon cranial form and development, or other osteol-
ogical peculiarities; but when, in a single mound, are found skulls that
exceed in either direction the limits assigned as the measurements of
long and short heads, respectively, or when in the same cemetery they
occur of almost every normal variety of size and shape, it is plain that
little value can be attached to these variations. Ifa single tribe remain
in one place for centuries, under conditions of life that vary but little in
that time, a mediocrity may be reached which will admit of the evolution
of a particular type of cranium; but with a roving people, or one subject
to alliance with other stocks, the intermingling of different bloods will
be attended with a diversity of physical structure affecting not the skull
alone, but the entire frame. The skeletons from mounds vary much in
size, but none are larger than may be found among any people living a
natural life out of doors. The lower jaw is more massive than in civil-
ized races, as more strength was needed for masticating their tough or
coarse food. Nothing is proven as to size of individuals, by “slipping
the jaw-bone over the face of a full grown man;” it never slips back to
the coupyles of the experimenter, and the opening of any V-shaped object

ARCH AVOLOGY. 45

will naturally slip over the point of another like it as far as it can go.
The teeth frequently met squarely, instead of overlapping, so they were
worn down evenly all around; the dentition was the same as in all the
human race. Decayed teeth were as common as among whites; and full
sets are seldom found.

To conclude here the subject of Mound Builders:—any statement.
drawing, or description of remains, which attempts to show they were a
race superior to, or different from, all other native tribes of the United
States, is not justified by any evidence so far discovered.

SECTION AY.
INDIANS.

Frequent comparison has been made herein with modern or known
tribes. Some explanation is necessary.

The popular conception of Indians is based altogether upon one
phase of their character, and that, according to civilized ideas, the worst.
Histories, especially those relating to frontier life, novels and romances,
all picture the Indian as a hunter, warrior, or vagabond. ‘They touch
lightly upon, or pass entirely over, the normal condition of sedentary
tribes, or the home life of others few of whom spent more than a portion
of their time in warfare or the chase.

The Six Nations devised a form of government admirably adapted to
their circumstances; they had fortified towns, cultivated a variety of
crops, and in later times had orchards; they well understood the value of
alliances, planned their campaigns with foresight, and carried them on
with skill and vigor. Several southern tribes, as the Cherokees and
Natchez, though less predatory, were equally advanced in all respects;
their domestic life would compare favorably with that of many agri-
cultural and mining communities of the present time. Tecumseh, Logan,
Blackhawk, Cornstaitk, Red Jacket, Pontiac, and scores of others whose
names will live in history, were the intellectual peers of many prominent
men of to-day. Individuals of this stamp are impossible in a degraded
or debased community; they must have at least a moderately intelligent
ancestry and constituency. To suppose that a brain which could formu-
late a confederacy such as Tecumseh came near consummating, or a
conspiracy like Pontiac’s that almost wiped out of being the settlements
over a wide territory, could not plan earthworks similar to those found
in the Ohio Valley, is nonsensical. No less so is it to assert that a man
who will chase a deer a hundred miles or travel several times that dis-
tance to attack a foe, or that a woman who will raise a crop of corn, is
too lazy to assist in building a mound; or to claim that persons who will
maim, starve, or otherwise maltreat themselves, or destroy property
representing months of labor, on the death of a chief or leader, would not

46 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

be at the trouble to carry a few yards of earth if inclined to show their
grief or respect in that manner.

The name “Indian,” as generally used, is not more definite than the
term ‘‘EKuropean;” the various tribes, in their primitive stage, were as
diverse in their manner of life as the people of different countries. The
peaceable Mandans or “‘Ground House Indians,” and the blood-thirsty
Apaches or Comanches; the energetic Iroquois or restless Shawnees, and
the stupid Diggers but little above the beasts;—are entirely unlike in
disposition and characteristics.

It is not probable the aboriginal population of the United States was
ever much, if any, greater than at present. ‘True, the New England
Indians were greatly reduced by a pestilence of some sort about the year
1600; but this was only local, and there seem to have been but a few
thousands of them at any time. Smith, in his account of Virginia, speaks
of most villages as containing only a few men, and placed miles apart.
The Iroquois were unable to send more than a few hundred warriors on
a foray. In Ohio, Indian towns of a thousand inhabitants were rare.

No reason exists for supposing a different state of affairs in prehis-
toric times. The conditions of life were practically the same; and from
all indications they were met in the same way.

The ration issued to slaves on southern plantations was a peck of
corn-meal, four pounds of bacon, and in some places, a quart of molasses,
each week. If the allowance proved inadequate, a comprehensive system
of foraging made up the deficiency. On such a basis, supposing that
with their crude methods the Indians or Mound Builders could raise only
26 bushels to the acre, a town of one thousand people would require in a
year the corn from a field of 500 acres; and much more than 200,000
pounds of fresh meat, to allow for the loss of weight in curing. Nuts and
fruits from the forest would considerably augment these supplies.

SECTION AW:
REEIES:

Jn its common meaning this term includes all articles of aboriginal
handiwork, under whatever conditions they may be found, or for whatever
purpose intended. It isso used here; no distinction is attempted between
surface and exhumed specimens.

As noted elsewhere, various substances were imported from foreign
localities; but the vast majority of objects found are made of material
native to the state or near its borders. In glacial deposits are granite,
quartz, diorite, syenite, and other varieties of hard, tough rock suitable
for implements and utensils which must withstand rough usage, as axes;
hatchets, wedges, club-heads, pestles, mortars, hammers, and the like. In
any gravel bank, or along the shores of any stream rising within the area
covered by the drift, such stones are abundant. Slate, for ornamental or
ceremonial objects, although plentiful around the upper lakes, occurs in

ARCH XZ OLOGY. 47

the drift only in small amounts as it is too soft to resist the wear to which
it is subjected in such transportation. Hematite for paint and sundry
small tools or objects of unknown use, like cones or hemispheres, and
cannel coal for ornaments, could be obtained in the south-eastern part of
the state and in West Virginia. Shells, for domestic use, beads, and
wampum, abound in waters containing lime in solution. Flint in beds
from a few rods to several square miles in extent, replaces limestone in
all the Carboniferous, and to a less extent in the Devonian formations.

No great labor was involved in procuring any of these except the
last; shells were obtainable from any convenient stream, and the minerals
could be gathered wherever they occurred on the surface or were exposed
by erosion.

In working stone, the artisan, after selecting one as close to the shape
of the desired object as he could find, with a tough pebble as a hammer
went over the surface of his inchoate implement, chipping off angles or
projecting parts, pecking small flakes from such portions as required little
alteration, until it was as near complete as it could be made by such
means. ‘Then with a piece of coarse sandstone he ground off the pitted
surface, concluding his work, if he so wished, by polishing with a stone
of finer grain. If an edge or groove were required, it was often made
before the remainder of the specimen was finished. Axes were grooved
entirely or partly around to afford a secure hold for a handle, which was
often tightened by a wedge driven in on one side that was flattened or
hollowed out for this purpose. Pestles frequently had a depression at the
center of the base, for cracking nuts or to prevent the grain from flying
from beneath them when struck. Hatchets or celts were of various
shapes according to their required use. The hammers themselves were
sometimes worked into spheres which, either with or without grooves,
were utilized as slung-shots, club-heads, or sinkers for use in fishing.
With soft or brittie stones the rubbing process may have been more used
than the hammering. Shell, bone, or cannel coal were cut to proper
length with sharp or jagged flint when necessary, and rubbed smooth with
sandstone; they could not well be pecked or chipped. Hematite was
sometimes chipped into form, but usually ground, the powder being used
for paint. The different varieties of jasper, chalcedony; hornstone, and
other nearly pure siliceous rocks, commonly placed under the generic
name of flint, demanded different treatment. Large implements, not
requiring careful finish, were made by knocking chips from nodules or
blocks with stone hammers, working from the edge of the piece toward
the center. The same method was followed with smaller specimens until
reduced as near as possible to the desired size and shape, when they were
completed with a piece of bone, horn, or other tough substance in which
a notch or crease was cut to give a purchase. ‘This being set against the
edge of a flint, flakes were split off by quick forcible pressure. The
character of the work determined the size of the tool, and degree of force.

48 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

With such simple contrivances were made all arrow-heads, knives, and other
flint implements of any size or material.

While flint that has long been exposed to the atmosphere can be
converted into serviceable weapons, it is too brittle to allow of delicate
work. For thin, symmetrical pieces, especially those of large size,
unweathered stone was essential. This fact was well known to the peo-
ple having use for them; and in almost every county along the outcrop
of the Coal Measures, from Pennsylvania to Kentucky, are quarries from
which the coveted material was obtained. ‘The largest are in Licking,
Coshocton, and Perry counties, the first, known as ‘Flint Ridge,” being
one of the most extensive in the country. For several miles the surface
is honey-combed with pits and trenches; thousands of car-loads of earth
and stone have been excavated. In some places more than ten feet in
thickness of clay, tough as that in a traveled road, was removed in order
to reach the flint. Piles of refuse rock are scattered everywhere, being
greatest where it lay nearest the surface.

After the earth had been cleared away over aspace as large as needed,
the flint was shattered by large fires made on it and kept burning until
the underlying bed of limestone was penetrated; water probably being
thrown on occasionally to hasten the crumbling. All the fragments were
next thrown out, the upper portion of the flint stratum was thickly coated
with clay, and intense heat applied to the bottom and to the limestone.
The top, left projecting, was then pounded off with heavy boulders from
the adjacent surface, and broken into small pieces; most of which, after
being partially chipped into shape, were carried away to be completed at
the leisure of the artificer. A great many well finished specimens have
been collected here, but they are few as compared with the immense
quantity of rejected pieces which m the course of the work were broken
or found to contain some flaw that rendered them worthless.

Nearly all the knives, arrows, or spears, found on or near Flint
Ridge, which have barbs, stems, or tangs, are made of flint from some
other locality, while implements of the native material are almost invaria-
bly of the triangular or leaf-shape pattern; and the former are far in excess
of the latter. But the objects of Flint Ridge stone found farther from
home—and they occur from New York to Tennessee, and from Blue Ridge
to Illinois—usually resemble in form other worked flints found in the
same localities. It would thus appear that the superior quality of this
stone for various purposes was widely known; and, as objects made from
it are found alike in the largest mounds and on village sites occupied by
Indians within a century, that this excellence has long been recognized.

So far as the very limited investigations signify, what is said of this
particular quarry in regard to methods of work and disposition of material
is true of others. No trace of digging tools is apparent; the earth seems
to have been removed with wood or other perishable substances; the flint

ARCHA/OLOGY. 49

was worked altogether with stone hammers, with such aid as could be
derived from fire.

The very wide range of forms and relics, the diversity of material,
and their unlikeness to almost everything belonging to the present inhab-
jtants, have caused some misapprehension or confusion as to their prob-
able uses. This is especially the case with the great quantity of objects
whose manufacture may be considered the outcome of esthetic or religious
ideas. They are made of nearly all the different kinds of shell, bone,
metal, and stone, especially slate and steatite, accessible to their fabrica-
tors. Under such namesas gorgets, crescents, wands, tubes, banner-stones,
amulets, pendants, butterfly gorgets, ear-bobs, bracelets, breast plates,
beads, buttons, head-dresses, labrets, nose-rings, charms, and a score of
others, they are delineated in many volumes. No detailed description of
them would be intelligible unless accompanied by numerous illustrations;
and to ascribe a purpose to any pattern, unless a similar one had been
seen in actual service, would be as presumptuous as the attempt by an
individual entirely ignorant of modern secret societies to explain the
meaning of badges, pins, or regalia. No doubt some owe their form
merely to a whim or fancy of the maker; others were purely decorative;
while many of them were symbolic, or for use in the manifold dances,
parades, celebrations, superstitious ceremonies, and other observances, so
dear to the minds of an uncultured people. ‘The manner of perforation
in some indicates they were for suspension by cords; in others, that they
were to be placed on a staff; still others, unperforated, may have been
secured in various ways. Nearly all are made of material that would
break if carelessly handled; many are of such size or shape that no prac-
tical use for them can be imagined. ‘They are to be found in all cabinets
and museums, being much sought by collectors on account of their beauty
or supposed mysterious significance. A statement that each piece had a
certain use, cannot be gainsaid; but the person who makes such claim
must give satisfactory reasons for his assertion before it is to be accepted
as a fact and not a guess.

There is less trouble in regard to the utensils, weapons, or implements
for ordinary work, comprising articles necessary in agriculture, hunting,
warfare, or domestic affairs.

Trees could be felled, cut in lengths, split for puncheons, or hollowed
into canoes or mortars, with axes, hatchets, wedges, or adzes of stone or
thick, strong shells, set with the edge parallel or transverse to the handle,
according to their manner of use. Usually fire was applied at the proper
points and the charcoal scraped away as it formed; but the remains of
logs a foot in diameter that had been cut entirely through by such rude
tools, have been exhumed from mounds. Hoes and adzes frequently

‘have notches on each side, the faces being flat; in such cases the end of

+ G.O:

50 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

the handle was placed against one face. Spades had one end inserted in:
the end of astick. The handles of all implements were firmly fastened
with thongs, rawhide, or sinew. Pestles for pounding corn or acorns
varied in length and shape to fit the mortars; these were flat or dished
stones, or deep cavities in boulders and stumps or wooden blocks.
Among the commoner relics are slabs or angular fragments of sandstone
with hemispherical depressions, sometimes only one, sometimes thirty or
forty, from an inch to two inches in diameter, pecked or drilled in them;
slabs have them on both faces, rougher blocks only on one side. The
purpose of these cup-stones is unknown; theories have been advanced
that the cavities were for grinding paint, holding nuts to be cracked, con-
taining punk or wood-dust to be ignited by rapid revolution of a stick,
steadying the lower end of a spindle, or supporting a drill for boring
pipes, tubes, and other large and thick objects; and that where friction
would be a hindrance to the work, rawhide well greased, was fitted closely
to the sides of the depression. There may be a measure of truth in all
these conjectures; none of them is applicable to one-tenth of the speci-
mens.

In making pottery, mussel shells or quartz pebbles were beaten
fine and either one, but never both together, mixed with clay; the com-
pound was thoroughly kneaded, molded into form, dried in the open air,
and then burned. None of it was glazed; and it is doubtful whether
any was painted.

As a rule the rough flint disks found cached, sometimes in considera-
ble quantities, are only unfinished implements, or cores from which flakes
are to be split off and worked up as needed; but many of them are dulled
or polished around the edge as if used for cutting or scraping. They
may have answered for dressing skins, but would be difficult to handle,
or to utilize for any other purpose.

Flint—in the popular meaning of the word—was indispensable to a
people ignorant of iron. For any weapon or tool requiring a keen edge
or sharp point, as knives, arrows, spears and such things, no other stone
could replace it. Hatchets, digging-tools, and, to a small extent, orna-
mental objects were also made of it. Worked pieces are scattered every-
where, in the greatest profusion; in some localities bushels of them may
be, or have been, gathered on a space of a few acres. Only the smaller
ones were for arrow-points; few soused among modern tribes are as much
as two inches in length, and any that long are very slender. Solid flesh
is almost as difficult to penetrate as rubber; few men have the strength
to draw a bow that would drive a wide or thick flint into the body of a
man or large animal. The thicker, larger specimens were probably spear,
lance, or club-heads; the thinner, knives; the long, slender ones, drills or
perforators, though the latter, if for use in skins or leather, were com-
monly made of bones ground to a sharp point.

It is a reasonable supposition that small, triangular points, which
would remain in the wound when the shaft was pulled out, were used in

ARCHAOLOGY. 51

war; those barbed and tanged for secure attachment, which must be
pushed on through the body, or lacerate the flesh when withdrawn, may
also have been for this purpose. Arrows for hunting would be of the
latter shape, to remain fast in the game and be recovered when it was
captured or killed. Spears for slaying large animals were unbarbed that
they could be easily withdrawn for repeated thrusts. The twist or curve
noticed in so many flints is due altogether to the conchoidal fracture of
the stone. The so-called rotary arrow-heads are almost invariably too
large for such use, and are intended for skinning knives, the flat faces and
chisel edges permitting them to pass readily between the hide and flesh
without cutting either. The bevel is produced by pressing off flakes
along the edge from only one side instead of equally from both. Undue
importance has been attached to serrated flints as being the result of a
definite intention. The.only difference between them and others of the
same general pattern is that wider -space was left between the points at
which the flaking tool was applied.

The relative scarcity of symmetrical, highly finished, and really
artistic specimens of any class, as compared with the abundance of ruder,
rougher ones, signifies that a few persons in a community or tribe were
more skillful, or had greater aptitude for such work than the majority.
It may be that any given form of superior work, as the manufacture of
pipes, large, finely shaped flints, certain kinds of ornaments, etc., attained
its highest development at the hands of one person whose efforts were
confined to this particular forte. Another evidence of this is the occur-
rence within a limited district of many specimens of a type very rarely
found outside of this area; for example, a peculiar flint knife in two or
three counties of central Ohio—which, oddly, is also abundant in the
Kanawha Valley—, or spear-head along both sides of the Ohio. Many
such instances could be cited.

What sort of work the prehistoric people may have done in wood,
textile fabrics, feathers, fur, robes, skins, or other perishable material, can
never be known; but judging from the few scraps remaining, and from
such other specimens as have been preserved, it was probably on a par
with that of the present day among tribes but little changed from their
condition when first known to the whites.

There are few things of value, beauty, or interest among relics that
have not been counterfeited by unscrupulous tricksters eager to profit by
the credulity of collectors. ‘To such an extent has this been carried that
anything out of the ordinary line is to be viewed with suspicion. Much
ingenuity has been displayed in hiding tablets, carvings, and pottery in
places where they will afterward be discovered by one unconscious of the
deception who will thus be deluded into the belief that he has a genuine
alphabetic inscription, efigy of a mastodon or other animal, Mexican
idol, paleolithic implement, statue of a Mound Builder, or some other

52 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

wonderful thing that is to throw a flood of light upon the history of an
unknown race. It behooves students to be on the lookout for such frauds,
as they appear in the most unexpected places.

CONCLUSION.

FURTHER EXPLORATIONS NECESSARY,

_ It is not probable any manuscripts, inscriptions, or other records will
ever be discovered, which will aid in solving the unanswered questions
concerning the Mound Builders. Additional information is to be gained
only by investigation of their mounds, cemeteries, and village-sites. This
work, to be of value, must be done carefully and thoroughly. Sinking
a shaft from the apex, or running a narrow trench in from one side of a
mound, will seldom give satisfactory results. Conclusions based upon
facts thus brought to light, may be correct; but there can be no certainty
that they are even approximately so, for a section at one place may not
at all resemble one made at another in the same structure. The assump-
tion is entirely unfounded that all the artificial contents are deposited in
a small space in the center; sometimes there is nothing within several feet
of it, while remains are found at various other points. ‘There is little doubt
that many, if not most, of the mounds which have been opened, yet con-
tain more than has ever been taken out of them. Almost always, a record
of the structure of the mound, the position of skeletons, and the arrange-
ment of objects with them, would be the most important part of the work;
but these are usually the very features of which no notice is taken by
persons who have not had considerable experience in such matters.

PROPER METHODS OF WORK.

The best method of opening a mound, depends upon its size and
form. It is useless to waste time upon any part which from disturbance
by cultivation or other cause is not where it was placed by the builders.
Only the unaltered portion requires attention. If but little changed in
shape, the entire mound should be removed. Owing to the accumulation
of soil, the bottom may be somewhat below the surrounding surface; for
this reason excavation should be carried to a sufficient depth to make
sure nothing is overlooked. Frequently the original surface is easily
detected by a sod line, or by a slight difference in color; if not, it will be
necessary to work along the top of the subsoil. For convenience of
description, it is well to draw two lines crossing at a right angle at the
center, and other lines, parallel to these, five feet apart, thus dividing the
mound into blocks which may be designated by numbers or letters to
correspond witha plan drawn oma scale of five feet tothe inch. Whatever
may be found in one of these blocks is to be shown in its proper position
in the drawing. It is best to begin on the side toward one of the cardinal

ARCH A/OLOGY. 53

points, and to keep the face or bank in front of the diggers vertical and
in straight line from side to side. ‘This is most easily accomplished by
undermining with picks and breaking the bank down from the top, tak-
ing off a section about a foot in width each time. When a skeleton is
reached, the earth should be removed from around and above it until the
bones are completely uncovered before being disturbed, in order that the
method of burial may be ascertained. In all cases the exact distance and
direction of every object from the center should be observed, as well es
its height from the bottom if found in the body of the mound, Full
notes should be constantly made, and a detailed account of the entire
work written in a manner so clear that from it a restoration or model of
the mound could be made if desired. ‘This rule should be observed in
all excavations.

The same plan could be followed in mounds which from any cause
have been reduced in altitude with a corresponding increase in breadth;
except that instead of the work beginning at the margin, it may com-
mence on the line to which the mound probably reached when made, and
be extended toward either side to the same limits. A convenient method
in such mounds is to mark off concentric rings five feet in breadth around
the center, undermining and entirely removing the outer one first, and
proceeding in the same way successively with the others.

In large mounds where it would be inconvenient or dangerous to
work with a bank of such height as would result from carrying out the
above suggestions, it is well to cut off the upper half before attacking:
the lower; or to take off a layer of uniform thickness from the entire
surface, leaving a core of the same shape as the original structure, but
smaller, which can be examined as first described. If desirable, more
than one layer can thus be removed. If the mound is built up in strata,
either curved or horizontal, these can be taken off in regular order, and a
separate description given of each.

When practicable, careful drawings or photographs, should be made of
the entire ground plan; also of the vertical sections at short intervals or
wherever they present anything worthy of special notice. When nothing
better is to be had, sketches with numerous measurements which may be
re-drawn later, are desirable.

The systematic exploration of a cemetery or village-site requires such
an expenditure of labor and money that it cannot be attempted except by
persons or institutions having ample funds. A trench should be dug
entirely across the area to be examined, deep enough to reach below the
level at which the site was abandoned. ‘This will be sufficient to expose
whatever was left on the original surface, and at the same time show, by the
different color or density of the earth, any grave, pit, cache, barbecue-hole,
or other excavation that may have been made by the natives. "The work
should progress at this level as far as the remains extend; the thickness

54 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

of each deposit, as well as its distance from the present surface, should be
carefully measured. Every pit should be cleaned out to the bottom and
the depth of each layer of ashes, earth, or whatever else it may contain,
accurately measured. All graves should have the earth taken out with-
out changing the position of a bone ora relic until the mode of burial
is ascertained with certainty. All these points should be clearly written
down, and a uniform system of labeling adopted which will enable the
reader to connect intelligently the text, the illustrations, and the specimens.
A collection of relics that gives no clue as to how, where, or under what
circumstances they were obtained, is of no greater scientific worth than so
many pebbles.

AN OHIO MUSEUM.

For two generations Ohio has been ransacked for relics by museums,
colleges, and individuals, in many of the states as well asin Europe. If
the prehistoric articles from this state, scattered in hundreds of collections,
could be brought together, they would form an aggregate probably
exceeding in numbers all specimens of American archeology in any
museum. And yet, if excavations were carried on in the manner above
set forth, there could be gathered a mass of material surpassing what has
hitherto been secured. It is time for this work to be undertaken; very
few cabinets in the state are accessible except through the kindness of
private collectors, many of whom would cheerfully contribute their spec-
imens for the pleasure and instruction of the public, if assured that no
loss or damage would ensue. The opportunity is now offered; the new
geological building of the Ohio State University has ample room which
can be used for this purpose, and here should be established the nucleus
of a Museum of Ohio Archeology that would properly represent the
great wealth of prehistoric remains within her borders. Large maps and
models of all enclosures and fortifications should be made, along with
models of mounds so arranged as to display their interior structure and
the manner in-which their contents were deposited. Thus, and only thus,
can future generations gain a clear idea of the nature and appearance of
these vestiges, which are being as slowly but as surely blotted out as are
the aboriginal conditions of life which gave them existence.

WORKS 1© BE CONSULTED:

References to the aboriginal remains of Ohio may be found in hundreds of
archeological publications. The reader who wishes to pursue the subject further,
will find considerable information in the following volumes. While statements of
facts coutained in them are to be accepted as correct, he must exercise his judgment
and discretion concerning the theories and inferences set forth:

Aucient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley. By Squier and Davis.

ARCHASOLOGY. 9

Fort Ancient. By Warren K. Moorehead.

Mounds of the Mississippi Valley, Historically Considered. By Lucien Carr.

Primitive Man in Ohio. By Warren K. Moorehead.

Some Early Notices of the Indians of Ohio. By M. F. Force.

Scattered Papers in the Reports of the Bureau of Ethnology, Washington,
D. C.; Annual Reports of the Smithsonian Institution; the Reports of the Peabody
Museum, Cambridge, Mass.; the Journal of the Cincinnati Historical Society; the
Quarterly of the Ohio Historical and Archzological Society, Columbus, Ohio;
Science, and various other periodicals.

The “Antiquities of Tennessee and the Adjacent States,” by Gates P. Thrus-

ton, is recommended for comparison; also, “Primitive Industry,” by Dr. CG. C.
Abbott, for its classification of implements and weapons.

CHAP’ TER II.
BOTANY.

CATALOGUE OF OHIO PLANTS.

By W. A. KELLERMAN, PROFESSOR OF BOTANY, OHIO STATE
UNIVERSITY, AND Wm. C. WERNER, ASSISTANT
IN BOTANY.

In the various Geological Reports heretofore published both the gen-
eral and the special features of the topography and geology of Ohio have
been recorded. Suffice it therefore to note here that there is only mod-
erate diversity in elevation; though the geological formations exposed
are numerous and varied. The soils also exhibit a varied character.
They are composed of drift material over a large portion of the state.
Sedentary soils occur in the southern portion and alluvium is abundant
along the numerous watercourses. The climate is rather uniform, being
tempered on the north by a large body of water. In the extreme south-
ern portion of the state there is a barely perceptible approach to a
warnier climate.

The flora of the state is therefore rather rich in forms—receiving a
few on the north that may be considered as boreal, and a few in the
counties bordering on the Ohio river that may, perhaps, correctly be
regarded as southern species. Besides, plants occur in the western half
of the state which are decidedly significant of the prairie flora. The
more broken and hilly area of the east, south, and south-east allies that
part of the state botanically to the Appalachian region.

EARLY COLLECTORS.

The flora has received much attention from the people of the state.
The early settlers found a magnificent forest that inspired them with awe,
though it was to some extent an impediment to their occupancy and til-
lage of the soil. Many years elapsed before anything in reference to the
flora found its way into print, though the lovers of nature, good ob-
servers, and real botanists were doubtless numerous.

As making the first though a small contribution to the botanical liter-
ature of Ohio, Dr. Daniel Drake of Cincinnati, is to be mentioned. He

BOTANY. 57

was a man of great originality, an able physician, and a genial and inspir-
ing teacher. Numerous others deserve mention. Foremost among these
is Dr. Jared P. Kirtland of northern Ohio, whose botanical interest and
information served to place horticultural pursuits on a higher plane. His
influence was most potent in developing interest in Natural History in
the entire northwest. Dr. Kellogg was largely instrumental in making
known the flora of the northern portion of the state as was also Dr. R. 5.
Howard—especially through his pupil Dr. N.S. Townshend; who has for
years been a teacher of Botany as well as a leader among agriculturists.
Dr. John A. Warder of southern Ohio, was an ardent lover of trees and
devotees of forest botany of the state owe much to his contagious enthu-
siasm. Thos. G. Lea of Cincinnati, made important contributions, He
was the first to collect the fungi of the state and his catalogue contains a
large number of species new to science.

LESQUEREUX, SULLIVANT, AND OTHER BOTANISTS,

Central Ohio was the home of two botanists of world-wide fame;
namely, Leo Lesquereux and Wm. S. Sullivant. The former, a palaeo-
botanist, gave some attention to mosses; the latter, a renowned bryologist,
devoted much attention to the local flora and contributed very largely—
as did also his brother, Joseph Sullivant,—to the knowledge of the
plants of central Ohio. Others who deserve mention are Dr. J. M. Bige-
low, Mr. John H. Klippart, Prof. Henry Bolander, Dr. Canfield, Mr. E.
J. Ferris, Dr. Jas. Dascomb, Dr. J. S. Newberry, and Dr. H. C. Beardslee

FLORA OF THE WHOLE STATE.

The first author of a flora of the whole state was Dr. J. S.
Newberry. It. was published in 1859. His own botanical explorations
were made for the most part in the northern portion of the state. The
second state catalogue (1874) was also published by a botanist of the ex-
ireme northern portion of the state, Dr. H. C. Beardslee. He, like the
preceding, was a very careful botanist and the contributions of both are
highly important. In fact they mark epochs in the botanical history of
the state.

WORK OF LATER BOTANISTS.

Justice demands, though space is scarcely available, that some of the
later botanists be at least mentioned. Of these, Joseph F. James and C.,
G. Lloyd of Cincinnati, have done much work on the flowering plants.
A. P. Morgan of Hamilton county, has contributed very largely to the
development of Mycology in this country and he has made known a large
number of the higher fungi of south-western Ohio; he is the author of
many new species. Mrs. E. Jane Spence and Miss H. J. Biddlecome

58 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

have collected extensively at Springfield, Urbana, and Clifton; and many
others have largely contributed to the knowledge of Ohio plants. In fact
a long list of names would have to be added if this outline sketch of the
botanical history of the state made any pretension whatever to complete-
ness. |

The publications arranged in chronological order including all printed
lists however limited the area covered and all articles relating particularly
to Ohio plants, are as follows:

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF OHIO BOTANY.

1815.

Forests of the Miami Country, and Plants Useful in Medicine and
the arts. A Natural and Statistical View or picture of Cincinnati and
the Miami Country. By Daniel Drake, Cincinnati.

A volume of 255 pages, of which pp. 76-90, inclusive, are devoted to
botany. Here nothing farther was “attempted than a catalogue of the
forest trees, and such herbaceous plants as are deemed useful in medicine
and the arts,” Under the head of “Forests of the Miami Country” is
given, alphabetically arranged in three columns (the first headed “ Fam-
ilies,’ the second “Species,” and third “Popular Name’”’), a list of one
hundred species belonging to about sixty genera, and several undeter-
mined species of the genera Prunus, Crataegus, Mespilus, and Smilax.
A long note is given on the species of Aesculus—Ae. flava, L. and Ae.
Maxima, n. sp.—presumably mistaken for Ae. glabra, Willd. and Ae. flava.
The second sub-head is ‘Plants Useful in Medicine and the Arts.” ‘These
are arranged alphabetically under the heads of ‘‘Stimulants” (thirteen
species), ‘“‘ Tonics” (eight species), “ Astringents” (seven species), ‘‘Emet-
ics” (nine species), “‘Cathartics” (six species), “Diuretics” (three species),
“Anthelmintics” (three species), ‘“‘Demulcents” (two species), and
“Plants used in Dyeing and the Domestic Arts” (fifteen species). The
botanical name, the common name, and the part of the plant used are
given in each case. The third and last section is “Calendar of Flora.’
“Most of the dates given are the mean terms of several years’ observa-
tion.” Thirty-four entries are made, beginning with March 5th, “com-
mons becoming green,” and ending with Oct. 30th, “ woods leafless.”

1818,

Notice of the Scenery, Geology, Mineralogy, Botany, etc., of Belmont
county, Ohio, by Caleb Atwater, Esq., of Circleville. American Journal
of Science (Silliman’s Journal), 1818, Vol. I, p. 226.

Two pages (228-9) of this article are devoted to Botany. ‘Thirty
trees are enumerated in tabular form, and a few others, including some
shrubs and herbaceous plants, are noted. ‘The uses of a few of them are
given.

BOTANY. 5Y
1831.

Notices of Western Botany and Conchology, by C. W. Short, M. D.,
and H. H. Katon, A. M. Transylvania Journal of Medicine and the Asso-
ciated Sciences. Vol. IX, 1831, p. 69.

An annotated list (pp. 70-73) of fifty species of plants noticed in
bloom the preceding fall, on a trip (Sept. 16th to Oct. Ist) from Lexing-
ton, Ky., to the southern portion of Ohio (vicinity of Cincinnati). Many
of the plants were found on the banks of the Ohio River.

1854.

A Catalogue of Plants growing spontaneously in Franklin Co., Central
Ohio, excluding grasses, mosses, lichens, fungi, etc. By John L. Riddell,
A.M. The Western Medical Gazette, Vol. II, No. 3, July, 1834, pp.
116-120. :

The plants enumerated (317 species) are ‘arranged under the natural
orders approved by Prof. Lindley.” ‘Those not native, but naturalized,
are marked with a star. The habitats are given for most of the species.
The plants were collected during the autumn of 1832, and the spring,
summer and autumn of 1833.

1835.

Synopsis of the Flora of the Western States, by John U. Riddell.
Western Journal of the Medical and Physical Sciences. Vol. VII, No.
XXXI (Second Hexade, Vol. II, No. III), Jan., 1835, pp. 329-374; No.
XXXII (Second Hexade, Vol. II, No. IV), April, 1835, pp. 489-556.

The region to which this synopsis or catalogue is intended to apply,
“embraces Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Kentucky, West Tennessee, and Mis-
souri, a small part of Virginia and Pennsylvania, and of the Michigan,
Northwest and Missouri territories.” The plants of Ohio, unless other-
wise accredited, have been personally observed and collected by the
writer (John I,. Riddell). ‘The philosophic method of Prof. Lindley is
observed in the arrangement.” The species are numbered serially, and
include flowering plants (1-1724); equiseta (1725-1731); ferns (1732-
1769); lycopodaceae (1770-1774); mosses (1776-1785); hepaticae (1786-
1789); characeae (1790-1794); and lichenes (1795-1802). The list is
preceded by four pages of prefatory remarks, and followed by an index to
the genera, of four pages. Stations are given, also time of flowering, color
of flower, height of plant, duration of existence (by signs) and the
habitats.

1836.
Supplementary Catalogue of Ohio Plants, embracing the species dis-

covered within the state of Ohio in 1835, catalogue and descriptions read
and specimens exhibited before the Western Academy of Natural Sciences,

60 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

March 16, 1836, by John I. Riddell, M.D. Western Journal of the Med-
ical and Physical Sciences, Vol. IX, No. XXXVI (Second Hexade, Vol.
III, No. IV), April, 1836, pp. 567-592.

The list contains 170 species, mostly flowering plants and ferns (three
Lycopods, two Mosses, and one Liverwort), with localities and stations,
general remarks as to size, etc., and a full description of the new species.

1840.

A Catalogue of Plants, native or naturalized, in the vicinity of Col-
umbus, Ohio, by Wm. S. Sullivant, 1840.

A pamphlet of sixty-two pages, giving a mere list of plants which
Sullivant collected in Franklin Co. He says, “The collections here listed
may be taken, I think, as a tolerably fair representation of the phaenog-
amous flora of the central parts of this state; nearly all localities, appar-
ently indicating a peculiar vegetation, have been visited.” The list (pp.
5-55) contains 779 plants. Geven pages of notes on several species fol-
low the list.

1841.

Florula Lancastriensis, or a Catalogue comprising nearly ail the flow-
ering and filicoid plants growing naturally within the limits of Fairfield
county, with notes of such as are of medical value, by J. M. Bigelow.
Proceedings of Medical Convention of Ohio at Columbus, May, 1841.

Not seen. (Title from Britton’s State and Local Floras.)

Florula Lancastriensis: A catalogue of the plants of Fairfield county,
by John M. Bigelow and Asa Hor, Lancaster, 1841. A pamphlet of
twenty-two pages.

Not seen. (Title from Britton’s State and Local Floras.)

1849.

Catalogue of Plants, native and naturalized, collected in the vicinity
of Cincinnati, Ohio, during the years 1854-1844, by Thos. G. Lea, Phila-
delphia, 1849.*

The list is preceded by a ‘“‘notice”’ (p. ii.) by Isaac Lea (brother of
Thos. G. Lea), who states that the MS. and herbarium were placed in the
hands of W. S. Sullivant, who determined the phenogams, mosses and
hepaticee. Edw. Tuckerman identified the lichens, and M. J. Berkley the
fungi. Notes and descriptions by the latter are given as foot-notes. The
arrangement is according to the natural system. ‘There are enumerated
about 698 species of phenogams, nineteen ferns, two equisetaceae, eighty-
nine musci, sixty-eight lichens (of which four were new to science) and
about 320 fungi (of which about fifty were new), making in all nearly
1,050 species,

*We are indebted for summary of cortents to Mr. Davis L. James, to whom we extend thanks
for this and other favors

BOTANY. 61

List of the medicinal plants of Ohio, with brief account of their prop-
erties, by John M. Bigelow, M. D., Columbus, Ohio, 1849.

Pamphlet of forty-seven pages. (Not seen; given in Britton’s State
and Local Floras. ‘Torrey Bulletin; vol. X. p. 104).

1852.

Catalogue of Flowering Plants and Ferns observed in the vicinity of
Cincinnati, by Joseph Clark. Adopted and published by the Western
Academy of Natural Sciences, Cincinnati, 1852.

Pamphlet of thirty pages. ‘The list—preceded only by a list of the
officers and curators of the academy, there being no preface—embraces
the plants “observed growing in a compass of about six miles around
Cincinnati.” In a foot-note the author says, ‘‘Some of them cannot be
found in the circuit * * * * but they were all found as above indi-
cated, within the last fifteen years.” The genera of the flowering plants
and ferns (Chara flexilis also included) are arranged alphabetically, and
the orders are not indicated. No varieties as such are recognized. Six
hundred and one species are given, and in an Addenda, by Robert
Buchanan, ninety-five more are given, or a total of 696 species.

1854.

The Grasses of Wisconsin and the adjacent States of Iowa, Illinois,
Indiana, Ohio and Michigan, and the territory of Minnesota and the
region about Lake Superior, by I. A. Lapham. ‘Trans. Wis. State,
Agr. Soc. III, 397-488, 1855. Madison, Wis., 1854.

The introduction covers two pages. ‘‘For the grasses of Ohio be-
sides my own (Lapham’s) observations in that state, I am indebted to the
catalogues and communications of Dr. J. L. Riddell, Mr. Wm. S. Sulli-
vant, Mr. Joseph Clark and the late Mr. T. G. Lea.” The list contains
149 species. They are arranged in tabular form giving “the scientific
name, the common name, the duration and time of flowering, height or
length of culms, kind of roots and natural place of growth.” Of the 149
species ‘‘eleven are found in Ohio and not in the other states or territories.
adjoining Wisconsin.” Following the tabulation is a general discussion,
“artificial arrangement” (key), a full description of all the species men-
tioned and eleven full paged plates.

1858.

List of the Grasses found in Ohio, by John H. Klippart. Twelfth
Annual Report of the Ohio State Board of Agriculture, 1859. Columbus,
1858, p. 37.

This compiled list includes both the native and cultivated grasses,
and gives, in tabular form, the scientific name, common name, place where

62 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

found, condition (wild or cultivated), and flowering time. It covers three
pages, and enumerates 105 species.

1859.

Catalogue of the Flowering Plants and Ferns of Ohio, by J. S. New-
berry, M.D. Ohio Agricultural Report for 1859, pp. 185-273.

This is “the first effort toward the formation of a complete flora of
the state.” ‘The list of plants is preceded by a general discussion of the
“influences which have determined the distribution of species” over the
state, pp. 235-241; and a list of the sources from which the catalogue was
compiled, as follows: Catalogue of the plants of Franklin county, by W.
Sullivant; catalogue of the plants of Fairfield county, by Drs. Bigelow
and Hor; catalogue of the plants of Cincinnati, by Thos. G. Lea; cata-
ogue of the plants of Cincinnati, by Joseph Clark; synopsis of the flora
of the Western States, by J. L. Riddell; MS. catalogue of plants in Sum-
mit and Cuyahoga counties, by the author.

Localities, as “general,” ‘‘western,” “southern,” et¢., are given for
all species or particular localities for rarer plants. The catalogue includes
1341 species and varieties of flowering plants, and fifty-three vascular
cryptograms, or a total of 1894. At this place should, perhaps, be noted
the statement of J. H. Klippart, prefixed to the Beardslee Catalogue,
which was published in the Ohio Agricultural Report for 1877, to the
effect that he, in conjunction with a few others, collected plants and
obtained local lists by others, and by this means prepared a catalogue of
plants of Ohio, which was submitted to Dr. Newberry for suggestion and
correction, and that the latter returned for publication not the original
manuscript, but that published whose title is given above.

)

1860.

List of the Native Forest Trees of Ohio. By John H. Klippart.
Ohio Agricultural Report, 1869, pp. 277-8.

This list is appended to Mr. Klippart’s article on ‘Forests, their
influence upon Soil and climate,” covers two pages, enumerating in tab-
ular form one hundred and seven trees (including both species and
varieties, also a few of the larger shrubs) gives the botanical names, the
popular names, height in feet, and where (in the State) most abundant.

1865.

Catalogue of Plants Contained in Herbarium of Joseph Clark. By
Rachel L. Bodley. Not published. Cincinnati, 1865.

In this printed pamphlet the Cincinnati plants are starred, and num-
ber six hundred and seventeen phenogams, and twenty-three ferns.

BOTANY. 63

1872.

New Hepaticac, by C. F. Austin. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical
Club, III, pp. 9. March, 1872.

Original descriptions of species of which three — Jungermannia
crenuliformis, J. Sullivantiz and Frullania Sullivantize — are credited to
Ohio.

List of Trees Found Growing Indigenously in Ohio. By John
Hussey. ‘Twenty-seventh Annual Report of the Ohio State Board of
Agriculture for 1872. Columbus, 1873, pp. 32-40.

The list contains both the trees and shrubs, of which two hundred
and twenty-seven are enumerated. Localities are given for many of the
species, and in several cases notes are added.

1874.

Catalogue of the Plants of Ohio including Flowering Plants, Ferns,
Mosses and Liverworts. By H. C. Beardslee. Painesville, Ohio, Jan-
uary, 1874. Pamphlet of nineteen pages. Reprinted in Ohio Agricul-
tural Report, 1877, pp. 346-363.

Dr. Beardslee prepared in the fall of 1878 a catalogue of Ohio plants
for publication in the Geological Survey of the State. This list is a
condensation of that catalogue, giving ‘‘merely a list of genera and species
with localities.” He reports, including both species and varieties, one
thousand one hundred and seventeen Exogens, four hundred and twenty-
nine Endogens, and three hundred and eighty-two Acrogens: total one
thousand, nine hundred and twenty-eight. Or, rearranging the summary,
there are one thousand five hundred and forty-six phenogams, seventy-
one vascular cryptogams, two hundred and sixty-one mosses, and fifty
hepaticee.

Report on the Geology of Delaware County. By N. H. Winchell.
Report of the Geological Survey of Ohio, 1874. Vol. I, Part I. Geol-
ogy, p. 272. (Trees, etc., p. 274.)

Of this report two pages (pp. 274-5) are devoted to a list of ‘“‘ Trees,
Shrubs, and hardy vines found growing in Delaware County)” furnished
by Rev. J. H. Creighton. It is a list comprising the scientific names of
one hundred and twenty-two species.

Report on the Geological Survey of Ohio, 1874. Vol. I, p. 415
(Trees p. 416.)

A list of twenty-nine trees which are “characteristic of the county”’
is given, both the scientific and common names being used.

The Geology of Defiance County. By N. H. Winchell. In report
of the Geological Survey of Ohio, 1874, Vol. I, p. 422 (Trees p. 424.)

64 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

“Tn the survey of the county, the following species of trees were
noted” namely a list (including scientific and common names) of forty
three species.

1875.

Note from Painesville, Ohio. By H.C. Beardslee. Bulletin of the
Torrey Botanical Club. Vol. VI, p. 16. 1875,

Notices viviparous species of Scirpus, and occurrence of Fission
oat Amarantus Blitum, and Hydrodictyon utriculatum.

1876.

Some interesting Cryptogams found near Painesville, H.C. Beardslee
Botanical Bulletin, (Gazette), Vol. I, p. 12. January, 1876.

Discelium nudum found in 1872; Fissidens hyalinus, 1873; Riccia
frostii in 1874.

List of Hepaticee growing in Ohio. Dr. H. C. Beardslee, Paines-
ville, Ohio, Botanical Bulletin (Gazette) Vol. I, p.22. April 1876.
A list, without stations, of sixty species and varieties.

Forest trees of the United States, Centennial Collection (Varsey )
Ohio Trees (Klippart), Ohio Agricultural Report, 1876, pp. 354-388.

This is a reprint of a Report by Dr. Vasey to the Commissioner of
Agriculture, and Mr. J. H. Klippart added the word “Ohio” to such as
occur in this state.

A peculiar form of Ragweed. Ambrosia artemisizefolia. By Joseph:
F. James; Botanical Gazette. Vol. I, p. 63. Dec. 1876.

Specimens found at Loveland, Ohio, with no sterile flowers, but
fertile flowers in upright spikes.

NS TT

Wolffia (mode of reproduction). By H. C. Beardslee. Botanical
Gazette, Vol. I, p. 99. April, 1877.

Indentation and finally fission of the frond.

Camptosorus rhizophyllus Miss H. J. Biddlecome, Botanical Gazette
Vol. I, p.1005 April 18777.

Prolongation of basal lobe five inches, in two cases the apex had
taken root.

Some Hardy Dentarias. By Joseph F. James. Botanical Gazette.
Wolk podiloa) june: 137,
Some specimens of Dentaria laciniata not injured by frost.

Some Nympheeas. By H.C. Beardslee. Botanical Gazette, Vol. II,
p. 144. October, 1877.
Nelumbium luteum at Bass Lake. Nympheea with pink flowers.

BOTANY. 65
1878.

Flora of the Miami Valley. By A. P. Morgan. Published by the
Literary Union, Dayton, Ohio, 1878.

A pamphlet of sixty-eight pages, including the Pienowaae Ferns,
Mosses, Liverworts, Lichens, and Fungi of Miami, Montgomery, Butler,
Warren, and Hamilton Counties.

Botrychium lunarioides var. obliquum. By Mrs. E. J. Spence.
Botanical Gazette, Vol. III, p. 89. April, 1878.
Specimen with two disconnected, well-developed spikes.

Report of the Geology of Darke County. By A. C. Lindemuth.
Second Report of the Geological Survey of Ohio. Vol. III, part I.
Geology, 1878, p. 496.

The “most common forest trees noticed” are given (thirty-two in
number) both by popular and botanical name (on pp. 511-2).

1879.

Fresh-water Algae; synopsis of discoveries and researches, in 1878
by Francis Wolle, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, VI. p. 281
Jan. and Feb., 1879.

Several of the species reported in this article for America are described
as new, among them, Chantransia beardslei, found at Painesville, Ohio.

Catalogue of the Flowering Plants, Ferns, and Fungi growing in
the vicinity of Cincinnati. By Joseph F. James. Journal of the Cin-
cinnati Society of Natural History, April, 1879; also separate pp. 1-27.

The author compiled the work from personal observation, and from
the catalogues of Messrs. Lee and Clark. Assistance from others is also
acknowledged. The list of fungi was ‘“‘copied bodily from the excellent
catalogue of Mr. Lea published in 1846,” and a few collected since, added.
The corrections in nomenclature and orthography were made by Prof.
Charles H. Peck. Eight hundred and ninety phenogams and vascular
cryptogams (including also Chara flexilis) and three hundred and nine-
teen fungi are given, or a total of one thousand two hundred and eighteen
species and varieties.

Agaricus Morgani Peck. By A. P. Morgan. Botanical Gazette.
Vol. IV, p. 208. Sept. 1879.

ple extremely large specimen, largest in the world; mentions color
of spores, green.

Notes from Toledo, Ohio. By J. A. Sanford. Botanical Gazette,
Vol. IV, p. 219. October, 1879.

5 Gc: ©:

66 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

Mentions Schollera, Solidago, Liatris, Amarantis, Zizania, Cornus,
and Lactuca.

1880.

Draba verna, L. and Sisymbrium Thaliana, Gaud. biennial. By H.
C. Beardslee. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, Vol. VII, p. 21.
February, 1880. |

Notices of rosettes of radical leaves of three species, Feb. 18, which
were found in the previous fall.

Notes from Painesville, by H. C. Beardslee. Botanical Gazette, Vol.
V, p. 43. April, 1880.

Mentions viviparous specimens of Scirpus and Cenchrus and bien-
nial habit of Draba and Sisymbrium Thaliana.

Teratology; Carya alba. By H. C. Beardslee. Bulletin of the
Torrey Botanical Club, Vol. VII, p. 54. May, 1880.

Notices occurrence of triangular nuts of Carya alba (apparently C.
sulcata).

Double Thalictrum anemonoides. By Mr. Dory. Botanical Gazette,
Vol. V, p. 64. June, 1880.

A note by “T. M.” stating the occurrence as noted by Mr. Dory at
Springfield, Ohio, of a fully double Thalictrum of a rosy tint of white.

New Stations for rare Plants. By A. P. Morgan. Botanical Gazette,
Vol. VII, p. 79. July, 1880.

Notes occurrence of Botrychium matricarizefolium at Columbus and
Veratrum Woodii at Dayton.

1881.

Notices of the Floras of Cincinnati, published from 1815 to 1879
with some additions and corrections to the catalogue of Joseph F. James.
By Davis L. James. In the Journal of the Cincinnati Society of Natural
History, January, 1881.

The additions and corrections are numbered to correspond to the
numbers in Joseph F. James’ Catalogue and consist of ninety-three entries.

Nymphza odorata. By Davis. James. Botanical Gazette, Vol. VI,
p. 266. Sept., 1881.

Notes structure of the fruit (aril) to secure dispersion of seeds as
noticed by Dr. John A. Warder and son at North Bend, Ohio.

Notes from Dayton. By August F. Fcerste. Botanical Gazette, Vol.
VI, p. 274. Oct., 1881, and Vol. VII, p. 24. Feb., 1882.
Gives arrangement of leaves in Conobea multifida and Neszea verti-

BOTANY. 67

cillata; mentions forked pinnee in Dicksonia and notes occurrence of
Lycoperdon pedicellatum at Dayton.

Potamogeton Hillii, n. sp. by Thos. Morong. Botanical Gazette,
VI, p. 290. Nov. 1881.

Original description of the species. The same plant was collected
at Ashtabula, O., by Rev. E. J. Hill in 1880, but mistaken for a form of
P. zosterifolius—see Bot. Gaz., V, 53. April, 1880.

1882.

Woody Plants of Ohio, arranged under their appropriate Botanical
orders with remarks upon their uses, qualities and sources. By Jno. A,
Warder, M. D., President American Forestry Association, assisted by
Davis L. James and Jos. F. James, of the Cincinnati Society of Natural
History. Presented at the meeting of the Agricultural Convention of
Ohio, in Columbus, January, 1882.

Pamphlet, pp. 1-40. Brief address to the convention referring to
. prevailing ignorance as to our native forest trees, explanation of the
paper (pp. 2-5), explanatory note to the reader (pp. 3-4), “note” by D.
L. J. and J. F. J. p. 4, and Woody Plants of Ohio, pp. 5-40. Native
species printed in blackfaced type of which two hundred and sixty-one
are enumerated. One hundred and thirty-seven introduced species are
mentioned accompanied usually, as are the native species, with brief de-
scriptive notes, printed in small capitals, if foreign plants, and in italics
if introduced from other portions of the United States. The paper is
mostly a record of Dr. Warder’s own observations, though many localities
are given on the authority of Beardslee and Newberry.

A large Grape-vine. By C. E. Bessey. Bulletin of the Torrey
Botanical Club, Vol. [X, p. 11. Jan. 1882.

A colony of large grape-vines (Vitis Labrusca) in Wayne Co., Ohio,
with trunks ranging from three inches to over one foot in diameter.

Teratological Note. By A. F. Ferste. Botanical Gazette, Vol. VII,
p. 112. Aug. and Sept., 1882.
Multiplication of parts in Lathyrus palustris at Dayton.

A New Polyporus. By A. P. Morgan. Botanical Gazette, Vol. VII,
p. 135. Nov. 1882.

Describes Polyporus reniformis, Morgan, occurring from Dayton to
Cincinnati. .

Lactuca Scariola, lL. By Aug. F. Ferste. Botanical Gazette, Vol.
VII, p. 187. Nov., 1882.

Abundant at Dayton, Put-in-Bay, etc.; places its vertical leaves so as
to point to the poles.

68 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.
1883.

Mycologic Flora of Miami Valley, by A. P. Morgan, in the Journal
of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History, Apr. 1883, Jan. 1888, Vol.
VI-XI. Nine numbers as follows: April, July, Oct. (1883), Apr. (1884),
July, Oct. (1885), Apr. (1887), Jan. (1888), July, Oct. (1888).

It includes full and original descriptions of Hymenomycetes of all
the species found, some of which are new and many are illustrated by
colored plates.

Large Rhus Toxicodendron, by Aug. F. Fcerste, Botanical Gazette,
Vol. VII, p. 245. June, 1883.
Specimen at Dayton seventeen inches in circumference.

Abnormal Trillium. By Jos. F. James. Bulletin of the Torrey
Botanical Club, Vol. X, p. o1.. May, 1883.

A specimen of T. sessile growing at Cincinnati with parts mostly
in fives.

Violet with Runners. By Jos. F. James. Bulletin of the Torrey
Botanical Club, Vol. X, p. 57. May, 1883.

Many specimens of Viola striata found near Cincinnati with runners
twelve to eighteen inches long.

Chorisis in Podophyllum, by Aug. F. Fcerste, Botanical Gazette,
Vol. Vill, p. 259) Wuly, 1883:
Notes on Dedoublement in specimen of Podophyllum at Dayton.

New species of North American Fungi, by J. B. Ellis and W. A.
Kellerman in American Naturalist, Nov., 1883, pp. 1164-1166.

Fourteen species are enumerated and described of which ten were
collected in Ohio, (the remaining in Kansas).

1884.

Report on weeds (by W. S. Devol) second report of the Ohio Agr.
Experiment Station for 1883, Columbus, 1884, p. 187.

Notices number of weeds in the state, means of destruction and
commonest ones in different sections of the state. A part of the same
article is also reported under ‘‘Report of Committee on Botany” in the
proceedings of Columbus Horticultural Society, Dec. 4, 1884.

New species of Fungi. By Chas. H. Peck. Bulletin of the Torrey
Botanical Club, XI, p. 26. Feb., 1884. &

Descriptions of new species of which Myriadoporus adustus and
Hypomyces xylophilus were from Ohio.

BOTANY. 69

Abnormal Trillium, by Jos. F. James. Botanical Gazette, Vol. IX,
p. 115, July, 1884.

Four-parted Trillium erectum, whorl of three leaves and small leaf
on peduncle.

Contributions to the Flora of Cincinnati, by Jos. F. James, in the
Journal of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History, July, 1884.

The article covers fourteen pages and gives the results of observa-
tions of the plants of the vicinity of Cincinnati, which have been accu-
mulating the past two years. Besides critical notes on the species, new
localities are given for many plants and a few, not before reported for
that region, are given.

1885.

Descriptive notes of some of the newer and least known weeds of
the State (W. R. Lazenby) in the Third Annual Report of the Ohio Agr.
Experiment Station for 1884, Columbus, 1885, p. 164.

Twelve species are described from notes “from the answers received
from the circulars and from observations made by the Station.”

1886.

Report on Forestry (by W. R. Lazenby), in Fourth Annual Report
of the Ohio Agr. Experiment Station for 1885, Columbus, 1886, pp. 242.

The report covers two pages (242-3) and contains, (1) a “‘list of the
principal timber trees of Ohio,” fifty-one species, both common and
scientific names are used; (2) a tabulation of “comparative growth and
hardiness of forest tree seedlings,” sixteen species.

Report on Weeds (by W. S. Devol), in Fourth Annual Report of the
Ohio Agr. Experiment Station for 1885, Columbus, 1886, p. 193.

This report covers fourteen pages and includes “weeds on different
soils” (p. 193); “general remarks” (p. 194); “descriptive notes of five
species” (pp. 194-196); “‘prolificacy of weeds” (pp. 196-198, essentially
the same also in the Journal of the Columbus Horticultural Society, Vol.
III, No. 3, March, 1888, pp. 38-43); and a “List of the Plants of Ohio
(229 species) which generally appear as weeds” (pp. 198-206).

The Flora of Ross County, Ohio, compared with that of New Eng-
land, by W. E. Safford, Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, Vol. XIII,
p- 114, July, 1886.

Notices a large number of conspicuous plants, many of which do not
reach New England.

Natural History of the Grape, by W. R. Lazenby, in Proceedings of
the Columbus Horticultural Society, Columbus, Sept. 25, 1886, pp, 4.

70 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

A general account of the family and gives four species growing wild
in Ohio; Vitis Labrusca, V. Aestivalis, V. riparia, and V. cordifolia.

Notes on some Introduced Plants chiefly in Summit county, Ohio,
by E. W. Claypole, in Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, Vol. XIII,
p. 187, Oct., 1886.

A record of some introduced plants; ten species of which are well
established and six represented by a single specimen of each.

1887.

Report on Weeds (by W.S. Devol) in the Fifth Annual Report of the
Ohio Agr. Experiment Station for 1886, Columbus, 1887, p. 230.

Sixteen species are named which “have been discovered in the State
since the publication of Dr. Beardslee’s Catalogue of Plants of Ohio,”
(pp. 230) (The same list is printed in the Journal of the Columbus Horti-
cultural Society, Vol. III, No. 1, Jan., 1888, p. 47). This list is followed
by a “list of plants identified” (pp. 231-3).

Botanical Notes (by W. R. Lazenby) in the Fifth Annual Report of
the Ohio Agr. Experiment Station for 1886, Columbus, 1887, pp. 304.

A few short notes are given (p. 804) followed by a list (pp. 305-7)
of seventy-four species with their dates of blooming in the years 1882-7.

Notes on Sanguinaria Canadensis by Aug. F. Feerste, in the Bulletin
of the Torrey Botanical Club, Vol. XIX, p. 74, April, 1887.

An article two pages in length and one plate giving the morphology
of the plant; locality, Dayton.

List of Algae, by H. Ll. Jones, in Bulletin of the Scientific Labora-
tories of Dennison University, May, 1887, Vol. II, pp, 115-6.

A list of thirty-four species, mostly Desmids, found in the Licking
Reservoir and the ponds about Granville, Ohio.

Botanical Notes (Liquidambar in Ohio) by Jos. F. James. Bulletin
Torrey Botanical Club, Vol. XIV, p. 223, Oct. 4, 1887.

Notes occurrence of Liquidambar near Oxford and the vicinity of
Cincinnati.

Plants in bloom in September, October and November, (observed by
Moses Craig and reported by W. S. Devol) Journal of the Columbus
Horticultural Society, Vol. II; Nos. 10, 11, 12, Oct., Nov., Dec., 1887, pp.
166, 189, 207.

The lists number eighty-eight, fifty-eight and six species respectively.

Note on the color of Caulophyllum thalictroides, by K. B. Claypole.
Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, Vol. XIV, p. 258, Dec. 3, 1887.
Notices the less dark color of this species in Ohio than in Canada.

BOTANY. 71

1888.

Botanical Notes (by W. R. Lazenby) in Sixth Annual Report of the
Ohio Agr. Experiment Station for 1887, Columbus, 1888, p. 286.

This article consists of “plants named” pp. 286-8. Date of bloom-
ing of plants for 1882-7, a list of 317 species (pp. 289-298).

List of Diatoms from Granville, Ohio, by J. L. Deming, in Bulletin
of the Scientific Laboratories of Dennison University, April, 1888, Vol.
III, pp. 114-5.

A list of twenty-four species preceded by a general account of
Diatoms.

Arbor Day Number, Journal of the Columbus Horticultural Society,
Vol. III, No. 5, May, 1888.

Devoted to an account of Arbor Day exercises at the Ohio State
University to which is appended a list of ‘Native Trees of Ohio.”

List of Algae from Granville, Ohio, by Chas. L. Payne, in Bulletin
of Dennison University, Dec., 1888, Vol. IV, Part I, p. 182.

Sixteen species are enumerated as an additional list to that published
in 1887 by H. L. Jones. One Spirogyra “appears to be undescribed.”

1889.

Preliminary List of the Flowering and Fern Plants of Lorain Co.,
Ohio, compiled by Albert A. Wright, professor of Geology and Natural
History in Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio, 1889.

A pamphlet of thirty pages, containing a map of Lorain Co., a pre-
face (pp. 3-5), list of botanical books (p. 5, eight entries) and list of
plants (pp. 7-30). The plants introduced from other countries are
printed in italics.» The list was “made principally by putting together
the observations of the compiler and a few friends who have made recent
collections in this county * * * also the collection of the late Dr.
Jas. Dascomb * * * the species ascribed to this county by Dr. Kel-
logg in Dr. Newberry’s catalogue and those reported by Dr. H. L.
Howard * * * in Beardslee’s yet unpublished catalogue * * *
have all been noted.” ‘There are 887 species enumerated.

Report of the Committee on Botany, by Aug. D. Selby, Journal of
the Columbus Horticultural Society, Vol. [X, No. 2, June, 1889, p. 35.

Notices the number of plants in bloom in March and gives a list of
sixteen species.

Report of the Committee on Botany, by Aug. D. Selby, Columbus
Horticultural Society, Vol. IV, No. 4, Dec., 1889, p. 107.

72 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

Notices rarity or profusion of blossoms according to deficiency or
abundance of moisture and occurrence of new and rare plants to the
county.

1890.

A Catalogue of the Uncultivated Flowering Plants growing on the
Ohio State University grounds, by Moses Craig, in the Bulletin of the
Ohio Agr. Experiment Station, Technical Sezies, Vol. I, No. 2, May,
1890, pp. 49-110. Ba

The catalogue proper is preceded by an Introduction, Limits of the
flora and its physical characters, Geology of the farm, Notes on the
- climate, Extent and beauty of our flora, Time of blooming of plants,
maps, Classification, statistics of the catalogue, etc, pp. 49-61. The
number of species and varieties enumerated is 468. In nearly every case
they are accompanied by full notes as to occurrence, abundance, etc.

A preliminary List of the Plants of Franklin county, Ohio, prepared
for the Columbus Horticultural Society, by Aug. D. Selby and Moses
Craig, M. S. Committee on Botany for 1850.

A pamphlet of nineteen pages, three of which (3-5) contain the
Introduction, twelve (7-18) include the neatly printed list—the genera in
black-faced type arranged alphabetically under the orders, and the species
alphabetically arranged under the genera—and the last page (19) gives a
summary of added and introduced plants. The list contains 1,002
plants, being an addition of 223 to Sullivant’s Catalogue published fifty

years before.

Mycologic Observa‘ions, I. (January, 1890), by A. P. Morgan, Bot-
anical Gazette, Vol. XV, No. 4, April, 1890, p. 34. ;

Notices many fungi to be seen in Winter, as Agaricus Sepridas,
Tremellas, Schizophyllum, Menispora, Aithrosporum, Bactridium, Naema-
telia, Stereum, Dacrymyces.

Supplementary List to the Plants of Ohio preliminary to a complete
catalogue of the flora of the State, by William R. Lazenby and W. C.
Werner, Department of Botany and Horticulture, Ohio State University,
Columbus, Ohio, 1890.

Native species are printed in heavy faced type, those introduced in
small capitals. ‘‘The total number of plants, including both species and
varieties, enumerated in this lst, is one hundred and twenty-three. Of
this number sixteen are cryptogams. Deducting these there are one
hundred and thirteen indigenous and sixty-four introduced Phaenogams.”

BOTANY. 73

Plants blooming in February and March, by Aug. D. Selby, Journal
of the Columbus Horticultural Society, Vol. V, No. 2, June, 1890, p. 24.

Gives date of blooming of twenty-four species.

The Snowy Trillium (T. nivale, Riddell), by Aug. D. Selby, Journal
of the Columbus Horticultural Society, Vol. V, No, 2, June, 1890, p. 36.

Gives a general description, its distribution and a full page plate.

Prickly Lettuce—An Introduced Weed, by Miss Freda Detmers,
Journal of the Columbus Horticultural Society, Vol. V, No. 3, September,
1890, p. 53.

Gives a general descrirtion of the plant, illustrated by a plate show-
ing infloresence and leaves, natural size. .

Wild Carrot (Daucus Carota L.), by Aug. D. Selby, Journal of the
Columbus Horticultural Society, Vol. V, No. 3, September, 1890, p. 70.

Gives a general description and notices its distribution and means of
eradication.

The Lakeside Daisy, by Clarence M. Weed, Journal of the Columbus
Horticultnral Society, Vol. V, No. 8, September, 1890, p. 72.

Describes and notices occurrences of Actinella acaulis in the lime-
stone plains of the Sandusky Peninsula. (The plant found was Actinella
acaulis, var. glabra, and not A. acaulis).

Report of committee on botany, by Aug. D. Selby, Journal of the
Columbus Horticultural Society, Vol. V, No. 4, December, 1890, p. 895.

Mentions results of collecting during the year and the new finds at
Sellsville, near Columbus.

1soi?

Notes from Columbus, Ohio, by Aug, D. Selby, Botanical Gazette,
XVI, p. 148. May, 1891,

Notes occurrence of Bidens connata with upwardly barbed awns and
gives list of introduced plants on circus grounds of Sells’ Brothers near
Columbus, Ohio.

Our Native Oaks, by Aug. D. Selby, Journal of the Columbus Horti-
cultural Society, Vol. VI, No. 2, June, 1891, p. 41.

Gives a general account of the oaks and recommends for cultivation
for ornamental purposes especial'y the Pin Oak, also; Yellow, Scarlet
and Laurel Oaks.

The Fungous Diseases of Lettuce, by Miss Freda Detmers, Journal
of the Columbus Horticultural Society, Vol. VI, No. 2, June, 1891, p. 47.

Notices and describes Septoria Lactucae, Septoria consimilis and
Peronospora gangliformis.

74 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

Botany—May, (under Communications and Discussions), by Aug.
D. Selby, Journal of the Columbus Horticultural Society, Vol. VI, No. 2,
June, 1891, p. 63.

Notices the collecting of several rare plants near Columbus.

A Vigorous Foreigner, by C. M. Weed, American Garden, Vol. XII,
p. 620.

Notices Lactuca scariola as occurring in Ohio accompanied with
figure of the plant.

Some Troublesome Weeds and the Ohio Statutes Relating to Weedy
Plants, by Aug. D. Selby, Journal of the Columbus Horticultural Society,
Vol. VI, No. 8, September, 1891, p. 96.

Mentions characteristics of a weed and gives the six worst weeds for
Franklin county (Wild Carrot, Canada Thistle, Wheat Thief, Moth Mul-
lein, Toad Flax, Ribgrass, and Narrow Dock) and Ohio laws relating
to Weeds.

Plants Introduced at Sellsville, near Columbus, Ohio, by W. R.
Lazenby. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, Vol. XVIII, p. 3801,
Oct. 1891.

Gives a list of eighteen plants occurring in the place used by Sells’
Brothers as the winter quarters for their circus and menagerie, seven of
which occur elsewhere in the state.

List of plants observed growing wild in the vicinity of Cincinnati,
Ohio, by C. G. Lloyd, Cincinnati, Ohio, Oct., 1891.

A pamphlet of eight pages giving list of six hundred and seventeen
species of phenogams and vascular cryptogams.

Diseases of the Raspberry and Blackberry, by Miss Freda Detmers.
In Bulletin of the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station Second Series,
Vol. IV, No. 6, Oct., 1891, p. 124.

A general account of four parasitic fungi infesting the raspberry and
blackberry, namely Gloeosporium venetum, Septoria. Rubi, Caeoma
nitens, and Blight of Raspberry.

Report of the Committee on Botany, by Aug. D. Selby, Journal of
the Columbus Horticultural Society, Vol. VI, No. 4, December, 1891,
jot Lila

Mentions activity in collecting plants last year and gives over fifty
‘Additions to Preliminary List of the plants of Franklin county, Ohio.”

Plum Pockets (Exoascus Pruni, Fckl.), by Miss Freda Detmers.
Journal of the Columbus Horticultural Societp, Vol. VI, No. 4, December,
1891, p. 118.

BOTANY. 75

Notices occurrence of Exoascus Pruni, the upper portions of twigs
of Prunus Americana and on the same both of Monilia fructigenum, Pass.
and Phyllosticta prunicola, Sacc.

Apple Scab (Fusicladium dentriticum), by Miss Freda Detmers, in
Bulletin of the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station, Sec. Ser. Vol. IV,
No. 9, December, 1891, p. 187.

An account covering three pages, including general remarks, external
characters and effect on host, and “ microscopicui characters.”

On the Occurrence of Certain Western Plants at Columbus, Ohio, by
Aug. D. Selby Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science, 1891,
Terre Haute, 1892, p. 74.

Mentions the blending in central Ohio of eastern and western
spec es of plants and notices presence of “distinctly western and south-
western plants, introduced by wholesale, as it were,” giving twenty such
species as found on Sell Brothers’ circus grounds at Columbus.

Variations and Intermediate Forms of Certain Asters, by W. C.
Werner. Journal of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History, Vol. IV.
No. 1, April, 1892, p. 55.

The variations of the species noticed in northern and Central Ohio
are Aster Shortii, A. undulatus; A. cordifolius; A. saggittifolius; A.
Lindleyanus.

A Fungous Enemy of Plant Lice (Empusa Aphidis), by Miss Freda
Detmers. Journal of the Columbus Horticultural Society, Vol. VII,
No. 1, March, 1892, p. 121.

Notices occurrence of Empusa Aphidis in greenhouse on various
species of plant lice, as Phorodon mahaleb, Aphis mali, Aphis on
chrysanthemum.

Some Fungous Pests of Greenhouse Plants, by W. A. Kellerman.
Journal of the Columbus Horticultural Society, Vol. VII, No. 1. March,
1892, p. 20.

Describes two fungous diseases, carnation rust, (Uromyces carophyl-
linus [Schrank] Schroet.) and ‘damping off;’ specimens of the former
exhibited, now occurring in Ohio.

Catalogue of the Phanerogams and Ferns of Licking County, Ohio-
by Herbert L. Jones, in Bulletin of the Scientific Laboratories of
Denison University, Vol. VII, pp. 4-103, March, 1892.

On pages 4 to 11 inclusive are given the Introduction, Herbaria,
Geology of Licking county, Altitude of different points, rainfall, temper-
ature, etc., a list of the worst weeds, times of flowering, trees, locations
of special botanical interest, forms of certain species, nomenclature and

76 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

map. ‘The list of species (pp. 11-101) is accompanied with notes as to
localities, dates, etc. The total number of species and _ varieties
enumerated is 945. On page 102 is given a summary of species under
_ distributions as to soil and comparison with other Ohio floras; on p. 103,
errata. A map of the county accompanies the catalogue.

On the Flora of Northern Ohio, by Edo Claassen, in American Jour-
nal of Pharmacy, March and April, 1892.

This article covers nine pages and describes the explorations of the
author made on the Lake Erie shore and islands. Rarer plants, peculiar
to many different localities, are named, and finally a more extended list
(of several hundred species) of plants more widely distributed concludes
the paper.

Two New Genera of Hyphomycetes, by A. P. Morgan. Botanical
Gazette, XVII, p. 190, June, 1892

Descriptions are given of Cylindroctadium scoprium, Morgan, and
Synthetospora electa, Morgan.

Forest Trees of Ohio for the World’s Columbian Exposition (by W.
A. Kellerman.) Bulletin No. 5, Ohio World’s Fair Commission, Colum-
bus, (1892); also (in part) in First Quarterly Report of the Executive
Commissioner for Ohio.

Contains a list of eighty-eight species, giving both botanical and
common names; also a list of twenty-three species doubtfully classed as
trees; five doubtfully occurring in Ohio.

Reports of Standing Committees: Botany; May. By Aug. D. Selby.
Journal of the Columbus Horticultural Society, Vol. VII, No. 2, July,
1892, p. 67.

Notices plants near Central College, allied to Appalachian Flora.

Reports of Standing Committees: Vegetable Pathology; May. By
W. A. Kellerman. Journal of the Columbus Horticultural Society, Vol.
VII, No. 2, July, 1892, p. 70. ;

Notices abundance of peach curl, black knot, and bramble rust;
mentions weeds as harboring certain fungi which are destructive to
crops, hence the necessity of destroying them.

Field Experiments with Wheat, by J. Freemont Hickman, in the
Bulletin of the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station, Sec. Ser., Vol. V,
No. 5, Aug. 1892, p. 83.

Under the sub-head of Scab and Smut (p. 93) note is made of pres
valence of scab, loose smut and stinking smut or ‘“‘bunt” on wheat.

BOTANY. 77

Botanical papers of the A. A. A. S.; note on Yellow Pitch Pine, by
W. A. Kellerman, Botanical Gazette, XVII, No. 9, Sept., 1892, p. 280.

Notices occurrence of a new variety of Pinus rigida, P. rigida, var-
lutea, Kellerman, in Fairfield county, Ohio.

A Preliminary List of the Rusts of Ohio, by Miss Freda Detmers,
in the Bulletin of the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station, Sec. Ser.,
Vol. V, No. 7, Sep. 1892, p. 188.

In the list (pp. 135-140) of sixty-eight species are given the name of
the rust, the name of the plant on which it is found, the locality in, and
the time at which it has been collected, together with occasional notes.

Lg

Description of a New Phalloid, by A. P. Morgan, in the Journal of
the Cincinnati Society of Natural History, Oct., 1892.

A new genus and species (Phallogaster saccatus Morgan) found in
Hamikon county, (Morgan); Licking county, (C. J. Herrick); also in New
York and Connecticut is described and illustrated by a lithographic plate.

The Wild Plants of Northeastern Ohio; Preliminary List of the Wild
Plants of Ashtabula county, by Sara F. Goodrich, Western Reserve
School Journal, Geneva, Ohio, Nov., 1892, and Jan., 1893.

A preface precedes the list; the latter gives the scientific and com-
mon names of the plants.

New Plants for the Flora of Ohio, by W. C. Werner. Read before
the Ohio State Academy of Science, December, 29, 1892. Bulletin of the
Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station, Tech. ser., Vol. I, No. 8, April,
1893, p. 235.

Notes the occurrence of Fossombronia cristata, Thuya occidentalis
(apparently mistaken by early Ohio collectors for Chamzecyparis thyoides),
Monarda clinopodia, Oxalis recurva, Lobelia puberula, Centauria Jacea
Cyperus sylvaticus, Eleocharis quadrangulata, Bignonia capreolata, and
Opuntia Rafinesquii.

The Ohio Erysiphez, by Aug. D. Selby. Read before the Ohio State
Academy of Science, December 29, 1892. Bulletin of the Ohio Agricul-
tural Experiment Station, Tech. ser., Vol. I, No. 8, April, 1892, p. 213.

Includes a general account of the group and a list of Ohio species
with hosts, stations, dates, and collectors, and notes on many of the .

species

Notes on Rare Ohio Plants, by Aug. D. Selby. Read before the
Ohio State Academy of Science, December 29, 1891. Bulletin of the
Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station, Tech. ser., Vol. I, No. 3, April
1893, p. 241.

Notes the occurrence of Erysimum aspernum and Gonolobus obliquus
at Columbus; and Silene rotundifolia at Ash Cave, Hocking county.

78 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

New and Rare Plants for the flora of Ohio, by W. A. Kellerman.
Read before the Ohio State Academy of Science, December 30, 1892.
Bulletin of the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station, Tech. ser., Vol. I,
No. 3, April, 1893, p. 241.

Notices occurrence of one specimen of Ilex opaca, apparently native
in Lawrence county; the occurrence of one specimen of Lea’s oak, at
Brownsville, Licking county; and Polypodium incanum, at Mineral
Springs, Adams county; and an unsuccessful search for Magnolia tripet-
ala, in Lawrence county.

Corrections and Additions to Moses Craig’s Catalogue of the unculti-
vated flowering plants growing on the Ohio State University grounds, by
W. A. Kellerman and Wm. C. Werner. Bulletin of the Ohio Agricul-
tural Experiment Station, Tech. ser., Vol. I, No. 8, April, 1893, p. 224.

Gives a large number of corrected identifications and many addi-
tional species. :

Notes on the Distribution of Some Rare Plants in Ohio, by Wm. C.
Werner. Read be‘ore the Ohio State Academy of Science, December 80,
1892. Bulletin of the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station, Tech. ser.,
Vol. I, No. 8, April, 1898, p. 232.

The following are some of the plants: Sullivantia Ohionis, Iris
cristata, Sabbatia angularis, Draba verna, Juncus Canadensis—with
extended range indicated.

Additions to the Preliminary List of the Uredineze of Ohio, by Miss
Freda Detmers. Read before the Ohio State Academy of Science, De-
cember 30, 1892. Bulletin of the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station,
Tech. ser., Vol. I, No. 3, April, 1893, p. 171.

Gives a general account of the life history of the species of the group
and an annotated list of the unreported Ohio species.

The Lichens of Ohio, by E. E. Bogue, Read before the Ohio State
Academy of Sciences, December 850, 1892. Journal of the Cincinnati
Society of Natural History, April, 1893, p. 37.

1893.

Additions to the Preliminary List of the Flowering and Fern Plants
of Lorain County, Ohio, compiled by Albert A. Wright, Oberlin, Ohio,
1893. Laboratory Bulletin, No. 1, Supplement.

A pamphlet of eleven pages, giving a list of 106 additions, all the
species being “authenticated by specimens now in the college herbarium.”

The Myxomycetes of the Ohio Valley, Ohio, by A. P. Morgan. First
paper (read Jan. 8, 1893), Journal of the Cincinnati Society of Natural
History, January, 1893.

BOTANY. 79

Gives a general description of the group, followed by descriptions of
the species. Twenty-four species (five of them new) belonging to seven
genera are described, accompanied by a plate of twelve figures.

Die Glumifloren des Noerdlichen Ohio, von Edo Claassen, Cleveland,
Ohio. Pharmaceutische Rundschau, February, 1893.

Gives list of species found along the shore of Lake Erie in the
counties of Cuyahoga, Ottawa, Erie, Lake, Medina, Summit, Geauga
and Portage.

Ipomaea pandurata, by A. F. Linn. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical
Club, Vol. XX, p. 258, June, 1893. ‘

Notes occurrence of a large root (weight twenty-five pounds) of this
species at Springfield.

SCOPE AND CHARACTER OF PRESENT PUBLICATION.

This catalogue is the first to include all the groups of plants repre-
sented in Ohio. Our knowledge of the flowering plants and of the
higher cryptogams, or flowerless plants, is based on the work of many
botanists and hosts of collectors. A large portion’of the collected mater-
ial has passed through our hands and we have visited many portions of
the state. But few of our botanists have studied the Mosses, Liverworts,
Lichens, Fungi and Algze and collectors have almost invariably neglected
them. The list in the lowest groups (Thallophytes) must be considered
very fragmentary and a mere beginning.

The state catalogue also differs from its predecessors in giving
stations (with credit to first collectors) for all except the commoner
plants. It has been the aim to admit no plant of doubtful occurrence,
though in some of the groups, especially in the Algz, no censorship was

possible.
A tabulation for popular use is here inserted, presenting a compre-

hensive view of the several groups and their relation to each other.

80 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

SYNOPSIS OF VEGETABLE KINGDOM.

Dicotyls—Ex.—Anemone, Cockle-bur,
f Angiosperms Mint, Deciduous Trees.
Phenogams Monocotyls—Ex.—Lily, Flag, Grasses.
(Hor reianyes elles) Cycads—Ex.—Cycas, Zamia.
Gymnosperms Conifers—Ex.—Pines, Cedars, Firs.
s Gnetaceae—Ex.—Welwitschia.
( Club-mosses—Ex.--Ground pine, Lyco-
pods.
(ee : } Horse-tails—Ex.—Scouring rushes,
Vascular cryptogams | Equisetumm.
| Ferns—Ex.—Maiden hair, Brake,
| | Wood-fern.
|
Cryptogams | { Mosses—Ex.—Mosses.
| (Howerless plants) } BCR uyece Liverworts—Ex.—Liverworts.
| Fungi—Ex.—_Mushrooms, Rusts,
| Lichens, Mildews, Yeast-plants.
Algee—Ex.—Green Pond Scums, Des-
mids, Sea-weeds.
s | Bacteria—Ex.—Micro-organisms of de-
Thallophytes 1 cay, fermentation, disease, etc.

Diatoms—Ex.—Diatoms in fresh and
salt water. '
Slime Moulds—Ex.—‘ Flowers of tan,”’
[ Parasite of Clubfoot, ete.

NOMENCLATURE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMEMTS.

In respect to nomenclature, this can be said; that an attempt has
been made to conform to the principies that American and other botanisis
are now adopting. But it must not be presumed that in the yet unsettled
state in the application of strict priority, accuracy has been in all cases
attained. ‘The most recent contributions of Dr. N. Ll. Britton and others
in this line have been followed as far as the literature could be made
available. The sequence of orders tollowed by Engler & Prantl, authors
of PFLANZEN-FAMILIEN is here adopted. This appropriately displaces
the arrangement of De Candolle, nearly a century old, very antiquated
and far from natural, though still persisting in the text books.

Thanks are hereby expressed to the various collectors in the state
who have favored us with material and to those botanists who have
kindly examined and compared specimens for us. The plant lists or
catalogues above enumerated have been consulted (the state catalogues
of Dr. Newberry and Dr. Beardslee especially being used) and
where species are given on their authority, credit in each case has been
given.

Finally, the authors would respectfully request collectors to send
specimens to the Herbarium of the Ohio State University, particularly of
new or rare plants and also those that will extend the known area of dis-
tribution over the state or that will illustrate varieties due to local or
other causes. Such material will serve as a basis for future contributions
to the botany of our state.

Botanical Laboratory, Ohio State University, January, 1893.

BOTANY. 80a

RECENT CHANGES IN NOMENCLATURE.

By reason of delay in binding this volume corrections can be in-
serted to make the Nomenclature correspond to that officially adopted by
the American Botanists and published in the ‘‘ List of Pteridophyta and
Spermatophyta of Northeastern North America.”’

W. A. KELLERMAN.
Ohio State University, January, 1895.

Page 81, 4th Species. Strike out ‘“noveboracensis’’ and add Britt. after ‘“(L.).”
OO WO Cd = Change name to Euthamiia caroliniana (L..) Greene.
83, 6th ‘ Change “hirsuta Nutt” to hispida Muhl.
83, 8th S Change name to Euthamia graminifolia (.) Nutt.
83, 9th y Change “‘latifola L.” to flexicaulis L.
84, 8th is Change “speciosa angustata” to rigidiuscula (T. & G.) Brt.
85, 6th ef Change “corymbosus Ait.” to divaricatus L.
85, 9th i Change “villosus Torr. & Gr.” to pilosus (Willd.) Porter.
86, 12th 3 Change “polyphyllus Willd.” to faxoni Porter.
87, Ist s Change “ leevicaulis Gray” to firmus (Nees) T. & G.
87, 11th : Change * bellidifolius Muhl” to pulchellus Mx.
88, Ist ae Change “villosa Walt.” to foetida (L.) B. S. P.
OIF 9th: a Change “ parviflorus Benth.” to microcephalus T. & G.
91, 11th it Change “mollis (Willd.)” to macrophyllus (Willd.) Britt.
91, last sf Change “senifolia Mx.” to major Nutt.
93, 3 .. Change name to Ptilepida acaulis (Nutt.) Britt.
93, 9th " Change “discoidea DC.” to matricarioides (Less.) Porter.
94, 10th os Strike out “aureus” and change “T. & G.” to Muhl.
94, 11th ‘ Strike out “aureus,” also “T. & G.”
95, 6th re Strike out “lappa.”
96, Ist . Change name to Cnicus benedictus L.
96, 6-8th 5 Change “ Apogon”’ to Adopogon.
97, 3 Change “officinale Weber” to taraxacum (L.) Karst.
99, 2d 3 Change name to Legouzia perfoliata (L.) Britt.
2 Gil vile 5 Change “racemosus L.” to pubens Mx.
“ 101, 4th ¢ Change “lantanoides Mx.” to alnifolium Marsh.
= 1025, ist 7% Change “vulgaris Mx.” to symphoricarpus (L.) MacM.
102, 4th - Change “glauca Hill” to dioica L.
= 1025 oth # Change “grata Ait.” to caperifolium L.
LO 2 ealieh So Change “trifida Mcench”’ to diervilla (ly.) MacM.
“104, 12th o Strike out “ patagonica” and ‘“‘ Gray.”
SHO, 4th cs Change “aubletia 1,” to canadensis (L.) Britt.
LOG S53 i Change name to Mentha longifolia (L,.) Huds.
“106, 4th ¢ Change “viridis L.” to spicata L.
“106, 10th i Change “mariana L,.” to origanoides (L.) Britt.
“106, 11-14th “ Chamge “Pycnanthemum” to Keellia, and terminations
of the species “um” to a.
107, 1st s Change name to Kcellia pilosa (Nutt.) Britt.
107, 2nd : Change name to Kcellia virginiana (L.) Britt.
= SLOT) Ath ~ Change name to Clinopodium vulgare L.
ot Oita ef Change name to Clinopodium glabella (Benth.) Kuntze.
107, 9th ie Change name to Clinopodium glabra (Nutt.) Kuntze.
7) 108), 9th : Change name to Vleckia nepetoides (L.) Raf.
“108, 10th i. Change name to Vleckia scrophularizefolia (Wild.) Raf.
> 108, 22th te Change name to Glechoma hederacea L.
LOO USE Change “canescens Nutt.” to incana Muhl.
09, (9th Change “versicolor Nutt.” to cordifolia Muhl.
109, 12th ay Change “grandiflora Nutt.” to hispidula Mx.
111, 6th oj Change “myosotis Mcench” to lappula (L.) Karst.
112, 3rd ss Change “virginica (L.) B. S. P.” to verna Nutt.
112, 10th i Change “hirtum Lehm.” to gmelina (Mx.) Hitche.
113, 10th u Change “cleistantha” to micrantha (Engl. & Gr.) Britt.
113, last is Change “capreolata L.” to crucigera L.
“ .114, 4th ;, Change “ proboscidea Glox”’ to louisiana Mill.

114, 5th es Change name to Thalesia uniflora (I,.) Britt.

th ee
; ~

GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

Species. Change name to Elatinoides elatine (L.) Wettst.
5S Change ‘vulgaris Mill” to linaria (L). Karst.
Change “leevigatus Soland,” to pentstemon (I..) Britt.
iH Change name to Pentstemon digitalis (Sweet) Nutt.
Change name to Leptandra virginica (I,.) Nutt.
4 Change name to Afzelia macrophylla (Nutt.) Kuntze.
a Change name to Physalodes physalodes (I,.) Britt.
‘s Change “nil (I) Ph.” to hederacea Jacq.
Strike out ‘“incarnata.”’
o Change name to Cynanchum nigrum (J,.) Pers.
oe Change name to Vincetoxicum gonocarpos Walt.
sf Change name to Vincetoxicum obliquum (Jacq.) Britt.
a Change “ pubescens Lam” to pennsylvanica Marsh.
i Change “viridis Mx.” to lanceolata Borck.
Change name to Mohrodendron carolinum (J,.) Britt.
i Change “stricta Ait’ to terrestris (L.) B. S. P.
‘ Change name to Naumburgia thyrsiflora (L,.) Duby.
Change “ monotropa Crantz” to hypopitys (L.) Small.
rs Strike out “ corymbosum.”
‘s Change name to Xolisma ligustrina (L.) Britt.
‘ Change “ latifolium” to grcenlandicum Oeder.
‘ Change “ Rhododendron lutea (L.)” to Azalea lutea L.
$ Change “ brevistylis (Torr.) DC.” to claytoni (Mx.) B. S. P.
‘ Change ‘“claytoni (Mx.) B. S. P.” to longistylis (Torr.) DC.
s Change name to Conioselinum chinense (L.) B. S. P.
ii Change to Thaspium trifoliatum aureum (Nutt.) Britt.
Change “sericea L.” to amonum Mill.
t Change name to Chamzenerion angustifolium (L,.) Scop.
Change “ palustre oliganthum(Mx.)B.S. P.” to lineare Muhl.
Change name to Onagra biennis (L.) Scop.
Change name to Kneiffea puticosa (L.)
Change name to Onagra oakesiana (Gr.) Britt.
Change name to Kneiffia pumila (L.) Spach.
Change “filipes Spach” to michauxii Spach.
Change name to Decodon verticillata (Ly.) Ell.
a Change name to Parsonia petiolata (L.) Rusby.
Change name to Lepargyreea canadensis (L..) Greene.
Change “vulgaris Mill.” to polyacantha Haw.
- Change “ muhlenbergii Torr” to labradorica Schrank.
* Change name to Viola scabriuscula (T. & G.) Schw.
Change “crux-andrez L.”” to hypericoides L.
Change “cistifolium Lam.” to sphzerocarpum Mx.
Change name to Malva verticillata crispa L.
i Change “avicennae Geertn ” to abutilon (L.) Rusby.
s Change name to Vitis bicolor LeConte.
Change name to Ampelopsis cordata Mx.
Change name to Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch..
Change ‘riparia Mx.” to vulpina L.
“ Change name to Acer nigtum Mx. f.
; Change name to Acer negundo L.
Change ‘“‘typhina L.” to hirta (L.) Sudw.
‘ Change “‘ambiguum Nutt.” to humile (Raf.) Morong.
Change “verna L.” to palustris L.
uss Change “caroliniana Ell.” to ostrycefolia Riddell.
t Change ‘‘sanguinea L.” to viridescens L.
Change “melilotoides Mx.” to pedunculata (Mill.) Vail.
cf Change “‘violacea (Mx.) Kuntze” to purpurea (Vent.) MacM.
s Change “canadensis L.” to carolinensis L.
Change name to Phaca neglecta T. & G.
Change “reticulata (Muhl.) Ph.” to virginica (L.) Britton.
Change “intermedium (Wats.) Britt.” to frutescens(L.) Britt. |
‘f Change “ glaucifolius Beck.” to ochroleucus Hook.
2 Change “tuberosa Mcench.” to apios (L.) MacM.
Change “perennis” to polystachyus (L.) B. 5S. P.
Change “spiraea aruncus L.” to Aruncus aruncus (L.) Karst.
Change “spirzea rubra (Hill) Britt.” to Ulmaria rubra Hill.
Change name to Opulaster opulifolius (L.) Kuntze. ~

-9

DD Ot je He 92 99 90 9 82}

Tf ST ST ST SST SIT
DR

See ee
ax

7, 10th
9, 7th
, Sth
, L0th
, Ist
, 10th
, last
, 4th

11th

, 3-9th
5, 10th

6th

, 9th

12th

, last
7, Ist
, 6th
7, 12th
, last
, 4th
, oth

j, 4th

9-10th

8, 2d

Species.

“

“

BOTANY. 80c¢

Change name to Rubus baileyanus Britt.

Change “norvegica L.” to monspeliensis L.

Change name to Comarum palustre L.

Change ‘“‘supina lL.” to paradoxa Nutt.

Change “ poterium (L.) Britt.” to sanguisorba (L,) Britt.

Change name to Aronia arbutifolia (L.) Ell.

Change name to Aronia nigra (Willd.) Britt.

Change name to Crataegus macracantha Lodd.

Change name to Crataegus punctata Jacq.

Change ‘“Rorippa”’ to Roripa.

Change “vulgaris R. Br.” to barbarea (L..) MacM.

Change “ludoviciana Meyer” to virginica (L.) Trel.

Change name to Iodanthus pinnatifidus (Mx.) Prantl.

Change name to Dentaria diphylla Mx.

Change name to Dentaria laciniata Muhl.

Change name to Dentaria maxima Nutt.

Change name to Koniga maritimum (L,) Britt.

Change name to Descurainia pinnata (Walt.) Britt.

Change name to Stenophragma thaliana (L.) Celak.

Change “ Brassica alba (L..) Boiss” to Sinapis alba L.

Change “arvensis (L.) B.S. P.” to sinapistrum Boiss.

Change “ pastoris L.” to bursa-pastoris (L.) Weber.

Change “ Neckeria” to Capnoides and the terminations
of the species “a” to um.

Change name to Buettneria florida (l).) Kearney.

Change name to Buettneria fertilis (Walt.) Kearney.

Change name to Benzoin benzoin (I,.) Coulter.

Change name to Ranunculus micranthus Nutt.

Change name to Batrachium divaricatum (Schrk.) Wimm.

Change name to Cyrtorhyncha cymbalaria (Ph.) Britt.

Change “delphinifolius terrestris Gr.” to purshii Rich.

Change “ Ranunculus ficaria” to Ficaria ficaria (L,.) Karst.

Change “ rhomboideus Goldie” to ovalis Raf.

Change name to Batrachium trichophyllus (Chaix) Bossch.

Change “exaltatum Ait.” to urceolatum Jacq.

Change “illinoensis (Mx.)” to regia Sims.

Change “nivea (Nutt.) Otth.” to alba Muhl.

Change “ pennsylvanica Mx.” to caroliniana Walt.

Change ‘“natans Raf.” to longipedunculatum Muhl.

Change name to Allionia nyctaginea Mx.

Change “ patula hastata (L.) Gr.” to hastata L.

Change “ patula littorale (L.) Gr.” to patula L.

Change “ambrosioides anthelminticum (l,.) Gr.” to an-
thelminticum L.

Change “hypochondriacus L.” to hybridus L.

Change “celosioides L.” to paniculata (L,.) Kuntze.

Change “acre H. B. K.” to punctatum EII.

Change “dumetorum scandens (L.) Gr.” to scandens J.

Change “lapathifolium incarnatum Wats.” to incarna-
tum El.

Change “I” in the generic name to T.

Change “bicolor Willd” to platanoides (Lam.) Sudw.

Change “coccinea tinctoria Gr.” to velutina Lam.

Substitute the synonym for the name given.

Change ‘“muhienbergii humilis (Marsh.) Britt.” to pri-
noides Willd.

Change “stellata Wang.” to minor (Marsh.) Sarg.

Change name to Castanea pumila (L.) Mill.

Change name to Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Sudw.

Change name to Fagus atropunicea (Marsh.) Sudw.

Change “cornuti Du Roi” to rostrata Ait.

Change name to Comptonia peregrina (L.) Coulter.

Change “innata R. Br.” to corallorhiza (L,.) Karst.

Change “‘pubescens Willd.” to hirsutum Mill.

Unite under the name Sysirynchium bermudiana L.

Change name to Polygonatum biflorum commutatum
(R. & S.) Morong.

80d

Page

198,
199)
200,
200,
201,
202,
202,
208,
205,

206, <

206,
206,
206,
207,
207,
208,
212,
213;
214,
219,

224, %

») QT

ZLi,

227,

IS
298, 5

228, 4
228) §

228
229

230, §
230, |

230,

31,
34,

oe
Ws WN

5—7th
10th
7th
12th Kf
last *
13th oy
last
2d ss
6th §

2d
10th

Species.

GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

Change generic name to Vagnera; read Mor. after “(L,)”

Change name toe Uvularia sessilifolia L.

Change ‘“erythrocarpum Mx.” to undulatum Willd.

Change angustifolium (Ph.) Gr.” to gramineum (Ker.) Mor.

Change name to Juncus brachycephalus (Engl.) Buch.

Change name to Juncoides campestre (L.) Kuntze.

Change name to Juncoides pilosa (L.) Kuntze.

Change “angustifolia Torr.” to lancifolia (Muhl.) Morong.

Change ‘“diandrus castaneus (Bigel.) Torr.” to rivularis
Kunth.

Change “spithaceum Pers.” to arundinaceum (1,.) Britt.

Change “compressa Sull.” to acuminata (Muhl.) Nees.

Change “equisetoides Torr.” to interstincta (Vahl.) R.& S.

Change “ quadrangulata (Mx.) R. Br.” to mutata (L.) R. &S.

Change name to Stenophyllus capillaris (L.) Britt.

Change name to Scirpus americanus Pers.

Change name to Scirpus cyperinum (L.) Kuntze.

Change “laxiflora styloflexa (Buckl.)” to styloflexa Buckl.

Change name to Carex flava viridula (Mx.) Bailey.

Change “rosea retroflexa Torr.” to retroflexa Muhl.
Change “latifolium 1.” to walteri Poir.

Change “scabra Willd.” to hiemalis (Walt) B.S. P.
Change name to Korycarpus diandrus (Mx.) Kuntze.

Change “ Poa flexuosa Muhl.” to Poa cenisia All.
Change “Poa serotina Ehrh.” to Poa flava L.

Change the generic name to Panicularia.

Change name to Panicularia acutiflora (Torr.) Kuntze.
Change name to Panicularia aquatica (L.) Kuntze.
Change “duriuscula L.” to ovina duriuscula (L..) Hack.
Change ‘‘mollis L.” to hordaceus L.

Change ‘pratense Huds.” to nodosum L.

Change name to Hystrix hystrix (L.) Millsp.

Change ‘‘macrosperma suffruticosa Munro” to tecta

(Walt.) Muhl.
Change name to Alisma plantago-aquatica L.
Change name to Kraunhia frutescens (L.) Greene.

Dicotuls.
ANGIOSPERMS.

I. OrpER COMPOSITA.* Sunflower Family.

1. VERNONIA Schreb. IRONWEED.

Cincinnati, Jos. F. James ( Cat.) ; Burgh Hill (Trumbull Co.) Jno. I. King.

VERNONIA GIGANTEA (Walt.) (V. altissima Nutt.)
Distributed over the whole state.
VERNONIA NOVEBORACENSIS ** (L,.) Willd.
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Rio Grande (Gallia Co.) Lizzie Davis.

VERNONIA NOVEBORACENSIS** GLAUCA (L.) (V. noveboracensis latifolia Gray.)
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.)

2, ELEPHANTOPUS L. ELEPHANT’S-FOOT.

ELEPHANTOPUS CAROLINIANUS Willd.
Near Dayton, O., Dr. J. Eberle, J L. Riddell (Synop. 1835.) ; Otway (Scioto Co.)
W. A. Kellerman; Cincinnati, Jos. F. James (Cat.)

3. EUPATORIUM Tourn. THOROUGHWORT.

EUPATORIUM AGERATOIDES L. White Snake-root.
Throughout the state.

EUPATORIUM ALTISSIMUM IL,
Toledo, J. A. Sanford; Franklin Co., Aug. D. Selby.

EUPATORIUM AROMATICUM IL.
Genera), J. S. Newberry, (Cat.)

* The arrangement of Orders is that of Engler & Prantl in their NATUERLICHE PFLANZEN-
FAMILIEN.

** It will be noticed that capitals for specific names have in all cases been di :
comma between the name and the author, as well as the word ‘var.’ are also Sane hone
in accordance with the present usage of the most advanced botanical authorities. (

6 (Fe Op

82 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

EUPATORIUM COELESTINUM L. Mist-flower.
Over the southern counties.

EUPATORIUM PERFOLIATUM L. Boneset; Thoroughwort.
Common. The leaves and flowering tops are medicinal.

EUPATORIUM PURPUREUM lL. Joe-Pye Weed. Trumpet-Weed.
Common over the state.

EUPATORIUM SEROTINUM Mx.
Columbus, on grounds of Sells Brothers’ Circus, E. M. Wilcox.

EUPATORIUM SESSILIFOLIUM L. Upland Boneset.
Generally distributed over the state. ;

4. KUHNIA L.

KUHNIA EUPATORIOIDES L.
Miami county, J. L. Riddell (Synop. 1835); Springfield, Mrs. E. Jane Spence;
Rio Grande (Gallia Co.) Lizzie Davis; Lawrence Co.,Wm. C. Werner.

5. LACINARIA Hill. (Zzatris Schreb.) ButTron SNAKEROOT. BLAz-
ING STAR.

LACINARIA CYLINDRACEA (Mx.) Kuntze (Ziatris cylindracea Michx.)
Franklin Co., Aug. D. Selby.

LACINARIA GRACILIS (Ph.) Kuntze. (Zzatris gracilis Ph.)
Oak barrens near Marietta, J. l. Riddell (Synop. 1835.)

LACINARIA SCARIOSA (L.) Hill (Zzatvts scariosa 1.)
Catawba Island (Lake Erie) Wm. Krebs; Franklin Co., Aug. D. Selby; Adams
Co., W. A. Kellerman; Fulton Co., J. S. Hine.

LACINARIA SPICATA (L,.) Kuntze (Zzatrts spicata 1..)
Toledo, J. A. Sanford; Springfield, Mrs. E. Jane Spence.

LACINARIA SQUARROSA (L.) Hill (Liatris sguarrosa I.)
Franklin Co., Aug. D. Selby.

6. GUTIERREZIA Lag.

GUTIERREZIA TEXANA (DC.) Torr & Gray.
Columbus, on grounds of Sells Brothers’ Circus, Aug. D. Selby.

7. AMPHIACHYRIS Nutt.

AMPHIACHYRIS DRACUNCULOIDES (DC.) Nutt.
Columbus, on grounds of Sells Brothers’ Circus, E. V. Wilcox.

8. CHRYSOPSIS Nutt. GOLDEN ASTER.

CHRYSOPSIS MARIANA (L,.) Nutt.
Hocking Co., W. A. Kellerman; Knox Co., Dr. Kellogg, J. S. Newberry (Cat.)

od)

BOTANY. 88

9. SOLIDAGO Ll. GOLDEN-ROD.

SOLIDAGO ARGUTA Ait.
Frequent in Northern Ohio; Franklin Co., Aug. D. Selby.

SOLIDAGO BICOLOR L,
Lake Co., Wm. C. Werner; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Cuyahoga Co., E.
Claassen; Licking Co., H. L. Jones (Cat.); Fairfield Co., E. V. Wilcox and
S. Renshaw; Lawrence Co., Wm. Werner.

SOLIDAGO CASIA L.
Widely distributed.

SOLIDAGO CANADENSIS LL.
Common ove: the state.

SOLIDAGO CAROLINIANA (L,.) B. S. P. (.S. fenuzfolia Ph.)
Cleveland, W. Krebs; Franklin Co., EK. M. Wilcox.

SOLIDAGO HIRSUTA Nutt. (.S. 62co or concolor Torr & Gray.)
Frequent in south central Ohio.
Lake Co., H. C. Beardslee (Cat).

SOLIDAGO JUNCEA RAMOSA Porter & Britton.
“Ohio, Sullivant,” (N. L. Britton, Torrey Bull. Vol. XVIII, Dec. 9, 1891, p. 368)

SOLIDAGO LANCEOLATA L.
Frequent.

SOLIDAGO LATIFOLIA L,.
Frequent over the state.

SOLIDAGO NEGLECTA Torr & Gray.
‘“‘ Painesville,” H. C. Beardslee ( Cat.)

SOLIDAGO NEMORALIS Ait.
Over the whole state.

SOLIDAGO ODORA Ait.
“Ohio,” J. L. Riddell (Synop. 1835.)

SOLIDAGO OHIOENSIS Riddell.
“ Cleves’ prairie, Dayton, and two miles south from Columbus,” J. L. Riddell
(Synop. 1835); Springfield; Mrs. E. Jane Spence; Franklin Co., KE. M. Wilcox;
Champaign Co., Wm. C. Werner.

SOLIDAGO PATULA Muhl.
Northern and central Ohio; perhaps over the whole state.

SOLIDAGO PUBERULA Nutt.
“ Painesville,” H. C. Beardslee (Cat.)

SOLIDAGO RIDDELLII Frank.
“Worthington, (Franklin Co.,) and Dayton,” J. L. Riddell (Synop. 1835); Gyp-
sum, (Ottawa Co.,) E. Claassen; Fulton Co. J.S. Hine; Columbus, Wm. C.
Werner; Springfield, Mrs. E. Jane Spence; Cincinnati, Jos. F James (Cat.)

84 GEROLOGY OF OHIO.

SOLIDAGO RIGIDA IL.
“Monroeville,” (Huron Co.,) H. C. Beardslee, (Cat.); Marblehead, (Ottawa
Co.,) E. Claassen; Toledo, J. A. Sanford; Franklin Co., Aug. D. Seiby; Law-
rence Co., Wm. C. Werner.

SOLIDAGO RUGOSA Mill.
Northern and central Ohio; no specimens seen from southern Ohio.

SOLIDAGO RUPESTRIS RAF.
“Ross Co.,”? W. E. Safford. (Torrey Bul!. Vol. XIII, July 1886, p. 116).

SOLIDAGO SEROTINA Ait.
Northern Ohio, Wm. C. Weruer; W. Krebs; A. A. Wright (Cat.); Licking Co.,
H L. Jones, (Cat.); Columbus, W. G. Green; Lawrence Co., Wm. C. Werner.

SOLIDAGO SEROTINA GIGANTEA (Ait.) Gray.
Northern Ohio, Wm, C. Werner; E. Claassen; A. A. Wright ( Cat.) ; Licking
Co., H. l. Jones (Cat.); Clinton Co., J. S. Van Dervort.

SOLIDAGO SHORTII Torr & Gray.
“Ross Co.,”’ W. E. Safford. (Torrey Bull, vol. XIII, July 1886, p. 116.

SOLIDAGO SPECIOSA Nutt.
Toledo, J. A. Sanford; Cleveland, W. Krebs; Franklin Co., W. C. Werner; Cin-

cinnati, Jos. F. James, (Cat.); (Lawrence Co.,) Wm. C. Werner.

SOLIDAGO SPECIOSA ANGUSTATA Torr. & Gray.
“Northern, Ohio, Rare.” H.C. Beardslee, (Cat.)

SOLIDAGO SQUARROSA Muhl.
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Cleveland, E. Claassen; “‘ Painesville,” H. C.
B-ardslee (Cat.); Wm. C. Werner; Fairfield Co., E. E. Bogue.

SoLIDAGO STRICTA Ait.
“Prairies Ohio,” J. L. Riddell (Synop. 1835); Elyria, (Lorain Co.,) Dr. Kellogg.

(Newberry Cat.)

SOLIDAGO ULIGINOSA Nutt.
Painesville, Cranberry Marsh, Licking Reservoir, Wm. C. Werner; ‘“ Toboso.”

Licking.Co., H L. Jones (Cat.); Columbus Aug, D. Selby.

SoLIDAGO ULMIFOLIA Muhl.
Widely distributed.

SOLIDAGO VIRGAUREA L.
“Northern Ohio,” J. S. Newberry (Cat.); probably a wrong determination.

10. BOLTONIA L’Her.

BOLTONIA ASTEROIDES (L.) L’Her.
“ Southern Ohio,” J. S. Newberry (Cat.); Port Clinton, E. Claassen; To’edo,

J. A. Sanford.

BOTANY. 85
11. SERICOCARPUS Nees. WHITE-TOPPED ASTER.

SERICOCARPUS ASTEROIDES (Iy.) B. S. P. (.S. conyzoides Nees.)
From Lake Erie to the Ohio River.

12. ASTER YL. STARWORT; ASTER.

ASTER ACUMINATUS Michx.
“Northern Ohio, rare,” H.C. Beardslee (Cat.)

ASTER AZUREUS Lindl.
Franklin Co., Aug. D. Selby; Springfield, Mrs. K. Jane Spence; ‘‘ Southern
Ohio,” J. S. Newberry (Cat).

ASTER CONCOLOR L.
‘Southern Ohio,” J. S. Newberry ( Cat.)

ASTER CORDIFOLIUS L.
Distributed over the state.

ASTER CORYMBOSUS Ait.
Over the state.

ASTER DUMOSUS L.
“General,” J. S. Newberry (Cat.)

ASTER ERICOIDES L,
Freguent in northern Ohio; Licking Co., H. l. Jones (Cat.); Columbus, Wm.
C. Werner; Cincinnati, Jos. F. James (Cat.)

ASTER ERICOIDES VILLOSUS Torr & Gray.
Frequent throughout the southern half of the state. ‘‘ Lake Shore,” H. C.
Beardslee (Cat); To edo, J. A. Sanford; Painesville, Otto Hacker.

ASTER INFIRMUS Michx.
“Ohio,” J. S. Riddell (Synop. 1835.)

ASTER JUNCEUS Ait.
Northern Ohio, J. S. Newberry (Cat.); Columbus, Sullivant, (H.C. Beardslee.
Cat.) ; Cincinnati, Jos. F. James (Cat. )

ASTER LAEVIS L.
Northern and central portions of the state. Lawrence Co., Wm. C. Werner,

ASTER LATERIFLORUS (L.) Britt. (A. diffusus Ait.)
Widely distributed.

ASTER LATERIFLORUS HIRSUTICAULIS Gray.
Licking Co., H. ly. Jones (Cat.)

ASTER LINDLEYANUS Torr & Gray.
Franklin Co., Wm. C. Werner.

86 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

ASTER LINARIIFOLIUS L.
‘““Duncan’s Plains, Ohio,” J. lL. Riddell (Synop. 1835;) ‘“ General,” J. S. New-
berry (Cat. )

ASTER LONGIFOLIUS Lam. ;
Given in previous catalogues, probably A. novi-belgii is the species referred to

ASTER MACROPHYLLUS L.
Northern and central Ohio; perhaps all over the state.

ASTER MULTIFLORUS Ait.
Toledo, J. A. Sanford; Painesville, Wm. C. Werner, Cleveland, Wm. Krebs;
Franklin Co., Aug. D. Selby ; Cincinnati, Jos. F. James ( Cat.)

ASTER NOVAE-ANGLIAE L.
Throughout the state.

ASTER NOVI-BELGII L.
Lake Co., Wm. C. Werner; Richland Co., E. Wilkinson; Licking Co., H. L. Jones
(Cat.); Fultonham (Muskingum Co.,) Columbus, Wm. C. Werner.

ASTER OBLONGIFOLIUS Nutt.
“Toledo, J. A. Sanford;” (Lazenby and Werner Sup List). Was taken froma list
of names. No authentic specimen.

ASTER PANICULATUS Lam.
Common over the state.

ASTER PATENS Ait.
“Near Dayton,” J. L. Rid 'ell (Synop. 1835); Painesville, Wm. C. Werner, Lick-
ing Co., H L. Jones (Cat.)

ASTER PATENS PHLOGIFOLIUS (Muhl.) Nees.
Painesville, Wm. C. Werner; Portage Co., E. Claassen; Franklin Co., E. V.
Wilcox: Springfield, Mrs. E. Jane Spence; Lawrence Co., W. Werner; Cincin-
nati, Jos. F. James (Cat.)

ASTER PAUCIFLORUS Nutt.
“On grounds of Sells Brothers’ Circus, near Columbus, E. V. Wilcox; ”’ (Lazenby
and Werner Sup List). No authentic specimen.

ASTER POLYPHYLLUS Willd.
“Prairie, Dayton, M. G. Wi liams;” (J. L. Riddell, Sup. Cat.)

ASTER PRENANTHOIDES Muhl.
Frequent throughout the state.

ASTER PUNICEUS L.
From Lake Erie to the Ohio River.

ASTER PUNICEUS LUCIDULUS Gray.
“A puniceus vimineus Gray, northern Ohio;” H. C. Beardslee (Cat:) may refer
to this form.

BOTANY. 87

ASTER PUNICEUS LAEVICAULIS Gray.
Licking Co., H. Ll. Jones ( Cat.)

ASTER SAGITTIFOLIUS Willd.
Painesville, Columbus, Wm. C. Werner; Springfield, Mrs. E. J. Spence; Licking
Licking Co., H. L. Jones (Cat.) Cincinnati, Jos. F. James ( Cat.)

ASTER SALICIFOLIUS Ait.
Painesville, Wm. C. Werner; Licking Co., H. L. Jones ( Cat.)

ASTER SERICEUS Vent.
“Sou .hern Ohio,” J. S. Newberry ( Cat.)

ASTER SHORTII Hook.
Apparently over the whole state.

ASTER TRADESCANTI L.
Cleveland, W. Krebs; Licking Co., H. L. Jones (Cat.); Columbus, Moses Craig.

ASTER UMBELLATUS Mill.
Painesville, Wm. C. Wernet; Ashtabula Co., E. E. Bogue; Lorain Co., A. A.
Wright (Cat.) Portage Co., E. Claasen; Logan Co., Mrs. EK. J. Spence; Cham-
paign Co., Wm. C. Werner.

ASTER UNDULATUS L.
From Lake Erie to the Ohio River,

ASTER VIMINEUS Lam.
Cleveland, E. Claassen,

13. ERIGERON L. FLEABANE.

ERIGERON ANNUUS (L.) Daisy Fleabane. Sweet Scabious.
Common over the state.

ERIGERON BELLIDIFOLIUS Muhl.
Generally distributed over the whole state.

ERIGERON CANADENSIS IL.
Throughout the state. :

ERIGERON PHILADELPHICUS L.
Widely distributed over the state.

ERIGERON RAMOSUS (Walt.) B. S. P. (Z. strigosus Muhl.)
Over the whole state.

14. PLUCHEA Cass. MARSH-FLEABANE. 5

PLUCHEA CAMPHORATA (Jy.) D.C.
“ Cincinnati,” J. L. Riddell (Synop. 1835.)

88 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

PLUCHEA VILLOSA (Walt.) (P. foetidal. P. bifrons DC.)
Cincinnati, Jos. F. James ( Cat.) “ Ohio,” Gray ( Man.)

15. GIFOLIA Cass. (fi/ago Tourn.) COTTON-ROSE.

GIFOLIA GERMANICUM L, (Filago germanica .) Herba Impia.
“General,” J. S. Newberry (Cat.)

16. ANTENNARIA Gaertu. (Anaphalis D.C.) EVERLASTING.

-ANTENNARIA PLANTAGINIFOLIA (Ly.) Richards. Plantain-leaved Everlasting.
Common over the whole state.

ANTENNARIA MARGARITACEA (L,.) Hook. (Anuaphalis margaritacea. Beuth & Hook.)

Northern Ohio, J. S. Newberry (Cat.); Licking Co., H. L. Jones (Cat.) ; Ashta-
bula, Miss S. F. Goodrich.

17. GNAPHALIUML. CuDWEED.
GNAPHALIUM DECURRENS Ives. Everlasting.
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Painesville, Wm. C. Werner; Franklin Co.,
Selby and Craig (Cat.)

GNAPHALIUM OBTUSIFOLIUM lL. (G. polycephalum Michx.) Common Everlasting.
Over the whole state.

GNAPHALIUM PURPU' EUML. Purplish Cudweed.
Throughout the state, but not abundant.

GNAPHALIUM ULIGINOSUM lL. Low Cudweed.
From Lake Erie to the Ohio River.

18. INULAL, ELECAMPANE.

INULA HELENIUM L.
Widely distributed over the state.

19. POLYM NIA. lL. Lear-cup.

POLYMNIA CANADENSIS LL.
Over the whole state.

POLYMNIA UVEDALIA L.

Lawrence Co., W. A. Kellerman;Cincinnati, Jos. F. James ( Cat.) “ Painesville,”
H. C. Beardslee (Cat;) Wm. C. Werner.

20. SILPHIUM lL. ROSIN-WEED.

SILPHIUM INTEGRIFOLIUM Michx.
‘“Monroeville,” H. C. Beardslee (Cat.)

BOTANY. 89

SILPHIUM LACINIATUM I, Rosin-weed. Compass-Plant.
Given for Ohio in former catalogues. We have seen no specimens.

SILPHIUM PERFOLIATUM lL. Cup-Plant.
Common throughout western half of the state. Painesville, H. C. Beardslee
(Cat.)

SILPHIUM TEREBINTHINACEUM L. Prairie Dock.
Throughout the western half of the state, from Lake Erie to the Ohio River.

SILPHIUM TEREBINTHINACEUM PINNATIFIDUM (Ell.) Gray.
“Darby Plains, O.,” J. L. Riddell (Synop. 1835); Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman ;
Springfield, Mrs. E. Jane Spence; London, Mrs. K. D. Sharpe.

SILPHIUM TRIFOLIATUM L,
Throughout the state.

21. PARTHENIUM L,.

PARTHENIUM HYSTEROPHORUS L,.
Grounds of Sell’s Bros. Circus, (near Columbus); W. J. Green.

22. AMBROSIA Tourn. RAGWEED.

AMBROSIA ARTEMISIAEFOLIA Ll. Roman Wormwood. Hog-weed. Bitter-weed.
Common everywhere in fields and waste-places and along roadsides.

AMBROSIA TRIFIDA Ll. Great Rag-weed.
Common in low grounds and along streams all over the state.

AMBROSIA TRIFIDA INTEGRIFOLIA (Muhl.) Torr. and Gray.
With the ordinary form.

23. XANTHIUM Tourn. COCKLEBUR. CLOTBUR.

XANTHIUM CANADENSE Mill.
Everywhere over the state.

XANTHIUM CANADENSE ECHINATUM (Murr.) Gray.
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Columbus, Aug. D. Selby.

XANTHIUM SPINOSUM L,.
Dayton, H. A. Surface, Mrs. E. Jane Spence; Cincinnati, Jos. F. James ( Cat.)

XANTHIUM STRUMARIUM L.
Cincinnati, Jos. F. James (Cat); Franklin Co., Selby and Craig (Cat.)

24. HELIOPSIS Pers. OxX-EVE.

HELIOPSIS HELIANTHOIDES (L.) B.S. P. (4. /aevis Pers.)
Common all over the state.

90 | GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

HELIOPSIS SCABRA Dunal.
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Painesville, Wm. C. Werner.

25. ECLIPTA L.

ECLIPTA ALBA (L.) Hassk.
Throughout central and southern Ohio. Cleveland, Wm. Krebs.

26. BRAUNERIA Neck. (chinacea Moench.) PURPLE CONE-FLOWER.

_ | RAUNERIA PURPUREA (L.) (Echinacea purpurea lL.)
Toledo, J. A. Sanford; Franklin Co., W. J. Green; Springfield, Mrs. E. Jane
Spence; London, Mrs. K. D. Sharpe; Lawrence Co., Wm. C. Werner.

27. RUDBECKIA L.. CONE-FLOWER.

RUDBECKIA FULGIDA Ait.
Franklin Co., Wm. C. Werner; Cincinnati, Jos. F. James (Cat.); Licking Co.,
H. L. Jones (Cat.)

RUDBECKIA HIRTA L.
Common.

RUDBECKIA LACINIATA L.
Common over the state.

RUDBECKIA SPECIOSA Wenderoth.
Northern Ohio, J. S. Newberry (Cat.); Champaign Co., Columbus, Wm. C.
Werner; Cincinnati Jos. F. James (Cat. )

RUDBECKIA TRILOBA L.
From Lake Erie to the Ohio River. Throughout the western haif of the state.

28. LEPACHYS Raf.

LEPACHYS PINNATA ( Vent.) Torr and Gray.
Toledo, J. A. Sanford; Franklin Co. Wm. C. Werner; Springfield, Mrs. E.
Jane Spence; Cincinnati, Jos. F. James (Cat.)

29. HELIANTHUS L. SUNFLOWER.

HELIANTHUS ANNUUS L. Common Sunflower.
Lake Co., Wm. C. Werner; Licking Co., H. L. Jones (Cat.); Columbus, Wm. C.
Werner (Lazenby and Werner Sup. list); Fairfield Co., E. V. Wilcox and S.
Renshaw; Cincinnati, Jos. F. James (Cat.)

HELIANTHUS DECAPETALUS L.
Frequent throughout the state.

HELIANTHUS DIVARICATUS L.
Throughout the state.

BOTANY.

HELIANTHUS DORONICOIDES Lam.
“Ohio,” Gray (Manual); Licking Co., H. lL. Jones ( Cat.)

HELIANTHUS GIGANTEUS L.
Ge erally distributed over the western half of the state.

HETIANTHUS GIGANTEUS 4MBIGUUS Torr. & Gray.
P-inesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.)

HELIANTHUS GROSSE-SERRATUS Martens.
Springfield, Mrs. E. Jane Spence; Cincinnati, Jos. F. James (Cat.)

HELIANTHUS HIRSUTUS Raf.
Not uncommon.

HELIANTHUS LAETIFLORUS Pers.
Licking Co., H. L. Jones (Cat.)

HELIANTHUS MOLLIS Lam.
Cincinnati, Joseph Clark (Cat.)

HELIANTHUS OCCIDENTALIS Riddell.
Franklin Co., Wm. C. Werner; Fulton Co., J. S. Hine.

HELIANTHUS PARVIFLORUS Benth.
From Lake Erie to the Ohio River.

HELIANTHUS STRUMOSUS L,
Northern Ohio; Cincinnati, Jos. F. James (Cat.)

HELIANTHUS STRUMOSUS MOLLIS (Willd) Torr. and Gray.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat. )

HELIANTHUS TRACHELIIFOLIUS Willd.
“ General,” H. C. Beardslee (Cat.) Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.)

HELIANTHUS TUBEROSUS L.
Common all over the state.

30. VERBESINA L. (Actinomeris Nutt.) CROWNBEARD.

VERBESINA alternifolia (L.) (Actinomerts alternifolia. A.squarrosa Nutt.)
Throughout the state.

VERBESINA HELIANTHOIDES Michx.
Springfield, Mrs. E. Jane Spence; Cincinnati, Jos. F. James ( Cat.)

VERBESINA OCCIDENTALIS Walt.
“Common,” H. C. Beardslee ( Cat.)

ol CORE OERSIS i VhICKSEED:

COREOPSIS AURICULATA LL.
Cincinnati, Jos. F. James (Cat.)

COREOPSIS SENIFOLIA Mx.
Ironton (Lawrence Co.) Wm. C. Werner.

91

92 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

CorEopsis TRIPTERIS L, Tall Coreopsis.
From Lake Erie to the Ohio River.

COREOPSIS VERTICILLATA L.
“Torrey and Gray,” (Beardslee Cat.)

32. BIDENS lL. Bur-Marigold.

BIDENS ARISTOSA (Mx.) Britt. (Coreopsis aristosa Mx.)
Cleveland, W. Krebs; Richland Co., E. Wilkinson; Licking Co., H. L. Jones
(Cat.); Springfield, Mrs. E. Jane Spence; Franklin and Champaign Counties,
Wm. C. Werner.

BIDENS BECKI! Torr.
Geauga Co., Dr. Canfield (Beardslee Cat.)

BIDENS BIPINNATA JL.
Common.

BIDENS CERNUA L.
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Cleveland, W. Krebs; Licking Co., H. L. Jones
(Cat.); Franklin Co., Aug. D. Selby.

BIDENS CONNATA Muhl. Swamp Beggar Ticks.
Generally distributed.

BIDENS DISCOIDEA (Torr. and Gray) Britt. (Coreopsis discoidea Torr. and Gray.)
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Licking Co., H. L. Jones (Cat.)

BIDENS FRONDOSA JL.
Common.

BIDENS LAEVIS (L.) B. S. P. (2B. chrysanthemoides Mx.)
Common.

BIDENS TRICHOSPERMA (Mx.) Britt. (Coreopsis trichosperma Mx.) ‘Tickseed
Sunflower. Northern Ohio; Fairfield Co., E. V. Wilcox and S. Renshaw.

33. GALINSOGA Ruiz and Pavon.

GALINSOGA PARVIFLORA Cav.
Cleveland, W. Krebs; Painesville, Otto Hacker; Columbus, Aug. D. Selby; Co-
lumbiana Co., H. Herzer.

34. DYSODIA Cay. FETID MARIGOLD.

DYSODIA PAPPOSA (Vent.) Hitch. (D. chrysanthemoides Lag.)
Franklin Co., W. J. Green and E. V. Wilcox; Cincinnati, Jos. F. James (Cat.) ;
Ross Co., W. E. Safford (Torr. Bull.)

3). HELENIUM lL. SNEEZE-WEED.

HELENIUM AUTUMNALE L.
Common everywhere.

BOTANY.

HELENIUM NUDIFLORUM Nutt.
Grounds of Selis’ Bros. Circus near Columbus, E. E. Bogue.

HELENIUM TENUIFOLIUM Nutt.
Grounds of Sells’ Bros. Circus near Columbus, W. J. Green.

36. ACTINELLA Pers.

ACTINELLA ACAULIS GLABRA Gray.
Lakeside (Ottawa Co.,) C. M. Weed.

37. ACHILLEA L. Yarrow. Milfoil,

ACHILLEA MILLEFOLIUM L,.
Common over the whole state.

38. ANTHEMIS L. CHAMOMILE.

ANTHEMIS ARVENSIS L. Corn Chamomile.
Painesville, Wm. C. Werner; Licking Co., H. L. Jones ( Cat.)

ANTHEMIS COTULA DC. May-weed.
Common in fields and waste places.

ANTHEMIS NOBILIs L.
W. E. Safford (Torr. Bull. XIII. 116)

39. MATRICARIA Tourn. WiILb CHAMOMILE.

MATRICARIA CHAMOMILLA L,.
Lake Co., and Lawrence Co., Wm. C. Werner.

MATRICARIA DISCOIDEA DC.
Cincinnati, D. L. James.

40. CHRYSANTHEMUM Tourn. Ox-EVE DaIsy.

CHRYSANTHEMUM DALSAMITA TANACETOIDES Boiss.
Georgesville, Franklin Co., Wm. C. Werner.

2

CHRYSANTHEMUM LEUCANTHEMUM J. Ox-eye Daisy. Whiteweed.
Throughout the whole state.

CHRYSANTHEMUM PARTHENIUM (JL,.) Pers. Fever Few.
Elyria, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.); Fairfield Co., EK. V. Wilcox and S. Renshaw.

41. TANACETUM L. TANSY.

TANACETUM VUI,GARE L,. Common Tansy.
Not uncommon.

TANACETUM VULGARE CRISPUM Gray.
Licking Co., H. L. Jones, ( Cat.)

93

94 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.
42. ARTEMISIA LL. Wormwoop.

ARTEMISIA ABROTANUM L,
Cincinnati, Jos. F. James (Cat.)

ARTEMISIA ABSINTHIUM L. Wormwood.
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright ( Cat.)

ARTEMISIA ANNUA L. re
‘Painesville, H. C. Beardslee; Columbus, E. V. Wilcox; Lawrence Co., Wm. C.
Werner.
ARTEMISIA BIENNIS Willd.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.); Toledo, J. A. Sanford; Cleveland, W. Krebs;
Cincinnati, Jos. F. James ( Cat.) ;
ARTEMISIA CANADENSIS Michx.
Shore of Lake Erie, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.); Cedar Point (Uttawa Co.) E.

Claassen.

ARTEMISIA VULGARIS IL. A
Akron, E. W. Claypole (Torr. Bull.); Cincinnati, Jos. F. James ( Cat.)

43. TUSSILAGO LL. CoLTrsFoot.

TUSSILAGO FARFARA L,.
Painesville, Wm. C. Werner.

44. KRECHTITES Raf. FIREWEED.

BRECHTITES HIERACIFOLIA (L.) Raf
Frequent.

45. SENECIO lL. GROUNDSEL,

SENECIO AUREUS L. Golden Ragwort.
Everywhere.

SENECIO AUREUS BALSAMIT T. & G.
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Licking Co., H. L. Jones (Cat.)

SENECIO AUREUS OBOVATUS (Muhl) T. & G.
Lorain Co., A.A. Wright ( Cat.) ; Licking Co., H. Ll. Jones ( Cat.) ; Franklin Co.,
Wm. C. Werner; Monroe Co., H. Herzer; Chillicothe, R. KE. Bower.

SENECIO LOBATUS Pers.
Licking Co., H. L. Jones ( Cat.)

SENECIO VULGARIS L.
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright, (Cat.); Painesville, Wm. C. Werner.

46. CACALIA L.. INDIAN PLANTAIN.

BOTANY. 95° -

CACALIA ATRIPLICIFOLIA Ly.
Throughout the state.

CACALIA RENIFORMIS Muhl.
“Miami Country,” J. L. Riddell (Synop. 1835.) ; Licking Co., H. L. Jones (Cat.);
Cincinnati, Jos. F. James ( Cat.)

CACALIA SUAVEOLENS L,.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.); Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Cuyahoga
River, W. Krebs; Springfield, Mrs. E. Jane Spence; Cincinnati, Joseph Clark
(Cat.)

CACALIA TUBEROSA Nutt.
“Central and Western Ohio,” J. S. Newberry (Cat.); Cedar Swamp (Champaign
Co.,) Wm. C. Werner.

47. ARCTIUM lL. BuRDOCK.

ARCTIUM LAPPA LL. a
All over the state.

ARCTIUM LAPPA MINUS Schk.
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.)

48. CARDUUS L. ( Cuicus.) COMMON OR PLUMED THISTLE.

CARDUUS ALTISSIMUS L. (Cuicus altissimus Willd.)
Common over the state.

CARDUUS DISCOLOR (Muhl.) Nutt. (Cwicus altisstmus discolor Gray.) .
From Lake Erie to the Ohio River throughout the western half of the state,
but infrequent.

CARDUUS ARVENSIS (L.) Curtis. (Cuicus arvensis Hoffm.)
Frequent throughout the northern and central counties; Cincinnati, Jos. F.
James (Cat.)

CARDUUS LANCEOLATUS L. ( Cnuicus lanceolatus Hoffm.)
General.y distributed.

CARDUUS MUTICUS (Mx.) Nutt. (Czicus muticus Pursh. )
Apparently over the whole state.

CARDUUS ODORATUS (Muhl.) (Cxicus pumilus Torr.)
“General,” H. C. Beardslee (Cat.); Ashtabula Co., E. E. Bogue.

CARDUUS VIRGINIANUS L. (Cnicus virginianus Pursh.)
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Cincinnati, Jos. F. James (Cat.)

49, ONOPORDON LL. Corron or ScoTCcH THISTLE.

ONOPORDON ACANTHIUM JL,
Sparingly natural zed, J. S. Newberry (Cat.); Cincinnati, Jos. F. James (Cat.)

96 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.
50. CENTAUREA L. Star THISTLE.

CENTAUREA BENEDICTA L.
“ Sparingly naturalized.” J. S. Newberry (Cat.)

CENTAUREA CYANUS L. Blue Bottle.
Cleveland, Wm. Krebs; Columbns, Moses Craig; Licking Co., H. L. Jones (Cat. )

CENTAUREA JACEA L,.
Richland Co., E. Wilkinson; Columbus, Wm. C. Werner.

- CENTAUREA NIGRA I. Knapweed.
Painesville, Otto Hacker.

51. CICHORIUML. CuHicory. Succory.

CICHORIUM INTYBUS L.
Northern Ohio; Franklin Co., EK. V. Wilcox; Monroe Co., H. Herzer.

52. APOGON Neck. (Avigia l.) DWARF DANDELION.

APOGON VIRGINICUM (L.) Kuntze. (Avigia amplexicaulis Nutt.)
From Lake Erie to the Ohio River.

APOGON DANDELION (L.) Kuntze. (Avigia dandelion Nutt.)
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.)

APOGON CAROLINIANUM (Nutt.) (Avigia virginica Willd.)
Southern Ohio, Leo Lesquereux (Beardslee Cat.)

538. LAPSANA LL. NIPPLE-worRt,

LAPSANA COMMUNIS L.
Painesville, Otto Hacker; Columbus, W. R. Lazenby.

34.—-ECREPIS L.

CREPIS TECTORUM L,.
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright ( Cat.)

55. HIERACIUM LL. HAWKWEED.

HIERACIUM CANADENSE Michx.
“ Northeru Ohio, general” H. C. Beardslee (Cat.)
HIERACIUM GRONOVII L. ;
From Lake Erie to the Ohio River.

HIERACIUM PANICULATUM L,.
Northern and central Ohio; Cincinnati, Jos. F. James,

HIERACIUM SCABRUM Michx.
From Lake Erie to the Ohio River.

BOTANY. 97

HIERACIUM VENOSUM L,
Not uncommon.

56. LEONTODON L. Fatt, DANDELION,

LEONTODON AUTUMNALIS L.
Painesville, Wm. C. Werner.

57. TARAXACUM Hall. DANDELION.

TARAXACUM OFFICINALE Weber.
Everywhere.

58; LACTUCA lL... LEerrucn,

LACTUCA CANADENSIS L,.
Common.

LACTUCA FLORIDANA (L.) Gaertn.
Apparently over the whole state,

LACTUCA HIRSUTA Muhl.
Licking Co., H. L. Jones (Cat.) The plant given as above by Craig (O. S. U.
Flora,) and Lazenby and Werner (Sup. Cat.) is Ll. floridana.

LACTUCA LUDOVICIANA (Nutt.) DC.
“Ohio” J. L. Riddell (Synop. 1835.)

LACTUCA PULCHELLA (Ph.) DC.
Columbus, Wm. C. Werner.

LACTUCA SAGITTAEFOLIA Ell. (Z. integrifolia Bigel.)
Over the state, not abundant. ;

LACTUCA SPICATA Lam. (L. leucophaea Gray).
Throughout the state.

LACTUCA SPICATA INTEGRIFOLIA (Gray) Britton. (L. /eucophaea integrifolia Gray}
Northern and central Ohio; no specimens seen from southern Ohio.

LACTUCA SCARIOLA L,.
Over the whole State. —-

LACTUCA VILLOSA Jacq. (L. acuminata Gray).

“Miami Country,” J. L. Riddell (Synop. 1835); Licking Co., H. I. Jones (Cat.),
Cincinnati, Jos. F. James (Cat.)

59. PRENANTHES lL. RATTLESNAKE-ROO',

PRENANTHES ALBA L.
Throughout the state.

7 Cr ©:

98 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

PRENANTHES ALTISSIMA L,
Generally distributed. i

PRENANTHES ASPERA, Mx.
“ QOhio,” Gray (Manual).

PRENANTHES CREPIDINEA Michx.
Painesville, Otto Hacker; Columbus, Wm. C. Werner; Cincinnati, Jos. F.
James (Cat. )
PRENANTHES RACEMOSA Michx.
Gypsum (Ottawa Co.,) E. Claassen; Toledo, J. A. Sanford; Cleveland, KE. Claas-
sen; Springfield, Mrs. E. Jane Spence.

PRENANTHES SERPENTARIA Pursh. :
“General,” H. C. Beardslee (Cat.); Lorain Co., A. A. Wright ( Cat.)

PREUANTHES VIRGATA, Mx.
“Southern and Central Ohio,” J. S. Newberry (Cat.)

60. SONCHUS L. Sow TutstLe.

SONCHUS ARVENSIS lL.
“Introduced, Ohio,” J. L. Riddell (Synop. 1835); Painesville, Otto Hacker.

SONCHUS ASPER (L.)
Throughout the state.

SONCHUS OLERACEUS LL.
Common over the state.

61. TRAGOPOGON LL. SAtsiry. GOAT’S-BEARD.
TRAGOPOGON PORRIFOLIUS Ll. Salsify. Oyster-plant.
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Painesville, Wm. C. Werner; Black Lick
Franklin Co., Wm. C. Werner.

TRAGOPOGON PRATENSIS L. Goat’s-beard,
Ashtabula Co., Sara F. Goodrich.

II. OrpDER CAMPANULACEAE. Campanula Family.

62. CAMPANULA L. BELLFLOWER.

CAMPANULA AMERICANA JL,
Frequent.

CAMPANULA APARINOIDES Pursh.
Frequent throughout the state, but not abundant in any locality.

CAMPANULA RAPUNCULOIDES L.
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.) ; Painesville, Otto Hacker.

BOTANY. : 99
CAMPANULA ROTUNDIFOLIA L,. :

Put-in-Bay Island (Lake Erie), H. C. Beardslee (Cat.); Lorain Co. A. A.
Wright ( Cat.)

63. SPECULARIA Heist. VENUS’ LOOKING-GLASS.

SPECULARIA PERFOLIATA (L.) A. DC.
Throughout the state.

III. Orprr LOBELIACEAE. Lobelia Family.

64. LOBELIA lL. LoBELIa.

LOBELIA CARDINALIS L.
Frequent throughout the state.

LOBELIA INFLATA L.
Over the whole state.

LOBELIA KALMII L.
Cleveland, W. Krebs; Columbus, E. E. Bogue; Cedar Swamp (Champaign Co.,)
Mrs. E. Jane Spence.
LOBELIA LEPTOSTACHYS A. DC.
Toledo, J, A. Sanford; Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman; Licking Co., H. l. Jones
(Cat.); Springfield, Mrs. E. Jane Spence.
LOBELIA NUTTALLII Roem. and Schult.
Was given for Ohio by Lazenby and Werner. (Sup. Cat.) from notes by Prof.

Lazenby. On examination of the specimen it was found to be Lobelia spicata.

LOBELIA PUBERULA Michx.
Rio Grande (Gallia Co.,) J. W. Davis.

LOBELIA SPICATA Lam.
Throughout the state. Infrequent.

LOBELIA SYPHILITICA L,.
Frequent over the whole state.

IV. OrpDER CURCURBITACEAE. Gourd Family.

65. MICRAMPELES Raf. ( chinocystis.) WiLD BALSAM APPLE.

MICRAMPELES LOBATA ( Mx.) Greene. ( Echinocystis lobata Torr. and Gray.)
Common throughout the state.

66. SICYOS lL. ONE-SEEDED BUR-CUCUMBER.

100 : GEOLOGY OF OHIO.
SICVYOS ANGULATUS I.

Frequent throughout the southern half of the state; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright
(Cat.) ; Painesville, Wm. C. Werner.

V. ORDER DIPSACEAE. ‘Teasel Family.

67. DIPSACUS Tourn. TEASED,

DIPSACUS SYLVESTRIS Mill. Wild Teasel.
Common over the whole state.

VI. -OrpDER VALERIANACEAKE. Valerian Family.
68. VALERIANA Ll. VALERIAN.

VALERIANA EDULIS Nutt.
Columbus, W. S. Sullivant (H. C. Beardslee Ca‘.); Cedar Swamp (Champaign
Co.,) E. M. Wilcox.

VALERIANA PAUCIFLORA Michx.
Central and southern Ohio; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.)

69. VALERIANEBLLA Tourn. CoRN SALAD. LAMB LETTUCE.

VALERIANELLA CHENOPODIFOLIA D. C.
Licking Co., H. Ll. Jories (Cat. )

VALERIANELLA LocusTA (Ly.) Bettke. (V. o/tforia Poll.)
Cleveland, W. Krebs; Cincinnati, C. J. Herrick.

VALERIANELLA RADIATA (L.) Dufr.
W.S Sullivant (Cat. 1840); Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Licking Co., H. L.
Jones (Cat.)

VALERIANELLA WOODSIANA PATELLARIA (Sulliv.) Gray.
Franklin Co., W. S. Sullivant (Cat. 1840); Cincinnati, Jos. F. James ( Cat.)

VALERIANELLA WOODSIANA UMBILICATA (Sulliv.) Gray.

Throughout south central Ohio.

VII. ORDER CAPRIFOLIACEAE. Honeysuckle Family.

70. SAMBUCUS Tourn. ELDER.

SAMBUCUS CANADENSIS LL.
Common all over the state.

BOTANY. 101

SAMBUCUS RACEMOSUS L.
Frequent throughout northern Ohio; Fairfield Co4 E. V. Wilcox.

71. VIBURNUM lL. ARROW-WOOD. LAURESTINUS.

VIBURNUM ACERIFOLIUM lL. Dockmackie. Arrow-wood.
Generally distributed.

VIBURNUM DENTATUM L. Arrow-wood.
Throughout the northern half of the state.

VIBURNUM LANTANOIDES Michx. Hobble-bush. American Wayfaring-tree.
Ashtabula Co., John Ramage; Painesville, H. C. Beardslee ( Cat.)

VIBURNUM LENTAGO L. Sweet Viburnum. Sheep-berry.
Probably generally distributed. F

VIBURNUM NUDUM L.
‘“ Northern Ohio,” J. S$. Newberry ( Cat.)

VIBURNUM NUDUM CASSINOIDES (L.) Jacq.
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Painesville, W. C. Werner; Ashtabula Co.,
E. E. Bogue.

VIBURNUM OPULUS L. Cranberry-tree.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.); Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Cincinnati,
> Jos. F. James ( Cat.)

VIBURNUM PRUNIFOLIUM L. Black Haw.
Frequent throughout the ceutral and southern part of the state, also Lima, W.
A. Kellerman.
VIBURNUM PUBESCENS Pursh. Downy Arrow-wood.

Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Licking Co., H. lL. Jones (Cat.) : Fairfield Co.,
E. V. Wilcox and S. Renshaw.

72. TRIOSTEUM LL. FEVER-worT. HORSE-GENTIAN,

TRIOSTEUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM I.
Cincinnati, Joseph Clark (H.C. Bear, slee Cat.)

TRIOSTEUM PERFOLIATUM Ll. Tinker’s Weed. Wild Coffee.
Throughout the state.

73. SYMPHORICARPOS Dill. SNOW-BERRY.

SYMPHORICARPOS RACEMOSUS Michx. Snowberry.
Near Cincinnati, J. L. Riddell (Synop. 1835); Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.)

SYMPHORICARPOS PAUCIFLORUS (Robbins.) (.S. racemosus paucifiorus Robbins).
Cedar Point (Ottawa Co.,) W. Krebs.

102 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.
SYMPHORICARPOS VULGARIS Mich. Indian Currant. Coral Berry.

Cincinnati, Joseph Ciark (H. C. Beardslee Cat.); Painesville, W. C. Werner ;
Licking Co., H. Ll. Jones ( Cat.)

74. LONICERA lL. HoNEYSUCKLE. WOODBINE.

LONICERA CAERULEA L: Mountain Fly-Honeysuckle.
“Northern Ohio,” H. C. Beardslee (Cat.)

LONICERA CILIATA Muhl.
Northern Ohio, W. Krebs, W. C. Werner, A. A. Wright (Cat.); Licking Co., H.
L,. Jones ( Cat.)
LONICERA GLAUCA Hill.
Champaign Co., W. C. Werner; Springfield, Mrs. E. J. Spence; Licking Co.
H. L. Jones (Cat.) :

LONICEP A GRATA Ait. American Wood-bine.
“Northern Ohio,” J. S. Newberry ( Cat.)

LONICERA HIRSUTA Eaton. Hairy Honeysuckle.
Northern Ohio; Columbus, Wm. C. Werner.

LONICERA OBLONGIFOLIA Muhl. Swamp Fly-Honeysuckle.
Lake shore, near Cleveland, W. Krebs.

LONICERA SEMPERVIRENS Ait. Trumpet Honeysuckle.
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Cleveland, W. Krebs; Painesville, W. C. Wer-
ner; Licking Co., H. L. Jones (Cat.) ; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora).
LONICERA SULLIVANTII Gray.
Champaign Co., Mrs. E. J. Spence; Columbus, Aug. D. Selby; Fairfield Co.,
E. V. Wilcox, S. Renshaw; Cincinnati, Jos. F. James (Cat.)

LONICERA XYLOSTEUM L.
Escaped from cultivation, Painesville, O. Hacker.

75. DIERVILLA Tourn. BusH HONEYSUCKLE.

DIERVILLA TRIFIDA, Moench.
Throughout the northern half of the state.

VIII. ORDER RUBIACE. Madder Family.

76. CEPHALANTHUS \l.. Burron BusH.

CEPHALANTHUS OCCIDENTALIS L.
Frequent all over the state.

77. OLDENLANDIA L.

BOTANY. 103

OLDENLANDIA UNIFLORA L. (O. glomerata Michx.)
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.)

78. HOUSTONIA L.

HOUSTONIA CAERULEA L.. Bluets. Innocence.
Distributed over the whole state.

HovUSTONIA PURPUREA [L,.
Licking Co., H. L. Jones (Cat.); Loveland (Clermont Co.) Jos. F. James.

HOUSTONIA CILIOLATA, Torr. (A. purpurea ciliolata Gray).
Not frequent, but found from northern Ohio to Cincinnati.

HOUSTONIA LONGIFOLIA Gaertn. (A. purpurea longifolia Gray).
_ Frequent throughout the southern half of the state; S. Bass Island (Lake Erie)
W. Krebs.

HOUSTONIA TENUIFOLIA Nutt, (HW. purpurea tenutfolia Gray).
“S. E. Ohio,” Gray (Manual).

79. MITCHELLA I. Par?tRIpDGE BERRY.

MITCHELLA REPENS IL.
Throughout the state.

80. SPERMACOCE Dill. BuYron-wEED.

SPERMACOCE GLABRA Michx.
“Southern Ohio,” Asa Gray (Manual).

81. GALIUM l.. BEDSTRAW. CLEAVERS.

GALIUM APARINE, L. Cleavers. Goose-grass,
Frequent throughout the state.

GALLIUM ASPRELLUM, Michx.
Common throughout the state.

GALIUM BOREALE L., Northern Bedstraw.
“Northern Ohio,” H. C. Beardslee (Cat.); Franklin Co., W. S. Sullivant (Cat.) ;
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.)

GALIUM CIRC#ZANS Michx. Wild Liquorice.
Over the whole state.

GALIUM CONCINNUM Torr. & Gray.
Frequent all over the the state.

GALLIUM LANCEOLATUM Torr. Wild Liquorice.
“General,” J.S. Newberry (Cat.); Northern Ohio, A. A. Wright (Cat.); Cen-
tral Ohio, Mrs. E. Jane Spence, H. Ll. Jones (Cat.)

104 GHOLOGY OF OHIO.

GALIUM LATIFOLIUM Michx.
Cincinnati, Joseph Clark (Cat.)

GaALIUM PILOsuUM Ait.
Youngstown, R. H. Ingraham; Central Ohio, E. V. Wilcox, H. L. Jones (Cat.)

GALIUM TRIFIDUM I,.. Small Bedstraw.
Generally distributed.

GALIUM TRIFIDUM LATIFOLIUM Torr.
Not abundant but distributed over the state.

GALIUM TRIFIDUM PUSILLUM Gray.
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Cleveland, W. Krebs; Painesville, W. C. Wer-
ner; Columbus, W. C. Werner.

GALIUM TRIFILORUM Michx. Sweet-scented Bedstraw.
Throughout the state.

GaLIUM VERNUM L. Yellow Bedstraw.
Painesville, Otto Hacker.

IX. OrpER PLANTAGINACEZ. Plantain Family.

82. PLANTAGO Tourn. PLANTAIN. RIBWORT.

PLANTAGO CORDATA Lam.
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Columbus, D. S. Kellicott.

PLANTAGO ELONGATA Ph. (P. pusilla Nutt.)
“General” J. S. Newberry ( Cat.)

PLANTAGO LANCEOLATA L. Ribgrass. Ripplegrass. English Plantain.
Common.

PLANTAGO MAJOR L.
Painesville, Cedar Swamp (Champaign Co.) W. C. Werner; Licking Co., H. L.
Jones ( Cat.)

PLANTAGO PATAGONICA ARISTATA (Mx.) Gray.
Painesville, Otto Hacker; Licking Co., H. l. Jones (Cat.); Franklin Co., W. S.
Devol.

PLANTAGO RUGELII Decaisne.
Common everywhere.

PLANTAGO VIRGINICA [L.
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Licking Co., H. lL. Jones (Cat.); Sugar Grove,
E. V. Wilcox; Lawrence Co., Wm. C. Werner.

BOTANY. 105

X. ORDER VERBENACEAS. Vervain Family.

838. PHRYMA JL. LOPSEED.

PHRYMA LEPTOSTACHYA L.
Frequent.

84. LIPPIA Houst.

LIPPIA LANCEOLATA Michx. Fog-fruit.
Throughout the southern half of the state.

85. VERBENA Tourn. VERVAIN.

VERBENA ANGUSTIFOLIA Michx.
Kelley’s Island, W. Krebs; Cincinnati, J. F. James ( Cat.)

VERBENA AUBLETIA L.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora).

VERBENA BRACTEOSA Michx.
Cincinnati, J. F. James (Cat.); Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora).

VERBENA HASTATA L,. Blue Vervain.
Common.

VERBENA STRICTA Vent. Hoary Vervain.
Cincinnati, J. F. James (Cat.); Painesville, Wm. C. Werner; Columbus, W. J.

Green.

VERBENA URTICZFOLIA L. White Vervain.
Common.

XI. OrpER LABIATAE. Mint Family.

86. MENTHA Tourn. MINvT.

MENTHA AQUATICA L.
Columbus, A. F. Wilcox.

MENTHA ARVENSIS L. Corn Mint.
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Painesville, Otto Hacker; ‘“Duncan’s Plains,
Ohio,” J. L. Riddell (Synop. 1835.)

MENTHA CANADENSIS L. Wild Mint.
Throughout the state.

MENTHA CANADENSIS BOREALIS (Mx.) Wood. (WM. canadensis glabrata Berth).
Ohio, J. L. Riddell (Synop. 1835); Cincinnati, Jos. Clark (Cat.)

106 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

MENTHA PIPERITA L. Peppermint.
Widely distributed.

MENTHA SATIVA L,. Whorled Mint.
Licking Co., H. Ll. Jones (Cat. )

MENTHA SYLVESTRIS ALOPECUROIDES (Hall) Baker. Horse Mint.
Franklin Co., E. V. Wilcox.

MENTHA VIRIDIS L.
Northern and central Ohio; Cincinnati, Jos. F. James (Cat.)

87. COLLINSONIA L. HorsE-BaLM.

COLLINSONIA CANADENSIS L. Rich-weed. Stone root.
Distributed over the state.

88. LYCOPUS Tourn. WaTER-HOREHOUND.
LYCOPUS RUBELLUS Moench.
New Antioch (Clinton Co.,) J. S. Vandervort; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.);
Painesville and Columbus, Wm. C. Werner.

Licking Co., H. lL. Jones (Cat. )

LYCOPUS SINUATUS Ell.
Common.

LYCOPUS EUROPAEUS L.
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat ); Cincinnati, Jos. F. James ( Cat.)

LYCOPUS VIRGINICUS L. Bugle-weed.
Common.

89. CUNILA LL. DITTANy.

CUNILA MARIANA L. Common Dittany.
Southern half of the state.

90. PYCNANTHEMUM Mx. MounvTAIn Mint. BAsit,

PYCNANTHEMUM ARISTATUM Mx.
“Ohio,” J. L. Riddell (Synop. 1835.)

PYCNANTHEMUM FLEXUOSUM ( Walt.) B. S. P. (P. linifolium Ph.)
Frequent.

PYCNANTHEMUM INCANUM (J.) Mx.
Throughout the state, but not common.

PYCNANTHEMUM MUTICUM (Mx.) Pers.
Licking Co., R. H. Ingraham, H. Ll. Jones (Cat. ).

BOTANY. 107
PYCNANTHEMUM MUTICUM PILOSUM Gr.
Cleveland, Dover Bay, W. Krebs; Springfield, Mrs. E. J. Spence; Miami Valley,
A. P. Morgan (Flora).

PYCNANTHEMUM VIRGINICUM (L.) B. S. P. (P. lanceolatum Phe)
Frequent.

91. ORIGANUM Tourn. WILD MARJORAM.

ORIGANUM VULGARE L.
“Interior O.,” Leo Lesquereux (Newberry Cat.)

92, THYMUS Tourn. THYME.

THYMUS SERPYLLUM L. Creeping Thyuure.
“Northern Ohio,” H. C. Beardslee (Cat.)

92a. SATUREIA Tourn.

SATUREIA HORTENSIS L. S un mer Savory.
“Ohio,” Gray (Man.)

93. HEDEOMA Pers. Mock PENNYROVAL.

HEDEOMA PULEGIOIDES (L.) Pers. American Pennyroyal.
Common.

94. CALAMINTHA Tourn. CALAMINT.

CALAMINTHA CLINOPODIUM Benth. Basil. |
Northern and central Ohio; Fairfield Co., E. V. Wilcox, S. Renshaw.

CALAMINTHA GLABELLA Benth.
“Central Ohio,” W. S. Sullivant (Newberry Cat.)

CALAMINTHA GLABRA Nutt. (C. muttal/ii Gray).

Marblehead, (Ottawa Co.) W. Krebs; Lakeside, Aug. D. Selby; Tiffin (Seneca »
Co.) W. H. Egbert; Clifton (Green Co.,) Mrs. E. J. Spence.

95. MELISSA I, Bam.

MELISSA OFFICINALIS L. Common Balm,
Occasionally throughout the state.

96. SALVIA lL. SAGE.

SALVIA LYRATA Jy.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.); Rio Grande (Gallia Co.) W. W. Deckard;
Lawrence Co., W. C. Werner.

108 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.
97. MONARDA L. HORSE-MINT.
MONARDA BRADBURIANA Beck.
Cincinnati, Jos. Clark (Cat.); Southern and western Ohio, Thos. G. Clark
(Beardslee Cat.)

MONARDA CITRIODORA Cerv.
Columbus, grounds of Sells Bros.’ circus, Aug. D. Selby.

MONARDA CLINOPODIA IL,
Richland Co., E. Wilkinson; Fairfield Co., E. V. Wilcox, S. Renshaw; Paines-
ville, Franklin Co., W. C. Werner; New Antioch (Clinton Co.) J.S. Vandervort.

MONARDA DipyMmMA L. Oswego Tea. Bee-Balm.
Nelson Ledge (Portage Co.) W. Krebs; Cincinnati, Jos. F. James (Cat.)

MONARDA FISTULOSA L.
Painesville, Wm. C. Werner; Defiance Co., J. M. Phillips; Summit Co., W.
Krebs; Springfield, Mrs. E. J. Spence.

MoONARDA PUNCTATA JL.
“ General,” J. S. Newberry ( Cat.)

98. BLEPHILIA Raf.

BLEPHILIA CILIATA (L.) Raf.
Frequent.

BLEPHILIA HIRSUTA Benth.
Frequent.

99. LOPHANTHUS Benth. Grant Hyssop.

LOPHANTHUS NEPETOIDES (L.) Benth.
Frequent throughout the state.

LOPHANTHUS SCROPHULARLEFOLIUS ( Willd.) Benth.

Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Medina Co., W. Krebs; Franklin Co., Aug. D.
Selby; Cincinnati, Jos. F. James (Cat)

100. NEPETA l. Cat-MINT.

NEPETA CATARIA L. Catnip.
Common.

NEPETA HEDERACEA (L.) B. S. P. (V. glechoma Benth) Ground Ivy. Gill-over-the-

ground.
Commion.

LO SCULEREE ARTA: "Sui Caw:

BOTANY. 109

SCUTELLARIA CANESCENS Nutt.
Generally distributed.

SCUTELLARIA GALERICULATA L,
Throughout the state.

SCUTELLARIA INTEGRIFOLIA JL.
“ General,” J. S. Newberry ( Cat.)

SCUTELLARIA LATERIFLORA L. Mad-dog Skullcap,
Generally distributed.

SCUTELLARIA NERVOSA Pursh.
Throughout the state but not frequent.

SCUTELLARIA PARVULA Mx.
Lake Erie to southern Ohio, but not common.

SCUTELLARIA PILOSA Mx.
“General,” J. S. Newberry (Cat.); Licking Co., H. L. Jones (Cat.)

SCUTELLARIA SAXATILIS Riddell.
Incking Co., H. L. Jones ( Cat.)

SCUTELLARIA VERSICOLOR Nutt.
Frequent throughout the southern half of the state. Cleveland, Wm. Krebs.

102. BRUNELLA Tourn. SELF-HEAL,

BRUNELLA VULGARIS L. Common Self-heal or Heal-all,
Common.

103. PHYSOSTEGIA Benth. FaLsE DRAGON-HEAD.

PHYSOSTEGIA VIRGINIANA (L.) Benth.
Generally distributed.

104. SYNANDRA Nutt.
SYNANDRA GRANDIFLI,ORA Nutt.

Franklin Co., J. E. Gould; Cincinnati, Jos. F. James (Cat.); Lawrence Co., W. C.
Werner.

105. MARRUBIUM Tourn. HorREHOUND.

MARRUBIUM VULGARE L. Common Horehound.
Fields and waste places all over the state.

106. STACHYS Tourn. HEDGE-NETTLE,

STACHYS ASPERA Mx.
Throughout the state.

110 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

‘ \

STACHYS ASPERA GLABRA Gray.
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Licking County, H. L. Jones (Cat.); Columbus,
Wm. C. Werner.

STACHYS CORDATA Riddell.
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Licking Co., H. L. Jones ( Cat.) ;. Cincinnati,
Jus. F. James (Cat.)

STACHVS PALUSTRIS L,
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Licking Co., H. L. Jones (Cat.); Cincinnati,
Jos. F. James ( Cat.)
107. GALEOPSIS L. HrEmMp-NETTLE.

GALEOPSIS TETRAHIT L. Common Hemp-Nettle.
“General,” J. S. Newberry (Cat.) ; Ashtabula Co., Sara F. Goodrich ; Miami Val-
ley, A. P. Morgan (Flora).

108. LEONURUS L. MoTHERWORT.

LEONURUS CARDIACA lL. Common Motherwort.
Common. °
109. WAMIUM L. DEAD-NETZLE.

LAMIUM ALBUM J.
Licking Co., H. Ll. Jones (Cat.)

LAMIUM AMPLEXICAULE lL.
Frequent throughout-the state.

LAMIUM MACULATUM L.
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Licking Co., H. lL. Jones ( Cat.)

LAMIUM PURPUREUM L.
Lake Co., W. C. Werner; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.)
110; TLRICHOSLEMA TL BrUbYCURES:

TRICHOSTEMA DICHOTOMUM L,. Bastard Pennyroyal.
Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

111. ISANTHUS Mx. FatseE PENNYROYAL.

IsaNTHUS BRACHIATUS (L.) B.S. P. (7. caeruleus Mx.)
Marblehead (Ottawa Co.) W. Krebs; Muskingum Co., W. C. Werner; Warren
Co., W. A. Kellerman. :

112. TEUCRIUM Tourn. GERMANDER.

TEUCRIUM CANADENSE L. American Germander.
Frequent all over the state.

BOTANY. 111

1122, AJUGA L.

AJUGA REPTANS L,.
Painesville, Otto Hacker.

XII. OrpER BORRAGINACE. Borage Family.

113. HELIOTROPIUM Tourn. TouRNSOLE. HELIOTROPE.

HELIOTROPIUM INDICUM L.
Cincinnati, Jos. F. James ( Cat.)

HELIOTROPIUM ANCHUSAFOLIUM Poir.
Introduced, Painesville,;Wm. C. Werner.

114. CYNOGLOSSUM Tourn. Hounp’s-ToncuE.

CYNOGLOSSUM OFFICINALE L. Common Hound’s-Tongue.
Frequent in waste places and roadsides.

CYNOGLOSSUM VIRGINICUM L. Wild Comfrey.
Cleveland, W. Krebs; Painesville, Otto Hacker; Central and southern Ohio.
115. LAPPULA Moench. (£chinospermum Lehm.) STICKSEED.

LAPPULA MyosoTis Moench. (chinospermum lappula Lehm.)
Common.

LAPPULA VIRGINIANA (L,.) Greene. (Lchinospermum virginicum Lehm.)
Apparantly over the whole state.

116. SYMPHYTUM Tourn. COMFREY.

SYMPHYTUM OFFICINALE L. Common Comfrey.
Appears over the state generally but infrequent.

tie SL ViCcORSIS) La BuUGLOSS:

LYCOPSIS ARVENSIS L. Small Bug:oss.
Painesville, Otto Hacker.

118. MERTENSIA Roth. Lungwort.

MERTENSIA VIRGINICA (L.) DC.
From Lake Erie to the Ohio River.

119. MYOSOTIS Dill. ScoRpIon-Grass. FORGET-ME-NOT.

MYOSOTIS ARVENSIS (L.) Willd.
Painesville, Otto Hacker; Cleveland, W. Krebs; Franklin Co., Miss Hulda Hoff-
man; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Rio Grande, Galiia Co., Ruth E,
Brockett.

1:2 CEOLOGY OF OHIO.

Myosotis LAxa Lehm.
Frequent in marshes and wet places throughout northern Ohio.

MYOSOTIS PALUSTUS (1,.) Kelp. True Forget-me-not.
“General,” J. S. Newberry (Cat.)

MYOSOTIS VIRGINICA (L.) B.S. P. (JZ. verna Nutt.)

Central and southern Ohio, Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Ashtabula Co., Sara
F. Goodrich.

¢
120. ONOSMODIUM Michx. FaLsE GROMWELL.

-ONOSMODIUM CAROLINIANUM (Lam.) DC.
Several localities in'the northern half of the state.

ONOSMODIUM CAROLINIANUM MOLLE Gray.
“Ohio” Gray’s Man dth ed..

ONOSMODIUM VIRGINICUM (L.) DC.

“‘ General,” J. S. Newberry (Cat.)

121. LITHOSPERMUM Tourn. GROMWELL. PUCCOON.

LITHOSPERMUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM Michx.
Cedar Point, near Sandusky, W. Krebs.

LITHOSPERMUM ARVENSE L. Corn Gromwell.
Common throughout the state.

LITHOSPERMUM CANESCENS (Mx.) Lehm. Puccoon.
Throughout central and southern Ohio. Toledo, J. A. Sanford.

LITHOSPERMUM HIRTUM Lehm.
Cedar Point (Ottawa Co.) W. Krebs; Toledo, J. A. Sanford.

LITHOSPERMUM LATIFOLIUM Michx.
Toledo, J. A. Sanford. Cincinnati, J. F. James; Lawrence Co., W. C. Werner.

LITHOSPERMUM OFFICINALE L. Common Gromwell,
“Central Ohio,” J. S. Newberry ( Cat.)

122. ECHIUM Tourn. -VIPER’S BUGLOSS.
ECHIUM VULGARE L. Blue-weed.

From Lake Erie to the Ohio River.

XIII .ORpER HYDROPHYLLACE. Waterleaf Family.

123. HYDROPHYLLUM Tourn. WATERLEAF.

HvDROPHYLLUM APPENDICULATUM Mx.
From Lake Erie to the Ohio River.

BOTANY. 113

HYDROPHYLLUM CANADENSE L,
Widely distributed.

HYDROPHYLLUM MACROPHYLLUM Nutt.
Central and southern Ohio.

HYDROPHYLLUM VIRGINICUM L,
Apparently over the state.
124. PHACELIA Juss.

PHACELIA BIPINNATIFIDA Michx.
Cincinnati, C. J. Herrick, J. F. James (Cat.)

PHACELIA DUBIA (L,.) (VP. parviflora Ph.)
“Central and southern Ohio,” J. S. Newberry (Cat)

PHACELIA FIMBRIATA Michx. —
“Central and southern Ohio,” J. S. Newberry ( Cat.)

PHACELIA PURSHII Buckley.
Throughout the southern half of the state.

XIV. OrpER ACANTHACEA. Acanthus Family.

125. RUELLIA PLUMIER.

RUELLIA CILIOSA Pursh.
Springfield, Mrs. E. J. Spence; Licking Co., H. L. Jones (Cat.)

RUELLIA STREPENS L.
Throughout the southern half of the state.

RUELLIA STREPENS CLEISTANTHA Gray.
With the type.

126. DIANTHERA Gronoy. WATER-WILLOW.

DIANTHERA AMERICANA J).
Islands of Lake Erie and southward to the Ohio River.

XV. ORDER BIGNONIACA,. Bignonia Family.

*

127. BIGNONIA Tourn.

BIGNONIA CAPREOLATA I Cross-vine.
Lawrence Co., at Ironton and Hanging Rock, W. C. Werner, and in Symmes
Creek Valley, W.A. Kellerman.

8 G20:

114 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.
128. CATALPA Scop., Walt. Caranpa. INDIAN BEAN.
CATALPA CATALPA (L.) Sudworth (C. dignonioides Walt.)

Fairly naturalized in southern Ohio, J. H. Warder (W. Pl. O. 1882): Warren and
Lawrence Counties, W. A. Kellerman; Licking Co., H. L. Jones (Cat.); Cincin-
nati; J. F. Jones (Cat).

CATALPA SPECIOSA Warder.

Nearly naturalized in southwestern Ohio, J.H. Warder (W. Pl. O. 1882).; Law-
rence Co., W. A. Kellerman.

,

129. TEcoMA Juss. TRUMPET-FLOWER,

TTECOMA RADICANS (I,.) Juss.
From Lake Erie to the Ohio River.

XVI. OrDER PEDALIACEAE.

130. MARTYNIA LL. UNICORN-PLANT.

MARTYNIA PROBOSCIDEA Glox.
Franklin Co., W. S. Sullivant (Cat. 1840) ; Cincinnati, J. F. James (Cat.)

XVII. OrpDER OROBANCHACEA. Broom-Rape Family.

131. APHYLLON Mitchell. Nakep BROOM-RAPE.

APHYLLON UNIFLORUM (L,.) Gray. One-flowered Cancer-root.
Distributed throughout the state but not abundant.

132. CONOPHOLIS Walroth. SQUAW-ROOT. CANCER-ROOT.

CONOPHOLIS AMERICANA (L,. f.) Wallroth.
Widely distributed.

133. EPIPHEGUS Nutt. BEECH-DROPS. CANCER-ROOT.

EPIPHEGUS VIRGINIANA (L.) Burt.
Over the whole state.

XVIII. OrpER LENTIBULARIACEA L. Bladder-wort Family.

134. UTRICULARIA LL. BLADDERWORT.

UTRICULARIA CORNUTA Mx.
Central Ohio, W. S. Sullivant (Cat. 1840).
Champaign Co., Wm. C. Werner.

BOTANY. 115

UTRICULARIA GIBBA L,
Central and southern Ohio, J.S. Newberry (Cat.); Cincinnati, Jos. Clark (Cat.)

UTRICULARIA INTERMEDIA Hayne.
Central Ohio, W. S. Sullivant (Cat. 1840); Lorain Co., Dr. Kellogg (Newberry
Cat.) ; Painesille and Champaign Co., Wm. C. Werner.

UTRICULARIA MINOR L.
Northern Ohio, J. S. Newberry (Cat.); Licking Co., H. L. Jones (Cat.); Cincin-
nati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.)
UTRICULARIA VULGARIS L.

Northern and central Ohio. no specimen seen from the southern part of the
state.

XIX. OrpER SCROPHULARIACE Figwort Family.

135. VERBASCUM L. MULLEIN.

VERBASCUM BLATTARIA L. Moth Mullein.
Throughout the state, common in some sections.

VERBASCUM THAPSUS L. Common Mullein.
Throughout the state.

136. LINARIA Tourn. TOoOapD-FLAx.

LINARIA CANADENSIS (L). Dumont.
“General,” J. S. Newberry (Cat.)

LINARIA ELATINE (L.) Mill.
Painesville, Otto Hacker.

LINARIA VULGARIS Mill.
Common.

137. SCROPHULARIA Tourn. Figwort.

SCROPHULARIA MARYLANDICA L. (S. nodosa marylandica Gray.)
Widely distributed.

a

138. CHELONE Tourn. TuRTLE-HEAD. SNAKE-HEAD.

CHELONE GLABRA L.
Throughout the state.

139. PENTSTEMON Mitchell. BEARD-TONGUE.

PENTSTEMON HIRSUTUS (L.) Willd. (P. pubescens Solander.)
Over the state.

116 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

PENTSTEMON LASVIGATUS Solander.
From Lake Erie to the Ohio River.

PENTSTEMON LAVIGATUS DIGITALIS Gray.
Ashtabula Co., E. E. Bogue.

140. COLLINSIA, Nutt.
COLLINSIA VERNA Nutt.

Rather frequent throughout the central and southern part of the state; rare
northward.

141. MIMULUS L. MoNnKEY-FLOWER.

MIMULUS ALATUS Ait.
Distributed throughout the state,

MIMULUS RINGENS L.
Frequent.

142. CONOBEA Aublet.
CONOBEA MUL/TIFIDA (Mx.) Benth.

Lake Side (Ottawa Co.) Aug. D. Selby; Dayton, August F. Foerste (Bot. Gaz.,
vol. VI, p. 214); Cincinnati, J. F. James (Cat.)

143. GRATIOLA lL. HEDGE-HYSSOP.

GRATIOLA AUREA Muhl.
“Fastern and northern Ohio,” J. S. Newberry (Cat.)

GRATIOLA VIRGINICA Ly.
Over the whole state.

144. ILYSANTHES Raf. (FALSE PIMPERNEL,)

ILYSANTHES GRATIOLOIDES (L..) Benth. (/. r7paria Raf.)
From Lake Erie to the Ohio River.

145. DIGITALIS L.

DIGITALIS LUTEA L.
Cleveland, W. Krebs (introduced).

146. VERONICA lL. SPEEDWELL.

VERONICA AGRESTIS L.
Cincinnati, J. F. James (Cat.); Painesville, Otto Hacker; Columbus, Cora
McFadden.

BOTANY. 117

VERONICA AMERICANA Schw.
Common.

VERONICA ANAGALLIS L,
Cincinnati, J. F. James (Cat.); Fairfield Co., E. V. Wilcox and S. Renshaw;
Franklin Co., Moses Craig.

VERONICA ARVENSIS LL.
From Lake Erie to the Ohio River.

VERONICA BYZANTINA (Sibth. and Sm.) B. S. P. (V. duabaumii Tenore)
Painesville, Otto Hacker; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.)

VERONICA HEDERAEFOLIA L.
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.)

VERONICA OFFICINALIS L.
Common.

VERONICA PEREGRINA L,.
Generally distributed over the state.

VERONICA SCUTELLATA L,.
Northern and central portion of the state; no specimens seen froin the south-
ern counties.

VERONICA SERPYLLIFOLIA JL.
Frequent.

VERONICA VIRGINICA L,
Widely distributed.

147. BUCHNERA L. BLUE-HEARTS.

BUCHNERA AMERICANA IL,
“Central Ohio,” W. S. Sullivant (Newberry Cat.); Fulton Co., J. S. Hine.

148. SEYMERIA Pursh.

SEYMERIA MACROPHYLLA Nutt.
Frequent throughout central and southern Ohio; Toledo, J. A. Sanford.

149. GERARDIA L,.

GERARDIA AURICULATA Michx.
Franklin Co., W.S. Sullivant (Cat. 1840). Has not been found by recent
collectors.

GERARDIA PURPUREA JL.
Ca‘awba Island, W. Krebs; Franklin Co., Wm. C. Werner; Cincinnati, J. F.
James (Cat.)

2 ee ae
vas Gg Pero

118 . GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

GERARDIA TENUIFOLIA Vahl.
Throughout the state.

150. DASYSTOMA Raf.

DASYSTOMA FLAVA (I).) Wood. (Gerardia flava I,.)
Cleveland, W. Krebs; Lake Co., Wm. C. Werner; Licking Co., H. Ly. Jones ( Cat.) ;
Fairfield Co., EK. V. Wilcox and S. Renshaw.

DASYSTOMA LAEVIGATA (Raf.) (Gerardia laevigata Raf.)
Fairfield Co., E. V. Wilcox.

DASYSTOMA PEDICULARIA (L.) Benth. (Gerardia pedicularia J,.)
Trumbull Co., Dr. Kellogg (Beardslee Cat.); Fulton Co., J. S. Hine.

DASYSTOMA VIRGINICA (L.) (Gerardia quercifolia Ph.)

Cleveland, W. Krebs; Lake Co., Wm. C. Werner; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright ( Cat.) >
Cincinnati, Jos. Clark (Cat.); Fulton Co., J. S. Hine.

151. CASTILLEIA Mutis. PamIntTEeD-Cup.

CASTILILEIA COCCINEA (L.) Spreng. Scarlet Painted-cup.
Ironton, (Lawrence Co.) W. C. Werner; Georgesville, Franklin Co., E. V. Wilcox.

152. PEDICULARIS Tourn. LousEwort.

PEDICULARIS CANADENSIS L. Common Lousewort. Wood Betony.
Common.

PEDICULARIS LANCEOLATA Michx.
From Lake Erie to the Ohio River.

1538. MELAMPYRUM Tourn. Cow-WHEAT.

MELAMPYRUM LINEARE Lam. (JZ. americanum Mx.)
Cleveland, W. Krebs; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Painesville, Wm. C.
Werner.

XX. OrpER SOLANACEA. Nightshade Family.

154. SOLANUM Tourn. NIGHTSHADE.

SoLANUM CAROLINENSE L.
Frequent.

SoLANUM DULCAMARA L,
Throughout the state.

SoLANUM NIGRUM L.
Frequent and common in cultivated ground.

BOTANY. 119

SOLANUM ROSTRATUM Dunal.
Franklin Co., W. J. Green; Painesville, O. Hacker; Burghill, (Trumbull Co.) J.
I. King; Petersburg, J. A. Crawford.
155. PHYSALIS L. GRounp CHERRY.

_ PHYSALIS LANCEOTATA Michx.
Throughout central and southern Ohio; Toledo, J. A. Sanford.

PHYSALIS PHILADELPHICA Lam.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.); Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Loveland,
J. F. James (Cat.)

PHYSALIS PUBESCENS IL.
Painesville, Otto Hacker; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Licking Co., H. L.
Jones (Cat.) ; Cincinnati, J. F. James ( Cat.)

PHYSALIS VIRGINIANA Mill.
Generally distributed.

PHYSALIS VIScosA L.
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright ( Cat.)
156. NICANDRA Adans. APPLE OF PERU.
NICANDRA PHYSALOIDES (L.) Geertn.
Springfield, Mrs, E. J. Spence; Franklin Co., EK. V. Wilcox; Licking Co., H. L.
Jones (Cat.) ; Cincinnati, J. F. James (Cat.)
157. LYCIUM lL. MatTRIMoNny VINE.

LYCIUM VULGARE (Ait.) Dunal.
Franklin Co., W. C. Werner; Painesville, O. Hacker; Miami Valley, A. P. Mor-
gan (Flora).

158. DATURA Ll. JAMESTOWN WEED. THORN-APPLE.

DATURA STRAMONIUM JL.
Throughout the state.

DATURA TATULA L.
Introduced and widely distributed.

159. HYOSCYAMUS Tourn. HENBANE.

HYOSCVYAMUS NIGER L.
Shore of Lake Erie, J. S. Newberry ( Cat.)

XXI. POLEMONIACEZ. Polemonium Family.

160. PHLOX L.

120 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

PHLOX DIVARICATA I,
Common.

PHLOX GLABERRIMA L,.
Cincinnati, J. F. James ( Cat.)

PHLOX MACULATA I, Wild Sweet-William.
Frequet throughout central and southern Ohio; Richland Co., E. Wilkinson.

PHLOX MACULATA CANDIDA Mx.
Columbus, Moses Craig.

PHLOX OVATA I.
Delta (Fulton Co.) M. G. Aumend.

PHLOX PANICULATA L.
Frequent throughout central and southern Ohio; Richland Co., E. Wilkinson.

PHLOX PILOSA JL.
Summit Co., W. Krebs; Delta (Fulton Co.) M. G. Aumend; Georgesville

Franklin Co., E. V. Wilcox.

PHLOX REPTANS Mx.
‘“Argillaceous hillsides,” J. L. Riddell (Synop. 1835.)

PHLOX SUBULATA L. Ground or Moss Pink.
Brady’s Lake (Portage Co.,) W. Krebs; Franklin Co., C. L. Dickey; Lorain Co.,
A. A. Wright (Cat.) ; Fairfield Co., E. V. Wilcox and S. Renshaw; Long Lake
(Summit Co.,) E. H. Bogue.

161. POLKRMONIUM Tourn. GREEK VALERAIN,

POLEMONIUM REPTANS IL.
Widely distributed.

XXII. OrpER CONVOLVULACEA. Convolvulus Family.

162, IPOMGAA L.. Morninc Grory.

IPOMGA COCCINEA L.
“Tnterior and southern Ohio,” J. S. Newberry (Cat.)

IPOMGA LACUNOSA L.
Columbus, J. H. Lageman; Cincinnati, C. J. Herrick, J. F. James (Cat.); Rio

Grande (Gallia Co.) Lizzie Davis.

IPpoMaGsA NIT, (ly.) Ph.
Central and southern Ohio.

IPOMGSA PAUDURATA (L.) Meyer. Wild Potato-vine. Man-of-the-earth.
From Lake Erie to the Ohio River.

BOTANY.

IPOMG@A PURPUREA (L.) Lam.
Cincinnati, J. F. James (Cat.); Licking Co., H. L. Jones ( Cat.)

IPOMGA QUAMOCLIT L.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora).

168. CONVOLVULUS Tourn. BINDWEED.

CONVOLVULUS ARVENSIS lL. Bindweed
Throughout the state.

CONVOLVULUS SEPIUM L. Hedge Bindweed.
Common.

CONVOLVULUS REPENS L, (C. sepium repens Gray).
Licking Co., H. L..Jones (Cat.)

CONVOLVULUS SPITHAMZUS L.
Apparantly all over the state, infrequent.

164. CUSCUTA Tourn. DODDER. \,

CUSCUTA CEPHELANTHI Englm. (C. fenutflora Englm.)
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Ashtabula Co., Sara F. Goodrich.

CUSCUTA COMPACTA Juss.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.)

CUSCUTA EPILINUM Weihe. Flax Dodder.
“Interior, general,” J. S. Newberry ( Cat.)

CUSCUTA GLOMERATA Choisy.
Licking Co., H. L. Jones ( Cat.)

CuUSCUTA GRONOVII Willd.
Common.

CUSCUTA POLYGONORUM Englm. (C. chlorocarpa Englm.)
“General,” J. S. Newberry (Cat.)

CUSCUTA ROSTRATA Shuttleworth.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.)

XXIII. OrperR ASCLEPIADACH. Milk-weed Family.

165. PERIPLOCA (Tourn.) L.

PERIPLOCA GRAECA L,.
Ohio, H. C. Beardslee ( Cat.)

12]

ae

122 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.
166. ACKRATES Ell. GREEN MILKWEED.

ACERATES FLORIDANA Lam. (A. longifolia Ell.)
Huron Co., H. C. Beardslee ( Cat.)

ACERATES VIRIDIFLORA (Raf.) Ell.
Northern and central Ohio; Cincinnati, J. F. James.
167. ASCLEPIAS lL. MILKWEED.

ASCLEPIAS EXALTATA (L.) Muhl. (41. phytolaccoides Ph.)
- From Lake Erie to the Ohio River.

ASCLEPIAS INCARNATA L. Swamp Milkweed.
Common.

ASCLEPIAS INCARNATA PULCHRA Ehrh.
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Licking Co. H. L. Jones (Cat.)

ASCLEPIAS OBTUSIFOLIA Michx.
“General,” H. C. Beardslee ( Cat.)

ASCLEPIAS PURPURASCENS L. Purple Milkweed.
Over the whole state, infrequent.

ASCLEPIAS QUADRIFOLIA L,
Throughout the state but not abundant,

ASCLEPIAS SULLIVANTII Engelm.
Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman; Licking Co., H. lL. Jones (Cat.)

ASCLEPIAS SYRIACA lL. (A. cornuti Decaisne.)
Everywhere.

ASCLEPIAS TUBEROSA lL. Butterfly-weed. Pleurisy-root.
Widely distributed.

ASCLEPIAS VARIEGATA L,.
Summit Co., Franklin Co., Wm. C. Werner.

ASCLEPIAS VERTICILLATA LL.

Marblehead (Ottawa, Co.) E. Claassen; Springfield, Mrs. E. J. Spence; Fairfield
Co., W. A. Kellerman.

168. VINCETOXICUM Moench,

VINCETOXICUM NIGRUM Moench.
Painesville, W. C. Werner.
169. AMPELANUS Raf. (£zslenia Nutt.)

AMPELANUS ALBIDUS (Nutt.) (Azslenia albida Nutt.)
Cincinnati, J. F. James (Cat.)

BOTANY. 123
170. GONOLOBUS Michx.

GONOLOBUS GONOCARPOS (Walt.) (G. /e@vis Michx.)
Cincinnati, Joseph Clark ( Cat.)

GONOLOBUS OBLIOUUS R. Br.
Lawrence Co., W. C. Werner; Columbus, A. D. Selby.

XXIV. OrperR APOCYNACEA. Dogbane Family.

le, OVEN CAUTS:
VINCA MINOR J,

Painesville, Wm. C. Werner; Richland Co., E. Wilkinson; Licking County
H. Ll. Jones (Cat.); Fairfield Co., E. V. Wilcox and S. Renshaw.

172. APOCYNUM Tourn. DOGBANE. INDIAN HEMP.

APOCYNUM ANDROSZMIFOLIUM lL. Spreading Dogbane.
Frequent.

APOCYNUM CANNABINUM LL. Indian Hemp.
Common over the state.

XXV. OrDER GENTIANACEA. Gentian Family.

173. SABBATIA Adans.

SABBATIA ANGULARIS (L.) Pursh.
Trumbull Co., R. H. Ingrahain; Central Ohio; Cincinnati, J. F. James (Cat.)
Sabbatia brachiata reported for Hocking Co. by Adolph Leue seems to be
this species.

174. GENTIANA Tourn. GENTIAN.

GENTIANA ANDREWSII Griseb. Closed Gentian.
Apparently over the whole state.

GENTIANA CRINITA Froel.
Northern Ohio; Columbus, W. C. Werner; Licking Co., H. ly. Jones (Cat.)

GENTIANA PUBERULA Michx.
“Central Ohio,” W. S. Sullivant ( Cat.)

GENTIANA QUINQUEFOLIA L.
Lorain Co., A, A. Wright, (Cat.); Cincinnati, Joseph Clark (Cat.)

GENTIANA QUINQUEFOLIA OCCIDENTALIS (Gray) Hitch.
Springfield, Mrs. E. J. Spence, Georgesville (Franklin Co.) E. V. Wilcox.

124 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

GENTIANA SAPONARIA L. Soapwort Gentian.
Cincinnati, Joseph Clark (Cat.); Columbus, W. S. Sullivant (Cat.)

GENTIANA SERRATA Gunner.
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.)

GENTIANA VILLOSA Ly. (G. ochroleuca Froel.)
Rio Grande (Gallia Co.) Lizzie Davis.

175. FRASERA Walt. AMERICAN COLUMBO.

FRASERA CAROLINENSE Walt.
Central and southern Ohio; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.)

176. OBOLARIA L.

OBOLARIA VIRGINICA L.
From Lake Erie to the Ohio river; rare.

177 BARTONIA Muhl.
BARTONIA VIRGINICA (L.) B. S. P. (B. tenella Muhl.)

Licking Reservoir, W. C. Werner; Painesville, H. C. Beardslee; Licking Co., H-
L. Jones (Cat.); Lorain Co., A. A. Wright ( Cat.)

178. MENYANTHES Tourn. BUCKBEAN.
MENVANTHES TRIFOLIATA L.

Portage Co., W. Krebs; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Licking Co., H. L.
Jones ( Cat.)

179. LIMNANTHEMUM Gmelin. FLOATING HEART.

LIMNANTHEMUM LACUNOSUM (Vent.) Mx.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.)

XXVI. ORDER OLEACEAE. Olive Family,

180. FRAXINUS Tourn. ASH.

FRAXINUS AMERICANA L. White Ash,
Frequent.

FRAXINUS PUBESCENS Lam. Red Ash.
Summit Co., J. S. Newberry (Cat.); Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Franklin
Co., W. A. Kellerman; Licking Co., H. L. Jones (Cat.)

FRAXINUS QUADRANGULATA Michx. Blue Ash.
Frequent throughout the central and southern portions of the state.

BOTANY. 128

FRAXINUS NIGRA Marsh. (/. sambucifolia am.) Black Ash.
Generally distributed over the state.

FRAXINUS VIRIDIS Michx. Green Ash.

“General,” J. S. Newberry (Cat.); Miami Valley, A, P. Morgan (Flora).

181. CHIONANTHUS L. FRINGE-TREE.
CHIONANTHUS VIRGINICA J.
Rio Grande (Gallia Co.,) Ruth E. Brockett.
182. LIGUSTRUM Tourn. PRIVET.

LIGUSTRUM VULGARE L.
Lorain Co.. A. A. Wright (Cat.)

XXVII. OrpDER STYRACACEAK. Storax Family.

183. MOHRIA Britton. (Ha/lesia Ellis.) SNOWDROP OR SILVER BELL-TREE.

MoOHRIA CAROLINA (L,) Britton. Malesia teraptera UL.
Given by Lazenby and Werner (Sup. List.) on the authority of Dr. Warder, but
no specimens seem to have been found in the state. The plant occurs in
West Virginia.

XXVIiIl. OrpER EBENACEAE. Ebony Family.

184. DIOSPYROS I. DAtTE-PLUM. PERSIMMON.

DIOSPYROS VIRGINIANA L,.
Throughout the southern half of the state.

XXIX. ORDER PRIMULACEAE. Primrose Family.

184a@. HOTTONIA Ll. FEATHERFOIL. WATER VIOLET.

HOTTONIA INFLATA Ell.
New Lyme (Ashtabula Co.) Florence Tuckerman.

185. DODECATHEON LL. AMERICAN COWSLIP.

DODECATHEON MEADIA L,.
Springfield, Mrs. E. Jane Spence; Cincinnati, Jos. F. James (Cat.); Franklin Co.,
W. S. Sullivant (Cat.)

186. LYSIMACHIA Tourn. LoosEstRirE.

LYSIMACHIA NUMMULARIA . Moneywo.t.
Escaped from cultivation.

126 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

LYSIMACHIA QUADRIFOLIA L.
Throughout the state, but infrequent. »

LYSIMACHIA STRICTA Ait.
Generally distributed.

LYSIMACHIA THYRSIFLORA L. Tufted Loosestrife.
Probably throughout the state; no specimens seen from the southern half of
the state.

187. STEIRONEMA Raf. LoosSESYRIFE.

STEIRONEMA CILIATUM Raf,
Common over the state.

STEIRONEMA LANCEOLATUM Gray.
Frequent throughout the southern half of the state.

STEIRONEMA LANCEOLATUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM (lam.) Gray.
_ Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.)

STEIRONEMA LANCEOLATUM HYBRIDUM ( Mx.) Gray.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.) ; Franklin Co., W. S. Sullivant (Cat.) ; Cincin-
nati, Joseph Clark ( Cat.)

STEIRONEMA QUADRIFLORUM (Sims.) Hitch. (.S. owgtfoliuwm Gray.)
Throughout south central Ohio; Islands in Lake Erie, Aug. D. Selby, E.
Claassen.

188. TRIENTALIS L. CHICKWEED. WINTERGREEN.

TRIENTALIS AMERICANA (Pers.) Pursh.
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Cedar Swamp (Champaign Co.) Mrs. E. Jane
Spence.

189. ANAGALLIS Tourn. PIMPERNEL.
ANAGALLIS ARVENSIS L. Common Pimpernel.
Painesville, Wm. C. Werner; Gallia Co., Lizzie Davis; Logan Co., Mrs. E. Jane
Spence; Cincinnati, Jos. F. James (Cat.)

190. SAMOLUS Tourn. Water Pimpernel. Brook-weed.

SAMOLUS FLORIBUNDUS H. B. K. (S. valerandi americanus Gray.)
Throughout the state.

XXX. ORDER MONOTROPACEHAKE.

191. HYPOPITYS Ll. PINE-SAP.

HYPOPITYS MONOTROPA Crantz. ( Monotropa hypopitys YL.)
Not rare.

BOTANY. 127
192. MONOTROPA LL. INDIAN PIPE.

MONOTROPA UNIFLORA LL.
Frequent.

XXXI. OrpEr ERICACEAE. Heath Family.

193. GAYLUSSACIA H. B. K. HuCKLEBERRY.

GAYLUSSACIA DUMOSA (Andr.) Torr. and Gray. Dwarf Huckleberry.
Lorain Co., Dr. Kellogg (J. S. Newberry Cat.)

GAYLUSSACIA FRONDOSA (L.) Torr. and Gray. Blue Tangle. Dangleberry.
“Northern Ohio,” J. §. Newberry (Cat.); Fairfield Co., E. V. Wilcox and S.
Renshaw. No specimen seen by us.

GAYLUSSACIA RESINOSA (Ait.) Torr. and Gray. Black Huckleberry.
Frequent throughout the eastern half of the state.

194. VACCINIUM I. BLUEBERRY. BILBERRY. CRANBERRY.

VACCINIUM CANADENSE Kalm.
Toledo, J. A. Sanford.

VACCINIUM CORYMBOSUM L. Common or Swamp Blueberry.
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Geauga Lake (Summit Co.) E. Claassen; Paines-
ville, Win. C. Werner; Licking Co., H. Ll. Jones (Cat.)

VACCINIUM ATROCOCCUM (Gray). (V. corymbosum atrococcum Gray).
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.)

VACCINIUM CORYMBOSUM PALLIDUM Ait.
Northern and eastern Ohio, J. S. Newberry (Cat.)

VACCINIUM PENNSYLVANICUM Lam. Dwarf Biueberry.
Frequent throughout sandstone regions.

VACCINIUM PENNSYLVANICUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM Gray.
Thompson Ledge (Geauga Co.) H. C. Beardslee (Cat.)

VACCINIUM STAMINEUM L,.
Frequent in sandstone soils.

VACCINIUM VACILLANS Kalm. Low Blueberry.
Frequent in sandstone soils.

195. SCHOLLERA Roth. (Oxycoccus Pers.) CRANBERRY.

SCHOLLERA MACROCARPUS (Pers.) (Oxycoccus macrocarpus Pers. Vaccinium mac-
rocarpon Ait.) Common Cranberry.
Frequent in northern Ohio; Licking Reservoir, H. Ll. Jones (Cat.)

128 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

SCHOLLERA Oxycoccus (L.) Roth. (Vaccinium oaycoccus V,.) Small Cranberry.
“Northern Ohio rare,” H. C. Beardslee (Cat.); Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.)

196. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS Adans. BEARBERRY.

ARCTOSTAPHYLUS UVA-URSI (L.) Spreng. Bearberry.
Cedar Point (Ottawa Co.) W. Krebs.

197. GAULTHERIA IL. WINTERGREEN.

(GAULTHERIA PROCUMBENS L. Ground Birch. Teaberry.
Frequent over the state.

198. CHAMAEDAPHNE Moench. (Cassandra Don.) LEATHER-LEAF.

CHAMAEDAPHNE CALYCULATA (L.) Moench. (Cassandra calyculata Don.)
Frequent in sphagnum marshes throughout northern Ohio.

199. OXYDENDRUM DC. SoRREL-TREE. SOUR-WOOD.

OXYDENDRUM ARBOREUM (J,.) DC.
Throughout the southeastern counties.

200. EPIGAA L. GROUND LAUREL. TRAILING ARBUTUS.

EPIGAA REPENS L,.
Frequent throughout the eastern half of the state.

201. ANDROMEDA lL.

ANDROMEDA LIGUSTRINA Muhl.
Marietta, J. L. Riddell (Synop. 1835.)

ANDROMEDA POLIFOLIA L.
Geauga Co., Wm. C. Werner (H. C. Beardslee Cat.)

202. KALMIA IL, AMERICAN LAUREL.

KALMIA ANGUSTIFOLIA L. Sheep Laurel. Lambkill. Wicky.
Central and eastern Ohio, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.)

KALMIA LATIFOLIA lL. Calico Bush. Mountain Laurel. Spoon-wood.
Eastern half of the state.

208. LEDUM L. LABRADOR TEA.

LEDUM LATIFOLIUM Ait.
Lorain Co., Dr. Kellogg (Newberry Cat.)

BOTANY. 129
204. RHODODENDRON L. ROSE BAy. AZALEA.
RHODODENDRON LUTEA (L.) (2. calendulaceum Torr.)
Sugar Grove (Fairfield Co.) E. V. Wilcox and S. Renshaw; Fairfield Co., J. M.
Bigelow (J. S. Newberry Cat.)
RHODODENDRON MAXIMUM L.

Fairfield Co., J. M. Bigelow (J. S. Newberry Cat.); Sugar Grove (Fairfield Co.)
E. V. Wilcox and S. Renshaw.

205.. AZALEA VL.

AZALEA NUDIFLORA L. (Rhododendron nudifiorum Torr.)
Painesville, and Ironton (Lawrence Co.) Wm. C. Werner.

ZALEA VISCOSA L. (Rhododendron viscosum Torr.)
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.)

206. PYROLA Tourn. WINTERGREEN. SHIN-LEAF.

PYROLA ASARIFOLIA Mx. (P. rotundifolia asarifolia Hk.)
“Northern Ohio, not uncommon,” H. C. Beardslee (Cat.)

PYROLA ELLIPTICA Nutt. Shin-leaf.
Frequent except in limestone regions.

PYROLA ROTUNDIFOLIA L.
Frequent in northern Ohio; Central Ohio, E. V. Wilcox and H. lL. Jones (Cat.)

PYROLA SECUNDA IL.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.); Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.)

PYROLA ULIGINOSA Torr. (P. rotuudifolia uliginosa Gray.)
“Northern Ohio, rare,” H. C. Beardslee ( Cat.)

207. MONESES Salisb. ONE-FLOWERED PYROLA.
MONESES UNIFLORA (Gray.) (JZ. grandiflora Salisb.)

“Northern Ohio,” Lazenby and Werner (Sup. Cat.), from Prof. Lazenby’s notes.
No herbarium specimen can be found.

208. CHIMAPHILA Pursh. PIPsIssEWaA.

CHIMAPHILA MACULATA (L,.) Pursh. Spotted Wintergreen,
In sandstone regions.

CHIMAPHILA UMBELLATA (L.) Nutt. Prince’s Pine.
Frequent in woods.

9 GO:

130 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.
209. CLETHRA Gronoy. WHITE ALDER.
CLETHRA ALNIFOLIA L. Sweet Pepperbush.

Akron, H. C, Beardslee, Jr. (Lazenby and Werner, Sup. List); not of the Ohio
flora as the specimers were transplanted from another state.

XXXII, OrpEr UMBELLIFERA. Parsley Family.

210. HYDROCOTYLE Tourn. Water PENNYWORT.

HYDROCOTYLE AMERICANA L,.
Painesville, Wm. C. Werner; Cuyahoga Falls (Summit Co.) W. Krebs.

HYDROCOTYLE UMBELLATA L.
“Northern Ohio,” J. S. Newberry (Cat.); Portage Co., E. Claassen.

211. ERYNGIUM Tourn. ERvYNGO.
ERYNGIUM AQUATICUM L,. (Z. yucce@folium Michx.) Rattle Snake-Master. Button
Suake-root.

Central Ohio, J. L. Riddell (Synop. 1835); W. S. Sullivant (Cat. 1840); not
observed by recent collectors.

212. SANICULA Tourn. SaANIcLE. BLACK SNAKE-ROOT.

SANICULA MARYLANDICA L.
Frequent throughout the state.

SANICULA MARYLANDICA CANADENSIS (J.) Torr.
Frequent throughout the state.

21382 CONIUM LL. Poison HEMLOCK.
CONIUM MACULATUM JL.
Northern Ohio (W. Krebs, Wm. C. Werner); Licking Co.. H. l. Jones (Cat.) .;
Cincinnati, Jos. Clark ( Cat.)

214. EULOPHUS Nutt.

EULOPHUS AMERICANUS Nutt.
Central Ohio, W. S. Sullivant (H.C. Beardslee Cat.)

215. ERIGENIA Nutt. HARBINGER-OF-SPRING.

ERIGENIA BULBOSA (Mx.) Nutt.
Over the whole state.

216. CICUTA Ly. Watsr-Hemrocr.

CICUTA BULBIFERA L.
Throughout the state.

BOTANY. 131

CIcUTA MACULATA I. Spotted Cowbane. Musquash Root. Beaver-Poison,
Common over the whole state.

217. CARUM LL. CARAway.
CARUM CARUI L. Caraway.

Painesville, Win. C. Werner; Cleveland, Wm. Krebs, Lorain Co., A. A. Wright
(Cat.) ; Licking Co., H. lL. Jones ( Cat.)

218. ZIZIA Koch.

ZIZIA AUREA (L.) Koch.
Throughout the state.

ZIZIA CORDATA ( Walt.)
Throughout the state.

219. SIUM Tourn. WaATER PARSNIP.

SIUM CICUTFOLIUM. Gmelin.
Frequent in swamps and low grounds.

220. ASGOPODIUM LL. GRouUtTWEED.

AEGOPODIUM PODAGRARIA JL,
Painesville, Otto Hacker.

221. PIMPINELLA L,.

PIMPINELLA INTEGERRIMA (L.) Gray.
Generally distributed over the whole state.

PIMPINELLA SAXIFRAGA L,.
“Sycamore, Ohio,” Asa Gray (Manual. 6th ed.)

222. DERINGA Adans. (Cryptotenia DC.) HonEwor’.

DERINGA CANADENSIS (L.) Kuntze. (Cryptotenia canadensis DC.)
Throughout the state.

223. OSMORRHIZA Raf. SwEET CICELY.

OSMORRHIZA BREVISTYLIS ( Torr.) DC.
Generally distributed throughout the state.

OSMORRHIZA CLAYTONI (Michx.) B.S. P. (O. longistylis DC.)
Frequent throughout the state.

224. CHAYROPHYLLUM L.

132 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

CHAROPHYLLUM PROCUMBENS (L.) Crantz.
Generally distributed.

225. PTILIMNIUM Raf. (Discopleura DC.) Mock BISHOP-WEED.

PTILIMNIUM CAPILLACEA Mx. ( Discopleura capillacea DC.)
“ General,” J..S. Newberry (Cat.); Franklin Co., W. S. Sullivant (Cat. 1840) ;
Licking Co., H. lL. Jones ( Cat.)

226. ASTHUSA L. Foot’s ParRsLEy.

AETHUSA CYNAPIUM L,.
“General,” J. S. Newberry (Cat.) ; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright ( Cat.)

227. LIGUSTICUM LL. Lovace.

LIGUSTICUM CANADENSE L. (ZL. acteifolium Mx.) Nondo. Angelico.
Northern and eastern Ohio, J. S. Newberry (Cat.); Licking Co., H. Ll. Jones
( Cat.)

LIGUSTICUM SCOTICUM L.
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.)

228. SELINUM L. (Conioselinum Fisch.) HEMLOCK-PARSLEY.

SELINUM CHINENSE (L.) (Cenioselinum canadense Torr & Gray.)
Cuyahoga Falls, W. Krebs.

229. THASPIUM Nutt. MEADOW-PARSNIP.

THASPIUM AUREUM Nutt.
Generally distributed.

THASPIUM AUREUM CORDATUM (Walt. B.S. P. (7. aureum trifoliatum Coult. &
Rose.)
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Licking Co., H. Ll. Jones ( Cat.) ; Cincinnati, J.
F. James (Cat.)

THASPIUM BARBINODE ( Mx.) Nutt. a
Northern Ohio, W. Krebs; Central Ohio, H. L. Jones (Cat.), Aug. D. Selby:
T,awrence Co., Wm. C. Werner; Cincinnati, Jos. F. James (Cat.)

THASPIUM BARBINODE ANGUSTIFOLIUM Coult. & Rose.
Toledo, J. A. Sanford; Cleveland, Wm. Krebs.

230. ANGELICA IL.

ANGELICA ATROPURPUREA L,.
Cleveland, W. Krebs; Richland Co., E. Wilkinson; Columbus, Aug. D. Selby;
Licking Co., H. Ll. Jones. (Cat.)

BOTANY. 133

ANGELICA VILLOSA ( Walt.) B. S. P. (4. Aivsuta Muhl.)
Throughout the state.

231. PASTINACA IL. PARSNIP.

PASTINACA SATIVA, L.
Fields and waste places, common.

232. OXYPOLIS Raf. (7tedemannia DC.)

OXYPOLIS RIGIDA (L,.) (Tiedemannia rigida Coult. & Rose.) Cowbane.
Central and southern Ohio; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.)

233. HERACLEUM lL. Cow-PArRsnip.

HERACLEUM LANATUM Michx.
Throughout the state.

234. DAUCUS Tourn. CARROT’.

Daucus caroTa L.
Generally distributed, very abundant in some localities.

235. CAUCALIS L.
CAUCALIS ANTHRISCUS (L.) Hudson.

Cincinnati, C. G. Lloyd (Bot. Gaz.), Jos. F. James (Cat.); Painesville, W. C.
Werner.

XXXIII. OrpER ARALIACEA. Ginseng Family.

236. ARALIA Tourn. GINSENG. WILD SARSAPARILLA.

ARALIA HISPIDA Vent. Bristly Sarsaparilla.
Lake Co., W. C. Werner; Licking Co., H. L. Jones ( Cat.)

ARALIA NUDICAULIS L.
Generally distributed throughout the state.

ARALIA RACEMOSA L. Spikenard.
Throughout the state.

ARALIA SPINOSAL,. Angelica-tree. Hercules’ Club.
Washington Co., Aug. D. Selby; Cincinnati, Jos. F. James (Cat.)

237. PANAX YL. (Arvalia Tourn.)

PANAX QUINQUEFOLIUM lL. (Ayvalia quinqguefolia Dec. & Planch.) Ginseng.
Rich woods throughout the state, not common.

134 ; GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

PANAX TRIFOLIA L. ( Avalia trifolia Dec. & Planch.) Dwarf Ginseng.
Northern Ohio; also Franklin Co., J. L. Riddell (Synop. 1835.)

XXXIV. ORDER CORNACEA. Dogwood Family.

238. CORNUS Tourn. CoRNEL. DOGWwoopn.

CORNUS AL/TERNIFOLIA L. f.
Throughout the northern half of the state.

CORNUS ASPERIFOLIA Michx.
Toledo, J. A. Santord; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Franklin Co., Aug. D.
Selby; Licking Co., H. L. Jones (Cat.); Springfield, Mrs. E. J. Spence.

CORNUS CANADENSIS L. Dwarf Cornel. Bunch-berry.
“Northern Ohio,’ J. S Newberry (Cat.); Painesville, Miss L. T. Prescott (H.
C. Beardslee Cat.), W. C. Werner; Morgan (Ashtabula Co.) lL. B. Tuckerman
Licking Co., H. lL. Jones { Cat.)

CORNUS CANDIDISSIMA Marshall. (C. paniculata I/Her.) Panicled Cornel.
Throughout the state.

CORNUS CIRCINATA L’Her. Round-leaved Cornel or Dogwood.
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Painesville, W. C. Werner; Ottawa Co., Aug.
D. Selby; Franklin Co., Moses Craig.

CORNUS FLORIDA L. Flowering Dogwood.
Over the whole state.

CORNUS SERICEA L.
Generally distributed.

- CORNUS STOLONIFERA Michx.
Probably distributed over the most of the state, but no specimens at hand ex-
cept from the northern half.

239. NYSSA L. TUPELO. PEPPERIDGE. SOUR-GUM TREE.

Nyssa aguatica Ll. (2. sylvatica Marsh.) Tupelo. . Black or Sour-Gum. Pep-
peridge.
Throughout the state.

a

XXXV. ORDER ONAGRACE. Evening-Primrose Family.

240. EPILOBIUM L. WiILLOW-HERB.

EPpILOBIUM ADENOCAULON Haussk.
Licking Co., H. L. Jones (Cat.); Painesville, Geauga Co., Columbus, Wm. C.
Werner; Ashtabula Co., Sara F. Goodrich.

BOTANY. 135

EPILOBIUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM L. Great Willow-herb. Fire-weed.
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Cleveland, W. Krebs; Lake Co., Geauga Co.,
W. C. Werner; Ashtabula Co., E. E. Bogue; Delta (Fulton Co.) M. -G.
Aumend.

EPILOBIUM COLORATUM Muhl.
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Cleveland, W. Krebs; Fairfield Co., E. V. Wil-
cox and S. Renshaw; Licking Co., H. lL. Jones (Cat.); Rio Grande (Gallia
Co.) Lizzie Davis; Cincinnati, Tos. F. James (Cat.) Throughout the state.

EPILOBIUM PALUSTRE OLIGANTHUM (Mx.) B. S.P. (4. palustre lineare Gray.)
Northern Ohio, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.) ; Painesville, Wm. C. Werner; Lorain Co.
A. A. Wright (Cat.) ; Springfield, Mrs. E. J. Spence.

EPILOBIUM STRICTUM Muhl.
Painesville, Wm. C. Werner; Licking Co., H. L. Jones (Cat.)

241. LUDWIGIAL. Farse Loose-srrire.

LUDWIGIA ALTERNIFOLIA L. Seed-box.
Throughout the state, probably not abundant in any locality.

LUDWIGIA PALUSTRIS (L.) Ell. Water Purslane.
Common everywhere.

LUDWIGIA POLYCARPA Short & Peter.
“General,” J. S. Newberry (Cat.); Toledo, J. A. Sanford; Licking Co., H. L.
Jones ( Cat.) ;

242. OENOTHERA L.. EVENING PRIMROSE.

OENOTHERA BIENNIS L Common Evening Primrose.
Common all over the state.

OENOTHERA BIENNIS GRANDIFLORA (Ait.) Lindl. . :

Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Ashtabula Co., E. H. Bogue; Painesville, Wm
C. Werner.

OENOTHERA FRUTICOSA L. Sundrops.
Summit Co., W. Krebs; Franklin Co., J. L. Riddell (Sup. Cat. 1836.); W. S. Sul-
livant (Cat. 1840); Licking Co., H. l. Jones (Cat.); Richland Co., E. Wilkin-
son; Springfield, Mrs. E. Jane Spence.

OENOTHERA OAKESIANA Robbins.
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.)

OENOTHERA PUMILA L.
Frequent north; Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

DENOTHERA SINUATA IL,
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.)

136 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.
243. GAURA L.

GAURA BIENNIS L.
Common throughout the state.

GAURA FILIPES, Spach.
Cincinnati, Dr. Kellogg (J. S. Newberry, Cat.); Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.)

GAURA PARVIFLORA Douegl.
“Ohio” [? ] J. L. Riddell (Sup. Cat. 1836).

244, CIRCA{A Tourn. ENCHANTER’S NIGHT SHADE.
CIRCA{A ALPINA L.
Frequent in the northern part of the state; Franklin Co., J. L. Riddell (Synop.
1835); Springfield, Mrs. E. J. Spence.

CIRCAHA LUTETIANA L,
Over the whole state. 2

XXXVI. ORDER MELASTOMACEAY. Melastoma Family.

245. RHEXIA L, DEER-GRASS. MEADOW-BEAUTY.

RHEXIA VIRGINICA L.
Cincinnati, Joseph Clark (H. C. Beardslee Cat.).

XXXVII. OrpDER LYTHRACE. Loosestrife Family.

246. ROTALA L.
ROTALA RAMOSIOR Koehne. (Ammania humilis Mx.)

Columbus, W. C. Werner; Licking Co., H. lL. Jones (Cat.); Cincinnati, Jos. F,
James (Cat.)

247. AMMANNIA LI,

AMMANNIA COCCINEA Rottb.
‘‘ Ohio,” Asa Gray (Manual, 5th ed.) ; Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat)

248. LYTHRUM LL. LOosSESTRIFE.

LYTHRUM ALATUM. Pursh.
Throughout the state.

LYTHRUM HYSSOPIFOLIA JL.
“Central Ohio,” W. S. Sullivant (Cat.); Cincinnati, Jos. Clark (Cat.)

LYTHRUM LINEARE L.
Monroeville (Huron Co.) H. C. Beardslee (Cat.)

BOTANY. 137
249. NESA‘A Commers. (Decodon Gmel.) SWAMP LOOSESTRIFE.
NESAA VERTICILLATA (I,.) H. B. K. (Decodon verticillata Ell.)

Northern Ohio (W. Krebs, W. C. Werner, A. A. Wright (Cat.) ); Licking Reser-
voir (Licking Co.) H. L. Jones (Cat.) ; Dayton, Aug. Foerste (Bot. Gaz. VI. 274).

250. CUPHEA Jacq.

CUPHEA PETIOLATA (L.) Koehne (C. viscosissima Jacq.)
Over the southern half of the state.

XXXVIII. OrpER ELZAGNACEA Oleaster Family.

251. SHEPHERDIA Nutt.

SHEPHERDIA CANADENSIS, Nutt.
Frequent in northern Ohio.

XXXIX. OrDER THYMELAACEA. Mezereum Family.

252. DIRCA I, LEATHERWOOD. MOOSEWOOD.

DIRCA PALUSTRIS L,
Scarce but generally distributed.

XL. OrDER CACTACEA. Cactus Family.

253. OPUNTIA Tourn. PRICKLY PEAR. INDIAN FIG.

OPUNTIA HUMIFUSA Raf. (O. ra/finesquii Engelm,)
Cedar Point (Ottawa Co.) W. Krebs.

OPUNTIA VULGARIS Mill.
Southern Ohio, J. A. Warder (Woody Pl. of Ohio); Cincinnati, Jos. F. James;
(Cat).

XLI. OrpDER PASSIFLORACE. Passion-flower Family.

254. PASSIFLORA J, PassIon-FLOWER.

PASSIFLORA LUTEA L,.
Sugar Grove (Fairfield Co.) E. V. Wilcox; Castine (Darke Co.) John Longen-
baker; Lawrence Co., W. C. Werner; Cincinnati; Jos. F. James (Cat.)

138 ~ GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

XLI. OrpER VIOLACEK#. Violet Eamily,

255. VIOLA Tourn. Vi0oLET. HEART’S-EASE.

VIOLA BLANDA Willd. Sweet White Violet.
Frequent throughout the northern half of the state, No specimen seen south
of Fairfield Co.

VIOLA CANADENSIS L. Canada Violet.
Frequent throughout the state.

VIOLA MUHLENBERGI Torr. (V. canina muhlenbergti Gray). Dog Violet.
Lake Co., W. C. Werner; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Trumbull Co., R. H.
Ingraham; Fairfield Co., KE. V. Wilcox; Springfield, Mrs. E. J. Spence.

VIOLA HASTATA Michx. Halberd-leaved Violet.
Brighton (Cuyahoga Co.) W. Krebs; Cleveland, W. C. Werner; Lake Co., H. C.
Beardslee (Cat.); Orwell (Ashtabula Co.) E. E. Bogue. :

VIOLA LANCEOLATA IL. Lance-leaved Violet.
Painesville (Lake Co.) H. C. Beardslee (Cat.); Lorain Co. A. A. Wright (Cat.)

VIoLA OBLIQUA Hill. (V. palmata cucullata Gray).
Over the whole state.

VIOLA PALMATA L. Common Blue Violet.
Frequent throughout the state.

VIOLA PEDATA L.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee Cat.); Lancaster (Fairfield Co.) J. M. Bigelow

(Beardslee (Cat.), Cincinnati, Joseph Clark (Cat.); Lawrence Co., Wm. C.
Werner.

VIOLA PRIMULASFOLIA L. Primrose-leaved. Violet.
“Northern Ohio,” J.S. Newberry (Cat.)

VIOLA PUBESCENS Ait. Downy Yellow Violet.
Generally distributed over the whole state.

VIOLA PUBESCENS SCABRIUSCULA Torr and Gray.
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Mon:oe Co., H. Herzer; Licking Co., H. L.
Jones (Cat.) ; Richland Co., E. Wilkinson; Gallia Co., W. W. Deckard.

VIOLA ROSTRATA Pursh. Long-spurred Violet.
Generally distributed.

VIOLA ROTUNDIFOLIA Mich. Round-leaved Violet.
Cuyahoga Co, W. Krebs; Lake Co., Wm. C. Werner; Orwell (Ashtabula Co.)
E. E. Bogue.

BOTANY. 139

VIOLA SAGITTATA Ait. Arrow-leaved Violet.
Northern Ohio (H. C. Beardslee, W. Krebs, A. A. Wright (Cat.); Licking Co.
(H. 1. Jones Cat.); Franklin Co., M. H. Frank; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan
(Flora).

VIOLA STRIATA Ait. Pale Violet.
Frequent over the whole state.

VIOLA TENELLA Muhl. (V. tricolor arvensis Gr.) Pansy. Heart’s Ease.
Columbus, Moses Craig; Waverly (Pike Co.) C. J. Herrick; Cincinnati, Joseph
Clark (Cat.); Lawrence Co., W. C. Werner.
VIOLA TRICOLOR L.
Occasionally found as an escape from gardens; Painesville, O. Hacker.

256. SOLEA Spreng., in part. GREEN VIOLET.

SOLEA CONCOLOR (Forst.) Ging.
Generally distributed over the state.

XLII. OrpER CISTACHAE. Rock-rose Family.
257. HELIANTHEMUM Tourn. ROCK-ROSE.
HELIANTHEMUM MAjuUS (L.) B.S. P. (H. canadense Mx.) Frost-Weed.

“Barrens, Dover on the Ohio canal,” J. L. Riddell (Synop. 1835); Brady’s Lake
(Portage Co.,) W. Krebs; Toledo, J. A. Sanford; Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

258. LECHEA Kalm. PINWEED.

LECHEA LEGGETTH Britt. & Hal. (Lechea minor I,.)
“Central Ohio,” W. S. Sullivant (Cat.)

LECHEA RACEMULOSA Michx.
Marietta, J. L. Riddell (Synop. 1835); Fairfield and Lawrence counties, Wm. C.
Werner; Adams Co., W. A. Kellerman.

LECHEA STRICTA Leggett.
Ravenna, Portage Co., R. H. Ingrham.

LECHEA VILLOSA Ell. (ZL. major Michx.)

“Barrens, Dover on the Ohio Canal” J. I. Riddell (Sup. Cat. 1836); Erie and
Sunimit counties, E. Claassen; Toledo, J. A. Sanford.

XLIV. ORDER RESEDACEAEF, Mignonette Family.

259. RESEDA Tourn. MIGNONETTE. DVYER’S ROCKET.

RESEDA LUTEOLA L. Dyer’s Weed or Weld. F
Escaped from cultivation; Licking Co., H. lL. Jones ( Cat.)

140 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

XLV. OrDER HYPERICACEAE. St. John’s-Wort Family.

260. ASCYRON L.. St. PETER’s-WorT.

ASCYRON CRUX-ANDREAE IL.
Sugar Grove (Fairfield Co.) E. V. Wilcox; Lawrence Co., W. C. Werner.

261. HYPERICUM Tourn. Si. JOHN’s-WoRT.

HYPERICUM ADPRESSUM Barton.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee ( Cat.)

HYPERICUM ASCYRON I. Great St. John’s-Wort.
Not rare in the eastern part of the state.

HYPERICUM CANADENSE L.
“ General,” J. S. Newberry (Cat.); Cincinnati, Jos. Clark (Cat.)

HYPERICUM CISTIFOLIUM Lam.
Franklin Co., Aug. D. Selby; Cincinnati, Jos. F. James (Cat.)

HYPERICUM DENSIFLORUM Pursh.
Fiauklin Co., J. L. Riddell (Synop. 1835); Licking Co., H. L. Jones (Cat.)

HYPERICUM ELLIPTICUM Hook.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.), Wm. C. Werner.

HYPERICUM GALIOIDES Lam.
“Darby Plains, Ohio,” J. L. Riddell (Synop. 18365.)

HYPERICUM GENTIANOIDES (L.) B. S. P. (4. nudicaule Walt.)
“General,” J. S. Newberry (Cat.); Portsmouth, J. S. Hine.

HYPERICUM KALMIANUM I,. Kalm’s St. John’s-Wort.
Sumuit Co., J. S. Newberry (Cat.)

HYPERICUM MACULATUM Walt.
Over the whole state.

HYPERICUM MAJUS (Gray) Britton.
Gypsum (Ottawa Co.) Wm. Krebs. (A. canadense majus Gray.)

HYPERICUM MUTILUM L,.
Widely distributed.

HYPERICUM PERFORATUM L,.
Distributed over the whole state.

HYPERICUM PETIOLATUM Walt. (odes petiolata Pursh.)
Painesville, W. C. Werner.

HYPERICUM PROLIFICUM L,.
Distributed over the state; South Bass Island (Lake Erie), W. Krebs.

BOTANY. 141
HYPERICUM VIRGINICUM L. (L/odes campanulata Pursh; £. virginica Nutt.)

Franklin Co., J. L. Riddell (Synop. 1835); Northern Ohio (W. C. Werner, W.
Krebs, A. A. Wright Cat.) ; Licking Co., H. lL. Jones ( Cat.)

XLVI. ORDER MALVACEAE Mallow Family.

262. MALVAIT,. Martow.

Matva crispa L. Curled Mallow.
Ohio, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.) .

Marva mMoscHaTa L. Musk Mallow.
Escaped from cultivation; Toledo, J. A. Sanford; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright
(Cat.); Cleveland, W. Krebs; Painesville, W. C. Werner.

MALVA ROTUNDIFOLIA L. Common Mallow.
Common in cultivated grounds.

MALVA SYLVESTRIS L. High Mallow.

“General,” J. S. Newberry (Cat.); Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Licking Co.
H. Ly. Jones (Cat.)

263. CALLIRRHOE Nutt.

CALLIRRHOE INVOLUCRATA (Mx.) Gray.
On the grounds occupied by Sells Bros’. Circus, Columbus, W. R. Lazenby.

264. NAPAEA Clayt. GLADE MALLow.
NAPZA DIOICA L.

Sugar Grove (Fairfield Co.) E. V. Wilcox; Springfield, Mrs. E. J. Spence; Cin-
cinnati, Joseph F. James (Cat.)

265. SIDA L.

SIDA SPINOSA L.
Generally distributed throughout the southern half of the state; Painesville,

H. C. Beardslee (Cat.); Lorain Co., A. A. Wright ( Cat.)

265. ABUTILON Tourn. INDIAN MaLLow.

ABUTILON AVICENNZ Geertn. Velvet-leaf.
Common in fields and waste places.

267. HIBISCUS lL. RosE-MaLLow.

HivISCUS MILITARIS Cay. Halberd-leaved Rose-mallow.
Cuyahoga Co., J. S. Newberry (Cat.): Columbus, E. E. Bogue; Great Miami
river, Dr. J. A. Warder (Woody Pl.) ; Cincinnati, Jos. Clark (Cat.)

142 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.
HIBISCUS MOSCHEUTOS L. Swamp Rose-mallow.
Frequent in swamps near shore of Lake Erie, also borders of inland lakes and

reservoirs.

HIBISCUS TRIONUM Ll. Bladder Ketmia.
Perhaps throughout the whole state.

XLVII. OrperR TILIACEA. Linden Family.

268. TILIA Tourn. LINDEN. BASswoop.

TILIA AMERICANA LI, Basswood.
Generally distributed over the state.

TILIA HETEROPHYVLLA Vent. White Basswood.
Scioto Co., W. A. Kellerman.

XLVIII. OrperR VITACEA. Vine Family.

269. VITIS Tourn. (Cissus L. Ampelopsis Michx.)

VITIS ASSTIVALIS Michx. Summer Grape.
“ General,” J. S. Newberry (Cat.); Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.) ; Licking Co.,

H. L. Jones ( Cat.)

VITIS ASSTIVALIS BICOLOR (Le Conte.)
Licking Co., H. L. Jones (Cat.); Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

VITIS CORDIFOLIA Michx. Frost or Chicken Grape.
Over the whole state.

VITIS CORDATA (Mx.) (V. cvdivisa Willd.; Cissus ampelopsis Pers.)
“Ohio,” Asa Gray (Man. 5th ed.)

VITIS LABRUSCA L. Northern Fox-grape.
“General,” J. S. Newberry (Cat.); Lorain Co., A. A. Wright ( Cat.)

VITIS QUINOUEFOLIA (L.) Lam. (Ampelopsis quinguefolia Mx.) American Wood-

bine; Five-fingered Ivy; Ampelopsis; Virginia Creeper.
Throughout the state.

VITIS RIPARIA Michx.
Lake Co., Wm. C. Werner; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Ashtabula Co., Sara

F. Goodrich; Franklin Co., Moses Craig; Licking Co., H. L. Jones ( Cat.)

XLIX. OrpER RHAMNACEZ. Buckthorn Family.

270. RHAMNUS Tourn. BUCKTHORN.

BOTANY. 148
RHAMNUS ALNIFOLIA L’Her.
Cuyahoga Co., W. Krebs; Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.), Wm. C. Werner ;
Springfield, E. J. Spence; Champaign Co., Wm. C. Werner.
RHAMNUS CAROLINIANA Walt.
“A tall shrub in Kentucky and probably in southern Ohio,” J. A. Warder
(Woody Pl.)
RHAMNUS LANCEOLATA Pursh.

“General,” J. S. Newberry (Cat.): Licking Co., H. L. Jones (Cat.) ; Cincinnati,
Jos. F. James (Cat.)

271. CEANOTHUS LL. NEw JERSEY TEA.” RED-ROOT.
CEANOTHUS OVATUS Desf. ;
Northern Ohio rare, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.); Cedar Point, W. Krebs; Lorain Co.,
A. A. Wright ( Cat.)

CEANOTHUS AMERICANUS L. New Jersey Tea.
Generally distributed over the state.

L. OrpER STAPHYLEACEA.

272. STAPHYLEA L.

STAPHYLEA TRIFOLIA L. American Bladder-nut,
Generally distributed over the state.

LI. Orper CELASTRACEA. Staff-tree Family.

273. EUONYMUS Tourn. SPINDLE-TREE.

EUONYMUS AMERICANUS L.
“General,” J. S. Newberry (Cat.)

EUONYMUS OBOvATUS Nutt. (£4. americanus obovatus T. & G.)
Distributed over the whole state.

EUONYMUS ATROPURPUREUS Jacq. Burning-bush. Waahoo.
Over the whole state, quite common throughout the southern half.

2974, CELASTRUS IL. STAFF-TREE. SHRUBBY BITTER-SWEET.

CELASTRUS SCANDENS L.
Distributed over the whole state.

LII. Orper ILICINEA. Holly Tree Family.

275. ILEX Ll. HOuty.

144 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

ILEX opaca Ait. American Holly.
Lawrence Co. (one specimen), W. A. Kellerman.

ILEX VERTICILLATA (L.) Gray. Black Alder. Winterberry.
Frequent in swamps and low grounds throughout the state.

276. ILICIOIDES Dumont. (Nemopanthes Raf.) MOouNTAIN HOLLY

ILICIOIDES MUCRONATA (JL,.) Trelease. (Vemopanthes fascicularis Raf.)
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Summit Co., J. S. Newberry (Cat.)

LIII. OrpER SAPINDACEAE. Soap-berry Family.
277. CARDIOSPERMUM L.
CARDIOSPERMUM HALCACABUM Willd. Heart-seed. Balloon Pea.

‘““Rence corners, etc., four miles north of Cincinnati,’ Thos. G. Lea (Riddell
Sup. Cat.) ; Pickaway Co., J. L. Riddell (Sup. Cat. 1836.)

278. AESCULUS L. Buckeye.

AESCULUS GLABRA Willd. Fetid or Ohio Buckeye.
Frequent throughout the state.

AESCULUS OCTANDRA Marsh. (A. flava Ait.) Sweet Buckeye.
Frequent throughout the southern half of the state.

279. ACER Tourn. MAPLE.

ACER PENNSYLVANICUM L. Striped Maple.
Eastern Ohio, J. S. Newberry (Cat.)

ACER RUBRUM L. Red or Swamp Maple.
Generally distributed over the state.

ACER SACCHARINUM L. (A. dasycarpuim Ehrh.) White or Silver Maple.
Throughout the whole state.

ACER SACCHARUM Marsh. (A. saccharinum Wang.) Sugar or Rock Maple.
Distributed over the whole state.

ACER SACCHARUM NIGRUM (Mx. f.) Britt. (4. saccharinum nigrum Torr. & Gray.)
Black Sugar Maple.

Throughout the whole state.

ACER SPICATUM Lam. Mountain Maple.
Over the northern portion of the state.

280. NEGUNDO Moench. ASH-LEAVED MAPLE. BOX-ELDER.

BOTANY. 145

NEGUNDO NEGUNDO (L.) Karst. (JV. aceroides Moench; Acer negundo \,.)
Frequent throughout the southern half of the state; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright
( Cat.)

LIV. OrpER ANACARDIACEAE. Cashew Family.

281. RHUS lL. SuMACH.

RHUS AROMATICA Ait. (&. canadensis Marsh.)
Northern Ohio (S. Bass Island, W. Krebs); Central Ohio (Franklin Co., Moses

Craig); Southern Ohi» (Lawrence Co., W. C. Werner); Adams Co., W. A.
Kellerman.)

RHUS COPALLINA L. Dwarf Sumach,
Throughout the state.

RHUS GLABRA L. Smooth Sumach.
Frequent over the whole state.

RHUS RADICANS L. (R. foxicodendron Y.) Poison Ivy. Poison Oak.
Over the whole state.

RHUS TYPHINA L. Staghorn Sumach.
Throughout the state.

RHUS VERNIX L. (2. venenata DC.) Poison Sumach or Dogwood.
In swamps and low grounds throughout the state.

LV. OrpeR CALLITRICHACEAR. (falorageae.) Water-Milfoil
Family.

282, PROSERPINACA lL. MERMAID-WEED.

PROSERPINACA PALUSTRIS L.
Northern Ohio, W. Krebs, W. C. Werner.

PROSERPINACA PECTINATA Lam.
Dayton, J. L. Riddell (Sup. Cat. 1836.)

283. MYRIOPHYLLUM Vaill. WateR-MILFoItr,

MYRIOPHYLLUM AMBIGUUM Nutt.
Licking Co., J. L. Riddell (Sup. Cat. 1856); Cincinnati, Jos. F. Clark (Cat.

MYRIOPHYLLUM HETEROPHYLLUM Michx.
Ashtabula Co., Sara F. Goodrich.

MYRIOPHYLILUM PINNATUM ( Walt.) B.S. P. (J7. scabratuim Mx.)
Summit Lake (Akron) J. L. Riddell (Sup. Cat. 1836); “Not common,” H. ©
Beardslee (Cat.); Cincinnati, Jos. F. Clark (Cat.)
10 G. O.

146 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

MYRIOPHYLLUM SPICATUM L.
Generally distributed throughout the state.

MYRIOPHYLLUM TENELLUM Bigelow.
Northern Ohio, H. C. Beardslee ( Cat.)

MYRIOPHYLLUM VERTICILLATUM L,.
Cincinnati, J. L. Riddell (Synop. 1835) ; Joseph Clark (Cat. 1852.)
In the supplementary catalogue published a year later, Dr. Riddell makes the
statement that ‘“‘M. verticillatum has not yet been discovered in our state.”

284, CALLITRICHE lL. WaATER STAR-WORT.

CALLITRICHE HETEROPHYLLA Pursh.
Niles (Trumbull Co.) R. H. Ingraham; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Paines-
ville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.)

CALLITRICHE VERNA L, .
Webbsport (Muskingum Co.) J. L. Riddell (Sup. Cat. 1836); “Common,” H. C.
Beardslee (Cat.) ; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.)

LVI. OrpER EUPHORBIACEAE. Spurge Family.

285. KEUPHORBIA l. SPURGE.

EUPHORBIA COMMUTATA Engelm
Frequent throughout central and southern Ohio; Marblehead (Ottawa Co.)
W. Krebs.

EUPHORBIA COROLLATA L.
Throughout the state.

EUPHORBIA CYPERISSIAS L. ,
Occasionally met with along roadsides as an escape from cultivation.

EUPHORBIA DENTATA Michx.
“ Southwestern Ohio,” J. S. Newberry (Cat.)

EUPHORBIA HELIOSCOPIA L.
Painesville, O. Hacker.

EUPHORBIA HUMISTRATA Engelm.

Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.) ; Champaign Co., Wm. C. Werner.
EUPHORBIA MACULATA L,

Common.

EUPHORBIA MARGINATA Pursh. :
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Cleveland, W. Krebs; Columbus, Aug. iB),
Selby; Cincinnati, Jos. F. James (Bot. Gaz. II, 64)

EUPHORBIA NUTANS Lag. (4. preslit Guss.; £. hypericifolia \,.)
Common.

BOTANY. 147
EUPHORBIA OBTUSATA Pursh.
Fairfield Co., S. Renshaw; Licking Co., H. L. Jones (Cat.); Cincinnati, Jos.
Clark (Cat.)

EUPHORBIA PEPLUS L,.
Cincinnati, Jos. F. Clark (Cat.)

EUPHORBIA PLATYPHYLLA L,.
Lake Co., H. C. Beardslee (Cat.); Cleveland, W. Krebs; Cincinnati, Thos. G.
Lea (Cat.)

EUPHORBIA POLYGONIFOLIA L.
Frequent along the sandy shores of Lake Erie.

286. PHYLLANTHUS L.

PHYLLANTHUS CAROLINENSIS Walt.
“Southern Ohio,” J. S. Newberry (Cat.)

287. CROTON L.

CROTON CAPITATUS Michx.
Columbus, on grounds of Sells Brothers’ Circus, Aug. D. Selby.

288. ACALYPHA LL. THREE-SEEDED MERCURY.

ACALYPHA CAROLINIANA Ell.
“Southern Ohio,” Gray’s Manual; Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.)

ACALVPHA VIRGINICA L.
Common.

LVII. OrpDER POLYGALACEA. Milkwort Family.

289. POLYGALA Tourn. Mitkwort.

POLYGALA BREVIFOLIA Nutt.
J. L. Riddell (Synop. 18385).

POLYGALA CRUCIATA LL.
Lorain Co., J. S. Newberry ( Cat.)

POLYGALA INCARNATA L.
Central Ohio, W. S. Sullivant (Cat. 1840), but not since collected.

POLYGALA MARIANA Mill. (P. fastigiata Nutt.)
Northern Ohio, J. S. Newberry ( Cat.)

POLYGALA PAUCIFOLIA Willd.
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Elyria (Lorain Co.) H. C. Beardslee (Cat)

148 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

POLYGALA POLYGAMA IL, :
Cleveland, W. Krebs; Painesville, H. C. Beardslee ( Cat.)

POLYGALA SANGUINEA | L.
Generally distributed.

POLYGALA SENEGA L. Seneca Svakeroot.
Apparently over the whole state.

.

POLYGALA VERTICILLATA L,. if
Frequent.

POLYGALA AMBIGUA Nutt. (FP. verticidlata ambigua 1..)
Marietta, J. L. Riddell (Synop. 1835); Painesville, W. C. Werner.

LVIII. OrpER SIMARUBACE#.

290. AILANTUS.

AILANTUS GLANDULOSUS Desf. Tree of Heaven.
Occasional in the southern half of the state. Naturalized from China.

LIX. OrpDER RUTACEA. Rue Family.

991. XANTHOXYLUM W. Pricxiy Asa

XANTHOXYLUM AMERICANUM Mill. Northern Prickly Ask. Toothache Tree.
Generally distributed over the state.

292. PTELEA L. Hop-TREE. SHRUBBY TREFOIL,

PTELEA TRIFOLIATA L.
Apparently throughout the state.

XL. ORDER LINACEA. Flax Family.

293.) TEIN dou.) PAs.

LINUM SULCATUM Riddell.

Licking Co., H. L. Jones ( Cat.) ; Dover (Tuscarawas Co.) J. L. Riddell (Sup. Cat.)

,
Franklin Co., Moses Craig.

LINUM USITATISSIMUM L. Common Flax.

Fieids and waste places, frequent along railroad tracks.

LINUM VIRGINIANUM L,
Found rather sparingly throughout the state.

- BOTANY. 149

LXI. OrpER BALSAMINACEAE.

294. IMPATIENS lL. Balsam. JEWEL-WEED.

IMPATIENS AUREA Muhl. (JZ. pallida Nutt.) Pale Touch-me-not.
Common over the whole state.

IMPATIENS BIFLORA Walt. (JZ. fulva Nutt.) Spotted Touch-me-not.
Conimon over the whole state.

LXII. OrpER OXALIDACEAE.

295. OXALIS L. Woop-SoRREL.

OXALIS CORNICULATA L. Yellow Wood-Sorrel. ;
“Ohio,” J. L. Riddell (Synop. 1835); Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Paines-
ville, O. Hacker; Galia Co., W. W. Deckard; Monroe Co., H. Herzer.

OxaLiIs stricta L. (O. corniculata stricta Lav.)
Common throughout the state.

OXALIS RECURVA Ell.
Marietta, J. L. Riddeil (Synop. 1835); Licking Co., H. I). Jones (Cat.); Fairfield
Co., E. V. Wilcox; Springfield, Mrs. E. J. Spence; Logan Co., W. A. Keller-
man; Galia Co., W. W. Deckard; Franklin Co., Lawrence Co.; W. C. Werner.

OXALIS VIOLACEA L. Violet Wood-Sorrel.
Distributed over the whole state.

LXII. OrpER GERANIACEAE. Geranium Family.

296. GERANIUM Tourn. CRANESBILL,.

GERANIUM CAROLINIANUM L,.
Northern Ohio (W. Krebs, H. C. Beardslee Cat.); A. A. Wright (Cat.) ; Columbus,
Moses Craig; Lawrence Co., W. C. Werner.

GERANIUM COLUMBINUM IL.
Painesville, Otto Hacker.

GERANIUM DISSECTUM L.
Painesville, O. Hacker.

GERANIUM MACULATUM Tourn. Wild Cranesbill,
Throughout the state.

(GERANIUM MOLLE LL.
Painesville, W. C. Werner.

180 CEOLOGY OF OHIO.

GERANIUM PUSILLUM L.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee; Ashtabula Co., Sara F. Goodrich.

GERANIUM ROBERTIANUM L.. Herb Robert.

Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.);S. Bass Island, W. Krebs; Lakeside (Ottawa
Co.) E. V. Wilcox; Painesville, O. Hacker.

297. ERODIUM L’Her. STORKSBILL,.
-ERODIUM CICUTARIUM (1...) L.’Her.

Painesville, W. C. Werner, Franklin Co., Aug. D. Selby; Licking Co., H. L
Jones (Cat.); Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora).

298. FLOERKEA Willd. Fase MERMAID.

FLOERKEA PROSERPINACOIDES Willd,
Frequent throughout the state.

LXIV. ORDER LEGUMINOSAE. Pulse Family.

299. BAPTISIA Vent. -FALSE INDIGO.

BAPTISIA ALBA (I,.) R. Br.
Central Ohio, W. S Sullivant (Cat.), J. L. Riddell (Synop.); has not been found
by recent collectors.

BAPTISIA AUSTRALIS (L.) R. Br. Biue False Indigo.
Cincinnati, J. L. Riddell (Synop. 1834), Jos. F. James (Cat.)

BAPTISIA LEUCANTHA Torr. and Gray.

Crawford Co., H. Herzer; Franklin Co., E. V. Wilcox; Banks of Ohio River
J. S. Newberry ( Cat.) ; Gemecnnee Clark (Cat.)

BAPTISIA LEUCOPHAEA Nutt.
Cincinnati,.Dr. Kellogg (J. S. Newberry Cat.)

BAPTISIA TINCTORIA (L.) R. Br. Wild Indigo.

Northern Ohio (W. C. Werner, R. H. Ingraham, A. A. Wright eee) Cincinnati,
Jos. Clark (H. C. Beardslee Cat.)

300. CROTALARIA IL, RATTLE-BOX.

CROTALARIA SAGITTALIS L.
Cincinnati, Mr. Ward (J. S. Newberry, Cat.)

301. LUPINUS Tourn. LuUPINE.

a

LUPINUS PERENNIS L. Wild Lupine. é
Tuscarawas Co., J. L. Riddell (Sup. Cat. 1836); Portage Co., W. Krebs; Paines- :
ville, O. Hacker; Summit Co.. W. C. Werner; Delta (Fulton Co.) M. G. j

Aumend.

BOTANY. 151
302. MEDICAGO Tourn. MEDICK.

MEDICAGO LUPULINA L. Black Medick. None Such.
Frequent throughout the state.

MepicaGo sativa l. Lucerne. Alfalfa.
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.) ; Painesville, W. C. Werner; Franklin Co., Moses
Craig.

303. MELILOTUS Tourn. SWEET CLOVER.

MELILOTUS ALBA (I,) Lam. White Melilot.
Throughout the state, more common than the following.

MELILOTUS OFFICINALIS (I,) Lam. Yellow Melilot.
Throughout the state.

304. TRIFOLIUM Tourn. CLOVER.

TRIFOLIUM ARVENSE Ly. Rabbit-foot or Stone Clover.
Northern Ohio, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.) ; Painesville, O. Hacker; Lorain Co., A. A.
Wright (Cat.); Knox Co., Aug. D. Selby.

TRIFOLIUM HYBRIDUM L. Alsike Clover.
Appears to be generally distributed, escaped from cultivation,

TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE LL. Red Clover.
Common over the whole state.

TRIFOLIUM PROCUMBENS L. Low Hop-clover.
Marietta, J. L. Riddell (Synop. 1835) ; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.) ; Franklin
Co., W. J. Green; Licking Co., H. lL. Jones ( Cat.)

TRIFOLIUM REFLEXUM L. Buffalo Clover.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.); Franklin Co., J. L. Riddell (Synop. 1835) ;
“ Western Ohio, General,” J. S. Newberry (Cat.); Cincinnati, Jos. Clark (Cat.

TRIFOLIUM REPENS L. White Clover.
Common throughout the state.

TRIFOLIUM STOLONIFERUM Muhl. Ruuning Buffalo Clover.
Not abundant but rather widely distributed.

305. PSORALEA L.

PSORALEA MELILOTOIDES Michx. i
Hocking Co., C. J. Herrick; Lawrence Co., W. C. Werner.

PSORALEA ONOBRYCHIS Nutt.
Throughout the southern half of the state.

Tw vee
ah eens F-

152 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.
306. KUHNISTERA Lam. (VPetalostemon Mx.) PRAIRIE CLOVER.

KUHNISTERA VIOLACEA (Mx.) Kuntze. (Peta/ostemon violaceus Mx.)
“ Near Middletown Ohio,” J. L. Riddell (Sup. Cat. 1836.)

307. CRACCA lL. (Tephrosia Pers.) Hoary PEA.

CRACCA VIRGINIANA L. ( Zephrosia virginiana Pers.) Goat's Rue. Catgut.
From Lake Erie (J. A. Sanford) to the Ohio river.

308. ROBINIA LL. LOocust-TREE.

ROBINIA HISPIDA J. Bristly Locust or Rose Acacia.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan. (Flora).

ROBINIA PSEUDACACIA L. Common Locust or False Acacia.
Generally distributed.

ROBINIA viscosa Vent. Clammy Locust-tree.
Ashtabula Co., Sara F. Goodrich; Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman ; Miami Valley,
A. P. Morgan (Flora).

309. ASTRAGALUS Tourn. MILK-VETCH.

ASTRAGALUS CANADENSIS L.
Northern Ohio (J. A. Sanford, W. Krebs); Franklin Co., Aug. D. Selby;
Lawrence Co., W. C. Werner.

ASTRAGALUS COOPERI Gray.
Southern Ohio, Jos. Clark (H.C. Beardslee, Cat.) ; Huron Co., H. C. Beardslee
(Cat.); Lorain Co., A. A. Wright ( Cat.)

310. STYLOSANTHES Swartz.

STYLOSANTHES BIFLORA (L.) B.S. P. (.S. elatior Swartz.)
Central and southern Ohio, J. S. Newberry (Cat.); Fairfield Co., W. A.
Kellerman.

311. MEIBOMIA Moehr. TICK-TREFOIL,

MEIBOMIA BRACTEOSA (Mx.) Kuntze. (Desmodium cuspidatum T. & G.)
Cleveland, W. Krebs; Painesville, W. C. Werner ; Springfield, Mrs. E. J. Spence ;
Cincinnati. Jos. F. James ( Cat.)

MEIBOMIA CANADENSIS (L.) Kuntze. (Desmodium canadense DC.)
Painesville, W. C. Werner; Licking Co., H. L. Jones (Cat.); Cincinnati, Thos.
G. Lea ( Cat.)

MEIBOMIA CANESCENS (L.) Kuntze. (Desmodium canescens IC.)
Generally distributed over the state.

BOTANY. 163.

MEIBOMIA DILLENTI (Darlingt.) Kuntze. (Desmodium dillenii Darl.)
Throughout the state.

MEIBOMIA GLABELLA (Michx.) Kuntze. (Desmodium humifusum Beck.)
Monroe Co., J. L. Riddell (Synop. 1835.)

\{EIBOMIA GRANDIFLORA ( Walt.) Kuntze. (Desmodium acuminatum DC.)
Throughout the state.

MEIBOMIA LAEVIGATA (Nutt.) Kuntze. (Desmodium laevigatum DC.)
“Ohio,” J. L. Riddell (Synop. 1835.)

MEIBOMIA MARYLANDICA (L.) Kuntze. (Desmodium marylandicum F. Boot.)
“Miami River,” J. L. Riddell (Synop. 1835) ; Lancaster ( Fairfield Co.) J. M. Bige-
low (J. S. Newberry, Cat.) ; Sugar Grove (Fairfield Co.) Wm. C. Werner.

MEIBOMIA NUDIFLORA (L.) Kuntze. (Desmodium nudifiorum DC.)
Frequent throughout the state.

MEIBOMIA OBTUSA (Muhl.) A. M. Vail. (Desmodium ciliare DC.)
“Miami county,” Ohio, J.L. Riddell (Synop. 1885) ; Georgesville (Franklin Co.)
Wm. C. Werner; Summit Co., Wm. Krebs.

MEIBOMIA PANICULATA (L.) Kuntze. (Desmodium paniculatum DC.)
Northern Ohio (E. E. Bogue, W. C. Werner, A. A. Wright Cat.); Central Ohio
(Aug. D. Se by, H. L. Jones Cat.) ; Cincinnati, Jos. F. James ( Cat.)

MEIBOMIA PAUCIFLORA ( Nutt.) Kuntze. (Desmodium pauciflorum De.)
“General,” J. S. Newberry ( Cat.) ; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); New Antioch
(Clinton Co.) J. S. Vandervort; Cincinnati, Joseph Clark ( Cat.)

MEIBOMIA RIGIDA (Elliott) Kuntze. (Desmodium r gidum DC.)
Marietta, J. L. Riddell (Synop. 1835); Northern Ohio, J. S. Newberry (Cat.) ;
Fairfield Co., Franklin Co., Wm. C. Werner.

MEIBOMIA ROTUNDIFOLIA (Mx.) Kuntze. (Desmodium rotundifolium DC.)
Throughout the state; probably not abundant in any locality.

MEIBOMIA STRICTA (Ph.) Kuntze. (Desmodium strictum DC.)
“Middletown,” J. Ll. Riddell (Synop. 1835.)

MEIBOMIA VIRIDIFLORA (L.) Kuntze. (Desmodium viridiflorum Beck.)
Lorain Co., A.A. Wright ( Cat.) ; Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.)

312. LESPEDEZA Michx. BUSH-CLOVER.

LESPEDEZA FRUTESCENS ( Willd.) Ell. (Z. capitata Mx.)
Cuyahoga Co., W. Krebs; Painesville, Franklin Co., W. C. Werner; Cincinnati.
Jos. Clark (Cat); Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora). ,
LESPEDEZA HIRTA (L.) Ell. (L. polvstachya Mx.)
Throughout the state.

154 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

LESPEDEZA PROCUMBENS Mx.
Fairfield Co., Wm. C. Werner.

LESPEDEZA REPENS (L.) Bart.
Frequent throughout the state.

LESPEDEZA RETICULATA ( Muhl.) Pers.
Cincinnati, T. G. Lea (Riddell, Sup. Cat. 1836); Painesville, H. C. Beardslee
(Cat.) ; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Franklin Co., Aug. D. Selby; Scioto
Co., W. A. Kellerman.

‘LESPEDEZA STUVEI Nutt.
Painesville, W. C. Werner; Licking Co., H. ly. Jones (Cat.)

LESPEDEZA INTERMEDIUM (Watson) Britt.
Cincinnati, T. G. Lea (Riddell Sup. Cat. 1836); Painesville, Wm. C. Werner;
Franklin Co., Aug. D. Selby; Scioto Co., W. A. Kellerman; Muskingum Co.,
Win. C. Werner; Monroe Co., H. Herzer; Gallia Co., Lizzie Davis; Fulton
CornaSsbune:

LESPEDEZA VIOLACEA (L.) Pers.
Frequent.

313. VICIA Tourn. VETCH. TARE.

VICIA AMERICANA Muhl.
“General,” J. S. Newberry (Cat.); Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.)

VICIA CAROLINIANA Walt.
Throughout the state.

VICIA CRACCA L.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee ( Cat.) ; Fairneld Co., E. V. Wilcox and S. Renshaw;
Columbus, C. E. Morrey; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora).

VICIA HIRSUTA (L.) Koch.
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Painesville, W. C. Werner; Lorain Co., A. A.
Wright (Cat.)

VicIA SATIVA L. Common Vetch or Tare.
“Common,” H. C. Beardslee (Cat.) ; Painesville, W. C. Werner.

814. LATHYRUS Tourn. VETCHLING. EVERLASTING PEA.

LATHYRUS GLAUCIFOLIUS Beck. (ZL. ochroleucus Hook.)
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.), Wm. C. Werner; Cleveland, W. Krebs; Lor-
ain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.)

LATHYRUS MARITIMUS (L,.) Bigelow. Beach Pea.
Ashtabula Co., Sara F. Goodrich; Lake Co., H. C. Beardslee (Cat.), Wun. C.
Werner.

BOTANY. 155
LATHYRUS MYRTIFOLIUS Muhl.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.); Toledo, J. A. Sanford; Ashtabula Co., Sara
F. Goodrich; Licking reservoir, Columbus, Wm. C. Werner.
LATHYRUS PALUSTRIS L,.
Northern Ohio, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.), A. A. Wright (Cat.), Wm. Krebs, Sara
F. Goodrich; Licking reservoir, H. L. Jones (Cat.); Columbus, Wm. C.
Werner; Champaign Co., Wm. C. Werner.
LATHYRUS VENOSUS Muhl.

Ohio, J. L. Riddell (Synop. 1835); Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.); Lorain
Co., A. A. Wright (Cet.); Cincinnati, Jos. Clark ( Cat.)

315. CLITORIA L. BUTTERFLY-PiA.

CLITORIA MARIANA L,.
“Ohio,” J. L Riddell (Synop. 1835.)

316. FALCATA Gmel. (Amphicarpaea Ell.) Hoc PEA-NUT.

FaLcaTa comosa (L.) Kuntze. (Amphicarpaea comosa \,.; A. monoica El.)
Generally distributed over the state.

FaLCATA PITCHERI (T. & G.) Kuntze. (Amphicarpaea pitcheri Torr. and Gray).
Licking Co., H. L. Jones (Cat.)

317. APIOS Boerhaave. GROUND-NUT. WILD BEAN,

APIOS TUBEROSA Moench.
Frequent throughout the state.

318. PHASEOLUS Tourn. KIDNEY BEAN.
PHASEOLUS HELVOLUS L. ( Strophostyles angulosa El.)
Common on the sandy shores of Lake Erie; Licking Co., H. L. Jones (Cat.) ;
Cincinnati, Jos. F. James (Cat.); “Prairie, near Hamilton, Ohio,” J. lL. Rid-

dell (Synop. 1835.)

PHASEOLUS PERENNIS Walt. Wild Bean.
“General,” J. S. Newberry ( Cat.)

319. GYMNOCLADUS Lam. KENTUCKY COFFFE-TREE,

GYMNOCLADUS Diorcus (L.) Koch. (G. canadensis am.)
Distributed over the state, probably not abundant anywhere.

320. GLEDITSCHIA L. Honey Locust.

GLEDITSCHIA TRIACANTHOS L. Three-thorned Acacia, or Honey-Locust.
Generally distributed but more frequent over the southern half of the state.

eal)
Ct
a

GEOLOGY OF OHIO.
821. CASSIA Tourn. SENNA.
CASSIA CHAMCRISTA L. Partridge Pea.
Monroeville (Huron Co.) H. C. Beardslee (Cat.); Franklin Co., Aug. D. Selby;
Licking Co., H. Ll. Jones (Cat.); Cincinnati, Jos. F. James ( Cat.)

CASSIA MARILANDICA L. Wild Senna.
Frequent in the southern and western parts of the state; Cleveland, W. Krebs.

CASSIA NICTITANS L.
Frequent in the southern half of the state.

322. CERCIS L. RED-BUD. JUDAS-TREE.

CERCIS CANADENSIS L. Red-bud.
Over the whole state, especially abundant in the southern half,

LXV. ORDER ROSACEZ. Rose Family.

323. PRUNUS Tourn. PLUM, CHERRY, ETC.

PRUNUS AMERICANA Marshall.
Throughout the state.

PRUNUS ANGUSTIFOLIA Marsh. (PP. chicasa Michx.)
“Naturalized in southern Ohio,” J. A. Warder (Woody Pl)

PRUNUS PENNSYLVANICA L. f. Wild Red Cherry.
Northern Ohio, W. Krebs, Sara F. Goodrich, W. C. Werner, A. A. Wright ( Cat.)

PRUNUS PUMILA L.
“Northern Ohio,” J. S. Newberry (Cat.)

PRUNUS SEROTINA Ehrh. Wild Black Cherry.
Throughout the state.

PRUNUS VIRGINIANA L. Choke-cherry.
Northern Ohio, A. A. Wright (Cat.), W. C. Werner; Central. Ohio, Mrs. E. J.
Spence, Aug. D. Selby; Licking Co., H. L. Jones (Cat)

324. SPIRAA L. MEADOW-SWEET.

SPIRZA ARUNCUS L. Goat’s Beard.
Distributed throughout the state.

SPIRA:A CORYMBOSA Raf. (S. bdefulaefolia corymbosa Watson.)
Cleveland, W. Krebs; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright ( Cat.)

SPIRAA RUBRA (Hill) Britt. (S. /obata Jacq.) Queen of the Prairie.
Cedar Swamp (Champaign Co.) Mrs. E. J. Spence; Cincinnati, Jos. F. James
(Cat.); Licking Co., H. L. Jones (Cat.); Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.)

BOTANY. La7

~~

SPIR#A SALICIFOLIA L. Common Meadow-Sweet.
Throughout the state.

SPIREZA TOMENTOSA L. Hard ack. Steeple-Bush.
Silver Lake (Summit Co.) W. Krebs ; Mahoning Co., W. C. Werner; Lorain Co.;
A. A. Wright (Cat.); Amanda (Fairfield Co.) W. A. Kellerman.

325. EPISCOTORUS Raf. (WNez/lia; Physocarpus.)

EPISCOTORUS OPULIFOLIUS (L.) (Neillia opulifolia Benth. & Hook., Phisocarpus
opulifolius Maxim., Sprraea opulifolia I,.)
Distributed throughout the state; S. Bass Island, W. Krebs.

326. PORTERANTHUS Britt. (Gz/lenta Moench.) INDIAN PHYSIC.

PORTERANTHUS STIPULATUS (Muhl)} Britt. ( Gzl/enta stipulata Muhl.; G. stipulacea
Nutt.) American Ipecac.
Southern Ohio, J. S. Newberry (Cat.); Cincinnati, Jos. F. James (Cat.); Athens
Co, Aug. D. Selby; Logan Co., W. A. Kellerman.

PORTERANTHUS TRIFOLIATA (L.) Britt. (Gzllenia trifoliata Moench.) Bowman’s
Root.
Knox Co., J. S. Newberry (Cat.); Painesville, O. Hacker; Corning (Perry Co.)
J. H. Lageman; Dayton, R. Buchanan (J. L. Riddell, Sup. Cat. 1836.)

227. RUBUS Tourn. BRAMBLE.

RUBUS AMERICANUS (Pers.) (A. ¢riflorus Richards.) Dwarf Raspberry.
Frequent in northern Ohio; Champaign Co., Mrs. E. J. Spence.

RUBUS CANADENSIS L. Dewberry.
Trequent throughout the state; a double flowered form from Painesville,
O. Hacker.

RUBUS CUNEIFOLIUS Pursh. Sand Blackberry.
Lorain Co., Dr. Kellogg (J. S. Newberry, Cat.)

RUBUS HISPIDUS L. Running Swamp-Blackberry.
Northern Ohio.

RUBUS INVISUS (Bailey) Britt. (FR. villosus humifusus T. & G.)
“Common,” H. C. Beardslee (Cat.)

RUBUS OCCIDENTALIS L. Black Raspberry.
Frequent throughout the state.

RUBUS ODORATUS L. Purple Flowering-Raspberry.
Generally distributed over the northern and central portions of the state.

RUBUS STRIGOSUS Michx. Wild Red-Raspberry.
Throughout the state.

bal PRT

:
‘

158 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

RUBUS VILLOSUS Ait. Common Blackberry.
Common over the whole state.

RUBUS VILLOSUS FRONDOSUS Torr.
“Common,” H. C. Beardslee (Cat.) ; Lake.Co., O. Hacker.

328. DALIBARDA IL,

DALIBARDA REPENS L,.
Worthington (Franklin Co.) J. L. Riddell (Synop. 1835); Morgan (Ashtabula
Co.) L. B. Tuckerman (Lazenby and Werner, Sup. List); Orwell (Ashtabula

Co.) E. E. Bogue.

3829. GEUM lL. AVENS.

GEUM CANADENSE Jacq. (G. album Ginelin.)
Generally distributed.

GEUM CILIATUM Ph. (G. ¢riflorum Ph.)
“ Ohio,” J. L: Riddell (Synop. 1835.)

GEUM RIVALE L. Water, or Purple Avens.
Northern Ohio (W. Krebs, W. C. Werner, E. E. Bogue); Champaign Co.
Wm. C. Werner. ;

GEUM STRICTUM Ait.
Northern Ohio (W. Krebs, W. C. Werner, A. A. Wright (Cat.); Licking Co.,
H. L. Jones ( Cat.)

GEUM VERNUM Torr. & Gray.
Frequent in central and southern Ohio; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.)

330. WALDSTEHINIA Wilid.

WALDSTEINIA FRAGARIOIDES (Mx.) Tratt.
Painesville, O. Hacker; Ashtabula Co., Florence Tuckerman; Franklin Co.,
Aug. D. Selby ; Springfield, Mrs. E. J. Spence; Licking Co., H. L. Jones (Cat.);
Cincinnati, J. L. Riddell (Synop. 1835.)

831. FRAGARIA Tourn. STRAWBERRY.

FRAGARIA AMERICANA (Porter) Britt. (/. vesca, Gray Man.)
Painesville, Wm. C. Werner; Springfield, Mrs. E. J. Spence. /. vesca, Lorain
Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.) and Cincinnati, Jos. F. James (Cat.) undoubtedly
refer to F. Americana.

FRAGARIA VIRGINIANA Mill.
Frequent all over the state.

FRAGARIA VIRGIAIANA ILLINOENSIS (Prince) Gray.
Painesville and Columbus, Wm. C. Werner; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat,);
Gallia Co., W. W. Deckard. Perhaps widely distributed.

BOTANY. 159
332. POTENTILLA L. CINQUE-FOIL. FIVE-FINGER.

POTENTILLA ANSERINA L. Silver-Weed.
Sandy shore of Lake Erie (H.C. Beardslee Cat.), W. Krebs; Lorain Co., A. A.
Wright (Cat.)

POTENTILLA ARGUTA Pursh.
Cedar Point (Erie Co.) and Lakeside (Ottawa Co.), W. Krebs; Painesville,
& Wim. C. Werner.

POTENTILLA ARGENTEA L. Silvery Cinque-Foil.
Cleveland, Lakeside and Cedar Point, W. Krebs.

POTENTILLA CANADENSIS L. Common Five-Finger.
Throughout the state.

POTENTILILA CANADENSIS SIMPLEX T. & G.
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Licking Co., H. Ll. Jones ( Cat.); Franklin Co.,
J. L. Riddell (Synop. 1835.)

POTENTILLA FRUTICOSA L. Shrubby Cinque-Foil.
Central Ohio, W. S. Sullivant (Cat. 1840); Cedar Swamp, Champaign Co., Mrs.
E. J. Spence.

POTENTILLA NORVEGICA L.
Frequent throughout the state.

POTENTILLA PALUSTRIS (L.) Scop. Marsh Five-Finger.
Northern Ohio, W. Krebs, A. A. Wright (Cat.); Licking Reservoir, H. L. Jones
( Cat.)

POTENTILLA RECTA L.
Columbus, W. R. Lazenby; Westerville (Franklin Co.), FE. V. Wilcox.

POTENTILLA SUPINA L. f
Painesville and Southern Ohio, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.); Cedar Point (Erie Co.),
E. Claassen; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.)

333. AGRIMONIA Tourn. AGRIMONY.

AGRIMONIA STRIATA Mx. (A. eupatoria L,) Common Agrimony.
Frequent over the whole state.

AGRIMONIA PARVIFLORA Ait. Small-flowered Agrimony.
Throughout the state.

334. SANGUISORBA LL. (Poterium \,.) BURNET.

SANGUISORBA CANADENSIS L. (FPotertum canadense Benth. & Hk.) Canadian
Burnet.
Northern Ohio, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.), W. Krebs; Central Ohio, Mrs. EK. J. Spence,
E. E. Bogue; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora).

160 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

SANGUISORBA POTERIUM (L,.) Britt. (Poterium sanguisorba iG) Garden Burent.
Painesville, Otto Hacker.

3385. ROSA Tourn. ROSE.

ROSA BLANDA Ait.
Throughout the state. Infrequent.

Rosa CANINA L. Dog Rose.
_“Southern Ohio,” J. A. Warder (Woody Pl.)

ROSA CAROLINA L.
Frequent in swamps and low grounds throughout the state.

ROSA CINNAMOMEA. Cinnamon Rose.
“An old garden variety with double flowers, escaped from cultivation,
Southern Ohio,” J. A. Warder (Woody P1.)

ROSA HUMILIS Marsh. |
Frequent throughout the state.

ROSA LUCIDA Ehrh.
Painesvil.e, W. C. Werner; Franklin Co., Aug. D. Selby.

ROSA RUBIGINOSA L. Sweetbriar. Eglantine.
Roadsides and uncultivated fields throughout the state.

ROSA SETIGERA Michx. Climbing or Prairie Rose.
Frequent throughout the state.

306. PYRUS ly. PEAR. APPLE.

PYRUS ARBUTIFOLIA (L.) L.f. Choke-Berry.
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Licking Co., H. L. Jones (Cat.), W. C. Werner.

PYRUS ANGUSTIFOLIA Ait.
Franklin Co., J. R. Paddock (J. L. Riddell, Sup. Cat. 1836); Licking Co., H. L.
Jones (Cat.)

PYRUS CORONARIA L. American Crab-Apple.
Over the whole state.

PyRuUS Malus lL. Apzle.
“Frequently found in waste places and along roadsides, Licking Co.,” H. Lh.
Jones ( Cat.) 5

PyRUS NIGRA (Willd.) Sarg. (FP. arbutifolia melanocarpa Hook.)
Throughout the northern and central portions of the state; Gallia Co., J. W.

Dayis.
<

BOTANY. 164
SORBUS SAMBUCIFOLIA (Cham. & Schlecht.) Roem. (Pyrus sambucifolia Cham. &

Schlecht.)
Elyria (Lorain Co.) H. C. Beardslee ( Cat.)

3838. CRATAEGUS LL. HawTsorn. WHITE THORN.

CRATAEGUS APIIFOLIA (Marsh.) Michx.
“Ohio,” J. L. Riddell (Synop. 1835.)

CRATAEGUS COCCINEA L.
Throughout the state.

CRATAEGUS COCCINEA MACRANTHA Dudley.
Painesville, Wm. C. Werner; Licking Co., H. Ll. Jones (Cat.)

CRATAEGUS CRUS-GALLI L. ‘
Generally distributed over the state.

CRATAEGUS FLAVA Ait.
Cincinnati, Joseph Clark (Cat.)

CRATAEGUS MOLLIS (T. & G.) Sarg. (C. coccinea mollis Torr. and Gray.)
Over the whole state.

CRATAEGUS OXYACANTHA I).
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.)

CRATAEGUS SPATHULATA Michx.
“Ohio,” J. L. Riddell (Synop. 1835.)

CRATAEGUS TOMENTOSA L, ;
“Common,” EL C. Beardslee (Cat.); Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Franklin
Co., Aug. D. Selby; Clermont Co., Jos. F. James, .

CRATAEGUS TOMENTOSA PUNCTATA (Jacq.) Gray.
Throughout the state.

339. AMELANCHIER Medic. JUNE-BERRY.

AMELANCHIER ALNIFOLIA Nutt.
Central Ohio, W. S. Sullivant (H. C. Beardslee Cat.)

AMELANCHIER CANADENSIS (L.) Medic. Shad-bush. Service-berry.
Generaily distributed.

LXVI. OrpER PLATANACEAE. Plane-tree Family.

340. PLATANUS I. Sycamore. BUTLON-woopn.

PLATANUS OCCIDENTALIS L.
Over the whole state.

11 G2.0),

= oe

es
open i
<0 Saad

162 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

LXVIIL ORDER HAMAMELIDEAE. Witch-Hazel Family.

341. HAMAMELIS lL. WritcH-Hazet.

HAMAMELJIS VIRGINIANA Jy.
Over the whole state.

3842. LIQUIDAMBAR L. SWEET-GuM TREE.

LIQUIDAMBAR STYRACIFLUA L. Sweet-Gum. Bilsted.
Southern Ohio, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.); Otway (Scioto Co.) W. A. Kellerman.

LXVIII. OrpER SAXIFRAGACEHAE. Saxifrage Family.

343. SAXIFRAGA L. SAXIFRAGE.

SAXIFRAGA AIZOON Jacq.
‘Northeastern Ohio,” J. S. Newberry (Cat.)

SAXIFRAGA PENNSYLVANICA L.
Throughout the northern half of the state; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora).

SAXIFRAGA VIRGINIENSIS Michx.
Over the whole state.

344. SULLIVANTIA. Torr. and Gray.
SULLIVANTIA SULLIVANTII (T. & G.) Britt. (S. ohtonts T. & G.)

Highland Co., W. S. Suilivant (J: S. Newberry Cat.) ; Fultonham (Muskingunr
Co.) W. C. Werner; Hocking Co., Adams Co., W. A. Kellerman.

345. TIARELLA Ll. FArse MITRE-WorRT.

TIARELLA CORDIFOLIA L.
Generally distributed.

346. MITELLA Tourn. MIrTRE-WoRT. BISHOP’S-CAP,

MITELLA DIPHYLLA L.
Frequent throughout the state,

MITELLA NUDA L.
Cleveland, J. S. Newberry (Cat.)

847. HEUCHERA LL. ALumM-Root.

HEUCHERA AMERICANA L. Common Alum-root,
Distributed throughout the whole state.

BOTANY. 163

HEUCHERA VILLOSA Michx.
Cincinnati, Mr. Ward (J. S. Newberry Cat.)

348. CHRYSOSPLENIUM Tourn. GoLDEN SAXIFRAGE.

CHRYSOSPLENIUM AMERICANUM Schwein.
Generally distributed throughout the northern and central portions of the state.

349. PARNASSIA Tourn. GRASS OF PARNASSUS.

PARNASSIA CAROLINIANA Michx.
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Painesville, W. C. Werner; Columbus, E. V.
Wilcox; Licking Co., H. L. Jones (Cat.); Cedar Swaimp (Champaign Co.) W.
C. Weriier; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora).

300. HYDRAWGEA Gronoy.

HYDR'NGEA ARBORESCENS L. Wild Hydrangea.
Frequent throughout the state.

351. PHILADELPHUS L. Mock-ORANGE or SYRINGA.

PHILADELPHUS CORONARIUS L.
“ Almost naturalized in southern Ohio,” J. A. Warder (Woody Pl.)

PHILADELPHUS INODORUS L.
“ Almost uaturalized in southern Ohio,” J: A. Warder (Woody Pl.)

352. RIBES lL. CURRANT. GOOSEBERRY.

RIBES CYNOSBATI L.
Distributed over the whole state.

RIBES FLORIDUM L’Her. Wild Black-Currant.
Generally distributed throughout the whole state.

RIBES LACUSTRE Poir
Columbus, Mr. Lapham (J. L. Riddell, Sup. Cat. 1836); Painesville, H. C.

Beardslee (Cat.)

RIBES NIGRUM L.
Escaped from cultivation; Cleveland, W. Krebs; Painesville, O. Hacker.

RIBES OXYACANTHOIDES L,.
Franklin Co., J. L. Riddell (Synop. 1834); Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.);
Painesville, Champaign Co., Akron and Lawrence Co., W. C. Werner.

RIBES ROTUNDIFOLIUM Michx.
Northern Ohio, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.)

164 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.
RIBES RUBRUM SUBGLANDULOSUM Maxim.
Geauga Co., Dr. Canfield (J. S. Newberry Cat.) ; Thompson Ledge (Geauga Co.)

H. C. Beardslee (Cat.); Torain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Painesville, O.
Hacker.

LXIX. OrpER SARRACENIACEA. PrrcHER PLANTS.

353, SARRACENIA Tourn. Smr-SappLE FLOWER.
SARRACENIA PURPUREA L. Pitcher-plant. Huntsman’s Cup.

Geauga Lake (Portage Co.) W. Krebs; Chardon (Geauga Co.) W. C. Werner;
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Akron (Summit Co.) E.. W. Claypole.

LXX. OrpdER DROSERACEA. Sundew Family.

854. DROSERA L. SUNDEW.

DROSERA INTERMEDIA AMERICANUM DC.
“Northern Ohio,” H. C. Beardslee (Cat,)

DROSERA ROTUNDIFOLIA L.
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Summit Co., W. Krebs and E. Claassen; Lake

Co., Otto Hacker; Licking Co., H. l. Jones (Cat.); Champaign Co., Wm. C.
Werner.

LXXI. OrpER CRASSULACEA. Orpine Family.

3855. PENTHORUM Gronov. DircH STONE-CROP.

PENTHORUM SEDOIDES L.
Common in wet places.

856. SEDUM Tourn. S’ONE-CROP. ORPINE.

SEDUM ACRE L. Mossy Stone-crop.
“ Adventive” H. C. Beardslee ( Cat.)

SEDUM PULCHELLUM Mx.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan {Flora).

SEDUM TELEPHIOIDES Michx.
“Bastern Ohio,” J. S: Newberry ( Cat.)

SEDUM TELEPHIUM L. Garden Orpine or Live-for-ever.
Escaped from cultivation, Columbus, Wm. C. Werner; Miami Valley, A. P. Mor-
gan (Flora).

BOTANY. 165

SEDUM TERNATUM ( Haw.) Michx.
Generally distributed over the state.

LXXII. OrprerR CAPPARIDACEA). Caper Family.

357. POLANISIA Raf.

POLANISIA GRAVEOLENS Raf. (PP. dodecandra Mx.)
Distributed over the state; West Sister Island (Lake Erie) J. A. Sanford.

LXXIII. OrpER CRUCIFERA. Mustard Family.

358. RORIPPA Scop. (Vasturtium R. Br.) WATER CRESS.

RORIPPA AMERICANA (Gray) Britt. (asturlium lacustre Gray.) Jake Cress. :
Franklin Co., W. S. Sullivant; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Licking Go., H.
L. Jones (Cat.); Cincinnati, Jos. F. James (Cat.); Madison Co., Mrs. K. D,
Sharpe.

RORIPPA ARMORACIA (L.) Rusby. (Vasturtium armoracia Fries.) Horse raddish,
Escaped from gardens into roadside and waste places.

RORIPPA HISPIDA (Desv.) Britt. (Nasturtium palustre hispida F. & M.)
Painesville, Wm. C. Werner; Monroe Co., H. Herzer.

RORIPPA NASTURTIUM (L.) Britt. (Vasturtium officinale R. Br.) True Water
Cress.

Common near springs and in clear running water throughout the state.

RORIPPA PALUSTRE (JL,.) Britt. (Nasturtium palustre 1.) Marsh Cress,
Frequent.

RORIPPA SESSILIFLORA (Nutt.) Britt. (Nasturtium sessiliforum Nutt.)
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora).

RORIPPA SYLVESTRIS (\.) Britt. (Nasturtium sylvestre R. Br.)
Painesville, O. Hacker.

359. BARBAREA R. Br. WINTER CRESS.

BARBAREA VULGARIS R. Br. Common Winter Cress. Yellow Rocket.
Over the whole state, most abundant in heavy clay soils.

360. ARABIS I, Rock CRESS.

ARABIS CANADENSIS L. Sickle-pod.
Over the whole state, probably not common anywhere.

166 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

ARABIS BRACHYCARPA (TI. & G.) Britt. (4. confinis Watson.)
Distributed throughout the state.

ARABIS DENTATA Torr. & Gray.
Throughout the southern half of the state.

ARABIS GLABRA (L.) Bernh. (A. perfoliata Lam.) Tower Mustard.
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Licking Co., H. Il. Jones (Cat.); Cincinnati,
Jos. F. James (Cat.); “General,” J. S. Newberry (Cat,)

ARABIS HIRSUTA (1,.) Scop.
“General,” J. S. Newberry (Cat.); Licking Co., H. L. Jones (Cat.); Cincinnati,
Jos. F. James ( Cat.)

ARABIS LAEVIGATA (Muhl.) Poir,
Over the whole state.

ARABIS LUDOVICIANA Meyer.
Cincinnati, Jos. F. James (Cat.)

ARABIS LYRATA L,
‘From the northern (Ottawa Co., W. Krebs) to the southern portion of the state
(Lawrence Co., W. C. Werner).

ARABIS PATENS Sulliv.
Lorain Co., Dr. Kellogg (J. S. Newberry Cat.); rocky banks of the Scioto River
(Franklin Co.) Aug. D. Selby.

361. THELYPODIUM Endl.

THELYPODIUM PINNATIFIDUM (Mx.) Watson.
Frequent over the southern half of the state; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.)

#62. CARDAMINE L. (Incl. DENTARIA Tourn.)

CARDAMINE ARENICOLA Br-tton.
Geneva (Ashtabula Co.) Miss Sara F. Goodrich.

CARDAMINE BULBOSA (Schreb.) B.S. P. (C. rkhomboidea DC.) Spring Cress.
Common over the whole state.

CARDAMINE DIPHYLLA (Mx.) Wood. (Dentaria diphylla Michx.)
Distributed over the state.
a
CARDAMINE DOUGLASSII (Torr.) Britt. (C. rhomboidea purpurea Torr.)
Common throughout the whole state.

CARDAMINE FLEXUOSA With. (C. hirsuta sylvatica Gr.)
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.)

CARDAMINE LACINIATA (Muhl.) Wood. (Dentaria laciniata Muh.)
Common over the whole state.

BOTANY. 167

CARDAMINE MAXIMA (Nutt.) Wood. (Dentaria maxima Nutt.)
Cincinnati, Joseph Clark (Cat.); Taylor’s Creek, Leo Lesquereux (J. S. New-
berry Cat.)

CARDAMINE PENNSYLVANICA Muhl. (C. Azrvsufa 1.) Small Bitter Cress.
Common in low grounds. ;

CARDAMINE PRATENSIS L. CUCKOO FLOWER.
Northern Ohio, W. R. Lazenby and W. C. Werner (Sup. List.)
More than doubtful since not authenticated by specimens.
CARDAMINE ROTUNDIFOLIA Mx. Mountain Water-Cress.

Painesville, H. C. Beardslee; Franklin Co., W. S. Sullivant (Cat. 1840) but not
found since; Cincinnati, Jos. F. James (Cat.)

363. ALYSSUM Tourn.

ALYSSUM ALYSSOIDES (I,.) Gouan. (4. calycinum L.)
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.)

ALYSSUM MARITIMUM (L,.) Lam.
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright ( Cat.)

364. DRABA Dill. WuHrrLiow-GrRass.
DRABA CAROLINIANA Walt.
Sprirgfield, Mrs. E. J. Spence; Ottawa Co., C. M. Weed; Monroe Co., Rev. H.

Herzer.

DRABA INCANA ARABISANS (Mx.) Watson.
Akron, Mr. Clinton (H. C. Beardslee, Cat.)

DRABA VERNA L. Whitlow-Grass.
Found in various places through the state.

365. HESPERIS Tourn. ROCKET.

HESPERIS MATRONALIS L. Dame’s Violet.
Franklin Co., Aug. D. Selby.

366. SISYMBRIUM tourn. HEDGE MUSTARD.

SISYMBRIUM OFFICINALE (L.) Scop. Hedge Mustard.
Common in waste places.

SISYMBRIUM PINNATUM (Walt.) Greene (.S. canescens Nutt.) Tansy Mustard.
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Ca-.); Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora); Cincinnati,
Jos. F. James (Cat.)

SISVMBRIUM THALIANA (L.) Gaud. Mouse-ear Cress.
Painesville, W. C. Werner; Waverly (Pike Co.) C. J. Herrick.

168 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.
367. ERYSIMUM Tourn. TREACLE MUSTARD.

ERYSIMUM ASPERUM DC. Western Wall Flower.
Scioto River, near Columbus, A. Ruppersberg and W. O’Kane.

ERYSIMUM CHEIRANTHOIDES L. Worm-seed Mustard.
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Brady’s Lake (Portage Co.) E. Claasen; Cinciti-
nati, Jos. F. James (Cat.)

368. CAMELINA Crantz Fase Fax.

CAMELINA SATIVA (L,.) Crantz.
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Cleveland, W. Krebs; Lake Co., W. C. Werner.
Springfield, Mrs. E. J. Spence; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora); Cincin-
nati; Jos. F. James (Cat.)

369. BRASSICA Tourn.

BRASSICA ALBA (Iy.) Boiss. White Mustard.
Given as general (J. S. Newberry, Cat.); Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Frank-
lin Co., Selby & Craig (Cat.)

BRASSICA ARVENSIS (L.) B. S. P. (2B. sinapistrum Boiss.) English Charlock.
Common in waste grounds and fields.

BRASSICA NIGRA (L.) Koch. Black Mustard.
“General,” (J. S. Newberry, Cat.); Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Licking Co.,
H. L. Jones (Cat.); Cincinnati, Jos. F. James (Cat.)
370. BURSA Weber (Cafsel/a Medic.) SHEPHERD’S PURSE.
Bursa PAsTorRis L. (Capsella bursa pastoris Moench.)

Every where in cultivated grounds.

371. LEPIDIUM Tourn. PEPPERWORT. PEPPERGRASS.

LEPIDIUM CAMPESTRE (L.) R. Br. ,
Cincinnati, Joseph Clark (H. C. Beardslee, Cat.); Lorain Co., A. A. Wright
(Cat.); Cleveland, W. Krebs; Painesville, O. Hacker; Columbus, Moses Craig.

LEPIDIUM INTERMEDIUM Gray.
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Licking Co., H. L. Jones ( Cat.)

LEPIDIUM RUDERALE L,.
Painesville, O. Hacker.

LEPIDIUM VIRGINICUM L.
Common as a weed in cultivated ground.

372. THILASPI Tourn. PENNVCRESS,

THLASPI ARVENSE L,
Cincinnati, J L. Riddell (Synop. 1835); Toledo, J. A. Sanford.

BOTANY. 169
373. CAKILE Tourn. SA ROCKET.

CAKILE EDENTULATA (Big.) Hook. (C. americana Nutt.)
Cleveland, W. Krebs; Painesville, Wm. C. Werner; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright
(Cat.)

374. RAPHANUS L.

RAPHANUS RAPHANISTRUM L. Wild Radish.
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Painesville, O. Hacker; Miami Valley, A. P.
Morgan (Flora).

RAPHANUS SATIVUS L. Garden Radish.
Occasionally found as an escape from cultivation.

LXXIV. ORDER FUMARIACEA. Fumitory Family.
875. BICUCULLA Apans. (Dichytra Borkh.; Dicentra Borkh.)
DUTCHMAN’S BREECHES. —

BICUCULLA CANADENSIS (Goldie) (Ducentra canadensis DC.) Squirrel Corn.
Common over the whole state.

BICUCULLA CUCULLARIA (L.) (Dicentra cucullaria DC.) Dutchman’s Breeches.
Common over the whole state.

BICUCULLA EXIMIA (Ker.) (Dicentra eximia DC.)
Found in Pennsylvania near the Ohio line by C. D. Beadle.

376. ADLUMIA Raf. CLIMBING FUMITORY.

ADLUMIA FUNGOSA (Ait.) Greene (A. cirrhosa Raf.)
Little Mt. (Lake Co.) W. C. Werner; Geauga Co., W. C. Werner; Lorain Co.
A. A. Wright (Cat.); Knox Co., Aug. D. Selby.

377. NECKERIA Scop. (Corydalis Vent.)

NECKERIA AUREA (Willd.) (Corydalis aurea Willd.) Golden Corydalis.
Little Mt. (Lake Co.), W. C. Werner; Thompson Ledge (Geauga Co.), W. C
Werner; Cincinnati, Jos. F. James (Cat.)

NECKERIA FLAVULA (Raf.) (Corydalis favula DC.)
Franklin Co., W. J. Green; Licking Co., H. L. Jones (Cat.), Cincinnati, Jos. F
James (Cat.)

NECKERIA SEMPERVIRENS (I,.) (Corydalis sempervirens Pers.; C. glauca Pursh.)

Pale Corydalis.
Dover (Cuyahoga Co.), W. Krebs; Fairfield Co., E. V. Wilcox.

378. FUMARIA Tourn. FuMmITOoRY.

170 j GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

FUMARIA OFFICINALIS L. Common. Fumitory; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora);
“Escaped from gardens,” J. S. Newberry (Cat.)

LXXV. ORDER PAPAVERACEA. Poppy Family.

379. PAPAVER Tourn. Poppy.

PAPAVER RHOEAS L,
Adventive from Europe, Painesville, W. C. Werner.

PAPAVER SOMNIFERUM L. Common Poppy.
Escaped from cultivation, J. S. Newberry (Cat.); “exists for a year or two in

waste places,” Licking Co., H. lL. Jones (Cat.); Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan
(Flora).

380. ARGHEMONE IL. PrRicKLYy Poppy.
ARGEMONE MEXICANA I, Mexiean Poppy.

‘Escaped from gardens,” J. S. Newberry (Cat.); Licking Co., H. L. Jones ( Cat.)
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora); Cincinnati, Jos. F. James (Cat.)

381. STYLOPHORUM Nutt. CELANDINE POPPY.

STYLOPHORUM DIPHYLLUM (Mx.) Nutt.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee. Frequent in the souttern half of the state.

882. SANGUINARIA Dill. BrLoop-Root,

SANGUINARIA CANADENSIS L.
Distributed over the whol state.

3883. CHELIDONIUM LL; CEQLANDINE.

CHELIDONIUM MaAjuUS L. Celandine.
Frequently found in waste grounds and by road-sides.

LXXXI. OrperR CALYCANTHACEA. Calycanthus Family.

384. BEURERA. CAROLINA ALLSPICE.

BEURERA FLORIDA (L.) Kuntze. (Calycanthus floridus ¥,.)
Southern Ohio, ‘‘ Sandstone soils and cultivated in gardens,” Dr. J. H. Warder
(Woody Pl.) Reported by Lazenby and Werner (Sup. List) on the above
authority.

BEURERA FERAX (Willd.) Kuntze. (Ca/ycanthus laevigatus Willd.)
Southern Ohio, Dr. J. H. Warder (Woody P1.)

BOTANY. 171

LXXVII. OrpER LAURACEAKR. Laurel Family.

385. SASSAFRAS. Nees.

SASSAFRAS SASSAFRAS (L.) Karst. (.S. officinale Nees.)
Frequent.

386. BENZOIN Fabric. (Zindera Thunb.) Fever-bush. Wild-Allspice.
BENZOIN PSEUDO-BENZOIN (Mx.) (Lindera benzoin Blume.) SPICE-BUSH. BEN-

JAMIN-BUSH.
Throughout the state.

LXXVIII OrpDER MENISPERMACEAE. Moonseed Family.

387. MENISPERMUM.\L. MOONSEED.

MENISPERMUM CANADENSE lL. Moonseed.
Throughout the state.

LXXIX. ORDER BERBERIDACHAE. Barberry Family.

388. BERBERIS lL. . BARBERRY.
BERBERIS VULGARIS L. Common Barberry.

Escaped from cultivation, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.); Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.)
Licking Co., H. L. Jones (Cat.); Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Fiora}.

389. CAULOPHYLLUM Michx. BLUE COHOSH.

CAULOPHYLLUM THALICTROIDES (I.) Mx. Pappoose-Root.
Woods in rich soil, over the whole state.

LXXX. ORDER RANUNCULACEAE. Crowfoot Family.

390. CLEMATIS L. Vrrcry’s-BOWER.

CLEMATIS OCHROLEUCA Ait.
Central Ohio, J. S. Newberry (Cat.); “This identification is possibly erroneous’
(Jos. F. James, in Rev. Genus Clematis).

CLEMATIS VIORNA L. Leather-flower.
Frequent through the southern half of the state.

CLEMATIS VIRGINIANA L. Common Virgin’s Bower.
Common along river and creek bottoms over the whole state.

172 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.
391. THALICTRUM Tourn. Mrapow-RUE.

THALICTRUM DiIoIcuM L. Early Meadow Rue.
Frequent.

THALICTRUM POLYGAMUM Muhl.
From the northern (Painesville, W. C. Werner) to the southern portion of the

state (Cincinnati, Jos. F. James Cat.)

THALICTRUM PURPURASCENS L.
Generally distributed over the state.

3892. ANEMONE Tourn. WIND-FLOWER.
ANEMONE CYLINDRICA Gray.
Marblehead (Ottawa Co.) W. Krebs; Northern Ohio, J. S. Newberry (Cat.);
Lakeside (Ottawa Co.) A. D. Selby.
ANEMONE QUINQUEFOLIA L. (A. NEMOROSA L. Does not, according to Dr. Britton,
occur in North America.

Generally distributed throughout the state.

ANEMONE CANADENSIS L. (A. pennsylvantica Y,.)
Apparently over the whole state.

ANEMONE VIRGINIANA LL.

Common throughout the state; a white flowered form with white sepals,
flowers one and one-half inches across, Painesville, W. C. Werner.

3938. HEPATICA Dill. LivER-LEAF.

Hepatica acuTa (Pursh.) Britton. (A. acutiloba DC)
Widely distributed over the state.

HEPATICA HEPATICA (L.) Karst. (A. ¢rvt/oba Chaix,)
Widely distributed.

394. SYNDESMON Hoffmsg.

SYNDESMON THALICTROIDES (I..) Heffmsg. (Anxemonella thalictroides Spach.)
Over the whole state; a double flowered form, Springfield, Mr. Dory.

395. TROLLIUS L. GLOBE-FLOWER.

TROLLIUS LAXUS Salisb.
Central Ohio, J. S. Newberry (Cat.); Sugar Grove (Fairfield Co.), E. V. Wilcox.

396. TRAUTVETTERIA Fisch. & Mey. Fase BUGBANRE.

TRAUTVETTERIA CAROLINENSIS ( Walt.) Vail. (7: palmata Fisch. & Mey.)
Mansfield, Dr. Kellogg (H. C. Beardslee, Cat.) ; Cincinnati, Jos. F. James ( Cat.)

BOTANY. 173
397. RANUNCULUS Tourn. CROWFOOT. BUTTERCUP.

RANUNCULUS ABORTIVUS L,. Smail-flowered Crowfoot.
Common over the whole state.

RANUNCULUS ABORT. VUS MICRANTHUS Gray.
Cincinnati, Joseph Clark (Beardslee, Cat.); Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora).

RANUNCULUS acrRIS L.
Very abundant in fields and pastures throughout the northern portion of the
state; Cincinnati, Jos. F. James (Cat.); Columbus, W. S. Devol; Licking Co.

H. L. Jones (Cat.)

RANUNCULUS OBTUSIUSCULUS (&. ambigens Watson.) Water Plantain. Spearwort
Frequent in low grounds.

RANUNCULUS ARVENSIS L.
An occasional specimen introduced from Europe found at Painesville,
O. Hacker.

RANUNCULUS BULBOSUS L.
Cincinnati, J. L. Riddell (Synop. 1835); Northern Ohio, J. S. Newberry (Cat.)

RANUNCULUS CIRCINATUS Sibth. Stiff Water-crowfoot.
Toledo, J. A. Sanford; Sandusky, Amelia Hammel; Licking Co. H. L. Jones
* (Cat.) ; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora).

RANUNCULUS CYMBALARIA Pursh. Sea-side Crowfoot.
Northern Ohio, W. R. Lazenby and W. C. Werner (Sup. List), doubtful since
authenticated by no specimen.

RANUNCULUS DELPHINIFOLIUS Torr. (. mu/tifidus Pursh.)

Ashtabula Co., Florence Tuckerman; Cleveland, W. Krebs; Painesville, H. C.
Beardslee (Cat.); Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Medina Co., J. S. Newberry
(Cat.); Franklin Co., Moses Craig.

RANUNCULUS DELPHINIFOLIUS TERRESTRIS Gray. (&. multifidus terrestris Gray.
“Northern Ohio,” Gray’s Manual (6th Edition).

RANUNCULUS FASCICULARIS Muhl.
Toledo. J. A. Sanford; Franklin Co., Aug. D. Selby; Licking Co., H. L. Jones
(Cat.); Springfield, Mrs. E. J. Spence.

RANUNCULUS FICARIA LIL.
Adventive from Europe, Painesville, O. Hacker.

RANUNCULUS HISPIDUS Mx.
Widely distributed but mostly confused by collectors with R. fascicularis Muhl.
and R. septentrionalis Poir.

RANUNCULUS PENNSYLVANICUS L,. f. Bristly Crowfoot.
Common over the whole state.

RANUNCULUS PUSILLUS Poir.
J. S. Newherry (Cat.)

174 GEOLOGY OF OHFIIO.

RANUNCULUS RECURVATUS Poir. Hooked Crowfoot.
Common over the whole state.

RANUNCULUS REPENS L.

Introduced from Europe, Painesville, W. C. Werner; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright
(Cat.) i

RANUNCULUS REPTANS L. (2. flamula reptans E. Meyer). Creeping Spearwort.
Cincinnati, Joseph Clark (H. C. Beardslee, Cat.)

- RANUNCULUS RHOMBOIDEUS Goldie.
Sandusky, Dr. Kellogg ( H. C. Beardslee C: t.)

RANUNCULUS SCELERATUS L. Cursed Crow/!oot.
Frequent in ditches.

RANUNCULUS SEPTENTRIONALIS Poir.
Generally distributed over the state.

RANUNCULUS TRICHOPHYLLUS Chaix. (R&R. aguatilis trichophyllus Gray).
Throughout the whole state.

898. -CALTHA LL. MarsH MaricGorp.

CAL/PHA PALUSTRIS LL.
Over the whole state.

399) AY DRASDTIS Ellis:

HYDRASTIS CANADENSIS L.
Occurs over the whole state.

400. COPTIS Salisb.
COPTIS TRIFOLIA (L.) Salisb.

Portage Co., W. Krebs; Painesville, Wm. C. Werner; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright
( Cat.)

401. ISOPYRUM L.
ISOPYRUM BITERNATUM (Raf.) Torr. & Gray.

Frequent throughout the southern half of the state; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright
(Cat)

402. NIGELLA L.

NIGELLA DAMASCENA LL. Fennel-flower.
Kscaped from cultivation, Southern Ohio, J. S. Hine.

403. AQUILEGIA Tourn. COoLUMBINE.

BOTANY. 178

AQUILEGIA CANADENSIS L. Wild Columbine.
Usually on rocky banks, widely distributed.

AQUILEGIA VULGARIS L. Garden Columbine.

Escaped from cultivation, Thompson Ledge (Geauga Co.) W. C. Werner; Lon-
don (Madison Co.) Mrs. K. D. Sharpe.

404. DELPHINIUM Tourn.

DELPHINIUM CAROLINIANUM Walt. (DD. azureum Michx.)
Adams Co., W. A. Kellerman.

DELPHINIUM CONSOLIDA L. :
Sparingiy escaped from cultivation.

DELPHINIUM EXALTATUM Ait. Tall Larkspur.
Georgesville (Frankiin Co.) E. V. Wilcox; Licking Co., H. L. Jones (Cat.)

DELPHINIUM TRICORNE Michx. Dwarf Larkspur.
Frequent throughout the southern half of the state.

405. ACONITUM Tourn. MoNxKSHOOD.

ACONITUM NO\EBORACENSE Gray.
Cuyahoga Falls (Summit Co.) E. Claassen.

ACONITUM UNCINATUM L.
Summit Co., J. S. Newberry (Cat); Cuyahoga Falls, H. C. Beardslee ( Cat.)

406. ACTAEA LL. BANEBERRY. COHOSH.

ACTAEA ALBA (L,) Mill. White Baneberry.
Generally distributed throughout the state.

ACTAEA RUBRA (Ait.) Willd. (A. spicata rubra Ait.) Red Baneberry.
- Generally distributed throughout the state.

407. CIMICIFUGA LL. BUGBANE,

CIMICIFUGA RACEMOSA (L.) Nutt. Black Snakeroot. Black Cohosh.
Abundant throughout the whole state.

LXXXI. OrpEr ANONACEA. Custard-Apple Family.

408. ASIMINA Adans. Papaw.

ASIMINA TRILOBA (L.) Dunal. Common Papaw.
Common throughout the state, usually in rich soil.

176 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

LXXXI. OrpER MAGNOLIACEA. Magnolia Family.

409. MAGNOLIA Ll.

MAGNOLIA ACUMINATA L. Cucumber Tree.
Extending from Lake Erie (Painesville, W. C. Werner) through the eastern and
central portion of the state (Franklin Co., Aug. D. Selby) to the Ohio River
(Lawrence Co., W. A. Kellerman ).

MAGNOLIA VIRGINIANA L. (J/. g/aucal,.) Laurel Magnolia. Sweet Bay.
Given by W. R. Lazenby and W. C. Werner (Sup. List) on authority of Dr. J
A. Warder, but it seems that Dr. Warder did not report it as native.
MAGNOLIA TRIPETALA L. (JZ. umbrella Lam.) Umbrella Tree.
“Probably native in the southeastern counties of the state,’ Dr. J. A. Warder

(Woody Pl.) An unsuccessful search was made for it in Lawrence Co., where
if anywhere in the state, it should be found (W. A. Kellerman).

410, LIRIODENDRON LL. TuLip-TREE.

LIRIODENDRON TULIPIFERUM JL,
Extending from Lake Erie (H. C. Beardslee, A. A. Wright, Lor. Co., Cat.) to the
Ohio River (W. C. Werner, Jos. F. James, Cat.)

411. JEFFERSONIA Barton. TWIN-LEAF.

JEFFERSONIA DIPHYLLA (J) Pers.
Throughout the state.

412. PODOPHYLLUM. May-AppLE. MANDRAKE

PODOPHYLLUM PELTATUM L.
Common throughout the state.

LXXXIII. OrpER CERATOPHYLLACEA. Hornwort Family.

413. CERATOPHYLLUM L. HoRNworvm.
CERATOPHYLLUM DEMERSUM L.
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Painesville, Wm. C. Werner; Cincinnati, Jos.

F. James ( Cat.)

CERATOPYLLUM DEMERSUM ECHIVATUM Gray.
Franklin Co., W. S. Sullivant ( Cat.)

LXXXIV. ORDER NYMPHAEACEA. Water-Lily Family.

414. BRASENIA Schreb. WATER-SHIELD.

BOTANY. 177

BRASENIA PURPUREA Mx. (JB. peltata Pursh).
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.) ; Geauga Lake (Geauga Co.), Silver Lake (Suim-
mit Co.) W. Krebs; Myer’s Lake (Stark Co.) W. L. Crubaugh.

415. NYMPHAEKA. YELLOW POND Liny. SPATTER-DOCK.

NYMPHAEA ADVENA Soland. (Nuphar advena Ait.)
Widely distributed over the state.

NYMPHAEA MICROPHYLLA Pers. (Nuphar kalmianum Ait.)
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.)

416. CASTALIA Salisb. WatTER-NYMPH. WATER LILy.

CASTALIA ODORATA (Dryanda) Greene. (Nymphaea odorata Ait.) Sweet scented
Water Lily.
Inland lakes (Summit Co.) Wm. Krebs; Jicking Co., H. Ll. Jones (Cat).

CASTALIA TUBEROSA (Paine) Greene (C. rentformis DC.; Nymphaea reniformis
DC.) Tuber-bearing Water Lily.
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); “Common,” H. C. Beardslee (Cat.); Licking
Co., H. ly. Jones (Cat,)

417. NELUMBO Tourn. SacrRED BEAN.

NELUMBO LUTEA (Willd.) Pers. Yellow Nelumbo or Water Chinquapin.
Bass Lake (Geauga Co.) and Sandusky Bay, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.); Cincinnati,
Jos. F. James (Cat.); Licking Co., H. L. Jones (Cat.)

LXXXV. ORDER CARYOPHYLLACEA. Pink Family.

418. DIANTHUS Ll. PINK. CARNATION.

DIANTHUS ARMERIA LL. Deptiord Pink.
Along roadsides around Granville and especiaily in the south-eastern part of
the township, Licking Co., H. lL. Jones ( Cat.)

419. SAPONARIA L,.

SAPONARIA OFFICINALIS L. Soapwort. Bouncing Bet.
Common along roadsides and in waste places over the state,

420. SILENE LL. CaTCHFLY. CAMPION.

SILENE ANTIRRHINA L. Sleepy Catchfly.
Throughout the state.

SILENE ARMERIAL. Sweet-William. Catchfly.
Escaped in a few places, H. l. Jones (Licking Co., Cat.)

12 G10.

178 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

SILENE ILLINOENSIS (Mx.) (.S. regia Sims.) Royal Catchfly.
Franklin Co., W. S. Sullivant (Cat. 1840) not seen here by recent collectors;
Springfield, Mrs. E.J. Spence; London (Madison Co.) Mrs. K. D. Sharpe;
Cincinnati, Joseph Clark (Cat.)

SILENE NIVEA (Nutt.) Otth.
Central Ohio, W. S. Sullivant (H. C. Beardslee, Cat.) ; Cincinnati, J. L. Riddell
(Sup. Cat. 1836,) Joseph Clark ( Cat.)

SILENE NOCTIFLORA L. Night-flowering Catchfly.
Northern Ohio; Columbus, W. C. Werner; Lancaster (Fairfield Co.) J. M.
Bigelow (J. S. Newberry Cat.)

SILENE NOCTURNA L. Night Catchfly.
Dayton, M. G. Williams (J. L. Riddell Sup. Cat. 1836).

SILENE PENNSYLVANICA Michx.
Monroe Co., H. Herzer; Lawrence Co., W. C. Werner; Cincinnati, Jos. F. James

( Cat.)

SILENE ROTUNDIFOLIA Nutt. Round-leaved Catchfly.
Ash Cave (Hocking Co.) Aug. D. Selby; Southern Ohio, J. S. Newberry (Cat.)

SILENE STELLATA (L.) Ait. Starry Campion.
Generally distributed over the state.

SILENE VIRGINICA L. Fire Pink. Catchfly.
Widely distributed.

SILENE VULGARIS (Moench.) Garcke. (5S. cucubalus Wibel.; S. inflata Smith).
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora).

421. AGROSTEMMA lL.
AGROSTEMMA GITHAGOL. (Lychnis githago am.) Corn Cockle.
In grain fields and waste places throughout the state; a specimen with white
flowers collected at Painesville (W. C. Werner.)

499 GV. CEHNIS Lourn (CockvE,

LYCHNIS CORONARIA Desv.
Apparently wild at Christmas Rock (Fairfield Co.) W. A. Kellerman.

LYCHNIS VESPERTINA Sibth. Evening Cockle.
Cleveland, W. Krebs; Painesville, Otto Hacker.

493. CERASTIUM LL. MovuskE-EaR CHICKWEED.

CERASTIUM ARVENSE L. Field Chickweed.
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Trumbull Co., R. H. Ingraham; Cincinnati,
Jos. F. Tames (Cat.)

BOTANY. 179

CERASTIUM ARVENSE OBLONGIFOLUIM (Torr.) Britt. & Holl.
Lorain Co., J. S. Newberry (Cat.) ; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora).

CERASTIUM NUTANS Raf.
Generally distributed over the state.

CERASTIUM VISCOSUM L.
Apparently over the whole state.

CERASTIUM VULGATUM L. Larger Mouse-ear Chickweed.
Frequent throughout the state.

424, ALSINE L. (Stellaria .) CHICKWEED. STARWORT.

ALSINE BOREALIS (Bigel.) Britt. (Sted/arta borealis Bigel.) Northern Starwort.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee ( Cat.)

ALSINE GRAMINEA (Muhl.) Britt.
Near Cleveland, Wm. Krebs.

ALSINE LONGIFOLIA (Muhl.) Britt. (Stellaria longifolia Muhl.) lLong-leaved
St tchwort.
Frequent throughout the state.

ALSINE LONGIPES (Goldie) Britton. (Ste/laria longipes Goldie.) WLong-stalked
Stitchwort.
Northern Ohio, J. S. Newberry (Cat.); Franklin Co., J. lL. Riddell (Synop. 1835).

ALSINE MEDIA lL. (Sfellaria media Smith.)
Common in fields and gardens.

ALSINE PUBERA (Mx.) Britt. (Stel/aria pubera Michx.) Great Chickweed.
Frequent throughout the southern purtion of the state; not observed north of
Fairfield County.

ALSINE ULIGINOSA (Murr.) Britt. (Stel/aria uliginosa Murr.) Swamp Chickweed.
“Ohio,” J. L. Riddell (Synop. 1835), though he questioned its occurrence in
Ohio.

425. ARENARIA lL. SAnpwort.

ARENARIA LATERIFLORA L,.
Lake Co., Otto Hacker; Franklin Co., W. C. Werner, E. M. Wilcox.

ARENARIA STRICTA Mx. (A. michauxii Hook.)
- Cedar Point, E. Claassen; South Bass Island (Lake Erie) W. Krebs; Put-in-Bay
Island (Lake Erie) H. C. Beardslee (Cat.); Franklin Co., W. S. Sullivant (Cat.
1840) but not re-collected since.

ARENARIA SERPYLLIFOLIA L. Thyme-leaved Sandwort.
Frequent in fields and waste places throughout the state,

426. SAGINA I, PEARLWORT.

180 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

SAGINA APETALA L,.
Ironton (Lawrence Co.) W. C. Werner.

SAGINA PROCUMBENS L,.
Painesville, O. Hecker.

427, SPERGULA Ll. SPURREY.

SPERGULA ARVENSIS I. CORN SPURREY.
“General,” (J. S. Newberry Cat.); Painesville, W. C. Werner.

498. TISSA Adans. (Buda.)

TISSA RUBRA (L,.) Britt. (Buda rubra Dumort; Spergularia rubra Presl.)
Painesville, W. C. Werner.

429 ANYCHIA Mx. FORKED CHICKWEED.
ANYCHIA CANADENSIS (L.) B. S. P. » (4. capillacea DC.)
Licking Co., H. L. Jones (Cat.); Monroe Co., H. Herzer; Painesville and Co.

lumbus, Wm. C. Werner. .

ANYCHIA DICHOTOMA Mx.
Frequent throughout the southern half of the state.

430. MOLLUGO lL. INDIAN CHICKWEED.

MOLLUGO VERTICILLATA L.
Throughout the state.

LXXXVI. OrpDER PORTULACACEAR. Purslane Family.

431. PORTULACA Tourn. PURSLANE.

PORTULACA OLERACEA L.
Common in cultivated ground.

432. CLAYTONIA Gronov. SPRING-BEAUTY.

CLAYTONIA CAROLINIANA Michx.
“General,” J. S. Newberry (Cat.); ‘““Common,” H. C. Beardslee (Cat.)

CLAYTONIA PERFOLIATA Donn.
Painesville, introduced, Otto Hacker.

CLAYTONIA VIRGINICA L.
Over the whole State.

LXXXVII. OrpER NYCTAGINACEAE. Four O’clock Family.

433. OXYBAPHUS Vahl.

BOTANY. . 181

OXYBAPHUS NYCTAGINEUS Sweet.
Cincinnati, Jos. F. James (Cat.)

LXXXVIII. Orper PHYTOLACCACEAR. Pokeweed Family.

434. PHYTOLACCA Tourn. POKEWEED.

PHYTOLACCA DECANDRA lL,
Common.

LXXXIX. OrpDER CHENOPODIACEA. Goosefoot Family.

435. ATRIPLEX Tourn. ORACHE.

ATRIPLEX PATULA HASTATA (L.) Gray.
Roadsides and waste places from Lake Erie to the Ohio River.

ATRIPLEX PATULA LITTORALE (L.) Gray.
Cleveland, H. C, Beardslee (Cat.)

436. CHENOPODIUM Tourn. GoosEFooT. PIGWEED.

CHENOPODIUM ALBUM JL. Lamb’s-Quarters.
Common. The var. VIRIDE occurs in northern Ohio.

CHENOPODIUM AMBROSIOIDES L. Mexican Tea.
“General,” J. S. Newberry (Cat.); Cincinnati, Jos. F. James ( Cat.)

CHENOPODIUM AMBROSIOIDES ANTHELMINTICUM (L,.) Gray. Wormseed.
Occasionally found in waste places and roadsides throughout the state.

CHENOPODIUM BOSCIANUM Mog.
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Painesville and Columbus, Wm. C. Werner.

CHENOPODIUM BOTRYS L. Jerusalem Oak. Feather Geranium.
Cleveland, W. Krebs; Lake Co., W. C. Werner; Corning, J. H. Lageman; Berea,
H. Herzer; Lucas Co., J. S. Hine; Cincinnati, Jos. F. James ( Cat.)

CHENOPODIUM CAPITATUM (L,.) Watson. (Blitum capitatum \,.) Strawberry Blite
Northern Ohio, J. S. Newberry (Cat.)

CHENOPODIUN GLAUCUM IL,
Toledo, J. A. Sanford.

CHENOPODIUM HYBRIDUM I, Maple-leaved Goosefoot.
Northern Ohio, W. Krebs, O. Hacker, A. A. Wright (Cat.); Central Ohio, H. L.
Jones (Cat.), S. Renshaw.

CHENOPODIUM MURALE IL.
Elyria, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.); Toledo, J. A. Sanford.

182 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

CHENOPODIUM POLYSPERMUM L,.
Cincinnati, Jos. F. James ( Cat.)

CHENOPODIUM URBICUM L.
Cleveland, W. Krebs; Port Clinton (Ottawa Co.) E. Claassen; Cincinnati,
Joseph Clark ( Cat.)

XC. ORDER AMARANTACE. Amaranth Family.

437. AMARANTUS Tourn. AMARANTH.

AMARANTUS ALBUS L. Tumble Weed.
Frequent in cultivated fields.

AMARANTUS BLITOIDES Watson.
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Lake Co., Franklin Co., W. C. Werner; Fairfield
Co., E. V. Wilcox, S. Renshaw.

AMARANTUS CRISPUS Braun.
“Naturalized,”’ Painesville (H. C. Beardslee Cat.)

AMARANTUS HYBRIDUS CHLOROSTACHYS ( Willd.)
Common over the State.

AMARANTUS HYPOCHONDRIACUS L,.
Cincinnati, Jos. F. James (Cat.); A hybrid between this and A. retroflexus found
at Painesville, Wm. C. Werner.

AMARANTUS PUMILUS Raf.
Lorain Co., Dr. Kellogg (J. S. Newberry Cat.)

AMARANTUS RETROFLEXUS L.
Commonly reported by collectors, but doubtless to be referred to A. hybridus
chlorostachys.
AMARANTUS SPINOSUS L. Thorny Amaranth.

Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.); Columbus, W. J. Green; Cincinnati, Jos. F.
James (Cat.); Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora).

438. ACNIDA Mitch. WaATER-HEMP.

ACNIDA CANNABINA L,.
Columbus, W. S. Sullivant (Cat. 1840); Cincinnati, Joseph Clark ( Cat.)

ACNIDA TAMARISCINA (Nutt.) Wood. ( ¢- tuberculata Mogq.)
Painesville, O. Hacker; Columbus, W. C. Werner.

439. IRESINE P. Browne.

IRESINE CELOSIOIDES L.
Cincinnati, Joseph Clark (Cat.)

BOTANY. 183

XCI. OrpDER POLYGONACEA. Buckwheat Family.

440. FAGOPYRUM Tourn. BuCKWHEAT.

FAGOPYRUM FAGOPYRUM (JL,.) Karst. (/*. esculentum Moench.) Buckwheat.
Fields and waste places.

441. RUMEX IL. Dock. SoORREIr,

RUMEX ACETOSELLA L. Field or Sheep Sorrel.
Common.

RUMEX ALTISSIMUS Wood. Pale Dock.
Painesville, Wm. C. Werner; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Licking Co., H. L.
Jones; Cincinnati, Joseph Clark ( Cat.)

RUMEX BRITANNICA L. Great Water-Dock. :
Lake Co., Franklin Co., Wm. C. Werner; Licking Co., H. Ll. Jones (Cat.) ; Cin-
cinnati, Jos. F. James (Cat.) :

RUMEX cRISPUS L. Curled Dock.
Common.

RUMEX OBTUSIFOLIUS L. Bitter Dock.
Common.

RUMEX SALICIFOLIUS Weinmann. White Dock.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.)

RUMEX SANGUINEUS L.
Common, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.)

RUMEX VERTICILLATUS L,.
Frequent.

442, POLYGONUM Tourn. KNOTWEED.

PoLYGONUM ACRE H. B. K. Water Smartweed.
Common.

POLYGONUM AMPHIBIUM L,.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.); Licking Co.,H. lL. Jones (Cat.); Cincinnati,
Thos. G. Lea ( Cat.)

POLYGONUM ARIFOLIUM lL. Halbred-leaved Tear-thumb.
Frequent in swamps and low places.

POLYGONUM AVICULARE IL.
Common.

POLYGONUM CAREYI Oluey.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.); Licking Co., H. ly. Jones (Cat.)

184 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

POLYGONUM CILINODE Mx.

“General,” J. S. Newberry (Cat.); Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.)
POLYGONUM CONVOLVULUS ly. Black Bindweed.

Common.

POLYGONUM DUMETORUM SCANDENS (L.) Gray. Climbing False Buckwheat.
Frequent.

POLYGONUM EMERSUM (Mx.) Britt. (P. muhlenbergit Wats.)
Painesville and Columbus, Wm. C. Werner; Licking Co., H. Il. Jones (Cat.)
Fairfield Co., E. V. Wilcox, S. Renshaw.

POLYGONUM ERECTUM L.
Common.

POLYGONUM HARTWRIGHTII Gray.
Leib’s Island (Licking Reservoir) H. Ll. Jones (Cat.); Springfield, Mrs. E. J-
_ Spence.

POLYGONUM HYDROPIPER L. Common Smartweed or Water-Pepper.
Common.

POLYGONUM HYDROPIPEROIDES Mx. Mild Water-Pepper.
Common.

POLYGONUM LAPATHIFOLIUM L,.
Lake Co., W. C. Werner; Licking Co., H. L. Jones (Cat.); Columbus, Aug. D.
Selby; Cincinnati, Joseph Clark (Cat.)

POLYGONUM LAPATHIFOLIUM INCARNATUM Wats.
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Painesville, W. C. Werner; Licking Co., H. L-
Jones (Cat.)

POLYGONUM ORIENTALE L.
Occasionally found escaped from cultivation.

POLYGONUM PENNSYLVANICUM IL.
Common.

POLYGONUM PERSICARIA L. Lady’s Thumb.
Common.

POLYGONUM RAMOSISSIMUM Mx.
Painesville, O. Hacker; Lake Shore, J. S. Newberry (Cat.); Cleveland H. C.
Beardslee (Cat.)

POLYGONUM SAGITTATUM L. Arrow-leaved Tear-thumb.
Common.

POLYGONUM TENUE Mx.
Central Ohio, W. S. Sullivant (Cat. 1840.)

POLYGONUM VIRGINIANUM JL.
Frequent.

BOTANY. 185

XCII. ORDER PODOSTEMACE#. River-weed Family.

443. PODOSTEMON Mx. River-weed.
PODOSTEMON CERATOPHYLLUS Mx.

“ General,” J. S. Newberry (Cat.); ““Ohio River,” J. L. Riddell (Synop. 1835).

XCIII. Orper ARISTOLOCHIACEA. Birthwort Family.

444. ASARUM Tourn. ASARABACCA. WILD GINGER. ~

ASARUM CANADENSE IL,
Frequent.

445. ARISTOLOCHIA Tourn. BIRTHWORT.

ARISTOLOCHIA SERPENTARIA JL,
Throughout the state.

XCIV. ORDER LORANTHACEZ. Mistletoe Family.

446. PHORADENDRON Nutt. Fase MISTLETOE.

PHORADENDRON FLAVESCENS (Ph.) Nutt.
In the line of counties on the Ohio River, also the counties adjoining these, but
not seen nor reported further north.

XCV. ORDER SANTALACEA. Sandalwood Family.

447. COMANDRA Nutt. BastarpD TOAD-FLAX.
COMANDRA UMBELLATA (L.) Nutt.

Northern Ohio, W. Krebs, W. C. Werner, A. A. Wright (Cat.); Licking Co., H. IL.
Jones ( Cat.)

XCVI. OrDER MORACE. Mulberry Family.

448, IOXYLON Raf. OSAGE ORANGE. Bois D’ARC.

IOXYLON POMIFERUM Raf. (Maclura aurantiaca Nutt.)
Sparingly naturalized in central and southern Ohio.

449. MORUS Tourn.. MULBERRY.

186 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

Morus auBa L. White Mulberry.
“Common,” H. C. Beardslee (Cat.); Cincinnati, Jos. F. James (Cat.)

Morus RUBRA L. Red Mulberry.
Throughout the state.

XCVII. ORDER ULMACE. Elm Family.

450. ULMUS L. ELM.

ULMUS AMERICANA JI, American or White Eitn.
Common.

ULMUS PUBESCENS Walt. (U. fu/va Mx.) Slippery or Red Elm.
Frequent.

ULMUS RACEMOSA Thomas. Cork or Rock Elm.

Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Ashtabula Co., Miss E. J. Phillips; Licking Co.
H. L. Jones (Cat.); Columbus, W. A. Kellerman; Cincinnati, Jos. F. James (Cat.)

XCVIII. OrpER CANNABACE. Hop Family.

451. HUMULUS L. Hop.

HUMULUS LUPULUS L.
Occasionally found in waste places and alluvial soils of water courses.

452. CANNABIS Tourn. HEmp.
CANNABIS SATIVA L. Hemp.

Northern Ohio, Wm. C. Werner, A. A. Wright (Cat.); Central Ohio, Wm. -C.
Werner, H. L. Jones (Cat.); Cincinnati, Jos. F. James (Cat.)

XCIX. OrpER URTICACKA. Nettle Family.

453. CELTIS Tourn. NEYTTLE-TREE. HACKBERRY.
CELTIS OCCIDENTALIS L. Sugarberry. Hackberry.

Frequent in central and southern Ohio; South Bass Island, W. Krebs; Lorain
Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.)

454. URTICA Tourn. NETTLE.

URTICA DIOICA L.
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Cincinnati, Joseph Clark (Cat.)

BOTANY. 1s

URTICA GRACInIS L.
Common in alluvial soil. -

URTICA URENS L.
“Interior Ohio,” J. S. Newberry (Cat.)

455. URTICASTRUM Fabric. (Zaportea Gaudichaud.) WooD-NETTLE.

URTICASTRUM DIVARICATUM (J.) Kuntze. (Laportea canadensis Gaudichaud.)
Frequent.

456. ADICEA Raf. (/Pzlea Lindl.) RicHWEED. CLEARWEED.

ADICEA PUMILA (L.) Raf. (Pi/ea pumila Gray.) Richweed. Clearweed.
Common.

457. BOEHMERIA Jacq. Fase NETTLE.

BOEHMERIA CYLINDRICA (L,.) Willd.
Common.
458. PARIETARIA Tourn. PELLITORY.
PARIETARIA PENNSYLVANICA Muhl.

Frequent.

C. OrpER FAGACEA. Oak Family.

459. QUERCUS L. OAK.

QUERCUS ALBA L. White Oak.
Throughout the state.

QUERCUS BICOLOR Willd. Swamp White Oak.
Throughout the state.

QUERCUS COCCINEA Wang. Scarlet Oak.
Fr quent.

QUERCUS COCCINEA TINCTORIA Gray. Quercitron, Yellow-barked or Black Oak.
Generally distributed,

QUERCUS ILICIFOLIA Wang.
“Ohio,” Gray’s Manual; “ General,” J. S. Newberry (Cat.)

QUERCUS IMBRICARIA Michx. Laurel Oak.
Throughout the state.

QUERCUS LEANA Nutt. (Q. imbricaria x coccinea.) V,ea’s Oak.-
Preston (Hamilton Co.) one tree A. P. Morgan; Cincinnati (one tree) Jos.
F. James (Cat.); Brownsville (Licking Co.) one tree—since cut down, W.
A. Kellerman; but doubtless other specimens occur in the state.

188 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

QUERCUS MACROCARPA Michx. Bur-oak, Over-cup or Mossy-cup Oak.
Generally distributed.

QUERCUS MUHLENBERGII Engelm. Yellow Oak. Chestnut Oak.
Frequent throughout the southern half of the state.

QUERCUS MUHLENBERGII HUMILIS (Marsh.) Britt. (Q. prinoides Willd.)
Southern Ohio, J. A. Warder (Woody Plants of Ohio); Q. prinoides Willd.
Moses Craig (O. S. U. Flora) is Q. muhlenbergii.

QUERCUS NIGRA L. Black Jack.
Lawrence Co., W. A. Kellerman.

QUERCUS PALUSTRIS Du Roi. Swamp, Spanish or Pin Oak.
Frequent over the state.

QUERCUS PRINUS L. Chestnut Oak.
Licking Co., H. L. Jones (Cat.); Fairfield Co., E. V. Wilcox and S. Renshaw;
Ross Co., Lawrence Co., Scioto Co., W. A. Kellerman; Cincinnati, Jos. F

James ( Cat.)

QUERCUS RUBRA L. Red Oak.
Over the whole state.

QUERCUS STELLATA Wang. Post Oak. Iron Oak.

Fairfield, Muskingum, Lawrence and Scioto counties, W. A. Kellerman; “Gen-
eral,” J. S. Newberry (Cat.); ‘‘ Darby Plains,” J. L. Riddell (Synop. 1835).

460. FAGUS lL. (Castanea Tourn.) CHESTNUT.

FaGus PUMILA L. (Castanea pumila Mill.) Chinquapin.
Marietta, J. lL. Riddell (Synop. 1835); “Southern Ohio,” H. C. Beardslee (Cat.);

FAGUS CASTANEA DENTATA Marsh. (Castanea sativa americana Watson.) CHESTNUT.
Throughout the southern half of the state except on limestone soils.

461. CASTANEA Scop. (/fagus Tourn.) BEECH.

CASTANEA LATIFOLIA (Wang.) (Fagus ferruginea Ait.) BEECH.
Over the whole state.

CI. OrpER BETULACEAE. Birch Family.

462. CORYLUS Tourn. HAZzEL-NUT. FILBERT.

CORVYLUS AMERIC3NA Nutt. Wild Hazel-nut.
Throughout the state.

CORYLUS CORNUTI DuRoi. (C. rostrata Ait.) Beaked Hazel-nut.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.)

BOTANY. 189
463. OSTRYA Micheli. Hop-HoRNBEAM. IRON-WOOD.

OSTRYA VIRGINICA (Mill.) Willd. American Hop-Hornbeam,. Iron-wood,
Frequent.

464. CARPINUS lL. HoRNBEAM. IRON-WOOD.

CARPINUS CAROLINIANA Watson.
Frequent over the state.

465. BETULA Tourn. BIRCH.

BETULA LENTA L. Cherry Birch. Sweet or Black Birch.
Fairfield, Hocking and Athens counties, W. A. Kellerman.

BETULA LUTEA Mx. f. Yellow or Gray Birch.
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Lake Co., Wm. C. Werner; Ashtabula Co.,
E. E. Bogue, Sara F. Goodrich.

BETULA NIGRA I, River or Red Birch.
Hocking Co., Lawrence Co., Scioto Co., W. Kellerman; ‘“ General,” J. S. New-

berry ( Cat.)

BETULA POPULIFOLIA Ait. American White Birch. Gray Birch.
“A large tree in the north, but does not abound in central and southern Ohio.”
Dr. J. A. Warder (Woody Plants).

BETULA PUMILA L. Low Birch.
Central and northern Ohio, J. S. Newberry (Cat.); Cedar Swamp (Champaign
Co.) W. C. Werner.
466. ALNUS Tourn. ALDER.
ALNUS INCANA (L,.) Willd. Speckled or Hoary Alder.
Northern Ohio, W. Krebs, Wm. C. Werner; Licking Co., H. L. Jones (Cat.)
Fairfield Co., E. V. Wilcox and S. Renshaw.

ALNUS RUGOSA (DuRoi) Koch. (A. serrulata Willd.) Smooth Alder.
Frequent in northern and central Ohio; Scioto Co., W. A. Kelierman.

CII. Orper SALICACE. Willow Family.

467. SALIX Tourn. WitLow. OSIER.

SALIX ALBA L. White Willow.
“ General,” J. S. Newberry (Cat.); Painesville, Wm. C. Werner; Licking Co., H.
L. Jones (Cat.); Champaign Co., Wm. C. Werner; Columbus. KE. E. Bogue.

SALIX ALBA CAERULEA (Smith) Koch.
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.)

190 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

SALIX ALBA VITELLINA (L.) Gray.
“ General,” J. S. Newberry (Cat.); Painesville, Otto Hacker; Cincinnati, Joseph
Clark (Cat.)

SALIX AMYGDALOIDES Anders.
Northern Ohio, J. S. Newberry (Cat.), Wm. C. Werner, Otto Hacker.

SALIX BABYLONICA Tourn. Weeping Willow.
Cincinnati, Joseph Clark (Cat.)

SALIX CANDIDA Willd. Sage Willow. Hoary Willow.
Central and Northern Ohio, J. S. Newberry (Cat.)

SALIX CORDATA Muhl.

“Common,” J. S. Newberry (Cat.); Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.): Licking
Co., H. L. Jones (Cat.); Akron and Columbus, Wm. C. Werner. A willow in-
termediate between S. cordata and S. adenophylla was collected at Cedar Point
(Ottawa Co.) by Aug. D. Selby.

SALIX CORDATA ANGUSTATA Anders.
Lima, W. A. Kellerman; Columbus, Wm. C. Werner.

SALIX DISCOLOR Muhl.
“Common,” J. S. Newberry (Cat.) ; Painesville, Wm. C. Werner; Lorain Co., A.
A. Wright (Cat.); Licking Co., H. lL. Jones (Cat.); Columbus, Wm. C. Werner;
Cincinnati, Jos. F. James (Cat.)

SALIX DISCOLOR PRINOIDES ( Ph.) Anders.
Painesville, Otto Hacker.

SALIX FRAGILIS L. Crack Willow.
Painesville, Otto Hacker; Torain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Licking Co., H. L.
Jones (Cat.); Columbus, Wm. C. Werner; Cincinnati, Jos. F. James ( Cat.)

SALIX HUMILIS Marsh. Prairie Willow.
“ General,” J. S. Newberry (Cat.) ; Painesville, Otto Hacker; Licking Co., H. L.
Jones ( Cat.)

SALIX LONGIFOLIA Muhl.
“Common,” J. S. Newberry (Cat.); Painesville, Wm. C. Werner; Lorain Co., A.
A. Wright (Cat.); Licking Co., H. L. Jones (Cat.); Columbus, Wm. C. Wer-
ner; Cincinnati, Jos. F. James (Cat.)

SALIX LucIDA Muhl. Shining Willow.
“Common,” J. S. Newberry (Cat.) ; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.) ; Painesville
and Akron, Wm. C. Werner.

SALIX NIGRA Marsh. Black Willow.
Common throughout the state.

SaLEX NIGRA FALCATA Torr.
“Common,” J. S. Newberry (Cat.) ; Painesville, Otto Hacker.

SALIX PETIOLARIS Smith.
“General,” J. S. Newberry (Cat.); Lorain Co., A. A. Wright ( Cat.)

BOTANY. 191

SALIX PURPUREA L.
Introduced, Painesville, Otto Hacker.

SALIX ROSTRATA Richardson.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.), Otto Hacker.

SALIX SERICEA Marsh. Silky Willow.
“General,” J. S. Newberry (Cat.); Painesville, Otto Hacker; Lorain Co., A. A.
Wright (Cat.); Columbus, Wm. C. Werner; Cincinnati, Jos. F. James ( Cat.)

SALIX TRISTIS Ait. Dwarf Gray Willow.
“General,” J. S. Newberry (Cat.)

468. PUPULUS Tourn. Poprar. ASPEN.

POPULUS ALBA L. White Poplar.
Painesville, Wm. C. Werner; Licking Co., H. L. Jones (Cat.), Miami Valley, A.
P. Morgan (Flora); Cincinnati, J. F. James (Cat.)

POPULUS BALSAMTFERA L. Balsam Poplar. Tacamahac.
Painesville, Wm. C. Werner; Licking Co., H. lL. Jones (Cat.); Miami Valley, A.
P. Morgan (Flora).

POPULUS BALSAMIFERA CANDICANS (Ait.) Gray. Balm of Gilead. -
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora) ; Cincinnati, Jos. F. James ( Cat.)

POPULUS DILATATA Ait.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora); Cincinnati, Jos. F. James (Cat.)

POPULUS GRANDIDENTATA Michx. -Large-toothed Aspen.
From Lake Erie to the Ohio River.

POPULUS HETEROPHYLLA L. Downy Poplar.
Painesville, Otto Hacker.

POPULUS MONILIFERA Ait. Cotton-wood. Necklace Peplar.
Throughout the state.

POPULUS TREMULOIDES Michx. American Aspen. :
Toledo, W. A. Kellerman; Painesville, Wm. C. Werner; Lorain Co., A. A.
Wright (Cat.); Licking Co., H. L. Jones (Cat.); Columbus, Wm. C. Werner.

CIII. Orprer MYRICACEA. Sweet-Gale Family.
469. MYRICA I. BAyvBERRY. WAX-MYRTLE.

MyrRiIcA ASPLENIFOLIA (L.) Banks. Sweet Fern.
Little Mt. (near Painesville) Mr. Ferris; Kent (Portage Co.) Dr. Dow (H.C.
Beardslee, Cat.) ; Portage Co. Wm. Krebs; Fulton Co., J. S. Hine.

MvYRICA CERIFERA L. Bayberry. Wax-Myrtle.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.); Presque Isle (Lake Erie) J. lL. Riddell
(Synop. 1835).

192 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

CIV. ORDER JUGLANDACEA. Walnut Family.

47). HICORIA Raf. Hickory.
HICcORIA ALBA (L.) Britt. (Carya tomentosa Nutt.)
“General,” J.S. Newberry (Cat.); Scioto Co., W. A. Kellerman; Miami Val-
ley, A. P. Morgan (Flora); Cincinnati, Jos. F. James ( Cat.)

HI€ORIA GLABRA ( Mill.) Britt. (Carya porcina Nutt.) Pig-nut or Broom Hickory.
Frequent.

HICORIA MICROCARPA (Nutt.) Britt. (Carya microcarpa Nutt.)
“General,” J. S. Newberry (Cat.)’

HICORIA MINIMA (Marsh.) Britt. (Caryaamara Nutt.) Bitter-nut or Swamp
Hickory.
Frequent.
HIcoRIA OVATA (Mill) Britt. (Carya alba Nutt.) Shell-bark or Shag-bark
Hickory.

Frequent.

HICORIA SULCATA (Willd.) Britt. (Carya sulcata Nutt.)
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.) ; Central and Southern Ohio,

471. JUGLANS L. WatLnut.

JUGLANS CINEREA Ll. Butternut. White Walnut.
Frequent.

JUGLANS NIGRA Ll. Black Walnut.
Common.

CV. OrpER PIPERACEA. Pepper Family.

472. SAURURUS L. Lizarp’s Tart,

SAURURUS CERNUUS L.
Common.

Monocotyls.

CVI. OrpER ORCHIDACE#. Orchis Family.

473. ACHROANTHUS Raf. (crostylis Nutt.) ADDER’s Mout.

ACHROANTHUS UNIFLORA (Mx.) Raf. (JZicrostylis ophioglossoides Nutt.)
Fairfield Co., Wm. C. Werner.

474. LEPTORCHIS Du Pet. Thou. (Zzparis Richard).

LEPTORCHIS LILIIFOLMIA (L.) Kuntze. (!Liparzs liliifolia (1,.) Richard).
Licking Co., H. L. Jones (Cat.); Sugar Grove, W. C. Werner; Cincinnati, Jos.
F. James ( Cat.)

LEPTORCHIS LOESELI (L.) (Liparis loeselii (L.) Richard).
Lake Co., Otto Hacker; Cuyahoga Falls, W. Krebs; Champaign Co., Wm. C.
Werner; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora).

475. APLECTRUM Nutt. Purry-Root. ADAM AND EVE.

APLECTRUM SPICATUM (Walt.) B. S. P. (A. hiemale Nutt.)
In rich woods throughout the state, infrequent.

476. CORALLORHIZA Haller. Corart-Root.

CORALLORHIZA MULTIFLORA Nutt,
Throughout the state.

CORALLORHIZA INNATA R. Br.
Southwestern ‘‘ Ohio,” Gray (Man.), J. S. Newberry (Cat.); Cincinnati, Thos. 'G.
Lea ( Cat.)
@

CORALLORHIZA ODONTORHIZA (Sw.) Nutt.
Painesville, Fairfield Co., Wm. C. Werner; Fredonia, R. H. Ingraham; Licking
Co., H. Ll. Jones (Cat.); Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora); Cincinnati,
Jos. F. James ( Cat.)

477. TIPULARIA Nutt. CRANE-FLY ORCHIS.

TIPULARIA UNIFOLIA (Muhl.) B.S. P.~ (Z. discolor Nutt.)
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright ( Cat.)

13 G50:

@
194 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

478. LISTERA R. Brown. TWAVBIADE.

LISTERA CORDATA (L.) R. Brown.
“astern and Northern, O.,” J. S. Newberry (Cat.)

479. GYROSTACHYS Pers. (Spiranthes Richard). Lapres’ TRESSES.

GYROSTACHYS CERNUA (L.) Kuntze. (Spzranthes cernua (L.) Richard.)
Generally distributed.

GYROSTACHYS GRACILIS (Bigel.) Kuntze. ( Spzvanthes gracilis Bigelow.)
**General,” J. S. Newberry (Cat.); Painesville, Wm. C. Werner; Licking Co.,
H. L. Jones (Cat.); Adams and Hocking counties, W. A. Kellerman; Cincin-
nati, Jos. F. James (Cat.)
GYROSTACHYS LATIFOLIA (Torr.) Kuntze. (Spzvanthes latifolia Torr.)

“Northern O.,” J. S. Newberry (Cat.); Painesvilie. Wm. C. Werner; Columbus,
E. E. Bogue; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora).

480. PERAMIUM Salisb. ( Goodyera R. Br.) RATTLESNAKE PLANTAIN.

PERAMIUM PUBESCENS (Willd.) (Goodyera pubescens R. Br.)
In rich woods throughout the state, infrequent.

PERAMIUM REPENS (JL.) Salisb. (Goodyera repens R. Br.)
‘‘ General,” J. S. Newberry (Cat.); Licking Co., H. L. Jones (Cat.)

481. ARETHUSA Gronovy.

ARETHUSA BULBOSA L.
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Licking Co., H. L. Jones (Cat.)

482. LIMODORUM (Calopogon R. Br.)
LIMODORUM TUBEROSUM L. (Calopogon pulchellus R. Br.)

Geauga Lake, W. Krebs; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Painesville, W. C.
Werner; Licking Co., H. lL. Jones (Cat.)

483. POGONIA Juss.

POGONIA TRIANTHOPHORA (Sw.) B.S. P. (P. pendula Lindl.)
Scarce but distributed throughout the state.

POGONIA OPHIOGLOSSOIDES (L.) Ker.
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.) ; Licking Co., H. L. Jones (Cat.)

POGONIA VERTICILLATA (Willd.) Nutt.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.); Fairfield Co., S. Renshaw.

484. ORCHIS L.

BOTANY. 195

ORCHIS SPECTABILIS L. Showy Orchis.
In woods throughout the state.

ORCHIS ROTUNDIFOLIA Pursh.
Licking Co., H. L. Jones ( Cat.)

485. HABENARIA Willd. REIN ORCHIS.

HABENARIA BLEPHARIGLOTTIS (With.) Torr. White Fringed Orchis.
Munson Pond (Geauga Co.) H. C. Beardslee (Cat.)

HABENARIA BRACTEATA (Willd.) R. Br.
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Cuyahoga Co., W. C. Werner; Ashtabula Co.,
A. C. Bogue; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora.)

HABENARIA CILIARIS (L.) R. Br. Yellow Fringed Orchis.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.); Fulton Co., J. S. Hine.

HABENARIA CLAVELLATA (Mx.) (H. tridentata (Willd.) Hook.)
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.); Summit Co., W. Krebs; Licking Co., H. L.
Jones (Cat.); Cedar Swamp (Champaign Co.), Wm. C. Werner.

HABENARIA FLAVA (L,.) Gray. (A/. virescens Spreng.)
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Franklin Co., Moses Craig.

HABENARIA GRANDIFLORA (Bigel.) Torr. (77. fimbriata R. Br.)
Franklin Co., W. S. Sullivant (Cat. 1840.)

HABENARIA HOOKERI (Ph.) Torr.
Lake Co., Wm. C. Werner; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.)

HABENARIA HYPERBOREA (L,) R. Br.
“Northern O.,” J. S. Newberry (Cat.)

HABENARIA LACERA (Mx.) R. Br. Ragged Fringed Orchis.
Frequent in northern Ohio; Licking Co., H. Ll. Jones (Cat.)

HABENARIA LEUCOPHHA ( Nutt.) Gray.
Columbus, W. S. Sullivant (Cat. 1840).

HABENARIA ORBICULATA ( Ph.) Torr.
Cleveland, W. Krebs; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Painesville, W. C. Wer-
ner; Licking Co., H. L. Jones (Cat.)

HABENARIA PERAMCNA Gray.
Sugar Grove (Fairfield Co.), E. V. Wilcox; Rio Grande (Gallia Co.), Lizzie Da-

vis; Cincinnati, Jos. F. James (Cat.)

HABENARIA PSYCODES (L.) Gray.
Throughout the state but not abundant.

486. CYPRIPEDIUM LL. Lapy’s SLIPPER. Moccason-FLOWER.

196 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

CYPRIPEDIUM ACAULE Ait. Stemless Lady’s Slipper.
Cleveland, W. Krebs; Lake Co., W. C. Werner; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.);
Licking Co., H. L. Jones (Cat.); Fairfield Co., E. V. Wilcox, S. Renshaw; Stark
Co., W. Ll. Crubaugh; Rio Grande, W. W. Deckard.

CYPRIPEDIUM CANDIDUM Willd. Small White Lady’s Slipper.
“Central O.,” W. S. Sulliyant (Cat. 1840); Dayton, R. Buchanan (J. L. Rid-
dell, Synop. 1835).
CYPRIPEDIUM PARVIFLORUM Salisb. Smaller Yellow Lady’s Slipper.
’ Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Central O, W.S. Sullivant (Cat.); Champaign
Co., Wm. C. Werner; Stark Co., Ella Keeler.

CYPRIPEDIUM PUBESCENS Willd. Larger Yellow Lady’s Slipper.
Not common, but distributed from Lake Erie to Southern Ohio.

CYPRIPEDIUM REGINZE Walt. (C. spectabile Swartz.) Showy Lady’s Slipper.
Licking Co., H. lL. Jones (Cat.); Champaign Co., Mrs. E. J. Spence; Cincinnati,
Jos. F. James (Cat.)

CVII. OrpER IRIDACEA. Iris Family.

488. IRIS Tourn. FLOWER DE LUCE.
IRIS CRISTATA Ait. Crested Dwarf Iris.
Near Cleveland, W. Krebs; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Trumbull Co., R.

H. (ngraham; Franklin Co., W.C. Werner; Logan Co., W. A. Kellerman; Law-
rence Co., A. D. Selby.

IRIS LACUSTRIS Nutt. Lake Dwarf Iris.
Hocking Co., J. M. Bigelow (J. S. Nswberry Cat.)

IRIS VERSICOLOR L. Larger Blue Flag.
Generally distributed throughout the state.

489. SISYRINCHIUM L. BLUE-EYED GRASS.

SISVYRINCHIUM ANCEPS Cay.
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat)

SISVRINCHIUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM Mill.
Generally distributed.

CVIIL. OrpER DIOSCOREACEAY. Yameramily,.

490. DIOSCOREA Plumier. Yam.

DIOSCOREA viILLosA L. Generally distributed.

BOTANY. 197
CIX. OrpER AMARYLLIDACEA. Amaryllis Family.
491. HYPOXIS Ll. STar-GRass.
HYpPoxIs HIRSUTA (L.) (A. erecta \,.)
Cleveland, W. Krebs; Akron, W. C. Werner; Licking Co.,H. Ll. Jones (Cat.);

Fairfield Co., E. V. Wilcox, S. Renshaw; Lawrence Co., W. C. Werner; Miami
Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora).

CX. OrpER HAEMODORACEZ. Bloodwort Family.

487. ALETRIS L. Coric-Root. STAR-GRASS.

ALETRIS FARINOSA L.
“ General,” H. C. Beardslee (Cat.); Franklin Co., W. S. Sullivant ( Cat.)

CXI. Orper LILIACEH. Lily Family.

492. SMILAX Tourn. GREENBRIER. CAT-BRIER.

SMILAX BONA-NOX L.
General,” J. S. Newberry (Cat.) ; Licking Co., A. L. Jones (Cat); Ross Co., W.
Safford (Torr. Bull. XIII. 117) ; Cincinnati, Joseph Clark (Cat.)

SMILAX ECIRRHATA Watson.
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Licking Co., H. lL. Jones ( Cat.)

SMILAX GLAUCA Walt.
“General,” J. S. Newberry (Cat.) ; Licking Co., H: lL. Jones (Cat.)

SMILAX HERBACEA L. Carrion-Flower.
Throughout the state.

SmiLax HISPIDA Muhl.
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); ‘ General,” J. S. Newberry (Cat.); Painesville,
H. C. Beardslee (Cat.); Licking Co., H. l. Jones (Cat.); Miami Valley, A. P.
Morgan (Flora) ; Cincinuati, Jos. F. James ( Cat.)

SMILAX PSEUDO-CHINA L,.
“Woods, Worthington, Ohio,” J. L. Riddell (Synop. 1835).

SMILAX ROTUNDIFOLIA I, Common Greenbrier. Horse-brier.
Common.

SMILAX ROTUNDIFOLIA QUADRANGULARIS Gray.
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.) ; ‘‘General,” J. S. Newberry (Cat.)

493. ASPARAGUS Tourn. ASPARAGUS.

198 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

ASPARAGUS OFFICINALIS L. Garden Asparagus.
Throughout the state.

494. POLYGONATUM Tourn. SoromMon’s SEAL,

POLYGONATUM COMMUTATUM (Schult.) (P. gigauteum Dietr.)
Alluvial soil throughout the state.

POLYGONATUM BIFLORUM (Walt.) Ell. Smaller Solomon’s Seal.
Generally distributed.

495. STREPTOPUS Mx. TwIsTED-STALK.

STREPTOPUS AMPLEXIFOLIUS DC.
Summit Co., J. S. Newberry (Cat.); Painesville, H. C. Beardslee { Cat.)

496. UNIFOLIUM Adans. (S7ztlacina Desf.) Fatsk SOLOMON’S SEAL,

UNIFOLIUM RACEMOSUM (L.) Britton. (.Smzlacina racemosa Desf.) False. Spike-
nara.
Frequent.

UNIFOLIUM STELLATUM (L.) Greene. (Sizlacina stellata Desf.)
Throughout the northern half of the state. No specimens at hand from south

of Columbus.

UNIFOLIUM TRIFOLIUM (L.) Greene. (Syztlacina trifolia Desf.)
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.) ; Summit Co., J. S. Newberry (Cat.)

UNIFOLIUM CANADENSE (Desf.) Greene. (J/atanthemum canadense Desf.) (Smzt-
acina bifolia canadensis Gray).
Generally distributed.

497. HEMEROCALLIS L. Day Lity.

HEMEROCALLIS FULVA L. Common Day Lily.
Occasionally met with as an escape from cultivation.

498. ALLIUM I. ONION. GARLIC.

ALLIUM CANADENSE Kalm. Wild Garlic.
Common,

ALLIUM CERNUUM Roth. Wild Onicn.
Lake Krie to Ohio River.

ALLIUM STELLATUM Fraser.
Put-in-Bay Island (Lake Erie) H. C. Beardslee (Cat.)

ALLIUM TRICOCCUM Ait. Wild Leek.
Generally distributed.

BOTANY. 199

ALLIUM VINEALE L,
Columbus, W. R. Lazenby.

499. MUSCARI Tourn. GRAPE HYACINTH.

MUSCARI BOTRYOIDES Mill.
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.)

500. CAMASSIA Lindl. (SczdZa).

CAMASSIA FRASERI Torr. (Scilla fraseri Gray). Eastern Camass. Wild Hyacinth.
Generally distributed.

d01. CHAMALIRIUM Willd. De&viz’s srt.
CHAMZLIRIUM LUTEUM (L.) Gr. (C. carolinianum Willd.) Blazing Star.
Northern O., Wm. Krebs, Wm. C. Werner; Richland Co., E. Wilkinson; Lick-
ing Co., H. L. Jones (Cat.); Lawrence Co., Wm. C. Werner.
502. LILIUM L. Laity.
LILIUM PHILADELPHICUM, lL. Wild Orange. Red Lily.
“ General,” J. S. Newberry (Cat.) ; ‘‘ Darby Plains,” J. Ll. Riddell (Synop. 1835);
Franklin Co., W. S. Sullivant (Cat); Toledo, J. A. Sanford; Delta (Fulton
Co.) M. G. Aumend; Painesville, Wm. C: Werner.

LILIUM CANADENSE L. Wild Yellow Lily.
Over the whole state.

LILIUM SUPERBUM L. Turk’s-cap Lily.

Painesville, Wm. C. Werner; Licking Co., H. L. Jones (Cat.); Franklin Co.,,
Selby & Craig (Cat.); Cincinnati, Jos. F. James (Cat.)

503. ERYTHRONIUM LL. Doc’s TootH VIOLET.

ERYTHRONIUM ALBIDUM Nutt. White Dog’s-tooth Violet.
Throughout the state.

ERYTHRONIUM AMERICANUM Ker. Yellow Adder’s Tongue.
Widely distributed.

504. OAKESIA Watson.

OAKESIA SESSILIFOLIA (L.) Watson. ( Uvularia sessilifolia I,.)
Lake Co., Wm. C. Werner; Niles, R. H. Ingraham; Gallia Co., Ruth E. Brockett.

505. UVULARIA lL. BELLWwoRT.

Uv ULARIA GRANDIFLORA Smith.
Lake Erie to Southern Ohio.

200 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

UVULARIA PERFOLIATA IL,
Throughout the state.

506. DISPORUM Salisb.
DISPORUM LANUGINOSUM Benth. & Hook. (Pvrosartes lanuginosa Don.)

Lake Co., W. C. Werner; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Licking Co. H. L.
Jones (Cat.); Rio Grande (Gallia Co.) J. W. Davis.

507. CLINTONIA Raf.

CLINTONIA BOREALIS (Ait.) Raf.
“Northern O.,” J, S. Newberry (Cat.)

508. MEDEOLA Gronov. INDIAN CUCUMBER-ROOT.

MEDEOLA VIRGINIANA L.
Not abundant but gennerally distributed.

509. TRILLIUM L. Waxkek ROBIN. BIRTHROOT.

TRILLIUM CERNUUM L,
General,” J. S. Newberry (Cat.); Licking Co., H. L. Jones (Cat); Cincinnati,
Jos. F. James ( Cat.)

TRILLIUM ERECTUM L,.
Widely distributed.

TRILLIUM ERVTHROCARPUM Mx. Painted Trillium.
“Northern Ghio,” J. S. Newberry (Cat,)

TRILLIUM GRANDIFLORUM Salisb.
Generally distributed

TRILLIUM NIVALE Riddell. Dwarf White Trillium.
Franklin Co., Aug. D. Selby.

TRILLIUM RECURVATUM Beck.
Cincinnati, Jos. F. James ( Cat.)

TRILLIUM SESSILE L.
Frequent throughout the southern half of the state.

510 STENANTHIUM Gray.

STENANTHIUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM (Ph) Gray.
Central and Southern Ohio, J. S. Newberry (Cat.)

STENANTHIUM ROBUSTUM Watson. :
Licking Co., H. L. Jones ( Cat.); Amanda (Fairfield Co.,) W. A. Kellerman. %
Undoubtedly the S. Angustifolium of former catalogues.

BOTANY. 201
dll. ZYGADENUS Mx.

ZYGADENUS ELEGANS Pursh.
Central Ohio, W. S. Sullivant (Cat.); Cedar Swamp (Champaign Co.) Wm. C.
Werner.

ZYGADENUS GLABERRIMUS Mx.
Summit Co., J. S. Newberry ( Cat.)

512. MELANTHIUM Linn.

MELANTHIUM VIRGINICUM L. Bunch-Flower.
Richland Co., E. Wilkinson; Franklin Co., W. S. Sullivant (Cat.); Cincinnati,
Joseph Clark ( Cat.)

513. VERATRUM Tourn. Farse HELLEBOR=.

VERATRUM VIRIDE Ait. American White Hellebore. Indian Poke.
Lake Co., W. C. Werner; Ashtabula Co., Sara F. Goodrich,

VERATRUM WOODSI Robbins.
Dayton, A. P. Morgan (Bot. Gaz. VII. 79.)

CXIl. Orpra JUNCACKA. Rush Family.

514. JUNCUS Tourn. Rusu. BoG-RusH,

JUNCUS ACUMINATUS Mx.
Throughout the state.

JUNCUS ALPINUS INSIGNIS Fries/
Cleveland, E. Claassen; Painesville, Wm. C. Werner.. This last the J. articu-
latus (Lazenby & Werner Supp. list).

JUNCUS ARTICULATUS L.
Cleveland, EK. Claassen.

JUNCUS BALTICUS LITTORALIS Engelm.
Sandy shore of Lake Erie, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.)

JUNCUS BUFONIUS L.
Frequent throughout Northern Ohio; Licking Co., H. L. Jones (Cat.); Miami
Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora).

JUNCUS BRACHYCARPUS Engelm.
“Ohio,” Gray (Man.)

JUNCUS CANADENSIS J. Gay.
Sandusky, E. Ll. Mosely; Painesville, W. C. Werner; Wood Co., Albert Neifer;
Cuyahoga Co., E. Claassen; Licking Reservoir, Wm. C. Werner.

JUNCUS CANADENSIS BRACHYCEPHALUS Engelm.
Cleveland, E. Claassen; Painesville, Columbus and Champaign Co., W. C.
Werner.

202 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

JUNCUS EFFUSUS L. Common or Soft Rush.
Common. :

JUNCUS FILIFORMIS L,.
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright ) Cat.) ; Licking Co., H. L. Jones (Cat.).

JUNCUS GERARDI Loisel. Black Grass.
Lake shore, rare, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.)

JUNCUS MARGINATUS Rostk.
Lake Co., O. Hacker; Wood Co., Albert Neifer; Tiffin (Seneca Co.) W. H.
Egbert; Franklin Co, W. S. Sullivant (Cat.); Fairfield Co., Wm. C. Werner;
Cincinnati, Jos. F. James (Cat.)

JUNCUS MILITARIS Bigel.
_“Southern Ohio,” J. S. Newberry (Cat.)

JUNCUS NODOSUS L. ;
Wood Co., Albert Neifer; Marshes along Lake Erie, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.) ; Cuy-
ahogo Co., E. Claassen; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Licking Co., H. L.
Jones (Cat.); Painesville, Franklin Co., Wm. C. Werner.

JUNCUS NODOSUS MEGACEPHALUS Torr.
Sandusky, E. L. Mosely; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Wood Co., Albert
Neifer; Columbus and Licking Reservoir, Wm. C. Werner.

JUNCUS PELOCARPUS E. Meyer.
“General,” J. S. Newberry.

JUNCUS SCIRPOIDES Lam.
“General,” J. S. Newberry (Cat.); Franklin Co., W. S. Sullivant (Cat.) ; Cincin-
nati, Jos. F. James ( Cat.)

JUNCUS SETACEUS Kostk.
“ Southern Ohio,” J. S. Newberry ( Cat.)

JUNCUS STYGIUS L.
“Northern Ohio,” Leo Lesquereux (J. S. Newberry, Cat.)

JUNCUS TENUIS Willd.
Common.

515. LUZULA DC. Woop-RusH.

LUZULA CAMPESTRIS (L.) DC.
Throughout the state.

LUZULA PILOSA (L.) Wilid. (ZL. vernalis DC.)
Throughout the state.

BOTANY. 208

CXIII. OrpER PONTEDERIACEZ. Pickerel-Weed Family.

516. PONTEDERIA Ll. PICKEREL-WEED.
PONTEDERIA CORDATA L.
Frequent in marshes along the shores of Lake Erie; Licking Co., H. L. Jones
( Cat.)

PONTEDERIA CORDATA ANGUSTIFOLIA Torr.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee.

517. HETERANTHERA Ruiz & Pav. MupD-PLANTAIN.

HETERANTHERA DUBIA Jacq. (A. graminea Vahl.)
Throughout the state.

HETERANTHERA RENIFORMIS Ruiz & Pav.

Cincinnati, Joseph Clark (H.C. Beardslee, Cat.), Jos. F. James (Cat.); ‘‘Lock-
bourne, Ohio,” J. L. Riddell (Synop. 1835).

CXIV. OrpER COMMELINACEA. Spiderwort Family.

518. COMMELINA Dill. Day-FLOWER.

COMMELINA VIRGINICA L.
Cincinnati, Joseph Clark (Cat.)

519. TRADESCANTIA L. SpipERWORT.

TRADESCANTIA PILOSA Lehm.
“ Ohio,” Gray (Man.); Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora).

TRADESCANTIA VIRGINICA L. Common Spiderwort.
Central and Southern Ohio; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.)

CXV. ORDER XYRIDACE#. Yellow-Eyed Grass Family.

520. XYRIS Gronov. YELLOW-EVED GRASS.

XYRIS CAROLINIANA Walt.
“General,” J. S. Newberry (Cat.); Ohio, H. C. Beardslee ( Cat.)

XvRIs FLEXUOSA Muhl.
Portage Co., W. Krebs; Wood Co., Albert Neiffer; Lancaster (Fairfield Co.), J-
M. Bigelow (H. C. Beardslee Cat.)

204 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

CXVI. OrpER LEMNACEAY. Duckweed Family.

521. LEMNA I. DUCKWEED. DUCK’S-MEAT.

LEMNA MINOR L.
Throughout the state.

LEMNA MINOR ORBICULATA Austin.
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.)

‘LEMNA TRISULCA L.
Generally distributed.

522. SPIRODELA Schleiden.

SPIRODELA POLYRRHIZA (L.) Schleiden.
Frequent.

523. WOLFFIA Horkel.
WOLFFIA COLUMBIANA Karsten.

Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.), Wm. C.Werner; Licking Co., H. I. Jones
(Cat; Fairfield Co., BE. V. Wileox; Pond west of Biz Miami, 0. L. James.

CXVII. OrpER ARACEA, Arum Family.

ACORUS L. SWEET-FLAG. CALAMUS.

ACORUS CALAMUS L.
Throughout the State.

525. SPATHYEMA Raf. (Symplocarpus Salisb.) SKUNK CABBAGE.

SPATHVEMA FOETIDA (L,.) Raf. (Symplocarpus foetidus Salisb.) Skunk Cabbage.
Frequent.

§26. CALLA L. WATER ARUM.

CALLA PALUSTRIS L.
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.); Ashtabula
Co., E. E. Bogue; Alliance, W. L. Crubaugh.

527. PELTANDRA Raf. ARROW ARUM.

PELTANDRA VIRGINICA (L.) Raf. (P. uzdulata Raf.)
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Cleveland, Wm. Krebs; Painesville, Wm. C.
Werner; Licking Co., H. L. Jones (Cat.); Pickaway Co., J. L. Riddell (Synop.

1835).

BOTANY. 20d
628. ARISA*MA Martius. INDIAN TURNIP. DRAGON ARUM,

ARISZMA DRACONTIUM (L.) Schott. Green Dragon. Dragon-root.
Generally distributed.

ARISAHMA TRIPHYLLUM (L.) Torr. Indian Turnip.
Frequent.

CXVII. OrpER CYPERACEA, Sedge Family. :

529. CYPERUS Tourn.

CYPERUS ARISTATUS Rottb.
Wood Co., Albert Neifer; Toledo, J. A.Sanford; Licking Co., H.L. fones (Cat.) ;
Franklin Co., Wm. C. Werner, Fairfield Co., E. V. Wilcox; Miami Valley, A.
P. Morgan (Flora). .
\
CYPERUS DENTATUS Torr.
Licking Co., H. LU. Jones (Cat.)

CYPERUS DIANDRUS Torr.
Throughout the state.

CYPERUS DIANDRUS CASTANEUS (Bigel.) Torr.
Painesville and Columbus, Wm. C. Werner.

CYPERUS ERYTHRORHIZOS Muhl.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.) Wm. C. Werner; Cleveland, FE. Claassen; Lorain
Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.) ; Columbus, Wm. C. Werner.

CYPERUS ESCULENTUS L.
Throughout the state.

CYPERUS FILICULMIS Vahl.
Cleveland and Summit Co., E. Claassen; Wood Co., Albert Neifer; Lake Co.,
Franklin Co., Wm. C. Werner.

CYPERUS FLAVESCENS L.
Painesville, Fairfield Co.. Wm. C. Werner; Licking Co., H. L. Jones (Cat.) ; Cin-
cinnati, Jos. Clark (Cat.)

CYPERUS LANCASTRIENSIS Porter.
Cincinnati, J. F. James (Cat)

CYPERUS OVULARIS ( Vahl.) Torr.
“General,” J. S. Newberry (Cat.)

CYPERUS RETROFRACTUS Torr.
“Central and Southern Ohio,” J. S. Newberry (Cat.)

CYPERUS SCHWEINITZII Torr.
Cedar Point and Port Clinton (Ottawa Co.,), EK. Claassen; Sandusky, E. L. Mosely.

206 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

CYPERUS SPECIOSUS Vahl.
Painesville, Columbus, Wm. C. Werner.

_ CYPERUS sTRIGOSUS L.
Common over the whole state.

530. KYLLINGA, Rettboell.

KYLLINGA PUMILA Mx.
Cincinnati, J. F. James (Cat.); Franklin and Fairfield counties, W. C. Werner.

531. DULICHIUM Pers.

DULICHIUM SPATHACEUM (L,) Pers.
Lake Co., Wm. C. Werner; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Licking Co., H. L.
Jones ( Cat.) ; Cincinnati, Joseph Clark (Cat.)

5382. ELEOCHARIS R. Br. SPIKE-RUSH.

ELEOCHARIS ACICULARIS ({L.) R. Brown.
Throughout the state.

ELEOCHARIS COMPRESSA Sullivant.
“Central Ohio,” W. S. Sullivant (H. C. Beardslee, Cat.)

EQLEOCHARIS EQUISETOIDES Torr.
“General” J. S. Newberry ( Cat.)

ELEOCHARIS INTERMEDIA (Muhl.) Shultes.

Columbus, Wm. C. Werner; Cincinnati, J. F. James ( Cat.)
ELEOCHARIS OLIVACKA Torr.

“ Southern Ohio,” Leo Lesquereux (J. S. Newberry, Cat.)

ELEOCHARIS OVATA ( Roth.) R. Brown.
Throughout the state.

ELEOCHARIS PALUSTRIS (L.) R. Brown.
Painesville, Wm. C. Werner; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Licking Co., H.
L. Jones ( Cat.) , Wm. C. Werner; Fairfield Co., E. V. Wilcox; Cincinnati, Jos.
F. James (Cat.)

ELEOCHARIS QUADRANGULATA ( Mx.) R. Br.
Summit Co., E. Claassen.

ELEOCHARIS ROSTELLATA Torr.
“General,” J. S. Newberry ( Cat.)

ELEOCHARIS TENUIS ( Willd.) Schultes.
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Miami Valiey, A. P. Morgan (Flora); Cin-
cinnati, Jos. F. James ( Cat,)

BOTANY. 207
533. FIMBRISTYLIS Vahl.

FIMBRISTYLIS AUTUMNALIS(L. (Roem, & Schult).
Wood Co., Albert Neifer; Fairfield Co., Wm. C. Werner; Hocking Co., W. A.
Kellerman ; Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.)

FIMBRISTYLIS CAPILLARIS (L.) Gray.
Cedar Swamp (Champaign Co.) Wm. C. Werner.

534. SCIRPUS Tourn. BULRUSH or CLUBRUSH.

SCIRPUS ATROVIRENS Muhl,
Throughout the state.

SCIRPUS DEBILIS Pursh.
North of Crystal Lake (Summit-Co.,) E. Claassen; Painesville, W. C. Werner.

SCIRPUS FLUVIATILIS (Torr.) Gray.
Lake Co., Wm. C. Werner; Medina Co., E. Claassen; Cuyahoga Co., Wm. C.
Werner; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Wood Co., Albert Neifer; Licking
Co., H. Ll. Jones (Cat.), Wm. C. Werner; Fairfield Co., HE. V. Wilcox.

SCIRPUS LACUSTRIS L.
Lake Co., Wm.C. Werner; Cuyahoga Co., E. Claassen; Wood Co., Albert.
Neifer; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Licking Co., H. lL. Jones ( Cat.) , Wm.
C. Werner; Madison Co., Mrs. K. D. Sharpe; Fairfield Co., E. V. Wilcox.

SCIRPUS MARITIMUS L.
* General,” J. S. Newberry ( Cat.)

ScCIRPUS PLANIFOLIUS Muhl.
Painesville, H.C. Beardslee (Cat.), Wm. C. Werner; Toledo, J. A. Sanford;
Fairfield Co., Wm. C. Werner.

SCIRPUS POLYPHYLLUS Vahl.
Lake Co., Wm. C. Werner; Cuyahoga Co., EK. Claassen; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright
(Cat.) ; Licking Co., H. L. Jones (Cat.) ; Cincinnati, Jos. F. James (Cat.)

SCIRPUS PUNGENS Vahl.
Over the State.

SCIRPUS SUBTERMINALS Torr.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee ( Cat.)

ScCIRPUS SYLVATICUS L.
Richland Co., E. Wilkinson.

SCIRPUS TORREYI Olney.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.), W. C. Werner.
535. ERIOPHORUM L,. Corron-Grass.

ERIOPHORUM ALPINUM L.
‘‘Northern Ohio,” J. S. Newberry ( Cat.)

208 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

ERIOPHORUM CYPERINUM J).
Widely distributed.

ERIOPHORUM GRACILE Koch.
Plymouth Marsh near Ashtabula, H. C. Beardslee ( Cat.)

ERIOPHORUM LINEATUM Benth. & Hook.
Widely distributed.

ERIOPHORUM POLYSTACHYON LL.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.), W. C. Werner.

ERIOPHORUM POLYSTACHYON LATIFOLIUM Gr.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.)

ERIOPHORUM VAGINATUM L,.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee ( Cat.)

ERIOPHORUM VIRGINICUM L,.
Lake Co., Geauga Co., Wm. C. Werner; Portage Co., E. Claassen ; Licking Co.,
H. lL. Jones (Cat.), Wm. C. Werner.

ERIOPHORUM VIRGINICUM ALBUM Gray.
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright ( Cat.)

505a. KFUIRENA Bottboell. UmMBRELLA-GRASS.

FUIRENA SQUARROSA Michx.
“Northern Ohio,” J. S. Newberry ( Cat.)
Probably the var. pumila Torr. would be the plant in question.

536. RHYNCHOSPORA Vahl. BEAK-RUSH.

RHYNCHOSPORA ALBA (L.) Vahl.
Plymouth marsh near Ashtabula, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.); Geauga Co, E,
Claassen; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Licking Co.,H.L. Jones (Cat.),
Wm. C. Werner; Cedar Swamp (Champaign Co.) Wm. C. Werner.

RHYNCOSPORA CAPILLACEA Torr.
Cedar Swamp (Champaign Co) Wm. C. Werner.

RHYNCHOSPORA CORNICULATA Gray.
“General,” J. S. Newberry ( Cat.)

RHYNCHOSPORA FUSCA (L.) Roem. & Shultes.
“ General,” J. S. Newberry (Cat.)

RHYNCHOSPORA GLOMERATA (JL.) Vahl.
Lake Co., Otto Hacker; Wood Co., Albert Neifer; Plymouth Marsh (Ashtabula
Co.) H. C. Beardslee (Cat.); Licking Co., H. Ll. Jones (Cat.); Fairfield Co., W.
A. Kellerman.

BOTANY. 209
537. CLADIUM. P. Browne. TwicG-RUSH.

CLADIUM MARISCOIDES (Muhl.) Torr.
Cedar Swamp (Champaign Co.) Wm. C. Werner.

5388. SCLERIA Berl. Nut-Rusu.

SCLERIA PAUCIRLORA Muhl.
“Central Ohio,” W. S. Sullivant (Cat. 1840).

SCELERIA TRIGLOMERATA Michx.
“Central Ohio,” W. S. Sullivant (Cat. 1840); Wood Co., Albert Neifer.

SCELERIA VERTICILLATA Muhl.
Columbus, Cedar Swamp (Champaign Co.) Wm. C. Werner.

539. CAREX Ruppius. SEDGE.

CAREX ALBOLUTESCENS Schw. (C. fenea Gray Man. not Willd.)
Painesville, Wm. C. Werner.

CAREX ALBURSINA Sheldon. (C. laxiflora latifolia Boott.) :
Painesville, Wm. C. Werner; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Lima (Allen Co.
W. A. Kellerman; Tiffin (Seneca Co.) W. H. Egbert; Columbus, Ironton
(Lawrence Co.) Wim. C. Werner; Chillicothe (Ross Co.) R. E. Bower.

CAREX AMPHIBOLA Steud (C. grisea angustifolia Boott.)
Painesville, Columbus, Fairfield Co., Wm. C. Werner.

CAREX AQUATILIS Wahl.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.), Wm. C. Werner; Toledo, J. A. Sanford;
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright ( Cat.)

CAREX ARCTATA Boott.
Ohio, H. C. Beardslee ( Cat.)

CAREX ASA-GRAYVI Bailey. (Carex grayit Carey.)
Ashtabula Co., Sara F. Goodrich; Painesville, Wm. C. Werner; Lorain Co., A.
A. Wright (Cat.) ; Licking Co., H. lL. Jones (Cat.); Columbus, Moses Craig;
Champaign Co., Win. C. Werner; Clinton Co., J. S. Vandervort; Cincinnati,
Thos. G. Lea ( Cat.)

CAREX AUREA Nutt.
Northern Ohio, J. S. Newberry (Cat.)

CAREX BROMOIDES Schkuhr,
Throughout the state.

CAREX BULLATA Schkuhr.
Franklin Co., W. S. Sullivant (Cat. 1840).

CAREX CANESCENS JL.
Portage Co., E. Claassen; Painesville, Summit Co., Wm. C. Werner; Lorain Co.,
A. A. Wright (Cat.)

14 C0

510 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

CAREX CAREVANA Toor.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.), Otto Hacker; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.) ;
Columbus, Wm, C. Werner; Cincinnati, Jos. F. James ( Cat.)

CAREX CEPHALOPHORA Muhl.
From lake Erie to the Ohio River.

CAREX CEPHALOIDEA Dewey.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.); Columbus, Wm. C. Werner.

CAREX CHORDORHIZaA Ehrh.
“ Northern Ohio,” J. S. Newberry (Cat.)-

CAREX CONJUNCTA Boott.
Columbus, Wm. C. Werner.

CAREX CONOIDEA Schkuhr.
Painesville, Wm. C. Werner.

CAREX COMMUNIS Bailey.
Throughout the state.

CAREX COMMUNIS WHEELERI Bailey.
Fairfield Co., Wm. C. Werner.

CAREX CRINITA Lam.
Cuyahoga Co., EK. Claassen; Painesville, Wm. C. Werner; Ashtabula Co., Sara F.
Goodrich; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Richland Co., EK. Wilkinson;
Fairfield Co., Wm. C. Werner; Cincinnati, Jos. F. James (Cat.)

CAREX CRUS-CORVI Shutlew.
Wood Co., Albert Neifer ; ‘ Southern Ohio,” J. S. Newberry (Cat.)

CAREX DAVISII Schwein. & Torr.
Painesville, Otto Hacker; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Licking Co, H. L,
Jones (Cat.); Franklin Co., Wm. C. Werner; Chillicothe (Ross Co.) R. E.
Bower; Oxford (Butler Co.) Ada G. Wing; Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.)

CAREX DEBILIS RUDGEI Bailey.
Cleveland. E. Claassen; Painesv. Jle, Wm. C. Werner; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright
(Cat.) ; Summit Co., Wm. C. Werner.

CAREX DECOMPOSITA Muhl.
Franklin Co., W. S. Sullivant (Cat.); Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora); Cin-
cinnati, Thos. G. Lea ( Cat.) i

CAREX DEWEYANA Schwein.
Northern Ohio, J. S. Newberry ( Cat.)

CAREX DIGITALIS Wiild.
Cuyahoga Co., E. Claassen; Painesville, Wm. C Werner; Lorain Co., A. A.
Wright (Cat.) ; Franklin Co., Fairfield Co., Wm. C. Werner.

CAREX DIGITALIS COPULATA Bailey.
Lake Co., Summit Co., Franklin Co., Wm. C. Werner.

BOTANY. 211

CAREX DURIFOLIA Bailey. ( Carex backt Boott.)
“Ohio,” A. Gray (Man.)

CAREX EBURNEA Boott.
Cuyahoga Falls, Summit, Co., Wm. C. Werner.

CAREX FILIFORMIS L.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.); Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan. (Flora); Cin-
cinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.)

CAREX FILIFORMIS LANUGINOSA (Michx.) B. S. P.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.), Wm. C. Werner; Cedar Point (Ottawa Co.)
E. Claassen; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Wood Co., Albert Neifer;
Toledo, J. A. Sanford; Fairfield Co.,. Wm. C. Werner; Cincinnati, Thos. G.
Lea (Cat.)

CAREX FLAVA L.
“ Northern Ohio,” J. S. Newberry (Cat.); Cedar Swamp (Champaign Co.) Wm
C. Werner; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora).

CAREX FLAVA VIRIDULA Bailey.
“Northern Ohio,” J. S. Newberry ( Cat.)

CAREX FOLLICULATA L.
“Miami Country,” J. L. Riddell (Synop. 1835).

CAREX FORMOSA Dewey. -
“ Northern and Eastern Ohio,” J. S. Newberry (Cat.)

CAREX FRANKU Kunth. (C. stenloepsis Torr.)
Painesville, Wm. C. Werner; Tiffin (Seneca Co.) W. H. Egbert; Saudusky, E.
l,. Moseley; Licking Co., H, l. Jones (Cat.); Columbus, Wm. C. Werner;
Madison Co., Mrs. K. D. Sharpe; Fairfield Co., E. V. Wilcox; Cincinnati, Jos.
F. James (Cat.); Clinton Co., J. S. Vandervort.

CAREX Fusca All.
Toledo, J. A. Sanford; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright ( Cat.)

CAREX GLAUCODEA Tuckerm.
Franklin Co., Aug. D. Selby.

CAREX GRACILILIMA Schwein.
Painesville, Wm. C. Werner; Ashtabula Co., Sara F. Goodrich; Cuyahoga Co.,
E. Claassen; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.) ; Licking. Co., H. L. Jones (Cat) ;
Franklin Co., Fairfield Co., Wm. C. Werner.

CAREX GRACILLIMA X PUBESCENS Bailey.
“Columbus,” W. S. Sullivant A. Gray ( Man.)

CAREX GRANULARIS Muhl.
Widely distributed.

CAREX GRANULARIS HALEANA Porter.
Painesville, Wm. C. Werner.

212 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

CAREX GRISEA Wahl.
Painesville, Wm. C. Werner; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Columbus, Wm.
C. Werner; Madison Co., Mrs. K. D. Sharpe; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan
(Flora) ; Gincinnfti, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Hanging Rock (lawrence Co.)
Wm. C. Werner.

CAREX HITCHCOCKIANA Dewey.
Painesville, Otto Hacker’ Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Fairfield Co., Wm.
C. Werner; Oxford (Butler Co.) Ada G. Wing; Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.)

CAREX HYSTRICINA Muhl.
Throughout the state.

CAREX INTERIOR CAPILLACEA Bailey.
Licking Reservoir (Licking Co.) Wm. C. Werner.

CAREX INTUMESCENS Rudge.
Painesville, Wm. C. Werner; Cuyahoga Co., EK. Claassen; Ashtabula Co., Sara
F. Goodrich; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Licking Co, H. I. Jones
(Cat.); Columbus, Wm. C. Werner; Cincinnati, Jos. F. James ( Cat.)

CAREX JAMESII Schwein.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.), Wm. C. Werner; Cuyahoga Co., Portage,
Co., E. Claassen ; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Columbus, Fairfield Co.,
Wm. C. Werner; Oxford (Butler Co.) Ada G. Wing; Cincinnati, Jos. F,
James (Cat.)

CAREX LAXICULMIS Schw.
Ashtabula Co., Sara F. Goodrich; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Painesville,
Sugar Grove (Fairfield Co.) W. C. Werner.

CAREX LAXIFLORA Lam.
Painesville, Cuyahoga Falls (Summit Co.) Wm. C. Werner; Lorain Co., A. A.
Wright (Cat.); Licking Co., H. L. Jones (Cat.); Columbus, Fairfield Co.)
Lawrence Co., Wm. C. Werner; Cincinnati, Jos. F. James ( Cat.)

CAREX LAXIFLORA BLANDA Boott. (C. /axiflora striatula Carey.)
Painesville, Columbus, Wm. C. Werner; Cedar Point (Ottawa Co.) E. Claasen;
Hanging Rock (Lawrence Co.) Wm. C. Werner.

CAREX LAXIFLORA PATULIFOLIA Carey.

Painesville, Cuyahoga Falls, (Summit Co.) Wm. C. Werner; Lorain Co., A. A.
Wright (Cat.); Tiffin, (Seneca Co.) W. H. Egbert; Lima, (Allen Co.) W. A. Kel-
lerman; Licking Co., H. L. Jones (Cat.); Fairfield Co., KE. V. Wilcox; Lawrence
Co., Wim. C. Werner.

CAREX LAXIFLORA STYLOFLEXA (Buckley) Boott.
Licking Co., H. L. Jones (Cat.)

CAREX LAXIFLORA VARIANS Bailey.
Painesville, Cuyahoga Falls, Wm. C. Werner; Sandus y, E. L. Moseley; Colum-

bus, Lawrence Co., Wm. C. Werner.

CATEX Limosa L.
“Plymouth Marsh” near Ashtabula, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.)

BOTANY. 213

CAREX LONGIROSTRIS Torr.
“Northern Ohio,” J. S. Newberry (Cat.)

CAREX LUPULINA Muhl.
Distributed throughout the state.

CAREX LUPULINA PEDUNCULATA Dewey.
Painesville, Licking Reservoir (Licking Co.) Wm. C. Werner; Ashtabula Co.,
Sara F. Goodrich.

CAREX LUPULINA POLYSTACHYA Schwein. and Torr.
Painesville, Otto Hacker; Prospect (Marion Co.) E. E. Boyne.

CAREX LURIDA Wahl.
Over the state.

CAREX MONILE Tuckerm.
Ashtabula Co., Sara F. Goodrich; Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.); Wm. C,
Werner; Cuyahoga Co., E.Claasen; Toledo, J. A. Sanford; Wood Co., Albert
Neifer; Columbus, Wm. C. Werner.

CAREX MUHLENBERGI Schkubhr.
Painesville, Wm. C. Werner; Sandusky, E. L. Moseley; Toledo, J. A. Sanford;
Wood Co., Alhert Neifer: Cincinnati. Thos. G. Lea (Cat.)

CAREX MUHLENBERGI ENERVIS Boott.
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.)
CAREX MURICATA L. :
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.); ‘Southern Ohio, rare,” J. S. Newberry (Cat.)

CAREX MUSKINGUMENSIS Schw.
Cincinnati, J. F. James (Cat.)

CAREX NOV4-ANGLIA Schw.
“Northern Ohio,” J. S. Newberry (Cat.)

CAREX CEDERI Ebrh.
“Northern Ohio,” J. S. Newberry (Cat.)

CAREX OLIGOCARPA Schkuhr. ;
Painesville, Wm. C. Werner; Cuyahoga Co,, Geauga Co., E. Claasen; Licking
Co., H. L. Jones (Cat.); Columbus, Wm. C. Werner; Ross Co., R. E. Bower
Cincinnati, Jos. F. James (Cat.)

CAREX OLIGOSPERMA Mx.
“Plymouth Marsh” near Ashtabula, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.)

CAREX PALESCENS L.
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright ( Cat.)

CAREX PEDUNCULATA Muhl.
Painesville, Otto Hacker; Cuyahoga Co., E. Claasen.

214 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

CAREX PENNSYLVANICA Lam.
Distributed throughout the state.

CAREX PLANTAGINEA Jam. é
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.), Otto Hacker; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.) ;
Licking Co., H. L. Jones ( Cat.) ; Cuyahoga Falls (Summit Co.) Wm. C. Werner.

CAREX PLATYPHYLLA Carey.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.), Wm. C. Werner; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright
(Cat.) ; Licking Co., H. L. Jones (Cat.); Fairfield Co.,Wm. C. Werner; Miami
Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora). :

CAREX POLYTRICHOIDES Muhl.
Painesville, Columbus, Wm. C. Werner; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora).

CAREX PRASINA Wahl.
Cuyahoga Co., E. Claassen; Painesville, Wm. C. Werner; Niles (Trumbull Co.)
R. H. Ingraham; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Licking Co., H. Ll. Jones
(Cat.); Columbus, Wm. C. Werner; Cincinnati, C. G. Lloyd.

CAREX PSEUDO-CYPERUS L.
Licking Co., H. ly. Jones ( Cat.)

CAREX PSEUDO-CYPERUS AMERICANA Hochst.
Painesville, Wm. C. Werner; Portage Co., KE. Claassen ; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright
(Cat.); Licking Reservoir (Licking Co.) Columbus, Wm. C. Werner; Cincin-
nati, Jos. F. James ( Cat.)

CAREX PUBESCENS Muhl.
Painesville, Wm. C. Werner; Cuyahoga Co., E. Claassen; Lorain Co., A. A.
Wright (Cat.) ; Toledo, J. A. Sanford; Columbus, Irouton (Lawrence Co.) W.
C. Werner; Cincinnati, Jos. Clark ( Cat.)

CAREX RIGIDA GOODENOVII Bailey. (C. vulgaris Fries.)
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.)

CAREX RIPARIA W. Curtis.
Painesville, Wm. C. Werner; Cuyahoga C., E. Claassen; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright
(Cat.); Toledo, J. A. Sanford; Summit Co., Champaign Co., Columbus, Law-
rence Co., Wm. C. Werner; Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.)

CAREX ROSEA Schkuhr.
Throughout the state.

CAREX ROSEA RADIATA Dewey.
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Cuyahoga Falls (Summit Co.) Wm. C. Werner.

CAREX ROSEA RETROFLEXA (Muhl.) Torr.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee ( Cat.)

CAREX SCABRATA Schw.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.), Wm. C. Werner; Cuyahoga Falls (Summit
Co.) Wm. C. Werner.

BOTANY. 215

CAREX SCOPARTA Schk,
Frequent.

CAREX SCOPARIA MINOR Boott.
“Northern Ohio, Painesville,’ H. C. Beardslee (Cat.)

CAREX SHORTIANA Dewey.
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Wood Co., Albert Neifer; Licking Co., H. L.
Jones (Cat.); Columbus, Wm. C. Werner; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora).
Cincinnati, Jos. F. James ( Cat.) :

CAREX SICCATA Dewy.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora),

CAREX SPARGANOIDES Muhl.-
Occurring over the whole state.

CAREX SQUARROSA L.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.), Wm. C. Werner; Cuyahoga Co., E. Claassen ;
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Licking Co., H. l. Jones ( Cat.) ; Columbus,
Wm. C. Werner; Clinton Co., J. S. Vandervort.

CAREX STERILIS Willd. (C. echinata microstachys Boeck.)
Painesville, Wm. C. Werner; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.)

CAREX STERILIS EXCELSIOR Bailey. (C. echinata of Amer. authors.)
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Cedar Swamp (Champaign Co.) Wm. C. Wer-
ner.

CAREX STIPATA.
Throughout the state.

CAREX STRAMINEA Willd.
Painesville, Otto Hacker; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Toledo, J. A. San-
ford; Wood Co., Albert Neifer; Columbus, Wm. C. Werner; Richland Co, E.
Wilkinson; Ross Co., R. E. Bower. i

CAREX STRAMINEA ALATA (Torr.) Bailey.
Painesville, Otto Hacker.

CAREX STRAMINEA APERTA Boott.
H. C. Beardslee (Cat.) No locality given.

CAREX STRAMINEA CRAWEI Boott.
Darby Plains (Franklin Co.) W. S. Sullivant.

CAREX STRAMINEA FERRUGINEA (Gray) Bailey. (C. fenea var? ferruginea Gray
Man. 5th ed.)
“ Ohio,” L. H. Bailey, Torr. Bull. vol. XX., Nov. 15, 1898, p. 421.

CAREX STRAMINEA MIRABILIS (Dewey) Tuckerm.
Painesville, Otto Haeker; Cuyahoga Falls (Summit Co.) Wm. C. Werner.

216 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

CAREX STRICTA Lam.

Painesville, Wm. C. Werner; Trumbull Co., R. H. Ingraham; Cuyahoga Co., E.
Claassen; Wood Co., Albert Neifer; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Cham-
paign Co., Columbus, Wm. C. Werner; Richland Co., E. Wilkinson; Miami
Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora).

CAREX TENELLA Schk.
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.)

CAREX TENUIFLORA Wahl.
“Northern Ohio,” J. S, Newberry (Cat.)

CAREX TERETIUSCULA Gooden.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.), Wm. C. Werner; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright
(Cat.) ; Toledo, J. A. Sanford; Licking Reservoir (Licking Co.) Wm. C. Wer-
ner; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora).

CAREX TERETIUSCULA RAMOSA Boott.
Painesville, Wm. C. Werner.

CAREX TETANICA Schk,
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.), Wm. C. Werner; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright
(Cat.)

CaREX TETANICA MEADII Bailey.
“Ohio,” A. Gray (Man. 5th ed.)

CAREX TETANICA WOODII Bailey.
Painesville, Cedar Swamp (Champaign Co.) Wm. C. Werner.

CsaAREX TORTA Boot.
Painesville, Columbus, Wm. C. Werner.

CAREX TRIBULOIDES Wahl.
Throughout the state.

CAREX TRIBULOIDES CRISTATA (Schw.) Bailey.
Painesville, Wm. C. Werner; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Wood Co., Albert
Neifer; Toledo, J. A. Sanford; Columbus, Wm. C. Werner; Cincinnati, Thos.
- G. Lea ( Cat.)

CAREX TRICEPS HIRSUTA ( Willd.) Bailey.
Lake Co., Mahoning Co., Wm. C. Werner; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat);
Franklin Co., Lawrence Co., Wm. C. Werner; Cinciunati, Joseph F. James
( Cat.)

CAREX TRICHOCARPA Muhl.
Painesville, Otto Hacker; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright ( Cat.) ; Columbus, Wim. C.
Werner ; Licking Co., H. L. Jones (Cat.); Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora).

CAREX TRICHOCARPA ARISTATA Bailey.
“Northern Ohio,” J. S. Newberry (Cat.)

BOTANY. 217

CAREX TRISPERMA Dewey.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.); Portage Co., E. Claassen; Lorain Co., A. A-

Wright ( Cat.)

CAREX TUCKERMANII Dewey. :
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Cuyahoga Co., KE. Claassen; Champaign Co.,

Wm. C. Werner.

CAREX UMBELLATA Schkubhr.
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.) ; “Southern Ohio, rare” J.S. Newberry (Cat.)

CAREX UTRICULATA Boott.
Painesville, Otto Hacker; Geauga Co., EK. Claassen; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright

(Cat.); Columbus, Wm. C. Werner; Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.)

CAREX VARIA Muhl.
Painesville, Summit Co., Wm. C. Werner; Cuyahoga Co., E. Claassen; Lorain

Co., A. A. Wright (Cat); Licking Co., H. L. Jones (Cat.); Columbus, Wm. C.
Werner; Monroe Co., H. Herzer.

CAREX VIRESCENS Muhl.
Ashtabula Co., Sara F. Goodrich; Painesville, Wm. C. Werner; Cuyahoga Co.;

E. Claassen; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat) : Licking Co.. H. L. Jones (Cat.):
Cincinnati, Jos. Clark (Cat.;

CAREX VIRESCENS COSTATA Dewey.
Painesville, Wm. C. Werner; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright. (Cat.); Licking Co., H.

L. Jones; Fairfield Co., Lawrence Co., Wm. C. Werner.

CAREX VULPINOIDES Mx.
Not uncommon.

CAREX WILLDENOVII Schk.
Parma (Cuyahoga Co.) E. Claassen; Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.)

CXIX. GRAMINEAt. Grass Family.

539a. JERIANTHUS Michx. Woory BEARD GRASS.

ERIANTHUS ALOPECUROIDES (L,.) Ell. (£. saccharoides Michx.)
Cincinnati, Jos. F. James ( Cat.)

540. ANDROPOGON Royen. BEARD GRass.

ANDROPOGON BELVISII Desy. (A. argenteus E11.)
“Tupper Plains,” J. Jennings (Lazenby & Werner sup. list). Not authenti-

cated by a specimen.

218 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

ANDROPOGON GLOMERATUS (Walt.) B.S. P. (A. macrourus Michx.)
Cincinnati, Jos. Clark (Cat.)

ANDROPOGON NUTANS AVENACEUS (Michx.) Hack. (Chrysopogon nutans (.) Benth.)
Indian Grass. Wood Grass.
Painesville, Wm. C. Werner; Wood Co., Albert Neifer; Sandusky, E. L. Mose-
ley; Marion Co., W. D. Whipps; Franklin Co., Champaign Co., Wm. C.
Werner; Cincinnati, Jos. F. James (Cat.)

ANDROPOGON PROVINCIALIS Lam. (A. furcatus Muhl.)
Painesville, Wm. C. Werner; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright ( Cat.) ; Wood Co., Albert
Neifer; Franklin Co., Champaign Co., Wm. C. Werner.

ANDROPOGON SCOPARIUS Michx.
Trumbull Co., R. H. Ingraham; Cuyahoga Co., E. Claassen; Wood Co, Albert
Neifer; Franklin Co., Moses Craig; Licking Co., H. lL. Jones ( Cat.)

ANDROPOGON VIRGINICUS L.
Muskingum Co., Wm. C. Werner; Fairfield Co., Morgan Co., W. A. Kellerman ;
Rio Grande (Gallia Co.) J. W. Davis; Springbora (Warren Co.) L. M. Gregg;
Lawrence Co., Wm. C. Werner; Cincinnati, Jos. Clark (Cat.)

541. PASPALUM LIL.

PASPALUM MUCRONATUM Muhl. (P. fluttans Kunth.)
“Southern Ohio,” A. Gray (Man. 5th Ed.) ; Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.).

PASPALUM SETACEUM Michx.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.), Wm. C. Werner; Sugar Grove (Fairfield Co.)
E. V. Wilcox.

042. PANICUM IL. Panic GRaAss.

PANICUM AGROSTOIDES Muhl.
Painesville, Wm. C. Werner; Cleveland, E. Claassen; Ashtabula Co., Sara F.
Goodrich; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.) : Licking Co., H. L. Jones ( Cat.) ;

Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.
Fy

PANICUM CAPILLARE [L. Old Witch Grass.
Distributed over the state.

PANICUM CAPILLARE FLEXILE Gattinger.
Columbus, Wm. C. Werner.

PANICUM CLANDESTINUM L.
Painesville, Wm. C. Werner; Toledo, J. A. Sanford; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright
(Cat.); Licking Co,, H. 4. Jones (Cat.); Fairfield Co., Cincinnati, Jos. F.
James (Cat)

BOTANY. 219

PANICUM COMMUTATUM Schultes.
Fairfield Co., Lawrence Co., Wm. C. Werner.

PANICUM CRUS-GALLI L.
Widely distributed.

PANICUM CRUS-GALLI HISPIDUM (Muhl) Torr.
Painesville, Wm. C. Werner.

PANICUM DEPAUPERATUM Muhl.
Painesville, Wm. C. Werner; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Cincinnati, Jos
F. James (Cat.); Franklin Co., Lawrence Co., Wm. C. Werner.

PANICUM DEPAUPERATUM INVOLUTUM (Torr.)
Georgesville, Franklin Co., Wm. C. Werner.

PANICUM DEPAUPERATUM LAXIFLORUM.
Ironton (Lawrence Co.) Wm. C. Werner.

PANICUM DICHOTOMUM JL.
From Lake Erie to the Ohio river.

PANICUM FILIFORME L.
Franklin Co., W. S. Sullivant (Cat.)

PANICUM LINEARE Krock. (FP. elabrum Schrad.)
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.), Wm. C. Werner; Cleveland, E. Claassen;
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Columbus, Wm. C. Werner; Fairfield Co., E.
V. Wilcox.

PANICUM LATIFOLIUM IL,
Painesville, Wm. C. Werner; Cuyahoga Co., E. Claassen; Lorain Co., A. A.
Wright (Cat.); Muskingum Co., W. R. Beattie; Lawrence Co., Wm. C. Wer-
ner; Cincinnati, Jos. F. James (Cat.)

PANICUM MICROCARPON Muhl.
Franklin Co., Aug. D. Selby; Fairfield Co., Wm. C. Werner.

PANICUM NITIDUM VILLOSUM Gray.
Painesville, Wm. C. Werner.

PANICUM PROLIFERUM Lam.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.), Wm.C. Werner; Cleveland, E. Claassen;
Lorain Co,-A. A. Wright (Cat.); Marion Co., W.D. Phillips; Franklin Co.,
Wm. C. Werner; Cincinnati, Jos. F. James (Cat.)

PANICUM SANGUINALE IL, Common Crab or Finger Grass.
Common.

220 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

PANICUM SCOPARIUM Lam.
Sandusky, E. L. Moseley; Wood Co., Albert Neifer.

PANICUM VIRGATUM L,.
Frequent along the sandy shores of Lake Erie.
Wood Co., Albert Neifer; Marion Co., W.D. Whipps; Franklin Co., Aug. D.
Selby; Cincinnati, Jos. F. James (Cat.)

PANICUM XANTHOPHYSUM Gray.
“Northern Ohio,” J. S. Newberry (Cat.)

5438. CHA®RAPHISR. Br. (Sefaria Beauv.) BRisTLY FoxTatt, GRASS.

CHARAPHIS GLAUCA (L.) Kuntze. (Sefaria glauca Beauv.) Foxtail Pigeon Grass,
Abundant.

CHASRAPHIS ITALICA GERMANICA (L.) Kuntze. (Sefaria ttalica Kunth.)
Cleveland, E. Claassen; Fairfield Co., E. V. Wilcox, S. Renshaw; Painesville, H.
C. Beardslee (Cat.); Wm. C. Werner.

CHARAPHIS VERTICILLATA (L,) Porter. (Setaria verticillata J,.)
Licking Co., H. lL. Jones (Cat.)

CHASRAPHIS VtIRIDIS (L.) Porter. (Sefaria viridis Beauv.) Green Foxtail. Bottle-
grass.
Common.

544. CENCHRUS L. HEDGEHOG OR BURGRASS.

CENCHRUS TRIBULOIDES L.
Throughout the state.

545. ZIZANIOPSIS Doel. and Aschers.

ZIZANIOPSIS MILIACEA Doel.and Aschers. (Zzzanta miliacea Michx.)
“Southern Ohio,” J. S. Newberry (Cat.)

546. ZIZANIA Gronov. Water or Indian Rice.

ZIZANIA AQUATICA L. Indian Rice. Water Oats.

Lake Co., Wm. C. Werner; Cuyahoga Co., E. Claasen; Toledo, J. A. Sanford;
Wood Co., Albert Neifer; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.);. Licking Co., H. L.
Janes (Cat.); Franklin Co., Wm. C. Werner; Fairfield Co., E. V. Wilcox; Cin-
cinnati, Jos. F. James (Cat.)

547. HOMALOCENCHRUS Mieg. (Zeersia Swartz.)

HOMALOCENCHRUS LENTICULARIS (Michx.). (Leersia lenticularis Michx.)
“Wet places,” Germantown and Cincinnati, J. L. Riddell (Synop. 1835).

BOTANY. 221

HOMALOCENCHRUS ORYZOIDES (L,.) Poll. (ZLeersia oryzoides Swartz.) Rice cut grass.
Generally distributed over the state.

HOMALOCENCHRUS VIRGINICA (Willd.) Britt. (Zeersia virginica Willd.) White grass.

Throughout the state.

548. PHALARIS LL. CANARY GRASS.

PHALARIS ARUNDINACEA lL. Reed Canary Grass.
Widely distributed.

PHALARIS CANARIENSIS L.
Cleveland, Wm. C. Werner; Wood Co., Albert Neifer; Columbus, W. R. Laz-
enby; Cincinnati, Jos. F. James (Cat.)

049. ANTHOXANTHUM.L. SWEET VERNAL GRASS.

ANTHOXANTHUM ODORATUM LIL.
Painesville, Akron, Wm. C. Werner; Youngstown, R. H. Ingraham; Lorain Co.,
A. A. Wright ( Cat.) ; Cincinnati, Jos. Clark (Cat.)

550. SAVASTANA Schrank. (Aierochfoe Gmelin.) Hotyv-GRass.
SAVASTANA oODORATA L. (//terochloe borealis Roem. & Shultes.) Vanilla or

Seneca Grass.
Niles (Trumbull Co.) R. H. Ingraham; Columbus, Wm. C. Werner.

551. ARISTIDA L. TRIPLE-AWNED GRASS.
ARISTIDA DICHOTOMA Michx.
Fairfield Co., Wm. C. Werner.

ARISTIDA STRICTA Michx.
“ General,” J. S. Newberry (Cat.)

552. STIPA lL. FEATHER GRASS.

STIPA AVENACEA L,. Black Oat-Grass.
“General,” J. S. Newberry (Cat.)

STIPA SPARTEA Trin. Porcupine Grass.
Cedar Point (Erie Co.) E. Claassen ; Wood Co., Albert Neifer.

553. ORYZOPSIS Michx. MouN‘vrAIN RICE.

ORYZOPSIS ASPERIFOLIA Mx.
J. S. Newberry (Cat.) No locality given.

ORYZOPSIS JUNCEA (Mx.) B.S. P. (0. canadensis Torr.)
“Tittle Mountain” (Lake Co.) H. C. Beardslee ( Cat.)

222 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

ORYZOPSIS MELANOCARPA Muhl.
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.) ; Painesville H. C. Beardslee (Cat.); Franklin .
Co., W. S. Sullivant (Cat.)

604. MILIUM Tourn. MILLET GRASS.

MiniuM EFFUSUM L. Je

Painesville, H. C. B-ardslee (Cat.), Wm. C. Werner; Cuyahoga Co., E. Classen; ~
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Franklin Co., Aug. D. Selby; Licking Co.,

H. ly. Jones ( Cat.)

5655. MUHLENBERGIA Schreb. DRoOp-SEED GRASS.

MUHLENBERGIA CAPILLARIS (Lam.) Trin.
“General,” J. S. Newberry (Cat.)

MUHLENBERGIA DIFFUSA Schreb.
Throughout the state.

MUHLENBERGIA MEXICANA (J,.) Trin.
Throughout the state.

MUHLENBERGIA RACEMOSA ( Michx.) B.S. P. (47. glomerata Trin.)
Cuyahoga Co., E. Claassen; Cedar Swamp (Champaign Co.) Wm. C. Werner;
the specimens represent slender forms. Franklin Co., W. S. Sullivant ( Cat.)

MUHLENBERGIA SOBOLIFERA (Muhl.) Trin.
Licking Co., H. L. Jones (Cat.) ; Cincinnati, Thos, G. Lea (Cat.)

MUHLENBERGIA SYLVATICA T. & G.
Huron Co., J. A. Sanford; Licking Co., H. L. Jones (Cat.); Cedar Swamp
(Champaign Co.) Wm. C. Werner; Franklin Co., W. S. Sullivant (Cat.)

MUHLENBERGIA TENUIFLORA (Willd) B.S. P. (J/. willdenovit Trin.)
Painesville, Wm. C. Werner; Niles (Trumbull Co.) R. H. Ingraham; Cuyahoga
Co., EK. Claassen; Franklin Co., Wm. C. Werner; Fairfield Co., E. V. Wilcox
Cincinnati, Jos. Clark( Cat.)

556. BRACHYELYTRUM Beauv.
BRACHYELYTRUM ERECTUM (Schreb.) Beauv. (2. aristatum Beauv.)
Painesville, Wm. C. Werner; Trumbull Co., R. H. Ingraham; Cuyahoga Co., E.

Claassen; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Licking Co., H: Ll. Jones (Cat.);
Columbus, Wm. C. Werner,

o57. PHLEUM LL. Cat’s Tarr, GRass.

PHLEUM PRATENSE L. Timothy.
Over the state.

508. ALOPECURUS LL. FoxtTar Grass.

BOTANY. 223

ALOPECURUS GENICULATUS L. Floating Foxtail.
Franklin Co., W. S. Sullivant (Cat.).

ALOPECURUS GEN!CULATUS ARISTULATUS (Mx) Torr.
“ Put-in-Bay Island,” Lake Erie, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.); Lorain Co., A. A. Wright
(Cat.); Licking Co., H. L. Jones (Cat.); Columbus, Wm. C. Werner.

ALOPECURUS PRATENSIS lL.
Cincinnati, Jos, Clark (Cat.)

059. BOUTELOUA Lag. Musxir Grass.

BOUTELOUA CURTIPENDULA (Mx.) Gray. (2. racemosa Lag.)
Adams Co., W. A. Kellerman ; Franklin Co., Aug. D. Selby.

560. SPOROBOLUS R. Br. Drop-sSEED Grass. RUSH GRASS.

SPOROBOLUS ASPER (Mx.) Kunth.
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright ( Cat.)

SPOROBOLUS BREVIFOLIUS (Nutt.) Scribn. (5S. cuspidatus Torr.)
Georgesville, Franklin Co., Wm. C. Werner.

SPOROBOLUS CRYPTANDRUS ( Torr.) Gray.
Sand beaches of Lake Erie; Painesville, Wm. C. Werner; Lorain Co., A. A.
Wright (Cat.) Toledo, J. A. Sanford; Sandusky, E. Ll. Mosely; Catawba
Island, E. Claassen.

SPOROBOLUS HETEROLEPIS Gray.
Georgesville (Franklin Co.), Cedar Swamp (Champaign Co.) Wm. C. Werner.

SPOROBOLUS VAGINFLORUS (Torr.) Vasey.
Painesville, Wm. C. Werner; Cleveland, E. Claassen; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright

(Cat.); Champaign Co., Columbus, Wm. C. Werner; Fairfield Co., E. V.
Wilcox.

561. CINNA LL. Woon REED-GRASS.

CINNA ARUNDINACEA L.
Widely distributed.

CINNA LATIFOLIA (Trev.) Geiesb. (C. pendula Trin.)
Painesville, H. C. Bearlslee { Cat.)

562. AGROSTIS L. BENT Grass.

AGROSTIS ALBA Ll. Fiorin or White Bent Grass.
Throughont the state.

AGROSTIS ALBA VULGARIS (With.) Thurh. Red-top Herd’s Grass.
Over the whole state.

224 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

AGROSTIS EXARATA Trin.
Painesville, Wm. C. Werner; Cleveland, E. Claassen; Franklin Co., Fairfield
Co., Wm. C. Werner. :

AGROSTIS SCABRA Willd. Hair Grass.
Painesville, Otto tiacker; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Licking Co., H. L..
Jones (Cat.); Franklin Co., W. S. Sullivant (Cat.); Ironton (Lawrence Co.)
Wm. C. Werner; Cincinnati, Jos. Clark (Cat.)

AGROSTIS PERENNANS (Walt.) Tuckerm.
Painesville, Wm. C. Werner; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Columbus, Rend-
ville (Perry Co.) Wm. C. Werner; Licking Co., H. Ll. Jones (Cat.); Cincinnati,
Thos. G. Lea (Cat.)

563. CALAMAGROSTIS Adans. REED BENT GRASS.

CALAMAGROSTIS CANADENSIS (Michx.) Beauv. Blue Joint Grass.
Ashtabula Co., Sara F. Goodrich; Painesville, Wm. C. Werner; Lorain Co., A.
A. Wright (Cat.); Toledo, J. A. Sanford; Wood Co., Albert Neifer; Marion
Co., W. D. Whipps; Summit Co., E. Claassen; Franklin Co., W. S. Sullivant.
( Cat.)

5638a. AMMOPHILA Host.

AMMOPHILA ARENARIA (L,.) Link. (A. arundinacea Host.) Sea Sand-Reed.
Cedar Point (Ottawa Co.) E. Claassen, Aug. D. Selby.

564. HOLCUS Ll. MEapow Sort GRASS.
HOLCUS LANATUS L.

Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.), Wm. C. Werner; Niles (Trumbull Co.) R. H.
Ingraham; Cleveland, E. Claassen.

565. DESCHAMPSIA Beauv.
DESCHAMPSIA CAESPITOSA (L.) Beauv.
“Northern Ohio,” J. S. Newberry (Cat.); Cedar Swamp (Champaign Co.) Wm.

C. Werner.

DESCHAMPSIA FLEXUOSA (L.) Griesb. Common Hair Grass.
“Central and Southern Ohio,” J. S. Newberry (Cat.); Portage Co., E. Claassen.

566. TRISETUM Pers.

TRISETUM PALUSTRE (Mx.) Torr.
Painesville, Wm. C. Werner.

TRISETUM SPICATUM MOLLE (Mx.) Scrib.
“Northern Ohio,” J. S. Newberry (Cat.)

BOTANY. 225
567. AVENA Tourn. Oat.
AVENA FATUA L,.
Licking Co., H. l.. Jones (Cat.); Columbus, on grounds of Sells Brothers’ circus,

Wm. C. Werner.

AVENA STRIATA Michx.
“Northern Ohio,” J. S. Newberry (Cat.); Cincinnati, Jos. F. James (Cat.)

568. ARRHENATHERUM Beauv. OaT GRASS.

ARRHENATHERUM ELATIUS (L.) Mert. & Koch. (A. avenaceum Beauv.)
Painesville, Columbus, Wm. C. Werner; Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea ( Cat.)

569. DANTHONIA DC. Wi~pD Oat Grass.

DANTHONIA SPICATA (JL) Beauv.
Frequent.

570. CAPRIOLA Adans. (Cyzodon Rich.) BERMUDA or SCUTCH GRASS.

CAPRIOLA DACTYLON (I.) Kuntze. (Cynodon dactylon (1,.) Pers.)
Licking Co., H. ly. Jones (Cat.)

571. SPARTINA Schreb. CorD or MARSH GRASS.
SPARTINA CYNOSUROIDES (L.) Willd.
Painesville, Wm. C. Werner; Cuyahoga Co., Summit Co., E. Claassen; Lorain

Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Sandusky, E. Ll. Moseley; Wood Co., Albert Neifer ;
Columbus, E. E. Bogue.

572. ELEUSINE Gaertn. CRAB GRASS, YARD GRASS,

ELEUSINE INDICA (L,.) Gaertn. Dog’s Tail or Wire Grass.
Widely distributed.

573. LEPTOCHLOA Beauv.
LEPTOCHLOA MUCRONATA (Mx.) Kunth.
“Southern Ohio,” J. S. Newberry (Cat.)
574. PHRAGMITES Trin. REED.
PHRAGMITES PHRAGMITES (L,.) Karst. (VP. communis Trin.)
Ashtabula Co., E. E. Bogue; Mahoning Co., Lake Co., Wm. C. Werner; Cuya-

hoga Co., E. Claassen; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Wood Co., Albert
Neifer; Marion Co., W. D. Whipps; Franklin Co., W. S. Sullivant (Cat,)

575. SIEGLINGIA Bern. (Zriodia R. Br.)

15 G. O.

*

226 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

SIEGLINGIA SESLEROIDES ( Mx.) Scrib. (Zyriodia cubrea Jacq.) Tall Red Top.
Painesville, Wm. C. Werner; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Catawba Island,
E. Claassen; Wood Co., Albert Neifer; Marion Co., W. D. Whipps; Warren
Co., L. M. Gregg; Licking Co., H. l. Jones (Cat.); Cincinnati, Jos. F. James
( Cat.)

SIEGLINGIA PURPUREA (Walt. Kuntze. (Zviodia purpurea Hack.) Sand Grass.
Frequent along the sand beaches of Lake Brie.

577. ERAGROSTIS Beauv.
ERAGROSTIS CAPILLARIS (L.) Nees.
Painesville, Otto Hacker; Licking Co., H. lL. Jones (Cat.); Columbus, Wm. C.
Werner; Cincinnati, Jos. Clark (Cat.)

ERAGROSTIS CAROLINIANA (Spring.) Scrib. (2. purshit Schrad.)
Painesville, Wm. C. Werner; Cleveland, E. Claassen; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright
(Cat.) ; Wood Co., Albert Neifer; Columbus, Wm. C. Werner; Licking Co., H.
ly. Jones (Cat.); Athens, W. A. Kellerman.

ERAGROSTIS ERAGROSTIS (Ly.) Karst. (2. minor Host.)
Licking Co., H. lL. Jones ( Cat.) ; Painesville, Wm. C. Werner.

ERAGROSTIS FRANKII Meyer.
Frequent throughout the northern half of the state; no specimens seen from
south of Fairfield Co.

ERAGROSTIS HYPNOIDES (Lam.) B.S. P. (4. reptans Nees.)
Frequent along the borders of streams.

ERAGROSTIS MAJOR Host.
Common in cultivated ground and waste places.

ERAGROSTIS PECTINACEA (Mx.) Steud.
“Ohio,” A. Gray (Man.)

ERAGROSTIS PILOSA (L.) Beauv.
Painesville, Otto Hacker; Licking Co., H. L. Jones (Cat.); Cincinnati, Jos. F.
James ( Cat.)

578. KC{LERIA Pers.

KG@LERIA CRISTATA (L,.) Pers.
Franklin Co., W. S. Sullivant ( Cat.)

579. EATONIA Raf.

HATONIA DUDLEYI Vasey.
Cuyahoga Co., E. Claassen; Marion Co., W. D. Whipps; Painesville, Columbus,
Fairfield Co., Lawrence Co., Wm. C. Werner; Logan (Hocking Co.) W, A. Kel-
lerman.

BOTANY. 227

EATONIA OBTUSATA (Mx.) Gray.
Franklin Co., W. S. Sullivant (Cat.) ; Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.)

EATONIA PENNSYLVANICA (Spreng.) Gray.
Painesville, Wm. C. Werner; Cuyahoga Co., E. Claassen; Lorain Co., A. A.
Wright (Cat.); Toledo, J. A. Sanford; Columbus, Fairfield Co., Wm. C. Wer-

ner; Licking Co., H. L. Jones ( Cat.)

580. MELICA L. MELICc-GRrass.

MELICA MUTICA Walt.
Franklin Co., W. S. Sullivant ( Cat.)

581. DIARRHENA Raf:

DIARRHENA DIANDRA (Mx.) Hitch. (JD. americana Beauv.)
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Licking Co.,H.l. Jones ( Cat.); Cincinnati,
Jos. Clark (Cat.) ; Franklin Co., Wm. C. Werner. :

582. UNIOLA LL. SPIKE-GRASS.

UNIOLA LATIFOLIA Mx.
Cincinnati, Jos, Clark (Cat.)

583. DACTYLIS. L. ORCHARD-GRASS.

DACTYLIS GLOMERATA L.
Common.

584. POA L. Mrapow-Grass. SPEAR-GRASS.

POA ALSODES Gray.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.); Wm.C. Werner; Cleveland, E. Claassen;
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Cuyahoga Falls (Summit Co.), Hanging Rock
(Lawrence Co.) Wm. C. Werner.

POA ANNUA L.
Frequent.

POA BREVIFOLIA Muhl.

Niles (Trumbull Co.) R. H. Ingraham; Painesville, Columbus, Wm. C. Werner;

Cuyahoga Co., E. Claassen; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Ironton ( Law-
rence Co.) Wm. C. Werner.

POA COMPRESSA L. Wire-grass. English Blue-grass.
Over the whole state.

POA DEPILIS Torr.
Lake Co., Franklin Co., Wm. C. Werner.

POA FLEXUOSA Muhl.
Licking Co. H. L. Jones (Cat.)

228 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

POA PRATENSIS L. June grass. Spear-grass. Kentucky blue grass.
Everywhere.

POA SEROTINA Ehrh. False red top. Fowl Meadow-grass
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat), Wm. C. Werner; Geauga Co., E. Claassen;
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Licking Co., H. L. Jones (Cat.)

POA SYLVESTRIS Gray.
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Painesville, Columbus, Lawrence Co., Wn. C.
Werner.

POA TRIVIALIS L.
Painesville, Otto Hacker; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright ( Cat.) ;,. Franklin Co., W. S.
Sullivant (Cat.); Cincinnati, Joseph Clark (Cat.)

585. GLYCERIA R. Br. MANNA-GRASS.

GLYCERIA BREVIFOLIA (Muhl.) Schuit. (G. acutiflora Torr.)
Lancaster (Fairfield Co.) J. M. Bigelow (J. S. Newberry, Cat.); Licking Co., H
L. Jones ( Cat.)

GLYCERIA CANADENSIS (Mx.) Trin. Rattlesnake grass.
Painesville, Wm. C. Werner; Summit Co., E. Claassen; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright
(Cat.); Licking Co., H. Ll. Jones ( Cat.)

GLYCERIA ELONGATA (Torr.) Trin.
Painesville, H.C. Beardslee (Cat.), Wm.C. Werner, Licking Co., H. L. Jones
(Cat.)

GLYCERIA FLUITANS (L.) Torr.
Lake Co., Wm.C. Werner; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Wood Co., Albert
Neifer; Franklin Co., Wm. C. Werner; Licking Co., H. L. Jones (Cat.); Cin-
cinnati, Thos. G. Lea ( Cat.)

GLYCERIA GRANDIS Watson. Reed meadow-grass.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee ( Cat.)

GLYCERIA NERVATA (Willd.) Trin. Fowl meadow-grass.
From Lake Erie to the Ohio River.

GLYCERIA OBTUSA (Nutt.) Trin.
“Southern Ohio,” J. L. Riddell (J. S. Newberry, Cat.)

GLYCERIA PALIIDA (Eddy) Trin.

.)
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.) ; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Licking Co.,
H. L. Jones (Cat.)

586. FESTUCA L. FEstTucA-GRASS.

FESTUCA DURIUSCULA L. (/. ovina duriuscula Gr.) Sheep’s Fescue.
“Northern Ohio,” Leo Lesquereux (J. S. Newberry, Cat.)

FESTUCA ELATIOR L.. Taller or Meadow Fescue.
Frequent throughout the state.

BOTANY. 229

FESTUCA ELATIOR PRATENSIS Gray. -
Cleveland, E. Claassen; Licking Co., H. lL. Jones (Cat.); Cincinnati, Thos. G.
Lea (Cat.)

FESTUCA NUTANS Willd.
Frequent in woods throughout the state.

FESTUCA OCTOFLORA Walt. (/. tenella Willd.)
Painesville, Otto Hacker; Cedar Point (Erie Co.) E. Claassen; Toledo, J. A. San-
ford; Ironton (Lawrence Co.), Wm. C. Werner.

FESTUCA OVINA I. Sheeod’s Fescue.
Painesville, Otto Hacker.

587. BROMUS L. BROME GRASS.

BROMUS CILIATUS L.
Frequent throughout the state.

BROMUS KALMII Gray.
Georgesville (Franklin Co.) Wm. C. Werner.

BROMUS MOLLIS L.
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Licking Co., H. Ll. Jones (Cat.)

BROMUS PURGANS L.: (B&. ciliatus purgans Gray.)

Painesville, Wm. C. Werner; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright ( Cat.) ; Wood Co., Albert

Neifer; Licking Co., H. L. Jones (Cat.); Franklin Co., Wm. C. Werner; Cin-
cinnati, Jos. F. James ( Cat.)

BROMUS RACEMOSUS L. Upright Chess,
Frequent in waste places and cultivated fields.

BROMUS SECALINUS IL. Chess. Cheat.
Frequent in grain fields and waste places.

BROMUS STERILIS L.
Painesville, Columbus, Wm. C. Werner.

BROMUS TECTORUM L.
Painesville, Wm. C. Werner; Cleveland, H. C. Beardslee, Jr., this specimen
referred to as B. sterilis in Lazenby & Werner Sup. List. Licking Co., H. L.
Jones ( Cat.)

588. LOLIUM Ll, DaRNeEL.

LOLIUM PERENNE L. Common Darnel. Ray or Rye-Grass.
L ke Co., Wm. C. Werner; Cleveland, E. Claassen; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright
(Cat.); Wood Co., Albert Neifer; Marion Co, W. D. Whipps; Licking Co., H
L. Jones (Cat.) ; Cincinnati, Jos. F. James ( Cat.) Y

589. AGROPYRUM Gaertn.

230 ; GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

AGROPYRUM REPENS Beauv. Quack-Grass. Couch-Grass. Quick-Grass.
Frequent in fields and waste places.

590. HORDEUM Tourn.
HORDEUM JUBATUM L,. Squirrel-Tail Grass.
“Lake Shore,” H. C. Beardslee ( Cat.) ; Wickliffe (Lake Co.) E. Claassen; Lorain
Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Wood Co., Albert Neifer.

HORDEUM PRATENSE Huds.
“ Qhio,” A. Gray (Man.)

591. ELYMUS LL. LymMeE-Grass. WILD RYE.

ELYMUS CANADENSIS L.
Throughout the state.

ELYMUS CANADENSIS GLAUCIFOLIUS (Muhl.) Gray.
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright ( Cat.) ; Painesville, Wm. C. Werner; Wood Co., Albert
Neifer.
ELYMUS STRIATUS Willd.
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Licking Co., H. Ll. Jones (Cat.); Cincinnati,
Jos. F. James ( Cat.)

ELYMUS STRIATUS VILLOSUS Gray.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.), Wm C. Werner; Columbus, Wm. C. Werner.

ELYMUS VIRGINICUM L.
Throughout the state.

592. ASPRELLA Willd. BorrlE-BRUSH GRASS.

ASPRELLA HYSTRIX (L.) Willd.
Frequent.

592a. ARUNDINARIA Michx. CANE.

ARUNDINARIA MACROSPERMA SUFFRUTICOSA Munro. Switch Cane. Small Cane.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora).

BOTANY. 231
CXX. OrpER HYDROCHARIDACE. Frog’s-bit Family.
593. ELODEA Mx. WATER-WEED.

ELODEA CANADENSIS Mx.
Occurring generally over the state.

594. VALLISNERIA LL. Tape Grass. EEL GRASS.

VALLISNERIA SPIRALIS 1.
Generally distributed over the state.

CXXI. ALISMACEA. Water Plantain Family.

595. ALISMA IL. WatTER PLANTAIN.

ALISMA PLANTAGO L.
Common.

596. SAGITTARIA LL. ARROW-HEAD.

SAGITTARIA HETEROPHYLLA Ph.
Painesville, Otto Hacker; Licking Co., H. L. Jones (Cat.)

SAGITTARIA HETEROPHYLLA ANGUSTIFOLIA Englm,
Licking Co., H. L. Jones (Cat.)

SAGGITTARIA HETEROPHYLLA ELLIPTICA Englm.
Painesville, Otto Hacker.

SAGITTARIA HETEROPHYLLA RIGIDA (Ph.) Morong.
Painesville, Otto Hacker; Lorain Co., A.A. Wright (Cat.); Licking Co, H. L.
Jones (Cat.)

SAGITTARIA SAGITTAEFOLIA L. (S. variabilis Englm.)
Common and very variable.

SAGITTARIA SAGITTAEFOLIA ANGUSTIFOLIA (Englm.) Britt.
Licking Co., H. L. Jones (Cat.)

SAGITTARIA SAGITTAEFOLIA DIVERSIFOLIA Englm.
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Franklin Co., Selby & Craig (Cat.)

SAGITTARIA SAGITTAEFOLIA GRACILIS (Pursh.) Englm.
Lickiag Co., H. L. Jones (Cat.)

SAGITTARIA SAGITTAEFOLIA LATIFOLIA ( Willd.) Britt.
Licking Co., H. ly. Jones (Cat.)

SAGITTARIA SAGITTAEFOLIA OBTUSA (Willd.) Britt.
Licking Co,, H. L, Jones ( Cat.)

232 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.
CXXII. OrpER JUNCAGINACEK#. Arrow Grass Family.

597. TRIGLOCHIN lL. ARROW-GRASS.

TRIGLOCHIN MARITIMA L,. -
Franklin Co., W. S. Sullivant (Cat. 1840); Cedar Swamp (Champaign Co.) Wm.
C. Werner.

TRIGLOCHIN PALUSTRIS L.
Franklin Co., W. S. Sullivant (Cat. 1840.)

598. SCHEUCHZERIA L.

SCHEUCHZERIA PALUSTRIS L,
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Licking Reservoir, Wm. C. Werner.

CXXIII. OrpER POTAMOGETONACEA. Pond-weed Family. °

599. POTAMOGETON JL. POoND-WEED.

POTAMOGETON AMPLIFOLIUS Tuck.
Congress Lake (Stark Co.) W. L. Crubaugh.

POTAMOGETON FOLIOSUS Raf. (P. pauciflorus Ph.)
Congress Lake (Stark Co.) W. L.. Crubaugh.

POTAMOGETON HETEROPHYLLUS Schreb.
“General, Northern Ohio,” H. C. Beardslee ( Cat.)

POTAMOGETON HETEROPHYLLUS MAXIMUS Morong.
Painesville, Wm. C. Werner.

POTAMOGETON DIVERSIFOLIUS Raf. (P. hybridus Mx.)
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee ( Cat.)

POTAMOGETON LONCHITES Tuckin.
“ General, Northern Ohio,” H. C. Beardslee (Cat.); Painesville. Wm. C. Werner

POTAMOGETON LUCENS L.
“Northern Ohio, rare,’ H. C. Beardslee ( Cat.)

POTAMOGETON NATANS IL.
Common.

POTAMOGETON NUTTALLIT Cham. & Schl. (P. pennsylvanicus Willd.)
‘““General,” H. C. Beardslee ( Cat.)

POTAMOGETON OBTUSIFOLIUS Mert. & Koch.
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright ( Cat.)

POTAMOGETON PECTINATUS L.
Not uncommon.

BOTANY. 233

POTAMOGETON PERFOLIATUS L,.
Painesville, Wm. C. Werner; Cleveland (inland lakes), Wm. Krebs.

POTAMOGETON PRAELONGUS Wulf.
“ Northern Ohio, rare,” H. C. Beardslee (Cat.)

POTAMOGETON ROBBINSII Oakes.
Geauga Co., Dr. Canfield (H. C. Beardslee Cat.); Summit Co., E. Claassen,

POTAMOGETON SPIRILLUS Tuckm.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee ( Cat.)

POTAMOGETON ZOSTERAEFOLIUS Schum.
“General,” J. S. Newberry (Cat.); ‘‘common,” H. C. Beardslee (Cat.); Congress
Lake (Stark Co.), W. L. Crubaugh.

600. ZANNICHELLIA Micheli. HoRNED POND-WEED.
ZANNICHELLIA PALUSTRIS L.

‘“Commion,” H. C. Beardslee (Cat.); Athens, W. A. Kellerman; Cincinnati, Thos.
G. Lea (Cat.), C. B. Going. (Jos. F. James Cat.)

601. NAIAS LL. Naiad.
NAIAS FLEXILIS ( Willd.) Rost. & Schmidt.

Painesville, Wm. C. Werner; Silver Lake, Wm. Krebs; Columbus, J.-H.
Lageman; Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.).

CXXV. OrpDER SPARGANIACE. Bur-reed Family.

602. SPARGANIUM Tourn. BUR-REED.

SPARGANIUM ANDROCLADIUM (Englm.) Morong. (S. stmplex androcladium Eng\m.)
Frequent.

SPARGANIUM EURYCARPUM Englm.
Frequent.

CXXVI. OrpER TYPHACE#,. Cat-tail Family.

OBE ADYARSON Stops (CMa Noe EES

TYPHA AUGUSTIFOLIA L.
“General,” J. S. Newberry (Cat.); Lorain Co., A. A. Wright ( Cat.)

TYPHA LATIFOLIA L.
Common.

234 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.
(MISPLACED GENERA.)
604 (22) AGERATUM L,

AGERATUM CONYZOIDES L.
Southern Ohio, Miss Jones (Lazenby & Werner, Sup. List.)

605. (195@) CHIOGENES Salisb. Creeping Snowberry.

CHIOGENES HISPIDULA (L.) T.& G. (C. serpyllifolia Salisb.)
Tamarack Swamp near Myer’s Lake, Canton, E. W. Vickers.

606. (442a@) POLYGONELLA Michx.

POLYGONELLA ARTICULATA Meisn. (Polygonum articulatum Gray).
“Take shore, rare” H. C. Beardsler ( Cat.)

607. (38072) WISTARIA Nutt.

WISTARIA FRUTESCENS Poir.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora).

CXXVII (XXIVa) OrpER LOGANIACEA}.

608. (172a) SPIGELIA L. PINK Root. Worm Grass.

SPIGELIA MARILANDICA L. Maryland Pink root.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan ( Flora).

Trades

TO THE

FLOWERING PLANTS (ANGIOSPERMES).

[ The referenccs are to the serial number, not to the page.]

A

Abutilon, 266.
Acalypha, 288.
Acanthaceae, XIV.
Acer, 279.
Acerates, 166.
Achillea, 37.
Acnida, 438.
Achroanthus, 473.
Aconitum, 405.
Acorus, 424.
Actaea, 406.
Actinella, 36.
Actinomeris, 30.
Adicea, 456.
Adlumia, 376.
Aegopodium, 220.
Aesculus, 278.
Aethusa, 226.
Ageratum, 604.
Agrimonia, 3. 3.
Agropyrum, 589.
Agrostemma, 421.
Agrostis, 562.
Ailanthus, 290.
Ajuga, 112a.
Aletris, 487.
sAlisma, 595.
Alismaceae, CX XI.
Allium, 498.
Alnus, 466.
Alopecurus, 558.
Alsine, 424.
Alyssum, 363.
Amarantaceae, ixC.
Amarantus, 437.
Amaryllidaceae, CX.
Ambrosia, 22.
Amelanchier, 339.
Ammannia, 247.
Ammophila, 563a.
Ampelanus, 169.
Ampelopsis, 269.

Amphiachyris, 7.
Amphicarpaea, 316.
Anacardiaceae, LIV.
Anagallis, 189.
Anaphalis, 16.
Andromeda, 201.
Andropogon, 540.
Anemone, 392.
Anemonella, 394.
Angelica, 230
Anonaceae, LX XXI.
Antennaria, 16.
Anthemis, 38.
Anthoxanthum, 549.
Anychia, 429.
Aplectrum, 475.
Aphyllon, 131.
Apios, 317.
Apocynaceae, XXIV,
Apocynum, 172.
Apogon, 52.
Aquilegia, 403.
Arabis, 360.

Araceae, CX VII.
Aralia, 236-237
Araliaceae, XX XIII.
Arctium, 47.
Arctostaphylos, 196.
Arenaria, 425,
Arethusa, 481.
Argemone, 380.
Arisaema, 528.
Aristida, 551.
Aristolochia, 445.
Aristolochiaceae, XCIII.
Arrhenatherum, 568.
Artemesia, 42.
Arundinaria, 592a.
Asarum, 444,
Asclepiadaceae, XXIII.
Asclepias, 167.

bo
(JP)
(or)

Ascyron, 260.
Asimina, 408.
Asparagus, 493.
Asprella, 592.
Aster, 12.
Astragalus, 309.
Atriplex, 435.
Avena, 567.
Azalea, 205.

B

Balsaminaceae, LXI.
Baptisia, 299.
Barbarea, 359.
Bartonia, 177.
Benzoin, 386.
Berberidaceae. LX XIX.
Berberis, 388.
Betula, 465.
Betulaceae, CI.
Beurera, 384.
Bicuculla, 375.
Bidens, 32.
Bignoniaceae, XV.
Bignonia, 127.
Blephilia, 98.
Bochmeria, 457.
Boltonia, 10.
Borraginaceae, XII.
Bouteloua, 559.
Brachyelytrum, 5956.
Brasenia, 414.
Brassica, 369. a
Brauneria, 26.
Bromus, 587.
Brunella, 102.
Buchnera, 147.

Buda, 428.

Bursa, 370.

Cacalia, 46.
Cactaceae, XL.
Cakile, 378.
Calamagrostis, 563.
Calamintha, 94.
Calla, 526.
Callirrhoe, 263.
Callitrichaceae, LV.
Callitriche, 284.

GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

Calopogon, 482.
Caltha, 398.
Calycanthaceae, LX XVI.
Calycanthus, 384.
Camassia, 500.
Camelina, 368.
Campanula, 62.
Campanulaceae, II.
Cannabaceae, XCVIII.
Cannabis, 452,
Capparidaceae, LXXII.
Caprifoliaceae, VII.
Capriola, 570.
Capsella, 370.
Cardamine, 362.
Cardiospermum, 277.
Carduus, 48.

Carex, 539.

Carpinus, 464.
Carum, 217,

Carya, 470.
Caryophyllaceae, LXXXV.
Cassandra, 198.
Cassia, 321.

Castalia, 416.
Castanea, 460, 461.
Castilleia, 151.
Catalpa, 128.
Caucalis, 235.
Caulophylium, 389.
Ceanothus, 271.
Celastraceae, LI.
Celastrus, 274.

Celtis, 453.

Cenchrus, 544.
Centaurea, 40.
Cephalanthus, 76.

Cerastium, 423.

Ceratophyllaceae, LXXXITIL
Ceratophyllum, 413.
Cercis, 322.

Chaeraphis, 543.
Chaerophyllum, 224.
Chamaedaphne, 198.
Chamaelirium, 501.
Chelone, 188.
Chelidonium, 383.
Chenopodiaceae, LX X XIX.
Chenopodium, 436.
Chimaphila, 208.
Chiogenes, 605.
Chionanthus, 181.
Chrysosplenium, 348.

Chrysopogon, 540.
Chrysopsis, 8.
Chrysanthemum, 40.
Cichorium, 51.
Cicuta, 216.
Cimicifuga, 407.
Cinna, 561.
Circaea, 244.
Cissus, 269.
Cistaceae, XLIIL
Cladium, 537.
Claytonia, 432.
Clematis, 390.
Clethra, 209.
Clintonia, 507.
Clitoria, 315.
Cnicus, 48.
Comandra, 447.
Commelina, 518.

Commelinacee, CXIV.

Compositae, I.
Conium, 213.
Conioselinum, 228.
Conobea, 142.
Conopholis, 132.

Convolvyulaceae, XXII.

Convyolvulus, 163.
Collinsia, 140.
Collinsonia, 87.
Corallorhiza, 476.
Coreopsis, 31 ,32.
Cornaceae, XXXIV.
Cornus, 238.

Coptis, 400.
Corydalis, 377.
Corylus, 462.
Cracca, 307.
Crassulaceae, LXXI.
Crataegus, 338.
Crepis, 54.
Crotalaria, 300.
Croton, 287.
Cruciferae, LX XIII.
Cryptotaenia, 222.
Cucurbitaceae, IV.
Cunila, 89.

Cuphea, 260.
Cuscuta, 164.
Cynodon, 570.
Cynoglossum, 114.
Cyperaceae, CX XIII.
Cyperus, 529.
Cypripedium, 486.

BOTANY. 237

Dactylis, 583.”
Dalibarda, 328.
Danthonia, 569.
Dasystoma, 150.
Datura, 158.
Daucus, 234.
Decodon, 249.
Delphinium, 404.
Dentaria, 362.
Deringa, 222.
Deschampsia, 565,
Desmodium, 311.
Dianthera, 126.
Dianthus, 418.
Diarrhena, 581.
Dicentra, 375.
Diclytra, 375,
Diervilla, 75.
Digitalis, 145.
D‘oscorea, 490.
Dioscoreaceae, CIX,
Diospyros, 184.
Dips*ceae, V.
Dipsacus, 67.
Dirca, 252.
Discopleura, 225,
Disporum, 506.
Dodecatheon, 1885.
Draba, 364.
Drosera, 354.
Droseraceae, LXX.
Dulichium, 531.
Dysodia, 34.

E
Eatonia, 579.
Ebenaceae, XXVIII.
Echinacea, 26.
Echinocystis, 65.
Echinospermum, 115.
Echium, 122.
Eclipta, 25.
Eleagnaceae, XX XVIII.
Eleocharis, 532.
Elephantopus, 2.
Eleusine, 572.
Elodea, 593.
Elodes, 261.
Elymus, 591.
Enslenia, 169.

238

Epigaea, 200.
Epilobium, 240,
Epiphegus, 133.
Episcotorus, 325.
Eragrostis, 577.
Erechtites, 44.
Erianthus, 539a.
Ericaceae, XXXI.
Erigenia, 215.
Erigeron, 13.
Eriophorum, 535.
Krodium, 297.
Eryngium, 211.
Erysimum, 367.
Erythronium, 503.
Eulophus, 214.
Euonymus, 273.
Eupatorium, 3.
Euphorbia, 285.
Huphorbiaceae, LVI.

Fagaceae, C.
Fagopyrum, 440.
Fagus, 460, 461.
Falcata, 316.
Festuca, 586.
Filago, 15.
Fimbristylis, 533.
Floerkea, 298.
Fragaria, 331.
Frasera, 175.
Fraxinus, 180.
Fuirena, 535a.
Fumaria, 378.

Fuimariaceae, LX XIV.

G

Galeopsis, 107.
Galinsoga, 33.
Galium, 81.

G .ultheria, 197.
Gaura, 248.
Gaylussacia, 193.
Gentiana, 174.
Gentianaceae, XXV.
Geraniaceae, I,XIII.
Geranium, 296.
Gerardia, 149-150.
Geum, 329.

GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

Gifolia, 15.
Gillenia, 326.
Gleditschia, 320.
Glyceria, 586.
Gnaphalium, 17.
Gonolobus, 170.
Goodyera, 480.
Gramineae, CXTX.
Gratiola, 143.
Gutierrezia, 6.
Gymnocladus, 319.
Gyrostachys, 479.

Habenaria, 485.
Haemodoraceae, CX.
Halesia, 183.
Halorageae, LV.
Hamamelis, 341.
Hamamelideae, LX XVII.
Helenium, 35.
Hedeoma, 93.
Heiianthemum, 257.
Helianthus, 29.
Heliopsis, 24.
Heliotropium, 113.
Hemerocallis, 497.
Hepatica, 393.
Heracleum, 233.
Hesperis, 365.
Heteranthera, 517.
Heuchera, 347.
Hibiscus, 267.
Hicoria, 470.
Hieracium, 55.
Hierochloe, 550.
Holcus, 564.
Homalocenchrus, 547.
Hordeum, 590.
Hottonia, 184a.
Houstonia, 78.
Humulus, 45.
Hydrangea, 390.
Hydrocharidaceae, CXX.
Hydrocotyle, 210.
Hydrophyllaceae, XIII.
Hydrophyllum, 123.
Hydrastis, 399,
Hyoscyamus, 159.
Hypericaceae, XLV.

F ypericum, 261.
Hypopitys, 191.
Hypoxis, 491.

Tex, 275.
Tlicineae, LII.
Tlicioides, 276.
Tlysanthes, 144.
Impatiens, 294.
Inula, 18.
Ioxylon, 448.
Ipomoea, 162.
Iresine, 439.
Iridaceae, CVIII.
Iris, 488.
Isanthus, 111.
Isopyrum, 401.

Jeffersonia, 411.
Juglandaceae, CIV,
Juglans, 471.
Juncaceae, CXII.
Juncaginaceae, CXXIi.
Juncus, 514.

Kalmia, 202.
Koeleria, 578.
Krigia, 52.
Kuhnia, 4.
Kuhinstera, 306.
Kyllinga, 530.

Labiatae, XI.
Lacinaria, 5.
Lactuca, 58.
Lamium, 109.
Laportea, 455.
Lappula, 115.
Lapsana, 55.
Lathyrus, 314.
Lauraceae, LX XVII.
Lechea, 258.

Ledum, 203.
Leersia, 547.
Leguminosae, LXIV.
Lemna, 521.
Lemnaceae, CX VI.

Lentibulariaceae, XVIII.

Leonurus, 108.
J,econtodon, 56.

BOTANY.

Lepachys, 28.
Lepidium, 371.
Lespedeza, 312.
Leptochloa, 573.
Leptorchis, 474.
Liatris, 5.
Ligusticum, 227.
Ligustrum, 182.
Liliaceae, CXI.
Lilium. 502.
Limnanthemum, 179.
Limodorum, 482,
Linaceae, LX.
Linaria, 136.
Lindera, 386.
Linum, 298.

Liparis, 474.

Lippia, 84.
Liquidambar, 342.
Liriodendron, 410.
Listera, 478.
Lithospermum, 121.
Lobelia, 64.
Lobeliaceae, ITI.
Loganiaceae, CX XVII.
Lolium, 588.
Lonicera, 74.
Lophanthus, 99.
Loranthaceae, XCIV.
Ludwigia, 241.
Lupinus, 301.
TLuzula, 515.

Lychnis, 422, 421.
Lycium, 157.
Lycopus, 88, 117.
Lysimachia, 186.
Lythrum, 248.
Lythraceae, XX XVII.

M

Maclura, 448.
Magnolia, 409.
Magnoliaceae, LX XXII.
Maianthemum, 496.
Malva, 262.
Malvaceae, XLVI.
Marrubium, 105.
Martynia, 130.
Matricaria, 39.
Medeola, 508.
Medicago, 302.
Meibomia, 311.
Melampyrum, 153.

2

240

Melanthium, 512.

Melastomaceze, XXXVI.

Melica, 580.
Melilotus, 303.
Melissa, 95.

Menispermaceae, LX XVIII.

Menispermum, 387.
Mentha, 86.
Menyanthes, 178.
Mertensia, 118.
Micrampeles, 65.
Microstylis,, 473.
Milium, 554.
Mimulus, 141.
Mitchella, 79.
Mitella, 546.
Mohria, 183.
Mollugo, 430.
Monarda, 97.
Moneses, 207.
Monotropa, 192.

Monotropaceae, XXX.

Moraceae, XCVI.
Morus, 449.
Muhlenbergia, 560.
Muscari, 499.
Myosotis, 119.
Myrica, 469.
Myricaceae, CIII.
Myriophyllum, 283.

MN

Naias, 601.
Napaea, 264.
Nasturtium, 355.
Neckeria, 377.
Negundo, 280.
Neillia, 325.
Nelumbo, 417.
Nemopanthes, 276.
Nepeta, 100.
Nesaea, 249.
Nicandra, 156.
Nigella, 402.
Nuphar, 415.

Nyctaginaceae, LXX XVII.
Nymphaeaceae, LX XXIV.

Nymphaea, 415.
Nyssa, 239.

~ Oakesia, 504.
Obolaria, 176.

GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

Oenothera, 242.
Oldenlandia, 77.
Oleaceae, XXVI.
Onagraceae, XXX V.
Onopordon, 49.
Onosmodium, 12).
Opuntia, 253.
Orchidaceae, CVI.
Orchis, 484.
Origanum, 91.
Orobanchaceae, XVII.
Oryzopsis, 553.
Osmorrhiza, 228.
Ostrya, 463.
Oxalidaceae, LXII.
Oxalis, 295.
Oxybaphus, 433.
Oxycoccus, 195.
Oxydendrum, 199.
Oxypolis, 282.

Panax, 237.
Panicum, 542.
Papaver, 379.
Papaveraceae, LXXV.
Parietaria, 458.
Parnassia, 349.
Parthenium, 21.
Paspalum, 541.
Passiflora, 254.
Passifloraceae, XLI.
Pastinaca, 231.
Pedaliaceae, XVI.
Pedicularis, 152.
Peltandra, 527.
Penthorum, 355.
~Pentstemon, 139.
Peramium, 480.
Periploca, 168.
Petalostemon, 306.
Phacelia, 124.
Phalaris, 548.
Phaseolus, 318.
Philadelphus, 301.
Phleum, 5957.
Phlox, 160.
Phoradendron, 446.
Phragmites, 574.
Phylianthus, 2&6.
Phryma, 83.
Physalis, 158.
Physostegia, 103.
Physocarpus, 320.

Phytolacaceae, LXX XVIII.
Phytolacca, 434.

Pilea, 456.
Pimpinella, 221.
Piperaceae, CV.
Plantago.
Plantaginaceae, IX.
Platanus, 340.
Platanaceae, L.XVI.
Piuchea, 14.

Poa, 584.
Podophyllum, 412.
Podostemaceae, XCIL.
Podostemon, 443.
Pogonia, 483.
Polanisia, 357.
Polemoniaceae, XNI.
Polemonium, 161.
Polygala, 289.
Polygalaceae, LVII.
Polymnia, 19.
Polygonaceae, XCI.
Polygonatum, 494.
Polygonella, 606.
_ Polygonum, 442.
Pontederia, 516.
_ Pontederiaceae, CXITI.
Populus, 468.
Porteranthus, 326.
Portulaca, 431.
Portulacaceae, LXXXVI.
Potamogeton, 599.
Potaiiogetonaceae, CXXIII.
Potentilla, 332.
Poterium, 334.
Prenanthes, 59.
Primulaceae, XXIX.
Prosartes, 506.
Proserpinaca, 252.
Prunus, 323.
Psoralea, 305.

Ptelea, 292.
Ptilimnium, 225.
Pycnanthemum, 90.
Pyrola, 206.

Pyrus, 336.

Quercus, 459.
R

Ranunculaceae, LXXX.
Ranunculus, 397.

16 (Sy Oy

BOTANY. . 241

Raphanus, 374.
Reseda, 259.
Resedaceae, XLIV.
Rhamnaceae, XLIX.
Rhamuus, 270.
Rkewxia, 245.
Rhododendron, 204, 205.
Rhus, 281.
Rhyuchospora, 536.
Ribes, 352.
Robinia, 308.
Rorippa, 358

Rosa, 335.
Rosaceae, LXV.
Rotala, 246.
Rubiaceae, VIII.
Rubus, 327.
Rudbeckia, 27.
Ruellia, 125.
Rumex, 441.
Rutaceae LIX.

Sabbatia, 173.

Sagina, 426.
Sagittaria, 596.
Salicaceae, CII.

Salix, 467.

Salvia, 96.

Sambucus, 70.
Sanguinaria, 382.
Sanguisorba, 334.
Samolus, 190.
Sanicula, 212.
Saponaria, 419.
Sapindaceae LIII.
Santalaceae, XCV.
Sarracenia, 353.
Sarraceniaceae, LXIX,
Sassafras, 385.
Satureia, 92a.
Saururus, 472.
Savastana, 550.
Saxifraga, 343.
Saxifragaceae, LXVIIL.
Scheuchzeria, 598.
Schollera, 195.

Scilla, 500.

Scirpus, 534.

Scleria, 538.
Scrophularia, 137.
Scrophulariaceae, XIX.

242

Scutellaria, 101.
Sedum, 356.
Selinum, 228.
Senecio, 45.
Sericocarpus, 11.
Setaria, 544.
Seymeria, 148.
Shepherdia, 251.
Sicyos, 66.

Sida, 265.
Sieglingia, 575.
Silene, 420.
Silphium, 20.
Simarubaceae, LVIIL
Sisymbrium, 366.
Sisyrinchium, 489.
Sium, 219.
Smilacina, 496.
Smilax, 492.
Solanum, 154.
Solanaceae, XX.
Solea, 256.
Solidago, 9.
Sonchus, 60.
Sorbus, 337.

Sparganiaceae, CX XV.

Sparganium, 602.
Spartina, 571.
Spathyema, 525.
Specularia, 63.
Spergula, 427.
Spermiacoce, 80.
Spigelia, 608.
Spiranthes, 479.
Spiraea, 324.
Spirodela, 522.
Sporobolus, 560.
Stachys, 106.
Staphy ea, 272.
Staphyleaceae, L.
Steironema, 1&7.
Stellaria, 424.
Stenanthium, 510.
Streptopus, 495.
Strophostyles, 318.
Stipa, 552.
Stylophorum, 381.
Stylosanthes, 310.
Styracaceae, XX VI.
Sullivantia, 344.
Syndesmon, 394.
Symphoricarpus, 73.
Symphytum, 116.
Symplocarpus, 520.
Synandra, 104.

GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

‘Tanacetum, 41.
Taraxacuni, 57.
Tecoma, 129.
Tephrosia, 307.
Teucrium, 112.
Thalictrum, 391.
Thaspium, 229.
Thelypodium, 361.
Thlaspi, 372.

Thymelaeaceae, XXXIX.

Thymus, 92.
Tiarella, 345.
Tiedemannia, 232.
Tilia, 268.
Tiliaceae, XLVIL.
Tipularia, 477.
Tissa, 428.
Tradescantia, 519.
Tragopogon, 61.
Trautvetteria, 396.
Trichostema, 110.
Trientalis, 188.
Trifolium, 304.
Triglochin, 597.
Trillium, 509.
Triodia, 575.
Triosteum, 72.
Trisetum, 566.
Trollius, 395.
Tussilago, 45.
Typha, 603.
Typhaceae, CX XVI.

Ulmaceae, XCVII.
Ulmus, 450.
Umbelliferae, XXXII.
Unifolium, 496.
Uniola, 582.

Urtica, 454.
Urticaceae, XCIX.
Urticastrum, 455.
Utricularia, 134.
Uvularia, 504, 505.

Vaccinium, 194.
Valeriana, 68.
Valerianaceae, VI.

Valerianella, 69.
Vallisneria, 594.
Verbascum) 135.
Verbena, 85.
Verbenaceae, X.
Verbesina, 30.
Veratrum, 513.
Vernonia, 1.
Veronica, 146.
Viburnum, 71.
Vicia, 313.

Vincetoxicum, 168.

Vinca, 171.

Viola, 255.
Violaceae, XLII.
Vitaceae, XLVIII.
Vitis, 269.

BOTANY. 243

WwW
Waldsteinia, 330.
Wistaria, 607.
Wolffia, 5238.
x

Xanthium, 23.
Xanthoxylum, 291.
Xyridaceae, CXV.
Xyris, 520.

Zannichellia, 600.
Zizania, 546-545.
Zizaniopsis, 546.
Zizia, 218.
Zygadeuus, 611.

Gymnosperms.

ORDER CONIFERA‘. Pine Family.
1. PINUS Tourn. PrIne.

PINUS DIVARICATA (Ait.) Sudw. (P. danksiana Lamb.) Gray or Northern Scrub Pine.
“Southern and Northern Ohio,” J. S. Newberry (Cat.); Marietta, Ohio, rare; J.
L. Riddell (Synop. 1835). Not reported recently nor found by us.
a
PINUS VIRGINIANA Mill. (P. zuops Ait.) Jersey or Scrub Pine.
With the Pitch Pine in southern part of the state.

PINUS RESINOSA Ait. Red Pine.
“Northern Ohio,” H. C. Beardslee (Cat.)

PINUS RIGIDA Mill. Pitch Pine.
Throughout the southern half of the state.

PINUS STROBUS L. White Pine.
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Lake Co., Wm. C. Werner.

2. LARIX Tourn. Larcu:

LARIX LARICINA (Du Roi) Koch. (Z. americana Michx.) American or Black
Larch. Tamarack.
Summit Co., E. W. Claypole; Licking Co., H.I,. Jones (Cat.); Ashtabula Co.,

E. E. Bogue.

3. TSUGA Carriére. HEMLOCK.
TSUGA CANADENSIS (L,.) Carr. 4
Frequent throughout the northern half of the state, extending southward to
Ross and Hocking counties.

4, THUJA Tourn. ARBOR VITA.

-THUJA OCCIDENTALIS L. Arbor Vite. White Cedar.
Urbana (Champaign Co.) Wm. C. Werner; Franklin Co., Wm. C. Werner;
“Falls of the Little Miami,” Daniel Drake in “ Pictures of Cincinnati, 1815;
Ross Co., W. A. Kellerman; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora).

5. CHAVMACYPARIS Spach. WHITE CEDAR. CYPRESS.

CHAMA{CYPARIS THYOIDES (L.) B. S. P. (C. speroidea Spach. Cupressus thyoides L.)
This, in the older Catalogues, undoubtedly refers to 7huja.occidentalts L.

6. JUNIPERUS L. JUNIPER.
JUNIPERUS COMMUNIS L. Common Juniper.
Summit Co., J. S. Newberry (Cat.); Painesville, Wm. C. Werner; Cuyahoga Co.,
Wm. Krebs.
JUNIPERUS VIRGINIANA IL.. Red Cedar or Savin.
Throughout the state.

TAXUS Tourn. YEw.

TAXUS MINOR (Michx.) Britt. (TZ. canadensis Willd.) American Yew.

Ground Hemlock.
Throughout the northern half of the state.

Index

GENERA OF GYMNOSPERMS.

{ The references are to the serial number, not to the page.)

Chzemecyparis, 5. Taxus, 7.
Juniperus, 6. Thuya, 4.
Larix, 2. : Tsuga, 3.

Pinus, 1.

Vascular Gryptogams.

I. OrpER SELAGINELLACEA.

1. SELAGINELLA Beauv.
SELAGINELLA RUPESTRIS (L.) Spring.

“General,” J. S. Newberry (Cat.)

II. OrpDER ISOETACESA.

2. ISOETES L. Quillwort.

ISOETES LACUSTRIS L.
“Northern Ohio, Rare,” H. C. Beardslee (Cat.)

IIT. OrpER SALVINIACE.

3. AZOLLA Lam.

AZOLLA CAROLINIANA Willd.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.), Wm. C. Werner.

IV. ORDER LYCOPODIACE#.

4. LYCOPODIUM lL. Crus Moss.

LYCOPODIUM ANNOTINUM L.
“Northern Ohio,” J. S. Newberry (Cat.); “Central Ohio,” J. L. Riddell (Synop.
1835).

LYCOPODIUM CAROLINIANUM L.
“Southern Ohio,” J. S. Newberry (Cat,)

LYCOPODIUM CLAVATUM L.
“Northern Ohio,” J. S. Newberry (Cat.); Fairfieid Co., EK. V. Wilcox, S. Renshaw.

LYCOPODIUM COMPLANATUM L.
“General,” J. S. Newberry (Cat.); Licking Co., H. L. Jones (Cat.) ; Lorain Co.,
A. A. Wright (Cat.)

BOTANY. ; 247

LYCOPODIUM LUCIDULUM Mx.
Not abundant, but over the state.

LYCOPODIUM OBSCURUM LL. (ZL. dendroideum Michx.)
Licking Co., H. lL. Jones (Cat.); Ashtabula Co., Sara F. Goodrich.

LYCOPODIUM INUNDATUM L,.
“Northern Ohio,” J. S. Newberry (Cat.)

V. ORDER EQUISETACA. Horsetail Family.

5. EQUISETUM'L. Horsetaiy. SCOURING RUSH.

EQUISETUM ARVENSE L. Common Horsetail.
Widely distributed in gravelly or sandy soil.

EQUISETUM HYEMALE IL. Scouring Rush. Shave Grass.
Over the whole state along wet banks.

EQUISETUM LA;VIGATUM A. Braun.
Summit Co., E. Claassen.

EQUISETUM LIMOSUM L. Horsetail.
Lake Marshes, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.); Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Cincinnati,
J. F. James (Cat.); Painesville, Wm. C. Werner; ‘‘Hoffman’s Prairie near Day-
ton,” J. l. Riddell (Synop. 1835).

EQUISETUM ROBUSTUM A. Braun. Horsetail.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.); Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat).

EQUISETUM SCIRPOIDES Mx. Horsetail.
*“Northern Ohio,” J. S. Newberry (Cat.)

EQUISETUM SYLVATICUM I. Horsetail.
“Low Woods, Central Ohio,” J. IL. Riddell (Synop. 1835); Painesville, Otto
Hacker; Cincinnati, J. F. James (Cat.)

EQUISETUM VARIEGATUM Schle:ch.
Black River, Dr. Kellogg (J. S. Newberry Cat.); Painesville, W. C. Werner.

VI. OrpER FILICES. Fern Family.

6. POLYPODIUM LL, Poryvropy.

POLYPODIUM POLYPODIOIDES (J\.) Hitch. (P. tucanum Swtz.)
Monroe, J. L. Riddell (Synop. 1835); Cincinnati, J. F. James (cat.); Adams Co.,
W.-A. Kellerman ;. Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan ( Flora.)
POLYPODIUM VULGARE L,.
Common.

248 ‘ GEOLOGY OF OHIO.
7. ADIANTUM LL. MarmpENHAIR.

ADIANTUM PEDATUM L.
Throughout the whole state.

8. PTERIS ly. BRAKE or BRACKEN.

PTERIS AQUILINA L. Common Brake.
From Lake Erie to the Ohio River.

9. PELLAA Link. CrirF BRAKE.

PELLZA ATROPURPUREA (L.) Link. Cliff Brake.
‘“‘ Put-in-Bay Island ” Lake Erie, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.); Springfield, Miss H. J,
Biddlecome; Franklin Co., Aug. D. Selby; Adams Co., W. A. Kellerman.

10. WOODWARDIA J. E. Smith. CHAIN-FERN.

WOODWARDIA AREOLATA (L,.) Moore. (W. angustifolia Smith).
Northern and Eastern Ohic, J. S. Newberry (Cat.)

WOoDWARDIA VIRGINICA (L.) J. E. Smith.
“Munson Pond” (Geauga Co.) H. C. Beardslee (Cat.); Portage Co., E. Claassen

11. ASPLENIUM L. SPLEENWORT.

ASPLENIUM ACROSTICHOIDES Sw. (4. thelypterotdes Mx.)
Over the whole state. ie

ASPLENIUM ANGUSTIFOLIUM Mx.
Throughout the whole state.

ASPLENIUM FILIX-FOEMINA (L.) Bernh.
Common throughout the state.

ASPLENIUM MONTANUM Willd.
Elyria, Lorain Co., Dr. Kellogg, (J. S. Newberry Cat.) ; Lorain Co., A. A. Wrigh.
(Cat.); Cuyahoga Falls (Summit Co.) Wm. Krebs; Clifton (Greene Co.) Mrs.
E. J. Spence; along the Mahoning River, E. W. Vickers.

ASPLENIUM PINNATIFIDUM (Muhl.) Nutt.
Licking Co., H. L. Jones (Cat.); Lawrence Co., W. C. Werner; Elyria, Dr. Kellogg
(J. S. Newberry Cat.); Sugar Grove, Fairfield Co., E. V. Wilcox, S. Renshaw;
Hocking Co., W. A. Kellerman.

ASPLENIUM PLATYNEURON (L.) Oakes. (A. ebeneum Ait.)
Apparently over the whole state.

ASPLENIUM RUTA-MURARIA L.
“Central Ohio,” W. S. Sullivant (Cat.); Miami Valley A. P. Morgan (Flora)

ASPLENIUM TRICHOMANES L.
Widely distributed.

BOTANY. 249

12. CAMPTOSORUS Link. WaLkKInG LEAF,

CAMPTOSORUS RHIZOPHYLLUS (J,.) Link.
Widely distributed.

13. PHEGOPTERIS Fee. BEECH FERN.

PHEGOPTERIS CONNECTILIS (Mx.) B.S. P. (P. polypodioides Fee.)
Cleveland, W. Krebs; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Painesville, H. C,
Beardslee (Cat.); Thompson Ledge (Geauga Co.), Cuyahoga Falls (Summit
Co.) Wm. C. Werner; Youngstown, R. H. Ingraham.

PHEGOPTERIS DRYOPTERIS (L.) Fee.
Thomson Ledge, H. C. Beardslee ( Cat.)

PHEGOPTERIS HEXAGONOPTERA (Michx.) Fee,
Throughout the state.

14. DRYOPTERIS Adams. (Aspidium Swartz.) SHIELD FERN.
Woop FERN.

DRYOPTERIS ACROSTICHOIDES (Mx.) Kuntze. (Aspidium acrostichoides Swartz.
Christmas Fern.
Common over the state.

DRYOPTERIS ACROSTICHOIDES SCHWEINITZII (Beck) B.S. P. (Aspidium acrostich.
oides tncisum Gr.)
Licking Co.,H. L. Jones (Cat.); Central Ohio, W. S. Sullivant (Cat.); Miami
Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora).

DRYOPTERIS CRISTATA (L.) A. Gray. (Aspidium cristatum Swartz.)
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Cedar Swamp (Urbana) Mrs. E. J. Spence; Lake
Co., Licking reservoir (Licking Co.) Wm. C. Werner,

DRYOPTERIS CRISTATA CLINTONIANA (D. C. Eaton) Underw. (Aspidium cristatum
clintonianum D.C. Eaton.)
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.), O. Hacker.

DRYOPTERIS GOLDIEANA (Hook.) Gray. (Aspidium goldieanum Hook.)
Widely distributed.

DRYOPTERIS MARGINALIS (L.) Gray. (Aspidium marginale Swartz.)
Common throughout the state.

DRYOPTERIS NOVEBORACENSIS (L.) Gray. (Aspidium noveboracense Swartz)
Throughout the state.

DRYOPTERIS SPINULOSA (Retz.) Kuntze. (Aspidium spinulosum Swartz)
Not uncommon.

DRYOPTERIS SPINULOSA DILATATA (Hoffm.) Underw. (Aspidium spinulosum
dilatatum Wook.)
“General,” H. C. Beardslee (Cat.)

250 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

DRYOPTERIS SPINULOSA INTERMEDIA (Muhl.) Underw. (Aspidium spinulosum
wtermedium TD. C. Eaton.)
Sandusky, E. L. Mosely; Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Fairfield Co., E. V.
Wilcox, S. Renshaw; Franklin Co., Aug. D. Selby; Painesville, H. C. Beards-

lee (Cat.), Wm. C. Werner; Ashtabula Co., Sara F. Goodrich.

DRYOPTERIS THELYPTERIS (L.) Gray. (Aspidium thelypteris Swartz)
Widely distributed.

15. CYSTOPTERIS Bernhardi. BLADDER FERN.

CYSTOPTERIS BULBIFERA (L.) Bernh.
Throughout the state.

CYSTOPTERIS FRAGILIS (.) Bernh.
Widely distributed.

11627 -ONOCEEA sly.

ONOCLEA SENSIBILIS L.
Widely distributed.

ONOCLEA STRUTHIOPTERIS (1,.) Hoffmann.
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.); Wm. C.
- Werner.

17. WOODSIA:R. Brown.

WoopsIA GLABELLA R. Brown.
Elyria, Lorain Co., Dr. Kellogg (J. S. Newberry Cat.)

WOODSIA ILVENSIS R. Brown.
Licking Co., H. L. Jones ( Cat.)

WoopsIA OBTUSA (Spreng.) Torr.
Springfield, Miss H. J. Biddlecome; Licking Co., H. Ll. Jones (Cat.); Fairfield
Co., A. D. Selby. Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.) ; Franklin Co., Lawrence
Co., Wm. C. Werner.

19. LYGODIUM Swartz. CLIMBING FERN.

LYGODIUM PALMATUM (Bernh.) Swartz.
“ Southhern and Eastern Ohio,” J. S. Newberry (Cat.)

20. OSMUNDA LL. FLOWERING FERN.

OSMUNDA CINNAMOMEA IL, Cinnamon Fern.
Uccurring over the state.

OSMUNDA CLAYTONIANA L,.
Widely distributed.

OSMUNDA REGALIS L.
Not uncommon.

BOTANY. 251
VI. OrpER OPHIOGLOSSACEA.

21. BOTRYCHIUM Swartz. Moonworvt.

BOTRYCHIUM MATRICARIAEFOLIUM Braun.
Columbus, A. P. Morgan (Bot. Gaz., July 1882.)

BOTRYCHIUM LANCEOLATUM (Gmel.) Angstroem.
“Ohio,” Gray’s Manual.

BOTRYCHIUM SIMPLEX Hitchcock.
Elyria (Lorain Co.) Dr. Kellogg (Newberry Cat.)

BOTRYCHIUM TERNATUM INTERMEDIUM Eaton.
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Licking Co., H. L. Jones (Cat.)

BOTRYCHIUM TERNATUM LUNARIOIDES Milde.
Cincinnati, J. F. James (Cat.); Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.)

BOTRYCHIUM TERNATUM OBLIQUUM (Muhl.) Milde.
Lorain Co., A. A Wright (Cat.); Cincinnati, J. F. James; Franklin Co., Aug. D.
Selby; Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.); Ashtabula Co., Sara F. Goodrich;
Springfield, Mrs. E. J. Spence.

BOTRYCHIUM TERNATUM DISSECTUM (Spreng.) Milde.
Lorain Co., A. A. Wright (Cat.); Painesville, Columbus, Wm. C. Werner; Cincin-
nati, J. F. James (Cat.); Franklin Co., Aug. D. Selby.
t
BOTRYCHIUM VIRGINIANUM (L.) Swartz.
From Lake Erie to the Ohio River.

22. OPHIOGLOSSUM JL. ADDER’S TONGUE.
OPHIOGLOSSUM VULGATUM L.

Columbiana Co., H. Wolfgang; Franklin Co., L. H. McFadden; Cincinnati, J. F.
James (Cat.); Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.), Otto Hacker.

Bryophyta.”

Crass I—SPHAGNA.
1. SPHAGNUM JL. Boc Moss.

SPHAGNUM ACUTIFOLIUM Ehrh.
Ohio, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.) ; Cedar Swamp (Champaign Co.) Miss H. J. Biddle-
come; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora).

SPHAGNUM CUSPIDATUM (Ehrh.) R. & W.
Ohio, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.)

SPHAGNUM RECURVUM (Beauv.) Russ & Warnst. (S. cuspidatnm recurvum Beauy.)
Ohio, H. C. Beardslee ( Cat.)

d

SPHAGNUM CYMBIFOLIUM Ebhrh.
Ohio, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.); Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora),

SPHAGNUM SQUARROSUM Pers.
Ohio, Leo Lesquereux (H. C. Beardslee, Cat.)

SPHAGNUM STRICTUM Lindb. (.S. girgensohnit Russow.)
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.)

SPHAGNUM SUBSECUNDUM Nees.
Ohio, Leo Lesquereux (H. C. Beardslee, Cat.)

SPHAGNUM SUBSECUNDUM LESCURII (Sull.) Aust.
Ohio, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.)
Crass 2.—MUSCI.

Sus-Ciass I.—ACROCARPI.

I, POUY ERICH ACE As:
2. POLYTRICHUM L.

POLYTRICHUM COMMUNE L.
“Common,” H. C. Beardslee ( Cat.)

* Thanks are due Mrs. Britton for aid in identifying the specimens and correcting the
nomenclature (Wm. C. Werrer )

= te

BOTANY. 203

POLYTRICHUM GRACILE Menzies.
“Ohio,” Leo Lesquereux (H. C. Beardslee, Cat.)

POLYTRICHUM JUNIPERUM Willd.
“Common,” H. C. Beardslee ( Cat.)

POLYTRICHUM OHIOENSE Ren. & Card. (P. formosum Sull., not Hedw.)
““Common,” H. C. Beardslee ( Cat.)

POLYTRICHUM PILIFERUM Schreb.
“Ohio,” Leo Lesquereux (H. C. Beardslee, Cat.)

POLYTRICHUM TENUE Menzies. (Pogonatum brevicaule Beauy.)
Painesville, Rendville (Perry Co.), Fairfield Co., W. C. Werner.

3. CATHARINEA Ebrh. (Africhum Beauv.)
CATHARINEA ANGUSTATA Brid. (Atrichum angustatum Br. & Sch)
Painesville, Franklin Co., Fairfield Co., Wm. C. Werner; Springfield, Miss. H.
J. Biddlecome; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora).

CATHARINEA UNDULATA (L.) Web. & Mohr. (Atrichum undulatum Beauv.)
Frequent.

Il. BUXBAUMIACEA.

4, BUXBAUMIA Haller.

BUXBAUMIA APHYLLA LL.
Painesville, Wm. C. Werner.

III. GEORGIACEA.
5. GEORGIA Ehrh.

GEORGIA PELLUCIDA (L.) Rabenh. (7etraphts pellucida Hedw.)
Painesville, Sugar Grove (Fairfield Co.) Wm. C. Werner; Champaign Co., Miss
H. J. Biddlecome; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora).

IV. FISSIDENTACEAs.

6. FISSIDENS Hedw.

FISSIDENS ADIANTOIDES (L.) Hedw.
Painesville, Lawrence Co., Wm. C. Werner; Cedar Swamp (Champaign Co,)
Miss H. J. Biddlecome, Wm. C. Werner; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora).

FISSIDENS BRYOIDES (L,) Hedw.
Painesville, Columbus, Wm. C. Werner.

264 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

FISSIDENS DECIPIENS DeNot.
Fultonham (Muskingum Co.) Wm. C. Werner; Cedar Swamp (Champaign Co.)
Miss H. J. Biddlecome.

FISSIDENS EXIGUUS Sull. :
“Ohio,” Leo Lesquereux (H. C. Beardslee, Cat.); Columbns, Wm. C. Werner.

FISSIDENS HYALINUS Hook. & Wils.
_“Moist rocky ledges at Bank Lick near Cincinnati, T. G. Lea;” “clay banks
near Painesville, H. C. Beardslee, very rare” (Tesq. & James, Man.)

FISSIDENS INCURVUS Web. & Mohr.
“Ohio,” Leo Lesquereux (H. C. Beardslee, Cat.) ; Springfield, Miss H. J. Biddle-
come.

FISSIDENS JULIANUS (Savi.) Schimp. (Conxomitrium julianum Mont.)
“Ohio,” Leo Lesquereux (H. C. Beardslee, Cat.)

FISSIDENS MINUTULUS Sull.
“Ohio,” Leo Lesquereux (H. C. Beardslee, Cat.) ; Painesville, Columbus, Rend-
ville (Perry Co.) Wm. C. Werner; Springfield, Miss H. J. Biddlecome.

FISSIDENS OBTUSIFOLIUS Wils.
Springfield, Miss H, J. Biddlecome; ‘Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea, Sugar Grove
(Fairfield Co.)” Lesquereux & James ( Man.)

FISSIDENS OSMUNDOIDES (Sw.) Hedw.
“Ohio,” Leo Lesquereux (H.C. Beardslee, Cat.); Cedar Swamp (Champaign
Co.) Miss H. J. Biddlecome ; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora).

FISSIDENS SUBBASILARIS Hedw. ss
“ Ohio,” Leo Lesquereux (H.C. Beardslee, Cat.) ; Springfield, Miss H. J. Bid-
dlecome; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora).
FISSIDENS TAXIFOLIUS (L.) Hedw.

Painesville, Cedar Swamp (Champaign Co.) Wm. C. Werner; Springfield, Miss
H. J. Biddlecome; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora),

V. MNIACEA.
7, ASTROPHYLLUM Neck. (M/nium I,.)

ASTROHYLLUM CUSPIDATUM (L.) Lindb. (MJ/nium affine Bland.)
Throughout the state.

ASTROPHYLLUM CUSPIDATUM ELATUM Br. & Sch.
“On damp sandstone rocks in woods, Southern Ohio,” Lesq. & James ( Man.)

ASTROPHYLLUM LYCOPODIOIDES (Hook.) Lindb.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.), Wim. C. Werner.

ASTROPHYLLUM MARGINATUM (Dicks.) Lindb. (J/niwm serratum Waich.)
“Ohio,” Leo Lesquereux (H. C. Beardslee, Cat.)

BOTANY. 250

ASTROPHYLLUM PUNCTATUM (L,.) Lindb.
‘*“Commion,” H. C. Beardslee ( Cat.)

ASTROPHYLLUM ROSTRATUM (Schrad.) Lindb.
Cedar Swamp (Champaign Co.) Wm. C. Werner,

ASTROPHYLLUM ¢PINULOSUM Bice chk
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.), Wm. C. Werner.

ASTROPHYLLUM STELLARE (Reichard) Lindb.
“Common,” H. C. Beardslee ( Cat.) ; Springfield, Miss H. J. Biddlecome.

ASTROPHYLLUM SYLVATICUM Lindb. (MWnitum cuspidatum Hedw.)
Ashtabula Co., Sara F. Goodrich; Painesville, Franklin Co., Wm. C. Werner;
Springfield, Miss H. J. Biddlecome; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan ( Flora.)

8. TIMMIA Hedw.

TIMMIA MEGAPOLITANA Hedw.
Springfield, Miss H. J. Biddlecome; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora).

9. SPHAZROCEPHALUS Neck. (Aulocomnium Schwesg.)

SAH2ROCEPHALUS HETEROSTICHUS (Brid.) Britt.m. (Awlacomnium heterostichum
Br. & Sch.)
-Througout the state.

SPHEROCEPHALUS PALUSTRIS (L,.) Lindb. (Aulacomnium palustre Schwegr.)
Painesville, Wm ©. Werner.

SPHASROCEPHALUS PALUSTRIS POLYCEPHALUM Br. & Sch.
Cedar Swamp (Champaign Co.) Wm. C. Werner.

VI. MEESIACEKA.

10. MEESIA Hedw.

MEESIA LONGISETA Hedw.
“Cranberry swamps in Northern Ohio; not rare,” Lesq. & James ( Man.)

MEESIA TRIQUETRA (L,.) Angstr. (JV. tristicha Funck.)
“Southern Ohio,” H. C. Beardslee ( Cat.)

MEESEA ULIGINOSA Hedw.
“Northern Ohio,” Leo Lesquereux. (H.C. Beardslee, Cat.)

256 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

VII. BARTRAMIACEA.

11. BARTRAMIA Hecaw.

BARTRAMIA POMIFORMIS (L.) Hedw.
Painesville, Franklin Co., Wm. C. Werner; Springfield, Miss H. J. Biddlecome;
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora).

12. PHILONOTIS Brid.

PHILONOTIS FONTANA Brid.
Painesville, Sugar Grove (Fairfield Co.) Wm. C. Werner.

PHILONOTIS MUHLENBERGII Brid. (Bartramia marchica Sull.)
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.), Wm. C. Werner; Springfield, Miss H. J. Bid-
dlecome.

VIII. BRYACES.

13. BRYUM IL.

BRYUM ALBICANS (Wahl.) Brid. ( Webera albicans Schimp.)
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.); Springfield, Miss H. J. Biddlecome; Miami
Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora).

BRYUM ARGENTEUM L.
Painesville, Columbus, Wm. C. Werner; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora).

BRYUM BICOLOR Dicks. (JB. atropurpureum Wahl.)
“Ohio,” Leo Lesquereux (H. C. Beardslee, Cat.)

BRYUM BIMUM Schreb.
Painesville, Wm. C. Werner; Springfield, Miss H. J. Biddlecome; Miami Val-

ley, A. P. Morgan (Flora).

BRYUM CAESPITICIUM Hedw.
Painesville, Sugar Grove (Fairfield Co.) Wm. C. Werner.

BRYUM-CRUDUM Schreb.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.) Wm. C. Werner.

BRYUM INTERMEDIUM Brid.
Springfield, Miss H. J. Biddlecome; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora).

BRYUM LESCURIANUM Sull.
Lancaster (Fairfield Co.) Leo Lesquereux (H. C. Beardslee, Cat.) ; Painesville,

Wm. C. Werner.

BRYUM NUTANS Schreb.
“Common,” H. C. Beardslee ( Cat.)

Kt
oO
~I

BOTANY.

BRYUM PALLESCENS Schleich.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee ( Cat.)

BRYUM PROLIFERUM (L,.) Sibth. (4. roseum Schreb.)
Painesville, Columbus, Fairfield Co., Wm. C. Werner; Cedar Swamp (Cham-
paign Co.) Miss H. J. Biddlecome; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora).

BRYUM PENDULUM (Hornsch.) Schimp. (4. cernuum Br. & Sch.)
“Southern Ohio,” Leo Lesquereux (H. C. Beardslee, Cat.); Springfield, Miss H.

J. Biddlecome.
BRYUM ULIGINOSUM Bruch. & Schimp.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.); Springfield, Miss H. J. Biddlecome; Miami
Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora).
BRYUM VENTRICOSUM Dicks. (2. pseudotriquetrum Schwegt.)

“ Lancaster” ( Fairfield Co.) Leo Lesquereux (H.C. Beardslee, Cat.); Springfield,
Miss H. J. Biddlecome; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora).

14. LEPTOBRYUM Wils.

LEPTROBRYUM PYRIFORME (L,.) Wils. (Lryum pyriforme Hedw.)
Painesville, Wm. C. Werner; Springfield, Miss H. J. Biddlecome; Miami Val-

ley, A. P. Morgan (Flora).

IX. FUNARIACEA.

15. FUNARIA Schreb.

FUNARIA FLAVICANS Michx.
“Ohio,” 1,eo Lesquereux (H. C. Beardslee, Cat.)

FUNARIA HYGROMETRICA (L.) Sibth.
Throughout the state.

FUNARIA HYGROMETRICA CALVESCENS Br. & Sch.
“Ohio,” Leo Lesquereux (H. C. Beardslee, Cat.)

16. APHANOREGMA Sulliv.

APHANOREGMA SERRATA (Hook. & Wils.) Sulliv.
“Ohio,” Leo Lesquereux (H. C. Beardslee, Cat.); Miami Valley A. P. Morgan

(Flora).

17. PHYSCOMITRELLA Schimp.

PHYSCOMITRELLA PATENS Schimp.
“Rare,” Leo Lesquereux (H.C. Beardslee, Cat.)

17 CAO:

208 GHROLOGY OF OHIO.
18. PHYSCOMITRIUM Brid.

PHYSCOMITRIUM IMMERSUM Sulliy.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.), Wm. C. Werner; “River banks Southern
Ohio,” Thos. G. Lea (Lesq. & James, Man.)

PHYSCOMITRIUM TURBINATUM (Michx.) Mueller. (PP. pyriforme of Amer. authors
fide E. G. Britton).
Painesville, Ironton (Lawrence Co.), Wm. C. Werner; Springfield, Miss H. J.
Biddlecome; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora).

X. DISCELIEE

19. DISCELIUM Brid.

DISCELIUM NUDUM Dicks.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.)

XI. SCHISTOSTEGEAR.

20. SCHISTOSTEGIA Mohr.

SCHISTOSTEGIA OSMUMDACEA Web. & Mohr.
Thompson Ledge (Geauga Co.) Otto Hacker. .

XTI. SPLACHNACEAs.

21. SPLACHNUM L.

SPLACHNUM AMPULLACIUM L.
“Cranberry swamps of Ohio,” Lesquereux & James (Man.)

XIII. WEBERACEA.

22. WEBERA Ebrh.

WEBERA SESSILIS (Schmid.) Lindb. (Diphyscitum foliosum Mohr.)
Painesville, Wm. C. Werner.

23. POHLIA Hedw.

POHLIA ELONGATA Hedw. (Webera elongata Schwaegr.)
Thompson Ledge (Geauge Co.) Wm. C. Werner.

BOTANY. 259

DeVe? LOR LUM ACHE:

24. TORTULA Hedw.

TORTULA MUCRONIFOLIA Schweegr. (Barbula mucronifolia Bruch & Schimp.)
“Ohio,” Leo Lesquereux (H.C. Beardslee, Cat.); Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan
(Flora).

25. LEERSIA Hedw.

LEERSIA LACINIATA Hedw. (zcalypia ciliata Hedw.)
“Ohio,” Leo Lesquereux (H. C. Beardslee, Cat.)

26. BARBULA Hedw.

BARBULA CONVOLUTA Hedw.
“Ohio,” Leo Lesquereux (H. C. Beardslee, Cat.)

BARBULA CURVIROSTRIS (Ehrh.) Lindb. (Gymuostomum curvirostrum Hedw.)
Painesville, Wm. C. Werner; Springfield, Miss H. J. Biddlecome; Miami Val-
ley, A. P. Morgan (Flora).

BARBULA FALLAX Hedw. |
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (,Cat.), Wm. C. Werner; Dayton, Miss H. J. Biddle-
come.

BARBULA HUMILIS Hedw. (&. cespitosa Schwegr.)
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.), Wm. C. Werner; Cedar Swamp (Champaign
Co.) Miss H. J. Biddlecome, Wm. C. Werner; Franklin Ce., Wm. C. Werner;
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora).

BARBULA LONGIFOLIA (Dicks.) Lindb. (7richostomum tophaceum Brid.)
Springfield, Miss H. J. Biddlecome.

BARBULA RIGIDULA Schimp. (TZvichostomum rigidulum Smith.)
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee: (Cat.)

BARBULA RUBELLA (Hoffm.) Mitt. (Didymodum rubellus Br. & Sch.)
“Cedar Swamp, near Urbana” Leo Lesquereux (H. C. Beardslee, Cat.); Spring.
field, Miss H. J. Biddlecome; Miami Valley; A. P. Morgan (Flora).

BARBULA UNGUICULATA (Huds.) Hedw.
Painesville, Sugar Grove (Fairfield Co.) Wm.C. Werner; Dayton, Miss H. J.
Biddlecome; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora).

27. PHASCUM L,.

PHASCUM CUSPIDATUM Schreb.
“Common,” H. C. Beardslee (Cat.)

260. GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

28. MOLLIA Schrank.

MOoLLIA 4RUGINOSA (Sm.) Lindb. (Gymnostomum rupestre Schegr.)
Painesville, Wm. C. Werner; Miss H. J. Biddlecome.

MoLLiIa CALCAREA (N. & H.) Lindb. ( Gymnostomum calcareum Nees & Hornsch.)
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee ( Cat.)

MoLLIA VIRIDULA Hedw. (Wetsia viridula Hedw.)
Springfield, Miss H. J. Biddlecome; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora).

MOLLIA VIRIDULA GYMNOSTOMOIDES (Brid.) Braithw. (Wymenostomum microsto-

mum Aust.)
“Ohio,” Leo Lesquereux (H. C. Beardslee, Cat.)

*29. ASTOMUM Hampe.

ASTOMUM NITIDULUM Schimp.
‘“Ohio rare,” Leo Lesquereux (H. C. Beardslee, Cat.)

ASTOMUM NITIDULUM PYGMUM Lesq.
“Central Ohio,” Lesquereux & James (Man.)

ASTOMUM SULLIVANTII (Schimp.) Hampe.
“Ohio,” Leo Lesquereux (H. C. Beardslee, Cat.)

30. SPHAYRANGIUM Schimip.

SPH2RANGIUM TRIQUETRUM Schimp.
“Ohio,” Leo Lesquereux ( H. C. Beardslee, Cat.)

31. POTTIA Ehrh.

POTTIA TRUNCATULA (L.) Lindb. (P. truncata Fuern.)
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora).

32. DESMATODON Brid.
DESMATODON ARENACEUS Sull. & Lesq.
“Tancaster”’ (Fairfield Co.,) Leo Lesquereux (H.C. Beardslee, Cat.) ; “ Sand-

stone rocks, Central Ohio,’ Lesquereux & James (Man.)

DESMATODON PLINTHOBIUS Sull. & Lesq.
“ Southern Ohio, Lancaster,’ Leo Lesquereux (H. C. Beardslee, Cat.)

DESMATODON PORTERI James.
Springfield, Miss H. J. Biddlecome.

33. EPHEMERUM Hampe.

EPHEMERUM COH4RANS (Hedw.) Muell.
“Cincinnati,” Leo Lesquereux (H. C. Beardslee, Cat.)

BOTANY. 261

EPHEMERUM CRASSINERVUM Schweegr.
“Common,” H. C. Beardslee (Cat.)

EPHEMERUM STENOPHYLLUM Schimp.
“Ohio,” Lesquereux & James ( Man.)

NM Vey DICK AN ACR AE,

34. LEUCOBRYUM Hanipe.

LEUCOBRYUM GLAUCUM (L.) Schimp.
Frequent.

LEUCOBRYUM ALBIDUM (Brid.) Lindb. (ZL. minus Hampe.)
“Sandusky,” Leo Lesquereux (H.C. Beardslee, Cat.); Sugar Grove (Fairfield
Co.,) Cedar Swamp (Champaign Co.), Ironton (Lawrence Co.) Wm. C. Werner,

35. DICRANUM Hedw.

DICRANUM BONJEANI DeNot. (D. palustre LaPyl.)
“Peat bogs, Northern Ohio,” Lesquereux & James (Man.); Sugir Grove (Fairfield
Co.) Wm. C. Werner.

DICRANUM FLAGELLARE Hedw.

Painesville, Franklin Co., Wm. C. Werner; Springfield, Miss H. J. Biddlecome;
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora).

DICRANUM FULVUM Hook.
Painesville, Wm. C. Werner; Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

DICRANUM FUSCESCENS Turn.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.), Wm. C. Werner.

DICRANUM MONTANUM Hedw.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.) ; Cedar Swamp (Champaign Co.) Miss H. J.’
Biddlecome; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora).

DICRANUM SCHRADERI Web. & Mohr.
“Ccommon,” H. C. Beardslee ( Cat.)

DICRANUM SCOPARIUM (L,.) Hedw.
Frequent.

DICRANUM SPURIUM Hedw.
“Ohio,” Leo Lesquereux (H. C. Beardslee, Cat.)

DICRANUM UNDULATUM Ebrh.
“Ohio,” Leo Lesquereux (H.C. Beardslee, Cat.)

DICRANUM VIRIDE (Sull. & Lesq.) Schimp.
Springfield, Miss H. J. Biddlecome.

262 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.
36. BRYOZIPHIUM Mitt.

BRYOZIPHIUM NORVEGICUM (Brid.) Mitt. (ustichia norvegica Brid.)
“Middle Ohio,” Lesquereux & James (Mau.)

37. SELIGERIA Br. & Sch.

SELIGERIA PUSILLA (Ehrh.) Br. & Sch.
“ Kelley’s Island, Lake Erie,” Leo Lesquereux (Lesq. & James, Man.)

SELIGERIA TRIFARIA (Brid.) Lindb. (S. trzsticha Br. & Sch.)
“Limestone rocks, in shaded ravines, Central Ohio (Sullivant); very rare,” (Lesq.
& James, Man.)

388. TREMATODON Michx.

TREMATODON AMBIGENS (Hedw.) Hornsch.
“Southern Ohio,” Leo Lesquereux (H. C. Beardslee, Cat.)

TREMATODON LONGICOLLIS Michx.
“Northern Ohio,” Leo Lesquereux (H.C. Beardslee, Cat.)

39. ANISOTHECIUM Mitt.

ANISOTHECIUM RUBRUM (Huds.) Lindb. (Dicranel/a varia Schimp.)
Painesville, Franklin Co., Wm. C. Werner; Dayton, Miss H. J. Biddlecome;
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora).

ANISOTHECIUM RUFESCENS (Dicks) Lindb. (Dcranella rufescens Schimp.)
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.), Wm. C. Werner; Miami Valley, A. P. Mor-
gan (Flora). :

40. DICRANELLA Schimp.

DICRANELLA CERVICULATA (Hedw.) Schimp.
“Very rare,’ Leo Lesquereux (H, C. Beardslee, Cat.)

DICRANELLA HETEROMALLA (L.) Schimp.
Painesville, Ironton (Lawrence Co.) Wm. C. Werner; Miami Valley, A. P. Mor-
gan (Flora).

DICRANERLA HETEROMALLA ORTHOCARPA (Aust.) C. Muell.
Painesville, Wm. C. Werner; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora).

DICRANELLA HETEROMALLA STRICTA Schimp.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.), Wm. C. Werner.

SC eg
4 BPR

BOTANY. 263
41. DICRANODONTIUM Br. & Sch.

DICRANODONTIUM DENUDATUS (Brid.) Britton, m. (D. longirostre Br. & Sch.)
“Southern Ohio,” Leo Lesquereux (H. C. Beardslee, Cat.) :

42. CAMPYLOPUS Brid.

CAMPYLOPUS LEANUS Sull.
“Ohio, rare,” Leo Lesquereux (H. C. Beardslee, Cat.)

43. ONCOPHORUS Brid.

ONCOPHORUS VIRENS (Sw.) Brid. (Cynuodontium virens Schimp.)
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.), Wm. C. Werner.

44. RHABDOWEISIA Br. & Sch.

RHABDOWEISIA FUGAX (Hedw.) Br. & Sch.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee ( Cat.)

45. BRUCHIA Schweer.

BRUCHIA BREVICOLLIS Lesq. & James.
Sugar Grove (Fairfield Co.) Wm. C. Werner.

BRUCHIA FLEXUOSA (Schweegr.) C. Muell.
“Common,” H. C. Beardslee (Cat.)

46. DITRICHUM Timm.

DITRICHUM PALLIDUM (Schreb.) Hampe. (T7vichostomum pallidum Hedw.)
Painesville, Ironton, Wm. C. Werner; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora).

DITRICHUM TORTILE (Schrad.) Hampe. (TZvrichostomum tortile Schrad.)
Painesville, Wm. C. Werner.

DITRICHUM VAGINANS (Sull.) Hampe. (7richostomum vaginans Sull.)
“ Ohio,” Leo Lesquereux (H. C. Beardslee, Cat.)

47. PLEURIDIUM Brid.

PLEURIDIUM SUBULATUM (Sehreb.) Lindb. (P. alternifolium Brid.)
“Common,” H. C. Beardslee ( Cat.)

PLEURIDIUM SUBULATUM LANCASTRINESE Sull. & Lesq.
“Yancaster Ohio,” Lesquereux & James (Man.)

48. ARCHIDIUM Brid.

ARCHIDIUM OHIOENSE Schimp.
“ Central Ohio,” Lesquereux & James (Man.)

264 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

49. CERATODON Brid.

CERATODON PURPUREUS (L,.) Brid.
Painesville, Columbus, Wm. C. Werner; Springfield, Miss H. J. Biddlecome;
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora).

XVI. GRIMMIACEA.

50. WEISSIA Ehrh.

WEISSIA AMERICANA (Pallis.) Lindb. (U/ota hutchinsie Schimp.)
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee ( Cat.)

WEISSIA COARCTATA (Pallis.) Lindb. (Ulota ludwigti Brid.)
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee ( Cat.)

WEISSIA ULOPHYLLA CRISPULA (Bruch.) Hammar. ( U/otacrispula Brid.)
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.)

51. ORTHOTRICHUM Hedw.

ORTHOTRICHUM ANOMALUM PECK Sull. (O. peckiz Aust.)
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee ( Cat.)

ORTHOTRICHUM CUPULATUM Hoffm. (0. strangulatum Beauv.)
Painesville, Franklin Co., Wm. C. Werner; Springfield, Miss H. J. Biddlecome ;
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora); “Ohio river,” Leo Lesquereux (H. C.
Beardslee, Cat.)

ORTHOTRICHUM LESCURII Aust. (O. cupulatum minus Sull.)
“On limestone rocks along the Ohio river,” Leo Lesquereux (Lesq. & James,

Man.)

ORTHOTRICHUM OHIOENSE Sull.
Painesville, Ironton, Wm. C. Werner.

ORTHOTRICHUM OHIOENSE CITRINUM (Aust.) Lesq. & James. (O. citrinwim Aust.)
Painesville, Wm. C. Werner.

62. DRUMMONDIA Hook.

DRUMMONDIA CLAVELLATA Hook.
Painesville, Columbus, Wm. C. Werner; Springfield, Miss H. J. Biddlecome ;
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora).

538. PTYCHOMITRIUM Br. & Sch.

PTYCHOMITRIUM INCURVUM (Schwegr.) Sull.
“Very common in southern Ohio,” Lesquereux & James (Man.)

BOTANY. ie 265
54. GRIMMIA Ehrh.

GRIMMIA APOCARPA (L,.) Hedw.
Painesville, Franklin Co., Wm. C. Werner; Springfield, Miss H: J. Biddlecome.

GRIMMIA APOCARPA RIVULARIS Nees & Hornsch.
“Ohio,” Leo Lesquereux (H. C. Beardslee, Cat.)

GRIMMIA CAMPESTRIS (Burch, M$.) Hook. (G. leucoph@ea Grev.)
‘““Ohio,” Leo Lesquereux (H. C. Beardslee, Cat.)

GRIMMIA CONFERTA Funck.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee ( Cat.)

GRIMMIA PENNSYLVANICA Schwegr.
‘““Lancaster,”’ Leo Lesquereux (H. C. Beardsiee, Cat.); Painesville, Wm. C. Wer-
ner; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora).

Sus-CLass 2—PLEUROCARPI.

XVII. HYPNACES.

55. THUIISIUM Br. & Sch.

THUIDIUM DELICATULUM (L.) Mitt. (Aypnuum tamariscinum Sull. & Lesq.)
“Very common,” H. C. Beardslee (Cat.) ; Painesville, Wm. C. Werner.

THUIDIUM GRACILE Bruch. & Schimp.
Springfield, Miss H. J. Biddlecome; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora).

THUIDIUM GRACILE LANCASTRIENSE Sull. & Lesq.
“ Ohio,” Leo Lesquereux (H. C. Beardslee, Cat.)

THUIDIUM MINUTILUM (Hedw.) Br. & Sch.
Springfield, Miss H. J. Biddlecome; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora).

THUIDIUM PALUDOSUM (Sull.) Rau & Hervey.
“Not rare in the cranberry marshes of Northera Ohio,” Lesq. & James (Man.)

THUIDIUM PYGM2UM (Br. & Sch.) Sull. & Lesq.
“Plymouth marsh” near Ashtabula, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.); ‘‘ Limestone rocks,
in thin close mats, in shaded ravines, Central Ohio, rare,” Lesquereux &
James (Man.); Springfield, Miss H. J. Biddlecome.

THUIDIUM RECOGNITUM (Hedw.) Lindb.
Cedar Swamp (Champaign Co.) Miss H. J. Biddlecome, Wm. C. Werner; Miami
Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora).

[THUIDIUM SCITUM (Beauy.) Aust.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee; Springfield, Miss H. J. Biddlecome.

266 GEOLOGY OF OHIO. “<

THUIDIUM SCITUM ASSTIVALE Aust.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee; Springfield, Miss H. J. Biddlecome; Miami Valley,
A. P. Morgan (Flora).

56. LESKEA Hedw.

LESKEA DENTICULATA Sull.
“Southern Ohio,” Leo LWesquereux (H. C. Beardslee, Cat.); Springfield, Miss H-
J. Biddlecome; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora).

-LESKEA OBSCURA Hedw.
Painesville, Wm. C. Werner. E

LESKEA POLYC4RPA Ebrh.
Dayton, Miss H. J. Biddlecome; Franklin Co., Wm. C. Werner.

LESKEA TRISTIS Cesati.
Painesville, Wm. C. Werner; Springfield, Miss H. J. Biddlecome; Miami Valley
A. P. Morgan (Flora).

57. ANOMODON Hook. & Tayl.

ANOMODON APICULATUS Br. & Sch.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.), Wm. C. Werner.

ANOMODON ATTENUATUS (Schreb.) Hueben.
Painesville, Fairfield Co., Rendville (Perry Co.) Wm. C. Werner; Springfield,
Miss H. J. Biddlecome; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora).

ANOMODON OBTUSIFOLIUS Br. & Sch.
Painesville, Franklin Co., Wm. C. Werner; Springfield, Miss H. J. Biddlecome;
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora).

ANOMODON ROSTRATUS (Hedw.) Schimp.
Painesville, Fairfield Co., Wm. C. Werner; Springfield, Miss H. J. Biddlecome;
Miami Valley, A: P. Morgan (Flora).

58. AMBLYSTEGIUM Br. & Sch.

AMBLYSTEGIUM ADNATUM Hedw.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.); Springfield, Miss H. J. Biddlecome; Miami
Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora); Columbus, Wm. C. Werner.

AMBLYSTEGIUM ADUNCUM (L.) Lindb. (AHypnum uncinatum Hedw.)
Painesville, Columbus, Cedar Swamp (Champaign Co.) Wm. C. Werner.

AMBLYSTEGIUM CHRYSOPHYLLUM (Brid.) DeNot.
Painesville, Sugar Grove (Fairfield Co.) Wm. C. Werner; Cedar Swamp (Cham-
paign Co.) Miss H. J. Biddlecome; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora).

AMBLYSTEGIUM CORDIFOLIUM (Hedw.) DeNot.
Painesville, Wm. C. Werner.

BOTANY. 267

AMBLYSTEGIUM FILICINUM (JL.) Lind.
Painesville, Wm. C. Werner; Cedar Swamp (Champaign Co.) Miss H. J. Biddle-
come, Wm. C. Werner; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora).

AMBLYSTEGIUM FLUITANS (L.) DeNot.
Franklin Co., Wm. C. Werner.

AMBLYSTEGIUM FLUVIATILE (Swartz.) Br. & Sch.
Sugar Grove (Fairfield Co.) Wm. C. Werner; Springfield, Miss H. J. Bidd'ecome.

AMBLYSTEGIUM GIGANTEUM (Sch.) DeNot.
“Urbana,” Leo Lesquereux (H. C. Beardslee, Cat.)

AMBLYSTEGIUM HYGROPHILUM (Jur.) Schimp. (Aypnuum bergenense Aust.)
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee ( Cat.), Wm. C. Werner. ;

AMBLYSTEGIUM IRRIGUUM (Hook. & Wils,) Br. & Sch,
Yellow Springs (Greene Co.) Miss H. J. Biddlecome,

AMBLYSTEGIUM MINUTISSIMUM Sull. & Lesq.
“Ohio,” Lesq. & James ( Man.)

AMBLYSTEGIUM REVOLVENS (Sw.) DeNot.
“Southern Ohio,” Leo Lesquereux (H. C. Beardslee, Cat.)

AMBLYSTEGIUM RIPARIUM (L.) Br. & Sch.
Painesville, Franklin Co., William C. Werner; Cedar Swamp (Champaign Co.)
Miss H. J. Biddlecome; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora).

AMBLYSTEGIUM SERPENS (L.) Br. & Sch.
Painesville, Wm. C. Werner; Springfield, Miss H. J. Biddlecome.

AMBLYSTEGIUM ORTHOCLADON (Beauv.) Br. & Sch.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.), Wm. C. Werner; Franklin Co., Fairfield Co.,
Wm. C. Werner; Springfield, Miss H. J. Biddlecome; Miami Valley, A. P.
Morgan (Flora).

AMBLYSTEGIUM STELLATUM (Schreb.) Lindb.
Cedar Swamp (Chanipaign Co.) Wm. C. Werner.

AMBLYSTEGIUM STRAMINEUM (Dicks.) DeNot.
“Sandusky,” Leo Lesquereux (H. C. Beardslee, Cat.)

AMBLYSTEGIUM TRIFARIUM (Web. & Mohr.)
“Sandusky,” Leo Lesquereux (H. C. Beardslee, Cat.) ; ‘Peat bogs Northern Ohio,
Lesquereux,” (Lesquereux & James, Man.)

AMPLYSTEGIUM VARIUM (Hedw.) Lindb. (Aypnun radicale Br. & Sch.)
Springfield, Miss H. J. Biddlecome; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora);
Ironton, Wm. C. Werner. :

268 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

AMBLYSTEGIUM WATSONII (Sch.) Lindb. (Hypuun aduncum Hedw.)
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.); Cedar Swamp (Champaign Co.) Wm. C.
Werner; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora).

AMBLYSTEGIUM WATSONII GRACILESCENS (Br. & Sch.)
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee ( Cat.)

59. HYPNUM L.

HYPNUM ACUMINATUM Beauv. :
Painesville, Rendville (Perry Co.) Wm. C. Werner; Springfield, Miss H. J. Bid-
dlecome; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora).

HYPNUM ACUMINATUM SETOSUM Sull. & Lesq.
Columbus, Wm. C. Werner.

HYPNUM ACUMINATUM RUPNICOLUM Sull. & Lesq.
“Ohio,” Leo Lesquereux (H. C. Beardslee, Cat.)

HYPNUM ALLEGHANIENSE C. Muell.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee; Clifton (Greene Co.) Miss H. J. Biddlecome;
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora).

Hypnum BOSCII Schweer.
Painesville, Sugar Grove, Ironton, Wm. C. Werner; Cedar Swamp (Champaign
Co.) Miss H. J. Biddlecome; Miami Va.ley, A. P. Morgan (Flora).

HYPNUM CYLINDROCARPUM C. Muell.
Cedar Swamp (Champaign Co.) Miss H. J. Biddlecome; Miami Valley A. P.
Morgan (Flora).

HYPNUM DEMISSUM Wils.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora).

HYPNUM DEPLANATUM Schimp.
Springfield, Miss H. J. Biddlecome; Miami Valley A. P. Morgan (Flora).

HYPNUM DIVERSIFOLIUM Schimp.
“Lancaster,” Leo Lesquereux (H. C. Beardslee, Cat.); ‘‘dry sandy hills under
chestnut trees, Ohio, Lesquereux,” (Lesq. & James, Man.)

HYPNUM FERTILE Sendt. :
Cedar Swamp (Champaign Co.) Miss H. J. Biddlecome.

HYPNUM GEOPHILUM Aust.
Springfield, Miss H. J. Biddlecome.

HYPNUM HIANS Hedw.
Painesville, Rendville (Perry Co.) Wm. C. Werner; Clifton (Greene Co.) Miss
H. J. Biddlecome; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora).

BOTANY. 269

HYPNUM LA&TUM Brid.
Painesville, Rendville (Perry Co.) Wm. C. Werner; Clifton (Greene Co.) Miss
H. J. Biddlecome; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora). :

HYPNUM MICROCARPUM C. Muell.
“Cedar swamps, Ohio,” Lesquereux & James (Man.); Miami Valley, A. P.
Morgan (Flora).

HYPNUM MILDEANUM Schimp. (fH. acutum Mitt.)
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.), Wm. C. Werner; Cedar. Swamp (Champaign
Co.) Miss H. J. Biddlecome.

HYPNUM MUELLERIANUM Hook. fil.
“Ohio,” Leo Lesquereux (Lesq. & James, Man.)

HYPNUM NOV4-ANGLIZ Sull. & Lesq.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee ( Cat.)

HYPNUM PILIFERUM Schreb.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.); Cedar Swamp (Champaign Co.) Miss H. J.
Biddlecome.

HYPNUM PLUMOSUM Hudson. (WH. sa’ebrosum Hoffm.)
“Common,” H. C. Beardslee ( Cat.)

HYPNUM PSEUDOPLUMOSUM Brid. (HH. plumosum Sw.)
“Common,” H. C. Beardslee (Cat.)

HYPNUM RECURVANS Schwegr.
Painesville, Wm. C. Werner; Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

HYPNUM RIVULARE Bruch.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.), Wm. C. Werner; Springfield, Miss H. J.
Biddlecome.

HYPNUM RUTABULUM L.
Painesville, Wm. C. Werner; Cedar Swamp (Champaign Co.) Miss H. J. Biddle-
come; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora).

HYPNUM RUSCIFORME Weiss.
“Ohio,” Leo Lesquereux (H. C. Beardslee, Cat.)

HYPNUM SCORPOIDES L.
‘Cranberry marshes northern Ohio,” Leo Lesquereux (Lesq. & James, Man.);
“Urbana,” Leo Lesquereux (H. C. Beardslee, Cat.); Cedar Swamp (Champaign
Co.) Wm. C. Werner.

HYPNUM SERRULATUM Hedw.
Painesville, Wm. C. Werner; Springfield, Miss H. J. Biddlecome; Miami Val-
_ ley, A. P. Morgan ( Flora).

270 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

HYPNUM STRIGOSUM Hoff.

Painesville, Wm. C. Werner; Cedar Swamp (Champaign Co.) Miss H. J. Biddle-
come. ;

HYPNUM SULLIVANTII Spruce.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.); Springfield, Miss H. J. Biddlecome; Miami
Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora); Sugar Grove (Fairfield Co.) Wm. C. Werner.

HYPNUM TURFACEUM Lindb.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.), Wm. C. Werner.

HYPNUM VIRIDE Lam. (7. populeum Hedw.)
“Ohio,” Leo Lesquerenux (H. C. Beardslee, Cat.)

60. HOMALOTHECIUM Br. & Sch.

HOMALOTHECIUM SUBCAPILLATUM (Hedw.) Br. & Sch.
“Ohio,” Leo Lesquereux (H. C. Beardslee, Cat.); Springfield, Miss H. J. Biddle-
come. ;

61. CAMPTOTHECIUM Schimp.

CAMPTOTHECIUM NITENS (Schreb.) Schimp. (Aypaum nitens Schreb.,)
‘Southern Ohio,” Leo Lesquereux (H. C. Beardslee, Cat.)

XVIII STEREODONTACEA.

62. MYURELLA Br. & Sch.

MYURELLA CAREYVANA Sull.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora).

63. HABRODON Schimp.

HABRODON NOTARISSII Schimp.
‘Trunks of trees, Central Ohio,” W. S. Sullivant (Lesq. & James, Man.)

64. ANACAMPTODON Brid.

ANACAMPTODON SPLACHNOIDES Brid.
Springfield, Miss H. J. Biddlecome.

65. THELIA Sull.

THELIA ASPRELLA (Schimp.) Sull.
Springfield, Miss H. J. Biddlecome; Columbus, Wm. C. Werner. Z

BOTANY. 271

THELIA HIRTELLA (He iw.) Sull.
Painesville, Columbus, Wm. C. Werner; Cedar Swamp (Chanipaign Co.) Miss
H. J. Biddlecome ; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora).

66. HYLOCOMIUM Br. & Sch.

HYLOCOMIUM BREVIROSTRE (Ehrh.) Br. & Sch.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.), Wm. C. Werner.

HYLOCOMIUM PARIETINUM (L,) Lindb. (Hypuum schrebert Willd.)
Painesville, Wm. C. Werner; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora).

HYLOCOMIUM PROLIFERUM (L,.) Lindb. (AHypnum splendens Br. & Sch.)
“Common,” H. C. Beardslee (Cat.)

HYLOCOMIUM RUGOSUM (L.) De Not. .
Painesville, Wm. C. Werner; Clifton (Greene Co.) Miss H. J. Biddlecome;
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora).

HYLOCOMIUM TRIQUETRUM (L,) Br. & Sch.
Painesville, Sugar Grove (Fairfield Co.) Wm. C. Werner; Cedar Swamp (Cham-
paign Co.,) Miss H. J. Biddlecome; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora).

67. CAMPYLIUM Mitt.

CAMPYLIUM HISPIDULUM (Brid.) Mitt. (AWypnum hispidulum Brid.)
Painesville, Thompson Ledge (Geauga Co), Columbus, Ironton, Wm. C. Wer-
ner; Richland Co., E, Wilkinson; Cedar Swamp (Champaign Co.) Miss H. J.
Biddlecome; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora).

68. CTENIDIUM Mitt.
CTENIDIUM MOLLUSCUM (Hedw.) Mitt) (Aypnum molluscum Hedw.)

Painesville, Wm. C. Werner; Cedar Swamp (Champaign Co.) Miss H. J. Biddle-
come,

69. PTILIUM DeNot.

PTILIUM CRISTA-CASTRENSE (Ey.) DeNot. (Aypnum crista-castrensis I,.)
* Northern Ohio,” H. C. Beardslee (Cat.)

70. STEREODON Mitt.

STEREODON CONFERVOIDES Brid. (Amblystegium confervoides Brid.)
Springfield, Miss H. J. Biddlecome; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora).

STEREODON CURVIFOLIUS (Hedw.) Brid. (Hypuum curvifolium Hedw.)

Painesville, Sugar Grove, Cedar Swamp (Champaign Co.) Wm. C. Werner
Springfield, Miss H. J. Biddlecome; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora).

272 _ GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

STEREODON CUPRESSIFORME (J,.) Brid. (Hypuum cupressiforme I.)
“Common,” H. C. Beardslee (Cat.)

STEREODON CUPRESSIFORME ERICETORUM Br. & Sch.
Rendville (Perry Co.) Wm. C. Werner.

STEREODON CUPRESSIFORME FILIFORME Brid.
On limestone rock near Columbus, Wm. C. Werner.

STEREODON HALDANIANUM (Grev.) Lindb. (Hypuum haldanianum Grey.)
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.); Rendville (Perry Co.) Wm. C. Werner.

STEREODON IMPONENS (Hedw.) Brid. (AWypuum.imponens Hedw.)
Painesville, Columbus, Wm. C. Werner; Springfield, Miss H. J. Biddlecome;
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora).

STEREODON PALLESCENS (Hedw.) Lindb. (Hypnuum ‘reptile Michx.)
Springfield, Miss H. J. Biddlecome.

STEREODON PRATENSE (Koch.) Britt. m. (Hypnum pratense Koch.)
Columbus, Wm. C. Werner.

71. (PYLAISIA Br. & Sch.

PyLAISIA INTRICATA (Hedw.) Br. & Sch.
Painesville, Rendville (Perry Co.) Win. C. Werner; Springfield, Miss H. J. Bid-
dlecome; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora).

PYLAISIA SUBDENTICULATA Schimp.
‘“On the bark of trees, Central Ohio,” W.S. Sullivant (Lesq. & James, Man.) ;
Springfield, Miss H. J. Biddlecome.

PYLAISIA VELUTINA Br. & Sch.
Black Lick (Franklin Co.), Cedar Swamp (Champaign Co.) Wm. C. Werner.

72. PLAGIOTHECIUM Br. & Sch.

PLAGIOTHECIUM DENTICULATUM (L.) Br. & Sch. (HWypuum denticulatuim I.)
Painesville, Columbus, Wm. C. Werner.

PLAGIOTHECIUM SULLIVANTA: Schimp.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.); “Lancaster,” Leo Lesquereux (H. C. Beards-
lee, Cat.) ; ‘Moist sandstone rocks and shaded banks in pine woods, Ohio,”
Lesquereux & James ( Man.)

PLAGIOTHECIUM PULCHELLUM Br. & Sch. (A ypuum pulchellum Dicks.)
Cedar Swamp (Champaign Co.) Wm. C. Werner.

PLAGIOTHECIUM SYLVATICUM (Huds.) Br. & Sch.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.); Cedar Swamp (Champaign Co.) Miss H. J.
Biddlecome.

BOTANY. 273

73. CYLINDROTHECIUM Br. & Sch.

CYLINDROTHECIUM BREVISETUM (Wils.) Br. & Sch.
Springfield, Miss H. J. Biddlecome; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora).

CYLINDROTHECIUM CLADORRHIZANS (Hedw.) Schimp.
Painesville, Wm. C. Werner; Springfield, Miss H. J. Biddlecome; Miami Valley,
A. P. Morgan (Flora).

CYLINDROTHECIUM COMPRESSUM Br. & Sch.
Columbus, Leo Lesquereux (H. C. Beardslee, Cat.)

CYLINDROTHECIUM SEDUCTRIX (Hedw.) Sull.
Painesville, Columbus, Wm. C. Werner; Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman; Spring-
field, Miss H. J. Biddlecome; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora).

' 74. ENTODON C. Muell.

ENTODON PALATINUS (Neck.) Lindb. (Platygyrium repens Br. & Sch.)
Painesville, Columbus, Wm. C. Werner; Springfield, Miss H. J. Biddlecome;
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora).

XIX. NECKERACEA,

75. NECKERA Hedw.

NECKERA PENNATA (L,.) Hedw.
Cedar Swamp (Champaign Co.) Miss H. J. Biddlecome; Miami Valley, A. P,
Morgan (Flora).

76. CLIMACIUM Web. & Mohr.

CLIMACIUM AMERICANUM Brid.
Frequent.

77. FONTINALIS IL,

FONTINALIS BIFORMIS Sull.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.); Woodlands, in rivulets, Central Ohio, Les_
quereux & James (Man.)

78. LEPTODON Mokr.

LEPTODON OHIOENSE Sull.
“Central Ohio, on trees in swampy woods; not rare,” Lesquereux & James ( Man.)

18 G. O.

274 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

LEPTODON TRICHOMITRION (Hedw.) Mohr.
Painesville, Cedar Swamp (Champaign Co.) Wm. C. Werner; Springfield, Miss

H. J. Biddlecome; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora).

LEPTODON TRICHOMITRIUM IMMERSUM Lesa. & James.
“ Cincinnati,” Leo Lesquereux (H. C. Beardslee, Cat.)

79. LEUCODON Schwegr.

‘LEUCODON BRACHYPUS Brid.
“Common,” H. C. Beardslee ( Cat.)

LEUCODON JULACEUS (Hedw.) Sull.
Painesville, Columbus, Sugar Grove, Cedar Swamp, Rendville (Perry Co.) Wm.

C. Werner; Springfield, Miss H. J. Biddlecome; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan
(Flora). 3

80. HEDWIGIA Ehrh.

HEDWIGIA CILIATA Ehrh.
Painesville, Franklin Co., Sugar Grove, Ironton, Wm. C. Werner; Springfield,

Miss H. J. Biddlecome; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Flora).

XX. HOOKERIEA.

81. HOOKERIA Tayl.

HOOKERIA SULLIVANTIL Muell.
“Tancaster,” Leo Lesquereux (H. C. Beardslee, Cat.) ; ‘‘ Middle Ohio,” W. S. Sul-

livant (Lesquereux & James Man.)

Index to Mosses.

(The references are to the serial number, not to the page.)

Amblystegium, 58.
Anacamptodon, 64.
Anisothecium, 39.
Anomodon, 57.
Aphanoregma, 16.
Archidium, 48.
Astomum, 29.
Astrophyllum, 7.
Atrichum, 3.
Aulacomnium, 9.

Barbula, 24, 26.
Bartratias Lie:
Bartramiacee, VII.
Bruchia, 45.
_Bryoziphium, 36.
Bryacee, VIII.
Bryum, 13, 14.
Buxbaumia, 4.
Buxbaumiacez, II.

Cc

Camptothecium, 61.
Campylium, 67.
Campylopus, 42.
Catharinea, 3.
Ceratodon, 49.
Climacium, 76.
Conomitrium, 6.
Ctenidium, 68.
Cylindrothecium, 73.
Cynodontium, 43.

Desmatodon, 32.
Dicranacee, XV: °
Dicranella, 39, 40.
Dicranodontium, 41.
Dicranum, 35.
Didymodon, 26.
Diphyscium, 22.
Discelieze, X.
Discelium, 19.
Ditrichum, 46.
Drummondia, 52.

Encalypta, 25.
Entodon, 74.
Ephemerum, 33.
Eustichia, 36.

Fissidens, 6.
Fissidentacee, IV.
Funaria, 15.
Funariacee, IX.
Fontinalis, 77.

Georgia, 5.
Georgiaceze, III.
Grimmia, 54.
Grimmiaceze, XVJ.
Gymnostonmiuim, 26-28,

276

rq

Habrodon, 63.

Hedwigia, 80.

Homalothecium, 60.

Hookeria, 81.

Hookeriex, XX.

Hylocomium, 66.

Hymenostomum, 28.

Hypnacee, XVII.
_Hypnum, 55, 58, 59, 61, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 72.
Hypnum acuminatum, 59.

Hypnum acutum, 59.

Hypnum (Amblystegium) adnatuim, 58.
Hypnum (Amblystegium) aduncum, 58.
Hypuum alleghaniense, d9.

Hypnum bergenense, 58.

Hypnum boscii, 59.

Hypnum (Hylocomium) brevirostre, 66.

Hypnum (Amblystegium) chrysophyi-
lum, 58.

Hypnum (Amblystegium) cordifolium,
58.

Hypnum (Stereodon) confervoides, 70.

Hypnum (Ptilium) crista-castrensis, 69.

Hypnum (Stereodon) cupressiforme, 70.

Hypuum (Stereodon) curvifolium, 70.

Hypuum cylindrocarpum, 59.

Hypnum demissum, 59.
Hypnum (Plagiothecium) denticulatum,

-

(ae .
Hypnum (Thudium) delicatulum, 55.
Hypnum deplanatum, 59.

Hypnum diversifolium, 59.

Hypnum fertile, 459.

Hypnum (Amblystegium) filicinum, 58.
Hypuum (Amblystegium) fluitans, 58.
Hypnum (Amblystegium) fluviatile, 58.

Hypnum geophilum, 59.
Hypnum (Amblystegium) giganteum, 58.
Hypnum (Thuidium) gracile, 55.

Hypuum (Stereodon) haldanianum, 70.

Hy pnum hians, 59.

Hypnum (Campylium) hispidulum, 67.

Hypnum (Amblystegium) hygrophilum,
58,

Hypnum (Stereodon) imponens, 70.

GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

Hypnum (Amblystegium) stirriguum, 58.
Hypuum lzetum, 59.

Hypnum microcarpum, 59.

Hypnum mildeanum, 59.

Hypnum (Thuidium) minutilum, 55.

Hypnum (Amblystegium) minutissimum,
58.

Hypuum (Ctenidium) molluscum, 68.

~Hypnum muellerianum, 59.

Hypnum (Camptothecium) nitens, 61.
Hypuum nove-angliz, 59.

Hypnum (Amblystegium) orthocladon,58.

Hypuum (Thuidium) paludosum, 55.

Hypnum (Stereodon) pallescens, 70.°

Hypnum (Hylocomium) parietium, 66.

Hypnum piliferum, 59.

Hypnum plumosum, 59.

Hypnum (Stereodon) pratense, 70.

Hypnum (Hylocomium) proliferum, 66.

Hypnum pseudoplumosum, 59.

Hypnum (Pilagiothecium) pulchellum, ©
is.

Hypnum (Thuidium) pygmezeum, 55.

Hypnumi radicale, d8.

Hypnum (Thuidium) recognitum, 55.
Hypnum recurvans, 59.

Hypuum reptile, 70.

Hypnum (Amblystegium ) revolvens, 58.
Hypnum (Amblystegium) riparium, 58.
Hypnum rivulare, 59.

Hvypnum (Hylocomium) rugosum, 66.
Hypnum rusciforme, 59.

Hypnum rutabulum, 59.

Hypuum salebrosum, 59.

Hypnum schreberi, 66.

Hypnum (Thuidium) scitum, 55.

Hypunum scorpoides, 59.

Hypnum serrulatum, 59.

Hypnum (Amblystegium ) serpens, 58.

Hypnum splendens, 66.

Hypnum (Ambiystegium ) stellatum, 58.

Hypnum (Amblystegium) stramineum,
58.

Hypnum strigosum, 59.

Hypuum (Plagiothecium ) sullivante, 72.

Hypuum sullivantii, 59.

BOTANY.

Hypnum (Plagiothecium) sylvaticum, 72.

Hypnum tamariscinum, 55.

Hypnum (Amblystegium) trifarium, 58.
Hypnum (Hylocomium) triquetrum, 66.
Hypnum turfaceum, 59.

Hypnum uncinatum, 58.
Hypnum (Amblystegium) varium, 58.
Hypnum (Amblystegium) watsonii, 58.

L

Leersia, 25.
Leptobryum, 14.
Leptodon, 78.
Leskea, 56.
Leucodon, 79.
Leucobryum, 34.

M

Meesia, 10.
Meesiacez, VI.
Mnium, 7.
Mniacez, V.
Mollia, 28.
Myurella, 62.

Neckera, 75.
Neckeracee, XIX.

Oncophorus, 43.
Orthotrichum, 51.

Phascum, 27.
Philonotis, 12.
Physcomitrella, 17.
Physcomitrium, 18.
Plagiothecium, 72.
Platygyrium, 74.
Pleuridium, 47.

Pogonatum, 2.
Pohlia, 23.
Polytrichaceze, I.
Polytrichum, 2.
Pottia, 31.
Ptilium, 69.
Ptychomitrium, 53.
Pylaisia, 71.

Rhabdoweisia, 44.

Schistostegia, 20.
Schistostegee, XI.
Seligeria, 37.
Spherangium, 30.
Spherocephalus, 9.
Sphagnum, 1.
Splachnaceze, XII.
Splachnum, 21.
Stereodon, 70.
Stereodontaceee, XVIII.

T

Tetraphis, 5.

Thelia, 65.

Thuidium, 59.
Timmia, 8.

Tortula, 24.
Tortulacece, XIV.
Trematodon, 38.
Trichostomum, 26, 46.

U

Ulota, 50.

Webera, 138, 22, 23.
Weberacee, XIII.
Weisia, 28.
Weissia, 50.

ee
ie

Hepaticae; Ltiverworts.

JUNGERMANIACEZ.

1. FRULLANIA Raddi.

FRULLANIA AEOLOTIS Nees. (Leseunia aecolotis Nees.) :
Cedar Swamp (Urbana) Mrs. E. J. Spence; Painesville, Columbus, Fairfield Co.,
Muskingum Co., Wm. C. Werner.

FRULLANIA ASAGRAYANA Mont.
Sugar Grove (Fairfield Co.); Lawrence Co., W. C. Werner.

FRULLANIA EBORACENSIS Lehm. (Lesewnia eboracensis Gottsche.)
Throughout the state.

FRULLANIA FRAGILIFOLIA Tayl. (Frullania sullivantiae Aust.)
On trees in Cedar Swamp (Urbana) W. S$. Sullivant (L. M. Underwood, Hep.
Cat.), Miss H. J. Biddlecome ; Wm. C. Werner.

FRULLANIA SQUARROSA Nees. (Lejeunia squarrosa Nees.
Cedar Swamp (Urbana) W. S. Sullivant (lL. M. Underwood, Hep. Cat.), Mrs. E.
J. Spence; Painesville, Columbus (Lawrence Co) Wm. C. Werner.

FRULLANIA VIRGINICA Lehm.,
Throughout the state.

2. LEJEUNIA Libert.

LEJEUNIA CALCAREA Libert.
Cedar Swamp (Urbana) Miss H. J. Liddlecome, Wm. C. Werner.

LEJEUNIA CLYPEATA (Schw.) Sull. (Phragmicomia clypeata Sull.)
Cedar Swamp (Urbana) Mrs. E. J. Spence; Painesville, Wm. C, Werner.

LEJEUNIA SERPYLLIFOLIA AMERICANA Lindb. (ZLejeunta cavifolia Aust;
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.), Wm. C. Werner.

BOTANY. 279
38. RADULA Dumort.
RADULA COMPLANATA (L,.) Dumort.

Springfield, Miss H. J. Biddlecome; Painesville, Franklin Co., Fairfield Co.,; ,
Perry Co., Wm. C. Werner.

RADULA OBCONICA Sull.
Ohio, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.); Cedar Swamp (Urbana) W. S. Sullivant (H. C.
Beardslee, Cat.), Mrs. E. J. Spence, Wm. C. Werner.

4. PORELLA Dill.

PORELLA DENTATA Lindb. (Jladotheca rivularis Nees.
Yellow Springs (Green Co.) W. S. Sullivant (H. C. Beardslee, Cat.)

PORELLA PLATYPHYILLA (L.) Lindb. (dadotheca platyphylla Dumort.)
Conimon.

5. PTILIDIUM Nees.

PTILIDIUM CILIARE Nees. (Slepharozia ciliaris Dumiort.)
Painesville, Summit Co., Wm. C. Werner.

6. TRICHOCOLEA Duinort.

TRICHOCOLEA BIDDLECOMIAE Aust.
Cedar Swamp (Urbana) Miss H. J. Biddlecome.

TRICHOCOLEA TOMENTELLA (Ehrh) Dumort.
Cedar Swamp (Urbana) Mrs. E. J. Spence.

is BAZZANIA S. FE. Gray:
BAZZANIA TRILOBATA (L,.) S. F. Gray. (Mastigobryum trilobatum Nees.)

Painesville, Fairfield Co.. Wm. C. Werner; Cedar Swamp (Urbana) Mrs. E. J-
Spence.

8 BLEPHAROSTOMA Dumort,

BLEPHAROSTOMA TRICOPHYLLUM (L,.) Dumort. (/ungermannia tricophylla \,.)
Ohio, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.)

9. CEPHALOZIA Dumort.

CEPHALOZIA BICUSPIDATA Dumoort.
Cedar Swamp (Champaign Co.) Wm. C. Werner.

CEPHALOZIA CURVIFOLIA Dicks.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.); Ashtabula Co., E. E. Bogue; Columbus
Cedar Swamp (Urbana) Wm. C. Werner.

280 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

CEPHALOZIA MULTIFLORA Lindb.
Cedar Swamp (Urbana) Miss H. J. Biddlecome.

CEPHALOZIA SULLIVANTH Aust.
Ohio, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.); Springfield, Miss H. J. Biddlecome.

‘ 10. ODONTOSCHISMA Dumort.

ODONTOSCHISMA DENUDATA (Nees) Dumort. (O. hubeneriana Rabenh.)
Cedar Swamp (Urbana) Miss H. J. Biddlecome.

ODONTOSCHISMA SPHAGNI (Dicks.) Dumort,
H. C. Beardslee ( Cat.)

Il. KANTTIA S. F. Gray.

KANTIA TRICHOMANIS (L,.) Lindb. (Calypogeia trichomania Corda.)
Cedar Swamp (Urbana) Miss H. J. Biddlecome.

12. SCAPANIA Dumort.

SCAPANIA NEMOROSA (L.) Dumort.
Painesville, Cuyahoga Falls, Columbus, Fairfield Co., Wm. C. Werner; Cedar
Swamp (Urbana) Mrs. E. J. Spence.

13. DIPLOPHYLLUM Dumort.
DIPLOPHYLLUM TAXIFOLIUM (Wahlb.) Dumort. (Scafania albicans taxifolium

Nees.)
Ohio, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.); Fairfield Co., Wm. C. Werner.

14, GEOCALYX Nees.

GEOCALYX GRAVEOLENS Nees.
Clifton (Green Co.) Miss H. J. Biddlecome; Painesville, Champaign Co., Wm,
C. Werner.

15. LOPHOCOLEA Dumort.

LOPHOCOLEA BIDENTATA Dumort.
Columbus, Wm. C. Werner.

LOPHOCOLEA HETEROPHYLLA Schrad. Nees.
Springfield, Miss H. J. Biddlecome; Lake, Franklin, Fairfield and Muskingum
counties, Wm. C. Werner.

LOPHOCOLEA MACOUNT Aust.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.)

BOTANY. 281
LOPHOCOLEA MINOR Nees.

Painesville, H. C. Beardslee ( Cat.)

16. CHILO_YPHUS Corda,

CHILOCYPHUS ASCENDENS Dumort.
Painesville, Wm. C. Werner; Springfield, Miss H. J. Biddiecome.

CHILOCYPHUS POLYANTHOS (L,) Corda.
Ohio, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.)

Ly

17. PLAGIOCHILA Dumort.

PLAGIOCHILA ASPLENIOIDES Nees. & Mont.
Clifton (Green Co.) Miss H. J. Biddlecome.

PLAGIOCHILA INTERRUPTA Dumort. (7. macrostoma Sull.)
Ohio, W. S. Sullivant (H. C. Beardslee, Cat.)

PLAGIOCHILA PORELLOIDES Lindb.
Ohio, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.); Fairfield Co., Wm. C. Werner.

18. HARPANTHUS Nees.

HARPANTHUS SCUTATUS Spruce.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.); Clifton (Green Co.) Miss H. J. Biddlecome.

19. JUNGERMANNIA Micheli.

yUNGERMANNIA INCISA Schrad.
Cedar Swamp (Urbana) Miss H. J. Hiddlecome:

JUNGERMANNIA SCHRADERI Martins.
Painesville, Franklin Co., Champaign Co., Fairfield Co., Wm. C. Werner.

20. MARSUPELLA Dumort.

MARSUPELLA SPHACELATA Dumort. (Sarcoscyphus sphacelatus Nees., Nardia
Sphacelata B. Gr.) ;
Ohio, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.)

21. NARDIA S$. F. Gray.

NARDIA CRENULATA (Smith) Lindb. (/ungermannia crenulata J,indb.)
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.)

282 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.
NARDIA CRENULIFORMIS Lindb. (/ungermannia crenuliformis Aust.)
Painesville, H.C. Beardslee (Cat.); Coshocton Co., O. Sullivant (Gray’s Man,
6th Ed.)

NARDIA HYALINA Lyell. (/uugermannia hyalin Vyell.)
Ohio, Leo Lesquereux (H. C. Beardslee, Cat.)

22. FOSSOMBRONIA Raddi.

FOSSOMBRONIA CRISTATA Jindb.
Rendville (Perry Co.) W. C. Werner.

23. PALLAVICINIA S. F. Gray.

PALLAVICINIA LYELL S. F. Gray. (Steetzia lyellit Lehm.)
Champaign Co., Columbus, Wm. C. Werner.

24. BILAS{LA Micheli.

BLASIA PUSILLA L.
Ohio, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.); Painesville, Wm. C. Werner.

(25 (PERL TAeRaddi

PELLIA ENDIVIAEFOLIA Dumort.
Cedar Swamp (Champaign Co.) Wm. C. Werner.

26. METZGERIA Raddi.

METZGERIA CONJUGATA Lindb.
Ironton (Lawrence Co.) Wm. C. Werner,

27. ANEURA Dumort.

ANEURA LATIFRONS Lindb. _
Cedar Swamp (Urbana) Miss J. M. Biddlecome, Wim. C. Werner.

ANEURA PINGUIS (L.) . Dumort.
Ohio, W. S. Sullivant (H. C. Beardslee, Cat.); Cedar Swamp (Urbana) Miss H. J-
Biddlecome.
ANEURA SESSILIS Spreng.

Ohio, W. S. Sullivant, (H. C. Beardslee, Cat.); Cedar Swamp (Urbana) Miss H. J.
Biddlecome.

ANTHOCEROTACE.

28. ANTHOCEROS Michell.

ANTHOCEROS LAVIS L.
Ohio, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.); Rendville (Perry Co.) Wm. C. Werner.

BOTANY. 283

ANTHOCEROS PUNCTATUS (L.)
Ohio, H. C. Beardslee ( Cat.)

29. NOTOTHYLAS Sulil.

NOTOTHYLAS URELANOSPORA Sull.
Ohio, W. S. Sullivant (H. C. Beardslee, Cat.)

NOTOTHYLAS ORBICULARIS Sull. (Nofothylas valvata Sull.
Ohio, W. S. Sullivant (H. C. Beardslee, Cat.)

MARCHANTIACEA.

380. MARCHANTIA Marchant f.

MARCHANTIA POLYMORPHA JL.
Frequent.

31. CONOCEPHALUS Neck.

CONOCEPHALUS CONICUS (L.) Dumort.
Throughout the state.

32. GRIMALDIA Raddi.

GRIMALDIA RUPESTRIS Lindb. (Duvalia rupestris Nels.)
Springfield, Mrs. E. J. Spence.

33. ASTRELLA Beauv.

ASTRELI,A HEMISPHERICA Beauv.
Springfield, Mrs. H. J. Biddlecome,

34, LUNULARIA Micheli,

LUNULARIA VULGARIS Raddi.
Ohio, H. C. Beardslee (Cat.); Painesville, Wm. C. Werner.

RICCACE A.

35. RICCIA Micheli.

RICCIA FLUITANS L,.
Newark (J. L. Riddell, Sup. Cat. 1835); Painesville, Champaign Co., Wm. C.
Werner; Ashtabu'a Co., E. E. Bogue.

284 - HOLOGY OF OHIO.

Riccia FROSTII Aust.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee (Lazenby & Werner, Sup. List).

RICCIA LUTESCENS Schw.
Painesville, Otto Hacker.

RICCIA NATANS L,
Painesville, Franklin Co., Wm. C. Werner; Cleveland, Wm. Krebs. A terres-
trial form from Leetonia (Columbiana Co.) H. G. Wolfgang.

Index
TO THE

GENERA OF HEPATICA. .

The references are to the serial number, not to the page].

Aneura, 27. Lophocolea, 15.
Anthoceros, 28. Lunularia, 34.
Astrella, 33. ; Marchantia, 30.
Bazzania, 7. Marsupella, 20.
Blasia, 24. : Metzgeria, 26.
Blepharostoma, 8. Nardia, 21.
Cephalozia, 9. Notothylas, 29.
Chilocyphus, 16. Odontoschisma, 10.
Conocephalus, 31. Pallavicinia, 28.
Diplophyllum, 13. Pellia, 25.
Fossombronia, 22. Plagiochila, 17.
Frullania, 1. Porella, 4.
Geocalyx, 14. Ptilidium, 5.
Grimaldia, 32. Radula, 3.
Harpanthus, 18. Riccia, 35.
Jungermania, 19. Scapania, 12.
Kantia, 11. : Trichocolea, 6.

Lejeunia, 2,

Lichenes: Ltichens. *

PARMELIACEI.

1. RAMALINA Ach. De Not.

RAMALINA CALICARIS (L.) Fr. 3
Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman; Champaign Co., Mrs. E. J. Spence, Miss H. J.
Biddlecome.

RAMALINA CALICARIS CANALICULATA Fr.
Ashtabula Co., E. E. Bogue.

RAMALINA CALICARIS FASTIGIATA Fr. :
Near Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman; Ashta-
bula Co., E. E. Bogue.

RAMALINA CALICARIS FRAXINEA Fr.
Painesville, Wm. C. Werner; Ashtabula Co., E. E. Bogue; Fairfield Co., W. A.
Kellerman.

RAMALARIA POLLONARIA (Ach.)
Ashtabula Co., E. E. Bogue.

2. CETRARIA (Ach.) F. Mull.

CETRARIA ALEURITES (Ach) Th, Fr.
On bare dead branches of Pinus virginiana, Fairfield Co., E. E. Bogue.

CETRARIA AURESCENS Tuck.
On bare dead branches of Pinus virginiana, Fairfield Co., E. E. Bogue.

CETRARIA CILIARIS Ach.
Champaign Co., Mrs. E. J. Spence, Mrs. H. J. Biddlecome, Wm. C. Werner; on
bare dead branches of Pinus virginana, Fairfield Co., E. E. Bogue.

*Tichens are ascomycetous fungi, but are seperated here for convenience. Most of the
specimens were submitted to Dr. Eckfeldt, Miss Clara Cummings and F. LeRoy Sargent to whom
thanks are hereby expressed. Miss Biddlecome’s and Mrs. Spence’s specimens were when col-
lected, submitted to Prof. Tuckerman and Mr. Austin.

BOTANY. 287

3. EVERNIA Ach.

EVERNIA FURFURACEA (L.) Mann.
On pine bark, Fairfield Co., E. E. Bogue.

4. USNEA (Dill) Ach.

USNEA ANGULATA Ach.
Cedar Swamp (Urbana) Mrs. E. J. Spence, Miss H. J. Biddlecome.

USNEA BARBATA (L,) Fr.
Stockport (Morgan Co.) W. A. Kellerman; springfield, Mrs. E. J. Spence.

USNEA BARBATA FLORIDA Fr.
Widely distributed.

USNEA BARBATA FLORIDA * * rubiginea Mx.
Fairfield Co., E. E. Bogue. .

USNEA BARBATA HIRTA Fr.
Frequent.

5. THELOSCHISTES Norm emend.

THELOSCHISTES CONCOLOR (Dicks.) Tuck.
Common on neglected apple trees.

THELOSCHISTES PERIENTINUS (L.) Norm.
Near Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Painesville, W. C. Werner; Marion Co., E.
E. Bogue.

THELOCHISTES PERIETINUS POLYCARPUS Ehrh.
Ashtabula Co., E. E. Bogue; Champaign Co., Miss H. J. Biddlecoine.

6. PARMELIA (Ach.) DeNot.

PARMELIA BORRERI RUDECTA Tuck.
Champaign Co., Mrs. E. J. Spence, Miss H. J. Biddlecome; Ashtabula Co,
Frauklin Co., E. E. Bogue.

PARMELIA CAPERATA (L.) Ach.
Common on trees, fences and rocks. In fruit, Ashtabula Co., Fairfield Co., E,
E. Bogue. ;

PARMELIA CETRATA Ach.
Champaign Co., Miss H. J. Biddlecome.

PARMELIA COLPODES (Ach.) Nyl.
On tree trunks throughout the state.

288 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

PARMELIA CRINITA Ach.
On tree trunks. In fruit, Marion (Prospect Co.), Franklin Co., E. E. Bogue.

PARMELIA OLIVACEAE (L.) Ach.
Orwell (Ashtabula Co.) E. E. Bogue.

PARMELIA PERFORATA (Jacq.) Ach.
Frequent throughout the state.

PARMELIA PERLATA (L,.) Ach.
Franklin Co., E. E. Bogue.

PARMELIA PERTUSA Schaer.
Champaign Co., Miss H. J. Biddlecome.

PARMELIA SAXITILIS (L.) Fr. _
Cedar Swamp (Urbana) Mrs. E. J. Spence; Springfield, Miss H. J. Biddlecome.

PARMELIA TILIACEA (Hoffm.) Floerk. ;
Champaign Co., Mrs. E. J. Spence, Miss H. J. Biddlecome; Orwell (Ashtabula
Co.) E. E. Bogue; Morgan Co., W. A. Kellerman.

e

7. PHYSCIA (DC., Fr) Th. Fr.

PHYSCIA ADGLUTINATA (Floerk) Ny].
Champaign Co., Miss H. J. Biddlecome; on trunks and branches of apple, bass-
wood, buckeye and hickory, Franklin Co., Marion Co., E. E. Bogue.

PHYSCIA AQUILA DETONSA Tuck.
Not abundant but widely distributed.

PHYSCIA ASTROIDEA (Fr.) Nyl.
Champaign Co., Miss H. J. Biddlecome.

PHyscra CcoMosA (Schw.) Nyl. -(P. galactophylla Tuck.)
Near Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Cedar Swamp (Urbana) Miss H. J. Biddle-
come.

PHYSCIA LEANA Tuck.
On tree trunks, near Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea ( Cat.)

PHYSCIA LEUCOMELLA (L.) Michx.
Near Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Cedar Swamp (Urbana) Miss H. J. Biddle
come. ;

PHYSCIA OBSCURA (Ehrh) Nyl.
Common on limestone fences, trunks and branches of many species of trees.

PHYSCIA PULVERULENTA (Schreb.) Nyl.
Common on limestone fences and tree trunks.

BOTANY. 289

PHYSCIA SPECIOSA (Wulf.) Nyl.
Champaign Co., Mrs. E. J. Spence, Miss H. J. Biddlecome, Wm. C. Werner.

PHYSCIA SPECIOSA HYPOLEUCA (Muhl.) Tuck.
Champaign Co., Mrs. EK. J. Spence, Miss H. J. Biddlecome.

PHYSCIA STELLARIS (L.) Tuck.
Throughout the state on tree trunks and branches. Abundant on old Osage
hedges.

PHYSCIA TRIBACIA (Ach.) Nyl.
On hickory bark, Ashtabula Co., Fairfield Co., Franklin Co., KE. EK. Bogue.

8. PYSSINE Erick:

PYXINE SOREDIATA Fr.
Champaign Co., Mrs. E. J. Spence, Miss H. J. Biddlecome; Orwell (Ashtabula
Co.) E. E. Bogue.

9. MYRANGIUM Mont. & Berk.

MyRANGIUM DURIAEI (Mont. & Berk.) Tuck.
On hard hickory wood, Preston (Hamilton Co.) A. P. Morgan.

10. UMBILICARIA Hoffm.

UMBILICARIA DILLENI Tuck.
On rocks, Sugar Grove (Fairfield Co.) W. C. Werner, E. E. Bogue.

UMBILICARIA PUSTULATA (L.) Hoffm.
On rocks, Sugar Grove (Fairfield Co.) W. C. Werner, E. E. Bogue.

i] SICA (Schirebs) Ex:

STICTA AMPLISSIMA (Scop.) Mass.
Common on tree trunks throughout the state.

STICTA AURATA (Sm.) Ach.
On tree trunks near Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.)

STICTA PULMONARIA (JL.) Ach.
At base of trees, common.

STICTA QUERCIZANS (Mx.) Ach.
On rocks Fairfield Co., Win. C. Werner.

it Or Mok

"290 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

12, NEPHROMA Ach.

NEPHROMA HELVETICUM Ach.
On tree trunks near Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Cedar Swamp ( Urbana)
Mrs. E. J. Spence; Clifton (Green Co.) Miss H. J. Biddlecome.

13. PELTIGERA (Willd., Hoffm.) Fee.

PELTIGERA APTHOSA (K.) Hoffim.
Champaign Co., Mrs. E. J. Spence.

PELTIGERA CANINA (L,.) Hoffm. (VPeltidea canina Ach.)
Damp places, J. L. Riddell (Synopsis, 1835); rotten trunks, near Cincinnati,
Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Champaign Co., Mrs. E. J. Spence, Miss H. J. Biddle-
come; Ashtabula Co, E. E. Bogue.

PELTIGERA CANINA SPURIA Ach.
Champaign Co., Miss H. J. Biddlecome.

PELTIGERA HORIZONTALIS (L.) Hoffm.
Near Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Clifton (Green Co.) Miss H. J. Biddle-
come; Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman; Painesville, Wm. C. Werner.

PELTIGERA POLYDACTYLA (Neck) Hoffm.
Common on earth and rotten wood.

PELTIGERA RUFESCENS (Neck) Hoffm.
Champaign Co., Mrs. E. J. Spence, Miss H. J. Biddlecome; Summit Co., E. E.
Bogue.

PELTIGERA SCUTATA (Dicks.) Leight.
Cedar Swamp (Urbana) Miss H. J. Biddlecome; Marion Co., E. E. Bogue.

14. HEPPIA Naeg.

HEPPIA DESPREAUXII (Solorina despreauxti Montag.)
“On the earth,” near Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea ( Cat.)

15. PANNARIA Delis.

PANNARIA LEucostTica Tuck.
On Oak bark, Sugar Grove (Fairfield Co.) E. E. Bogue.

PANNARIA RUBIGINOSA (Thunb.) Delis.
Champaign Co., Mrs. E. J. Spence.

16. COLLEMA Hoffm., Fr.

COLLEMA CRISPUM Borr.
Champaign Co., Miss H. J. Biddlecome.

BOTANY. 291

COLLEMA CYRTASPIS Tuck.
Champaign Co., Mrs. E. J. Spence, Miss H. J. Biddlecome.

COLLEMA FLACCIDUM Ach.
Champaign Co., Mrs. E. J. Spence.

COLLEMA NIGRESCENS (Huds.) Ach.
Champaign Co., Mrs. E. J. Spence, Miss H. J. Biddlecome; on bark, Wm. C.
Werner.

COLLEMA PYCNOCARPUM Nyl.
Springfield, Miss H. J. Biddlecome.

COLLEMA RYSSOLEUM Tuck.
Springfield, Miss H. J. Biddlecome,

COLLEMA TENAX (Sw.) Ach.
Springfield, Miss H. J. Biddlecome.

17. LEPTOGIUM Fr., Nyl.

LEPTOGIUM LACERUM (Sw.),Fr. =
Springfield, Miss H. J. Biddlecome; Prospect (Marion Co.) E. E. Bogue.

LEPTOGIUM MYOCHROUM (Ehrh.) Tuck.
Springfield, Miss H. J. Biddlecome; Orwell (Ashtabula Co.) E. E. Bogue.

LEPTOGIUM MYOCHROUM SATURNINUM (Sm.) Schaer.
Springfield, Mrs. E. J. Spence.

LEPTOGIUM PULCHELLUM (Ach.) Nyl.
Common on tree trunks.

LEPTOGIUM TREMELLOIDES (L, fil.) Fr.
On sandstone rocks, Fairfield Co., Wm. C, Werner.

18. PLACODIUM (DC.) Naeg. & Hepp.

PLACODIUM AURANTIACUM (Lightf.) Naeg. & Hepp.
Windsor (Ashtabula Co.) E. E. Bogue; on bark, Painesville, Wm. C. Werner.

PLACODIUM CAMPTIDIUM Tuck.
Ohio, Miss H. J. Biddlecome (Tuck. N. A. Lichens).

PLACODIUM CINNABARINA (Sm. f.) Fr. (Biatora cinnabarina Sm. f. Fr.)
“On trunks,” near Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea ( Cat.)

PLACODIUM CERINUM (Hedw.) Naeg. & Hepp.
Champaign Co., Mrs. E. J. Spence, Miss H. J. Biddlecome; Ashtabula Co.,
Franklin Co., Marion Co., Fairfield Co., E. E. Bogue.

292 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

PLACODIUM FERRUGINEUM (Hudds.) Hepp.
Frequent on rocks and old fences.

19. LECANORA Ach. Tuck.

LECANORA CERVINA (Pers.) Nyl.
On trunks and rails, near Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.)

LECANORA HAGENT Ach.
Champaign Co., Mrs. E. J. Spence, Miss H. J. Biddlecome.

LECANORA MACULATA Ach.
Champaign Co., Miss H. J. Biddlecome.

LECANORA PALLESCENS (L.) Schaer.
Frequent on trunks, especially chestnut.

LECANORA PALLESCENS ROSELLA Tuck.
Near Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Champaign Co., Miss H. j. Biddleconie.

LECANORA PRIVIGNA (Ach.) Nyl.
Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman, Wm. C. Werner; Summit Co., E. E. Bogue.

LECANORA SUBFUSCA (L,.) Ach.
Frequent ou trunks.

LECANORA SUBFUSCA DISTANS Ach.
“On trunks,” near Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.)

LECANORA TARTAREA (L,) Ach.
Champaign Co., Mrs. E. J. Spence, Miss H. J. Biddlecome; Sugar Grove (Fair-
field Co.) W. C. Werner.

LECANORA VARIA (Ehrh.) Nyl.
“On old rails,’ near Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Summit Co., Franklin
Co., Licking Co., Fairfield Co., E. E. Bogue.

20. RINODINIA Mass., Tuck.

RINODINIA SOPHODES ATROCINEREA Ny].
“On trunks and rails,” near Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Windsor (Ashta-

bula Co.) E. KE. Bogue.

21. PRRTUSARIA DC.

PERTUSARIA COMMUNIS DC. (P. pertusa Fr.)
Springfield, Miss H. J. Biddlecome; Windsor (Ashtabula Co.) E. E. Bogue;
“on trunks” near Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Fairfield Co., Wm. C.
Werner; on Blue Beech, Franklin Co., E. E. Bogue.

BOTANY. 293

PERTUSARIA LEIOPLACA (Ach.) Nyl.
On maple, Painesville, Wm. C. Werner; Springfield, Miss H. J. Biddlecome;
on bark of butternut, Franklin Co., Sugar Grove (Fairfield Co.) E. E. Bogue.

PERTUSARIA MULTIPUNCTA (Turn.) Nyl.
On trunks near Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Springfield, Miss H. J. Biddle-
come.

PERTUSARIA VELATA (Turun.) Nyl.
Springfield, Miss H. J. Biddlecoime; Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman; Cedar
Swamp (Champaign Co.) W. C. Werner; Franklin Co., Orwell (Ashtabula
Co.) E. E. Bogue.

LECIDEACEI.

22. CLADONIA Hoffm.

CLADONIA CARIOSA (Ach.) Spreng.
Fairfield Co., E. E. Bogue.

CLADONIA C#spiricra Willd.
Summit Co., Lorain Co., Franklin Co., E. E. Bogue.

CLADONIA COCCIFERA (JL.) Fr. (C. cornucopioides I,.)
“Ohio,” J. L. Riddell (Synop. 1835); Fairfield Co., E. E. Bogue.

CLADONIA CORNUTA (JL.) Fr.
On rotten trunks, near Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.)

CLADONIA CRISTATELLA Tuck.
Common on the ground.

CLADONIA DEGENERANS Floerk.
Fairfield Co., E. E. Bogue.

CLADONIA DELICATA (Ehrh.) Floerk.
Springfield, Miss H. J. Biddlecome, Mrs.. E. J. Spence; Fairfield Co., E. E.

Bogue.

CLADONIA FIMBRIATA (L,.) Fr.
Common on the earth.

CLADONIA FIMBRIATA TUBZ/FORMIS Fr. (C. adspersa Mont.)
On rotten wood and the earth.

CLADONIA FURCATA (Huds.) Fr.
Cedar Swamp, (Champaign Co.) Mrs. E. J. Spence, Miss H. J. Biddlecome.

CLADONIA FURCATA CRISPATA Floerk.
Cedar Swamp (Champaign Co.) Miss H, J. Biddlecome.

294 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

CLADONIA FURCATA RACEMOSA Floerk.
On the earth, very common.

CLADONIA FURCATA SUBULATA FI.
“On the earth,” near Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.)

CLADONIA GRACILIS (L.) Nyl.
Cedar Swamp (Champaign Co.) Mrs. E. J. Spence, Miss H. J. Biddlecome,

_CLADONIA GRACILIS HYBRIDA Schaer.
On the earth, Ashtabula Co., E. E. Bogue.

CLADONIA GRACILIS VERTICILLATA Fr.
On the earth, Fairfield Co., Wm. C. Werner, E. E. Bogue; Ashtabula Co., E. E.

Bogue.

CLADONIA MACILENTA (Ehrh.) Hoffm.
Rotton trunks, near Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Cedar Swamp (Champaign
Co.) Mrs. E. J. Spence, Miss H. J. Biddlecome.

CLADONIA MITRULA Tuck.
Springfield, Cedar Swamp (Champaign Co.) Miss H. J. Biddlecome; Fairfield
Co., HE. KE Bogue.

CLADONIA PAPILLARIA MOLARIFORMIS Hoffm.
Fairfield Co., EK. E. Bogue.

CLADONIA PYXIDATA (L.) Fr.
On the earth, common.

CLADONIA RANGIFERINA (L.) Hoffm.
In mats on the earth, common.

CLADONIA RANGIFERINA ALPESTRIS L,
On the earth, Fairfield Co., E. E. Bogue.

CLADONIA RANGIFERINA SYLVATICA L.
“On rotten trunks,” near Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.)

CLADONIA SQUAMOSA Hoffm.
On the earth, rocks and rotten wood, common.

CLADONIA SYMPHYCARPA EPIPHYLLA ( Ach.) NyL
Fairfield Co., E. E. Bogue.

23. BIATORA Fr.

BIATORA CHLORANTHA Tuck.
Near Springfield, Mrs. E. J. Spence.

BOTANY. 295

BIATORA FUSCO-RUBELLA (Hoffm.) Tuck.
On trunks, near Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Champaign Co., Mrs. E. J.
Spence, Miss H. J. Biddlecome.

BIATORA RUBELLA (Ehrh.) Rabenh.
On Hickory bark, Painesville, W. C. Werner; on Beech, Orwell (Ashtabula Co.)
on Linden, Georgesville (Franklin Co.) E. E. Bogue.

BIATORA RUSSELLII Tuck.
Springfield, Miss H. J. Biddlecome,

. BIATORA RUSSULA (Ach.) Mont.
Springfield, Mrs. E. J. Spence.

BIATORA SCWEINITzZI Fr.
Springfield, Miss H. J. Biddlecome; on oak bark, Sugar Grove, Fairfield Co.,
E. E. Bogue.
BIATORA SUFFUSA Fr. :
“On trunks,” near Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Springfield, Miss H. J.
Biddlecome.

BIATORA VARIANS Ach, (B. exigua Chaub. Fr.)
On bark, Franklin Co., Win. C. Werner.

24. HETEROTHECIUM Flot. (emend.)

HETEROTHECIUM LEUCOXANTHUM (Spreng.) Mass.
On acer saccharum, Columbus, E. E. Bogue.

25. LECIDEA (Ach.) Fr. Tuck.

LECIDEA ALBOCARULESCENS (Wulf.) Schaer.
On rock, Sugar Grove (Fairfield Co.) W. C. Werner, E. E. Bogue; Ashtabula
Co., E. E. Bogue.

LECIDEA GRANOSA Tuck.
Ohio, Miss H. J. Biddlecome (Tuck. N. A. Lichens).

26. BUELLIA DeNot., Tuck.

BUELLIA COLLUDENS (Nyl.) Tuck.
Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

BUELLIA PARASEMA (Ach.) Th. Fr.
On trunks, common.

BUELLIA PETRA (Flot. Koerb.) Tuck. (Lectdea concentrica Dav.)
On rocks and stones, Ashtabula Co., Summit Co., E. E. Bogue; Fairfield Co.,
W. A. Kellerman, E. E. Bogue; Plain City (Madison Co.) Wm. C. Werner.

296 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

GRAPHIDACEI.

27. LECANACTIS (Eschw. Koerb., emend.)

LECANACTIS PREMNEA CHLOROCONIA Tuck. (Buel/ia premnea chloroconia Tuck.)
Prospect (Marion Co.) E. E. Bogue.

28. OPEGRAPHA (Humb.) Ach. Nyl.

OPEGRAPHA ATRA MACULARIS Fr. :
“On trunks,” near Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.)

OPEGRAPHA SCRIPTA LIMITATA Schaer.
“(On trunks,” near Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea ( Cat.)

OPEGRAPHA SCRIPTA SERPENTARIA Schaer.
‘On trunks,” near Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.)

OPEGRAPHA VARIA (Pers.) Fries.
On maple, Waynesville (Warren Co.) H. A. Surface; on old elm bark, Georges-
ville (Franklin Co.) W. C. Werner.

OPEGRAPHA VARIA PULICARIS Fr.
“ On trunks,” near Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea ( Cat.)

OPEGRAPHA VULGATA (Ach.) Nyl.
Dayton, Miss H. J. Biddlecome.

29. GRAPHIS Ach. Nyl.

GRAPHIS SCRIPTA Ach.
On trunks, very common.

30. ARTHONIA Ach. Nyl.

ARTHONIA ASTROIDES Ach.
Champaign Co., Mrs. E. J. Spence, Miss H. J. Biddlecome; Franklin Co., Wm.
C. Werner.

ARTHONIA DISPERSA Nyl.
Springfield, Mrs. E. J. Spence.

ARTHONIA LECIDEELLA Ny].
Springfield, Mrs. E. J. Spence; on Honey Locust, Columbus, W. A. Kelletnan

ARTHONIA POLYMORPHA Tuck. (Opegrapha polymorpha Tuck.)
“On trunks,” near Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); on maple, Madison Co.
Wm. C. Werner.

BOTANY. 297

ARTHONIA PUNCTIFORMIS Ach.
On acer rubrum, Orwell (Ashtabula Co.) E. E. Bogue.

ARTHONIA PYRRHULIZA Nyl.
Springfield, Mrs. E. J. Spence.

ARTHONIA SPECTABILIS FI.
On trunks, common.

CALRICIACET:

31. ACOLIUM (Fee.) DeNot,

ACOLIUM TIGILLARE ( Ach.) DeNot.
Columbus, Wm. C. Werner.

32. CALICIUM Pers. Ach. Fr.

CALICIUM BYSSACEUM Fr.
On old Polyporus, Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

CaLICIUM CHRYSOCEPHALUM (Turn.) Ach.
On Cak-bark, Sugar Grove (Fairfield Co.) E. E. Bogue.

VERRUCARIACHI.

33. ENDOCARPON Hedw.

ENDOCARPON MINIATUM (JL,.) Schaer.
Springfield, Mrs. E. J. Spence, Miss H. J. Biddiecome; on limestone rocks:
Georgesville (Franklin Co.) EK. E. Bogue; Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

ENDOCARPON PUSILLUM Tuck.
Springfield, Miss H. J. Biddlecome.

34. TRYPETHELIUM Spreng.

TRYPETHELIUM VIRENS Tuck.
Springfield, Mrs. E. J. Spence.

39. SAGEDIA Mass.

SAGEDIA OXYSPORA (Nyl.) Tuck.
On Beach-bark, Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

298 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

36. VERRUCARIA Pers.
VERRUCARIA MURALIS Ach.
Limestone rock, Plain City (Madison Co.) W. C. Werner.

VERRUCARIA NIGRESCENS Pers.
“On rocks,” near Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.)

VERRUCARIA RUPESTRIS Schrad.
On limestone rocks, Muskingum Co., Wm. C. Werner; on rock, Ashtabula Co.
E. E. Bogue.

37. PYRENULA.

PYRENULA GEMMATA ( Ach.) Naeg.
On Beech, Oberlin, E. E. Bogue.

PYRENULA GLABRATA (Ach.) Mass.
On old bark, Rendville (Perry Co.) , Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman; Champaign
Co., Wm. C. Werner.

PYRENULA NITIDA Ach,
On bark, conimon,

i

Index

GENERA OF LICHENS.

{ The references are to the serial number, not to the page].

Acolium, 31.
Arthonia, 30.
Biatora, 23.
Buellia, 26.
Calicium, 32.
Cetraria, 2.
Cladonia, 22.
Collema, 16.
Endocarpon, 33.
Evernia, 3.
Graphis, 29.
Heppia, 14.
Heterothecium, 24.
Lecanactis, 27.
Lecanora, 19.
Lecidea, 25.
Leptogium, 17.
Nephroma, 12.

Opegrapha, 28,
Pannaria, 15.
Parmelia, 6.
Peltigera, 13.
Pertusaria, 21.
Physcia, 7.
Placodium, 18,
Pyrenula, 37.
Pyxine, 8.
Ramalina, 1.
Rinodinia, 20.
Sagedia, 35.
Sticta, 11.
Theloschistes, 5.
Trypethelium, 3+.
Umbilicaria, 10.
Usnea, 4.
Verrucaria, 36.

Fungi.

I. AGARICACE ZS.

1. AMANITA Pers.

AMANITA CAESAREA Scop.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan ( F1.)

AMANITA FLAVO-RUBENS Berk.
Near Columbns, Sullivant (Sacc. Sylloge Vol. V., p, 17).

AMANITA MUSCARIA L.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

AMANITA RUBESCENS Pers.
Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G. Lea (Cat.) ; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

AMANITA PANTHERINA DC.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea ( Cat.) ; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

AMANITA VERNA Fr.
Loveland (Clermont Co.) D. L. James (Add. Cat.) ; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan
(Flora).

AMANITA VIROSA Fr.
Reported in Thos. G. Lea’s Cat., but omitted by A. P. Morgan, who does not
think it occurs in Ohio.

2. AMANITOPSIS Roz.

AMANITOPSIS VAGINATA ( Bull.) Roz.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

* The species, especially of the higher groups, are given for the most part on the authority
of Prof. A. P. Morgan (see his various published lists) ; specimens of some of the others were
submitted to Mr. J. B. Ellis, and the remainder were determined by the undersigned and are
authenticated by herbarium specimens. This and the subsequent portions of the Catalogue make
no pretention toward completeness. Contributions of specimens from all parts of the state are
earnestly solicited. (W. A. Kellerman. °

BOTANY. oUl

AMANITOPSIS VOLVATA (Peck.) Sacc.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

3. LEPIOTA Fries.

LEPIOTA AMERICANA Peck.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (FI1.); on sawdust in icehouse, Granville, H. L.
Jones.

LEPIOTA ACUTESQUAMOSA Weinm.
Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G. Lea (Cat.) ; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

LEPIOTA CARCHARIAS Pers.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

LEPIOTA CRISTATA A. & S.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

LEPIOTA FELINA Pers.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

LEPIOTA FUSCOSQUAMEA Peck.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

LEPIOTA GRANOSA Morgan.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

LEPIOTA MASTOIDEA Fr.
Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

LEPIOTA MIAMENSIS Morgan.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

LEPIOTA MORGANI Peck.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1,)

LEPIOTA NAUCINA Fr.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

LEPIOTA OBLITA Peck.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F'1.)

LEPIOTA PROCERA Scop.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Loveland (Clermont Co.) D. L. James (Add.
Cat.); Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Fl.) An edible species.

LEPIOTA RHACODES Vitt.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Fl.) Said to be edible.

LEPIOTA RUBRO-TINCTA Peck.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F'1.)

302 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.
4, ARMILLARIA Fries.

ARMILLARIA MELLEA Fr.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Fl.) An edible
species.

5. TRICHOLOMA Fries.

TRICHOLOMA CERINUM Pers.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

TRICHOLOMA LATERARIUM Peck.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

TRICHOLOMA MELALEUCUM Pers.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1))

TRICHOLOMA PERSONATUM Fr,
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1)

TRICHOLOMA SPERMATICUM Paul.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

TRICHOLOMA TERREUM Schaeff.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

6. CLITOCYBE Fries.

CLITOCYBE CANDICANS Pers.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

CLITOCYBE CONNEXA Peck.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

CLITOCYBE CYATHIFORMIS Bull.
Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Loveland (Clermont Co.) D. L.
James (Add. Cat.); Miami Valley (A. P. Morgan (Fl.) Edible.

CLITOCYBE DEALBATA Schw.
Loveland (Clermont Co.) D. l. James (Add Cat.); Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan
(Fl.) Edible.

CLITOCYBE ILLUDENS Schw. .
Cincinnati, Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Loveland (Clermont
Co.) D. L. James (add. Cat.); Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

CLITOCYBE INFUNDIBULIFORMIS Schaeff.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.) An edible species.

CLITOCYBE LACCATA Scop.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

BOTANY. 303

CLITOCYBE MONADELPHA Morgan.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan ( Fl.)

CLITOCYBE NEBULARIS Batsch.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.) Edible.

CLITOCYBE OCHRO-PURPUREA Berk.
Cincinnati, Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Miami Valley, A. P.
Morgan (FL)

CLITOCYBE PHYLLOPHILA Fr.
Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

CLITOCYBE PRUINOSA [Lasch.
Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G. Lea ( Cat.)

CLITOCYBE TRUNCICOLA Peck.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1,)

7. COLLYBIA Fries.

COLLYBIA BUTYRACEA Bull.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

COLLYBIA CIRRHATA Schum.
Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G Lea (Cat.); Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F)).

COLLYBIA COLOREA Peck.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

COLLYBIA DRYOPHiLA Bull.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

COLLYBIA ESTENSIS Morgan.
Maimi Valley, A. P. Morgan (FI)

COLLYBIA HARIOLORA DC,
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

COLLYBIA LACHNOPHYLLA Berk.
Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G. Lea (Cat.)

COLLYBIA PLATYPHYLLA Pers.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

COLLWBIA RADICATA Relh.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Loveland (Clermont Co.) D. lL. James (Add.
Cat.); Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.) Edible.

COLLYBIA STIPITARIA Fr.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

304 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

COLLYBIA VELUTIPES Curt.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Loveland (Clermont Co.) D. Ll. James (Add
Cat.); Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.) ; Columbus, W. A. Kellerman.

COLLYBIA ZONATA Peck.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F'1.)

8. MYCENA Fries.
4

’ MYCENA FILOPES Bull.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (FL)

MyCENA GALERICULATA Scop.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

MYCENA HAEMATOPA Pers.
Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

MYCENA LEAIANA Berk.
Cincinnati, Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Miami Valley, A. P.
Morgan (F1.)

MYCENA PURA Pers.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

9. OMPHALIA Fries.

OMPHALIA ALBOFLAVA Morgan.
On rotten wood, Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

OMPHALIA CAMPANELLA Batsch.
Cincinnati, Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Miami Valley, A. P.
Morgan (FL.

OMPHALIA CHRYSEA Peck.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

OMPHALIA EPICHYSIA Pers.
On mouldy wood, Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

OMPHALIA FIBULA Bull.
Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

OMPHALIA INTEGRELLA Pers.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

OMPHALIA MURALIS Sow.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

BOTANY. 305

OMPHALIA RUSTICA Fr.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (FI)

OMPHALIA UMBELLIFERA L.
Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

10. PLEUROTUS Fries.

PLEUROTUS ACERINUS Fr.
On Acer saccharinum, Granville, H. lL. Jones.

PLEUROTUS ALGIDUS (Fr.) Sow.
Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F'1.)

PLEUROTUS APPLICATUS (Batsch.) Sow.
Loveland (Clermont Co.) D. L. James (Add. Cat.)

PLEUROTUS CORTICATUS Fr.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

PLEUROTUS CRASPEDIUS Fr:
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

PLEUROTUS LIGNATALIS Fr.
On wood of beech and maple, Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

PLEUROTUS MASTRUCATUS Fr.
Warnesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G. Lea (Cat.);; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

PLEUROTUS NIGER Schw.
Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

PLEUROTUS PINSITUS Fr.
Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G. Lea (Cat.),

PLEUROTUS SAPIDUS Kalch.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.); on old hickory trees, Rendville (Perry Co.)
Columbus, W. A. Kellerman. Edible.

PLEUROTUS SEROTINUS Schrad.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.); on rotten wood, Rendville (Perry Co.) W. A.
Kellerman.

PLEUROTUS ULMARIUS Bull.
On trunks, especially of elms, Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (FI). Edible.

11. HYGROPHORUS Fries.

HYGROPHORUS CERACEUS Wulf.
Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

20 (GAO,

306 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

HyYGROPHORUS CHLOROPHANUS Fr.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

HYGROPHORUS COCCINEUS Schaeff.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

HYGROPHORUS CONICUS Scop.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

HYGROPHORUS EBURNEUS Bull.
Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G. Lea (Cat.) ; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)
An edible species.

HYGROPHORUS LAUR Morg.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

HYGROPHORUS PUNICEUS Fr.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1)

12. LACTARIUS Fries.

LACTARIUS AFFINIS Pk.
Miami Valley, A. P. Mergan (F1.)

LACTARIUS CALCEOLUS Berkl.
Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

LACTARIUS CILICIOIDES Fr.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

LACTARIUS CINEREUS Pk.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

LACTARIUS DELICIOSUS L.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (FL). Edible.

LACTARIUS DISTANS Pk.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (FL)

LACTARIUS PARGAMENUS Fr.
Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G. Lea (Cat); Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1,)

LACTARIUS PIPERATUS Scop.
Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan
(F1.). Edible.

LACTARIUS SCROBICULATUS Scop.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

LACTARIUS SUBDULCIS Bull.
Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan
(F1.). An edible species.

BOTANY. 307

LACTARIUS TRIVIALIS Fr.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

LACTARIUS VELLEREUS Fr.
Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G. Lea (Cat.) ; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F'1.)

LACTARIUS VIETUS Fr.
Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

LACTARIUS VOLEMUS Fr.
Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Loveland (Clermont Co.) D. L.
James; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Fl.) Edible.

LACTARIUS ZONARIUS Bull.
Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

13. RUSSULA Persoon.

RUSSULA DECOLORANS Fr.
Loveland (Clermont Co.) D. L. James; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1)

RUSSULA FOETANS Pers.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

RUSSULA FURCATA Pers.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

RUSSULA INCARNATA Morgan,
Uxuder Beech trees, Miami Valley, A. P Morgan (F1.)

RUSSULA LACTEA Pers.
In beech woods, Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

RUSSULA LEPIDA Fr.
In beech woods, Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Fl.) This is said to bean edible
species.

RUSSULA LUTEA Vent.
In beech woods, Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

RUSSULA NITIDA Pers.
Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G. Lea (Cat.) ; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (FI1.)

RUSSULA SORDIDA Peck.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

RUSSULA VIRESCENS Schaeff.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (FI1.). Said to be edible.

308 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

14. CANTHARELLUS Adans.

CANTHARELLUS AURIANTIACUS Wulf.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

CANTHARELLUS CIBARIUS Fr.
Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Loveland (Clermont Co.) D. L.
James; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.) Edible.

CANTHARELLUS CINNABARINUS Schwein.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

CANTHARELLUS MINOR Pk.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

15. MARASMIUS Fr.

MARASMIUS ANOMALUS Pk.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

MARASMIUS CALOPUS Pers.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

MARASMIUS CAMPANULATUS Pk.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

MARASMIUS CAPILLARIS Morgan.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

MARASMIUS CLAVAEFORMIS Berk.
Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G. Lea ( Cat.) ; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

_ MARASMIUS ERYTHROPUS Fr.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (FI)

_MARASMIUS FAGINEUS Morgan.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

MARASMIUS FUSCO-PURPUREUS Pers.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

MARASMIUS NIGRIPES Schwein.
Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Miami Valley, A. P, Morgan (F1)

MARASMIUS OPACUS B. & C.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (FI)

MARASMIUS OREADES Bolt.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.); Granville, H. L. Jones. Edih'e.

BOTANY. 308 |

MARASMIUS PERONATUS Bolt,
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

MARASMIUS PLANCUS Fr.
Rare, Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

MaARASMIUS PRASIOSMUS Fr.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (FI1.)

MARASMIUS PYRRHOCEPHALUS Berk.
Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (FL)

MARASMIUS ROTULA Scop.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Loveland (Clermont Co.) D. L. James; Miami.
Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.); Granville, C. J. Herrick, E. J. Stanley.

MARASMIUS URENS Bull.
On oak trunks and leaves, Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F'1.)

16. LENTINUS, Fries.

LENTINUS CAESPITOSUS B. & C.
Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Loveland (Clermont Co.) D. L.
James; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (FI)

LENTINUS COCHLEATUS Pers.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

LENTINUS LECOMTEI Fr.
Distributed over the whole state.

LENTINUS OMPHALODES B. and C.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

LENTINUS PELLICULOSUS Fr.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

’ LENTINUS STRIGOSUS Fr.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (FL)

LENTINUS SULCATUS Berk.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Loveland (Clermont Co.) D. L. James; Miami
Valley, A. P. Morgan (FI1.); on rotten rails, Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

LENYINUS TIGRINUS Bull.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Fl); Granville,
H. L. Jones.

LENTINUS URSINUS Fr.
On rotten trunks of beech, Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

310 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

LENTINUS VULPINUS Fr. :
Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G. Lea (Cat.) ; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F..|

17. PANUS Fries.

PANUS ANGUSTATUS Berkl.
Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G. Lea ( Cat.) ; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

PANUS CONCHATUS Fr.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); On trunks and branches of beech, Miami Val.
ley, A. P..Morgan (FI1.) Edible.

PANUS DEALBATUS Berkl.
Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); On branches of Elm, Miami Val-
ley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

PANUS DORSALUS Bosc.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

PANUS FARINACEUS Schuni.
On trunks of hickory, Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.}

PANUS RUDIS Fr.
On beech tree, Granville, H. L. Jones.

PANUS STIPTICUS Fr.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Loveland (Clermont Co.) D. L. James; Miami
Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.); on decaying wood, Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

18. TROGIA Fries.

TROGIA CRISPA Pers.
On branches of beech, etc., Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

19. LENZITES Fries.

LENZITES BETULINA L.
Cincinnati, Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Loveland (Clermont
Co.) D. L. James; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (FI1.); on decaying wood, Rend-
ville (Perry Co.) Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

LENZITES S2PIARIA Schaeff.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan ( F1.)

LENZITES VIALIS Peck.
Loveland (Clermont Co.) D. Ll. James; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

BOTANY. 311
20. SCHIZOPHYLLUM Fries.

SCHIZOPHYLLUM COMMUNE Fr.
Throughout the state and over the whole earth.

21. VOLVARIA Fries,

VOLVARIA BOMBYCINA Schaeff.
Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Loveland (Clermont Co) D. L.
James; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.) Edible.

12, PLUTEUS Fries.
PLUTEUS CERVINUS Schaeff.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1)

PLUTEUS CHRYSOPHZUS Schaeff. I

Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G. Lea (Cat.) ; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

PLUTEUS GRANULARIS PE.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (FI)

PLUTEUS LEONINUS Schaeff.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan ( F1.}

23. ENTOLOMA Fries.

ENTOLOMA CLYPEATUM L.
Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

ENTOLOMA RHODOPOLIUM Fr.
Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

ENTOLOMA STRICTIOR Peck.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

24. CLITOPILUS Fries.

CLITOPILUS ABORTIVUS B. & C.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

25. LEPTONIA Fries.

LEPTONIA ASPRELLA Fr.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan ( FI.)

312. GEOLOGY OF OHIO.
26. PHOLIOTA Fries.

PHOLIOTA ADIPOSA 12he
Cincinnati, Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G. Lea (Cat.) Miami Valley, A. P-
Morgan (F1.) 2

PHOIIOTA ALBOCRENULATA Pk.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan ( F1.)

PHOLIOTA DURA Bolt.
Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); in gardens, hot houses, etc.,
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan ( F1.)

PHOLIOTA LIMONELLA Pk.
On trunks of beech, Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

PHOLIOTA MARGINATA Batsch.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

PHOLIOTA MUTABILIS Schaeff.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.) ; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (FL)

PHOLIOTA PR4COX Pers.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

PHOLIOTA SPECTABILIS Fr.
At base oak stumps, Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (FL)

PHOLIOTA SQUARROSOIDES Peck.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); on trunks and stumps of maple, Miami Valley,
A. P. Morgan (F1.)

PHOLIOTA TUBERCULOSA Schaeff.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (FL)

PHOLIOTA UNICOLOR Vahl.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

27. INOCYBE Fries.

INOCYBE DESTRICTA Fr.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

INOCYBE DULCAMARA A. & S.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

INOCYBE EUTHELES B. & Br.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

INOCYBE GEOPHYLLA Sow.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

BOTANY. 313

INOCYBE LANUGINOSA Bull.
Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Miami Valley, A. P. Mergan (F1.)

INOCYBE LUCIFUGA Fr.
Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G. Lea (Cat.)

INOCYBE PYRIODORA Pers.
Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G.-Lea (Cat.); Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

INOCYBE RIMOSA Bull.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

28. HABELOMA Fries.

HABELOMA FASTIBILIS Fr.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (FL)

HABELOMA ILLIcIvTa Peck.
On rotten logs and sticks, Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan ( F1.)

29. FLAMMULA Fries.

FLAMMULA POLYCHORA Berk.
Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

FLAMMULA SAPINEA Fr.
On fence rails, Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G. Lea (Cat.)

30. NAUCORIA Fr.

NAUCORIA SEMIORBICULARIS Fr,
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Loveland (Clermont Co.) D. lL. James; Miami
Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

NAUCORIA VERVACTI Fr.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.) ; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F'1.)

31. PLUTEOLUS Fr.

PLUTEOLUS MUCIDOLENS Berk.
On a rotten trunk, Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea, 1842.

32. GALERA Fr.

GALERA SILIGINEA Fr,
Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

314 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

GALERA TENERA SCHAEFF.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

33. TUBARIA Worth. Smith.

TUBARIA FURFURACEA Pers.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1,)

‘TUBARIA INQUILINA Fr.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Miami Falley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

34. CREPIDOTUS Fr.

CREPIDOTUS CROCOPHYLLUS Berk.
Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

CREPIDOTUS DORSALIS Peck.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

CREPIDOTUS MOLLIS Schaeff.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.); Clermont Co., D. L. James.

CREPIDOTUS VERSUTUS Peck.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (FL)

30. CORTINARIUS Fr.

CORTINARIUS ALBO-VIOLACEUS Pers.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

CORTINARIUS CAERULESCENS Fr.

Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (FI1.); Waynesville (Warren Co,) Thos. G. Lea (Cat.)
Edible.

CORTINARIUS CALOCHROUS Fr.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea ( Cat.)

CORTINARIUS VARIUS Schaeff.
Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

CORTINARIUS VIOLACEUS L,
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.); Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G. Lea (Cat.)

36. PAXILLUS Fr.

PAXILLUS FLAVIDUS Berk.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.); Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G. Lea (Cat.)

BOTANY. 315

PAXILLUS PANUOIDES Fr. :
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

PAXILLUS POROSUS Berk.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (FI.) ; Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G. Lea (Cat.)

07. AGARICUS Linn.

AGARICUS ARVENSIS Schaeff.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Fl.) Edible.

AGARICUS CAMPESTER LL.
Columbus, Wm. C. Werner, W. A. Keilerman; Clermont Co., D. L. James; Cia-
cinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Fl.) The common
edible mushroom.

AGARICUS FABACEUS Berk.
Cincinnati and Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Miami Valley, A.

P. Morgan.

AGARICUS SILVATICUS Schaeff.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

38. STROPHARIA Fr.

STROPHARIA AERUGINOSA Curt.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

STROPHARIA SEMIGLOBATA Batsch.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

STROPHARTA STERCORARIA Fr.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

39. HYPHOLOMA Fr.

HYPHOLOMA APPENDICULATUM Bull.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.) ; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

HYPHOLOMA CANDOLLEANUM Fr.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

HYPHOLOMA FASICULARE Huds.
Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (T'1.)

HYPHOLOMA LACRYMABUNDUM Fr.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F'1.)

316 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

HyYPHOLOMA PYROTRICHUM Holmsk.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

HyPHOLOMA SUBLATERITIUM Schaeff.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan ( FI.)

HYPHOLOMA VELUTINUM Pers.
Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G. Lea (Cat.) ; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1)

40. PSILOCYBE Fr.

PSILOCYBE SPADICEA Fr.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1,)

41. BOLBITIUS Fr.

BOLBITIUS TITUBANS Bull.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (FL)

42. COPRINUS Pers.

COPRINUS ATRAMENTARIUS Bull.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F'1.)

COPRINUS COMATUS Fr.
Clermont Co., D. L. James; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (FIl.) Edible.

COPRINUS FUSCESCENS Fr.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

COPRINUS INSIGNIS Peck.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

COPRINUS MICACEUS Bull.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (FI1.)

COPRINUS NIVEUS Pers.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

COPRINUS NYCTHEMERUS Fr.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.); Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G. Lea (Cat.)

COPRINUS PLICATILIS Curt.
Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

COPRINUS PULCHRIFOLIUS Pk.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1)

BOTANY.

COPRINUS RADIATUS Bolt.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F'.)

COPRINUS SEMILANATUS Peck. ©
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

COPRINUS SQUAMOSUS Morg.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1)

COPRINUS VARIEGATUS Peck.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

43. PANAEOLUS Fr.

PANAEOLUS CAMPANULATUS L. (Agaricus campanulatus J,
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

PANAEOLUS FIMICOLUS Fr.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1)

PANAEOLUS SOLIDIPES Peck.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

*
44. ANELLARIA Karst.

ANELLARIA FIMIPUTRIS (Bull.) Karst. (Agaricus fimiputris Bolt.)
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.)

45. PSATHYRELLA Fr.

PSATHYRELLA ATOMATA Fr.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

PSATHYRELLA DISSEMINATA Pers.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

PSATHYRELLA FALCIFOLIA Mont.
Columbus, Sullivant (Sacc. Sylloge VI. 1134.)

PSATHVRELLA GRACILIS Fr.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

I LOlVPORACE

46. BOLETUS Dill.

BOLETUS AURIPORUS Peck.
Scarce, Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (J*’.)

318 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

BOLETUS CASTANEUS Bull.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.) Said to be‘edible.

BOLETUS CHRYSENTERON Bull.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.); Clermout Co., D. L. James.

BOLETUS EDULIS Bull.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.) An edible species.

BOLETUS FELLEUS Bull.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

BoLETUS FLOcCOPUS Vahl.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

BoOLETUS GRACILIS Peck.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Fl)

BOLETUS MAGNISPORUS Frost.
Rare, Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (FL)

BOLETUS MUTABILIS Morgan.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (FI)

ROLETUS PIPERATUS Bull.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

BOLETUS RADICANS Pers.
Rare, Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

BOLETUS SCABER Fr.
Rare, Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (FL)

BOLETUS SORDIDUS Frost.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (FL)

BOLETUS STROBILACEUS Scop.
Over the southern portion of the state.

BOLETUS SUBTOMENTOSUS L.
Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)
Said to be edible.

BCLETUS VERMICULOSUS Pk.

Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

47. POLYPORUS Mich.

POLYPORUS ADUSTUS Fr.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (FI.); Adams Co.,
W. A. Kellerman. Widely distributed.

BOTANY. 319

POLYPORUS ANAX Berk.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

POLYPORUS ARCULARIUS Batsch.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Clermont Co., D. L. James; Miami Valley, A.
P. Morgan (F1.)

POLYPORUS BERKLEVYI Fr.
Clermont Co., D. L. James; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.) Edible.

POLYPORUS BRUMALIS Pers. ‘
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

POLYPORUS CAESIUS Schrad.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

POLYPORUS CINCINNATUS Morg.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

POLYPORUS CUTICULARIS Bull.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1,)

POLYPORUS DELECTANS Peck.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

POLYPORUS DESTRUCTOR Schrad.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (FI)

POLYPORUS DICHROUS Fr.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

VPOLYPORUS DISTORTUS Schwein.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

POLYPORUS DRYOPHILUS Berk.
Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

POLYPORUS ELEGANS Bull.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F'1.)

POLYPORUS ELEGANS NUMMULARIUS Fr.
Cincinnati, Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G. Lea (Cat.)

POLYPORUS ENDOCROCINUS Berkl.
Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

POLYPORUS FISSUS Berk.
Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G. Lea (Cat.)

POLYPORUS FLAVO-VIRENS B. & Rav.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

320 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

POLYPORUS FRAGILIS Fr.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

POLYPORUS FUMOSUS Pers.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (FI1.)

POLYPORUS GALACTINUS Berkl.
Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

_ POLYPORUS GIGANTEUS Pers.
* Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Fl.) An edible species.

POLYPORUS GILVUS Fr.
Cincinnati, Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Clermont Co., D. L.
James; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (FI.); Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

POLYPORUS GLOMERATUS PK.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Fl)

POLYPORUS HYPOCOCCINUS Berk.
Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G. Lea ( Cat.)

POLYPORUS INTYBACEUS Fr. (P. eiganteus, Pers.)
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Clermont Co., D. L. James; Miami Valley, A. P.
Morgan ( FI.)

POLYPORUS LACTEUS Fr.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan ( FI.)

POLYPORUS LENTUS Berk.
Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F..)

POLYPORUS LEUCOMELAS Pers.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Fl.) This is re-
ported as an edible species.

POLYPORUS LUTESCENS (Pers.) (FP. xidulans Fr.)
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

PoLYPORUS MOLLUSCUS Fr.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

POLYPORUS NIVOSUS Berk.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

POLYPORUS OVINUS Fr.
Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G. Lea (Cat); Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F!.}
Said to be edible.

BOTANY. ; 32]

POLYPORUS PICIPES Fr. :
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.); on decayed hickory log, Fairfield Co. W. A.
Kellerman. Edible.

POLYPORUS PILOT Schwein.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

POLYPORUS PUBESCENS: Schum.
Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

POLYPORUS PUBESCENS GRAVII C. & E.
Ohio, J. B. Ellis (N. A. F,)

POLYPORUS RADICATUS Schwein.
Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

POLYPORUS RESINOSUS Schrad.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Clermont Co., D. L. James; Miami Valley, A. P.
Morgan (F1.)

POLYPORUS SULPHUREUS Fr.
Cincinnati, Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Clermont Co., D. L.
James; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (FI.); Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

POLYPORUS VARIUS Fr.
Clermont Co., D. Ll. James; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (FL)

48. FOMES Fr. (Folyporus.)

FOMES APPLANATUS (Pers.) (Polyporus applanatus Pers.)
Found throughout the state.

FOMES CONGLOBATUS Berk. (Polyporus conglobatus Berk.)
Cincinnati, Waynesville (Warren Co:) Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Wilmington, D. L,
James; Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

FOMES CONNATUS Fr. (Polyporus connatus Fr.)
Clermont Co., D. L. James; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

FOMES FOMENTARIUS (I,.) Fr. (Polyporus fomentarius Fr.)
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Clermont Co., D. L. James; Miami Valley, A. P.
Morgan ( Fl.)

FOMES FRAXINEUS (Bull.) Fr. (Polyporus fraxineus Bull.) ;
Clermont Co., D. l. James; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

21 CAO:

322 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

FOMES FRAXINOPHILUS Pk. (Polyporus fraxinophilus Pk.)
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

FOMES GRAVEOLENS Schw. (folyporus egraveolens Schw.: P. congiobatus Berk.?)
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

FOMES Lucripus (Leys.) Fr. (Polyporus lucidus Leys).
Distributed over the whole state; but not abundant.

FOMES NIGRICANS Fr, (Polyporus nigricans Fr.)
Southern Ohio; and doubtless distributed over the whole state.

FOMES OBLIQUUS (Pers.) Fr. (Polyporus obliquus Pers.)
Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Clermont Co., D. L. James;
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

FOMES RENIFORMIS Morg. (Polyporus rentformis Morg.)
Dayton, A. P. Morgan.

FOMES RIMOSUS Berk. (Polyporus rimosus Berk.)
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

FOMES SALICINUS (Pers.) Fr. (Polyporus salicinus Fr.)
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1))

FOMES SCUTELLATUS Schw. (Polyporus scutellatus Schw.)
Clermont Co., D. L. James.

FOMES VENZUELIANUS Mont. (Polyporus supinus Fr.)

Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1))

49. POLYSTICTUS Fr. (folyporus.)

POLYSTICTUS BIFORMIS Klotz. (Polyporus biformis Fr.)
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

POLYSTICTUS CINNABARINUS (Jacq.) Fr. (Polyporus cinnabarinus Fr.)
Everywhere throughout the state, on old cherry logs.

POLYSTICTUS CONCHIFER Schw. (/olyporus conchifer Schw.)
In central and southern Ohio; and perhaps over the whole state.

POLYSTICTUS FIBULA Fr. (Polyporus fibula Fr.)
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

POLYSTICTUS HIRSUTUS Fr. (Polyporus hirsutus Fr.)
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Clermont Co., D. L. James; Miami Valley, A. P.
Morgan (Fi}; Haydensville, W. A. Kellerman. Widely distributed.

BOTANY. 323

POLYSTICTUS MOLLIUSCULUS Berkl. (Polyporus molliusculus Berkl.)
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

POLYSTICTUS MONTAGNE! Fr. (Polyporus moniagnei Fr.)
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

POLYSTICTUS PARVULUS Klotsch. (Polyporus parvulus Koltsch).
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

POLYSTICTUS SUBSERICEUS Peck. (VP. shlendens Pk.)
Rare, Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

POLYSTICTUS PERGAMENUS Fr. (folyporus pergamenus Fr.)
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Clermont Co., D. L. Jee Miami Valley, A. P.
Morgan (F1.)

POLYSTICTUS RADIATUS (Sow.) Fr. ' (Polyporus radiatus Sow.)
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Clermont Co., D. L. James; Miami Valley, A. P.
Morgan (F1.)

POLYSTICTUS SULLIVANTII Mont. (Polyporus sullivantit Mont.)
Wayuesyille (Warren Co.) Thos. G. Lea (Cat.)

POLYSTICTUS TENUIS (Lk.) Cke. (Polyporus tenuis Schw.)
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (FI1.)

POLYSTICTUS VELUTINUS Fr. (Folyporus velutinus Fr.)
Clermont Co., D. L. James; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

POLYSTICTUS VERSICOLOR (L.) Fr. (Polyporus versicolor I,.)
Distributed throughout the state.

POLYSTICTUS VIRGINEUS Schw. (Polyporus virgineus Schw.)
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F'!.)

POLYSTICTUS ZONATUS Fr. (Polyporus zonatus Fr.)
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

50. PORIA Pers. (Folyporus.)

PORIA ATTENUATA Pk. (Ffolyporus attenuatus Peck.)
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)
4

PORIA BOMBYCINA Fr. (Polyporus bombycinus Fr.)
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

PoRIA CALLOSA Fr. (Folyporus callosus Fr.)
Perry Co., W. A. Kelierman; Hamilton Co, A. P. Morgan.

o24 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

PORIA CANDIDISSIMA Schw. (Polyporus candidissimus Schw.)
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

PORIA CINEREA Schw. (/o/yporus cinereus Schw.)
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

PORIA CONTIGUA (Pers.) Fr. (Polyporus contiguus Pers.)
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

PORTIA CORTICOLA Fr. (Polyporus corticola Fr.)
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

PORIA FERRUGINOSA (Schrad.) Fr. (Polyporus ferruginosus Schrad.)
Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

PORIA GORDONIENSIS Berk. (Polyporus gordoniensis B. & Br.)
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F'1.)

PORIA MUCIDA (Pers.) Fr. (Polyporus mucidus Pers.)
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

PORIA NIGRA Berk. (Polyporus niger Berk.)
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

PORIA NIGRO-PURPUREA Schw. (Po/yporus nigro-purpurascens Schw.)
Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Clermont Co., D. lL. James.

PORTIA OBDUCENS Pers. (Polyporus obducens Pers.)
Occurs in southern Ohio; and perhaps is distributed all over the state,

PORIA PURPUREA Fr. (Polyporus purpurens Fr.)
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

PORIA RUFA (Schrad.) Fr. (Polyporus rufus Schrad.)
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

{

PoRIA SPISSA Schw. (folyporus spissus Fr.)
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

PORIA UNITA Pers. (Polyporus unitus Pers.)
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

PORIA VAPORARIA Fr. (Polyporus vaporarius Pers.)
Clermont Co., D. Ll. James; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)
®
PORIA VIRIDANS B. & Br. (Polyporus viridans B. & Br.)
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

PORTIA VITELLINA Schw. (Polyporus vitellinus Schw.)
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

BOTANY.

PORIA VITREA Pers. (Polyporus vitreus Pers.)
Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

PORIA VULGARIS Fr. (folyporus vulgaris Fr.)
Common over the state.

PORIA XANTHOLOMA Schw. (Polyporus xantholoma Schw.)
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

dl. TRAMETES Fries.

TRAMETES MOLLIS Smfdt.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (FI)

TRAMETES PALLIDO-FULVA Berk.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

TRAMETES RIGIDA B. & Mont.
Clermout Co., D. L. James; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.); Perry Co, Fair-
field Co., W. A. Kellerman.

TRAMETES SCUTELLATA Schw. (7. ohioensts Berk.)
Clermont Co., D. L. James; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

TRAMETES SEPIUM Berk. (Daeda/lea sepium Berk.)
Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Clermont Co., D. lL. James;
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

TRAMETES SERIALIS Fr.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

52. DAEDALEA Persoon.

DAEDALEA AMBIGUA Berk. ( 7vrametes lactea Berk.)
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.) ; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

DAEDALEA AUREA Fr.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea ( Cat.) ; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1)

DAEDALEA CONFRAGOSA Bolt. (Lenzites crataegi Berk.)
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.); Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

DAEDALEA UNICOLOR Bull.

Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Clermont Co., D. L. James;
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.); Columbus, E. Mead Wilcox.

538. CYCLOMYCES Kunz.

CYCLOMYCES GREENEI Berk.
Salt-peter cave, Hocking Co., W. A. Kellerman.

326 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

54. FAVOLUS Fries,

FAVOLUS BOUCHEANUS Klotsch. (Polyporus boucheanus Fr.)
Cincinnati, Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Clermont Co. D. L.
James.

FAVOLUS CANADENSIS Klotsch.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Fl); Lima, W. A. Kellerman; Columbus, Wm. C.
Werner; Granville, C. J. Herrick.

FAVOLUS OHIONIS B. & Mont.
Columbus, W. S. Sullivant (Sace. Syl. VI., 397.)

FAVOLUS RHIPIDIUM Berk. (Polyporus rhipidium Berk.)
Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos, G. Lea (Cat.); Miami Valley, A, P. Morgan (F1.)

56. MERULIUS Hall.

MERULIUS CORIUM Fr.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

MERULIUS. HIMANTIOIDES Fr.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan ( F1.)

MERULIUS INCARNATUS Schwein.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.) (Prof. Morgan thinks this may be W/. rubellus
Peck.)

MERULIUS MOLLUSCUS Fr.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan ( FI.)

MERULIUS PORINOIDES Fr.
Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

MERULIUS RUBELLUS Peck.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

MERULIUS TREMELLOSUS Schrad.
Cincinnati, Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Miami Valley, A. P.
Morgan (F1.)

67. POROTHELIUM Fries.

POROTHELIUM FIMBRIATUM Pers.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

BOTANY. 327

08. SOLENIA Hoffm.

SOLENIA FASCICULATA Pers.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F'1.)

SOLENIA OCHRACEA Hoffm.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Clermont Co., D. l. James; Miami Valley, A.
P. Morgan (F1.)

III. HYDNACEA.

59. HYDNUM Linn.

HYDNUM ADUSTUM Schw.
Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan
(F1.); Clermont Co., D. L.. James.

HYDNUM ALBOVIRIDE Morg.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

HYDNUM ALUTACEUM Fr.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F'1.)

HYDNUM BYSSINUM Schw.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F'1.)

HYDNUM CASEARIUM Morg,
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

HYDNUM CIRRHATUM Pers.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.) ; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

HYDNUM CORALLOIDES Scop.
Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan
(F1.) ; Clermont Co., D. l. James. Edible.

HYDNUM DIFFRACTUM Berk.
Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G. Lea (Cat.) ; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

HYDNUM ERINACEUS Bull.
Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan
(F1.) ; Clermont Co., D. L. James.

HYDNUM FALLAX Fr.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

HYDNUM FARINACEUM Pers,
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1,)

828 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

HYDNUM FLABELLIFORME Berk.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.) ; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

HYDNUM FUSCO-ATRUM Fr.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (FL)

HYDNUM GLABRESCENS B. & Ray.
Miami Valley. A. P. Morgan (FI.); Clermont Co., D. L. James.

HYDNUM INFUNDIBULUM Swartz.
Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

HYDNUM ISCHNODES Berk.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1)

HYDNUM MUCIDUM Fr.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

HYDNUM NUDUM B. & C.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

HYDNUM NYSSAE B. & C.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

HYDNUM OCHRACEUS Pers.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

HYDNUM OHIENSE Berk.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Fl)

HYDNUM PITHYOPHITUM B. & C.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

- HYDNUM PULCHERRIMUM B. & C.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (FL)

HYDNUM REPANDUM IL.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

HYDNUM SEPTENTRIONALE Fr.
Clermont Co., D. L. James; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

HYDNUM UDUM Fr.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1,)

HyYDNUM XANTHUM B. & C.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

HyDNUM ZONATUM Batsch.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

BOTANY,
60. IRPEX Fr.

IRPEX CRASSUS B. & C.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

IRPEX FUSCESCENS Schw.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (FI)

IRPEX LACTEUS Fr.
‘Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (FL)

IRPEX LAETICOLOR B. & C.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

“IRPEX OBLIQUUS Schrad.
Clermont Co., D. Ll. James; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

IRPEX TULIPIFERAE Schw.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

61. RADULUM Fr.

RADULUM MOLARE Pers.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

RADULUM ORBICULARE Fr.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

RADULUM PALIIDUM B. & C.

Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan ) Fl.)

62. PHLEBIA Fr.

PHLEBIA MERISMOIDES Fr.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

PHLEBIA PILEATA Pk.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.]

PHLEBIA RADIATA Fr. (P. cinnabarina Schw.)
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.) ; Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.)

63. GRANDINIA Fr.

GRANDINIA MUCIDA Fr.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

92

030 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

64. ODONTIA Pers.

ODONTIA FIMBRIATA Pers.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

ODONTIA HYDNOIDEA Schw.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (FI.)

65. KNEIFFIA Fr.

KNEIFFIA CANDIDISSIMA B. & C.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

THELEPHORACE.

66. CRATERELLUS Fr.

CRATERELLUS CANTHARELLUS Schw.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

CRATERELLUS CORNUCOPIOIDES L.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (FI.); Clermont Co., D. L. James.

CRATERELLUS LUTESCENS Pers.
Miami Valley, A. P. Moagan (F1.); Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.)

67. THELEPHORA Ebrh.

THELEPHORA ALBIDO-BRUNNEA Schwein.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

THELEPHORA ANTHOCEPHALA Bull.
Miami Vailey, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

THELEPHORA CRISTATA Pers.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (FL)

THELEPHORA CUTICULARIS Berk.
Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

THELEPHORA FILAMENTOSA B. & C.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

THELEPHORA MICHENERI B. & C.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

BOTANY. 331

THELEPHORA MULTIPARTITA Schw.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (FL)

THELEPHORA PALMATA Scop.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.); Clermont Co., D. Ll. James; Cincinnati, Thos,
G. Lea ( Cat.)

THELEPHORA PTERULOIDES B. & C.
Miami Valley, A. P: Morgan ( F1.)

THELEPHORA RADIATA Holmok.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

THELEPHORA SCHWEINITZII Pk. (7. pallida Schw.)
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (FI); Clermont Co., D. L. James;. Waynesville
(Warren Co.) Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Granville, (Licking Co.), H. L. Jones.

THELOPHORA SEBACEA Pers.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (FI.); Clermont Co., D. Ll. James.

THELEPHORA SPICULOSA Fr.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

THELEPHORA TEPHROLEUCA B. & C.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.) —

68. STEREUM Pers.

STEREUM ALBOBADIUM Schw. (7helphora albomarginata Berk.)
Clermont Co., D. L. James; Hamilton Co., A. P. Morgan.

STEREUM BICOLOR Pers.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.); Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea ( Cat.)

STEREUM CANDIDUM Schw.
On Quercus nigra (bark), Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman; Miami Valley, A.
P. Morgan (F1.)

STEREUM COMPLICATUM Fr.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G. Lea (Cat.);
Clermont Co., D. L. James.

STEREUM DISCIFORM® DC.
Miaini Valley, A. P. Morgan (F'1.)

STEREUM FASCIATUM Schw.
Ohio, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Clermont Co., D. L. James; Athens, Stockport
(Morgan Co.) W. A. Kellerman.

332 ‘GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

STEREUM FRUSTULOSUM Pers,
Common over the state.

STEREUM HIRSUTUM Willd.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

STEREUM LOBATUM Kunz.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Clermont Co., D. lL. James,

STEREUM OCHRACEOFLAVUM Schw.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

STEREUM PURPUREUM Pers.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.); Clermont Co., D. L. James.

STEREUM RADIANS Fr.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Fl)

STEREUM RUBIGINOSUM Fr.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea ( Cat.)

STEREUM RUGOSIUSCULUM B. & C.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (FI)

STEREUM SERICEUM Schw.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

STEREUM SPADICEUM Pers.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

STEREUM SUBPILEATUM B. & C.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

STEREUM VERSICOLOR Swartz.
Over the whole state.

69. HYMENOCHARTE Lev.

HyMENOCHAETE CINERASCENS Schw.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

HYMENOCHAETE CORRUGATA Fr.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

HYMENOCHAETE CURTISII Schw.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

HYMENOCHAETE INSULARIS Berk.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (FI)

BOTANY.

HYMENOCHAETE PURPUREA Cke. & Morg.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

HYMENOCHAETE RUBIGINOSA Schrad. y
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (FI.); Clermont Co., D. ). James.

HYMENOCHAETE SPRETA Peck.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1)

HyYMENOCHAETE UMBRINA B. & C.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (ET)

70. CORTICIUM Fr.

CORTICIUM ALBIDO-CARNEUM Schw.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (FI)

CORTICIUM AMORPHUM Pers.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

CORTICIUM AUBERIANUM Mont.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea ( Cat.)

CORTICIUM CAERULEUM Schrad.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

CORTICIUM CALCEUM Pers.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan ( F1.)

CORTICIUM CINEREUM Fr.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

CORTICIUM COMEDENS Nees.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

CORTICIUM CONFLUENS Fr.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1)

CORTICIUM FILAMENTOSUM B. & C.
Miati Valley, A. P. Morgan (F'1.)

CORTICIUM INCARNATUM Fr.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F'1.)

CORTICIUM LACTEUM Fr.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.); Clermont Co., D. L. James.

334 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

CORTICIUM MOLLE Fr.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan ( F1.)

CORTICIUM OCHRACEUM Fr.
Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

CORTICIUM OLIVASCENS B. & C.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

CORTICIUM PORTENTOSUM B. & C.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (FI)

CoRTICIUM PUBERUM Fr.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

CORTICIUM RADIOSUM Fr.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

CORTICIUM SUBGIGANTEUM Berk.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.}

71. EXOBASIDIUM Woron.

EXOBASIDIUM VACCINII (Fckl.) Wor.
On Vaccinium vacillans aud Gaylussacia resinosa, Sugar Grove, W. A. Keller-
mau.

72. CYPHELLA Fr.

CYPHELLA GALEATA Schum.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.); Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea ( Cat.)

CYPHELLA GRISEOPALLIDA Weinm.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

CYPHELLA PEZIZOIDES Zopf.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

V. CLAVARIACEA.

73. CLAVARIA Vaill.

CLAVARIA ABIETINA Pers.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

CLAVARIA AUREA Schaeff.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Fl.) Edible.

BOTANY. 335

CLAVARIA BOTRYTIS Pers.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Fl.) Edible.

CLAVARIA CORONATA Schw.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

CLAVARIA CRISPULA Fr. ‘
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (FI1.)

CLAVARIA CRISTATA Pers.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1,)

CLAVARIA FLAVA Fr.
Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (FL)

CLAVARIA FORMOSA Pers.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

CLAVARIA FRAGILIS Holmsk.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

CLAVARIA FUSIFORMIS Sow.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

CLAVARIA INCURVATA Morg.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

CLAVARIA KUNYZEI Fr.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

CLAVARIA MUCIDA Pers.
Perry Co., W. A. Kellerman; Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Miami Valley, A.
P. Morgan (F1.) S

CLAVARIA MUSCOIDES L. :
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

CLAVARIA PISTILLARIS L.
Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

CLAVARIA PYXIDATA Pers.
Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

CLAVARIA RUGOSA Bull.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.) An edible species.

CLAVARIA STRICTA Pers. (C. albipes Berk.)
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1)

®
CLAVARIA SUBTILIS Pers.

Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

336 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

CLAVARIA VERMICULARIS Scop.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (I'L)

74. CALOCERA Fr.

CALOCERA CORNEA Fr.
Cincinnati, Thos. G, Lea (Cat.); Clermont Co., D. L. James; Miami Valley, A. P.
Morgan (F1.)

CALOCERA FASCICULATA (Schum.) Fr.
Clermont Co., D. lL. James.

CALOCERA PALMATA (Schum.) Fr.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan ( FL)

CALOCERA STRICTA Fr.
Miami Valiey, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

7). LACHNOCLADIUM Lev.

LACHNOCLADIUM MERISMATOIDES Schw. (VPterula merismatoides Schw.)
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

TLACHNOCLADIUM MICHENERI B. & C.
Miami Valiey, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

LACHNOCLADIUM SEMIRESTITUM B & CG.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

164 “UVPEULA Pers:

TYPHULA MUSCICOLA (Pers.) Berk.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

Vi. TREMELLACEAS

77. HIRNEOLA Fr.

HIRNEOLA AURICULA-JUDAE (L.) Berk.
Over the state. Said to be edible.

HIRNEOLA AURIFORMIS (Schw.) Fr. :
On trunks of walnut, Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

BOTANY. 337

(eh. JOQZGUOIUN Neig,

EXIDIA GLANDULOSA Fr.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); on old bark, Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman;

Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

EXIDIA TRUNCATA Fr.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

79. TREMELLA Dill.

TREMELLA ALBIDA Fr.
Clermont Co., D. L. James; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

TREMELLA INTUMESCENS Sow.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

TREMELLA LUTESCENS Pers.
Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G. Lea ( Cat.)

TREMELLA MESENTERICA Retz.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

TREMELLA VESICARIA Bull.
Miami Valley, A. b. Morgan (F1.)

80. NAEMATELIA Fr.

NAEMATELIA NUCLEATA (Schw.) Fr.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F)).

81. DACRYOMYCES Nees.

DACRYOMYCES CHRYSOCOMUS (Bull.) Berk.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morran (F1.)

DACRVYOMYCES DELIOQUESCENS Bull.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan(F1.) ;

DaCRYOMYCES FRAGIFORMIS Nees.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

338 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

DACRYOMYCES PELLUCIDUS Schw.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1)

DACRYOMYCES STILLATUS Nees.
Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

82. GUEPINIA Fr.

GUEPINIA SPATHULARIA Fr.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.)

83. HORMOMYCES, Bon.

HORMOMYCES FRAGIFORMIS Cke.
On rotten wood, Perry Co., W. A. Kellerman.

VII PHALLACEH A:.

84. DICTYOPHORA Desyv.

DICTYOPHORA DAEMONUM (Rumph.) Lev. (Phallus daemonum Rumph.)
Granville (Licking Co.) W. G. Tight.

DICTYOPHORA DUPLICATA (Bosc.) E. Fisch. (Phallus duplicatus Bosc.)
Ohio, A. P. Morgan (N. A. F.)

85. -ITHYPHALLUS Fr.
ITHYPHALLUS IMPUDICUS (L.) Fr. (Phallus impudicus I..)
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Clermont Co., D. L. James; A. P. Morgan
(N. A. F.)

ITHYPHALLUS RETUSUS (Kalch.) E. Fisch. (Phallus raveneli B. &. C)
Ohio, A. P. Morgan (N. A. F.)

86. MUTINUS Fr.

MUTINUS BOVINUS Morg.
Ohio, A. P. Morgan (N. A. F.)

MUTINUS CANINUS (Huds.) Fr. ( Cynophallus cantnus Fr.)
Cleves (Hamilton Co.) R. M. Byrens.

87. PHYLLOGASTER - Morgan.

PHYLLOGASTER SACCATUS Morg.
Hamilton Co., A. P. Morgan; Licking Co., C. J. Herrick.

BOTANY. 339
VIII. NIDULARIACEAs.
88. CRUCIBULUM Tul.

CRUCIBULUM VULGARE Tul.
Cincinnati, D. L. James ( Thos. G. Lea, Cat.)

89. CYATHUS Hall.

CYATHUS STRIATUS Hall.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Clermont Co., D. Ll. James.

CYATHUS VERNICOSUS DC.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea ( Cat.)

IX. LYCOPERDACEA.

90. TYLOSTOMA Pers.

TYLOSTOMA VERRUCOSUM Morg.
Ohio, A. P. Morgan (N. A. F.)

91. GEASTER Mich.

GEASTER LAGENIFORMIS Vitt.
Ohio, A. P. Morgan (N. A. F.)

GEASTER LIMBATUM Fr.
Ohio, A. P. Morgan (N. A. F.); Stockport (Morgan Co.) W. A. Kellerman.

GEASTER SACCATUS Fr.
Ohio, A. P. Morgan (N. A. F.); Clermont Co., D. Ll. James.

GEASTER STRIATUS D. (oF
Ohio, A. P. Morgan (N. A. F.)

GEASTER TRIPLEX Jungh.
Clermont Co., D. l. James; Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (TI*1.)

92. BOVISTA Dill

BOVISTA MINOR Morg.
Ohio, A. P. Morgan (N. A. F.)

340 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

BOVISTA PILA B. & C.
Ohio, A. P. Morgan (N. A. F.); Granville, C. J. Herrick.

BOVISTA PLUMBEA Pers.
Ohio, A. P. Morgan (N. A. F.) Said to be edible,

BOVISTA NIGRESCENS Pers.
Waynesville (Warren Co.). Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Ohio, A. P.Morgan (N.A F.);
Granville, H. Ll. Jones.

935 (CAT VATA Er:

CALVATIA CRANIIFORMIS Schw.
Ohio, A. P. Morgan (N. A. F.)

CALVATIA CYATHIFORMIS Bosc.
Ohio, A. P. Morgan (N. A. F.)

CALVATIA MAXIMA Schaeff.
Ohio, A. P. Morgan (N. A. F.)

94. LYCOPERDON Tourn,

LYCOPERDON ACUMINATUM Bose.
Ohio, A. P. Morgan (N. A. F.)

LYCOPERDON ASTEROSPERMUM Dur. & Mont.
Ohio, A. P. Morgan (N. A. F.)

LYCOPERDON ATROPURPUREUM Vitt.
Ohio, A. P. Morgan (N. A. F.)

LYCOPERDON CEPAEFORME Bull.
Ohio, A. P. Morgan (N. A. F.)

LYCOPERDON COLORATUM Peck.
Ohio, A. P. Morgan (N. A. F.)

LYCOPERDON CURTISII Berk.
Ohio, A. P. Morgan (N. A. F.)

LYCOPERDON ECHINATUM Pers.
Ohio, A. P. Morgan (N. A. F.)

LYCOPERDON ELONGATUM Berk.
Ohio, A. P. Morgan (N. A. F)

LYCOPERDON GEMMATUM Fr.
Common.

BOTANY. 341

LYCOPERDON GIGANTEUM Batsch.
Generally distributed. Edible.

LYCOPERDON GLABELLUM Pk.
Ohio, A. P. Morgan (N. A. F.)

LYCOPERDON MOLLE Pers.
Clermont Co., D. L. James; Ohio, A. P. Morgan (N. A. F.)

LYCOPERDON PECKII Morg.
Ohio, A. P. Morgan (N. A. F.)

LYCOPERDON PEDICELLATUM Peck,
Ohio, A. P. Morgan (N. A. F.)

LYCOPERDON PULCHERRIMUM B. & C.
Ohio, A. P. Morgan (N. A. F.)

LYCOPERDON PUSILLUM Batsch.
Ohio, A. P. Morgan (N. A. F)

LYCOPERDON PYRIFORME Schaeff.
Ohio, A. P. Morgan (N. A. F.); Clermont Co., D. L. James; Cincinnati, Thos. G.
Lea (Cat.)

LYCOPERDON RIMULATUM Pk.
Ohio, A. P. Morgan (N. A. F,)

LYCOPERDON SEPARANS Pk.
Ohio, A. P. Morgan (N. A. F,)

LYCOPERDON SUBINCARNATUM Pk.
Ohio, A. P. Morgan (N. A. F,)

LYCOPERDON TURNERI E. & E.
Ohio, A. P. Morgan (N. A. F.)

LYCOPERDON WRIGHTII B. & C.
Ohio, A. P. Morgan (N. A. F.); Clermont Co., D. l. James; Licking Co., H. L.
Jones. Edible.

95. SCLERODERMA Pers.

SCLERODERMA OHIOENSE Ell. & Morg.
Ohio, A. P. Morgan (Jour. Mycal. I. ’89.)

SCLERODERMA VULGARE Fr.
Cinciunati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.)

342 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

X. UREDINACEA.
96. UROMYCES Link. Rust.

UROMYCES APPENDICULATUS (Pers.) Fink.
On Phaseolus (cult.), Lancaster, W. A. Kellerman.

UROMYCES CALADII (Schw.) Farl.
On Arisaema throughout the state.

UROMYCES CAROPHYLLINUS (Schrank.) Schrcet.
On Carnations in greenhouses.

UROMYCES EUPHORBI® C. & P.
On various species of Puphorbia. Common throughout the state,

UROMYCES GRAMINICOLA Burrill.
On Andropogon virginicus, Lawrence Co., W. A. Kellerman.

UROMYCES HEDYSARI-PANICULATA (Schw.) Farl.
On species of Meibomia (Desmodium). Widely distributed.

UROMYCES HOWEI Peck.
On species of Asclepias. Common.

UROMYCES HYPERICI Schw.
On Hypericum mutilum, Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

UROMYCES LESPEDEZ4 (Schw.) Peck,
On species of Lespedeza. Common.

UROMYCES PECKII DeToni.
On Oenothera biennis, Coiumbus, Moses Craig,

UROMYCES POLYGONI (Pers.) Fckl.
On Polygonum, widely distributed over the state.

UROMYCES TEREBINTHI (DC.) Wint. (/P2leolaria brevipes B. & R.)
On Rhus radicans, Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

UROMYCES TRIFOLII (A. & S.) Wint.
On species of Trifolium, widely distributed.

97. MELAMPSORA, Casts. Rust.
)

MELAMPSORA POPULINA Lev.
On Populus, throughout the state.

BOTANY. 343

MELAMPSORA SALICINA Lev.
On Willow. Common.

98. CRONARTIUM, Fr.

CRONARTIUM ASCLEPIADEUM THESII Berk.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.)

99. PUCCINIA Persoon. RUST.

PUCCINIA ANEMONES VIRGINIANA Schw.
On Anemone, Lima, W. A. Kellerman ; on Anemone virginiana, Scioto River, A.
D. Selby; Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

PUCCINIA ANGUSTATA Peck.
On Scirpus fluviatilis, Columbns, Fairfield Co. W. A. Kellerman,

PUCCINIA ASTERIS Duby.
On Aster macrophyllus, Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

PUCCINIA CIRCAEAE Pers.
On Circaea lutetiana; common throughout the state.

PUCCINIA CORONATA Corda.
On Volunteer Oats, Perry Co., W. A. Kellerman.

PUCCINIA EMACULATA Schw.
On Panicum capillare, Columbus, Lovelann, W. A. Kellerman.

PUCCINIA HIERACII (Schum.) Mart. (P. flosculosornm (A. & S.) Roehl.)
On Cnicus and Taraxacum; abundant throughout the state.

PUCCINIA FUSCA Relhan. (VP. anemones Pers.)
On Anemone nemorosa, Lima, W. A. Kellerman; Franklin Co., W. A. Keller-
man, Freda Detmers.

PUCCINIA GALII Pers. (VP. galiorum Lk.)
I. III. OnGalium, Fairfield Co.,W. A. Kellerman; on Galium aparine, Franklin
Co., Moses Craig; Fairfield Co., Freda Detmers.

PUCCINIA GRAMINIS Pers.
On wheat, oats and other Gramineae ; common.

PUCCINIA HASTATA Cke.
On Viola hastata, Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

PUCCINIA HELIANTHI Schw.
On Helianthus; doubtless over the whole state.

PUCCINIA LATERIPES B. & R.
On Ruellia sp., Columbus, C. M. Weed.

344 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

PUCCINIA MARIA WILSONI Clint.
On Claytonia virginica, Franklin Co., W. A. Kellerman, Freda Detmers

PUCCINIA MENTHZ: Pers.
On Mentha, Blephilia, Cunila, Pyycanthemum and Monarda; abundant over tlie
state.

PUCCINIA NOLITANGERIS Cda. (P. argentata (Schultz.) Wint.)
On Impatiens fulva, Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

PUCCINIA PIMPINELLAE ( Strauss.) Lk.
On Chaerophyllum procumbens, Columbus, Moses Craig.

PUCCINIA PODOPHYLLI Schw. (FP. acu/eata Schw.; Aecidium podophy!it Schw.)
Abundant on Podophyllum peltatum throughout the state.

PUCCINIA RUBIGO-VERA (DC.) Wint.
On wheat, Central Ohio and doubtless over the whole state.

PUCCINIA SANICULA Grev.
On Sanicula, Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

PUCCINIA SAXIFRAGA Schl.
On Saxifraga virginiensis, Fairfield Co., Moses Craig.

PUCCINIA SILPHII Schw.
On Silphium perfoliatum, Columbus, W. A. Kellerman.

PUCCINIA SORGHI Schw. (PP. maydtis Car.)
On Indian corn throughout the state.

PUCCINIA TENUIS Burr. (Aecidium tenue Schw.)
I. On Eupatorium ageratoides, Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

PUCCINIA TIARELLZ B. & C.
On Mitella diphylla, Fairfield Co., Perry Co., W. A. Kellerman.

PUCCINIA VIOLA} DC.
On Viola; widely distributed.

PUCCINIA XANTHI Schw.
On Xanthium and Ambrosia; throughout the state.

100. GYMNOSPORANGIUM Hedw.

GYMNOSPORANGIUM GLOBOSUM Farlow.
On cedar(/uniperus virginiana), Fairfield Co., Clermont Co., W. A. Kellerman.

GYMNOSPORANGIUM MACROPUS Lk.
On cedar (Juniperus virginiana) ; over the whole state.

BOTANY. | 345

101. PHRAGMIDIUM Link.

PHRAGMIDIUM POTENTILLA: Pers.
On Potentilla canadensis, in Central and Southern Ohio and doubtless over the
whole state.

PHRAGMIDIUM SUBCORTICIUM Schrank. (Ph. mucronatum Cooke; Coleosporium
mintatum (Pers.) Fck1.)
On Rose leaves and stems; comimon.

102. COLEOSPORIUM Lév.

COLEOSPORIUM SENECIONIS (Pers.) Fr. (Peridermium pini Wallr.; Aecidium
pint Pers.)

On Pinus rigidus; Central and Southern Ohio,

COLEOSPORIUM SOLIDAGINIS Thuem.
On Solidago; common

COLEOSPORIUM SONCHI Pers. (Uvedo sonchi-arvensis (Pers.) Lév.; C. composita-
rum Lévy.)

On Helianthus and Aster; common

COLEOSPORIUM VERNONL#E B. & C.
On Vernonia; common,

103. RAVENELIA Berk.

RAVENELIA GLANDULIFORMIS B. & C.
On Tephrosia virginica, Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

104. AECIDIUM Pers. YELLOw CLUSTER-CUPS.

AECIDIUM ACT4)4j (Opiz.) Wallr.
On Actaea alba, Fairfield Co., Moses Craig.

AECIDIUM ASTERUM Schw. (A24e. solidaginis Schw.)
On Aster and Solidago in Central Ohio, and doubtless over the whole state.

AECIDIUM CIMICIFUGATUM Schw.
On Cimicifuga racemosa in Central Ohio, and doubtless wherever the host
occurs.

AECIDIUM CLAYTONIATUM Schw.
On Claytonia virginica, Columbus, W. A. Kellerman,

346 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

AECIDIUM COMPOSITARUM.
On several hosts (Composite, Eupatorium, Helianthus, etc.); over the whole
state.

AECIDIUM DICENTRZ& Trel.
on Dicentra cucullaria, Franklin Co., W. A. Kellerman.

AECIDIUM EPILOBII DC.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.)

‘AECIDIUM ERIGERONATUM Schw. :
On Erigeron annuus, Fairfield Co., Freda Detmers; on E. bellidifolius, Fairfield
Co., Moses Craig.

AECIDIUM EUPHORBIA Ginel.
On Euphorbia, Central Ohio.

AECIDIUM GERANII DC.
On Geranium maculatum, Franklin Co., Freda Detmers, W. A. Kellerman.

AKCIDIUM GROSSULARLA Schum.
On Ribes; over the whole state.

AECIDIUM HOUSTONIATUM Schw.
On Houstonia ceeruiea, Sugar Grove, Fairfield Co., Moses Craig,

AECIDIUM HYDNOIDEUM B. & C.
On Dirca palustris, Sugar Grove, Fairfie:d Co., Moses Craig.

* AECIDIUM IMPATIENTIS Schw.
On Impatiens; Central Ohio.

AECIDIUM NAP# a Arth. and Holw.
On Napzea dioica, Sugar Grove, Fairfield Co., Moses Craig.

AECIDIUM NES224) Gerard.
On Neseea verticillatus, Licking Reservoir, W. C. Werner, Aug. D. Selby.

AECIDIUM OENOTHER Pk.
On Oenthera biennis; Central Ohio.

AECIDIUM PUNCTATUM Pers. <<
On Hepatica acutiloba, Columbus, Moses Craig, H. A. Surface.

AECIDIUM RANUNCULI Schw.
On ranunculus abortivus; common in Central Ohio and doubtless over the

whole state.

AECIDIUM SAMBUCI Schw.
On Sambucus canadensis, Central Ohio, W. A. Kellerman; no specimens seen

from other parts of the state.

BOTANY.

AECIDIUM SOMMERFELTI Johanson.
On Syndesmon thalictroides, Hocking Co, Moses Craig.

105. UREDO Persoon.

UREDO AGRIMONILA DC.

347

On Agrimonia eupatoria; Central Ohio, and perhaps wherever the host occurs.

UREDO HYDRANGEAE B& C.
On Hydrangea arborescens, Southern Ohio.

UREDO PALYPODI (Pers.) DC. (U. filicum Desm.)
On Cystopteris fragilis, Lancaster, W. A. Kellerman.

UREDO SMILACIS Schw.
On Smilax rotundifolia, Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

106. CHZOMA Link.

C0MA NITENS Schw. Bramble Rust.
On Rubus throughout the state.

XI. USTILAGINACE.

107. USTILAGO Pers. Smut.

USTILAGO AVENAE (Pers.) Jensen.
On oats; over the state.

UsTILAGO CESATII Fisch. (WU. syntherismal Schw.)

On Panicum sanguinale, Painesville, Wm. C. Werner; Columbus, W. A. Keller,

man.

UstTm,AGo MAvDIS ( DC.) Corda.
On Zea mays, everywhere.

USTILAGO TRITICI Jensen.
On wheat, generally distributed.

USTILAGO UTRICULOSA ( Nees.) Tul.
On Polyganum pennsylvanicum Columbus, W. A. Kellerman;

Cc. M. Weed.
108. TILLETIA Tul. Smut.

TILLETIA CORONA Scribner.
On Leersia virginica; Columbus, W. A. Kellerman.

TILLHTIA FOETENS Ray.
On wheat, Columbus, W. A. Kellerman.

Fairfield Co,

348 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

TILLETIA STRIAEFORMIS (West) Magnus.
On Timothy, Central-College, W. A. Kellerman.

109. ENTYLOMA DeBary.

ENTYLOMA PHYSALIDIS Winter.
On Physaiis lanceolata; Columbus, W. A. Kellerman.

110. SOROSPORIUM Rud. Smuv.

SOROSPORIUM ELLISIL Winter.
On Aristida dichotoma, Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

111. UROCYSTIS Rabenh. Smuv.

UROCYSTIS CARCINODES (B.& C.) Fisch.
On Cimicifuga racemosa, Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman, Aug. D. Selby; Ironton

W. C. Werner.

XII. PERONOSPORACEA.

112. ALBUGO Kuntze. (Cystopus Lev.)

ALBUGO AMARANTHI (Schw.) Kuntze. ( Cystopus amaranti (Schw.) Berk.)
On Amarantus retroflexus, Columbus, W. A. Kellerman; on A. chlorostachys
hybridus, Columbus, Freda Detmers.

ALBUGO CANDIDUS (Pers.) Kuntze. (Cystopus candidus ( Pers.) Lev.)
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Clermont Co., D. L. James; on Brassica nigra
Capsella bursa pastoris, Marion, W. A. Kellerman; on Sisymbrium officinale
Columbus, W. A. Kellerman.

ALBUGO PORTULACAE (Pers.) Kuntze. (Cystopus portulacae Lev.).
On Portulaca oleracea, Columbus, W. A. Kellerman, Freda Detmers; Fairfield
Co., W.-.A. Kellerman.

ALBUGO TRAGOPOGONIS ( Pers.) S. F. Gray. (Cystopus cubicus Lev.)
On Ambrosia artemisiaefolia, Columbus, W. A. Kellerman.

113. PLASMOPARA Schroet. (Peronospora).

PLASMOPARA AUSTRALIS (Speg.) Swingle. (Peronospora australis Speg.)
On Sicyos angulata, Athens, on Micrampeles echinata, Fairfield Co., W. A. Kel-

lerman.

: BOTANY. O49

PLASMOPARA HALSTEDII (Farl.) Berl. & DeTon. (Peronospora halstedii Forlaw).
On Erechtites hieracifolia, Columbus, W. A. Kellerman.

PLASMOPARA PYGMAEA ( Ung.) Schoeter. (Peronospora pygmaca Ung.)
On Anemone pennsylvanica, Columbus, W. A. Kellerman.

PLASMOPARA VITICOLA (B. & C.) Berl. & DeToni. (Peronospora viticola DeBy. ;

Botytis viticola B. & C.)
On cultivated grapes throughout the state. On native species of Vitis also.

114. BREMIA Regel. (/Peronospora).

BREMIA LACTUCAE Regel. (Peronospora gangliformis (Berk.) DeToni.)
On Lettuce (cultivated), Columbus and doubtless over the whole state.

XIII. ENTOMOPHTHORACE A.

115. EMPUSA Cohn.

EMPUSA APHIDIS Hoffm.
Columbus, and doubtless in all green-houses, on Aphidee.

EMPUSA GRYLLI (Fres.) Thax. (£. aulice Reich.)
On Spilosoma virginica Fabr., Wooster, F. M. Webster.

EMPUSA MUSCAE Cohn.
On houseflies, Columbus and doubtless over whole state.

EMPUSA SPHAROSPERMA (Fres.) Thax.
On Phytonomus punctatus, Ashtabula, F. M. Webster.

XIV. MUCORACEA.

116. PILOBOLUS Tode.

PILOBOLUS CHRYSTALLINUS (Wigg.) Tode.
On Horsedung, Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman,

117. MUCOR, Mich.

MUCOR MUCEDO J,
Common everywhere.

300 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

Mucor RAMmosus Bull.
Waynesville, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.)

118. FRANKIA Brunch.

FRANKIA CEANOTHI Atk.
On Ceanothus americanus, Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

Ve) (CHV RIDIACH AS.

119. SYNCHYTRIUM DeBary.

SYNCHYTRIUM DECIPIENS Farl.
On Amphicarpaea comosa, Nebraska (Pickaway Co.), Columbus, W. A. Keller-

nan.

MOVIy PE RISPORTACI AR:

(ERYSIPHEA, Léveillé. PowpEry MILDEW, WHITE MILDEW.)

120. SPHAVROTHECA Lev.

SPHROTHECA CASTAGNEI Lev.
On Bidens frondosa, Columbus, Aug. D. Selby; on Erechtites, Columbus, Aug.

D. Selby.

SPHEROTHECA HUMULI (DC.) Burr. Hop Mildew.
On Agrimonia eupatoria, Lancaster, W. A. Kellerman.

SPHAROTHECA MORS-UV2 (Schw.) B. & C. Gooseberry Mildew.
Reported over the state on cultivated gooseberries, particularly on English

varieties.

SPH#ROTHECA PANNOSA (Wallr.) Lev. Rose Mildew.
On cultivated roses; Athens Co., Aug. D. Selby. Common on cultivated roses

generally.

SPHAROTHECA PHYTOPTOPHILA Kell. & Swingle. Hackberry Knot Mildew.
On Phytoptus twig-tufts of Celtis occidentalis, Lima, W. A. Keilerman; Colum-
bus, Aug. D. Selby. Probably all over the state, wherever the host occurs.

121. ERYSIPHE (Hedw.) Lev.

ERVSIPHE CICHORACEARUM DC. (£. lamprocarpa) Verbena Mildew.

The commonest of all the mildews, particularly on species of Composite, Bor-
raginacee, and Verbenacee; also on Parietaria pennsylvanica, Columbus,
Aug. D. Selby; on Hydrophyllum macrophyllum, Pickaway Co., W. A. Keller-
man} Fairfield Co., Aug. D. Selby; on Dahlia (cult) Fairfield Co., W. A. Kel-
lerman; Columbus, Aug. D. Selby; on Phlox sp. (cult.) Fairfield Co., W. A.
Kellerman.

BOTANY. 351

ERYSIPHE COMMUNIS (Wallr.) Fr. Clematis Mildew.

On Aquilegia canadensis, Columbus, Freda Detmers; on Clematis virginiana
and Clematis sp. (cult.) Columbus, Aug. D. Selby, Freda Detmers; on Clematis
sp. (cult.) Waynesville, W. A. Kellerman; on Desmodium canescens, Colum-
bus, Aug. D. Selby. Quite common on other species of Ranunculaceee and
Leguminosz.

ERYSIPHE GALEOPSIDIS DC.

On Scutellaria lateriflora, Columbus, Aug. D. Selby, Wm. C. Werner; Fairfield
Co., Aug. D. Selby; on Stachys aspera glabra, Columbus, W. A. Kellerman;
on S. palustris, Columbus, Aug. D. Selby; on Chelone glabra, Ashtabula Co.,
Sara F. Goodrich.

ERYSIPHE GRAMINIS DC. Wheat Mildew.
Conidial stage only seen; on Triticum vulgare, Columbus, Freda Detmers; Lima,
W. A. Kellerman; on Poa pratensis, Columbus, W. A. Kellerman; on Agro-
pyrum, Ashtabula Co., Sara F. Goodrich.

ERYSIPHE LIRIODENDRI Schw. Tulip-tree Mildew.
On Liriodendron tulipifera, Columbus, Aug. D. Selby; Fairfield Co., Aug. D.
Selby. Especially conspicuous by the dense felted mycelium.

122. UNCINULA Lev.

UNCINULA CIRCINATA C. & P.
On Acer rubrum, Fairfield Co., Aug. D. Selby; on Acer saccharum, Columbus,
C. M. Weed.

UNCINULA FLEXUOSA Peck.
On Aesculus glabra, Columbus, C. M. Weed, F. M. Webster.

UNCINULA MACROSPORA Peck.
On Ulmus Americana, Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman, Aug. D. Selby, Freda
Detmers ; Columbus, Wm. C. Werner, Aug. D. Selby; on U. fulva, Columbus,
C. M. Weed, Wm. C. Werner.

UNCINULA NECATOR (Schw.) Burr. (U. ampelopsidis Peck; U. spiralis B. & C.)
Grape Mildew.
General throughout the state on species of Vitis and Ampelopsis.

UNCINULA SALICIS (DC.) Wint.
Commnion on willows.

UNCINULA COLUMBIANA Selby.
On Scutellaria lateriflora, Columbus, Aug. D. Selby.

123. PHYLLACTINIA Lev.

PHYLLACTINIA SUFFULTA (Rib.) Sacce.
Common on Oak, Beech, Chestnut, Carpinus, Catalpa; also on Phlox panicu-
lata, Columbus, Aug. D. Selby.

GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

Os
Or
tbe

124. PODOSPHARA Kunze.

PODOSPHRA OXYACANTHA (DC.) D. By.
Quite common on plum and cherry. On cultivated cherry, Columbus, C. M.
Weed, Freda Detmers; Dayton, Joseph Potts; on Spirea tomentosa ( /odos- ~
phera minor Howe) Lancaster, W. A. Kellerman.

125. MICROSPHARA Lev.

MICROSPHARA ALNI (DC.) Winter. Lilac Mildew.

This species occur on a wide range of host plants. Everywhere upon Lilac:
on Enonymus atropurpureus (conidial stage only); Ross Co., W. A. Keller-
man; Columbus, Aug. D. Selby ;-on Sambucus canadensis, Columbus, Aug.
D. Selby; on Platanus occidentalis (conidial stage) Columbus, Aug. D.
Selby; on Castanea sativa americana, Fairfield Co., E. V. Wilcox, E. E. EES
C. M. Weed; Ross Co., W. A. Kellerman.

MICROSPHARA DIFFUSA C. & P.
On Desmodium canescens, Columbus, C. M. Weed, Freda Detmers, Aug. D.
Selby.

MICROSPHARA ELEVATA Burrill.
On Catalpa bignonoides, Columbus, C. M. Weed.

MICROSPHARA EUPHORBIA B. & C.
On Euphorbia corollata, Columbus, E. M. Wilcox.

MICROSPH4HRA QUERCINA (Schw.) Burrill.
General on the oaks.

MICROSPHARA RAVENELII Berk.
On Gleditschia triacanthos, Columbus, C. M. Weed, W. A. Kellerman; Warren
Co., Ross Co., Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

MICROSPH4#RA RUSSELLI Clint.
On Oxalis stricta, Columbus, W. A. Kellerman, on Oxalis recurva, E. M. Wi!cox.

MICROSPHERA VACCINIT (Schw.) C. & P. Huckleberry Mildew.

On Gaylussacia resinosa, Fairfield Co,, Aug. D. Selby; on Vaccinium vacillans,
Meigs Co., P. l. Pfarr; Fairfield Co., Aug. D. Selby.

XVI, “PE RISPORTACE 2:

126. ASTERINA Liv.

ASTERINA GAULTHERL® Curtis.
On Gauitheria procumbens, Fairfield Co., Aug. D. Selby, W. A. Kellerman.

126a@. DIMEROSPORIUM Fckl.

DIMEROSPORIUM COLLINSII (Schw.) Thuem.
On Amelanchier, Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

BOTANY. 303
127. CAPNODIUM Mont.

CAPNODIUM EXPANSUM B. & Desm.
On bark of Acer, Ohio, J. B. Ellis (N. A. P.)

127a. ANTENNARIA Link.

ANTENNARIA PINOPHILA Nees.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea ( Cat.)

128. SCORIAS Fries

SCORIAS SPONGIOSA Fr.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); on Beech Granville (Licking Co.) C. J. Her-
rick; Columbus, W. A. Kellerman. ;

XVIII. SPHAERIACEAS.

129. COELOSPHARIA Sacc.

COELOSPHZRIA TRISTIS (Pers.) Sace. (Viftschkia tristis Pers.)
Ohio, A. P. Morgan. (Ellis, N. A. P.)

130. QUATERNARIA Tul.

QUATERNARIA PERSOONI Tul. (Valsa guaternata Pers.)
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea ( Cat.)

130a. VALSA Fr.

VALSA LEUCOSTOMA ( Pers.) Fr.
Clermont Co., D. L. James.

VALSA NIVEA. (Hoff.) Fr.
Clermont Co., D. L. James.

131. EUTY¥PELLA Nits.

EUTYPELLA LEAIANA (Berk.) Sacc. (Valsa leaiana Berk.)
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.)

13la. EUTYPA Tul.

EUTYPA SPINOSA (Pers.) Tul. (£4. imaeformis Schw.)
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Clermont Co., D. L. James; Fairfield Co., W.
A. Kellerman.

23 G. O.

304 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

132. DIATRYPE Fr.

>

DIATRYPE DISCIFORMIS Hoffm.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.) »

DIATRYPE PLATYSTOMA Schw.
Clermont Co., D. L. James.

DIATRYPE TINCTOR Berk.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.)

133. CERATOSTOMA Fr.

CERATOSTOMA SETIGERUM E. & E.
Ohio, A. P. Morgan (F1.)

134. ROSELLINIA DeNot.

ROSELLINIA MAMMIFORMIS ( Pers.) Ces. DeNot. (Hypoxylon mammiformts Berk.)
On old wood, Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

135. BOMBARDIA Fr.

BOMBARDIA FASCICULATA Fr. (Sphaerta bombarda Batsch.)
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea ( Cat.)

136. ANTHOSTOMA Nits.

ANTHOSTOMA ATRO-PUN TATUM (Schw.) Sace. (Diatrype atropunctata Schw.)
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea ( Cat.)

137. XYLARIA Hill.

XYLARIA CASTOREA Berk.
Ohio, A. P. Morgan (Ellis, N. A. P.)

XYLARIA CARPOPHILA Fr.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea ( Cat.)

XYLARIA CONOCEPHALA B. & C.
Ohio, A. P. Morgan (Ellis N. A. P.)

XYLARIA DIGITATA Ehrh.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea ( Cat.)

XYLARIA HYPOXYLON Grey.
Ciucinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman: Clernicnt Co.,
D. lL. James.

BOTANY. 355
XYLARIA POLYMORPHA Pers.

Clermont Co., D. L. James; Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G. Lea (Cat.);
Columbus, W. C. Werner.

138. PORONIA Willd.

PORONIA POCULA Schw.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea ( Cat.)

139. USTULINA Tul.

USTULINA VULGARIS Tul.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea ( Cat.)

140. HYPOXYLON Bull.

HyPoxvLon ALBOCINCTUM E. & E.
Hamilton Co., A. P. Morgan (Ellis, N. A. P.)

HYyPOXYLON ANNULATUM Schw.
Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

HYPOXYLON ATROPUNCTATUM Schw.
Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

HYPOXYLON COCCINEUM Bull.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea ( Cat.)

HYPOXYLON COHAERENS Pers.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea ( Cat.)

HYyPOXYLON CONCENTRICUM Grev.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Clermont Co., D. L. James,

HyPoOxYLON HOWEIANU™M: Pk.
Oh:o, A. P. Morgan (Ellis, N. A. P.)

HyPoxyvLON MiRGINATUM Schw.
Ohio, A. P. Morgan, (Ellis, N. A. P.)

HYyPOXYLON MORGANTI E. & E.
Ohio, A. P. Morgan (Ellis, N. A. P.)

HyPOXYLON OHIOENSE E. & E.
Ohio, A. P. Morgan (Ellis, N. A. P.)

HyPOXYLON PETERSII B. & C.
Ohio, A. P. Morgan (Ellis, N. A. P.)

HYPOXVLON RUBIGINOSUM Fr.
Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

356 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

HYyPOXYLON SASSAFRAS Schw.
Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

HYyPOXYLON TURBINULATUM Schw.
Ohio, A. P. Morgan (Ellis, N, A. P.)

140a. NUMMULARIA Tul.

NUMMULARIA BULLIARDI Tul.
On old Oak bark, Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

NUMMULARIA GLYCYRRHIZA B. & C.
Ohio, A. P. Morgan (Ellis, N. A. P.)

NUMMULARIA MICROPLACA B. & C.
Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

NUMMULARIA DISCRETA Schw.
Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

141. GNOMONIELLA Sace.

GNOMONIELLA CORYLI (Batsch.) Sace. (Gzomonia coryli Batsch.)
On Corylus americana, Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

142. LAESTADIA Auersw.

LAESTADIA ACERIFERA (Cke.) Sace. (Sphaerel/a acerifera Cke.)
On Acer saccharinum, Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

143. PHOMATOSPORA Sacc.

PHOMATOSPORA ARGYROSTIGMA Berk.
i Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea ( Cat.)

144. BOTRYOSPHAERIA Ces. & DeN.

BOTRYOSPHAERIA QUERCUUM (Schw.) Sace. (Melogramma fuliginosum El.)
On old leaves of Sassafras, Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

BOTRYOSPHAERIA RHIZOGENA (Berk.) Sace. (Sphaeria rhizogena Berk.)
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea ( Cat.) ,

145. SPHAERELLA Ces. & DeNot.

SPHAERELLA ASIMINAE E. & K.
Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

SPHAERELLA CONVEXULA Schw.
Ohio, J. B. Ellis (N. A. P.)

BOTANY. 397

SPHAERELLA FRAGARIAE ( Tul.) Sacc.
On Fragaria (cult.) Columbus, Freda Detmers.

SPHAERELLA FRAXINICOLA (Schw.) Cke. Ate beairen 7
Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

SPHAERELLA GAULTHERIA C. & E.
On Gaultheria procumbens, Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

SFeT2O PUG \E
SPHAERELLA LIRIODENDRI Ellis. DA QO
On Liriodendron tuliperfera, Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman,
SPHAERELLA MACULAEFORMIS Pers.
On Quercus macrocarpa, Q. rubra, Q. alba and Celtis occidentalis, Fairfield Co., ”
W. A. Kellerman.

SPHAERELLA POLYSTIGMA Ellis.
On Quercus coccinea, Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman,

SPHAERELLA PRAECOX Pass.
On Lactuca canadensis, Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

SPHAERELLA SASSAFRAS FE. & E.
On Sassafras, Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

SPHAERELLA SPARSA Pers.
On Tilia americana, old Chestnut leaves, Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

146. DIDYMELLA Sacc.

DIDYMELLA LOPHOSPORA Sacc. & Speg.
Ohio, J. B. Ellis (N. A. P.)

147. GNOMONIA Ces. & DeNot.

GNOMONIA ULMEA (Sacc.) Thuem. (Sphaeria u/imea Schw.)
On Ulmus americana, Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

GNOMONIA SASSAFRAS E. & E.
On Sassafras leaves, Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

GNOMONIA SETACEA Pers.
On Chestnut leaves, Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

148. VENTURIA DeNot.

VENTURIA ORBICULA Schw.
On Quercus prinus, Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

149. DIAPORTHE Nits.

DIAPORTHE MAYDIS Berk.
Ohio, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.)

358 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.
150. VALSARIA Ces. & DeNot.

VALSARIA FULVO-PRUINATA (Berk.) Save. (Valsa fulvopruinata Berk.)
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.)

151. LEPTOSPHAERIA Ces. & DeNot.

LEPTOSPHAERIA OGILVIENSIS Berk.
On Achillea millefolium, Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

152. CARYOSPORA DeNot.

CARVYOSPORA PUTAMIUM Schw. (Sphaeria putamium Schw.)
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.)

153. PSEUDOVALSA Ces. & DeNot.

PSEUDOVALSA CONVERGENS (7Tode) Sace. (Valsa convergens Tode.)
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea ( Cat.)

154. LASIOSPHAERIA Ces. & DeNot.

LASIOSPHAERIA CRINITA (Pers.) Sacc. ( Sphaeria crinita Pers.)
Cincinnati, Waynesville, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.)

155. HERPOTRICHIA Fckl.

HERPOTRICHIA DIFFUSA Schw.
Ohio, A. P. Morgan (Ellis, N. A. P.)

HERPOTRICHIA RHODOMPHALA (Berk.) Sace. (Sphaeria rhodomphala Berk.)
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea ( Cat.)

156. CALOSPORA Sacc.

CALOSPORA ACULEANS (Schw.) Sace. ( Va/sa aculeans Schw.)
Clermont Co., D. L. James.

157. PLEOSPORA Rabh.

PLEOSPORA HERBARUM (Pers.) Rabh. (Sphaeria herbarum Pers.)
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.)

158. PYRENOPHORA Fr.

PYRENOPHORA TRICHOSTOMA ( Fr.) Sacc.
On old wheat stems, Columbus, W. A. Kellerman.

160. OPHIOBOLUS Riess.
OPHIOBOLUS FULGIDUS (C. & P.) Sace. (Sphaeria fulgida C. & P.)
On Ambrosia trifida, Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

BOTANY. 309
161. OPHIOCERAS Sacc.

OPHIOCERAS OHIOENSE E. & E.
Ohio, A. P. Morgan (Ellis, N. A. P.)

162. SPHAERIA.

SPHAERIA MAYDIS Berk. ©
On Zea mays, Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea ( Cat.)

SPHAERIA VERBASCICOLA Schw.
On Verbascum thapsus, Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

SPHAERIA VIRESCENS Schw. ( Diatrype virescens Schw.)
Clermont Co., D. L. James.

XIX. HYPOCREACE.

163. HYPOMYCES Fr.

HiYPOMYCES LACTIFLUORUM Schw.
Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G. Zea (Cat.)

HYPOMYCES XYLOPHILUS Pk.
Ohio, A. P. Morgan (Ellis, N. A. P.)

164. NECTRIA Fr.

NECTRIA COCCINEA (Pers.) Fr. (Sphaeria coccinea Pers.)
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.)

NECTRIA LACTEA Ell. & Morgan.
On old Polyporus, Ohio, A. P. Morgan (Ellis, N. A. P.)

165. HYPOCREA Fr.

HYPpoOCcREA PAPYRACEA Ell. & Hol.
Ohio, A. P. Morgan (Ellis, N. A. P.)

166. PLEONECTRIA Sacc.

PLEONECTRIA DENIGRATA Winter.
Ohio, A. P. Morgan (Ellis, N. A. P)

167. CLAVICEPS Tul.

CLAVICEPS PURPUREA (Fr.) Tul.
On Elymus canadensis, EK. virginicus, Festuca elatior, Glyceria fluitans; Colum-
bus, W. A. Kellerman.

360 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.
168. CORDYCEPS Fr.

CORDYCEPS HERCULEA (Schw.)
Ohio, A. P. Morgan (Ellis, N. A. P.)

169. EPICHLOE Fr.

EPICHLOE TYPHINA (Pers.) Tul.
On Grass sheaths; Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman; Ironton, W. C. Werner.

XX. DOTHIDEACEA,

170. PHYLLACHORA Nits.

PHYLLACHORA GRAMINIS Pers.
On various grasses; widely distributed.

PHYLLACHORA TRIFOLII ( Pers.)
On Trifolium repens; Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

171. PLOWRIGHTIA Sacc. BLACcK-KNOT.

PLOWRIGHTIA MORBOSA (Schw.) Sace. (Sphaeria morbosa.)
On Plum and cultivated cherry, apparently over the whole state.

172. DOTHIDEA Fr.

DOTHIDEA GRAMINIS Pers.
On Panicum latifolium, Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

DOTHIDEA POTENTILLAE Fr.
On Potentilla canadensis, Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

DOTHIDEA SOLIDAGWIS Schw.
On Solidago canadensis, Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

DOTHIDEA TETRASPORA.
On old stems of Osage Orange, Columbus, E. M. Wilcox.

XXI. HYSTERIACEZS.

173. GLONIUM Muhl.

GLONIUM SIMULANS Gerard.
Ohio, J. B. Ellis (N. A. P.)

GLONIUM STELLATUM Muhl.
On rotten wood, Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman; Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.)

BOTANY.

174. HYSTERIUM Tode.

HYSTERIUM ELONGATUM Wahl.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.)

HYSTERIUM PULICARE ANGUSTATUM Fr.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea ( Cat.)

HYSTERIUM PROSTII Duby.
Ohio, A. P. Morgan (Ellis, N. A. P.)

174. DICHAENA Fr.

DICHAENA FAGINEA Fr.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.)

176. HYSTEROGRAPHIUM Corda.

HYSTEROGRAPHIUM COOKEIANUM Ger.
Ohio, A. P. Morgan (Ellis, N. A. P.)

HyYSTEROGRAPHIUM LESQUEREUXII (Duby.)
Ohio, Leo Lesquereux, A. P. Morgan (Ellis, N. A. P.)

HYSTEROGRAPHIUM PRAELONGUM Schw.
Ohio, A. P. Morgan (Ellis, N. A. P.)

177. LOPHODERMIUM Chev.

LOPHODERMIUM ARUNDINACEUM CULMIGENUM (Fr.) Fckl.

On old wheat stubble, Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

178. ACROSPERMUM,

ACROSPERMUM COMPRESSUM Tode.

On Verbena urticifolia, Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

XXII. HELVEULLACEA.

179. MORCHELLA Dill

MORCHELLA ESCULENTA Pers,
Common.

MORCHELLA HYBRIDA Pers. (MV. rimosipes DC.)

Columbus, Wm. C. Werner & W. A. Kellerman; Granville, E. G. Stanley.

301

362 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

, 180. GYROMITRA Fr.

GYROMITRA ESCULENTA Pers.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea ( Cat.)

-GYROMITRA GIGAS Knab.
Granville, C. J. Herrick.

XX PEZIZACH Ass

181 PEZIZAY Dill:

PEZIZA AURANTIA Pers.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea ( Cat.)

PEZIZA COCCINEA Jacq.
Cincinnati, D. I). James.

PEZIZA PUSTULATA (Hedw.) Pers.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.)

182. LACHNEA Fr.

LACHNEA SCUTELLATA L. ( Peziza scutellata.)
Common.

183. PSILOPEZIZA Berk.

PSILOPEZIZA NUMMULARIA Berk.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.)

184. SARCOSCYPHA Fr.

SARCOSCYPHA FLOCCOSA (Schw.) (Peziza floccosa Schw.)
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

SARCOSCYPHA OCCIDENTALIS Schw. (eztza occidentalis.)
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Clermont Co., D. L. James.

185. HELOTIUM Fr.

HELOTIUM AERUGINOSUM Fr.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea ( Cat.’

HELOTIUM CITRINUM Batsch.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Rendville (Perry Co.) W. A. Kellerman.

HELOTIUM PALLESCENS Fr.
On rotten wood, Fairfie.d Co., W. A. Kellerman.

BOTANY. 360
186: PHIALBA Fr.

PHIALEA SCUTULA (Pers) Gill.
Granville, H. L. Jones.

187. PEZIZELLA Fckl.

PEZIZELLA LEUCOSTIGMA (Fckl.) Sace. ( Peziza leucostigma Fr.)
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.)

188. MOLLISIA Fr.

MOLLISIA DEHNII (Rabh.) Karst. (Peziza dehnii Rabh.)
On Potentilla norvegica, widely distributed.

189. TRICHOPEZIZA Fckl.

TRICHOPEZIZA CAPITULA (Pk.) Sacc. (Peziza capitata Pk.; P. echinulata.)
On Quercus alba, old leaves, Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

190. DASYSCYPHA Fr.

DASYSCYPHA NIVEA (Hedw.) Sace. (Peziza nivea Fr.)
On old rails, Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

XXIV. DERMATEACE.

191. URNULA Fr.

URNULA CRATERIUM (Schw.) Fr. (/Peziza cratertum Schw.)
Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman; Columbus, W. A. Kellerman, EF. E. Bogue.

192. CENANGIUM Fr.

CENANGIUM CRATERIUM Fr.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea ( Cat.)

CENANGIUM TRIANGULARE Fr.

On rotten stems of Quercus, Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman; Cincinnati, Thos.
G. Lea (Cat.)

XXV. BULGARIACEZ.

198. LEOTIA Hill.

LEOTIA LUBRICA (Scop.) Pers.
Clermont Co., D. L. James.

364 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.
194. BULGARIA Fr.

BULGARIA OPHIOBOLUS -Ell.
Perry Co., W. A. Kellerman.

BULGARIA RUFA Schw.
Clermont Co., D. L. James.

195. CORYNE Tul.

CORYNE ELLISII Berk.
Perry Co., W. A. Kellerman.

CORYNE URNALIS Aul. (Coryne purpurea Fckl.; Bulgaria purpurea Cke.)
Perry Co., W. C. Kellerman.

LOVIN RS TICTLACH Ay:

196. STICTIS Pers.

STICTIS STEREI B. & C.
On Stereum frustulosum, Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

STICTIS STEREICOLA B. & C.

Clermont Co., D. lL. James.

XXVIT. PHACIDIACH At:

197. RHYTISMA Fr.
RHYTISMA ACERINUM (Pers.) Fr.

On Acer rubrum, Sugar Grove, W. A. Kellerman; A. saccharinum, Bainbridge
(Ross Co.) W. A. Kellerman.

RHYTISMA PUNCTATUM Fr.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea ( Cat.)

XXVIII. PATELLARIACEA.

198. PATELLARIA Wahl.

PATELLARIA CARPINEA Berk.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat,)

BOTANY. 366

XXIX. GYMNOASCACEA.

199. EXOASCUS Fckl.

EXOASCUS ALNITOROUUS (Tul.) Sadeb.
On Alnus serrulata, Fairfield Co., Hocking Co., W. A. Kellerman.

EXOASCUS DEFORMANS Fckl. (Zaphrina deformans Tul.; Ascomyces deformans.)
Widely distributed and usually abundant on peach leaves.

EXOASCUS PRUNI Fekl. (7Zaphrina pruni Tul.)
Probably over the whole state.

XXX. SPHA/RIOIDACEA.

200. PHYLLOSTICTA Pers.

PHYLLOSTICTA AMPELOPSIDIS E. & M.
On Anipelopsis quinquefolia, Athens, Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

PHYLLOSTICTA ASIMINAE E. & K.
On Asimina, Southern Ohio, and doubtless wherever the host occurs.

PHYLLOSTICTA CHENOPODII West.
On Chenopodium album, Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

PHYLLOSTICTA DECIDUA E. & K.
On Nepeta cataria, Peppermint leaves, Leornus cardiaca, Fairfield Co., W. A.
Kellerman.

PHYLLOSTICTA DEUTZIAE E. &. E.
On Deutzia gracilis and D. scabra (cult.), Columbus, W. A. Klellerman.

PHYLLOSTICTA LABRUSCAE Thuem.
On Vitis, Orwell (Ashtabula Co.) E. E. Bogue; on Vitis aestivalis bicolor, Fair-
field Co., W. A. Kellerman.

PHYLLOSTICTA LAPPAE E. & K.
On Lappa major, Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

PHYLLOSTICTA LyciI FE. & K.
On Lycium vulgare, Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

PHYLLOSTICTA PERSICAE Sacc.
Oi: Peach leaves, Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

PHYLLOSTICTA PODOPHYLLI Winter.
On Podophyllum peltatum, Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

PHYLLOSTICTA VERBENAE Sacc.
On Scutellaria. Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

306 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.
201. PHOMA Fr.

PHOMA GLANDICOLA Desm.
On old cupules of Quercus rubra; over the whole state,

PHOMA LONGISSIMUM Berk.
Clermont Co., D. L. James.

PHOMA UVICOLA Arc.
On cultivated grapes, common.

PHOMA PHYTOLACCAE B. & C.
On Phytolacca decandra, Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman,

202. SPHAERONEMA Fr.

SPHAERONEMA MACROSPORA B. & C.
On Robinia viscosa, Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

SPHAERONEMA OXYSPORUM Berk.
Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G. Lea (Cat.

SPHAERONEMA PERSICAE Schw.
On old Peach limbs, Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

203. VERMICULARIA Fr.
VERMICULARIA DEMATIUM Fr.
On Xanthium strumarium, Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman; Cincinnati, Thos. G.

Lea ( Cat.)

VERMICULARIA LILIACEARUM West.
On Pardanthus ( cult.) Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

VERMICULARIA TRICHILLA Fr.
On European Ivy (cult.) Lake Co., Sara F. Goodrich.

204. CYTOSPORA Ebrh.

CYTOSPORA CARBONACEA Fr.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.)

205. SPHAEROPSIS Lev.

SPHAEROPSIS PERICARPII Pk.
On old Walnut hulls, Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

SPHAEROPSIS SPHAEROIDES Ellis.
On Platanus occidentalis, Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

SPHAEROPSIS VINCA Cav.
On Vinea minor ( Cult.) Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

BOTANY. 067
206. DIPLODIA Fr.

DIPLODIA MORI Berk.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.)

207. DARLUCA Cast.

DARLUCA FILUM Cast.
On Lespedeza violacea (z7omyces) Fairfield Co., E. V. Wilcox.

208. SEPTORIA Fr.

SEPTORIA AESCULI (Lib.) Westd.
On Aesculus glabra, Franklin Co., Freda Detmers,

SEPTORIA ANEMONES AQUILEGIAE E. & K.
On Aquilegia vulgaris, Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

SEPTORIA CACALIAE Ell. & Kell.
On Cacalia atriplicifolia, Central and Southern Ohio.

SEPTORIA CONSIMILIS E. & M.
On Lactuca sativa (cult.), Lactuca scariola, Franklin Co., Freda Detmers.

SEPTORIA DESTRUENS auct. Amer.
On Malva rotundifolia, Franklin Co., Freda Detmers.

SFPTORIA ERIGERONTIS Pk.
On Erigeron, Fairfieid Co., W. A. Kellerman.

SEPTORIA GEI Desm.
On Geum, Fairfield Co., W. A. Ke-lerman.

SEPTORIA GRAMINUM Desm.
On wheat, Bromus cislatus, Franklin Co., Freda Detmers.

SEPTORIA KALMAECOLA (Schw.) B. & C.
’ On Kalmia latifolia, wherever the host occurs.

SEPTORIA LOPHANTHI Ellis.
On Lophanthus nepetoides, Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

SEPTORIA OCHROLEUCA B. & C.
On Castanea sativa americana, Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

SEPTORIA OENOTHERAE West.
On Oenothera, conimon, W. A. Kellerman.

SEPTORIA PHLYCTAENOIDES B. & C.
On Phytolacca decandra, Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

SEPfORIA PODOPHYLLINA Pk.
On Podophyllum peltatum, Fairfield Co., Franklin Co., Lima, W. A. Kellerman.

368 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

SEPTORIA POLYGONORUM Desm.
On Polygonum, perhaps over the whole state.

SEPTORIA RIBIS Desm.
On Cherry, Currant (cult.), Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

SEPTORIA RUBI West.
On the species of Rubus, common.

SEPTORIA SCROPHULARIAE West.
Ou Scrophularia nodosa marylandica, Franklin Co., and doubtless over the state.

SEPTORIA SPECULARIAE B. & C.
On Specularia perfoliata, Pickaway Co., W. A. Kellerman.

SEPTORIA SPHAERELLOIDES E. & K.
On Hypericum corymbosum, Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

SEPTORIA TRITICI B. & C.
On wheat leaves, Fairfield Co., Columbus, W. A. Kellerman,

SEPTORIA ULMI Fr.
On Ulmus fulva, Hocking Co., W. A. Kellerman.

SEPTORIA VERBASCICOLA B. & C.
On Verbascum blattaria, Franklin Co., W. A. Kellerman.

SEPTORIA VERBENAE Desin.
On Verbena, Central Ohio, W. A. Kellerman.

SEPTORIA VESTITA B. & C.
On Squash, Franklin Co., W. A. Kellerman.

SEPTORIA VIOLAE West.
On Viola hastata, Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

SEPTORIA WALDSTEINIAE P. & C.
On Waldsteinia fragarioides, Franklin Co., Freda Detmers, W. A. Kellerman.

XXXI. LEPTOSTROMACEA.

209. MELASMIA Lev.

MELASMIA GLEDITSCHIAE E. & M.
On Gleditschia triacanthos, comnion.

210. LEPTOSTROMA Fr.

LEPTOSTROMA ACTAHAE C. & E.
On Cimicifuga racemosa, Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

BOTANY. 369

LEPTOSTROMA PETIOLARUM C. & E.
On Ailanthus glandulosa (petioles), Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

LEPTOSTROMA VULGARE Fr.
On Eupatorium purpureum, Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

211. ENTOMOSPORIUM Lev.

ENTOMOSPORIUM MESPILI (DC.) Sacc.
On Quince and Pear, over the state.

XXXII. MELANCOMACEA.

212, GLOEOSPORIUM Desm. : 2

GILOEOSPORIUM LINDEMUTHIANUM Sacc. & Mag.
On bean pods, Columbus.

GLOEOSPORIUM NERVISEQUUM Sacc.
Ohio, T. B. Galloway (1888).

GLOESPORIUM VENETUM Speg. .
On Raspberry (cult.) Columbus, Freda Detmers.

213. LIsERTELLA Desm.

LIEERTELLA FAGINEA Desm.
On Beech bark, Central Ohio, W. A. Kellerman,

214. PESTALOZZIA DeNot.

PESTALOZZIA AQUATICA E. & E.
On Sarracenia sp. cult. (in green house) Columbus, W. A. Kellerman.

XXXII. MUCEDINACE As,

215. MONILIA Pers.

MONILIA FRUCTIGENA.
On fruits over the whole state.

MONILIA AUREOFULVA C. & E. ( O7dium simile Berk.)
On rotten wood, Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

216. OIDIUM Link.

OIDIUM MONILIOIDES Sh.
On Agropyrum repens, Lake Co., Sara F. Goodrich.

24 (ez (OP

370 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

OIDIUM SIMILE Berk.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.)

217. BOTRYTIS Mich.

BOTRYTIS GENICULATA Corda.
Clermont Co., D. L. James.

BOTRYTIS VULGARE.
On cultivated Peeonia, old leaves and stems, Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

218. OVULARIA Sacc.

OVULARIA VERONICAE (Fckl.) Sace. (Ramularia veronicae Fck).)
On Veronica peregrina, Columbus, W. A. Kellerman.

219.. MICROSTROMA Niessl.

MICROSTROMA JUGLANDIS (Ber.) Sacc. (JZ. leucosperma Nees.)
On walnut leaves, Hocking Co., W. A. Kellerman.

221. DIDYMARIA Corda.

DIDYMARIA UNGERI Corda.
On Ranunculus recurvatus, Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

222. CYLINDROCLADIUM Morgan.

CYLINDROCLADIUM SCOPARIUM Morgan.
On old pod of Gleditschia triacanthos, Preston (Hamilton Co.) A. P. Morgan.

223. DACTYLIUM Lk.

DACTYLIUM ROSEUM LE.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.)

224. RAMULARIA Ung.

RAMULARIA ARVENSIS Sacc.
On Potentilla norvegica, Central Ohio.

RAMULARIA EPIGAEAE Ellis.
On Epigaea repens, Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

RAMULARIA LINEOLA Pk.
On Taraxacum officinale, Columbus, W. A. Kellerman.

RAMULARIA MITELLAE PE.
On Mitella diphvlla, Fairfield Co., Aug. D. Selby.

BOTANY. 371

RAMULARIA OBOVATA Fckl.
On Rumex crispus, Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

RAMULARIA PLANTAGINIS E. & M.
On Plantago rugelii, Fairfield Co., Columbus Freda Detmers, W. A. Kellerman.

RAMULARIA TULASNEI Sacc.
On Fragaria virginiana, Lima, W. A. Kellerman.

225. SYNTHETOSPORA Morgan.
SYNTHETOSPORA ELECTA Morgan. ~

On the hymenial surface of some Peziza, presumably P. semitosta, Preston,
(Hamilton Co) A. P. Morgan (Bot. Gaz.)

XXXIV. DEMATIACE.

226. TORULA Pers.

TORULA HERBARUM Lk.
On old stems of Alternanthera, in green house, Columbus, W. C. Werner.

227. STACHYBOTRYS Corda.

STACHYBOTRYS LOBULATA Berk.
On old valise in cellar, Columbus, W. C. Werner,

228. MENISPORA Pers.

MENISPORA APICALIS B. & C.
Hamilton Co., A. P. Morgan (Bot. Gaz.)

MENISPORA CILIATA Corda.
Hamilton Co., A. P. Morgan (Bot. Gaz.)

MENISPORA COBALTINA Sacc.
Hamilton Co., A. P. Morgan (Bot. Gaz.)

MENISPORA GLAUCA (Link.) Pers.
Hamilton Co., A. P. Morgan ( Bot. Gaz.)

MENISPORA LIBERTIANA Sacc. & Roum.
Hamilton Co., A. P. Morgan (Bot. Gaz.)

229. FUSICLADIUM Bon.

FUSICLADIUM DENTRITICUM Fckl.
On Pyrus malus, Columbus, Freda Detmers.

(Sh)
|
N

GEOLOGY OF OHIO.
230. POLYTHRINCIUM Kunze & Schum.

POLYTHRINCIUM TRIFOLII Kunze.
On Trifolium pratense and Trifolium repens, Columbus, Freda Detmers.

231. CLADOSPORIUM Link.

CLADOSPORIUM EPIPHYLLUM Link.
On Sassafras leaves, Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

CLADOSPORIUM FULVUM Cke.
On Tomato vines (cultivated) Columbus, Freda Detmers W. A. Kellerman.

CLADOSPORIUM HERBARUM Link.

On cultivated Pzeonia, old stems and leaves, and Vinca minor, Fairfield Gor W.
A. Kellerman; Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.)

232. SEPTONEMA Corda.

SEPTONEMA SPILOMEUM Berk.
Cincinnati and Waynesville (Warren Co.) Thos. G. Lea (Cat.)

233. HELMINTHOSPORIUM Link.

HELMINTHOSPORIUM GRACILE Wallr.
On Iris (cult.), Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

HELMINTHOSPORIUM PERSISTENS Cke.
On dead leaves, Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

234. CERCOSPORA Fr.

CERCOSPORA ACALYPHA Peck.
On Acalypha virginica, Franklin Co., W. C. Werner.

CERCOSPORA ALTHAEINA Sacc.
@n Hollyhock leaves, Ashtabula Co., Sara F. Goodrich.

CERCOSPORA APII PASTINACAE Fres.
On Celery and wild Parsnip, Central Ohio, Freda Detmers, W A. Kellerman.

CERCOSPORA ASIMINAE Ell. & Kel.
On Asimina triloba, Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman; Franklin Co., Freda Det-
mers.

CERCOSPORA BETAECOLA Sacc.
On Beet, Columbus, Freda Detmers, W. A. Kellerman.

CERCOSPORA CANA Sace.
On Erigeron, Franklin Co., and Columbus, Freda Detmers, W. A. Kellerman

BOTANY. OES

CERCOSPORA DATURAE Peck.
On Datura stramonium, Franklin Co. and Fairfield Co., Freda Detmers and W.
A. Kellerman.

CERCOSPORA DESMODII Ell & Kell.
On Desmodium acuminatum, Adams Co., W. A. Kellerman.

CERCOSPORA DIANTHERAE E & K.
On Dianthera americana, Columbus, Warren Co., W. A. Kellerman,

CERCOSPORA ELONGATA Peck.
On Dipsacus sylvestris, Franklin Co., Freda Detmers, W. A. Kellerman.

CERCOSPORA EFFUSA (B. & C.) Ellis.
On Lobelia inflata and lL. syphilitica, Central and Southern Ohio, W. A. Keller-
man.

CERCOSPORA FERRUGINEA Fckl.
On Ambrosia trifida, Athens, W. A. Kellerman.

CERCOSPORA GYMNOCLADI E. & K.
On Gymnocladus dioicus, Columbus, E. E. Bogue.

CERCOSPORA LIRIODENDRI Ell. & Hark.
On Liriodendron tulipifera, Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman,

CERCOSPORA POLYGONACEA Ell. & Ev.
On Polygonum convolyulus, Columbus, Freda Detmers,

CERCOSPORA SABBATIAE E. &E.
On Sabbatia angularis, Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

CERCOSPORA SAGITTARIAE E. & K.
On Sagittaria sagittaefolia, Scioto Co. and Franklin Co., W. A. Kellerman.

CERCOSPORA SMILACINA Pk. (Helminthosporium petersii B. & C.)
On Smilax, Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

CERCOSPORA SYMPLOCARPI Pk.
On Symplocarpus foetidus, Orwell (Ashtabula Co.) E. E. Bogue.

CERCOSPORA VIOLAE Sacc.
On Viola palmata, Columbus, Freda Detmers.

235. SPORODESMIUM Link.

SPORODESMIUM CONCINNUM Berk.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea ( Cat.)

SPORODESMIUM CELLULOSUM Fr.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea .( Cat.)

374 : GEOLOGY OF OHIO.
236. MACROSPORIUM Fr.

MACROSPORIUM PINGUEDINIS Berk.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea ( Cat.)

MACROSPORIUM PLEOSPOROIDES EF. & K.
On Lappa major, Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

MACROSPORIUM PUNCTIFORME Berk.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea ( Cat.)

XXXV. STILBACEH A.

236. CERATIUM A. &S&.

CERATIUM HYNOIDES A. & S.
On rotten wood, Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman; Granville, W. G. Tight, H. L.
Jones.

237. SPOROCYBE Fries.

SPOROCYBE BYSSOIDES Fr.
On Papaw and on Rumex (old leaves), Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman,

SPOROCYBE PERSICAE Fr.
Clermont Co., D. L. James.

XXXVI. TUBERCULARIACEA.

238. TUBERCULARIA Tode.

TUBERCULARIA VULGARIS Tode.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.)

239. BACTRIDIUM Kunze.

BACTRIDIUM FLAVUM K.&S. (2B. clavatum B. & Br.; B. ellisii Berk.)
Hamilton Co., A. P. Morgan (Bot. Gaz.)

240. FUSARIUM Link.

FUSARIUM LATERITIUM Nees.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Clermont Co., D. L. James.

FUSARIUM OXYSPORUM AURANTIACUM Cda.
On Squash (fruit), Columbus, W. A. Kellerman.

BOTANY.
241. EPICOCCUM Link.

EPICOCCUM PURPURASCENS Ehr.
On old paper, Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman,

EPICOCCUM SPH4SROSPERMUM Berk.
On Carex, Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman.

242. EXOSPORIUM Link.

EXOSPORIUM TILIA.
Clermont Co., D. L. James.

375

Alphabetical Ltist

» OF

HOST-PLANTS OF THE PARASITIC FUNGI

Acalypha virginica (Cercospora acalyphae).

Acer rubrum ( Rhytisma acerinum, Uncinula circinata).

Acer saccharinum (Rhytisma acerinum, Uncinula circinata).
Achillea millefolium (Leptosphaeria ogilviensis).

Actaea alba (Aecidium actaeae ).

Aesculus glabra (Septoria aesculi, Uncinula flexuosa).

Agrimonia eupatoria (Ureo agrimoniz, Sphaerotheca humuli).
Agropyrum (Erysiphe graminis, Oidium monilioides).
Ailanthus glandulosa (Leptostroma petiolarum).

Alnus serrulata (Exoascus alnitorquus).

Amarantus chlorostachys (Albugo amaranthi).

Amelanchier (Dinemasporium collinsii.)

Ambrosia artemisiaefolia (Albugo tragopoginis, Puccinia xanthi),.
Ambrosia trifida (Cercospora ferruginea).

Ampelopsis quinquefolia ( Phyllosticta ampelopsidis, Uncinula necator),
Amphicarpaea comosa (Synchytrium decipiens).

Anemone ( Puccinia anemones virginiane ).

Anemone quinquefolia (Puccinia fusca).

Anemone pennsylvanica (Plasmopara pyginaea).

Andropogon virginicus (Uromyces graminicola).

Aquilegia canadensis (Erysiphe communis).

Aquilegia vulgaris (Septoria anemones).

Arisaema (Uromyces caladii).

Aristida dichotoma (Sorosporium ellisii).

Asclepias ( Uromyces howei)._

Asimina triloba (Cercospora asiminae, Phyllosticta asiminae, Sporocybe byssoides}),
Aster (Coleosporium sonchi, Aecidium asterum).

Aster macrophyllus (Puccinia asteris).

Beech (Scorias spongiosa, Phyllactinia suffulta, Libertella faginea).
Beet (Cercospora betaecola).

Bidens frondosa (Sphaerotheca castagnei).

Blephilia (Puccinia menthae).

Borraginaceae (Erysiphe cichoracearum).

Brassica nigra (Albugo candidus).

Bromus ciliatus (Septoria graminum ).

Cacalia atriplicifolia (Septoria cacaliae ).

Capsella bursa pastoris (Albugo candidus).

BOTANY. 37

“J

Carex (Epicoccum sphaerospermum).

Carpinus ( Phyllactinia suffulta).

Castanea sativa americana ( Microsphaera alni, Gnomonia setacea, Sphaerella sparsa,
Septoria ochroleuca).

Catalpa bignonioides (Microsphaera elevata, Phyllactinia suffulta).

Ceanothus americanus (Frankia ceanothi).

Cedar (Gymnosporangium macropus, G. globosum).

Celery (Cercospora apii pastinacae).

Celtis occidentalis (Sphaerotheca phytoptophila, Sphaerella mdeutuetoennial:

Chaerophyllum procumbens (Puccinia pimpinellae ).

Chenopodium album (Phyillosticta chenopodi1).

Cherry (cult.) (Septoria ribis, Plowrightia morbosa, Podosphaera oxyacantha).

Chestnut (Phyllactinia suffulta, Gnomonia sectacea; Sphaerella sparsa, Septoria
ochroleuca).

Cimicifuga racemosa (Aecidium cimicifugatum, Leptostroma actaeae, Uromyces
carcinodes ).

Circaea lutetiana (Puccinia circaeae).

Claytonia virginica (Aecidium claytoniatum, Puccinia mari-wilsoni).

Clematis (cult.) (Erysiphe communis).

Clematis virginiana (Krysiphe communis ).

Cnicus (Puccinia hieracii).

Compositae (Aecidium compositarum, Erysiphe cichoracearum ).

Cunila (Puccinia menthae).

Currant (Septoria ribis).

Dahlia (cult.) (Erysiphe cichoracearum).

Datura stramonium (Cercospora daturae).

Dead leaves (Helminthosporium persistens).

Desmodium (Meibomia) ( Uromyces hedysari-paniculata).

Desmodium accuminatum (Cercospora desmodiit ).

Desmodium canescens (Erysiphe communis, Microsphaera diffusa),

Deutzia gracilis (Phyllosticta deutziae).

Dianthera americana (Cercospora diantherae).

Dicentra cucullaria (Aecidium dicentre).

Dipsacus sylvestris (Cercospora elongata).

Dirca palustris (Aecidium hydnoideum).

Elymus canadensis (Claviceps purpurea).

Elymus virginicus (Claviceps purpurea).

Epigaea repens (Ramularia epigaeae).

Erechtites hieracifolia (Plasmopara halstedii).

E1igeron (Cercospora cana, Septoria erigerontis).

Erigeron annuus ( Aecidium erigeronatum).

Erigeron bellidifo ius (Aecidium erigeronatum),

Euonymus atropurpureus (Microsphaera alni).

Eupatorium ageratoides (Puccinia tenuis, Aecidium tenue).

Eupatorium perfoliatum (Aecidium compositarum ).

Eupatorium purpureum (Leptostroma vulgare).

Euphorbia ( Uromyces euphorbiae, Aecidium euprorbias):

European Ivy (Vermicularia trichilla).

Fagus (Scorias spongiosa, Phyllactinia suffulta, Libertella faginae).

Festuca elatior (Claviceps purpurea).

Flies (Empusa muscae).

Fragaria virginiana (Ramularia tulasnei).

378 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

Fruits (Monilia fructigena).

Galium (Puccinia galii).

Gaultheria procumbens (Asterina gaultheriae, Sphaerella gaultheriz ).

Gaylussacia resinosa (Microsphaera vaccinii, Exobasidium vaccini1).

Geranium maculatum (Aecidium geranii).

Geum (Septoria gei).

Gleditschia triacanthos (Melasmia gleditschia, Microsphaera ravenelii),

Gleditschia triacanthos (old pods) (Cylindrocladium scoparium ).

Glyceria fluitans (Claviceps purpurea).

Goose berries (cult.) (Sphaerotheca mors uve).

_ Gramineae, wheat, oats, etc. (Puccinia graminis).

Grapes (cult.) (Plasmopara viticola, Phoma uvicola).

Grasses (Phyllachora graminis, Epichloe typhina).

Gymnocladus dioicus (Cercospora gymnocladi).

Helianthus (Coleosporium sonchi, Puccinia helianthus, Aeeidint compositarum ),

Hepatica acutiloba (Aecidium punctatum).

Hollyhock leaves (Cercospora althaeina).

Horse dung (Pilobolus crystallinus).

House flies (Empusa muscae).

Houstonia caerulea (Aecidium houstoniatum ).

Hydrangea arborescens (Uredo hydrangeae).

Hydrophyllum macrophyllum (Erysiphe cichoracearum).

Hypericum corymbosum (Septoria sphaerelloides),

Hypericum mutilum (Uromyces hyperici).

Impatiens (Aecidium impatientis).

Impatiens fulva (Puccinia nolitangeris.)

Iris (cult.) (Helminthosporium gracile).

Indian corn (Puccinia sorghi, Ustilago maydis).

Juniperus virginiana (Gymunosporangium macropus, G. globosum),

Kalmia latifolia (Septoria kalmaecola).

Lactuca canadensis (Sphaerella praecox).

Lactuca sativa (cult.) (Septoria consimilis ).

Lactuca scariola (Septoria consimilis),

Lappa major (Phyllosticta lappae, Macrosporium pleosporoides),

Leersia virginica (Tilletia corona).

Leguminosae (several species) (Erysiphe communis).

Lespedeza ( Uromyces lespedezae).

Lespedeza violacea (Darluca filum).

Lettuce (cult.) (Bremia lactuce).

Lilac (Microsphaera alni).

Liriodendron tulipifera (Cercospora liriodendri, Erysiphe liriodendri, Sphaerella
liriodendri).

Lobelia inflata (Cercospora effusa).

Lobelia syphilitica ( Cercospora effusa).

Lophanthus nepetoides (Septoria lophanth1).

Lycium vulgare (Phyllosticta lycii).

Malva rotundifolia (Septoria destruens).

Meibomia (Uromyces hedysari-paniculata, Erysiphe ¢éonimunis, Microsphaera diffusa).

Mentha (Puccinia menthae).

Micrampeles echinata (Plasmopara australis).

Mitella diphylla (Puccinia tiarellae, Ramularia mitelle ).

Monarda (Puccinia menthe).

Napzea dioica (Aecidium nape).

BOTANY. 379

Wepeta cataria (Phyllosticta decidua).

Nesza verticillata (Aecidium nese).

Oaks ( Microspheera quercina, Phyllactinia suffulta).

Oak bark (Nummularia bulliardi).

Oats ( Ustilago avenze, Puccinia graminis, P. coronata).

Oenotherae (Septoria oenothere). f

Oenotherae bieunis (Aecidium cenothera, Uromyces peckii).

Old wood ( Rosellinia mammiformis).

Peeonia (cult.) (Botrytis vulgare, Cladosporium herbarum).

Panicum capi.lare (Puccinia emaculata).

Panicum latifolium (Dothidea graminis),

Panicum sanguinale (Ustilago cesatii).

Paper (old) Epicoccum purpurascens).

Pardanthus ( Vermicularia liliacearum).

Parietaria pennsylvanica (Erysiphe cichoracearum),

Parsnip (Cercospora apii pastinacae).

Peach leaves (Exoascus deformans, Phyllosticta persicae).

Peach limbs (old) (Sphaeronema persicae).

Pear (Entomosporium mespili).

Phaseolus (cult.) (Uromyces appendiculatus).

Phlox (cult.) (Erysiphe cichoracearum).

Phlox paniculata (Phyllactinia suffulta).

Physalis lanceolata (Entyloma physalidis).

Phytolacea decandra (Phoma phytolaccae, Septoria phlyctaenoides).

Pinus rigidus (Coleosporium senecionis).

Plantago rugelii (Ramularia plantaginis).

Platanus occidentalis (Sphaeropsis sphaeroides, Microsphaera alni),

Plum (cult.) (Plowrightia morbosa, Podosphaera oxycanthae).

Poa pratensis (Erysiphe graminis).

Podophyllum peltatum (Phyllosticta podophylli, Puccinia podophylli, Septoria
podophyllina). :

Polygonum ( Uromyces polygoni, Septoria polygonorum),

Polygonum convolvulus (Cercospora polygonacea).

Polygonum pennsylvanicum (Ustilago utriculosa).

Populus (Melampsora populina).

Portulaca oleracea (Albugo portulacae).

Potentilla canadensis (Dothidea potentillae, Phragmidium potentillae).

Potentilla norvegica (Mollisia dehenii, Ramularia arvensis).

Pycnanthemum (Puccinia menthae).

Pyrus malus (Fusicladium dendriticum).

Quercus (rotten stems) (Cenangium triangulare).

Quercus alba (Trichopeziza capitula, Sphaerella maculaeformis).

Quercus coccinea (Sphaerella polystigma).

Quercus macrocarpa (Sphaerella maculaeformis).

Quercus prinus (Venturia orbicula).

Quercus rubra, (Sphaerella maculaeformis, Phoma glandicola).

Quince (Entomosporium mespil)).

Ranuncuiacee (various species) (Erysiphe communis).

Ranunculus abortivus (Aecidium ranunculi),

Ranunculus recurvatus (Didymaria ungeri).

Raspberry (cult.) (Gleosporium venetum).

Rhus radicans (Uromyces terebinthi).

Ribes (Aecidium grossulariz).

380 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

Robinia viscosa (Sphaeronema macrospora}.

Rose (leaves and stems) (Phragmidium subcorticiu:).

Roses (cult.) (Sphaerotheca pannosa).

Rubus (Caeoma nitens, Septoria rubi).

Ruellia (Puccinia lateripes).

Rumex (old leaves) (Sporocybe byssoides).

Rumex crispus (Ramularia obovata).

Sabbatia angularis (Cercospora sabbatiae).

Sagittaria sagittaefolia (Cercospora sagittariae).

Sambucus canadensis (Microsphaera alni, Aecidium sambuci).

Sanicula (Puccinia sanicule).

Sarracenia (sp. cult.) (Pestalozzia aquatica).

Sassafras (Sphaerella sassafras, Cladosporium epiphyllum, Gnomonia sassafras,

M.logramma fuliginosum).

Saxifraga virginiensis ( Puccinia saxifragae).

Scirpus fluviatilis (Puccinia angustata).

Scrophularia nodosa marilandica (Septoria scrophulariae),

Scutellaria (Phyllosticta verbaenae).

Scutellaria lateriflora (Erysiphe galeopsidis), Uncinula columbiana,

Sicyos angulata (Plasmopara australis).
Silphium perfoliatum (Puccinia silphii).
Sisymbrium officinale (Albugo candidus).
Smilax (Cercospora smilacina).
Smilax rotundifolia (Uredo smilacis).
Solidago (Aecidium asterum, Aeisolidaginis, Coleosporium solidaginis).
Specularia perfoliata (Septoria speculariae).

Spilosoma virginica (Empusa grylli).

Spiraea tomentosa (Podosphaera minor).

Squish (fruit) (Fusarium oxysporum).

Stachys aspera glabra (Erysiphe galeopsidis).

Stachys palustris (Erysiphe galeopsidis).

Stereum frustulosum (Stictis sterei).

Symplocarpus foetidus (Cercospora symplocarpi).

Syndesmon thalictroides (Aecidium sommerfeltii).

Taraxacum officinale (Ramularia lineola, Puccinia hieracii).

Tephrosia virginica (Ravenelia glanduliformis).

Ti ia americana (Sphaerella sparsa).

Timothy (Tilletia striaeformis).

Tomato vines (Cladosporium fulvum).

Trifolium (Uromyces trifolii.)

Trifolium pratense (Polythrincium trifolii).
- Trifolium repens (Polythrincium trifolii, Phyllachora trifolii.)

Triticum vulgare (Erysiphe graminis, Ustilago tritici, Tilletia foeteus, Septoria-

tritici).

Ulmus americana (Uncinula macrospora, Gnomonia ulmea).

Ulmus fulva (Uncinula macrospora, Septoria ulmi).

Vaccinium vacillans (Exobasidium vaccinii, Microsphaera vacinii),

Verbascum blattaria (Septoria verbascicola).

Verbascum thapsus (Spheria verbascicola).

Verbena (Septoria verbenae).

Verbenaceae (Erysiphe cichoracearum).

Vernonia (Coleosporium vernoniae).

Veronica peregrina (Ovularia veronicae).

Vinca minor (Cladosporium herbarum, Sphaeropsis vinca).

BOTANY. 351

Viola (Puccinia violae).

Viola hastata (Puccinia hastata Septoria violae).

Viola palmata (Cercospora violae).

Vitis (Phyllosticta labruscae, Uncinula necator).

Vitis aestivalis bicolor ( Phyllosticta labruscae).

Waldsteinia jragarioides (Septoria waldsteiniae).

Walnut hulls (old) (Sphaeropsis pericarpii).

Walnut leaves (Microstroma juglandis).

Wheat ( Puccinia rubigovera, Puccinia graminis, Tilletia foetans, Septoria grami-
num, Ustilago tritici, Septoria tritici, Pyrenophora trichostoma).

Willow (Melampsora salicina, Uncinula salicis).

Wood (rotten) (Ceratium hynoides, Monilia aureofulva).

Xanthium strumarium (Vermicularia dematium, Puccinia xanthii).

Zea mays (Sphaeria maydis, Ustilago maydis, Puccinia sorghi).

Index

TO THE

GENERA OF FUNGI.

{The references are to the serial number, not to the page].

A

Acrospermum, 178.
Aecidium, 104.
Agaricaceae, I.
Agaricus, 37.
Albugo, 112.
Amanita, l.
Amanitopsis, 2.
Anellaria, 44.
Antennaria, 127a.
Armillaria, 4.
Asterina, 126.
Anthostoma, 136.

Bactridium, 239.
Bolbitius, 41.
Boletus, 46.
Bombardia, 135.
Botryosphaeria, 144.
Botrytis, 217.
Bovista, 92.

Bremia, 114.
Bulgaria, 194.
Bulgariaceae XXV.

Cc

Ceeonia, 106.
Calocera, 74.
Calospora, 156.
Calvatia, 93.
Cantharellus, 14.
Capnodium, 127.
Caryospora, 152.
Cenangium, 192.
Ceratium, 286a.
Ceratastoma, 133.
Cercospora, 234.
Chytridiaceae, XV.
Cladosporium, 231.

Clavaria, 73.
Clavariaceae, V.
Claviceps, 167.
Clitocybe, 6.
Clitopilus, 24.
Clyclomyces, 53.
Coelosphaeria, 129.

“Coleosporium, 102.

Collybia, 7.
Coprinus, 42.
Cordyceps, 168.
Corticium, 70.
Cortinarius, 35.
Coryne, 195.
Craterellus. 66.
Crepidotus, 34.
Cronartium, 98.
Crucibulum, 88.
Cyathus, 89.
Cyclomyces, 53.
Cylindrocladium, 222.
Cynophallus, 85.
Cyphella, 72.
Cystopus, 112.
Cytospora, 204.

Dacryomyces, 81.
Dactylium, 225.
Daedalea, 52.
Darluca, 207.
Dasyscypha, 190.
Dematiaceae, XXXIV.
Dermateaceae, XXIV.
Diatrype, 132.
Diaporthe, 149.
Dichaena, 174
Dictyophora, 8+.
Didymaria, 221.
Didymella, 146.

Dimerosporium, 1262,
Diplodia, 206.
Dothidea, 172.
Dothideaceae, XX.

E

Empusa, 115.
Entoloma, 23.

Entomophthoraceae, XIII.

Entomosporium, 211.
Entyloma, 109.
Epichloe, 169.
Epicoccum, 241.
Erysiphe, 121.
Erysipheae, XVI.
Eutypa, 13la.
Eutypella, 131.
Exidia, 78.
Exoascus, 199.
Exobasidium, 71.
Exosporium, 242.

Favolus, 54.
Flammula, 29.
Fomes, 48.
Frankia, 118.
Fusarium, 240.
Fusicladium, 229.

Galera, 32.
Geaster, 91.
Gleo<porium, 212.
Glonium, 173.
Gnomonia, 147.
Gnonioniella, 141.
Grandinia, 63.
Guepinia, 82.

Gyminoascaceae, XXIX.
Gymnosporangium, 100.

Gyromitra, 180.
H

Habeloma, 28.

Helminthosporium, 233.

Helotium, 185.
Helvellaceae, XXJTI.
Herpotrichia, 19.
Hirneola, 77.
Hormomyces, 83.
Hydnaceae, III.
Hdynvm, 59.
Hygrophorus, 11.
Hy menochaete, 69.
Hypholoma, 39.
Hypocrea, 165.
Hypocreaceae XIX,
Hypomyces, 163.
Hypoxylon, 140.
Hysteriaceae, XXI.
Hysterium, 174.
Hysterographium, 176.

BOTANY.

I
Inocybe, 27.
Irpex, 60.
Ithyphallus, 89.
K
Kneiffia, 65.
L

Lachnea, 182.
Lachnocladium, 75.
Lactarius, 12.
Laestadia, 142.
Lasiosphaeria, 154.
Lentinus, 16.
Lenzites, 19.
Leotia, 193.
Lepiota, 3. .
Leptonia, 25.
Leptosphaerta, 151.
Leptostroma, 210.

Leptostromaceae, XXXI.

Libertella, 213.
Lophodermium, 177.
Lycoperdaceae, IX.
Lycoperdon, 94. _

M

Macrosporium, 236.
Marasmius, 15.
Melampsora, 97.
Melogramine, 144.
Melanconiaceae, XX XII.
Melasmia, 209.
Menispora, 228.
Merulius, 56.
Microsphaera, 125.
Microstroma, 219.
Mollisia, 188.

Monilia, 215.

Morchella, 179.
Mucedinaceae, XX XIII.
Mucor, 117.
Mucoraceae, XIV.
Mutinus, 86.

Mycena, 8.

N

Naematelia, 80.
Naucoria, 30.
Nectria, 164.
Nidulariaceae, VIII.
Nitschkia, 129.
Nummularia, 140a.

O

Odontia, 64.
Oidium, 216.
Omphalia, 9.
Ophiobolus, 160.
Ophioceras, 161.
Ovularia, 218.

383

35d

Panaeolus, 43.

Panus, 17.

Patellaria, 198.
Patellariaceae, XXVIII.
Paxillus, 36.
Peridermium, 102.
Perisporiaceae, XVI.
Perisporieae, XVII.
Peronospora, 113, 114.
Peronosporaceae, XII.
Pestalozzia, 214.
Pezizaceae, XXIII,
Peziza, 181.

Pezizella, 187.
Phacidiaceae, XXVII,
Phallaceae, VII.
Phallus, 84, 85.
Phialea, 186.

Phlebia, 62.

Pholiota, 26.

Phoma, 201.
Phomatospora, 148,
Phragmidium, 101.
Phyllachora, 170.
PhyNactinia, 123.
Phyllogaster, 87.
Phyllosticta, 200.
Pilobolus, 116.
Plasmopara, 113.
Pleonectria, 166.
Pleospora, 157.
P.eurotus, 10.
Plowrightia, 171.
Pluieolus, 31.

Pluteus, 22.
Podosphaera, 124.
Polyporaceae, II.
Polyporus, 47.
Polystictus, 49.
Polythrincium, 230.
Poria, 50.
Poronia, 1388.
Porothelium, 57.
Psathyrella, 45.
Pseudovalsa, 153.
Psilocybe, 40.
Psilopezia, 183.
Pterula, 75a.
Puccinia, 99.
Pyrenophora, 158.

Quateruaria, 130.

Radulum, 61.
Ramularia, 224.
Ravenelia, 103.
Rhytisma, 197.
Rosellinia, 134.
Russula, 13.

GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

a2

Sarcoscypha, 1&4.
Scleroderma, 95.
Scorias, 128.
Septonema, 232.
Septoria, 208.
Schizophyllum, 20.
Solenia, 58.
Sorosporum, 110.
Sphaerella, 145.
Sphaeria, 162.
Sphaeriaceae, XVIII.
Sphaerioidaceae, XXX.
Sphaeronema, 202.
Sphaeropsis, 205.

_ Sphaerotheca, 120.

Sporodesmium, 255,
Sporocybe, 237.
Stachybotrys, 227.
Stereum, 68.
Stictaceae, XXVI.
Stictis, 196.
Stilbaceae, XXXV.
Stropharia, 38.
Synchytrium, 119.
Synthetospora, 225.

a

Thelephora, 67.
Thelephoraceae, IV.
Tilletia, 108.
Torula, 226.
Trametes, dl.
Tremella, 79.
Tremellaceae, VI.
Tricholoma, 5.
Trichopeziza, 189.
Trogia, 18.
Tubercularia, 2388.
Tuberculariaceae, XXXVI,
Tubaria, 33.
Tylostoma, 90.
Typhula, 76.

Uncinula, 122.
Uredinaceae, X.
Uredo, 105.
Urnula, 191.
Urocystis, 111.
Uromyces, 96.
Ustilaginaceae, XI.
Ustilago, 107.
Ustulina, 139.

Valsa, 130a.
Valsaria, 150.
Venturia, 148.
Vermicularia, 203.
Volvaria, 21.

a

Xylaria, 137.

"BOTANY.
ALG.

1, NITELLA Ag.

NITELLA TENUISSIMA (Desv.) Ktz.
Painesville, Wm. C. Werner.

la. CHARA I,

CHARA CONTRARIA A, Br. :
Cedar Swamp (Champaign Co.) Wm. C. Werner; Columbus, E. M. Wilcox.

CHARA CORONATA Ziz.
Clermont Co., J. F. James (Cat.) Painesville, Wm. C. Werner.

CHARA FLEXILIS Wiild.
Cincinnati, Jos. Clark (Cat.); Painesville, Wm. C. Werner.

CHARA FRAGILIS Desv.
Painesville, Wm. C. Werner.

CHARA FCTIDA A. Br.
Cedar Swamp (Champaign Co.) Wm. C. Werner.

CHARA GYMNOPUS MICHAUXII A. Br.
Painesville, Wm. C. Werner.

CHARA INTERMEDIA A. Br.
Champaign Co., Wm. C. Werner; Springfield, E. M. Wilcox.

2. LEMANEA Bery.

LEMANEA TORULOSA (Roth.) Ag.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee.

3. BATRACHOSPERMUM Roth,

BATRACHOSPERMUM MONILIFORME Roth.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee.

4. THOREA Bory.

THOREA RAMOSSISSIMA Bory.
Ohio river, Cincinnati, G. B. Twitchell.

5. CHANTRANSIA Fr.

CHANTRANSIA PYGMAEA Kg.
Ohio river, Cincinnati, G. B. Twitchell.

25 G. ©:

386. GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

CHANTRANSIA VIOLACEA Kg.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee.

CHANTRANSIA VIOLACEA BEARDSLEEI Wolle.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee.

6. COLEOCHAETE Breb.

COLEOCHAETE SCUTATA Breb.
Ponds, Delhi, G. B. Twitchell.

COLEOCHAETE SOLUTA Pringsh.
Ponds, Delhi, G. B. Twitchell.

7. OEDOGONIUM Lk.

OEDOGONIUM BORISIANUM (LeCl.) Wittr.
Ponds and ditches, Delhi, G. B. Twitchell,

OEDOGONIUM CAPILLARE (L,.) Kg.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee.

OEDOGONIUM CRISPUM (Hass.) Wittr.
Ponds and ditches, Delhi, G. B. Twitchell.

OEDOGONIUM CRYPTOPORUM Wittr.
Ponds and ditches, Delhi, G. B. Twitchell.

OEDOGONIUM FONTICOLA A. Br.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee.

OEDOGONIUM FRAGILE Wittr.
Granville, C. lL. Payne (Bull. Den. U.)

OEDOGONIUM GRACILLIMUM Wittr. & Lund.
Ponds and ditches, G. B. Twitchell.

OEDOGONIUM POLYMORPHUM Wittr. & Lund.
Granville, C. L. Payue (Bull. Den. U.) '

OEDOGONIUM WOLLEANUM Wittr.
Painesville, H. C. Beadslee.

8. BULBOCHATE Ag.

BULBOCHZATE CRENULATA Pringsh.
Muddy Creek, Delhi, G. B. Twitchell.

9. CYLINDROCAPSA.

CYLINDROCAPSA AMOENA Wolle.
Muddy Creek, Delhi, G. B. Twitchell.

BOTANY. 337
10. DRAPARNALDIA Ag.
DRAPARNALDIA GLOMERATA Ag.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee; Ponds, Delhi, G. B. Twitchell; Columbns, W. A.

Kellerman; Ironton, W. C. Werner.

DRAPARNALDIA PLUMOSA Ag.
Ponds, Delhi, G. B. Twitchell.

DRAPARNALDIA RAVENELII Wolle.
Columbus, W. A. Kellerman.

11. STIGEOCLONIUM Kg.

STIGEOCLONIUM NANUM (Duillw.) Kg.
Ponds, Cincinnati, G. B. Twitchell.

STIGEOCLONIUM RADIANS Kg.
Ponds, C.rncinnati, G. B. Twitchell.

STIGEOCLONIUM TENUE Kg.
Ponds, Cincinnati, G. B. Twitchell.

12. CHAETOPHORA Schrank.

CHAETOPHORA ELEGANS Ag.
Ponds, Delhi, G. B. Twitchell.

CHAETOPHORA ENDIVIAEFOLIA Ag.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee; Ponds, Delhi, G. B. Twitchell.

CHAETOPHORA ENDIVIAEFOLIA LINEARIS Rab.
Columbus, W. A. Kellerman.

CHAETOPHORA PISIFORMIS (Roth.) Ag.
Columbus, W. A. Kellerman; Delhi, G. B. Twitchell.

13. APHANOCHARETE A. Br.

APHANOCHAETE REPENS A. Br.
Columbus, Mrs. W. A.. Kellerman.

14. CLADOPHORA.,

CLADOPHORA AEGAGROPILA (L,.) Kg.
Springs, Price Hill, Cincinnati, G. B. Twitchell.

CLADOPHORA CRISPATA Kg.
Near Cincinnati, G. B. Twitchell; Granville, C. J. Herrick. .

CLADOPHORA FRACTA Kg.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee; Cincinnati, G. B. Twitchell.

388 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.
CLADOPHORA GLOMERATA Kg.

Painesville, H. C. Beardslee, Cincinnati, G. B. Twitchell; Georgesville, E. E.
Bogue.

15. ULOTHRIX Kg.

ULOTHRIX FLACcIDA Kg.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee.

ULOTHRIX SUBTILIS Kg.
Cincinnati, G. B. Twitchell.

ULOTHRIX SUBTILIS VABIABILIS Kg.
Columbus, F. B. Eldridge.

ULOTHRIX ZONATA (W. & M.) Aresch.
Cincinnati, G. B. Twitchell; Columbus, W. A. Kellerman.

16. CONFERVA Lk.

CONFERVA BOMBYCINA Ag.
Granville, C. J. Herrick.

CONFERVA GLACIALIOIDES Wolle.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee.

CONFERVA RHYPOPHILA Keg.
Granville, C. L. Payne, (Bull Den. U,)

CONFERVA VULGARIS Rabh. (Jficrospora vulgaris Rab.)
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee ; Columbus, E. E. Bogue.

CONFERVA VULGARIS FARLOWII Wolle.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee.

17. VAUCHERIA DC.

VAUCHERIA DICHOTOMA Lyngb.
Cincinnati, G. B. Twitchell.

VAUCHERIA DILLWYNII Ag.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee.

VAUCHERIA GEMINATA (Vauch.) DC.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee; Columbus, W. A. Kellerman.

VAUCHERIA GEMINATA RACEMOSA Walz.
Columbus, F. B. Eldridge.

VAUCHERIA SESSILIS (Vauch.) DC.
Logan Co., Cedar Swamp (Urbana), Painesville, H. C. Beardslee; Cincinnati,
G. B. Twitchell.

BOTANY.

VAUCHERIA TERRESTRIS Lyngb.
Cincinnati, G. B. Twitchell.

18. BOTRYDIUM Wallr.

BOTRYDIUM GRANULATUM JL.
Cincinnati, G. B. Twitchell.

19. VOLVOX Ebhrb.

VOLVOX GLOBATOR L.
Ponds, Delhi, G. B. Twitchell.

20. EUDORINA Ehrb.

EUDORINA STAGNALE Wolle.
Cinciunati, G. B. Twitchell.

21. PANDORINA Ehrb,

PANDORINA MORUM Bory.
Delhi, G. B. Twitchell.

22. EUGLENA Ehrb.

EUGLENA VIRIDIS Ehrb.

Cincinnati, G. B. Twitchell; Columbus, W. C. Werner.

23. CLAMYDOCOCCUS A. Br.

CLAMYDOCCUS PLUVIALIS A. Br.
Cincinnati, G. B. Twitchell.

24. HYDRODICTYON Roth.

HYDRODICTYON UTRICULATUM Roth.

389

Painesville, H. C. Beardslee; Cincinnati, G. B. Twitchell; Granville, F. B. Eld.

ridge; Columbus, W. C. Werner.

20. SCENEDESMUS Meyer.

SCENEDESMUS CAUDATUS Corda.
Cincinnati, G. B. Twitchell.

SCENEDESMUS POLYMORPHUS Wood.
Granville, H. L. Jones (Bull. Den. U.)

26. CHARACIUM A. Br.

CHARACIUM SESSILE Herm.
Cincinnati, G. B. Twitchell.

er

390 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.
27. PROTOCOCCUS Ag.

PROTOCOCCUS VIRIDIS Ag.
Cincinnati, G. B. Twitchell.

PROTOCOCCUS VIRIDIS GIGAS Kg.
Fairfield Co. (in gelatinous mass around frogs eggs) W. A. Kellerman.

28. TETRASPORA Ag.

TETRASPORA BULLOSA (Roth.) Ag.
Delhi, G. B. Twitchell.

TETRASPORA EXPLANATA Kg. Kirch.
Delhi, G. B. Twitchell.

TETRASPORA LUBRICA (Roth.) Ag.
Columbus, Mrs. W. A. Kellerman; E. E. Bogue.

29. GLEOCYSTIS Naeg.

GLOKOCYSTIS AMPHA Keg.
Columbus, W. A. Kellerman.

30. RAPHIDIUM Keg.

RAPHIDIUM POLYMORPHUM Fres.
Delhi, G. B. Twitchell.

31. SPIROGYRA Link.

SPIROGYRA ADNATA Kg.
Granville, C. L. Payne (Bull. Den. U.)

SPIROGYRA CRASSA Kg.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee; Ponds, Delhi, G. B. Twitchell.

SPIROGYRA DECIMA (Muhl.) Kg.
Georgesville (Franklin Co.) E. E. Bogue; Columbus, F. B. Eldridge.

SPIROGYRA DUBIA Kg.
Granville, C. lL. Payne (Bull. Den. U.)

SPIROGYRA FLUVIATILIS Hilse.
Granville, C. L. Payne (Bull. Den. U.)

SPIROGYRA GREVILLEANA ( Hass.) Kg.
Delhi, G. B. Twitchell.

SPIROGYRA HERRICKI Payne.
Granville, C. L. Payne (Bull. Den. U. IV. 132.)

SPIROGYRA INFLATA (Vauch.) Rab.
Delhi, G. B. Twitchell.

BOTANY. 391

SPIROGYRA INSIGNIS (Hass.) Kg.
Granville, H. l,. Jones (Bull. Den. U.)

SPIROGYRA LONGATA (Vauch.) Kg.
Delhi, G. B. Twitchell.

SPIROGYRA NITIDA (Dill.) Link.
Delhi, G. B. Twitchell.

SPIROGVRA QUININA (Ag.) Kg.
Painesville, Logan county, H. C. Beardslee; Fairfield Co. W. A. Kellerman.

SPIROGYRA RIVULARIS Rab.
Painesville, Logan Co., H. C. Beardslee.

SPIROGYRA TENUISSIMA (Hass.) Kg.
De.hi, G. B. Twitchell.

SPIROGYRA VARIANS (Hass.) Kg.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee; Pickaway Co., W. A. Kellerman,

SPIROGYRA WEBERI Kg.
Granville, H. l. Jones (Bull. Den. U.)

32. ZYGNEMA Kg.

ZYGNEMA CRUCIATUM Ag.
Granville, C. L. Payne (Bull. Den. U.)

ZYGNEMA INSIGNE Kg.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee.

ZYGNEMA STELLIUM Ag.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee; Delhi, G. B. Twitchell.

ZYGNEMA STELLIUM GENUINUM Kirch.
Granville, C. L. Payne (Bull. Den. U.)

33. PLEUROCARPUS A. Br.

PLEUROCARPUS COLUMBIANUS MINOR Wolle.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee.

PLEUROCARPUS MIRABILIS A. Br. :
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee; Columbus, Mrs. W. A. Kellerman,

34. HYALOTHECA Ehrb.

HYALOTHECA MUCOSA (Mert.) Ralfs.
Granville, C. lL. Payne (Bull. Den. U.)

392 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

35. DESMIDIUM Ag,

DESMIDIUM SWARTZII Ag.
Granville, C. Il. Payne (Bull. Den. U.)

36. SPHAEROZOSMA Corda.

SPHAEROZOSMA FILIFORME Rab.
Granville, H. lL. Jones (Bull. Den. U.)

37. CLOSTERIUM Nitsch.

CLOSTERIUM ACEROSUM (Schrank) Ehrb.
Granville, C. L. Payne (Bull. Den. U.)

CLOSTERIUM DIANAE Ehrb.
Granville, H. L. Jones (Bull. Den. U.)

CLOSTERIUM LINEATUM Ehrb.
Granville, H. lL. Jones (Bull. Den. U.)

CLOSTERIUM MONILIFERUM Ehrb.
Granville, H. Ll. Jones (Bull. Den. U.)

CLOSTERIUM PARVULUM Naeg.
Granville, H. lL. Jones (Bull. Den. U.)

CLOSTERIUM STRIGOSUM Ehrb.
Granville, H. Ll. Jones (Bull. Den. U.)

388. DOCIDIUM Breb.

DOCIDIUM TRABECULA (Ehrb.) Naeg.
Granville, H. lL. Jones (Bull. Den. U.)

89. COSMARIUM Corda.

COSMARIUM BIRFTUM Breb.
Granville, H. L. Jones (Bull. Den. U.)

COSMARIUM BOTRYTIS Menegh.
Granville, H. L. Jones (Bull. Den. U.)

COSMARIUM BREBISSONII Menegh.
Granville, H. Ll. Jones (Bull. Den. U.)

COSMARIUM BROOMEI Thwaites.
Granville, H. L. Jones (Bull. Den. U.)

COSMARIUM CONTRACTUM Kirch.
Granville, H. lL. Jones (Bull. Den. U.)

BOTANY.

COSMARIUM INTERMEDIUM Delp.
Granville, H. Il. Jones (Bull. Den. U.)

COSMARIUM LATUM Breb.
Granville, H. L. Jones (Bull. Den. U.)

COSMARIUM ORBICULATUM Ralfs.

*

Granville, H. Ll. Jones (Bull. Den. U.)

COSMARIUM RALFSII Breb.
Granville, H. lL. Jones (Bull. Den. U.)

COSMARIUM SEELYANUM Wolle.
Granville, H. Ll. Jones (Bull. Den. U,)

COSMARIUM TINCTUM Ralfs.
Granville, H. L. Jones (Bull. Den. U.)

40. EUASTRUM Ebrh.

EUASTRUM ELEGANS Breb.
Granville, H. lL. Jones (Bull. Den. U.)

EUASTRUM ROSTRATUM Ralfs.
Granville, H. L. Jones (Bull. Den. U.)

41. MICRASTERIAS Ag.

MICRASTERIAS TRUNCATA (Corda) Ralfs.
Granville, C. lL. Payne, H. l. Jones (Bull. Den. U,)

42. STAURASTRUM Meyen.

STAURASTRUM ANATINUM Cooke & Wills,
Granville, H. l. Jones (Bull. Den. U.)

STAURASTRUM INCONSPICUUM Nord.
Granville, H. l. Jones (Bull. Den. U.)

STAURASTRUM POLYMORPHUM Breb.
Granville, H. ly. Jones (Bull. Den. U.)

STAURASTRUM PSEUDOPACHYRYNCHUM Wolle.
Granville, H. l. Jones (Bull. Den. U.)

43, PEDIASTRUM Meyen.

PEDIASTRUM ANGULOSUM Menegh.
Granville, H. Ll. Jones (Bull. Den. U.)

PEDIASTRUM BORYANUM (Turpin.) Menegh.

Granville, H. l. Jones (Bull. Den. U.) ; Delhi, G. B. Twitchell.

393

394 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

PEDIASTRUM EHRENBERGI A. Br.
Granville, H. L. Jones (Bull. Den. U.)

PEDIASTRUM SIMPLEX Meyen.
Granville, H. L. Jones ( Bull. Den. U).

PEDIASTRUM TETRAS Ehrb.
Delhi, G. B. Twitchell.

44, GLOEOTRICHIA Ag.

GLOEOTRICHIA NATANS Thur. x
Ross ake, G. B. Twitchell.

GLOEOTRICHIA PISUM Thur.
Delhi, G. B. Twitchell.

45. NOSTOC Vauch,

Nostoc COMMUNE Vauch.
Delhi, G. B. Twitchell.

NoOSTOC MUSCORUM Ag.
Delhi, G. B. Twitchell.

- NOSTOC RUPESTRE Kg.
Granville, C. L. Payne (Bull. Den. U.)

Nostoc SPHAERICUM Vauch.
Delhi, G. B. Twitchell.

46. ANABAENA Bory.

ANABAENA OSCILLARIOIDES Bory.
Delhi, G. B. Twitchell.

ANABAENA STAGNALIS Kg.
Delhi, G. B. Twitchell.

47. CYLINDROSPERMUM Kg.

CYLINDROSPERMUM MACROSPERMUM Kg.
Delhi, G. B. Twitchell; Columbus (green house) W. A. Kellerman.

48. LYNGBYA Ag. & Thur.

LYNGBYA PALLIDA (Naeg.) Kg.
Delhi, G. B. Twitchell.

LYNGBYA VULGARIS (Kg.) Kirch. (Phormidium vulgare Kg.)
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee; Delhi, G. B. Twitchell.

BOTANY. 395
49. MICROCOLEUS Desm. et. Thur.

MICRCCOLEUS GRACILIS Hass.
Columbus (green house) F. B. Eldridge.

50. OSCILLARIA Bose.

OSCILLARIA ELEGANS Ag,
Cincinnati, G. B. Twitchell.

OSCILLARIA FROELICHII Kg.
Columbus (green house) W. A. Kellerman, F. B. Eldridge.

OSCILLARIA FROELICHIT FUSCA Kirch.
Columbus, E. E. Bogue.

OSCILLARIA IMPERATOR Wood.
Cincinnati, G. B. Twitchell.

OSCILLARIA MAJOR Vauch.
Cincinnati, G. B. Twitchell.

OSCILLARIA NIGRA Vauch.
Painesville, H. C. Beardslee; Ciuciunati, G. 8. Twitchell; Lima, W. A. Keller-
mau.

OSCILLARIA PRINCEPS Vauch.
Columbus, E. E. Bogue.

OSCILLARIA SUBTILISSIMA Kg.
Cincinnati, G. B. Twitchell.

OSCILLARIA TENERRIMA Kg.
Columbus, W. A. Kellerman,

OSCILLARIA TENUIS Gg.
Granville, C. L. Payne (Bull. Den. U.) ; Columbus, E. E. Bogue.

Index
TO THER

GENERA OF ALGAE.

[ The references are to the serial number, not to the page].

Anabzena, 46.
Aphanochaete, 18.
Batrachospermum, 8.
Botrydium, 18.
Bulbochaete, 8
Chara, la.
Characiuni, 26.
Chaetophora, 12.
Chantransia, 5.
Cladophora, 14.
Clamydococcus, 23.
Closterium, 37.
Coleochaete, 6.
Conferva, 16.
Cosmarium, 39.
Cylindrocapsa, 9.
Cylindrospermum, 47.
Desmidum, 35.
Docidium, 88.
Draparnaldia, 10.
Eudorina, 20.
Euglena, 22.
Euastrum, 40.
Gloeocystis, 29.
Gloeotrichia, 44.
Hvyalotheca, 34

Hydrodictyon, 24.
Lemanea, 2.
Lyngbya, 48.
Micrasterias, 41.
Microcoleus, 49.
Nitella, 1.
Nostoc, 46.
Oedogonium, 7.
Oscillaria, 50.
Pandorina, 21.
Pediastrum, 43.
Pleurocarpus, 33.
Protococus, 27.
Raphicium, 30.
Scenedesmus, 25.
Sphaerozosma, 36.
Spirogyra, 31.
Staurastrum, 42.
Stigeoclonium, 11.
Tetraspora, 28.
Thorea, 4.
Ulothrix, 15.
Vaucheria, 17.
Volvox, 19.
Zyguema, 32.

BOTANY.
MYXOMYCETES. SLimMEe-MouLps.

1. PHYSARUM Pers.

PHYSARUM CINEREUM (Batsch.) Pers.
On grass, clover etc., Central Ohio.

PHYSARUM POLYMORPHUM Rostf.
Granville, W. G. Tight, H. ly. Jones.

PAYSARUM SIMILE Rostf.
Granville, W. G. Tight, H. lL. jones.

PHYSARUM SINUOSUM Rostf.
Granville, W. G. Tight, H. L. Jones.

2. FULIGO Hall.

FuLIGO SEPTICA ( Link.) Gmel.
On apple tree, Granville, H. L. Jones,

FULIGO VARIANS Sommf.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.)

3. CRATERIUM Trent.

CRATERIUM LEUCOCEPHALUM Rost.
Granville, W. G. Tight, H. L. Jones.

CRATERIUM RUBIGINOSUM Mass.
Granville, W. G. Tight, H. L. Jones.

4, LEOCARPUS Link.

LEOCARPUS FRAGILIS (Dicks.) Rostf.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea ( Cat.)

5. TILMADOCHE Fr.

TILMADOCHE COMPACTA Wing.
Granville, W. G. Tight, H. lL. Jones.

TILMADOCHE MUTABILIS Rostf.
Granville, W. G. Tight, H. lL. Jones.

TILMADOCHE GYROCEPHALA Rostf.
Granville, W. G. Tight, H. L. Jones.

TILMADOCHE NUTANS Rostf.
Granville, W. G. Tight, H. L. Jones.

397

398 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.
6. CHONDRIODERMA Rostf.

CHONDRIODERMA RETICULATUM Rostf.
Granville, W. G. Tight, H. lL. Jones.

CHONDRIODERMA TESTACEUM Rostf.
Granville, W. G. Tight, H. Ll. Jones.

7. DIDYMIUM Schrad.

- DIDYMIUM FARINACEUM Schrad.
Granville, W. G. Tight, H. L. Jones.

DIDYMIUM RUGULOSUM Berk.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea ( Cat.)

DIDYMIUM SQUAMULOSUM A. & S.

On old oak leaves, Fairfield Co., W. A. Kellerman; Granville, W. G. Tight, H.
L. Jones.

8. LEPIDODERMA DeBary.

LEPIDODERMA TIGRINUM (Schrad.) Rostf.
"Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea ( Cat.)

9. DIACHABA Fr.

DIACHAEA LEUCOPODA Rostf.
Granville, W. G. Tight, H. lL. Jones. ¢

10. LAMPRODERMA Rostf.

LAMPRODERMA PHYSARIOIDES (A. & S.) Rostf.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea ( Cat.)

LAMPRODERMA VIOLACEUM Rosttf.
Granville, W. G. Tight, H. Ll. Jones.

11... COMATRICHA Preuss.

COMATRICHA FRIESIANA DeBy.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Granville, W. G. Tight, H. L. Jones.

COMATRICHA TYPHINA Roth.
Rendville (Perry Co.) W. A. Kellerman; Grauville, W. G. Tight, H. lL. Jones.

12. STEMONITES Gled.

STEMONITES FUSCA Roth.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Hocking Co., W. A. Kellerman; Granville, W.
G. Tight, H. L. Jones.

BOTANY. 399

STEMONITES FERRUGINEA Rostf.
Granville, W. G. Tight, H. L. Jones.

STEMONITES MAXIMA Scliw.
Granville, W. G. Tight, H. L. Jones.

STEMONITES MORGANI Peck.
Granville, W. G. Tight, H. L. Jones.

STEMONITES TENERRIMA B. & C.
Granville, W. G. Tight, H. lL. Jones.

STEMONITES VIRGINIENSIS Rex.
Granville, W. G. Tight, H. L. Jones.

STEMONITES WEBBERII Rex.
Granville, W. G. Tight, H. lL. Jones.

12a. LICEA Schrad.

LICEA BIFORIS Morgan.
On inside bark of Liriodendron, Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Myx.)

LIcEA PUSILLA Schrad.
On old wood, Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Myx.) -

LIcEA VARIABILIS Schrad.
On old wood, Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Myx.)

13. TUBULINA Pers.

TUBULINA CAESPITOSA Peck.
On old wood, Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Myx.)

TUBULINA CYLINDRICA Bull.
Granville, W. G. Tight, H. L. Jones.

TUBULINA SPERMOIDES Mass.
Granville, W. G. Tight, H. L. Jones.

TUBULINA STIPATA Rostf.
Granville, W. G. Tight, H. L. Jones.

14. CLATHROPTYCHIUM Rostf.

CLATHROPTYCHIUM RUGULOSUM Wallr.
On old wood, Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan ( Myx.)

15. DICTYDIUM Schrad.

DICTYDIUM CERNUUM Pers.
On old wood, Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Myx.)

400 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

DICIYDIUM LONGIPES Morgan.
Granville, W. G. Tight, H. L. Jones.

16. CRIBRARIA Pers.

CRIBRARIA ARGILLACEA Pers.
On rotten trunks, Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan ( Myx.)

CRIBRARIA CUPREA Morgan.
On old wood, Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan ( Myx.)

CRIBRARIA DICDYDIOIDES C. & B.
Granville, W. G. Ticht, H. Ll. Jones.

CRIBRARIA ELEGANS B. & C.
On old wood, Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Myx.)

CRIBRARIA TENELLA Schrad.
Granville, W. G. Tight, H. L. Jones.

CRIBRARIA VULGARIS Schrad.
On old wood, Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Myx.)

17. RETICULARIA Bull.

RETICULARIA ATRA A. & S.
On wood and bark, especially pine, Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Myx.)

RETICULARIA SPLENDENS Morgan.
On old wood, Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Myx.)

RETICULARIA UMBRINA Fr.
Granville, W. G. Tight, H. Ll. Jones.

18. PERICHAENA Fr.

PERICHAENA DEPRESSA Lib.

On inside of bark of Juglans Acer, etc., Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Myx)

PERICHAENA MARGINATA Schw.

Outer surface of bark of Acer, Fagus, etc., Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan ( Myx.)

PERICHAENA IRREGULARIS B. & C.
On outer bark of Acer, etc., Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Myx.)

19. OPIOTHECA Currey (Cornuvia Rostf.)

OPIOTHECA CHRYSOSPERMA Currey (Coruuvia circumscissa Rostf.)

On inner surface of old bark of Quercus, etc., Miami Valley, A.P. Morgan (Myx.)

OPIOTHECA PALLIDA B. & C.
On dead stems of herbaceous plants, Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Myx.)

BOTANY. 401

OPIOTHECA VERMICULARIS Schw.
On inside of old bark, Miami Valley, ® P. Morgan (Myx.)

OPIOTHECA WRIGHTII B.& C. (Hemiarcyria melanopeziza Speg.)
On inner bark of Acer, Hicoria, etc., Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Myx.)

20. ARCYRIA Hall.

ARCYRIA ADNATA (Batsch.) Rost.
On old wood, Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Myx.)

ARCYRIA CINEREA (Bull.) Schum.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Loveland, D. L. James.

ARCYRIA COOKEI Mass.
On old wood, moss, etc., Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Myx.)

ARCYRIA DIGITATA Schw. (A. bicolor B. & C.)
Granville, W. G. Tight, H. L. Jones.

ARCYRIA MINOR Schw. ‘
On old wood, bark, Polyporus, etc., Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Myx.)

ARCYRIA NUTANS.
Granville, W. G. Tight, H. L. Jones.

ARCYRIA PUNICEA Pers.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Loveland, D. Ll. James.

21. LACHNOBOLUS Fr.

LACHNOBOLUS GLOBOSUS Schw.
Granville, W. G. Tight, H. L. Jones.

22. LYCOGOLA Mich.

LYCOGOLA CONICUM Pers.
On old wood, Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Myx.)

LYCOGOLA EPIDENDRON Buxb.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Rendville (Perry Co.) W. A. Kellerman; Gran-
ville; C.J. blerrick:

LYCOGOLA EXIGUUM Morgan.
On old wood, Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Myx.)

LYCOGOLA FLAVO-FUSCUM Ehrh.
On Apple tree, Granville, W. G. Tight, H. L. Jones.

26 G.@,

402 GEOLOGY OF OHIC.
23. OLIGONEMA Rostf.

OLIGONEMA BREVIFOLIA Peck.
On old wood and mosses, Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Myx.)

OLIGONEMA FLAVIDUM Peck.
Granville, W. G. Tight, H. L. Jones.

OLIGONEMA FULVUM Morgan.
On old effused Sphaeria, Miami Vatiey, A. P. Morgan (Myx)

OLIGNEMA NITENS Lib. (7vrichia nitens Ljibert.)
On and within rotten wood, Miami Valley, A. P: Morgan (Myx.)

OLIGONEMA PUSILLA Schw. (7Z7vichia pusilia Schroet.)
Granville, W. G. Tight, H. L. Jones.

24. TRICHIA Hall.

TRICHIA AFFINIS DeBy. (7: jackit Rost.)
Granville, W. G. Tight, H. L. Jones.

TRICHIA ANDERSONI Rex.
Inside of bark of Acer, Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Myx,)

TRICHIA CHRYSOSPERMA DC. ;
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Granville, W. G. Tight, H. L. Jones.

TRICHIA PALLAX Pers.
On old wood, Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Myx.)

TRICHIA FRAGILIS Sow.
On old wood, Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Myx.)

TRICHIA SCABRA Rost.
Granville, W. G. Tight, H. L. Jones.

TRICHIA VARIA Pers.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Granville, W. G. Tight, H. L. Jones.

25. HEMIARCYRIA Rostf.

HEMIARCYRIA ABLATA Morgan.
Granville, W. G. Tight, H. Ll. Jones.

HEMIARCYRIA CLAVATA Pers.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Fairfield Co., Perry Co., W. A. Kellerman.

HEMIARCYRIA FUNALIS Morgan.
On old wood, Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Myx.)

HEMIARCYRIA LONGIPILA Rex.
On old wood of Oak, etc., Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Myx.)

BOTANY. 403

HEMIARCYRIA PLUMOSA Morgan.
Granville, W. G. Tight, H. L. Jones.

HEMIARCYRIA RUBIFORMIS Pers.
Cincinnati, Thos. G. Lea (Cat.); Granville, W. G. Tight, H. L. Jones.

HEMIARCYRIA SERPULA Scop.
Granville, W. G. Tight, H. L. Jones.

TIEMIACYRIA STIPATA Schw.
Granville, W. G. Tight, H. L. Jones,

26. CALONEMA Morgan.

CALONEMA AUREUM Morgan.
On and within rotten wood, Miami Valley, A. P. Morgan (Myx.)

Index

TO THE

SLIME MOULD (MYXOMYCETES).

LY

[The references are to the serial number, not to the page.)

Arcyria, 20.
Calonema, 26.
Clathroptychium, 14.
Chondrioderma, 6.
Comatricha, 11.
Cribraria, 16.
Craterium, 3.
Diachaea, 9.
Didymium, 7.
Dactydium, 15.
Fuligo, 2.
Hemiarcyria, 25.
Lachnobolus, 21.
Lamproderma, 10,

Leocarpus, 4.
Lepidoderma, 8.
Licea, 12a.
Lycogola, 22.
Oligonema, 23.
Opiotheca, 19.
Perichaena, 18.
Physarum, 1.
Reticularia, 17.
Stemonites, 12.
Tilmadoche, 5.
Trichia, 24.
Tubulina, 13.

Additions and Gorrections.

Page 81, add VERNONIA ALTISSIMA GRANDIFLORA, Nutt., Ashtabula Co., Sara
F. Goodrich.

Page 88, for “SoLnIDAGO ARGUTA Ait,” read SOLIDAGO JUNCEA Ait.

Page 84, add SoLimDAGO TENUIFLORA Pursh, Toledo, J. A.Sanford; Franklin Co.,
E. M. Wilcox.

Page 85, add ASTER DRUMMONDII Lindb., Franklin Co., Wm. C. Werner.

Page 85, add ASTER DUMOSUS CORDIFOLIUS T. & G., Franklin Co. W. S. Sulli-
vant ( Cat.)

Page 85, add ASTER LATERIFLORUS BIFRONS Gray, Painesville, Wm. C. Werner

Page 85, add ASTER LATERIFLORUS THYRSOIDEUS Gray, Painesville, Wm. C.
Werner.

Page 87, add ASTER NOVI-BELGII LAEVIGATUS Gray, Ironton, Wm. C. Werner.

Page 91, under HELIANTHUS TRACHELIIFOLIUS, insert Ashtabula Co., Sara F,
Goodrich.

Page 92, add BIDENS CONNATA CoMoSA Gray, Painesville, Wm. C. Werner.

Page 103, add LONICERA JAPONICA Thunb., near Ironton, Wm. C. Werner.

Page 104, under HOUSTONIA PURPUREA, insert Loveland, Jos. F. James.

Page 100, add VALERIANA SYLVATICA Banks, “Northern Ohio,” J. S. New-
berry (Cat.)

Page 121, add CONVOLVULUS SEPIUM AMERICANUS Sims, Richland Co., E. Wil- -
kinson.

Page 122, add ASCLEPIAS TUBEROSA DECUMBENS Pursh, “Ohio,” Gray ( Man.)

Page 158, under FRAGARIA AMERICANA, Strike out “Painesville, Wm. C. Werner;”
for “Springfield” read Clifton (Green Co.)

Page 159, transfer “ Painesville, Wm. C. Werner,” from POTENTILILA ARGUTA to
P. ARGENTEA.

Page 161, under AMELANCHIER CANADENSIS add A form toward var. ROTUNDIFO-
Lia T. & G., Georgesville (Franklin Co.) Aug. D. Selby.

Page 161, add AMELANCHIER CANADENSIS OBOVALIS (Mx.) B.S. P. (A. can. ob-
/ongtfolia T. & G.), Painesville, a large leaved form, Wm. C. Werner; Lorain Co., A.
A. Wright (Cat.); Toledo, J. A. Sanford.

Page 166, add ARABIS CONFINIS Watson, Painesville, Wm. C. Werner; Lorain Co.,
A. A. Wright (Cat.); Licking Co., H. L. Jones (Cat.); Franklin Co., W. S. Devol.

Page 166, under ARABIS HIRSUTA insert Cuyahoga Falls (Summit Co.) Wm. C.
Werner; Put-in-Bay Island (Lake Erie) H. C. Beardslee ( Cat.)

Page 166, strike out “ CARDAMINE FLEXUOSA (C. hirsula sylvatica), Lorain Co.,
A. A. Wright (Cat.)”

Page 167, after CARDAMINE PENNSYLVANICA Muh’. (C. hirsuta), change “1,” to
Gray, Man. not L.

406 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

Page 173, under RANUNCULUS CIRCINATUS strike out Toledo, J. A. Sanford.
Page 176, JEFFERSONIA DIPHYLLA AND PODOPHYLLUM PELTATUM should be

placed under BERBERIDACEAE page 171. ,
Page 186, under ULMUS RACEMOSA, read Chagrin Falls (Cuyahoga Co.) instead

of “Ashtabula Co.”
Page 209, add CAREX GRAYI HISPIDULA Gray, Ashtabula Co., Sara F. Goodrich.
Page 213, strike out CAREX LAXIFLORA STYLOFLEXA, Licking Co., H. L. Jones.
Page 224, for “AGROSTIS EXARATA” read A. ALTISSIMA (Walt.) Tuck. (4. e/ata

Trin.), slender forms,

CHAPTER Iii.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE PALEONTOLOGY OF OHIO.

ByYOR. Pe WHaLERIEi Ds

[ Reprinted by permission from the Annals of the New York Academy of Science. Read
October 18, 1890.]

I. DESCRIPTIONS OF FOSSILS FROM THE PALAOzOIC ROCKS OF OHIO.

In submitting for publication the following descriptions and obser-
vations of Ohio fossils I feel it due to myself to account for its detached
and apparently incomplete character, to state that this arises from the
fact, that it is essentially a report on certain groups of fossils submitted to
me, partially for the purpose of ascertaining their horizons or for de-
termining their relations to other beds the horizons of which were sup-
posed to be already known. In the effort to carry out these objects, be-
sides the specimens and information which I have received from Dr.
Newberry, I have been aided by the loan of specimens and by other as-
sistance from President Edward Orton, of the Ohio State University,
and by the Hyatt Brothers, students in that institution, who have fur-
nished me much information in regard to localities and horizons of dif-
ferent species, as well as lists of those known to occur in particular
beds in the vicinity of Columbus; and also with specimens from their
private collections. To the late Rey. E. B. Andrews, of Lancaster, Ohio,
I am also indebted for the use of many of the specimens illustrating
the Maxville limestones. ‘

The fossils illustrated on Plate I, represent forms that are found ex-
clusively in the hydraulic cement beds of the State,’ which represent
the lower part of the Lower Helderberg and Waterlime groups of New
York. The character of the fossils is such that no comments are
necessary in regard to the horizon they represent. Plates II to VI in-
clusive, contain figures of species from the limestones below the hori-
zon known as the ‘‘Bone bed” in the vicinity of Columbus, Ohio, and
are to a great extent illustrations of heretofore undescribed forms. ‘The
forms represented on Plate VII are, with one exception, known species;
they represent horizons not hitherto recognized within the limits of the
State, and require something more than a passing notice; I have there-

1 The beds of this horizon in Ohio are magnesian limestone, of the ordinary
type, and are burned into common lime, on the large scale.—K. O.

408 . GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

fore made some remarks upon them, preceding their descriptions, more
extended than would be convenient in this place.

The species illustrated on Plate VIII are from the Huron and Erie
Shales with one exception (Ar7stozoe canadensis), and the remarks pre-
ceding their description will sufficiently explain their grouping.

Those illustrated on the two following Plates, Nos. IX and X, are
all from the limestone layers known as the Maxville limestones, and al-
though several are of previously undescribed species, enough of them
-are recognized forms to fully establish their geological horizon, which
appears to be equivalent to the St. Louis and Chester beds of Illinois
and the surrounding States. This conclusion, I believe, had been
reached by Mr. F. B. Meek during his work on the Ohio fossils, at least
his labels on some specimens of Spirifera contracta in the State Cabinet
at Columbus would indicate this conclusion. ‘The possibility of fully
and satisfactorily identifying any of the divisions of the Lower Car-
bonifereous formations of the more western States among the beds
represented beneath the true Coal Measures of Ohio, must certainly be
considered as an advantage in the study of these formations. Not only
is this true from a stratigraphical point of view as enabling us to
identify a stratum or formation over a much greater extent of country
and thereby trace out and locate its history in time; but also paleeonto-
logically, as enabling us to satisfactorily identify many of the slightly
varying forms of fossils represented in these beds with those from other
localities, instead of having them described as distinct species, founded
upon minute or imaginary differences resulting principally from a
change in the state of preservation or of the conditions of life under
which they may have existed during the deposition of the sediments
in which they are now found. ‘There seems to be a constantly growing
tendency to describe as new species forms whicn vary in the slightest
particular from the established species, and it often arises from the in-
ability to satisfactorily identify the beds in which they are found with
those from other localities where the stratigraphical relations are already

known, and I cannot but regret that it is not practicable to work out -

the fossils of other of the Ohio formations, as I am fully persuaded
there are several of these which could be positively identified with well-
known formations in other States, Were this done. This is shown by
the fossils from the red Iron-stone beds: of the Waverly at Sciotoville,
Ohio, among which are forms which indicate the Burlington or Burling-
ton and Keokuk beds of. Iowa and Illinois. On Plate X, fig. 4 a-c, of
Vol. II, Pal. Ohio, is represented a Productus in the condition of an in-
ternal cast, which when studied in numbers in connection with /Pvo-
ductus flemingt var. burlingtonensis Hall, from Burlington, Iowa, and
Quincy, Illinois, cannot fail to be identified as the same species, while
the Hemipronites crenistria of the same plate scarcely differs from Orthzs
keokuk of the same beds; and on Plate XIV of the same volume, fig. 6,

PALEONTOLOGY. 409

is already identified with the Athyrts lamellosa of the Iowa locality.
Although there may be many entirely new forms embraced within the
vertical limits occupied by these same shells at the localities from which
they are derived, I do not think this is a sufficient reason why they
should be considered as other than equivalents of the Burlington and
Keokuk beds of the western States above mentioned.’

Plate XI is occupied principally by new forms from the Coal Meas-
ures, while Plate XII contains many previously described species. The
smaller forms represented being mostly illustrations of species found in
two separated layers of chert, within the limits of the Coal Measures,
near Webb Summit and at Mrs. Banks’s Farm, Falls township, Hock-
ing county, which were particularly examined for determining their hori-
zons, and the figured specimens were obtained from them in place. ‘These
species sufficiently mark their places as within the true coal bearing
series. :

For the interesting new forms illustrated on Plate XI, I am indebted
to H. Moores, Esqr., of Columbus, Ohio, andto Mr. Somers, of the same
place, who have taken pains to collect and send to me for examination
much of the well developed fauna of Carbon Hill, Hocking county, Ohio.
On this same plate is represented a new genus and species of air breath-
ing Mollusk, the discovery of which in the Coal Measures of Marietta,
Ohio, is an exceedingly interesting fact, as showing the wide distribution
over the American coal region during its formation, the conditions of
climate and terrestrial circumstances which permitted the existence of
this form of life to extend over Ohio, Indiana, and Nova Scotia.

1 It may be well to state in this connection that these remarks were written in
1880.—R. P. W.

DESCRIRMONS-OF SRECIES:

SPECIES FROM THE HYDRAULIC LIMESTONES OF THE
LOWER HELDERBERG GROUP.

MOLLUSCOIDEA.
BRACHIOPODA.

Genus STREPTORHYNCHUS King.
Streptorhynchus hydraulicune.

PLATE I, figs. 1—3.

Streptorhynchus hydraulicum Whitf., Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 1882, p. 193. ;

Shell small to minute, the largest individuals yet observed not exceeding five-
eighths of an inch in greatest diameter, while the most of those observed are not
more than two-thirds as great. Valves depressed convex, or, more commonly,
appearing very flat, as seen on the surface of the stone. Hinge-line straight,
nearly as longas the width of the shell below, and the latter usually more than the
length, frequently nearly once and a half as great. Ventral valve characterized by a
very narrow and nearly vertical cardinal area, and a usually more or less twisted
or otherwise distorted beak. Dorsal valve slightly more convex than the ventral,
with a perceptible mesial depression extending from beak to base, becoming broad.
and undefined below the middle of the length. Surface of the shell marked by
coarse and somewhat rigid radiating strize, which are distinctly alternating in size;
the principal ones proportionally very strong.

The small size of the shell, with the strong radiating and alternate
strie, are distinguishing features of the species. There is no species
resembling it, to any degree, among the fossils of New York rocks of a
corresponding age. It presents much more the features of forms of the
genus from the Coal Measures than any heretofore described from Silur-
ian rocks of America, and will not be readily confounded with any known
species.

Formation aud Locality —In the hydraulic beds of the Lower Helder-
berg group, at Belleville, Sandusky county, and at Greenfield, Ohio;
associated with MWeristella bella, Nucleospira rotundata and Leperditia alta,
occurring sometimes in great numbers, almost covering the surfaces
of slabs.

PALEONTOLOGY. 411

Genus SPiRIFERA Sowerby.
Spirifera Vanuxemt.
PLATE I, figs. 4 and 5.
Orthts plicata Vanuxem, Geol. Rept. 3d Dist. N. Y., 1842, p. 112, fig. 1.
Spirifera Vanuxemt Hall.

The shells of this species are abundantly scattered over the surface
of certain layers of the Waterlime rock, at Peach-Point, Put-in-Bay
Island; associated with Leperditia alta of Conrad, and occur of all sizes
from those of not more than an eight of an inch in transverse diameter
to those of about five-eighths of an inch, and present all the features of
those of the Tentaculite limestone of eastern New York. ‘The form is
transversely oval in outline and convex in profile, on each side; the
ventral being the most rotund; cardinal angles rounded and cardinal
line short; ventral beak strongly incurved. ‘The shell is marked on
each side of the mesial fold or sinus by about four strong, rounded pli-
cations and are separated by concave spaces, which on the ventral valve
appear of about equal width with the plications, but on the dorsal are
narrower and somewhat sharper in the bottom. ‘The mesial fold is fully
twice as wide as the strongest plication, is somewhat regularly rounded
or depressed convex, while the mesial sinus of the ventral valve appears
narrower and deeply concave. ‘The surface of the shell is marked by
fine transverse or conceutric strize which are strongly undulated in cross-
ing the plications and fold, and under a magnifier are seen to present
considerable regularity in size and arrangement.

The species presents many similarities to S. crzspus Hisinger; as it
occurs in the Niagara group of New York and other places in America,
as well as to those of European localities. In fact it is quite difficult to
see wherein they differ, but as the Lower Helderberg forms are nearly
always found only as separated valves and more or less exfoliated, there
is some difficulty in instituting satisfactory comparisons.

Formation and Locality—In hydraulic limestone of the Lower
Helderberg group, at Peach Point, Put-in-Bay, Lake Erie.

Genus MERISTELLA Hall.
Mertstella levis.
PLATE I, figs. 6—7.

Atrypa levis Vanuxem, 1842, Geol. Rept. 3d Dist. N. Y., p. 120, fig. 2.
Merista levis (Vanux.) Hall, 10th Rep. State Cab., p. 94. -
Merista (= Meristella) :evis (Vanux.) Hall, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 247, pl. 39, fig. 3.

Shell below a medium size, longitudinally ovate in form, and very ventricose ;
ventral valve much longer than the dorsal, with a strong incurved beak, from which
the shell constantly widens to below the middle of the length; body of the valve
flattened along the centre in the upper part, and gradually becoming more and more
depressed until it becomes concave toward the front, forming a very distinct mesial]
sinus; front slightly prolonged and bent upward. Dorsal valve very convex in the

412 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

upper part, approaching gibbous on the umbo, the beak small but strongly incurved;
front of the valve truncate or slightly emarginate to accommodate the front exten-
sion of the ventral, but no distinctly defined mesial fold exists. Surface of the
shell marked only by numerous concentric lines of growth, some of which are
strongly defined.

The specimens of this species noticed from Ohio are smaller than
the usual size of individuals from New York, but present the usual
features of the species as shown on the specimens figured by Prof. Hall,
on Plate XXXIX, Pal. N. Y., vol. 8, fig. 8, f and k, which is by far the
most common and characteristic form among those from that State. The
Ohio specimens are internal casts, and show the slit in the dorsal valve
caused by the removal of the median septum very distinctly. The casts
_ of the ventral side show the characteristic form of muscular impression
but it is small and faintly marked.

Formation and Locality—In the hydraulic beds of the Lower
Helderberg group, at Greenfield, Ohio.

NMertstella bella.

PLATE I, figs. 8-10.
Merista bella Hall, 10th Rept. State Cab., 1857, p. 92.
Meristella bella Hall, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 248, pl. xl, fig. 1.

Shell rather below a medium size, somewhat oblate in form, at least as wide as
long, the narrowing of the beak giving an oblate appearance to the shell. Va'ves
usually ventricose and sometimes highly convex, generally alittle more full above
than below the middle; margins of the shell regularly curved except near the beak,
which is slightly projecting and moderately incurved. Surface of the valves
smooth, but each characterized by a slightly impressed mesial sinus along the
centre, more strongly marked on the ventral than on the dorsal side, and which not
unfrequently causes an emargination of the front border of the shell.

The specimens of this species from Ohio are 1nostly in the conditions
of internal casts, but a few among them retain the substance of the shell
in the condition of a white chalky coating, sufficiently well preserved to
afford material for description and illustration. They vary much among
themselves in the form of the outline and in the degree of convexity of
the valves, a few of them presenting a globular form, while others are
but moderately convex. ‘They sufficiently resemble the New York forms
to be readily identified where the shell is retained, but in condition of in-
ternal casts are not so easily recognized. "The muscular imprints as seen
on them are small and faint, those of the dorsal valve narrow and
elongated, and that of the ventral is quite small, though deep, and is con-
fined to the rostral portion of the valve.

Formation and Locality —In a soft drab-colored hydraulic limestone
referred to the Lower Helderberg group, at Greenfield, Ohio, associated
with forms which appear to represent Vucleospira.

PALEONTOLOGY. 413

Genus NUCLEOSPIRA Hall.

Nucleospira rotundata.
PLATE I, figs. 11-14.
Nucleospira rotundata Whitf., Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 1882, p. 194.

Shell attaining a rather large size for the genus, being often more than ha'f an
inch in transverse diameter, and when of medium or large size, strongly ventricose
or rotund. The younger individuals, however, are depressed-convex or lenticular
in profile. Length of the shell as great or greater than the transverse diameter.
Beaks small and incurved, not at all conspicuous. Valves marked by a slight de-
pression along the median line, strongest on the ventral side.

This species, like all those of this formation yét obtained in Ohio,
are mostly internal casts and impressions; consequently the true features
of the shell are not readily obtained. The general features of the
species, however, are preserved sufficiently for identification and com-
parison, when good individuals are selected. The shell bears much re-
semblance to JV. ventricosa, Con., from the Lower Helderberg group of
New York, in its general form, except the much greater size and more
elongated form of the adult individuals. There is more difficulty in
separating them satisfactorily from the casts of Meristella bella Hall,
with which they are associated. In fact, it is all but impossible to do
this with certainty, unless they are in a good state of preservation, as
the difference in the form of the muscular imprint of the ventral valve,
and the more strongly incurved beaks, are the only features that can be
relied upon.

Formation and Locality—In the hydraulic limestone of the Lower
Helderberg group, at Greenfield, Ohio.

Genus RETZIA Kinz.

Retzia formosa.

PLATE I, figs. 15 and 16.
Waldheimia formosa Hail, 10th Rep. State Cab., 1857, p. 88.
Trematospira formosa Hall, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 215, pl. 36, fig. 2.
Rhynchospira formosa Hall, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 485, pl. 95 A, figs. 7-11.

Shell small, the specimens observed not exceeding five-sixteenths of an inch
in length, by about one-fourth of an inch or less in width; elongate-ovate in form,
widest below the middle and narrowing at the beak on the ventral side, the apex
being slightly incurved. Valves highly convex, with a slight depression along the
middle. Surface of the shell marked by about twenty-two simple, round, radiating
plications, two of which in the middle of the valves are more slender than the
others and depressed below their level, forming a slight mesial sinus on each valve,

The shell, or rather the impression of the shell of this species as left
in the rock, appears to represent an adult specimen, but is very much
smaller than those of the Lower Helderberg group of New York, or
those of &. evax in the Niagara group at Waldron, Indiana, but possesses
all the essential specific characters of the species except in this one

414 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

particular. The species as recognized in the Silurian rocks of Perry
county, Tenn., resemble exactly this from Ohio, both in size and gen-
eral characters. It has proven hitherto quite rare, but might possibly be
found in greater abundance were it sought for; the specimens noticed oc-
curring on blocks of stone selected for other fossils.

formation and Locality—\,ower Helderberg group (Waterlime beds),
at Greenfield, Ohio-

Genus RHYNCHONELLA Fischer.
Rhynchonella hydraulica.

PEATE We. 7:
Rhynchonella hydraulica Whitf., Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., March, 1882, p. 194.

Shell rather smaller than medium size, transversely oval in outline and ventri-
cose in profile; the dorsal valve being highly convex, and the ventral somewhat de-
pressed convex. Beaks small, not prominent or conspicuous; that of the ventrai
vaive moderately incurved, and the other rather strongly incurved. Surface of the
shell marked by from sixteen to eighteen simple plications, four of which are
strongly elevated on the front half of the dorsal valve to form the mesial elevation,
which does not extend beyond the middle of the valve, and six or seven may be
counted on each side of the valve. The plications are but slightly elevated, are
round on the summit, and do not extend beyond the middle of the shell, the upper
part of which is smooth, and marked only by concentric lines of growth. The in-
terior of the dorsal valve is marked by a moderately strong mesial, extending from
the apex of the valve to about one-third of its length. The shell appears to have
been also marked by fine concentric lines of growth, some of which form distinct
varices.

This species belongs to the semi-plicated group of the genus, of
which there are many species having close resemblance to it, but none in
rocks of corresponding age or position having very close affinities.

Formation and Locality.—In the hydraulic limestone of the Lower
Helderberg group, at Greenfield, Ohio.

Genus PENTAMERUS Sowerby.
Pentamerus pes-ovts.

PLATE I, figs. 11-22.
Pentamerus pes-ovis Whitf., Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., March, 1882, p. 195.

Shell quite small, and of a somewhat broadly triangular form, with depressed
convex valves, the ventral side being nearly twice as deep as the dorsal, and more
elongated at the beak, giving it the triaugu!ar character ; cardinal slopes straightened
and rapidly diverging; front broadly rounded.

The species is known only in the condition of internal casts, and as thus seen,
the ventral valve is deeply cleft along the median line by the removal of the central
septum, the slit often extending more than three-fourths of the length of the valve.
The filling of the spoon-shaped cavity 's proportionally large, being long and nar-
row, and not strongly arched. Cast of the dorsal valve characterized by a pro-
portionally large and broad cardinal plate, from which project two long and
strongly divergent and distant crural processes, reaching far along the surface of
the cast in some cases, while in others they are quite short. The surface of the

PALEONTOLOGY. 415

valves has been destitute of plications, but is usually marked in the larger indi-
viduals by several strong varices of growth near the front margin, which give to
the shell a prematurely old appearance for so small a species; the individuals seldom
exceed five-eighths of an inch in length on the ventral side.

This species is unlike any known form of a similar size, in the shal-
lowness of the valves, in the erect character of the ventral beak, and in
the deeply divided feature of the cast of this valve. The dorsal valve is
much less marked, and is often destitute of any distinguishing feature.

Formation and Localtty.—In the hydraulic limestone of the Lower
Helderberg group, in Adams county, Ohio, occurring in numbers densely
packed together, but having the shelly substance entirely removed.

MOLLUSCA.
-LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.
Genus PTERINEA Goldfuss.
Pterinea aviculotdea.

PLATE I, fig. 23.

Megambonia aviculoidea Hall, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 274, pl. 49, figs. 7 and 8.
Pterinea aviculoidea (Hall) Whitf., Geol. Rept. Wis., vol. iv, p. 322, pl. 25, figs. 6-7.

Shell of proportionally small size, obliquely rhomboidal in outline, with a
moderately long, straight hinge-line, but little shorter than the length of the body
of the shell below. Left valve depressed convex, with a small, slightly incurved
beak, scarcely extending above the cardinal line. Anterior end short, and the an-
terior projection scarcely defined; posterior wing concave and the posterior margin
nearly at right angles to the hinge-line for a short distance below, then gently curv-
ing backward to the rounded postero-basal extremity; basal line rounded and on
the anterior side of the umbonal ridge curving rapidly upward to the anterior ex-
tremity. Body of the valve convex and oblique to the hinge, the uinbonal ridge
broadly rounded. Surface of the shell marked only by lines of growth some of
which are stronger and form slight varices.

The species is poorly represented in individuals, but the specimens
seen are so precisely like those of the Tentaculite limestones of New
York as to be not readily mistaken.

Formation and Locality.—In the hydraulic limestone of the Lower
Helderberg group on Put-in-Bay Island, Lake Erie.

Genus GONIOPHORA Phillips.
Gontophora dubia.

PLATE I, figs. 24-26.
Modtolopsis ? dubius Hall, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 264, pl. 49, fig. 2.

Shell small, transversely elongate, nearly twice and a half as long as high.
Valves ventricose, most highly convex on the anterior half, becoming more de-
pressed toward the posterior; beaks small, very slightly incurved but not elevated
above the cardinal border and rather inconspicuous, situated about half or rather
less than half the height of the shell from the anterior extremity, proportionally
more distant on the larger specimens than on those of small size. Hinge-line long

416 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

and straight, extending four-fifths of the length of the shell behind the beaks and
characterized by a narrow but distinct escutcheon. Anterior end short and full,
very obtusely pointed at the longest part, which is at about the middle of the
height, above which point there is a very distinct but narrow lunule extending to
the extremity of the hinge-line. Basal margin of the valve very broadly curved,
slightly emarginate just anterior to the middle and the whole subparallel to the
cardinal line. Posterior extremity sharply rounded below and the upper margin
very obliquely truncated; body of the valve marked by a broad, distinct, mesial
sulcus extending from behind the beak to the broad sinus of the basal margin. The
umbonal ridge is rather sharply marked and angular in the upper portion, but be-
-comes less distinctly marked posteriorly; postero-cardinal slope of moderate width,
very slightly concave in the younger stages of growth but less strongly marked as ©
the growth advances. Surface of the valves marked by strong, sublamellose, con-
centric lines of growth parallel to the outer margin of the valves.

The shell undergoes considerable change in form and in the strength
of the surface characters between the younger and more advanced stages
of growth; the sharpness of the features being much reduced on the
older portions, by the rounding of the unbonal ridge and of the angular-
ity of both the anterior and posterior extremities of the shell. The shell
differs in several of its external features from the genus M/odiolopsis, pos-
sessing a distinct lunule and escutcheon as well as the angular unbonal
ridge, in all of which features it corresponds with Gonzophora.

Formation and Locality.—In the hydraulic limestone of the Lower
Helderberg group at Peach Point, Put-in-Bay Island, Lake Erie, and at
Middletown, Marion Co., Ohio.

AREICULAT A.
CRUSTACEA.

MEROSTOMATA.
Genus HURYPTERUS DeKey.
Luryplerus Ertensis.
PLATE I, figs. 31,
Eurypterus Eriensis, Whitf., Aun. N. Y‘, Acad. site March, 1882, p. 196.

Among the fossils from the hydraulic limestones of Peach Point,
Put-in-Bay Island, Lake Erie, there are several detached cephalic shields -
and one body, of a species of Eurypterus, which is so distinctly different
from any of those described, that it seems necessary to class it as a
separate species. The differences, so far as seen on the parts preserved,
consist in the form of the cephalic plate, in the size and position of the
eye-tubercles, and in the proportions of the body as compared with the
known forms. ‘There are undoubtedly other and more important differ-
ences in the appendages, but as these are not preserved on any of the
individuals examined, comparison is impossible.

The cephalic shield is proportionally broader than that of Z. remzpes
or &. lacus‘vis, and is more regularly rounded or arched on the anterior

PALEONTOLOGY. 417

border, lacking that subquadrate form characteristic of those species.
The eyes are proportionally smaller, and situated near each other, and
also farther forward, as well as being somewhat more oblique to the
longitudinal axis of the body. ‘The minute ocular points are somewhat
larger than in £. remipes, are situated close together, and are nearly
opposite the posterior end of the real eye-tubercles; they consist of a
pair of distinctly elevated rings surrounding rather deep, although minute,
central depressions; the inner margins of the rings being almost in con-
tact. The head does not show evidence of having been margined by an
elevated 01 thickened rim, as in those species, but as the specimens are
rather impressions of the inner surface of the external crust than actual
external surfaces (being more properly internal casts, the substance of
the carapace having been entirely removed), this feature may not be
properly shown. ‘The head-plate more closely resembles that of Z&.
microphthalmus Hail (Pal. N. Y., vol. iii, p. 407,* pl. 80 A, fig. 7), from
the Tentaculite limestone near Cazenovia, N. Y., than of any other
described species; it differs, however in being proportionately much
shorter, which gives it a more semi-circular form. The eye-tubercles are
also more nearly of the size of those of that species and similarly situ-
ated.

The thorax closely resembles that of Z. vemzpes in its general form,
but the lower three or four segments are proportionally shorter, giving
the posterior extremity a much more compact character. The principal
distinction between the two species, as shown by the thorax, exists in a
difference of the ornamentation of the surface, as seen on the specimen
used. This consists in the minute spine-like pustules or pointed granules,
marking the surface of the crust, being arranged in irregular transverse
lines across the body, and parallel to the anterior and posterior margins
of the segments, instead of being irregularly disposed, as in all other
species described. No indication of the longitudinal rows of larger
pustules, marking the median line of the thoracic segments can be
traced. Caudal spine not observed.

OSTRACODA.
Genus LHEPERDITIA Ronault.

Leperditia alia.

Pram) We tie. 271.

Cytherina alta (Con.) Vanuxem, Geol. Rept., 3d Dist. N. Y., 1848, p. 112, fig. 6.
Leperditia alta (Conrad) Jones, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 17, 2d series, p. 88;
Hall, Pal. N. Y., vol. 3, p. 373; Meek, Pal. Ohio, vol. 1, p. 187, pl. 17, fig. 2.

Valves of the carapace transversely sub-ovate, widest posterior to the middle
and narrowed in front, the proportional height and length being somewhat variable,
but are usually about as two and three. Hinge-line straight nearly two-thirds as
long as the entire valve, extremities salient. Anterior end of the valves narrowly
sounded and the posterior extremity broadly curved; basal-line curved but with a

27 G. O.

418 GEOLOGY OF OIIIO.

scarcely perceptible angularity just posterior to the middle of the length. Surface
prominently convex and a little the fullest anterior to the middle; ocular tubercle
small, situated a little below and just behind the anterior extremity of the hinge-
line. Lower margin of the valves slightly inflected, and in some cases the posterior
margin appears to have been bordered by a slightly thickened rim.

The individuals examined are either internal casts or impressions of
the exterior, owing to which fact the finer surface features of the crust
cannot be definitely ascertained; enough is seen however to show its
identity with those from the Tentaculite limestones of New York. The

species as described by Mr. F. B. Meek includes this and the following

one, which are very distinct species, the differences being very strongly
marked in the great prominence of the lower part of the valves of that
one, and its strongly sub-angular form as well as in its greater size. The
principal variation noticed among the individuals of this species, is in the
greater proportional length of some of them, producing a cylindrical
form. ‘This feature is however seen occasionally among those from
Schoharie, N. Y., but does not appear to be worthy of specific considera-
tion.

Formation and Locality.—In the hydraulic limestone of the Lower
Helderberg group, at Bellevue, Sandusky Co., Ohio.

Leperditia angultfera.
PLATE I, figs. 28-30.
Leperaitia angulifera Whitf., Ann. N. Y., Acad. Sci., March, 1882, 196.

Carapace of medium size, having a length, in adult individuals, of about three-
eighths of an inch, by a height of one-fourth of an inch in the broadest part. Gen-
eral form of the outline broadly sub-ovate and widest posteriorly; hinge-line
straight, equal in length to two-thirds that of the entire valve; anterior end a little
the shortest, narrowly rounding into the broadly curved basal line; posterior end
broadly rounded. Surface of the carapace highly elevated and prominent, forming a
strong, somewhat angular, longitudinal node just within the basal margin, and near
the middle of the length. From this point, the surface slopes somewhat gradually
upward to the hinge-line, with a barely perceptible convexity, except on the anterior
end, where it is more strongly convex, and characterized by a rather prominent and
well-marked ocular tubercle. From the angular node near the lower margin, there
is, on well-preserved individuals, a perceptible angulation, extending along the sur-
face to the point of greatest length on the anterior end, and a similar one, but less
strongly marked, on the posterior side. There is no perceptible difference in form
between the right and left valves, each showing the features about equally devel-
oped. No appearance of striations radiating from the ocular tubercle can be
detected, either on the internal casts or in the matrices; still the nature of the rock
in which they are imbedded is such that very obscure markings would scarcely be
preserved.

This species differs from Leperditia alta Conrad, of the same forma-
tion, in its larger size, and in the larger and more distinct eye-tubercle, as
well as in its slightly different position; but most distinctly in the sub-
angular ridge-like node, and greater convexity of the lower border of
the valves. This projecting node being situated near the lower margin,

PALEONTOLOGY. 419

and also being the most prominent point of the valve, causes the rock to
adhere to the more abrupt sides when fractured, and gives to the valves
as they appear upon the fractured surface a very decidedly triangular
aspect, entirely unknown in ZL. alfa.

Formation and Locality.—In the hydraulic limestone of the Lower
Helderberg group, at Greenfield, Ohio, where it occurs in great numbers,
forming distinct layers through the rock, as does the Z. alfa in the
Tentaculite limestone of New York.

SPECIES FROM THE LIMESTONES OF THE UPPER
HELDERBERG GROUP.

PROTOZOA.
Genus RECEKPTACULITES DeFrance.

Receptaculites devonicus.

PLATE II, fig. 10.
Receptaculites devonicus Whitf., An. N. Y. Acad. Sci., March, 1882, p. 198.

A very decidedly marked and characteristic specimen of the genus
Receptacuiites, DeFrance, has been obtained from the limestones of the
Upper Helderberg group, by Mr. Edward Hyatt, of the Ohio State Univer-
sity, from a quarry at Fishinger’s mills, about eleven miles north of
Columbus, Ohio. The specimen is about two and a half inches in dia-
meter, is broadly concave across the disk, and slightly recurved at the
outer margin. The concentric lines of pores or cells are strongly
marked, and increase rapidly in size as they recede from the centre of
the disk, but the surface has been so much weathered that the grooves
left by the removal of the stolons at the foot of the cells are not distin-
guishable, so that the entire specific characters are not recognized;
enough, however, remains to show the general form and proportions,
It has much the appearance of specimens of a corresponding size of FR.
Oweni Hall, from the lead-bearing limestones of the West, both in its
general form and in the concavity of the disk, as well as iu the propor-
tions ana rate of increase of the cell-openings as seen exposed on the
surface of the limestone.

The occurrence of a species of this genus at this horizon, is a rather
unexpected feature in its history. The highest horizon of its occurrence
hitherto recorded, is in the shaly limestone of the Lower Helderberg
group of New York, from which the type of the species Receptaculites
infundibuliformis (Coscinium infundibuliformis Eaton, Geol. Text-book,
2d ed., 1833, p. 132, fol. 5, figs. 64, 65), was derived. The figure and
description, as given by Prot. Eaton, are both poor, but the specimen is
still in the cabinet of the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, bearing the

420 GROLOGY OF OHIO.

original label, and I have seen several specimens of the species from the
same formation. LR. dactyloides (Dictyocrinus dactyloides Conrad) is also
from about the same horizon. Both of these species, however, are in
the Silurian, while the present species brings the genus up to the Devon-
ian; so that we now know of its existence from the base vf the Lower
Silurian to the Lower Devonian.

RADIATA.
Genus STYLASTREA Lonsdale.

Stilastrea Anna.
PLATE II, figs. 1-6.
Stylastrea Anna’ Whitf., Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., March, 1882, p. 192.

Corallum compound, growing in irregular or more or less hemispherical
masses of several inches in diameter, which are formed of a large number of
closely aggregated polygonal cell-tubes or polyps, of rather small size, divided by
intercellular walls of considerable thickness, as in most forms of the compound
Cyathophyllide. Full-grown polyps, measuring about half an inch in diameter,
but usually somewhat smaller; the prevailing size being about three-eighths of an
inch. Calyces deep, abruptly declining from the intercellular walls to a depth
nearly equaling the tranverse diameter. Longitudinai septa or rays well developed,
extending about one-third, or less of the diameter of the tube from the outer wall,
and averaging about forty in number in adult individuals; some containing thirty-
six, and one large one counted gives forty-two. Crest of the rays strongly denticu-
late, the denticles being thickened and knot-like at their junction with the rays.
Central chamber within the limits of the longitudinal rays, equal to one-third of
the entire diameter of the polyp, and divided by numerous distinct transverse
tabulee, which are variously bent or interrupted by contact with the adjoining ones,
leaving irregular cavities of considerable size between them. Interseptal spaces
occupied by a series of horizontal plates, which originate at the outer wall, and
extend upward and inward with increased growth to the edge of the rays, where
they form the denticulation of the crest. Between the latter plates, the spaces are
occupied by the smaller irregular vesicular structure.

The species, in its general features, resembles Cyathophyllum rugoszunt
Hall, sp., from this formation, and may be easily mistaken for that one,
in obscure or imperfect specimens; but where the internal structure is
observable, especially in longitudinal sections of the polyps, can be very
readily distinguished by the large central space in each polyp, and by
the strongly d=veloped transverse tabulze; also by the rays not extending
to the centre, as in that species and in those of the genus Acervularia.
When the coral is weathered, or the substance becomes chalky, so that
the polyps are readily separable from each other longitudinally, the
appearance very closely resembles that of Cya’hophyilum rugosum when
in a similar condition, but the interruption of the rays before reaching
the centre, and the great extent of the tabulee, will then serve to distin-
guish them.

Formation and Locality—In the Upper Helderberg group, in Pauld-
ing county, Ohio.

1Named in honor of Mrs. Orton, wife of President Edward Orton, of the State
University, Columbus, Ohio.

PALEONTOLOGY. 421

MOLLUSCOIDEA.
BRACHIOPODA.
Genus STREFTORHYNCHUS King.

Streptorhynchus flabellum.

PLATE II, figs. 7 and 9.
Streptorhynchus flabellum Whitf., Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., March, 1882, p. 200.

Shell below a medium size, semi-circular or semi-ovate in outline, with a
straight hinge-line of variable length; the lateral and front margins are somewhat
regularly rounded and, in a profile view, irregularly bi-convex. Ventral valve
depressed convex, with a more or less elevated and projecting but twisted or dis-
torted beak, overhanging a nearly vertical cardinal area of irregular form and width,
which is divided in the middle by a narrowly triangular convex deltidium. The
dorsal valve is almostregularly semi-circular, very depressed convex, with a slightly
more prominent umbo, and is destitute of cardinal area. Surface of the valves
marked by from twenty-two to twenty-four strong, rather sharply elevated, radiat-
ing plications, which are entirely simple, and separated by broad, coneave inter-
spaces. The shell is also further marked by fine, regular, concentric strize of
growth, which arch backward in crossing the radii, and may have been sub-lamellose
on the external surface, but the examples seen are all exfoliated.

The species is of a somewhat unusual type, especially in Devonian
rocks. ‘The dorsal valve seen alone presents so much the appearance of
a strongly-marked Aviculopecten, that when first observed it was thought
to belong to that genus; but the ventral valve, similarly marked, and
possessing the characteristically twisted: cardinal area and beak with its
covered fissure, at once indicates its true position. It is entirely unlike
any species hitherto described from Americanrocks, and will not easily be
mistaken. It resembles, in the features of the dorsal valve, specimens of
Orthis flabellum from the shales of the Niagara group of New York and
elsewhere; but it is more coarsely marked, with wider and more deeply
concave interspaces.

Formation and Locality.—In the limestone of the Upper Helder-
berg group, at Smith and Price’s quarries, near Columbus, Ohio. Col-
lected by Mr. Hyatt.

Genus RHYNCHONELLA Fischer.

Rhynchonella? raricosta.

PLATE II, fig. 6.
Rhynchonella raricosta Whitf., Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., March, 1882, p. 201.

Shell of moderate size, and somewhat transversely sub-triangular in outline,
when seen upon the ventral side. Ventral valve flattened and very shallow, with a
short, obtuse, and not at all incurved beak; cardinal slopes incurved, and the mar-
gins straight from the beak to near the point of greatest width of the valve,
the angles of divergence being nearly or quite 120 degrees. Front of the valve
broadly curved, and marked by several deep indentations corresponding to the
number of plications marking the surface. Middle of the valvemarked by a broad,
shallow, slightly angular mesial sinus, which is more than one-third as wide at the

422 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

front of the valve as the length from beak to base. Surface of the valve marked
on each side of the sinus, by two low, angular, but distinct plications, besides those
bordering the sinus; no other markings are traceable on the surface of the shell.
The margin of the valve between the plications is extended, forming rounded pro-
jections similar to that of the mesial sinus, and probably corresponding to low
rounded plications which have characterized the dorsal valve, which has not been
observed.

The broad sub-triangular form of the shell, with the shallow ventral
valve and the small number of low, angular plications, will readily dis-
‘tinguish this from any species hereto known. There may possibly be
some doubt as to the generic reference of the species; but this cannot be
positively determined until more perfect individuals are obtained.

Formation and Locali.y.—In limestone of the Upper Helderberg
group, at Smith and Price’s quarries, near Columbus, Ohio. Collected by
the Hyatt brothers, of the State University.

MOLLUSCGA.
LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.
Genus MYTILARCA H. and W.

Prelim. Notice Lamellibranchiate Shells, Up. Held., Ham. and Chemung Groups
etc. State Cab. Nat. Hist., Dec. 1869.
Mytilarca percarinata.
PLATE VI, figs. 1 and 2.
Mytilarca percarinata Whitf., Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., March, 1882, p. 202.

Shell less than medium size, the specimen used for description and illustration
measuring but one and three-fourths inches in/extreme height; and the distance
from the anterior to the posterior margins across the point of greatest diameter,
only a trifle over one inch; the depth of the valve being nearly half an inch. Form
of the shell elongate triangular-ovate, rather acutely pointed at the beak, which is
small and incurved; anterior, or byssal, margin straight and absolutely vertical in
the example mentioned; basal margin broadly rounded from the anterior line
nearly to the point of greatest length of the valve, where it is more rapidly curved,
and finally passes abruptly into the rapidly ascending posterior margin; the lower
part of which is nearly parallel to the anterior side, but above inclines more rapidly
toward the short and very oblique hinge-line. The surface of the valve is most
elevated along the anterior umbonal ridge, where it is at right angles to the ante-
rior surface, but slopes gently backward for two-thirds of the distance toward the
posterior margin, and on the other third much more abruptly. Near the beak, the
surface rounds rapidly from the anterior ridge to the posterior border. Surface of
the shell marked by numerous concentric ridges, parallel to the margin of the valve,
many of which are strongly marked and form varices of growth. On the anterior
surface, these varices and the concentric striz are well marked. Cardinal area not
observed.

The example used is a right-valve, and bears evidence in its charac-
ters of being an adult shell. It is associated in the same layers of cherty
material with JZ. ponderosa, H. & W. (Prelim. Notice Lamell. Shells, etc.,
p. 21), but may be readily distinguished by the, vertical anterior surface
and the angular umbonal ridge. From the young of that species, it is

PALEONTOLOGY. 423

readily distinguished by these characters, as those are distinctly round
and ventricose. The only known species approaching this in the angu-
larity of the ridge, is JZ. attenuata, H. & W., of the Chemung group;
but this is quite distinct in other respects.

Formation and Locality—In the white chalky chert-beds of the
Upper Helderberg Group, near Dublin, Ohio.

GASTEROPODA.
Genus PLATYCERAS Conrad.

Platyceras squalodens.

PLATE III, figs. 6 and 8.
Platyceras squalodens Whitf., Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., March, 1882, p. 202.

Shell small, sharply conical when viewed in a lateral direction, with the apex
gently curved anteriorly; but in a posterior view, the form is narrowly lanceolate,
with the dorsal portion rising into a thin, sharp crest or ridge; anterior side
rounded and the anterior slope conclave. Aperture narrowly ovate, rounded on the
anterior side, widest just above the middie, and extending backward into a narrow
point. Surface of the shell marked by fine, hair-like, concentric lines of growth
parallel to the margin of the aperture, which is a little bent down anteriorly and
posteriorly, and also by a rather faintly marked, but still distinct sulcus, which
passes from the apex on the left anterior slope, and over which the strize are
slightly undulated, indicating a slight notch in the margin at this point.

In the narrow and curved lanceolate form of the shell, this species
differs very materially from any of the numerous species of this very
monotonous genus, and may be readily distinguished by the sharp dorsal
ridge.

Formation and Locality—In the Upper Helderberg limestone, at
Columbus, Ohio. Collection of Columbia College.

Genus DENTALIUM Linnzeus.
Dentalium Martini.

PLATE III, fig. 10.
Dentalium Martini Whitf., Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., March, 1882, p. 203.

Shell somewhat larger than medium size, rather rapidly expanding from the
apex to the aperture for a species of this genus, and moderately curving through-
out the length; cylindrico-conical in form, and circular in a transverse section.
Surface marked only by encircling striz, which form rather broad undulations on
the shell, and are strongly arched forward on the inner side of the curvature, show-
ing that the iip of the shell has been somewhat extended on this side of the aper-
ture. Shell-substance thick.

This species attains a rather large size, and expands more rapidly
than most species of the genus, reaching a diameter of one-fourth of an
inch in a length of less than two inches. The curvature is also consid-
erable, being deflected fully an eighth of an inch from a straight line
within the length of the specimen when tested on the inner face. ‘There

424 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

is no species of similar character from rocks of Devonian age, so far as
can be ascertained. On some of the internal casts, there occurs a longi-
tudinal ridge, as if there had been a slit or interruption of some kind at
that point, which gives rise to a supposition that it may have belonged to
the genus Coleoprion Sandberger, though no positive interruption of the
striz of the surface is seeu on any specimen examined. This fact may
suggest its belonging to the recently formed genus Co/eolus Hall; but its
perfect resemblance to Denta/ium more strongly indicates its affinities as
in that relation, rather than with the Pteropoda. Nor does there appear
any sufficient reason among the species referred to Coleolus by its author,
for a generic separation from Dentalium, other than their more strictly
straight form. But there are straight or nearly straight Dentalia, and
also curved forms which he has referred to the new genus. The generic
feature ‘‘shells thick” would also be opposed to pteropodous affinities.
In its more rapid taper and greater curvature, it is sufficiently distinct
from described forms of that genus.

formation and Locality—In the cherty layers of the Upper Helder-
berg limestones, near Dublin, Ohio.

Genus MACROCHEILUS Phillips.
Macrochetlus priscus.
PLATE III, figs. 3 and 4.

Machrocheilus priscus Whitf., Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., March, 1882, p. 204.

Shell small and very ventricose, the height but little greater than the diameter
of the body volution; the former in the figured example being three-eighths of an
inch, and the latter only about one-sixteenth of an inch less. Shell composed of
about four volutions, which are very ventricose and rapidly increase in diameter,
the last one forming the great buik of the shell, equaling fully two-thirds of the
entire height. Suture line distinct, but not strongly marked. Apical angle about
eighty degrees. Aperture somewhat semiJunate, strongly modified oa the inner
side by the body of the preceding volution, which occupies fully one-half its
height. Columella strong, straight and rounded, and the twisted ridge obsolete.
Surface of the shell apparently smooth; at least no striz are perceptible.

This pretty little species reminds one strongly of AZ ventricosus
Hall, from the Coal-measures, but is somewhat shorter in the spire, al-
though resembling it in most other respects. The substance of the
shell is soft and chalky, and might not retain minute surface striz if
they had ever existed; but no remains of them are visible at present.

Formation and Locality—In the white cherty layers of the Upper
Helderberg group, near Dublin, Ohio.

Genus LOXONEMA Phillips.

Loxonema parvulum.
PLATE III, fig. 4.
Loxonema parvulum Whitf., Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., March, 1882, p. 204.

Shell minute, scarcely exceeding a fourth of an inch in length, and propor-
tionally slender, with a rapidly ascending spire, which is slightly more rapidly

PALEONTOLOGY. 425

tapering in the upper than in the lower part. Volutions six or six and a half, mod-
erately convex on the outer surface, and more strongly rounded on the lower part
of the exposed portion than on the upper; suture-line distinct, but not margined
by a flattening of the upper edge of the succeeding volution. Aperture elongate,
slightly angular at the base, and pointed above. Surface of the volutions marked
by a large number of distinct vertical striae, which are more numerous and slightly
finer on the body volution than above, and are so nearly destitute of sigmoid curva-
ture as to appear vertical until closely examined.

The small size of the shell, the nearly vertical lines, and the un-
equally expanding volutions, are distinguishing features; the latter char-
acter, however, appears to vary a little in degree on some of the speci-
mens. It will be readily distinguished from the young shells of Z.
Flamiltonig, which occurs in the same rock, by the number of volutions
and the slender form.

formation and Locality.—In the white cherty layers of the Upper
Helderberg limestone, near Dublin, Ohio. |

CEPHALOPODA.
Genus ORTHOCERAS Breyn.
Orthoceras nunttum.

PLATE III, figs. 1 and 2.

Orthoceras nuntium Fall, 15th Rept. State Cab., p. 79. pl. 8, figs. 3and 4. Pal. N.
Y., I:lust. Dev. Foss., p. 43, figs. 4 and 16.

Comp. O. swbulatum Hall, Geol. Rept. 4th Dist. N. Y., p. 180, fig., and Pal. N. Y.
Illust. Dev. Foss., pl. 38; also O. Thoas and O. Hyas Hall of same work.

Shell attaining considerable size, the specimen used for description and figured
having a length of nine inches, and still imperfect at both extremities, retains only
about an inch of the outer chamber, and has a diameter of half an inch at the lower
extremity. Section circular; tube moderately increasing in diameter with increased
length, slightly curved throughout, and marked by reguiar encircling annulations,
which are elevated, round on the crest, separated by deeply concave interspaces,
which regularly increase in distance and also in strength from below upwards.
Those of the lower part where the shell is uncompressed and is half an inch in
diameter, are about one-tenth of an inch distant from each other; and at the upper
end where the diameter is about one and three-fourths of an inch are about three-
eighths of an inch from crest to crest. Surface of the shell marked by fine, closely
arranged and sharply elevated concentric striz, and also by longitudinal striz of
similar character, but more or less alternating in strength, the two sets giving a
finely cancellated structure just discernable to the unassisted eye. Septa very
deeply concave and regularly curved, uniting with the shell a little above the crest
of each annulation. Siphuncle small and centrally situated.

The species is of the ordinary annulated type differing from other
species of the group only in the strength and comparative distance of
the annulations; in the rate of increase in diameter, and in the nature
of the surface markings. ‘The shell, like many of the annulated forms
of any considerable size from the upper Helderberg and Hamilton groups,
shows a slight curvature of the tube, a little more perceptible in the
lower part than above. The Ohio specimens correspond more nearly to

426 GEOLOGY OF OHI.

the one from the Hamilton group of N. Y., figured by Prof. Hall (Pal.
N. Y., Illust. Dev. Foss., Pl. 43, fig. 14), in the rate of increase in the
diameter, and in the form and relative strength of the annulations than
with the original specimens to which the name was first applied, or to
most of those figured under the Same name on the same plate. The
specimen from Ohio figured on PI. 41, fig. 9, Illust. Dev. Foss., Pal. N.
Y., under the name O. 7hoas, is identical with the one here described,
but does not retain the shell nor show surface markings, but corresponds
in the form of the annulations and in its slight curvature and rate of in-
crease in diameter, in which particulars it differs materially from those
from New York, given on the same plate. It is barely possible the Ohio
specimens may represent a species distinct from any of those from New
York, but it seems totally impossible to detect characters sufficient to
distinguish it as such. O. subaulatum Hall, from the Marcellus shell is a
very clesely allied if not identical form.

formation and Locality—In the cherty layers of the Upper Helder-
berg group, near Dublin; and in the limestone of the same formation
near Delaware and Columbus, Ohio.

CEPHALOPODA.
Genus TREMATOCERAS Wh tf.
Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., March, 1882, p. 205.

A straight, obconical, cephalopodous shell, presenting the characteristics of
an Orthoceras, so far as the appearance of the tube, septa and siphuncle is con-
cerned; but with the additional feature of a line of elongated, raised tubercles
along one side of the shell, which have formed perforations at certain stages of
growth, probably confined to the outer chamber as openings, which were closed as
the animal extended the shell, and before the septa opposite them were formed-
Type, 7. Ohtoense.

The shell for which the above generic name is proposed offers an
entirely novel feature among the Orthoceratide. The line of nodes seen
on the cast of the shell is entirely different from anything pertaining to
the ornamentation of the shell, and presents the same appearance as
would the partially filled perforations of a Yalzofzs, or like those shown
on the back of species of Azucanza, and those on which the genus
Tremanotus was founded; neither is it a feature at all dependent upon
the position of the siphon or directly connected with it; for in the speci-
men used the siphon is slightly eccentric, on the opposite side of the
tube from the nodes. Its position would thus indicate that it was a fea-
ture pertaining to the dorsal lip of the shell, corresponding to the sinus
seen in the lip of many other genera. Taking this view of it, it would
appear to indicate the existence of a deep, narrow notch, with raised
margins, in the lip of the shell at stated periods, beyond which the shell
was again united for a time, leaving a perforation to be closed by a de-
posit of shell from the mantle as it approached the lower part of the

PALEONTOLOGY. 427

chamber of habitation. Many species of Orthoceras have been observed,
having a raised line, or rather markings, along the dorsal side; but none,
so far as I am aware, presenting these evidences of a series of separate
openings, which I consider a feature worthy of generic distinction.

Trematoceras Ohioense.

PLATE VI, figs. 3 and 4.
Trematospira Ohioense Whitf., Ann. N. Y. Sci., March, 1882, p. 206.

Shell of medium size, straight, and somewhat rapidly tapering from below ~
upward; the rate of increase being equal to nearly one-sixth of the increase in
length. Septa moderately concave, rather closely arranged; five of the chambers.
about equaling the diameter of the uppermost of the five counted. Siphon of mod-
erate size, and in the specimen used slightly eccentric. The surface of the shell, so
far as can be determined from the internal cast, has been smooth. Perforations, or
nodes representing them, large and elevated, two to three times as long as wide,
and occurring at every third septum below, and at every second in the upper part
of the specimen.

Formation aid Locality—In limestone of the Upper Helderberg
group, at Smith and Price’s quarry, near Columbus Ohio. The discovery
and preservation of this peculiar specimen are due to the careful observa-
tion of Mr. Edward Hyatt, of the State University, at Columbus, Ohio.

Genus GOMPHOCERAS Sowerby.
Gomphoceras FLyatti.

PLATE 1V, fig. 1, and PLATE I, fig 1.
Gompnoceras Flyatti Whitf., Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., March, 1882, p. 206.

Shell large and robust, slightly arcuate throughout, but more strongly curved
below than in the upper part; somewhat rapidly expanding from below upward to
near the middle of the outer chamber, where it is suddenly contracted to the aper-
ture, and on the lateral margins again slightly expanding. The rate of increase in
diameter, as compared with the increased length, is about as one and two, when
measured on the insidecurvature. I'ransverse section of the shell obtusely subtrian -
gular, flattened or but slightly convex on the inner surface, rounded on the lateral
surfaces, and obtusely rounded on the back; the dorso-ventral and lateral diameters
are about as four and five, and the triangular form is more perceptible in the earlier
stages of growth, owing to the greater convexity of the inner face in the upper
portion and onthe outerchamber. Outer chamber comparatively short, being about
two-thirds as high as wide. Aperture large, irregularly tri-lobed, straight on the
inner face, and about four-fifths as wide as the entire width of the shell, and ap-
parently about two-thirds as wide in a dorso-ventral direction as laterally. The
exact form of the aperture on the outer side cannot be ascertained, owing to the
imperfection of the specimen in this part. Septa moderately concave, very closely
arranged in the lower part, but more distinctly disposed above; the rate of increase
in distance somewhat gradual to near the upper portion, where two or three of the
septa are slightly more crowded. In the more distant portions, three chambers oc-
cupy the space of one inch, but in the lower part of the specimen, where the trans-
verse diameter is a little more than one and a half inches, they are less than one-
twelfth of an inch apart. Siphuncle of moderate size and sub-centrally situated.
Surface of the shell unknown.

428 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

The specimen from which the description is taken is an internal
cast, not retaining any portion of the shelly structure; but it appears to
have been destitute of strong surface markings. It measures about seven
inches in length by nearly four inches in transverse diameter at the widest
part, which is near the lower part of the outer chamber. The lower
end is imperfect, and measures one and a half inches in transverse diam-
eter. It is with some hesitation that I place the species under the genus
Gomphoceras, owing to the strong curvature of the shell and the struc-

ture of the aperture, which is reversed in its relation to the curvature of

the shell as compared with most species of the genus; the widest por-
tion being on the inside curvature, instead of on the outer side. The
general triangular or tri-lobed form of the aperture, together with the
greater lateral diameter, would seem to overbalance the fact of the curva-
ture.

formation and Locality.—In limestone of the Upper Helderberg
group, at Smith and Price’s quarries, near Columbus, Ohio. Named in
honor of Mr. E. Hyatt, from whose collection it was obtained.

Gomphoceras amphora.

PLATE III, fig. 9.
Gomphoceras amphora Whitf., Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., March, 1882, p. 207.

Shell of large size, elongate-ovate or short sub-fusiform, somewhat rapidly
expanding from below upward to within a short distance of the base of the outer
chamber; from which point it again contracts more rapidly to about one-half the
height of the outer chamber, and is then drawn out into a narrow neck, resembling
the neck of a bottle, of a width but little exceeding one-third of the diameter of
the larger portion of the shell. Aperture not distinctly traced, but on the side
figured, thereis an appearance of a deep, rather narrow sipus, extending nearly one-
half the depth of the outer chamber. The shell bears the appearance, also, of hay-
ing been curved, as indicated principally by the obliquity of the septa, which are
numerous, rather deeply concave, and arranged at a distance of about one-fourth of
an inch in the largest part of the specimen, and decreasing in distance below and
above; while near the base of the outer chamber there about six septa closely crowded
together. Position of the siphuncle not determined.

The species resembles G. eximium Hall, of the same formation, in
the lower part of its length, although more rapidly expanding, but in the
upper part, and especially near the aperture, differs entirely from any
other species known.

Formation and Locality.—In the limestone of the Upper Helderberg
group, in Marion county, Ohio. Collection of Columbia College, New
York.

Gomphoceras Sciotense.

PLATE IV, fig. 4; PLATE V, fig. 2; Prats VI, figs. 6 and 7.
Gomphoceras Sciotense Whitf., Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., March, 1882, p. 208.

Shell of medium size or smaller, short obconical in form, or rapidly expanding
from the apex upward; slightly flattened in a dorso-ventral direction, giving a
broadly oval transverse section, which is a little more flattened on the dorsal than

PALEONTOLOGY. 429

on the opposite side, in the more perfect specimen, but may not be constantly so in
all individuals. Septa shallow, arranged at nearly equal distances from each other
in the larger parts, and numbering about seven in an inch, except near the outer
chamber, where there are usually one or two more closely arranged. The outer
chamber is proportionally short, and rapidly contracted in the upper part to about
one-half the diameter below, to form the transversely sub-triangular or obscurely
trilobed aperture, which is rounded at the lateral extremities, straightened on the
dorsal side, and provided with a moderately deep but rather narrow sinus on the ven-
tral margin. Siphuncle proportionally small, and situated close to the dorsal side.

Only two individuals have thus far been observed, and these show
some slight variation in the form of transverse section and in the propor-
tional length of the outer chamber; the one retaining the chambers
being shorter above, and more flattened on the dorsal side than the other.
In this specimen, the septa are somewhat obliquely arranged, being high-
est on the dorsal side, which may, however, be owing to oblique com-
pression in the matrix. ‘The individuals, being both internal casts, have
afforded no opportunity of observing the surface structure.

formation and Locality.—In the limestone of the Upper Helderberg
group, at Smith and Price’s quarries, near Columbus, Ohio. Collected
by Mr. Hyatt.

Genus CYRTOCERAS Goldf..

Cyrtoceras cretaceum.

PLATE IV, figs. 2 and 3.
Cyrtoceras cretaceum Whitf., Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., March, 1882, p. 209.

Shell of medium size, somewhat moderately expanding in its upward growth to
the base of the outer chamber, from which point it again contracts to the aperture;
the increase not always regular, but in some individuals more abruptly expanding
above than below. Shell slightly curving throughout its length, appearing less
arcuate in the upper portion, owing to the contraction of the outer chamber toward
the aperture. Transverse section oval, widest in a lateral direction, and with the
inner surface much less arcuate than the outer or dorsal surface. Outer chamber
proportionally short, the length not exceeding the dorso-ventral diameter of the
lower end; margin simple, so far as can be determined from any of the specimens,
showing only a broad, shallow sinuosity on each side. Septa somewhat closely
arranged and deeply concave, but slightly increasing in distance in the upper part,
the average length of the chambers being about one-tenth of an inch, but some-
what more crowded just below the outer one. Siphuncle of moderate size, situated
a little within the dorsal surface, and very slightly expanded within the chambers.
Surface of the shell marked only by transverse lines of growth parallel to the mar-
gin of the aperture.

The shells are moderately abundant, and show slight variations in form
among individuals, especially in the rate of increase in dimensions or in
the regularity of the expansion, as well as in the comparative distance
between the septa; a single individual showing a much greater distance
between them in the upper part of its length. ‘The shell would probably
be considered by some as belonging to the gentis Ozcoceras, as the de-
crease in diameter in the upper part of the outer chamber gives to the

430 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

shell, below, the peculiar bulging appearance supposed to be characteristic
of that genus; but the transverse form and elliptical section, together
with the form of the siphuncle and other features, present characters:
common to the genus Cyrtoceras. It is most nearly related, in general
form, to C. Conradi Hall, from the Marcellus shales of New York, but
attains a much greater size, has a shorter outer chamber, and is destitute
of the small lip-like sinus on the ventral side, as seen in that one. The
upper portion of Gomphoceras oviforme Hall, from the limestone of the
-Marcellus shale, bears considerable resemblance, except in the closing of
the aperture, which constitutes a generic difference.

formation and Locality.—In the cherty layers of the Upper Helderberg
limestone, near Dublin, and at Bellenaris quarry at Georgesville, Franklin
county, Ohio.

Genus GYROCERAS DeKoninck.

Gyroceras Columbiense.

PLATE VI, fig. 8.
Gyroceras Columbtense Whitf., Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., March, 1882, p. 21(.

Shell of about a medium size, often attaining a diameter across the disk of about
six inches, although the majority of the specimens seen will not measure more
‘than five. The shell is closely coiled, the volutions being in absolute contact and
about one anda half or twoin number. Volutions nearly circular in a transverse
section, being a very little greater in the lateral direction than in the dorso-ventral,
and the back of the volution barely perceptibly flattened on the outer portion of the
larger one, but not perceptibly so on the inner portions. Septa deeply concave and
distantly arranged; the chambers measuring about half an inch each, on the outer
two-thirds of the body volution of a specimen where the vertical, or largest, di-
ameter of the disk is five inches. Position of the siphuncle not absolutely deter-
mined. Surface of the shell unknown.

All the individuals of this species observed are internal casts, and
occur in a rather rotten limestone, under conditions very unfavorable for
the preservation of the shelly substance; consequently the surface char-
acters have not been observed. It is an abundant species, but owing to
the conditions of preservation, is not often found in collections. It will
be readily distinguished from the other described species by the closely
coiled volutions and the nearly circular section. It is perhaps more
nearly related to G. cyc/ops Hall, loth Rept. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist.,
than to any other described species; but it differs from that one in its
smaller size, and more rapidly increasing as well as more closely coiled
volutions, and does not appear to have been provided with the broadly
expanding and foliated varices which are so characteristic of that species:
It might be objected, that as the shell of this species is unknown, the
determination of the absence of these foliated expansions is not well
authenticated; but it may be answered, that as the two species are asso-
ciated in the same layers in the quarries where they are both rather com-

PALEONTOLOGY. 431

mon, if they were really one and the same, the shell would be preserved
on these as well as on the G. cyclops, and the expansions readily detected.

Formation and Locality.—In the limestone of the Upper Helderberg
group, near the lower part, at Smith and Price’s and at other quarries
near Columbus, Ohio.

Gy'roceras seminodosum.

PLATE IV, fig. 5.
Gyroceras semincdosum Whitf., Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., March, 1882, p. 211.

Shell small, compactly coiled, and consisting, in the specimen used, of a little
more than two volutions, which increase rather rapidly in diameter with increased
age; they are somewhat wider transversely than in a dorso-ventral direction, and
are slightly triangularly elliptical in a transverse section; the greatest transverse
diameter being very slightly outside of the middle of the dorso-ventral diameter,
The inner one and a half coils are smooth on the exterior, but the outer volution,
for a little more than the larger half, is ornamented by a single series of compara-
tively large, transverse, triangularly elliptical nodes on each lateral surface, having
the angular side of the node placed anteriorly and the opposite side nearly straight.
The nodes are placed at distances from each other about equal to one-half the
dorso-ventral diameter of the tube at the node indicated. The septa are not clearly
defined and cannot be given with certainty; but they appear to be distantly placed
on the inner portions of the shell, while on the nodose portion they seem to be
placed at about half the distance of the nodes apart. The siphuncle has not been
observed. ‘The surface of the shell, as seen on a fragment of the substance remain-
ing on the dorsum of the outer volution, is marked with rather close, distinct,
revolving lines or ridges, crossed by more closely arranged transverse lines, which
make a shallow retral bend in crossing the back of the shell.

The specimen is probably an immature shell, but is a distinctly
marked species, differing strongly in its form and nodose character from
any of those assoc.ated with it. It most nearly resembles G. ( Hercoce-
yas?) paucinodus Hall, from the Upper Helderberg group of New York
(see Illust. Dev. Foss., pl. 55, figs. 1 and 2), but is less distinctly triangu-
lar in a transverse section, that one being widest near the outer portion
of the volution, with a nearly regular sloping surface on the side of the
whorl to its junction with the preceding one, while this species is rounded.
The form of the nodes is also different—those being situated near the
dorsal margin. ‘The triangular form of these nodes is peculiar in having
the two short sides of the triangle directed forward. It also differs in
having a greater number of volutions for a given diameter.

Formation and Locality—In limestone of the Upper Helderberg
group, near Dublin, Ohio. Collected by Mr. Hyatt, of the State Univer-
sity, at Columbus, Ohio.

432 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

NOTE ON THE MARCELLUS SHALE AND OTHER MEMBERS
OF THE HAMILTON GROUP IN OHIO; AS DETERMINED
FROM PALZONTOLOGICAL EVIDENCE.

During the early summer of 1878, President Edward Orton wrote,
asking if I could spend a few days with him in central and southern
Ohio, in an effort to ascertain from paleontological evidence, the trve
horizon of certain layers of rock which had been somewhat of a difficulty
to him; and in the month of August I spent several days with him for
that purpose. While making these somewhat hurried observations at a
locality about six miles N. W. of Columbus, in Perry township, on the
east bank of the Scioto river, we accidentally discovered a thin bed of
dark brown shale, somewhat fissile and bituminous in character, in what
Prof. Orton had considered as a representative of the Delaware lime-
stone of Delaware, Ohio. The peculiar texture of the shales, occurring
where I had expected only a light-colored limestone, excited my interest;
and after a few minutes’ examination, I discovered that they contain
numerous flattened shells of Lezorhynchus limitaris, Vanuxem. I also
obtained from them two specimens of Discina minuta, and examples of
Lingula Manni Hall; the two former being well-known and characteristic
forms of the Marcellus shales of New York. On examination, we found
that these shells, especially the Lezorhynchus, extended through a thick- |
ness of several feet of the rock, and that the peculiar bituminous char-
acter of the shale accompanied them, but with intercalations oi thin layers
of less bituminous and light-colored limestones. Subsequently, at a point
nearly opposite Dublin, Ohio, some miles north of the above-mentioned
locality, the same shale was again recognized in a corresponding horizon,
accompanied by the same species, the Lezorhynchus being quite numerous. |
At a subsequent visit, Mr. Edward Hyatt obtained Dzscina Lodensis Hall,
another New York Marcellus species. At this second locality, immedi-
ately above the shale, and while the limestone layers retain much of the
bituminous character, the layers become thicker and more calcareous,
and their surfaces are covered with the shells of Spzrvzfera gregaria Clapp,
and Yentaculites scalariformis Hall, both of which are likewise common
in the blue limestone layers at Delaware, Ohio.

A section of the rocks at the first-mentioned locality, six miles N.
W. of Columbus, on the east bank of the Scioto, subsequently turnished
by Prof. Orton, is as follows:

The lower bed, No. 1 of section, is a heavy-bedded limestone about
thirty feet thick, representing the Columbus quarries, including the coral
beds and those containing the large cephalopods. (Lower Corniferous
of the Ohio Geol. Rept.)

PALEONTOLOGY: 433

No. 2, a thin layer of limestone, four to six inches thick densely
filled with teeth, plates and bones of fishes, locally known as the “Bone-
bed.”

No. 3, about thirty feet of thin-bedded shaly limestone, the ‘“ Dela-
ware bed” of Prof. Orton. The upper part of this is supposed to repre-
sent the beds of similar character at Delaware, Ohio, which contain the
large fish-remains. _

No. 4, about fifteen feet of bluish, somewhat marly shales, the ‘‘Olen-
tangy shales” of N. H. Winchell. ‘This is followed above by the Huron
shales, the supposed equivalents of the Genesee slates and Portage shales
of New York.

Near the lower part of No. 3, only a few feet above the “‘Bone-bed,”
occurs the dark brown shale in question, with the peculiar fossils, which
I have no hesitation in pronouncing the equivalent of the Marcellus
Shales of New York. Admitting this—and there certainly appears to be
no alternative—the rocks found above this limit should represent the
Hamilton group of the New York system; and we ought to find some
fossils here, characteristic of that formation, which would not pass below
this line. To ascertain if this was so, 1 requested Mr. Edward Hyatt,
who has collected carefully the fossils around Columbus, to furnish me a
list’ of the species known, with their horizons indicated; and also re-
quested the use of specimens of species not known to occur below the
horizon of the ‘“ Bone-bed,” that being the most easily recognized limit,
and the one most generally studied in connection with the vertical dis-
tribution. Contrary to my expectations, the species yet known not to
pass below the “Bone-bed” are very few. These, with the exception of
the Zentaculites scalariformis, have been illustrated on Plate III, and are,
with two exceptions, known Marceilus and Hamilton types, one being a
new species, and the other (.Sfzrzfera Maza Bill.), occurring in the Upper
Helderberg limestone in Canada. The examination of the upper layers
for characteristic fossils was not carried far enough to make it perfect,
owing to Mr. Hyatt’s absence from Columbus; but the few forms found
above these bituminous layers will readily be recognized as characteristic
ot the Hamilton group, and warrant one in considering the Black shales
and other beds coming above these thin limestones in central Ohio, as
equivalent to the Genesee slates and succeeding formations of New
York.’ :

The following lists, prepared by E. and H. Hvatt, of Columbus,
Ohio, are from the limestones within twenty-four miles of that place,
Those of the first list are from below the horizon of the ‘“‘ Bone-bed,”
and the next from above; Strophomena rhomboidalis being the only
species fully recognized from both horizons. All species have been col-
lected by them from known horizons, or have been seen from the beds
by myself.

1 Names given by Mr. Hyatt, which I cannot verify.—R. P. W.
*These lists will be found appended at the end of the present article.

28 Ce,

434 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

SPECIES FROM BELOW THE ‘ BONE-BED.”

PROTOZOA.
STROMATOPORA DeBlainville.
S. granulosa Nich.
S. nodulata Nich.
S. ponderosa Nich.
S. Sanduskyensis Rominger.
S. substriatella Nich.
CANNOPORA Phillips.
C. columnartis Nich.
C. densa Nich."
RECEPTACULITES DeFrance.
R. Devonicus Whitf.

RADIATA.

FAvosiItTEs Lamark.

fF. basalticus Goldf.

F.. Gothlandic Wamarck. (?)

FI, hemispheric Yand. and Shumard.

Ff. invaginat Nich.

fF’, pleurodictyoides Nich.

fF’. polymorph Goldf. ?

fF. turbinat Billings.
MICHELINIA DeKoninck.

M. convexa Emmons.

M. maxima Troost.
Emmonsi<a Ed. and Haime.

£. Emmonst Hall.
TRACHYPORA Ed. and Haime.

T. elegantula Billings.

1Since writing the above remarks, Vol. V. of the Paleont. of New York has
been published. In it the author has, on p. 159, some remarks on the limestones at
the Falls of the Ohio, and their relations to the Hamilton group of New York.
After showing that the Hydraulic-cement beds of the Falls of the Ohio are the
equivalents of the Hamilton group of New York (which had already been stated in
the Geol. Rept. Ind., 1875, pp. 147, 148, and also shown in sections on page 157), the
author remarks, ‘“‘In the State of Ohio, similar conditions may be inferred, from the
fact that certain known species of Hamilton fossils are published in the Ohio Geo-
logical Reports as from the Corniferous group.” At the meeting of the Am. Assoc.
for the Advancement of Science, at Saratoga, August, 1879 (see Proc. A. A. A. Sci.,
vol. xxviii, p. 297), I read a notice of the occurrence in Ohio of rocks representing
the Marcellus shales of New York, embracing most o! the substance of this note,
and in which it was shown thata considerable thickness of the limestones previously
recognized as “‘Corniferous” in Ohio, were above the horizon of the beds which I
had recognized, from paleontological and lithological evidence, as of the age of the
Marcellus shale, and would be of necessity equivalents of the Hamiltou group.
This was in August, 1879. The volume above-mentioned is dated,in the letter of
transmissal, Dec. 15, 1879.

PALEONTOLOGY.

AULOPORA Goldfuss.

A. cornuta Bill.

A, filiformis Bill.

A. tubeformis Gold. ?
SYRINGOPORA Goldf. ?

S. Hisingert Bill.

S. Macluret Bill.

S. tabulata Ed. and Haime.
ERIDOPHYLLUM Ed. and Haime.

£:. Stmcoense Bill.

£. strictum EF. and H.

FE. Verneutlanum K. and H.
STYLASTREA Lonsdale.

S. Anna Whitt.
ZAPHRENTIS Rafinesque.

Z. cornicula Ed. and H.

Z. Edwardst Nich.

Z. gigantea Ed. and H.

Z. prolifica Bill.

Z. Worthent Nich.
CyATHOPHYLLUM Goldf.

C. rugosum Fall.

C. Zenkert Bill.
HADRIOPHYLLUM Ed. and H.

HT. D Orbignyt Ed. and H.
HELIOPHYLLUM Ed. and H.

FT. confluens Hall.

Hi, Halii Ed. and H.
AULACOPHYLLUM Ed. and H.

A. sulcatum Ed. and H.
CysSTIPHYLLUM Lonsdale.

C. Americanum Ed. and H,

C. Ohioense Nich.

CRINOIDEA.

MEGISTOCRINUS O. and S$.

M. spinulosus Lyon.
DOLATOCRINUS Lyon.

D. multivadiatus Hall.

D. vadiatus Hall.

BLAST OIDEA.

NUCLEOCRINUS Conrad.

NV. Verneuili Troost.
CopASTER McCoy.

C. pyramidatus Shumard,

436 GEOLOGY OF OHI.

ANCYROCRINUS Hall.
A. spinosus Hall.

MOLLUSCA.
BRYOZOA Emmerich.
STICTOPORA Hall.
S. Gilberti Meek.
LICHENALIA Hall.
L. lichenotdes Meek.

BRACHIOPODA.
DiscinA Lamarck.
D. grandis Vanux.?
CRANIA Retzius.
C. crentstriata Hall.
C. Hamiltonie Hall.
OrTHIS Dalman.
O. Livia Bill.
O. propingua Hall.
O. Vanuxeni Hall.
STREPTORHYNCHUS King.
S. flabellum Whitt.
S. pandora Bill.
STROPHODONTA Hall.
S. ampla Hall.
S. demissa Conrad.
S. hemispherica Hall.
S. inequiradiata Hall.
S. nacrea Hall.
S. Patersoni Hall.
S. perplana Conrad.
S. subdemissa Hall.?
STROPHOMENA Rafinesque.
S. rhomboidalis Wilck.
CHONETES Fischer.
C. acutiradiata Hall.
C. arcuata Hall.
C. deflecta Hall.
.« C. mucronata Hall.?
C. Yandellana Hall.
PRODUCTELLA Hall.
P. spinuticosta Hall.
SPIRIFERA Sowerby.
S. acuminata Con.
S. duodenaria Hall.
S. euruteines Owen.
S. fimbriaia Con.

PALEONTOLOGY. 437

S. Griert Hall.

S. macra Hall.

S. macrothyris Hall.

S. Manni Hall.

S. Marcyi Hall.

S. Owent Hall.

S. segmenta Hall.

S. varicosa Hall.
SPIRIFERINA D’Orb.

S. raricosta Conrad’s sp.
CyrTINA Davidson.

C. Hamiltonig Hall.
MERISTELLA Hall.

M. nasuta Conrad’s sp.

MM. scitula Hall.
NUCLEOSPIRA Hall.

NV. concinna Hall.
ATRYPA Dalman.

A. reticularis Tinn.
RHYNCHONELLA Fischer.

Rk. Billingsi Hall.

FR. Carolina Hall.

FR. Dotis Hall.

Rk. Thetis Billings.

R.? raricosta WhitE.
PENTAMERELLA Hall.

P. arvata Hall.
TEREBRATULA Schlotheim,

T. Sullivanti Hall.
TROPIDOLEPTUS Hall.

T. carinatus Conrad.

LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.

AVICULOPECTEN McCoy.
A. crassicostatus H. and W.
A. parilis Conrad.
PTERINEA Goldf.

P. flabella Conrad? The specimens referred to this species
are very doubtfully identified. They are large, coarse
forms, very unlike any of those in the higher beds.

MyTILArca H. and W.
M. ponderosa A. and W.
M. percarinata White.
CoONOCARDIUM Brown.

C. trigonale Hall. C. Ohioense Meek, is the young of the

above.

438 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

GoniopPHorRA Phillips.

G. perangulata A. and W.
PARACYCLAS Hall.

P. livata Conrad.

P. Ohioensis Meek=P. lrata Conrad. P. occidentalis FH.

and W.

MopioMorpPHA H. and W.

MM, elliptica?

M. perovata Meek.
SANGUINOLITES McCoy.

S. Sanduskyensis Meek.

GASTEROPODA.
PLATYCERAS Conrad.
. attenuatum Meek.
. bucculenium Hall.
. cavinatum Hall.
. contcum Hall.
. dumosum Conrad.
. multispinosum Meek.
. squalodens Whitt.
PLATYOSTOMA Conrad.
Pi lichas Walk
EUOMPHALUS Sowerby.
£. Decewi Billings=Pleuronotus Decewit Hall.
TuRBO Klein?
T. Kearneyt Hali=Paleotrochus Kearneyt.
T. Shumardi D’Vern.
ISONEMA M. and W.
L. bellatula Hal=Callonema bellaiula Hall.
LI, depressum M. and W.
Ll. humitle Meek.
XENOPHORA Fischer.
X. antigua Meek.
Naticopsis McCoy.
NV. equistriata Meek.
NV. cretacea H. and W.
NV. levis Meek.
LOoxonEMaA Phillips.
Te eda Viale
L. Hamilionig Hall.
L. pa vulum Whitt.
L. pexatum Hall.
ORTHONEMA M. and W. :
O. Newberryt Meek.

ASPASP Avene) AS) Ao) a8

PALEONTOLOGY. 439

MACROCHEILUS Phillips.

M. priscus Whitt.
PLEUROTOMARIA DeFrance.
P, adjutor Hall.

P. Doris Hall=Cyclonema Doris Hall.

P. Flebe Hall.

P. Lucina Hall.
Murcuison1A De Verneuil.

MT. desiderata Hall.

M. Maia Hall.

M. obsoleta Meek.
DENTALIUM Linnzeus.

D. Martini Whité.
BELLEROPHON Montfort.

B. Newberryi Meek.

B. Pelops Fall.

B. propinguus Meek.

PTEROPODA.

CoNULARIA Miller.

C. elegantula Meek.
TENTACULITES Schloth.

T. scalariformis Hall.

CEPHALOPODA.
ORTHOCERAS Breynius.
O. nuntium Hall.
O. Ohioense Hall.
O. profundum Hall.
TREMATOCERAS Whitt.
T. Ohioense Whitt.
GOMPHOCERAS Sowerby.
G. amphora Whitt.
G. eximium Hall.
G. Hyatti Whitt.
G. sctotense White.
CyrTOCERAS Goldfuss.
C. cretaceum White.
C. Ohioense Meek.
C. undulatum Vanuxem ?
GvyROCERAS Meyer.
. Columbiense Whitt. -
. Cyclops Fall.
. tnelegans Meek.
. Ohioense Meek.
. seminodosum Whit.

DANA YA

440 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

CRUSTACEA.

DALMANIA Emmerich.
D. Calypso Fall.
D. Helena Hall=D. Ohioense Meek.
D. selenurus Green.
PHACops Emmerich.
P. vana Green.
PROETUS Steininger.
P. crassimarginatus Hall.

SPECIES FROM ABOVE THE BONE-BED.

CRINOIDEA.

GONIASTEROIDOCRINUS Lyon.
G. spinigerus Hall.

BRACHIOPODA.

LINGULA Brugiere.

L. Manni Hall.

L. ligea Fall.
DiscinAa Lamarck.

D. Lodensis Hall.

D. minuta Hall.
STROPHOMENA Rafinesque.

S. rhomboidalis Wilck.
CHONETES Fischer.

C. scitula Hall.

C. reversa White.
SPIRIFERA Sowerby.

S. Maia Billings.

S. zic-zac Hall.
LEIORHYNCHUS Hall.

L. limitaris Vanuxem.

LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.

AVICULOPECTEN McCoy.

A. eguilaterus Hall.
PTERINEA Goldfuss.

P. similis Whit.
ACTINODESMA Sandberger.

A. subrectum Whitt.
GraAmmysiA DeVern.

G. bisulcata Conrad.
Nyassa H. and W.

NV. arguta H. and W.

PALEONTOLOGY. 441

RECOGNIZED SPECIES FROM THE MARCELLUS SHALES
OF OHIO.

MOLLUSCOIDEA.
BRACHIOPODA.
Genus LINGULA Brug.
Lingula Manni.

PLATE VII, figs. 1 and 2.
Lingula Manni Hall.; 16th Rept. State Cab N. Y., p. 24; Pal. N. Y., voi. 4, No. 6,

pl. 2. fig. 3.

Shell of medium size, longitudinally subovate, somewhat more than half as
wide as long, very obtusely pointed at the upper end, with subparallel lateral
margins, and often rather squarely truncate in front, with rounded basal angles.
Substance of the shell thin and polished, with irregular concentric lines of growth
which do not produce any marked surface character. Interior of the valves some-
times characterized by a thin, hair-like, median ridge, which extends to below the
middle of the valve, leaving a distinct median depression on the cast where the
substance of the shell has been removed.

‘The specimens of this species are usually about three-fourths of an
inch in length by a little less than half an inch in width. They vary
considerable in outline, the variation being principally in the form of the
front, some of them being much more round on the front margin than
others, or than the type specimens. ‘This variation also causes a differ-
ence in the form of the lateral margins producing a more rounded or
oval form, and giving the shells an appearance approaching that of Z.
Dela Wall Pal. Nv, vol. iv, p: 12, pl. 2; fie.) 9.) Dhe) two, forms, are
associated in the shales and can scarcely be considered as distinct species.
Many of the specimens are so distinctly like 2 Mannz, that it seems im-
possible the others having so slight a difference in form could be dis-
tinct, that I have not thought it advisable to attempt their separation.

Lingula ligea?
PLATE VII, figs. 3 and 4.

? Lingula ligea Hell; Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, part 1, p. 7, pl. 1, fig. 2.

Shell elongate elliptical in general outline, being about twice as long as wide,
rounded on the anterior end, and slightly more pointed at the beak in full grown
forms; but in young or partly grown shells the extremities appear nearly equal.
Valve moderately convex, and sometimes a very little flattened along the middle.
Surface marked by fine concentric lines of growth.

The examples referred with some slight doubt to this species are
quite numerous in the thin bedded layers of bituminous limestones from

442 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

above the “Bone-bed,” at Smith and Price’s quarries, near Columbus,
Ohio. The young shells have much the appearance of L. sfatulata Hall,
but when fully grown are almost exactly of the character of LZ. “gea.

Genus DISCINA Lamarck.

LDiscina minuta.

PLATE VII, figs. 5 and 6.
Orbicula minuta Hall, Geol. Rept. 4th Dist. N. Y., p. 180.
Discina minuta Hall, Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 16, pl. 1, fig. 16.

Shell minute, subcircular. Dorsal valve moderately convex or flattened as
occurring in the shales, the apex situated a little nearest the posterior margin, often
about one-third of the diameter from the border, pointed and directed toward the
posterior or peduncular margin. Ventral valve not observed. Surface of the shell
marked only by closely arranged, very fine concentric striz.

The shells of this species usually occur of about three-sixteenths of
an inch in diameter, and are usually very much flattened by compression
in the shales. ‘They closely resemble those from the black Marcellus
shales of New York, but lack that convexity and finely polished surface
usually present on the Avon specimens. ;

formation and Locality.—In the brown shaie capping of the Upper
Helderberg limestone near Dublin, Ohio.

D ‘scina Lodensis.

PEAT Will yiow/:
Orbicula Lodensis Hall, Geol. Rept. 4th Dist. N. Y., p. 223.
Orbicula Lodensis Vanuxem, Geol. Rept. 3d Dist. N. Y., p 168.
Discina Lodensts Hall, Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 22, pl. 1, fig. 14.
Discina media Hall, Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 20, pl. 2, figs. 25-29.

A single lower valve, referable to this species, was obtained from the
black shales. The form is subcircular and discoid, a little narrowed
toward the peduncular margin, and broadest forward of the middle.
Foramen comparatively small, narrowly elliptical, not extending quite to
the margin, the inner end not reaching to the centre of the disk; the
point of origin on the valve being slightly eccentric. Surface marked
by fine, not closely arranged, elevated, concentric lines. ;

The specimen described and figured very closely resembles the New
York species above cited; so nearly so in fact as to preclude the possi-
bility of detecting specific differences. The specimens from New York
differ greatly among themselves in the general form and outline of the
valves; so that on this character alone it would not be safe to rely; and
the general features of the shell, so far as can be determined from a single
valve, are not the same in both cases.

formation and Locali y.—In the brown shales at the top of the
Upper Helderberg limestone near Dublin, Ohio.

PALEONTOLOGY. 443.

Genus CHONETES Fischer.
Chonetes scitula.

PLATE VII, fig. 10.
Chonetes scitula Hall, Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, pt. 1, p. 180, pl. 21, fig. 4.

Shell small and semicircular in outline, or in some cases semi-ovate being a
little more than half of acircle. Hinge-line as long ora little longer than the shell
below, and but slightly mucronate at the extremities. Ventral valve nearly equally
convex or a little depressed just within the cardinal extremities. Dorsal valve flat-
tened or slightly concave. Surface marked with about sixty, fine, even strize in the
larger specimens, as counted on the ventral valve, and the hinge-line bears three
short spines on each side of the beak.

The specimens being in limestone are all much exfoliated, so that
the surface strize are not distinctly shown toward the cardinal borders.
The shells are perhaps a little longer than the more typical forms of C.
scitula as they occur in the Hamilton shales near Cayuga Lake, N. Y.,
and are somewhat intermediate in this respect between those and C. Yan-
delli Hall, from the hydraulic limestones from near Louisville, Ky.

Formation and Locality —In thin-bedded bituminous limestones of
the Marcellus shale, above the ‘‘Bone-bed” at Smith and Price’s quarries,
near Columbus, Ohio.

Chonetes reversa.

PLATE VII, figs. 8 and 9.
Chonetes reversa Whitf., Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 1882, 213.

Shell of about medium size, semicircular in outline, with a long, straight hinge-
line exceeding the width of the shell below. Valves resupiuate, or reversed in their
curvature; the ventral being very slightly convex in the earlier stages of growth,
and subsequently recurved so as to appear concave; the entire deflection from a
plane being very little, so that the general appearance of this valve may be said to
be nearly flat. Area linear. Hinge-line ornamented by four, long, very slender
spines on each side of the centre, which are projected from the hinge-line at an
angle of about 65 degrees, measured on the outside; or 115 degrees as counted on
the inside of the spine. Surface of the ventral valve marked by exceedingly fine
strize, which are slightly alternating in size; there being from two to five finer ones -
between the coarser kind. Interior of the valve characterized by fine pustules, ar-
ranged in indistinct lines, presenting the usual characteristics of the genus. Dor-
sal valve not positively known; but there is associated with it, in the same layers, a
slightly convex valve with similar strize, but more distinctly alternating, which may
possibly represent this valve. Its form is similar, and the convexity correspond-
ingly great.

This species is peculiar in its resupinate character, so far as the genus
is known in American Devonian rocks, and this character, together with
its form, its fine strize, and its nearly erect slender spines, will readily
distinguish it from any other species. The dorsal valve above spoken of
was at first supposed to be the young of Strophodonta perplana Conrad’s
sp., but the similarity in size and character of strize to this species ren-
ders it doubtful

Formation and Locality.—In thin-bedded bituminous limestone, from
above the “‘ Bone-bed” at Smith and Price’s quarries, near Columbus, Ohio.

444 GEOLOGY OF OHIO. .

Genus SPIRIFERA Sowerby.
Spirifera Maia.
PLATE VII, fig. 14.

Athyris Maia Billings, Can, Jour. Ind. Sci. and Arts, May, 1860, p. 276.
Sperifera Maia (Bill.) Hall, Pal. N. Y. vol. 4, pt. 1, p. 416, pl. 63, figs. 6-13.

Several single valves of this species have been obtained from the
thin-bedded limestones, associated with the Discina and Leiorhynchus
bearing shales, on W. Meeteer’s farm, two and a half miles south of Dub-
lin, Ohio; but in too imperfect a condition for illustration; still, how-
ever, sufficiently distinct to leave no reasonable doubt of their identity.
They are smaller in size than those from the Upper Helderberg limestone
of Canada, but otherwise not different so far as can be discovered from

the imperfect material on hand.
£

Genus LEIORHYNCHUS Hail.
Letorhynchus timitarts.

PLATE Wills fgets

Orthis limttaris Vanuxm, Geol. Rept. 3d Dist. N. Y., 1842, p. 146, fig. 3.
Atrypa limitaris Hall, Geol. Rept. 4th Dist. N. Y., 1843, p. 182, fig. 11.
Letorhynchus limitaris Hall, 138th Rept. State Cab., p. 85, 1860.
Leiorhynchus limitaris Hall, Pal. N. Y. vol. 4, p. 356, pl. 56, figs. 6-21.

Shell small in size, seldom exceeding five-eighths of an inch in width and usu-
ally not more than three-eighths; form orbicular in outline and lenticular in pro-
file when not compressed. Valves subequal in depth and rotundity, the ventral
beak slightly extending beyond that of the dorsal and the middle third or more of
the width of the valve depressed, forming a broad but shallow sinus which extends
to within a short distance of the beak. Dorsal valve elevated in the middle to form
the fold which corresponds to the sinus of the ventral, but which does not continue
' much beyond the middle of the valve. Surface of the shell marked by from ten to
twelve or more low, angular plications, four or five of which are seen in the sinus of the
ventral, and a corresponding number elevated on the fold of the dorsal valve, and
from three to four or even five marks each side of the shell beyond the limit of the
fold and sinus. The specimens are usually marked also by several strong concen-
tric lines of growth which form strong varices on the larger specimens, and the
plications are not unfrequently divided by slighter depressions along their surfaces,
which gives the appearance of being bifurcated, and the plications themselves are
very unequal in strength and seldom extend entirely to the apex of the valves.

This shell is a very well-marked species and cannot well be mistaken
for any other of the several species, which, so far as is yet known, are
limited to certain horizons; this one characterizing the horizon of the
Marcellus shale in New York, wherever the species has been found. Its
occurrence in Ohio has not heretofore been known or suspected, and its
presence in numbers, flattened and compressed in a dark brown, some-
what fossil shale, presenting so exactly the characters and appearance
that it does in the shales of New York, and also associated with other
characteristic forms of the Marcellus shale, is a somewhat significant
fact, and one of considerable importance in its stratigraphical relations.

PALEONTOLOGY. 445

MOLLUSCA.
LAMELLIBRANCHIATA. :
Genus AVICULOPECTEN McCoy.
Aviculopecten? equilatera.

PLATE VII, fig. 16.
Avicula equilatera Hall, Rept. 4th Dist. Geol. Surv. N. Y., 1843, p. 180, Table 71,’
figs 72.

Shell small and slightly oblique, somewhat trapezoidal in outline, hinge-line
straight and as long as the greatest length of the shell; beaks nearly central on the
hinge; anterior cardinal angle mucronate, and the anterior border gradually sloping
backward from the point; basal broader broadly rounded; posterior margin slightly
extended at the lower third beyond the extremity of the hinge, and also slightly
sinuate above to form the sulcus of the posterior wing, which is small and rounded.
Surface of the valves very depressed convex, and marked by numerous fine bifur-
cating radii, and also by several concentric undulations which give to the shell a
strongly corrugated appearance.

The species is, in New York, a very characteristic form of the Mar-
cellus shales, and is readily distinguished from any of those of the Ham-
ilton or other formations by its fine strie and corrugated surface. The
strize, although somewhat increasing in strength toward the margin, are
frequently bifurcated so that the increase in strength is not equal to that
of simple radii.

Formation and Locality —-In the bituminous shale from above the
“Bone-bed” at Smith and Price’s quarries, near Columbus, Ohio, asso-
ciated with Discina minuta and Leiorhynchus limitaris.

Pterinea simtlts.

PLATE VII, fig. 16.
Plerinea similes Whitf., Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 1882, p. 214.

Shell small, oblique; the body, exclusive of the wings, being almost regularly
although obliquely ovate in outline, the anterior part being the larger; hinge-line
about two-thirds as long as the entire length of the valve; anterior wing small, dis-
tinctly rounded on the end, and separated from the body of the shell, on the left
valve, by a distinct sulcus along the surface, and which constricts the margin of the
shell; posterior wing one-third longer than the anterior side, pointed at the ex-
tremity and sinuate below. Body of the valve ventricose, strongly so on the um-
bone, with a strong, tumid beak, which projects distinctly beyond the hinge. Sur-
face of the left valve marked by distinct radii, which plainly alternate in strength
over the body of the valve, but less distinctly so toward and on the wings; also, by
less strong concentric lines, and varices of growth. Right valve unknown.

The shell is of the type of Pterinea decussata Hall, which occurs abund-
antly in the Hamilton group in New York, but is of extremely small
size, and very ventricose; the proportionally strong varices of growth

‘This 1s probably the A. (Pterinopecten) tnvalidus Hall, of Pal. N. Y., vol. 5,
part I, pl. 1, fig. 18.

446 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

showing itsadult character. The type is one represented in the Devonian
rocks, from the Hamilton to the top of the Chemung, inclusive, in New
York, by several distinct species, but which is seldom recognized below
this horizon. We may, therefore, consider it as an additional evidence of
the age of the beds in which it is found.

Formation and Locality—In the thin shaty layers of bituminous

limestone, from above the ‘“‘Bone-bed” at Smith and Price’s quarries,
near Columbus, Ohic,

PALEONTOLOGY. 447

SPECIES FROM THE LIMESTONES ABOVE THE “ BONE-
BED,” IN THE VICINITY OF COLUMBUS, OHIO, AND
NOT KNOWN TO OCCUR BELOW THAT
HORIZON.

ECHINODERMATA.
CRINOIDEA.
Genus GILBERTSOCRINUS Phillips.

Gilbertsocrinus spinigerus.

PLavte VII, fig. 12.

Trematocrinus spinigerus Hall, 15th Rept. State Cab., p. 128.
Gilbertsocrinus (Trematocrinus) spinigerus Hall, Descript. of New Species of
Grinoidea from the Carboniferous rocks of the Mississippi valley, Plate I, fig 9.

Body small, of nearly equal height and width, broadly truncated at the base,
slightly rounded and expanded in the lower half of the height, but generally con-
tracted above to the base of the arms. The base of the cup_is deeply impressed,
including the basal and sub-radial plates; the first radials form the lowest part of
the cup, the second radials are placed at the point of its greatest ciameter, and the
third at about one-half the entire height. The first and second radials are compar-
atively large, the first being heptagonal, the second hexagonal, and the third which °
are smaller than the second are heptagonal, obtusely cuneiform above, and support
on each sloping face two proportionately large supra-radial plates, one above the
other, the upper face of the second one of which is excavated and its surface cica-
trized for the attachment of the true arms, while the summit arms arise from above
and are formed by the junction of the plates from the two adjacent rays. The first
interradial plates are moderately large, are truncated below the rest on the upper
truncated ends of the subradials, thereby separating the first radials of the adja-
cent rays from each other. Above the first interradials the plates are in arches of
three plates each for two or three transverse ranges with two and then one at the
top, except in a single lateral area where there is but two plates transversely.

The anal area is somewhat larger than the other areas, but the arrangement of
plates cannot be determined from excess of silicification. The inter-supraradial
areas are marked by two plates in each, situated one above the other, the second
oie having its upper end forming a part of the summit or dome of the crinoid.
The summit arms have been small but proportionately strong at the base, the ear-
lier series of plates only being reserved.

The surface of the plates has been elevated in the middle and perhaps ridged in
a stellate manner, but they are too small and too much weathered to allow of a per-
fect determination of this feature. The centre of the radial series is elevated so as
to form a distinctly marked ridge traversing the series from and above the third
radial; while the first and second radials bear short obtusely rounded spines, of a
length somewhat greater than the diameter of the plate. The spines of the first
radials project outward and downward at an angle of nearly forty-five degrees to the
line of the base, while those of the second radials are a little inclined below a hori-
zontal.

448 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

I had at first described this as a distinct species from the New York
form, on account of the less depressed interradial areas, but on more
critical comparison have decided that this may be only an individual dif-
ference. It agrees so nearly in all the details of structure in the perma-
nent features of the crinoid, that it does not seem possible to point out
any distinguishing features that can be called specific. It is true that in
the details of the true and the summit arms there may have been distin-
guishing characteristics, but in their absence I should prefer not to name
it as a different species from that one.

formation and Locauty—In limestone above the ‘“ Bone-bed,” at
Smith and Price’s quarries, near Columbus, Ohio. Hyatt Brothers, col-
lectors.

MOLLUSCOIDEA.
BRACHIOPODA.
Genus SPIRIFERA Sowerby.
Spirifera ziczac.

PLATE VII, fig. 13.

bo

Dethyris ziczac Hall, Geol. Rept. 4th Dist. N. Y., 1848, p. 200, fig. 5.
Spirifera ziczac Hall, Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 222, pl. 38, figs. 15-23.

The specimens of this species recognized in Ohio are in a very imper-
fect condition, being single valves preserved in a limestone matrix, and
consequently much exfoliated when detached from the rock. Enough,
however, remains to show the strongly lamellose structure of the surface,
which together with the form of the shell and the mesial rib in the bot-
tom of the sinus of the ventral valve is sufficient to fully characterize
them as belonging to this species.

The form of the ventral valve is somewhat triangular, much wider
than high, the beak somewhat prominent and extended beyond the line
of the hinge; body of the valve ventricose and strongly arcuate, with a
deep, moderately wide mesial sinus, the bottom of which is occupied by
a slightly elevated rib, corresponding to the depression in the fold of the
dorsal side; from eight to ten angular ribs occupy each side of the valve;
cardinal area moderately high and incurved, foramen nearly as wide as
high. Surface of the shell marked by strong, concentric, lamellose
lines.

Formation and Locality—In the blue limestone layers above the
““fish-beds ” at Delaware, Ohio.

PALEONTOLOGY. 449

MOLLUSCA.
LTAMELLIBRANCHIATA.
Genus PITERINEA Goldfuss. |
Pterinea flabella.

Prate VII, fig. 17.

vicula flabella Conrad, Jour. Acad, Nat. Sci. Phila., Ist series, vol. 8, p. 238, pl. 12,
fig. 8. ‘
Avicula flabella (Conrad), Vanux., Geol. Rept. 3d Dist. N. Y., 1842, p. 152, fig. 3.

Sheil obliquely subrhombic including the wings, or the body of the valves
alone obliquely ovate, largest below. Hinge line straight, generally pretty long,
especially on the posterior side, the wing on this side usually extending backward
as far as the posterior extremity of the body of the shell, and sometimes even be-
yond that point; but always distinctly separated from it by a broad, more or less
deep, rounded sinus; leaving the wing of a triangular form, with the extremity
sometimes rounded but often pointed or even mucronate. Anterior wing on the
left valve much smaller, but still well developed, rounded on the margin, sloping on
the cardinal border, and separated from the body of the shell by a broad, often deep,
rounded channel, which gradually widens with the growth of the shell. Body of
the left valves highly convex, and often with an abrupt cardinal slope much straight-
ened beyond the middle of the length. Beak large, tumid, projecting somewhat be-
yond the cardinal border, and placed at about one-third or less than one-third of
the entire length of the cardinal line from the anterior extremity; anterior border
of the valve rounding backward from a little below the sinus of the anterior wing,
and usually forming a nearly regular curve to beyond the middle of the valve be-
fore beginning the upward curvature of the posterior portion. Posterior extremity
of the valve subangular at the point of greatest length. Surface of the left valve
marked by several strong, distinct, radiating coste, varying in number on different
individuals but usually ten or twelve; those making the centre of the valve and on
the umbonal slope being nearly straight in their direction from the beak to the base
of the shell; while those nearer the anterior end become more and more curved in
their direction as they approach the margin. From three to five intermediate coste
occupy the usually slightly concave but often flattened interspaces. The entire sur-
face of the valve is often marked by more or less strongly marked concentric lines
of growth, which in crossing the stronger radii often form lamellose projections on
their surface when perfectly preserved, but are usually represented by small knotty
prominences as commonly seen. The posterior wing is often marked by indistinct
radiating lines, though not uncommonly these are entirely obsolete, and the con-
centric lines are strongly marked. The right valve of this shell is very slightly
concave, proportionately smaller than the left, with the radiating lines much sub-
dued, and the concentric lines not so elevated or knotty.

The specimens of this species observed from the rocks above the
“ Bone-bed,” in Ohio, have been left valves mostly. I havea recollection,
however, of having seen one slab in the Ohio State Collection, at Colum-
bus, which contained the impression of one right and one left valve, pos-
sessing the usual features of the species common in the Hamilton rocks
of New York; and which was said to be from layers above the “ Bone-
bed.” ‘The specimen figured on Plate XII, fig. 17, is from this horizon,
and presents all the features common to the New York Hamilton forms,
including the great gibbosity of the left valve. In the Upper Helder-

29 G. O.

450 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

berg limestones of New York few representatives of this species have
been recognized, and those present a coarser, ruder form than the Hamil-
ton group specimens; and specimens from the limestones from below the
“ Bone-bed,” near Columbus, are not uncommon, but are very large, very
coarse, and rude in character, having but a distant resemblance to the
typical forms of the species. These I strongly suspect are properly a
distinct species, but the examples thus far obtained have been of so im-
perfect a character as not to furnish characters sufficiently marked to
determine this question.

formation and Locality.—In rocks above the “ Bone-bed;” horizon
known as the “ Petroleum Rock,” in Tully township, Marion county, Ohio,
The specimen figured is from the State collection at Columbus, and was
collected by Rev. Mr. Herzer.

Genus ACTINODESMA Sandb.

Actinodesma suorecta.
PLATE VII, fig. 20.
Actinodesma subrecta Whitf., Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 1882, p. 215.

Shell of moderate size; the body of the shell, exclusive of the wings and
hinge extensions, ovate in outline, and slighly oblique to the cardinal line. Hinge-
line extended in the form of strong articulations or wings on the sides of the shell;
the upper margin straight, or a little declining on each side of the beak; anterior
wing short, triangular. and divided from the body of the shell by a deep and wide
sub-triangular notch; posterior side long and sub-mucronate at the extremity,
three to three and a half times long as the anterior side, and its area much greater,
extending along the body of the valve to nearly half its length from the beak.
Body of the left valve more than moderately convex, and strongly arcuate or bent
between the beak and base of the shell; so that when placed on a flat surface, the
margin, especially on the posterior side, would be much elevated above the plane.
Beak of the valve large, sub-tumid, and slightly extended above the cardinal line.
Length of the body of the shell, from the cardinal line to the base, about one-fifth
greater than across it in the opposite direction. Anterior border broadly rounded,
the basal margin more sharply so, with a slight angularity at its junction with the
nearly direct posterior border. Surface of the shell marked by irregular, concentric,
strongly lamellose lines, resembling those of the oyster. Right valve not yet
observed from Ohio.

The species is allied to 4. recta—Avicula recta Conrad, but is shorter,
more ventricose on the left side, more arcuate or bent, and with
less extended wings. It is not an uncommon species in the soft
shales of the Hamilton group of New York, where it is readily
recognized from A. vecta by the above mentioned characters. The 4.
recta is most common in the arenaceous beds of eastern New York, while
this is the prevailing form among the soft shales further west. The right
valve is there recognized as being shorter than the left, concave instead
of convex, with an appressed beak or umbo not extending beyond the
cardinal line, and the valve is much thinner in its substance.

Formation and Locality —In layers of brownish limestone above the
“Bone-bed,” at Fishinger’s mill, Franklin County, Ohio. Collected by
the Hyatt brothers, of the Sate University at Columbus.

PALEONTOLOGY. 451

Genus NYASSA H. & W.

Preliminary Notice of Lamellibranchiata shells of the Upper Helderberg Hamilton
and Chemung Groups, etc., Albany, N. Y. 1869, p. 28 (generic description
omitted) :—Whitf. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 1882, p. 216.

Shells bivalve, very oblique and transversely ovate in form. Posterior hinge-
plate narrow, bearing from one to four long, slender, ridge-like teeth. Anterior
plate broad, marked by numerous small point-like teeth with intermediate depres-
Sions, arranged somewhat radiating from the middle of its inner border. Adductor
muscles two, one at each extremity. Pallial line entire. Ligament internal. Type,
NV. arguia. Name, mythological. Geological range, so far as known, Devonian.
Family relations apparently near Wegalomus Hall, and Megalodon Sowerby.

Nyassa arguta.

PLATE VII, fig. 18.

Nvassa arguta H. and W. Prelim. Notice of the Lamellib. Shells of the Upper
Held., Hamilton and Chemung Groups, etc., Albany, N. Y., Dec. 1869, p. 28;—
Whitf., Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 1882, p. 216.

Shell of medium size, transversely sub-ovate or sub-trapezodial, much longer
thanhigh. Valves moderately ventricose, most prominent along the umbonal ridge,
which is stronly arcuate and sub-angular. Beaks rather small and appressed, slightly
jneurved, and situated near the anterior end. Surface of the valve generally de-
c.ining from the umbonal ridge to the basal line, and with a slight sinus or sulcus
below the ridge, which gradually widens toward the margin of the shell, where it .
causes a broad, but not marked, emargination in the border of the shell. Cardinal
slcpe narrow and abrupt; hinge-line arcuate; posterior end of the shell narrowed;
anterior end broad, rounded, and slightly excavated below the beaks.

Surface of the shell marked by concentric iines of growth parallel to the mar-
gin of the valve, and often forming rather strong, irregular varices, most distinctly
marked on the anterior half of the shell.

The Ohio specimens, although preserved in an entirely different
matrix, are yet such exact counterparts of the New York shells that no
question can exist of their positive identity.

Formation and Locality—In limestone above the “Bone-bed” in
Tully township, Marion County, Ohio. The specimen figured is from
the State Cabinet at the State University, Columbus, Ohio.

Genus GRAMMYSIA DeVern.
Granmysia bisulcata.

PLATE VII, fig. 19.

Pholadomya ano-nala Goldf. Pet. Germanica, p. 272, pl. 157, fig. 9.

Pterinea bisu/cata Conrad, Ann. Rept. Geol. Surv. N. Y., 1838, p. 16.

Cypricardites bisculcata Conrad, Ann. Rept. Geol. Surv. N. Y., 1841, p. 52.

Grammysia Hamiltonensis DeVern., Bul. Geol. Soc., France, 2d Series, vol. 4, p. 696,
1847.

Cardinia Hamiltonensis DeOrb., Prod. Palzoun., vol. 1, p. 76, 1850.

Grammysia bisculcata Conrad, H. and W. Prelim. Notice Lamellib. Shell of the Up.
Held. Hamilton and Chemung Groups. Published as ext. from Rept. State
Cab., Dec. 1869. (Anonymously.)

452 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

Specimens of this species, presenting all the specific features of the
typical forms from the Hamilton beds of New York, are found at Fish-
inger’s Mills, and at Scioto Station, in beds of limestone above the
‘““Bone-bed.”

The general form is transversely elliptical, a little more than half as
long again as high, the valves usually compressed somewhat in the direc-
tion of bedding, but still moderately convex and extremely Unio-like in
their general expression. The body of the valves is marked by the
characteristic oblique rib and furrow passing from the beak to the postero-
basal margin, somewhat modifying its border; also by numerous concen-
tric folds or wrinkles parallel to the margin of the shell, and marking
stages of growth. These wrinkles are usually well marked on the ante-
rior end of the shells, and become faintly marked or obsolete posterior to
the oblique furrow, and on the rather wide posterior cardinal slope. The
hinge-line is nearly straight and shorter than the length of the shell be-
hind the beaks, causing an oblique truncation of the posterior end above
the longest point of the valve. Beaks large, tumid, situated well forward
on the valves and enrolled. The oblique ridge is generally more or less
nodose from the crossing of the concentric folds of the shell.

This species has always been considered a very characteristic and
well-marked Hamilton type; and its occurrence in layers above the horizon
of the ‘‘ Bone-bed,” and not below, is very significant.

FOSSILS OF THE ERIE SHALES.

There appears to be no question regarding the equivalence of the
Erie shales of Ohio with the Portage and Chemung groups of New York,
and the palceontological features of these latter formations are so well
known, and so marked, that there ought to be no doubt as to their geo-
logical position. Their stratigraphical relations also to the Catskill group,
the American equivalents of the Old Red Sandstone of England, which
is considered as typical Devonian, would apparently leave no doubt as to
their place in the geological record, or to the zoological age to which they-
should be referred. From these considerations I have considered
the following fossils from the Erie shales, as of Devonian age, an opinion
for which I alone may beheld responsible. The group, taken as a whole,
are of special interest on account of the Crustaceans; while the other
forms associated with them are sufficiently characteristic to show their
stratigraphical relations.

MOLLUSCOIDA.
Genus DISCINA Lamarck.
Discina humilis.
PLATE VIII, figs. 1 and 2.
Discina humilis Hall, Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 16, pl. 2, fig. 18. :

A crushed and fragmentary specimen of this species, but quite too

imperfect for illustration, has been detected in one of the nodules from

PALEONTOLOGY. 453

the Erie shale at Leroy, Lake county, Ohio. ‘The shell shows it to have
been circular, nearly discoid in form, with the surface covered by distant
elevated lides or ridges, and corresponds in all respects, as far as can be
seen on the specimen, to those from the Marcellus shale and Hamilton
beds of New York.

Genus ORTHIS Dalman.

Orthis tioga.
PLATE VIII, fig. 3.
Orthis tioga Hall, Pal. N. Y., vol. 4, p. 59, pl. 8, figs. 20-29.

Among the concretionary nodules of the Erie shale from Leroy,
Lake county, there is one which contains impressions, or casts, of sev-
eral valves of the above named species. The specimens are some-
what smaller than the general run of the New York Chemung
specimens, but otherwise cannot be distinguished from them. The
most entire ones are dorsal valves, and are moderately convex, with a
decided mesial sinus. The form is transversely oval or elliptical, with a
short cardinal area and small depressed beak; the strice are rather coarse,
frequently bifurcated and much recurved on the cardinal margins and
slopes, many of them running off on the cardinal border. Muscular
scars large and sub-flabellate, all the features being the same as the typi-
cal forms of the species, modified only in size.

Genus PALZHONEILO H. and W.

Preliminary Notice of Lamellib. Shells of the Upper Held., Hamilton and Che- _
mung groups, etc., N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., Dec., 1869, p. 6.

Paleonetlo simtlts.
PLATE VIII, figs. 4 and 5.
Paleonetlo similis Whitf., Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 1882, p. 217.

Shell oblong, with nearly equally rounded extremities, and almost parallel
dorsal and ventral margins. Anterior end short, alittle narrower than the body of .
the shell, resulting from the constriction below the beaks. Posterior end rounded
with a sligkt oblique truncation below the middle of the height, corresponding tu
the very shallow umbonal sulcus of the valves. Beaks situated within the anterior
third of the length of the shell, small and unrolled. Valves ventricose, most prom-
inent just below the umbones, and slightly sulcated along the posterior slope.
The surface of the shell, so far as can be determined from the matrix, has been
smooth or without visible markings. On the internal cast, the condition in which
specimens are found, the muscular imprints are faintly marked—the pedal muscles
being the most distinct.

The species is closely related to P. (Leda) Barrist White and Whitf.,
Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 8, p. 298 (Palgonetlo Barrist (W. and
W.), H. & W., Prelim. Notice of Lam. Shells of the Up. Held., Ham-
ilton and Chemung groups, etc.), but has been somewhat more nearly
parallel on the margins, and has a smoother shell.

Formation and Locality.—In calcareous concretions of the Erie shale,
at Leroy, Lake county, Ohio, accompanying the fossil entomostracan
from the same locality (next described.)

454 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

CRUSTACAEA.

PEW Aye OR OWING

In the 16th Rept. State Cab. New York there is represented a
peculiar bivalve crustacean from the Hamilton group of that State, under
the name of Ceratiocaris punctata; and in the Illustrations of Devonian
Fossils, Plate, XXIII, fig. 7, Section Crustacea, it is repeated under the
name Ceratiocaris ( Aristozoe) punctata. Among the fossils of the Erie
shales of Leroy, Lake county, Ohio, similar forms have been detected,
but specifically distinct from the New York forms: Others, not yet de-
scribed, have been observed from the Hamilton and Chemung groups of
New York. ‘The Ohio species here given, together with the Macrurian
decapod and the following observations on the genera with but slight
modifications, were published inthe Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts for January,
1880, as preliminary to this report. :

The fossils in question differ from the true types of Ceratiocaris in

so many particulars, and to so great an extent, that it is quite impossible ©

to include them under that genus. The reference to Aristozoe Barr, is
however, still more erroneous, as the forms to which that name is
applied by its author are true Ostracods, having all their parts con-
cealed within the carapace, as in Leperditia and its allies; while the
forms under consideration are provided with a bivalve, or at least a two-
sided carapace, which incloses the thoracic portions; while the abdomen

and caudal parts are naked, or not inclosed within this covering, and are
" more properly classed among the Phyllopods.

That this latter character, the naked abdomen and caudal plate, per-
tains to these organisms, is abundantly proven by the Ohio specimens
now under consideration. ‘The fossils are found inclosed in small con-
cretions; and there would be but little chance for specimens or parts of
specimens of different species, or less likely of parts of individuals of
distinctly related generic forms, to be inclosed in the same small con-
cretion; so we may safely conclude, that, where parts or fragments of
individuals of corresponding size are found in the same concretion, they
are parts of one individual or at most, of the same species. In the con-
cretions in question, there are two examples where parts of the naked
abdomen and caudal plate with its accompanying spines, are imbedded in
the concretion together with the carapace which I have classed as of the
same species. This I consider as ample proof that the parts belong to
the one individual; and that the animal of which they are the remains,
was provided with a naked body and spinose caudal appendage as in
Ceratiocaris. It is also, stated in the Illust. Dev. Foss., that one specimen
resembling C. punctata, has been found with a body similar to that called
C. armata attached to the carapace, showing their individual relations.

The several species above mentioned, while differing greatly from
Ceratiocaris, possess features in common which at once characterize

PALEONTOLOGY. 455

them as a natural group, sufficiently marked to be readily distinguished.
I therefore propose to recognize them as a distinct genus under the gen-
eric name HCHINOCARIS, possessing the following characters:

Genus ECHINOCARIS Whitf.
Echinocaris Whitfield, Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 3d series, vol. 19, p. 34, 1880.

Carapace bivalve, valves subovate in outline; united on the dorsal margin by a
straight hinge; the anterior, basal and posterior margins rounded, and generally
more or less produced posteriorly. Surface of the valves marked by a more or less
distinctly elevated, curved, longitudinal ridge, centrally or subcentrally situated;
also by one or more (usually three) vertical ridges, or ridge-like nodes, extending
from the hinge-line on the body of the valve, and usually situated anterior to the
middle of the length. Abdomen naked, composed of several segments (four
known) and a caudal plate, which is produced into an elongated spine with a lat-
eral, movable spine on each side. Posterior margin of the abdominal segments
bearing spines on the now known species.

Type Echinocaris sublevis Whitf.

Among the genera now known and referred to of the Ceratiocaride
there are several distinct types of structure, indicated by the features of
the carapace alone, independent of the changes which take place in the
abdominal segments and in the caudal spine and appendages. ‘The fol-
lowing synopsis of some of their characters may serve to illustrate their
peculiarities and to show more distinctly the relations which ECHINo-
CARIS bears to other known genera:

Ist Section: Carapace more or less elongated, witha straight or slightly arched
dorsal line; anterior end sharply rounded or pointed (rostrate); posterior end
truncate; sides convex, smooth or simply striate, sometimes marked by a simple
ocular node near the antero-dorsal margin; no ridges or other nodes. Ceratiocaris
McCoy, 1849; Caryocaris Salter, 1862; Mymenocaris Salter, 1852; Solenocarts
Meek, 1872; (?) Colpocaris Meek, 1872. The last somewhat questionable in char.
acter.

2d Section: Carapace similar in form to that of Sect. 1, with the posterio-
basal angles produced into spines, and the surface with longitudinal ridges-
Dithyrocaris Scouler (= Argas Scouler).

3d Section: Carapace rounded at both extremities, elongate-elliptical or
elongate-ovate in form with a straight dorsal margin; surface concentrically
striate, no nodes or ridges. Lingulocarts Salter, 1866.

4th Section: Carapace triangular, dorsal margin straight; surface punctate or
reticulate, and concentrically striated (growth lines ?). Dctyocaris Salter, 1860.

5th Section: Carapace suboval or subovate with a straight hinge-line; sur-
face marked with longitudinal ridges or representative nodes and ridges. Surface
of parts smooth, punctate or pustulose. Hchimocaris new gen.

6th Section: Carapace broadly oval or ovate, no straight cardinal line, con-
sequently no hinge, anterior end rostrated or beaked, surface destitute of nodes or
ridges. Physocarts Salter, 1860.

7th Section: Carapace composed of three pieces, or apparently of three; two
of which are semi-circular, with the anterior end of each obliquely truncate, form-
ing when the two are united, an anterior triangular notch into which the third or
rostral plate is inserted. Surface concentrically marked by growth lines; no nodes
or ridges. Peltocaris Salter, 1866; Discinocaris Woodward, 1866; Aptichopsis Bar-
rande, 1872; Pterocaris Barrande, 1872 (not Heller, 1862).

456 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

It will be readily seen from the above synopsis that Lchznocarts
differs materially in the features of the carapace from all the other
genera enumerated. The features of the abdomen and caudal parts are
not as reliable, but are somewhat distinctive as may be seen by the fol-
lowing table of compatison. (A mark of interrogation indicates that
the parts are unknown or only partially known.)

Genus Ceratiocaris, abdominal se_ments 5 or 6, smooth, caudal spines 3.
Dithyrocaris, J
Hymenocaris, 8
Dictyocaris, 6
Physocaris, if ‘ 5)
4
4
3

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Echinocaris,
Discinocaris,
Peltocaris,
Caryocaris,
Lingulocaris,
Colpocaris,

be Solenocaris,
Aptychopsis,

Oy OS UE ea

The number of segments here allotted to any given genus indicates
the maximum number of naked segments known; some of them con-
tain species having a smaller number, and in some a much greater num-
ber exists, some of which are concealed within the carapace. Thus
Ceratiocaris is known to possess in one species fourteen segments in the
abdomen, only six of which are naked.

The genus Dithyrocaris McCoy, is described as having three longi-
tudinal ridges. This feature is seen only when the two valves are
pressed open as in McCoy’s example, so as to present the appearance of
one large plate; in which case the hinge line forms the middle ridge.

‘The third or rostral plate in Peltocaris, Caryocaris, Discinocaris and
Aptychopsis would ap; ear to be quite analogous to the small rostral plate
seen in Ceradzocaris, and supposed to exist in Dithyrocaris, and perhaps
some others, but which is usually absent. It is possible many of the
forms may have possessed this rostral plate, at least among those that
are deeply notched in front when the valves are spread open. In this
case they would as properly be considered as having three plates in the
carapace as those grouped under section 7. The forms of this section are
usually found with the carapace spread open on the rock, and are then
circular and discoid, but when in their natural position would have been
more or less roof-shaped.

Colpocaris Meek presents some features that raise a question as to
its true affinities. The longitudinal crenulated line and the inflection of
the supposed ventral border do not seem to be property understood; and
I am of the opinion they may belong to a different group of Crustaceans.

-"

PALEONTOLOGY. 457

E:chinocarts sublevts.

; PLATE VIII, figs. 12-14.
Echinocarts sublevis Whitfield, Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 3d series, vol. 19, p. 36, 1880.

Carapace obliquely subovate in general outline, the height equal to two-thirds
the length, widest and deepest behind the middle, the posterior portion projecting
obliquely backwards and downwards beyond the extremity of the hinge-line.
dorsal-line straight, forming a hinge-line two-thirds the length of the valve; outer
margin of the valves, except on the dorsum, bordered by a narrow, slightly raised
and thickened rim; anterior border nearly vertical from the extremity of the dor-
sal line, for about one-half the width of the valve, except a very slight rounding
backward to the hinge-line above ; below it slopes abruptly backward to and along
the basal line, and again more abruptly curving around the posterior end of the
valve and forward to the extremity of the cardinal line; below which it is distinctly
excavated. The portion of the valve which projects beyond the hinge is nearly or
quite equal to one-third the length of the valve. Surface of the valves convex, and
marked by ridges and tubercles. The principal ridge commences at about the an-
terior third of the valve, and just above the middle, as an elevated, rounded, and
nearly vertical ridge; but soon bends somewhat abruptly, and is directed backward
in a broad, sweeping curve, at less than one-third of the height of the valve from
the lower margin, and gradually decreasing in strength terminates a little within
the margin opposite the longest part of the valve. A second and slightly stronger
ridge rises from just behind the middle of the length of the hinge, and descends
with a gentle forward curvature, terminates near the upper anterior end of the first
one. The anterior or principal tubercle is large and distinct, and situated near the
antero-dorsal angle of the valve, occupying the greater part of the space between
the front margin and the two ridges just described. Between this and the second
ridge the surface is elevated, forming a low tubercle. The surface of the anterior
tubercle is occupied by several small but distinct pustules, and the entire surface of
the valve covered by a minutely granulose structure.

Abdomen apparently consisting of four free segments; the first one being
short and much thicker than the others on the anterior end, but rapidly narrowed
posteriorly; the posterior margin being armed with several small spine-like tuber-
cles. The other three segments are shorter than wide, gradually decreasing in
strength and increasing in length backwards, the first of the three being appar-
ently less than half as long as wide, their posterior margins all spine bearing; a
long curved lateral spine on each side, with three short ones between, and all in-
creasing in length backwards from the first or anterior segment.

Telson proportionally large, of a general triangular form, but slightly pro-
truding at the origin of the movable spines, and projecting behind into a long,
slender, and apparently cylindrical spine, making the telson with its spine about as
long as the four free segments together. Lateral spines cylindrical, very gently
curved, and standing at an angle of about forty-five degrees to the central spine,
Surface of the telson highly convex and somewhat angular at the origin of the
spine. Surface of the crust of the abdomen smooth.

This species is closely allied in the form of the carapace to Z. punc-
fata Hall (16th Rep. State Cab. N. Y., p. 74, plate 8, fig. 1); but differs
in the form of the nodes and ridges, and in the surface structure, also in
wanting the projection at the posterior end of the hinge; if this feature
is natural on that specimen. It is probable that the abdomen and telson
figured on the same plate under the name Ceratiocaris armata, belong to
the same species as the carapace of Z. punctata, as suggested by Prof.

ny 2

458 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

Hall in the explanation of plate 25, section Crustacea, Illust. Dev. Fos-
sils, and if so, the distinction between these parts of the two species is-
much more marked than between the carapaces.

formation and Local y—In small calcareous concretions in the
Erie shales (Portage and Chemung) at Leroy, Lake county, Ohio. ©

Lchinocarts pustulosa.
PLATE VIII, fig. 15.

Echinocaris pustulosa Whitefield, Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 3d series, vol. 19, p. 38,
- 1880.

Carapace ovate, widest anterior to the middle, the greatest height equal to
three-fourths of the length, hinge-line straight, rather more than half as long as
the valve, while nearly one-third the length of the valve projects behind its ex-
tremity. Margin of the valve bordered by a narrow, thickened rim. Anterior end
of the valve slightly excavated below the hinge extremity, and the margin broadly
rounded in front; posterior end more pointed, while the basal line is broadly and
evenly curved. At the posterior end of the hinge the margin is also slightly con-
stricted as in front. Surface of the valve convex and marked by the characteristic
nodes or ridges. The principal ridge commences in an oval node, which is situated
just within the anterior third of the length of the valve; is placed vertically, just
above the middle of the height; and the horizontal position, which is sharply
elevated and slightly curved, is situated almost in the middle of the width, and
terminates a little less than one-fourth of the length from the posterior extremity.
The second ridge commences at the hinge-line near the middle of its length, and
descends with a slightly forward direction to within a very short distance of the top
of the vertical portion of the principal ridge. The anterior ridge, corresponding
* to the anterior node or tubercle of 4. swb/evis, is narrow and vertical; of a slightly
sigmoid form, aud originates near the anterior extremity of the hinge-line; the
lower end reaching more than oue-third the depth of the valve. The surface of the
ridges and of the valve in the postero-dorsal field, as also of the space be ow the
principal horizontal ridge, is marked by correspondingly large and distinct pustules.
Abdomen and telson unknown.

This species differs from C. swé/evis in its sightly broader form, and
in the want of the obliquity of the axis of the valve with the hinge; in
the narrower posterior extremity, the pustulose surface, and in the form
of the surface ridges; most notably in the anterior one being ridge-like
and vertically sigmoid instead of round. ‘The individual used in descrip-
tion is half an inch in length and three-eighths of an inch in its greatest
height.

Formation and Locality.—In calcareous concretions in the Erie
shales, at Leroy, Lake county, Ohio.

Echinocaris multinodosa.

PLATE VIII, fig. 16.
Echinocaris multinodosa Whitefield, Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 3d series, vol, 19, p.
38, 1880.

Carapace elongate-subovate, about twice as long as high, rounded in front and Mer:
somewhat pointed behind; the basal-line straightened along the middle portion and
parallel to the hinge-line; cardinal line straight and nearly half as long as the

PALEONTOLOGY. 459

length of the valve, and a little nearer the anterior than to the posterior end of the
carapace. Margin of the valves bordered by a narrow, elevated, thickened rim,
which is expanded considerably in width around the anterior end of the valve, and
terminates in a rounded, elongated ridge at the posterior extremity of the hinge;.
from which point the ridge is directed obliquely forward and slightly downward
from the caudal line. The surface of each valve is divided into three slightly
elevated areas, with depressed sulci between; an anterior, a central, and a posterior
one. The first is situated in the middle of the anterior end of the shell; the cen-
tral one unites with the anterior one below, and extends along the basal margin be-
hind, in a narrow curved point below the posterior one, and projects upward near
the centre of the valve in a triangular form, terminating in an elevated point just
above the median line. The posterior and largest area is ovate in form, and occu-
pies a little less than one-half the length of the shell, is narrowed in front and
pointed behind, taking the form of the extremity of the shell. The centre of the
anterior areais slightly tumid. Along the hinge-line and just below its margin
there are three sub-angular tubercles or nodes, at nearly equal distances and of
nearly equal strength, except that the posterior one is prolonged at its base into a
low, rounded, and slightly curved elevation, which extends to near the point of the
central raised area before mentioned. These three nodes, together with the
oblique ridge-iike one terminating the marginal rim, border the hinge-line on each
valve. General surface of the valve finely punctate, but most distinctly so on the
posterior field.

The elongated form of the carapace readily distinguished this from
any of the other species described, while the number of node-like ridges.
is a very marked feature. The abdomen and telson of this species have
not been observed, although several imperfect carapaces, mostly showing
parts of both valves, have been obtained.

Formation and Locality—In calcareous concretions in the Erie
Shales, at Leroy, Lake county, Ohio.

DECAPODA.

Associated with the specimens of Entomostraca, described from the
concretions of the Krie shales of Ohio, are the remains of a Macrouran
Decapod, which appears to differ so much from any described genus as
to make undesirable to refer it to any of them. One of the peculiarities
consists in the possession of a pair of very strong antennal appendages,
which projects from beneath the anterior end of the thoracic carapace,
and are of such size and strength as to raise considerable doubt as to
their true nature. "The existence of five thoracic limbs, exclusive of -
these, projecting from beneath the carapace on one side would seem to
place their pedal nature out of the question; while their great develop-
ment as seen on the specimen would indicate that they had served some
purpose other than simple antennze, and to raise the question as to the
possibility of their having been chelate at their extremities. As only
the basal portions of these organs are represented, however, this question
cannot be satisfactorily determined. Having had an opportunity of con-
sulting Dr. A. S. Packard, Jr., in regard to them, he gave as his opinion,
that from their position and the representation of the other five pairs of

460 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

thoracic members without them, they could not be other than antennal
in their functions, notwithstanding their great size and anomalous char-
acter. ‘Taking this view of their nature, the specimen would conform
strictly to the type of Macrouran Decapods.

In its generic relations, as well as in its general expression, the speci-
men resembles most nearly the genus Pygocephalus of Prof. Huxley,
first given in the Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, vol. 15, p. 363, 1857,
with figures and descriptions of three specimens, under the name ?.
Cocpert. Neither the genus or the species were well characterized at
that time. It is however again referred to in vol. 18, p. 420, of the same
journal, with a figure of a specimen supposed to be of the same species,
much better preserved, from the coal shales at Paisley. There are how-
ever, too many limbs represented as originating from the thorax fora
Decapod, and the antennee, although represented as of large size are not
like those of the Ohio specimen, while there is a second pair shown. In
other parts the figure is indistinct, and in the description the parts are
not defined sufficiently for close comparison. ‘The differences, however,
are so great that I shall propose for this form the new generic name
PALAOPALHMON, with the following diagnosis:

Genus PALAWOPALAWMON Whitfield.
Am. Jour. Arts and Sci., 3d series, vol. 19, p. 40, 1880.

A marouran decdpod crustacean, having a shrimp-like body, with a thoracic |
carapace narrowed but not rostrate in front, and keeled on the back and sides.
Abdomen of six segments terminated by an elongated triangular and pointed telson;
segments arched, pleura smooth, not expanded nor lobed, their extremities rounded.
Sixth segment bearing caudal flaps, one on each side, composed of five visible ele-
ments, the outer four apparently anchylosed to form a single large triangular plate
on each side of the telson. Thoracic ambulatory appendages elongated, smooth,
and filiform, except the upper (second) joint, which is laterally compressed. Abdom-
inal appendages short, the upper joints flattened or convex anteriorly, as if for the
attachment of plates or fimbriz. Antennze with the basal joints strong and well de-
veloped, of large size, much exceeding in strength any of the thoracic limbs. Eye
pedunc’es short.

This is so far as I am aware the most ancient decapod crustacean
yet recognized, and on that account alone is of great interest. The
character of the caudal plates, in having the parts combined to form a
solid plate on each side of the telson, is also an interesting feature, if
rightly understood. From the impression of the plate as seen on the
ventral side, it was at first supposed to be a simple element only, but on
obtaining an impression in the fragment of rock, chipped from the top
or dorsal surface, the obscure lines of the first and second joints were
detected, while the outer three are only traceable from the very slight
difference in the surface character of two of them, and the thickened
substance of the third or marginal one. Of the thoracic limbs only parts
have been seen, and of the abdominal members the three anterior ones
on one side; the others being concealed by the rock. ‘The eye-stalks ap-

PALEONTOLOGY. 461

pear to have been very short, judging from the spherical cavities beneath
the anterior extremity of the carapace, which are small, close together,
and shallow.

‘The earliest form of decapod crustacean previously described, so far
as I can ascertain, is given by Mr. Salter in the Quart. Jour, Geol. Soc.
London, vol. 17, p. 531, 1861, as Palgocrangon sociale; said to be from
the Lower Carboniferous limestone of Fifeshire, Scotland. ‘There is
another supposed decapod, Gztocrangon, noticed by Richter (Beitrage
Paleont. Thiring.) from the Upper Devonian. which is mentioned by
Salter; but of which he says he is doubtful if-it be a crustacean at all.
I have not seen the work in which the original description occurs, and
can only judge of its nature from Mr. Salter’s remarks.

Paleopalemon Newberry.

PLATE VIII, figs. 19-21.

Palzopalemon Newberryt Whitfield, Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 3d series, vol. 19,
p. 41, 1880.

Body slender, the carapace formizg a little more than one-third of the entire
length, higher than wide, narrowed anteriorly and truncate behind; being longer
below than abovel; median line carinate, with a second carina on each side a little
below the crest; anterior end not rostrate but obliquely truncate, and sloping
rapidly backward above the truncation, forming when looked upon in front, a nar-
row elongated shield shaped and slightly depressed area, obtusely pointed above
and rapidly widening at the base, the lateral carine rising from the lower angles;
lower posterior angles rounded, basal margins gently curved thoroughout and bor-
dered by a narrow thread-like band with a narrow groove within it. Abdomen
moderately robust, highly arched along the dorsal line, the plettra curving inward
below, giving a cylindrical form. Pleura broadly rounded at their extremities on
the anterior face, but slightly angular on the posterior corners; posterior margin
of the segments strongly arching forward on the back. Telson elongate-triangular,
a little less than twice as long as wide, somewhat angular above and marked by a
central ridge below, and by a backward curving transverse ridge across the widest
part. Caudal flap large, forming a triangular plate on each side, the first and
second joints short, subtriangular; marginal plate of the flap thickened, narrow,
and elongate, central plate narrowly triangular, a little longer than wide; third or
inner plate of equal length with the second, and a little wider than the marginal
one; the three combined as one, being apparently anchylosed at their margins to
form a solid piece. Antenne very strong, the first joint half as long as the thorax,
slightly swollen in their lower half, and fiattened on the under side; the other por-
tions unknown. Thoracic limbs very slender and only of moderate length, the
second joint laterally compressed, making the height nearly double the width.
other joints apparently cylindrical. Abdominal limbs known only by their second
(?) joints, which appear to be triangular in form, widening below, flattened and
plate-like in character or slightly convex on the anterior face. (In one case only
a single thread-like appendage can be seen as if projecting from the outer lower
angle.)

Surface of the carapace marked by very fine tortuous and interrupted, raised
lines, strongest anteriorly and running obliquely upward and backward; also by
a single, slender, distinct, raised ridge, extending more than one-fourth the length
of the carapace, orignating at the lower anterior angle, and passing upward and

462 ; GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

backward, with a bifurcation at the anterior third of its length. Surface of the
abdonien essentially smooth. Caudal flaps marked by impressed lines, increased in
number and fineness from above downwards.

The following species is introduced for comparison with Lchzno-
GHOSE

ENTOMOSTRACA.
Genus ARISTOZOE Barrande.
Aristozoe Canadensis 0. Sp.
PLATE VIII, figs. 17 and 18.

Carapace of large size, being more than one and a half inches in extreme
length, and nearly one inch in height. Form subovate, widest at the anterior end
and straightened on the dorsal margin. Hinge-line straight nearly five-sixths of
the entire length of the valve, and reaching nearer to the anterior than to the pos-
terior extremity. Valves very ventricose, but more especially so anterior to the
middle. Margin strong and rounded, separated from the body of the valve by a
distinct furrow, border narrow in front and along the base, but rapidly widening
at the posterior end, and again narrowed toward the posterior extremity of the
hinge. Anterior (occular?) tubercle large, more than one-fourth of an inch in
diameter, ovate in form, and narrowest in front, situated close in the antero-car-
dinal angle; its surface smooth, but capped by a smaller sub-central, nipple-like
tubercle. Behind the tubercle, and nearly two-fifths of the length from the ante-
rior end, there is a sharp vertical constriction of the surface, which extends from
the hinge to about one-half the width of the valve, where it becomes obsolete.
Posterior to this there are two other slight sulci, the anterior of which appears
to be slightly curved. Surface of the crust, so far as can be ascertained from the
specimen, smooth, except near the lower margin, where it is covered with distant,
rounded tubercles of about a twentieth of an inch in diameter each, arranged in
tnree horizontal rows, which decrease rapidly in length from below upward; the
upper one containing not more than one-half as many tubercles as the lower or
marginal line.

Formation and Locality—The. specimen is an internal cast, in a
rather coarse, slightly ferrugineous sandstone. It is said to have come
from the Trenton formation in the Ottawa basin of Canada, the exact
locality unknown. I introduced it here for comparison with the species —
of Echinocaris, under the impression that it had been described by the
late Mr. Billings, of the Canadian survey; but the strictest search has
failed to reveal any such description, and I have been obliged to give
it a name, notwithstanding the uncertainty of its origin.

SPECIES FROM THE HURON SHALES:

MOLLUSCOIDA.
BRACHIOPODA.
Genus LINGULA Brugiere.
Lingula ligea.
PLATE VII, figs. 3 and 4.
Lingula ligea Hall, Pal., N. Y., vol. 4, pp. 7 and 8, pl. 1, fig. 2.

Shell elongate-oval, widest in the middle, and nearly twice as long as wide,
very slightly pointed at the upper end and neatly rounded in front, surface of the

PALEONTOLOGY. . 463

valve regularly and evenly convex, and marked only by very fine concentric lines
of growth.

In the interior of the shell the median line is marked by an elevated
ridge, representing muscular scars, which reaches fully two-thirds the
length of the valve. The impression contains four elements, two above
and two below, the upper pair. inclosing the upper half of the lower.
Near the rostral extremity another widely diverging pair of scars are
seen, which also appear double.

The specimen is undistinguishable from examples of ZL. (D.) Agea
Hall, from New York, where it occurs in the Hamilton and Portage
groups. The median line of muscular scars and the diverging rostal
scars show that it belongs to the section of Lingulidee for which Prof.
Hall proposed the generic name Dignomza.

Formation and Locality.—In the calcareous nodules from the Huron
shales at Delaware, and also from the Erie shales, at Leroy, Lake
county, Ohio, with Achinocarts, etc.

Plumulites Newberryt.
PLATE VIII, figs. 6-11.
Plumulites Newberryi, Whitf., Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 1882, p. 217.

The specimens for which the above specific name is proposed, con-
sist of several detached plates, and of one of several plates, irregularly
folded together in such a manner as to be difficult of interpretation.
The several plates vary considerably in form among themselves, and
probably represent those from different parts of the body.

The general form of the plates is triangular, with the apex, or initial point
of growth, a little inclined to one side; the base, or margin of accretion, is usually
the longest side, but not in all cases. One set of plates has the shorter sides
diverging at nearly right angles. On this form, the basal line is convex for more
than two-thirds its length, and coucave on the remaining portion, giving a
sigmoidal outline; of the shorter sides, one is straight to near the apex, where it
becomes rounded, and the other is slightly concave. Another form has the shorter
sides diverging at an angle of about 105 degrees, one slightly convex and the other
concave; while the basal margin is convex in two sections, with a constriction or
interruption between the two sections, or at about one-third of its length from the
straight margin. The plates of this aud the preceding form have the surface reg-
ularly annulated transversely, parallel to the basal margin, the annulations very
fine, and regularly increasing in size and strength from the apex to the base, ex-
cept in aged specimens, where they are again crowded near the border: five un-
dulations may be counted in an eighth of an inch where strongest. These forms,
also, have the straight margin often fractured and bent, as if they had been broken
along that side; indicating that two such plates may have been united along this
line; and on the only individual showing several plates together, this would ap-
pear to be the case. A third form of plate is narrowly triangular or conical, the
basal border being the shortest, and simply convex; the other sides being slightly
curved thoroughout, but more distinctly so near the apex, which is obtusely
rounded; the lateral margins are of unequal length, and the annulations of the
surface finer and more closely arranged than on the other forms.

464 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

The individual specimens are much too few in number to give any
very satisfactory idea of the general form of the comp‘ete body, or of
the number of ranges of plates of which it may have been composed.
There appears to be no reason however, to doubt the correctness of the
reference of these plates to the geuus P/umulites Barrande, as their gen-
eral form and surface structure are exactly like those given by Dr.
Barrande, and also to those given in Vol. II, Pal. Ohio, pl. 4, figs. 1 and
2(P. James), as occurring in the rocks of the Hudson river group, at
Cincinnati; while some idea may be obtained of the probable form of
the entire body from the outline figure of a European species, repre-
sented in fig. 5 of the same plate. ‘These Devonian specimens, however,
have been of very much greater size than the above, as the plates here
figured are all represented of natural size, the larger individual plates
being more than an inch in transverse diameter, while the species above
referred to is minute. The occurrence of forms of this genus in rocks
of Devonian age is also a new feature in its history; as those of Europe
are confined to the Lower Silurian formations and the lower beds of the
Upper Silurian; while these occur above the middle Devonian.

Formation and Locality—In the Cleveland shale at Sheffield and
Birmingham, Erie county, Ohio.

PALEONTOLOGY. 465

SPECIES FROM THE MAXVILLE LIMESTONE, THE EQUIV-
ALENT OF THE ST. LOUIS AND CHESTER LIMESTONES
OF THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY.

CG@LENTERATA, RUGOSA.
CYATHOPHYLLIDA.
Genus ZAPHRENTIS Rafinesque.
Zaphrentis Cliffordana.
PLATE IX, figs. 1-3.

Zaphrentis Cliffordana Edwards and Haime, Polyp. Foss. Terrains Palzoz., p. 329,
pl. 3, fig. 6.

Corallum small, measuring from an inch to one inch anda half in height, with
a transverse diameter at the summit of from five-eighths to three-fourths of an inch;
somewhat regularly taperingand distinctly curved, without distinct varices of growth,
but showing slight corrugations of the surface in most individuals. Rays well de-
veloped, numbering from thirty to thirty-six in the primary series, with an equal,
number of secondaries which are much less strongly developed; the primary series
extending nearly or quite to the centre of the rather deep calyx. Transverse plates
strongly developed. Fosset situated on the inner side, strong, deep, and extending
to the middle of the calyx in the specimens seen. Epitheca thin, frequently show-
ing the lines of the rays impressed on its surface.

The species does not attain a very large size, but is a very common
form on the surface of the limestone, and is somewhat persistent in char-
acter, the greatest variation being in the somewhat more rapid expansion
of some examples. The specimens from Ohio accord quite closely with
that figured by the authors of the species as cited, and also with speci-
mens from the Chester limestone from several localities in the western
States, especially from Chester, Ils.

Formation and Locality.—In the Maxville limestone, at Maxville and
Newtonville, Ohio. I found them quite plentifulon the surfaces of blocks
of limestone, at Winona Furnace, obtained at Culver’s quarry, near Max-
ville. The originals of the species are cited from Button-mold Knobs,
near Louisville (Keokuk limestones); and from Mammoth Cave, Ky.
(Chester limestone).

Cyathocrinus Maxvillensis, 1. sp.
PLATE IX, figs. 5-8.
Cyathocrinus tnequidaciylus Whitf., Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 1882, p. 219.
Not C. tneguidactylus (McCoy) W. and Sp.

Body of rather small size. Calyx deep cyathiform, being nearly hemispherical
in one example, and somewhat broad obconical in another, and composed of smooth
plates, which have only the general convexity of the body, or very slightly tuberose.

30 G2©;:

466 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

Basal plates minute to moderate size, higher than wide. Subradials large; height
and width nearly equal; two of them heptagonal and the others hexagonal, the
lower sides barely divergiug from a straight line. First radials wider than high,and
about two-thirds as high as the subradials. Anals visible, threein number; the first
elongate pentagonal, nearly twice as high as wide, and situated a little obliquely on
the right side of the area; the other two are small and pentagonal. Second radials,
or first arm-plates, smaller than the first radials and narrowing upward, wedge-
formed above, and each supporting two arms. On the postero-lateral rays they are
long and cylindrical, with the arms slender. On the anterior ray, it is short and sup-
ports two slender arms; while on the antero-lateral rays they support a slender arm
similar to those of the other rays on the anterior side, and on the outer side an arm
several times larger and stronger than the others, and composed of larger and
stronger plates.

Plates of the arms short and unequal-sided, and giving origin to jointed tenta-
cule from the longer side of each plate, which is upon the alternate sides of the
arm, or on the same side from every second plate. Surface of the plates smooth.
Length of the arms and subsequent bifurcations not known. Column small, round,
and composed of unequal-sized plates alternating with each other.

The slender arms are preserved on two individuals to the length of about one
inch, and the strong antero-lateral arm onone, to more than an inch; but no evi-
dence of bifurcation appears.

The inequality of the antero-lateral arms will be the distinctive
feature of the species, as the form of calyx issimilar to many other

species of the group.
Formation and Locality—In the Maxville limestone (shaly portion ),

at Newtonville, Ohio.
BLASTOIDEA.
Genus PENTREMITES Say.

Pentremites elegans.

PLATE IX, fig. 4.

Pentremites elegans Lyon, trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, vol. 1, p. 632, pl. 20, fig. 4

Body small, broadly subpyriform, the length equal to about once and a half
the height, but somewhat variable with age; the greatest width being at the base of
the ambulacral areas, or considerable below the middle of the height ; the outline of
the lower portion being nearly straight lines, or a little concave between the base of
the ambulacral areas and the lower extremities of the basal plates; while above the
form is generally rounding or convex. In a basal view the form is pentangular, and
viewed from above somewhat pentalobate; the ambulacral areas being slightly sul
cated. Basal plates small, extending to rather less than half the height of the body
below the base of the areas, and in their lower half are somewhat more attenuate
than above, the cicatrix for the attachment of the column being very small. Forked
plates elongated, and the sinus very broad and deep; the length of the plates being
equal to more than once and a half their greatest width, and their summits slightly
truncated for the reception of the small-pointed interambulacral plates, which are
in length about equal to one-fourth of the entire length of the areas. Ambulacral
areas proportionally wide, distinctly depressed along their middle and composed, in
the specimen figured, of about twenty-six pairs of transverse poral-plates, from ten
to eleven of which occupy the space of an eighth of an inch in length, in the lower
and middle portions, but become shorter above. Summit openings rather large,
surface smooth.

PALEONTOLOGY. 467

The examples observed vary considerable in form according to their
relative age, the smaller ones being shorter above than figured, with nar-
rower areas and shorter poral plates, while the diameter is somewhat less.
The species is proportionally broader and shorter than P. pyrzformis Say)
although somewhat resembling it, but is sufficiently distinct to be readily
recognized.

Formation and Locality —Inthe Maxville limestone (Chester group),
at Newtonville, Ohio. Collection of Columbia College.

MOLLUSCOIDA.
BRYOZOA.
Genus POLYPORA McCoy.

Polypora Varsouvtensts?

5

2Polypora tarsouviensis Prout, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. i, p. 237, pl.
15, fig. 5.

Some macerated fragments of Polypora, very closely resembling this
species, have been examined on the surface of thin shaly layers of the
Maxville limestones, from Newtonville, Ohio. But the examples are too
much worn and too fragmentary for descriptionor illustration. A species
of Fenestelia has also been detected showing only the nonporiferous sur-
faces of fragments. The rays are very fine and slender, with slightly
elongated, quadrangular fenestrules. The rays are finely striate longitu-
dinally, but too imperfect for use or identification.

Synocladia rectistyla.
PLATE IX, figs. 9 and 10.
Svnocladia rectistyla Whitf., Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 1882, p. 220.

Bryozoum growing in spreading funnel-formed fronds, rising from a rooted
base and widely diverging in their upward growth; the inner surface of the cup
bearing pores. Rays straight and somewhat rigid in their upward direction, with
frequent bifurcations, which are not abrupt with rapidly diverging branches, but
rise gradually from a thickened space, and gradually diverge as slender but con-
stantly thickened rays until the normal strength is attained.

The rays are slender, rather closely arranged; about six of them occupying the
space of a fourth of an inch in the widest parts, and from eleven to twelve may be
counted in the same space in the most crowded parts.

Transverse dissepiments nearly as strong as the longitudinal rays, and often
slightly arched upwards between them in the wider parts, but more frequently di-
rected obliquely upward in passing in one ray to the next and very often directed
upward to the right from one side of a ray, and to the left on the opposite
side; but they are generally direct in the more crowded portions. The middle
of the ray on the poriferous surface is elevated or roof-like, with a central crest or
ridge bearing distant nodes; a single row of large pores is arranged on each side,
which are usually less than their own diameter apart, and more or less alternating
with those of the opposite side. From two to three pores occupy each side of each
fenestrule, and the pores are margined by an elevated lip, which on unworn spaces

468 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

are very prominent. From one to three similar pores, although sometimes of
smaller size, occupy the surface of each dissepiment. Non-poriferous surface not
observed.

This species is somewhat similar to S. dzserzalis Swallow (Trans. St.
Louis Acad. Sci., vol. i, p. 179), as identified and figured by Mr. F. B.
Meek (Final Rept. of U.S. Geol. Surv. Neb., pl. 7, fig. 5), but differs in
wanting the longitudinal nodose ridge between the pores of the dissepi-
ments, and in having only a single row of pores on those parts occupy-
ing the middle of the dissepiment as well as in the more slender, finer,
and more direct, and much more crowded rays, also in having a larger
number of somewhat smaller pores on the rays. Mr. Meek, oc. cit., iden-
tifies the above species with Syxocladia Cestriensis (Septipora Cestriensts
Prout, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. i, p. 448, pl. 18, fig. 2), which differs
from the Ohio specimens in the stronger and thicker, as well as more flexu-
ose rays; in the rounded fenestrules, and smaller-sized pores, which are also
more abundant, often showing three ranges on parts below bifurcations.
On direct comparison of the Newtonville specimens with specimens from
Chester, Ill., these differences, especially those pertaining to the mode
of growth, are very marked and characteristic.

formation and Locality—In the Maxville limestone (Chester), at New-
tonville, Ohio. Collected by Prof. E. B. Andrews.

BRACHIOPODA.
Genus STREPTORHYNCHUS King.
Streptorhynchus crassuii.
PLATE IX, figs. 11 and 12.

Flemipronites crassum M. and W.
Orthis Lasellensis McChesney, New Pai. Foss., 1859, p. 32, pl. i, fig. 6.

Shell very variable in size and form, but usually more or less plano-convex as
seen in profile, somewhat semi-ovai in outline, but usually a little too long from
beak to base to be strictly so considered. Ventral valve more or less flattened, a lit-
tle prominent on the umbo, but usually becoming slightly concave toward the front
of the shell; cardinal area of moderate height with a covered deltidium; beak more
or less distorted. Dorsal valve convex, often quite rotund, but usually depressed
convex, with a slightly prominent umbo. Surface of the shell marked by radiating
striz of considerable strength, which are sometimes sharply elevated and uniform,
but on other specimens may be distinctly alternating in strength or arranged in fas-
cicles; these are crossed by fine concentric striz which give a finely crenulated sur-
face when viewed through a lens. Coarser concentric undulations of growth also
mark the shell at irregular distances.

The individuals referred to this species are so extremely variable in
all their characters that it becomes next to impossible to properly charac-
terize the species by any kind of verbal description. There are, how~
ever, two distinct types of shell included among them, which possess
characters sufficiently distinct to indicate. One of these is strongly pla-
no-convex in profile, the dorsal valve being very highly convex, with a

PALEONTOLOGY. 469

large and strong beak, incurved; the ventral valve usually being dis-
tinctly concave toward the front margin, and the beak usually more er
less distorted and twisted. This form generally attains a considerable
size, occurring of a diameter of two andahalf orthree inches. The other
form is much smaller, seldom exceeding one and a half inches in its trans-
verse diameter; the shell is less convex, in fact never very highly rounded,
the cardinal area much narrower and the beak less liable to distortion.
These forms usually characterize different beds, and are easily recognized
from each other, but among them there are usually intermediate forms
associated, which tend to destroy the line of specific distinction, on which
account they are usually considered as varieties of the one species; al-
though there is not the least trouble in recognizing the different types in
well-marked specimens, still many individuals occur which cannot be
satisfactorily referred to either, rendering it impossible to strictly classify
‘hem, except as one species.

In placing this species under the genus Streptorhynchus King, I do
so with the belief that S. crenzstrza, the shell upon which the genus was
founded, is generally distinct from orthis adspectans and its congeners
which formed the types of Pander’s genus Hemipronites ; as, besides the
strong internal differences, the entire absence of a cardinal area on the
dorsal valve of the former shell and those of that group, and the presence
of a very well-developed area on that of the latter, together with the dif-
ference in the general form of the shell, offer good grounds for generic
separation.

Genus PRODUCTUS Sowerby.
Productus elegans.
PLATE IX, figs. 15 and 16.
Productus elegans N. and P., Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. iti, 2d series, p. 13, p!
Je Bivens 7
Productus elegans of Authors.
Productus fasciculatus McChesney, New Pal. Foss., 1859, p. 38.

Shell small, rather below a medium size, highly arcuate, and often much pro-
duced in older specimens; hinge-line short, frequently not more than half as long
as the width of the shell below. Body of the shell somewhat quadrangular in the
upper part, being flattened or even slightly sinuate along the median line, and also
flattened on the sides; beak proportionally large and obtuse, not projecting much
beyond the line of the hinge when viewed from above; auriculations very small.
Visceral cavity proportionally small, the distance between the valves as seen when
the front extension of the valves is removed being not more and generally less than
half the width of the shell. Dorsal valve slightly concave. Surface of the shell
marked by strong fasciculating stn, strongest near the front, often showing some
stronger ones with scattered spine bases ; spines often most numerous on the sides
of the shell near the hinge extremities. The upper portion of the ventral and the
surface of the dorsal yalve are marked by strong concentric wrinkles, generally dis-
tinct, but sometimes quite obscure.

The Ohio specimens of the species are of very characteristic form,
so closely resembling those from the limestone at Chester, Il., that there

470 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

is scarcely a chance of mistaking them. They are also usually of about
the same size with the western specimens, only occasionally an individual
occurring of large size; in which case they present the characters of the
form described by Mr. McChesney as P. fasciculatus. A few individuals
have been noticed from the harder and more compact limestone, which
are less quadrangular in the upper part, and the stricz appear a little finer
and smoother, and the front of the shell in its extension somewhat
rounder than the usual form. Some of these peculiarities, especially the
smooth finer appearing striz and apparent absence of spines, are the re-
sult of excessive exfoliation, but the difference of form is probably of
other origin.

Productus piletjormis.
PLATE IX, figs. 13 and 14.

Productus piletformis McChesney, New Pal. Foss., 1859, p. 40.
Com. Productus cora D’Orb.

Shell of medium size, pileiform, highly arcuate from beak to front and rounded

from side to side, beak small, somewhat pointed, and the body of the shell some-

what gradually expanding toward the front. Hinge-line usually quite short and in-
conspicuous; auriculations small or obsolete. Surface of the shell marked by
very fine radiating striz which are even and usually quite smooth or free from spine-
bases; increased by implantation on the ventral valve, the added ones at first very
small, presenting a strongly alternating character, soon becoming of full size. The
strie of the dorsal valve do not present this feature on any of the specimens ex-
amined. Body of the shell marked in the upper part by numerous strong, irregular
and unequal, transverse undulations, a portion of which only are projected entirely
across the shell on the ventral side.

There is some question as to the propriety of separating these forms
from P. cora D’Orb. of the Coal Measures; there are, however, many
points of difference as weli as many of resemblance, although none of
them on either side are very constant beyond limited localities; except
perhaps the general form and usually fine strie. There is perhaps equal
reason for uniting with P. cora, P. tenuicosta Hall, P. coriformis Swallow,
and some others; but these names seem useful and convenient in desig-
nating forms of different horizons and geographical areas; as there are
differences between them readily recognized and appreciated by those ac-
customed to examining them, which cannot be portrayed in a figure or
described verbally, but which often serve to detect, or at least aid in de-
tecting the true horizon of beds of rock which would otherwise be left
in doubt, and it appears necessary to have some means of referring to or
designating such forms when speaking of beds characterized by them.
The form under consideration resembles those from the Chester lime-
stone of Illinois, used in the description given by Mr. McChesney, more
closely than they do those from the St. Louis limestone, given under the
name /. fenutcosta by Prof. Hall, which have a larger and more rounded
beak and much longer hinge-line; the striz, however, in their extreme fine-
ness resembles those of the St. Louis limestone specimens.

PALEONTOLOGY. 471

Genus SPIRIFERA Sowerby.
Spirifera (Martinia) contracta.
PLATE IX, figs. 17-19.
Spirifera (Martinia) glaber var. contractus M. and W., Geol. Rept. Ill., vol. 2, p. 298,
pl. 23, fig. 6.

Shell of medium size, broad ovate or globular in general form with highly
ventricose or gibbons valves, and a short hinge-line with rounded cardinal extrem-
ities. Ventral valve the most gibbous, with a large and strong incurved beak; car-
dinal area small, one-third or less than one-third as high as long, divided in the
centre by a rather wide fissure; hinge-line less than half the width of the shell
below, the cardinal slopes strongly and abruptly rounded; centre of the valve
deeply impressed by a moderately wide, subangular mesial sinus. Dorsal valve
nearly orbicular, moderately convex from side to side; beak small, slightly tumid,
projecting slightly beyond the cardinal line; mesial portion somewhat strongly
defined at the margins, and does not extend above the middle of the shell. Sur-
face of the valves smooth to the naked eye, but under a magnifier is seen to be
marked by fine, obscure, radiating lines and by transverse lines of growth.

All the specimens seen are exfoliated to a greater or less degree, so
that the real surface has not been seen. The surface striz, seen by the
aid of a lens, are too strong and distinct not to be a surface character, as
they are readily felt by the hand, although not readily visible to the un-
assisted eye. The shell does not attain a very large size, no specimens
examined exceeding one and three-eighths inches in length, by a trans-
verse diameter of about one and one-fourth inches. The shells are
somewhat variable in form, being proportionally more or less elongate
than the measurements above given. They also differ much in the size
and strength of the mesial elevation and sinus, and in the length of the
hinge-line. I have much doubt as to the absolute identity of this shell
with the Illinois shells described and figured by Messrs. Meek and
Worthen, from the fact that these appear distinctly marked by the radi-
ating strize, while those from the west are said to be smooth, except for
the concentric lines of growth, though occasionally showing faint evi-
dences of obscure radiating lines. The fact that the authors of that
species refer it to Sp. glaber, which is entirely destitute of radiating lines,
would seem to indicate it as different from the Ohio forms.

Spirifera Rockymontana?

PLaTE IX, fig. 20.
Spirifera Rockymontana Murcou, Geol. N. Amer., p. 50, pl. 7, fig. 4; Feb., 1858.
Spirifera Keokuk Hall, Geol. Rept. Iowa, vol. 1, pt. 2, p. 642, pl. 20, fig. 3; Sept., 1858.
Spirtifera Keokuk var. Hall, Ibid., p. 672, pl. 24, fig. 4.
Spirifera opima Hall, Ibid., p. 711, pl. 28, fig. 1.

Several specimens of a Spzrvifera, of the form referred to S. Keokuk
var. Prof. Hall, have been obtained from Newtonville, Ohio, which are so
entirely similar to those from the St. Louis and Chester limestones of
Iowa, as to be absolutely undistinguishable; the form of the shell, the

472 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

form and number of the plications, and the minute surface structure
being exactly as in those.

The form of the shell will vary from longer than wide to much
wider than long, dependent on the extension of the hinge-line. In pro-
file the shell is extremely ventricose, with a strongly enrolled beak; a
moderate cardinal area, vertically striated; a well-marked mesial fold and
sinus; from seven to ten simple, rounded, or sub-angular plications on
each side, and from four to six bifurcating or dividing plications on the
fold and sinus. The plications and intervening spaces, when the surface

is well preserved, are marked by fine longitudinal lines, showing even on

partially exfoliated specimens, and are also crossed by still finer trans-
verse strize which undulate in crossing the plications, and on perfectly
preserved surfaces appear to be minutely setose on their edges.

The species is extremely variable in its general outline, as exhibited
among the collections from all of the many localities from which I have
examined specimens, especially in the extension ot the hinge-line, and
the proportional width of the shell below, and also in the prominence of
the mesial fold; but the form of the plications and the character of those
marking the fold and sinus are usually the same in all; while the most
constant and persistent character, and one I have have been able to de-
tect on specimens from almost every locality noticed, consists of the
minute structure of the surface. I have lately examined a large number
of examples from the limestones and sandstones of the Coal Measures of
New Mexico, which correspond exactly with those figured by Prof. Mar-
cou under the name S. Rockymontana, and find them showing all the
variations in form noticed among the Keokuk, St. Louis, Chester, and
Coal Measure limestones of Ohio and the West, and am thoroughly con-
vinced they cannot be separated, even as local varieties, with any degree
of safety or satisfaction.

Formation and Locality.—The specimen figured is from the Maxville
limestone (Chester), at Newtonville, Ohio.

Genus ATHYRIS McCoy.
Athyris subquadrata.
PLATE X, figs. 1-3.

Athyris subquadrata Hall, Geol. Iowa, vol. i, pt. 2, p. 703, pl. 27, fig. 2, and p. 708,
fig. 118.

Shell small or of medium size, subquadrate in outline and strongly trilobate, |

very variable in its proportional length and breadth, varying from longer than wide
to much wider than long. Valves ventricose, the ventral the most rotund, with the
beak more or less prolonged and incurved, the extremity distinctly and rather
strongly truncated and perforated by a round foramen of considerable size; the
middle of the valve is marked by a rather deep, more or less angular mesial sinus,
which extends to the beak, but is faintly marked in the upper third of its length
becoming strong and distinct toward the front where the shell is prolonged and

eee :

PALEONTOLOGY. 473

bent upward in a lingulate extension. Dorsal valve most rotund on the utmbo, the
beak obtuse and incurved; middle of the valve strongly elevated in front, forming
an abrupt, rounded, mesial fold, which is not strongly marked posterior to the mid-
dle of the length, and scarcely defined in the upper part. On the sides the shell is
bent downward, forming on each side of the fold a deep sulcus, outside of which the
shell is again inflated or elevated, giving a strongly trilobed form to the front half
of thevalye. Surface of the shell marked only by concentric lines of growth, which
are mostly confined to the anterior portion, and are often very numerous and
crowded, giving the shell a much thickened appearance on the margin.

The species is a well-known type of the Chester limestones of
Illinois and Kentucky, and is often identified with dthyris ( Terebratula)
ambigua, of the European Carboniferous rock. The Ohio specimens are
equally characteristic in form with any of those from the West, and may
be readily distinguished by its strongly trilobate form.

Locality.—Newtonville and Maxville, Ohio.

Genus’ TEREBRATULA Llhwyd.
Terebratula turgida.

PLATE IX, figs. 21 and 22.

Terebratula turgida Hall, Trans. Albany Inst. vol. Iv, p. 6, extract page 6, 1856.

Shell rather smaller than medium size, ovate in general form, the point of
greatest width usually below the middle of the length, and the length nearly one-
third greater than the transverse diameter: base truncate and slightly emarginate.
Valves moderately to highly ventricose, the ventral. generally the deepest and sinu-
ate below the middle of the length, often deeply so; beak strong, incurved, obliquely
and very distinctly truncate, and perforated by a proportionally large foramen.
Dorsal valve highly convex, with an abruptly incurved beak, which passes within
the deltidial opening of the opposite valve; front of the valve sometimes convex
and sometimes slightly sulcated, causing the emargination or truncation of the base.
Shell structure finely punctate, and the surface often ornamented by concentric
varies of growth.

The specimens from Ohio are larger than those from the typical
locality (Spergen Hill, Ind.), usually are, but not so large as they are
sometimes found. They correspond closely in form and general char-
acters, but are not so generally sulcated on the dorsal valve. They are,
however, altogether too similar to afford means for specific distinction,
The most of the specimens which I have examined from Ohio have been
slightly distorted by compression and in this condition may not afford as
many points of difference as more perfect individuals would have done.

Formation and Locality —In the Maxville limestone at Maxville and
Newtonville, Ohio.

474 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

MOLLUSCA.
LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.
Pinna Maxvillensis.
PATE XG, figs!
Pinna Maxvillensis Whitf., Aun. N Y., Acad. Sci., 1882, p. 221.

Shell of about a medium size, very acutely triangular in outline, with highly
convex valves; the length along the hinge equal to nearly three times the greatest
width. Hinge-line straight, not quite as long as the shell below; anterior end
acute; basal margin very slightly arcuate, and the posterior extremity rather
broadly rounded; the point of greatest length being at about one-third of the width
below the hinge-line. Surface of the shell, except for a short distance within the
basal margin, marked by moderately strong, simple radiating plications, about
eighteen in number, as counted at the posterior end of the specimen figured, but
increasing in number with increased growth; the additions being near the hinge.

There are also numerous strong concentric lines of growth parallel to the margin,
often forming undulations of the surface.

I find no American species described that closely resembles this one;
but P. flexicostata McCoy, from the English Carboniferous rocks (British
Pal. Foss., p. 499, pl. 3, E, figs. 11-15), is very similar, but has slightly
stronger radii, is somewhat broader, and differs in having a longitudinal
depression just below the hinge-line, which this species does not possess.

Formation and Locality—In the Maxville limestone, at Maxville,
Ohio. Collection of Prof. E. B. Andrews.

Genus SCHIZODUS King.
SCHIZODUS CHESTERENSIS.

PLATE X, fig. 4.
Schizodus Chesterensis M. and W., Geol. Rept. Ils., vol. 2, p. 301, pl. 23, fig. 6.

Shell of medium size, transversely subovate, with moderately convex valves
and large, strong, incurved, and projecting beaks. Anterior end forming.one-third
the length of the shell, inflated, and rapidly sloping from the beaks to the longest
point, which is near the middle of the height, and rounding backward below; pos-
terior end elongated and narrowed, obtusely pointed at the extremity; basal margin
irregularly convex, most strongly arcuate opposite the beaks; posterio-cardinal
margin sloping somewhat rapidly from the beaks backward, and the cardinal slope
rather abrupt. Surface of the shell smooth, except for the fine lines of growth.

The specimen used in the above description was identified by Mr. F.
B. Meek, and labeled by him with the name here applied to it. The
specimen is slightly distorted and otherwise injured, but in its present
condition very closely resembles those described in the Illinois Report.
Still on one valve which preserves nearly all of the posterio-cardinal slope,
the lines of growth would indicate a shell with a much higher posterior
end than those above cited; and when better material is obtained it may
be necessary to give it another specific name.

Formation and Locality—In the Maxville limestone, at Maxville,
Ohio. Collection of Columbia College.

PALEONTOLOGY. 475

Genus ALLORISMA King.
ALLORISMA ANDREWSL

JSIEZNA ND DG sR GH
Allorisma Andrewst Whitf., Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 1882, p. 222.

Shell of medium size or smaller, transversely elliptical in outline; the length
being about twice the height, and the thickness a little more than two-thirds the
height. Valves ventricose, most rotund a little in advance of the middle and along
the umbonal ridge, and wedge-shaped posteriorly, as seen in acardinal view; beaks
of moderate size slightly projecting above the hinge-line, incurved, directed anter-
iorly, and situated at about one-sixth of the entire length from the anterior end.
Cardinal line straight or appearing slightly concave, extending about three-fourths
of the length of the shell from the beaks backward, and bordered by a proportion-
ally large and wide escutcheon. Anterior end short, sloping forward from between
the beaks, at about an angle of forty-five degrees to the hinge-line, to near the mid-
dle of the height of the shell, and then abruptly rounding backward into the some-
what regularly convex basal margin. Posterior end broadly rounded from the point
of the umbonal ridge to the extremity of the cardinal line. Anterior end of the
shell characterized by a very small lunule. Surface of the shell marked by several
strong concentric undulations or folds, which are simple, and regularly increase in
size and strength to near the full size of the shell; but near the outer margin of the
valves, in the specimen figured, they are smaller and doubled by the interpolation
of an intermediate rib. The undulations are crossed obliquely from the beak to
the basal margin, just posterior to the middle, by a narrow, almost imperceptible
sulcus, and along the crest of the umbonal ridge by a line of low-convex and faintly-
marked nodes, one on the surface of each undulation; the posterior umbonal slope
is also marked, immediately below the margin of the escutcheon, by a slightly con-
cave sulcus, across which the. undulations are more faintly marked than below.

The species is closely allied to Al/orisma clavata McChesney, and
was at first supposed to be identical; but on comparison, it shows so
many points of difference that it became necessary to consider it as a dis-
tinct species.

Formation and Locality —In limestone of the age of the Chester group
(or Chester and St. Louis combined), at Newtonville, Ohio. Collected by
H. B. Andrews, to whom the species is dedicated.

ALLORISMA MAXVILLENSIS.
PLATE X, figs. 7 and 8.
Allorisma Maxvillensts Whitf., Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 1882, p. 222.

Shell small, the specimen used being a little less than one inch in length, and
the height less than half the length. Form of the shell transversely elongate,
and cylindrically oval, the cardinal and basal margins parallel and very slightly
curved, and the extremities very nearly equally rounded; beaks small, inrolled,
barely projecting above the cardinal line, and situated at about one-fourth of the
entire length from the anterior end. Body of the shell very evenly and highly
rounded from the cardinal to the basal margins, and almost as convex posteriorly as
in front. Umbonal ridge scarcely perceptible, and the umbonal slope convex;
escutcheon and lJunule not defined; anterior slope abruptly rounded. Surface of
the shell marked by faint concentric undulations of unequal strength, but most
strongly marked on the posterior end and on the umbonal slope.

476 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

The evenly convex and regularly cylindrical: form of the shell,
together with the inconspicuous beaks and the equal-sized anterior and
posterior extremities, are distinguishing features of the species. The
shell shows evidence in its form and curvature, in a profile view, of hay-
ing been slightly gaping behind.

Formation and Locality—In limestone of the age of the Chester
group of Illinois, at Newtonville, Ohio.

GASTEROPODA.

Genus STRAPAROLLUS Montfort.
STRAPAROLLUS SIMILIS.
PLATE X, figs. 9-11.
Straparollus similis M. and W., Geol. Surv. IIL, vol 3, p. 285, pl. 19, figs. 4 and 5.

Shell about a medium size, helicoid, with a slightly elevated spire, and a broad,
open umbilicus in which are exposed portions of several of the volutions. Volu-
tions from four to four and a half in number, moderately increasing in size, flat-
tened on the upper surface, sharply carinate On the upper peripheral angle, and
rounded on the periphery and on the basal and umbilical surfaces. Besides the ca’ -
ination on the upper lateral angle of the volution, the larger one often bears a sec-
ond ridge, of considerable strength, on the middle portion of the lower surfaee ;
which, on many of the larger specimens, is developed into a sharply elevated ridge;
while on other specimens of similar size it is entirely obsolete. Aperture circular.
Surface of the shell marked by fine, closely crowded, transverse lines of growth, pre-
senting a slightly roughened surface under a lens.

A number of the specimens on hand, of both small and large size,
are marked on the centre of the periphery by an irregular fringed expan-
sion of considerable width, presenting an appearance similar to what
might result from a vertical crushing of the volution and spreading out
of this portion of the shell laterally; but as many of them do not possess
this character to any extent, it can scarcely be considered as an organic
feature of the species. A single individual among them shows this feat-
ure existing on all of the volutions, the outer whorls reaching to just
below the expansion.

The shell is of a form common to the Lower Carboniferous forma-
tions, and also to those referred to the Waverly group and to the Chemung
of New York; species occurring both with and without the revolving
carinee, £. Hecale Hall (Illust. Dev. Foss., pl. 16, fig. 12), of the Chemung
group, is usually destitute of the ridges, as is also S. cyclostomus, of the
Burlington sandstones of lowaand other States. There are forms in the
Lower Carboniferous of Illinois, in the St. Louis and Chester groups,
showing the carinz, as does also Euontphalus ( Strap.) laxus White, and
Euomph. ( Strap.) Utahensis H. and W., from the Waverly group as repre-
sented in the far West. The different species described present slight
differences from each other, but are all so closely allied in form as to be
not readily distinguishable.

PAI] JEON TOIJOGY. 477

Formation and Localit.—In the Maxville limestone, Chester group,
at Newtonville, and near Maxville, Ohio. Collected by Prot. Andrews.

Genus NATICOPSIS McCoy.
NATICOPSIS ZICZAC.
PLATE X, figs. 16 and 16.
-Naticopsis ziczac Whitf., Ann. Sci., 1882, p. 223.

Shell small, the greatest diameter of the body-volution, in the only individual
seen, being about nine-sixteenths of an inch; and the entire vertical height of the
shell only half an inch. The shell is very obliquely ovate in form, and consists of
about two and a half ventricose volutions, which increase somewhat rapidly in size
to the last one, which forms nearly the entire bulk of the shell. The surface of the
shell is ornamented by a series of strong and raised transverse lines, which, on the
upper volutions, are simple as far as the suture below, and are directed strongly
backward in their passage; but on the body-volution they appear more distant and
conspicuous, and are directed strongly backward in their passage for about one-third
the vertical diameter of the volution, where they are bent forward at an acute angle,
and after continuing for a distance nearly equal to their length above, are again bent
backward. Across the middle of the volution, they make two or more zig-zagging
bends in vertical lines, forming a revolving band of vertical ridges on the periphery;
below this band, the lines are directed forward obliquely, running nearly parallel to
the base of the shell.

The peculiarity of this shell consists entirely in the structure of the
surface ornamentation, as the general form of the species is similar to
that of many others, but the peculiar zig-zag feature of the ornamenting
ridges will at once distinguish it from all other described species. Sev-
eral ornamented forms of the genus are known from the Coal Measures,
but their markings consist of nodes, either promiscuously scattered or
arranged in patterns.

Formation and Locality.—In the limestone of the age of the St.
Louis and Chester beds of Illinois ( Maxville limestone ), at Newtonville,
Ohio.

Genus HOLOPEA Hall.

Flolopea Newtonensis.
PLATE X, fig. 12.
Hlolopea Newtonensis Whitf., Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 1882, p. 224.

Shell of medium size, ovate in outline and ventricose, with a moderately
elevated spire and extremely ventricose volutions, which increase very rapidly in
bulk from the apex. Volutions three and a half to four in number, with strongly
rounded surfaces and moderate sutures. Apicalangleaboutseventy degrees. Aper-
ture broad ovate, modified on the inner side by the preceding volution, pointed at
the upper end and broadly rounded at the base. Surface of the shell smooth and
substance very thin.

The form of the shell is much like that of a Macrocheilus, but the
substance is much thinner than those usually are, and the base of the

478 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

columella is not prolonged, nor is there a solid axis; but specimens show

satisfactory evidence of having been distinctly and largely umbilicated.
Formation and Locahty.—In the Maxville limestone (Chester), at

Newtonville, Ohio. Collection of Columbia College, New York.

Genus MACROCHEILUS Phillips.
Macrochetlus subcorpulentus.

PLATE X, fig. 14.
Macrochetlus subcorpulentus Whitf., Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 1882, p. 224.

Shell small, the specimens observed not exceeding five-eighths of an inch in
length, and the diameter rather exceeding half the length; spire conical, the apical
angle being about fifty degrees. Volutions about three or three and a half, rapidly
increasing in diameter and very ventricose, the last one forming more than half the
length and much the greater bulk of the shell; suture deep and well marked.
Aperture ovate, short, and oblique. Surface of the shell smooth. Columella not
seen.

This species is rather closely related to several forms which have
been described from the Coal Measures of the Western States, but differs
in the form of the volutions somewhat from any, and in the more regular
tapering spire—those mostly having the body-volutions proportionally
enlarged.

Formation and Locality —In the Maxville limestone (Chester and St.
Louis groups), at Newtonville, Ohio. Collected by Prof. E. B. Andrews.

Genus POLYPHEMOPSIS Portlock.

Polyphemopsis melanoides.

PLATE X, fig. 13.

Polyphemopsis melanoides Whitf., Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 1882, p. 225.

Shell rather below a medium size, elongate-fusiform; the length nearly twice
and a half the greatest diameter, when not conipressed; spire elevated, pointed at
the apex, the apical angle being about thirty-five degrees when uncompressed. The
specimen figured gives on measurement thirty degrees in the line of compression,
and forty degrees in the opposite direction. Volutions about five and a half, gradu-
ally increasing in size, moderately and evenly convex, with distinct sutures. Aper-
ture elongate ovate, widest across the middle, rounded and effuse below and pointed
above. Columella not observed. Surface apparently smooth.

This species nearly of the form of AZ. fusiforme Hall (Geol. Rept,
Iowa, vol. i, part 2), from the Coal Measures of Iowa, but is considerably
more slender. It is possible it may not properly belong to the genus, as
the columella has not been closely observed; but so far as can be deter-
mined, it appears to be twisted.

Formation and Locality —In the Maxville limestone, at Newtonville,
Ohio. Collected by Prof. E. B. Andrews.

~ALEONTOLOGY. 479

HETEROPODA.
Genus BELLEROPHON : Montfort.

Bellerophon sublevis ?

PLATE X, figs. 20 and 21.
? Bellerophon sublevis Hall, Trans. Albany Institute, vol. iv, p. 32.

Shell of a medium size or smaller, subglobose in general form, with a moder-
ately expanded lip around the sides of the aperture. Umbilicus closed, the axis
being solid and the auriculations thickened at their junction with the body of the
shell, covering the central or axis portion. Volutions round and globular within
the auriculations, the inner ones projecting into and strongly modifying the forms
of the aperture, which is transversely reniform and expanded at the sides. Surface
of the shell not known from Ohio specimens.

The Ohio specimens referred to this species are all quite imperfect;
being imbedded in compact limestone and the shell replaced with crystals
of carbonate of lime, they do not give the entire characters, so their cor-
rect reference to &. /ev7s Hallis somewhat doubtful. The species as seen
on entire individuals from the original locality is slightly keeled on the
outer volution, and marked, rather faintly, by curved transverse striz
parallel to the margin of the aperture, and indicates a rather shallow but
broad notch in the margin of the aperture.

Formation and Locality.—The originals of the species are from Sper-
gen Hill and Bloomington, Indiana; and the Ohio specimens are known
from Newtonville and Maxville, Ohio, in the Maxville limestone.

Bellerophon alternodosus,

PLATE X, figs. 17-19.
Bellerophon alternodosus Whitf., Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 1882, p. 225.

Shell of about a medium size, and somewhat subglobose in general form, with
an appearance of being slightly flattened on the dorsum in immature specimens;
while on the adult forms, the dorsum is marked on the outer half of the body-volu-
tion by a double series of rounded nodes, those on one side of the center alternating
with those of the other side, and the inner margins of the two series interlocking
with each other. Aperture broadly elliptical, strongly modified by the projection
of the preceding volution, on the inner margin. Auriculations largely developed
and slightly reflected. Axis very distinctly perforate. Inner lip somewhat callous
on the protruding inner volution. Surface of the shell, so far as can be ascertained,
marked only by lines of growth, beyond the nodes mentioned.

This species is somewhat similar in general form to 2. Wontfortianus
N. and P., from the Coal Measures, in its general form, but does not pos-
sess the strong transverse folds nor the carina between the lines of nodes
marking the dorsum. It also differs in the alternating positions of the
nodes.

formation and Locality.—In the Maxville limestone at Newtonville,
Ohio. Collection of Columbia College, New York.

480 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

CEPHALOPODA:
Genus NAUTILUS Breynius.
Nautilus ( Temnochetius) spectabilrs.
PLATE X, fig. 22.
Nautilus spectabtlis M. and W., Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1860, p. 469.
iV. (Endolobus ) speetabtlis Geol. Rept., Ill., vol. ii, p. 308, pl. 25, fig. 1.

Shell of medium to large size, composed of several volutions, which increase
rapidly in size, and are transversely elliptical in a transverse section; the diameter
from side to side being about one-third greater than the dorso-ventral diameter at
the same point; the lateral edges being obtusely angular, and the dorsal portion
of the section larger and more conwex than the inner part, strongly convex and
subangular on the back. Inner surface of the volution strongly impressed by the
one preceding, which it embraces to near the point of greatest diameter. Umbilicus
_very broad and deep, exposing each of the inner volutions to just beyond the point
of greatest transverse diameter, the umbilical surface of the volutions being
moderately convex but quite abrupt. The sides of the volutions are marked by a
series of nodes of considerable strength and size, arranged at regularly increasing
distances, and occurring, as nearly as can be determined from the example on hand,
at about every second septum. The nodes are situated on the crest of the side, and ©
are obtusely rounded and prominent. Septa moderately distant and but slightly
bent downward on the dorsum. On a specimen measuring about three inches in
its greatest diameter, the whole of which is septate, they are arranged at about one--
third of an inch apart, near the outer extremity of the last volution. Siphuncle
not observed, and the depth of the septa not ascertained. The surface of a portion
of the specimen bears marks of a series of strong varices of growth, which have
crossed the dorsum and show a strong retral sinus or notch in the margin of the lip
at this point. The varices are seen on the inner portion of the last volution and
appear to have been arranged at distances nearly corresponding to the septa at the
same place. No other markings of the surface are retained.

The specimen from the Maxville limestone is somewhat smaller than
that from the Chester limestone figured by Meek and Worthen (Geol. I1.,
vol. ii, plate 25, fig. 1), and varies slightly in having the larger bulk of
the volution outside of the line of nodes that occur on the lateral angles ;
or in other words the dorsal portion is larger than the ventral, though on
the inner volutions of the specimen this character is not sodistinct. Be-
yond this slight difference they appear to agree as far as the characters are
preserved. The difference between this species and NMauti.us Forbesanus
McChes. (New Pal. Foss., page 63, and accompanying plate 3, fig. 4a and
b), from the Coal Measures, Mercer county, IIl., are almost too slight for
specific distinctions, where all the examples are internal casts. In the
last-named species the bulk of the volution is on the inner side of the
line of nodes instead of on the outside as in the one now under con-
sideration, while in the one now figured by M. and W. it is very
nearly or quite equally divided. Where all other features are the same in
all, these would scarcely seem to be of specific importance.

From the strong sinus in the lip on the back of the shell the species.
has been referred to McCoy’s genus Vemmnocheilus, and would be so
classed if that division should be retained.

Formation and locality —In the Maxville limestone (Chester), near
Rushville, Ohio, from the collection of Prof. E. B. Andrews.

PALEONTOLOGY. 481

NAUTILUS PAUPER.
PLATE 3X) fig. 23.)
Nautilus pauper Whitf., Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 1882, p. 226.

Shell somewhat below the medium size, and consisting of about two and a
half volutions, which increase rather rapidly in size, and are so coiled as to expose
almost the entire diameter of the inner coils in the umbilical cavity; the outer one
embracing only the dorsal surface of the inner volution. Volutions quadrangular
in form, with the lateral diameter only about two-thirds as great as the dorso-
ventral diameter; while the dorsal and ventral surfaces are nearly vertical to the
plane of the sides, so far as can be determined from the specimen on hand; or
possib y the dorsal surface may be slightly rounded. The sides of the shell are
marked by a faint, narrow, revolving sulcus bordering the margin of the umbilicus,
and by a correspondingly faint ridge close to the dorsal margin; while a much
stronger rounded ridge occurs on the surface at about one-third of the width of the
volution from the dorsal border. Internal features of the shell not known.

A single individual only of the species has been observed, and is
altogether too imperfect to reveal all the features. It consists of the
non-septate portion of the shell, in the condition of an internal cast,
with the impression of one side of the entire shell; but gives no indi-
cations of the septa themselves. The only features indicating its cepha-
lopodous nature, upon which one can rely, are its symmetrical form, and
the evidence of a similar ornamentation on the opposite sides; otherwise
it might have been supposed to represent a form of Euomphalus.

- Formation and Locality—In the Maxville limestone (Chester), near
Rushyille, Ohio. Collection of Prof. E. B. Andrews.

‘

31 (aE

482 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

FOSSILS FROM THE COAL MEASURES.

ECHINODERMATA.
CRINOIDEA.
Genus CVATHOCRINUS Miller.
Cyathocrinus Sonerst
PLATE XI, figs. 4 and 5. <
Cyathocrinus Somerst Whitf., Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 1882, p. 226.

Calyx very shallow, being low and spreading; the extreme height to the top
of the first radial plates not exceeding one-fourth of the diameter ; the sides, above
the middle of the subradial plates, gradually and almost evenly curving. Centre

of the calyx below deeply impressed, the cavity embracing the basal and inner half
of the cubradial plates. Basal plates very small, extending but little beyond the ©

circumference of the proportionally small column, and forming by their union a

somewhat regular pentagon. Subradial plates of medium size, four of them being

equal, and pointed at their upper ends, the upper edges being convex; the fifth
plate is larger than the others, and is truncated above by the very small first anal
plate, which rests between the adjacent first radials, and has apparently joined three
other plates above. The surface of this plate bears a single round granulose tuber-
cle. First radial plates nearly twice as wide as high; their lateral faces being short
and uniting with those of the adjacent plate, except on the anal side, where they
are separated by the first anal plate. Articulating face for the second radials
nearly straight, but deeply grooved. Second radial plates short; that of the an-
terior ray being cuneiform above, and has supported an arm-plate on each upper
sloping surface. The second radials of the other rays have not been fully deter-
mined; but on the antero-lateral rays, where partially detached plates remain, they

have been quadrangular, as if for the support of other radial plates in a direct

series. Surface of the inner half of the subradial plates smooth, while the outer
half and the entire surface of the other plates are covered with proportionally
large, distinct, irregular tubercles, which are flattened on their surfaces and covered
with numerous smiall, distinct granules. The granules also extend to parts of the
intermediate surface. The upper margin of the first radial is bounded by an ele-
vated transverse ridge, which is also granulose.

This species bears considerable resemblance in its general surface-
markings to Aupachycrinus tuberculatus M. and W. (Geol. Surv. Ill., vol.
v, pl. 24, figs. a, b), but the tubercles are very distinctiy granulose. - It,
however, does not possess the structure of Awupachycrinus, having only
one small anal plate, the upper end of which projects above the line of
the first radials. The only specimen yet obtained of the species measures
about three-fourths of an inch in diameter, and is about three-sixteenths
of an inch high to the top of the first radial plates.

Formation and Locality—In the Coal Measures at Carbon Hill,
Hocking county, Ohio. Collected by Mr. Somers, of Columbus, Ohio.

PALEONTOLOGY. 483

Genus ZEACRINUS Troost.

Zeacrinus Moorest.
PLATE XI, figs. 6-10.
Zeacrinus Moorest Whitf., Ann. N. Y. Sci., 1882, p. 227.

Form of entire body unknown. Calyx of moderate size and pentagonal in
outline, very broadly cyathiform or shallow cup-shaped; the region of the basal
plates being impressed, and the radials but moderately curving upward at their
outer edges. Basal plates small, forming by their combination a nearly regular

. pentagon. Subradials proportionally large, wider than high, four hexagonal and
one on the anal side heptagonal. Subradials short, but not very broad, twice to
twice and a half as wide as long; the cicatrix for the second radials very large and
nearly straight. The anal plates, three of which are preserved, are longer than
wide. Column small, round, composed near the calyx of alternately small and
large plates, with very coarse radiating lines of articulation. Surface of calyx
smooth, except a line of granules just within the margin of the subradial plates.

The second radial plates present the strong specific feature of the
species, and are large and spine-bearing, as in Zeacrinus mucro-spinus Mc-
Chesney. The spines are long, much thickened, and bulbous in the
lower part, presenting in this respect a strong contrast with those of that
species. The cicatrix for the attachinent of the arm-plates is very large,
showing that the piates above were of large size. Arms and dome un-
known.
The species has been quite abundant, as the spines are found in great
numbers, and vary considerably in size, according to the width of the
first radial plates upon which they have rested. But all are thickened
and bulbous, and many of them are more than an inch in length. They
are seldom found attached to the calyx, but are scattered through the
shale in the bed where found.

Formation and Locality——In shale of the Coal Measures at Carbon
Hill, Hocking county, Ohio. Named in honor of H. Moores, Esq., of
Columbus, Ohio, their discoverer. ‘

MOLLUSCOIDEA.
BRACHIOPODA.
Genus DISCINA Lamarck.
Discina Meekana.
PLATE XI, figs. 1-3.

Discina nitida? (Phil.) M. and W., Geol. IL, vol. v, p. 572, pl. 25, fig. 1.
Not Discina uitida Phillips, Geol. Yorkshire, vol. ii, p. 221, pl. 11, figs. 10-13.
Discina Meekana Whitf., Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 1882, p. 228.

Shell of moderate size or larger, circular or subcircular in outline. Dorsal
valve convex. with an elevated beak which is directed backward and situated at
about one-third of the length of the shell from the posterior margin. Posterior
s.ope slightly concave “ust below the apex; anterior slope convex. Surface of the
shell, when preserved, marked by fine, even, but elevated and regular concentric
lines, with flattened interspaces ; about ten or eleven of the elevated lines occupy at

484 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

space of an eighth of an inch on the middle of a shell, being finer within and
coarser beyond that point. On the partially exfoliated shell, fine radiating vascular
lines are perceptible. Ventral valve flat, discoidal, circular in outline, or perceptibly —
elongated in some cases; the apex a little more than one-third the length of the
shell from the posterior margin. Foramen small, elongate-elliptical, narrow, not
extending more than one-fourth of the distance from the apex toward the margin,
and the depression somewhat further. Surface marked as in the other valve.

This shell would appear to be identical with the one described and
figured by Messrs. Meek and Worthen as D. nztida? under the supposi- —
tion that it was the same as that figured by Prof. Phillips, in the Geol. «

Yorkshire Coast, vol. ii, pl. 11, figs. 19-15; but it differs very much in
outline from those figures, as well as those given by other authors, in its
circular form; those being ovate, narrowed behind and widened in front;
also, in having the apex much more distant from the margin. They also
cite D. Missouriensis Shumard, as a synonym of the European species.
That author indicates his shell as parabolic in outline; from which state-
ment I should consider it as distinct from the present species. yey
Formation and Locality—In the Coal Measures at Carbon Hill and a
Flint Ridge, Ohio; also in Illinois and Iowa. :

Genus CRANIA: Retzius.

Crania carbonaria.
PLATE XI, figs 11 and 12.
Crania carbonaria Whitf., Aun. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 1882, p. 229. : . y
Shell small, none of the specimens observed exceeding three-eighths of an :
inch in diameter; subcircular in outline, or varied in form by the outline of the
object to which they are attached. Free valve depressed convex, marked by a few
concentric lines of growth; attached valve thin, but with a slightly thickened mar-

gin. Posterior muscular impressions large and submarginal, the others being nearly
central and forming a small eleyation just posterior to the middle of the valve.

The shells of this species are found attached to the spines of Zea-
crvinus and other bodies, one of those figured being upon the operculum
of Naticopsis. They are very thin, and not easily detected in the rough-
ened condition caused by the adhering material in which most of the
fossils from these beds are found. Species of this genus are rather rare
in the Coal Measures, but very few having been described. Cvrania
permiana Shumard, from the white limestones of the Guadalupe Mts.,
Texas, is a large form, and probably not a Crania, according to the de-
scription given. C. modesta White and St. John, from the Coal Measures
of Iowa, is described as “rather small, finely punctate, smooth, except
somewhat strong concentric lines of growth toward the margins. Upper .
valve moderately convex, umbo oblique, nearly central. Lower valve
moderately concave.” There would appear to be some similarity be
tween the upper valves of this and the Ohio species; but the remark —
concerning the lower valve being ‘‘moderately concave” throws consideas

PALEONTOLOGY. 485

erable doubt on their identity, as the lower valve of this species is at-
tached over its entire surface, while that one would appear to be free or
partially free, if it is a Cranza.

Formation and Locality—In the Coal Measures of Carbon Hill,
Hocking county, Ohio. Collected by H. Moores, Esq., of Columbus,
~ Ohio.

MOLLUSCA.
GASTEROPODA.
Genus MACROCHEILUS Phillivs.

Macrochetlus regularis.
PLATE XI, fig. 13.
Loxonema regularis Cox, Geol. Rept. Ky., vol. ili, p. 566, pl. 8, fig. 2, 1857.

_ Shell of moderate size, fusiform, with an elevated, rapidly ascending spire,
which is composed of about nine volutions, and has an apical angle of from twenty
to twenty-five degrees, in different individuals when not compressed. Spire, when
viewed in front, forming considerable more than half the length of the shell, but
when measured on the opposite side forms a little less than one-half the entire
length. Volutions slightly convex and in some individuals presenting a slightly
shou'dered aspect caused by a very slight, almost imperceptible angularity at about
the upper third of the exposed part. . Greatest diameter of the body-whorl situated
q little below the suture and decreasing below. Suture close and not strongly
marked. Aperture narrow, elongated, the outer lip sharp and compressed in the
upper part. Columella twisted and marked in the lower part by a single, but very
strong twisted fold; anterior end of the lip rimate. Surface of the shell marked
only by obscure lines of growth.

The species is one of the most elongated forms of the genus yet
recognized from the American Coal Measure strata, and will be readily
recognized by the great length of the spine, especially as seen in a front
view; while the unusually strong columellar fold will also distinguish it.
In most of the specimens observed the body volution appears to con-
tract more abruptly above in its outer half than before, giving a some-
what unsymmetrical feature to this part of the shell. All the examples
seen are compressed in the direction of bedding, usually to the extent of
one-third of their original diameter or more, and some of them are en-
tirely flattened. This-gives them in appearance a much greater apical
angle than the living shell really possessed, which may easily mislead
one in making a hasty comparison. ‘The longest individual observed
measures two inches and five-eighths in length,and has a diameter of the
body-wnorl of one inch. The shell is considerably flattened except in
the upper part of the spire, which shows the diameter of the lower part
to have been increased fully one-third. The species was originally de-
scribed by Prof. T. C. Cox, loc. cit., as a Loxonema, and his figure would
indicate a shell like Polyphemops7s, but feeling uncertain of its accuracy
jn consequence of the great similarity, I procured the loan of the type

486 ae GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

specimen, which with but little cleaning shows the columellar fold = .
strongly developed as any of the Ohio specimens.

formation and Locality—In the Coal Measure strata at Carbon Hill,
Hocking county, Ohio. Collected and presented by Mr. H. Moores, of 6
Columbus, Ohio. ee

Genus LOXONEMA Pauillips.
Loxonema plicatum.
PLATE XI, figs. 14 and 15.
Loxonema plicatum Whitf., Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 1882, p. 231.

Shell small and slender, spire elevated, presenting an apical angle of about
fifteen degrees; composed of about eleven volutious, in the example used and
illustrated, which are flattened on the surface in the direction of the spire, and
marked by strong vertical plicae, which are directed a little forward in their passage
across the volution from above downward. The body or largest volution, counting ,
from the lip backward, contains fifteen of these plications, and the volutions above
contain nearly the same number; those of the several volutions being in line with
those on the one below, but set enough back of it to be in line with the slope of e
the plication. This gives them a somewhat spiral arrangement on the shell, the
whole having a twist of about one-fourth of one turn in the length of the shell.
On the last volution the plicee are not distinct much below the bulge of the whorl.
Aperture elongate and pointed below. Suture distinct, but not grooved or banded.
Columella straight, about half as long as the aperture, solid, and terebra-like;
shell without umbilicus.

The species belongs to a group of the genus which has but few
representatives in our Coal Measures; and even those that are nearest
allied to. it appear to differ in the form of the columella, which is some-
what peculiar; and if other species should appear presenting these same
characters, it may be necessary to separate them generically from the
true Loxonema.

Formation and Locatity——In the Coal Measures of Carbon Hill)
Hocking county, Ohio. Collected by H. Moores, Esq.

CEPHALOPODA. a
Genus NAUTILUS Breyn. a
Nautilus Ortont. a
Prate XII, fig. 20. , "

Nautiius Ortoni Whitf., Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 1882, p. 231.

Shell of medium size, and consisting of about two and a half or three closely
coiled volutions, but which are not at all embracing; the outer one being simply
in close contact with the medio-dorsal portion of the next within, and exposing
nearly the entire dorso-ventral diameter of the shell. Volutions transversely sub-
pentangular, being angularly convex on the back, strongly subangular on the sia<s,
and concave on the abrupt umbilical slope, which forms a somewhat sigmoidal
curve resembling an,ogee moulding, while the slightly congave ventral surface is
quite narrow, and forms a fifth surface. Lateral angles obtuse or round subangular,

PALEONTOLOGY. 487

and ornamented by a series of nodes which are strong and very distinct on the
inner coil, broad and rounded on the first part of the last volution, and become ob-
solete on the outer third. The substance of the shell has been very thick and
strong, and the surface shows no evidence of growth-markings or striz. Septa
and other internal features unknown.

The shell resembles somewhat JV. spectab is M. and W., but has a
smaller number of coils in a shell of corresponding size, while the con-
cavity of the umbilical slope and the subangular back are strong dis-
tinguishing features.

Formation and Locality—In the Coal Measures at Springfield, Sum-
mit county, Ohio. Cabinet of the School of Mines, N. Y. City.

Nautilus (Gyroceras?) subguadrangularis.
PLATE XI, fig. 16.
Nautilus (Gyroceras?) subguadrangularis Whitf., Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 1882, p.
282.

Shell of about medium size, consisting of two volutions, as seen on the spec-
imen used, which increase somewhat rapidly in size with increased length, and are
closely coiled so as to bring them in ciose contact, but not to be in any degree em-
bracing. The inner volution, however, is coiled in so large a circle that it leaves
an opening within it of about one inch in diameter. ‘The shell is at first circular in
section, but before the completion of the first coil the form has become modified so
as to produce a subquadrangular section, narrowest on the dorsal side, and the
second volution becomes distinctly quadrangular, being nearly as wide on the
dorsum as across the lateral face; but the angles are all distinctly rounded, and the
inner or umbilical margins most particularly so. The inner part of the shell has a
line of strong node-like undulations on each dorsal angle, which becomes obsolete
at about the first third of the second volution. Margin of the aperture greatly ex-
tended on the sides beyond the line of the inner edge, and apparently sinuate on
the back. Septa deeply concave and numerous; those at the base of the outer
chamber showing about three chambers in the space of one inch, and gradually de-
creasing in distance toward the earlier part of the shell. On the quadrangular
parts, they are deeply receding on the sides and back, and correspondingly ad-
vanced on the angles; a consequence of the quadrangular form on a deeply con-
cave septum. Surface of the shell apparently smooth and the substance thin.
Siphon unknown.

The species is peculiar in its quadrangular form, and in the wide
opening through the centre: in these characters it differs from any pre-
viously described species. It is of a form that is with difficulty placed
in the genus Mauti/us—its characters, so far as the external features are
concerned, nearly resembling those of Gyroceras—and in the absence of
a knowledge of the position of the siphuncle, must remain doubtful.

Formation and Locahty.—In limestone of the Coal Measures, at Can-
field, Ohio. Collected by H. C. Bowman, and now in the cabinet of the
School of Mines, New York City.

The following species are forms which characterize two different beds
of chert in the Coal Measures in the Hocking Valley, and are sufficiently
pronounced to leave no doubt of their true horizon. ‘These beds have
been used as horizons from which to determine the position of the rocks
in that vicinity.

\

4838 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

MOLLUSCOIDEA.
BRACHIOPODA.

Genus DISCINA Lamarck.
Discina Meekana Whit.

For references and synonym see page 483.
Specimens of this species are not uncommon in both of these chert
beds, the imprints only remaining.

Genus SPIRIFERA Sowerby.
Spirifera (Martinia) lineata.
PLATE XII, fig. 3-5.
Spirifera lineata Martin.

Internal casts, of small size, of this shell are quite common in the
upper chert layers of the Coal Measures in Hocking county, bearing all
the features of the species so far as the casts are concerned, but the
matrix was not obtained in a sufficiently perfect condition to yield the s
external form of the shell. In the black or lower cherts some of the in-
dividuals have obtained a larger size, one specimen measuring about five-
eighths of an inch in transverse diameter. A small individual of the
species was obtained in the lower black chert, at Webb Summit, retaining
all the fimbrize of the surface in a most perfect manner, an enlarged figure
of which is given on Plate XII, fig 6. :

Genus ATHYRIS McCoy.
Athyris subtilita.
PLATE XII, figs. 7-9.

Terebratula subtilita Hall, Stansbury’s Rept. Great Salt Lake, 1852, p. 409, pl. iv (by
error in text pl. ii), fig. 1a, b, and2a,b. Zerebratula subtilita, Athyris subtiita,
and Spirigera subtilita of various authors.

Internal casts of specimens of this species, of small size, are com- .
mon in the upper chert beds of the Coal Measures in Hocking county,
Ohio. Individuals have been observed varying in size from less than one-
eighth of an inch to more then half an inch in diameter, but all in the
condition of casts. The larger specimens, although much smaller than
those usually found in the shaly limestones at Greentown and elsewhere,
nevertheless show distinctly by their markings and the distinctness of the
musculars scars that they were adult shells, but probably stunted in
growth by unfavorable conditions, as they are perfect in form and mark-
ings. The specimen illustrated on Plate XII, figs. 7-9, is from the cherty
layers at Mrs. Banks, in the railroad cutting, Falls township. The indi-
viduals from the black cherts, at Webb Summit, Hocking county, are of
larger size, and correspond more nearly with the ordinary forms of the
species.

PALEONTOLOGY. 489

MOLLUSCA.
LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.
Genus AVICULOPECTEN McCoy.

Aviculopecten interlineatus.

PLATE XII, figs. 10 and 11.

Aviculopecten interlineatus M. and W., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, p. 454;
Geol. Rept. IIll., vol. 3, p. 229, pl. 26, fig. 7.

Shell small, subcircular in outline, hinge-line straight, nearly as long as the
width of the shell below, and with sharp angular auriculations. Valves very gently
convex. Surface of the left valves marked by fine, even, lamellose, concentric
striz; several of which are more strongly and highly elevated, forming varices at
regularly increasing distances. Right valve also marked by similar fine strize, but
with the varices very indistincly marked, or barely perceptible under a lens.

The species is a very strongly marked one, and very characteristic
of the Coal Measures. Mr. Meek describes indications of faint radii
between the varices on the examples from Illinois, but which do not
appear on specimens from Ohio so far as observed. ‘The right valve fig-
ured occurs close by the other, and is evidently of the same individual;
the features are very similar, differing only in the absence of the strong
concentric varices.

Formation aud Locality—In a thin layer of chert of the Coal
Measures, near the farm of Mrs. Banks, Falls township, Hocking county,
Ohio.

GASTEROPDA.
Genus NATICOPSIS McCoy.

Naticopsis Ortont.
PLATE XII, figs. 12 and 13.
Naticopsis Ortont Whitf., Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 1885. p. 230.

Shell small, with a sonrewhat depressed conical spire, which forms an angle of
about 105 degrees, and the two and a half to three volutions are obliquely flattened
on their upper side, in the direction of the spire; the outer one being marked just
below the suture by a barely perceptible concave channel of considerable width,
which produces a very slight angularity of the upper part of the volution. Suture-
line slightly grooved. Lower side of the yolution rounded; umbilicus closed; callus
slight; aperture obliquely ovate at the outer margin, but rounded within from the
excessive thickening of the shell. Surface of the shell marked by fine, rather equal
and somewhat regular transverse striz of growth, most distinctly marked on the
lower half of the volution. On the outer half of the last volution, there occur lines
of nodes, very faintly indicated, having a direction opposite to the growth-lines, and
becoming faintly and finally imperceptible toward the lower side.

The species resembles VV. zana M. and W. (Geol. Rept. IIL, vol iii,
p. 369, pl. 32, fig. 4), in size and general form, but differs from it in the
greater flattening of the volution in the direction of the spire and in the
faintly nodose surface.

Formation and Locality —In a thin cherty band of the Coal Measures
in the railroad cutting at Mrs. Banks’ farm, Falls township, Hocking
county, Ohio.

490 ‘ie GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

~ PULMONIFERA.

The existence of shells of terrestrial air-breathing Mollusca in the
Coal Measures of this country was first made known in the year 1851,
when Sir Charles Lyell and Prof. J. W. Dawson made known their dis- "3
covery of Pupa vetusta in the coal-beds of the South Joggins, Nova
Scotia. Since that time there have been several additional species dis-
covered in the same region, and others in the Coal Measures of Indiana.

In the Am. Jour. Sci. for November, 1880, Prof. Dawson has given a
summary of the species known from the coal formations up to that time, Wf
and also described what he supposes to be a similar form from the Devo-
nian plant-beds of St. John, New Brunswick. Atthe time Prof. Dawson’s
memoir appeared I was working on the form herein described, from the
Upper Coal Measures at Marietta, Ohio, which has proved to be so
entirely distinct from any of those previously known that it became nec-
essary to found anew genus (Anthracopupa) for its reception, which was
published in the above-mentioned journal, February, 1881.

All the species known up to the time of Prof. Dawson’s paper were
supposed to belong to the inoperculate division of the terrestrial Gaster-
opods, and had been referred to the HELICIDH and PUPINEH. In making
the studies of the Onio shell I had obtained, through the kindness of
John Collett, Esq., State Geologist of Indiana, specimens of the two forms
from that State, and in freeing them from the matrix I discovered that
the species Dawsonella Mecki Brad. possessed not only the reflected and
slightly thickened lip described by its author, but that the inner lip and
much of the umbilical region were covered by a thickened and flattened
callus closely resembling that of //e/icina, furnishing strong presumptive
evidence that it had been provided with an operculum, like the shells of that
genus. If this view of its nature is correct, it would place it with the
HELICINID# in the operculate section of the Puimonifera. The Ohio shell
has also some peculiar features that are not recognized among any of the
Pupa-form species heretofore described from this formation. It is of a

small size, and the general form is similar to that of the group of the %
Pupz usually referred to the genus Vertigo; minute shells with a nearly .

. . . - . . *. . ¥
vertical aperture, armed with several projecting tooth-like points within E

its cavity. This shell not only presents these same features, but the ad-
ditional one of having a small, nearly circular notch in the peristome
near the upper end of the outer lip, very closely resembling the minute
pore-like notch occurring near the upper angle of the aperture in the |
genus Pupina Vignard; or that seen in Azaulus Pfeffer. This latter
feature is not present so far as I am aware in any genus of operculated pul-
moniferous shells; at least not in the same degree nor with the same ap-
parent purpose that it occurs in the operculated genera above mentioned.
The last volution is also flattened or contracted on the back in a very
similar manner to that of Pupizma, as well as of many of the Pupe. It
would therefore almost seem as if in this little shell, of this early age,

PALEONTOLOGY. 491

there were foreshadowed features that afterwards pertained to these two
groups of a later time; although the projecting teeth within the aperture
as hereafter described would preclude the possibility of an operculum in
this case.

Genus ANTHRACOPUPA Whitf.
Am. Jour. Sci., vol. xxi, February, 1881, page 1:6.

Shell minute, pupaform, with few volutions, the last one unsymmetrical; axis
imperforate; aperture large, nearly vertical; peristome thickened, united above by
a thin callus on which may occur one or more palatal teeth; other tooth-like pro-
'jections occur on the inner margin of the lip, and a small, nearly circular notch, ©
resembling that in Pupiza, deeply indents the inner edge of the outer limb near
its junction with the body-whorl. Surface of the shell marked by fine, nearly ver-
tical lines.

Type A. Ohioensis.

‘

Anthracopupa Ohioensts.
PLATE XII, figs. 15-17.

Anthracopupa Ohioensis Whitf., Am. Jour. Sci., Feb. 1881, vol. xxi, p. 126.

Shell small and robust, having a length of about three and one-third mm.
with a transverse diameter of about two mm., and consisting of about four volu-
tions, the last one extremely ventricose, except on the outer half, where it is
obliquely flattened and contracted, and with the aperture, forms about three-fourths
of the entire length of the shell. Aperture large, longer than wide, and broadly
rounded at the base; lip thickened, rounded within and forming a flattened thick-
ened rim on the outside; particularly on the lower part. Labial notch situated
very near the upper extremity of the lip, regular in shape, and forming nearly two-
thirds of acircle. A single tooth-like ridge of moderate size extends inward from
the lip at about the middle of the columellar side, and another of greater size pro-
jects nearly vertically from the middle of the callus which coats the body of the
volution within the aperture. Umbilical chink small. Surface of the shell
marked by fine, nearly vertical, even strize or lines. Apex apparently mamillated.

Formation and Locality.—In the higher bels of the Coal Measures,
near Marietta, Ohio. The specimen figured is in the collection of the
Schools of Mines, Columbia College.

Pupa vetusta and P. Vermilionensts are both associated in the naaterial
in which they are found with small helicoid shells (Zonztes and Dawsonella),
also pulmoniferous in character; but the Ohio shell up to the present
time is not known to have any such associate; on the contrary, like the
first individuals of P. vetusta discovered, it is accompanied in one of the
layers in which it occurs, by immense numbers of what appears to be a
species of Spzrorbis, which is so abundant that small hand specimens
from which two of the Anthracopupas were obtained appear to be nearly
half composed of these shells. The form of the shell is similar to most
species of the genus, and has a diameter of nearly one line. Although
it occurs packed together in such immense numbers in the rock it has
one surface generally more or less flattened as thougk for attachment to

492 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

some foreign body, and has I presume “during life been attached to i
marine plants, from which it has fallen as they were decomposed, and a
thus been amassed on the muddy bottom. i

ANNELIDA. ee .
Spirorbis anthracosia. a
PLATE XII, figs. 18 and 19.
* Spirorbis anthracosia Whitf., Am. Jour. Sci., Feb., 1881.

Shell minute, planorbiform, composed of from one to two and a half volutions,
tube slender, and very gradually increasing in diameter, marked by very fine, irreg-
ular encircling strize, which are often gathered into little knots or points near the -
border of the open umbilicus. Lower side of the shell more or less flattened as if —
for the attachment to some foreign substance. Diameter seldom exceeding one
line, generally less.

formation and Locality.—In the higher strata of the Coal Measures,

near Marietta, Ohio. &

NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF BURROWING FOSSIL BIVALVE
SHELL.

Several years ago Prof. Edward Orton of the Ohio Geological Survey,
called my attention to a mass of Tetradium from the Hudson river group, fi
Brown County, Ohio, which was filled with perforations or burrows
like those often seen in living corals, made and occupied by species of Lith-
odomus. On close examination several of the burrows were seen to have a
shells, occupying them, which at the time were thought to be examples — ~
of Sedgewickia? divaxicata, described in Vol. II, Pal. Ohio, p. 89, Plate
2, fig. 3. More recently, on closer examination, and by removing one of
the shells from the burrow, it proves to be a very distinct species and to 3

present some of the general appearauce of a A/odiolopsts. a
That the shells now occupying the burrows in this coral were the 3
original excavators of the perforations, there can be no question, I think; ta

as there are remains of no less than twelve individuals to be seen inthe —
burrows, all of the one form, while no other shell is present. Moreover,
they are each suited in size to the burrows they occupy. So far asI am
aware no shell resembling J/odiolopsis and possessing burrowing habits, is
known to occur in Silurian or Devonian rocks; these therefore present
a new feature in the molluscan life of this period that is highly interest-
ing.

The perforations or burrows in this coral are of various sizes from
very small ones to those more than an inch in length as seen in section
and of a diameter of more than a fourth of an inch, and where shells are
seen in them they appear of a size suited to the burrow they occupy.
The shells when fully grown, or what appear to be adult, are nearly or
quite three-fourths of an inch in length, and of nearly three-eighths of an
inch in height from base to cardinal margin. The burrows are not unt

PALEONTOLOGY. 493

form in direction as seen in the coral, but are vertical, lateral or oblique in
direction indiscriminately; but are confined principally to the lower side
and margins of the mass; which is about seven by four and a half inches
in diameter and nearly three inches thick, of an elongated oval and sub-
hemispherical form.

Although the shells have much the form of JZodtolopsis in general
outline, and have large anterior and posterior muscular scars, with an
entire pallial line, they differ much in surface characters, being strongly
marked by regular, elevated, concentric ridges, parallel to the margin of
the valves. ‘This structure is so markedly different from that of A/odio-
Jopsis, that, when taken in connection with the burrowing habit, I think
it necessary to place them under a distinct generic head, and therefore
propose for them the name Coradéidomus, in allusion to their habitat, and
designate them as Corallidomus concentricus, from the concentric surface
markings, with the following diagnosis of generic and specific characters.

Genus CORALLIDOMUS, New Genus.

Koraltion, a Coral and Domos, a House.

A bivalve mollusk having anterior and posterior muscular scars, and
an integral pallial line; shell oblong, with an external ligament and some-
what modioliform outline, coupled with a burrowing habit of life. ‘Type
C. concentricus. |

Coratllidomus concentricus, New sp.
PLATE XIII.

Fig. 2.

Fic. 1.* View enlarged of a shell restored, the measurements taken from the two
best specimens. :

Fic. 2. Enlarged view, two diameters, of the right side of the shell indicated by
the cross on the large figure. The shell is exfoliated and reveals the muscular
markings.

Shell small, twice as long as high, and moderately ventricose; cardinal and
basal margins subparallel, generally converging slightly anteriorly; valves subangu-
yar along the umbonal ridge; beaks small, rather pointed anteriorly, situated at about
one-fourth of the entire length of the shell from the anterior end; anterior end rounded
below the median lineof the valve, posterior end obliquely truncated and broad; sur-_
face of valves marked by even, sharply elevated, concentric ridges or lamellee, which
are abruptly curved in crossing the umbonal ridge, presenting or rather accentu-
ating the slight angularity of the ridge.

Formation and Locafity.—In the Cincinnati Shales of the Hudson
River group, Brown County, found in its native burrows in Ladechia
Ohioensis Nich.

“J regret that the cut for figure 1 has been lost since it came into my possession. H. O.

Appendix. | :

Letorhynchus Newberry.

LEIORHYNCHUS NEWBERRY! H. and W., 23d Rept. State Cab., N. Y. Inthe
descriptions of this species it is correctly referred to the Chemung group, but
improperly to the Waverly group on the plate.

Genus PHOLADELLA H. and W.
Preliminary Notice of Lamellibranchiate Shells of the Upper Helderberg,

Hamilton, and Chemung groups, etc. (State Cab. Nat. Hist., Dec., 1869, p. 63). The

name (‘‘Hall, n. g.”) incorrectly inserted without my knowledge.—R. P. W.

Pholadella Newberryt.

PHOLADELLA NEWBERRYI H. and W. Prelim. Notice, cited above, p. 65.

Allorisma ( Sedgwickia ?) pleuropistha Meek, Pal. Ohio, vol. i, p. 309, plate 13,
Figs. 4@ and 48,

Pleurotomaria Mississippiensts.

PLEUROTOMARIA MISSISSIPPIENSIS White and Whitf., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.,
1862, p. 203, vol. 8. . oe

Pleurotonuria textiligera Meek, Pal. Ohio, vol. i, p. 314, plate 18, figs. 7a

and 6. |

NOTE.
The material embodied in the foregoing paper, with the accompanying plates,

was originally prepared for, and was expected to form a part of Volume III. of the
Paleontology of Ohio, and to be published as a part of the work of the geological

survey of that State, then under the directorship of Prof. John S. Newberry; but - —

owing toachange of policy of the State authorities, the volume was never published:
Subsequently, a part of the matter was published in the Annals of the Academy of
Sciences in March, 1882, under the title of “Descriptions of New Species of Fossils
from Ohio,” and references made to the voiume and plates as prepared for the sur-
vey report. Consequently the new genera and species will date from that publica-
tion, except a few of the Crustaceans which had been previously published in the
Am. Jour. Science for January, 1880, pp. 33 to 42, in conjunction with one hundred
and tweuty-five copies of an artotype plate distributed with author’s copies. In
preparing the matter for republication in the Annals at the present time it became

necessary to alter the numbering of the plates’ from one to twelve, as at first made, —

to five to sixteen ; otherwise the matter stands essentially as originally prepared.—
R. P. W. ; : 7s

1The original numbering is restored in the present volume. E. O.

ll el

CHAPTER IW.

OBSERVATIONS UPON THE SO-CALLED WAVERLY GROUP
OF OHIO.

By Pror. C. lL. HERRIcK, DENISON UNIVERSITY, GRANVILLE, O.

INTRODUCTION.

It is proper to say that the following pages were prepared, at the
request of Professor Orton, as a summary of results arrived at in the
course of a number of years of desultory exploration among the sub-
carboniferous and infra-carboniferous rocks of Ohio. ‘These studies oc-
cupied such intervals of time as could be filched from a laborious pro-
fessional life and cannot be said to have had much coherency or system.
The results, such as they are, have been published in the Bulletins of
Denison University, the American Geologist, and the Bulletins of the
American Geological Society. That these studies have contributed
something to the solution of a vexed problem of long standing is to be
attributed, first, to the method employed, viz.: the strict coordination
and mutual supplementing of paleontological and stratigraphical data.
In a region where, in the nature of the case, lithological characters are
inadequate and unreliable, the necessity of minute and pains-taking study
of the organic remains of each horizon is imperative. Such detailed
study is chiefly desirable from a biological standpoint and the compara-
tively small amount of work done in the present case is sufficient to
prove that there is a most interesting field for the study of evolutionary
changes in the Waverly rocks of Ohio. It is only the uninitiated who
need to be warned that in strata apparently barren of fossils the labor in-
volved is enormous. ‘The writer will, perhaps, never hope to again have
the patience to examine, literally inch by inch, acres of shales as has
been done in the prosecution of this study. The second fortunate ele.
ment in our work has been the circumstance that it was begun in a
typical portion of the series where the (hitherto over-looked) landmarks
separating important subdivisions are conspicuous. The fact that the
Waverly has been most often studied as exposed in the northern pert of

496 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

the State, where only one of the members is well developed, has occa-—
sioned much confusion. ‘The strange assumption that the entire series.

of over 500 feet is essentially homogeneous paleontologically has mili-
tated against a correct appreciation of the nature of the problem. This
may be in part explained as a result of the great monotony of the litho-

logical characters of the series and is, in part, an illustration of the dom-

inancy of aname. So long as collectors remained satisfied with labeling
specimens “from the Waverly group of Ohio” (as adequate a datum as
“from the Upper Silurian of New York” would be), it is little wonder
that the formation was found irreconcilable to any scheme of classifi-
cation.

Furthermore, the fact that the strata are almost exclusively littora]
and that their position is frequently complicated by sand-bar and fluviatile
agencies explains many perplexing complications. In the present paper
it will be impossible to enter into detail; in the paleontological portions
especially it must be admitted that a final clearing up of the synonomy
cannot be undertaken until the numerous species more or less fully de
scribed by the lamented Alexander Winchell shall have been reviewed
and illustrated. This work, which the distinguished Michigan geologist
left unfinished when so unexpectedly called hence, remains an inipera-
tive need of American geology. It should also be remembered that the
writer makes no pretense at being a professional paleontologist and only
ventured to describe the material collected when it was possible to ac-
company the description by a figure which would serve to enable others
to use the data on which his conclusions were drawn. After some years
of complete neglect of this subject, to which he never expects to return,
it would be useless to attempt a revision of the descriptions already as
fully elaborated as the opportunities permitted. The accompanying iL
lustrations will enable the reader to determine at.a glance the salient
characters of the several horizons. Mistakes of various sorts made d1r-
ing these studies and incident to the method of publication have been
corrected as far as possible, while those which remain are recommended
to mercy. It remains to acknowledge the assistance afforded me in this
study by my revered friend, Professor Edward Orton, to whom Ohio and
the science of Geology, in common with hundreds of students who have
sat under his personal instruction during more than a score of years, are
deeply indebted.

HISTORICAL.

It will be unnecessary to attempt a complete resumé of the history of —

opinion because Professor Alexander Winchell has given a very elaborate
discussion of the subject in the Proceedings of the American Philosoph-
ical Society, vol. XI, 1869. The earliest reference to the rocks here in

discussion is a paper by Dr. S: P. Hildreth in the American Journal, Vol.
29, upon the “Bituminous Coal Deposits of the. Valley of the Ohio.” ~~

~

OBSERVATIONS UPON THE WAVERLY GROUP. 497

In this paper they are described as ‘‘argillaceous sandstone rocks,
‘very fine grained,” and the fossil remains are imperfectly illustrated by
Dr. S: G. Morton. Although C. Briggs, in his paper in the First Annual
Report’of the Ohio Geological Survey, 1858, applied the name Waverly
Sandstone series to these rocks, they were for a long time designated
simply ‘‘ Fine grained sandstone series.”

When Professor Hall, in 1842, announced the results of his extended
western explorations (American Journ. Science, XLIII, etc.), he regarded
all the strata lying between the black (Ohio) shale and the mill-stone
grit as equivalent to the Chemung and Portage.

The black shale was considered as the only representative of the
Marcellus shale of New York, the Hamilton group, and Genessee slate.
The equivalence of the Ohio ‘‘fine-grained sandstone series” with the
Chemung was several times reiterated by Professor Hall and Professors
White and Whitfield, and seems not to have been called in question,
although evidence was fast accumulating that the equivalent horizons in
Missouri, Iowa and Michigan have a Carboniferous habitus, until 1862,
when Professor Hall remarks that “the Waverly sandstone group of the
Ohio reports, at one time regarded by me as entirely equivalent to the
Portage and Chemung groups may, in its upper members, constitute a
distinct group, though we do not know any line of demarkation between
them’.’ More direct evidence of the position of the Waverly was afforded
by the descriptions of Crinoids from Richfield, O., in 1863. The list, con-
taining seventeen species, was reissued by Professor Hall in 18657, and
closes with the statement that ‘‘Left to the evidence afforded alone by
the collection, and the means of comparison at present possessed, I should
infer that the geological position of these beds is between the Hamilton
group and the lower Carboniferous beds; while the occurrence of a single
species identical with a species in the middle of the Chemung group
will ally them more nearly with the fauna of the Hamilton group than
with that of the Carboniferous period.” With respect to this statement it
may be added that in the locality mentioned there is exposed almost
solely a small range of very fossiliferous shale from the lower third of the
Waverly in which we nowhere find the typical Waverly faunal habitus.
The upper portion of the series is wholly absent and only here and there
are remnants of the middle Waverly (Kinderhook) to be found and these
often in abnormal proximity to the lower series. ‘The next lower fossil-
iferous horizon is that of the Bedford shale, which, as I have shown, has
a large series of forms identical with or similar to Hamilton species. It
thus appears that inasmuch as, faunally at least, these beds lie between
Kinderhook and Hamilton horizons, it is not unnatural that the Crinoids
should have resemblances to Devonian types. At the same time the
fact, now abundantly proven, that true Chemung (Erie) beds lie below

1Canadian Naturalist and Geologist, vol. VII.
7XVII Rep. N. Y. Regents. 1860.

32 6:0;

498 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

the Bedford shales in the northern tier of counties shows the fallacy of
seeking exact parallelism of strata or faunz originating under such
diverse physical conditions.

In July, 1865, Professor Alexander Winchell undertook a comparison
of the faunze of the various formations supposed to be the western equiy-
alents of the Chemung of New York, and found to his astonishment that
not a single species out of about 175 forms collected in Ohio, Iowa, Michi.
gan aud Illinois proved identifiable with Chemung species. He says
‘In the light of these identifications, and in the absence of all identifi-
cations between western species and those of the Chemung, as well as
between the species of this so-called Chemung conglomerate and those
of the Chemung, it might not seem unreasonable to doubt its affinities
with recognized Chemung rocks and to suspect its continuity with the
supposed Carboniferous conglomerate until observation shall have dem-
onstrated that its stratigraphical position is really below that formation.
And further, since we must probably abandon the attempt to coordinate
the Chemung of New York with the fossiliferous portions of the sand-
stones and shales of the west lying between the ‘Black slate’ and the Coa]
conglomerate, it seems not unlikely that we may yet be able to prove the
conglomerate of Western NewYork to be the attenuated and littoral pro-
longation of those western sandstones and shales—at least of the supe-
rior and fossiliferous portions of them, so that the latter would stand as a
hitherto unrecognized group of strata lying at the very base of the Car-
boniferous system, while the Chemung rocks of New York fall within
the Devonian system, toward which the writer is now inclined to think
that their paleontological affinities attract them.”

In 1866 Professor Winchell made a brief survey of Knox and Co-
shocton counties in company with Professor Newberry, and reported that
several of the Waverly species were known to extend into the Coal Meas-
ures, and therefore suggested that the ‘‘chocolate shales” (estimated thick
ness 534 feet) are the equivalent of the Portage and Chemung. The
chocolate shales here referred to embrace the Bedford, Berea, Cuyahoga
and Waverly shales of my own reports.

Professor Winchell is therefore to be credited with the first attempt
to separate an upper, sandy (Logan) group as Carboniferous in faunal
characters from a lower shaly, Devonian portion.

On the other hand, the attempt to definitely parallelize the upper
Waverly with the Catskill group of New York may be said, in the light
of our present knowledge, to have proven quite futile.

In 1866 Professor Hall again insisted on the Chemung age of the
Waverly and his conclusions were so generally accepted as to close, ior
the time, all discussion of the subject.’ :

In 1869, however, Professor Winchell again resumed the discussion
and published in the Transactions of the American Philosophical Society

1 Trans. American Philosophical Society, 1866, p. 246.

OBSERVATIONS UPON THE WAVERLY GROUP: 499

a very elaborate historical and paleontological review of the whole ques-
tion, seeking to effect a parallelism between the formations of all the
western states and New York. ‘To this paper the reader is referred for
the materials for a critical study of the question. The second part
of this paper appeared in May, 1870, and contained a list of over 400 spe-
cies from rocks supposed to be contemporaneous with the Waverly or Mar-
shall group. Of these 139 were from Ohio and 160 from Iowa, and some-
thing over 100 from Michigan. At least 50 species in the Iowa list are
also found in Ohio and 27 found in Michigan were also found in Ohio.
It should be noticed that Professor Winchell distinctly separates the Mar-
shall from the chocolate shales of the lower Waverly. It is necessary
to apply a name to the exclusion of the “Chocolate Series” of Ohio, un-
derlying the fossiliferous sandstones of the Waverly series.

He did not discover that the Cuyahoga shale, and indeed the entire
exposed Waverly of the northern counties of Ohio, belongs to this lower
shaly series, nor that, instead of being unfossiliferous, it is locally one
of the most richly fossiliferous horizons of the State. Had he discovered
that the strata upon whose fauna Professor Hall pronounced the Wa-
verly of Chemung age belonged in the “chocolate series” which he ex-
pressly relegated to the Devonian, we had been spared a long and fa-
tiguing discussion.

It still remains to note that the upper and sandy portions are by no
means as homogeneous as supposed hitherto. All of the attempts to as-
Sign the Waverly to its proper position in the series have been wrecked
on the fatal fact that the collections have been made indiscriminately
without regard to altitude in the series. This is due to the lithological
and physical similarity of the rocks from top to bottom and to the very
fickle and irregular character of the conglomerates.

It may be added that the extent to which the upper surface of the
Waverly has been eroded varies greatly in various parts of the State so
that the distance beneath the Millstone grit is absolutely no guide in
those portions where the entire series is represented, and much less so
where the fluctuations in level have superposed the grit on the project-
ing base of, the Waverly series. In no other way can the Waverly prob-
Jem be understood than by considering the slow but extensive oscillatory
or rocking movements of the earth’s crust which have shifted the depos-
iting waters back and forth, and even caused two adjacent basins or re-
gions to play hide and seek with each other.

Of the work of the Ohio Geological Survey, it is here unnecessary
to speak. The paleontological work of Mr. Meek served to throw into
stong relief the Carboniferous character of the Waverly. ‘The list of fos-
sils studied was very small and Mr. Meek was at the time in precarious
health, so that we unfortunately were deprived of a thorough discussion
of the subject at the hands of the ablest of American paleontologists.
To this lack may he ascribed tiie slow progress subsequently made in

500 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

Ohio stratigraphy. The economy which sacrifices exhaustive paleontol-
ogical study of a series of stratified rocks is sure to prove short-sighted
in the long run. Mr. Meek said, ‘‘I have seen no reason to change an
opinion long since expressed in a joint paper with Prof. Worthen, that
this rock and its equivalents in Illinois, Indiana, etc., belongs to the Car-
boniferous system. It may also be added that, from the first, I have been |
impressed with the rather curious fact that many of the Waverly fossils
have much more closely allied representatives in the Coal Measures of our
Western States than in the Lower Carboniferous limestones of the same
region.” He adds that he has not the slightest suspicion that the Wa-
verly should be included in the coal measures’. Of the thirty-two Waverly
species described only about twelve are from the lower portion of the
Waverly which might alone be sufficient to indicate that the opinion
ot Professor Meek was chiefly formed upon the basis of specimens from
the Logan group or sandy portion of the Waverly. But of the remainder
it is significant that the forms are either species with a recognized wide
range, like Grammysia hannibalensis, Hemipronites crenistria, ete., or
species like Palgoneilo bedfordensis which too closely resemble Devonian
forms, or new species whose resemblances are either decidedly Devonian
or unsignificant. The great weight of Mr. Meek’s opinion cannot, there
fore, be applied to sustain the Carboniferous relationship of the lower
division of the Ohio Waverly. Professor Newberry insisted that “the
series of strata which begins with the mechanical sediments of the Port-
age has a fauna more Carboniferous than Devonian in character. The
commencement of the epoch of the deposition of this series of mechan-
icalsedimnts * * * was in fact the beginning of the Carboniferous-
period.” Inthe second volume of the Ohio Geology he says: ‘That all
its rich fauna is of a decidedly Carboniferous type; second, that it includes
anumber of species of the lower Carboniferous rocks of Kentucky,
Tennessee, Illinois, lowa, and Michigan; third, that it furnishes at nearly
all of its fossiliferous localities certain species which are also common in
the coal measures above; fourth, that our collections made include no
Chemung or Portage species; fifth, that it is continuous with the ‘vesper-
tine’ and ‘umbral’ rocks of Pennsylvania.” The curious fauna of the
Bedford was at that time almost unknown nor had the abundant fauna
of the concretionary shales near the base of the Waverly been explored.
The basal shales were supposed to be practically unfossiliferous. In the
fifth volume of the New York Paleontology, Professor Hall seems to
withdraw his oft-repeated statements as to the Chemung habitus of the
Waverly fauna; he says: “‘A careful examination of those species supposed
to have a vertical range from the Chemung group to the Waverly group,
has shown that they are allied forms but specifically distinct.” The gen-
era, however, are for the most part identical, only four genera of lam-
ellibranchs found in the Waverly are not also found in the Hamilton or
Chemung.

‘Paleontology of Ohio, Vol. II, p. 272.

OBSERVATIONS UPON THE WAVERLY GROUP. 501

Professor Orton’s carful stratigraphical work has done much to
place the Waverly question on a permanent and satisfactory basis. In
as much as his labors have been largely directed to the lower portion
of the series, particularly the Berea grit and associated strata, he has not
attempted to employ paleontological data to as large an extent as might
be requisite in a similarly detailed study of the upper series. Professor
Orton suggested a division of the Cuyahoga of Newberry (all the Wa-
vetly above the Berea) into an upper sandy portion, which he terms the
Logan group and a shaly basal series, for which he retained the name
Cuyahoga shales. The student of the Waverly is referred to volume VI
of the Ohio Geological Survey reports for a summary of our knowledge
of the subject. In this resumé Professor Orton corrects many of the
errors of earlier writers and offers the most satisfactory description of the
Waverly which had appeared up to that time. In the meantime the
writer had been feeling his way toward the same results by means of a
minute comparison of the faunze of various horizons. A first result
of these studies was printed in the third volume of the Bulletin of the
Laboratories of Denison University, April, 1888. This paper was chiefly
devoted to an annotated list of fossils from Licking county and adjacent
regions in Ohio. In this paper it was attempted to show that the Wa-
verly consists of three rather distinct portions, which, in central Ohio, are
bounded by two thin layers of conglomerate. The lower division, inclu-
ing the Berea and Waverly shales, was considered to have a decidedly
Devonian habitus, while the middle portion included a mingled fauna
of Carboniferous and Devonian character (the latter prevailing), and the
upper third merged rapidly into the lower Carboniferous. The following
passage is quoted as substantially embodying the results of a study of the
Waverly in central Ohio:

“The Waverly group of Ohio is a composite assemblage of litholog-
ically constant character. The lower portion of it is chiefly composed
ef greyish, yellowish, and greenish arenaceous shales with local grits
and nodulary masses of limestone and occasionally, near the base, inter-
calated layers of bituminous shale. This series is faunally nearly dis-
tinct in central Ohio and should be regarded not only as Devonian, but
as containing persistent elements from the Hamilton type in connection
with Portage and Chemung forms. Moreover, it is believed that geo-
graphical variation must be called in very largely to explain the specific
divergences, while generic resemblances remain perfectly obvious. Our
division II, although so relatively small, was evidently a transition period.
Most of the strata may have been deposited while the Catskill was form-
ing at the east, but the fauna was essentially of Chemung character.
Nevertheless the connection in Ohio was much more direct with areas
where carboniferous types were already appearing and a more or less
marked admixture was the result. Conglomerate II marks a slight oscil-
latory wave passing from north to south, resulting first in mud flats in

.

502 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

which burrowing mollusks thrived, and later, in shore-lines kept supplied
with pebbles by re-invigorated rivers. When the sea next returned it
was with its freight of Carboniferous forms, but the old Chemung species
had chiefly perished during the slight oscillation. Comparatively few
deep-sea forms accommodated themselves to the littoral conditions for
some time, but such as did are related to Burlington or Keokuk species,
which formations were then accumulating to the westward.”

In this paper, by a curious mistake, the word “Berea” 1s included in
a table on page 26 at the level of the Licking county freestones (Kinder-
hook) and has given rise to some misconception. In December of the
same year the concluding portion of the same paper appeared, complet-
ing the list of fossils and summing up the evidence then at command.
About forty species regarded as new were described and most of the
forms mentioned were figured. A few cursory collections in the upper-
most layers at Cuyahoga Falls led to the suspicion that there existed a
thin band of shales belonging to horizon of division III. This opinion
was materially strengthened by the report of Mr. E. O. Ulrich which
appeared in the fourth volume of the Bulletin of Denison University.
In his own words, ‘The bryozoa are thus decidedly indicative of an
equivalence between the Cuyahoga shales on one hand and the Keokuk
group on the other.”

We noted 'the fact that ‘‘an almost entire change in fauna appears a
mile or two below Cuyahoga Falls and there is little in common between
the upper shales and those below the flags forming the second falls of
the Cuyahoga. Subsequent observation has served to emphasize the
last statement, but renders it improbable that there is any considerable
representation of division III in the typical Cuyahoga as exposed at the
falls of that name. It was sufficient to attract attention to discover, by
a more careful examination of Mr. Ulrich’s list, that a number of identi-
cal species occur in the Cuyahoga shales at the Falls and at Bagdad,
Richfield and Lodi, as well as in the shales at Moot’s run in Licking
county, the position of which was well known to be near the base of the
Waverly. An abundant fauna, with a strong Devonian facies, was found at
this horizon. Glancing at the list of bryozoa we find twenty-four species
not previously described. /enestella aperta, fF. tenax and F. burling-
tonensis Were recognized on admittedly imperfect material while the form
identified with /. vega/is was thought possibly varietally distinct from
the Keokuk type. Similarly with the other genera; many of the species
may have a wide vertical range and others of those compared to Keokuk
species are not well preserved. Glyptopora megastoma, if associated
with Spirifer striatijormis at Sciotoville, is from a horizon comparable
with the Burlington. Thus it appears that the evidence for che Keokuk
age of the Cuyahoga is less convincing than wasat first supposed. Ina
subsequent visit to these northern localities the calcareous concretionary
layer which has yielded so abundant a fauna in central Ohio, was discoy-
ered at a distance of forty feet beneath the coal-measure conglomerate

OBSERVATIONS UPON THE WAVERLY GROUP. 203

and most of the characteristic species re-collected. ‘This served to settle
the question conclusively except for the few feet above this horizon. At
a level twenty feet highér a curious depauperate fauna is found which
seems to be the greatly modified product of the above mentioned. The
conditions appear to have been unfavorable and the same species which
js large and conspicuously marked in the forty-foot layer is here half the
size and faintly marked. A few species belonging to a horizon just be-
neath conglomerate I, have also been found just below the coal-measure
conglomerate at Weymouth. This is a most interesting illustration of
the effect of changed conditions on the fauna.

At the August meeting of the American Geological Society in 1890
the writer summarized the then state of the problem substantially as in
what here follows. It should be added that valuable assistance was
afforded in the field work in various parts of the state by Mr. W. F.
Cooper.

GENERAL SUMMARY.

_As stated by Professor Orton, the Waverly rests with practical con-
formability on the great series of “Ohio Black Shales,” including three
divisions which are distinct in the northern part of the State, but, accord-
ing to Orton, are blended in the central and southern parts of the State.
Whether the Huron, Erie and Cleveland shales are fused or regarded as
distinct in age (as Dr. Newberry insists) or whether the Erie be regarded
as a wedge inserted from the east into homogeneous series formed by
Huron, Cleveland and Bedford in the west, it cannot be doubted that the
Erie is a close homologue and direct continuation of the New York Che-
mung. ‘The paleontological and stratigraphical evidence for this state-
ment is complete.

The following passages from a paper in the Bulletin of Denison
University, vol. 12, express the general conclusions reached by a study
of these faunz:

“All discussion of the age of the lower Waverly now turns upon the
question as to the age of the Erie and Bedford, and this question stands
in need of careful field-work and especially more extended and minute
paleontological examination. Meanwhile the following suggestions may
be hazarded. First, we may assume as proven that the Erie shales are
of Chemung age, that is, in the broad sense, including Portage. ‘The
fossils, on the whole, indicate lower Chemung or Portage. Are we to
conclude from this that all which hes stratigraphically above the Erie is
certainly later faunally than the top of the Chemung as seen in New
York strata? We think this does not by any means follow.. We are
struck in examining the stratigraphy of the Waverly by the fact that the
dip of the true Waverly strata is southeast and the great area of its de-
position is ina different basin from the Chemung. The Waverly strata
thin out to the northeast while the Erie increases in thickness in the -

504 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

same direction. The point where the Erie and Waverly strata come
into juxtaposition is not, however, along the shore of the Waverly sea,
but far to the eastward of the littoral deposits. The two sets of rocks
were formed then by different but occasionally interblended seas. The
line of strike measurably conforms to the shore line in the Waverly.
Thus the plane of 1,000 feet elevation intersects the Moot’s run horizon
in Licking county and some distance west of Portsmouth in southern
Ohio, while at Lodi the same horizon seems nearly at 825 feet probably,
throwing the line of intersection further toward the west. ‘There has not
been any considerable change of level since the sediments were deposited
beyond the gradual sinking of the centre of the basin. It is evident
that the Devonian basin in New York and that of the Carboniferous in
Ohio are not coincident nor have their movements followed the same
rhythm.”

“When the strata which constitute the Chemung in New York were
forming, what was going on in Ohio?”

“There seems to have been a pretty general uniformity in conditions
during the Hamilton period over the entire area considered—indeed a
much more extensive one. ‘The change which made the sediments of
New York littoral sands and induced a modification of fauna may not
have been felt at once in distant areas in Ohio. The undisturbed seas in
Ohio may have been concealing a fauna more closely allied to the Ham-
ilton, while the oscillation along the western border of the Chemung area
may have once and again thrown a great apron of its own sediments over
Hamilton beds, only to be in turn covered by a similar apron from the
Ohio beds.”

“What, indeed, is to prevent us from believing that when the early
fluctuation of the northeastern part of this area was bringing more and
more of the Silurian shore-line within its own erosive power and accumu-
lating coarse detrital material in great masses, the weedy sea of the
Hamilton continued unaltered in Ohio. Sandy bottom, stormy waves
and unaccustomed conditions of all kinds must have their effect on the
organization of the fauna and, if accepted ideas of the causes of evolu-
lution are correct, a sudden change would be seen in a faunal develop-
ment more or less forced, one-sided, and local.”

“Great variety within narrow groups is the rule under such condi-
tions. Just as the sudden formation of a prairie out of a morass develops
hundreds of species in a few genera, so, in this case, such groups as could
cope sucessfully with the new conditions would expand, while others dis-
appear. As the agitation extended westward the plot thickens. Some-
where on the western part of our area we should expect to find strata
strangely interblended, just as a player in cutting and shuffling a pack
thrusts the edges of the cards between each other. Here we should find
a stratum marking the return of the former conditions.”

“Such a state of things as we have supposed would explain the con-
ditions in northern Ohio in the period before the Berea grit, which put

OBSERVATIONS. UPON THE WAVERLY GROUP. 505

an end to all this by calling in the agency of shore action on its own ac-
count in the western part of the basin. Of this there is abundant evi-
dence in the oblique lamination and fucoids of that horizon. If we
admit the probability that Hamilton and New York Chemung played a
game of hide and seek during the preliminary oscillation they certainly
were sadly disturbed during the Berea epoch.’

“Then followed a gradual depression with occasional infiltration

from the Chemung area, now rapidly contracting. The Berea shales
mark the long period of isolation and gradual depression. When the
subsequent upheaval began the sea must have extended as far as to the
northern highlands and, after gnawing away at their bases and storing
up great reservoirs of material, there began the gradual depression which
spread them over the whole of the area. Time was then ripe for the
opening of the Carboniferous period. The old descendents of Hamilton
forms had done what they could, assisted by strays from the Chemung
areas further east, and having grown sadly out of fashion they were now
subjected to nearly the same influences which were applied in the Che-
mung area. Littoral action and coarse sediments soon bore fruit in a
fauna very like the later Chemung, though that period was now closed in
New York.”

“Thus grew up our Kinderhook or middle Waverly. But a tempo-
rary recession swept the waters backward depositing a shale containing
a few descendants of the old Waverly-shale fauna with interspersed forms
of Carboniferous types. It was now sub-carboniferous time and the ele-
vation which next followed left its trail of sandy material with a fauna
not unlike the Burlington but so hastily retreating as to build no lime-
stone fortifications. But in the far southeast now these limestones gath-
ered strength and with the next gain of Neptune flung a thin apron over
the lap of southwestern Ohio into which stormy Coal-measure seas cast
millions of tons of stones worn by the universal torrents from the
northern shores.”

“There can be little doubt that the materials of middle Waverly
sandstone and conglomerate were carried by rivers or the like. The
epoch of coal-measure conglomerate we have also spoken of as a torrent
period. On what grounds? Ist. The accumulation of tree trunks of
Carboniferous aspect. 2nd. The nature of the deposits. 3rd. .The
fickle distribution of the material. 4th. The combination of new and old
material in its make-up, etc.”

An episode in the evolution of the Waverly problem was the publi-
cation of a paper by Professor H. S. Williams’ announcing the discovery
at the base of the Chemung at High Point, Naples, N. V., of a fauna with
decidely Carboniferous aspect, most nearly resembling that of the Kinder-
hook. ‘This statement rests upon the similarity of the fauna with that

1Qna Remarkable Fuana at the base of the Chemung Group in New York.
American Journal of Science, Feb., 1883.

a Te ARNE

506 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

of the so-called Lime creek beds of Iowa, which latter were, however,.
referred by Professor Hall to the Chemung and by Western geologists to»
the Hamilton. The general conclusions are thus referred. ‘‘The Kinder-
hook, well-developed in the interior of the continent, is represented by a.
thin wedge at the base of the Chemung period of New York; that the-
upper Chemung fauna probably did not extend far west of New York
state, but if it does appear farther west, it should be looked for in the
upper part of, or above the Kinderhook group.”

In a subsequent number of the American Journal, Professor Calvin!
discusses these statements, and, while admitting the equivalence of the
High Point and Lime Creek faunas, shows clearly that neither is legiti-
mately comparable with the Kinderhook of the West. He says, ‘‘ Not a.
single species of the Lime Creek fauna has yet been recognized in all the
Kinderhook of Missouri, Indiana and Illinois.” The generic assemblage.
is also entirely distinct. This discussion is referred to for the reason
that it seems to indicate that in New York, as well as the western states,
there are instances of the apparent interpolation of lower strata in higher.
If the High Point fauna prove to be Hamilton or Helderberg, the case is.
similar to the Bedford fauna in Northern Ohio.

We may next take up in order the several horizons with such help as-
can be gained from paleontology and stratigraphy.

THE ERIE SHALE.

Dr. Newberry has apparently never recognized the necessity of com-
bining the Cleveland, Erie and Huron shales as the Ohio Black Shales.
The Huron he regards as the representative of everything in New York,
from the Gardeau shale to the Marcellus, inclusive, finding in it in central
and western Ohio, fossils of the Portage, the Genessee, and the Marcellus
shales, viz: Gontatites comblanatus, Letorhynchus quadricostatus, Lingula

spatulata, Discina lodensis, Lunulicardium fragile, Styliola fissurella, and

Leiorhynchus limitaris.
If Professor Orton’s suggestion that the Cleveland forms “the larger

half of the great black shale of southern Ohio” be correct, many of

these forms may be derived from that horizon. However this may be,
we are treated to a complication quite as perplexing in the fauna of the

next group.
THE BEDFORD SHALE.

This so-called “chocolate shale” has long been regarded as the base of
the Waverly. The shales vary greatly in color and habitus, but as Pro-
fessor Orton says ‘“‘there is not a stratum in our geological column that
can be followed across the State in more easily demonstrated identity
than this.” The description given by this author in volume VI of the Ohio

1On the Fauna found at Lime Creek, Iowa, and its relations to other Geological

Faunas. American Journal of Science, June, 1883.

il ic

OBSERVATIONS UPON THE WAVERLY GROUP. 507

Geological Reports is so complete that a reference is all that is here requi-
site. Dr. Newberry has long since decided that the Bedford is Carboni-
ferous, basing his conclusions upon the occurrence of such fossils as.
Syringothyris typa, Hemipronites crenistria, Chonetes logani, Orthis miche-

lina, and Spiriferina solidirostris. As Professor Orton states, “none of

these fossils have been reported south of the lake shore,” and a study of
these localities and collections on which Dr. Newberry’s opinion was.
founded has convinced the writer that these species do not occur in the
typical shaly Bedford, but in thin flags associated or interbedded, while the
typical Bedford, especially in central Ohio where it reposes directly upon
the “Black Shale,” carries a considerable series of fossils forming a decid-
edly Devonian assemblage. More remarkable still, the specific resem-
blances are unquestionably with Hamilton (in the broad sense) rather
than the Chemung fauna.

List OF FOSSILS FROM THE BEDFORD SHALE.

1. Linguia mele, H.

2. Orbiculoidea newberryi, H.

8. Orthis vanuxemt, H.*

4. Chonetes scitu a, H.*

5. Ambocelia umbonata, H.*

6. Hemipronites, sp.

7. Macrodon hamiltonig, H.*

8. Microdon bellistriatus, Con.*

9. Leda diversa, var. bedfordenis, var. n. (*)

10. Paleonilo bedfordensis (=var. of P. constricta.)

11. Pterinopecten, sp. ;

12. Bellerophon newberryi? (*)

13. Bellerophon lineata, H. ?

14. Loxonema, sp. (resembling ZL. delphicola.*)

15. Orthoceras, sp. (resembling O. inteum.*)

16. Gontatites, sp. (resembling Portage sp.)

17. Pleurotomaria (cf. sulcomarginata.*)

These fossils are figured on plate XX. The absence of uncon-
formity between the black shale and the Bed/ord, and the occasional
lapses into the same lithological peculiarities in the latter, permit us to.
assume a substantial continuity of faunce from one to the other. ‘The
peculiar interblending of faune along the border region of northern
Ohio is to be explained, as already indicated, by the shuffling of the sed-
iments of adjacent basins—a process which was continued in the Cuya-
hoga shale. Very careful study of the Bedford has not been rewarded
by any fossils south of Columbus. The most complete series of fossils

*The species thus marked are identical with, or closely related to Hamilton
forms. ‘

508 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

was found near Central college, near Westerville. If there is substantial
continuity up to the Bedford, an equally close transition connects the
latter with the following.

THE BEREA GRIT.

This very constant and well-marked stratum has been most ex-
haustively described by Professor Orton, in volume VI of the Ohio re-
ports. It is exceedingly poor in fossils and with the exception of
Strophomena rhomboidalis and a few lingule, these are not identifiable.
In all probability the fauna was identical with that of the next.

THE BEREA SHALE.

This layer of black bituminous shale which forms the immediate
cover of the grit, contains besides fish remains a vast number of Lingula
melte and Discina newberryt wherever it occurs throughout the State.
In northern Ohio the same fauna, supplemented by other species of
Lingula, is continued some distance higher.

The writer has in previous papers extended the term to the gray
and greenish shales following, which, as admitted by Professor Orton,
cannot be sharply separated. ‘The faunal similarity would warrant such
a procedure, but it has the obvious disadvantage of leaving the upper
limit of the Berea shale ambiguous. It will be preferable to restrict the
term to the bituminous portion with the understanding that it is but a
lithological modification in a continuous series. It can hardly be doubted
at present that the Berea grit is the real floor of the series—not necessar-

ily the base of the Carboniferous, but the most convenient base line for
the Waverly, if this term is still to be used for this remarkable series of
Ohio shales and flags.

THE CuyvyAHOGA SHALE.

In deference to the usage of the Ohio geologists, this term is here
used to embrace everything between the Berea shale and conglomerate
I, but it should be remembered that in fauna this series is not homo-
geneous but presents at least a three-fold subdivision. The lower courses
contain beds of flags in southern and central Ohio, of which the Buena
Vista beds are the most important. In Scioto county these beds follow
immediately the fifteen feet of Berea shales and attain a thickness
of twenty-five feet. In central Ohio, while less distinctively developed
they nevertheless can be recognized. They are followed by a few feet
of shales, which have yielded to a long continued search only a few
specimens of imperfectly preserved fossils.

Several days’ labor during which the shale was systematically exam-
ined bit by bit, inch by inch, have yielded about half a dozen species in
obscure fragments. A spirifer apparently intermediate between Sp.

OBSERVATIONS UPON THE WAVERLY GROUP A09

marionensis and Sp. disjunctus, a Chonetes like C. scttuéa, a Paleeoneilo
like P. sudcatina, a Schizodus somewhat like S. medinaensis, a fine Pleuro-
tomaria, consimilis and a Proetus being the entire find. The
patient student will perhaps secure added material from exposures of
this horizon one mile east of Harlem and four miles west of Jersey.

In northern Ohio the same series may be found near the lower falls
of the Cuyahoga, where a number of specimens occur, constituting a
faunal assemblage quite different from that nearer the conglomerate.
( Allorisma cuyahoga, Discina newberryi, ete., occur.) At Portsmouth,
in southern Ohio, this series of shales is nearly suppressed and the true
Cuyahoga fauna appears only a few feet above the Buena Vista flags.

The most important portion of the Cuyahoga is that which occupies
the upper 90-100 feet at Cuyahoga Falls. Professor Orton says, “The
fossils with which the Cuyahoga shale has been credited have been
largely derived from the division next to be described [Logan Group;
while this was counted part of the shale. As here limited, it is for the
most part very poor in fossils.’ This, as we have seen, is true of Mr.
Meek’s work but does not apply to the collections studied by Professor
Hail and others. Geologists have been looking at two sides of the
shield. Statements based on the collections from the Logan do not
apply to the Cuyahoga. At the present time it can no longer be said
that the Cuyahoga is poor in fossils. As stated in 1888, “This division
is one of the most interesting in the State, preserving its fossils, thanks
to the calcareous concretions, in perfect condition. The species are
mostly new to science but have analogies with Chemung and Hamilton
forms. “The bryozoa have not furnished conclusive evidence, most of
them being new. The upper thirty or forty feet contain. the concretions
with three or four new trilobites, and Sfirtfer marionensts, Fenestelia
hervickana, Lyriopecten ? cancellatus, Pterinopecten cariniferus, Streblop-
teria fragilis, Promacra ? truncata, etc., are characteristic species. ‘Traces
of the same fauna can be followed downward over 100 feet.”

Probably the best consecutive exposure of the Waverly is near Lyon’s
Falls a few miles southwest of Loudonville. Here the fauna of this
horizon is abundantly represented, both in calcareous concretions and
the enclosing shales. The characteristic portion is seventy feet below
conglomerate I. and contains Phethonides spinosus, Proelus precursor,
Edmondia sulcifera, Limatulina ohioensts, Lyrtopecten cancellatus, L. nodo-
costatus, Paleonetilo ignota, Pterinopecten cariniferus, Pterinopecten shum-
ardianus, P. ashlandensts, Streblopteria fragilis, Cyclonema strigillatum,
Chonetes tumida, Spirifer marionensis, Sp. tenuispinatus.

An identical fauna is found in the same horizon at Moot’s run some
five miles west of Granville in Licking county, where it has been most
carefully studied.

Along the Ohio river the same association of fossils is found in the
shales twenty feet above the Buena Vista flags. and may be easily studied

510 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

‘one mile west of Portsmouth. The upper part of this horizon appears

below highwater mark at Sciotoville, at which point it disappears from
view. The constancy in fauna is only more remarkable than the litho-
logical uniformity. The same calcareous or ferruginous concretions
loaded with fossils greet us at all exposures.

When the same band of concretions was found at the water’s edge,
-40 feet below the carboniferous conglomerate at Cuyahoga Falls and at
Akron in the creek bed near the tile works, the stratigraphy of the
Waverly became clear.

A large percentage of the fossils found in Licking county have since
‘been collected from the calcareous nodules in Cuyahoga valley. ‘The
depauperate faunze of the shales in which these concretions lie when com-
pared with the well-formed species of the concretions is explained, and
we are convinced that, with the possible exception of 30 feet immediately
below the conglomerate, there is nothing in the Cuyahoga valley to repre-
sent any part of the Waverly of southern Ohic which rises above the
conglomerate I.

Subsequent study of the exposures at Bagdad, Weymouth, Richfield
and Lodi, have shown that at a little distance from the margin still more
of the series appears and some elements of a fauna which in Licking
county lies immediately below conglomerate I are represented in the
highest part of the shales. It becomes necessary, accordingly, as already
indicated, to place nearly all of the bryozoa and crinoids of the Waverly
in this subdivision.

It has already been seen that the crinoids suggest a Devonian age for
this series. The bryozoa are mostly new and cannot afford a decisive
answer. What of the remainder of the fauna? Unfortunately the spe-
cies are chiefly unique, but the generic assemblage should be instructive.
Among the trilobites we have three genera—Phcethonides extends from
the Upper Helderberg to the Hamilton. No trilobites being found in
the Chemung, its upper limits in America remained uncertain. It does
not occur in the Carboniferous. It extends to the top of division II of
the Waverly, z. e. from the base to the top of conglomerate II which is
the upper limit of the Kinderhook of our classification. It is most
abundant in the shales under consideration.

Dalmanites? cuyahoge, Claypole, even if it should prove that the
pygidium described cannot be included in the genus Dalmanites, adds to
the Devonian habitus of the crustacea. Proetus is a genus which in
America extends from the Upper Helderberg to the Hamilton. In the
Waverly it is represented by several species which merge into Phillipsia
as we enter division III. A species occurs at the very base of the Cuy-
ahoga shales and others are abundant in the Kinderhook. The obvious
resemblances of our species are to the Hamilton forms. The evidence

of the trilobites is strongly in favor of the Devonian age of the Cuyahoga
shale and affords a beautiful illustration of the slow evolution of genera.

OBSERVATIONS UPON THE WAVERLY GROUP. ALL

“Thus, the genus Phillipsia was evolved during the Kinderhook from
Proetus and the genus Brachymetopus from Phzethonides. Turning now
to the lamellebranch mollusks, what is their evidence as to the age of the
Cuyahoga shales? The genera Leiopteria, Lyriopecten, Palzeoneilo,
Pterinopecten, Streblopteria and particularly the forms representing them
have a decided Devonian habit. Crenipecten occurs in the middle Wa-
verly and Aviculopecten only near the summit of theseries. Thespecies
of Schizodus are mostly allied to Devonian types. Among the brachio-
-pods Productus and Chonetes are Carboniferous genera, but in the Cuy-
ahoga they are sparingly represented and are mostly allied to recognized
Devonian groups. Productella is more abundant than Productus proper
The fossils which have been referred to carboniferous species seem in
every case to have been incorrectly identified. Productus semirecticu-
latus does not occur within the Ohio Waverly. Without too greatly ex-
‘tending this discussion it would be useless to consider the remaining
groups, but enough has been said to show that the Cuyahoga shales are
Devonian and lie above the Hamilton. ‘That the fauna is unlike that of
‘the New York Chemung is explained by the different physical conditions
prevailing in the two basins. Professor J. J.. Stevenson has recently
shown!’

first, that the Chemung and Catskill deposits were laid down in a
shallow basin subsiding most rapidly at the east and along a line rudely
parallel to the Blue ridge trend;

Secondly, That the deposits would be much greater near the main-
land at the east than at two hundred miles away; so that six hundred feet
-or more of fine material would more than fairly represent the four thou-
-sand feet of Chemung in eastern Pennsylvania; and

Thirdly, that the water beyond the reach of the great land wash
held a Chemung fauna throughout the whole of the time of the Catskill
deposit. He concludes that the series from the beginning of the Portage
to the end of the Catskill, forms but one period; that the deposits of the
Catskill were not made in fresh-water lakes; that the disappearance of
animal life over so great a part of the area toward the close of the period
was due to the gradual extension of the conditions existing in south-
eastern New York as early, perhaps, as the Hamilton period, and that
the Chemung should be retained in the Devonian. Professor Stevenson
suspects that the westward prolongation of the Catskill may be found
interlocking with the Bedford and Cleveland shales For our own part
we should not be surprised to find that the Catskill included representa-
tives of our conglomerates I and II and that Ohio temporarily suffered
from influences which prevailed tor a much longer period in New York.

‘This would make the Catskill the eastern equivalent of the Kinderhook *

as nearly as such a parallel could be carried through series originating
‘under so diverse conditions. Our present contention is for the essential

? Address before the Section of Geology of the American Association, Aug.,
1891.

512 GEOLOGY OF OHIO

Devonian habitus of the Cuyahoga and not for any strict chronological
parallelism.
The upper fifty feet of the Cuyahoga shale in central Ohio (that por-

tion previously called ‘“ Waverly shale’’’) has a remarkable and very dis- °

tinct fauna. ‘This has apparently not been fully studied by any previous
observer. ‘The typical exposures are between Granville and Newark and
a few other localities in Licking county. The same fossils are found near
Loudonville, at Gann, at the water’s edge below the dam at Ports-
mouth, etc.; in all these cases these fossils are within a few feet of con-
glomerate I. Most of the species are limited to the borizon, not extend-
ing more than thirty feet below this conglomerate, which may be sought
below the freestone everywhere quarried in Licking and adjacent
counties. It is a noteworthy fact that this stratum contains a very large
portion of the Waverly species which have also been described in Michi-
gan. Ctenzodonta towensis, Edmondia burlingtonensts, Grammysia fam-
elica, Nuculana spatulata, N. similis, Orthonota rectidorsalis, Paleonetlo
elliptica, P. plicatella, P. elegantula, P. marshallensis, P. allorismiformis,
P. attennata, Sanguinolites uniontformis, S. senilis, S. natadiformis,
Schizodus prolongatus, Streblopteria squama, S. media, Bellerophon cyrto-
lites, B. galericulatus, Orthoceras rushensis, and many others give an
unmistakable habitus to the assemblage. Many of these or allied forms.
occur in the Kinderhook and Marshall groups and quite a number are
found above the conglomerate in the freestone of the middle Waverly.

DIVISION JI—KINDERHOOK GROUP—WAVERLY FREESTONE—LOWER
PART OF THE LOGAN GROUP—WAVERLY CONGLOMERATE.

This period was one of greater activity and slight fluctuations in
level. The distance between the two conglomerates is only about 60 feet
ina normal section and the conglomerates vary from a few inches to sev-
eral feet. The writer has attempted to show that many of the difficulties
in the way of a clear understanding of the middle Waverly arise from the
local eccentricities of these conglomerates. That there are two such
bands seems not to have been suspected. Both are subject to great local
variations. They may take the place of the whole series. On the other
hand, they may be absent or only represented by a few pebbles of quartz.
Fortunately both are indicated by the remarkably persistent associated
fauna. ‘That of the lower conglomerate has been recognized near the
top at Weymouth. .

A number of fossils are characteristic if not exclusively restricted to
the freestone of this division, viz: Proetus auriculatus, Allorisma
nobilis, A. cooperi, Dexiobia ovata, Crenipecten winchelli, Letopteria ortoni,
Microdon reservatus, Modiola waverlensis, Modiomorpha hyalea, Myaltina
michiganensis, Oracaraia cornuta, Pholadella newberryi, Sanguinolites

1The Cuyahoga shale and the Waverly problem. Bul. Geol. Soc. America, vol. —

II, p. 37, Jan., 1891.

WAVERLY GROUP. 518

natadi~ormis, Schizodus cuneus, S. chemungensis, S. pale@oneiliformis, S.
guadrangularis, S. triangularis, Spathella ventricosa, Streblopteria gract-
is, Bellerophon galericulatus, Conularia newberryt, Cyclonema leavenworth-
tana, C. strigillatum, Euomphalus latus, Flemngia stulta, Gontatites lyont,
Platyceras herzert, P. bivolve, Cryptonella eudora, Rhynchonella sappho, R.
marshellensis, Syringothyrts cuspidatus, and many more.

Crenipecten winchelli is ubiquitous and its presence is almost a dem-
onstration that the rock in question lies within or at most a little above
these limits.

The upper portion of this section is a soft blue shale which usually
has become but slightly compacted. It retains the boring mollusks
which originally inhabited it zz sztz, so that the valves of these shells are
found in connection, obliquely inbedded in the soft clay, from which they
roll on weathering in a fragile but perfect state.

Such forms are Allorisma winchellti,® A. ventricosa,* A. convexa,
Edmondia depressa, Grammysia ventricosa,* G. rhomboides, Prothyris
meeki,* Pholadella, newberryt, Sanguinolites obliquus,* S. aeolus,* Discina
gallaheri Orbiculoidea newberryi, O. pleurites.

Those species marked by an asterisk may be regarded as diagnostic
of this horizon. In a period of collecting, extending over seven years,
these forms have never been found far distant from conglomerate II. It
seems clear that this section of the Waverly is the specific counterpart
of the typical Kinderhook, and with the underlying shale, of the Marshall
group of Michigan.

We venture to append the remark published in 1888 which seems in
the main to fairly state the case:

“The middle Waverly is essentially a littoral zone and its fossils are
for this reason largely peculiar, but, it can be readily shown that Prof.
Alexander Winchell was correct in identifying this horizon with the
Kinderhook, etc., of the west. We do not claim that no fossils of the
Kinderhook occur above conglomerate II or below conglomerate I, for
this would be contrary to all analogy, but we do believe that, as a rather
distinct factor of the Ohio Waverly, this may be wholly referred to that
age and is its specific equivalent. ‘That this horizon is equivalent to the
Catskill of New York, as suggested by Winchell, would be in our judg-
ment too specifica claim. The Catskill is another such local develop-
ment but it is more intensely local as it is a restricted member of the
Chemung series, itself a littoral and provincial deposit. Very strict cor-
relation of strata deposited under diverse conditions may never be pos-
sible. Chronological and faunal equivalences are rarely strictly identical.
We may safely say that our middle Waverly is representative of the Cats-
kill, and that is enough. It is not necessary to rehearse the accumulated
evidence to show that this group is more closely allied to the upper,
Chemung than the Carboniferous limestones of the west. The species
which give to the Waverly its carboniferous aspect as maintained by all
writers, are largely from division III.

33 C20;

ge 1 eee

ss .

——ae

P= fe as ean

514 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

“Nevertheless, the transition is gradual and almost imperceptible.
The following are a few of the species which substantiate the identity
with the Kinderhook. (It should be observed that the fossils of the
lower sandy portions of the Burlington have been referred to the Kinder
hook, hence quite a number of so-called Kinderhook species occur in our
division III.) Conocardium pulchellum, Nucula iowensis, Sanguinolites
vigida, Spathella ventricosa, Mytilarca fibristriata (below) Dexiobia ovata
Syringothyris sp., Edmondia burlingtonensts, Goniatites lyont, Murchis-
onia quadricincia, Bellerophon cyrtolites, Productus arcuatus, P. Shumardt-
anus, Chonetes logant, etc.”

In Scioto county, where conglomerate II is wanting, the shale, with
Sanguinolites obliquus and Prothyris meeki, occupies the same position
as at Loudonville or Rushville.

Divistion IlI—BURLINGTON AND KEOKUK.

Although for a long time laboring under the mistaken notion that a
part of the Cuyahoga shales in the northern tier of counties represents
the Logan, the personal study of the region has convinced us that the
stratigraphical conclusions of Professor Orton are borne out by paleon-
tology. As stated in the 1890 meeting of the Geological Society of Amer-
ica, ‘Mr. Cooper and I have traced the limits of division II by means of
the conglomerates and associated fossils along a line emerging from be-
neath the coal measures apparently not far from Seville, passing between
Wooster and Burbank, southeast of Ashland, west of Independence, west
of Granville and Newark, east of Lancaster and west of Rushville to the
Ohio river near Buena Vista.”” The horizon of the second conglomerate
is at about the level of the track of the Cleveland, Akron & Columbus
R. R. near Holmesville and is about 200 feet above the river at Scioto-
ville. A fossil characteristic of the strata somewhat above conglomerate
II is the small Productus identified as P. arcuatus. This is quite con-
stant and seryes as an excellent approximate guide. The 150-200 feet
which follow are quite homogeneous in appearance and the faunal suc-
cession is so gradual that it is difficult to fix upon any basis for subdivision
though the uppermost layers contain an interesting fauna as yet but little
studied. This series attains its maximum thickness along the Ohio river.
West of Portsmouth about 250 feet of shales and flags occur above con-
glomerate II. The fossils which are characteristic of the lower part of
the series are Spirvifer striatiformis, Crenipecten crentstriatus, C. granvill-
ensis, Grammysia ovata, Limatula ohioensis, Macrodon newarkensts, Schiz-
odus newarkensts, Productus burlingtonensis, P. arcuatus, and many others
as yet insufficiently studied. The general habitus of the fauna resembles
that of the Burlington group while a few species seem to be identical. ~
From the upper portions of this series all traces of the Kinderhook fauna ~

have disappeared.

WAVERLY GROUP. 51:

or

Atthe very summit of the Waverly is a band of variable thickness
which carries a rich though poorly preserved fauna. It is exposed
at various places near Rushville and on the summits of the hills
west of Portsmouth, and especially immediately below the carboniferous
conglomerate near Loudonville. The rock is a crumbling red sandstone
with numerous casts of fossil which, on the whole, resemble those of the
Keokuk of Iliinois more than any other known assemblage. Phzllipsia
meramacensis, P. serraticaudata, Cythere ohioensis, Cytherella union-
tformts, Chonetes illinoisensis, Productus burlingtonesis, Proauctus rush-
villensis, Productus nodocostatus, and a few bryozoa are common species;
a small Cypricardinia like C. scztw/a is also associated with Spzrifer ps u-
dolineatus at these localities. In the tabulated list of Waverly fossils,
given by Mr. Cooper in the fourth volume of the Bulletins of Denison
University, there are a number of species of bryozoa, crinoids, and a
few other forms referred to this horizon upon the supposition that the
upper fossiliferous horizon at Cuyahoga Falls was equivalent to the
Keokuk, as suggested by Mr. Ulrich. This position, we have already
seen, is now untenable. It is very desirable that the few localities
where this horizon is undisturbed Sy erosion should be carefully
studied. At Sciotoville extensive erosion of the surface of the
Waverly preceded the deposition of the fire-clay, which here forms the
base of the coal measures. The Keokuk is entirely removed and the
combined thickness of the Waverly correspondingly reduced. 3

In conclusion, it may be remarked that the study of the series of de-
posits long known as the Waverly group of Ohio affords suggestive data
toward the solution of many of the perplexing problems connected with
the transition in America trom Devonian to Carboniferous faunas. ‘The
unif rmity of physical conditions permitting the deposition of materials
lithologically so constant for a long period enable us to study the almost
unbroken transition and slow evolution of the faunas of distant horizons.
Upon this background of uniformity the striking limitations imposed by
many stations upon the life supported in them, become all the more con-
spicuous. The fact that the slow migrations of aquatic forms in the di-
rection of the slow oscillatory movements of the crust bring unrelated
stations into juxtaposition, has been well illustrated in the course of
these studies. It is thus, for example, that the seemingly isolated oc-
currence of a collection of Michigan ‘“Marshall group” species beneath
conglomerate I is to be explained. Among the most interesting paleon-
tological results is the evidence that the Carboniferous trilobites evolved
gradually from Devonian genera during the period represented by the
Waverly, and while the conditions in New York were unfavorable to the
existence of these animals. No portion of the series is without trilobites
in Ohio. In a single word, we have represented in the Waverly series a
large segment of what has long seemed a missing interval in American
geological history.

Tr enmet en ee

516 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

CHAP’TER WV.

FOSSILS OF THE CLINTON GROUP IN OHIO AND INDIANA.
BYA AUG. ob HOERSTE eeremD)

INTRODUCTION.

The Lower Silurian age is represented in Ohio almost exclusively
by the Cincinnati Group, the equivalent of the Hudson River Group of
New York. Its upper part consists of a rapid alternation of thin lime-
stone layers with blue clays, usually terminating above in a blue clay bed
of variable magnitude, sometimes reaching 50 feet in thickness, at other
times almost disappearing. So far this blue clay bed has yielded only
such types of marine Lower Silurian fossils as are well known in the
limestones immediately below. ‘These blue clay fossils however (for ex-
ample, Orthis occidentalis and Orthis btforata), are slightly altered in type
from their earlier representatives, as though the shells had made an effort
to accomodate themselves to new conditions of life. _ If these consisted in
a shallowing sea, the rise of a land surface, and the formation of an in-
termediate coastal region, the observations so far made in Ohio have not
made known any geological facts sufficiently attesting to the existence of
these conditions. The upper surface of the blue clay layer formed an
undulating surtace upon which the rocks of Upper Silurian age were laid
down. In consequence, the lower Upper Silurian rocks also have undu-
lating surfaces. Little has been done, however, so far to determine what
share of this undulation in the various beds is due to post-Silurian
folding locally affecting all the rocks of Silurian age, and to what extent
folding may have taken place in the interval separating Lower Silurian
from Upper Silurian rocks. The rapid thickening or disappearance of
the blue clay bed, in places, is perhaps the only fair argument, at present,
for assuming any marked folding of Lower Silurian rocks in Ohio, before
the Clinton period of deposition. 1

The lowest Upper Silurian deposits known in southwestern Ohio
are sandy beds of unknown age, presumably Medina. At Fair Haven
they are only two feet thick, and a lamellibranch shell (Pterinea?) ap-
parently belonging to this layer was lost before it could be determined.

}
|
h

——————

FOSSILS OF THE CLINTON GROUP. 517

At Todd’s Fork near Wilmington this sandstone is about five feet thick,
and contains in its lower layers a number of annelid teeth, some of which
were described in the American Geologist: Notes on a Geological Sec-
tion at Todd’s Fork, Ohio, 1888, p. 412-419. Figs. 1-7, reprinted here.

Figs

Annelid teeth from the Medina at Todd’s Fork, Chio. This rock graduates into the basal
Clinton so that it is impossible to distinguish the same by a definite plane of separation. Fie. 1.
The so-called ‘‘skins”’ of annelids. Fic.2. Oenttesderipiens, Foerste. FiG.3. Avzadbellites procur-
sus, Foerste. Fic. 4. Lumbriconerettes Austint, Foerste. Fic. 5. Eunicittes falcatus, Foerste.
Fic 6. Eunicites confints, Foerste. Fic.7. Euntcites paululus, Foerste. Fics. 2-7 much magnified.

So far these are the only localities in southwest Ohio where rocks re-
erable to the Medina have been seen by the writer. As a rule the
Clinton follows immediately upon the blue clay layer. At one point
near Belfast in Highland county, Ohio, a conglomerate occurs in tke
Clinton, containing limestone pebbles of unknown age in a cement full
of Clinton fossils. The pebbles often are nearly two and a half inches in
diameter. Strongly indicative of land conditions, nothing comparable
with this conglomerate has been found elsewhere in the State and at
present no data exist which will determine the source of its pebbles.
Owing to the absence of similar phenomena in more western areas of
the State, where Clinton exposures are not infrequent, it seems not im-
probable that if the pebbles indicate land conditions at some distance not
remote from Belfast, this land surface may have lain entirely outside of
that area uow well known in geology as the area of the Cincinnati anti-
clinal.

The Clinton is generally an unusually pure limestone, containing
quite commonly 97.75 per cent. of carbonate of calcium. Its upper
courses are ferriferous in some of the more southeastern exposures, the
limestone having been replaced in part by a red iron ore. Quite regular
deposits extend from Todd’s Fork, north of Wilmington, southward. At
Todd’s Fork the ore occurs in the form of so-called oclitic iron grains,
which are evidently pseudomorphs formed by ore replacing little round

ee

TN a ee

518 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

grains formed of bryozoan remains, broken and rounded by the more or
less strong currents of the Clinton sea of this region. Sometimes only
the original cell walls of the bryozoans are thus replaced, at other
times only the original lime cement filling the cells has been altered, or
again, both may have been transformed into an iron ore.

The Clinton varies between 10-30 feet in thickness, though sections
of greater thickness are quoted in the reports of the Ohio Survey. At
its base the Clinton is often massive, with the fossil material so commin-
uted as to be unidentifiable. The coarser frondose bryozoans are however
often still preserved. Towards it upper portion, thin blue clay layers are
not infrequent in places and both the limestones and blue clay are then
usually filled with fossils. At the very top of the Clinton the blue clay
contains not infrequently fossils of Niagara types, not found, at least in
as typical a form, in the limestones beneath; some of these are Orthis
hybrida, Or. his elegantula, Eichwaldia reticulata, and Callopora elegan.ula,

Immediately over the Clinton limestone at Huffman’s quarry south
of the Dayton asylum, to a much lesser degree in the quarry at the
northern edge of Beavertown, more typical in the quarries along the
Carrollton road southwest of the Soldiers’ Home—occurs a greenish mas-
sive rock, with conchoidal fracture, not exceeding fifteen inches in thick-
ness at the most typical exposure: Huffman’s quarry. This, formerly
called the Beavertown marl, contains a number of small fossils, peculiar
to this horizon, and a number of other fossils of upper Clinton type.
The fauna of this marl is in part also represented in the ferriferous upper
Clinton at Todd’s Fork near Wilmington, so that the marl when present
is regarded as the close of the Clinton in Ohio.

Immediate above the Clinton, or the marl when the latter is present,
lies in many places a firm white compact massive limestone divided by
partings at various intervals, often quite constant for long distances. ‘This
is the Dayton limestone. South of Dayton it locally sometimes shows
fossils on the lower surface of the bottom layer, of such types as are known
from the Clinton. It contains few fossius, but persons walking the streets of
of Dayton and frequenting the stone yards will have noticed occasionally
Favosites and Orthoceras, rarely Syringopora, coarse gasteropods, very
rarely Ha.ysites, Strombodes, and Prof. Orton recently found an Atrypa
related to A. reticularis. In this relation a quarry in the Dayton limesto e,
on the east side of the Bellbrook road, half a mile south of its junction with
the Beavertown road at the Presbyterian church, or five and a half miles
south of Dayton, proved very interesting. Here eight inches of drab,
dolomitic, poor limestone, often. divided into two courses, was underlaid
by sixteen inches of good solid Dayton limestone, forming a single
course, and filled with crinoid beads and stems, which were partially
visible on freshly broken surfaces but which showed in considerable quan-
tities over weathered surfaces, giving one the idea that the Dayton lime-
stone here was a great mass of encrinital material roughly jumbled to-

FOSSILS OF THE CLINTON GROUP. 519

gether and then consolidated into a massive rock. On freshly fractured
surfaces this rock looked like the Dayton limestone elsewhere, suggest-
ing the origin of the Dayton limestone in general as an encrinital mass,
the original structure having generally disappeared in consequence of the
crystallization of the lime material. Beneath this lay two layers of thin
Dayton limestone, each varying from two to three inches in thickness. If
the Clinton does not occur immediately beneath, the quarrymen found some
other reason for stopping quarrying at this horizon.

It is customary to begin the section of the Niagara series of south-
western Ohio with this Dayton limestone as the base. Above the Day-
ton limestone there is commonly a thickness of thirty feet or more of a
dolomitic rock with frequent partings known as the Niagara shales. It
is usually almost entirely destitute of fossils. The Dayton limestone is
in reality only a basal variation of these dolomitic limestones, be-
ing typically developed between Dayton and Centerville, merging into
the sha/es laterally and, locally, also vertically. Above the Niagara dolo-
mitic shales are more’ massive dolomitic limestones, containing Pezta-
merus oblongus quite abundantly and for the first time, and other fossils
having a facies intermediate between the Niagara and Guelph. These
form the Springfield group, and may be seen along the Eaton pike about
three miles west of Dayton. The Cedarville dolomite, representing the
true Guelph, occupies the next higher horizon.

In Indiana the succession of the Middle Silurian is not so well
known. At Hanover the blue clay at the top of the Lower Silurian seems
to be followed by 8 to 10 inches of Medina, and the Clinton, after twenty
feet of barren limestone, develops first into a cherty rock 2 to 3 feet thick,
and then into the fossiliferous Clinton 12 to 20 inches thick, the last present-
ing all the characteristics, lithological, and paleontological, of the upper
Ohio Clinton, where it is tinged reddish or brown by iron. ‘This fossilif-
erous Clinton has not been traced north as far as the Waldron beds, by
means of its characteristic fossils, but all the detailed work so far done
indicates that the Clinton of Ohio and Indiana belongs just below the
base of the series of shales which in its upper horizons contains the fa-
mous Waldron Niagara fossils. Indeed, the Clinton is represented by
limestones at the base of sections not far from Waldron localities. ‘The
Waldron shales are the only beds in Ohio or Indiana which closely imi-
tate the typical Niagara fauna of New York. ‘The Clinton of Ohio and
Indiana carries a fauna showing many resemblances to Niagara fossils
elsewhere, but presenting also many distinctions, and the distinctions
have been considered sufficient to warrant the separation of the Clinton
fauna in Ohio, from the more marked Niagara fauna as exhibited at Wal-
dron, Indiana, and less perfectly known in Ohio. In general, it may be
said that the Ohio Clinton presents forms often closely allied to Niagara
forms of other states, but of an earlier type, and sufficiently distinct to
make their discrimination from Niagara forms desirable, so as to secure

520 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

‘
names by means of which it will be possible to designate accurately the
types discussed in any future investigation of phylogenetic problems —
of Middle Silurian life.

It has sometimes been questioned, whether the Clinton of Ohio be
really identical with the Clinton of New York. With our present knowl-
edge of paleontological stratigraphy, precise equivalencies will hardly be
expected by the modern paleontologist. The lower part of the New
York Clinton has still a strong Medina facies. The shales at the top are
by many now considered as practically Niagara in type. The lme-
stones and siliceous beds between have a fauna which could very profit-
ably be made the subject of renewed investigation, but from the glimpse
the writer was able to obtain of the same in the cabinet of Dr. E. N.S.
Ringueberg, at Lockport, New York, he is of the opinion that the Clin-
ton of Ohio, with its upper shaly courses corresponds as well as could be
expected with the siliceous and limestone beds of the upper half of the
Clinton in western New York, and to those shaly layers immediately
above which are of an acknowledged Niagara type. excepting that in
western New York it seems possible to draw a line between the two, and
in Ohio this line can not be drawn until the base of the Dayton lime-
stone or, in its absence, the base of the dolomitic Niagara shales (or the
Waldron shales in Indiana) has been reached.

The following table includes a list of the fossils common to the
Clinton of Ohio and Indiana and that of New York, as far as may be de-
termined from the literature available. Some of these forms also occur
in the Niagara of New York, so that the comparison is not satisfactory.
When the comparative study of the typical Clinton and Niagara faunas
of New York is again taken up, there will be provided a more satisfactory
basis for the correllation of the Ohio Clinton fauna with the typical fauna
of New York.

Acidaspis Ortont.

Lllenus Daytonensis.
Calymene Vog dest.
Spherexochus pisuir.
Phacops trisulcatus.
Lncrinurus punctatus.
Cornudites distans.
Orthoceras clavatuin.

O. virgulatum?

O. ( Discosorus) conoideum.
Beilerophon fiscelio striatus, differs from B. stigmzosa only in the absence of a carina
B. ( Bucania) trilobatus.

Platyceras (Platystoma) Niagarense, the small Clinton form.
Loxonema subulatum.

Cypricardites Caswellt.

Plectambonites transversalis, var. elegantulus.

Leptena rhomboidalis, small Clinton form.

Strophomena patenta.

FOSSILS OF THE CLINTON GROUP. 521

Orthts btforata.

Orthis elegantula.

Orthis circula occurs possibly also in Ohio, but the identification is not altogether
satisfactory.

Meristella umbonata finds its nearest relatives with Clinton forms in New York.

Atrypa marginalis seems to be identical with A. plicatula, but there is need of
actual comparison with the types of the New York species.

Rhynchonella scobina is closely related to Rh. neglecta.

Phylloporina angulata.

Phenopora platyphylla, is almost certainly Ph. constellata.

Rhinopora verrucosa, including also the form Rh. tubulosa.

Favosites favosoideus.

Hlalysites catenulatus.

In the following pages it has not been attempted to make either the
list of fossils or the description of the same complete. The writer has
simply used such material as was available at the time of writing, there
being no satisfactory library at command, and even his private collections
not being all at hand, when needed, various portions of this report hav-
ing been prepared at different places as time would permit. It is hoped,
however, that even in its present state it may serve as a contribution to
the rather small list of Clinton literature. The full description of the bra-
chiopod forms was prepared for the reason that in the Ohio Clinton it is rare
to find interiors or hinge areas, except of a few species, and it was consid-
ered desirable for purposes.of phylogenetic study to have minute descrip-
tions at least of that part of Clinton brachiopod forms which was known
in order to compare the same with better known Niagara material. In
the case of trilobites, cephalopods, gasteropods, and lamellibranchs, where-
ever there was no new material to offer, the descriptions were made as
brief as possible, calling attention only to the most important character-
istics. No description is provided in the case of bryozoans and corals,
excepting where changes of nomenclature or the addition of a new form
to the list of previously known species has rendered a description im-
perative. By this means it has been possible to offer a certain amount of
new material, and to keep the chapter within certain bounds, prescribed
to the same. Acknowledgments for information and use of specimens
are made as far as possible at the appropriate points in the text.

522 : GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

A DESCRIPTION OF THE TRILOBITES, MOLLUSKS AND BRACHIOPODS
OF THE CLINTON GROUP OF OHIO AND INDIANA.

Acidaspis Ortont. Foerste.
é (Plate 25, Fig. #3; Plate 27, Fig. 1.)

This species was first described from the Clinton rock at Brown’s
quarry where the species, although by no means common, at least occurs
in every day’s collecting (Bulletin of Denison University Lab. volumes
IandII), In the “Orthoceras block” from the base of the Clinton at
Huffman’s quarry several heads were found. In the siliceous Clinton,
near Lockport, New York, the same form seems to occur, judging by
specimens in the cabinet of Dr. E. N. S. Ringueberg.

Very little has been added to our knowledge of this species by recent
investigations. The occip.tal segment is prolonged and pointed posteri-
orly. Ina specimen from the ‘“‘Orthoceras block,” the head anterior to
the occipital groove was 5'mm. long; the occipital segment was 3.3 mm.
broad, and 3 mm. long, the postero-lateral sides of the segment having
a concave outline owing to the posterior prolongation. In the more ma-
ture specimens the proportions are not maintained, but the prolongation
of the occipital segment posteriorly is always discernable. The “Ortho-
ceras block”’ specimens showed longer spines along the margin of the
free cheek than any hitherto observed. The longest spines are fully 2.7
mm. long. The ridge running from the eye anteriorly curves around
inwardly so as to connect with the anterior margin of the glabella, being
depressed, however, just before reaching the more convex outline of the
margin. A groove outlines the anterior of the glabella and passes thence
along the border of the free cheek. Anterior to this groove in that por-
tion of the head anterior to the glabella the marginal border follows a
slightly more convex outline than it does along the free cheeks, thus this
portion of the border is advanced slightly beyond the general outline of
the head, but whether this median portion of the border possessed spines
or not is unknown. It is, of course, impossible to determine whether
this species is distinct from the 4. fmdérzata, Hall, until that species is
better known, but the figure of the free cheek of that species, published,
indicates a bend in the postero-lateral spine which is not present in any
Ohio specimens.

Acidaspis brevispinosa, sp nov.
Plate 87A Fig. 12.

At Huffman’s quarry is found a free cheek which may be. easily dis-
tinguished from that of 4. Orvtont by the shortness of the lateral spines,
these being scarcely more than lateral monticules in the anterior and poster-
ior parts of the series. The spines, moreover, are not perpendicular to the
outline of the free cheek but where longest are directed postero-laterally.
Finally the spines do not cease opposite the general posterior outline of
the head but are found some distance down the side of the great postero-
lateral spine, in which the free check terminates.

FOSSILS OF THE CLINTON GROUP. 523

A pygidium found at the same quarry. was 3.6 mm. broad and, minus
the spines, had a length of 1.7 mm. Its entire anterior margin was bor-
dered by a distinct segmental ridge, and from a similar ridge along the poste-
rior border projected the posterior spines. In the center of the pygid-
ium lay the inversely triangular median segment on either side of which,
further enclosed by the ridge-like border just mentioned, lay a depressed.
area. Of spines, there were at least six, the two exterior being larger,
but their total length being unknown. ‘The pygidium may not be entire.

Small gabellee occur at Huffman’s quarry, south of Dayton, and also
at the Centerville quarry, northeast of the village. At the latter locality
a fragment of the free cheek was also found. These small glabellz are
constant in character and are probably the glabellze corresponding to the
free cheek and pygidium already described. The glabella has two
strongly defined, strongly convex lobes on either side, there being no ad-
ditional segmentation of the glabella anterior to these lobes as in A.
Ortoni. ‘The fixed cheeks are also strongly defined and bold, curving in
a semi-lunar way from the occipital groove to about the middle of the
anterior lobe of the glabella. The ocular ridge is low and narrow at the
eye, becoming broader and stronger anterior to the fixed cheeks and still
more so in passing before the anterior of the two lateral lobes of the
glabella. The groove anterior to the ocular ridge and the glabella,
behind the anterior border of the head, is broad and distinct, especially
laterally. The anterior border of the head is markedly convex in front
of the glabella, thus projecting beyond the general margin of the head.
The occipital furrow is broad, and the occipital segment is broad but does
not give evidence of posterior prolongation. The most marked feature
is the coarse, close, granular ornamentation on the glabella, its lobes, the
fixed cheek, the anterior portion of the ocular ridge, and the middle por-
tion of the occipital ridge. Length of the Huffman’s quarry head, 4.5
min.; of the Centerville head, 6 mm.

A‘! specimens referred to this species occur in the upper shaly
courses of the Clinton.

Proetus determinatus. Foerste,
(Plate 26, Fig 5; Plate 27, Figs. 2, 3, 3a).

This species was described in the Bulletin of Denison University,
Vol. II. from the Soldiers’ Home quarries. Since then a well marked
glabella has been found at Brown’s Quarry. A free cheek with rather
broad border, and prolonged postero-laterally into a spine, was found at
the last named quarry and may belong to the same species. The occi-
pital segment is separated from the glabella by a strong occipital groove;
towards either side of the segment a less deep groove crosses the segment
obliquely, giving rise to two lateral lobes within the area of this segment.
A specimen recently found at the Soldiers’ Home shows that the glabella
is low and but moderately convex, and not strongly elevated at the
margins above the general curvature of the head. The glabella is defined

524 i GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

by a distinct but not deep groove. ‘The fixed cheek and anterior portion
of the head continues the low curvature ofthe glabella, and the anterior
border of the head is defined rather by its upward curvature than by any
distinct defining groove. The glabella was 3.8 mm. long; the distance
from the occipital groove to the anterior border was 4.7 mm. and including
the anterior border, 5.1 mm. At the Soldiers’ Home the specimens
occur in the upper third of the limestone but beneath the shaly portion.

Cyphaspis Clintonensts, Foerste.

Plate 27, Fig. 5; Plate 31, Fig. 22).

This species was described in the Proceedings of the Boston Society
of Natural History, 1889, from Brown’s Quarry, and the occurrence of
the same species at Anticosti, and Cumberland gap, Tennessee was noted.
Since then one glabella has been found in the upper third of the Clinton
limestone at Huffman’sQuarry, and various glabelle and two more per-
fect heads occurred in the ‘“Orthoceras block” at the same locality. The
latter enable us to define the specific characters of the species much
more clearly.

The glabella shows the usual pair of postero-lateral lobes. Anterior
to the glabella, separated only by a narrow groove, lies the flattened, thick-
ened anterior border. Both groove and border are continued parallel to
the margin of the free cheek, being met at the postero-lateral angle by a
similar border and inner groove running parallel to the posterior margin
of the head. The free cheeks are continued beyond this angle as a spine.
The eyes are boldly convex and very large for such a small species A
small but very perfect specimen had a head almost 5 mm. long, and 7
mm. wide. The glabella alone was 5.6 mm. long, and just anterior to
the postero-lateral lobes it was 2.7 mm. wide A line joining the most
exterior points of the eyes measures 4.6 mm. ‘The eyes are 1.7 mm.
long. The postero-lateral spines project at least 2 mm. beyond the pos-
terior margin of the head.

With these data it now becomes easy to distinguish this species from
Cyphaspis Christyi, Hall of the Niagara group. In that species there is
also a narrow groove anterior to the glabella, anterior to which isa broad
raised area which, when the real border is brokenoff,aby nomeans uncom-
mon occurrence, very much resembles the actual border of the Clinton spe-
cies. Anterior to this area in the case of the Niagara species, separated by a
deeper groove, comes the real anterior border ot the head. The Clinton
species was probably the progenitor of the Niagara form, by a gradual
widening of the groove between the anterior border of the head and the
elabella into an anterior area. ‘This groove in the case of the “Orthoce-
ras block” specimens from the base of the Clinton, was very narrow.
In the Brown quarry specimens it was wider but still fairly narrow.
From the upper red tinged limestone at Huffman’s quarry come the spec-
imens with the widest grooves; length of head in one case, 5.2 mm.; of the

FOSSILS OF THE CLINTON GROUP.

on
bo
Ot

glabellum, 3.5; of the submarginal groove, 5mm., an advance towards C.
Christyz with glabella only half the length of the head.

Lllenus Daytonensis, Halland Whitfield.

(Plate 26, Figs. 4a, 6; Fig. 6; Figs. 7a, 6,c; Plate 27, Figs. 6, 10a.)

This species is found in the limestones at Soldiers’ Home, Centerville,
Brown’s quarry, Yellow Springs, Ludlow Falls, Fair Haven, Todd’s Fork,
Fauver’s quarry, in the “Orthoceras block” at Huffman’s quarry, and at
Hanover, Indiana. It occurs also in the flinty Clinton at Lockport, N. Y., in
the collection of Dr. E. N. S. Ringueberg. In the quarry in John Glaser's
woods, on Brandt pike, a glabella.

Luenus anbiguus, Foerste.

(Plate 26, Figs 9a, b; Figs. 10a, b, c; Fig. 11?)

Typical specimens occur in the limestone at the Soldiers’ Home
quarries, Fauver’s quarry, the quarry in John Glaser’s wood on Brandt
pike, 54 miles northeast of Dayton, Fair Haven, Todd’s Fork and Han-
over, Indiana, in the limestones. Somewhat similar specimens occur in
the Niagara shales at Lockport, N. Y., but it will require further study
to discriminate them from /. /oxus, Hall.

In its typical development the pygidium presentsan almost semi-circu-
lar outline, and a surface which is moderately convex above, but which
increases in curvature greatly towards the posterior and lateral borders. Not
the slightest trace of a marginal concave curvature ought to be seen towards
theborder. This pygidium differs fromthatof ///. zzsignis solelyin its con-
stantly much smaller size, and in its semi-circuiar outline, there being no
trace of elongation as in the latter species. The Niagara specimen from
Springfield, Ohio, figured in the Pal. of Ohio, vol. I, plate 15, fig. 5, is of
the typeof ///. ambiguus. Ill. insignis, has a somewhat elongated pygi-
dium, as described later.

lilenus insignis, Hall.

Plate 26, Fig. 11?)

Pygidia having the characteristics of this species are found inthe
limestone at Soldiers’ Home. The corresponding heads show stronger
dorsal furrows than is indicated in published figures of this species,
They are stronger on the lower cast than on the upper surface of the orig-
inal. The specimens usually attain large size, equalling those from
Wisconsin. The pygidium, though rounded along the entire exterior mar-
gin, is distinctly though not strongly elongated. It attains its greatest
height and also its greatest convexity towards the posterior two-fifths of

526 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

the pygidium. ‘The diagonal antero-lateral furrows soon disappear pos-
teriorly,and along the posterior margin the pygidium retains its convexity,
no trace of a concave border being present.

Tllenus Madisonianus, Whitfield.
(Pla'e 26, Figs. 1, 2, varieties; Plate 27, Figs. 7, 8, 9, 10.)

In the limestone at Brown’s quarry occur small heads and pygidia
showing all the characteristics of this form except as regards size. In
the ‘‘Orthoceras block” from the base of the Clinton at Huffman’s quarry
the same form, but of typical size, was common; the movable cheeks being
at times stillin position,a rare occurrence elsewhere in the Clinton. Inform
the pygidia resemble those of /. zzs¢gzzs, but are less elongated, taking in
this respect a position intermediate between /. améiguus and J. insignis ;
this is especially true in the Orthoceras block specimens. The pygidium
differs from both species, however, in possessing a distinctly concave bor-
der. The hypostoma and rostrum of this species are known from the
same ‘‘ Orthoceras block.”

At Huffman’s quarry, in the middle limestones, was found a specimen
also with a concave border but decidedly elongated, more equally and
strongly convex, with the greatest elevation at the anterior third of the
pygidium. This form may be designated as var. e/ongatus. (Plate 26, figs.
aes)

Another form, found at Stoltz’s quarry in the limestone, presents also
a concave border, but the general form of the pygidium is broad and
much less convex; as in the last form, the greatest height is well towards the
anterior: in this case near the anterior margin. It may be called
var. depressus (Plate 26, figs. 2, a, b.)

These forms can scarcely be said to have the value of distinct va-
rieties, yet it may be useful in tracing out the phylogenetic variations of
Illaent to have a name for some of the intermediate forms. ///enus
ambiguus, Ill. insignis and Lélenus Madisonianus form a group of very
closely allied species. /// cuniculus seems to belong to the same group. In
the cabinet of Dr. E.N. S. Ringueberg I noticed various species or forms
of ///lenus. In the Niagara shales from Lockport, New York, forms like
Ill. Madisonianus. ll. cuniculus, a form near fl. ambiguus, and Ji. Dayton-
ensis were seen. It has already been noted on a former occasion that
various species of /idenus exist in New York Upper Silurian rocks. All
these still await a careful revision.

Calymene Vogdest, Foerste.

(Plate 25, Fig. 25; Plate 27, Figs. 12, 13,16; var. Plate 25. Fig. 24; Plate 27, Figs 14, 15.)

This form, first described in the second volume of the Bulletin of
Denison University, is scarcely more than a varietal phase of a poly-
morphus species including a large percentage of the forms found in mid-

FOSSILS OF THE CLINTON GROUP. 527

die Silurian rocks. Its chief characteristic is its large size; the broad
frontal border rather flattened; the deep lateral furrows defining the
glabella, especially anterior to the middle pair of lobes; this middle pair
of lobes is connected with the high fixed cheeks; anteriorly the fixed
cheeks curve a little inwards but do not connect with the anterior end of
the glabella as in the case of C. camerata, Conrad, from the Niagara of
New York. The figures of C. camerata, are certainly not exact for our
form, but they are so similar in many ways that, not having seen actual
specimens of C. camerata, it is possible to imagine that the differences are
more due to the imperfect preservation of the New York forms than to
any actual distinctive characteristics. This larger, more typical form oc-
curs at Centreville, Soldiers’ Home, Huffman’s Quarry in the upper
shaly courses; and in the limestone at the Eaton Pike Quarry, Todd’s
Fork, Ohio, and Hanover, Indiana. It occurs also in the Clinton lime-
stone of New York, near Lockport. (Plate 25, Fig. 25; Plate 27, Figs.
12; 13, 16.)

A medium sized form with heads about 13 mm. long is found in the
middle limestones at Soldiers’ Home. (Plate 25, Fig. 24; Plate 27,
Figs. 14, 15.)

A small form with heads 8.6 mm. long, and pygidia 7 mm. long oc-
curs in the limestone at Brown’s Quarry. The anterior border of its
head appears more rounded, and the groove behind it is of almost equal
size, so that these forms would agree very well with Calymene
Niagarensts.

Most species of Calymene are founded upon slight varietal, rather
than marked specific characters. Establishing C. logdesz in this sense,
it has lately become doubtful whether it deserves to be separated from
C. Blumenbachii under any circumstances.

Ceraurus ( Pseudosphaerexochus) Clintont, sp. nov.
Plate 27, Fig. 17.)

This species was described in the Bulletin of Denison University,
Vol. II. Only the glabellee have been found and these are fairly com-
mon at the southern end of the quarry at Brown’s Quarry. Since the de-
scription was published the occipital segment has become better known.
The occipital groove is distinct. The occipital segment is inversely and
very broadly triangular, being very obtusely pointed posteriorly, becom-
ing very much attenuated and depressed laterally, and lying close, and
almost under, the posterior lobes near their lateral termination. From
drawings sent to him, Mr. J. M. Clarke judged these specimens to
belong to the proposed sub-genus Pseudospherexochus of Schmidt.

Glabella oval, strongly convex, with three pairs of furrows—the pos-
terior pair is situated about a third of the length of the glabella from

528 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

the posterior margin of the same, curving regularly inwards and back-
wards, forming large round posterior lobes, similar to those of Spherex-
ochus, the defining groove terminating abruptly before reaching the
nuchal furrow. A little anterior to the middle of the glabella lies the
middle, much shorter pair of furrows, also curving more or less back-

wards. A third, very short pair, lies still farther forward. A strong nar-

row furrow defines the glabella anteriorly, in front of which lies the very
narrow margin of the head, only wide enough to receive an irregular
row of granules, of about the same size as those ornamenting the entire
glabella. The granules of the glabella vary greatly in size, smaller ones
being interspersed among those of larger size, the general effect being
decidedly granular as in species of Lichas.

Spherexochus pisum, sp. nov.

‘Plate 37A, Figs. 14, a. b.)

In the Niagara shales at Lockport, New York, are found small glabel-
lee presenting from above and in front a decidedly globular aspect. An-
terior to this globose glabella is a deep, very distinct groove, separating
as far as known only a very narrow border or rim, forming the anterior
margin of the head. Laterally this groove curves around strongly, then
upward and backwards, until, after a strongly concave curvature along
the side of the glabella, separating, it is presumed, the fixed cheeks, it
connects with the strongly characterized occipital groove. The occipital
segment is strongly arched from side to side. No evidence of segmenta-
tion or furrows occur on the glabella. The surface of the glabella is
ornamented by distinct larger granules, between which are interspersed
much smaller ones. Both are best developed towards the circumference
of the glabella, the larger granules becoming less distinct and widely
separated towards the centre of the glabella, while the smaller granules,
though becoming much more frequent near the centre, are smaller and
far less distinct over the central regions of the glabella. In a figurative
sense they may be said to have a somewhat “bald headed” appearance.
The type specimen is 5 mm. long and antero-posteriorly the outline of
the head describes slightly more than a semicircle. (Plate 537A, Figs. 14,
a. b.) Obtained in exchange from the cabinet of Dr. E. N. S. Ringue-
berg.

In the limestones of the Clinton Group at Soldiers’ Home two speci-
mensof this species were found which are evidently the Clinton progenitors.
One of these was an imperfect fragment of the glabella. The other,
collected by Mr. Geo. Caswell, presented almost the same characteristics
as the New York Niagara type. The chief difference consists in a
slightly less globose curvature, and in the greater coarseness of the or-
namentation, there not being such a fine distinction between the large

— a

FOSSILS OF THE CLINTON GROUP. 529

granules and the finer interspersed ones along the margins of the glabella,
though this may partly be due to the state of preservation in a limestone
cement. The generic reference is tentative.

Lichas breviceps, Hall.
(Plate 25, Figs. 26a, b, c, d, e; Plate 27, Figs. 18, 19.)

This species occurs in the Ohio Clinton limestone at Brown’s Quarry,
common (glabellze sometimes 22mm. long); Soldiers’ Home, rare;
Fauver’s Quarry, a glabella; in the ‘““Orthoceras block” from Huffman’s
Quarry; upper shaly courses at Huffman’s Quarry, several specimens; Fair
Haven, a glabella; Hanover, Indiana, rare. A careful study of the head of
the typical forms of Lichas breviceps from the Niagara of Waldron, Indiana,
was prepared for the Bulletin of Denison University vol. III, plate XIII, fig.
21. An entire head was found in the above mentioned “‘ Orthoceras block.”
It presents all the features of the Waldron head with one exception. In
the occipital furrow—between the postero-lateral lobes of the glabella the
occipital segment, and the area posterior to the eye—lies, in the case of
this as well as all other Clinton specimens, a transversely oblong, very
distinct, and fairly large lobe, represented in the case of the Waldron
specimens only by a very slight ridge. When it is desired to distinguish
this Clinton form from its Niagara descendant the varietal name Cénton-
ensis may be used. The Clinton pygidia show no distinctions. The
hypostoma is frequent at Brown’s Quarry.

A somewhat shorter type of hypostoma is represented by a single
specimen from Soldiers’ Home. Plate 27, Fig. 11. It belongs to some
distinct species.

In the limestone at Soldiers’ Home was found also a glabella, having
all the parts very strongly accentuated. This gives it an aspect quite
distinct from the ordinary species. Possibly it represents only a cast of
the lower side of the more ordinary form, but the convexity of the middle
and lateral lobes of the glabella, and of the lobesin the occipital groove
is so strongly marked that it may belong to a distinct species. The ma-
terial will not permit usto determine. It bears a strong resemblance to
Calymene phlyctainoides, Green, which, judging from the figures alone,
may also be some form of Lichas. (Plate 387A, fig. 15.)

Phacops trisulcatus, Vall.

(Plate 26, Fig. 3; Plate 27, Figs. 4, 20 21; Plate 31 Figs. 20, 21;)

This species was described from the Soldiers’ Home quarries as Pha-
cops pulchellus (Bulletin of Denison University Vol. II). Later it was
identified at Cumberland Gap, Tennessee (Proc. of Boston Soc. Nat.
Hist., 1889.) In the ““Orthoceras block” at Huffman’s Quarry occurred
a pygidium quite similar to that elsewhere associated with this species.

BA Go);

530 . GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

The type specimen of Phacops trisulcatus, Hall, is certainly a closely
allied form if not identical. It has 11 segments in the thoracic region, the
first three lateral segments of the pygidium are distinct, the fourth is”
visible, the fifth and sixth are mere fine transverse striz. The first three
segments of the medium portion of the pygidium are distinct, the fourth
is visible, the fifth is a mere point. It was found in the Clinton at
Rochester, New York, and the only distinction so far known hes in the
relatively broader pygidium, a character which may be due to the state
of preservation when found in shales.

At Brown’s Quarry is found a pygidium suggesting affinities with
Dalmantites, with three pleural segments distinct, the groove along their
upper line being better shown in a cast of the lower side than on the
upper surface of the original. ‘The fourth and fifth segments are indis-
tinct. The sixth and seventh can barely be madeout, and an eighth segment
is perhaps possible. The striking feature of this pygidium consists in its
broad concave border. The pygidium is 5 mm. long as far as the termination
of the axial region; including the border it measures 6.5 mm; the border is
inclined and is almost 2 mm. broad. ‘The width of the pygidium is
about 7.5 nm. minus the border, but including the latter it measures 9.8
mm. ‘The folds of the pleural segments descend as indistinct wrinkles
upon this border, and posteriorly a narrow ridge or elevation descends
from the axial region to about the middle of the border. The posterior
margin is perfectly rounded, and has no trace of posterior prolongation.
A very shallow but distinct groove separates the border from the remain-
der of the pygidium.

The pygidium figured from the Soldiers’ Home is similar but not iden-
tical. The groove defining the broad border from the remainder of the
pygidium is not present, the pleural segments descend to within a short
distance of the margin, there is no distinct border, and while a broad
shallow groove runs along the margin posteriorly this is distinct only
along the posterior half of the pygidium (Plate 27, fig. 4.)

A much smaller pygidium from the ‘“‘Orthoceras block” found at
Huffman’s Quarry shows features identical with the last though itis
much smaller: 6 mm. wide and 4mm. long. There isa sort of elevation
running posteriorly from the axial region to the border.

The rounded posterior borders of these specimens suggest affinities
with Phacops. ‘The Soldiers’ Home and Huffman Quarry specimens,
especially the latter, resemble the pygidia usually associated with Phacops
trisulcatus. ‘The first described pygidium from Brown’s Quarry, if not
identical, belongs possibly toa closely allied species. It is well known
that the genera Phacops and Dalmanttes are closely allied.

Dalmanites Werthneri, Foerste.
(Plate 27, Figs. 22 22a, 23, 24, 25.)

This species was described in the Bulletin of Denison Uuiversity
Vol. I, and figured in Vol. II, from the upper third of the limestone at

FOSSILS OF THE CLINTON GROUP. 531

the Soldiers’ Home Quarries. Since then it has been found at Fauver’s
Quarry, and at Todd’s Fork. It is evidently the’ precursor of Dalmanites
vigilans and LD. verrucosus, from which it differs in the character of the
pygidium, this being neither spined nor prolongated posteriorly, The
anterior outline of the head approaches the latter species more closely.
In specimens from Soldiers’ Home, with pygidia varying from 8.3 to 14
inm. in length, there areten or eleven axial segments plainly seen, the
eleventh or twelfth being indistinct; eight pleural segments are distinct,
the ninth being indistinct, a tenth being barely visible in one specimen
but having no groove along the top, as indeed is usually the case with
the ninth. Theoretically there ought to be as many pleural segments
as axial ones.

Encrinurus punctatus, Wahlenberg.
fo)

(Plate 27, Fig. 26.)

This species occurs in the limestone at the Soldiers’ Home quarries,
rare; Hanover, Indiana, rare; in the Orthoceras block, Huffman’s Quarry,
rare. The following measurements were taken from various pygidia:

oa ee
oe) a oh) baer)
. , ae § wi eo 2Zo
rs ca] % =) wv, ‘ : . (a wok
5 = cy) = Bele 2) DOMES ae by
: : e = é weg |} S| 2) ¢ | ole lByote
locality of srecimen.| oe ie 5 veul| so | 5 B13 bro aie
- = le ~ = -~ a
als g Sa 22) 2) sa ieesee.
‘S 3 a Sele |) ele SB 3 tonya ae
=) = pay Cio ~) a Dp |]+ Be ae) a)
ap z ) Shon eae, i a | so |OSoe0%
Fs} 5 4 Bemis ON aes 3 S/S | .kw oR
5) pg) } OlFemal agile ) Se MI ioics ese hires
4 Q 7; Z nm | a 163) Blonla Bou
ee | | | ——$$— a J aes] | —————
Silceous Clinton, |
Lockport, New York| 10 11.9 EIN 7 | 11 15 | 19 | 23 15, 19, 23
8th indistinct.
11, 12.
Soldiers’ Home tyre 2 near
of Encr. Thresheri... 8.1 9 7 Bueaeetea Pe Oniuroy Meakin aloe mile 13, 18
other
* Orthoceras block”’ 5 5
Hufiman’s Quarry. || cee 7 2 BY Th) AU) Die ere re he Soe 0
|
ah A ay SED ———— ee | ee ey J
|
Hanover, Indiana....... 9 9.5 Meta et e Al at va. 5] 8 Nba aay ae 15, 18

The ‘“‘Orthoceras block” specimen shows the longitudinal rows of
tubercles crossing the pleurae of the pygidium very well. ‘The inner row
terminates posteriorily at the fourth, the middle row at the fifth, the outer
row at the sixth, and a row just within the terminations of the pleural
ridges, at the last pleura. These rows are approximately parallel to the
outline of the sides of the pygidium. ‘The Hanover, Indiana, specimen
shows similar but less distinct tubercles, with similar arrangement. The

532 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

Soldiers’ Home specimen shows these lateral rows of tubercles very in-
distinctly. A glabella in the ‘Orthoceras block” from Huffman’s Quarry a
was ornamented by strong, coarse tubercles. ae

Lipe Utrichi, sp. nov.
(Plate 37, Figs. 14a. b. c.)

Carapace bivalve, equivalve, the valves apparently smooth, inequi-
lateral, the length of the shell being greater than the height. Both So,
valves are strongly convex, this convexity culminating at a point near
the anterior third of the carapace, thus producing a considerable eleva-
tion of the valves towards this point. The upper or dorsal border is
straight but is infolded transversely both from the anterior and posterior
sides, thus producing a transverse groove in the dorsal region of the cara-
pace at a point almost above or slightly anterior to the umbonate eleva-
tion of the valves described above. The dorsal view showing this trans- _
verse infolding and the outline of the umbonate convexity of the valves
is especially characteristic of the species. Length of carapace, 5.5 mm.;
height 4.5 mm.; thickness from valve to valve 4mm.; the umbo or point
of greatest convexity lies 1.75 mm. from the anterior edge of the carapace. Bete
The specimen was found in the ““Orthoceras block” at Huffman’s Quarry.
Mr. E. O. Ulrich, to whom’ the specimen was submitted for generic
determination, writes that this “‘ostracoda is congeneric with Meek’s
Cythere Cincinnatensis, Miller's C. trregularis and Ulrich’s Leferditia
vadiata. ‘They are quite different from Lepferditia, belonging more likely
to the Cyprinidae. The genus into which they must go is not fully “i
decided, Jones being of the opinion that a new genus should be estab-
lished for their reception, while Ulrich is of the opinion, at present, that
Barrande’s £/fe may justly include them.”

Cornulites dis’ans, Hail.
(Plate 30, Fig. 7; Plate 31 Figs. 11, 10.)

This shell, as identified by us, is represented by one specimen from
Brown’s Quarry, and one from Soldiers’ Home. One of the specimens
from the upper shaly courses at Huffman’s Quarry may belong to the
same species. In the upper shaly courses of the latter quarry occur a as
considerable number of specimens, some of which equal Cornulites dis- ee
tans in size, but all of them agree in the habit of being more or less flex- Bee
uous and in being attached by one side to some other object. In the
cases at hand these objects were Orvthzs elegantula, Cyclonema Obilix,
Rhinopora frondosa, and Homotrypa confluens. It is evident from this
that it grows upon any object it can find. Whether, as in the case of C.

FOSSILS OF THE CLINTON GROUP. 533

Proprius, Hall, these forms are only young stages of species whose sub-
sequent growth becomes free and more erect cannot be determined with
the material at hand.

In a second specimen from Brown’s quarry, the same habit of shell
was noticed; it started its growth attached to the side of Platyceras, curved
around on its surface, attached to it along one side, and then, swinging
loose from the Platyceras, assumed a straight course for the rest of its
growth. The straight species also occurs at Pennsylvania, as collected
by Prof. E. W. Claypole, from the top of the Clinton just under the
red Onondago shales, near Mifflintown, Juniata county, Pennsylvania.

Gomphoceras Ortont, sp. nov.
(Plate 33, Figs.8a,b; Plate 36; Figs. 7a, b, c.)

In the Proce. Boston Soc. of Nat. Hist., 1889, Plate VIII, fig. 8, was
represented the living chamber of a species of Gomphoceras found at
Brown’s Quarry (See Plate 33 of this volume). Recently the specimen fig-
ured has been better cleaned from the encrusting calcite and though in the
form of a cast of the chamber its configuration can now be better deter-
mined. ‘The living chamber was contracted towards the top and bent a
little backwards so that the posterior side is slightly concave in outline
about 17 mm. above the base of the chamber. ‘The various intricate
markings towards the aperture caused by flexures of the shell will be
better undersood by a reference to the figures than by a detailed descrip-
tion. :
At the same quarry was found a specimen with the living chamber
only indifferently preserved, but almost the entiie septate part of the shell
is shown, thus adding considerably to our knowledge of this species.
The specimen belongs to the collection of the Ohio State University.
At the base of the body chamber the shell is 30 mm. broad. Measuring
along the sides of the shell, the fifth septum below this point is 16 mm.
distant, and the septum has a diameter of 22 mm. ‘The tenth septum
below the body chamber is 28 mm. distant and the diameter of the sep-
tum is 14mm. ‘The fifteenth septum below is 38 mm. distant and the
septum has a diameter of 9mm. The twentieth septum is 47 mm. dis-
tant; this portion is less well preserved, but the diameter does not seem
to have been less than 8mm. In other words, after a rather low rate of
expansion, the shell expanded rapidly up to within three chambers of the
living or body chamber, after which the rate of increase was again very
small. A fragment of some Gomphoceras found in the upper shaly
courses at Huffman’s Quarry, consisting of two chambers only, is referred
to the same species, on account of its similar rate of expansion at a cor-
responding diameter of the shell. Of course this determination is

534 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

practically without value excepting as a means of calling the attention of
collectors to the possibility of finding this form at the locality named.

Cyrtoceras Clintonense, sp. nov.
(Plate 36, Figs. 2a, b, c, d, e.)

In the upper shaly courses at Huffman’s Quarry was found a speci-
men measuring 55 mm. along its convexly curved side which describes
an arc of 67°, and 29 mm. on its inner or concave side which describes
an arc of 40°. Laterally the shell is strongly compressed. ‘The inner
concave side remains distinctly and quite evenly rounded, while the outer.
or convex side is angulated by the meeting, along this side, of the two
lateral flattened faces of the shell at almost a right angle. The specimen
shows 14 septa, the later formed ones becoming rapidly more distant and
larger, and describing an angle of 40°. ‘The transverse diameters at the
smaller end are 12 mm. and 7 mm., at the larger end 80 mm. and about 22
mm. ‘The siphuncle is contracted as it passes through the septa, and the
separate divisions meet each other obliquely, but in longitudinal sections
the divisions of the siphuncle present a nearly tubular outline, though en-
larging somewhat above, if the contraction immediately at the septa be not
considered. ‘The siphuncle lies within 2 mm. of the outer margin. The
width of the siphuncle at the larger extremity is 3 mm. Careful exami-
nation of the curvature of the septa showed that in general these were
regularly concave, but that towards the outer and inner sides, for a short
distance from the junction of the septa with these portions of the shell, the
degree of concavity decreased so as to give a slightly reflexed appearance
to the outline of the septa, as seen along these sides in the case of
the internal casts of the shell. A similar specimen was found iu the up-
per shaly courses at Centreville, Ohio.

In the collection of the Ohio State University is found a fragment of
a Cyrtoceras from Brown’s Quarry which also possesses an angulate outer
and a rounded inner side, compressed lateral sides, a similar siphuncle
also within 2 mm. of the outer margin, and a similar curvature of
the septa. ‘The specimen, however, differs widely from the type in the
rate of increase of the shell. The fragment which is 55 mm. long, with
15 septa, measures 28.5 mm. for its greater diameter at the smaller end and
34.5 at its larger extremity. The smaller diameter shows an even lower
rate of increase within this length of shell. The general rate of curva-
ture of the fragment is also less. The decreased rate of expansion and
the smaller curvature of this Brown’s Quarry specimen are, however,
only characters which quite commonly belong to the older stages of
growth of species of Cyrfoceras, the younger stages of which frequently
show moze rapid rates of expansion and greater curvature than the later
growth, and the Brown’s quarry specimen is therefore regarded as repre-
senting merely an older portion of the species just described.

FOSSILS OF THE CLINTON GROUP. 535

Cyrtoceras (Glyptoceras) subcompressum, Beecher.
(Plate 32, Figs. 7a,b,c,d; Fig. 30f p.ate on page 536,)

The type specimen came from Brown’s Quarry (Pal. N. Y., Vol. 7, p.
55). Other specimens were collected at the same locality (Proc. Bost.
Soc. Nat. Hist., 1889; Am. Geol., Sept., 1895). The shell increased quite
rapidly in size and was strongly bent, but not coiled as at first supposed.
The outer or convexly bent side of the shell was flattened, giving rise to
angulate outlines on either side where this outer side merged into the
lateral faces of the shell. The inner side of the shell shows the greater
convexity in cross-sections. <A fuller discussion is provided in the pub-
lications above mentioned.

Qyrioceras (Glyptoceras\) Eatonense, (Claypole) Foerste.
{Figs. 1a, b, c, 2, of plate on page 536.)

At the base of the limestone at Huffman’s Quarry, in a companion
piece to the “‘Orthoceras block,” was found a specimen of this genus
whose concave septa can readily be seen at the fractured ends of the shell,
above and below, but the siphuncle is not exposed. At the smaller ends
its diameters are 60 mm. and 53 mm., and here the specimen has a sort
of transversely quadrangular appearance in spite of its general rounded
form, due probably in part to compression. Towards the upper
end the shell, although the fragment is only 45 mm. long, is seen to in-
crease very rapidly in size, The surface of the shell is well preserved.
It is covered by a regularly arranged series of markings, crossing each
other in diagonal rows, being larger on the outer curve of the shell.
Each marking is bounded beneath by a concave raised more prominent
ridge, above which lies a moderately concave or depressed region trav-
ersed by ridges slightly less prominent, which are also concavely curved,
following the outline of the defining ridge. Owing to the arrange-
ment of these figures in diagonal rows and the interference of newly
added figures with the upper margins of the older ones, a sort of imbri-
cated appearance is produced, which, were it not for the additional orna-
mentation caused by the parallel curved lines above described, might be
likened to the imbrication of leaf scars in the case of Lepidodendra.
The width of these figures is 6 mm. on the inner side and 8
mm. towards the outer curve of the shell. On closer examination
it may be seen that the larger ridges, defining the bases of the figures
or scars, are formed by the deflection and massing together of the
minor parallel ridges where these pass over the defining or limiting
borders of the figures. The peculiar structure produced is therefore
only ap aberrant form of the transversely striated type of ornamentation.

336

Cyrtoceras (Glypioceras\ Ea‘onense |Claypole) Foerste. Fig.1a, view of one of the lateral
faces ; 6, view of dorso-lateral angle of the shell; c, the surface character of the scars of the lat-
ter, slightly enlarged ; d, the dorsal side, ‘‘scars’’ omitted, showing contorsion of specimen owing
to accidental crushing before fossilization, companion piece tc “Orthoceras block’’ Huffman’s
Quarry, 0. Fig 2, type of Glyptodend7on Eatonense, Claypole, referred to above species, Eaton, O.

Cyrtoceras (Glyptoceras) sudcompressum, (Beecher), Foerste. Fig 3, this is the opposite side
of fig 7 b of plate 32. and corresponds to 6 of Fig. 7 a on the same plate. .

FOSSILS OF THE CLINTON GROUP. 537

Repeated examination of the type of Glyptodendron LEatonense Clay-
pole has led to the conclusion that our species was not distinct from
that form. The Eaton specimen possesses the same ridge defining
the lower border of the figures. To be sure the figures in Glyptoden-
dron Eatonense have a greater height compared with their breadth than
our specimens, but it has been noticed in the Huffman Quarry specimen
that the relative heights of the markings increase towards the outer or
convex side of the coil. The Eaton specimen is therefore regarded as a
cast of the surface of the outer side of the shell, where it is convexly
bent. The general contour of the figure is preserved, but the finer mark-
ingsare gone. The type specimen was described from the Clinton near
Eaton, Ohio, Geol. Mag. Dec. II, Vol V, London, 1878. Further discus-
sion imay be found in the Amerian Geologist, loc. cit. The writer here
acknowledges the repeated generosity and courtesy shown him by Prof.
E. W. Claypole in the use of this and other specimens, and for all
information desired in connection with this and other geological subjects.

Recently a large Cyrfoceras fragment has been found in the upper
shaly courses at Huffman’s Quarry, having a diameter of 150 mm. It
includes 4 chambers, the tota! height of which toward the middle is 60
mm. ‘The siphuncle was large, the segments are much contracted at the
septa, and are very oblique. They are 26 mm. in width in a direction
parallel to the septa, and 20 mm. high in a direction perpendicular to

that surface. A certain amount of compression has evidently also taken
place.

The ornamentation of the two species here described is so remarka-
ble that the subgeneric designation, GLYPTOCERAS, may be valuable for
distinguishing this class of species from the more ordinary types.

Orthoceras (Actinoceras) Youngt, Foerste.
(Plate 33, Fig. 3; P.ate 36, Fig. 1.)

The type specimen was found at Hanover, Indiana, (Proc. Boston
Soc. Nat. Hist., 1889). Recently three magnificent specimens were
obtained from the ‘‘Orthoceras block” at Huffman’s Quarry. These ena-
ble us to give a much better description of the same. Of these the finest
was 190 mm. long; at its larger end it was 63 mm. in diameter, and at its
smaller end 31.5 mm. At its larger end 10 septa occurred in a length of
57 mm. Ina second specimen of about the same length, the siphuncle was
seen to be distinctly contracted toward the septa, securing thus a structure
which may be compared to a string of large beads in which however the
beads join each other closely. There where the shell had a diameter of
66 mm. the siphuncle had annulations 9.5 mm. wide. Where the diame-
ter of the shell was only 52.5 mm., the siphuncle had annulations 7 mm.
wide. ‘The two points chosen for measurement were about 195 mm. apart.
The connection between the annulations was 7 mm. and 4.2 mm.

538 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

wide at these extreme points. The septa near the smaller end showed arcs |

of 90°. ‘This is considerably less than in the case of the type specimen,
yet, all other features being identical, the variation in the degree of con-
cavity of the septa only serves to indicate to what extent this feature is

variable. "he exterior surface is smooth. ‘The shell itself was thick. -

Near the larger end of the Ohio specimens just described the shell had
a thickness of 8 mm.

&
Orthoceras (Actinoceras) clavatum, Hall.
(Plate 33, Fig. 2; Plate 36, Figs. 5,a. b. c.!

"The type of O. rhythmotdes was found at Brown’s Quarry (Proc.
Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 1889.) It showed rather closely placed septa, and, as
far as we could judge, the rate of increase in diameter of the shell was
very small, A section across the same showed no siphuncle. A second
specimen in the collections of the Ohio State University having septa
disposed at similar intervals, and describing similar arcs, but possessing
a greater rate of increase in diameter undoubtedly belongs to this species
aud sheds much light upon the same. It is 56mm. long, and presents
in this distance, 21 septa. The diameters at the opposite ends are 27
mm. and 19 mm. respectively. The siphuncle is contracted at the
septa producing bead like segments; at opposite ends of the specimen
their width is 4 mm. and 3 mm. respectively. A tiny remnant of the
surface seems to indicate that the shell was smooth. This second speci-
men resembles closely the cast figured by Hall from the Clinton of New
York as O. clavatwm, with which the Ohio species is therefore provision-
ally identified.

Orthoceras ( Actinoceras) lata-nummulaium, Foerste.
(Plate 33, Fig. 4.)

The type came from Soldiers’ Home (Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.,
1889.) The large size of the species and its very broad strongly annulated
siphuncle are its chief distinctions.

A fragment of some very large and closely related species is represented
by a fragment in the collection of Geo. Caswell. Its siphuncle is very
large and is strongly excentric. Plate 35, Figs. 4, a, b, c.

Orthoceras ( Actinoceras) turgido-nummulatum, Foerste.
(Plate 33, Fig. 7; Plate 25, Figs. 1, 2.)

The type specimen from Soldiers’ Home shows an annulated siphur-
cle which is rather broad, considering the diameter of the shell. (Proc.
Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 1889.) This seems to be its chief distinction from

ie a ee ee,

FOSSILS OF THE CLINTON GROUP. 539

the next species. A much better specimen occurs in the collection of
Mr. Geo. Caswell; it was found at the type locality, Soldiers’ Home.
Plate 35, Fig. 1. A second specimen in Mr. Caswell collection has more
distant septa. Plate 35, Fig. 2.

Orthoceras (Actinoceras) Daytonense, Foerste.

(Plate 83, Fig. 6.)

This species, described from Soldiers’ Home (Proc. Boston Soc.
Nat. Hist., 1889) has a broadly annulated siphuncle and rather close
septa.

Orthoceras (£u-Orthoceras?) rectum, Worthen, var. junzus, Foerste. -

(Plate 82, Figs. 1, 2.)

The very low rate of increase of diameter in this shell and its very
distant septa are the only features known at present which will serve to
characterize this species. (Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 1889.) The
siphuncle and surface have not been seen.

Orthoceras (Eu-Orthoceras) tgnotum, Foerste.

(Plate 32, Fig. 4; Plate 36, Figs. 6, a, b,c; Figs. 5,6,7. Page 540.)

The type specimen was found at Hanover, Indiana. On re-examina-

tion it appears that the figure published Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 1889
(See Plate 32, Fig. 4, of this volume) represents the divisions of the si-
phuncle distinctly contracted at both ends towards the septa, whereas they
are in reality almost cylindrical, enlarging very slightly towards the upper
septum in each case, and contracting suddenly before passing through the
septum. The same form is found in the upper shaly courses at Huffman’s
Quarry. Fragments of the same individual were found which, when added
together, gave a length of more than 180 mm. One of these fragments,
59 mm. long, was 17 mm. broad at the upper, and 15 mm. at the smaller
end, and contained in this length 16 septa. Another fragment, 47 mm.
long, contained in this length 12 septa, and at its upper extremity where
the diameter was 20 mm. the almost cylindrical siphuncle was 2.3 mm.
broad. In another specimen 35 mm. long, with 10 septa, 20.5 mm.
broad at the upper extremity and 17 mm. at the lower, the siphuncle
was 2.8 mm. at the larger end. The divisions of the siphuncle between
the septa were almost cylindrical, showing only a trace of convexity in
longitudinal sections. ‘This last specimen showed a thin shell .25 mm.
thick. It was perfectly smooth. Its septa described an are of 100° in
cross-section. Another specimen 25 mm. long, with the diameters at the
ends 17 and 15 mm. respectively, shows 7 septa, and the cylindrical
siphuncle is 2.1 mm. wide; the shell is thin and smooth. (See

540 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

Fig. 5 on this page.) A specimen from Soldiers’ Home retains
the diameter of 12.5 mm. in a length of 21 mm. including 8 septa;
the cylindrical siphuncle is 1.7 mm. wide; the surface of the thin shell is
smooth. The very low rate of tapering shown by this specimen is
worthy of note, but is not sufficient for its separation from the previous
ly described forms. A more typical but much smaller specimen was
found at Todd’s Fork, in the upper ferruginous layer. It was 35.2 mm.
long, with diameters at its extremities of 10.5 mm. and 8.2 mm.; at the
larger end the cylindrical siphuncle was 1.4 mm. broad, the specimen
showed 15 septa; the shell was thin and smooth, the arc described by ©
the septa was only 80°, but this does not warrant the separation of this
specimen from the species.

A single specimen from the Soldiers’ Home presents many _ char-
acteristics of O. zgnotum; the shell is rather thin and seems to have been
smooth, the septa describe an are of 105°, the siphuncle is 2.9 mim.
wide, and is cylindrical; the shell has a diameter of 22mm. In two im-
portant particulars this specimen however differs from the former. In |
a length of 57 mm., it maintains the same diameter, and in this
same length it has only 7 septa, whereas the more typical forms of equal
size would show 9.5 septa. Fig. 7 on this page—a partial figure.

Specimens showing the same rate of expansion and the same relative
distances between the septa as Ov/hoceras ignotum are known from
Todd’s Fork. heir shell is quite thick, 4 to .6 mm. Their siphun-
cle is unknown but they very probably belong to this species. Several
specimens are in the cabinet of Dr. Chas. Welch.

we

KEG
[

6

9

Orthoceras (Eu-Orthoceras) erraticum, Foerste, Figs. 1, 2, 3, showing the
change from an annular to a more cylindrical siphuncle. Figs. 2 and 3 show the
variation in position of the siphuncle. Fig. 1is cut transversely to this plane of
variation and so does not show the change in position of the siphuncle. “‘ Orthoceras
block,” Huffman’s Quarry, Ohio. ;

FOSSILS OF THE CLINTON GROUP. 541

Orthoceras described on page 542 Fig. 4, Todd’s Fork, Ohio.

Orthoceras tgnotum, Foerste, Fig. 5, a medium sized specimen; section show-
ing siphuncle, Soldiers’ Home, Ohio. Fig. 6, interior cast, Huffinan’s Quarry, Ohio.
Fig. 7, section of fragment from large sized specimen, Soldiers’ Home, Ohio.

Orthoceras (Eu-Orthoceras) erraticum, Foerste.

(With characters of Actinoceras when young).

Q

(Figures 1, 2,3, on page 540.)

In the “Orthoceras block” at Huffman’s Quarry were found rather
abundant fragments of a form which shows about the same rate of taper-
ing as O. ignotum. In several cases, the more aged parts of the shell,
where they were 24 mm. wide, practically ceased tapering, producing in
this manner a cylindrical growth in the later formed parts of the shell.
These shells were very instructive in showing certain variations which
siphuncles may undergo not only in the same species but even in the same
shell. ‘The remarkable fact was discovered that fragments more than 18
mm. in diameter showed cylindrical siphuncles, and those less than 16
mm. in diameter had siphuncles whose segments were more or less
strongly contracted towards the septa, thus producing the appearance of
a close string of beads. Moreover in three cases the gradual change of
the siphuncle from an annular or bead like one to a cylindrical one
could be distinctly traced. Judging from this series of specimens it
would therefore seem that the annular siphuncle was the earlier form
from which the cylindrical form was a later development. Moreover the
position of the siphuncle varied in quite a number of specimens in such
a way that the siphuncle, which was annulated and excentric at smaller
diameters of the shell, became central while becoming cylindrical, and
then continued to change its position in the same direction so that the
more recent cylindrical part of the siphuncle was again excentric, but
situated on the opposite side of the shell from the siphuncle in the earlier
part of its growth. ‘The freedom with which the siphuncle has changed
its place in these specimens is remarkable, and may well nigh be regarded
as a characteristic of the species. | Whereas it has been observed before
that the position of the siphuncle was variable in the same species, its
position in the same individual has usually been found to be more con-
stant. Moreover in the other Clinton species so far examined the varia-.
bility of the siphuncle has been slight. It will be instructive, therefore,
to add a few measurements showing this variation in the Orthoceras
block specimens. In one specimen 48 mm. long, with 18 septa, the
centre of the siphuncle was 4 mm. away from the shell at the smaller
end, and had passed to the centre near the larger end. For this entire
length the segments of the siphuncle were very distinctly and almost
equally contracted towards the septa; at the smaller end, 11 mm. in
diameter, the siphuncle was 2.8 mim. wide; at the larger end 16 mm. in

542 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

diameter, the siphuncle was of the same width. Ina second specimen 55
min. long, with-20 septa, the centre of the siphuncle was moderately excen-
tric at the smaller end with a diameter of 15.5 mm.,the siphuncle being 2.6
mm. wide. Where the shell has a diameter of 18 mm. the siphuncle
is 2.8 mm. wide, showing a slight accidental increase of its diameter;
here the centre of the siphuncle lies only 8 mm. from the side of the
shell. From this point the diameter of the ne decreases so
rapidly that the fifth succeeding segment is only 2.2 mm. wide. At the
larger end where the shell has a diameter of 20.5, mim., the siphuncle is
2.1 mm. wide, and while approaching very closely to a cylindrical
siphuncle, it yet shows a moderately convex outline in longitudinal sec-
tions. Another specimen with 17 septa, 47 mm. long, shows an annu-
lar siphuncle 2.8 mm. wide at the smaller end, which has a diameter of
15 mm., and an almost cylindrical siphuncle only 1.8 mm. wide at the
larger end where the shell has a diameter of 20.5 mm. ‘The septa de-
scribe an arcof 80°. Figs. 1, 2,5, on page 540).

Orthoceras (Eu-Orthoceras) :

(Fig. 4 on page 440).

Specimens of a small Orthoceras occur haying septa at distances
intermediate between those of O. erraticum and O. Hanoverense, but
the shells show neither the markedly variable siphuncle of the first nor
the peculiar groovings of the internal cast of the last species. Good
specimens of Orthoceras are not common enough in the Ohio Clinton to
settle all doubtful points and in the case of the specimens just mentioned
it will be necessary to let their position remain doubtful for the present.

At Todd’s Fork was found a specimen tapering in a length of 44
mm. from 8 mm. to 14 mm. It had a smooth shell; there were 26
septa, which varied considerably in convexity. The siphuncle was ann-
ular during its entire length and, where the shell had a diameter of 12
mm., was 1.8 mm. wide. The siphuncle changed its position slightly
during its growth, but the change of position was too small to have amy
special significance. (Fig. 4 on page 540).

Several small fragments of the same type were found at Hanover,
Indiana, though they were too small to show anything but the annular
siphuncle and too short to show aiy considerable change of position of
the siphuncle, even if any occurred.

A specimen from Brown’s Quarry with smooth shell, and septa
approaching each other as closely as those of the forms just described,
is doubtfully referred here. The siphuncle is not preserved.

Specimens in the form of casts with septa at distances from each
other corresponding to those in O. evraticum, and with slightly eccentric
siphuncle, are common at Todd’s Fork, but the form of the segments of

FOSSILS OF THE CLINTON '!GROUP. 543

the siphuncle is unknown. The shell is about .2 mm. thick, and, while the
surface is practically smooth, a trace of cross-striation owing to irregular-
ity of growth is seen in some specimens. ‘This shows how closely re-
lated must be the subgenera Ex-Orthoceras and Cycloceras. The vertical
linear marking, called a carina, is seen on one side in some specimens.
Until the siphuncle is better known, these specimens will be best re-
ferred to the present variety.

‘

Orthoceras (fu-Orthoceras) Hanoverense, Foerste.
(Plate 32, Fig. 6; Plate 35, Fig. 5.)

This species was described from Hanover, Indiana, in the Proc.
Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 1889. It may well be questioned if all the inter-
esting and peculiar structures discovered in the type specimen will be
found characteristic of the species. From typical forms of Orthoceras
zgnotum it can always be distinguished, but whether the greater num-
ber of septa and the somewhat narrower, and at a corresponding age
more moderately annulated siphuncle will always serve to distinguish
this form from the species O. evraticum remains to be determined.

A species from Hanover, Indiana, shows the numerous septa, but
the cast of the chambers has no obliquely impressed line as in the type;
it did not show the siphuncle, its shell surface was smooth. (Plate 35,
Fig. 5.) A second specimen from the Soldiers’ Home in the cabinet of
Mr. Geo. Caswell, and a third in the collection of Dr. Chas. Welch, from
Todd’s Fork, possess similar close septa, but no obliquely impressed line.
For the present at least these forms will be placed under O. Hanoverense.

Orthoceras (Lu-Orthoceras?) virgulatum, Hall?
(Plate 32, Fig. 5: Plate 35, Fig. 3.)

This very doubtful form, described from the Soldiers’ Home, (Proc.
Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 1889), is characterized by a very low rate of in-
crease in diameter, rather distant septa, and a very attenuated cylindrical
siphuncle. O. zuceptum seems never to have the septa so far distant in
the broader parts of the specimens, nor the siphuncle so regularly at-
tenuated as this specimen. A form with somewhat. broader siphuncle
occurs in the collection of Mr. Geo. Caswell from Soldiers’ Home. Plate
35, Fig. 3.

Orthoceras (Cycloceras) tnceptum, Foerste.

(Plate 25, Figs. la, b ce.)

Typical specimens of this species are rather common in the Beaver-
town marl at the top of the Clinton Group at Huffman’s Quarry (Bull.
Denison Univ. Vol. I), and in the corresponding marl at Geo. Young’s
quarry, west of Soldiers’ Home. At both localities the specimens are
always in the form of internal casts. They are quite small, the largest
specimens attaining a diameter of only 5.5mm. ‘The position of the

O44 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.’

siphuncle is almost invariably well shown; it is only moderately excen-
tric. Most of the casts are perfectly regular and present nothing un-
usual. In others, however, the surface of the cast shows on one side a
vertical series of markings which are so regular in size and form as to
jndicate that they are connected with some internal structure of the shell.
‘These markings consist of an impressed line which rises from each lower
septum to about half the height of the chamber, and then falls again,
describing a convex curve extending from one-fourth to one-third the
distance around the shell. Apparently the region along this line often
weathers away and in that case the part below the impressed line remains
behind as a triangular projection with rather concave lateral sides, bounded
along these sides by deep grooves which gradually disappear laterally
along the lower septum, but which unite above and reach the upper
septum. ‘The bottom of these grooves is at times pitted, and the exterior
of the casts also at times shows very faint vertical lines, which may be
pitted, but at present it is no longer possible to place. any stress upon
this pitting since it is too exceptional, and seems to be simply a sign of
weathering. Although the termination of the septa at the siphuncle is
well shown in longitudinal sections, the siphuncle itself is almost never
seen, and even then not satisfactorily. The best section indicates that
it was cylindrical, and narrow, a view which gains support from other
specimens described next.

In the ‘“Orthoceras block” at Huffman’s Quarry were found in con-
siderable numbers a species of Orthoceras which in its rate of tapering.
slightly excentric siphuncle and curvature of the septa resembles the
marl specimens from the same quarry. ‘The septa seem in general to be
rather more closely arranged. The siphuncle is cylindrical. The
exterior surface of the shell is marked by transverse rings or strie,
which are very variable in distinctness but which in general may be said
to gain in strength and distinctness and to grow more distant in the
larger, later parts of the shell. Quite a typical rate of curvature is shown
by a specimen 20.5 mm. long, with diameters of 2.9 mm. and 5.3 mm. at
the opposite ends. In another specimen 30 mm. long, the diameter
increases from 3.8 mm. to 8.2mm. Now this larger diameter approaches
closely to the smaller diameter of a larger specimen also with transverse
but coarser striz and a cylindrical siphuncle, at times showing a
slight tendency toward annular structure. This specimen in a length of
19.5 mm. increases in diameter from 8.7 mm. to 11.2 mm. and shows 12
septa; the siphuncle is 1.4 mm. wide at the larger end, a rather abnormal
width for this size. Another specimen with a siphuncle 1.2 mm. wide
reaches a width of 15.5 mm. at its larger end. ‘The larger specimen col-
lected had a diameter of 17 mm. ‘There seems no reason for separating
the larger specimens from the smaller ones described earlier, and there-
fore small size ceases to be a distinguishing feature of this species,
although most specimens found are small. Ata point 5.7 mm. in dia-

re Wig

FOSSILS OF THE CLINTON GROUP. 4:

Or

meter one specimen showed a siphuncle .6 mm. wide. At a diameter
of 10 mm. another siphuncle was 1 mm. wide.

Whether certain specimens in the marl at Huffman’s Quarry, which
consists only of casts of the siphuncle, are to be associated with this
species as an indication that also the larger forms existed there, remains
to be proved. One of these siphuncle casts was 2mm. broad and three
of the segments occupied a length of 10 mm.

Small specimens, not exceeding 6 mm. in breath, showing all the
characters above described except the problematical structure of the
casts occasionally present in the marl specimens, and lacking the exterior
surface, are found at Todd’s Fork in the upper ferriferous courses, and
seem to belong to the more typical forms of this species.

Orthoceras inceptum, var acceleratum, var. nov.
(Plate 87 A, Fig. 10.)

A single specimen in the collection of Geo. Caswell, from Soldiers’
Home is remarkable for the rapidity with which the distance between
the septa increases with growth. For this we suggest the term: variety
acceleratumne.

Orihoceras ( Cycloceras) Nova-Carlislense, Foerste.
(Plate 30, Fig. 25; P.ate 33, Fig. 1.)

This species is rather common at Brown’s Quarry. (Proceedings
Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 1889.) Its exterior surface is transversely striated,
about 40 strize occupying a length of 20 mm. Other specimens showed
twelve to thirteen strize in a length of 2 mm. ‘These much finer and
closer strize are interpreted as belonging to the inner shell of the species
Neither surface shows longitudiual striations.

Orthoceras ( Spyroceras?) spyroceroides, sp. nov.

Associated with Orthoceras Nova-Carlislense at Brown’s Quarry is
another form, presenting the same stout cylindrical siphuncle almost 4mm.
broad, there being 8 septa in 32.5 mm. where the shell is 29 mm. broad.
The rate of increase and general habitus is the same as that in the preced-
ing species, and it would be associated with it were it not for its surface
ornamentation. The writer feels dubious whether all forms intermediate
between this and the last species will not eventually be found, but since
writers who have made special study of ORTHOCERATIDA seein to atrive at
conclusions that the distinctions to which we here call attention, aré of
subgeneric if not of generic value, it seems necessary at least to place this
form in another species. It shows quite distinct transverse striz,
about 40 striz in a length of 43 mm. although that is of course likely
to prove a variable feature. The longitudinal strize are very fine, about
twelve of the stronger ones occupying a width of 8 mm., but very much
finer, almost hair-like striz, which require a lense to ie seen, are inter-
ealated between these.

35 GO.

546 GEOLOGY OF OHIO. -

Or. hoceras (Spyroceras ?) Jamesi, Hall and Whitfield.

(Plate 32, Fig. 3.)

Quite a number of specimens, none of them of any considerable size
or length, have been found at the original locality, Todd’s Fork, in
Clinton county, Ohio.

Orthoceras (Cycloceras) amycus, Hall.
(Plate 33, Fig. 5.)

A large specimen, not preserving the shell, was described from
Brown’s Quarry (Proceedings Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 1889, pp. 282,
2853). A similar specimen from Ludlow Falls had annulations 26
mm. broad; five annulations occurred in a length of 21.5 mm.;
they were slightly more prominent than those of the Brown’s Quarry
specimen.

At Huffman’s Quarry a very small specimen was found in the
upper shaly courses. It had 5 annulations in a length of 7 mm.
and the shell itself was about 9 mm. broad. In the “ Orthoceras
block” from the same locality three specimens were found, 9, 13, and 19
mm. broad and with 5 annulations in 8.3, 11,and 15 mm. respectively. All
of these Huffman Quarry specimens showed transverse strize in addition
to the annulations, often distinct enough to be recognized without a lense.
In the smaller fragments so far found no measurable degree of taper-
ing is discovered. No longitudinal striz occur. The siphuncle is sub-cen-
tral and its sides are nearly straight, showing but a very slight degree of
contraction towards the septa. For a siphuncle of this kind it is very
broad, having a width of 2.6 mm.in the specimen 13 mm. broad. The
septa are of medium concavity, forming an arc of about 100°.

Orthoceras (Kionoceras) Craw/ordt, Foerste.
(Plate 30, Fig. 26.)

The type, collected at Soldiers’ Home, is in the collection of Ira
Crawford (Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 1889). The exterior of the shell
is ornamented by numerous fine distinct longitudinal striz of which 9 or
10 occupy a width of 2 mm.

Orthoceras (Discosorus) conoideum, Hall.

(Plate 36, Fig. 8.)

Forms essentially like those figured from New York are not uncom-
mon in the Clinton group, at Todd’s Fork, near Wilmington, Ohio. All
the specimens seen are in the cabinet of Dr. Chas. Welch, of Wilmington.
They are evidently the siphuncles of some cephalopod belonging to the
ORTHOCERATIDA.

FOSSILS OF THE CLINTON GROUP. DAT

Coleolus Clintonensts; sp. nov.

(Plate 37a, Fig. 11.)

In the limestone at Soldiers’ Home doubtful forms occur, having the
rate of increase of the specimens of Orthoceras inceptum. One specimen has
very faint indications of transverse striz. A second has, instead, very
sharp and clear-cut transverse very fine groovings, which are so regular
and occur at such equal distances that it does not simulate the forms of
O. inceptum. The failure to find either septa or siphuncle in these speci-
mens, even when 24 mm. long, has led to the opinion that they are Clin-
ton species of Co/eo/us, for which reason the term Co/eolus Clintonensts has
been reserved for them. They are very rare and for this reason their
generic reference is not considered as satisfactory as though many speci-
mens had been found habitually to lack the septa and siphuncle.

Conularia Niagarensis, Hall.

Plate 30 Fig. 16.)

In the Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, 1889,a
specimen found at Todd’s Fork was identified with C. Wiagarensts, Hall.
More recently the same form was found at Huffman’s Quarry in the upper
shaly courses. A comparison of the two specimens enables us to make
the following observations. Although when flattened out so as to expose
two sides simultaneously this shell seems to have a considerable
apical angle, when in its natural condition the apical angle is seen to be
small. Our specimens are not perfect enough to give this apical
angle with exactness, but approximately in one specimen 18 mm. long the
diagonal diameter measured 7.8 mm. at the smaller end of the specimen
and 10 mm. towards the larger end. Along the four corners. the shell
was incurved, forming a longitudinal furrow which was most distinct
below, but grew less distinct near the upper or larger end. The sides
themselves were very gently convex.

Conularia bilineata, sp. nov.

(Plate 37a, Fig. 12.

A very small fragment of a species of Conularia was found at Sol-
diers’ Home. Initthe normalsimple transverse striz of this genus were
represented by so many pairs of very distinct striz, the pairs being
separated by the usual strong grooves, crossed by rather more distant and
less sharp longitudinal strie than in C. Miagarensis. Seven of these
pairs of transverse strize occupied a length of 7.2 mm., and 9 longitudinal
strie occupied a width of 1.7mm. The name Conularia bilineata is
suggested for this species.

548 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

Lellerophon fiscello-striatus, Foerste.
(Plate 25, Figs. 19a, b, c, d,e)

This species when first described in the Bulletin of Denison Univer-
sity, Vol. I, was known only from Stoltz quarry near the Soldiers’ Home.
In the Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, 1889, its
occurrence at Brown’s Quarry and near Hanover, Indiana, was noted.
Since then it has been found in the ‘“‘Orthoceras block” from the base of
the Clinton at Huffman’s Quarry, and in the shaly layers of the same
quarry have been found compressed shells with median slit-band, longitu-
dinal and less distinct transverse strize, which might be the same species.

Recent examinations of Bellerophon stigmosus from the flinty beds of
the Clinton near Lockport, New York, showed similar surface ornamenta-
tion, but the median slit-band was raised into a low yeti distinct carina, a
fact never true of the western forms here described. Whether this be
enough to distinguish the species is very questionable.

Bellerophon (Bucania) exiguus, Foerste

(Plate 25, Figs. 18a, 6; Plate3l, Fig.3; Plate 37a, Figs. 2a, 3, c.)

This species was first described in the Bulletin of Denison University,
Vol. I, from the Beavertown marl, at Huffman’s Quarry. Since then it
has been found in the upper more shaly courses at the same quarry, at the
quarry north of Beavertown, and in the equivalent of the Beavertown mari at
Geo. Young’s Quarry. In the Proceedings of the Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.,
1889, larger specimens from Hanover, Indiana, werereferred to this species,
and the specimen from Todd’s Fork, Ohio, showing surface markings,
was also referred here. As at present understood this species presents
two constant characteristic features; one of these is the narrow umbilicus,
the last whorl not closing the same; the second is the character of its
surface ornamentation. This consists of transverse striz only, which
from the low carina or median angulation of the shell bend backwards.
The sides of the shell spread out considerably at the aperture. ‘The
marl specimens are usually small, and show rather coarser transversestriz,
moreover the carina in many specimens is a little more developed. The
specimens from Todd’s Fork are larger, the carina is always only a low
median angulation, and the transverse strize are perhaps a little finer.
The largest specimen measured was 18 mm. across, and its aperture must
once have spread to 19mm.

Bellerophon (Bucania) opertus, sp. nov.

Plate 25, Figs. 18c,d; Plate 37a, Figs. 3a. 3.)

The type specimen of this species is a specimen from Hanover, In
diana, but small forms, apparently of the same species, though not pre-
serving the exterior markings, occur in considerable numbers at

FOSSILS OF THE CLINTON GROUP. 549

Huffman’s Quarry. When the shell itself has been entirely removed
the space remaining vacant in the umbilical region is larger in this
species than in the case of B. exzguus. But when the shell is preserved,
the last whorl closes the umbilical region, leaving only a very shallow
depression there. The specific term is intended to recall this feature of a
closed, covered, umbilical region. Along the median line or back of the
shell there never is a distinct carina, a very indistinct median elevation
may be found towards the aperture of larger individuals, but this has
never been observed to be as strong as in the case of B. exiguus. ‘The
largest diameter of. the shell is 17 mm. and it must have had about the
same width at the aperture.

Belierophon (Bucania) trilobatus, Sowerby.

(Plate 27, Figs. 33a, 3.) .
Conrad’s Bucania trilobata is at least generically related to the
Bellerophon trilobatus of Sowerby. If therefore it be not identical it re-
quires at least a new name. A form of this general character was found
in the Beavertown marl at Huffman’s Quarry. Prof. E. W. Claypole has
found more typical specimens in the top of the Clinton, near Mifflin-
town, Juniata county, Pennsylvania.
In these specimens the shell was preserved here and there in a frag-
mentary way. The surface was smooth; no trace of a carina nor of a slit-
band was present.

Cyrtolites Youngt, Foerste.

(Plate 31, Figs, 7, 7a.)

The shell is very much compressed laterally, the sides meeting under
very acute angles forming a sharp keel. The surface of the shell is or-
namented by fine not very distinct strize, visible under a lense, bending
backwards toward the keel. The specimen is 6.8 mm. long, and the
aperture is 1 mm. wide. ‘The type was found at Hanover, Indiana.

Pleurotomaria inexpectans, Hall and Whitfield.

But little can be added to the description of this species, published
in the Paleontology of Ohio, Vol. II. The species is not at all infrequent
at Todd’s Fork, near Wilmington. In one good specimen six transverse
strie occurred in a distance of 2mm. Longitudinal strie are scarcely
visible, being best seen below the median ridge of the last volution. This
median ridge is a longitudinal or revolving striation which passes along the
middle of the upper part of each volution, gradually increasing in size
towards the mouth. It is present in all specimens examined recently,
and, while never sharp, becomes broad and high enough to form at least
alow ridge. The slit does not form a groove bounded by distinct raised
ridges or strice as in most Pleurotomarie, but forms an obtuse ridge there

550 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

where the flattened upper side of the shell’ meets the regular and strong
curvature of the sides and the lower, ab-apical surface. There is no
umbilicus. The inner lip is slightly thickened and stands out from the
last volution. ‘The strize are almost obsolete in some specimens.

Pleurotomaria filitexta, sp. Nov.

(Plate 837A, Figs 6a, b.)

‘This shell has quite a low spire, owing to the fact that the newer
whorls rise high up on the previous whorls, covering their slit-
- band entirely. The upper part of each whorl (holding the initial
end of the shell upwards) is less convex than its sides, thus
assisting in the general depressed appearance of the spire.. The shell
is 10 mm. wide, the spire shows an elevation of 1.7 mm. above
the surface of the end of the last whorl. It has 5 whorls. The total
height of the shell is hardly 6mm. Along the middle of the side of
the volutions runs a slit-band whichis barely two-fifths of one millimeter
wide near the mouth of the shell. It consists of a broad groove, bor-
dered on each side by a single striation, which is distinct, though but
slightly raised above the general surface of the shell. On the upper
surface numerous very regular, distinct, close, filiform, transverse strize
ornament the surface and curve back to the slit-band, forming with it
an angle of about 70 degrees, if no account of the more rapid backward
curvature at the slit-band itself be taken into account. Below the slit-
band, similar strize also curve backward to the slit-band. Near the
aperture about 22 strize were counted in a length of 2mm. ‘This species
was found in the “ Orthoceras block” at Huffman’s Quarry.

Raphisioma affine, Foerste.
(Plate 26, Fig. 18; Plate 387A, Figs, 1a, b,c.)

Since the description of this species in the Bulletin of Denison
University Vol. I, the exterior of the shell has been observed in speci-
mens from Todd’s Fork Ohio. ‘The transverse strize are close and fine:
from the junction of each whorl with the preceeding one, the striz bend
back strongly towards the quite sharp angle, which is formed at the
middle of each whorl, laterally. In a general way the strie form an
angle of forty-five degrees with the latter. In the.larger shells there is
commonly a very shallow depression on the upper surface of the last coil,
a short distance from its edge, which causes an apparent slight thickening
of the shell along the edge, especially towards the aperture. The mouth
is obligue, facing diagonally downwards (if the apical end of the spire be
placed at the top). ‘The largest specimen so far found had a greatest
diameter of 20 mm. The height of the spire varies considerably. It is
usually very low. The species occurs in the Beavertown marl at Huff

-

FOSSILS OF THE CLINTON GROUP. 551

man’s Quarry, and in the corresponding formation at Geo. Young’s
Quarry. It also occurs in the upper shaly courses at Huffman’s, and
in the upper ferriferous courses at Todd’s Fork, Ohio. In the Clinton
on the east side of Taylor’s Ridge, Summerville, Georgia.

Cyclonema bilix, Conrad.
(Plate 26, Fig. 15, var; Plate 30, Fig. 15; Plate 387A, Fig. 9, var.)

The outer lip of the aperture is sharp. ‘The inner lip is strongly
broadened, thus increasing a little the size of the aperture. This broad-
ened flange of the lip meets the lower surface of the shell with a concave
curvature, which is strongest toward its inner end of attachment to the
previous whorl; here it forms often a strong though rounded groove
with the slightly raised margin of the shell. In other respects the shell
iS very variable. In the ordinary form the whorls are rounded. Very
distinct fine close sharp striz of growth traverse the shell transversely,
indicating the outlines of the aperture at various stages of development.
In addition to these striz, transverse wrinkles of moderate distinctness
and having the same general direction, also are frequently present. The
longitudinal revolving strize are much less closely placed, and at more or
less regular intervals certain of these strize are very strong and sharply
elevated, forming the most prominent lines in the exterior ornamenta-
tion of the shell. ‘This form is found at Soldiers’ Home, Fauver’s, Huff-
man’s, Centreville, Brown’s, Todd’s Fork, Ohio, and Hanover, Indiana.
(Plate 50, Fig. 15.)

In a variation of this form the surface ornamentation is iden-
tical, but the spire of the shell is much more strongly elevated,
the apical angle is therefore less and the successive whorls
do not differ so much from each other in transverse measure-
ment. Succeeding whorls do not conceal quite so much of
the earlier smaller ones, and the latter are therefore more ex-
posed and appear more convex. ‘This form occurs at Brown’s Qaurry.

A third variation shows a similar increase in height of the spire, anda
corresponding rounding of the successive whorls. But in this case the
last or fifth whorl shows only the fine transverse striz; these are less
sharp and hence give a more fibrous appearance to the ornamentation.
The longitudinal revolving strize are either absent upon the main surface
of the whorl, reappearing only towards the lower side of the shell, or else
they are at least sufficiently indistinct not to be readily seen at an ordi-
nary examination of the shell. The younger whorls however usually
show these revolving striz more distinctly, indicating that this is a charac-
ter lost only in the adult shell, while still present in younger specimens.
This form is found at the Soldiers’ Home. In it the transverse wrinkles
are more prominently developed, especially along the suture line of the
last whorl.

552 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

A form with the spire much less elevated than usually, with the
transverse strize well developed though less sharp, and with the revolving
strige indistinct or obsolete on the last whorls, except towards the under
surface of the shell, represents another extreme of this species, comparable
with the form last described. It is not improbable that the earlier whorls
also showed the revolving striz more distinctly. This form occurs at
Soldiers’ Home (Plate 26, Figure 15). 7

Finally a form occurs which differs from the ordinary types enough
to form at least a distinct variety. In it the transverse striz are very
fine and close, much more so than in ordinary forms. Of the revolving
strize only the stronger ones remain. ‘These are much more distant from
each other, and are strongly raised, the intermediate parts of the shell
being strongly concave in cross section. It is these distant coarse revolv-
ing ridges which gave the name varicosum to the variety. This feature
can be seen already at the end of the second whorl, which indicates that
it is a variation of a much more distinct character than the others so far
described. The altitude of the spire is quite normal. This variety
occurs at Soldiers’ Home, and Todd’s Fork, being not uncommon at the
latter locality. (Plate 387A, Fig. 9.)

Cyclora alta, Foerste.
(Plate 26, Figs. 17a, b.

This species looks very much like a very small Holofea. ‘The speci-
mens seem to occur almost invariably in the form of smooth casts. In
one single specimen it was thought that minute transverse strize could be
detected under a lense. It is very common in certain parts of the ‘‘ Bea-
vertown marl” at Huffinan’s Quarry, and occurs also in the corresponding
layer at Geo. Young’s Quarry. At the latter quarry it occurs also in the
upper shaly courses of the Clinton.

Straparollus (cf. Oriostoma) incarinatum, sp. nov.
(Plate 37a, Fig. 7 a, b.

The transverse strize show no trace of sinuous flecture anywhere,
corresponding to the obtuse sinus of Szraparollus. Any possible affini-
ties of this species with Orzos‘oma can not safely be determined as long
as no characteristic operculum has been found. Some species of Sfra-
parollus have a sinus so faint that it would be but a small step to this
specimen, which shows none at all. The spire is very depressed, rising
but four-fifths of a millimeter above the surface of the last whorl near
the aperture. The total height of the shellis4mm. The greatest width
is 7mm. ‘The mouth is round, but situated oblique to the vertical diam-
eter, The umbilicus is wide, permitting a view of all the whorls from

be

FOSSILS OF THE CLINTON GROUP.

oO
or
ey)

beneath, though from its position each whorl hides a little of the previ-
ous one. ‘The surface is marked by numerous close, fine, transverse
striz, too fine as a rule to be seen without a lense. ‘Traces of very fine,
distant, longitudinal strize are indistinctly visible under an ordinary
lense; in other cases they might be altogether obsolete. No longitudinal
carinee of any kind are visible.

This species was found in the “Orthoceras block” at Huffman’s
Quarry, Ohio.

Platyceras (Platystoma) Niagarense, Hall.
(Plate 25, Figs. 3a, b; 22 a, b.)

This is in some respects quite a variable species, yet on close inspec-
tion it will be seen that the variations are characteristic chiefly of the
later stages of life, and hence are usually found in the last whorls or at
least the later ones, while the earlier whorls of various forms are apt to
be closely similar. Thus the earlier whorls of almost all specimens form a
quite regular, though rapidly widening spire, in which smaller whorls
successively expose about half of their height above the larger, partly
enveloping, succeeding whorls. At this stage the aperture shows a dis-
tinct though neither large nor deep umbilicus, a thin outer lip, and an
inner lip, the latter, after having passed the umbilicus, apparently termin-
ating on the lower surface of the previous whorl—so that the upper end of
the outer lip (holding the shell with the initial end up) appears to join the
previous whorl independent of the lower ip. In reality, the upper inner
edge of the lip has grown tight to the previous whorl.

From these similar younger stages of growth are developed the differ-
ent variations. The normal and mo.e common type shows a very rapid
expansion of the last whorl, which, however, does not envelope the pre-
vious whorl much more than is the case with the younger whorls, so that
a moderately elevated spire is produced. Less commonly this last whorl
envelopes the previous whorl to a greater extent, at least for two-thirds
its height, thus giving the upper, apical part of the shell a much more
flattened aspect. In these forms it is usual to find the upper part of
the inner lip still adnate to the surface of the previous whorl, even in
specimens 20 mm. wide (Plate 25, Fig. 22). There is also a much rarer
variety, comparable tothe variety p/edecum, Hall, in which the last whorl
leaves from two-thirds to four-fifths of the height of the previous whorl
exposed, thus producing a much more elevated spire (Plate 25, Fig. 3 b).
These forms all show, with very rare exceptions, well marked though
fine striz of growth; fine revolving strize.are also present; they often
equal the transverse strize in distinctness, though quite as commonly they
are less distinct. Very rarely the revolving strice are very distinct and
the transverse are almost obsolete. These various forms occur at Soldiers’
Home, Fauver’s, Centerville, Fair Haven, and Brown’s Quarry, Ohio.

504 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

In the previously described forms the last whorl is frequently more
or less expanded towards the aperture producing a slightly trumpet
shaped peristome. At Brown’s Quarry are found specimens having a
maximum transverse diameter of 25 mm. In these the shell is also
rapidly expanded towards the aperture, but the peristome is more or less

strongly wrinkled perpendicularly to the edge of the lip, the upper edge

of the inner lip, however, being adnate to the surface of the previous
whorl as heretofore. At Huffman’s Quarry, in the upper shaly courses,
the end of the last whorl becomes free from the earlier whorls of the
shell, and becomes more or less distant from the rest of the shell. The
inner lip, therefore, is no longer adnate to the surface of the previous
whorl, but assists in forming the more or less strongly angulated peris-
tome, wrinkles transverse to the edge of the lip being developed as in
the previously described form. On examining the inner lip of these
Huffman quarry specimens, it is seen to be twisted, and interiorly, along
the line of the twist or fold, a certain amount of thickening has taken
place. In these shells with the transversely wrinkled or plicated peris-
tome the surface of the last whorl usually shows only transverse striz,
the revolving strize being almost obsolete even over most of the remain-
ing parts of the shell, though sometimes preserved on the younger whorls.
These forms attain a width of 25 mm.

It does not seem possible to maintain any distinction between the
genera Platyceras and Platystoma.

Platyceras Niagarense, Var. Clintonense, var. nov.
(Plate 87a, Fig. 8.)

In the ferruginous limestone at the top of the Clinton, just under the
Onondaga shales, near Mifflintown, Juniata county, Pennsylvania, Prof. E.
W, Claypole found a number of specimens of Platyceras of a type quite
distinct from those just described. The young are very much after the
fashion of the previously described shells excepting that the spire is per-
haps more depressed. Two to three of the initial whorls touch each
other, after which the succeeding whorls grow loosened from each other,
and show a tendency towards a straight growth, the last whorl being of
the form of a massive, spirally twisted pillar, in which the coiling is but
very moderate. No trace of longitudinal or revolving strize were present.
Transverse strize were frequent, but these were broad and flattened, and
did not have the sharpness often seen in the ordinary Ohio specimens.
It may be distinguished as variety C/cntonense and seems to be the pre-
cursor of such forms as Plactyceras spirale, Hall, of the Lower Helder-
berg.

Subulites divectus, sp. nov.
(Plate 37a, Figs. 5a, b.

Shell elongate, slender, fusiform; some of the specimens are almost
straight, most of them however show a very moderate curvature, the

FOSSILS OF THE CLINTON GROUP. 5d)

curvature being sufficiently pronounced to be readily recognized ; some-
times the curvature is more marked but it never equals that of such
forms as Swdbudetes ventricosa. ‘The largest specimens were about 50 mm.
long; the length of the third whorl was 1.5 mm.; of the fourth, 2.6 mm.;
fifth, 3.5 mm.; sixth, 5 mm.; seventh, 7 mm.; eighth, 12.5 mm.; the
body whorl was not shown for its entire length‘ but in another specimen
of about equal size it was 50 mm. long and 10 mm, broad. It is possible
that the measurements of this body whorl, as taken from another speci-
men, are slightly too small. The aperture was 18 mm. long and, as far as
one could judge from the outer broken lip of the shell, about 5 mm. wide
or possibly a little less. In the case of several specimens the shell sur-
face was well préserved, but it was perfectly smooth. The shell itself
was quite thick.

This species is closely related to Sudulites terebriformis, Hall and
Whitfield, of which it is the precursor, and of which it may be regarded
as a variety. The Clinton form differs in having amuch shorter body
whorl, which shows greater curvature on the side opposite the aperture .
the mouth is broader and more elongate-ovate.

The moderate curvature shown by many of the specimens of this
species, suggests the origin of these forms from a still more curved form
while they themselves are precursors of the straight Guelph species,
Subulites terebriformis. Subulites attenuatus, Lindstrom is a still more
similar form.

This species occurred in considerable abundance in the “Orthoceras
block,” from the base of the Clinton at Huffman’s Quarry, Ohio.

Subulites ( Polyphemopsis) plani-lateralis, sp. nov.
(Plate 37a, Figs. 4a, b, c.)

This species is represented by the single specimen used as the type,
belonging to Mr. Geo. Caswell, who informed the writer that he had him-
self cut the specimen out of a piece of Clinton limestone, from the Clin-
ton rock of the Soldiers’ Home Quarry. It is now 8.2 mm. long, but has
lost its apical whorl which would have given the specimen a total length
of at least 8.5mm. Its width was about 3mm. ‘There were 7 whorls in
the complete specimen. The mouth was 8.5 mm. long and perhaps about
1.7 mm. wide; above, towards the apical end of the shell, it was pointed;
at the opposite extremity it was rounded evenly; the inner lip of the shell
aperture was formed by the curvature of the outer lip around so as to
join the previous whorl on the inner side; it thus formed a moderately ele-
vated inner lip on the side opposite the outer lip, which became obsolete
on reaching the middle height of the aperture. The whorls present flat
sides, very moderately incurved near the line of meeting of successive
whorls, so as to forma very moderate groove there. The surface is
marked by straight, rather faint strize, which curve moderately at the

556 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

point where the flat sides of the shell curve rapidly inwards so as to form
the mouth. Since this is the line of junction for successive whorls the
curvature of the strize can only be noticed along the lower side of the
last whorl, but over the main body of the shell only straight strize appear
It was the decidedly flattened sides of this shell, and the straight strize,
showing no trace of even a very obtuse sinus which forbad the reference
of this specimen to Loxonema or any other genus having a sinus. Some
published figures of Polyphemopsis, such as P. nitidula seemed to show
at least a strong external resemblance. No notch in the lip was noticed.
There is a resemblance also to such forms as Zunzema cerithioides, Salter,
which however seems to differ considerably from the type of the genus,
£. strigitlata, Salter. ‘There is also a certain similarity with Orthonema
conicum, Meek and Worthen, which differs however from the more typi-
cal species of this genus (if the fig. 5a of Plate 29, Geol. Surv. Illinois,
vol. 5, be taken as the type of this species), in the absence of more or
less strong striz, usually one above and one below the suture lines be
tween the successive whorls. The above reference to Polyphemopsis
seemed therefore the best possible one under present circumstances,
though not made with confidence.

Loxonema? (cf. folopellm) subulata, Conrad.
(Piate 30, Fig. 21.)

The generic reference of these specimens is doubtful. In the Pro-
ceedings of the Boston Soc. of Nat. Hist., 1889, a specimen from Todd’s
Fork, Ohio, was described, which showed traces of transverse striz in
the last whorl, of such a kind as to preclude the idea that a slit, even a
very shallow obtuse one, had ever been present. ‘This would shut it out
from Loxonema, and hence these shells are rather doubtfully referred
to that genus.. At Huffman’s Quarry specimens were found whose re-
lationship to the Todd’s Fork specimen is undoubted, although only in
the form of a cast. One specimen was about 25 mm. long. The Ohio
specimens seemed to have the whorls less oblique than the forms figured
from New York, and hence the whorls are less frequent in the same dis-
tance, but this may not indicate a different species.

Paleopupa abrupta, gen. et sp. nov.
(Plate 37a, Figs. 21 a, b.)

The material serving for the description of the species is a single
shell and a cast of a second, neither one perfect. It is with diffidence,
therefore, that a new generic term is established. The reason lies in the
failure to discover any old genus to which it seemed to have clear affhin-
ities. The spire is sinistral. The last two whorls do not differ greatly in

~I

Or
Or

FOSSILS OF THE CLINTON GROUP.

width, but the third from the last, which is probably the second one of
the spire, is very much narrower, producing an effect very much like ©
that of small varieties of Pupa. But if the lip of our shell be all the
shell ever possessed, then it will be noticed that its margin is not turned
outwards, but remains perfectly simple and thin along the outer lip,
while bending inwards slightly along that part of its margin usually
called the inner lip. The aperture is oval or almost round. The surface
of the shell is perfectly smooth. The height of the fourth whorl was 1.9
min., of the third 1.4 mm., of the second .7 mm., and of the first con-
siderably less, as well as measurements could be made out in one speci-
men; the width of the fourth whorl was 3 mmn., and of the third whorl
26mm. In the cast, the fourth whorl was 1.7 mm. long, the third 1.3
_mm., the second .2) mm.; the width of the fourth whorl being 2.2 mm.,
the third whorl about 2 mm., the second | mm.

Whether there be any real genetic relationship between Paleopupa
and the later fresh water forms belonging to the old genus Pua, it is
difficult to tell, though the general form of the shell might suggest that
conclusion. The specimens described were obtained in the ‘“‘ Orthoceras
block” at the base of the Clinton, Huffman’s Quarry, which was filled
with a great variety of well known Clinton forms, none of which sug-
gested a fresh water origin, so that the fresh water nature of our shell
cannot be asserted. For the present, therefore, the generic name must
indicate an old form of the same general appearance as Pupa, rather than
the existenceof a genetic connection with the latter genus. Its posses-
sion of a sinistral spire might be emphasized.

Pterinea brisa, Hall.
(Plate 25, Figs. 14 a. b; Plate 27, Fig. 20.)

Pterinea brisa, Hall, is probably identical with Plerinea striecostata.
McChesney, and the latter name should have precedence. In Ohio the
species is very common at Brown’s Quarry; very few specimens have
been found in the limestone at Soldiers’ Home; a single specimen was
found in the upper shaly courses at Huffman’s Quarry; very typical
specimens occur at Todd’s Fork. ‘The species is too well known, and is
well enough indicated by the accompanying figure, to require detailed
description.

The anterior wing is sinuate at its junction with the body, this
sinuosity giving rise to a concave area between the wing and the body,
towards the margin. ‘The wing is quite convex, excepting at the hinge
margin where it is moderately concave before the beak. From the beak
radiate striae traverse the entire surface of the shell, and concentric
striae cross these. Sometimes both are equally developed, at other times
the concentric striae are more distant, being less like striae but rather re-
sembling lamellose layers ending at the surface of the shell. The shell is

558 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

bent and depressed along the entire length of the posterior hinge line,
forming a raised hinge area interiorly on which one or two teeth were
probably inserted.

Avicua Whitfeldi, Foerste.

Piate 37, Fig. 5.)

Prof Edward Orton kindly lent sre the original specimen from
which Hall and Whitfield described their Cypricardites ferrugineum
from Todd’s Fork, Wilmington, Ohio, in the Paleoutology of Ohio, Vol.
II. It soon became evident that the gutta-percha cast which the authors
had used for s.udy and illustration had been a failure. From a much
better cast we have been able to secure a better interpretation of the
fossil, though much is yet to be desired as regards our knowledge of the.
anterior and the posterior extremities of the hinge line. It is evi-
dent however that we have here an aviculoid shell. If an Avicula, the
name given by its first authors 1s preoccupied by the Avicula ferruginea
of Conrad, and hence a new name, as above, is suggested. Attention is
called to the somewhat similar forms published under Avicula subplana
by Hall in the Paleontology of New York, Vol. 2, especially to figure 2 b,
on plate 59.

The valve, the only one so far found, has in general a rather orbicu-
loid outline, interrupted of course at the straight hinge line, which it
meets posteriorly at a general angle of about 110 degrees. ‘To the best
of the writer’s judgment the posterior side of the valve wasslightly concave
before reaching the hinge line, but there is no direct evidence of inzequiv-
ocal character that the outline did not continue to be convex as far as
the hinge line, as is the case with Leptodomus undulatus for instance.
The hinge line posterior to the beak is straight and about 27 mm. long.
The beak itself is strongly inclined, and presents a strongly angled and
raised, though rounded, upper margin which becomes indistinct at 11 mm.
from the tip of the beak. Posteriorly it is defined by a strongly concave
area which also soon looses its pronounced character, but which con-
tinues obliquely to the posterior end of the shell as a sort of indistinct
concave slope between the umbonal ridge and the posterior wing. The
umbonal ridge soon disappears into the general rounding of the shell.
The anterior third of the shellis but moderately convex or rather flattened
except near the margin, especially towards the upper anterior extremity
of the shell. The surface of the valve as here described was covered by
a series of concentric undulations, quite distinct from each other except
on approaching the region anterior to the beak, where they become nar-
rower and more like coarse, broad,low striz. At the farthést point to
which they can be traced they still show an outline convex towards the
anterior. ‘This point isso near any possible hinge line that it is altogether
improbable that a short concave curvature intervened, so as to define an
anterior wing. Moreover, the shell is here strongly corvex and the last

FOSSILS OR THE CLINEON GROUP: 59

point to which the shell can be traced is too near the plane of the junc-
tion of the valves to permit the idea that a concave line of surface inter-
vened between it and the upper margin of the shell. All the evidence is
therefore in favor of a rounded anterior outline, becoming concave above,
anterior to the beak, as in the figure 3a, of plate 59, in the second volume
-of the Paleontology of New York, repesenting Avicula subplana. The
greatest length of the valve was 43 mm., the greatest height 36.5 mm.,
the greatest depth of the valve 9 mm.

In the collection of Mr. Geo. Caswell is a valve, which is evidently
that of an Avicula, which has a slight exterior resemblance to that of
Avicula \WWhitfeldi, but there is a stronger indication of an anterior wing,
and posteriorly along the hinge linea part of the exterior surface is still
preserved showing the presence of numerous fine, sharp, radiating, and
concentric striz. Its specific identity could not be determined. Plate 37,
fig. 6.

Mytilarca mytilijormts, sp. Nov.

(Plate 37, Figs 11, a, b, c.)

In the absence of all interiors to show the characters of the hinge
line or the teeth, the position of this shell can only be approximately
determined by means of its exterior surface.. The shell is mytiloid,
and very gibbous. The beak is terminal. The anterior margin of the
valve extending almost the entire length of the shell is gently and quite
evenly convex. The hinge line psterior to the beak is not long. The pos-
terior margin almost rounds into the hinge line; at first it is only moder-
ately convex but posteriorly it rounds more strongly, merging into the
anterior margin with a very convex curve. An umbonal ridge extends
with slight curvature from the beak to the posterior extremity. From
the beak it rises up strongly for a distance equalling one third the length
of the shell, after which it looses in elevation and distinctness. A
flattened, but gently rounded, surface is enclosed by this umbonal ridge
and the anterior margin of the shell. It is strongly inclined, making an
angle of about 60 degrees with the median plane between the valves.
Posteriorly the shell is quite regularly and not very strongly convex, ex-
cept towards the hinge line at which the curvature becomes concave where
the umbonal regions slope down towards the hinge line. The greatest ©
convexity of the shell lies therefore along the umbonal ridge, especially
towards the beak. Length of the valve here described 34mm; greatest
width 20 mm; distance from the anterior end of the beak to the posterior
end of the hinge line, 14 mm; the greatest measurement in line of thick-
ness of the valve is the elevation of the umbonal ridge at one third the
distance from the beak above the margins of the valve: 12mm. ‘The
anterior margin makes a general angle of about 60 degrees with the
hinge line. ‘The surface is marked by numerous but not very fine con-
centric striz.

i

560 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

Mr. E. O. Ulrich, to whom this specimen was referred for generic

determination, says regarding the same: ‘The lamellibranch I regard
as a species of AZyitlarca which is placed with the AMBONYCHIID& in the .

new classification. MHall’s Ambonychia aphara, and acutirostra are
regarded as congeneric, likewise his M/yalina mytiliformis. All four
of these species are closely related but it can not be said that
any two are identical. ‘They have cardinal and obscure lateral teeth as
in Ambonychia radiata;a-species really | distinct from Amdonychia. Myts-
larca and Plethomytilus differ chiefly in havi ing’a ‘byssal opening. In this
they agree on the other hand with the original Améonychia, which differs
again in having radiating striz and a peculiar plate beneath the beaks.”

Modiolopsis rhonboidea, Hall.

(Plate 37. Figs. 8a.

In the upper shaly courses of the Clinton at Huffman’s Quarry the
interior cast of a shell was found presenting the following characteristics:
It is20 mm. long. The form is rhomboidal oval; the greatest height is
at the posterior\end of the hinge line, where it is about 11.3mm. The
length of the hinge line posterior to the beak is 12mm. ‘The posterior
end of the shell is 15.5 mm. distant from a line drawn vertically through
the beak. ‘The hinge line in the cast leaves an elevated line both before
and after the beak. The shell was but slightly convex except along the
umbonal ridge. In the cast a line of depression or broad groove extends
along, and a short distance within, the basal margin; it becomes more dis-
tant from the margin going posteriorly, also at the anterior extremity of
the cast, where this groove rounds towards the beak. Anterior to this
curved line’at the anterior end of the cast is a semi-lunate elevation, cor-
responding to a similar depression in the original shell. ‘These markings
indicate the presence of a raised pallial line, and of a deep anterior muscu-
lar scar in the original. The identity of this specimen with the species
described by Hall from the Upper Silurian at Arisaig, Nova Scotia, is
probable. (Plate 57, Fig. 8 b.)

Modiolopsis subrhomboidea, Simpson.

Plate 37, Figs. 7 a.)

At Huffman’s Quarry in the upper shaly courses was found a valve
17 mm. long and 9.5 mm. high. The basal line is moderately convex,
curving strongly at its extremities. The anterior margin is strongly

‘rounded, being concave however just before the beak. The posterior mar-

gin is slightly convex, or quite straight, meeting the hinge line at an angle
of about 125 degrees. Valves moderately convex, more strongly convex
along the umbona: ridge. The hinge line is slightly oblique. The
posterior end of the hinge line is about 10 mm. from the beak. The

FOSSILS OF THE CLINTON GROUP. 561

anterior muscular impression is not well marked, but it was thought pos-
sible to trace a sort of impression similar in its interior outline to that
published by Mr. Simpson for his type, in the Dictionary of Fossils of
Pennsylvania. The surface was marked by concentric striz.

The type used by Mr. Simpson came from the Clinton shale above
the fossil ore, at McKee’s ore bank, northeast of McKee’s house, Fergu-
son Valley, seven miles northwest of Lewiston, Mifflin county, Penn-
sylvania. (Plate 37, Fig. 7 b.)

Cypricardites Caswelli, Foerste.
(Plate 26, Figs 12 a, b; Plate 37, Figs. 1a, b, c).

Since the publication of this species in the Bulletin of Denison
Univ., Vol. I., additional specimens have been found at Soldiers’ Home,
and one was also collected at Fauver’s Quarry north of Dayton. The
same species occurs also in the flinty rock of the Clinton and in the
shales of the Niagara, near Lockport, New York, as witnessed by flat-
tened specimens in the collections of Dr. E. N. S. Ringueberg.

The generic relations of the species cannot be determined with cer-
tainty owing to the absence of interiors or interior casts, but it has an
exterior similar to that of some species referred to Cypricardites. ‘The
valves are strongly inequilateral. The total length of the shell is about
40 mm.; from the beak to the anterior extremity of the lunule was 8 mm.
and from the beak to the posterior end of the hinge line was about 22
mm. Measured in vertical projection the beak is 8 mm. from the ante-
rior end of the shell and 32 mm. from its posterior end. The height of
the shell posterior to the slopes of the beak was about 24 mm. The
beaks rise about 2 mm. above this height. The greatest thickness of the
shell lies near its middle and amounts to about 283 mm. From these
measurements it may be seen that it is strongly and quite equally ventri-
cose. The anterior and lower margin is quite regularly convex, round-
ing into the posterior margin which slopes anteriorly so as to meet the
hinge line. The anterior lunule is short, and distinct, the hinge line
forming a median ridge for the same. The beaks are strongly incurved.
Posterior to these the character of the hinge line is practically unknown,
no specimen preserving the same. There is no evidence of ridge lines,
curved or otherwise in addition to the line of junction of the two valves.
From the beak a rounded umbonal ridge runs backwards and downwards
towards the posterior extremity but merges very soon into the general
rounded surface of the valves. Concentric series of low rounded ridges
ornament or rather wrinkle the shell. Probably it once had also finer
concentric strize but these have so far not been observed.

Cypricardinia undulostriata, Hall.
(Plate 37, Figs. 9,a Db.)

In the collection from Soldiers’ Home occurs a left valve and in that
from Brown’s Quarry a better preserved and more typical right valve, which

36 GC. 4):

562 GEOLOGY OF OHIO. —

are referred to the C. wzdulostriata of Hall (Plate 37, Fig. 9C.) from the
Niagara shale at Lockport, New York. The valves are subovate, strongly
convex, especially along the umbonal ridge. The basal margin is moderately
convex. Both extremitiesarerounded. The beak hasa position near the
anterior end of the shell along the hinge line. The posterior side is
very moderately convex, and makes a general angle of about 135 degrees
with the hinge line. The hinge line is moderately inclined. The sur-
face is marked by distinct though rather distant concentric stric, between
which occur much finer and more numerous strize of growth, seen only ~
under a lense.

i The specimen from Brown’s Quarry is 6.2 mm. long, and 3.8 mm.
high. The depth of the valve is about 12 mm. Of large concentric
striz there are five, not counting those within a millimeter and a half
of the beak. (Plate 37, Fig. 9a.) The Soldiers’ Home specimen was 7.5
mm. long, and 4.3 mm. high. The depth of the valve was 1.3 mm.
(Plate 57, Fig. 9 b.)

Tellinomya elliptica, Hall.
(Plate 37, Figs. 4a, b, c.)

In the collection of Dr. Charles Welch, of Wilm ngton is a valve ob-
tained at Todd’s Fork by his father. As regards identity with known spe-
cies the choice lies between 7. e//ipdica of the Clinton (Plate 37, Fig. 10) and
T. equilatera of the Coralline Limestone (Plate 37, Figs. 4d, e, f). With
only the published figures to serve as guide the first species isa little .
larger and has a more rounded posterior extremity, but the beak is sim-
ilarly located. The second species has nearly twice the size. Sothat the
Todd’s Fork specimen seems to more nearly agree with /el/inomya
elliptica.

The Todd’s Fork specimen is 33 mm. long and 21 mm. high. The
lower outline is equally convex. The upper outline is rather straight
from the beak for some distance towards either extremity. The anterior

, extremity is more rounded than the posterior one. From a line drawn
vertically through the beak the anterior extremity of the valve lies 13.5
mm. and the posterior 19 mm. ‘The shell is quite regularly convex. A
sort of rounded ridge extends from the beak backwards and a similar
one forwards, marking off a posterior and an anterior lunule. Con-
centric strie are rather indistinct and not regular in disposition. No
teeth were found and hence the generic reference of this shell is not
certain.

FOSSILS OF THE CLINTON GROUP. 563

F Tellinomya (Nucula?) mrntma, Foerste.

(Plate 26, Figs Sa, b.c; Plate 37, Figs. 18a, b,c.

This form, first described in the Bulletin of Denison Univ., Vol. I,
is represented by only a few specimens from the Beavertown marl at
Huffman’s Quarry. They are all casts, and the following description
tefers to these casts: A raised line extends along the hinge margin.
Along this, especially in the anterior lunule, one specimen shows
traces of transverse teeth, but whether the series is interrupted at the
beak or not is unknown. In the po-ter‘or lunule two lateral ridges
branch off from the median one. The posterior lunule has a lanceolate
outline, the anterior one is very broadly ovate. The shell is oblong,
much longer than high. The convexity is most marked at the beak.
The length of the largest specimen is 3.9 mm., the height is 2.7 mm.,
end the thickness from valve to valve 1.9mm. The beak is near the
anterior fourth of the cast.

Tetlinoniya (Nucula?) socialis, sp. nov.

(Pl_te 37, Figs: 12a, b,c.)

The great majority of the minute lamellibranchs found in the
Beavertown marl at Huffman’s Quarry, and in the corresponding layer at
Geo Young’s Quarry, on the Carrollton Pike west of Soldiers’ Home,
belong to a species quite distinct from the last. All are casts. A raised
line extends along the hinge margin, and shows transverse teeth plainly
both in the anterior and in the posterior lunules, but whether the series
was interrupted at the beak or not could not be determined. The pos-
terior lunule has a lanceolate outline though narrower than in 7. minima.
The anterior lunule is of almost linear outline, and this alone will readily
distinguish the two marl species. The form of the shell is also different—
being triangular oval. The convexity is most marked at the beak. The
largest shell is 3.5 mm. long, the height is about the same, the thickness
is 1.9 mm. from valve to valve. The muscular impressions are well
shown, that of the anterior muscle being narrower.

Tellinomya (Nucuca?) Clinton:nsis, sp. nov.
(Plate 57, Fig. 15.)

In the collections made by Prof. H. W. Claypole in the ferruginous
Clinton limestone near Mifflintown, Juniata Co., Penna., occurs a valve of
a decidedly nuculoid shell. Its precise generic relations could not be deter-
mined owing to the fact that the row of teeth is well shown only along the
posterior hinge line, and its interruption or continuation at the beak could
“not be determined. In Middle Silurian rocks 7ed/inomya is however apt to
be a more common genus than Vucula, and hence the reference to that

\ vorte
564 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

genus. The antericr extremity of this shell is not perfect, but, even if it
were, there is no doubt that the beak would have a more anterior posi-
tion, and the anterior margin would bend more abruptly into the lower
margin than is the case with 7. mactriformis, Hall; moreover, the shell is
relatively less long. The resemblances to the published figure are also
striking, but since Hall does not redescribe it in volume 2 of the Paleon-
tology of New York, it is probable that the form he described was in
reality not to be considered very distinct from some other species of
Tellinomya, such as 7. data, Hall, for example, in which case the Penn-
sylvania specimen probably belongs to a different type of this genus.
The valveis 10 mm. long, and 8.2 mm. high. The basal margin is gently
rounded, increasing in convexity posteriorly as far as the upper side of
the umbonal ridge, whence the posterior margin takesa straight course at
first, becoming convex again as it meets the posterior hinge line. The
latter is at least d mm. long. At the anterior extremity of the shell the
basal margin curves quite suddenly upwards, following a straightish
course at first, becoming slightly convex as it joins the short anterior
hinge line. ‘Theshell is moderately convex in general, moreso along the
umbonal ridge. The area above the latter is rather flattened, and a slight
tendency in the same direction is shown by a narrower area along the
anterior margin. The surface is covered by fine, regular concentric
strize, about seven to the miullimieter near the posterior end of the shell.
There are also several more distinct and rather distant lines of growth;
these are grooves caused by the growth of the shell in thickness without
adding much to its margins.

Nuculites (Cleidophorus) ferrugineum, sp. nov.

(Plate 37, Figs. 2 a. b.)

In the same piece of rock with the type specimen of Cypricardites
ferrugineum, Hall and Whitfield, in the collections of the Ohio State
University, is a cast of a valve bearing the oblique impression character-
istic of many species referred to Clezdophorus. A close comparison
however of this impression with that of published figures of MWVuculites
oblongatus, the types of the genus Vuculites, does not show the slightest
difference. It is evident that this impression in the cast corresponds to
a raised ridge in the shell, defining sharply the anterior muscular im-
pression from the general body of the shell interior. But in the shell
here described the lower border of this muscular impression, and the
posterior muscular area remain undefined. The general form is trans-
versely elliptical, with strongly convex extremities. ‘The length of the
cast is 7.7 mm., the height 5mm. Theconvexity is moderate. A groove
runs along the hinge line of the cast posterior to the beak and another
for a short distance anterior tothe beak. No transverse teeth were seen.

FOSSILS OF THE CLINTON GROUP. 565

2? Crania dubia
(Plate 387A Figs. 17 a, b.)

At Soldiers’ Home was found a specimen which may possibly have
been a Cranza. A closely similar specimen from Hanover, Indiana,
shows that we are dealing at least with forms of definite shape and size.
No surface structure remains. Only the interiors are shown and
these do not exhibit muscular scars. Hence itis only possible to say that
the identity of these fossils with Cyvanda is within the reach of probability.
The shell is convex conical, the apical point is excentric, the valves are
broader than long. The regions posterior to the apical pcint are quite reg-
ularly convex, those anterior to the same are much steeper, and in the
more median regions show decided flattening.

The Soldiers’ Home specimen is 8 mm. long, and 9mm. broad. The
apical point lies 5.2 mm. from the posterior edge, and about 2 mm. from
the anterior line. The convexity of the valve is 2.3 mm. at the apical
point. The Hanover, Indiana, specimen is 7.3 mm. long, 9 mm. broad.
The apical point is 5.2 mm. from the posterior edge, and about 2 mm.
irom the anterior end. The convexity of the valve is2mm. The name
?Crania dubia is suggested.

2 Cranitella Clintonensts.

Plate 37, Fig. 3a, b.)

In the collection of Dr. Chas. Welch, at Wilmington, Ohio, collected
by his father, is a peculiar cast of a valve, from Todd’s Fork, Ohio, which
is- very much more satisfactory, inasmuch as it preserves muscular
impressions. As regards its relationship to some known genus there is
considerable doubt. Possibly it is a Cvraniel/la. ‘The accompanying ~
figure is sufficiently explanatory. Its length is 11 mm., its breath 11.5
mm. its convexity is 1.9mm. ‘The convexity of the shell is quite regular
except near the margin where a concave border prevails as shown in the
side view. The muscular markings are distinct for the two upper cir-
cular elevations of this cast, and for the upper end of attachment of the
lateral sinuous lines. Between the two upper circular elevations is a
deita shaped elevation distinct only anteriorly. For this form the name
Craniella Clintonensis is suggested.

A single linguloid shell was found in the Clinton, near
Dayton, Ohio. It still preserved its phosphatic calcareous shell. ‘The
specimen was merely a fragment and would not be worth mention-
ing at all, were it not for the fact that it is the sole fragment of a lingu- :
loid shell so far found in the Clinton of the west.

566 .- GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

Plectambonites transversalts, Wahlenberg.

(Plate 25, Fig.5, a,b; Plate 30, Fig 13; Plate 31, Fig. 6.)

The variety profongata occurs at Soldiers’ Home, Fauver’s Quarry,
and Huffman’s Quarry, Ohio, in the upper shaly courses. The hinge
area is long and narrow, its inner anterior border is straight. The car-
dinal process is elongate triangular. The two divergent crural plates are
closely approached to the process, and have coalesced with it below, so
that the cardinal process faisely appears to be trilobate. No interiors
have been found. The great width of the shell is the distinctive feature.
Itis usually strongly bent near the beak, and is much more moderately
convex anteriorly. (Plate 25, Figs. 5 a, b; Plate 30, Fig. 13.)

The variety e/eganitu/a, including the forms with medium width of
shell, rather more equal convexity antero-posteriorly, and with some of
the striz rather decidedly elevated above the general surface of the

=
.

shell, is common at Hanover, Indiana.. (Plate 31, Fig. 6.)

Leptaena rhomboidatis, Wilkins.

During the earlier stages of growth the pedicle valve is moderately
convex and the brachial valve still more moderately concave. In some in-
dividuals the curvature of the shell remains moderate until the geniculation
is reached, the latter being found at the last anterior and usually strongly
elevated concentric wrinkle; shells of this description are of medium
size, and occur at Brown’s Quarry, Soldiers’ Home, and elsewhere. In
other individuals the curvature of the shell posterior to the geniculation
is more marked, the last concentric wrinkle is less sharply elevated, and
the anterior part of the shell beyond the geniculation is far more devel-
oped, almost equaling at times the part posterior to the geniculation in
length; shells of this kind are of largest size, and occur at Soldiers’
Home, Huffman’s Quarry and elsewhere. In addition to the concentric
wrinkles occurring posterior to the geniculation, numerous fine radiating
striae exist, crossed by often still closer, less prominent concentric striae.
Hinge area of the pedicle valve very narrow but still broader than that of
the opposite valve. The delthyrium is closed by a convex triangular del-
tidium except at its apex where one of our specimens shows a small
foraminal opening. The teeth are quite short and very oblique, a groove
defining their postero-lateral side.

The muscular area is strongly bordered laterally by a very narrow but
sharp ridge. In a small valve the sides slope outward a short distance
anterior to the hinge area, and then inwards with a small curve which
increases anteriorly, where the border almost disappears. The general
outline of the muscular area in this case was obovate. In a mature
strongly curved pedicle valve the postero-lateral borders of this area

FOSSILS OF THE CLINTON GROUP. 567 |

diverge strongly at first, and then are almost parallel along the sides, in-
curving again strongly along the anterior margin where they become
indistinct before meeting. This gives a strongly quadratic appearance
to the muscular area. In other words the muscular area of the pedicle
valve of Ohio specimens is distinctly elongate. A fine median striation
divides the muscular area; it disappears anteriorly. The adductor mus-
cular impressions lying on either side of it are narrow. Lateral branches
of the median striation, which start out some distance anterior to the
hinge area, and curve almost directly forwards, making a low angle with
the median striation, define the posterior and lateral part of the adductor
impressions, but disappear anteriorly in one specimen, while in another
they become once more distinct anteriorly at the median line which here
is again a raised striation.

The cardinal process of the brachial valve is so strongly divided
anteriorly as to appear like two strongly diverging teeth, fastened to the
lower side of the valve. A foraminal opening appears in onespecimen atthe
beak, where two divisions of the cardinal process meet. Two, much
lower, and more diverging ridges, twice as long as the divisions of . the
cardinal process, and occupying the outer angle between these divisions
and the hinge area, represent the crural plates. The muscular area does
not show distinct impressions in the meagre material so far found.

This species occurs in the upper shaly courses at Soldiers’ Home,
Huffman’s, Centerville, Fauver’s, Beavertown; in the middle limestone at
Soldiers’ Home, moderate; Huffman’s, rare; Brown’s, common; Todd’s
Fork. In the upper courses of limestone at Brown’s Quarry.

Strophomena { Orthothetes) Hanoverensis, Foerste.
(Plate 31, Fig. 1; Plate 27, Fig. 34.)

Since the publication of this species but little new material has
been added to our collections. What is regarded as the brachial valve
is strongly convex in mature shells, although the degree of convexity
varies considerably in different shells, especially if extreme forms are ~
compared; moreover, the point of greatest curvature or highest eleva-
tion of this valve varies considerably. In a specimen in the cabinet of
the Ohio State University this valve is very evenly convex, whereas, as
a rule, there is a region of greatest convexity which may lie nearer the
beak, usually within 8 mm. of the same, or which rarely lies nearer the
anterior margin. In the latter case the greater anterior curvature is
due to the presence of larger wrinkles of growth, these wrinkles of growth
being not infrequent in this valve, although entirely absent in some
specimens, as for instance in the above mentioned cabinet specimen.
These brachial valves are quite common. Ridiculous as it may sound
to others who have not worked in our western Clinton limestones, it
was at first impossible to determine with confidence the character of the

568 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

pedicle valve. The valves always adhere by one face or the other to the
matrix; the hinge area is not shown, the shell is usually more or less ex-
foliated, the muscular area can not be detected and so it becomes impossible
at times to tell whether the exterior or the interior of a valve is pres-
ent, even when both are known to be present, among this partly ex-
foliated material. On the same piece of rock with the cabinet speci-
men above mentioned, and in one collected by the writer at Todd’s Fork,
Ohio, (Plate 27, Fig. 34) flattish valves or rather moderately convex
valves are found presenting an unequivocal exterior surface with numerous
fine radiating plications or striz, and much finer concentric strize of
growth visible only in good specimens and with a lense. The radiating
stricz are quite equal in size except for the intercalated less prominent
strize, which do not however occur in groups between the larger speci-
mens, but are found usually only one or two at a time between the larger
strie. Judging from the similarity of their surface ornamentation, and
their similar size, the specimens should belong to the same species, while
their being so much less convex makes their identification as pedicle
valves exceedingly probable. We have here therefore pedicle valves
which are not concave but moderately convex. As a rule the
brachial valve shows a very slight median depression near the beak,
while the pedicle valve does not in the same region in the Todd’s
Fork specimen, which is regarded typical. In the cabinet speci-
men in the Ohio State University there seems to be a very shallow
median depression.

This species occurs at the Soldiers’ Home and Todd’s Fork in
Ohio, and more abundantly at Hanover, Indiana. The double convex-
ity of this shell, if determined with greater certainty from a greater supply
of material, will remove it from the more typical strophemenoid shells,
and will place it apparently with Orthothetes.

Strophomena ( Orthothetes) tenuts, Hall.
(Plate 27; Figs. 31, 32, 38.)

Shells of this species are quite readily recognized by their flattish
pedicle valves, moderately convex in the immediate neighborhood of the
beak which is therefore a little elevated. The brachial valve on the con-
trary always shows pronounced convexity, although this convexity never
reaches the point of the shellbeing even moderate gibbous. By digging
away the shell from the matrix the pedicle valve was found to have its
muscular area sharply outlined postero-laterally by a ridge on either side,
which began near the beak where the teeth usually are, and continued
antero-laterally, soon disappearing. The postero-lateral outlines form an
angle of fifty or fifty-five degrees near the beak. A low rather broad
median elevation is seen in the posterior part of this area but soon dis-
appears anteriorly. Antero-laterally and anteriorly the muscular area
does not show any boundaries in our specimens. The brachial valve

FOSSILS OF THE CLINTON GROUP. 569

shows a fairly low linear but distinct or moderately triangular cardinal
process flanked on either side by a diverging linear ridge, and these are
flanked in turn on the exterior side by a much larger linear ridge, the
crural plate, the extension of which antero-laterally serves to give a dis-
tinct outline to the more posterior parts of the muscular area, which an-
teriorly shows no outlines in our specimens. A broad median low ridge
starts from the cardinal process but soon disappears anteriorly.

This shell is found at Fauver’s Quarry, Soldiers’ Home, Huffman’s
Quarry, Fair Haven, Ohio, and apparently at Hanover, Indiana. .

Strophomena ( Strophonella) patenta, Hall.

(Plate 27, Figs. 35, 36, 37, young specimens.)

The shell begins its existence with the pedicle valve convex and the
brachial concave. Later the anterior and lateral margins of the pedicle ~
valve become concave or turned up, and those of the brachial valve con-
vex or turned down. This is likewise true of Strophonella (Amphistro-
phia) stria‘a. In spite of the abundance of this shell in the Clinton of
Ohio and Indiana, no interiors have yet been found, nor has a clear hinge
area been seen. By digging away the shell from its matrix in case of the
pedicle valve, it was found that the postero-lateral angles were well de-
fined, owing to a sort of low ridge running from the usual position of the
teeth antero-laterally, the ridges on either side of the muscular area
presenting a concave outline for a short distance near the beak and atter
that being strongly divergent. These ridges in our rather unsuccessfully
cleaned specimens can usually not be traced more than 5 mm., hence the
general form of the musculararea mustremain undetermined, but it seemed
to us that as far as it extended it showed rather strongly typical stro-
phomenoid characters. In one specimen, 15 mm. long, the ridges were
seen to curve forward and alittle inward before they disappeared, while
not leaving the slightest trace anteriorly. In this they resemble the
degree of distinctness of outline of the musculararea in S¢v. strza¢a, but the
included area is relatively somewhat broader. A low median elevation
seen near the beak soon disappears entirely, but not before showing in
some specimens at.least a fine median groove, which begins a short dis-
tance anterior to the beak and also soon disappears.

The exterior of the shell is marked by numerous fine radiating pli-
ations or rather striz. These are intercalated so frequently and develop,
in size so gradually anteriorly that the earlier started plications are of
larger size, and are more prominent thanthose successively later in origin,
so that anteriorly the shell shows stronger strize at more or less regular
intervals among the finer strie. Very fine concentric striz of growth
cover the entire shell. At Fauver’s Quarry occur specimens in which
the radiating striz are rather more equal in size and are rather larger

570 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

than usual. The species occurs also near Dayton, at Soldiers’ Home, alse
at Fair Haven, Centerville, Ohio, and at Hanover, Indiana.

At Hanover, Indiana, and at Soldiers’ Home, Ohio, occur specimens
which look like sickly specimens of Str. patenta, in which the radiating
strize are rather large for this species, and the shell is decidedly flattened.
so that in the brachial valve for instance the part anterior to the usually
more or less geniculate bending of the shellis but moderately depressed
below the general surface of the shell, and in the case of a large Soldiers’
Home specimen, 28 mm. long, the curvature was reversed a second time
within 4 mm. of the margin, the shell becoming quite concave; so that in
this specimen the brachial valve was plainly concave near the beak, turning
to moderately but distinctly convex at 14 mm. from the beak, and it again
became concave at 25 mm, from the beak. In these sickly forms there is
a tendency to an obscure irregular mesial fold, owing to the general flat-
tening of the shell. A careful examination of the specimens precludes
the idea that these peculiarspecimens could bedue to pressure acting upon
the ordinary Str. patenta.

Orthis (Orthis-Dinorthis) calligramma, Dalman.

(Plate 25, Figs. 12,a, b; Plate 31, Figs 4,5; Plate 37a, Figs. 20a, b var.)

This is a very variable species, of which the extreme forms are
readily distinguishable, but between these are all imaginable intermedi-
ate stages, as a former publication (Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. vol.
XXIV, pp. 808-312, 1889) attempts to show.

One extreme is represented by a rather large form with a moderately
convex brachial valve, with a shallow broad median sinus, and a strongly
convex pedicle valve, especially convex along its median area, towards
the beak, the beak itself being strongly incurved. In this form are found
the fewest and strongest radiating plications. The plications are strong
and rounded and are separated by grooves of breadth almost equal with
the plications, in exfoliated specimens apparently broader. The shell is
further marked by numerous much finer and closer radiating striz, and
by fine striz of growth, which in the specimens examined are some-
what less distinct than the radiating striz. Search was made for little
oblique openings along the middle of the plications, but nothing could
be accurately determined as such, although at times it was thought that
they cou:d be seen in exfoliated specimens. This form finds its nearest
relatives with typical Orthis, as redefined by Hall and Clarke. It is
found at the Soldiers’ Home, Fauver’s and Huffman Quarries in Ohio,
and at Hanover, Indiana. (Plate 25, Figs. 12 a, b.)

The other extreme of this is represented by a form with much more
strongly, although still moderately, convex brachial valves and a pedicle
valve, which although quite strongly convex when very young, becomes
decidedly flattened when older. At this stage the shell begins to curve

FOSSILS OF THE CLINTON GROUP. 571

strongly inward only near the beak, and this for such a short distance
that the cardinal area remains almost flat. The radiating plications are
in general much more numerous and closer, though still presenting the
same general characteristics. In this form the finer radiating striz
could not be distinctly detected, while the concentric striz of growth
were very distinct. If this character should hold good in larger collections,
it would indicate another means of differentiating these extreme form’s
but that seems at present doubtful. Specimens showing these charac-
‘teristics are found at Soldiers’ Home Quarrv, Ohio, and at Hanover,
Indiana. (Plate 31, Figs. 4, 5.)

Specimens of this type find their nearest relatives, at least as regards
external form, in the sub-genus Dznxorthis of Halland Clarke. Moreover
in the internal characters there is more resemblance than has perhaps
been suspected. . At least on cleaning specimens of pedicle valves from
Soldiers’ Home, Ohio, and Hanover, Indiana, muscular scars were found,
which bear considerable resemblance to those of Orthis pectinel/a except
in the character of the adductor muscular impressions. The anterior edge
of the muscular area is namely strongly indented, and its antero-iateral
border is more or less sinuately concave, giving to the middle portion of
this area the greater width. The adductor muscular impressions are
represented by a narrow median linear groove, bordered on either side
by a narrow ridge. This linear groove is traversed at times lengthwise
by a fine raised striation. In Dznorthis the adductor muscles are con-
fined to the more central portion of the area, and are of an oval-oblong form.

The muscular impressions of the first described form were not dis-
tinct in specimens from these localities, but, as far as could be made out,
were of practically the same character. In a former paper a strongly
‘bordered and markedly tripartite muscular area, with a broad central
division, was figured from a pedicle valve found at Hanover, Indiana.
(Plate 31, Fig. 4.) Its anterior margin was greatly thickened, and from
its middle extended a short median ridge, very soom disappearing ante-
riorly, or in other words these are characteristics recalling features of the
muscular area of the pedicie valves of Orthis fausta and Orthis Dayton
cnsis. Tae convexity of this valve is moderate and rather equal,
though apparently occupying quite an anomalous position in this
group of shells; forms witha closely similar structure of the muscular area
in the pedicle valve will be described below.

Orthis flabellites asrecently figured by Hall and Clarke, occupies an
almost exactly intermediate positon between the extreme forms above
described. Its brachial valve is about as convex as that of the second of
these forms. Its pedicle valve is however neither as convex nor as
miuch flattened as in the above described extreme forms. ‘The artist
evidently found the anterior margin of the muscular area of the pedicle
valve of the typical Lockport, N. Y. forms to be indented as in our speci-
mens. If it be indeed necessary to distinguish our American forms

572 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

specifically from the European Orthis calligramma (or perhaps Orthis
callacits), then the name Orthis flabedlites, Hall, will do very well to
represent the intermediate forms, while the forms with quite flat brach-
ial valves and very convex pedicle valves could-be conveniently desig-
nated as variety eu-orthis,and the other extreme with more convex brach-
ial valves but decidedly flattened pedicle valves would be variety
adinorthis. : :

Very closely related to this latter form is a series of shells found at
Reed’s Hill, in the quarry just north of Beavertown, and at Huffman’s
Quarry in Ohio. (Plate 357A, Figs. 20 a,b.) The brachial valve is quite
strongly convex in the specimens from Huffman’s Quarry, but very mod-
erately convex in most of those from Reed’s Hill. The median sinus is
chiefly posterior and shallow, with its outlines undefined. The pedicle
valve is very much flattened. In specimens from Huffman’s Quarry this
flattening is not so marked as to exclude at least a very moderate con-
vexity of the shell, especially towards the beak. In valves from Reed’s
Hill the flattening is more marked, beginning almost at the very beak,
and admitting almost of no curvature anteriorly. The radiating plica-
tions are finer and closer and therefore more numerous than in variety
dinorthis at the same stages of development. ‘The rounded plications
are branched, often twice in ful! grown specimens, a feature shown in a
less marked degree by that variety. A further resemblance to it is the
presence of very fine concentric strize of growth, distinctly visible under
alense. ‘This is the only form of which interiors were found in the Ohio
collecticu, the previously described interiors having been obtained by
cutting away the shell and taking an impression of the cast of the inte-
rior thus prepared. ‘The interior of the brachial valve, although 22 mm.
long, does not show thickening excepting along a median line, posteriorly,
where a rounded elevation, broadening and disappearing anteriorly, serves
to separate the muscular area into halves.. This muscular area is how-
ever not further defined, the grooves of the exterior showing up as radi-
ating plications over the interior of the shell. The cardinal process isa
narrow linear and not much elevated ridge. The crural plate is a con-
tinuation of the edge of the hinge area bordering the delthyrium, and a
well marked, rather deep notch in the outer angle between it and
the hinge area serves as a socket for the teeth. The interior
of a pedicle valve likewise shows radiating plications, except over
the muscular area. This is divided into three parts by two diverg-
ing ridges, which are very low, though still distinct enough to be recog-
nized. ‘The two lateral divisions are bounded laterally by similar low
but more distinct convex ridges, which uniting anteriorly give the area
there a circular outline, though the border happens to be very indistinct

in front of the middle section in our specimen. ‘The middle division is

concave, of about equal size with the lateral divisions, and does not show
signs of a median ridge. The interesting feature of this shell is the

FOSSILS OF THE CLINTON GROUP. 573

tripartite division of the muscular area, similar to that of the valve fig-
ured from Hanover, Indiana, described on page 715. | The presence
of muscular scars of such different character in specimens of the same
species seems truly remarkable, but could no doubt be readily explained
if the more intimate anatomy of this species were known. ‘This variety
reaches a length of 27 mm. and around the margin of the larger individ-
uals about 70 radiating plications may be counted. For this variety the
name fiss?-plicata is suggested.

At Brown’s Quarry a small form 8 or $§ mm. dong is found with sim-
ple coarse plications. The ventral valve is strongly convex, and its mus- ©
cular area has a quite prominent border. In one valve the tripartite
character of this area is strongly marked, the middle division being a
little larger than the two lateral ones.

Orthis (Herbertella) fausta. Foerste.
(Plate 25, Figs. 15 a, b,c, d; 16a, b)

Both valves of medium and almost equal convexity, the greatest cur-
vature of the pedicle valve being about two-fifths the distance from the
beak. The brachial valve has a small, narrow, ill-defined median depres-
sion or sinus posteriorly which disappears usually towards the middle of
the valve and is, therefore, a character retained only in the young of this
species. The adult forms of the ancestral types of the species, of
Lower Silurian Age, had usually a distinct, though often shallow sinus,
a character perhaps retained in part only by the young of the present
species. Both valves marked by rather sharp radiating plications, crossed
by lines of growth, which in some specimens are merely fine striz, but
~yhich in others are more prominent, developing into lamellose striations,
the zigzaging lamellae being either more or less appressed to the shell, or
distinctly elevated above the same, in the latter case giving the shell a
highly ornate appearance. Hinge area of the brachial valve low and
erect, that of the pedicle valve much higher, outwardly inclined below,
incurved above, rarely marked by horizontal, parallel strize of growth.
Delthyrium open in both valves, in the brachial valve bordered by the
raised margin of the hinge area, which here forms a sort of ridge increas-
ing in size anteriorly, jutting beyond the outline of the hinge area and
forming the crural plate. A diagonal notch in the angle between the
tooth and the hinge area receives the tooth of the other valve. The
sharp, inner margin of the hinge area of the pedicle valve where it bor-
ders upon the delthyrium is also prolonged anteriorly, forming a plate-
like tooth, resting upon the plate-like walls bounding the muscular area
laterally, as a support; no notch separates this tooth from the hinge area,
of which it is practically an outgrowth.

The cardinal process of the brachial valve is a very thin erect plate
along its posterior line of attachment, the curved upper margin of this

574 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

plate, as far asits anterior end of attachment, being thickened, sometimes
more or less abruptly, so as to form a sort of recurved cardinal tooth
resting posteriorly uvon a thin plate as a support.

The valves are thin, readily showing the radiating plications inter-
iorly, except where they have been thickened at the muscular areas. In
the brachial valve this thickening is almost confined to the production of
a low median elevation, which separating the adductor impressions
scarcely extends the full distance. From,this branch off perpendicularly
two narrower elevations, obsolete in the great majority of specimens,
and separating the anterior from the posterior pair of adductor impres-
sions. The posterior of these impressions is very small, and the anterior
ones though of twice the diameter are also small. They cannot be said
to have any anterior or lateral boundaries. The muscular area of the
pedicle valve is much better defined owing to the thickening of the shell
which has taken place over its area, this thickening ceasing at the ante-
rior boundary of the scars, where it is also the most developed. ‘The an-
terior end of the area has a rounded or slightly trilobate form, the area
itself being often traversed by fine strize parallel to its anterior outline.
Laterally where the shell of the area is thinnest the radiating plications
show through; two larger strize, also diverging, border the strongly thick-
ened elongate triangular median portion, occupying the larger portion
‘of the muscular area. If this be regarded as the adductor muscular im-
pression, the smaller lateral portions of the area will be the diductor
muscular impressions. Bordering the latter on the sides is a low ridge,
rising posteriorly into acute erect, platelike walls supporting the teeth,
as already described. The shell structure is fibrous-impunctate.

The typical forms of Orthis fausta differ from Orthis Nrsis of Hall
and Whitfield from the Niagara at Louisville, Kentucky, in having
coarser radiating plications than the type of that species, and a less ele-
vated cardinal area in the pedicle valve. But the two forms are evidently
very closely related and the Clinton species is regarded as phylogeneti-
cally the immediate precursor of the Niagara O. Nests. Orthis ruge-
plicata is a much coarser species.

Orthis fausta is found in the upper shaly courses at Soldiers’ Home,
Huffman’s, Fauver’s, Centreville, and probably in the limestone at
Brown’s Quarry.

Orthis fausta, var. squamosa, var. nov.

(Piate 587A, Figs. 19a, b.)

Associated with Orthis fausta at the Carrollton Pike Quarry, about
half a mile west of the Soldiers’ Home, near Dayton, Ohio, and south
of the road, is a distinct form, readily recognized, but evidently related
to the former, and hence here described merely as a variety. Its internal
features are not known; but when found these may raise the variety to
the dignity of a species.

FOSSILS OF THE CLINTON GROUP. 57)

The shell has in general the same characteristics as that of Ovrthis
fausta. The brachial valve is moderately convex and has a faint sug-
gestion of a median sinus posteriorly, owing to the intercalation of
radiating plications in this region at a sufficient distance from the beak
to cause this suggestion. The pedicle valve is more strongly convex,
especially towards the beak. The hinge area is narrow and erect in the
brachial valve and considerably higher and outwardly inclined in the
pedicle valve. Nodelthyrium could be detected, although the hinge
area was distinct, but this may have been filled up in the specimens
found. ‘The breadth of the shell is however relatively greater than in
Orthis fausta in shells of the same size, the largest specimen of the
variety sgvamosa having a brachial valve with a length of 9 mm. and a
width of lo mm. while in Orthis fausta a valve of the same length would
have an average width of about 13 mm. Moreover, for the same sized
shell the variety has fewer radiating plications, especially fewer which
start from a point near the beak. ‘This difference is well seen in the
brachial valve, where in the case of variety sguwamosa only eight to ten
radiating plications seem to reach or almost reach the beak, whereas in
Orthis fausta this number of plications varies from twelve to fifteen on
the average. The radiating plications of the variety are therefore more
divergent, more distant, and seem therefore to be larger and bolder.
Lastly, the concentric lines of growth in the variety are more prominent;
being lamellose, and the borders being rather strong, and at-the same
time distinctly elevated above the general surface of the shell, the valves
have that coarseness of ornamentation, to which the name sguwamosa was
intended to give expression. The lamellose lines of growth are bent
in zigzag fashion over the plications, but in the type specimen to such a
moderate extent that the shell seems ornamented by coarse, fairly
regular, concentric lamellez, rather than by zigzaging strive of growth.
The greater width, fewer plications, and stronger and more elevated con-
centric striae of growth are therefore the distinguishing features of this
form.

This form has a different outline from O. rugaeplicata, Hall and
Whitfield, the radiating plications are less prominent, but the concentric
squamose striations are at least equally distinct if not more prominent than
in the Louisville species. It is also less obese. ‘The species do not seem
closely related.

Orthis {Herbertella) Daytonensis, Foerste.
(Plate 2), Figs. 13, a, b, c, d: Figs. 20a, b; Fig. 21.)

When young both valves are moderately and almost evenly convex.
With increasing age the brachial valve becomes more and more convex,
while the pedicle valve diminishes in convexity, owing to the flattening
of anteriorly added portions of the valve, and a somewhat similar flatten-
ing of the area added to the postero-lateral angles of the same. In the

576 ‘GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

mature shell the brachial valve is therefore strongly convex, and the ped-
icle vaive is decidedly flattened excepting in its posterior half, around
the beak. A shallow narrow median depression or sinus extends in the
brachial valve from the beak, anteriorly, usually disappearing before
reaching the middle of the valve; a similar sinus appears in Orthzs
fausta. It is a character belonging to the young of this species. The
marked flattening of the pedicle valve, anteriorly, is seen also in related
Lower Silurian types, where this flattening may even be represented by
a more or less developed broad sinus. The numerous, fine, rounded,
radiating plications are crossed by fine concentric lines of growth, which
in well preserved specimens are seen to be lamellose. ‘These fine lamel-
lee are appressed to the anterior portions of the shell, or are but moder-
ately elevated above the same, never as much as in Orthis fausta. Finer
concentric striz are seen at times between the lamelle. Hinge area of
both valves quite flat, that of the pedicle valve a little incurved towards
the beak. In the brachial valve it is erect, in the pedicle valve it is in-
clined outwards. In both valves the area is marked horizontally by fine
close parallel strize of growth, which are crossed at times diagonally by
still finer strize, scarcely visible under a lense. Delthyrium open in both
valves, the adjoining margin of the hinge area being slightly elevated,
forming a minute bordering ridge or striation, best seen in brachial
valves, where an anterior continuation of this margin of the hinge area
gives rise to the crural plate, which is supported upon a part of the cal-
lous thickening which characterizes the hinge region of this valve, inte-
riorly. This posterior thickening of the valve occurs in younger speci-
imens only near the teeth, as in Orthzs fausta, but in older specimens
is continued almost to the postero-lateral angles of the shell, strengthen-
ing this part of the valve. In the angle between this crural plate and
the hinge area is either a deep diagonal notch, or a deep rounded im-
pression, forming the socket for the tooth of the opposite valve. The
margin of the hinge area bordering the delthyrium in the pedicle valve
is also produced anteriorly forming in fact an angular extension of this
part of the hinge area; it is supported by the plate-like elevation of the
posterior part of the border defining the muscular area. At times there
is the merest trace of a depression in the angle between the tooth and
the hinge area.

The cardinal process of the brachial valve consists as in Orthis fausta
of a thin vertical plate posteriorly, considerably thi¢kened at its margin
above and in front, this thickening increasing and widening anteriorly,
until an ovate process is formed which almost altogether hides its lower
more posterior plate-like portion.

The valves are thin, and frequently show the radiating plications in-
teriorly, especially towards the anterior-and lateral margins. The thick-
ening of the shell over various areas, to be described later, frequently
covers up these plications, especially in the older shells. In the brachial

Ou
be |
~I

FOSSILS OF THE CLINTON GROUP.

valve this thickening extends chiefly along the hinge margin; elsewhere
it is moderate, being most pronounced over the muscular impression
_ area, and at times a little within the anterior and lateral borders of the
valve. From the anterior end of the cardinal tooth a ridge extends for-
wards which is strong and well defined between the posterior adductor
impressions, and quite high in older individuals, and lower and narrower
between the anterior adductor impressions. The posterior impressions
are smaller and are separated trom the anterior ones by a low ridge running
from the median ridge antero-posteriorly, the two branches of the median
ridge making an angle of about one hundred and thirty-five degrees. The
anterior border of the anterior adductor impressions is more or less par-
allel to the ridges just described. The lateral boundaries are nearly
enough parallel to the median ridge to give all the adductor impressions
a general rhomboid shape. The anterior and lateral outlines of the
muscular area are sometimes indifferently indicated in these valves; at
other times, especially in older specimens, they are very distinct. ‘The
degree of distinctness of the muscular impressions is evidently a question
of the degree of thickening of the shell between and around the points of
attachment of the muscles. Under favorable circumstances other mark-
ings may be seen. Along the exterior side of the lateral border of the
muscular area this border gives rise to lateral brancues which soon dis-
appear laterally, and which give rise to a number of depressions along
the borders of the muscular area, especially along the anterior adductor
impressions. ‘These are the ovarian markings. From the antero-lateral
angles of the muscular area the anterior and the lateral borders extend
forwards towards the margin of the shell. <A third, usually smaller, ridge
extends between them. ‘The anterior border of the muscular area and its-
anterior continuations describe a sort of semi-circular figure. The grooves
between these ridges branch a little anteriorly. These are the vascular
markings.

The pedicle valve has a muscular area whose anterior and lateral
edges are indicated by the line of greatest thickening of the shell in this
region, posteriorly this border rises suddenly into a vertical wall support-
ing the teeth. The posterior end of the muscular area is quite thin, often
permitting the radiating striae to be seen. ‘The thickening increases
more or less gradually anteriorly. Fine striae parallel to the anterior and
lateral margins traverse the area, and may be regarded as striae of growth
withreferencetothese margins. Two elevations, usually low and indistinct,
becoming more evident anteriorly, traverse the muscular area, dividing it
into three long triangular areas, of which the central area is a little larger
than the lateral ones. Corresponding to these divisions of the area, the
anterior border of the area is often more or less roundly triangulate. It
is difficult to determine to what extent the middle triangular area repre-
sents the adductor muscular impressions; perhaps a part of this areawas
occupied by other muscles which have not left separate impressions. ‘The

37 GO:

578 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

lateral areas are ascribed to the diductor muscles. Ovarian markings have
not been detected. Vascular markings are rather common but are quite
variable. In all cases they consist of a few parallel low ridges extending
from the anterior border of the muscular area anteriorly about half thedis-
tance between the muscular area and the anterior margin of the shell.
Here evidently the vascular tissues branched considerably. ‘This is well
shown in some specimens, while in others the abnormal and at times very
n.arked thickening along the margin of the shell, especially along
its anterior border, gives rise to a broad, often very thick border, against
which the aforesaid vascular markings abut, without giving further indica-
tion of their course. Usually two broad and very distinct elevations ex-
tend forward from the muscular area. Between these may lie a single,
much narrower ridge marked by a median groove anteriorly, or a broad
ridge of equal or even greater width may lie between them, and this eleva-
tion also is then marked by a median groove anteriorly; in some speci-
mens these median elevations are far more distinct and much broader
than the ridges between which they lie, increasing in width anteriorly,
whereas the lateral elevations on the outside of this pair are but moder-
ately distinct. All of this seems to indicate the existence of a median
vascular tube, which at times did not approach the shell until near-its
anterior extremity; also the presence of a vascular tube on each side of
the median one, usually quite close to the shell. On the outside of these
lay perhaps on either side another vascular tube. From the last named
pair of tubes branches curved outwards and backwards towards the lateral
margins of the shell, branching dichotomously two or three times. From
the inner pair of vascular tubes a branch starts off laterally in the same
direction. From this branch of the inner vascular tubes, from the tubes
themselves, and from the median tube, a series of branches start off an-
teriorly leaving on the shell, as casts, a series of reticulating grooves with
rather wide meshes, if this figure may be used. None of these vascu-
lar markings continue to the very edge of the shell, and they are never
seen where the border is abnormally thickened. The degree of thicken-
ing of this border is sometimes remarkable and may reach a thickness of
4 mm., though this is shown only by a single specimen. In other shells
of the same size the margin of this valve of the shell can hardly be said
to be thickened at all. . It is difficult to assign a reason for such a great
variation in the thickening of the shell. It is usually accompanied by a
corresponding unusual thickening over the muscular area, but this is not
necessarily the case.

This species is found at Soldiers’ Home, Fauver’s, Huffman’s, and
Centreville in the upper shaly courses.

FOSSILS OF THE CLINTON GROUP. | 579

Orthis (Platystrophia) biforata, Schiotheim.
(Plate 25, Figs. 7, 8 )

Brachial valve with a strong median fold corresponding to a deep
sinus in the opposite valve. Both valves very convex, marked by strong
radiating plications, traversed by fine striz of growth, more frequent
towards the margins of older specimens, and further ornamented by
minute granules, arranged in more or less regular close, intersecting
rows. One of the diameters of the quincuncial figures thus formed is
often fairly parallel to the zigzaging striz of growth where these
traverse the sides of the plications. Hinge areain both valves fairly
erect, incurved, leaving perhaps less of the area exposed to view in a
perfect shell than is true of many lower Silurian varieties of this species.
The area is marked by straight parallel horizontal striae of growth, cor-
responding to, and often connecting with the striz of growth on the ex-
terior surface of the valves. Vertical to these are still finer parallel
striations, crossing the area in its shorter diameter, and visible only un-
der a lense. Delthyrium open in both valves, the hinge area on either
side slightly elevated into a sort of bordering ridge.

In the brachial valve this ridge after crossing a slight groove is con-
tinued in the acute angled outline of the crural plate where the latter
‘borders the delthyrium. ‘The plate is strongly recurved, so’ that the
upper and broader side of its somewhat triangular acute tip passes be-
neath the corresponding tooth of the pedicle valve along its inner side,
a deep notch in the outer angle between the plate and the hinge area
serving as the resting place for the tooth of the pedicle valve. The
acute, strongly recurved tips of the crural plates of the brachial valve
are rarely well preserved. The inner margin of the tooth of the pedicle
valve is also evidently in line with the raised margin of the hinge area
bordering the delthyrium, and it lkewise has a deep notch along its
outer angle, to receive the adjoining border of the hinge area of the
brachial valve. In specimens with strongly incurved beaks at times
only two narrow slits communicating with the space between the hinge
areas remain for the exit of any pedicle.

In the brachial valve the cardinal process is a low linear ridge.
This ridge in well preserved specimens is however often bordered on
either side by two similar ridges, which may be of the same size through-
out, may widen anteriorly, or may be replaced anteriorly by another
pair of ridges.

The valves are thin, readily showing the radiating plications in-
eriorly, except in the vicinity of the muscular area; at the latter place
theshellis considerably thickened. The muscular area of the brachial valve
is quadruplicate, the posterior adductor scars being sunk into the thickened
shell; they are bounded laterally by low, broad ridges, often not well
defined; their limits anteriorly are indicated by the line at which the

580 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

thickening of the shell suddenly becomes very slight. Anterior to
this line lie the anterior adductor scars, in an area where the shell is but
slightly thickened; their anterior margin is but rarely well defined, and,
when best indicated, consists of a few striations there where even the
meagre thickening over this area totally ceases. The posterior adductor
scars are separated by a low flattish elevation, often provided with a me-
dian groove. The scars on either side are traversed by longitudinal ridges,
parallel to the lateral boundaries of the scars, with reference to which they
may be regarded as striz of growth. Crossing these and sometimes al-
most concealing them are curved strize following the inner contour of the
anterior boundary of the adductor scars, with reference to which they
may be regarded as striz of growth. In one specimen a single striation
parallel to the outer contour of the anter.or boundary of the scar is seen,
and this is also a striation of growth. A much narrower low ridge
branches from the posterior end of the median elevation and extends a
little beyond the middle of each scar where it usually becomes indistinct.
A median ridge of moderate width, decreasing in size anteriorly, separates
the anterior adductor scars.

The muscular area of the pedicle valve is sharply defined laterally
by a limiting ridge which is low anteriorly, where the thickening of the
valve abruptly diminishes but which posteriorly becomes developed into
thin very acute erect plates, serving as a support to the teeth, this pos-
terior portion being rarely well preserved. Along the bottom of this
muscular area extend several diverging striations, on a moderately eleva-
ted flattened surface. In the specimens where this part of the shell had
undergone but very little thickening three striations were seen, corre-
sponding to three grooves between two plications in the sinus, as seen from
the exterior of the valve. In cases where the thickening of the shell
over this area is more pronounced the striz are sometimes quite well
preserved, but often in less distinct form: at other times however the
central striation disappears more or less, and the other two strize seem
to be less divergent than they were during their earlier growth. The
linear area between these striz coresponds to the adductor muscles; the
elongate areas on either side, to the diductor muscles; no line of dilimita-
tion serves to fix the boundary of the pedicle muscle in the specimens at
hand, but striations following the anterior outline ot the area mark the
inner surface of the scar in the more thickened specimens. Ovarian im-
pressions characterized by the presence of numerous short subparallel
striz, following in a general way the direction of the plications of the
exterior shell, are often seen covering a considerable area on either side of
the muscular area in the pedicle valve, but in the opposite valve these
strie, if present, are confined to a very narrow area on either sideof the
muscular scars. Vascular markings evidently extend from the anterior end
of the muscular scars of the pedicle valve forwards but their course could

FOSSILS OF THE CLINTON GROUP. 581

not be traced in the material examined. The shell structure is compact
and finely fibrous without punctation.

The detailed description just given is drawn from specimens desig-
nated in an earlier publication as the variety veversata (Plate 25, Fig.7),.
established to contain forms which have usually an odd number of plica-
tions on the median fold and an even nuinber in the sinus, and in which
plications are intercalated with more than usual frequency, conspicuously
so in the sinus and on the mesial fold. It occurs in Ohio, in the upper
shaly courses at the Soldiers’ Home, Fauver’s, “Huffman’s, in the quarry
just north of Beavertown ; Centerville quarries in the shaly Clinton; at
Reed’s Hili in the limestone; at Huffman’s in the Beavertown marl; also
in the Clinton of New York at Lockport. A smaller form was designated
as variety Davtonensis (Plate 25, Fig. 8). This has usually much
fewer striations; it occurs in the solid limestone of the Clinton at Soldiers’
Home, near Dayton, Ohio, quarry in John Glaser’s woods five and a third
milesfrom Dayton on Brandt pike, Hanover, Indiana, Lockport, New York,
and at Cumberland Gap, Tennessee, Collinsville, Alabama, and elsewhere
extending also into the Niagara. The markings of the interior of the
shells valves of this species are but little known. It is probably also
represented at Brown’s Quarry.

Orthis (Dalmanella) elegantula, Dalman.

(Plate 25, Fiss.11,a b; Figs. 17, a, b.)

Brachial valve flettish or moderately convex, with a median'sinus or
line of depression, fairly distinct near the beak, but widening and usually
becoming less distinct anteriorly, at least as regards its lateral bounda-
ries. Pedicle valve strongly convex, especially towards the beak along
the median area of the shell. Both valves are marked by rather
fine, frequent radiating plications. With the aid of a lense, the surface
of the shell is seen to be further ornamented by fine little granular mark-
ings. These apparent granules are arranged much as thcse described in
the case of Orthis biforata. ‘They are namely arranged more or less in
rows, these intersecting each other so as to give rise toa sort of quin-
cuncial disposition of the granules, though this may not be apparent
where the granules are more irregularly arranged. In worn shells it can
frequently be seen that these granules open below into very fine tubes,
entering the substance of the shell. Whether they are closed above could .
not be determined in even the best preserved specimens, but it is not im-
possible that the supposed granules represent only the broken off bases
of very fine, hollow, hairlike spines, which once ornamented the shell,
and connected with the fine tubes which give the poriferous structure to
the worn shell. Hinge area of the valves very unequally developed,
that of the brachial valve usually very low, and inclined outward, while
the area of the pedicle valve is much higher, being erect and somewhat

i

t

“582 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

incurved at the top. In both valves the hinge area 1s considerably nar-
rower than the width of the shell. The anterior margin in both is a
straight line, parallel to which there are often strize of growth, which are
best seen in the hinge area of the pedicle valve. The delthyrium in the
pedicle valve is open, that of the brachial valve is almost if not quite
closed by the cardinal process. This brachial process varies considerably
in different specimens. In form it resembles usually a triangular plug
almost filling up the delthyrium, excepting along a narrow groove on
either side, which serves to define the neighboring boundary of the hinge
area. It juts out a considerable distance beyond the hinge area at times.
In one young specimen the process does not show any definite lobation,
in another it is marked above by three, strong, acute lobes or ridges. In
an older specimen the cardinal process is triangular, and flattish above,
divided by a not deep, narrow, median groove. In other specimens only
the anterior edge of the process is notched bya groove which extends for-
ward for some distance on the anterior prolongation of the cardinal pro-
cess which in turn is continuous with the ridge separating the muscular
sears. According as the anterior margin of the process is indefinite or a

more or less straight line, the appearance of the process will vary greatly.

Even in old specimens the process is at times undivided, and prominent;
or bilobate, owing to a single median furrow; or it is trilobate, owing to three
diverging more or less prominent and often acute ridges on its upper
side; or, lastly, quadrilobate, owing to a slight median elevation of the
process anteriorly, which is not only itself divided by a median furrow,
but which is also bordered on either side by a groove, dividing the
upper surface of the process into four ridges. The inner margin of the
hinge area along the delthyrium may or may not be slightly raised into
a fine bordering ridge, but in either case the sharp crest of the crural
plates can be seen to be the continuation of this margin of the hinge area.
These crural plates are flattened laterally, and rest for support on thick-
ened callosities, developed in the posterior part of the shell, near the
beak. The crural plates jut out strongly from the inner surface of the
shell; their elevation above the plane of the hinge area is however much
less than might at first be imagined, the hinge area of the brachial valve
having a quite strong outward inclination. A quite strong notch or
rounded impression in the outer angle between the plate and the hinge
area forms the dental socket, and together with the supporting callosities
adds to the rather heavy appearance of the crural plates of this species.
In the pedicle valve the teeth are also evidently the continuation of the
inner margin of the hinge area, along the delthyrium. The teeth, however,
usually bend a little towards the lateral side of the shell and at the
same time are moderately elevated above the plane of the hinge area, es-
pecially along their inner acute outline. They are supported by callosities,
which are plate-like anteriorly, and which serve to limit the muscular
impressions of this valve posteriorly.

FOSSILS OF THE CLINTON GROUP. 583

The muscular impressions of the brachial valve are always separated
by a median ridge, which may be low in young specimens but which is
strong, though rounded, in older individuals. This ridge extends back-
wards, with about equal width, to its junction with the cardinal process,
there being often no well defined line of demarcation between it and the
latter. This, in young specimens, is about the only marking to be seen
over the muscular area ; but in older specimens, owing to the general thick-
ening of the shell, especially posteriorly and towards the beak, except
over the muscular impressions, this muscular area receives a distinct
boundary postero-laterally, which becomes prominent antero-laterally,
and which can be quite distinct or almost absent anteriorly. When hest
developed it has a rather round outline, with a slightly heart-shaped
anterior margin at the termination of the dividing median ridge. It is
further divided into anterior and posterior impressions by narrow ridges
connecting the median ridge with the lateral margin of the area. These
lateral ridges are rarely distinct, so that the anterior and posterior adduc-
tor impressions are rarely clearly defined from each other. The anterior
adductor scars are a little larger and wider. Vascular markings were not de-
tected unless faint furrows crossing the anterior border of the muscular area
and a few indefinite markings anterior to the median part of the muscular
area be so interpreted.

The muscular area of the pedicle valve is distinctly bounded
postero-lateraily by the generai thickening of the shell posteriorly
around the muscular area. While this thickening, where it adjoins
the muscular area and bears the vertical plates that serve to support
the teeth, is well marked posteriorly, it disappears so rapidly anteriorly
in some shells, that even the lateral boundaries cannot be said to
be well defined, whereas the antero-lateral boundaries are commonly
indistinct. This being the case, it may be imagined how rarely the ante-
rior margin of the muscular area, which depends for its definition upon
a similar thickening of the shell anteriorly, is well defined. When best
defined the muscular area of the pedicle valve is seen to resemble in out-
line that of Orthis testudinaria, It has namely, laterally, a diverging
outline for a short distance anterior to the teeth, after that a converging
outline, after which the outlines on either side of the muscular area
become parallel, as far as the antero-lateral angles of the area. Ante-
riorly the area hasa more or less obversely V-shaped outline (A), the
antero-lateral angles being more or less rounded or acute. At the point
where the converging lateral outlines of the area assume a parallel direc-
tion, there is found on either side the termination of a sort of low
ridge which serves to divide the muscular area into anterior and posterior
diductor muscular impressions. These divergent ridges are however
rarely developed. Along the median line of the muscular area, between
the impressions on either side, there is anteriorly at times as light, or more

/

584 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

distinct, elevation or ridge, formed by a thickening of the shell cor-
responding to that which forms the margin of the area. It serves no doubt
for the attachment of the adductor muscles, but is rarely well defined.
Commonly therefore the muscular area of the brachial valve is seen only
as a rounded area, fairly well defined, divided into halves by a strong
rounded median elevation or ridge, and that of the pedicle valve is asa
rule well defined only posteriorly.

This species is found at the Soldiers’ Home, Fauver, Huffman,
Beavertown and Centerville Quarries in the upper shaly courses; at
Todd’sFork in the ferruginous limestone; at Brown’s Quarry in the lime-
stone; and at Hanover, Indiana.

A smaller form, described as variety parva, Plate 25, Fig. 17a, b is
found in the limestones of the Soldiers’ Home and Fauver Quarries, and in
the quarry in John Glaser’s woods five and a third miles from Dayton,
ou the Brandt pike. They probably do not even form a distinct variety,
but are only the young stages of this species; but why in the middle
limestones of the Soldiers’ Home quarry these small specimens should
have been so common, and the fully developed specimens either absent
or at least exceedingly rare, could not be well explained. In the upper
shaly courses at the Soldiers’ Home the full-grown forms just mentioned
are very common.

Orthis (Rhipidomella) hvbrida, Sowerby.
(Plate 25, Figs 10a, b)

Of this species no interiors were found. At least no interiors were
found which resemble published figures of this species, which would
serve asa means of identification, had the existence of this species in the
Ohio Clinton otherwise escaped our attention. This may be accounted
for by the fact that even the exteriors of this species are quite rare, hav-
ing been found but rarely in the upper shaly courses at the Soldiers’
Home Quarry and in the limestone at Fauver’s. The species is readily
recognized by the commonly almost equal convexity of the valves, and
the fact that in the more mature individuals the anterior half of the ped-
icle valve is more or less flattened. To a certain extent, moreover, the
fine radiating plications are finer and closer than those of Orthis e.egantula.

At Brown’s Quarry is found a form also with fine radiating plica-
tions, and with the valves about equally convex. The anterior half of
the pedicle valve, however, does not show flattening. But since our
specimens are not more than 11 mm. long it is probable that this represents
either a less developed form or merely the young of Orthis hybrida, cor-
responding to the variety parva of Orthis eleganiula.

At Brown’s Quarry are also found forms in which the hinge area
does not seem to be sufficiently elongated to form postero-lateral angles

FOSSILS OF THE CLINTON GROUP. 580

in the outline of the shell. The beak is strongly developed. The shell
has the aspect of J/eristella Prinstana, or of some slightly more elongate
type, like Aeristella intermedia, but it is covered with fine radiating striae ©
exteriorly, like those of Orthzs elegantula in size. On closer examina-
tion it seemed possible to recognize the pitted structure of this section of
the genus Or/his, and so the specimens are probably an aberrant form of
Orthis elegantula, with at times several concentric lines of growth. In-
teriors have not been found, and these shells are mentioned only for the
sake of completeness, and to indicate the difficulties at times attending
the identification of these Ohio shells, the hinge area being frequently
not shown, even on otherwise fairly preserved exteriors.

If Orthis circulus, Hall, be indeed present in Ohio rocks, it can be
only represented by a few valves found at the very top of the Clinton at
Soldiers’ Home, where it changes to the stratigraphical equivalent of the
Dayton limestone, the base of the Niagara, by a decrease in the amount
of lime, and the increase of the magnesium carbonate, the rock not being
here a true limestone. ‘These valves resemble valves of Orthis hybrida,
but are larger, 19 mm. long, and the anterior half of the pedicle valve is
not so much flattened, remaining slightly convex in all directions. What
was regarded as the brachial valve was similar, with the posterior half of
the surface, especially near the beak, more convex than the rest of the
valve. It will be impossible to identify these forms more accurately
until better specimens are found, some showing the two valves in posi-
tion, and others showing the muscular scars and the hinge area.

Triplecia Ortont, Meek.

In the initial stages of growth this species has both valves nearly
equally convex. In specimens 10 mm. long the pedicle valve has be-
come more flattened than the brachial valve, the latter having become
strongly convex. This difference is increased by the appearance of a
broad shallow median sinus in the pedicle valve, and a less distinct me-
dian fold in the brachial valve. As growth increases the sinus becomes
deeper, broader and more distinct. In mature specimens the sinus forms
atather triangular area, the general surface of which is more or less
equally concave posteriorly, but anteriorly the median region is often
quite flattish, the sides of the sinus rising more abruptly to the general
surface of the valves, giving thus more distinctness to the rounded
lateral boundaries of the sinus. This sinus is strongly convex antero-
posteriorly. Leaving however the sinus out of account, the pedicle
valve is seen to be much flatter, in mature shells, than the brachial valve.
In forms with a long hinge area this flattening is much more marked
than in those with a short hinge area. The median fold increases in
height and breadth with age. Owing to its broad lateral slopes anteriorly,
it is not so easy to appreciate the full degree of increase in width of the
fold as the increase in width of the median sinus. The median fold has

BSG. ir | GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

therefore a more elongate triangular appearance. Often the lateral bound-
aries of the median fold are rendered more distinct by broad, shallow
grooves, which begin 10 mm. or more from the beak, and extend anteriorly
along their border. Occasionally the anterior and lateral parts of the valves
are slightly wrinkled radially, forming very shallow, broad, indistinct radi-
ating plications. Very fine concentric strize of growth are readily detected
with a lense.

The hinge area is quite variable in length. In the short-hinge forms
the area has a length equivalent to only half the width of the shell. In
the long-hinge forms the length of the area is equal to about four-fifths
of this width in the majority of shells, but occasionally longer hinge
areas are found, the longest being that of one specimen in which the
length of the area equaled six-sevenths of the width of the shell.
From this it may readily be seen that the general outline of the shell
varies from a quite triangular form, to one whose more nearly parallel
sides give it quite a quadratic appearance, excepting along its anterior
margin. In well preserved specimens the posterior part of the lateral
outline is always more or less concave, making more prominent the
postero-lateral angles, especially in the shells with more quadratic outline.

The hinge area of the pedicle valve is low, and outwardly inclined,
this inclination varying from an angle of thirty to one of seventy-five
degrees when measured with reference to the plane passing through
the lateral margins of the shell. The delthyrium is narrow, and is cov-
ered by a linear or moderately triangular convex plate, excepting at its
' posterior extremity where a small circular foramen is seen. In speci-
mens in which the outer surface of the shell at the beak has been worn,
this foramen is seen to be the mouth of a small tube which lies close to
the exterior of the shell, and this tube in good interiors is seen to open
by an equally small, round opening at the posterior extremity of the
muscular area, thus passing behind and under the callosity formed by
the thickening of the shell posteriorly. The straight anterior edges of
the hinge area are continued inwards, beyond this junction with the
teeth, but they do not join at the median line of the shell, leaving a
small notch anterior to the deltidium on either side of which there is at
times a slightly increased thickening of the posterior regions of the shell,
to support these inner angles of the hinge area. In one specimen the
shell was not thickened posteriorly beneath the hinge area, and here it
can be seen that the teeth are an outgrowth from the interior of the valve,
starting at a point on either side of the beak, under the hinge area.
Thence they grow out in a very divergent direction, resting on the shell
beneath and being connected with, and supporting, the hinge area above.
As a rule the posterior parts of the shell below the hinge area are strongly
thickened, especially nearer the teeth. In that case the outer side of
the teeth is no longer so distinctly shown, but is merged into the callous
thickening of the shell laterally. The teeth project beyond the margin

Oo
(o2)
~I

FOSSILS OF THE CLINTON GROUP.

of the hinge area, at a broad angle, forming a deep notch laterally, ren-
, dered still more distinct by a narrow groove outlining the anterior edge
of the hinge area. The inner surface of the teeth is flat, the anterior
margin being acute, and curved upwards, the tip of the teeth being acute
and rather pointed, and rising a little above the plane of the hinge area.
The brachial valve does not possess a real hinge area. The posterior border
of the valve is an almost straight, sharp ridge, from which diverges at a
very low angle another fine, sharp, almost paralled ridge, starting near
the crural plate and extending almost or quite to the postero-lateral
angles of the shell. The narrow groove between these fine ridges or
striae serves as a resting place for the acute anterior outline of the hinge
area of the pedicle valve. In one specimen this margin of the pedicle
valve seems to have slipped out of the groove at one time, and a new
pair of striae, at a slightly greater angle was formed anteriorly, provid-
ing a new groove as a socket for the anterior margin of the hinge area
of the opposite valve. The space between all these striae belongs to the
hinge area. This may be all of the hinge area of the brachial valve
which is developed, but not infrequently anterior to these striae, a long
and very narrow surface, with a straight anterior margin is seen, more or
less flattish towards the middle regions of the hinge line, and strongly
inclined outward. Posterior to the teeth it usually shows fine parallel
striae of growth. This is the remainder of the hinge area. In many of
these specimens it may be seen that the delthyrium is closed, since. the
anterior margin of the hinge area turns up abruptly over the outer pos
terior side of the cardinal process, forming there a callosity and leaving
behind it a groove into which fits the indentation of the hinge area of
the pedicle valve, the anterior edge of the deltidium. In some valves
the continuous connection of this callosity with the anterior margin of
the hinge area is not seen, so that were it not for the other specimens it
would seem to be only the posterior thickening of the cardinal process itself.
The cardinal process varies considerably in its minor features, but

it is always very large, and deeply bifurcated; the supporting region of
the beak is always strongly incurved, so much in fact that the cardinal
process after growing downward and inward for a short distance, curves
abruptly backward and occupies, in shells with a short hingearea, and more
conyex pedicle valves, an almost horizontal position, whereas in shells
with larger hinge area, and flatter pedicle valves the process is obliged
to take a more inclined position, its extremities being apparently directed
more towards the anterior of the opposite shell, in order that the card-
inal process may find room within the pedicle valve. The undivided portion
of the process may be more or less rounded or flattened laterally, often so
as to give its inner median line quite an acute edge, especially anteriorly,
or it may be flattened above and below so as to give the lateral edges a
more acute outline, or the broadening of the cardinal process may be of such
a character as to give a general triangular cross-section. At times the

588 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

anterior edge of the process where it curves strongly inwards is produced
somewhat anteriorly beyondits point of attachment so as to form a sma!l
anterior projection. The bifurcated extremities of the process are
strongly grooved above in most specimens, the grooving however rarely
extends beyond the point of junction of these extremities, although
sometimes reaching the hinge margin as a much finer groove. In some
specimens the bifurcated extremities are evidently hollow interiorly, and
the grooves above named are then caused by the failure of the sides of
these tubular extremities to meet above. The crural plates are pointed,
rather triangular bodies, diverging strongly on either side of the car-
dinal process; their tips are often curved upwards; their triangular cross
section is caused by their rather acute upper margin from which the
flattened sides slope towards either side to the rounded lower surface of
the process. Asa rule the teeth are quite prominent, but by the thick-
ening of the posterior parts of the shell, the teeth are at times almost
covered up, so as to leave only their tips projecting distinctly above this
callous thickening. The thickening takes place at first around the car-
dinal process and the crural plates. Thence it extends laterally to other
regions anterior to the hinge line. At first it is greatest near the process:
but in old specimens the thickening increases until it involves also regions
anterior to the cardinal process, and in the most pronounced case of
thickening, where the shell had a thickness of 8 mm., this maximum
measurement came from a region a short distance anterior to the cardinal
process. In these extreme cases the thickening causes a sort of very
broad convex transverse ridge in the interior of the shell, decreasing
rapidly posteriorly to the hinge line, and anteriorly to the muscular im-
pressions, to be described later.

The pedicle valve is therefore moderately thickened near the hinge
line, towards either side ot the teeth, while the brachial valve is also thick-
ened near the hinge line, but the maximum is reached along the more
median portions of the shell, near the teeth and the cardinal process, or
just anterior to the same; the strongly concave inner surface of the beak
of the brachial valve is usually filled up in this way. It may be
imagined from the descriptions above given that posterior portions of
brachial valves, with their teeth and cardinal process, which are quite
commonly found as fragments separated from the remainder of the shell,
may present quite a series of variations, greater perhaps than one is
accustomed to expect in shells of the same species.

Except over the thickened area already described the pedicle valve is
very thin. The inner edges of the thickened portion of the shell continue
for a short distance the border of the muscular area furnished by the
base of the teeth, but this thickening soon disappears anteriorly, so that
the muscular area is not defined anteriorly. In one specimen the trian-
gular space thus partially bordered seemed indistinctly striated radiately.
Towards the anterior of this striated area a sort of very broad median

FOSSILS OF THE CLINTON GROUP. 589

elevation appears, which may have something to do with the strong in-
dentation of the anterior border of the muscular area. ‘The antero-lat-
eral edge of the area was probably rounded, but our specimens only
allowed a faint suggestion of such a rounding in one case. At the poste-
rior end of the muscular area, within the anterior end of the teeth, the
anterior edge of the callous posterior thickening is often slightly and
rather roundly indented. ‘This is the resting place for the distal extrem-
ities of the bifurcated cardinal process. The broad oblique flange-like
teeth of the pedicle valve rest firmly behind the acutely pointed rather up-
turned crural processes. From a point near the hinge area and a little to
one side of the teeth of the pedicle valve, two or three uiarrow parallel
grooves extend antero-laterally across that portion of the shell where
usually ovarian markings would be looked for. ‘These grooves however
seem to be vascular markings.

In the brachial valve at least sufficient thickening occurs anterior to
the great posterior thickening of the shell, already described, to render
more or less distinct the muscular impressions of this valve. ‘These in
mature specimens are usually quite distinct. The muscular area is di-
vided by a median ridge, which may be low and indistinct posteriorly in
shells in which this region does not seem to have been greatly thickened.
In proportion however as this posterior thickening increases, the posterior
end of this median ridge becomes more prominent by the development of
two lateral furrows, which terminate abruptly at their deeper posterior
end, and thus give a high relief to this part of the median ridge. ‘These
grooves have their posterior termination at the anterior edge of the region
of marked thickening, and therefore are quite a distance anterior to the
crural plates and cardinal process. Anteriorly these defining grooves
rapidly decrease in depth; the median ridge, rounded and strong poste-
riorly, becomes less elevated, broader and flatter anteriorly; a median
groove begins to appear usually before the anterior adductor muscular
impressions are reached, and increases in distinctness between the lat-
ter. Between the more anterior parts of these anterior muscular im-
_ pressions this groove is traversed by a fine median striation or ridge.
In mature specimens, about 5 mm. anterior to the distinct posterior end
of the median ridge as just described, curved lateral branches start out
from the sides of the ridge antero-laterally, and separate the muscular
area into anterior and posterior adductor impressions. The lateral
ridges are low and are distinct only between these impressions; their in-
ner posterior edge curves backwards laterally, forming a scarcely visible
border for the antero-lateral portion of the posterior aaductor muscular
impression, but even this faint border fails more posteriorly. The poste-
rior adcuctor impressions are therefore distinctly defined only along
their anterior half, the posterior half having no distinct margin and be-
ing usually smooth owing to the generally marked thickening of this
portion of the shell. Low broad ridges, fairly parallel to the strong main

590 GEOLOGY “OF OHIO.

median ridge, traverse the anterior part of this posterior impression, be-
ing most distinct near its anterior border and disappearing rapidly poste-
riorly. In one specimen as many as ten of these low ridges form a lunate
are occupying the anterior part of this impression. The general form of
the posterior adductor scars is obliquely oval. The anterior adductor im-
pressions are well defined only along their posterior and inner margins
as described above. In one specimen the edges of the median ridge
separating them seem fairly parallel almost to the anterior end of the

anterior adductor impressions, but in one case this grooved median ridge

begins to separate about on line with the middle of these impressions,
the divisions curving strongly outwards laterally and becoming faint so
rapidly that the continuation of this ridge into a slight border, caused by
the thickening of the shell which bounds the sides of the anterior impres-
sions and connects with the lateral ridges defining their posterior margin,
was perhaps rather suspected in one specimen than definitely deter-
mined. No markings seem to characterize the area of these anterior
adauctor impressions. ‘The impressions are therefore distinctly bounded
only posteriorly and along their inner margin; they are obliquely oval in
form.

This species is found at the Soldiers’ Home, Fauver, Huffman, Cen-
terville quarries in Ohio, in the upper shaly courses, rarely in the lime
stones.

Meristella umbonata, Billings.
(Plate 25, Figs. 2, a, b.

The absence of interiors of this and other meristelloid shells in Ohio
makes it not only impossible to determine accurately their generic re-
lations, but casts considerable doubt upon their specific identification, no
matter how carefully made, by means of their exterior characters.
Nothing has been added to our knowledge of Ohio forms of the species
identified as AZeristella umbonata, Billings. After a careful examination
of New York Clinton and Niagara forms of this and related genera, the
Canadian species, above mentioned, still seemed to be the most nearly
related form. The even curvature of the lateral -outline, the total
absence of antero-lateral angulation, the very moderate curvature of the
line of junction of the two valves anteriorly, and the very even though
elongate convexity of the shell, seemed to be the characteristic features.
The surface of the shell is marked by fine concentric striae of growth.
The exfoliated pedicle valve of a small specimen left a matrix which
indicated an elongate deep delthyrium slightly constricted anteriorly at
its base, then widening out anteriorly into the muscular area, which
shows six to eight moderately radiating striae, and a shallow median
groove. This form is found at Soldiers’ Home, Ohio. Single valves are
found at Huffman’s Quarry and at the Soldiers’ Home in Ohio, which

La

FOSSILS OF THE CLINTON GROUP. 591

indicate a much broader form, the general outline of the pedicle valv:
being more ovate and much less elongate, the sides being not at all com
pressed. In other respects this form agrees exteriorly with the last
there being no antero-lateral angulation, no tendency of the anteriot
border to be strongly sinuate, nor to flatten out so as to suggest a tri
angular outline for the shell. The surface is marked by fine concentric
striae of growth. At Hanover, Indiana, a small entire shell was found
which seems to belong to this form. In outline these shells most nearly
resemble Jleristella Prinstana, Billings. From JZeristella intermedia they
differ in the more rounded outline of the postero-lateral parts of the shell.

Atrypa marginals, Dalman.
(Plate 25. Fig. 6; Fig 9! Plate sl. Figs 5 9} 9)a.)

-This species, though quite variable, presents certain general char-
acteristics which are readily recognized and which are quite character-
istic. Thus the median fold of the brachial valve which is fairly
high and strong anteriorly, begins as a simple plication near the beak,
and may retain its simple character for almost four or five millimeters
before it begins to divide. Moreover the fold is defined laterally by a
bordering line of depression, these lines of depression or grooves being
most distinct posteriorly, where they not uncommonly meet so that in
those cases the median fold starts as a simple narrow plication a slight
distance anterior to the beak. This median ridge usually does not begin
to rise above the general surface of the shell, at least to any marked de-
gree, until it is 5 to 7 mm. distant from the beak, so that for a time it has
rather the appearance of resting in a sort of median sinus. The pedicle
valve begins to develop a median sinus close to the beak, which becomes
deep anteriorly. In forms from Brown’s Quarry, the sinus remains
narrow for quite a distance, increasing but moderately in depth, after
which the sides curve outwards and the depth of the sinus increases
rapidly. This valve shows a tendency towards flattening laterally. At
Huffman’s Quarry, Fauver’s and at Soldiers’ Home a slightly different
form occurs in which the sides of the sinus diverge more regularly, and
the sinus therefore increases in depth earlier. The pedicle valve 1s
usually a little more convex. |

Variety mu/ti-striata from Hanover, Indiana, (Plate 31, Fig. 8.) has
still more divergent sides to the sinus, and the number of radiating pli-
cations is somewhat greater. Aside from the radiating plications the
surface of the valves of this species shows only more or less strong con-
centric wrinkles.

Alrypa lati-corrugata, sp. nov.
(Plate 37A, Figs, 16, a, b, c, d.)
In the “Orthoceras block” found at Huffman’s Quarry, shells were
found which on superficial examination might be taken for a form of
Atrypea reticularis, but which a closer view shows to be intimately related

592 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

to Atrypa marginalis. It has developed, however, new characters of
sufficient distinctness and constancy to be regarded as a new species,
and it is described here as /ata-corrugata, a form regarded as related to
Atrypa marginalis genetically. The median fold of the brachial valve
and its lateral defining depressions are visible only in young individuals
_and are retained only near the beak, within 6 to 8 mm. of the same, in
adult specimens; but since at this stage the median fold never rises
above the general surface of the shell, the appearance is rather that of
two diverging grooves, disappearing at the first strong concentric
wrinkle, or at least showing but faint traces anterior to this point. The
median sinus of the brachial valve has left yet fewer traces. Its posi-
tion is indicated by the strong convexity of the shell along a median line
just anterior to the beak, but the traces of the sinus are confined to the
existence of two radiating plications which occupy the position of the
sides of the sinus, and which are raised either indistinctly, or slightly, or
more or less distinctly, above the general surface of the shell, but the de-
pression which ought to He between these lines does not exist. As a
rule, uo traces of either the median sinus nor the fold appear over the
middle or the anterior regions of the shell, but in one specimen a broad
low elevation, with its corresponding depression in the other valve, indi-
cates a reversal of this specimen to its former habits of growth in its
old age. The surface of both valves is marked by radiating plications,
and by a series of concentric wrinkles, which are so strong and so distant
from each other as to form the most conspicuous feature of this variety,
and to give name to the same. The partial retention of the characters
of Atrypa marginals in the young of A. data-corrugata is an interesting
illustration of similar facts in higher orders of animal life.

Rhynchonelia scobina, Meek.

kKhynchonella scobina is a very frequent shell in many localities in
Ohio. Corresponding to its general distribution is a wide range of
variations in form. The typical specimens present a rather rotund out-
line, when mature; the postero-lateral sides of the pedicle valve form a
wide angle, often 90 degrees or more, and the straight contour of the
shell along this region is too short to make the beak éveak mz very much
upon the general rotundity of outline. Both valves are very convex.
The adult pedicle valve has a deep sinus, and the brachial valve a high
well defined median fold, with steep sides. Three plications are found
in the sinus of the pedicle valve, and four on the median fold of the brachial
valve; in each case the two exterior plications are much less elevated
and narrower. The line of junction of the valves is very sinuous at
this fold or sinus. A variation of this type has an equally strong con-
vexity of shell, but the width is so great as to exceed the length. The
young of both of these forms show arather rotund outline, and a consider-
able convexity of shell, even when only 7 mm. long. Ina third variation

FOSSILS OF THE CLINTON GROUP. 593

the flattening of the postero-lateral sides is sufficiently extended to give
the shell a more triangular outline; this appearance is increased by the
fact that these sides usually form much less than a right angle at the beak,
at times only 70°. Corresponding to this difference the shell is less strongly
convex, the sinus and fold are narrower, all the plications are narrower
and closer, a fact which can be readily remarked even in the young
when only 7 mm. long. The height of the fold and depth of the sinus
is usually less, these median regions not unfrequently projecting a little
beyond the anterior outline of the shell. In a fourth form the outline is
quite rotund, but the shell is still less convex, so as to show in
comparison with the ordinary types, a considerable flattening, even in
adult shells, so that a shell 16 mm. long may show a depth of only 7mm,
this flattening being still more marked in® smaller specimens. Rarely
these flattened specimens have lower and broader plications, giving still
another aspect to the shell. The surface of all these forms is ornamented
by very fine concentric strie uf growth visible under a lense. These
strize of growth are interrupted at regular intervals. When these intervals
are longer,the striz are formed by a succession of short, fine, minute ridges;
when shorter, the strize are reduced to a succession ofminute granules; the
latter are rather more commen, though both forms may be seen on the
same shell. The intervals of interruption occur with such regularity as
to produce that quincuncial arrangement of granules already remarked
while describing the similar surface ornamentation of Orthis biforata
The species is found in considerable abundance at Huffman’s Quarry, .
Soldiers’ Home, Centerville, more rarely at Fauver’s, Todd’s Fork, and
rarely at Brown’s Quarry, in the quarry in John Glaser’s woods five and
a third miles northeast of Dayton, on Brandt pike. :

LRhychonella acinus, var. convexa, Foerste.

(Plate 31, Fig. 13, a, b, c.)

Found at Todd’s Fork, Soldiers’ Home and more commonly at
Hanover, Indiana, in the Clinton. Described in the Proc. Bost. Soc.
Nat. Hist. for May 1, 1889.

Cyclospira ? sparsi-plica a, sp. nov.

Plate 387A, Figs. 18, a, b.)

At Huffman’s Quarry a shell was found with the pedicle valve exceed-
ing the brachial in convexity and depth, the beak of the former being
also much more incurved and its umbo more elevated. The posterior
half of the valves is evenly convex. The anterior half is plicated, es-
pecially towards the anterior margin of the shell, the general effect being
the production of a sort of broad median sinusin the brachial valve and
a corresponding elevation in the opposite valve. Two broad plications

38 GeO;

594 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

occupy the fold, flanked on each side of the fold by one that is less dis-
tinct. ‘The sinus contains one plication and its boundaries are formed by
two plications less distinct, especially along their exterior margin. All of
these broad plications as well as the sinus and fold soon disappear pos-
teriorly. ‘The surface is marked by fine concentric striz of growth, visi-
ble under a lense. The general outline of the shell is circular. Among
published species it most closely resembles Camerella Ops, Billings, from
which however its general form will readily distinguish it, and Cyclospia
biculcata, Emmons, a small Trenton form. Nospecimens showing the
hinge area or internal structure were found, and hence the generic de-
termination is largely a guess.

e
Liichwaldia reticulata, Hall.

(Plates 25, Figs. 4, a, b.)

This species was found by Mr. E. M. Thresher at Fauver’s Quarry,
and is represented by a specimen in his cabinet.

Stricklandinia triplesiana, Foerste.

(Plate 26, Figs 15, a, b, 14)

The hinge line almost equals the shell in width, and is not much shorter
than the length of the shell. Both valves slope posteriorly to the hinge
line, very much like the sides of a dull, cold chisel. Their convexity is
moderate and about equal in the two valves. A low median fold marks
the brachial valve, and a corresponding sinus the pedicle valve. Both
sinus and fold are indistinct at the beak, and become distinct features
first at five to ten millimeters from the beak, after which they broaden out
and become more accentuated anteriorly. Fine concentric striz of growth
are visible under a lense. The radiate fibrous structure of the shell is
also visible, perhaps owing to partial exfoliation. The type specimens
were found at the Soldiers’ Home Quarry in the middle limestones. Since
then it has also been found at Huffman’s Quarry.

FOSSILS OF THE CLINTON GROUP. 595

TRILOBITES, MOLLUSKS AND BRACHIOPODS OF THE CLINTON GROUP

IN OHIO AND INDIANA.

TRILOBITA.

Acidaspis Ortont, Foerste.

Acidaspis brevispinosa, sp. nov.
Proetus determinatus, Foerste.
Cyphaspis Ctintonensis, Foerste.

lilenus Daytonensis, Hall and Whitfield.

Idenus ambiguus, Foerste.

Llenus instgnis, Hall.

TWlenus Madisonianus, Whitfield. (var. elongatus, var. depressus.)
Caljmene Vogdesi, Foerste.

Calymene Niagarensis, Hall, ‘

Ceraurus (Pseudospherexochus) Clintonensis, sp. nov.
Spherexochus pisum, sp. nov.

Lichas breviceps, Hall. (var. Clintonensts.)

(Lichas phlyctainoides? Green.)

Phacops trisulcatus, Hall.

Dalmanites Werthneri, Foerste.

Encrinurus puncta us, Wahlenberg.

OSTRACODA.

Elpe Ulrichi, sp. nov.

ANNELIDA.

Cornulites distans, Hall.

CEPHALOPODA.

Gomphoceras Ortoni sp. nov.

Cyrtoceras

Clintonense, sp. Nov.

Gyroceras (Glyptoceras) subcompressum, Beecher.
Gyroceras (Glyploceras) Eatonrnse, Claypole.

Orthoceras
Orthoceras
Orthoceras
Orthoceras
Orthoceras
Orthoceras
Orthoceras
Orthoceras
Orthoceras
Orthoceras
Orthoceras
Orthoceras
Orthoceras

(Actinoceras) Young, Foerste.

(Actinoceras) clavatum, Hall.

( Actinoceras) lati-nummulatum, Foerste.

( Actinoceras) turgido-nummulatum, Foerste.
(Actinaceras) Daytonense, Foerste.

(Eu-Orthoceras) rectum, Worthen, var. junius, Foerste.
(Eu-Orthoceras) tgnotum, Foerste, variety erraticum var. nov.
( Eu-Orthoceras) Flanoverense, Foerste.
(Eu-Orthoceras) virgulatum, Hall ?

(Cycloceras) inceptum, Foerste, var acceleratum.
(Cycloceras) Nova-Carlislense, Foerste.

(.Spyroceras?), spyroceroides sp. nov.
(Ssyroceras?) Jamest, Hall and Whitfield.

7

596 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

Orthoceras (Cycloceras) amycus, Hall.
Orthoceras (Kionoceras) Crawfordi, Foerste. eh
Orthoceras ( Discosorus) conoideum, Hall.

PTEROPODA.

€Colcolus Clintonensis, sp. nov. é a
Conularia Niagarensis, Hall.
Conularia bilineata, sp. nov.

GASTEROPODA.

Belierophon fiscello-striatus, Foerste.

Be lerophon (Bucania) exiguus, Foerste.

Bellerophon (Bucania) opertus, sp. nov.

Bellerophon (Bucania) trilobatus, Sowerby.

Cyrtolites Youngi, Foerste.

Pleurotomaria tnexpectans, Hall and Whitfield.

Pleurotomaria filitexta, sp. nov. ;

Raphistoma affine, Foerste.

Cyclonema bilix, Conrad. (var. varicosum, Fall.)

Cyclora alta, Foerste.

Straparollus (cf. Oriostoma) tucarinatum, sp. nov.

Platyceras (Platystoma) Niagarense, Hall. ( Var. plebium,; var. Clin
tONENSE.)

Subulites direcius, sp. Nov.

Subulites (Polyphemopsis) plani-lateralis, sp. nov.

Loxonema? (cf. Holopella) subulatum?, Conrad.

Paleopupa (Gen. nov.) abrupta, sp. nov.

LAMELLIBRANCHIA7TA.,

Pterinea brisa, Hall.
Avicula Whitfieldz, Foerste (equivalent to Cy'pricardites ferrugineus, Uall

and Whitfield. Pe
Mytilarca mytitformis, sp. nov.
Modiolopsts rhombotdea, Hall.
Modiolopsis subrhoniboidea, Simpson. >
Cypricardites Caswetli, Foerste. ie
Cypricardinia undulostriata, Hall.
Tellinomya cllptica, Hall.
Tellinomya (Nucula?) mininia, Foerste,
Tellinomya (Nucula?) socialis, sp. nov.
Tellinomya (Nucula?) Clintonensis, sp. nov.
Nuculites (Cleidophorus) ferrugineus, sp. NOV.

FOSSILS OF THE CLINTON GROUP. 507

BRACHIOPODA.

(Crania dubia.)

(Crantella Clintonensts.)

Plectambonites transversalis, Wahlenberg.(var. elegantulus, var. prolongatus
Foerste.) _

Leptena (formerly Strophomena) rhomboidalis, Wilckens,

Strophomena (Orthothetes) Hanoverensis, Foerste.

Strophomena ( Orthothetes) tenuts, Hall.

Strophomena (Strophonella, Amphistrophia) patenta, Hall.

Or his (Orthis, Dinorthis) calligramma, Dalman (var. eu-orthts ; var. PEE
lites, Hall; var. dinorthis); var. fissi-plicata, var. nov.

Orthis (Herbertella) fausta, Foerste, var. sguamosa, var. nov.

Orthis (Herbertella) Daytonensis, Foerste.

Orthis (Platystrophia) biforata, Schlotheim.

Orthis (Dalmanella) elegantula, Dalman.

Orthis (Rhipidomella) hybrida, Sowerby.

Triplecia Ortonz, Meek,

Meristella umbonata, Billings.

Atrypa marginalis, Dalman (var. mudtistriata), var. lati-corrugata, var.
nov.

Rhynchone la scobina, Meek.

Cyclospira? sparst-plicata, sp. nov.

Lxchwaldia reticulata, Hall.

Stricklandinia triplesiana, Foerste.

598 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

BRYOZOANS AND CORALS OF THE CLINTON GROUP OF OHIO AND ©

INDIANA, WITH A LIST OF LOCALITIES, AND OCCASIONAL NOTES.

BRYOZOA.

Ptilodictya lanceolata, Goldfuss, var. Americana var. nov. (Plate 36, Fig.

3a,b). This form is very common at the Soldiers’ Home Quarry;

in the quarry in Glaser’s woods five and a third miles from Dayton
on the Brandt pike. It is the form confused by Hall and Whitfield
with their Phaenopora expansa at the time of publication of the lat-
. ter species. It is evidently closely related to the Gotland species
Ptilodictya lanceolata, from which it may differ in attaining a larger
size, or being at least broader, and in the fronds showing a tend-
ency towards undulose folding laterally.

Ptilodictya Whitfieldi, sp. nov. (Plate 28, Fig.5; Plate 36 Fig.4). Thisisa
form with flat, not very broad fronds, with almest parallel edges, ex-
cept of course towards the base. One of the specimens in the Ohio
State University collection from Todd’s Fork is 80 mm. long and 19
mm. broad. A second in Dr. Chas. Welch’s collection from the
same source shows a tendency towards a falciform outline at its
basal extremity, but its upper two-thirds are quite straight. It is
11 mm, broad, 2 mm. thick, and 80 mm. long. A specimen in the
writer’s collection from this locality is 8 mm. wide and 1 mm.
thick. This is another form confused by Hall with his Phenopora
expansa in the 12th Annual Report of the Indiana Survey, 1883.
This form has never been seen by the writer from Dayton quarries.

Clathropora frondosa, Hall (Plate 28, Fig. 3), Soldiers’ Home, Fauver’s
Quarry, Centreville, Todd’s Fork, Ohio; Hanover, Indiana. In
the Clinton iron ore at Red Mountain near Birmingham, Alabama,
very typical specimens in Ohio State University collection. ~

Clathropora Clintonensis, Hall and Whitfield (Plate 28, Fig. 4), Soldiers’
Home, Fair Haven, Fauver’s.

Phenopora ensiformis, Hall, according to EK. O. Ulrich in the Clinton of
Ohio.

Phaenopora expansa, Hall and Whitfield (Plate 29, Fig. 1). This species
is probably identical with Phaenopora constellata, Hall. In the
Beavertown marl at Huffman’s and Geo. Young’s Quarries only
forms with low monticules and thin fronds have been found. Low
monticules also predominate in the upper shaly courses at Huff-
man’s. Medium sized monticules occur at Fair Haven; and in the
upper, shaly courses at Centreville, Huffman’s Quarry and Soldiers’
Home, the fronds are of medium thickness and only a small num-

ber of interstitial cells are added to the normal number (two_

between every cell) in the monticules. The most prominent mon-
ticules occur in the limestone specimens at Soldiers’ Home, and

an
oe
“a
.

Le Sy

FOSSILS OF THE CLINTON GROUP. 599

occasionally in the shaly courses; here there is a considerable in-
crease in the number of interstitial cells in the monticules. A
frond from Todd’s Fork measured 94 by 24 mm. and a second was

o0 mm. broad. In the collection of the Ohio State University
occurs a specimen from Brown’s Quarry. Prof. E. W. Claypole
collected this species at Yellow Springs, Itoccurs also atSiebold’s
Quarry on Brandt pike.

Phaenopora magna, Hall and Whitfield (Plate 28, Fig. 6; Plate 29, Fig. 2
a, b, c.), Soldiers’ Home, Brown’s Quarry, with branches 5.6 to 7.3
mm. wide. Fauver’s Quarry; in the cement of the conglomerate
at Belfast, Highland county, Ohio.

Phaenopora multifida, (Van Cleve) Hall. (Plate 29, Fig. 3), Soldiers’
Home, Brown’s quarry, with branches 8 mm. broad and 2 mm.
apart. Hanover, Indiana, very typical.

Phaenopora fimbriata, James (Plate 28, Fig. 7), Soldiers’ Home, Fauver’s
Quarry, Centreville, Todd’s Fork, Fair Haven, in the cement of
the conglomerate at Belfast, Ohio,

Pachydictya emarcescens, Foerste, (Plate 31, Fig. 30 a, b) Eaton, Ohio.

Pachydictya farcta, Foerste (Plate 31, Figs. 31), Eaton, Ohio.

Pachydictya rudis, Foerste (Plate 31, Fig. 32, 35), Eaton, Belfast, Ohio.

Pachydictya emaciata, Foerste (Plate 28, Fig. 8), Soldiers’ Home and
Fauver’s Quarry.

Pachydictya bifurcata (Van Cleve), Hall’ (Plate 28. Fig. 9). Soldiers’
Home, Fair Haven, Centreville, typical. At Brown’s Quarry this
species occurs with narrower branches (4 mm. wide), with more
cells laterally in a distance of 2mm. (=8 to 8.3 cells), but with
the same number of cells in 2 mm. measured longitudinally (=5.5
cells). At Brown’s Quarry forms with 7 cells in 2 mm. measured

lateratly, also occur.

Pachydictya bifurcata, var. instabilis, Foerste (Plate 28, Fig. 10), Brown’s
Quarry.

Pachydictya turgida, Foerste ( Plate 28, Fig 11), Soldiers’ Home, Fair
Haven.

Pachydictya obesa, Foerste (Plate 28, Fig. 12), Soldier’s Home. .

Trigonodictya Eatonensis, Ulrich. ‘The Bryozoa of the Lower Silurian
in Minnesota, 1893, Eaton, Brown’s Quarry.

Stictopora similis, Hall. In the cementing material of the conglomerate
at Belfast, Highland county, Ohio.

Rhinopora verrucosa, Hall (Plate 28, Figs. 13, a, b,c), Soldiers’ Home,
Centreville, Fair Haven, Todd’s Fork, collected at Yellow Springs,
by E. W. Claypole. Fauver’s Quarry, Brown’s Quarry, the
frondose variety. “Orthoceras” block at MHuftman’s Quarry,
also at Siebold’s Quarry on Brandt pike.

Hemitri pa Ulrichi, Foerste (Plate 28, Fig. 2), Brown’s Quarry, Yellow
Springs (EH. W. Claypole’s collection), Reed’s Hill, common and
typical at Siebold’s Quarry, Fauver’s, Soldiers’ Home, Huffman’s.

600 ; GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

Phylloporina angulata, Hall (Plate 28, Fig. 1), Brown's Quarry, Yellow
Springs (E. W. Claypole’s collection), Fauver’s Quarry, Soldiers’
Home, Siebold’s Quarry four and three-quarters miles from Day-
ton on the Brandt pike, Fair Haven, Todd’s Fork, Centreville.

Flomotrypa confluens, Foerste (Plate 29, Fig. 4a, b.). According to a letter
from Mr. E. O. Ulrich the species belong to the section of A.
separata. It possesses cystiphragms and mesopore-like interspaces,
the latter how-ver very short. Soldiers’ Home, Centreville.

Aspidopora parmula, Foerste (Plate 28, Fig. 14), Huffman’s quarry in
the Beavertown marl; quite common at the same quarry in the
upper shaly courses of the Clinton. Soldiers’ Home, in the up-
per ferriferous layer of Todd’s Fork. The completed frond is
discoid in form, very thin, slightly curved so as to be convex
above, about 25 mm. in diameter. A form with little areas about
3 mm. apart, within which the regular cells are very distant, giv-
ing the appearance of /acune in the frond; may be designated as
var. fenestelliformyis.

Callopora elegantula, Hall. Huffman’s Quarry in the upper shaly
courses.

Callopora niagnopora, Foerste (Plate 29, Fig. 5). According to E. O.
Ulrich it is doubtless a direct development of C. amp/a of the
Trenton, and C. szbp/ana of the Cincinnati rocks.

Lioclemella (gen. nov.) Ohioensis, Foerste (Plate 29, Fig. 6). The fol-
lowing notes are taken from a letter to the writer from Mr. E. O.
Ulrich, who very kindly assisted him here as well as elsewhere
in his work. This species belongs to a new genus having relations
to Lioclema, Ulrich, from which it differs almost solely in its mode
of growth. Lzoclema, as is usual with ramose forms is attached
to foreign bodies by a broad, continuous basal expansion. In
L. Ohioensts and other species of the same type, the zoarium is
simple or but sparingly divided, and the base pointed, whether
for articulation as in Pézlodictya or other cases can not be said.
The new genus will include besides LZ. Ofhzoensis, Foerste, and
Trematopora ? nitida, Uirich, one or two undescribed Cincinnati
species, most probably Whitfield’s 7rematopora,annulifera, and
perhaps his Chetetes fustformis as well. Mr. Ulrich suggests the
use of Z. Ohioensis as a good type of the new genus. Centreville.

Ceramopora expansa, James, Todd’s Fork, in the collection of Dr. Chas.
Welch, son of Dr. Ll. B. Welch, the collector; Brown’s Quarry, a
typical specimen.

HYDROZOA.

Dictyonema pertenue Foerste (Plate 27, Figs., 27 a, 6.). Soldiers’ Home.

Dictyonema scalariforme, Foerste (Plate 27, Figs. 28,29). Soldiers’
Home.

Clathrodictyon vesiculosum, Nichols and Murie. Yellow Springs.

FOSSILS OF THE CLINTON GROUP. 601

ANTHOZOA.

Freliolites subtubulatus, McCoy. Wudlow Falls, Fauver’s Quarry, Huff-
man’s Quarry, Fair Haven. At Brown’s Quarry the form with
cells 7 mm. in diameter occurs, also a second form with cells 1.2
mm. broad. Siebold’s Quarry on Brandt pike.

Favosites favosus, Goldfuss. Fair Haven, Brown’s Quarry.

Favosites favosoideus, Hall. Soldiers’ Home.

Favosites Niagarensis, Hall. Fair Haven, Brown’s Quarry, Soldiers’
Home, Siebold’s Quarry, Ludlow Falls. At T odd’s. Fork speci-
mens occur with 10 tubes in a width of 18 mm. At Brown’s
Quarry, tubes 1.8 mm. in diameter occur, with 9-11 diaphragms
in 4 mm. Another form has tubes 1.9 mm. wide, and 6 to 7

diaphragms in4 mm. A third has tubes 2.2 mm. wide.

Favosites venustus, Hall. Ludlow Falls, Fair Haven.

Alveolites Niagarensis, Rominger. Ludlow Falls.

Striatopora flexuosa, Hall. Fair Haven, Ludlow Falls.

Flalysites catenulatus Linneeus. Ludlow Falls, Fair Haven, Soldiers’
Home, Siebold’s Quarry.

Syringopora ( Lrymotbora) fascicularis (Davis), Foerste. Ludlow Falls,
Fair Haven, Siebold’s Quarry on Brandt pike.

Aulopora precia, Hall, var. compressa, Foerste. Ludlow Falls.

Cyathophyllum celator, Hall, var. Daytonensa, Foerste. (Plate 34, Figs.
9-11.) Soldiers’ Home.

Cyathophyllum ? caliculum, Hall. (Plate 34, Fig. 8.) The outer area is
supplied with dissepiments; the value of this character in dis-
tinguishing this form from the genus S/repte/asma, the writer has
not the material to determine. Soldiers’ Home, Huffman’s, Fau-
vers, Fair Haven. Casts of apparently the typical form occur at
Collinsville, Alabama.

Ptychophyllum tpomea (Davis) Foerste. Centreville.

Diphyphyllum cespitosum, Hall. Brown’s Quarry, Ludlow Falls, Sol-
diers’ Home, Centreville, Yellow Springs.

Acervularia Cluntonensis, Nicholson. Yellow Springs.

Streptelasma Hoskinsoni, Foerste. (Plate 34, Figs. 1-6.) Brown’s Quarry.

Streptelasma? geometricum, Foerste. (Plate 34, Figs. 7, 12,13.) Soldiers’
Home, Todd’s Fork. This may be but another form of Cyatho-
phyllum caliculum, but no dissepiments were noticed.

Streptelasma obliquins, Foerste. (Plate 34, Figs. 14, 15.) Hanover,
Indiana.

CHAPTER VI.

WHE POSSE: FISHES Or 7 OEM:

By Pror. E. W. CLAYpPoLg, B. A., D. Sc., (Lonp.), F. G. SS. L.E. ann A.;
BUCHTEL COLLEGE, AKRON, O.; WITH A SUPPLEMENT By

Pror. A. A. WRIGHT, OF OBERLIN COLLEGE, O.

No more interesting or more important contribution has been made
from Ohio to the world’s knowledge of its extinct forms of life than the
chapter which begins with the breaking open of a concretion near Del-
aware, by the Rev. H. Hertzer, in 1864. He, by that stroke, exposed the
earliest of the strange fleet of Upper Devonian fishes, clad in bony
armour, which subsequent discoveries have so multiplied that it now
forms a fauna scarcely second to that which was brought to day by the
labors of Hugh Miller from the almost equivalent rocks of the Old Red
Sandstone of Scotland.

Taking up the work where it was dropped by Mr. Hertzer, Mr.
Terrell of Oberlin, and Dr. Clark of Berea, have been the foremost la-
borers in the field though others have given important assistance. Chiefly
through the indefatigable efforts of these two men we now have collec-
tions of fossils equaling in interest and value those which have been
yielded by any area of equal size anywhere. They have made the shales
of northern and central Ohio classic ground forever to the paleontol-
ogists of the world.

It was the genius of the late Dr. Newberry that interpreted the. fos-
sils thus brought to light, traced their relations and illustrated their
structure. He it was who sagaciously outlined the anatomy of the
strange monsters of the Devonian seas leaving to his successors the task
of filling in the details and extending the work.

No single species proved identical with any on the other side of the
Atlantic and though new genera were defined to receive most of them,
yet their family resemblance was obvious to the anatomist. Parallel
types were found to have existed in both continents with wide differ-
ences of detail.

Since that time, however, further research has discovered a few Eu-
ropean genera here and a few American types have been found in

FOSSIL FISHES. 603

Europe. By these “finds” the fish-fauna of the two worlds has been
brought into closer agreement.

That no actual or immediate communication existed between the
-waters of Europe and of North America is rendered certain by the differ-
erence of the species. But that such communication had once existed
cannot be doubted when the obvious similarity of structure in the fossils-
indicative of genetic connection, is taken into account.

Into this question however of Devonian and Silurian geography we
cannot here enter. The evidence is too indirect to admit of condensa-
tion into the space at our command. One point in connection with
these fossils is nevertheless of sufficient general interest to justify a short
notice. ;
The line of descent of these strange armored monsters has not yet been
traced. They appeared suddenly in the waters of the Devonian seas and
at present stand as it were almost without father and without mother.
But no one accustomed to modern views of the relationship of the ani-
mal kingdom, fossil or recent, doubts that behind creatures of so com-
paratively high a development there must have existed ancestors nearly
as high, of which we at present know nothing. ‘The rocks below those
which have yielded such treasures must hold other treasures thus far
unknown—the fossils of earlier seas hitherto unfound. ‘This statement,
will be better understood after examining the following table.

The Cleveland Shale of Dr. Newberry (upper part of the Ohio Shale
of this report) is the stratum from which have been extracted nearly all
the fossils above alluded to, This is the uppermost part of the Devon-
ian of Ohio of most authors, but it was placed in the Carboniferous by
Dr. Newberry. Below it lie the beds as here given:

S Cleveland Shale Fish-fossils abundant.
-= Ohio Shale 4 Erie Shale Fish-fossils absent.
5 Huron Shale Fish-fossils present.
5 Hamilton Shale }ish-fossils absent.
= Corniferous Limestone Fish-fossils abundant.

Lower Helderberg Limestone.
Fetes Group.

Si‘urian + Niagara Limestone.
| Clinton Limestone.
| Medina Shale.

Thus we see that while the Cleveland shale is so rich the immedi-
ately underlying Erie Shale is absolutely barren, but the still deeper and
therefore older Huron has yielded at least five species. Below this
again the Hamilton or Olentangy has, so far as I. am aware, proved en-
lirely devoid of fish-remains, while the Corniferous Limestone, the base
of the Devonian rocks of the State, is even richer than the Huron, hold-
ing as it does several large and striking forms of ichthyic life and abund-
ant fragments of smaller species. It is hardly necessary to add that
these statements refer only to the State of Ohio.

604 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

At the base of the Corniferous Limestone we lose in Ohio all trace

of vertebrate existence and must go elsewhere to find any older forms.
And even elsewhere the search has not been very well rewarded in so far
as it regards the problem of the ancestry of fishes. Though the Upper
Silurian strata of Europe have yielded a considerable number yet these
differ in structure so far from those of Devonia that comparison is diffi-
cult, and direct lineage scarcely probable. Similar fossils were found in
1885 in rocks of almost the same age in Pennsyivania *“but they furnished
no new material for answering the question. ‘The Silurian type is one
- and the Devonian another and very different and the links are lacking.

- Some hope was raised in 1890 by a reported discovery of fish-fossils
in Colorado, in Ordovician (Lower Silurian) strata.f But the results
thus far have not realized the expectation, and the evidence is far from
sufficient to bridge for the palaeontologist the enormous time-interval
or to outweigh logically the immense improbability that creatures so
comparatively high existed at a date so remote. Time will show, but at
present we must admit that the origin of the vertebrates is shrouded in
mystery.

Possibly the imperfection of the geological record is sufficient to
account for the whole of this great gap in evolutionary history. So much
destruction and relaying of the rocks has taken place that the old fam:ly
record of the fishes may have been altogether destroyed, or if still in
existence it may be buried deep beyond our reach. But if we may trust
that the future will be as the past there is ample ground to hope that
when the yet unexamined parts of the globe are studied by geologists, or
even when a more thorough investigation shall be made of regions com-
paratively well known, we shall come upon precious fossils that will be
eloquent to the ear of science regarding the ancestry of the long extinct
but deeply interesting residents of our State before it had been raised
above the waters of the primaeval ocean.

The discoveries of the Rev. H. Hertzer were made known to the
world by Dr. Newberry at the meeting of the American Association at
Buffalo, in 1866, and excited considerable interest. This was the
greater because the beds in which they were found had been previously
regarded as altogether barren. In like manner the Cleveland Shale where
Dr. Clark and Mr. Terrell have since made discoveries rivaling those of
Mr. Hertzer in all except date, was looked on by geologists as barren
ground. It is so generally, but the fact that these usually unfossiliferous
beds prove in certain places so wonderfully productive should encourage
all to search well a stratum before condemuing it.

Accounts of the fossil fish fauna of the Ohio Shales have been
published in three places—in the first and second volumes of the “ Palae-
ontology of Ohio,” in the “ Monograph of the Fossil Fishes of North

* EB. W. Claypole on Pa/aeaspis in Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. Lond., 1884 and ’91.
+ ¢. D. Walcott in Bulletin of Geol. Soc. of America, 1892, p. 155.

FOSSIL FISHES. 605

America” and in the annuals of the New York Academy of Science. All
three came from the pen of Dr. Newberry, and since the appearance of
the last named work nothing of importance has been published except a
few articles in the “American Geologist,” the results of which will be for
the most part incorporated in this chapter which is intended to supple-
ment the work of the late State Geologist of Ohio.

SECTION OF CLEVELAND SHALE IN CUYAHOGA COUNTY.
Drift.

Large Cladodus.

Dinichthys Terrelli.

y :
it | Gorgonichthys.
Titanichthys.
| Titanichthys Clarki, T. rectus.
8” Small Cladodus.
S | Dinichthys intermedius, Titanichthys.
nD
ne)
a
7H
>
= |
Yy _ D. intermedius.
|
15%
| D. intermedius.
| Coccosteus
WA
8 No fossils at Brooklyn, fossils on Rocky R.
Z No fossils.
DB
2

606 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

DINICHTHYS, Nby.

Of this genus of strange fishes that inhabited the early sea of Ohio
the first described and the typical species, as already mentioned, was
that found by the Rev. H. Hertzer in 1864, and named by Dr. Newberry
D. Hlertzeri. Vt is still the oldest known Dinzchthys (excluding one
doubtful form), having been found in the Huron Shale about 500 feet
below all the rest of its congeners in Ohio. The shape of the mandible
and its dentition proclaim at once its relation to the Coccosteids, but its
size surpasses nearly tenfold the largest Coccosteus hitherto described.

Not until some years later was another member added to this ancient
family and then it came from the Cleveland Shale on the shore of Lake
Erie, where Mr. J. Terrell found another species with still more extraor-
dinary dentition. In this species, D. Terrell, the jaws are not set with
teeth along the upper edge as they were in the older form but close one
on another as a pair of shear-blades, the upper one cutting outside.

Since then JY. Gouldz, named after its discoverer, D. intermedius —
and DP. curtus have been added to the list, all of about one-half the size of
the older species, and all showing the shear-blade dentition of D. Terrelu,
D. corrugatus and D. minor are still smaller species whose dentition is
not yet fully known. The fragments found do not prove the presence
or absence of the cutting shear-blade. Of D. tuberculatus only a few
plates have been found and these do not include the jaw. They came ©
from the Chemung near Warren, Pa. It is noteworthy that this species
is said by Dr. Newberry to be identical with one found near Liege, in
Belgium, and now in the collection of Prof. Lohest of that University.
If so it is probably the only international species of fish yet found in
Ohio.

All these additions to the Dinichthyid family, except the last, have
come from the Cleveland Shale of Northern Ohio.

It is very doubtful if the dorsal plate from the Corniferous Limestone
called D. precursor will prove to belong to the genus when its other parts
are known.

Of D. Ringuebergi (minor), from the Portage Group of N. Y., only
a single dorsal plate has been described, and D. Newderryi is represented
by the mandible only.

In addition to the above a single premaxillary tooth (of N.) was
lately described by Mr. Whiteaves from the Upper Devonian of Snake I,
in &. Winipegosis, Manitoba, and this, named D. Canadensis, with a
doubtful D. Zzfelensis from Belgium, completes the list of named and
described species of this genus down to date so far as the writer is aware.
After this chapter was put into type three additional species were de-
scribed by the writer in the American Geologist for December, 1893.

A New Species of Dinichihys.
In Dr. Clark’s collection is a single mandible of a Dinichthys which
I cannot identify with any of those already described and am therefore

-FOSSIL FISHES. 4 607

obliged to consider it new. It is represented on PlateXLI fig. I. A
glance will be sufficient to assure any one familiar with the genus that it
can belong to none of the four heavy forms—D. Hertzeri, D. Terrelli,
D. curtus and D. intermedius. From D. minor and D. Gouldi it differs
in its greater slenderness and from the former also in its lack of the
second denticle. It more resembles LD. corrugatus but surpasses even
this in lightness. With D. ¢udberculatus we cannot compare it as the jaw
of that speciesis unknown. Moreover, it was found in Pennsylvania.
The upturned end of the mandible is almost at right angles with the
shaft which carries on the upper edge a thin wing of bone beveled off
to a feather blade and continued up the hinder face of the front tooth.
The upper edge of this blade is not even, being low in front as shown
in the figure. But there is no sign of the trenchant cutter which char-
acterizes several species of this genus and indeed with so thin and slender
a mandible such a blade would have been powerless, for this jaw can
hardly have been employed as a weapon of offense by its wearer. The
narrowness of the spatulate expansion at the back would also indicate
that the motor-muscles were less massive than in the more formidable
species. So far as Iam aware this is the only part of this Dinzchthys
that has yet come to light and it was found in Cuyahoga county , O., and
I have named it 2). gracilis from its slender build.

Structure of the teeth of Dinichthys.

The shear-blade of the mandible of Dinichthys shows an interesting
microscopical structure well adapted to the work which it performed.
As many artificial cutting-tools it is composed of a dense material forming
the edge backed by a less dense and brittle substance to sustain the
pressure.

A polished section cf the mandible is represented on fig. 1. Pl. 43.
The inner part is of a deep brown color, almost black, solid, and to the
eye homogeneous. The outer part is dense in texture and lighter in tint.
When cut or ground down thin for microscopic examination the two
parts as shown in the small figures present very different appearances.
The open and spongy tissue of the jaw (figs. 2, 3) is traversed by a great
number of very wide Haversian canals with thick walls in which are
scattered the lacunze or osteoblasts in moderate abundance with their
accompanying canalicules. The Haversian canals are so large and
numerous that they occupy most of the space, the solid portion of the
bone consisting merely of their walls and these do not exceed in thick-
ness the diameter of the canals. These latter are filled with pyrites
which is perfectly opaque and shows in clear distinction from the bone
which is stained dull red with infiltered material.

On contrasting this structure which characterizes all the bony plates
of Dinichthys as well as the jaw with that of the inner and solid dense

608 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

portion, the difference is obvious. The large Haversian canals of the
former are represented by the merest traces ( fig. 5). Successive deposits
of bone on the inner faces of the walls have so far lessened their diameter
that they are almost effaced while the solid tissue filling their place is —
crowded with lacunae and traversed in every direction and in every
spot with canalicules forming a perfect and minute net-work over the
field of the microscope—a feature which could not be well shown in the
same figure without overcrowding it, but which is represented in a small
degree in fig. 9.

This dense bony tissue forms upwardly the inner edge of the man-
dible, and as the shear-tooth of the upper jaw closed down outside of it
the constant use and wear ground down the outer soft tissue and kept
a permanent, sharp edge upon the inner bone thus exposed, as shown in
figure 1. i

It is not easy to see with such a structure of the dental apparatus
how any renewal of the tissue was possible, and probably the life of the
creature was limited to the duration of its mandibular edge. ‘That very
extensive wear actually occurred is evident from the appearance of
specimens which have been found and which show no indication of
repair. This is contrary to the usual structure of fishes where provi-
s.on is generally found for the renewal of the dentition almost ad znjinitum.

This dense tissue of the mandible in no respect resembles true tooth
structure. There is no trace of dentine or of osteo-dentine, still less of
enamel. Itis true bone, but exceedingly dense and hard, and consequently
more resembling the cementum of the teeth of the higher vertebrates.
In this respect however it is in close accord with the tooth-structure of
most fishes which is traversed by similar canals and contains abundance
of lacunee and of inosculating canalicules. It is, in fact, a kind of trans
‘tional materal between typical bone and typical tooth.

"TTTANICH THYS:

When Dr. Newberry published his “Fossil Fishes of North America,”
he mentioned two species of this genus. These were all that were then
known from Ohio, and the genus has not yet been reported elsewhere.*
Of these two species 7vfanichthys Clarki was the larger and heavier form
T. Agassizi the lighter and slenderer. The type of the former is in the
Museum of Columbia College, in New York, and that of the latter in the
Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge.

In the present state of our knowledge it is not possible to charac-
terize the whole fish. Only separated and scattered parts have thus far
been found, except in a few cases. Of these parts the most frequent and

* Titanichthys Pharao, of Dames,from the Cretaceous of Egypt of course drops

as a synonym, being published only in 1887. This fossil has no connection with
those here mentioned.

FOSSIL FISHES. : 609

at the same time the most characteristic are the lower jaws or mandibles.
It is consequently advisable for the present purposes to define the various
species by these organs, reserving the special appropriation of the other
plates and bones to their several jaws until accidental discovery of speci-
mens showing them in direct or indirect combination shall furnish the
requisite evidence, or until their structure can be interpreted by the anal-
ogy of kindred or similar species. By this plan the multiplication of
names is avoided.

‘On this method of distinction we now add to the genus a third
species whose jaw differs from the other two in the absence of curvature.
Wide at the spatulate or hinder end it narrows and thickens forward

eveloping the gouge-like form of the other species by the incoming of
the alveolus. In consequence of this straightness which at present suf-
ficiently characterizes the mandible, we propose for the species the name
of 7. rectus.

One of the most remarkable of the fish fossils of the Cleveland shale
lately discovered is figured on Plates XX XVIII and XXXIX. It consists
of three bones, two at least of which are in their natural position. The
largest of the three—an exceedingly massive plate—measures 17 inches
by 17 and is of the form of a carpenter’s square, consisting of two arms
meeting at a rounded r ght angle. Of these two arms one, as shown, is
a plate perfectly flat on one face and straight on one (outer) edge while
the other, curving from the point sweeps out and meets it at a slightly
acute angle. Both edges are thin, the latter showing a slight underlap-
ping margin. The other arm, also nearly plane, is narrow and much
thicker than the former and makes at its end a sutural connection with
the bone next to be described.

From the extreme point of the first plate there rises gradually a
strong flange which becomes higher and thicker as it nears the angle.
At length it separates and forms a wide, strong bone nearly as heavy as
the other which it really doubles. (Pl. XXXVIII.) This also ends in a
form that seems to indicate sutural connection with some other bone.
Considerable space is left between the branch and the main plate at their
ends but a curved bony connecting plate exists throughout.

To the suture first mentioned at the end of the plate is firmly united
the second of the series, which is of the same general form as the pre-
ceding but its angle is turned in the opposite direction. This bone is
very thick and rounded. One arm measures five inches and the other
four inches in length. Its free end indicates a suture to form a connec-
tion with another yet unknown.

The third bone of this set lay across the second in its angle. Its
length is about ten inches and it is somewhat club-shaped, tapering down
from the large end which is in contact with the other bone. See figs.
plates XX XVIII and XXXIX.

39 G. O.

610 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

That these three plates are organically related admits of no reason-
able doubt. Two of them are still in union and the third cannot have
been much if at all displaced. Its position suggests the possibility that
it may in life have been united with the branch plate mentioned above
whose end indicates such a suture.

Regarding the position of these bones in the fish we cannot be cer-
tain. ‘That the flat plate was external and ventral can hardly be doubted.
That the flange and other bones were so is unlikely. Bones so heavy
must have served an important purpose in the economy of the animal,
and it seems quite legitimate to regard them as the supporting mechan-
ism of the fins or locomotive organs whatever these may have been.

This reference would bring them into the position of the shoulder
or pelvic girdle of one of which they probably are parts. The elements
of the former are the scapula, clavicle and coracoid but among these
it is not easy to determine which of these is, or are represented.

The plates have considerable resemblance to one figured by. Dr.
Newberry, on Plate XLVIII of the Palaeozoic Fishes, as the clavicle of
Dinichthys, though the specimen represented in his figure seems to pos-
sess only one of the parts here described. The two are almost equal in
size but differ considerably in outline as may be seen on comparison.
Though the cranium is not present yet the other plates indicate that the
whole ‘find’ was a specimen of 77z/anichthys, and we can therefore
scarcely do otherwise than consider these three bonesas a part of tke
or pelvic shou'der girdle of that genus.

Yet the massiveness of these bones ill agrees with the thinness
of the armour of the head of Titanichthys, but we must bear in mind
that so vast a body needed powerful moving organs and that these in
turn must have had a heavy framework to carry them. ‘The shoulder
girdle need not have corresponded in lightness with the cranium.

Dr. Newberry says of a specimen of an apparent homologous plate
in his possession (p. 131). ‘A strong framework was required for the lo-
comotive apparatus of so large a fish and some of the bones of the shoul-
der girdle are remarkably large and strong. The coracoid for example
is nearly two feet in length and one end is a massive, cylindrical bone
nearly as large as one’s arm. ‘The clavicles are more than two feet in
length but were composed of a relatively thin shell of bone which was
once lined and reenforced with cartilage.”

The specimen in the hands of Dr. Newberry if homologous must
have differed considerably from that here described, but the differences
may have beer due to age, sex or species so that it does not necessarily
exclude either from the genus.

We may add that these probably belong to the right side of the fish
and the specimen of Dr. N. to the left. The latter also seems to repre-
sent ouly the first of the three bones here described.

POSSE PISHES: 611

If we carry on the comparison to the case of Coccosteus, we should
consider these plates the homologues of the interlaterals of that genus.
But in those no sign of sutural separation is indicated in any of the fig-
ures or descriptions that are accessible to me. Perhaps the small size of
Coccosteus may render this intelligible, as the whole clavicle there does
not exceed two inches in length.

On Plate XX XIX is figured, on the same scale, a smaller plate obvi-
ously homologous with that above described, but found by the Rev. H.
Hertzer in the Huron Shale at Delaware, O. As the Huron Shale has
thus far vielded no specimens of 77/an7chthys it is reasonable to refer this
specimen tu Dinichthys Hertzert, though so little has yet been done in
the above named stratum that the reference must be merely provisional.

Again on Plate XX XVIII is figured on the same scale another ho-
mologous plate in the collection of Dr. Clark, only six inches in length and
differing trom both the others. There are the same flat surfaces on one
side and the same strong ridge rising into a flange and then becoming
separate so as to form a double bone at the thick end.

It seems likely, therefore, that plates of the same general form and
nature composed parts of the skeleton of Dénichihys and of Titanichthys
with differences of size and outline betokening distinct species.

The bone figured on Plate XL, fig. 1, is also provisionally referred to
Titanichthys. That it was a median plate admits of no doubt. That it
was a ventro-median is almost as certain. It would in that case corre-
spond to the “‘lozenge-plate” of Coccosteus. It is very thick and solid
and shows a wide overlapped margin all round. At one end is shown
another plate which formed a continuation either forward or backward,
fitting into the socket excavated in the larger plate. This would then
correspond to the antero-ventro-median of Coccosteus.

Dentition of Titanichthys.

Since the publication of the Monograph on Fossil Fishes a consid-
erable amount of detail regarding the dentition of 77/anzchthys has been
discovered, and we are now able to represent it much more fully than
was then possible. A reference to that work will show that the evidence
at hand induced Dr. Newberry to believe that the grooved mandible was
covered with horn, as in the turtle, or held bony wedges which had dis-
appeared. In addition to this he figures in Plate XLVIII a tooth doubt-
fully referred to 7. Ciarki. 'The latter of the two structures above men-
tioned is now known to have been the actual one, in consequence of the
discovery by Dr. Clark of the teeth of this species which are represented
in place in Fig. 2 of Plate XLII.* One of these was found as repre-
sented, the other is supplied from the evidence given by the jaw.

*NOTE. Several slight differences between the specimen here figured and that
given in the Monograph will be noted on comparison, but in the present condition
of our knowledge they are not important enough to constitute a specific distinction.

612 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

The largest of these teeth is almost four inches long and bluntly
conical, and was set in the alveolus of the jaw as shown. ‘This structure
is not common among fishes where the teeth are either attached to the
skin as in the shark, etc., or are anchylosed to the mandible as in most
of the Teleosts. Examples are not, however, wanting of their insertion
in an alveolus or even in distinct bony sockets as in Przstzs, Sargodon, etc.

Though we actually know the teeth of 7. Clarki only, yet it is
scarcely rash to infer that the other species were similarly furnished.

The only parts previously described of 7z¢anichihys were as follows:

_ Titanichthys Clarki; Mandibles, Ventral? plate, Suborbital, Supra-
scapula and Coracoid with a tooth marked doubtful. (Monograph, New-
berry.)

T. Agassizi; Mandibles, Cranium, Suborbital, Exoccipital ( part.)
(Monograph, Newberry.)

We have at present no means of determining to which species the
clavicles? here figured belong as no part of the head was found with any
of the specimens.

Regarding the habits of the genus we can do little more than specu-
late. A glance at the mandibles represented on Plate V is sufficient to
show that they cannot have been tyrants of the ocean as were the Din-
ichthyids. Jaws so long and slender were ill-adapted for tearing and
fighting. They lacked the bony strength and motive muscles of Dzzzch-
thys. Yet the teeth were formidable to creatures less heavily armoured.
The size of the mouth, 8 by 4 feet when open, enabled Tztanichthys to
take in fishes of no small size which were most likely swallowed whole
or but slightly crushed. But the thinness of the plates of the head ren-
dered it far inferior to Dzz:chthys as a warrior.

The suggestion has even been made that 77¢anichthys was a vegeta-
rian and used his long jaws and their teeth for collecting sea-weed. Such
a mode of life is possible but far from probable. Few fishes, so far as
we know, live on sea-weed and very few large fishes are not carnivorous.
Some day the coprolites will be found and will solve the problem.

Tilanichthys attenuatus, Wright, sp. nov.
Plate 42, Figs. 1, 2.)
Mand-‘ble, slenderer and lighter than in the two species of the genus,
described by Dr. Newberry, the anterior portion running out into a thin,

Nore. To state more miuutely and exactly the evidence on this somewhat
critical point we will give the details of this find: The base of a tooth was found
set in the alveolus but the tip was missing. About three inches from this spot the
second tooth was found broken into two pieces. One of these, the base was in the
same slab with the jaw. The other was in the adjoining stone so that the parts
were only separated by a natural joint.

The attachment of the teeth to the mandible was not apparently very close, and
certainly there was no bony union as this is the only specimen yet found showing
teeth that can confidently be referred to the genus. ©

FOSSIL FISHES. 613

flat plate, somewhat horizontally directed, but bent upward as it proceeds
forward; extremity truncated; the groove upon the upper surface of the
mandible forming a broad and shallow trough which becomes obsolete
anteriorly several inches before reaching the extremity; the under sur-
face of the mandible slightly concave along its median axis, while the
cuter and inner longitudinal angles are somewhat thickened and rounded,
the inner angle approaching the outer angle as it runs backward.

Moral lensthiofsthespornti Ome heed sess teteccceesbecceeos cee 14 inches
Breadthyatrantento ren Ciecnssaee scene ser see cents seohaateae se cae eee eee 1} inches.
Breadt heat postenlOreemd ire. sececses cooseaoes ew ae nce gasceetos-aeatieectnes 2+ inches.
Greatestiwidt hot upper SrOOVer ress -reeereee ees tcrncesece asec s 2 inches.

Locality; Cleveland Shale, east branch of Vermillion river, Florence,
Huron county, Ohio. Collected by Jay Terrell, Esq.

The specimen upon which this species is based is one of a consider-
able series of Titanichthys bones in the museum of Oberlin College, dis-
covered by the indefatigable and experienced collector, Mr. Jay Terrell.
Although the posterior part of the mandible is missing, the most char-
acteristic anterior portion is perfectly preserved; and, as is well known,
no portions of the skeletons of the fossil fishes of the Cleveland Shale are
more distinctive than the mandibles. I have for comparison specimens
of the mandibles of 7. Clarkii and 7. Agassizit, of Newberry;* and
while the present species approaches the general outlines of 7. Clarkiz,
it is distinctly slighter and lacks the compressed form with narrow and
deep superior groove of that species, and has no approach to the tolera-
bly stout, gouge-like anterior extremity which characterizes 7. Agassiziv.
The exceedingly thin pate, only an eighth to a sixteenth of an inch
thick and three or four inches long, into which the mandible is drawn
out anteriorly, seems to reach the climax of the surprising contrasts in
the skeletal structures of these two genera of huge fossil fishes 7ztanzch-
thys and Dinichthys, which swam the seas of northern Ohio together in
the Paleozoic era. Especially is this true, as the weaker dentition belongs
to the larger fish.

As to the nature of the functional surface of the mandibles of 77 an-
ichthys, whether it was covered with a horny sheath, or whether the
groove was set with bony “teeth,” the specimens at my command yield
no positive information. ‘The present species furnishes less suggestions
than does 7. Clarkii that there was a horny sheath as Dr. Newberry
inclined to believe. None of the species of 7z/anichthys could have been
so predaceous as Dinichthys plainly was; and the present species would
seem to be a retrograde development from the more typical forms of the
genus, in that the possibility of any powerful use of the mandibles seems
to be more widely removed. ‘This suggests that its food must have been
either simple vegetation or minute pelagic animals, which require no very

* Paleozoic Fishes of N. Am., Monographs U. S. Geol. Survey, vol. 16.

614 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

hard mouth parts either for capturing or for mastication. The causes
which produced the retrogrde development in the jaws of some modern
Sirenians may have wrought with corresponding effect upon the jaws of
Litanichthys.

The details of the structure of the anterior part of the mandible
are exhibited in the series of cross sections given in figure 2 of the plate.
The posterior portion of the mandible was not preserved; but if it was
as long proportionally as in the other species the entire length may have
reached thirty inches. This description was contributed by Prot. A. A. -
Wright.

Gorgonichthys Clarki, Cl.

Formidable as was the dentition of both the species of D¢iichthy's,
the researches of Dr. Clark in the Cleveland shale have lately been
rewarded by the discovery of an armored monster whose offensive weap-
ons surpassed even those carried by these terrible fishes. In 1891 he
found a pair of mandibles presenting characters not previously recognized
and with them a mass of bony plates evidently belonging to the same
creature. Little of the material has yet been worked out, but following
the principle here adopted of defining the species as far as possible by
the lower jaws, they were first extracted from the matrix. It then became
obvious that in several respects they differed from any previously known.
The shearing tooth and edge of the lower mandible were lacking. In
place of the latter was a blunt process rising at some distance behind the
great front tooth and set with rounded tubercles on its fore and hind
slopes. Opposed to this in the upper jaw was an enormous doubly
pointed tooth so set as to play on the top of this process which was
received between its two points. This character alone is sufficient for ~
the identification of the genus if the mandibles are obtainable. No doubt
when the rest of the plates have been extracted from the matrix, or other
specimens found, many more characters will be determinable.

The great front tooth so closely resembles that of Dinzchthys that no
special description is requisite. Its antagonist in the upper jaw closed
down behind it as usual in Dizzchthys but only its tip was present in this
specimen, the rest having been broken off at or before its discovery.
This tip lay in the groove which it had worn in the back part of the
lower tooth as shown in the figures, but for the sake of clearness it has
been represented lying entirely clear. See Piate XLI. uN

In size the mandible of Gorgonichthys about equals that of Dzzich-
thys, being about 25 inches in length. But it is considerably heavier and
better adapted to meet the greater weight of the opposing tooth in the
upper jaw. This tooth measures nine inches from front to back by seven
in a vertical direction. Like the rest it consists of the peculiarly hard,
black, dense, bony tissue of which the shear-tooth and blade of Dinichthys

FOSSIL FISHES. 615

are composed. The structure of those parts enabled them to resist the
severe usage to which they must have been subjected.

The enormous teeth of Gorgonichthys constitute the most formida-
ble dentition known in the animal kingdom, unless possible exception be
made in favor of the great Eocene shark, Carcharodon.

Coccosteus Cuyahoga, sp. 0.

A single plate was described by Dr. Newberry in the second volume
of the Palezeontology of Ohio (p. 32), which so closely resembled the dorso-
median plate of Coccosteus both in form and in ornamentation, that it was
named C. occidentalis. ‘This, if rightly named, was the first specimen of
the genus from North American strata, all previously described having
come from Europe. In the first volume of the same work Dr. N. had
figured a small jaw under the name of Liognathus spatula us, and sug-
gested that it belonged to the same fish or was at least Coccostean.. The
specimen is very imperfect and it is impossible to feel certain of the refer-
ence. If it really belongs to this genus it differs considerably from all
the other known mandibles.

Both these fossils came from the Corn:ferous limestone at Delaware
and belong consequently to the lower part of the Devonian strata.

Since the publication of Dr. Newberry’s report, Mr. Whiteaves, of the
Canadian Survey, has published the “description of a Coccosteus (C. Aca-
dicus), from the lower Devonian beds of Campbelltown, N. B., whereby
the geographical range of the genus is extended to the Atlantic coast in
the northeast.

Coccosteus does not occur in the lowest or flagstone beds of Scotland
and is not found until the middle strata are reached. In Acadia it is
associated with Cepha/laspis, a fossil characteristic of the lowest Scottish
Devonian. Conditions probably had much to do with this distribution
but the evidence of the vertebrates seems to point to a conclusion that
the Corniferous of Ohio does not exactly correspond to the lowest Devon-
ian ot Europe, but rather to the overlying strata there classed as middle
Devonian. The complete absence, so far as yet known, ofall Cephalaspid-
ian and Pteraspidian fossils bears strongly in the same direction espe-
cially as we now know that fishes of this order existed in New Brunswick
in early Devonian and in Pennsylvania in late Silurian times.

The recent discovery by Dr. Clark of a Coccosteus in the Cleveland
shale enables us to add another species to the American list and to carry
the upper limit of its generic range almost to the top of the Devonian
system.

The new species is much larger than any previously reported. The
largest of the Scottish species (C. decipiens) measures only sixteen inches

* Tilustrations of the Fossil Fishes of the Devonian rocks of Canada, 1881.

616 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

in length and its jaws are but three inches long. Lzognathus, of Dr. New-
berry, is yet smaller. But the anterior part of the new species—the only
piece found—is five and a half inches long and indicates at least eight
inches as the total length of the mandible when pertect, that is to say, a
living Coccosteus of about forty inches. ‘This is in harmony with the
great size attained by the other species in late Devonian time.

The mandible shows a row of eight blunt denticles on a raised part
of its upper edge in advance of the middle. In front and at the back of
these the edge is lower. The characteristic symphysial teeth are present,
but have been broken so that only their bases can be seen. There are
three of these, as may be seen by an examination of the end view of the
mandible shown at a in figure 2. The number of these in Coccosteus
varies from five to eight. In Hugh Miller’s figure six are represented,
though only five are spoken of in the description.*

In writing of the mandibles of Dinichthys and Titanichthys (Monog.
p. 132), Dr. Newberry has likened them to that of Coccosteus. He says:

“TY found in the British Museum a number of jaws of Coccosteus in
which the form is essentially that of Dznzchthys, viz., the anterior ex-
tremity is turned up and forms a prominent denticle and the whole organ
is only a miniature copy of the mandible of Dnichthys Hertzert.”

There is, however, no such resemblance between the jaws here de-
scribed and those of 7vtanichthys and Dinichthys. No indication of the
upturned tip forming a pointed tooth can be detected. Nor is any sem-
blance of such a structure shown in any figure of Coccosteus known to
the writer. The explanation of the confusing statement of Dr. Newberry
is given by Mr. A. Smith Woodward, in his ‘Catalogue of Fishes in the
British Museum,” (p. 285, vol. II), where he writes: “This and the fol-
lowing specimens are probably reterred to by Newberry as closely resem-
bling the mandibular rami of Dinichthys. The beak-like appearance, how-
ever, is entirely due to the accidental flaking of the bituminous substance
into which the fossils are converted.”

The Sharks of the Cleveland Shale.

But these gigantic Placoderms or armor-clad fishes were not the only
denizens of the ancient sea of Ohio. If they dominated the muddy bot-
tom where the black shale was accumulating as do the mud-fish of the
present day, yet above them in the clearer water swam sharks of various
forms and sizes. Between them these two groups probably divided the
empire of the sea.

We as yet know only a few of the latter group. The Jabors of Messrs.
Fyler and Kepler, and especially later of Dr. Clark, have brought to light
several specimens, the first of which were figured in the Monograph by
Dr. Newberry under the names of Cladodus Kepleri and of C. Fyleri.

* Old Red Sandstone.

FOSSIL FISHES. ; Realy

The fossils are unfortunately not very well preserved, being, as is usual
in this formation, heavily pyritized. But to the paleontologist they are
nevertheless invaluable. ‘Thus far we have known nothing of the form
and appearance of these early sharks. Containing, as do all the rest of
their family, a skeleton that was almost entirely cartilaginous, they left
iew fossil bones or plates to carry down to us an idea of what they were.
Their disjointed teeth which, being attached to the skin of a jaw for the
most part cartilaginous, were set free by its decay and strewn over the
sea- bottom, together with the strong and often highly ornamented spines
which fronted the dorsal and other fins, have hitherto been almost the
only relics of the shark-life of the older seas. On these teeth and spines
genera and species have been founded for want of better data, and doubt-
less in not a few cases the temparary nomenclature thus established will
be found largely synonymous. Not a few of these genera and species are
based on a single tooth, and when we consider the variety of form and
pattern of the teeth inthe mouth of a single shark we can fully under-
stand how one fish may be bearing several names. This is unavoidable
in the present state of our knowledge, but cannot lead to serious error
except in those who are unacquainted with the limits of discovery. ‘The
paleontologist will not be deceived, because he well knows that these
terms are merely the names of teeth or spines and not of fishes, and he is
awaiting the time when their connecting links shall be found.

These few words of explanation will serve to show the value of the
recent discoveries in the Black Shale of Ohio. Though in consequence of -
their want of distinctness we are unable to characterize the species as
fully as is desirable, yet we are able for the first time to form a concep-
tion of the general fo1m and outline of these primeval elasmobranchs
and to recognize in them many of the features that mark their descend-
ants of to-day.

The specimen described and figured by Dr. Newberry was found by
Mr. Fyler. A second was discovered by the Rev. W. Kepler and a third
by Dr. Clark. The last was figured under the name of Cladodus Fylert,
but no description was given and there is apparently very slight ground
for its separation from the former. No teeth are visible.

Since the Monograph was issued several other specimens of these
sharks have been found by Dr. Clark, indicating the existence of other
species, one of which will be described below.

Considering the nature and date of these fossils we are justified in
drawing the inference that the sharks are among the oldest ichthyic
inhabitants of our globe. ‘They shared the Devonian seas of Ohio with
the Placoderms and their teeth are found yet deeper in the Corniferous
Limestone. Shagreen, indicating shark-life, occurs in the English Ludlow
or Upper Silurian rocks among almost the oldest fish-remains known in
the Old World and no vertebrate remains of undoubted authenticity are
yet known below the Upper Silurian strata. We must therefore date the

618 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

primeval sharks as the comrades or the antagonists of the primeval
Pteraspidians of the Silurian seas.

The genus Cladodus was founded by Agassiz in 1843 to receive cer-

tain teeth consisting of a median cone on an elliptical base with one or
more lateral denticles on each side, the largest of which (if several were
present) were at the two extremities. The tooth of the species described
by Dr. Newberry was of this character, with however only a single denti-
cle on each side, as shown in Piate XI,VI. The second specimen, figured
as C. Fyleri, shows no teeth and was referred to the genus from its general
resemblance to the former.
One of the specimens found by Dr. Clark is of a very peculiar form,
and allowing for a considerable change due to the conditions of fossiliza-
tion which may have somewhat modified its original outline, it vet mark-
edly differs from Dr. Newberry’s species. It is shown on Plate 43, fig. 6.
Its reference to the genus Cladodus must be regarded as merely provi-
sional as no teeth have been found with it or on it. The head is wide
behind and narrower in front. It was comparatively a small fish, not
measuring more than twenty-eight inches in length, allowing for the in-
complete condition of its posterior end. The body is thicker in propor-
tion in the middle than is usual with sharks and tapers rapidly behind.
The pectoral fins are less straight in outline and less rigid thanin C.
Keplert. ‘They contain about seventeen or eighteen rays the larger of
which fork near the tip. The margin is membranous.

At its hinder end the body or rather probably its superficial skin is
extended into a wide membranous sheet lying horizontal, rather abrupt
in front and tapering away behind till it merges in the median extension
of the body carrying the caudal fin. This fin is not shown but the bases
of two distinct bony rays are seen indicating its presence. These spi-
nous rays are better shown in some of the other species.

No ventral or anal fins are visible, they having been apparently ofa
very soft and perishable nature, differing much in this respect from the
powerful and thick-rayed pectorals. Traces of the jaws and of the
branchial arches remain. ‘The shagreen covering the body is well pre-
served in many p'aces. No trace of a dorsal fin or of any fin-spines can
be detected. The dorsal-surface is shown for the most part except where
the stone flaked so as to expose the lower aspect near the head. There
is consequently no appearance of the scaly ventral defensive skin, that is
seen on these fossils when the lower aspect is exposed.

For this species the name Cladodus? sinuatus is proposed, on
account of the sinuous outline of the head as it is preserved in the fossil.

Another of Dr. Clark’s specimens shows in spite of the necessary
indistinctness of a pyritized fossil, points of divergence so strongly ac-
centuated as to render it doubtful if it can rightly be referred to the same
genus. Yet in other respects it so clearly resembles the above as to for-
bid the drawing of any very strong line of demarcation between them.

——

FOSSIL FISHES. 619

In general outline they correspond. The caudal fins are better preserved
but do not apparently differ in any essential feature. The ventral and
anal fins'are not preserved. The single specimen yet found shows the
dorsal aspect and the shagreen coating differs little if at all from that of
the other species. The pectoral fins are also of the same form as in those
but contain about twenty rays. :

But the fossil measures sixty-three inches in length, in spite of some
slight imperfection at the hinder end, and its teeth which are remarkably
well preserved and have been exposed with great care and skill, show
none of the usual cladodont features in the presence of lateral denticles.
For these reasons [ am induced to separate this large form from the others
generically and yet to indicate its relationship by adopting the name
Jonocladodus, in allusion to its single coronal tooth, which is shown in
Plate XL, fig. 2.

The tooth consists of a single flattened pointed medial cusp, slightly
striated below and forking near the base which does not outwardly ex-
tend beyond the front of the cusp, but inwardly widens out so far as to
form a spreading surface of attachment to the skin of the jaw. In front
view the general form is strikingly suggestive of Zamna, but the resem-
blance disappears on close examination. The striation is strictly confined
to the lower part of the cusp and does not consist merely of a longitudi-
nalroughening or of a faintly visible line-marking asin Cv. Kep/erz, but of
distinct and tangible unevennesses of the surface. The front face is
nearly flat, the hinder convex or doubly sloping i

Perhaps the most remarkable peculiarity of these teeth lies in the
fact that toward the back of the jaw they stand in pairs as shown in the
figure, one being close outside of the other. The outer one is frequently
broken, but this has evidently been done during fossilization or in the
extraction of the specimen from its refractory matrix. At least four of
the eight teeth remaining in position in the left mandible show this
character and more than one on the right side is also double. It is there-
fore not an accidental circumstance. Moreover in the front part of the
jaw two at least of the teeth show at their bases, outside, what are ap-
parently the points of others that scarcely rise above the base of those
in front of them. These cannot be young teeth, for the young teeth in
the sharks grow inside and behind those outside them which show signs
of use and wear that are not visible on these. If the outer teeth are
really in the act of being shed they would scarcely present the appear-
ance shown by those in the front of the mouth though this interpreta-
tion might be accepted regarding those near the back of the jaw.

I propose to give to this fish the name J/onoctadodus Clarki. It was
found in the Cleveland Shale in Cuyahoga county, Ohio, by Dr. W.
Clark.

620 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

Supplement.

ON THE VENTRAL ARMOR OF DINICHTHYS.

By Pror. ALBERT A. WRIGHT, OBERLIN, OHIO.

PLATE VII.

Owing to the isolated and imperfect condition in which most of the
remains of Dinichthys are found, it has not yet been possible to give a
complete account of the skeleton and armor of the fish, or to assign
the plates to their correct positions. Many unfigured and undescribed
bones in the collections are awaiting the hitherto undiscovered evidence
as to their precise position and relationships. From time to time, how-
ever, advances are made by the finding of more perfectly preserved ma-
terials, either in their correct original relations or in those that are very
suggestive; and I am now fortunate enough to be able to add something
to our previous knowledge of the ventral armor of Dinichthys from
specimens in the museum of Oberlin college.

The facts which I have to offer are not precisely an addition to
knowledge in a region where nothing was known before; but principally
a rearrangement of some of the isolated elements of the armor, which
elements have already been figured and described. :

In order that these facts may stand in a clear light, it will be
necessary to refer to the original account of the ventral armor given by
Dr. Newberry in the Paleontology of Ohio* and to his supplementary
account in the Monograph upon the paleozoic fishes of North Americat

These accounts give an instructive history of the progress of dis-
covery in this field, and of the changes which it has already. been
necessary to make in the arrangement of the plates.

*Ohio Geo. Survey, Paleontology Vol. II.
TU. S. Geol. Survey, Monographs, Vol. XVII

"a

FOSSIL FISHES. 621

In the former of the two volumes above quoted the five plates which
were originally supposed to constitute the “‘plastron” are figured in out-
line (p. 10) and fully described. The cut is here reproduced.

(

Ventral Armor; of Din’chthys Terrelli. N. Dr. Newberry’s first restoration.

The upper pair are designated as “anterior ventrals,” the lower pair
“posterior ventrals,”’ while the narrow one between the anteriors is the
“ventral median” plate. The general correspondence of this plastron
wich that of Coccosteus as restored by Pander is noted, as well as the
divergencies, which latter are greatest in the posterior pair.

Prior to the publication of the Monograph referred to above (1889),
the true position of the so-called ‘‘posterior ventrals” was found to be
upon the sides of the head, where they constituted the ‘“sub-orbitals,”
and to this position they are assigned in the latter work. The place
thus left vacant in the plastron is not positively supplied by anything de
scribed in the Monograph. The subject is alluded to however as follows:
“No figure is given of the plates which are supposed to have formed the
posterior half of the plastron, because no perfect ones have been found,
but I have numerous fragments of relatively large plates which must
have been oblong in form and had the moderate and uniform thickness -
and plainness of surface which characterize the plates that defended the

622 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

under side of the body. As they are apparently assignable to no other
place in the armor of Dinichthys I provisionally. locate them here.” (P.

138).

Ventral Armor of Coccosteus decipiens, Ag. Pander’s restoration. .

But while the vacancy in the plastron in not positively filled, another
series of four bones is described which is believed to have defended the
under side ofthe head. These are apairof‘‘jugulars’ fitting intothe arched
space between the mandibles, and a pair of “post jugulars” or.“‘hyoids”’
which overlapped the jugulars at their tips. The description is as fol-
lows: “They [the jugulars] are each semi-elliptical in outline, sixteen
inches in length by seven and a half wide; the outer margin is sym-
metrically arched ; the inner margin nearly straight ; the posterior ends are
obliquely truncated and overlapped by the anterior extremity of a second
pair of plates. * * * The posterior pair of jugulars—or as they should
perhaps be called hyozd plates—are long triangular in outline, smaller
than the anterior pair, but much thicker. Their anterior angles overlap
and are sunk into the obliquely truncated ends of the jugulars. The out-
side and posterior ends of the hyoid plates are irregular and thin and
show that they were overlapped by other plates.” [Monograph p. 157-8.]

The valuable material in riy hands now enables me to show, as I
think beyond a doubt—

First, that the “post jugular” or “hyoid” bones refered to above are
in reality the anterior ventrals of the plastron, but with their apices
turned in the opposite direction.

FOSSIL FISHES. 623

Second, that the plates called jugulars are not such, but are the pos-
terior laterals of the plastron. They are the missing pair which are
needed to replace the sub-o bitals.

Third, consequently the four plates supposed to form the jugular
armature are the four principal plates of the plastron in reversed position.
The fifth, a median plate, should doubtless remain in the plastron.

Fourth, this arrangement shows the plastron of Dinichthys to have
a much closer homology with that of Coccosteus than has hitherto been
supposed to exist.

The outline figures on Plate VII give various views of the four
bones in question. The arched bones (3, 4, 6, 7, 9), are the “jugulars”’
figured in Dr. Newberry’s Monograph; the others are the anterior laterals
of the plastrons.

Taking up the points above enumerated in their order I have’ first
to show that the so called “ post jugulars”’ are reaily the anterior ventrals.
The most perfect specimen of an anterior ventral of D. Terrclii, which
I have seen is that shown herewith in figure 8; the inner or dorsal side
being there represented. The four accompanying cross-sections show
the nature of the margins. This bone was figured by Dr. Newberry, in
the large chart accompanying the second voluine of the Paleontology of
Ohio. His specimen, however, was incomplete, lacking five or six inches
of the triangular apex. The dotted line by which he indicated the sup-
posed outline lacks the triangular apex, which is fully preserved in my
specimen. Placing the latter upon his chart, the two coincide in outline
perfectly, with the exception mentioned. The corresponding bone for two
smaller species, D. 7ntermedius and LD. curtus, is figured on plates XLVIII
and L, of the Monograph. In the first of these also the apex is wanting,
while in the second it is complete and its identity unmistakable. If the
apex had been preserved in Dr. Newberry’s original specimen of D.
Terrelli, he would have been spared the discussion of the question as to
why the anterior ventrals of Coccosteus overlapped the posterior ‘pair,
while those of Dinichthys did not* and his original restoration of the
plastron of Dinichthys might have been quite different from that given.

Il. The plates with arched outlines which are described by Dr.
Newherry as “jugulars” in his Monograph are demonstrated by my
material to be the companions of his “anterior ventrals.”” ‘The three
cases of overlapping which I have figured on Plate VII furnished the
proof upon this point. The bones numbered 1, 2, 3 and 4, belonged to
a single individual of Dinichthys Terrelli. When the posterior apex of
the anterior ventrals is applied to the sunken triangular area on the sc
called ‘‘jugulars,” it precisely fits. The four bones are arranged in the
drawing, in very nearly their natural position. The anterior and pos-
terior plate on each side are in their exact natural relation to each other,
but the space between the two anteriors may have been a trifle wider, to

* Paleontology of Ohio, Vol. 2. p. 11.

624 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

admit of the presence of the ventro-median plate which was not preserved.
The margins of the overlapping area, both on the right and left sides, are
so entirely coincident, that no one on seeing the specimens can doubt that
the two were related to each other as shown.

The bones numbered 5 and 6, belonging to another individual, con-
stitute a third case in which there is a perfect fit in the overlapping.
Whether these two belong to the same species as the other four is a
matter of no moment so far as the relationship of the bones is concerned.
The three cases taken together make an array of fact which must be
conceded to be conclusive. The only alternative would be that each fish
carried somewhere upon his armor a pair of bones other than the ante-
rior ventrals, which nevertheless had the same shape and sizeof tip asthe
anterior ventrals, and which therefore would fit into the excavations upon
the ‘Sugulars.” I have already quoted Dr. Newberry’s description of his
supposed “post jugulars”’ and ‘“‘hyoid” bones which overlapped the “‘jug-
ulars.” It will be seen that the description corresponds almost completely
with that of the perfect anterior ventrals which I am now able to figure.
If he had procured perfect specimens of the “post-jugulars,” I feel confi-
dent that he would have figured them with the “jugulars” in the Mono-
graph. And as his published figures of the anterior ventrals lacked the
triangular tips which fit upon the “jugulars,”’ we must assume that his
material failed to show him the identity of his ‘‘post-jugulars” and “an-
terior ventrals.”

III. Since the so called “jugulars”’ and the anterior ventrals were
companion bones, the question arises whether these four plates (together
with the narrow median plate) covered the jugular or the pectoral
or the ventral portion of the fish. The preponderance of evidence
to my mind is in favor of placing them in the ventral position, the “jugu-
lars” becoming the posterior ventrals with their arched outlines pointing
backward.

I am not aware that any individual specimen has yet been found with
the bones so completely in place as to settle this question. There are
some difficulties in the way of the view which is taken, to which refer-
ence will be made later. Butthereare anumber of weighty considerations
in favor of it. In the first place the so called ‘“‘jugulars” are pretty large
for service as jugulars. They are longer than the mandibles: In the spe-
Cimen from which figures 3 and 4 were taken (a fish of which eighteen
bones were preserved together ), the mandibles were fourteen and a half
inchesin length while the “jugulars” are sixteen, measured either from
tip to tip or around the arched border. Fig. 6 is 224 inches long, while a
plate of the general shape of Fig. 4 has been discovered near Columbus,
as I am informed by Professor Claypole, who has kindly sent me a tracing
of it, which was at least 30 inches in length. They would thus seem to be
somewhat large for filling the ‘space between the mandibles,” while upon

he belly there was room for considerable expansion.

FOSSIL FISHES. 625

_In the second place the nature of the overlapping joint between these
bones and the anterior ventrals is one which was not adapted to furnish
the freedom of motion which the jugulars under the jaws of the preda-
tory Dinichthys would need. ‘The same, in a less degree, may be said of
the overlapping joint between the two ‘“‘jugulars,” the nature of which is
shown in figure 9.

To this must probably be added the overlapping joint between the
“ventro-median” or ‘‘ sternal” plate which bound all four of the bones
together into a piece of armor not especially flexible.

These points might not be against the idea that this portion of the
armor was drawn back to a pectoral or intermediate position between the
jugular and the ventral, by which the arched outline of the jugulars
would still be anterior in position.

And thirdly, if we consider all these plates as forming the ventral
armor, retaining the anterior and median ventrals as Dr. Newberry placed
them, and making the “jugulars” the posterior ventrals, we shall have a
most complete and convincing homology with the plastron of Coccosteus,
removing discrepancies which were previously supposed to exist, and
adding some harmonies which were not before suspected.

All the points of harmony which Dr. Newberry so admirably makes
out** concerning the anterior laterals and median plate remain in their
full force. If now the “jugulars” be placed as the posterior plates there
will be added: First, the overlapping of the posterior plates by the ex-
tremities of the anterior plates; second, the overlapping of the right pos-
terior plate by the left posterior plate along the median line; third the
sinuous line of overlapping between the posterior plates in both genera;
fourth, the less breadth of the posterior plates behind than in front.

This brings the whole plastron of the two genera into striking ac-
cord and it is difficult to resist the belief that whatever position upon

the body was occupied by the “plastron” of Coccosteus must likewise
have been occupied by the ventral armor of Dinichthys. If it was really
ventral in the one, it doubtless was in the other.

A real point of difficulty in this view may seem to exist in the ab-
sence of any projecting angles upon the arched margin of the posterior
plates of Dinichthys, with which other plates could have articulated. I
do not detect any evidence that other plates, either by overlapping or
articulation, were connected with the outer margins of the posterior ven-
trals of Dinichthys. Such a bold, curved outline might seem to be more
easily explainable in an anterior position than in a posterior. But the
balance of evidence is so strong upon the other side that it must be ac-
cepted as best expressing our knowledge upon the subject.

To recapitulate, then, this discussion shows that the four bones,
which have been supposed to constitute the jugular armor of Dinzchthys,

* Paleontology, Ohio, Vol II, p. 11.
40 G. O:

y

626 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

viz., the “jugulars” and the “post jugulars” or “hyoids,” really belong to
the ventral armor, the supposed hyoids being identical with the anterior
ventrals, but with their points turned in the opposite direction, and the
‘“jugulars” being the missing posterior ventrals. This arrangement of
the plates brings out new points of harmony between the two placo-gan-
oids Dinichthys and Coccosteus.

In connection with the figures now published it may be well to
allude to one point. The outer margins of the anterior ventrals are
seen to be “‘rabbeted” for a considerable part of their length, as if for
the reception of the margin of some contiguous plate. No plate, how-
ever, has yet been brought to light which could occupy this position.

It may be of assistance to future students of Dinichthys to give the
measurements, and therefore the relative size, of various bones which
are known to have belonged to one individual specimen of D. Terrelli a
specimen of moderate size, found upon the east branch of the Vermillion
river by Mr. Jay Terrell.

Cranium, length, median line, 1535 inches.
width, flattened, with suborbital, 24 inches.
width between supra-clavicular joints, 16 inches.
back of supra-occipital to center of eye-orbit, 12}.
Suborbital, length 17} inches, width 6 inches.
back extension from center of orbit, 12 inches.
Supra-occipital, vertical thickness, 23 inches.
Premaxillary, width of tooth, 3 inches, height 5 inches.
width, with prong, 4}.
Mandible, length, 143 inches. height, tooth, 53 inches.
length of posterior ramus 7} inches, width 3} inches.
Maxillary, length 43-inches, width 33 inches.
Dorsal shield, length 13 inches, with neck, 19 inches.
width 17 inches.
Posterior ventrals, (“jugulars”), length 16 inches, width 7 inchea
Anterior ventrals, width 5 inches, length 16}inches.

CHAPTER VII.

NEW AND LITTLE KNOWN LAMELLIBRANCHIATA FROM
THE LOWER SILURIAN ROCKS OF OHIO AND
ADJACENT STATES.

By E..O. ULRICH.

Description and figures of many of the following species were pre-
pared in 1881 for Dr. Newberry’s proposed Volume III on the Paleontol-
ogy of Ohio. After successive failures to secure an appropriation from
the legislature, the plan of publication by the Ohio Survey seems to have
been abandoned, since much of the work prepared for the volume has
appeared through other channels. The same course would have been
adopted in my own case had my plates not been destroyed in a fire at the
lithographing establishment that was to print them.

Although at the time a great disappointment, I cannot but believe
that science has, after all, gained through their loss, for the work as now
presented is more thorough and as I believe better in every respect.
Whether it is accepted as good or not, the fact will remain that I have
spent a great deal of time and labor on the class and that I have conscien-
tiously striven to do my best under what, to say the least, were not
always favorable circumstances.

The present addition to our knowledge of paleozoic Lamellibranchi-
ata is really to be viewed as supplemental to the work which I have just
completed for the paleontological report of the Minnesota Geological
Survey. In that work, which is now going through the press, the stu-
dent will find an amended classificat:on of-the paleozoic representatives
of the class and full descriptions of nearly all the genera occurring in the
Lower Silurian rocks of America. It may have seemed to those who
were not conversant with the facts that much had been done on the
Lower Silurian forms previous to the present decade, but I would assure
them that it amounts to little indeed compared with what has been done
since the beginning of 1890 and what remains yet to be accomplished.
Including the present work no less than twenty-three new genera have
been proposed by the author,and four by Mr. S. A. Miller for Lower
Silurian types..

The erection of a new genus is a serious matter and, unless the
type is very obviously distinct, ought not to be attempted except on suf-
ficient evidence showing that the proposed grouping of species actually

628 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

obtained in nature. Opinions will always vary as to what degree of dif-
ference is required to establish a genus, but all agree that it isa larger or
smaller group of closely related species. The first essential then is to
show that the supposed generic characters exist in two or more specifi-
cally distinct forms—the more the better for the genus.

Now, it happens that a majority of the new genera founded by me
upon shells of the Cincinnati group have earlier representatives in the
Trenton limestones of the Northwest, and these as well as the genera
are described in the Minnesota work referred to. The real types and
bulk of the genera, however, could find no place in that work, and I do
not doubt that their publication would have been postponed for-years had
the present opportunity not become available. ‘That it did is most fortu-
nate, since I was thereby enabled to give a degree of thoroughness to
my studies that would not have been possible had I been obliged to
depend entirely upon my own resources. This thoroughness lies chiefly
in the delineation and comparison of the generic groups in accordance
with facts gathered in a study of collections containing a large nnmber
of hitherto unknown forms. By itself the Minnesota work is probably
insufficient in its specific part to establish all the innovations proposed,
and it is therefore again fortunate that the date of the present publica-
tion will be little if at all subsequent to that of the Minnesota volume.
Between the two it is hoped that the desired completeness may be
obtained, and that the validity of some of the new genera will be estab-
lished almost by force of numbers alone.

So far I have published nothing on the Aviculide, although the
Lower Silurian forms have been studied thoroughly and drawings of
many of them prepared. Some important facts relating to their preser-
vation have been discovered, and sufficient new material to make an
interesting paper by itself, is already available. Aside from the avicu-
loids there remains also a considerable number of Lamellibranchiata that
have never been described. Indeed, of nearly every Lower Silurian
genus established previous to 1890 from one to as high as six and seven
undescribed species are known, and with every year the number is in-
creased. I have not therefore by any means exhausted the subject even
in its specific part, and when it comes to the classification of the species
and genera we are really but little beyond a good beginning. And, ac-
cording to my views, this is just as it should be. I go namely from the
standpoint that the higher classification must evolve itself, and come, if
the expression be allowed, as a by-product from our studies of individual
and specific forms, and finally of the generie types.

The plates accompanying the present work were prepared by myself.
The specimens used, except where they are credited to other parties, are
to be understood as belonging to my private collection.

LOWER SILURIAN LAMELLIBRANCHS. 629

Class LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.
Family AMBONYCHIIDA, Miller.

Genus ByssonycuHiA, Ulrich, 1894.
( Paleontology of Minnesota, Final report vol. III, p. 498.)

Byssonychia vera n. sp.
Ambon chia bellistriata, S. A. Miller, 1874, Cin. Quart. Jour. Sci., vol. I, p. 14. (No
Hall, 1847.)

Figs. a.and 6, the left side and an anterior view of a partial cast of the exterior; c, ex-
cellently preserved, cast of the interior, showing the pallial and muscular impressions, Utica
horizon of the Ciacinnati group, Newport, Ky.

This name is proposed for the form which, for more than twenty
years, has been erroneously identified by Cincinnati collectors with Hall’s
Ambonychia bellistriata. ‘That species is restricted to the Trenton and
differs from 2. vera in its greater obliquity, longer hinge line and finer
strize, and more importantly in wanting a byssal opening as well as post-
srior lateral teeth.

From &. radiata Hall, sp., the type of the new genus, &. vera differs
in its smaller size, finer stric, (there being about fifty to irom thirty-
seven to forty in the typical form of that species,) shorter hinge line, more
evenly convex valves, and shorter byssal opening. A new variety of
that species, found near the tops of the hills at Cincinnati, and which
may be called B. radiata var. approximata, approaches B&B. vera in being as
a rule of smaller size than the typical form and in having the number of
the radii increased to as high as forty-five.* In all. other respects
however this variety is the same as the usual form of &. radzata.

B. vera, 1 am satisfied, is not a descendant of the Trenton variety of
BL. radiata, but of the Galena B. zztermedia, Meek and Worthen, sp. ‘That
species is the earliest known and &. vera the second, of a group of spe-
cies in which the hinge is short, the beaks and the anterior part of the
valves tumid, and the byssal opening short and thickened on the inner
margins so as to leave an unusually deep and abrupt depression beneath

* A compar son of hundreds of specimens of the various species of Byssonychia
has shown that wit. in reasonable limits the number of the radiating cost is con-
stant for each species, and the same in specimens of all ages. Young specimens
tierefore appear to have been much more finely striated than the old shells, but a
count will show, as also will a comparison of the young shell with the rostral por-
tion of the old, that the number of the strice is approximately the same in both.

630 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

the beaks in casts of the interior. Other species of this type are the B
obesa and probably B. grandis,and one or two other species of this
report. Of these the first is larger and has coarser radii, while the
second is very much larger and has anteriorly flattened and widely separ-
ated beaks. &. zutermedia is more gibbous, especially in the umbonal
region, and B. fenuistriata, Ulrich, from the upper beds of the Cincinnati
group, has much finer radiating striz, the number being not less than
seventy.

Formation and localities: Utica horizon of the Cincinnati group,
occurring at localities in the vicinity of Cincinnati, Ohio, from 50 to 200
feet above the bed of the Ohio river.

Byssonychia obesa, 1. sp.
Plate 45, Figs. 10-12.

Shell usually of less than medium size, obese, ovate in outline
except where the full and prominent beaks project beyond the regular
curve; hinge short, rounded behind; byssal opening small, situated high,
the inner margin thickened so that a decided depression is formed in the
anterior side of casts of the interior. Radii from forty-two to forty-five;
length from 20 mm. to 33 mm.; height (from beak to base) from 26.5 mm.
to 40 mm.; thickness from 15 mm. to 25 mm. In one specimen that dif-
fers a little from the rest these measurements are respectively 27 mm.
38 mm. and 20 mm.

This species rarely occurs except in the condition of casts of the
interior, but these are easily distinguished from &. radiata Hall, sp., with
which collectors have generally identified them, by their more ventricose
valves, more rounded form, and deeper byssal excavation. From &. vera
the species is separated by its greater size, and more ventricose valves.
B. grandis is much larger and has carinated beaks, they being flattened
on the anterior side; &. swberecta is a more erect shell and has a longer.
hinge. Probably nearer than any of these species, at any rate in the
general expression of casts of the interior, is the Galena limestone spe-
ciesdescribed by Meekand Worthen as zztermedia (Ambonychia intermedia).
Young specimens may be difficult to distinguish from that species, but I
have not yet seen any of 2.odesa that were as smallas the largest of 2. zzter-
media. Aside from the point of size, comparison shows that the Galena
species is, relatively speaking, higher, and that the outline is less rounded
especially in the postero-cardinal region.

Two large specimens from a lower horizon (about fifty feet below
the tops of the hills at Cincinnati,) may belong to an early variety of this
species. As however they had at least fifty radii we might be equally
justified in regarding them as examples of a gigantic variety of B. vera.
The length ot the larger of the two is about 60 mm.

Formation and locality: Near the top of the Cincinnati group at
Richmond, Indiana, where it occurs in association with B. r7ichmondensts.
Ulrich. and Ortonella hainesi, Miller, sp.

LOWER SILURIAN LAMELLIBRANCHS. 631

Byssonychia alveolata, n. sp.

Plate 48, Figs. 1-3.

Shell of medium size, moderately convex, obliquely acuminate-ovate,
wider than usual, with the basal half of the outline semicircular; cardinal
margin somewhat shorter than the middle length of the shell; umbones
full, beaks but little incurved, separated; ligamental area very large;
beneath the beaks the anterior side is impressed, forming an obscurely
defined subcordate lunule, in the lower part of which the byssal opening
is situated. Surface marked by about fifty rounded radiating coste.

The large ligamental area indicates relationship with 2B. grandis and
B. obesa, both of which are restricted to a higher horizon. ‘The first is
sufficiently distinguished by its carinate umbones; the second is a more
erect shell, with a shorter hinge line, narrower area, and differently
shaped byssal depression. The wide area should separate the species at
once from &. radiata with which a careless collector might confound it-

Formation and locality: Middle beds of the Cincinnati group, Cin-
cinnati, Ohio.

Byssonychta grandis, 0. sp.
Plate 46, Figs. 6-9.

Shell large, ventricose, subquadrate, the length and height as ten is
to thirteen; anterior margin sinuate above, broadly convex in the lower
two-thirds; outline of basal half semicircular; hinge line about two-thirds
as long as the shell is at the middle of theheight. Beaks projecting less
than usual, carinate, flattened on the anterior side; apices separated widely,
the intervening space being occupied by a broad, striated ligamental area.
Upper part of the anterior side with a broad and deep impression in the
bottom of which lies the byssal opening. Surface marked with about
forty radiating coste. These are rounded and broad in the lower half of
the shell. Posterior lateral teeth small, two, situated near the extremity
of the hinge.

This species probably attained a larger size than any other known.
It may be equaled in this respect by the associated B. cultrata, a species
that resembles it in its outline and in having carinate umbones as well.
But the present species is readily distinguished from that one by its
greater convexity, coarser and therefore fewer coste, and by the large
depression around the byssal opening, this part of the shell being quite
flat in that species. The ligamental area, furthermore, is of a peculiar
type and much narrower in B. cultrata, allowing the beaks to come into
close proximity. Despite the somewhat striking agreements, I am well
satisfied that the two species are widely distinct. In 2. robusta, Miller,
sp., the whole anterior side is flattened, the outline different, and the
beaks do not curve forward as in this species, nor are they as widely

632 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

separated. Despite these and other differences, I wish it to be under-
stood that I think it just possible that B. grandis is not d stinct from the
species zztended by Mr. Miller. I tried to see his types but failed because
they were packed away. I am therefore obliged to rely upon his illus-
trations and to assume that they are correct. Comparing my specimens
with his figures it will be noticed that in the convexity of the vaives and
the number of costee the two species agree very well, but in all other
respects they are so obviously different that we are forced to regard them
as specifically distinct. The carinate umbones will distinguish the species
from all the other forms of the genus.

There remains to mention that the outline of the shell and the coarse
rays, which however are rounded instead of flattened, remind of Azomal-
odonta gigantea, Miller. ‘That species, however, is not so ventricose, and
is without the large depressed area which surrounds the byssal opening
in B. grandis.

Formation and locality: Upper beds of the Cincinnati group, Ox-
ford and Clarksville, Ohio.

Byssonychia cultrata, n, sp.
Plate 45, Figs. 5-7.

Size and outline practically the same as in B. grandzs, while another
resemblance to that species is found in the carinate umbones, Critically
compared however a number of well marked differences will be observed.
First, the convexity of the valves is less, the thickness of an example
70 mm. high being only 30 mm. Second, the radiating costee are more
numerous, their number varying two or three either way from fifty-five.
Third, the upper part of the anterior side is almost flat and not, as in that
species, deeply sunken about the byssal opening. Fourth, the posterior
lateral teeth are much stronger. And fifth, the ligamental area is much
narrower in a dorsal view, thus permitting the beaks to come into close
proximity. The ligamental area, in which the species differs also from
all the other species of the genus, consists of a narrow but deep and sharply
defined groove extending about two-thirds of the hinge from the beaks.

Compared with other species B. robusta, Miller, will be found to be
more convex, relatively higher, and much straighter anteriorly, while most
of the remaining forms are readily separated by their rounded instead of
carinate umbones.

Formation and locality: Upper beds of the Cincinnati group, Waynes-
ville, Ohio.

Byssonychia richmondensts, 0. sp.
Plate 45, Figs 3and 4.

Ambonychia robusta (part), Miller, 1880, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. TI, p.

Shell large, high, triangular in a cardinal view, the anterior side be-
ing flat; height, length and thickness of an average specimen, respectively,

a

“LOWER SILURIAN LAMELLIBRANCHS. 635

57 mm., 57 mm. and 30mm. _ Beaks rather prominent, triangular, cari-
nate, curving very slightly forward, and rather widely separated in casts.
Anterior outline nearly straight, the inargin projecting a little in the
lower part; base strongly convex, posterior margin broadly rounded;
hinge line about two-thirds as long as the middle length of the shell, rang-
ing at an angle of about 95° with the anterior margin. Byssal opening
large, in casts appearing as an acutely elliptical low prominence, situated
about its length beneath the summits of the beaks. Costze of moder-
ate strength; their number, though not certainly determined, is not less
than fifty. Posterior adductor scar and pallial line as shown on plate 40.

The shell of this species has not yet been observed, but the casts are
not uncommon, and with their broadly flattened and nearly straight an-
terior sides are so easily distinguished from all the other species of the
genus, except 4. robusta, Miller, sp., that a name for them has long been
desirable. In 1880 (Zoc. cit.) Mr. Miller referred these casts to his species
robusta, but in a recent conversation he admitted that they probably be-
longed to a distinct species. &. robusta, as figured, is relatively not so
high and has coarser rays, their number being only about forty, while in
B, richmondensis there are at leastten more. &.cu/ltrata is closely related,
but differs decidedly in its outline, being a wider shell and not so convex.
The flattening of the anterior side also is confined to the upper part,
while in the lower part the outline curves forward in a much greater
degree.

Formation and locality: Associated with Rhynconella dentata, Hall,
and Ortonella hainesi, Miller, sp., in the upper beds of the Cincinnati
group at Richmond, Indiana.

Byssonychia precursa, 0. sp. or var.
iy) 2)

Plate 45, Figs. land 2.

This form I regard as a small forerunner of B&B. r7chmondensis, B. ro-
busta, and possibly of B. cultrata as well. The shape agrees best with ZB.
richmondensis, the principal difference being in the hinge line which is
always longer and sometimes quite equal to the greatest length of the shell.
The number of the coste varies from thirty-eight to forty-two, the aver-
age number being the same as for B. robusta and ten less than in B.
richmondensts.

In the number of coste and in the outline &. precursa is very much
like the typical form of B. radia/a, Hall, sp.** Asa rule, however, the
latter is a little more oblique, the hinge shorter and the central part of its
valves a trifle wider. But the principal difference lies in the flattening
of the anterior side in &. precursa.

* In twenty specimens of the Cincinnati form of &. radiata the number of the
rays varied between thirty-six and forty, while a good example from an unknown
‘ocality in New York has thirty-six.

— 634 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

Formation and locality: Voraine shales, Loraine, New York; also
in the equivalent middle beds of the Cincinnati group, at Covington,
Kentucky, and Cincinnati, Ohio.

Byssonychia suberecta, 0. sp.
Plate 45, Figs. 13-18.

Shell exceeding the medium size for the genus, moderately convex,
suberect, the: length and height as five is to six. Hinge line forming an
angle of about 105° with the anterior margin; this is a few degrees
wider than the posterior angle. Anterior outline gently sinuate in the
upper half, and in the central part bending forward enough to give the
shell the appearance of leaning backward rather than forward; posterior
margin broadly convex; basal half with a semicircular curve. Beaks
full, rounded, not very prominent, bending somewhat forward and
strongly incurved. Greatest convexity in the umbonal region, but tak-
ing the surface as a whole it is more uniformly rounded than in any
other species of the genus. Radiating coste rather small, fifty-five to
fifty-eight on each valve. Ligamental area about 3 mm. wide, almost
vertical, so that in a dorsal view it appears as very narrow, with five or
six distinct longitudinal striz. Cardinal teeth apparently three in each
valve. Strong posterior lateral teeth are present, but whether more than
one in each valve could not be learned from the material at hand. Bys-
sal opening long though very narrow. Muscular and pallial impression
as usual for the genus. In casts of the interior the beaks are compara-
tively erect and obtusely pointed.

This species has an outline that is closely similar to that of B. ca/-
traia. ‘The two species are also associated in the same strata, but can be
distinguished at once by the rounded instead of carinate beaks of B.
suberecta. The latter is also a liitle smaller. &. radiata is probably
more nearly allied, but has fewer costee and is a much more oblique shell.

Formation and locality: Upper beds of the Cincinnati group, at
Waynesville, Ohio, and Versailles, Indiana.

Byssonychia acutirostris, n. sp.
Plate 45, Figs. Sand 9; Plate 46, Fig. 19.

Shell moderately convex, 75 mm. or less in height, acuminate-ovate
in outline, the transverse diameter or length usually about two-thirds of
the height; without the acuminate rostral portion the outline forms a
nearly regular oval. Beaks attenuate, small but prominent, not strongly
incurved (rather erect in casts of the interior), obtusely pointed. Upper
fourth of anterior side slightly flattened and somewhat sinuate in out-
line. Hinge line very short. Radiating coste thirty-six to forty on each

LOWER SILURIAN LAMELLIBRANCHS. 635

valve. Byssal opening rather small and narrow, lying in a sharply
defined, small, impressed area; in casts of the interior this impressed area
is considerably larger than in the shell itself. Ligamental area narrow,
striated; cardinal teeth very small; posterior lateral teeth not observed,
apparently wanting.

A large specimen afforded the following measurements: Height,
from beaks to center of base, 73 mm.; height from posterior extremity of
hinge to same point, 60 mm.; greatest transverse diameter, 42 mm.;
thickness, 25 or 26 mm.

The beaks are more attenuate and the hinge line shorter than in B&.
radiata, Hall, sp. ‘The general appearance of the shell is more like that
of the proposed Eridonychia apicalis, but the presence of cardinal teeth,
though unusually small for the genus Ayssonychia, is quite sufficient to
distinguish it from that species and genus. For comparisons with B. zm-
éricata see next description.

Formation and locality: Middle beds of the Cincinnati group at a
number of localities in the vicinity of Cincinnati, Ohio.

Byssonychia imbricata, n. sp.
Plate 46, Figs. 4 and 3d.

Shell rather small, not known to exceed 85 min. in height, moder-
ately convex, acuminate-ovate in outline, widest a little beneath the mid-
dle, ihe greatest width about two-thirds of the length; beaks prominent,
not strongly incurved, approximate; hinge very short, upper half of an-
terior margin nearly straight; byssal opening small and very narrow.
Surface marked with from twenty-six to twenty-eight strongly rounded,
almost angular, radiating coste. These are crossed by distant, strong,
imbricating lines of growth, showing quite distinctly through the shell so
as to be reproduced on casts of the interior.

The form of this species is almost exactly as in &. acutirostris, and,
were it uot for the distant imbrications, it might be mistaken for the
young of that species. That such a view would be incorrect is shown
not only by the imbricating lines but by the smaller number of radiating
costee as well. These number, so far as observed, not less than thirty-six
in B. acutirostris and not over twenty-eight in B. zmbri-ata. Compared
with &. radiata, it will be found that the hinge is shorter, the cost
fewer and the ccncentric lines very much stronger.

Formation and locality: Middle beds of the Cincinnati group, near
the tops of the hills at Cincinnati, Ohio.

Byssonychia (?) byrnest, n. sp.
Plate 47, Figs.4and5

Shell of medium size, obliquely ovate, with a short hinge, the cardi-
nal border often passing almost uniformly into the broadly rounded pos-
terior margin; valves strongly convex in the anterior and umbonal

636 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

regions, compressed in the postero-cardinal part; beaks moderately prom-
inent, incurved; byssal opening small, not impressed. Surface of each
valve with twenty to twenty-two more or less curved, strong, radiating
costee. In the best preserved specimen these are ridge-shaped and sepa-
rated by wide concave interspaces, while the whole surface is marked with
rather regular, sharp, concentric lines distinctly visible to the naked eye.
Ligamental area very narrow and short, hinge plate thin, posterior lateral
teeth wanting; one oblique cardinal tooth and socket in each valve.

The hinge in this species is peculiar, having no lateral teeth and
only one cardinal tooth. It must be a transitional form and, as I believe,
from BLyssonychia to the Eridonychia and Allonychia types of structure.
I cannot now enter into a discussion of these possible relationships, yet,
to avoid misunderstanding, I should say that I do not regard Eridonyichia
as having been evolved from #&. éyrnesz: another aberrant species, &.
acutirostris, being as it seems to me, better qualified to stand as a progen-
itor of that restricted genus. With Allonychia, however, the case proba-
bly is different, at any rate we have no conclusive evidence against the
view that this genus is genetically related to the species under considera-
tion.

Considered as a species, &. (?) dy7es7 is so easily recognized that com-
parisons with other forms are quite unnecessary. The specific name is
given in remembrance of the late Dr. R. M. Byrnes, of Cincinnati, Ohio.

Formation and locality: ower beds (Utica horizon) of the Cincin-
nati group, at Covington, Kentucky, where it occurs in the banks of the
Ohio and Licking rivers; also in an equivalent position at Nashville,
Tennessee.

Genus ANOMALODONTA, S. A. Miller.

Anomalodonta, S. A. Miller, 1874, Cin. Quart. Jour. Sci., Vol. I, p. 16; also 1889,
North Amer. Geol. and Pal., p. 462.

Shell suberect, equivalve, profoundly inequilateral, alate posteriorly,
abrupt anteriorly; beaks terminal, incurved, umbones prominent; byssal
opening present, sharply defined. Surface with coarse, radiating coste.
Ligamental area broad, grooved longitudinally; beneath the posterior
half of the external area a variable number of large, irregular folds
which probably served for the attachment of an internal hgament; at
the anterior end of the hinge an oblique, irregularly pitted fold together
with a corresponding depression in one or both valves; the pits continue
downward as grooves to the byssal opening. Posterior adductor impres-
sion large, its inner margin deeply sinuate, situated in the middle of the
shell or more or less above and behind the center, the posicion varying
in the species according to the length of the shell; pallial line distinct,
extending forward from the posterior side of the large muscular scar in
a direction nearly parallel with the margin of the shell, bending around

LOWER SILURIAN LAMELLIBRANCHS. 637

the byssal sinus, and terminating ata point on the inner side of the
umbonal cavity. Anterior muscular scar not observed, apparently want-
ing. A deep pedal muscle scar situated a short distance behind the beak
and partly under the hinge plate.

Type: A. gigantea, S. A. Miller. Plate 50, figures 1 to 4.

Plate 50, figures 1 to 4.

The above description is based upon a fine series of specimens be-
longing to my private cabinet and upon the original types of the genus
which were kindly loaned for the purpose by Dr. S. A. Miller. I have
endeavored to give the facts without prejudice and just as they appear
to me after a careful study of the whole family to which the genus be-
longs. ‘This statement is necessary considering the fact that some points
in Dr. Miller’s original description were questioned by Dr. C. A. White,
notably the position of the muscular scars.*

I shall not, however, enter into the discussion carried on by these
gentlemen except to say that Dr. Miller is certainly in error when he says
that there is an “anterior muscular scar below the byssal sinus.” The
depressed subtriangular space (see plate 50, fig. 4), which he mistook
for a muscular impression is without doubt due to some abnormal thick-
ening of the internal surface of the valve. Nothing of the kind’ has
been observed in any other of the numerous specimens seen by me, while
the true position of the large muscular scar, which was left by the pos-
terior adductor and not the anterior, is unequivocally shown in several
cases. The pallial line also is clearly shown in the specimens, and as it
rus through the space to which the muscle was supposed to have been
attached and on to the cavity of the beak, it affords the very best evi-
dence in favor of the view here adopted.

As understood by me Axomalodonta agrees in all esssential respects,
except the hinge, with the new genera Ayssonychia and Eridonychia, and
as far as the muscular impressions and the pallial line are concerned, with
all the genera now referred to the Ambonychiide. ‘The absence of true
cardinai and lateral teeth sufficiently distinguishes the genus from 4)s-
sonychia. In Eridonychia, however, the hingement is very similar to
that of Anomalodon’a; yet it differs and is even more simple in wanting
the peculiar oblique fold at the anterior extremity of the hinge plate.
The latter is also shorter and not so strong, and the shells more oblique.

Beside A. gigantea there are only two or three species that may be
referred to Anomaloaonta. ‘These are the Ambonychia alata, Meek, a new
species, and possibly the little known Amdbonychia costata, Meek; and all

of them are found only in the middle and upper beds of the Cincinnati
group. The generic type seems therefore to have been a limited oneé in
every sense.

* See Cincinnati Quarteriy Journal of Science, Vol. I, p, 326, 1874; and Vol. II,
p. 280, 1875,

638 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

Anomatlodonta alata, Meek.
Plate 46, Fig.1.

Ambonychia alata, Meek, 1872, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., p. 319; also 1873, Ohio
Pals Violeeps lois

Anomalodonta alata, Miller, 1874, Cin. Quart. four. Sci., Vol. I, p. 16.

The interior of the right valve figured on plate 46 was obtained by
means of gutta percha from an unusually well-marked cast of the interior.
It shows the posterior internal cardinal folds, the large muscular scar,
and-the pallial line in a very satisfactory manner, and every feature
points unmistakably to Anxomalodonta. Specifically the form is distin-
guished from A. gigantea by the much greater length of the posterior
wing, the length of the shell near the dorsal edge equaling or even
exceeding the greatest height. Other differences are brought out in a
careful comparison of good specimens, but the one mentioned generally
suffices in the separation of the two species. In the new species, 4.
plicata, the width of the shell is less, the posterior margin is not produced
above, and the radiating plications are fewer in number and therefore of
larger size.

Formation and locality: Upper beds of the Cincinnati group, at
Clarksville, near Morrow, Blanchester, Waynesville and other localities
in Ohio; also at Versailles and other localities in Indiana. Prof. Meek
gives Cincinnati as the original locality, but I doubt very much that it
occurs so low in the series.

Anomalodonta plicata, n. sp.
Plate 46, Figs. 2 and 3.

This species is founded upon a single specimen, a rather well-pre-
served cast of the interior of a right valve. Although we have no
positive knowledge of the hinge, the downward bend of, and the fold
bordering the posterior half of the dorsal edge of the specimen, indicate
very strongly the presence in the shell of large internal cardinal folds.
The obtusely pointed beak and the depressed space in the cardinal slope
also, indeed the whole expression of the cast is so much like that of A.
gigantea that I cannot hesitate in referring the species to Anomalodon a.

The form of the shell is much narrower than in 4. alata, the leng h
being about 38 mm. and the height 55 mm. These dimensions show it to
be relatively also narrower than A. gzgantea. But the difference that
will distinguish the new form most readily from those species lies in the
number and size of the radiating costae. Their exact number cannot be
determined from a cast of the interior, they being too obscurely indicated
in the cardinal and byssal regions. Still, as the costae are so uniformly
distributed over the surface in this and related genera, it is possible to.

LOWER SILURIAN LAMELLIBRANCHS. 639

make an estimate that will not be far from the truth. My judgment
places the number at about twenty on each valve. Comparing these
with about thirty for 4. a/a¢a and not less than thirty-six in Ad. gigantea,
the result is, especially in shells of the same size, a much more coarsely
plicated surface for 4. plicata.

Formation and locality: Middle beds of the Cincinnati group, Cin-
cinnati, Ohio.

Genus ERIDONYCHIA, n. gen.

Like Byssonychia and Anomalodonta, excepting that the hinge is edentu-
lous. Type: £&. aficalis, n. sp.

This genus includes, as far as known, a small and comparatively un-
important group of Lower Silurian shells, agreeing with Ayssonychia in
all respects except that their hinges are entirely without cardinal and
posterior lateral teeth. A well defined, striated ligamental area however
is present, and in the type species several obscure and irregular small
ridges beneath the posterior extremity of the external area remind of
the internal ligament supports of Axomalodonta. But the oblique cardi-
nal fold of the latter genus is not represented, and the acuminate beaks
and oblique form of the shells gives them a peculiar expression, so that
no other course seemed open than to erect a distinct group for their
especial benefit. If we could decide with which of the two genera, Bys-
sonychia or Anomalodonta, the affinities were greatest, it might be ad-
visable to reduce Zrzdonychia to the rank of a subgenus.

Eridonychia apicalis, n. sp.
Plate 47, Fig. 1.

Shell oblique, ovoid, with prominent, subacute and very little in-
curved beaks; hinge short, edentulous; hgamental area erect, wide
beneath the beaks, tapering posteriorly, marked with four or five hori-
zontal grooves; several obscure folds within the posterior extremity of
the hinge; byssal opening long, narrow, its border sharply inflected; at
its lower end the outline of the valves is slightly produced and rather
abruptly rounded. ,Surface with about thirty distinct rays, separated by
flattened interspaces as wide as the costae.

This species resembles Byssonychta acutirostris very closely, and col-
lectors will no doubt find it difficult to separate them when the specimens
are not very good. A careful comparison shows that the margin of the
byssal opening is more sharply inflected and the beaks, especially in casts,
more erect in the Evidonychia. ‘The principal differences however lie in
the hinge, that species having true cardinal teeth and a narrower liga-

640 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

mental area. (Compare plate 45, fig. 8, and plate 47, fig. 1). Ly¢donychia
paucicostata, as the name implies, has fewer coste. /. crenata also has
larger costee and is peculiar in having a crenated margin.

Formation and locality: Middle beds of the Cincinnati group at
Cincinnati, Ohio, and localities in the immediate vicinity. Good speci-
mens are very rare.

Lridonychia paucicostata, n. sp.
Plate 47, Fig. 2.

This species, since it agrees very closely with Z. apicals, will be
sufficiently characterized by pointing out the only difference of con-
sequence shown by the material at hand. The surface namely is more
coarsely folded, the costae numbering only seventeen or eighteen, while
in that species there are about thirty. It isa difference that strikes the
eye at once.

Formation and locality: J have seen only two specimens. These
were collected in the middle beds of the Cincinnati group, at Covington,
Kentucky.

Eridonychia crenata, 0. sp.
Plate 47, Fig. 3.

This form may be a later variety of 4. paucicostata. It also has
coarse plications, but there are more of them, the best specimen having
twenty-three. A pecuiiar feature is the projection of the costae at the
lower margin, giving a crenate. outline. In the other forms the outline
is simple.

Formation and locaity: Upper beds of the Cincinnati group,
Waynesville, Ohio.

Genus ALLONYCHIA, n. gen.
Megambonia, Meek, 1872, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. p. 321. (Not Hall, 1859.)

Shell attaining a large size, a little obliquely subovate in outline,
strongly convex, most gibbous somewhat above and in front of the mid-
dle, but with the point of greatest convexity situated, further behind the
anterior extremity than in any of the other genera of this family; beaks
large, tumid, incurved, not terminal. Hinge line short, not alated pos-
teriorly; just beneath the beaks a more or less well-defined, lobe-like pro-
tuberance of the anterior side, contains the byssal opening and usually
forms the most anterior part of the shell. Surface radially costate.
Hinge short, apparently edentulous, ligamental area high; posterior ad-
ductor scar large, deeply sinnate above, situated somewhat behind the

THE LOWER SILURIAN ROCKS. 641

middle of the valves; pallial line simple, extending up the anterior side
to the umbonal cavity.

Type: Jegambonia jamest, Meek. (Plate 48, Fig. 7.)

The protrusion of the byssal opening, short, edentulous hinge, and
non-terminal beaks are the characters that distinguish this genus from Bys-
sonychia. ‘The same features, excepting the one that relates to the
absence of hinge teeth, also separate the genus from Axomalodonta and
Eridonychia. ‘The presence of a large byssal opening and the short
hinge sufficiently distinguish the new genus from Amdbonychia as restricted
by me. As to Megaméonia, Hall, under which genus, because of an ex-
ternal resemblance, Meek and others have placed the typical species
jamest, it is enough to say that Al/onychia is totally different internally.
Indeed, the two genera cannot possibly belong to the same family.

On plate 48, figure 7 illustrates a large and well preserved cast of —
the interior of Allonvchia jamest. Comparing it with the exterior we
learn that the test was thick on the anterior side both beneath and
above the byssal protrusion; and that the umbo is more pointed and
smaller in the cast than in the shell, and not so much incurved. A
small lobe is separated from the upper part of the byssal protrusion and
thus lies immediately beneath the anterior extremity of the hinge. It is
believed to be equivalent to a similar protuberance met with in internal
casts of certain species of Byssonychia (e. g. B. intermedia, M. and W.
sp.) and in Amphicela, Hall. Perhaps it is fice to be likened to the sub-
rostral lobe of Ambonychia. Though highly improbable it is still possi-
ble that the cavity of which it is the filling may have lodged an anterior
adductor muscle. The feature should perhaps have been included in the
generic diagnosis.

Allonychia ovata, n. sp.

Plate 48, Figs. 4-6.

The shell in this species is not so oblique (it is almost erect) and
relatively higher than A. jamesi. ‘The beaks are smaller and situated
farther behind the anterior extremity of the shell, giving the false im-
pression, in aside view, of being placed quite in the middle of the hinge.
The anterior and posterior slopes of the surface, therefore, are more
nearly equal. The number of the radial ribs also is not as great, being
about forty and certainly not exceeding forty-five. Though other dif-
ferences have been made out, those mentioned will, in connection with
the illustrations, suffice for the recognition of the species.

formation and locality: Middle beds of the Cincinnati group, about
325 feet above the bed of the Ohio river at Covington, Kentucky.

*In aseries of eight specimens of A. yamesi the number of the ribs varies
between fifty-five and sixty-eight, and in only one of these is it less than sixty.

41 ce ©.

642 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

Allcnychia subrotunda, n. sp.
J
Plate 48, Figs. 8-9.

This rather small shell is of a more rounded form than A. james,
the height being proportionally less and but little greater than the length.
Another difference in the outline consists in the greater prominence of
the central part of the anterior margin. Indeed, this part projects
beyond the byssal lobe. ‘The radii number about fifty.

Formation aud locality: Middle beds of the Cincinnati group, Cin-
-cinnati, Ohio; about 400 feet above low water mark in the Ohio river.

Genus OPISTHOPTERA, Meek.

Subgenus Megaptera, Meek and Worthen, 1866. Proc., Chicago Acad. Nat Sci., Vol.
I, p. 22. (Not Megaptera, Gray, 1846.)
Opisthoptera, Meek, 1872, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., p. 319; also 1873, Ohio Pal.,
Vol. I, p- 151 (note).

Shell equivalve, usually triangular in outline, with the beaks of
moderate size, incurved and terminal, and the hinge line straight and
very long, in most cases forming a great posterior wing; length greater
than the height; anterior side more or less abrupt. In the typical sec-
tion the greatest height is in the anterior half, and the surface marked
with numerousand frequently bifurcating coste. In another groupof species
provisionally regarded as congenerie, the posterior part of the shell is the
highest, and the radiating costee few and mostly simple. Byssal opening,
muscular scars and pallial line as in Axomalodonta and Byssonychia.
Hinge with two small cardinal teeth in each valve, but so far as known,
no posterior lateral tooth; external ligamental area usually narrow; no
internal ligament.

Type: <Ambonychia caset, Meek and Worthen.

In 1866 Meek and Worthen proposed to separate the type of this
genus in a subgeneric sense from Améonychia, under the name Jlegaptera.
This name, however, cannot stand having been used previously in zoology
by Gray. The preoccupation of their name having been brought to the
notice of Mr. Meek he subsequently (doc. czt.) suggested that if the name
Megaptera could not stand it might be replaced by Ofisthoptera. Had he
characterized the subgenus and adopted the latter name himself we would
have no warrant to reject it, even when the rank of the group is raised
to that of a genus. But he did neither, and consequently the group,
whether viewed as a subgenus or genus, failed of being established.
Still, as the substitution of a new name might lead to undesirable con-
troversy and perhaps create unnecessary confusion, I have decided to
adopt Opzsthoptera and to define the name as that of a distinct genus.

As intimated in the above description Ofzsthoftera comprises two
groups of species. The typical section is restricted to the upper beds of

THE LOWER SILURIAN ROCKS. 643

the Cincinnati group and contains O. casez, O. Jissicosta, Meek, sp., and
probably O. alternaza, all three having small and bifurcated costee, and
the greatest height of the shell in the anterior half. The other group,
comprising O. nzotabilis, O. laticostata, and O. illinotsensis (Ambonychia
zllinotsensts, WWorthen), occurs in the middle beds of the group and possi-
bly in the upper as well. It is distinguished from the casez section by
the coarsely plicated surface and by the more or less decided posterior
position of the line of greatest height. Yet it seems to me a case rather
of undiscovered connecting links than one of distinct affinities. In evi-
dence of this view I would cite the finely striated but posteriorly high O.
obligua, which links closely enough to O. alternata, and the coarsely pli-
cated and centrally highest O. ampla. ‘There is, I grant, much room for
intermediate forms, but I expect confidently that diligent search will
sooner or later close the gaps.

The great length of the hinge line is the character now chiefly relied
upon in distinguishing the genus from Byssonychia, Anomalodonta and
Lridonychia.

Opisthoptera caset, Meek and Worthen.
Plate 49, Figs. 1-5.
Ambonychia (Megaptera) casei, Meek and Worthen, 1866, Proc. Chicago Acad. Sci.’
Vol. I. p. 23; also 1868, Geol. Sur. Ill., Vol. III, p. 337.
Not Ambonychia (Megaptera) caset, M. and W.?, 1873, Ohio Pal., Vol. 1, p. 133 (0.
Jissiscosta, Meek sp.)

The figures of this species on plate 49 will give, it is believed, a
better idea of both its internal and external character than has been pre-
sented heretofore. They are also clear enough to render a detailed de-
scription unnecessary.

Formation and localities: Good specimens are always rare, and so
far as known the species is restricted to the upper fifty feet of the Cin-
cinnati group. More or less imperfect casts of the interior are not un-
common at Richmond, indiana, and are occasionally met with at
Waynesville and Clarksville, Ohio. A good mold of the exterior (see
plate 49, fig. 1) was-collected near Lebanon, Marion county, Kentucky.

Opisthoptera fissicosta, Meek.
Plate 49, Fig. 15.

Ambonychia (Megaptera) casei? Meek, 1873, Ohio Pal,, Vol. I, p. 133 (The name
jissicosta is suggested as appropriate should the peculiarities of the species
described prove constant) .*

*It is unfortunate that Meek so often shirked the responsibility of the erection
of a species by merely suggesting a name that may be used should the characters
observed by him prove to be constant or of sufficient importance to merit recogni-
tion. An injustice was thereby perpetrated upon those who followed him, and who
accepted the responsibility that he would not, for they, though not really obliged
to adopt his name are still in a measure bound to doso. Such a proceeding may
show a cautious mind, but it is a kind of caution that is scarcely to be recornmended,
since it secures credit that is not deserved.

644 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

The outline and general expression of this shell is almost exactly the
same as in O. casei M.and W. ‘The anterior side seems to be somewhat
straighter, a little more oblique, and more obtuse, but the principal differ-
ence no doubt lies in the radiating coste. These are small, subequal,
and rather closely arranged in O. casez, but in O. fisstcosta the greater
part of them, though at first of nearly equal size, soon become separated
by gradually widening interspaces in which new ones are produced by
bifurcation and interpolation. Bundles of three to five are then formed
with the central one the strongest and most prominent. The inequality
of the costee, however, becomes less in nearing the margin of old exam-
ples, while in the cardinal region they appear always to be more equal
than in the central portion of the valves.

formation and locality: Meek gives Cincinnati, Ohio, as the locality
for his specimen, but this is probably an error. So far as can be learned
the species occurs only in the upper beds of the Cincinnati Group, in
which I have seen it at Clarksville and Waynesville, Ohio. Good speci-
mens are very rare.

Opisthoptera alternata, 0. sp.

Plate 49, Figs. 9and11; also cut on page 645

In this species the surface markings seem to be almost exactly as in
O. fissicosta, the coste being at first simple, close together and equal,
then, by widening the interspaces and the addition of new ones, either
by interpolation or bifurcation, an alternation of the costze is produced
that is highly characteristic of the two species. Though agreeing so
closely in this respect, a considerable difference in the outline is at once
apparent. Thus, in O. a/ternata the posterior wing is much shorter and
the posterior margin therefore much less oblique—indeed, it may some-
times be almost vertical—the angle formed with the hinge line in O. js-
sicosta being less than 40° and over 70° in O. alternata. The anterior
outline on the other hand is more oblique in the latter. Among other
differences it will be found that there is no broad. fold in the wing of O.
alternata as is always present in O. jisstcosta and O. caset, while the high
anterior part of the valves is rounded instead of subangular, the latter
being the case in those species. The ligamental area, furthermore, is
much more of a feature, being nearly as wide and distinct as in O. obligua
(see plate 48, figure 6). In the last species the form is somewhat similar,
yet they may be distinguished at once by the greater convexity and the
almost flat anterior side of O. od4iqua. In O. extenuata the anterior side
is also flattened, but a more striking distinction is afforded by the remark-
able posterior prolongation of the wing.

Formation and locality: Upper beds of the Cincinnati Group,
Waynesville, Ohio. It seems to be a rare shell.

THE LOWER SILURIAN ROCKS. 645

Opisthoptera extenuata, 0. sp.

Fig. 2, a-d, Opisthoptera extenuaia, n. sp., upper beds of the Cincinnati group,

>

Warren county, Ohio: a, the right valve described, of the natural size; 6, anterior
view in outline; c, cardinal view; and d, oblique cardinal view showing the flattened
anterior side. e, Optsthoptera alternata, n. sp., upper beds of the Cincinnati group,
Waynesville, Ohio. Diagrammatic sketch, x 2, of the original of figure 9 on
plate 49. The specimen is very young and therefore has simple costz only except
along the front. With age their number is much increased by interpolation and
bifurcation, producing an appearance much as in O. fisstcosta.

Shell small, triangular, the height and length respectively as two is
to three; anterior side thick, flattened, with a nearly straight and rather
strongly oblique outline, forming an angle of about 57° with the hinge
line; ventral margin narrowly rounded, its center almost directly beneath
the middle of the hinge; posterior margin strongly insinuated a little
above the middle, sloping backward very gently in the lower part and
abruptly prolonged in the wing; hinge long, though seeming not to
extend quite to the sharply rounded extremity of the wing. Beaks mod-
erately prominent, strongly incurved. Ligamentalarea narrow. Beneath
the wing the surface of the valves is distinctly depressed. Surface of the
specimen described marked with about thirty small costee at the margin,
those on the wing larger than elsewhere. An approximately uniform
size is maintained by bifurcation. Greatest length 16.5 mm.; height 11
mm.; from beak to center of base 13.5 mm.; thickness of one valve 4.5
mm.

This species seems to occupy an intermediate position between O.
caset and O. obliqua. For the former the anterior side is too oblique, too
flat, and too straight, while the posterior margin also has a much deeper
sinus. With the latter it agrees in the anterior and basal parts, but
differs very decidedly in the prolonged wing and deeply sinuate posterior
margin. .

Formation and locality: Upper beds of the Cincinnati group, War-
ren county, Ohio. The horizon is probably one hundred feet beneath
that occupied by O. casez.

646 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

Opisthoptera obliqua, u. sp.
Plate 49, Figs. 6—8.

Shell small, triangular, highest in the posterior third, and thickest
along the oblique anterior side; hinge line as long as the shell, posterior
margin vertical, gently convex, basal margin narrowly rounded; anterior
side very abrupt, almost flat, forming an angle of about 55° with the
hinge. Beaks rather large, prominent, but little incurred and separated
by a considerable interval in casts of the interior. Ligamental area very
wide. Surface marked with small, apparently bifurcating coste, of
which those near the cardinal margin are if anything smaller than else-
where. On the whole they may be described as subequal.

This species doubtless is closely related to O. extenuata, the two
species being very similar in their anterior halves. Still, it is highly im-
probable that they will ever be confounded, since they are so different
posteriorly, this part of the outline being vertical and slightly convex
in the present form and deeply sinuate centrally and prolonged above in
that one. The ligamental area also is much larger in O. odligua. Com-
pared with O. alternata it is found that the valves though more convex
are not as uniformly rounded, the anterior side more oblique and much
more abrupt, and the costze of nearly equal size instead of alternately
large and small. None of the other species are near enough to require
comparisons.

Associated with O. ob4qua we find Byssonychia richmondensis, another
species having the anterior side flat. But as it attains a much larger
size, is relatively much higher and almost erect, and has a much shorter
hinge, they are not likely to be confused.

Formation and locality: Upper beds of the Cincinnati group, Rich-
mond, Indiana. It is there associated with O. casez and Ortonella hainesi,
Miller, sp. The type specimens were collected by Mr. John Misener,
and are now in the author’s cabinet.

Opisthoptera laticostata, n. sp.
Plate 47, Fig. 6.

Shell of medium size, rather long, obliquely triangular in outline,
widest in the posterior half, and most convex in the umbonal and anter-
ior parts; greatest height a little less than two thirds of the length.
Hinge line straight, extending the full length of the shell; posterior
margin somewhat oblique, on the whole sloping forward and forming an
angle of about 63° with the hinge; sinnate in the middle and gently
convex above and below; basal margin rounded in the posterior
half in front of which the outline ascends with a very gentle curve to
the lower extremity of the narrow byssal opening, when it turns abruptly
upward and finally forward again to the beaks. The latter are large

THE LOWER SILURIAN ROCKS. 647

and terminal, projecting well forward though but little above the hinge.
For a short distance behind the lower part of the thin projecting margin
of the byssal opening the shell is compressed. A wide, undefined sulcus
crosses the valves from the sinusin the posterior margin to the posterior
side of the beaks. Surface of the best specimen seen marked with about
twenty simple costee. These increase in size from the cardinal margin
downward, the first four being much smaller than those beneath them,
while anterior to the tenth, which may be the largest, a gradual decrease
isobservable. The concentric growth lines are very regular and unusually
distinct.

The large costae will distinguish this fine species from all of the pre-
ceding forms of this genus. The next species, O. ampla, though closely
related, is readily distinguished by several obvious differences. 0.
notabilts also is closely allied but has differently shaped ends and seems
to be without radiating plications on the cardinal slope.

Formation and locality: ‘The type specimen was collected by Prof
Edward Orton in the upper beds of the Cincinnati group at some locality
in Warren county, Ohio. Two imperfect specimens belong to the cabinet
of Prof. J. M. Safford and were collected by him in Hickman county,
Tennessee, where they occurred in strata regarded as equivalent to the
middle or upper beds of the Cincinnati group of Ohio.

Opisthoptera ampla, n. sp.
Plate 47, Fig. 7.

The specimen upon which this species is founded is a cast of the in-
terior and not a good one either. Still it preserves sufficient of its
specific characters to give us a fair idea of the position of the species in
the genus. Evidently it is more closely related to O. /aticostata than to
any other known. Yet, the greater height, especially of the anterior part,
more oblique and more deeply sinnate posterior margin, larger ventral
part and differently arranged radiating costae, are differences obvious
enough to render the separation of good specimens of the two species a
matter of small difficulty. The wing also is broader and the anterior end
is not compressed, while the byssal opening seems to have been larger.
Being a cast the costae near the cardinal border are difficult to make out,
but enough of them can be determined on the wing to show that there is
not that uniformity in the increase of the size of the costae which per-
tains to O. laticostata. ‘The large plications will of course distinguish
the species at once from all the other forms of the genus save O. no/a-
bilis, and that one is very different in nearly every other respect.

Formation and locality: Middle beds of the Cincinnati group, Cin-
cinnati, Ohio.

648 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

Opisthoptera notabtlis, n. sp.
Plate 49, Fig. 16.

Shell very elongate for this family, highest posteriorly, the leugth
gud height respectively as sixteen is to nine. Cardinal margin long,
nearly straight, rather acutely prolonged posteriorly though not as far as
the rounded part of the posterior outline; basal margin broadly convex,
ascending anteriorly, turning abruptly into the short, nearly straight, and
almost vertical anterior margin. Beaks neither large nor prominent;
valves with the greatest convexity in the anterior third, the anterior slope
rapid though not abrupt; wing compressed; byssal opening apparently
long and very narrow. Surface marked with distinct but irregular con-
centric lines of growth. Excepting the compressed cardinal slope or
wing, on which radiating costee are very obscure or are wanting entirely,
the rest of the surface is thrown into about twelve radial folds, of which
the five or six occupying the central part of the valves are large and
moderately prominent. The remainder, however, gradually decrease in
size and distinctness anteriorly.

Though clearly a near relative of O. daticostata, the present species is
still not at all likely to be confounded with it nor with any other ambony-
chioid shell now known. ‘The distinctive features are the unusual length
of the shell and the comparative obscurity of the costee.

Formation and locality: Middle beds of the Cincinnati group, Cin-
cinnati, Ohio.

Genus PSILONYCHIA, n gen.

Shell large, slightly oblique, high, acuminate-ovate; anterior side
abrupt, beaks prominent, incurved, terminal. A large byssal opening in
the somewhat flattened upper half of the anterior side. Surface marked
with concentric lines of growth only. Hinge rather short, scarcely alate
posteriorly, apparently without teeth; ligamental area well developed,
hcrizontally striated. Muscular scars and pallial line asin Byssonychia
and other genera of this family.

Type: P. perangulata, nu. sp.

This interesting genus seems to occupy an intermediate position
between the radially ribbed genera Ayssonychia, Eridonychia, Allonychia,
Anomalodonta and Opisthoptera, and the concentrically marked genera
Chonychia, Mytilarca, Hall, and Plethomytilus, Hall, having a large byssal
opening like the former and concentric surface markings only like the
latter. Still, we cannot regard Pszlonychia as in any way lessening the
gap between these two groups of genera. Should species of this type
be discovered in, say the Chazy limestone, we might reasonably view the
genus as a connecting link. But, why speculate on species that probably
never existed? With our present light we are obliged to accept Pszlony-

THE LOWER SILURIAN ROCKS 649

éhte as a departure from Ctonychia during the Cincinnati epoch. The
radially ribbed, byssiferous genera having been established either pre-
viously or at the same time, it follows that ’Psz/Jonychia cannot stand in
genetic relationship to them.

Although I am acquainted with oe species having the characters of
this genus, only one can be described at this time, the specimen of the
other being too imperfect for satisfactory delineation. ‘Though so imper-
fect, it yet preserves all the essential characters of the genus. So far as
comparison between it and P. perangulata is possible, the undescribed
species appears to differ in being more oblique, and in having the anter-
ior and umbonal regions strongly rounded instead of angular. The
specimen is also from a higher horizon, having been found at Clarksville,
‘Ohio, in the upper beds of the Cincinnati group.

Psilonychia perangulata, nu. sp.

Plate 51, Figs. 1—3.

Shell large, high, accuminate-subovate, very slightly alate, rather nar-
now above, the lenght of the hinge line equally only about five-eights of
the greatest width of the shell; greatest width and greatest height (from
umbo to center of base) about as three is to five; cardinal outline
straight in the posterior half, anteriorly rising to the umbo; antezior side
almost flat and at right angles to the hinge line in the upper half, curv-
ing backward below; lower half of outline semiovate. Beaks very prom-
inent, strongly incurved, carinate, the flattening of the anterior side
extending to their apices. Byssal opening large, situated about its length
beneath the beaks. Surface of test covered with concentric lines of
growth. ‘These are rather regular and fine, except in the vicinity of the
byssal opening where they are gathered into distinct wrinkles.

Byssonychia richmondensis, though a smaller shell, has a similar form,
but as it is restricted to strata between three and four hundred feet above
the beds holding P. perangulata, and asthe Byssonychia has strong radiat-
ing ribs, which are wanting entirely in the species just described, there is
not the slightest occasion for confusion between them.

Formation and locality: Middle beds of the Cincinnati group, near
the tops of the hills at Cincinnati, Ohio.

Genus ANOPTERA, n. gen.

Shell subovate, high, moderately convex, with a very short hinge,
not alate posteriorly; beaks terminal, directed forward, compressed; a
long, lunule-like depression beneath the beaks; no byssal opening. Sur-
face marked with concentric lines of growth only. Hinge apparently
edentulous; so far as known, no external ligamental area, but an inter-
nal cartilage, extending nearly the full length of the hinge, is indicated

650 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

by a narrow and sharply defined prominence lying between the com-
pressed beaks of casts of the interior. Posterior adductor scar large,
situated in the postero-basal third of the valves; pallial line simple,
sharply defined in casts, extending up the anterior side to the umbonal
cavity.

Only known species, A. misenerz, 0. sp.

This remarkable genus probably is related to Clionychia, but the
relation cannot be very close. ‘The hingement seems to be totally differ-
ent, and the muscular impression occupies a lower position. The general
aspect also is quite different, being much more like that of certain species
of AZytilarca. Some may see in the new genus an intermediate type
between Chionychia and Mytilarca, but I am fully satisfied that such a —
view, even considering that A. mzsenert is found in the proper horizon
for it, would be erroneous. The hinge of Axoftera is of such a nature
that I cannot see how it could have been changed to that of MZytzlarca..
On the other hand, I can readily conceive how the long hinge of C@ony-
chia was at first shortened, and then modified by the development of
teeth at each end till AZvtzlarca had been established. As now viewed by
me, Anopicra, like Pszlonychia, represents a departure from the regular
line of CUonychia that became extinct with the close of the Lower Silu-
rian.

Anoptera misenert, i. Sp.

Plate 50, Figs. 5-9.

Shell compressed-convex, rather erect, subovate, narrowest above,
the length and height respectively as three is to four and a small frac-
tion; hinge line very short, passing gradually into the posterior
margin; upper half of anterior outline distinctly concave. Beaks
compressed, curving mostly forward over a long and laterally well defined
lunule; umbonal ridge defined by a distinct furrow in the postero-cardi-
nal slope. Surface with strong, unequal, subimbricating lines of growth.

I am not acquainted with any Lower Silurian shell with which
Anoptera mtseneri might be confounded.

The specific name is given for Mr. John Misener of Richmond, Indi-
ana, an excellent collector and keen student of the fossils of the Cincin-
nati, group. Science is indebted to him for the discovery of a number
of entirely new forms as well of instructive specimens of several species
that were but little known heretofore.

Formation and locality: Upper beds of the Cincinnati group,
Blanchester, Ohio and Richmond, Indiana.

Genus CLIONYCHIA, Ulrich.

Clionychia, Ulrich, 1892, American Geologist, Vol. X, p. 97; also Pal. Minn., p. 493.
(In press.)

During the present year I succeeded in obtaining two species fron:

the rocks of the Cincinnati group that seem to belong to this genus.

THE LOWER SILURIAN ROCKS. 651

One is from the lower beds (Utica horizon) and of considerable interest:
because of its oblique shape and consequent approximation toward the
upper Silurian and Devonian genus J7Zytzlarca. The other is from the
upper beds of the formation and has an erect form like the typical lower

Trenton species of the genus.

Clionychia subundata, n. sp.

Clionychia subundata, Ulrich. Left valve of the natural size.

Shell less than the average size for the genus, moderately convex,
oblique, the outline obscurely rhomboidal; anterior and basal margins
gently rounded, oblique, post-ventral extremity strongly rounded, pos-
terior margin but little convex; hinge line straight, about half as long as.
the greatest oblique diameter of the shell; post-cardinal angle about 125°,
antero-cardinal angle between 65° and 70°. Beaks moderately promi-
nent, not strongly incurved. Surface marked with fine concentric lines
of growth and irregular concentric undulations, generally strongest on
the anterior slope. Interior unknown.

This species is smaller and more oblique than any other now referred
to the genus. C. rhomboidea Ulrich, of the lower Trenton (Birdseye
limestone) in Minnesota, is the most like it so far as shape is concerned,
but the concentric undulations are believed to indicate closer affinities
with C. wxdata Emmons, sp. In the latter the surface undulations are
much broader, the hinge longer, and the shell much less oblique.

Formation and locality: ower beds (Utica horizon) of the Cincin-
nati group, at Covington, Kentucky; associated with Leptobolus lepis,

Hall.

Clionychia excavata, ni. sp.

Plate 51, Figs. 4and 5.

Shell, as seen in a cast of the interior, of medium size, erect, strongly
convex, subquadrangular, straight above, slightly sinuate anteriorly, and
rounded below and posteriorly; post-cardinal angle obtuse, perhaps
rounded; length of, hinge line about two-thirds of the greatest width
(length) of the shell; length and heigbth respectively as six is to seven.
Beaks compressed, scarcely projecting above the hinge, separated by an
unusually wide interval; between and beneath them the greater part of
the upper half of the anterior side of the shell is deeply excavated.

652 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

Muscular scar situated lower than usual, placed just behind the center of
the valves. Surface of cast with distant lines of growth in the outer
half.

The hinge is shorter and the anterior excavation larger than in C.
tfamellosa and C. erecta, two species of the lower Trenton rocks of Min-
nesota and Wisconsin.

formation and locality: Upper beds of the Cincinnati group, Rich-
mond, Indiana, where the specimen described was collected for the author
by Mr. John Misener.

Family MODIOLOPSIDA, (Fischer) Ulrich.

Genus MopioLopon, Ulrich.

Cyrtodonta (part.), Safford, 1869, Geology of Tennessee.
Modiolodon, Ulrich, 1893, Final Rep., Vol. III, Geol. and Nat. Hist. Sur. Minn.
p. 521.

Modiolodon oviformis, Ulrich.

Plate 53, Figs. 7and 8.

Modiolopis Oviformis, Ulrich, 1890, American Geologist, Vol. V, p. 276.

Shell 50 mm. or less in length, slightly oblique, almost regularly
oval transversely, narrowest in the anterior half; greatest height and
length as three or three and one half is to five. Valves moderately and
nearly uniformly convex, the point of greatest convexity a little in front
and above the center. Cardinal margin arcuate, basal margin with
nearly the same amount of convexity; anterior and posterior ends nicely
rounded, the latter much the widest and often produced slightly beyond
an even curve in the lower part. Beaks small, inconspicuous, and situ-
ated a very short distance behind the anterior extremity in the shell, ap-
pearing more prominent and less nearly terminal in casts of the interior;
umbonal ridge nearly obsolete. Shell of moderate thickness, strongest
in the umbonal region, its outer surface nearly smooth, exhibiting only a
few faintly impressed fine concentric lines. Hinge with two subequal,
nearly horizontal rather strong cardinal teeth, in each valve, situated
mostly in front of the beaks and above the strongly impressed anterior
muscular scars.

Casts of the interior, in which condition the species is usually found,
are in most cases terminated anteriorly by the well marked pair of mus-
cular scars. Pallial line simple, distinct and pustulose in the anterior
third, behind which it is obscurely defined to the large and faintly im-
pressed posterior adductor scar. The latter is obovate and situated close

THE LOWER SILURIAN ROCKS. 653.

to the posterior extremity of the cardinal border. Umbonal ridge much
more distinct than on the exterior of the shell, being defined anteriorly
by a distinct sulcus.

This species is widely removed from M/odiolopsis modiolaris, Conrad,
with which collectors of Kentucky fossils have often confounded it.
Aside from the well developed cardinal teeth, the more oval shape and
rounded instead of sinuate basal margin, should under ordinary circum:
stances, be quite sufficient to separate them. The MWodiolodon winchelli
(Cyrtodonia winchellt, Sattord), of the Trenton of Tennessee, I conside1
as Closely related. The latter is distinguished, however, by its less regu-
larly ovate form, the shell being as a rule not so high and always more
produced in the post-basal region, and less uniformly rounded at the
junction of the cardinal and posterior margins. ‘The cardinal teeth also.
are more oblique and situated almost entirely behind the beaks, while
one in each valve is stronger than the other. Occasionally, again, only
one tooth is developed in the left valve.

formation and locality: ‘This shell is very abundant at numerous
jocalities in Boyle, Mercer, Anderson and Franklin counties in Kentucky.
Its vertical range is restricted and it is, therefore, a highly characteristic
fossil of the argillaceous limestone beds resting upon the massive crys-
talline limestone which has furnished so many remarkable forms of
cystidea and other echinodermata, and constitutes the base of the Tren-
ton group proper in Kentucky. I believe the species also occurs in a
similar position in Tennessee.

Modiolodon oviformts, var. amplus a. var.

Plate 53, Figs. 1 and 2.

The above provisional designation is proposed for a form that is to
be found associated with JZ. oviformis at Frankfort, Kentucky. It dif-
fers, so far as the characters of the variety are shown in four specimens,
in the straighter basal margin, more distinct pallial line, and larger size.
The length of the four specimens varies between 60 mm. and 68 mm.

Modiolodon subrectus, n. sp.

Plate 58, Figs. 5 and 6.

This species is known only from casts of the interior. Of six speci-
mens the largest is 47 mm. long and 27 mm. high, the smallest 29 mm.
long and 17 mm. high. Cardinal and basal margins nearly straight and
subparellal, diverging slightly posteriorly; posterior margin obliquely
subtruncate, obtusely angular above, most prominent and strongly rounded
in the lower half; anterior end short, small, the upper margin sunken
considerably beneath the dorsal outline. Beaks compressd, prominent

654 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

anteriorly, situated well forward, on a line with the back, scarcely incurved,
separated by a well defined, wide, channel-like depression extending pos-
teriorly from the points of the beaks half the length of the cast. Umbonal
ridge and sulcus strong, extending from the beaks obliquely downward
to the central third of the base; and producing a decided compression of
the antero-basal third of the cast. Anterior muscular scar very strong,
obliquely ovate, large, occupying the greater part of the small anterior
end. The inner side of the elevated scar is marked with about six hori-
zontal folds. Pallial line and posterior adductor impression indistinct.
The casts exhibit no indications of the surface markings. The hinge
plate seems to have been strong, while of cardinal teeth the evidence at
_hand indicates two in each valve, one larger than the other.

The casts of this species might be confounded with those of email
specimens of /schyrodonta elongata, Ulrich, but a careful comparison will
Show that the //odio/odon is narrower posteriorly, the dorsal and ventral
margins being more nearly parallel and also straighter; the ventral mar-
gin is not sinuate, and there is no small pedal muscular scar above the
anterior adductor impression, while the inner side of the latter is thrown
into folds instead of being sharply edged. Excepting the following
species there 1s no other known to me with which it need be compared.

That JZ. subrectus is not an /schyrodonta is shown by the black film
so characteristic of the Modtolopside which is retained by two of the
specimens. The absence of the small pedal muscles over the anterior
adductor impressions also is significant.

Formation and locality: Upper beds of the Cincinnati group, Rich-
mond, Indiana.

Modiolodon deciivis, n. sp.

Plate 53 Figs. 3 and 4.

Of this species also only casts of the interior have been seen. These
are so much like those of JZ. subrectus that a detailed description is un-
necessary. Ou comparing the casts we find that JZ declivis is more elon-
gate, the length being twice as great as the height; the ventral margin is
slightly sinuate instead of straight, and the dorsal margin arcuate, the
posterior part sloping downward in a manner quite unusual in this family
of shells. The two ends are nearly equal, the posterior one being there-
fore relatively narrower than in JZ. subrectus.

Formation and locality: Upper beds of the Cincinnati group, Rich-
mond, Indiana, where five specimens were collected.

Modiolodon obtusus, n. sp.
Plate 52, Figs. 20 and 21.
Modiolopsis modtolaris, Halland Whitfield, 1875, Pal. Ohio, Vol. ii, plate IT, Fig. 17.
(Not 47. modiolaris, Hall, 1847, nor Prerinea moadtolaris, Conrad, 1838.)
Shell large, compressed-convex, oblong, subovate or obscurely quad-
rangular, highest behind, though unusually wide and blunt in front. Car-

THE LOWER SILURIAN ROCKS. 695

dinal margin very long, distinctly arcuate, passing gradually into the
regularly curving anterior margin; post-cardinal angle obtuse, sometimes
rounded but always projecting beyond the line of a regular curve; pos-
‘terior margin nearly erect, not strongly curved, except at the base where
the outline turns rapidly forward into the basal line, which may be
‘straight or more or less sinuate. Ventral and dorsal margins nearly par-
-allel in the posterior two-thirds, the height in this part of the shell com-
paring with the length about as six to eleven, while the height at the
beak is represented by a little more or less than four. Beaks small,
‘scarcely distinguishable, situated very near the anterior end; umbonal]
ridge inconspicuous, low, defined only on the lower side by the bread
mesial depression. Surface marked by rather fine concentric lines of
growth. Shell thick, especially in the anterior part. Anterior muscular
scar large, deep, of rounded or ovate shape. Hinge plate wide, furnished
with long cardinal teeth immediately over the muscular scar. There
appear to be three teeth in all, one large one in the right valve and two
more slender in the left.

In a form obtained from the upper beds of the Cincinnati group,
which I shall consider provisionally as belonging to this species, the an-
terior end is narrower and the anterior muscular scar almost straight on
the inner side. A good specimen measures as follows: Length, 79 mm.;
central height, 43 mm.; anterior height, 23 mm. It is this variety that
seems to correspond with the figure given, as above cited, by Hall and
Whitfield as of MWodiolopsis modiolaris. If this specimen is correctly
represented by their drawing, it cannot belong to Conrad’s species nor
even to the genus Modiolopsis, since it had well developed cardinal teeth.

This large shell finds its nearest congeners in the three species de-
scribed on the preceding pages and figured on plate 53, but as the means
for comparison are thus at hand and as the differences between the forms
must be obvious to every one, it is not necessary to point them out.

Formation and locality: ‘The typical form is from the middle beds of
the Cincinnati group, at Cincinnati, Ohio, and Covington, Kentucky, the
exact horizon being about 350 feet above the bed of the Ohio river. The
variety mentioned I have seen only from the upper beds of the group
near Waynesville, Ohio, but the specimen figured by Hall and Whitfield
is credited to Cincinnati.

Modiolodon subovalis, n. sp.

Plate 51, Figs. 11-13

Shell, as seen in casts of the interior, subovate, highest posteriorly.
rather compressed-convex, thickest a little above the middle, the hight
and length about as two isto three; length varying in different specimens
between 35 mm. and 50 mm. Dorsal outline slightly arcuate; posterior
margin somewhat oblique, generally a little straightened (scarcely trun-

656 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

cate) in the upper half and well rounded in the lower, at other times
more uniformly curved; base broadly rounded, ascending anteriorly;
anterior end very short and small, regularly curved, Beaks very small,
scarcely distinguishable, situated far in front; no distinct umbonal ridge;
mesial sulcus comparatively deep in the umbonal half, not sharply
defined however anywhere.

Anterior muscular scar very faint, prominent, occupying about half
of the small anterior end; pallial line moderately distinct, submarginal
posterior scar very faint. Back of cast deeply channeled, indicating
either a strong hinge plate or an escutcheon in the shell, the former most
likely. Cardinal teeth were present but they are not shown clearly
enough in casts to be described. Surface of casts with a few distant
lines of growth.

This species is closely related to the MModiolopsis truncata, Hall, but
may be distinguished by its more nearly oval outline, and deeper mesial
or umbonal sulcus. In the outline it is more like the type of the genus
M. oviformis but the casts of that species are not channelled dorsally in
any degree comparable with J/. subovals.

Respecting the generic position of the species, Isee nothing to
oppose an arrangement with Modiolodon. The same applies also to
Modtiolopsis truncata, because it is unquestionably congeneric with JZ. sué-
ovaiis. Until the latter was discovered and studied Ifound Hall’s species
(truncata) most troublesome to classify, and for a time I was inclined to
place it into the new genus Zurymya, founded upon Modiolopsis plana, Hall.

Formation and locality: Upper beds of the Cincinnati group, Ver-
sailles, Indiana. Five specimens.

Genus ACTINOMYA, Ulrich.
(Final Rep. Geol. Sur. Minn., Vol. III, p. 513 (In press.)

The type of this genus is the MWodiolopsis cincinnatiensis, Hall and
Whitfield, described in the second paleontological report of this survey.
It is a common and highly characteristic fossil of the lower fifty feet of
the Cincinnati group. The figures given by the authors of the species
on plate II of the work cited, do not, according to my observation, cor-
rectly represent the species. During the past eighteen years I have had
opportunities to examine an aggregate of several hundred specimens,
most of them in an unusually good state of preservation, and all of them
bearing evidence for the great constancy of the specific characters of the
form. None, so far as I can remember, could be said to approach even
the figures given by Hall and Whitfield in the angularity of the posterior
extremity. ¥

Figure 16 on plate 56 of this report, represents a well preserved
cast of the interior of a large right valve. It shows beside the norma]
form of the shell, the merely outlined anterior muscular scar, obscure

THE LOWER SILURIAN ROCKS. 657

traces of the posterior scar, and radial lines on the ventral slope. The
latter, as is the case also with other species of the genus, never show on
the exterior of the shell but are strictly an internal feature and rarely
noticeable except on well grown or old examples.

Associated with this species, at any rate with the shell that every
collector at Cincinnati has identified with Hall and Whitfield’s AZ. cincin-
natiensis, another is found, though much more rarely, which may have
been included by them in their JZ cincinnatiensis and perhaps used in
the illustration of their species. The posterior end of this shell has an
outline really very much like their figure 14, being subangular at the end
of the hinge and but littie curved in the oblique slope from that point to
the sharply rounded post-basal angle. While I can believe readily that
specimens of this second form may have been included among those to
which they applied the name c7zzcinnatiensis, I cannot understand, con-
sidering the attention they were obliged to give it in making a drawing
of it, how they could have failed to notice the radiating lines which trav-
erse the cardinal and posterior parts of the surface and are distinguisha-
ble even on all the interval casts seen by me. Such radii are not often
to be seen on the common form, but it is important to know that they do
exist occasionally, though always fainter than in the rare one.

Figs aand 6. Actinumya cancellata? Walcott, sp.

In the above cut @ represents the cast of a small left valve, and
6a natural mould of the exterior of two imperfect valves joined together
by the external ligament, which, together with the hinge, is retained by
the specimen. Comparing these figures with figure 16, plate 56, certain
differences appear aside from the posterior radii. ‘Thus the anterior end
is relatively a little longer, narrower and less regularly rounded, the post-
cardinal angle is better defined, the posterior margin less curved except be-
low where it turns more abruptly into the basal line, and the umbonal
ridge more prominent and better defined. ‘These differences, though
slight, are constant, and, coupled with the greater distinctness of the
posterior radii, it seems reasonable to consider them as of specific import-
ance.

Granting that the two forms are distinguishable, whether as species
or varieties is immaterial, the question arises, to which of the two is the

42. GO:

608 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

name cinciznatiensis strictly applicable? The evidence afforded by the
description and figures is not entirely conclusive for either the one or the
other. One thing however may be accepted as reasonably certain, and
that is that the majority of the specimens so named by Hall and Whit-
field belong to the common form. Hence, if a separation is to be made,
the best justified course is the elimination of the rarer form. Another
good reason for this course is found in the fact that Walcott proposed the
name JZodiolopsis cancellata* for what I believe to be merely a young
example of the latter, which he discovered in the Utica slate of New
York.
Actinomya kentonensis, 1. sp.
Piate 56, Figs. 18-_0.

Shell of medium size, moderately convex, elongate, subovate, narrow
anteriorly; thickness, height at beaks, greatest posterior height, and
length respectively to each other as three, four and six or seven are to
thirteen or fourteen. Cardinal margin nearly straight or gently arcuate,
passing gradually into the uniformly rounded—almost semicircular—pos-
terior margin; basal line gently convex behind, nearly straight in the
central half, on the whole, rising gradually to the short and narrowly
rounded anterior end. Beaks comparatively small, projecting but little
beyond the hinge line, situated about one-seventh of the length of the
shell behind the anterior extremity. Umbonal ridge rounded, not prom-
inent; mesial depression quite undefined, producing but a slight flatten-
ing of the umbones and of the surface of the valves beneath them. Sur-
face marked with rather obscure, concentric undulations and fine lines of
growth, the former showing through the shell so as to be visible on casts
of the interior. Two or three faint rays may be observed on the poste-
rior half.of the umbonal ridge of casts. Anterior muscular scar rather
small, obovate, erect, not strongly defined; posterior scar and pallial line
faint, not satisfactorily observed. ‘Test very thin.

The position of this fine species seems to be intermediate between
the typical section of the genus and that other group of species of which -
A. pholadiformis, Hall, sp., may be regarded as representative. Of de-
scribed species, there is none that is at all likely to be confused with A,
kentonensis, but I have illustrated two closely related forms on one of the
plates, which, because of a lack of room, had to be omitted from this
report.— One has very nearly the shape of 4. pholadiformis, but is with-
out the peculiar surface ornamentation so characteristic of that species.
The obliquely truncate posterior end will distinguish it from the present
species. The other is more elongate and has, for so long a shell, an
unusually convex base.

* 1879, Trans. Albany Insti., Vol. X, p. 22.

TI shall endeavor to publish these plates as soon as possible, together with
others on Lower Silurian Aviculid@, the only important family of those known

from these early paleozoic rocks remaining to receive the semi-finil treatment
accorded to the other families in this and the Minnesota work.

THE LOWER SILURIAN ROCKS. 659

Associated with this species and A. cincinnatiensts I found a single
imperfect left valve, agreeing very closely with 4. modioliformis, Meek
and Worthen, sp.

Formation and locality: ower 75 feet of the Cincinnati group, at
Covington, Kentucky, where it has been found only in the banks of the
Ohio river.

Genus COLPOMYA, Ulrich. ©
(Final Rep. Geol. Sur. Minn., Vol. III, p.522. (In press.)

Colpomya constricta, 0. sp.
Plate 52, Figs. 17-19.

Shell somewhat elongate, strongly convex on the umbonal ridge, 25
mm. to 35 mm. in length, i4 mm. to 18 mm. in height at the beaks and at
the posterior extremity of the hinge; thickness about three-fourths of
the height. Outline subrhomboidal, with the hinge line straight, and
extending about two-thirds of the entire length; anterior margin curv-
ing neatly backward from the sharply rounded or subangular extremity
of the hinge; ventral margin gentle sinnate ; posterior margin very oblique,
produced and strongly rounded below, but littte curved in the cen-
tral and upper parts; post-cardinal angle about 135°. Beaks strongly
incurved, situated one-third or more of the length of the hinge line from
the anterior extremity; umbones large, prominent, distinctly constricted
by the small end of the strongly developed, oblique mesial sulcus; pos-
terior umbonal ridge very prominent, not angular but sharply rounded,
distinguishable from the beak to the post-basal angle; anterior umbonal
ridge consisting of a broad swelling in front of the mesial depression;
cardinal slope abrupt, concave. Surface marked by somewhat unequal
though on the whole strong concentric lines of growth.

Hinge plate straight and very thin posterior to the beaks, twice as
strong in front of them; beneath the beaks of the right valve a tooth
like prominence that fits into a corresponding depression beneath the
beak of the left valve; in front of and beneath this pit in the left valve a
strong process projects obliquely downward, backward and toward the
opposite valve and is partly received in a socket that defines the anterior
side of the tooth in the right valve, while its lower end curves under that
tooth. Anterior muscular scar subovate, not very large, distinct, bounded
upon the inner side by a thin ridge running down from the hinge.
Immediately behind the top of this ridge a small pedal muscle scar is
excavated out of the under side of the hinge plate. Posterior scar and
pallial line not satisfactorily shown in the specimens at hand.

Two other species of Co/pomya are associated with the present form,
but as they are much smaller and obviously different in their outlines,
there is little likelihood of confusion between them.

660 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

Formation and locality: In the uppermost beds of the Tienton
limestone on Reservoir hill near Frankfort, Kentucky.

Genus ORTHODESMA, Hall and Whitfield.

Orthodesma, Hall and Whitfield, 1875, Pal. Ohio, Vol. II. p. 98; Ulrich, 1894,
Pal. Minn., Final Rep. Voi. III, Geol. and Nat. Hist., Sur. Minn., p. 516.

In the Minnesota report above indicated, I have restricted and rede-
fined this genus, and shown that it is related to /odiolopsis rather thaa to
Orthonota. So far as known, the genus is restricted to the Lower Siluri-
an rocks in which it is represented by about fourteen species, three of
them occurring in the Trenton, the rest in the various beds of the Cin-
cinnati group. The greater number of the latter are new to science and
as I found room for only two of them in the present work, the remainder
will have to await some other opportunity for publication.

Orthodesma subangulatum, 1. sp.
Plate 55, Figs. 21-23.

This species is closely related to O. rectum, H. and W., the type of the
genus, but may be distinguished by a number of minor differences,
chiefly in the matterof outline. The shell is more elongate, the posterior
height being less and only about one-third of the entire length. The
ventral margin is straighter and sinnate rather than convex, while the
central and dorsal outlines are more nearly parallel. The anterior end is
uniformly rounded instead of being oblique with the most prominent
point in the upper part. Finally the posterior margin is alittle more
oblique. Of cther differences we may mention that the umbones seem
to have been somewhat smaller and merely flattened instead of sulcate,
- while the umbonal ridge is stronger and more curved.

The Trenton species O. subnasutum (Modiolopsis subnasuta, Meek
and Worthen),is higher posteriorly, while O. curvatum, Hall and Whitfield
has a more rounded posterior end and more sinuate ventral margin. None
of the other species are near enough to require comparisons.

formation and locality: Upper beds of the Cincinnati group, Rich-
mond, Indiana.

Orthodesma parvum, Nn. sp.
Plate 55, Figs: 19-20.

Shell small, elongate, about 22 mm. long, 7 mm. high at the beaks,
and 7.5 mm. near the uniformly rounded posterior end; greatest thickness
subcentral, about 5 mm.; anterior end narrowly rounded, almost acute;
back straight, base straight in the middle, on the whole very gently con-
vex. Beaks small, not prominent, situated about one-fourth of the length

THE LOWER SILURIAN ROCKS. 661

of the shell behind the anterior extremity; umbones and sides of valves
flattened; umbonal ridge rather distinct though not angular. About
midway between the umbonal ridge and cardinal margin an obscure im-
pressed line. Surface with comparatively coarse concentric lines,
strongest and regular on the cardinal slope, faint anteriorly.

The point of greatest convexity is situated farther forward than usual
in this genus but in other respects this small species seems tobe a true
Orthodesma. Of described species it is probably nearest O. rectum, H. &
W., but as it is much smaller and not so high posteriorly, and has a more
evenly rounded posterior extremity it is not likely to be confused with
that species.

Formation and locality: Middle beds of the Cincinnati group, Cin-
cinati, Ohio, where it occurs about 400 feet above the bed of the Ohio
river.

Genus CYMATONOTA, n. gen.

Orthonota (part.), Conrad, 1841, N. Y. Ann. Geol. Rep., p. 51; Hall 1847, Pal.
INGE Ye Vlada o299)
Orthodesma (part.), Hall and Whitfild, 1875, Pal. Ohio, Vol. II, p. 93.

Elongate solen-like shells, gaping more or less at both ends, with the
hinge line long and extending in a straight line anterior and posterior to
the small beaks; ventral and dorsalmargins ‘subparallel. Hinge
plate very thin, edentulous; valves united by a delicate linear ex-
ternal ligament seemingly extending the full length of the hinge. ‘Test
very thin, marked externally with fine concentric lines, and on each side
of the hinge line by short wave-like furrows. Pallial line and muscular
scars so faintly marked that even in the best preserved specimens they
can not be made out with certainty.

Type: Cymatonata typicalis,n sp.

Species of this genus were first referred to Orthonota, Conrad, and
later to Ovthodesma, Hall and Whitfield.

The first of these genera is now generally used and I believe justly
so, for upper Silurian and Devonianspecies only. I admit however, that
the proposed genus is in many respects like Orthonota, yet I would main-
that they are not identical. The ornamentation which usually pertains to
the species of Conrad’s genus is wanting in Cymatonota. ‘The ligiment
is believed by Hall to be internal in Orthonota whereas it is clearly exter-
nal in the earlier types here described. Finally, in the absence of any
statement to the contrary, we must believe that the margins of the valves
do not gape in Orthonota while they do at both ends in Cymatonota.

The relations to Orthodesma are doubtful. That genus is, I am fully
convinced, closely allied to MWodiolopsis and Whiteavesia, but I cannot say
this of Cymatonota. On the contrary the last genus seems to me to be
widely different and my arrangement of the group as a member of the

662 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

Modiolopside is to be regarded as entirely provisional and mainly in
deference to the views of others. While I might indicate a number of
differences between Cymatonota and Orthodesma, I deem it best to post
pone their consideration till some more final classification of the genus is
undertaken. For the present the generic difference of the two groups of
species will be sufficiently established by the mention of a single point.
Namely, the muscular scars of Orthodesma are precisely as in Wodiolopsis,
the anterior adductor scar being strongly impressed, while the posterior
sear is faint. In Cymatonota however both scars are exceedingly faint,
and even in very favorably preserved specimens not the shghtest traces
of them are to be observed.

~ Conrad’s species pholadis, which I regard as belonging to Cymatonota,
is the first to follow his generic description of Ovthonota, and would
therefore under ordinary circumstances be entitled to consideration as the
type of the genus. It is however clear that Mr. Conrad always regarded
his O. undulata as the typical species.

Cymatonota typicals, n. sp.
Plate 55. Figs, 1—8.

Shell elongate, with the dorsal and ventral margins parallel, the
length three and one-half times the height, the greatest thickness, which
is a little behind the center, about two-thirds of the height; anterior end
nearly vertical, rounded but not uniformly, the turn into the hinge line
being rather abrupt; posterior margin rounded, slightly oblique, most
prominent in the lower half; ventral margin gently concave. Beaks
appressed, scarcely prominent, situated one-fifth of the length of the
shell behind the anterior extremity; umbonal ridge and mesial sulcus
rather distinct features, cardinal region anterior to the beaks sharply com-
pressed. Surface with fine equal strize anterior to the beaks, of which
not over half continue over the flanks of the shell where they take on an
irregular character, some being much stronger than the others; or several
may be united into a fold. The umbonal ridge is almost smooth, but the
upper part of the posterior cardinal slope is marked with rather regular,
strong, oblique folds.

formation and Locality: Upper beds of the Cincinnati group,
Waynesville, Ohio.

Cymatonota recta, n. sp.
Plate 55, Figs. 8 and 9.

This species is very much like C. ¢ypicalis but may be distinguished
by the following differences: The length is a trifle greater, the height
and length of a specimen in which these dimensions are not affected by

THE LOWER SILURIAN ROCKS. 665

pressure being about as three to eleven. The thickness is proportionally
a little less, being about 7 mm. in a specimen 12 mm. high. More im-
portant difference is found in the mesial sulcus and umbonal ridge, both
of these features being less distinct than in C. ¢ypzcalis. Because of the
very slight development of the mesial sulcus, the ventral margin, except
at the ends, is perfectly straight, and thus furnishes us with another
diagnostic point since in that species the base is gently concave. The
umbones again are smaller and not so distinct from the cardinal region
on each side of them. Finally the ends of the shell are somewhat dif-
ferent, the anterior one being more. uniformly rounded and the posterior
straighter above causing a sharper post-cardinal angle.

Cymatonoia pholadis, or at any rate a form that we identify with
Conrad’s Orthonota pholadis, is closely related and associated in the same
beds with C. recta. It is however a more elongate shell, the length be-
ing quite five times the height, while its valves are more convex, giving
the entire shell a sub-cylindrical appearance that is quite foreign to
C. recta.

The Orthonata (later Orthodesma) parallella of Hall (Pal. N. Y.
Vol. I, p. 299; 1847), includes two or three distinct forms. They are
badly illustrated and insufficiently described, and it is scarcely safe to
draw conclusions respecting their generic athrmities without access to
the original specimens. While at least one probably belongs to Cyma-
tonota, I am satisfied that all of them are widely different from the
species here described.

Formation and Locality—Middle beds of the Cincinnati group, at
several localities in the immediate vicinity of Cincinnati, Ohio. The
species has a vertical range of about.60 feet.

Cymatonota s«mistriata, n. sp.
Plate 55, Figs. 6 and 7.

Length about 35 mm., greatest height about 11 mm. Posterior end
subtruncate, base very gently convex, anterior margin sloping backward
almost from the right angled cardinal extremity. Umbonal ridge rather
distinct and subangular in the upper half; mesial sulcus not developed.
Anterior half of surface marked with very fine, thread-like, regular con-
centric lines. The majority of these lines cease suddenly before reach-
ing the umbonal ridge. Oblique cardinal furrows smaller and more
numerous than usual. Three faint lines diverging from the beak may
be noticed on the cardinal slope between the umbonal ridge and dorsal
border.

This beautiful shell is readily distinguished from C. ¢ypicalzs and C.
recia by the shape of the anterior end and the more abrupt ceasing and

664 : GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

finer cnaracter of the anterior surface markings. Other differences may
be noticed in comparing the figures on plate 55.

Formation and Locality—Upper beds of the Cincinnati group,
Clarksville and Waynesville, Ohio.

Cyma/onota constricta, n. sp.

Plate 55. Figs. 10and 11.

Shell strongly convex, elongate, the length equaling about three and
one-fourth times the greatest height. Dorsal and ventral margin nearly
parallel, diverging very slightly posteriorly; dorsal margin straight, ven-
tral margin gently convex in the posterior half, and slightly concave in the
anterior half; anterior end somewhat blunt, its outline almost uniformly
rounded; posterior margin slightly oblique, gently rounded, subangular
where it joins the dorsal line, sharply rounded and most prominent
below. Umbones rather large though distinctly impressed by the mes-
lal sulcus; the latter is deeper than in any other species of the genus
known and causes the constriction of the shell in a dorsal or ventral
view that has suggested the specific name. Umbonal ridge well de-
veloped and subangular near the beaks, obscure in the posterior half of
the valves. Anterior and posterior gape of valves larger than usual.
External surface marked by rather coarse irregular concentric lines of
growth, of which only the stronger ones pass through the shell so as to
be visible on casts of the interior. Oblique dorsal furrows not sharply
distinguished from the lines of growth. In casts of the interior two
obscure sulci, one in the middle of the cardinal slope, the other close to
the hinge border, may be observed. Hinge and muscular impressions
unknown.

This species is quite distinct from all the others referred to the
genus. It might be compared with C. ¢ypicais when it will be found to
differ in its more obtuse anterior end, deeper mesial sulcus, and wider
posterior end.

Formation and Locaity.—In the lower part of the upper beds of the
Cincinnati group, Butler county, Ohio, and Versailles, Indiana.

Cymatonota attenuata, n. sp.
Plate 55. Figs. 12-14.

Shell strongly convex, gaping at the ends, elongate, highest at the
beaks, gradually tapering posteriorly, the length at least four times the
height; dorsal margin gently arcuate, declining posteriorly; anterior end
neatly rounded, ventral margin almost straight, normally, apparently a
little concave; posterior end narrowly rounded, above passing rather

Pee

THE LOWER SILURIAN ROCKS. 665

gradually into the dorsal margin. Beaks small, compressed; mesial
suleus and umbonal ridge but little developed. Surface marked by con-
centric lines of growth, very fine, crowded and subequal on the anterior
third, fewer and coarser on the central and posterior parts, and obscure
on the umbonal ridge; oblique dorsal folds strong and regular.

The tapering character or the posterior end will distinguish this
peculiar species from all the others now referred to the genus Cyma-
tonota.

Formation and Locahty.—Upper beds of the Cincinnati group,
Waynesville, Ohio.

e
Cymatonota productifrons, 0. sp.
Plate 85. Figs. 17 and 18.

Shell ventricose in the posterior half, only moderately elongate, the
length about three times the greatest height. Beaks small, situated
more than one-third of the length of the shell behind the anterior ex-
tremity. Anterior end very long, tapering slightly, the outline some-
what sharply rounded above; hinge line nearly straight, but little
shorter than the greatest length of the shell; posterior end one-third
wider than the anterior, the margin rounded; basal line nearly straight
in the central half, curving upward strongly at each end. Mesial sulcus
and umbonal ridges scarcely defined. Surface marked with concentric
lines of growth. These are distinct and regular on the sides of the
valves and comparatively obscure on the ends. Dorsal furrows strong
and regular for two-thirds of the length of the hinge posterior to the
beaks, under a good glass exhibiting exceedingly fine lines of growth.

This shell, though appearing to agree in all other respects with the
genus Cymatonota, differs very conspicuously from the other species in
its greatly produced anterior end.

Formation and Locality —Only two specimens have been seen of this
species, and these were both collected in the lower shales of the Cincin-
nati group at Covington, Kentucky. The horizon is about 100 feet
above the bed of the Ohio river.

Genus PSILOCONCHA Ulrich.
{ Final Rep. Geol. Sur. Minn. vol. iii, p. 530 (in press).]
Psiloconcha grandis, n. sp.
Plate 52. Figs. 1 and 2.

Shell large for the genus, compressed convex, highest near the mid-
dle, the length two and two-fifths times the height, the thickness less than
one-half of the height. Outline elongate subelliptical; cardinal margin

666 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

nearly straight for one-half of the length posterior to the beaks, declining
and very slightly convex anterior to them ; posterior end almost regularly
rounded; ventral margin broadly yet distinctly convex, the curve accele-
rating slightly as we follow the outline to the upper part of the anterior
margin where it forms an obtusely angular junction with the sloping
antero-cardinal edge. Beaks small, appressed, situated one-fifth or a little
more of the entire length behind the anterior extremity.

A faint posterior umbonal ridge and an undefined mesial depression
or mere flattening. Surface of cast with rather strong concentric strize
or furrows on the anterior half, very few of them passing over the um-
-bonal ridge. On the posterior cardinal slope several obscure rays may
be observed. Anterior muscular scar large, acuminate-ovate, pointed
above, situated immediately in front of the umbones; posterior scar
occupying the center of the cardinal slope, very large and elongate;
pallial line simple, rather distinct for so thin a shell.

This is the type of the genus and the largest of the known species.
Compared with the other species it is distinguished by the great size and
the greater obliquity of the anterior margin. The back also is straighter
and the ventral margin more convex than in most of the others.

Formation and Locality—Upper beds of the Cincinnati group,
Waynesville, Ohio.

Psiloconcha subovalis Ulrich.
Plate 52. Figs. 5-7.

Orthodesma subovale, Ulrich, 1879, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 1i, p. 82.

In this species the shell is higher than in any of the others, the length
being usually but one millemeter greater than twice the height. Compared
with P. grandis, its nearest congener, it is further distinguished as fol-
lows: ‘The post-cardinal margin slopes downward in a manner not to be
observed in that species, and this peculiarity causes an obliquity of the
posterior margin and a greater arcuation of the dorsum. ‘The hinge line
is horizontal for a short distance in front of the beaks, and the whole
anterior margin is less oblique and more rounded. Finally, there seems
to be a difference in the surface markings, the concentric lines being of
nearly equal strength on all parts, which appears not to be the case in
that species.

formation and Locality.—The original types were collected at Mor-
row, Ohio, where they occurred in the middle beds of the Cincinnati
group. Recently specimens that cannot be distinguished were obtained
from the lower beds of the group by Mr. George Asherman and the
author. His came from Boldface creek, Cincinnati, while mine are from
a branch of Willow run, near Covington, Kentucky.

oa

THE LOWER SILURIAN ROCKS. 66

~I

Psiloconcha tnornata, 0 sp.

Plate 52. Figs. 11 and 12.

Shell about 30 mm. long, by 12.7 mm. high in the middle, with regu-
larly rounded, subequal ends, very slightly convex ventral and more
strongly arcuate dorsal margin. Beaks very small, umbonal ridge and
mesial depression scarely distinguishable. Surface markings concentric,
very obscure, the surface appearing almost smooth in most cases.

This shell is closely related to P. suboval’s but does not attain as great
a size, is relatively longer, and has a smoother surface and more regularly
rounded anterior margin. ‘The last difference is the most important and
may always be relied upon.

Formation and Loca.ity.—Middle beds of the Cincinnati group, Cin-
cinnati, Ohio.

Psiloconcha elliptica, n sp.
Plate 52. Figs. 3 and 4.

Shell 30 mm. to 40 mm. in length, and a very little more than twice
es long as high; thickness less than half the height. Outline elongate
ovate; the regularity and neatness of the curves being a striking feature ;
yet when examined the posterior half proves distinetly wider than the
anterior, the height at the beaks being one-eighth or one-ninth less than
the greatest posterior height. Beaks very small, situated 8 mm. behind
the anterior extremity in a specimen 58 mm. long; umbonal ridge just
appreciable. Surface nearly smooth, marked with mostly distant con-
centric lines.

Formation and Locality—Upper beds of the Cincinnati group, Clarks-
ville, Ohio. Several casts of the interior from Richmond, Indiana, may
belong here, but for the present I am obliged to consider them as doubtful.

Psiloconcha subrecta, n. sp.
Plate 52. Figs.13ani14

Shell about 32 mm. long, 12 mm. high, and nearly 6 mm. in thick-
ness; cardinal margin gently arcuate, posterior end gaping widely, regu-
larly rounded in outline; basal line nearly or quite straight in the central
part; anterior end straight on the upper side, then turning abruptly
downward, the rest curving regularly like the posterior margin. Beaks
very small, situated a little less than one-sixth of the length of the shell
behind the anterior extremity; umbonal ridge moderate, mesial depress
ion just appreciable. Surface of the cast with moderately distinct, sub-
equal lines of growth, very obscure on the cardinal slope.

In this species the anterior end is shaped as in P. subovalis, but the
length is proportionally too great for_that species. In VP. zzornata the

668 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

surface markings are not nearly as distinct, and the anterior end is more
uniformly rounded. Of species occurring in the same beds, P. gvandis is
much larger and has a convex basal line, while P. e//zptica has a more
regularly curved outline, and is higher posteriorly.

formation and Locality: Upper beds of the Cincinnati group,
Waynesville, Ohio.

Psiloconcha sinuata, 0. sp.
Plate 52. Figs. 15 and 16.

This species is associated in the sanie layers with P. zxornata, but it
will be distinguished from that form at once by the unusual develop-
ment of the mesial depression, which is deep enough to produce a slight
sinuation of the ventral margin and gives a degree of definition to the
umbonal ridge that is not equaled in any other species of the genus.
The length also is relatively greater than in any of the others, being 36
mm, in a specimen 15 mm. high. Comparing other features P. sabrecia
has a differently shaped posterior outline, and P. zzornata is more regu-
larly rounded in front. /. subovalis seems to me to be the nearest, differ-
ing chiefly in its greater height and much less developed mesial depres-
sion. None of theother species are near enough to require special com-
parisons.

The general expression of the shell reminds greatly of certain
species of Cymatonota, but the absence of dorsal folds shows that it can-
not belong to that genus.

Formation and Locality: Middle beds of the Cincinnati group, Cin-
cinnati, Ohio.

Psiloconcha tenuistriata, 0. sp.
Plate 52. Fig. 10.

Shell small, about 11 mm. in length, and 4.5 mm. in height; valves
depressed convex, narrowly rounded in front, slightly oblique posteriorly
with the ventral margin nearly straight, and the dorsal margin posterior
to the beaks very gently arcuate and almost parallel with the basal line.
Beak very small, situated more than one-fourth of the entire length from
the anterior extremity; umbonal ridge and mesial depression scarcely
distinguishable. Except on the cardinal slope, the surface is covered
with exceedingly fine thread-like concentric lines, of which as many as
fifteen are to be counted in the space of 1 mm

The narrowly rounded anterior end, and the exceeding fineness ot
the concentric surface markings are the distinguishing features. The
small size is probably also distinctive for the species.

Formation and Locality: Near the base of the Cincinnati group,
having been found near low water mark in the Ohio river, at Covington,
Kentucky.

THE LOWER SILURIAN ROCKS. 669

Psiloconcha minima un. sp.

Plate 52. Figs. 8and9.

Shell small about 10.5 mm. high at the beaks, rather strongly con-
vex in the umbonal region when compared with the other species. Out-
line narrowly elliptical; anterior end a little wider than the posterior,
and more regularly rounded; dorsal margin arcuate, base more gently
convex. Beaks comparatively prominent, full, strongly incurved, situ-
ated about one third of the entire length from the anterior extremity.
Umbonal ridge moderately developed, rounded; mesial depression
scarcely distinguishable. The specimen described, which is a well pre-
served cast of the interior, is perfectly smooth. Anterior muscular star
faintly defined, relatively large but occupying the same position and of
about the same form as in P. grandisand P. elliptica.

The prominence and less anterior position of the umbones, and the
small size of the shell, are the distinctive features.

Formation and Locality: Lower beds of the Cincinnati group, Cov-
ington Kentucky, where it was obtained in a layer about 150 {eet above
the bed of the Ohio river.

Family CYRTODONTID Ulrich.

Genus ORTONELLA, n. gen.

Cypricardites, S. A. Miller, 1874. Cin. Quart. Jour. Sci., vol. i, p. 147; also (fart.)
1892, North Amer. Geol. and Pal., p. 476. (Not of Conrad.)

Shell subquadrate, highest posteriorly, equivalve, very inequilateral,
with moderately prominent beaks andumbonal ridge. Surface with con-
centric lines of growth. Hinge as in Cyrtodonta, Billings, excepting
that the cardinal teeth are relatively stronger and placed immediately
beneath the beaks. A well defined lunule and escutcheon present.
Adductor muscular scars subequal, the posterior one very faintly im-
pressed, ovate, and situated just beneath the posterior extremities of the
lateral teeth, the anterior one very deep, sharply defined on the inner
and upper sides by a clavicular ridge extending obliquely backward from
the hinge plate, Pallial line simple, distinct. Small pedal muscle
attached to the under side of the hinge plate immediately over the ante-
rior adductor scar. Casts of the interior marked by an oblique umbonal
sulcus.

Type: Cypricardites hainesi, S. A. Miller.

Although on the whole much like Cyrtodonta, this genus is still
quite distinct and easily separated. The cardinal teeth are different as
stated above, and the lunule is a feature unknown in that genus. ‘Then
the anterior muscular scar is more deepiy impressed an 1 defined on the

670 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

inner side by a ridge that is not known in Cyrtodanta. Nor has that
genus a small pedal muscle over the anterior adductors. Finally the
two adductors are more nearly equalin size. Practically the same differ-
ences, besides others that it is not necessary to point out, obtain when
compared with Vanuxemia, Billings and Cypricardites, Conrad.

It seems to me that Orfonella is nearest /schyrodonta, Ulrich. Only
two differences have I been able to find. Namely, the escutcheon and
lunule, and the posterior lateral teeth, both of which are wanting in
Ischyrodonta. In all other respects however the shells in the two genera
- seem to be identical even to the smallest detail.

Ortonel.a hainest, S. A. Miller.

Plate 53. Figs. 9-18.
Cypricardites hainest, S. A. Miller, 1874, Cin. Quart. Jour. Sci., vol. 1, p. 147.

This interesting species is so fully illustrated on plate 53, that a de-
scription is unnecessary. It will be well however, to compare it some-
what carefully with species of /schyrodonta that are to be found at the
same locality, though not in exactly the same strata.

I refer especially to /schyrodonta decipiens, n. sp., and 7. truncata,
Ulrich. Both may be distinguished at once, providing the specimens
are complete enough, by the fact that their hinges are without posterior
lateral teeth, Ortonella having two strong laterals as shown in figures 11
and 12. Even with respect to this point, the student is cautioned against
the possibility of mistaking the linear ridges which served as supports
for an internal ligament in /schyrodonta (see plate 54, figures 16 and 19)
for lateral teeth. That they could not have served as hinge teeth is
proved by the fact that they do interlock. Indeed, the corresponding
ridges in the two valves are separated by an interval, the valves being in
contact dorsally only at the outer margin. Externally the Ortonella is
recognized principally by the lunule and escutcheon, but it differs also
in its stronger umbonai ridge and in the outline, the basal line being
somewhat straighter and the anterior end higher so that the dorsal and
ventral margins are more nearly parallel. There is besides a difference
in the surface markings, the concentric lines in the /schyrodonta being
much coarser.

Formation and Locality—Ortonella hainesi is associated with Rhyn-
chonella dentata Hall, at Richmond, Indiana, where both species, though
common fossils, are restricted to a few feet of strata, less than forty feet
beneath the extreme top of the Cincinnati group. Jschyrodonta truncata
seems likewise to be restricted to this bed, but the 7 decifzens, which is
most like the O. aimesit has so far been found only in beds at least
twenty feet above the Or/onel/a horizon.

THE LOWER SILURIAN ROCKS. 671

Genus ISCHYRODONTA Ulrich.

Anodontopsis (part.), Meek, 1871, Amer. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 3d ser., vol. ii, p. 299;
also 1873, Ohio Pal., vol. i, p. 141.

Ischyrodonta, Ulrich, 1890, Amer. Geol., vol. vi, p. 173.

Short or moderately elongate, thick bivalve shells, having small, an-
teriorly situated beaks, with the hinge line straight or arcuate and ex-
tended posteriorly. Hinge plate wide and strong, without posterior
lateral teeth, but with two strong cardinal teeth in the left valve, and
one large one, and occasionally a small one on each side of it, in the
right valve.* Ligament internal, posterior to the beaks, linear, sup-
ported by from one to three subcardinal ribs. Anterior adductor im-
pression large, deep, subovate, sharply defined on the inner and upper
side by a ridge extending from the cardinal teeth to the base of the
scar. A small pedal muscle was attached to the under side of the hinge
plate immediately above the inner side of the anterior adductor scar.
Posterior muscular scar faintly defined, generally but little larger than
the anterior scar, situated a short distance beneath the posterior extrem-
ity of the hinge. Pallial line simple. Test thick, chiefly calcareous,
without the dark epidermis of the A/odiolopside and Ambonychiide.

In casts of the interior the beaks are prominent and strongly com-
pressed, and a more or less well defined sulcus, corresponding to an in-
ternal thickening of the shell, extends from the umbones more than half
the distance to the center of the basal margin.

Type: Lschyrodonta truncata Ulrich.

The relations of this genus are clearly with Ortonella. ‘The reader
will find them discussed in the remarks following the description of that
genus on the preceding page. Through Oréone//a the genus is linked with
the Cyrtodontide, and in referring the species to this family I have been in-
fluenced in a great degree by the composition of their shells which
seems to be precisely as in Cyrtodonta and related genera, and not as in
the true members of the MWodiolopside. Except for this fact it would be
a difficult matter to draw the line between /schyrodonta and Modiolodon,
the general aspect of the shells and the dentition of their hinges being
practically the same in both. It may seem, therefore, that when casts
of the interior only are available it is not possible to discriminate suc-
cessfully between the two genera. ‘This is, however, not so, since the
casts of every species of /schyrodonta now known exhibit at least one
small feature that has not been seen in any species of Modiolodon nor in
any now referred to the J/odiolopside. Namely, the small pedal muscle

* Jn the original description the arrangement of the cardinal teeth was in-
advertently reversed.

672 GEHOLOGY OF OHIO.

scar which in casts appears as a sharply elevated point situated close to
the hinge line between the base of the beak and the upper part of the
anterior adductor scar.

The total number of species now known to belong to this genus is
seven. With one exception, /. wztonoides, Meek sp., which belongs to
the middle beds of the Cincinnati group, all are restricted to the upper
one hundred feet of the same formation, leaving over three hundred feet
of strata between the known first and second appearance of the genus in
which it is as yet unknown. Respecting the origin of the /schyrodonta
type of structure, I am obliged to confess total ignorance. 5

Lschyrodonta truncata, Ulrich.

Ischyrodonta truncata, Ulrich, 1890, Amer. Geol., vol. vi, p. 174; S. A. Miller, 1892.
Appendix to N. A. Geol. and Pal, p. 700.

Fig.l. /schyrodonta truncata, Ulrich, Cincinnati group Oxford Ohio. a, outline view ofa leit
valve of this species, slightly restored. In some specimeus the anterior margin slopes back-
ward more rapidly and in accordance with the inner line; 6, internal view of same, showing
only the hinge plate, cardinal teeth, and anterior muscular impression, the cavity being filled
with adhering matrix; c,d and e, three views of a very nearly perfect cast of the interior. Be-
tween the beaks of the central figure is shown a thin film of stone that had originally filled a
narrow interstice between the hinge plate and cardinal teeth.

Shell of medium size, rather strongly convex, subquadrate to tri-
angular-ovate, highest posteriorly. Cardinal margin straight or very
slightly arcuate, more than three-fourths the length of the shell; anterior
end very short, narrow, rounding almost uniformly into the obliquely
convex basal margin, from which the outline turns rather sharply up
into the truncate-rounded posterior margin; post-cardinal region sub-
angular. Beaks small, umbonal ridge inconspicuous, no mesial sulcus.
Surface of the thick shell with a small number of sublamellose lines of
growth.

LOWER SILURIAN LAMELLIBRANCHS. 673

Hinge plate thick and wide, almost flat, with a ridge forming the
lower edge in the posterior part; cardinal teeth strong, very oblique, two
in each valve, the second often small and obscure. Anterior muscular
scar deep, acuminate-ovate, pointed below where the well marked pallial
line joins it. Posterior scar very faint, broadly ovate, situated near the
post-cardinal angle. In casts of the interior the beaks are prominent
and strongly compressed, while a deep and wide sulcus, extending from
the beaks nearly to the center of the base, produces an obtuse umbonal
ridge of which no sign is apparent on the exterior of the shell. Another
but less deep and shorter furrow occupies the space between the long
sulcus and the anterior muscular scar and pallial line. Within the latter
space the casts often exhibit a series of tour or five rounded elevations.

A large testiferous specimen has the following dimensions: Length
39 mm.; greatest oblique length 41 mm.; greatest posterior heighth 33
mim.; from post-cardinal angle to antero-basal margin 35 mm.; greatest
ferek neds 20 mm.

Formation and Locality.—Near the top of the Chante #1 OUD, Ox-
ford, Ohio, and Richmond, Indiana.

[schyrodonta decipicns, n. sp.

Plate 54, Figs. 16-19.

Shell scarcely attaining medium size, moderately convex, the beaks
small, the umbonal ridge distinguishable though not strong, the outline
almost regularly oval excepting that the cardinal region is produced and
angular at the posterior extremity. Surface marked with numerous,
strong and more or less irregtilar concentric lines of growth. Cardinal
teeth nearly horizontal, three in the right valve, the central tooth much
the largest, and two in the left valve. Posterior to the cardinal teeth the
hinge plate bears three or four slightly diverging slender ridges, which
served as supports for the internal ligament. Muscular impressions sub-
equal, strongly marked, the anterior one especially; pallial line distinct.
Internal umbonal ridge undefined so that the surface of casts of the in-
terior is comparatively even.

This species is founded upon an excellent series of specimens, most
of them recently obtained from Prof. Joseph Moore and Mr. John
Misener of Richmond, Indiana. One specimen I had for at least ten
years believed to belong to the similar Ortonella hainesi Miller, sp., and
it is the liklihood of confusion with that species that has suggested
the name decipiens. A careful comparison however brings out a
number of differences that will appear very obvious to the student after
he has once made himself familiar with them. First, the surface mark-
ings are much coarser in the /schyrodonta,; next, the outline will be found
to be not strictly the same; then the Ortonel/la has a well developed

43 k,2O.

674 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

lunule and escutcheon while the margin of the valves of the /schyrodonta ©
are not in the least inflected; finally, that shell has a different hinge, —
having true posterior lateral teeth.

Compared with species of this genus, /. ova/is will be found to have
a thinner hinge plate and more regularly oval shape, while /. truncata is
a higher shell, with fewer concentric surface markings, and much more
oblique cardinal teeth.

formation and Locality.—Near the top of the Cincinnati group,
Richmond, Indiana.

Ischyrodonta ovatis, Ulrich.
Plate 54. Figs 12-15.
[schyrodonta ovalis, Ulrich, 1892, Nineteenth Ann. Rep. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Sur.
Minn., p. 242.

Shell small, moderately ventricose, almost regularly elliptical, with
the greatest heighth and thickness subcentral; heighth and length about
as two is to three. Occasionally the ventral margin is less convex than
is the case in, the specimen figured on plate 54. ‘ Beaks small, situated
near the anterior extremity, compressed by a flattening of the surface
which, expanding, extends over the greater part of the ventral slope.
Umbonal ridge strongly rounded, not however prominent enough to con-
stitute a conspicuous feature; cardinal slope abrupt, very little concave.
Surface marked with strong lines of growth and a few finer concentric
strize, both somewhat irregular. Hinge plate not very strong, arcuate,
widening posterior to the beaks and grooved for the reception of the in-
ternal ligament. Cardinal teeth two in the right valve, projecting down-
ward and backward from the hinge plate, which is thin at this point,
and supported by an internal process that seems to extend up into the
rostral cavity and projects on each side of the teeth so as to give the
whole the appearance of a quadrifid tooth. Anterior muscular scar
rather small, occupying the anterior end of the valve. Posterior scar
and pallial line not observed.

'In the original description of this species I stated that it was not
strictly congeneric with the types of /schyrodonta. Additional spec?-
mens and further comparisons however have convinced me of the error
of that statement, and I now regard the species as an unequivocal
member of the genus. Specifically it differs from all the other species
now referred to the genus, excepting /. wtonordes, Meek, sp., by its more
regularly oval shape. The excepted species is too different in other re-
spects to require comparisons. ‘The associated /. decipiens is, I believe, a
much nearer species, but, as may be seen by comparing the figures on
plate 54, their outlines are quite different in the post-cardinal region and
the hinge plate of /. ova/7s comparatively weaker.

Formation and Locality—Uppermost beds of the Cincinnati group,
near Richmond, Indiana.

os

LOWER SILURIAN LAMELLIBRANCHS. 675

Lschyrodonta elongata, Ulrich.
Plate 54. (Rigs: 20 and 21.
Tschyrodonta elongata, Ulrich, 1890, American Geologist, Wol. VI, p. 175.

Shell large for the genus, transversely elongate-ovate, widest pos-
teriorly, strongly convex, with point of greatest convexity a little in
front of the center. Beaks rather large, compressed, almost terminal;
umbonal ridge rather strong, mesial sulcus broad. Cardinal margin
strongly arcuate; posterior margin nearly vertical in the middle and
lower part, uniformly rounded above, sharply curved at the base; ven-
tral margin faintly and broadly sinuate; anterior end very short and
abruptly rounded. Surface marked with strong and irregular lines of
growth.

In casts of the interior the beaks are very prominent, incurved, and
greatly compressed by the deep umbonal sulcus, behind which the some-
what curved and sharply elevated umbonal ridge is distinguishable al-
most to the basal line. Anterior muscular scar deep, subrhomboidal,
sharply defined on the upper side, radially marked and situated immedi-
ately beneath the beak. Just above it is the small pedal muscle scar.
Posterior scar faint, ovate; pallial line distinct in the basal part of the
valves.

This fine species, though closely related to /. ¢runcata, is readily
distinguished by its much greater length. The next species is also re-
lated, but is smaller and widely different in the post-cardinal part of its
outline.

Formation and Locahty.—Near the top of the Cincinnati group, at
Oxford, Ohio, and Richmond, Indiana.

Lschyrodonta mitseneri, n. sp.
Plate 54. Figs. 10 and 11.

This species, as far as known, is very similiar to 7. elongata, and a

' detailed description is scarely necessary. Though agreeing in most re-

spects very closely with that species, a comparison still brings out differ-
ences that doubtless will suffice in discriminating between the two
species. The shell of £ m/seneri is considerably smaller (the largest
seen is but 55 mm. in length), comparatively a little shorter, and sub-
triangular in outline. The posterior margin is more oblique and con-
siderably higher, and its junction with the straight cardinal margin
angular, while the post-cardinal region is distinctly alate and thus quite
different from the rounded and sloping character of this part of the out-
line in 7. elongata. The umbonal ridge furthermore is a more decided
feature. Of the other species /. decipiens is much shorter, and /.
modiolifor mis longer, aud more produced and obliquely rounded posteriorly.

676 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

The specific name is given in honor of Mr. John Misener of Rich-
mond, Indiana, who collected and from whom I received the best speci-
mens of the shell seen.

Formation and Locality: Upper beds of the Cincinnati group, Rich-
mond, Indiana, where it occurs in association with\Ortonella hainesi and
Rhynchonella dentata.

Lschyrodonta modioliformts, n. sp.
Plate 54. Fig. 4-9.

Shell scarcely attaining medium size, moderately convex, modiola-
like, elongate subovate, the base straight or very gently sinuate, the
back straight for a short distance behind the beaks, then curving very
gradually down into the very obliquely rounded posterior margin; an-
terior end short, sharply rounded, much narrower than the posterior.
Beaks small, situated a short distance behind the anterior extremity;
both the mesial sulcus and the umbonal ridge are but little developed.
‘The cardinal slope and the posterior part of the surface is marked with
rather strong, subregular, concentric furrows, of which from ten to four-
teen may be counted in the space of 10 mm. Besides these furrows a
set of very fine concentric lines, barely visible to the unaided eye, are
to be observed on well preserved specimens. The anterior part of the
surface seems to be smooth, the furrows at any rate ceasing suddenly
a short distance in front of the middle of the shell.

In casts of the interior a narrow and more or less distinct umbonal
ridge may be traced from the beak to the pallial line a short distance be-
hind the center of the cast, while in front of the ridge there is usually
a well defined depression or sulcus. Anterior muscular scar strongly
elevated, very oblique, sharply defined on the upper side, occupying the
greater part of the small anterior end and extending a little posterior
to the points of the beaks. Posterior scar very faintly impressed, nearly
twice the size of the anterior, situated just within the sloping post-card-
inal border of the cast. Pallial line distinct only in the ventral part
of the valves. Close to the cardinal border of the casts a long and
slightly impressed line represents the support of the internal ligament.
Of cardinal teeth there seem to have been but two, one in each valve,
the right above the left. The scars left by the small pedal muscles
occupy the usual position immediately in front of the cavity between the
filling of the beaks.

This well marked species, of which I have seventeen speci-
mens, is probably nearest /. elongata. It is however a much smaller
shell and readily distinguished by its narrower form, more oblique
posterior margin, and different surface markings, the concentric
lines of growth extending almost uniformly over the whole surface in

that species.

In a general way /. modioliformis greatly resembles several species
of Modiolopsis, but that it is not really related to them is proved by the

>]

LOWER SILURIAN LAMELLIBRANCHS. 677

fact that it has the sheli structure, cardinal teeth and smail anterior
pedal muscles of a true /schyrodonta.

Formation and Locality: Upper beds of the Cincinnati group, Rich-
mond, Indiana.

Lschyrodonta untonoides, Meek.
Plate 54. Figs. 1-3.

Anodontopsis ? unionoides, Meek, 1871, Amer. Jour. Sci.. and Arts, Vol. II, p. 299.
Anodontopsis (Modiolopsis ?) untonordes, Meek, 1878, Pal. Ohio, Vol. I, p. 141.
Modiolopsis unionoides, S. A. Miller, 1890, N. Amer. Geol. and Pal., p. 491.

Shell of medium size, subovate, a little the highest posteriorly, com-
pressed convex, thickest slightly above and in advance of the middle.
Anterior margin regularly but rather narrowly rounded; base forming a
broad semielliptic curve; posterior margin broadly rounded, very slightly
oblique; dorsal outline more or less strongly arcuate, passing gradually
into the ends. Beakssmall, compressed, projecting very little beyond the
hinge margin, placed between one-fourth and one-fifth of the length of
the valves behind the anterior extremity; umbonal ridge scarcely dis-
tinguishable. Surface showing only a few distant subimbricating marks
of growth. ;

Hinge comparatively weak for the genus, with one oblique cardinal
tooth in the right valve and two(?) in the lett. The ridge-like internal
ligament support leaves a linear depression within the dorsal edge ex-
tending posteriorly from the beak for a distance equaling about one-third
of the length of the shell. Anterior adductor and pedal muscle attach-
ments having the characters usual for the genus, except that they are
with respect to the beaks, more anterior in position for the reason that
the anterior end is uncommonly long.

Meek’s type of this species has almost beyond question, been dis-
torted by pressure so that its height is now less than it should be. In
one of my specimens the height has been reduced to an even greater de-
gree. The second specimen mentioned by Meek (/oc. czt.), which he re-
fers to the species with doubt because it 1s proportionally higher, seems
to agree exactly with those now illustrated on plate 54, and which I re-
gard as representing the normal form of the shell.

Having the hinge and muscular impressions characterizing Jschyro-
donta, and the shell structure prevailing among the Cyrtodontide, the
species cannot possibly belong to MW/odiolopsis nor to any other genus of
that family. As to placing the shell with McCoy’s Anodontopsis, it is
out of the question if McCoy has defined his genus correctly.

The rather regularly ovate form-of 7. unionoides suggests relation-
ship to Z. ovalis. It is however a larger shell, relatively higher, es-

678 GEOLOGY OF OHIO. ae

pecially in the posterior half, not so convex, and has less anterior beaks | “oo
and different surface markings. . He)

Formation and Locality: Middle beds of the Cincinnati group, at ==
Cincinnati, Ohio, and Covington, Kentucky, where it occurs at an alti- pele.
tude of about 350 feet above the bed of the Ohio River.

Genus WHITELLA, Ulrich.
Whitel/a, Ulrich, 1890, Amer. Geol., vol. vi, p. 176; Geol. and Nat. Hist. Sury. Minn. |
Final Rept., vol. 111, p. 564 (in press). ; EN

The reader may obtain a good idea of this well marked Lower Silu-
rian genus from the Minnesota work above cited. Descriptions of twelve ae
species, nine of them Trenton, the rest from the Hudson River group, |
are contained therein.

Whitella Ohioensts, 0. sp. or var.

Compare Whitella compressa Ulrich, 1890, Amer. Geol., vol. vi, p. 180.

Fig. 2. Right valve of Whitella Ohioensis; Cincinnati group, Waynesville, Ohio.

Shell large, compressed convex, subrhomboidal in outline, very lit-
tle the widest posteriorly. Anterior margin very gently rounded and
nearly vertical in the upper half, sharply rounded (almost angular) at the Ss
extremity of the hinge, sloping backward below; the outline from the hore
prominent and strongly rounded post-basal angle to the antero-cardinal 4
angle forms nearly a semielliptical curve; posterior margin slightly.
oblique, nearly straight in the middle, above curving forward and rather
gradually merging into the dorsal line. Beaks very prominent but small
and not strongly incurved, situated about one-fifth of the length of the
shell behind the anterior extremity; umbonal ridge very little developed,
especially as compared with the majority of the species of the genus.
Surface with distant subimbricating marks of growth and finer concen-

LOWER SILURIAN LAMELLIBRANCHS. 679

tric lines between them. Escutcheon rather narrow but long and deep.

This shell though larger, is exceedingly like the geologically earlier
WV. compressa Ulrich, from the lower Trenton of Minnesota, and might
well be considered, if not a reapparition, a variety of that species. Still,
as the Ohio shell is somewhat narrower across the posterior half and rep-
resented by casts of the exterior, while the Minnesota form is known
only from casts of the interior, it is not unlikely that other differences
may be shown when we can compare better and equal material of the
two. Differences in their hinges and muscular impressions are to be
looked for since there is some evidence to show that these parts were
stronger in W. compressa than in W. Ohioensis.

Compared with associated species, W. ob/iquata Ulrich is much more
convex and has stronger umbonal ridges, W. wméonata Ulrich is much
fuller in the umbones and has a different outline, W. sadovata Ulrich is
ovate rather than rhomboidal in outline, and W. guadrangularis Whit-
field, sp., is shorter and much more ventricose.

Formationand Locality: Upper beds of the Cincinnati group, Waynes-
ville and Clarksville, Ohio.

Family NUCULIDA, Gray.
Genus CTENODONTA, Salter.

Te'linomya, Hall, 1847, Pal. N. Y., vol. 1, p. 151; 1857, Tenth Ann: Rep. Reg. Univ.
N. Y., p. 181. Not Ze//inomy.z, the correct ‘form of Tellimya, Brown, 1827, as
given by Agassiz in his ‘““Nomenclator Zoologicus” in 1846.

Ctenodonta, Salter, 1851, Rep. Brit. Asso. p. 63; 1859, Can. Org. Remains, Decade 1,
p- 34; Ulrich, Final Rep. Geol. Sur. Minn., vol. ii1, p. 578 (in press).

I had prepared an entire plate of species of this genus for this paper,
but the lack of time required for the final study which it is my habit to
give to all species described by me immediately preceding the trans-
mission of the manuscript to the printer, has induced me to delay their
publication to some other opportunity. The illustrations of the three
species following happened to be placed on plates devoted chiefly to other
shells here described, so that I could not very well postpone their con-
sideration.

A full description of the genus and of numerous species will be
found in the Minnesota work above cited.

Ctenodonta retrorsa, n. sp.
Plate 450. Figs. 14 and 1d.

This species is founded upon the cast of the interior of a single
valve, probably the right. If this view is correct the beaks are situated
a short distance behind the center and curved toward the longer end,

é Sr } Rae NY ST A INE 2 POE LEASED SD en ally yt Nore iP aed
at Ae BH OL 7 Re RG Payee Ny s

680 GEOLOGY OF OHIO. |

thus giving them the appearance of being turned backwards.’ The
subreniform shape is peculiar, as is also the unusual fullness of the pos- — ee
terior half. The anterior muscular scar is well marked but the posterior
one is quite indistinct in the specimen.

Formation and Locality: Middle or Alodiolodon beds of the Trenton
formation, near Burgin, Kentucky.

Ctenodonta cingulata, Ulrich.
Plate 48. Figs. 10-12.

Tellinomya cingulata, Ulrich, 1879, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. ii, p. 23.

The types of this species do not preserve the hinge teeth clearly so
that they were misrepresented in the original description and figures.
Better examples have since been obtained and the two now illustrated
on plate 48 give a reliable idea of both the external and internal char-
acters of the shell. The hinge teeth are very slender and crowded in
the central part of the hinge. Their great length and the unusual width
of the hinge plate are the principal peculiarities of the species.

Formation and Locality: Upper beds of the Cincinnati group,
Boyle and Oldham counties 1: Kentucky, and Dayton, Ohio.

Ctcnodonta perminuta, n. sp.
Plate 46. Figs. 11-14.

Shell very small, commonly about 1.5 mm. in length and 1.15 mm.
in height, widest anteriorly; anterior outline rounded below, generally
nearly vertical in the upper half, and subangular in the antero-cardinal
region; basal margin broadly convex, posterior end obliquely truncate,
strongly rounded in the lower half. The species is known from casts of
the interior only. In these the beaks are prominent, moderately
incurved, and situated between one-fourth and one-third of the entire
length behind the anterior extremity. The muscular impressions are
unusually distinct for so small a shell, and the structure of the hinge
seems to have been very much as in C. /evata, Hall, sp., and other forms
of that section of the genus.

The extreme minuteness of the shell and the comparative strength
of the muscular attachments, will distinguish this form at once from all
other species of the genus having a similar shape. The C. od/qua Hall, ~
sp., another minute species of the Cincinnati rocks, and of which the oa
recently proposed Pal@oconcha fabert (S. A. Miller, 1892, N. A. Geol. |
and Pal., p. 498), seems to me to be a synonym, isa higher shell and
doubtless belongs to quite a different section of the genus, being closely
related to such forms as C. compressa Ulrich and C. astarteformis Salter.

Formation and Locahity: Vower and middle beds of the Cincinnati
group, Cincinnati, Ohio.

> Hie LOWER SILURIAN LAMELLIBRANCHS. OSI

Genus PYRENOMC@US, Hall.

Pyrenomeus, Hall, 1852, Pal. N. Y., vol. ii, p. 87.

I refer two species provisionally to this little known genus. They
agree in all respects with the published characters of P. cuneatus, Hall,
the type of the genus, except that the anterior muscular scar is not
strong, being on the contrary even less distinct than the posterior one.
So far as the muscular impressions can be made out they seem to be as
in the most of the Muculde. Still, I have no idea that they really
belong to that family of shells, the hinge being thin and almost certainly
without denicles, while the test is very delicate and polished externally.
Stoliczka, in his great work on the Cretaceous Pelecypoda of Southern
India,” places the genus with the Solenomyide. ‘This arrangement seems
to me entirely unwarranted, the short, nuculoid form of the shell being
totally unlike the elongated form so strictly adhered to by the typical
members of that family. All other authors who have had occasion to
refer to Pyrenomeus have placed the genus more or less doubtfully with
the Wuculide,and here I would leave it till something definite is learned
of its hinge, when I believe we will have reason for the erection of a
new family.

Pyrenomeus decipiens, 0. sp.
Plate 51. Figs. 7and 8.

Shell from 12 mm. to 16 mm. long, 9.8 mm. to 11.5 mm. high, nucu-
loid in shape, narrowest posteriorly, strongly convex, with prominently
rounded umbones situated between one-third and one-fourth of the entire
length from the anterior extremity. Antero-cardinal region slightly com-
pressed and subangular in outline; upper half of anterior margin nearly
vertical, base regularly convex; posterior margin oblique, scarcely trun-
cate, ‘sharply rounded below. Umbonal ridge rounded, inconspicuous;
an obscurely defined line or narrow ridge traverses the middle of the
cardinal slope posteriorly from the beak. ‘Test very thin, the surface pol-
ished and marked by very fine concentric lines, of which the strongest
only are visible to the unassisted eye. A small heart-shaped lhgamental
area or lunette in front of the beaks. Hinge very thin, as far as ob-
served, without teeth. Anterior muscular scar and pallial line not shown
by any of the casts of the interior seen; we may therefore assume that
they are very faint; posterior scar scarcely defined, rather large, occupy-
ing the greater part of the post-cardinal slope.

The casts of this shell look very much like testiferous examples of
an undescribed associated species of Cftenodonta. ‘The latter is usually
identified by Cincinnati collectors with Hall’s Tellinomya levata. ‘Testif-
erous specimens of the two species are no more likely to be confused than
are casts of the interior. In the first case the surface of the shell is not

682 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

polished in the Crexodonta, while in the second the surface of the casts
of the Pyrenomeus are more evenly rounded and the muscular scars
much less distinct.

formation and Locality: Middle beds of the Cincinnati group. Four
specimens only have been seen and these were collected on Mount Au-
burn in the city of Cincinnati, from strata lying about 400 feet above the
bed of the Ohio river.

Pyrenomeus subcuneatius, 1. Sp.

Plate 51. Fig. 6.

Shell about 11 mm. long, 7 mm. high, and 4.5 mm. thick, cuneate
behind, rounded, though not quite regularly, in front; base rounded, car-
dinal outline sloping down on each side from the beaks which are situated
about.one-third of the length behind the anterior extremity. Posterior
cardinal slope abrupt. Surface polished, marked with very fine concen-
tric strize and a few stronger irregular folds. The specimen figured ex-
hibits traces of several radiating lines in tke post-cardinal region.

There are several Lower Silurian shells that resemble the species un-
der consideration, but I cannot say that the resemblance is in any case
very close. In none of them is the posterior end so cuneate, nor is the
surface in any except the preceding species polished. VP. decipiens is a
higher shell and shorter anterior to the beaks.

formation and Locality: Towest beds of the Cincinnati group, river
quarries, Covington, Kentucky.

t

Family LYRODESMIDZ, Ulrich.
Genus LYRODESMA, Conrad.

(Ann. Geol. Rep. N. Y., p. 51; 1841.)

Lyrodesma tnornatum, i. sp.
Plate 50. Figs. 10 and 12.

Shell not known to exceed 18 mm. in length, transversely subovate,
compressed convex, the three dimensions length, height and thickness.
respectively to each other as nine and seven is to four. Anterior margin
regularly curved, base broadly convex, posterior margin slightly oblique,
strongly rounded and most prominent below, gently curved and sloping
forward above to the subangular extremity of the short hinge line.
Beaks rather small, moderately prominent, situated a little in front of the
center; cardinal slope compressed, slightly alate; umbonal ridge very
moderately developed, the greater part of the surface being rather evenly

convex. Surface nearly smooth, without radial lines on the cardinal.

slope, in the best specimens exhibiting only a small nuniber of obscure

LOWER SILURIAN LAMELLIBRANCHS. 683

concentric lines of growth. Eight transversely striated and radially ar-
ranged cardinal teeth in each valve, the anterior one usually not quite
distinct from the dorsal edge of the valves. Muscular and pallial im-
pressions not observed.

This species agrees with Z. planwm Conrad, in the number of its ©
cardinal teeth and in wanting the post-cardinal strize which are usually
present in species of the genus. They are however readily separated by
differences in their outlines, Z zzornatum being shorter (relatively higher)
and more nearly ovate. MHall’s L. cincinnatiense presents considerable
resemblance in the way of outline, yet is really quite a distinct species,
having a shorter hinge line, only six cardinal teeth, an angular umbonal
ridge, and distinctly striated post-cardinal slopes.

Formation and Locality: Middle beds of the Seas group, Cov-
ington, Kentucky, and Cincinnati, Ohio.

Lyrodesma grande, 0. sp.
Plate 50. Fig. 13.

Of this large species I have seen only the cast of the interior figured
on plate 50. While I cannot doubt that it really belongs to Lyrodesma,
it is still a fact that there are features in which it differs from all the pre-
viously known forms of the genus. In the first place it is much larger
than any of the others, and unusually short, while the plate bearing the
cardinal teeth seems to have filled the entire rostral cavity, as that practi-
cally no beaks are to be distinguished onthe cast. The muscular scars
also exhibit peculiarities, the anterior one being very elongate and the
posterior one of unusually large size. Having no strong umbonal ridge
(the surface of the cast is almost uniformly compressed-convex) the affin-
ities of the species seen to be nearest Z. znornatum. Compared with that
species it is found to differ in having the anterior end relatively narrower,
the basal margin more obliquely rounded, and the hinge line shorter and
not alate posteriorly. From ZL. cincinnatiense Hall, it is sufficiently dis-
tinguished by its great size and in wanting a distinct umbonal ridge.

Formation and Locality: Middle beds of the Cincinnati group, Cin-
cinnati, Ohio.

Lyrodesma subplanum, i. sp.

Plate 47, Fig. 8.

Compare Lyrodesma planum, Conrad, 1841, Ann. Geol. Rep. N. Y., p. 51.

The outline of this shell is very much like that of LZ. planum Con-
rad, as figured by Hall in 1847 (Pal. N. Y., vol. i, pl. 82, figs. 11a, 110).
As represented by Hall, that species is longer, without radiating lines on
the post-cardinal slope, and with the umbonal ridge not nearly so strong.

- 654 \ GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

If the published figures and description of Conrad’s species do it justice, aa

the Cincinnati shell under consideration is certainly distinct.

The outline is quite different from that of any of the other species
of the genus occurring in the Cincinnati rocks. Of Trenton forms cer-
tain varieties of ZL. acuminatum Ulrich, approach it rather closely, but, so
far as observed, the post-cardinal angle never projects as far beyond the
line of the umbonal ridge as it does in L. subplanum.

Formation and Locality: Near the base of the Cincinnati group,
in strata exposed in the bank of the Ohio river at Covington, Kentucky:

Lyrodesma conradi, n. sp.
Plate 47, Fig. 9.

Shell a little oblique, transversely subovate, somewhat the highest
across the middle of the posterior end; length 15 to 22 mm., height 11.5

to 15 mm., thickness about half the height; just beneath the middle of ~

the slightly oblique posterior margin, the outline is a little produced and
more narrowly rounded than elsewhere. Valves moderately convex, the
posterior umbonal ridge rounded, not a prominent feature, the beaks small,
situated just within the anterior third of the length. Surface marked by
very fine, closely arranged, sharp concentric lines, crossed on the pos-
terior cardinal slope by about ten radiating strie. Hinge with seven
teeth of the usual type in each valve. Adductor scars distinct, the
posterior one rather small and situated a very short distance beneath
the submarginal pedal muscle impression. Pallial line with a small
though undeniable posterior sinus.* A peculiar feature of internal casts

is the broad and shallow furrow shown in the figure just in front of the
umbonal ridge. om

This species resembles Z. zxornatum but is less broadly rounded
posteriorly and has a stronger umbonal ridge. Casts of the exterior or
testiferous specimens may be distinguished at once by their surface mark-

ings, that species being, as its name indicates, smooth and entirely with- —

out the posterior rays. The surface markings ally it to ZL. subplanum
and L. cincinnatiense, but the first of these species is longer and quite
differently outlined, while in the latter the umbonal ridge is very sharp,
the posterior end angular basally, and the beaks more centrally situated.

Formation and Locality: In the lower 200 feet of the Cincinnati
group, at Cincinnati, Ohio, and localities in Kentucky opposite that city.

“The cast illustrated on plate 47 is a recent acquisition, and since its discovery
[ have reexamined the other species accessible to me and found that in every case—
they are not many, it must be admitted—where the posterior part of the pallial line
could be determined, it was similarly sinuate.

LOWER SILURIAN LAMELLIBRANCHS. 685

Genus TECHNOPHORUS, Miller.

Technophorus punctostriatus, n. sp.
Plate 47 Figs. 10-12.

Shell small, moderately convex, alated posteriorly, the height and
length nearly as two is to three. Cardinal margin long, nearly straight,
in front passing rather regularly into the rounded anterior margin, behind
drawn out into a small, compressed, triangular wing, the acuminate ex-
tremity of which projects slightly beyond the post-basal angle; ventral
margin nearly parallel with the dorsal, straight in the middle and behind,
curving regularly upward anteriorly; posterior margin biconcave, the
upper concavity less oblique and twice as long as the lower. Beaks small,
projecting very little in both the shell and in casts of the interior, situ-
ated, in specimens of the usual size, only about one tenth of the entire
length of the shell in front of the middle. Two strong and sharp ridges
extend in a strongly curved direction from the beak across the posterior
half of the valves to the lower part of the posterior margin. With the
exception of the posterior wing, the surface is marked with regular
raised concentric lines, separating series of small puncte. The latter
may be arranged in quincunx or in lines radiating from the beaks. Three
or four of the concentric lines occur in the space of 1mm. ‘The poste-
rior wing is marked by similar lines but here they are straight and oblique,
following a direction at right angles to a line drawn from the post-cardi-
nal angle to the antero-basal margin. Of internal characters we know
only that the clavicle was short and blunt, yet very strong, and that the
cavity immediately in front of it contains a small and faintly defined
muscular impression.

This small species is decidedly like the 7. swbacutus, Ulrich, from
the lower Trenton of Minnesota, set I have no doubt that they are spe-
cifically distinct. At present we know that species only from _a cast
of the interior. Comparing this with casts of the present shell we find
that in the earlier form the beaks are more prominent and situated far-
ther forward, the cardinal outline is different and the posterior ridges
much less distinct. In the associated 7. fabert, Miller, the postericr
wing is shorter and the surface markings consist, so far as known, of very
fine concentric lines only. It is besides a larger shell.

Formation and Locality: Middle beds of the Cincinnati group, Coy-
ington, Kentucky, where it occurs at an altitude of from 300 to 350 feet.
above the bed of the Ohio River.

Technophorus yoldiiformis, Ulrich.
Plate 47. Figs. 13 and 14.
Nuculites yoldiaformis, Ulrich, 1879, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. ii, p. 24.

Though not entirely satisfied with the present generic arrangement
of this peculiar species, I am still convinced that it is nearer the truth

686 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

than was the original placement. The shell is more elongate than any. ;

of the other species now referred to Technophorus, while the clavical is i Revie

not only longer and more slender, but much more oblique as well.
formation and Locality: ower beds of the Cincinnati group, Cov-
ington, Kentucky.

Family CYCLOCONCHIDZ, Ulrich.
Genus CYCLOCONCHA, Miller.

Anodontopsis, Meek, 1871, Amer. Jour. Sci. and Arts, 3d ser., vol. ii, p. 297; 1873,
Pal. Ohio, vol. i, p. 140. (Not Aodontopsis of McCoy.)
Cycloconcha, S. A. Miller, 1874, Cin. Quart. Jour. Sci., vol. 1, p. 231.

Shells rather small, rounded or ovate, subequilateral; valves equal,
moderately convex, with small beaks and no umbonal ridge. Surface
marked with very fine concentric lines and occasionally with obscure
rays on the post-cardinal slope. External ligament occupying a narrow
groove extending both anterior and posterior to the beaks. Hinge with —
one strongly defined, snbtriangular cardinal tooth beneath the beak of
the right valve, with a small pit just in front of it and a corresponding
large pit and a small tooth in the left valve. Posterior lateral teeth long,
two in the left valve and one, two or three in the right. Anterior lateral
teeth similar to the posterior laterals only shorter. ‘The large cardinal
tooth (in the right valve) is usually divided into three radially disposed
portions. Pallial line simple, muscular impressions well defined though
not deep, the posterior slightly the larger, both with a small pedal muscle ©
scar above and occupying the small spaces left between the adductor scars
and the opposite extremities of the two sets of lateral teeth.

e
Type: Cycloconcha mediocardinalis, S. A. Miller.
Plate 51, Figs. 14-21.

I have not the slightest doubt of the generic identity of Dr Miller’s
type and the shell named Anodontopsis? millert by Prof. Meek, and the
one next described as a new species under the name of Cycloconcha ovata.
I have given figures of the exterior and interior of these three species
on plates 48 and 51, and am confident that no one can compare them ~
without coming to the conclusion that they are congeneric. I will ad-
mit that while there are really three lateral teeth on each side in the
right valves of C. mediocardinalis and C. ovata there is but one that
strictly speaking may be called a tooth in C. mz//erz. Still, and this part
was noticed also by Meek, the other two laterals are represented in that
species in a rudimentary condition, there being a faintly raised line on
the outer sides of the two furrows which received the two laterals of the
left valve.

Meek’s description of Azodontopsis? milleri,.or Cycloconcha millert,
is it should now be called, is full and correct in all respects except when

LOWER SILURIAN LAMELLIBRANCHS. 687

he says “there are no traces of an external ligament to be seen.” My
specimens show clearly a narrow dorsal groove between the edges of the
valves which I believe to have lodged a ligament.

As to the use of McCoy’s genus Azodontopsis for this group of shells,
I would say only this, that before such a cause is justifiable it must be
shown that the ¢yfe of his genus really has the same kind of hinge and
muscular impressions as is above ascribed to Cycloconcha. Meek’s name
Orthodontiscus, which he suggested might be used for the species mzdleri
should it prove to be generically distinct from Axodontopsis, has no claim
to recognition at the expense of Miller’s name, since it was never de-
fined nor used as a genus by anyone.

It is very difficult to determine the family relations of this genus.
The hinge is quite different from all paleozoic shells, but agrees rather
well with those of the recent genera Cyrvena and Crassatella. At present
however, we cannot say that this resemblance indicates natural relation-
ship, since Cycloconcha is, so far as known, restricted to the Cincinnati —
group, and not a single shell is known from rocks succeeding that forma-
tion as high up_as the Lias, that might be regarded as connecting the
Lower Silurian genus with those recent genera. It may be that such con-
necting links may yet be discovered, if indeed they have not already been
found and are misunderstood, but until we do know something better, I
propose to classify Cycloconcha as a peculiar family by itself.

Cycloconcha ovata, n. sp.
Plate 48. Figs. 13-15.

Shell about 17 mm, long, 12.5 mm. high, and.7.2 mm. thick; outline,
excepting the slightly prominent beaks, regularly oval; occasionally the
posterior end seems to have been a little higher than the anterior. Sur
face covered with such fine concentric lines that unless viewed throngh a
strong lens, it appears perfectly smooth. The only specimen on which
these surface markings can be detected also shows in the middle of
the posterior cardinal slope six or seven obscure lines radiating from
the beak. Hinge strong, with the cardinal tooth of the right valve
triangular, only a little oblique and distinctly triplicate. Posterior lateral
teeth of same valve three in number, the central one the strongest,
Anterior lateral teeth of right valve three, the middle one the most prom-
inent, the upper one formed by the margin of the valve, the lower one
curved, shorter, and not as prominent as the central one. In the left
valve the cardinal tooth is about half the size of the cardinal tooth of the
right valve and situated in front of the pit into which that tooth entered.
Of lateral teeth there are four, two anterior and two posterior; both pairs
strong and subequal. Muscular scars not satisfactorily observed. As
exhibited in a cast of the interior they appear to be less distinctly im-
pressed than in C. mzllerit Meek, sp.

688 _ GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

Externally this species is very much like C. mi//ert, yet when care-
fully compared, several constant differences may be observed. Thus, tie
ends in that species are relatively narrower, and the cardinal margin slopes
regularly down in both directions from the beaks. ‘This is not the case

in C. ovata, in which the dorsal outline is slightly sinuate on each side _ Be
between the point of the beak and the two extremities of the hinge. Fi- ee
nally, the surface markings are more delicate in the present form. Im-

ternally the rudimentary character of the upper and lower pairs of the
lateral teeth in the right valve of C. mzl/erz is a sufficient differentation es
to constitute a specific variation. The oval instead of subcircular outline
distinguishes the new species from C. medtocardinalis. In all other re- —
spects however the two species.are exceedingly close. :
formation and Locality: Wower beds of the Cincinnati group, at
several localities in the vicinity of Cincinnati, Ohio. The horizon is ~~
about 100 feet above the bed of the Ohio river at Cincinnati.

Family PHOLADELLID&, Miller. 2 |
Genus RHYTIMYA, Ulrich.
[Final Rep. Geol. Sur. Minn., Vol. iii. (In press.)] oe
Rhytimya preducta, u. sp.
Plate 56. Figs. 6-9.

Shell rarely exceeding 39 mm, in length. tapering slightly and ex-
tended posteriorly, constricted beneath the moderately prominent um-
bones; sulcus somewhat oblique, anterior part of shell slightly inflated ; ;
length equaling two and one half times the height at the beaks and three i
times the height of the posterior third. Cardinal outline very gently | -
concave posterior to the beaks, nearly straight but sloping down about a:
one-third of the height in front of them; anterior margin subrectangular .
in the middle, then curving gradually backward into the basal line; pos-
terior margin narrowly though rather regularly rounded; ventral margin
distinctly sinuate centrally or a little in advance of the center. Lunule
very narrow. Surface marked concentrically, with ten or more sharp
regular folds anterior to the beaks and less distinct as well as less regular
wrinkles and strize posterior to them. On the compressed post-cardinal
region the surface markings are very obscure. The best specimens seen i
are casts of the interior and on only one of the molds of the exterior are s
any traces of the radiating series of minute granules perserved.

Formation and Locality: Middle beds of the Cincinnati group, about
325 feet above the bed of the Ohio river at Cincinnati, Ohio, and Coving-
ton, Kentucky. Not an uncommon fossil, but good specimens must be -
considered as rare.

THE LOWER SILURIAN ROCKS. 689

Rhytimya byrnesi, Miller.
Plate 56. Figs. 4 and 5.

Orthodesma byrnest, Miller, 1881, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. iv, p. 76.

Dr. Miller’s description of this species is not as complete nor as defi-
nite as we could desire, and his figures are not satisfactory. Add to this
that the type specimen has been lost and that no others are known that
have been strictly compared with the specimen upon which the species
was founded, it is evident that some doubt must necessarily attach to all
attempts at identifying the species. Yet I entertain considerable confi-
dence in the correetness of the present attempt, for the reason that
shortly after the appearance of Dr. Miller’s description I had an oppor-
tunity of studying his type. I remember distinctly that I at once recog-
nized in it a member of Rhytimya* and one that was very near the
species just described as R. producta. Dr. Byrnes’ specimen preserved
a good part of the test, but as it was exceedingly thin we may reasonably
assume that casts of the interior would not look much unlike testiferous
examples. Of course we cannot expect that they would preserve any-
thing of the superficial spines.

The specimens here referred to the species are good casts of the in-
terior found at Richmond, Indiana, in beds believed to be exactly equiva-
lent to those at Weisburg, Indiana, from which Dr. Byrnes obtained his
specimen. If my memory is not at fault, they agree with that example
also in every essential character, so that the standing of the species may
be, in the absence of the original type, with justice transferred to them.

-Compared with 2. producta, which Rhytimya byrnesi, as the species
should now be called, resembles perhaps more than any other, it will be
found to be relatively higher, especially in the posterior part where the
height equals about four-ninths of the entire length instead of one-third.
The anterior part of the shell again is not inflated, at any rate it is much
less so than in FR. producta, the mesial sulcus is shallower, wider and
directed more obliquely backward, and the ventral margin less sinuate,
indeed, it is almost straight. Finally, the convexity of the shell is less,
the posterior margin is not so regularly rounded and the lunulea little
wider. For further comparisons the reader is referred to several of the
descriptions following.

formation and Locality: Upper beds of the Cincinnati group, Weis-
burg and Richmond, Indiana.

khytimya ehana, n. sp.
Plate 56. Fig. 1.
Shell large, compressed convex, elongate-subrhomboidal, with sub-
parallel dorsal and ventral margins, and obliquely truncate posterior

* This and other genera of Lamellibranchiata sow being published for the first
time, was outlined in 1881-82 and has been in manuscript since 1883.

44% GAO:

69) GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

margin; anterior end gently concave in front of the beaks, rounding reg-
ularly downward and backward from the obtusely angular antéro-cardinal
extremity which is but little beneath the line of the hinge; ventral
margin distinctly though broadly sinuate, mostly in front of the middle.
Beaks of moderate prominence, incurved, situated about one-fourth of
the length of the shell from the anterior extremity. Mesial sulcus dis-
tinct, broad, directed obliquely backward, the part of the shell lying in
front of it slightly inflated, while posteriorly the surface of the valves
rises very gently into a broadly convex umbonal ridge; cardinal slope
concave, compressed and subalate posteriorly. Concentric surface mark-
ings very faint on the post-cardinal third, rather strong and irregular
on the anterior and lower side of the umbonal ridge and in the mesial
sulcus, becoming finer as they pass over the anterior swelling and finally
gathered into strong folds with fine lines between them on the antero-
cardinal slope. Radial markings not preserved on the specimen described.

Greatest length 55 mm.; posterior or greatest height 21 mm.; height
at beaks 20 mm.; greatest thickness shown by the specimen described
only 6 mm. for each valve. The convexity of the valves has doubtless
been reduced by pressure. I estimate the entire normal thickness of the
shell at about 15 mm.

This fine species, which it gives me pleasure to name for the dis-
coverer, Mr. George Oeh, a liberal collector and careful student of the
fossils of the Cincinnati group, is closely related to A. dyrnesz, yet may be
distinguished readily by its much greater size, more distinct mesial sul-
cus, and subtruncate posterior margin. R. froductais much smaller and
narrower posteriorly.

Formation and Locality: Middle beds of the Cincinnati group, Cin-
cinnati, Ohio, where it was found at an elevation of about 390 feet above
the bed of the Ohio river.

Rhytinva micklcboroughi, Whitfield.
Plate 56. Figs. 14 and 15

Orthodesma mickleboroughi, Whitfield, 1878, Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 139,

This species is near 2. oehana, but is a trifle longer, more produced
posteriorly, less rounded in front, and more convex, especially on the
umbonal ridge which is more prominent than in any other species of the
genus.

An examination of the original type of this species shows that it is
incomplete at the ends and that the abnormally short form which this im-
perfection itself would cause has been emphasized by compression. _Whit-
field’s statement therefore that the valves are “‘twice as longashigh” applies
only to imperfect specimens like the one used by him and not to such as
have retained the normal relations of those dimensions, in which the

THE LOWER SILURIAN ROCKS. 691

length is about three times the height. With this exception both his
description and figure are exact. The specimen here illustrated on plate
do has suffered in nearly an opposite direction so that it is more elongate
than natural. But as at least nine-tenths of the specimens seen have
been compressed in a similar manner the figures now given may justly
be considered as highly characteristic of the shell as it is represented in
collections.

Formation and Locality: Middle beds of the Cincinnati group at
several localities in the vicinity of Cincinnati, Ohio.

Rhytimya convexa, 0. Sp.
Plate 56. Figs. 2and 3.

Shell elongate, strongly convex, the outline narrowly subelliptical,
converging slightly toward each end from the middle; height equaling
nearly two-fifths of the length, thickness a little less than four-fifths of
the height. Cardinal and basal margins gentle arcuate; anterior end curv-
ing obliquely backward from the subangular extremity of the hinge line,
nearly vertical, however, in the upper half; posterior margin strongly
rounded and most prominent in the lower half, oblique and somewhat

straight in the upper. Beaks small, not very prominent, situated a little

less than one-fifth of the entire length of the shell from the anterior end;
posterior umbonal ridge subangular near the beaks, its convexity becom-
ing less as it recedes from them ; anterior umbonal ridge low, nearly ver-
tical; sulcus rather shallow, not deep enough to cause a sinus in the basal
margin. Concentric surface markings unusually strong on the posterior
part of the valves, but anterior to the center they are precisely as in A.
ochana and other species of the genus. Postero-ventral fourth of valves
with series of large pustules arranged in a radial manner with respect
to the beaks. Pustules about one millimeter apart measuring from
center to center.

Excepting that the concentric furrows are stronger on the posterior
half of the valves, the surface markings are about the same as in AX.
mickleborought. Further comparisons with that species show that A&.
convexa differs also in having a less prominent posterior umbonal ridge,
less attenuate ends, a shallower mesial sulcus, and a convex instead ot
sinuate ventral margin. In R. oehana the valves are a little higher, the
basal line gently sinuate, and the posterior margin more truncate. In JW. |
compressa the valves are less convex, the post-cardinal angle sharper, and
the mesial sulcus so little developed that it is practically wanting.

Formation and Locality: Middle beds of the Cincinnati group, Cin-
cinnati, Ohio. It is found associated with 2. mickleboroughit Whitfield,
sp., but is a much rarer sheil,

692 GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

Rhytimya conpressa, n. sp.

Plate 56. Fig. 13:

Shell of medium size, compressed-convex, elongate, the length two
and one half times the greatest height. Beaks small, very little promi-
nent, about one-fifth of the entire length behind the anterior extremity;
umbonal ridges very inconspicuous; mesial sulcus scarcely distinguish-
able. Cardinal margin long, about seven-eighths of the entire length of
the shell, straight posterior to the beaks, declining very little anterior to
them; anterior end wide, sharply rounded above, uniformly curved in the
middle and below; ventral margin gently but almost regularly convex
throughout; posterior margin oblique, strongly rounded in the lower
half, subtruncate in the upper; post-cardinal extremity obtusely angular.
Concentric surface markings as usual for the genus. Radial markings
not shown by the specimen figured which is the best seen. From the
same block of shale, however, I obtained fragments of the posterior part
of a Rhytimya, probably of this species, that are beautifully marked with
closely arranged radial series of exceedingly small spines. In a cross-
light the lines formed by them are just visible to the unassisted eye.

The slight convexity of the valves and the absence of a distinct
mesial sulcus or constriction sufficiently distinguishes this species from
all the other shells referred to Azytzmya save the next, FR. radials,
which see.

Formation and Locality: Middle beds of the Cincinnati group, Cin-
cinnati, Ohio, about 825 feet above the Ohio river.

Rhytimya radiata, 0. sp.
Plate 56. Figs. 10-12.

This species is closely related to 2. compressa, but seems to have
been more convex, and is a smaller shell. Theré are slight differences in
the outline, the posterior margin being less oblique, the basal line straight
in the middle and for a short distance forward, and the anterior end more
angular above. Of the surface markings the grano-lineate ornamentation
is coarser, and the anterior concentric folds smaller. Finally the length
is proportionally a little greater, the height being to the length as three
is to eight instead of three to nine.

The mesial sulcus being very slightly developed the species is
readily separated from 2. producta and R. ehana. From the other species
R. vadiata differs in such obvious respects that comparisons are not nec-
essary.

Formation and Locality: Lower beds of the Cincinnati group, Cin-
cinnati, Ohio, and Covington, Kentucky; 100 to 150 feet above the bed
of the Ohio river.

THE LOWER SILURIAN ROCKS. 693
Genus PHYSETOMYA, n gen.

Shell somewhat elongate, inflated anteriorly, tapering to a naIrow or
_ acute extremity posteriorly; base arcuate. Beaks situated a little in front
of the middle, strongly incurved, not prominent though the umbones are
full. A narrow escutcheon and an obscurely defined lunule. Hinge ap-
parently edentulous; test very thin, muscular attachments not observed,
probably very faint. Surface with concentric striz and wrinkles of
growth, strongest anteriorly, and fine radiating lines,

Type: Pf. acuminata, n. sp.

This genus is believed to be closely related to Rhytimya, Ulrich, and
Ailorisma, King, differing from both in the subcentral position of the
beaks and tapering posterior end.

Pysetomya acuminata, 0. Sp.

Plate 49. Figs. 12-14.

Shell small, transversely elongate, inflated and rounded in front,
tapering to an acute extremity behind; basal margin broadly arcuate on
the whole, somewhat straightened for a short distance in front of the
centre. Beaks strongly incurved, situated about 8 mm. behind the an-
terior extremity in a specimen 22 mm. long; umbones full, though a lit-
tle depressed in the middle by an obscure flattening of the surface that
extends vertically across the shell; posteriorly the umbo is drawn out
into a strongly rounded ridge which, however, is defined on the upper
side only by the abrupt descent to the hinge line. Escutcheon very nar-
row, extremity about two-thirds the length of the hinge posterior to the
beaks; lunule obscurely defined, narrow. Surface markings consisting
of rather irregular concentric furrows, very indistinct on the posterior
cardinal slopes and a little the strongest on the anterior end. These are
crossed, at any rate on the posterior half of the ventral slope, by fine
radiating lines.

The characters of this shell are so distinctive that I cannot see how
it might be confounded with any known Silurian lamellibranch.

Formation and Locality: Middle beds of the Cincinnati group, at
Cincinnati, Ohio, where the specimen described was discovered by Dr.
S. A. Miller.

General Index.

PAGE

AtkerOnm i StONeE WATE cesccee ccckeoesceaseuen: 92

IMMzrOnm valerie db GiCleattesesccecscscscecae: 58

Allibamiyaslity Clayae ess tescsay sens aseeeecaess 104

PAIGE WS TORE a Batercecstecrencncrss 30, 274
Anticlines in Ohio—

(SY DAE ek aca Ma 43

Camlbridce nso. 44

GinCimnatigeesegeee 40

Fredericktown..... 43

Saliisbirmyeeteccecsses 43

Wrellsburgei src 43

Appalachian coal field 5325. ccs. secs 260

Archeolosyot OMoy Wee inss- ccs seo 3

Artistic tiles Bet IBGE Aa Te teeters Mean ee DAO

Ager, DIC tHACHINES <.scccscceoss ences 156

Axes—anticlinal—in Ohio .............. 43

Balleclaiy Sic veguececeen wnvinccesdesesne scenes 122

Barren Measures. clays...) ..c..2-.ss-000+ 68

Bedford) Shialevertessnst aes eee 27-507

as a brick clay sasienisces akc 57

FOSSILS OFF Betas Meta dase a8 507

IBERea STIL. castes ssuapsesdscstenehentesataciects 28

LOSSTISNOMeNeteee eee eee DUS

Bereaushial eran chen an sna neenensea eect 30-508

pebicliadhiamyctoilisanidy assets nse: 34-287

BME Cer water seccccs cocoons wares 6

1Byoieeyay Oy Oly), IU (sci Aadcocdeusseqpoboseces 56

biblograpliycok uses esas ee stes 58

Classiti cation semaeencccemcet eee eaniae 80

. angiosperms ........... 81

gymnosperins.......... 244

vascular cryptogams 246

LOEUIGHA Grace eees aoe esos 247

TM OSSCS peseeenscsusnenn ae woe:

LiverwOrntsiesesn sees 286

InGaN ascnecoses. Goaasdao ereke)

A BOO Mera n a ae ree 300

BUG AS seid. ose ee a seni aces 385

slime moulds........... 397

VefonasAlerdsy shal abayne we peeaauscobousoaaeccauuaee 38

BLeMaaNVAStANSE OTIC spencer eee tae BL

Building material, of Clayse.d.c2:--csece: 233

Burlington group in Ohio............... 514

Brick—enamelled ........ cccsesceceeeecees 238

THACHIMe AM AG es Meeeenes aes ces 234

Pressed yr Ai segs skevaeek seaeaee: 153

Wilt rade clive Ch mere clay amem e a 130

Brickwin douildinory. pneu ee DOr

Brick-making machinery Bandoocace 148-151

Brookville: COailemayaccuesssoaue eeoenees ATT

PAGE

Cambridgeicoal ye yaa isen eee aoe 281
Carboniferous system in Ohio......... 36
CNC WaTeS Ns) cl UIE TUS aces bes anew 122
SIAZ ESHOP each a eee Neuen 125

Statistics: aisay ew eae 126
Chasinoprni ys ee ae ee She
Chemistry in clay working........... 87-125
Chemung rocks in Ohio ...... 498, 500-511
Chesten limestone in| @hiow wee a 35
Chg a WAKO RU ls see eR ata aaa a 122
Statistics) Of iiss sane as a7
Cincinwatiascion VUES eH UN 23, 40
Clarion) Coal yin Ae OM Ny er eee 277

Clark, Dr. William.......602—-4—6-11-: 6-619

Claypole, Prof. E. yee —Chapter by... 602
Clay—
alkalies) ta 8s ee a ae ee ao
analysis ...... 58, 61, 62, 64, 66, 74, 105
133, 136, 219
COLO Tei rannuh ana ane ny eshte v2
COMMPOSICLOM say mee euemaa AON Gk
feldspariinisa i cstaul wee we aie teen 72
Hasina ayy A aa aan 76
SIpe(O na Westra hire anna em ON 74, 84, 108
Jee Vouetsat ys) OI eN saa ennedannsoncagnde 74— 80
lime and magnesia in........ 78-82-108
MITE Kallsi TrAaTes sin aesueeee eee 74— 79
organic matter in.......... Seis aud 73
OUST a ts UL oak nee Nema aaa ne AS= 70
ORY Gem ratTO. 13) Leu A noe ed Gd
PROPSH EES aici tease cee eee nae 74
Wit CE rein Mies Rane sn aaa Rue Su- 82
VATICEISS hie ETE ieee ag Al
Clay manufactures of Ohio............. 88
Clays OF OMIO ee eae eel aeceecten 45— 54
Clay working—
blisterinigy eens 81
latices iene 81
[Dios nba er ASL np se sAaceaods 79=1 (2
Aryl Sys Geaes ei cwaceae 166
f2OAKOhUO eR Gndacanonaddes6o 97
Srindinsecceeceee 96, 141
PECSSIMS ye eee aces 151
SCHEe MIT Sy eee Neaeeree 144
Ueanah Xenarbalen | Se aseonanondacs 147
EES Eira o5 Ue Es Baleares 82
Wa STH alleen 82— 98
Cleveland: sitallersr ge cnra arenes 21— 22
Chiff limestonevot Ohio. acess: 20
Clinton yenowp se tower st eceaceeeeat 10
fossils oferty eans 516
Sasrand Ole nweeasanes 10

GU6 INDEX.

Coal— PAGE PAGE
ORIG AAG C ane sca tesais cate stsunt somsaces PAV). |) Ieopel 560 MEI? coondoactnosbeqacnadg00Ns® 0900033 72
WAS cos, tse teen dece ongweriooea Gieen see 0/3 |e EeCts) Ofmeessscerascteseres ene 72
WHI Sbacogsdedesod pon abogddbasoogonouadsBess PAGS) | VEE OS a opsoondsecoooosecgsenobe 47-48, 32-70- 76

Coaltiveldsiofi@hiops tence: cco tescen soe 255 | Kaolinite base of clay ..............00- 74 80

areas—(see preface) 255 | Kilns—
maps— “ a 256 (Gishach oie neicosasgauaodad! Gsoonadoobddocods 186
Coal measures of Ohio ........... ..-260-270 JDVAGEWH AS eodocooacongaacostinengedood0000%% 187
Coal measure conglomerate............ ile Halllwoodssiessnenccccsosceseencecescete 187
MiIMIESTOMESHMseccesece es 260 AYUEMESSHS a anasndo. Gdasannaodsobsonacq0e0sce 187
Coaliseams Ofe@hiOr casos oeetecee sees 259 Earthenware asec eetctesesceercecear 91
mode of growth.. 262 PaAvine DlOCK se essc sete seecceeenaes Waa
AUT DSTA wesc sies 269 StOME WATE ssc sesaeesceseeere terete 112

Conglomerate group in Ohio .......... 36 (HSS BOIS? earongndacegreacgoannHuodocusn coco0e 84

Cooks rot GeO ss csncascsensosescceesct 74 | Kinderhook group in Ohio ............ 512

Coppergmeadinihtrn cinema coesssde deck secee 38)|> Kittanning; claySitcs.ccesse<sacceneeseeceas 65

Corniferous limestone sca steecee: 18> Karttannine coadlssr.-s.escsceeeeceesaestias 278

TOSSUISEEE esse e 419
Cuyahorarshaleiiie..c-ccsscsese ,...o1-93-508 | James, Prof. s] ubtiee Seeiestncie qucsee sossceees 5
“Jolly” or ‘jigger” in clay working 102

Daw SOM Site VV aweeceaschacessce ons cees 26

Dayton Himmestone 1 as ame ate a T2-ONS [2 Wim ean clay, sensanceseceosceseeesess 73— 79

Welawarelimlestomeuce-werd-eseeceses: 19 | Limestones in Coal Measures.. 260

Devonian limestone in Ohio......... 18-419 | Logan conglomerate............c....seee0 287

Drift elacialy sc. scstdecsescsees seesoscsavees 37 Logan PLOUP cts ttes twee seeeee eee 31- 32

Earth works, Prehistoric............. Wo) | Wogan fire) Clay eves. seclscoseriere sess cae 58

BY ATU ENWALE eat csiueceeefoosssesesseites seek g 89 | Logan sandstone ...............+. sGeddotoos 34

CLAY Sii.csteccseoeetepeaececess 90) |- Mower coal measures: : 2s. oa.cccesses sence 36
SEATISEICS Hons. tetsechecec ove ¥1 | Lower Helderberg limestone........... 14

ASL MGAVET POON. ween csnesoonetsee nsec stie st 126 | Lunette pyrometrique....85, 110, 138, “254

Ey mlexshalene sc dsu set odcccscecoeeseceutietes 21-506

EC] TGCUp LM CYStON Cass seesec seen eee = eases 28 |. Magnesia in (clay........asesssrsen-seeee 73- 78

Feldspar, the source of clay........... 47, 72.| Marcellus shale in Ohio...............065 432

IE Te CKvec oetas stash. ce mnoesssk uace ates 217 | Marquette iron ore in drift........0..... 38

Eirerclay.Smertaacscaceapecs asta stsene O2=218; 224).| 2 Miassilonkcoall sane s.csnsaocenneceneacces 273
AINALIVSES eaeceen econ sees ieeasteencscnee TSG; Medinal shale ersastecscssssese cece 9

Fishes, tossil—Chapter on .............. GORI Meek uR AB easesnssecascseeaea-ceeececeee 30-408

GATE We AV) aea wroseus ttc svietla stead deceeaee seed: 218) \|- WeiesCréekicoaless.castsesseeeeenerene 288

ANALY SISZ. co csccchesdodaesssesce SLO | Wer ely ClayS.cacssemenssaeceessee oa eee eereeee 62
CONG Ua elms Pace OLE SCH e EATER BOCOL TOM Wer Cer COalSic.s-csecnuassaeesn seme seeeecc 274

Eloorine tiles acscseree nosceeseoee eenceree 240) |) MulcalinlClaysencs-eaaceescesene acces ees 72

Foerste, Dr A. F.—Chapter by........ Si6) Maller. OrnSsAeee 627, 636, 637, 670, 682

Jaoy ie Jeroen ey 1 O eos quenanabescdseadoadece 12, 31 Mineral Point clay analysis so stnallataat 66

Hossilutishesiof OhiOr-cec--veseseeosestees 602! |) WMiinshall) sRSAW: sii 2-<.ccsenrescensnceees 44

IOSSIWOOG cas socs act onasaticessswesasecnuet: 25 | Monclova sandstone.. .....cccscsescseeee 1

JERS) DONE (LOLA SE Ssmonscdoocesanenabaecocdcose I) || oxerdesy, 18 Kerala eo nncocqboddonacodedeD340090¢ 409

Frey—Sheckler machinery.............. 142 | Mounds in Ohio—Il.......... _ oaneneetees 5— 28

AMS isos os ouearonees 38

Germanic ay Sines. ssc: seceesssecssnsescucess 231 © HIG YATE sae consoetenese 16

Clacraledriutt Of Ohio. oe. sssssecseseceecore 3¢-|| Mound builders .iitiss- sense scemesenees 28

Glass=mot clay. nccssacsesensence deere oenseres 231 social organization 32

Glazesmmepo tte tymnsccshcatescsesee er 103-108

Guelph division of Niagara............. 13 | Newberry, Dr. J. S:.c.... 21, 24-28-29, 269

GiyipsumitniOHOS. seene-ceeeeckiaceseneccwess 13 [ 272-280, 602, 603, oe

Niagara group in Ohio....................

Hall? Prof. James’......-2+2....-.. 494-497-500 "divisions of s.A-.eute ae .

Hamilton) Shale int @biO.. ss.cencacceses- 20) | Niagarashales.(aiv.:222sepee ase ee nee 56

Mar misSebriCka wOnks wss,scact wesc. ce sskesce 64°) Nou=plastic: clay.cccesactsroseeteeeee 538- 75

Herrick) Prof; Col; (Chapter by...:-. 495 | North Industry shale—analysis........ 64

STZ Grn IN GV cullen au sesaaeteeensces eee 602-604

JEHUobRaaaL ID Sy JPG oadoananasosseseasoces es A96%| -OaksFiaill} fire=clayAcs--escsssee nee eeeeee 66

FS boro! Sandstone... saccecenessseesess 12") ‘Ohio: shales. cise ses eeee cease eee 21

Hollow goods manufacture ............ 209 divisions)... 2.cicisecscen ese eee 25

Hudson River group in Ohio ......... 8 source of sewer-pipe clay......... 57

brick’clayjin) 56)|/2@illastiuells55.---eoeeee AWG gash 109

Elaross hale si.c.uieacanss case cca ces ee 21— 22 \ Olentangy Shale: ce.cjscssease eee sheer eee 20

PAGE

Orcanic; matters nyelay yc cccntslesecsdeee 74

Oxycen-ratioroficlayshecssssdscsseces 77- 96

Paleolithic man-—Uler st cceescececoes Sean)
Paleontology of Ohio—

Chapter by R. P. Whitfield........ 407

Th ouss @ Cele ibllerrick yo sen ct: 495

Bre BRO ASC EMME OCTStE) Secseeses 516

EB. W. Claypole......... 602

See te OM Ulrichie res O20

Paving block manufacture............... 129
buingminiges ee 175

COS tsigssenese 205

durability .... 204

miaterials....... 129
repressing ... 162
requirements 175

SIZE Vee yao etae 202
Statisticsia..... 207
tests 164-188-

191 ,199, 240
vitrification .. 130

Penfield brick machinery ............... 143,
Rattsbwrercoaleseatiion .<-csssssea tessa 282
laste beds; ory OhtOrasssesscee ceases seeks 13
Roint Pleasant quarrnesivsscces:cs-snc 5
OTHE OY, COAL co dracesteecateasce sastisevceeeen 287
ROLES Clayncssecncscect soe stones odes sence 54
Potters’ machiunes......... Had oeseaeatiseeane 128
POtteKSe Supp lyn Come hens-t.s-cccneesesi. 127
PO LCERY s2cc- ce ceise sp oneacieieceets sobs eelctorece es 89

MIATA CLUE! necheree esses sececec: JO1

Ornamentals ojeee sascha ease 128

Putnam Hill limestone—clay of....63- 64
Pyrometers—lunette pyrometrique... 85

Onakertowgncoalieptin cases seme ccecces 2738
OwartZ ai Clay ecscesistaacsvaceassesscswets 76
aya Onde“ EESSse-eacsesoeeecetesee estes: 164
etractotyaclayise smectite steseenee 76
Nefractony, matertalssersececenceeeestee 217
viverivallley; clays jeesecencece sce see neeees 137

Alay SiSwrecsecscweceaass 146
Rockne ham .ware esses seserieeses ees 66-118
RO CK=Salit tte ONO merase seaseee soccer 14
Root Sati Crrseecrrste tec caste ese ca cees 239
Rookwoodspotteny-ec sesso scenes 128
Salinaisroup im Ohio: .2.2.22.2:.-s0s000e0 13
Sdli-asia pottery olaze rs -mseeeetaccheence: 108
Salter OCks es cue hscceacauosecherccoeeaaans 34-287
Satid-inclaysnses stoves coreeisherlooscosacceases 72
Scale, geological, of Olio. 3
Sciotoville fine- Clay, 47 Aen nee 58
WESELS) COMES smmaaeeticas eeeoM ese velenjaocs 86
SEWeL- pipe Clay Ss. wosnseer sesh sscea 137

manufacture........... 209

StatiStiesnetcesseneceran 215

PAGE

Stal ere iceconsncnuenacesacaneconseaneeeatisnerae 51
Ltt) DEiCky MIA Oe csc aveh wa sccmeinece 132

in Coal! Measunesicseasessss-escecess 260
Sharomicoalrscasesesecceecotcencn eeareseaete 272
Sharpsville sandstone...............5..0+6 351
Sila tee ae ate ee nea ai caneataietad 51
Slipiclaysmey nase recuascesaneccae seekers 90-103
AUALY SIS iy caamiaeseease tesurecucetetee 106
SOilsyof@Ohi1O2s, secsece seal tees some ees eecs 39
Steubenville: coale ses seeesceseeenoseee 280
Stomekware ssc Hele Meese. kev seeneeleee 91-103
analysis of clays ............ 94
claysiused! antsiscepssseesecer 92

PIAZES esses ete ssee tens Srseeeees 103

Statistics han sia-neweeenusten 111-117

Structure, geological, of Ohio......... 39
Sub-carboniferousformationinOhio 34
Sub-carboniferous limestone........... 30
Sylvania sandstone ..... doped temodanbattines Wa
Merrascottayccetslsoadesecsacesteessnee tone 239
Pile encausticytet ence encnteutecaceecscies 240
LOOMIS eyes eae eae les acesiemoetcace 239

ADS eee Tac a ei AUR ance Masta ces 38
Trentomplimestonesesecs:-cessaseeeeeee 4-5
Mymochtee/slateysknstaddacuseceaeeeeces 16
Wilrich, HO: nchapterybiyj.sc..csecn gece: 627
Unionshurnacelclayceessssie nace sane 62
Wpper CoaliMeasunesi isa eanascees 37
Upper BPreeport) clay... escnsiaceme teense: 7
Wipperrreeporticoallteererseeceteee 281
Upper Helderberg limestone........... 18
fossils of 419

Uiticayshaley cs ahesseuc aise eee eeceaaee 6-7
Mallleycclaysi nat ssss: soc an nes cece ne 137-140
Waitrified@brickie es: 58, 130, 175-209
Clay ssuSed ae eare nse ceec 131

Waverly conglomerates... ssccmcc-cs: 30-512
OSSUIG Reece 512
WiavierlyigrOupie.teccuonsissoccaste cers: 26
GiivSTOUSneee eee eee aes 26

EQiiivalemtsy) css rsseneeci sees

FOSST Sree acne 495

Wielistonicoaly yee deteemcpeeeciseone 273
Whitfield, Prof. R. P., chapter by... 407
White, Profile Ck Oe Bis BO
Williams, PrOfTeeN See nee can dne 505
Winchell, 1D) 1 MAC ea 21-496-497-498
Wreht Prof Av As chapter: by.secs: 620
Yellow ware—clays used............ 118-119
AM Ay SeSiaaceet nese: 119

StatiSticsis.dssccseke 123

Paleontological Index.

PAGE
NeIdaspis OLtOlii sss seccersscswcsseen (Ole
bxrevASPIMOSa a tascescr Gocless 522
Actinodesma subrecta.............0..ceeee 450
Actinomya kentonensis......... Geeaectese 658
Alllonycliial Ovatal recs. nisscrcwsessisecpesses 64]
subrotumdatat: icc... .ccose 642
Allonisima andrewSls.cssssesccsescesisesase 475
imaxcytlllemGiSaeeeesenscesssees 475
Anomalodonta) alata; cy cic.c. cecwecscnbe 638
GUS AIMbealaracueeee ten 637
Dlicatal cache alas. 638
PATO PESTA TTS IVC TA Ie oat stesfreieiselo se’ tates oe 650
Anthracopupa Ohioensis...c.....-.....668 491
AristozoeicanadensiS:..ceecssctesstecnes 462
Aspidopora parvulla.c...3......4....: qos 600
Athy ris subquadtatay st t.ns.csccwec.. ores 472
Siilbtalitays seas te dys Sosastes 488

Ntry pai laticornuigatarssceen.sscndesees 591
ANAT CANALS ee comonaeceeccaeaceees 591
Avicula whitfieldi ........ sitiechider tossaines 558
Aviculopecten equilaterus.......:....... 445
Hiterlinea tits aeeeesses 489
Bellerophon alternodosus............... 479
(spral@agle OV AABSRORPRE ART cece ELO 548
fiscello-striatus ........... 548
OPENS H sesst es sacaneselessacs 548
sulblacvilSsteeeu een cteosace 479
oi) p acl yEnc, conodadonacncoee 549
Bryozoa of Clinton group............... 598
Byssonychia acutirostris.. ............4. 634

alveolatarenecn.ccmsclecrice 63

DYES Ie racearcdnoc cme fetes 63

Cullfratar wes. ssc: aececcs 63

STATICS) tease sateessayaests es 63

dm brUCatas. eeseee reese se 63
ODESAY Mees sban deecuacnpeases 630
PEACCUTS Ake mse ers eeeeaes 633
PACT ATAL cc srac Saiwenevemclecse 629
TichmondenSis..2.s4.--.-¢ 632
Su GheCtara.nc-checaseceoses 634
VERA ce asncsesioscne sa ceseas 629
Caliv mene OSC este secede pacteseccesees 526
Ceramnuisyelimto nieces ceaseceasecee cee 527
Ghonetesireviersaiecuenscierscesecesescens 443
SCibullal ccs cacy canteteraee Bidech alee 443
Gladodusjsimmartusmerecssccceteeesceere rene: 618

Clinton group—

fOSSIUISIOL accra duets caine awa ecanwenes's 595
Chonychia excayata. pect ssccceee ese 651
Sup ataye ns tose ceneeeess Sy aul

PAGE
Coccosteus CUyahOgae......scccscscecseeee 615
Geciplensicisneecsmeenecene 622
Coleolus clintonensis.............ccscceees 47
Colpomya conStricta......../.....ssecceses 659
Conodonts in Medina shale............. 517
Conwilariatbilinteatastececcsseeeoeeeeeeee 547
MIA TALEMSIS: vesccccneosansesees 547
Corallidomus concentricus.............. 493
Corals lof) Clintonsoroup) cscs ose. 601
Cornwlhitesidistans aes aessenceseeoseeeee 532
Crantavcarbonianlavsica tecscceen hoses 484
(Ce opts BRAN Epa amas a 905
Craniella clintomensis::.2.:5.sssssseceoee 565
Ctenodonta icingulatar Vises 678
PERMIAN nse cee ese 680
TEVETSAl i scsdcensteease cone 679
Cyathocrinus maxvillensis............... 465
SOMMETSI coe ates 482
Cycloconcha mediocardinalis..... ..... 686
OVAtAR eases Bee OS7
Cyclomema bilisnie.snesduccsestn eects 501
Cyclorasaltar se easasewsisecssses deteeseees 552
Cyclospira sparsi-plicata.................. 593
Cymatonota attenuata..................008 664
COnStRICtARE steers 664
productifromse asses 665
TEC A causcuscecesee eee 662
Semistriatasssaeeseee 663
ty picaliisuwssaescce sete 662
Cyphaspis clintonéusis% sc.) .c-taea 524
€ypricardites caswellis.27..t:.2.seesees 561
undwlostriatax, ..csssscee 561
Cyrtocerastcretacewmiissa- ar. iesenseeeen 429
clintoneniSis)sasceeescoepeeeeee a34
EatOnenSie i csscheoeo eee 535
sub-compressun}............ 539
Cyrtolites:vounlsis!.2.2..s.0. ss: esseneerere 549
Dalmanites werthneri..............ccsce08 538
Denttalivua¢meamnartimi. ceeeessceeeneeeeeete 423
2 DinicthyS.c...5.c3sscosk eeceueenee ee eeeeree 606
structure Of toothiizccsse-cce 607
terrelli.j. See 621
VentialyantMOm..speeeeteeeeee 620
Miseina liamdlSieecseccsesoeceeeeeeeeeeee ae 452
LOMENSISIeE hegeccunencoe ener 442
mieekaria sic maresnccsesee tees 483-488
TMAINUtAL Ae aoa iasee nee eceeseeeeee 442
Echinocaris multinodosa........c.s+c.ses 458
PUSEMLOSALrncecnwecsescscees 458
Bichwaldia reticuillatayscceseccecssecseeeee 594

Bl pe: talrichis ce... ne tscemenecnessehene nase

INDEX... GUY

PAGE

Encrinurus punctatus..............000 55S)
Emidonychialapicalis.. ic. .cst-ssc00-es -. 638
Crenataleerns cc asc.cemecsne cc: 640
paucicostatayy....cc.+-s- 640

ERY PLETUSCTICNSIS suenacee erence sence: 416
Fossils of Clinton groutp.............. ee O9D
Gilbertsocrinus spinigerus.............. 447
Gomphoceras amphora......... .......0. 428
lob EIB eaten tac P sed aceBneses 427

GEE UOND seco hen Soueodenndoodd 533

SSIOUEMSS peo gaddoocgaaacs 28

Sonlophora dubiasy eo. soswcs.c0.cneneas 415
Gorcomicthysiclarkt passe seen ses 614
Grammysia bi-sulcata...............2.000 451
Gyroceras columbiense.. ....... sobeunees 450
SEMmIMOd OSU Meco -ee esters 431

FIOlO pea MEwLOMENSIS:. on. dcccas. eseucecs ATT,
hilzenuswa mali onatisieay eset seseeee nc scces . 825
GayitOnenSiSsscasseaseseeasseecees 525

ANISUSMIS Armee sotasnt cece vle sess 525

IM AGTS OMATMUSeeeeee aeeen cesta) 526
Ischyrodonta decipiens... 2.-....0......... 673
elonSatalca passes scgiesees 675

THOWISTOVSI A Ge ncodegueRcdose ¥555 LOU)
modioliformiis ............ 676

OWAlI SH eeiean ceccecneaeeebt 674

Giiuit Gataleeerccctce cree 672

HAL KOSTOIGKSS i adocucsenosdoe 677
Leiorhynchus limitaris......... aor oer eee 444
Weperditiacallita ers: ses: epes-hesedsies 417
EholenbU bu Ker d2ls soos antoosnaaaadede 41S

Leptaena rhomboidalis................... 506
Wei chas Drevicepseces..| ceeecceo ss maemo 52)
batten ey bife¢S oc aaoeocpanenion aa bdeecons 441, 462
LITA MTA Testis vec ccieene pati pase sees . 44]
Wideleniay OMiOeMSISHasssecee eee stee ace 600
WOXOWemaLp aiavllgM Msc esas esireeeraesece 424
ODOM ETT sooeaansaceonocuonseacas 486

Sip Wlatats.acesceperecsscseese 5d6
Lyrodesma conradi............... Nace wees 6x4
SLANCS rac pecersne ceases heres 683

shavorsulenunbadlhe pnoescodeooacose 682

SUD PlanU tee secce cco seees 683
Macrochelus priSCusi..jssscscsosececnese 424
TESA BULA IS) oanqanmavoagcoacbe 485

subcorpulent is....... .. 478

Meristella bella......... eee e hina aehiea . 412
WACVAS Pe catsuss- sce cocscetacouess 411

MMU OM Aas eMaaceeaeedecuctesss 590
Modiolodonmdechivisterssca csccesecate- 654
ObbWSWS 2.2 -cmcemcnceeaees 654

(ONBUKODONDIS qrincbageaooscoHeaGo 652

SU Ovalliseeesnene cena tence: 655

SWDRECTUSP eccese yee seeeee 653
Modiolopsis rhomboidea..............6+ 560
subrhomboidea ........... 560
Monocladodus: clarkiv 2. s.asecscseeedcrne. 619
Mytilarca mytiliformis.................... 559)
PELCALiMALIS ee eeeeeeeeeeeees 422
INALICOPSISROTLOM Ieee ose rten cre nosnoree 489
TAAL ACR seosiies a eeftodewsenecence 477

PAGE
NatwtilisrOrtOnissaenctesssscoctesesce EhncouoG ekelo)
PAUPer ss sseeeseeesecsee eotessseaoD
Spe Ctalbilliicuesatantee mectnesses . 480
subquadranguiaris .......... . 487
Nucleospira rotunmdata. 0 7...0.-.-+ce. 413
INiwemlates: ferro Cuma eee ssc dem sees 564
INAVEISSEL Bligeabltusknoynccepidedaodesos gti Peano
Opisthopteraaltermatat gins desseese 644
AMPA see ceeisceiens eats .. 647
CASED ee One aa iee eee .. 643
ExtemUMatay ane oresescea-eee 645
HISSICOS tales passes eee sees 643
laticostatay se cen. ceoee 646
tO talomldse ees rctecsateaias 648
ODiGq War aes esa c.cesneeee es 646

Oxthis jbiforatans3.c5.cqsacsces-eecccecaces d79
Callilitgaraitn maken ansneseeenc aeons 570
day,tomensiSjmteegnseereceeeaseeees 575
el€gamtuyac. ppiecihhscaeieineesmeceaee 581
PAUSE. | erties ea ease . ot
1 obiA1o} calXGlie BAU eater Aal aR a Aa es .. O84

EVO Siac eisis tat eee aus .. 45:3
Orthocerasamy Cus. eeitewsccssece sce 545
Clava bum ee oe Mena ai
Conoldewml we eee eae 546

CrawlOndinsies sys sse eee ss » O46
daytonensejis. access 530

GiaganyUewbas) Asc graspoobsasascoos 54
HannOverense siiecceecccses 543

UG OL UTI ees cae senor 53!)

TBKELS}OLBDED cn couonde soaodadon 543-5

JAMIE S Tai ve sna g elgeales amas 546
lata-numimulatuim ......... 538

nova carlislense.......2... 545

TABOO BHO pres gbunsodacoweLosuGS 425

FE CEUTA tse eiae sist tiene 530)
SPyLOCETOIMES i aeccnerosecen 545
turgido-nummulatum ... 538
Salt; Scull ait reas eae 543

VOUS ey eS Mee 537
Orthodesima)paryuani ys eee ne 660
subangulatut............. 660
@rtonellavhaimesiy eo ise sce eee cescee 670
Pachydietya bifrcatay sn anes.sseeee see 599
Palaeomeilo) simiilise ea -eeceeenes wee 453
Palaeopaleemon newberry).............. 461]
Paleopupavabruptarscssenesc rence 506
Pentatmerus pesovis...y4-eccnscueeeseesacs 414
RenbremiltesieleganSei ya aienaec sears 466
Phacops)tmswleatus) io. aguscsccssases 529
PhAcnoporavexpanSas...c.c. sass se 598
Physetomya acuminata.................. 693
Pinnalmaxvyilllensish ee ces es aheueses 474
Platycerasimilagarense....s.c.sssssceeseee 5d3~4
SqWalodenisr ye eieeercssaeeas 423
Plectambonites transversalis........... 566
Pleurotomaria filitescta rate. sesceccee 550
inexpectasy..ccsessee 549
Plumulites newberryi............s.c0ces- 465
Polyphemopsis melanoides.............. 478
Polporalvarsonvianus:....ses-c.ssceecees 467
PRroductiselegantseercnsassccccrsesssesecs 469

jOnUkSrb Roy eFON IS cadedeaaca5. Gaccoobe 470)

700 INDEX.

PAGE

PrOStUS GeLETIMMALIS. coscccececcetewerces 523
Psiloconchaveliliptical...-.cec-ceecdsesece 667
PATS peeecesesereesesseece 665

AMOUM ACA Sse vecsostees accents: 667

THI MI eeeeee er ees HeBencd 669
peranglatan cesses 649

SimUlaia) ec ercseeeeeee eee es 668

Stub Owalisemescertesteeererees 666

Sib nectar araceeeccesserne 667
femuistriatavercsceescssees 688

Rterinea aviculotdedessccsstscs-. accceeees 415
DISA eee se eee meas seceese 597

flava lies RUN i Soa weleie'ets 449

yb oa hU bie pra ae bed ht Mean are 445
Btilodictya lanceolata... 0.cs+<+.cc0e 598
SWilalithell Gigteemeaseseatseciereces 598
VME IIOIMlOEUS GECLPLEMS nese ncsececconses 681
subcuneatus..........c20. 682

Nap iaistomaafitlersewnescsossecaQercseses 550
Receptaculites devonicus................ 419
IEEZ aS HIM OSANass seaseacceiosseaeeaaes Wahee 413
nyncwonellayacimiusis:cestscsceeressesace 593
lay Gira tila Carn eemeeseseectne 414

Atel COStaseesesee eee eno 421

SCOPItials we teeseeocetsees 592
Rinyiimyaypyrnesinc: scocesesstenecu dace 689
COMPTKESSAKeae. sere ese eee ss 692

CONV emacs t ee tasice se cies 691
micleboroug hive 0. ...c5cs 690

Ohana cee eee Cconcecesces 689

PLOGUCHAR RTs deeccseacisesseces 688

TeAKabL AML anevGoo niscsboosesesabor 692

Schizodus chesterensis......cccccccceceeee 474
SPMACLEXOCHIISHPISUMn hs .ccecsccecesecs=- 528
Spibifera COUutTACtAN wisscdcsecsecces+coes 471

PAGE
Spiriferadineatalsmccssedceseseeeeseeees 488
SOON), so ncaaoaeuos PAs Bacedoosd6 444
rocky-montana.............0.006 471
VATNUSCOTM tan see eeeconcecneereceee 412

FACZACH cetacean amet aceete ein nees 448
Spirorbis anthracosia...1.c-.s-cese eee 492
Straparollus incarinatuml..............0 552
Simi lis), Woes eenee ce see ee 476
Streptorhynchus crassuml........ ...... 468
flabelluim eee 421
hydraulicum......... 410

Stricklandinia tripleciana................ 54
Strophomena hanoverensis....... ..... 567
tenuisa nee ool ewaccmee 568

Patentaytes nsec ee 569

Stylastraca anna cs. essscncssstoancceses 420
Subitlites dinrectusi:ceu secs seee cence 594
plani-lateralis 10.2 cesseeeee 598
Synocladia rectistyla......... Bbopstoaabodac 467
Technophorus punctostriatus.......... 685
yoldiiformis. 5.0... 02.00 635
Tellinomya clintonensis.................. 563
EliliptiCass. st cscecesee eae 562

MUNIN Ay oes ceeeee een 563

SOCIAIIS [5h0..ccessseaseesreres 563
Merebratulal tured dasiyeyes.sceoeceetseees 473
Mitanicthys'...scsetsss.cemeuselet aes eee 608
attemWatus foo sccdeseec eee 612
Trematoceras Ohioenses 2... .--sc-sseceee 427
AiriplecialOrtoni-cicss scsssssescaseeecseee 585
Wihitellaohioensisi....ccsccnceeseace eres 678
Zaphrentis cliffordana..... 00.2. secscssese 465
ZA CTINUS 1110 OLESIrehaasensbeceetecseeneee 4&3

Nehy

Ale
Aa

ol

jose Int

-s ;
HOSHIE

Pe Ag Ey ve

PAGE,
Figs. 1-3. STREPTORHYNCHUS HYDRAULICUM Winitfir.:-.c..-e-2 esos sees eeeeree 410

1. View of a cast of a ventral valve, twice enlarged.
2and 3. Views ofa dorsal valve, natural size and enlarged.

Figs. 4-5. SPUR THE RAG N/AGNUERH Mil tel alll etiae snienecisseeisieceatastae eet aren eceee «res ae caters 411
4. View ofa very large dorsal valve.
5. View of a ventral valve, also of large size.

Cast of a ventral valve.

Figs. 6-7. MERISTEL LA AVIS!) VAMUXEM, (c. cho secccsecedecontecesionsecsncicnaccer ee teeteee 411
6
7. View from a gutta-percha impression in the mould of a dorsal valve.

Figs. 8-10. MERISTELLA BELLA Hiall................ pabEDoandacogobEebo BORD OOUEAIBAHACSO CS cee a2
8. View of a ventral valve.
9and 10. Opposite sides of an internal cast, the first showing indications of the in-
ternal spires.

Bigs. 1-14: (NUCLEOSPIRA ROTUNDATA With. ..2..<.2..cccc.se--cescees sete tes ee eee 413,
lland 12. Casts of ventral valves.

13 and 14. Dorsal and profile views of an internal cast of a large and rotund specimen.

Figs. 15-16. RETZIA FORMOSA Hall........... sicisitele sig are ei sides cgeainssubas seine cube Gee eereeeeemee leo
15. View of a small dorsal valve.
16. View of a ventral valve enlarged. This individual resembles the form common
in Tennessee.

Fig. 17. RHYNCHONELLA HYDRAULICA Whitf...... cbaisisnnwacanetatts Fipanaesos Soon c° - 414
17. View of a cast of a dorsal showing the form of the shell as noticed in several speci-
mens.
Bigs 718-225 (PENTAMERUS) PES-OVIS) WhItf..-..0-.ccecsssepessnrectaeseions set ssw omeaeneeeeeee 414

18-21. Views cf casts of veutral valves, showing some variations in form,
22. Cast of a dorsal valve showing the long and distant processes.

Fig. 23. RiERENE A: AVICULOIDEA: EHalliie coscecc.sscnceresenaccsnsnase eee eee 415
23. View of a left valve showing the general form.
Figs. 24-26. GONIOPHORA DUBIA Hall............ salslonc dod sisaeelleiset siveiive ce Salento cae enanrveet 415
View ofa right valve, natural size.
Cardinal view of the two valves in outline.
Enlargement of a similar valve.
PADD ADIGVON YNoAWN, (Copal Vole oosacoqoococossoosonc aga sidocwairemeaaseciee gaccenstie tee Ble
The right valve of a specimen enlarged showing slight indications of the ocular
tubercle.
Figs. 28-30. LEPERDITIA ANGULIFERA Whitf............. eee a nsnanscitor esata ..- 418
28 and 29. Views of a right and a left valve showing a very slight variation in form.
30. Outline profile of the valves united.
Figs. 31-32. EURVPTERUS ERIENSIS Whitf.............0..00 scovoenrsoereae BOGE espe en aeoSec 416
31. View of a head-plate showing the rounded front, the small occular tubercles, and

small single facets between them.
32. View of the dorsal surface of the thorax lacking the terminal spine.

hy
ee
08
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to
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PEAKE ST

ANNALS N.Y. ACAD. SCIENCES. (SILURIAN.) OHIO GEOL. SURVBY,
VAOLN Vn Tlie A SECOND ANN REPT.
————————————

— +

R. P. Whitfield, Del

EN pat privet

vues

TH UWL Oe
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i

Figs.

Pi Awe ie

[EON SIVILASTRIGA ANNAN Wihitfhie. cs. scadsasce: ssmawers sian saia(eato/neranmiite Neterac BSE 420

1. View ot the upper surface of a specimen showing the center of the cells occupied

by the transverse tabule

2. Longitudinal section showing the external surface of the cell-walls striated by the
rays.

Enlarged transverse section of a single cell to show the vertical interadial ridges
extending from the sides of the rays. The central portion also shows the tab-
ular plate.

4. Vertical section of a part of a large mass, showing the tabule and also the side

of the vertical rays with vertical ridges and intermediate cystose structure.

5. Transverse section of several cells, natural size, and showing the transverse

tabule.

eo

Fig. 6. RHYNCHONELLA RARICOSTA Whitf................. Relea etn na henhete een eee ee tee 42]

6. View of the ventral valve of the specimen described.

(1-9. , STREPTORHYNCHUS BLABELLUM: Whitt sc5..css--ce-cessesconne eee ee eee 421
7. View of a ventral valve.

8. View of the dorsal valve. .

9. Cardinal view of the specimen fig. 7, enlarged to two diameters.

oe lO: RECEPTACULITES DEVONTCUS) Wihithe nce .ccescestoce ce Seee Nee cee ee eR ee eee 419

10. View of the specimen described.

BVA Eyl:

SURVBY,

:O GEOL.

On

( DEVONIAN.)

COND ANN. REPT,

sa

VOL. V, PL. VI.

ret

LAWS, JUNG

Eales ll 2 OR THOCHERAS ONUND TUM wet aller ciasosewececlieds socio ie saccemueccieenserete sees
1. View of a large individual of this species from the white cherty layers of the for-
mation near Dublin, Ohio, showing the general features of the shell, the figure
being cut toaccommodate the length of the plate. The lower portion of the
short section represents the form of the septum at about that position, the
shell having been broken near that point.
2. Enlargement of the surface from the lower part of the shell.

Bigs. 4) MACROCHE IL US PRISCUS WiMitit en. saceevcereserayses ness Medenenaceeeereeaa eee
3and4. View of the aperture showing the straight columella, elfen imperfect
at the lower end, and a back view of the same specimen, both enlarged to two

diameters.

Fig. 6. LOXONEMA PARVULUM Whitf.

5, View of a very perfect specimen enlarged four times.

Kiess6—8.4 WPLATYCERAS SQUALODENS WIDE. .2.,2n...2.ss0tee cetccoseocceccoleeeecten oneodeaer

6-5. Lateral and vertical views of the specimen described, the latter showing the
form of t e base.

ee ee eee eee eee eee ee ee See eee eeceeeeeeereseesseseesese

Fig. 9. GOMPHOCERAS AMPHORA Whitf.

§. View of the upper part of a specimen showing the deep sinus of the aperture
and the crowding of the septa in the upper part.

Fig. 10. DENTALIUM MARTINI Whitf.
10. View of a specimen retaining the shell and preserving nearly the entire length.

See eee eee eee eee ree eee ee rere essen eeecereseeesescee

eee eee ee ee eee eee ee ee

424

A baN Iie) TUN,

OHIO GEOL. SURVEY.

(DEVONIAN)

ACAD. SCIENCES

ANNALS N.Y.

SECOND ANN RBPT

TI

PL. V

MORI avs,

Dues co iene

PA ASE LV:

PAGE.
Fig. 1. GOMPHOCERAS? HyaTri Whitf. (See also Plate V).............. Baran, 21°40)

1 Side view of animp rfect specimen showing the rapid contra:-tion of the dorsal
side toward the aperture.

Figs. 2-3. CyRTOCERAS CRETACEUM Whitf................. Nash Soe opuanSSAcdns: deascHaaaeee ne
2. Dorsal view of an imperfect specimen, slightly restored in the outer chamber,
showing the siphuncle in the lower part.. The lirationsin the lower part are
produced by the advancing scars of muscular impressions.
Side view of another individual, a part of the separate portion removed to show
the siphuncle.

Fig. 4. GOMPHOCERAS SCIOTENSE Whitf...................00008 seven tomeaeen enter estates

4. Side view of the outer chamber of the specimens Figs. 13 and 14, on Plate II,
showin» the depth of the septum.

Fig. 5. GYROCERAS SEMINODOSUM Whitf......... haces Tesdeodaodesce ease setae

5. Side view of the specimen describe1, showing the absence of nodes on the inner

whorls. On the dorsum of the outer volution a fragment of the shell re-
mains indicating its thickness.

iv)

PEATE VIVE

ANNALS N. Y. ACAD. SCIENCES. { DEVONIAN ) OHIO GHOL. SURVEY,
VOL. V., PL. VIII SECOND ANN. RSPT.

2

she kl ma
meri

ad WOT aes: 29h Thaeg:
He Mee Se rot ILO ae i

PLATE V.

i ventral view of the enecimen figured on Plate IV showing the breadth of the
specimen. Y

Fig 2 2. GOMPHOCERAS ScIoTENSE Whitt. 2.08 oe en ee
mie aes Diagram snowing the form of the aperture and its relation to the bares of the
f shell as seen in a top view of the specimen figured on Plate MA

Pibyav Itc, WW.

EPT.

OHIO GEOL. SURVEY,
SECOND ANN RI

( DEVONIAN.)

[a\5e
mq A
oO
x

Z
b
Cae
)
e

ANNALS N

J EPNGEIS WAL

PAGE.
Figs. 1-2. MyTILARCA PERCARINATA Whitf...... sisters Salchjsaisg seommeee ceils BA EE pen acnane: 422
1. Vertical view ofa left valve, the extremity of the hinge is restored in outline
2. View of the anterior side of the shell showing the depth of the shell.
Figs. 3-4: TREMATOCERAS OHIOENSE Whitl................000 boShOBES Pot pepbodae sddSboeds 426

3. Lateral view of the specimen used for description showing the line of nodes
formed by the closing of the perforations, the upper one being in the outer
chamber was not entirely closed. .

4. Section of the lower end of the specimen showing the form of the siphon.

Figs. 6-7. GOMPHOCERAS SCIOTENSE Whitf........ ........6. Ge ge aieclens Soe soenee eee

6and7. Fr nt and lateral views of the specimen showing the form and the septa.
For other figures see Plates VIII and IX.

Fig. 8. GVROCERAS(COLUMBIENSE, With ca-ccseeesceeceecee ee eea-ccdee tose eeeeeaeee
8. Lateral view of an imperfect internal castof a specimen of about the usual size
showing indications of the arrangement of the septa.

LAINE. » WIL

ANNALS N. Y. ACAD. SCIENCES. ( DEVONIAN.)
Violen AP sien ok

OHIO GEOL. SURVEY,
SECOND ANN REPT.

Feguctts ‘
eke Ho ah 9 ie 8s

a Pir OWe pMa che Ras ba

rodeenwarly *

bE sat

“prone
+ ' i

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Freres ea a hy
ya

; PAGE

IS Siel te Ie ENG UAW MEANING Ela leva ocesonas oa feasisinnessanncine seascenacsastone Bbesnodsocse ppocncns 441

land 2. Views of two different individuals varying slightlyin size. From near Du»-
lin, Ohio.
Figs. 3-4. DLINGULA LIGEA (?) Hali.................- BUCA Bigle Gals Gunde oes Saen CEA nea 441
3and4. View of a specimen natural size and enlarged.

Str —O.y ID ISCINACMEN UDA ET allo o.cc tise cepa ciedis «ete » else cette ccler Seats ehaceinecs Soames ees eeciee 442
5. View of a lower valve enlarged to three diameters.
6. View of an upper valve enlarged to the same extent.

Fig. 7. DISCINAMILODENSIS Pall eccensnecscosecstercncccaseaneesaeneern ena eoeeeaeer eee 442
7. View of a lower valve, natural size.

TGS O A CHONE LES sREVE RSAY WIMICE: oe acs suse cuecenotbie es desencmnattecccceteccetene Seeeenoase 443 -
8. View of the specimen described showing the general form and the cardinal spines.
9. En argement of the surface to show the alteruating striz.

Roel Oc CHONE EES SCLEUIA, lal | so 5.cacscenctosecisaatentsnsteassecardnececaauonse sseten So0n000 443
10. View of a specimen referred to this species, the diagram at the side shows the

depth and curvature of the valves.

Ligne ETOREVNCH US LIMEEARTS, VaAtlUXCM «ca.).0seseesissareeecereseeeoe cone ceeee eee 444
1l A view ofa ventral valve, natural size.

Fig. 12. GILBERTSOCRINUS SPINIGERUS Hall............. Patan cee Sa ge aera aa eias 444
12. View of the anterior side of the specimen.

Bigs 1S ep LOPIRTERRASZICZAG Halll: ce: sc sccasttecmeeecnae cet cong cate etc ae seaaee ee Reeeeee 448
13. View of a ventral valve, the surface exfoliated.

Rigas SOPIRTRERA MATA Billings... .cc.cnccaseeseonsstacsce seserematnen: eoecccce eee 447
14. View of a cast of adorsal valve.

oayo: e gePy RE RINE ACSIMTIETS Wittith 2 oc aet cones oie ites, cau as anc ace eerie ena Ree eae 445
15. View of a left valve showing form and surface markings

eel Gh eA TC UI OPE CAE Niece © Ui AT RUAW Eval lasmeme tte: ese meee se eee eee ete ee 445
16. View of an impression ofa left valve enlarged.

BIS aia; PP PLERINE AGHA BELLA cera 152, (50 jase dsedoowssecescata nse stenet tok seeceeeete eee 449
17. View ofa left valve. restored on the anterior margin.

ulcal8a2) INVASSAG ARG UDS=Eepand \Wrasssesecetosecesecneesee sores RPO Rea csace aaa ocernceaicc 451
18. View of a right valve showing the general form.

Hig lO. GRAMMVGTAYBISUL CATA (Conrad, 4°15. sivscsevn es 3-0. eee aoe eee 451
19. A right valve, natural size. ;

Biss 205 “ ACKINODESMA SUBRECTA Wihith 2 c2. si0.c<2 cess oss. cseceeee se cec eee eee 450
20. Impression in the stone ofa left valve.

JEON UES

ANNALS N

Bes

ACAD. SCIENC]

MOE. I 5 PR. Sat

PLAT WUE

(DEVONIAN ) OHIO GI

SECON

ce

BOL. SURVEY,
D ANN REPT.

Str otis ee Fi

RIAUIES Vallee

PAGE.

Figs. 1-2. LINGULA LIGEA Hall........... Meratocep dhabeinaee atanddace eee Meant ene 462
View of a spec men from the Huron Shales at Delaware, Ohio.
The same enlarged to show muscular imprints.

1
2

Fig. 3. ORTHIS TIOGA Hall....... gethcea diieedcdascstics eee Ceee eeeeeeeee Rene Sener ea 453
3. View of a concretion containing valves of two individuals, natural size.

Figs. 4-5. PAT AONEIT Ob SIMELIS Wiiithie = :ossetencnss scceceeatectenninae ee sce ace eee meee 453
4 Side view o: the specimen described, natural size.
5. Cardinal view enlarged showing impressions of teeth

igsrO—lNer (PVUMULIEES NEWBERR VE WIth o..5.<cccesassesctae i ssecaceee eae aeeee eae 465
6. A small plate of the prevailing form.
7. An elongated plate probably from near the extremity of the body.
8-10. Three plates showing as many forms.
11 View of a conical plate which overlies a second, from a concretion.

Migsol2—14) 4 CHINOCARTIS SUBLEVISy WiIIEfE. 3s. 20s. scoeocctaece seete cat dee Se cee ae ae eee pee 457
12. View of one side of a concretion showing a part of a valve and the abdomen and
telson of this species. natural s ze.
13. View of the left side of a carapace as taken from the other half of the same concre-
tion as Fig. 12, enlarged.
14. The abdomen and telson enlarged from the specimen Fig. 12

Fig. 15. E-CHINOGARIS PUSTULOSA Wilittle oh .cser=:cceactaste- wer censccsecete-te eee 458
15. The right valve of a carapace enlarged.

Fig. 16. ECHINOCARIS MULTINODOSA WHICH. 0.2 .eyscctsnse a=) somos eae coeeeeeeee reer 458
16 Dorsal view of both valves of a carapace, natural siz2.

Biss L718. (ARISTOZOE, CANADENSIS) Within sees. heseesssee see ane eciSaease ae sotcneeee ee 467

17. Dorsal view of the specimen described, natural size.
1s. Lateral view of the same showing the three rows of small pustules near the basal

margin.
Figs. 19-21. PaLasOPALASMON NEWBERRVI Whittf...............0-..0eeeceeees s Peanee eee 461
19, Lateral view of the specimen enlarged to two diameters, showing the parts de-
scribed.

20. Posterior view of the last abdominal seginent and telson as seen on the specimen,
in impression of the under surface.

21. View of the uppersurface of the sameas obtained from the matrix by gutta-percha
both enlarged as Fig.19 The figures indicate the different elements of the
caudal flap.

BEALE VIE

OHIO GHOL. SURVEY,

( DEVONTAN.)

ACAD. SCIENCHS.

Xe

ANNALS N

ECOND ANN REPT.

XilL

PL.

VOL, V..

PLATE xe

PAGE.
Figs. 1-3. ZAPHRENTIS CLIFFORDANA ED. and HAIME...........c..ceceeeeee seats 465
1. View of an imperfect specimen showing the interior of the cup.
2. Lateral view of another and smaller specimen.
3. Enlarged transverse section of a specimen just below the bottom of the cup.
Fig. 4. PENTREMITES ELEGANS LyOnl........66.. sseceeeees noBOdeBO MePE RRR oto osccag. C08
4. Lateral view of a specimen from Newtonville, Ohio
Figs. 5-8. CYATHOCRINUS MAXVILLENSIS Whitf....... sulecianehate Jia da sacienrgs Seoeeee cee OD)

5. View of the anal side of a small specimen showing the long second radial plates
and anal series, enlarged to two diameters.

6and7. Anterior and posterior sides of another individual showing the thickened
outer arm of the antero-lateral ray and the small second radials of the anterior
Tay, natural size.

8. Anterior view of a third specimen, natural size showing the thickened lateral anus.

Bigse9 10 SyNOCLADIAGR EH CIS VIG AW VW Ltt hse taecssncsncse ccs Repronceponone ncocsecsoace 2h00/
9. View of the inside ofa frond, natural size, showing the straight rigid rays.
10. Enlargement of a portion of the celluliferous surface showing the arrangements
of the cells.

mer showing the flattening of the umbonal area.

Figs. 18-14. PRODUCTUS PILEIFORMIS McChesney.....:.........-2c0+00s wae Sulack fae sen eee NAO)
13 and 4. Front and profile views of a specimen referred to this species.

Miccal5—16. “PRODUGCEUSEELE GANS ONe aildt Pscmases.caeasccacnesseeee essen ssesslsssomectecaeemcoo.
15and16. Two views of a specimen of this species of characteristic form.

Figs. 17-18. SPIRIFERA CONTRACTA M. and W..................- pecheasunan ict Nast een

17. Dorsal view of the type specimen from the Chester limestone of Illinois, introduced
for comparison.

18 and 19. Dorsal and profile views of a specimen from the Maxville limestone, at New-
tonville, Ohio.

Fig. 20. SPIRIFERA ROCKYMONTANA. (2) MiarcOu.ccciiccesces-csecrccmescienee wkiec se cae
20. View of a ventral valve showing rather stronger plications than most individuals.
Figs. 21-22. TEREBRATULA TURGIDA Hall............. oe oje aia/e Se clssins/-eetonisie sete sacle snisetes ee em

21 and 22. Dorsal and profile views of a specimen from Newtonville, Ohio. The figures
are slightly restored on the lower part.

PEATE Txt

URVEY,

aq
)

OHIO GEOL,

ACAD. SCIENCES.

NNALS WN. Y.

N

REPT.

SECOND ANN

2

ce rere er er

suo Tawa
saunoee
ange

Sb owen eg ie inne ; pr Me sao) Ss Os 0 ae co HOT LAS
4, xi 4 po eS f e 7 pany}
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VIREO

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OulOnwallicrs

PLATE X. =

PAGE
Figs. 1-3. ATHYRIS SUBQUADRATA Hall................. SOnsaeneere sodieoosee Sohne neces . 472
land 2. Dorsal and front views of a specimen of the prevailing form.
3 Doral view of a specimen wi ha more strongly marked fold.
Fig. 4. SCHIZODUS CHESTERENSIS M. and W...... ...... Sees daesee se niseeseecen ence came uieL
4. View of a left valve, from Maxville, Ohio, formerly identified an | labeled by F. B.
Meek.
Fig. 5. PINNA MAXVILLENSIS Whitf................ welgdlensmeswontaesas we susicianeeee et ceeeee 474
5. View of a left valve slightly restored at the apex.
Fig. 6. ALLORISMA ANDREWSI Whitf...... Bae esa Gubt edge teste seaaee ee: ences eae 475

6. View ofa right valve {rom Newtonville, Ohio. The figure is slightly restored on
the borders.

s. 7-8. ALLORISMA MAXVILLENSIS Whitf................. Saaunianiat Weatecenes saecheeee we ATO)
7. View ofa right valve, natural size.
8. View of a specimen retaining both valyes, oue of which is slightly larger than the
other, perhaps accidentally so.

Biesy9 Sls a SRIAPAROLIWUS SIMI IS VM ati di Wisssas encase csessscceeceserecees bBevects ANG
9-il. Lateral vertical and basal views of a specimen showing the irregularly ex-
panded carinaticn on the m ddle of the shell.

Rig. 12. HOLOPEA NEWTONENSIS Whitf................00: Seco’ Sods seer esteem 477
12. Side view of the specimen from which the description was drawn.

Fig. 13. POLY.PHEMOPSIS MEWANOLDENS! WIE. seccncacsgcen sce sreoieteacess seer 478
13. View of a specimen showing the form and proportions.

Fig. 14. MACROCHEILUS SUBCORPULENTUS Whitf........ Sie sa tee aden wee Hees cee 478
14. View of the aperture.

Bigs) 15163. INAPICOPSIS, ZICZAG Wihithsseecbescncesueiseeeinbenoseee al Stig a Rath ewer . 477

15 and16. View of the back of the shell, natural size and enlarged, showing the pecu-
liar surface markings.
Figs. 17-19. BELLEROPHON ALTERNODOSUS Whitf.............. ihosiioeseee sews eorosceeee 479
17-19. Three views of the same specimen, which is slightly imperfect.
Figs. 20-21. BELLEROPHON SUBLEVIS Hall......... Bae te cpatataededtset ast enniiees tessa 479
20and2l. Back and profile views of a specimen from which the shell is mostly re-
moved. The auriculations being only partially preserved and the front removed.
Fig. 22. NAUTILUS (TEMNOCHEILUS) SPECTABILIS M. and W.......... wicgiaue . 480
22. Lateral view of the inner septate portion of a specimen from near Rushville, Ohio,
showing the character of the shell.
Fig. 23. IN-AWIEUS) PAURER: Wiitttsae:sscc--cs2scscaso-csesseer sneer ee aime hasiceeeeee 481
23. View of the specimen described showing the outer chamber and the impression of
the inner coils.

PIEAv Eee

ANNALS N. Y. ACAD. SCIENCES. (CARBONIFEROUS.) OHIO GHOL. SURVEY,
VOL. V., PL. XIV SECOND ANN REPT,

A Woodward and R P. W., Del

PAW Hale

Figs. 1-3. DISCIN AUER EAN AG NV Mtthcenencatstecctaee ase cerrerres ddsissisiwcitnon Seis Gals see NEEL OO
land2. Vertical and profile views ofan upper valve from Carbon Hill, Ohio.
3. Vertical view of another imperfect specimen.

Figs. 4-5; CYATHOCRINUS SOMERSI Whitt................ tls side se nselen Suaet eeeeeeeeeneneee 482
4. Basal view of the specimen, natural size.
5. Enlarged radial plate showing the character of the nodes.

Figs. 6-10. ZEACRINUS MoorEsI Whitf ...... Hekcaececet sca eaeemecsoseee eee peiteoiwetmer 483
6. Basal view of a calyx.
7. Anal view of the same.
Sand 9. Lower and lateral views of asecond radial plate showing the character of the
spine. The specimen bears a valve of cranta Carbonaria.
10. Lateral view of a more slender spined plate.

Bigs dt 12) \CRANTA CAR BONARTAUW Mitta icss ictaccensecncorescseeeut rcesese deate Ppbaeracogooy aioH!
ll. View of a valve of Schizodus ampius Meek and Worthen, bearing a number of at-
tached valves of this species.
12. Another lower valve parasitic on the operculum of Waticops7s alionensis var.
giganteus M.and W.

Fig. 13. MACROCHEILUS REGUELARTIS! COxXssoe scteeecase des see oeaer ese eee seoesen eee 485
13. Front view of a specimen from Carbon Hill, Ohio.
Figs. 14-15. LOoxoNEMA PLICATUM Whitf................ Feesaseienacesehecedns oi icesmee eee . 486

14. Lateral view of a specimen natural size.
15. View of the last volution enlarged.

Fig. 16. NAUTILUS (GYROCERAS ?) SUBQUADRANGULARIS Whitf..... ........... 487
16. Iateral view of the specimen showing the features of the species as far as known.

v1.

REAIE
(CARBONIFEROUS.)

OHIO GEOL. SURVEY,

ANNALS N. Y. ACAD. SCIENCES.

SECOND ANN REPT.

xv

PL

VOL. V.,

P. W., Del.

R

BE ieee

JOE, DU

The figures on the upper half of the plate tllustrate the fauna of the Coal Measure Cherts
of Hocking County, Ohio.

Figs. 1-2. DiscINA MEEKANA Whitf......<.......00000040 Eh seiiae sees Sdacee Sean Se AGS

1. View of a lower valve from th black chert beds.
2. View of a more nearly entire valve from Flint Ridge. See lower left corner of plate.

Figs. 3-6. SPIRIFERA (MARTINIA ) LINEATA Martinl..........cccccosccccess Rote OSes

3,4and5. Dorsal, ventral and front views of an internal cast from the yellow cherts.
6. View, enlarged to two diameters, of a partial cast from the black chert. The speci-
men shows the s2tce where the shell is retained.
Figs. 7-9. VNEORTS SUBD UIA Vall isi .caisacenaaece steneeececeiaectaee sofasleth Ssjaat weaseeeieemet 48
7-9. Dorsal, ventral and profile views of an internal cast of this species.

8

Bigs 10-1. “AvICULOPECTEN INTERLINEATUS M.. and! Wi... 22.sccos-ss0cse~eececeeoseeees 489

10 and 11. Views of an imperfect left and right valves as obtained by gutta-percha
from the casts in the yellow cherts.

Figs. 12-14. NatTicopsis ORTONI Whitf........... woeemeaees Seams pclae jasiesteelesetuneen Gente 48
l2and13 Front and back views enlarged to two diameters, of a specimen from the
yel ow cherts.
14. Diagramof the aperture as shown by the breaking of the shell back of the aperture,
showing the thickened shell.

Bigs. lo—l7, \ANTHRACOPUPAOHIOENSIS Wihith... fcc c-tecccescedeenceceeescee see oseenee 49
15. View, greatly enlarged. of the back of the shell.

16and17. Similar views of the front and side showing the apertural features and
thickened lip.

Figs. 18-19. SprroRBIS ANTHRACOSIA Whitf......./.........6- Edie ae seaies BERRA Gorter rics 4-050 49
18and 19. Upperand lateral views, greatly enlarged, of a specimen of the prevailing
form.
Fig. 20. NAUTILUS ORTOND Whithi.n.cia 2-08 foes cn qecaes sect se mtesseeeadececetas seem 48

20. Lateral view of the specimen described showing the characters of the shell.

9

5

ANNALS

N. Y. ACAD. SCIENCES
VO. Vi, PL: XVI

PEAS ar

\ CARBONIFBROUS.)

OHIO GEOL. SURVEY,
SECOND ANN REPT

PLATE XIII.

Shey Coratpomus CONCENTRICUS, Whitf, in Labechia Ohioensis, NICH cseeeeesseeee

View of the under surface of the coral showing the burrows peuetrating in
i different directions, and at the point marked x the side of the specimen. which a
was removed and from which figure 5 was made.

ae

PALEONTOLOGY XIII,

Geol. of Ohio, Vol. VII.

i
chile g

EA AgIo, Dane

r PAGE.
Migswi—3.9 | PRGYSUS! PRZ CURSOR) Mennrieks..:cscsrs cesses: LES sasidue ae don teaee er eeneraeeys ence, (08)
1, Head and portion of thoracic segments. Cuyahoga shale, Moot’s run, Licking Co.
2. Glabella of the same species.
3. Facets of the eye prominence, magnified.
Figs. 4-5. PHATHONIDES SPINOSUS Herrick.
4. Glabella and portion of the head, twice natural size. Cuyahoga shale, Licking’and

Ashland counties.
>. Pygidium of the above.

Fig. 6. PHILLIPSIA MERAMECENSIS Shumard.
Pygidium, enlarged two diameters.
Fig: 7. PRGTUS MINUTUS Herrick.

7. Greatly enlarged. It is probable that this isa young specimen of Proetns precur-
sor. Intermediate forms show that the length of the axial portion of the glabel-
3 la varies with age. This specimen is almost microscopic. Moot’s run.
Fig. 8. PHILLIPSIA SERRATICAUDATA Herrick.
8. Pygidium and its markings.
8d. Portion of head. Upper |Keokuk) layers of Waverly at Newark.
erie oh PHA THONIDES IMMATURUS Herrick.

Pygidium. Probably immature or depauperate forms of P spinosus. This form
occurs in the shales, while the typical specimens are from the lime concretions
of the same strata, Cuyahoga shale, Cuyahoga Falls, 40 feet below the coal
measure conglomerate. This form is generally lab=2led P. lodiensis by collectors.

Figs. 10-11. PHASTHONIDES OCCIDENTALIS Herrick.
a. Portion of head, enlarged two diameters.
6. Pygidium, natural size. Kinderhook division (conglomerate I) Granville.
1l. Hypostome of some trilobite, perhaps Phillipsia seraticaudata Herrick.

Fig. 12. PRGETUS sp? (perhaps haldemani).
Shales near base of Waverly, one mile east of Harlem, Licking cou nty
Bugeel3: PRG:TUS (?).

Portion of head from the upper division.
Figs. 14-15. PrajTus AURICULATUS Hall.
14. Reduced one-half. Kinderhook freestone, near Granville.
15. Pygidium of unknown trilobite (perhaps Phzthonides) from upper division (| Bur-
lington) near Newark.
Fig. 16a. PRGETUS PRASCURSOR Herrick.
A rather immature specimen. Cuyahoga shale Lodi, Ohio.
Fig. 160-c. PHA THONIDES SPINOSUS Herrick (?).
Pygidium apparently of this species trom shales of Cuyahoga strata at Lodi. In
the fourth volume of the Bulletin of Denison University these pygidia and the
associated heads were recognized as a distinct species (Phillipsia? cousors) but
the attempt to unite the characters of two genera should not have been made.
We have since found the forms connecting such glabelle with typical Proetus
prematurus, which species is typically represented in the concretions at the
same place. The pygidia cai hardly be other than depauperate forms of P. spi-
nosus of the same horizon.

PALEONTOLOGY XIV. Waverly Group.

Geol, of Ohio, Vol. VII.

Ss
IN
S
SN
SS
N

sI

PAG Ove

PAGE.
ELE NMUPRO NIMES (CRIEINILS TRTAN: rose cts gascncede seinen cache deeesntdceeeeeetee Se oulae sistem) Loar

Ten feet above the Ohio river at Sciotoville. Cuyahoga shale at same horizon as
Moots’ run. This species is abundant throughout the Waverly in numerous vari-
etal forms, deserving close study.

SPIRIFER MARIONENSIS, Shumard.

Cuyahoga shales, Portsmouth,O It would appear that S. centronota, Winchell
applies to the variety of this species which occurs in the northern part of the
state and which has frequently (as by the writer) been identified with S. bipli-
catus. The latter is, however, restricted to the upper third of the Waverly and is ~
a smaller species. ‘

HINGE VIEW OF SPIRIFER. ‘

Sp. like S.altus) from Moot’srun. (See Fig. 11.)

SPIRIFER TENUISPINATUS, Herrick.

Cuyahoga shales, Moot’s run.

HEMIPRONITES.
Young individual from Moot’s run.
SPIRIFER, Sp.

Keokuk division, Newark.

SPIRIFER DELTOIDEUS, Herrick.
Conglomerate (Kinderhook) Granville.
SPIRIFER BIPLICATUS, Hall.

Upper layers, (Keokuk and Burlington) Newark, O.
SPIRIFER STRIATIFORMIS, Meek.

Full-grown dorsal value. Upper layers, ‘Keokuk and Burlington) Newark, O.
SPIRIFER (see Fig. 3.).

Geol. of Ohio, Vol. VII. PALEONTOLOGY XV. Waverly Group

CL MerrigR

Peon

LASTS OU
TIGGH oe Ese

a ee) a era te

e

Fig.

PLATE: XVI.

SHPETO NOMS WNW WIG US Me Ml aac senoncobacsoceceoabasmcoed deoacooas
Upper part of Cuy :hoga shale 30 feet below conglomerate 1.

PROTHYRIS MEEKI, Hall.
Kinderhook, Shaies below conglomerate II
CTENODONTA HOUGHTONI, Stevens.
Cuyahoga shale.
PALA ONEILO CURTA, Herrick.
Kinderhook Freestone, Granville.
' DEXIOBIA OVATA, Hall.
Kinderhook, near conglomerate II, Newark.

ORACARDIA CORNUTA, Herrick.

Cuyahoga shale, ‘Waverly shale” below conglomerate I.

DENIOBIA OVATA, Hall.
Kirderhook, Gann

Figs. 8-10. ORACARDIA CORNUTA, Herrick.

Fig.

Wile

ls

g. 18.

Kinderhook Freestone, Granville.
NUCULANA sp.
Kinderhook, near conglomerate II, Gann.
NUCULANA Sp.
Kinderhook, Granville.
NUCULANA SIMILIS, Herrick.
Below conglomerate I.
PALAONEILO CONSIMILIS, Herrick.
Base of Cuyahoga shale, Harlem, Delaware county
PaLAONEILO IGNOTA, Herrick.
Cuyahoga shale, Moot’s run.
NUCULANA SACCATA, Winchell.
“Waverly shale,’’ below conglomerate I.
PAL ONEILO SULCATINA, Conrad.
Cuyahoga shale.
PALONEILO (?) MARSHALLENSIS, Winchell.

This specimen is from the upper parts of the Wav rly. but is found throughout
the series with no obvious differences. It seems to be identical with Hall’s

Palzoneilo truncata and Winchell’s Sanguinolites marshal-ensis.

MACRODON NEWARKENSIS, Herrick.
Burlington and Keokuk, Newark, O.
SPATHELLA VENTRICOSA, Hall.
Keokuk. Freestone at Granville O.
MvTILaRCa FIBRISTRIATA, W. and W.
Cuyahoga shale. Moot’s run.
NUCULANA DIVERSA H (?).
Peninsula O.
NUCULANA NUCULAFORMIS, Stevens (?).
Burlington, Newark, O

Geol. of Ohio, Vol. Vil. PALEONTOLOGY XVI. Waverly Group.

bo

wo

PV AWE, 2 Vali:

e PAGE
SCHIZODUS PROLONG AD USM ele rig Ck eereeren steep sa se seen eect eee ee eer es 512
Cuyahoga shale (upper portion or Wav rly shale) Licking c ouuty.
SCHIZODUS PALAONILIFORMIS, Herrick.
Kinderhook Freestone; Licking county.
SCHIZODUS HARLEMENSIS, Herrick.
Lower part of Cuyahoga shale. Near Harlem, Delaware county.
SPHENOTUS (CYPRICARDIA?) sp.
Upper layers of Cuyahoga shale, Licking county.
GRAMMYSIA FAMELICA, Herrick.
Upper layer of Cuyahoga shale, Licking county
SCHIZODUS NEWARKENSIS, Herrick.
Burlington group, Newark, Ohio.
MACRODON sp.
Cuyahoga shale, Moot’s run
CYPRICARDINIA SCITULA, Herrick.
Cuyahoga shale, Moot’s run.
MACRODON RESERVATUS, Hall.
Kinderhook, Granville, Ohio.
SCHIZODUS TRIANGULARIS, Herrick.
Kinderhook, Granville, O.
GRAMMYSIA ? HANNIBALENSIS, Shumard.
Kinderhook Granville, Ohio.
SCHIZODUS QUADRANGULARIS, Hall.
Kinderhook, Granville. Ohio.
SCHIZODUS TRIANGULARIS, Herrick.
Kinderhook, Granville, Ohio.

Geol. of Ohio, Vol. VIL PALEONTOLOGY XVII
° Waverly Group

CL Verrick_

es
Q

ied

ae)

Ie

Dy

sess

4.

5.

m Fig. 6.
Fig. 7.

Lae ie 8.
Fig. oF
Fig. 10.
Fig. 1).

PLATE XVIII.

YORTHOCERAS RUSHENSIS (?)....Js.cccseectesssesnes snes pelea: iss

Cuyahoga s :ale, upper layers (Waverly shile .
GONIATITES LYONI, Hall.
Kinderhook Freestone; Granville, Ohio.
NAUTILUS sp.
Cuyahoga shale, Moot’s run
OPERCULUM?

4 Cuyaho <a shale.

_ EUOMPHALUS LATUS, Hall.
Kinderhook. Freestone ; Gra:ville, Ohio.
‘MURCHISONIA sp.
Cuyahoga shale, Moot’s run.
LOXONEMA sp°
Kinderhook, Granv.lle.
NAUTILUS sp.
Burlington, Newark.
PLEUROTOMARIA STRIGILLATA, Herrick.
Kinderhook, Granvill2.
PLEUROTOMARIA (FLEMINGIA) STULTA, Herrick.
Kinderhook, Granville.
-PLEUROTOMARIA VADOSA, Winchell?
Near the bise of the Cuvahoga shale, near Harlem.
~ PLATYCERAS VOMERUM, Winchell?
Cuyahoga shaie, Moot's run. :

Geol. of Ohio, Vol. VII. PALEONTOLOG Y XVIII. Waverly Grouy.

G

Ae

Ch Herricks

PLATE XIX.

: PLAKVCERAS LODIENSIS, Meek, vattss:te.s:snncareecaens seach
a _ Cuyahoga shate, Bagdad, O. = *
y Bs Fig. 2. CONULARIA GRACILIS, Herrick.
Pee Two specimens, Cuyahoga shale, Licking county.
Fig. 3.. CONULARIA vicTa, White.
Ve eee Burlinectons Newark: ©:
' Fig. 4. CONULARIA MICRONEMA, Meek.
al ec Kinderhook.
Fig. 5. | CONULARIA NEWBERRYI, M<ek.
. (sche Kinderhook. :
Fig. 6. ZAPHRENTIS?
Ha Burlington or Keokuk, Rushville, Ohio
‘Fig. 7. PLATYCERAS LODIENSE, Meek.
Cuyahoga shale.
Fig. 8 CyTHERE OHIOENSIS, Herrick.
4 / Kegkuk. Rushville.
Fig. 9. |RHOMBOPORA OHIOENSIS, Ulrich.
i Cuyahoga shale.

Waverly Group.

PALEONTOLOGY XIX.

Geol. of Ohio. Vol. VII.

COE

a

Ni OOOO

pa

ee
7 >

« SecA (CKCCNANNNNNN
my)

ESE ESSER
ON =

¥
'

7P IFAT OX a

\ E , bn

From Bedford shales at Central College. 5 a a
TANG ULE TRGETS 8 ben one Aika roca ie Smee tei. 50
-DISCINA, SP. Poa : * tak aS
MARTINIA UMBONATA, H.
MaAcCRODON HAMILTONIA, H.
GONIATITES, SP.
_STROPHOMENA RHOMBOIDALIS.
From shales above Berea Grit.
ATRYPA RETICULARIS.
PALASONEILO BEDFORDENSIS.
MICRODON BELLISTRIATUS, Conr.
ORTHIS VANUXEMI, H.
BELLEROPHON HELENA.
-PTERINOPECTEN, SP.
NUCULANA DIVERSA, H. ae ie
PLEUROTOMARIA SULCOMARGINATA. . |
ILOXONEMA DELPHICOLA.
_ ORTHOCERAS, SP.

1

\

Waverly Group.

PALEONTOLOGY XxX,

Geol. of Ohio, Vol. VII.

LCV.

Ch Mery

JAC ININS DOE.

Hig. 1. REDYN CHONE lA SAP PEO mp llalllenensncicieactecssct oaeseeearseescts

Kinderhook or base of Burlington
Figs. 2-3. SPIRIFER WINCHELLI Herrick.
Lower part of Burlington. Above conglomerate IT.
Figs. 4-7. SYRINGOTHYRIS HERRICKI Suchert.

Finderhook. Freestone at Granville.

Fig. 8. PLATYCERAS HERTZERI Meek.
Cast, Kinderhook, Granville, O.

Fig. 9: ORTHIS VANUXEMI, VAR GRACILIS Herrick.

Kinderhook, Granville.

Fig. 10. CRYPTONELLA EUDORA Hall.
Kinderhook, Granville.

Eee lil PALAEKONEILO? MARSHALLENSIS Winchell.

Kinderhook, Granville.

Fig. 12. UNIDENTIFED.
Kinderhook or Burlington.

Fig. 13. SPIRIFERINA SOLIDIROSTRIS White.
Burlington.

Fig. 14. HEMIPRONITES CRENISTRIA Phil.
Kinderhook, Granville.

Fig. 15. SCHIZODUS CONEUS Hall.
Kinderhook.

Fig. 16. UNIDENTIFIED CRINOID.
Kinderhook.

Big. 17. CTENODONTA HOUGHTONI Stevens.
Kinderhook.

Fig. 18. RHYNCHONELLA Sp.

cece eee reccccsoere

Geol, of Ohio, Vol. VII. PALEONTOLOGY XxXIl. Waverly Group

- PLATE XXII.

: PAGE
Balke LINGULA (SCOTICA VAR.) WAVERLIENSIS Herrick............... ode eaa ee ROOS
In shale immediately above conglomerate II at Newark, O.
3 oy LINGULA GANNENSIS Herrick.
Knox county, O., middle Waverly. 4
5 OSs VENTRAL VALVE OF SAME SPECIES.
A, LINGULA MEMBRANACEA Winchell. :

Sixty feet above conglomerate II, near Loudonville, O.

Figs. 5-6. LINGULA ATRA Herrick.

Ventral and dorsal valves. Near junction of the Cuyahoga with Little Cuyahoga
river. Lowest part of Cuyahoga or Berea shales.

Figs. 7-8. LINGULA MEEKI Herrick.

Locality and position as above.

Big. 9: LINGULA CUYAHOGA Hall.
Locality and position as above. %
Fig. 10. LINGULA MELIE Hall.
Locality and position as above.
Fig. 11: ORBICULOIDEA NEWBERRYI Hall.
Locality and position as above.
Fig. 12. ORBICULOIDEA PLEURITES Meek.
Shale above conglomerate II, Newark, Gann and Loudonville.
Fig. 13. ORBICULOIDEA NEWBERRYI Hall.
Cuyahoga or Berea shale.
Fig. 14. CRENIPECTEN CANCELLATUS Herrick.
Cuyahoga shale, Moots’ run and northern Ohio.
Fig. 15. PTERINOPECTEN LAETUS Hall.
Cuyahoga shale, Moots’ run.
Fig. :6. PTERINOPECTEN CARINIFERUS Herrick.
A left valve without the usual sinus beneath the ear. Cuyahoga shale.
Big. 17- ALLORISMA CUYAHOGA Herrick.
Flags below the lower falls of the Cuyahoga river, near base of the Cuyahoga shale.
Fig. 18. EDMONDIA SULCIFERA, Herrick.
Small specimen from Cuyahoga shale at Cuyahoga Falls.
Fig. 19. ENTOLIUM AVICULATUM H.

Cuyahoga shale. The two valves are almost in their natural relation, the upper
one upper one having been broken away to show the interior of the opposite
valve.

Fig. 20 EDMONDIA SULCIFERA Herrick. - e

Hinge view.

Fig. 21. ENTOLIUM AVICULATUE H.

Right valve.

Fig. 22. PTERINOPECTEN ASHLANDENSIS Herrick.

Cuyohoga shale, near Ashland.

Fig. 24. EDMONDIA SULCIFERA Herrick.

Cuyahoga shale, Licking county.

Fig. 25. SoLENOMYA (?) CUYAHOGENSIS Herrick.

Cuyahoga falls, 30 feet below conglomerate.

Fig. 26. MACRODON sp.

Cuyahoga shales.

Fig. 27. LYRIOPECTEN NoDOCOSTATUS Herrick.

Cuyahoga shales, Licking county.

Waverly Group

PALEONTOLOGY XXII.

Geol of Ohie, Vol. VIL.

WW aa! “

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Pee Rr eM
Re ar
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Lea hieaa ated.

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BOD. Sits

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Fig.

pelts

g. 1.

- 21.

22

CAINS, DOUG :
PAGE. ;
CRENIPECTEN (AVICULOPECTEN?) COOPERI, Depauperate form :
Ofwternickanerene sania se daealstes Meneses eemneeseeeoatione pmeromecrccoaccanasnco OY)

Allied species, as represented in the shales 50 feet below the conglomerate at
Cuyahoga Falls. ; |

Right and left valve of apparently the same species from the same place. é

AVICULA RECTA Herrick.

From same locality.

NuCULA HOUGHTONI (?).

From sanie locality.

CYPRICARDITES SP?

From the highest horizon of the Waverly at Rushville.

An interior view of the beak of a species of Syringothyris to show the form
of the tube.

PRODUCTUS RARICOSTATUS Herrick.

From the Cuyahoga shale at Moots’ Run, Licking County. A variable form in

some cases approaching P. lachrymosus. Found in shales and concretions. :
ATHYRIS ASHLANDENSIS Herrick. :

Cuyahoga shale of Ashland and Licking counties.
SPIRIFER DISJUNCTUS Hall.

From the Erie shale, to compare with the Waverly species.
MARTINIA PREMATURA H.

Erie shale as above.
PRODUCTUS NEWBERRYI, var. ANNOSUS Herrick

Towest fossiliferous levels of Cuyahoga shale in Licking county.
RHYNCHONELLA MARSHALLENSIS Winchell.

Very closely allied to R. sappho of the Chemung. The species occurs in the Cuy-
ahoga division and continues with slight variations into the upper series.

PRODUCTUS RUSHVILLENSIS Herrick.

Characteristic of a horizon nearly 100 feet above conglomerate II at Rushville,
Newark and Loudonville.

RHYNCHOSPIRA (?) ASHLANDENSIS Herrick:

Cuyahoga shale at Lyon Falls. (On the description of plates in vol. IV of the
Bulletins of Denison University where this species was first mentioned it was
called Heiorhynchus ? richlandensis.)

TEREBRATULA INCONSTANS Herrick.
I,odi, Moots’ Run, Richland Co , ete., Cuyahoga shale.
SANGUINOLITES NAIADIFORMIS Winchell.
Top of middle Waverly at Granville. The species is most abundant immediately
beneath conglomerate I.
ALLORISMA CONVEXA Herrick.
Middle Waverly in Licking county.
ALLORISMA NOBILIS Dekoninck.

Middle Waverly in Licking county.

GONIODON (PALAONEILO? OHIOENSIS Herrick.
Cuyahoga shale, Moots’ Run.

SPHENOTUS CONTRACTUS W. W.
Cuyahoga shale at Moots’ Run.

/

42. te.

4
ia

Geol. of Ohio, Vol. VII. PALEONTOLOGY XXIII.

Waverly Group.

Al hy

ie nee Rae ay
eo a vi al
i

Snes
aed tat

PLATE XXIV.

PAGE.
Bigeye " LEIOPTERIA (KLEPTODESMA) ORTONI, Herrick........c..cccssersssesssesssess OID
Upper part of Cuyahoga shale, (‘Waverly shale,’”’) Licking county.
RSW 2 AVICULA SUBSPATURATA, Iterdek,
Division III, (Burlington) Newark.
Fig. 3. CRENIPECTEN CRENISTRIATUS, Meek.
Same position and locality as the last.
Fig. 4. CRENIPECTEN CAROLI, Win. ().
Kinderhook (Div. II.) Gann.
Eigevlo. STREBLOPTERIA SP.
Locality and position like the last.
Fig. 6. STREBLOPTERIA SP?.

Division ILI (Burlington group) Newark. There is apparently a complete series of
transitions from Streblopteria media of the Cuyahoga shales toS. gracilis of the
Kinderhook and the present form.

a

Fig. 7. GRAMMYSIA OVATA, Herrick.
Upper part of Division II (Burlington group), Newark.
Fig. 8. LEIOPTERIA HALLI, Herrick. |
Kinderhook group (Freestone of Division II), Granville.
Bye 9: LEIOPTERIA SP? :
Location and position as above.
Fig. 10. LEIOPTERIA (variety of) ORTONI, Herrick.
Freestone ef Kinderhook group. z
Fig. 11. LEPTODESMA SCUTELLA, Herrick.
Location and position as above. i
Pig 12: LEIOPTERIA ORTONI, Herrick
Three views of the cast. Cuyahoga shale.
Fig. 13. UNIDENTIFIED LAMELLIBRANCH.
Cuyahoga shale. :
Fig. 14. STREBLOPTERIA SQUAMA, Herrick.

The generic position is doubtful. Cuyahoga shale (Waverly shale), immediately below
conglomerate I. Granville.
Fig, 16d. STREBLOPTERIA GRACILIS, Herrick.
Kinderhook or Burlington division.
Figs. 16-17. STREBLOPTERIA MEDIA, Herrick
Figs. 16-17. Cuyahoga shales. Moot’s run.

Fig. 18. POSIDONOMYA (STREBLOPTERIA) FRAGILIS, Herrick.
Cuyahoga shales, Moot’s run.

Fig. 19. LIMATULINA? OHIOENSIS, Herrick.
Division III (Burlington group), Licking county.

Fig. 20

Fig. 21. ‘MOpDIOLA WAVERLIENSIS, Herrick.
Division II.

Fig. 22. MYALINA MICHIGANENSIS, Win.
Division II Kinderhook).

Fig. 23. GONIODON (PAI,EONEILO) OHIOENSE, Herrick.
Cuyahoga shale. ;

Fig. 24. PTERINOPECTEN CARINIFERUS, Herrick.
Right valve. Cuyahoga shale. Moot’s run.

Fig. 25. Unidentified.
Cuyahoga shale

Fig. 26. ENTOLIUM AVICULATUM, Schum.

Two specimens of the left valve. Cuyahoga shale. Moot’s run.

PALEONTOLOGY XXIV ° Waverly Group.

Geol. of Ohio, Vol. VII.

i
i y,

nites Hae

i i)

Vi

Oa
rae,
van
a

Mai
ray,
Pate

wh

PLATE XXV—Concluded.

BELVEROPHON (BUCANTA )“EXIGUUS: Foerste.c <2. -.c. cs heescessooecleeee ae 548
a. View from above. 4. Side view. The umbilicus here is very smail. H. O. Marl.

BELLEROPHON (BUCANIA) OPERTUS Foerste..............0-+.. dpenspssesceeie 548 —

Not the type; the umbilicus in the cast is larger than in B. ertguus. c. Lateral view.
d. View almost fromin front. H.O. Marl.
BELL EROPHON HISCELLO-STRTAT US HOCESEC.. cron sa ctencscensehoceeete cemestes 548
a. Lateral view, the inner margin of the whorl not well shown, though the umbili-
cusis large. 64. Front view. c. Upper view. d. View showing sinuous outer lip
ofaperture. e. A little of the carina and part of the adjacent strie, enlarged.
S. H.O. Stolz’s quarry.

ORTHIS (HERBERTELLA) DAYTONENSIS Foerste..........0.sccccceccsesssece 579

a. Pedicle valve. 6. Interior of the same. C. O.

ORTHIS (HERBERTELLA) DAVYTONENSIS FOerste...........2cccscseceenesecs 575
A lateral view showing outlines of a perfect shell. C.O.

PLATYCERAS (PLATYSTOMA) NIAGARENSE Hiall................ aeneaetinaeaegs 553
Amature specimen. a.Side view. 4. Top view of spire. B.O.

AI CHDASPISTOR DONT HOCUSLES pernascsccncier ora eceeeccccedeetcas: seeker oasecae meee 522

Glabellar regions not correctly shown, and the spiues of the free cheek should bea
little longer. B.O.

CALWMENE VOGDESIWMOCTSLO «a0. s.<cnacer roses sacle onto ose sebaice <adcmesenereeee 526
Smaller specimens from the limestone. S. H. O

CAT YMENE VOGDE SIHOCKSEC ser etaenssseeresce ssc sececoscseneecesscereecurecreteenee 526
The type. C. O.

MICHAS BRE VICHES ela les ssccteecnsacanctes os sc osoaaateasslaciseenee te aseseacreaeaeeeie 529

a, 6, Two glabelle. c. Surface enlarged. These specimens have lobes of consider-
able size in the occipital furrow not well shown in the figure beneath the lateral
lobes of the glabella. This distinction belongs to variety Clintonensis. S.H.O.
d. Pygidium. S.H.O. e. Part ofa glabella, B O., belonging all to the same va-
riety.

hiy pie
{1 eae

ri
ree

RI AGE, XOXVe ‘

NoTE.—The letters at the close of each description of the figures indicate the locality at

which the specimen figured was found, as follows: S. H. O —Soldiers’ Home; F. O.—Fauver’s;
H. O.--Huffman’s; B. O.—Brown’s; C. O.—Centreville; T. F. O.—Todd’s Fork; F. H. O.—Fair
Haven; EK O.—Katon, Ohio; H. I.—Hanover, Indiana; C: A.—Collinsville, Alabama; C. T.—Cum-
berland Gap, Tennessee. _

Fig.

iy
1

PAGE,

ORTHOCERAS (CYCLOCERAS ) INCEPTUM Foerste..... seseneentses BeeBedaeeeS. aes
a. Views of the carina after the action of strong weathering, removing part of the
cast. The rows of pits illustrated in the two figures to the right are too regular
and were the result of weathering; they represent no real structure of the shell.
d. Views, showing position of the siphuncle. c. A longitudinal section, showing
the cylindrical siphuncle at the centre, and accidental concretionary material
around the same. H.O. Marl.

MERISTELLA UMBONATA Billings......0.......0.0006 5 Iegelesnbeaenee Recetas ieee OOO)
a. Lateral view. 0. View of the brachial valve. S.H.O.

PLATYCERAS (PLATVSTOMA ) NIAGARENSE Hall..................00. ieeeeODO
a, Ordinary, immature form 4, Form approaching variety plebtum. S.H. O.

ICH WAL DIAC RETICULATA eal sie seceececcte se asjesiaasneiee So aeieeals manele ae eee EOL
a. Brachial valve. d. Pedicle valve. F.O.

PLECTAMBONITES TRANSVERSALIS Wahlenberg..................+- wanenasiee 566

Variety rveversata, Foerste. a. Pedicle valve. 6. Outline, showing curvature of
the:shell’) (Si HO:

ATRYPA MARGINALIS Dalman. ......2...:.-c0008 ses ences Tayeceteer Readoadeosasce Owl
A young brachial valve 4.0. Marl.
ORTHIS ( PLATYSTROPHIA) BIFORATA Schlotheim............ seedee Wee ce OMG,

Of the form with many plications in sinus and in fold, called veversata ; pedicle
valve. S. H. O.
ORTHIS (PLATYSTROPHIA) BIFORATA Schlotheim............c.ceee eee ee OO
Of the form with two plications in the sinus and three on the fold, called Daytonen-
ensts ; pedicle valve. S. H. O.

AER VPAGNUARG ENA TS a) Alii atisoon. eee ecneeetbseee cece sereconen hak doanegoeeee 591
Pedicle valve. S. BH. O.

ORTHIS (RHIPIDOMELLA) HYBRIDA SOWELDY...........ceececsceeerereees vee O84
a. Brachial valve. 4. Lateral view, drawn to show outline only. S. H.O.

ORTHIS (DALMANELLA) ELEGANTULA Dalmani.,.............0cc.eseseeneseees 581
a. Brachial valve. 4. Lateral view, drawn to show outline only. S.H.O. ;

ORTHIS (ORTHIS) CALLIGRAMMA Dalman....... DOES SSR Sais een hea a soe OZ

Ofa type nearest to the typical forms of Hall and Clarke’s redefinition of the
genus Variety ez-orthts. a. Brachial valve. 64. Pedicle valve. S. H. O.
ORTHIS (HERBERTELLA) DAVTONENSIS Foerste...........<0:---esseaeeeeeee 575
a. Brachial valve. 6. Wateral view, drawn to show outline of brachial valve only.
c. A few of the radiating plications. d. The same slightly enlarged S$. H.O.

PTERINEA BRISA Hall.. ...... Sea ads dete eae sb aaaw Sones weaeaes Ba eiae eae 597
Fragments of the left valve. S. H.O.
ORTHTS) (HERBERTELIWA\)) BAUSIAY FOCTKSTCh a. cusstecescseenectee core eeeaee 573

a. Brachial valve. 4. Pedicle valve. c. Lateral view, drawn to show outline of shell
only. d.A few of the plications, slightly enlarged. S. H. O. Carrollton Pike
quarry.

ORTHIS (HERBERTELLA) FAUSTA Foerste....... Ree re nohs wentate era Oe

a. Brachial valve 0 Plications slightly enlarged. S. H. O. Carrollton Pike quarry,
now abandoned, half way between Geo. Young’s present quarry and the German-
town pike.

Orthis (DALMANELLA) ELEGANTULA Dalman:./ cece cheeses seeecereee Rose, Gye!

Variety farva, probably oniy young specimens of the species. a. Pedicle valve. 36.
Lateral view ofthe same S.H.O.

Bes 4

Clinton Gronp.

PALEONTOLOGY XXV.

Geol. of Ohio, Vol. VII.

Z

Yi ttza
SS

L467

Le

"at

B
Sea

PGI INIS, DOSOV IL,

PAGE

Ike AcNUS MADISONTANUS. Wiitiiel die iis: iccseasceccsese cece een eeeetre 526
Var. clongatus ; a, pygidium; 6, latera] view of the same. H.O,

ITTZASNUS) MADISONTIANUS, “Winitheldec.ce.cmncscnlcoccena: see eeceee eee eneee 526
Var. depressus ; a, pygidium; 4, lateral view of the same. S.H.O. Stolz’s quarry.

PHACOPS TRISULCATUS, Hall.............. Sees a eslechG Lone aiea eg coe nee eee 529
Glabella. S.H O.

ILLANUS DAYTONENSIS, Hall and Whitfield..............0....000008 iShetttaes 525
a, pygidium; 4 lateral view of thesame. S.H.O.

PROBUS DELERIMENATUS | IMOeCTSLC ss ane aacesandcsancecaeeenenseenenee teens OLS
Glabella. S H.O. p

ITLENUS DAVTONENSIS. Elall ‘andi Wehitieldis ose eisc scence neere cree 525
Free cheek, seen obliquely from below. S.H. 0, E

ILVANUS DAYTONENSIS, Halland Wihithelds......iscc-eneccsecntnestereee 525

a, glabella. side view, with free cheek belonging toa smaller individual; 4, gla-
bella, {rom above; c, posterior view of glabella. S. H.O.
TELLINOMYA (NUCULA?) MINIMA, Foerste.............. sukdiiid aaleasheeseeeee 563
a, view of anterior lunule; 6, lateral view, (the markings on this cast near the beak
are probably accidental); c, view of posterior lunule, showing a median line

or ridge along the cast; branch posteriorly on either side. H.O. Marl. En-
larged.

IIA NUS PAMBIGUUSY Hh OCLSEC i ussen cescsaceh ne ceecisedoedasecoeesaace Soaien eens . 925
a, pygidium ; 4, lateral view of another specimen. S. H. O.
ILEUS AMBIGUUS) FOCESLE..occesccsscesccescnenciedecostecuecen een a eee Re ence 525

a, lateral view of glabella, with movable cheek of another specimen; 6, posterior
view of glabella; c, glabella. S.H.O.

ILLANUS-INSIGNIS? Hall; or Ill. ambiguus? Foerste................. . 925
Free cheek, S. H.O.
CYPRICARDITES) CASWHWITSHOSKSTC esas ses cemvasieecssvecscemeemechoeerienece .. O61

a, tight valve; 4, upper view along hinge line, beak too far forward. S. H.O.
Coll. of George Caswell.

STRICKLANDINIAS TRIPIEESTANIAL TROCTSEC...cccsscechocsnceeccsecsee eae en eenene 594
a pedicle valve; 4, lateral view. S.H.O. 5

STRICKLANDINIA TRIPLESIANA, Foerste........... a Ninsabiste Saiacers ag fd See EOE
Brachial valve. S. H.O.

CY CLHONEMADBIMEX, ‘Comrades scosaaedis cance ve cnceauensieseeeane nee scan eee eeee ere 551

This belongs to the form witha low spire, and transverse striz, the revolving
strie being present only toward the lower side of the last whorl; a poor draw-
1G. (Os el. O}
CASTS OF THE UMBILICUS OF RHAPHISTOMA AFFINE .......seceeeees noonsudeua000
Similar casts of the umbilicus of Bucania can be distinguished only by means of
their symmetry, on eithe1 side of a median plane. H. O. Marl.

CYCLORA ATTA “FR OCrStes ai iiiccetacereuosinaccs swans cesiees anaes teeeasaneeaeaee tees eames 552
a, side views; 6, basal view; all of casts magnified. H.O, Marl
RAPHISTOMA ABEINE, POCTStO:..o:0.seceere se cocsconsucinesscene cee eree ene neeaee 550 ©

A view from above and one from the side. H.O. Marl.

Geol. of Ohio, Vol. VII.

PALEONTOLOGY XXVI.

Clinton

Hed Rens
city ¥

oy Sal haidw
bite at

POSE OOE FEE Lay

ait,

PLATE XXVII—Concluded.

PAGE

1D) A NANTES Win REIN RT OCTSLEM aa soneacnccemcadtecnacecusen cer oeeer oe BRN 530
ieadeiS nH 10;

DALMANITES WERTHNERI Foerste............- Lecisaiaals Senet en age ee ee 530
Pygidium. S.H.O.

DALMANITES WERTHNERI Foerste............ BEE Bis RaSEe SELMER preoenccdctnne 530
A specimen preserving a part of the body. S H.O.

DALMANITES WERTHNERI Foerste..........0.:00c020 Salaki wus come tan eae OO)
An eye magnified. S.H.O.

ENCRINURUS PUNCTATUS Wahlenberg............. aBenede sashbsaenagecter See RO OME
Pygidium used as type of £&. Threshert. S.H.O. In cabinet of Mr. B. B. Thresher

DICTYONEMA PERTENUE Foerste.............. decision akane stein aentenae .... 600

A frond; b, part of the same maguified showing also the distance at which the pores
are situated. S.H.O.

DICTYONEMA SCALARIFORME Foerste........ RRS PHE SH RSaaRtats Pare ner nt . 600
A frond. S.H. O.

DICTYONEMA SCALARTFORME FOerste... 0... nc0 cescecsssssc0s anaes ee Meas 600
A part of the latter magnified. S.H.O.

PI ERINE AD BRISA Elallille: sec. cskiccass SONA RS RE BEA SE MU ASS Aare eae tee et een 557
Left valve. B.O. :

STROPHOMENA (ORTHOTHETES) TENUIS Hail.................. Ree ion ntacd 568
A brachial valve. ' S. H. O.

STROPHOMBENA, (ORTHO DAE TES) LEN UIS Melalll ceaciasnse scene serncesermeeesaere 568
A pedicle valve. S. H. O.

BELEHROPHON! (BUCANTA)) [RET OBALUS S OWELDIY..1.u2--senccnemetees tenses .. O49
Two views. H.O. Marl.

STROPHOMENA (ORTHOTHETES) HANOVERENSIS Foerste....... panos OO

A pedicle valve referred to this species, forms of this type are moderately convex,
and the posterio-lateral angles are not produced so prominently beyond the sides
of the valves as in the figure, which obtained its character from the accidental
manner in which it was exposed in the rock. VT. F. Q.

STROPHOMENA (STROPHONELLA Or AMPHISTROPHIA possibly) Pa-

DREN TA WEL ALL S20 secoiny Uaetscicnun atemiaetanacetenee sn egiv ape senale deen assem aaueaetaaneee 569
Pedicle valve, beginning to be reflexed at the margin. S.H.O.
STROPHOMENA’ PATEN DA all ee ionsne cect see ine elds eedelna tae tec ce tees See ea OO,
Pedicle valve, already quite reflexed anteriorly, but not a nature specimen. F.O.
STROPHOMENA PATENTA Hall........ u/s RcatSusa a urcaw dois aoiclatii anton ate Boon, LOY)
Brachial valve, young specimen, not at all bent towards margin. S. H.O.
STROPHOMENA (ORTHOTHETES) TENUIS Hall...... 00.2... ccc. cccecseseseeccs 568

A portion of a few plications enlarged. S.H. 0.

39-41. CRINOIDAL REMAINS.

Basal part of several arms. C. O. 40 and 41. Base of calyx, Reeds Hill, Ohio.
42 and 43. Plates of calyx. S.H.O. 44. Specimen of unknown relations. S. H. O.

Oo reek on pie

PLATE XXVIII.

PAGE
Fig. 1. ANCTDASETS | ORRON TE NOCKSEC 2 easre ise srsessce sae aeeres GeousonocoInscRD DET Si dtback 522
AGH ead PB @:
Fig. 2. VPROELUS DE LE RMINADUS dH OCTStE:. cue. cesecasen cone sceceet eee eae eee ee eee 523
2. A glabella with part of anterior border; same as figure5 of plate XXVI. S.H.O.
Fig. 3 PRETUS DETERMINATUS) BOEISte:. -..0..csceenetiocs ec cee atee eee eee 523
3. A glabella, S. H. O.
Fig. 4 PHA COPSPRRISUE CATUSsblalllllse-eansyceasesheseeee sata Sc sleanot soatioeveieneeeeeenes 529
4. Probably a pygidum of this species S. H. O.
Fig. 5. CY PHASPTS CLINTONENSISIROELSte gene re cee rhins sscnt == a Saee eee ere eee eee 524
5. Glabella. B.O.
Fig. 6 ILLANUS DAYTONENSIS Hall and Whitfield................5....0ce+eceoee siete 525
6. A rostrum in position. B.O. Collection of Prof. W. S. Hoskinson.
Fig. 7 LPL ZSNUSSMADISONTANUS wWVibith eld: so cacdedesecesua see) since aisdcsestenseeeeeaeee 526
7.. Glabella. B.O.
Fig. 8. TEA NU SHCA LS ON TAINS avValnditttel ieee csesceaete usenet cence seis seen eee -- O26
8. Pygidium ; moderately elongated. B.O
Fig. 9. LV NUS MADISONTAN US: Wilhitiiel di sac-scdeseacsesseiectsecoaccieesceseeseeeecseee 526
9. Pygidium, very slightly elongated. B O.
Fig. 10. ILLASNUS MADISONIANUS Whitfield...................00.06- Jashaniotan nageeRueseees 526
10. Pygidium not at all elongated, all these specimens are Only very small forms of
the species.
Fig. 10a. ILL ANUS DAVTONENSIS Elalliand Whitteldin......-.-..0s-cees-ouseeeessiee §25
10a. Movable cheek, Ludlow Falls, O.
Fig. 11. TT SHIA Geese wis sbeeiaate steno tanec Bele aioaion biden son quysaatineits wists sioatlelsuseedee Denne cee
11. Hypostoma, differing considerably from that of ZL dreviceps, and possibly belong-
ing to a poorly. preserved apparently distinct form, described in the text as
Lichas phiye ainotdes
Big 12: CALYMENERVOGDEST AM OCESEC wesc cc -ssesseaeeo: seeeeeeee en accacen cece eeeceete eet 526
12. Head, same as figure 25 of plate XXV_ C.O.
Fig. 13. CALYIMENERVOG DESIGMOCLSt Ox: a. ascceesctes tiseeeeee eee teciscese sae neteaeoriee 526
3. Outline of the preceding head. C.O.
Fig. 14. CAL VIMENE VOC DE STEMOCKS tC .cncmepessecesccmaceeeseeectane masaciba noo othe tetoass 526
14. Part of head, same as figure 24 of plate XXV, reconstructed from fragments.
S.H.O. In the middle limestones
Fig. 15. CALYMENE VOGDESI Foerste...........0...sssscssee SEP tae ee ee 526
15. Outline of the preceding head. S. H.O.
Fig. 16. CALVIMENFE VOCDEST POCKStEn n.c. cs seeoncecee ces coccecn ee eeeel ee eter eee OL
16. A characteristic pygidium, associated with forms like those shown in figure 12
and15. C. O.
IRA ALE CERAURUS (PSEUDOSPH EREXOCHUS) CLINTONENSIS Foerste............. O27
17. A Glabella. B. O.
Fig. 18. WICHAS BREVLCHPS Peale ecceedescesceescesscccenserScaseaeceacherceemeeosenen 529
18. Of tie form with a very distinct lobe towards either end of the occipital furrow,
a characteristic of the Clinton specimens, hence called variety CLINTONENSIS.
BO.
Fig. 19. MICHAS BREVICHPS allie inc. nes scectacceer cece ee ensmecer ete eee emmenceeeemer 529
19. Hypostoma. B. O.
Fig. 29. PHACOPS TRISULCATUS halle oo: coo cnccc ws qomceneicnen tac ce ccknee seiseeeiaceneesesseets 529
20. Part of head. sameas figure3 plate XXVI, B. O.
Fig. 21. PEA COPS ‘ERIS UIZCATUS Tlalliis eccaasesscee, es seaeee hese eeee REC Eee eee eee 529

21. Head, a more perfect specimen. S. H. O.

Geol. of VUhio, Vol. VII. PALEONTOLOGY XXVII. Clinton Group.

sw

9
g. 12.

13.

. 14.

PIVAWE Xavier

PAGE:

PHVLLOPORINA ANGULATA. Halli si icaicoo ec ceececicenecsuaciel ctasenncreseae eee OO)
A small form for which the specific name Ph. Daytonensis was suggested by Hall
and Whitfield. Fig, 4, Plate V, Ohio Pal., should show four rows of cells on the
branches. S. H.O,

HEMITRV PA UMRICHT VHOCTSte) .c..ccsescdecacaccsses ieacceececeedene cceneenre scan Oh)
Part of the infundibuliform frond. B. O.

CLATHROPORA FRONDOSA Hall................. cases vcldine eb ets Sais Sis Setseheee MOOS
Lower part of a frond separated along the epithecal membrane. S.H.O.

CLATHROPORA CLINTONENSIS Hall and Whitfield.................. Brodgado, Dts)

Lower part of a frond, separated along the epithecal membrane; both in this
specimen and the last the line of articulation with the basal segment is shown
SEO: ,
PTI ODICT VAY WEITMEETE TE DT I OCLSLE.. cai ssiecijsescsnensincte snes ee US
A typical specimen of this species (now distinguished from P¢. expansa, Hall and
Whitfield,) parted along the epithecal membrane. T F. O. y
PHNOPORA MAGNA Hall and Whitfield ..... a redaedessesas sHemucoeeee anes bon OS)
A fragment showing the surface; the monticules are usually lower and broader.
S. H. O.

PHANOPORA FIMBRIATA James ......... Ape ee onhasa toate Uvaibales date eae poco OMY)
A typical frond parted along the epithecal membrane. S.H.O
PACHYDICTYA EMACIATA Foerste............. Brseiseteeseecuseeeenee veale's eae 599
Showing surface. S. H.O.
PACHYDICTYA BIFURCATA (Van Cleve) Hall........... eM ssoaeene eG)
Part of a very large specimen. S. H.O.
« PACHYDICTVYA BIFURCATA VAR INSTABILIS Foerste....... Pees Jog08 JOG)

One of the extreme forms, with more than one row of monticules on the branches.
BIO;

RACH YDICDYVA, CL URGIDA) MOCKS tC ci sncgce secacenone sees encece aed one eee ee Caer ree 599
The distinctions between this form and the next are not yet well understood. S. H. O.
PACHYDICTYA OBESA Foerste .:.........- Boidcner SpuoSHOnOR AO. SConeE aR Aunesoda Oey

Specimens of this species usually have the fronds broader and strongly undulate
9: iO:
RHINOPORA VERRUCOSA Hall............,.000+ ele eenehe acs srceat aah 599
a, the form of preservation called Rk. venosa, Spencer; C. O. 4, the same weath-
ered leaving only the grooves, called then Ph. frondosa, Hall and Whitfield ; C.*O.
¢, areas with more distant cells more or less regularly disposed are not infre-
quent, and are usually associated with the ‘‘ frondose ’’’ phenomena, occurring
then at the intersections of ‘‘veins’’ S.H.O.
ASPIDOPORA PARMULA Foerste........ i doaseltartteautlt easel helslivesente seanee ..-- 600
A fragment; H.O. The perfect fronds are thin, discoid, curved so as to be moder-
ately covex above, about 25 inchesin diameter, the cells form diagonal intersect-
ing and concentrically arranged rows. H.O. Marl.

Geol. of Ohio, Vol. VII.

PALEONTOLOGY XXVIII.

Clinton Group.

PLATE XXIX.

PHANOPORA EXPANSA Halland Whitfield .....,..:.........ccccececsnseeeenss 598
A frond parted along the epithecal membrane. S. H.O

PH2NOPORA MAGNA Hall and Whitfield ............cseteesseee ssespeveeneeees 099
Fronds parted along the epithecal membrane. S. H.O,

PHENOPORA MULIIFIDA: ((VianiCleve) Halle)... sacs suseaeeseeeeeeeeee 599
A frond parted along the epithecal membrane, collection of Geo. Caswell. S.H.O. |

HOMOTRVPATCONDE WENS HOCKSter.coecrsscnesccnce neiscaecisenceetnece aceon 600

a, Branch of usual size. 4, Gnarl formed by coalescence of several branches.
S.H. 0.

CALTOPORAY MAGNOPRORAMHOeTSEEC! Snactnes Grace ccecnccaneeseee eee Tee 600
A branch starting to divide or branch at the top. C.O. %
VIOCLEMERIA OHITOENSIS: HOCrStes cnss cess aaceseta se seseenseoas peeee cena 600

Two branches of quite large size for this species. C. O.

jee

Clinton Group.

PALEONTOLOGY XXIX.

Geol. of Ohio, Vol VIT.

PL ADE XOX

PAGE.

Figs. 1-4 STRICKLANDINIA PLANUS Foerste.
1-3-4. Casts of pedicle valves.

Fig.
Fig.
Fig.

Fig.

HLL

alOs
16.

Cast of brachial valve.
a. Reconstructed interior of the brachial valve. Collinsville, Alabama.

SPIRIFERA (CYRTIA) ROSTELLUM Hall.
Cast of pediclé valve and a line indicating its convexity. Collinsville, Alabama,
SPIRIFERA PLICATELLA var. RADIATA Sowerby.
Brachial valve Cumberland Gap Tenn.
CORNULITES DISTANS) Halle ce, ou cone oa nes dat eee tee sean see ee nese eee EEE 532
Collinsville, Alabama.
CORNULITES SERPULARIUS var. CLINTONI, Hall.
Collinsville, Alabama.
PLECTAMBONITES TRANSVERSALIS, var. ALABAMENSIS Foerste.

' Cast of pedicle valve, and a line indicating its convexity. Collinsville, Alabama.
. 10-12. EUOMPHALUS SINUATUS? Hall.
10.

View of the spire conjecturally completed from the curvature of the fragment
found.

An entirely conjectural figure of a side view based on the slight elevation of the

spire indicated by the fragment found, but serving to indicate the actual posi-
tion of the sinus at a; a is a view of the sinus, the position of which is indicated
in figs. 10 and 11.

2. A view from the umbilical side of a part of the fragment found. Collinsville,

Alabama. It isan Euomphalus but probably not &. sizmuatus. /

PLECTAMBONITES TRANSVERSALIS, var. PROLONGATA Foerste......... 566
Pedicle valve and a line indicating the convexity of the same. Wildwood station,
Georgia
PLEUROTOMARIA LABROSA var. OCCIDENS, Hall.
Collinsville, Alabama.

CYCLONEMA'BILEXY Conradiiu... css sseaaarcacenbensnorse ce etaeees eat ae eee 551
Brown’s Quarry, near New Carlisle, Ohio.
CONULARIA NIAGARENSIS Hiall............... « satelals aalvia ha Paves ole Sea eee ate ee 547

Todd’s Fork, Ohio.

Figs. 17-18. PENTAMERUS OVALIS Hall.

Fig.

Fig. 2

li.
18.

ils};

A finely preserved cast of a brachial valve.
A cast of a pedicle valve. Collinsville, Alabama.
PTERINEA.
Collinsville, Alabama.
ILLENUS, perhaps I. Ioxus Hall.
Fragment of a giabella; possible outlines indicated. Collinsville, Alabama.

LOXONEMA (cf HOLOPELLA) SUBULATA? Conrad.........:.s.c-c0sssseeere 556
The striz partly preserved on the last coil. Todd’s Fork, Ohio.
STROPHOMENA (AMPHISTROPHIA ?) PATENTA Haall.u.............cccccseeee 569

Fragment, brachial valve, its original outlines restored. Collinsvllle, Alabama.

gs. 23-24. RHYNCHONELLA JANEA Billings.

a. Inner cast of a brachial valve.
6. Inner cast of a pedicle valve.
Side view of an inner cast. Collinsville. Alabama.

ORTHOCERAS ( CYCLOCERAS ) NovA-CARLISLENSE Foerste.......6....00 545
A section of the siphon. Brown's Quarry near New Carlisle, Ohio. f
ORTHOCERAS ( KION DCERAS ) CRAWFORDI Foersteé...........cc0cccceeeeees 546

A vertical section showing the siphon. So'tdiers’ Home near Dayton, Ohio.

PALEONTOLOGY XXX.

Ge ol. of Ohio, Vol. VII.

Clinton Group.

beta—

\
\

weit
am eh

a
‘ Ae
iy

Ca RS

Bea

sare

i

PLATE XXXI—Concluded.

Fig. 22. A. glabella of CyPHASPIS CLINTONENSIS, Foerste.... 2.5.22. .cssssnseonsenee 524
Cumberland Gap, Tennessee. 3

Figs. 23-24. RYNCHONELLA DECEMPLICATA Sowerby?
23. A brachial valve and a side view of the same.
24. Perhaps a young form of this species. Cumberland Gap, Tennessee.

Fig. 25. STROPHOMENA (STROPHEODONTA?) CORRUGATA Conrad.
The elongated form tigured first by Hall under this species, but not the typical
form of Conrad. Cumberland Gap, Tennessee.

Figs. 26-29. STROPHOMENA (STROPHEODONTA ?) CORRUGATA var. PLURI-STRIATA

Foerste.
More like that figured second by Hall under S. covrugata. It is not impossible that
this may prove to be the typical form of Conrad.
26. Brachial valve and a line indicating its lack of convexity.
27. Pedicle valve with a line indicating its convexity. Cumberland Gap, Tennessee.
29, Pedicle valve of an unknown species and a line indicating its convexity. Cumber-
land Gap, Tennessee.

Fig. 30. RACHYDICTVYAGH MAR CES CENSs HOCESLCH orpeneisiacc seat speeboeseeeeeeece steno 599
80a Part of a frond, with a section showing its convexity.
306 A part of the same magnified. Eaton, Ohio.

Fig. 31. PACHYDICTYA FARCTA Foerste........ said datos Sate bleep eeissied seeps Mepee seece eee 559

3la Part of a frond with a section showing its convexity.
316 Part of the same enlarged. Eaton, Ohio.

Fig. 32. PACHYDICTVA ((RHINODICT VA?) RUDIS Poerste:.-..c220-0.0s0-ssenucceueeore 599
32a Parts of two fronds with section showing their convexity.

326 A part of the left hand specimen enlarged Eaton, Ohio.
Fig. 33. PACHVDICT YA (RATINODICDVA)) RUDIS, Boerste:.cssssssiecesss atest etene 559

38a Parts of two fronds with sections showing their convexity.
336 A part of the left hand specimen enlarged. Eaton, Ohio.

ILNI WE POOL,

PAGE.

ion STROPHOMENA (ORTHOTHETES ) HANOVERENSIS, Foerste.............. 67
Pedicle valve and a line indicating its convexity. Hanover, Indiana.

Big. 2. STROPHOMENA (AMPHISTROPHIA) PATENTA, Hall ?.........00.. 2. .c.c0s6 069

Apparently a sickly form, brachial valve ; and a line indicating its convexity.
Hanover, Indiana.

Eee ae BELL EROPHON , (BUCANIA) EXIGUUS, HOCTStE tc... .c.csee-mesee eee see Ore
3. Side view. j : :
5a Lines indicating the character of a section transverse to Fig. 3. Hanover, Indiana.

Figs. 4-5. ORTHIS CALLIGRAMMA, DALMAN var. DINORTHIS.........0-02.0eeeeee woes OD
4. Cast of a pedicle valve. :

5. Cast of a brachial valve. Hanover, Indiana.
Fig. 6. PLECTAMBONITES TRANSVERSALIS, var. ELEGANTULA Hall.............. 506
Pedicle valve and a line indicating its convexity. Hanover, Indiana.

Big. 7. CYRTOLITES YOUNGI Foerste......... sslad aeisie ee sate ou pslelte Ne coe eae nee tener 549
7a A magnified side view with a line indicating the real size of the specimen.

7. Lines showing the outlines of a section vertical toFig. 7a also magnified. Han-
over, Indiana.

Bigs 8. ATRYPA MARGINALIS, var. MULTISTRIATA Foerste.ts.....2.....2deeeesssees OOM

Pedicle valve. Hanover, Indiana.

Fig. 9. AUER VIPAC NTA GTNATEL Sol) atta tess erscmsoccehnccsccsesscen cee eecene vance ce none en 591
9. Pedicle valve.
9a A brachial valve. Brown’s Quarry, New Carlisle, Ohio.

Bigs 10-11" (CORNULISESSDISTANS Elall, is.c2:ncc5secmiteancs sion ujsediohat saoktaoeeee Se abeupoceno OB

10. Resembles a species of Tentaculites.
11. Both in the cast and in the exterior views, is a figure of a true Cornulites. Cum-
berland Gap, Tennessee.

Big. 12: REEDVINICEL ONE IF VAUNE Give CIVAY ELAM Ose, macseciices cae soresserecas snessee tees spades Oe)

Pedicle valve. Hanover, Indiana.
Fig. 13. RHYNCHONELLA ACINUS var. CONVEXA Foerste.............. ... oisenrod, Owe
13a Brachial valve.
136 Pedicle valve.
13c Sideview. Hanover. Indiana.
Fig. 14. REVNCHONDIL AVACINUS) Elalliis b..cssccsecsmsn en escceee es ois cencetaseeee eens 593
From the Niagara of Waldron, Indiana, the most distinct form.
14a Brachial valve.
-146 Pedicle valve.
ld4c Side view.
Figs. 15-16. LEPT2NA (RAFINESQUINIA) OBSCURA, Hall?
15. Brachial valve and a line indicating its convexity.
16. Pedicle valve and a line indicating its convexity Cumberland Gap, Tenne see. ~
Big. Li, HOLOPEA OBSOLETA var. ELEVATA, Foerste.
Cumberland Gap, Tennessee.
Figs. 18-19. LEPTOCG:LIA ? HEMISPHERICA Sowerby.
18. Pedicle valve, with a line indicating its convexity.
19. Brachial valve with a line indicating its convexity. Cuimberland Gap, Tennessee
Sigs, 20-215 PHACOPS TPRISULCATUS Elalle.s.. 55.5. snseodse doe ae ecee sca sce eee 529

20. A glabella.
21.. A pygidium. Cumberland Gap, Tennessee.

PALEONTOLOGY XXXI.

Geol. of Ohio, Vol. VII.

a is
ie
jae

ae
raat ith

Figs. 1-2.

5)
Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

1.

aR

vo.

4.

PLATE XXXII.

PAGE,

ORTHOCERAS (EU-ORTHOCERAS?) RECTUM Worthen, var. JUNIUS...

A side view.
A specimen with a smooth exterior, perhaps of this species. Hanover, Indiana.

ORTHOCERAS ( SPYROCERAS ?) JAMESI Hall and Whitfield....... Brees

Side view, Todd’s Fork, Ohio.

ORTHOCERAS (EU-ORTHOCERAS ) IGNOTUM Foerste............0000 Basbt

A vertical section through the siphon, with a transverse section indicating the po-

sition of the same. Hanover, Indiana.

A vertical section through the siphon. Soldiers’ Home, Dayton, Ohio.

ORTHOCERAS (EU-ORTHOCERAS ) HANOVERENSE Foerste.............55

The upper part of the figure, (Fig. 6a) represents a view of the cast of the interior

of the shell; the lower part represents a vertical section of the same passing
through the siphon.

Represents a part of the other side of Gig. 6a, where it has been weather-worn.

Hanover, Indiana.
CYRTOCERAS (GLYPTOCERAS) SUBCOMPRESSUM Beecher........... ...0+

Is a side view of two fragments upon which this species is founded; the smaller,

the type; the larger, a part of the living chamber, placed in the position it
was supposed to have once occupied; the character of the remainder of the
coil was conjecturally indicated. ‘he diameter of t e whole is reduced to one-
fourth. Recent observations have led us to believe that the rate of expansion
of the shell is much more abrupt, and that the appearance of the coil might be
more intermediate between that of Crytoceras and Gyroceras ; fig. 76, a vertical
section through the type showing the character of the siphon; fig. 7c, a trans-
verse section of the living chamber near the last septum reduced to one-half
the diameter; fig 7d, showing the character of the surface markings of the type
at d,in fig. 7a, but representing the same far more distinctly than warranted
by the actual state of preservation. B O.

CORNULITES SERPULARIUS var. CLINTONI, Hall.

Collinsville, Alabama.

539

PALEONTOLOGY XXXII.

Geol. of Ohio, Vol. VII.

Clinton Group.

aD)

wae
Te ee
re

Sree til nig sey

et

hae |

yt
igen
MEN:

PEATE XX XI

< PAGE.
Eilean: ie ORTHOCERAS (CYCLOCERAS), NOVA-CARLISLENSE, Foerste............ 545
View of interior cast. B.O. :

ign, 2. ORTHOCERAS (ACTINOCERAS). CLAVATUM. Hlall...............cccsceeceessenes 538
2. View of the interior cast, B.O :

Bignen ds ORTHOCERAS (ACTINOCERAS ) YOUNGI Foerste..........sce.s000: Sos saat 587
3. A vertical section showing the siphon on one side. H. I.

Fig. 4. ORTHOCERAS (ACTINOCERAS) LATA-NUMMULATUM Foerste..........00+ . 038
4. A vertical section through the siphon. S.H.O.

Fig. 5. ORTHOCERAS ((CVCLOCERAS)) VAMEVICUSa Elan se. su cee cas ceeees ieee Sains 546
5. A badly preserved exterior. B.O.

Fig. 6. ORTHOCERAS (ACTINOCERAS) DAYTONENSE Foerste..........0cccssesseees 539
6. A vertical section passing through the siphon. S.H.O.

Fig. ./7. ORTHOCERAS (ACTINOCERAS ) TURGIDO-NUMMULATUM Foerste......... 538
7. Avertical section passing through the siphon. S.H.O.

Fig. 8. COMPHOGE RAS ORLONIME OCTSECS ...01-snso. eecees setae does asecenete seer atee ee d30
8. a. A side view of the living chamber. 6. A trausverse section of the same near the

last septum. B. O.

PALEONTOLOGY XXXIII.

Geol. of Ohio, Vol. VII.

Clinton Group.

PLATE XXXIV.

; i ‘ : _ PAGE.
gs. 1-6. - STREPTELASMA HOSKINSONI BOerStO. eee seeee reece eceeneececteeceseseees GOL
1-4. ‘ Various typical fOrInS a 4 i
5. A very contorted form doubtfully referred here. ; 72
6. A transversely wrinkled form. perhaps an ee provis sionally referred —
ere B (0:

“af The 2eu specimen. Se O.
12. A similar form, Todd’s Fork, Ohio.
oa 13. A larger form referred here. S.H.O. | 7
Fig, 34 CYATHOPHYLLUM? CATICULUMG Alle os. -be.reestsstecneeteaene areca eee “Gol
es Lin Ses ound at the roadside quarry east of the Soldiers’ Home, Ohio. | , tg, +) Be ents!
| Figs. 9-11. CVATHOPHYLLUM CELATOR var. DAYTONENSE FOersten..sscesssssesseoen 601 aes
nl 9,10. From §. H. 0. OV WS See
an? Ms Sat Probably from the same place, now in the cabinet at the Ohio State University Bee)
‘Figs. 14, 15. STREPTELASMA? OBLIQUIUS IOCESUC. co socce sees te susos-taueeesee ae tissse a een

aN

‘14. Typical form. : ae
; _. 15, Perhaps larger form of the same. H. I. eX } mk: 4;)
> . < rd: iis a

eee rig: 16, LITUITES? SOS aR
¥ DERE 9 ‘16. The living chamber with the recurved apertural end. Brown’s Quarry, Ohio. < ;
oie in tiga ' i

id 7
ae
ay j
7 rt

PALEONTOLOGY XXXIV.

Geol. of Ohio, Vol. VII.

aves

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

on

PIG AE XC:

PAGE.
ORTHOCERAS (ACTINOCERAS) TURGIDO-NUMMULATUM, Foerste...... 538
S.H.O. Collection of Geo. Caswell.
ORTPHOCERAS) (ACTINOGCERAS)|i x. Gisccnee sew ae coe aeens ou seaat ce Tose eee REELS
A form closely related to the last, but the septa more distant and the siphuncle more
elongated. S H.O. Collection of Geo. Caswell A second specimen in my own
collection shows a smooth surface.
ORTHOCERAS (EU-ORTHOCERAS?) VIRGULATUM? Hiall................ 334
The specimen figured 1esembles one identified by us on an earlier plate as this spe-
cies, in having the same distant septa; but the siphuncle is wider, 1.1mm. ap-
proaching in this respect the wider siphuncle of O. zgmotum. S.H.O. Collection
of Geo. Caswell
ORTHOCERAS (ACTINOCERAS) =i teonssscmeseccoes 538
A form closely related to O. lata-nuimmulatum, but the rate of expansion of the shell
seems to be much greater; a, lateral view; 4, view from below showing eccentric
siphuncle; c,a section showing the large siphuncle. S$. H. O. Collection of Geo.
Caswell.
ORTHOCERAS (EU-ORTHOCERAS) HANOVERENSE? Foerste............. 543
See text. S.H. O. Collection of Geo. Caswell.

Geol of Ohio, Vol. VII. PALEONTOLOGY XXXV. Clinton Group.

ee ¥

sec g81SON AORIOT
Uae leech toil aol
eA Z f EVILS: |

Ej n28igaad gers74d zibiqay Heat 6 , af tata Be
4g ioliigns sub: | Hate se SG soe) to seat hort sent

heligetios vin) sibie 0

aeibio

iqais ayer vat eloot
Jedd Ninirs oF Shit envy,

Fig.

Fig.

tw bo

op OD

PLATE XXXVI.

: PAGE.
ORTHOCERAS (ACTINOCERAS) YOUNGI, Foerste.......cccccseccsceseeees SOO

From the Orthoceras block, a large block full of fossils from a local deposit near the

a

base of the Clinton at Huffman’s quarry, south of Dayton. The block was acci-
dentally saved by a quarryman who became interested in three large fragments of
this species included in the block. Had some collector been at hand to explore the
deposit it would have probably proved the richest locality so far discovered in the
State for the rarer fossils. H.O.

CYRTOCERAS CLINTONENSE, Foerste....... Ja cde stow Gaus osetia eee OE:

, A rapidly curving fragment; 4, a section of the siphuncle of the same; c, a

transverse section. H. O. 2e,a less rapidly curving fragment believed to resemble
a more matured stage of growth of the shell; d, a section of the siphuncle of the
same. B.O. Ohio State Univ. collection.

PTILODICTYA LANCEOLATA, Goldfuss, var. AMERICANA, Foerste....... 598

a One of the more lanceolate fronds with the median band and some of the stronger

a,

a,

a,

he

Te

wrinkles of growth intentionally emphasized; 4, a broader frond from the same
locality, showing the more aberrent form of the species, upon which the variety
was founded. S.H.O.

PTILODICTYA WHITFIELDI, Foerste........... ueanenedees i sateeens ee OIS
ORTHOCERAS (ACTINOCERAS) CLAVATUM, Hall...............

A fragment showing the tapering of the species ; 6, asection of the upper end; c a
section of the lower end; siphuncle. B. O. Ohio State Univ. collection.

ORTHOCERAS (EU-ORTHOCERAS) IGNOTUM, Foerste...........c0ces00005 DOS
6, c. Three separate fragments showing the characters of this species. H. O.
GOMPHOCERAS ORTONI, Foerste.......... vais bolis(e geseeoea ncehcee cose eRe ReEE OOO:

6, same as figs. 8 a, 6, of plata 32, after more careful cleaning of the original speci-
men. The cleaning tools may have emphasized characters in the soft limestone,
but every attempt was made to avoid that result. B.O. c. A specimen of Gom-
phoceras from the same quarry. B.O. Ohio State Univ. collection.

ORTHOCERAS (DISCOSORUS) CONOIDEUM, Hall.............. Peper sosschtc . 546
F. O. Collection of Dr. Chas. Welch.
LLiCE NUS tGlalbella ress reckon ccccus ca a aeee Ras dees Oe Ree osc 2 O20

F. O. Collection of Dr. Chas Welch.

ae

Ss

*dnowgy Wopwna ‘IAXXX ADO'IOLNOALVd "TTA 0A 801UQ £0 *7200)

%
Phe
Panini):

Nereus:

\

Geol. of Ohio, Vor. VII. PALEONTOLOGY XXXVI.

Clinton Group.

1 PIC JENIN Bs OLOOVOUE =

PAGE.
Fig.l. CYPRICARDITES CASWELLI Foerste ......... SonanbeoodadasoodosebesGoosHSccbobos Sal
1. a@, Lateral; 4, front; c, hinge view. Same specimen as figs. 12 a-4. plate 25. S. H.O.
Coilection of Geo. Caswell

Pige,2: NUCULITES (CLEIDOPHORUS) FERRUGINEUM Foerste.......... ...:..... 964
2. 6, Cast, natural size; @, magnified. T. F.O. Ohio State University collection.
Fig. 3. CRANIELLA CLINTONENSIS Foerste....... sidcdle dale sua seniseuacee Re ae eSA eee - 565

3. a@, Interior cast, the details are scarcely visible in the original specimen; 0, an
elevation of thesame. T.F.0O. Collection of Dr. Chas. Welch.

Fig. 4. TELLINOMYA QUILATERA Hall............. eaGeabet sich esvocebenedenctecnaeescea eae mOOE:
4. a, Cast of one valve magnified; 6, curvature across the shell; c, curvature length-
wise with the shell, natural size. T.F.O. Collections of Dr. Chas. Welch;
d, lateral; e, front; 7, hinge view of Tellinomya equtlatera, Hall, from the
Coralline limestone of Schoharie, N. Y., copied from Pal. N. Y. Vol. II, Plate 75,
Fig. 1, d, c. /

Fig. 5. AVICUIZA, WHITETE DDT HOCTStC s,s... .660+55e-ersere Sq000000 opgessc SasNesueossere OOS!
5. Cast of exterior. Same as Cyfricardites ferrugineum of Hall and Whitfield,
Pal. Ohio, Vol. II, Plate V, Fig. 11. Prepared from the original cast. The
details near the posterior end of the hinge line are not well shown in the origi-
nal, and at this point it would have been better if the drawing had been left
more non-committal. Possibly the posterior margin was not incurved here but
continued its convexity as far.as the hinge line. T. F. O. Ohio State University

collection. o)
Fig. 6. AVICULA.
6. Cast of interior with a little of the exterior preserved near the hinge. S. H. O.
Collection of Geo. Caswell.
Fig. 7. MOopIoLOPsSIS SUBRHOMBOIDEA Simpson...... padaqdagu igubossonoposbHSbooan Sess weeee 060

~I

a, Interior cast showing concentric striations and interior muscular impressions.
H. O.; 6, interior cast type; copied from Rep. Penn. Geol. Survey, Diction-
ary of Fossils of Pennsylvania, p. 41], Vol. I, Fig. Va., from Clinton shale,
above fossiliferous ore, McKee’s ore bank, northeast of McKee’s house,
Ferguson Valley, 7 miles northwest of Lewiston, Mifflin county, Pennsylvania.

Fig. 8. MOopIoLOPsISs RHOMBOIDEA Hall....... sheowets sewiesmees soseucees Rdvaeees Bpasoo = 510)0)
8. @, Interior cast, showing a strong anterior muscularscar. H.O. 6, castof interior,
type, copied from Dictionary of Fossils of Pennsylvania, p. —, Fig. —, from the
Upper Silurian at Arisaig, Nova Scotia.
Big. 9) CYPRICARDINIA UNDULOSTRIATA Hall ................... oseiai opines nslasecene .. 561

9. a, Rightvalve. H.O; 4, leftwalve. S. H.O.; c, right valve, type, copied from Pal.
N. Y. Vol. II, Plate 59, Fig. 6a from Niagara shale at Lockport, N. Y.
Fig. 10. TELLINOMVA ELLIPTICA Hall <...../..0s000s-c00es nates Sa. eee RS co!
10. Copied from Pal. N Y. Vol. II, Plate 30, Fig. 44; from upper Clinton sandstone,
south of Mohawk Herkimer Co, N. Y.

Fig. 11. MyTILARCA MYTILIFORMIS Foerste .............. Sodoqascansoubadaonoos Hbsscodas | DDY)
ll. a, Left valve; 4, elevation along the anterior margin; c, elevation across the valve.
T. F.O. Collection of Prof. E. W. Claypole.
ale TELLINOMYA (NUCULA?) SOCIALIS Foerstes. 5.2.5... tosc-nsescee seer ee seceeseOWo
12. a, Anterior; 4, left valve; c, posterior view. H.O. Beavertown, Marl.
Fig. 13. TELLINOMYA (INUCULA:?) MININA FOerste..........c0c0cccsccccnnesncs SSG e OOD
18. a, Anterior; 4, left valve; c, hinge views, same as figs. 8a-4-c, of plate 25, type.
H.O. Beavertown Marl.

Fig. 14. BRP RUE RT CHl pHOCEStessecessa: Bacnoecas saved ade ssbenstedaside seaeninmeneeer nee 532
14. a, Left valve; 6, anterior; c, hinge view. H.O. ‘‘ Orthoceras block.”’
Fig. 15. TELLINOMYA (NUCULA?) CLINTONENSIS Foerste ........... sis peste ROOD

15. Right valve. Collection of Prof. E. W. Claypole.

Geol. of Ohio, Vol. VII. PALEONTOLOGY XXXVII. Clinton Group.

PLATE XXXVIla—Concluded.

PBigtelya 1) CRAN TAU BIAGE OerSte.iiss..ctacdeuecvnncvesoeecsererecectectoeeecsocmaes oes
7. a, Shell from Soldiers’ Home, O; 4, shell from Hanover, Ind.; no details of struc
_ ture are visible in either CES ‘ ! je

_ Fig. 18. CyCLOSPIRA SPARSI-PLICATA, LCS er
Ri 18. a, Pedicle valve; 6, Renae view }

19. a, Brachial valve; 4, ieteran: guilines: Carrollton pike quarry, about half a= mile is 143 ar
: west of the Soldiers’ Home, on the south side of the pike. iA Sos:

Fig. 20. ORTHIS (DINORTHIS) CALLIGRAMMA, var. FISSIPLICATA, Foerste 5 :
a, Pedicle valve; 4, lateral outlines. Huffman’s quarry, Ohio. es

w bo

PLATE XXXVIIa.

INAPHIGT O MAU ABESUNIE UE GETSLE i eecteccetsnianceeeececies settee aerate sae eeROOU)
a, Apical view, magnified two diameters; 6, apertural view; c, umbilical view. In
all three figures the details of the aperture are restored from fragments and by
tracing out the outline in accordance with the strie of growth. T.F.O. Cabi-
net of Dr. Chas. Welch.

BELLEROPHON (BUCANIA) EXIGUUS, Pidersteivi.s.s..cs..ccscen toss ccere ceseee 048

a, Posterior view ; 4, apertural view; c, umbilical view, the rapid expansion of the

outer lip not well shown. In all three figures the outline of the outer lip has
been restored from the course of the strie of growth. T.F. ©. Cabinet of Dr.
Chas. Welch. ; :
BELLEROPHON (BUCANIA) OPERTUS, Feerste... .... Le ee SAUER Oe weeee 048
a, Posterior view; 4, umbilical view. In both figures the outlines of the aperture
are restored from the course of the stricee of growth. H, I.

SUBULITES (POLYPHEMOPSIS) PLANILATERALIS, Foerste......: 599d

a, Natural size; 6, the same magnified three diameters, apertural view; c, posterior
view. S.H.O. Collection of Geo. Caswell.
SUBULIEEES DIRE CTUS, BGerSteliirs. scceiecmeccee. Nauk aise Rone 504
a, Apertural view; 4, apical posterior of another specimen... ‘‘Orthoceras block ”’
near base of Clinton at Huffman’s quarry.

PLEUROTOMARTAVETIA TE XCDAS GH OSTStC rs sssetce vas soc sce eaacedn eteseae eee ee ODO)
a, Lateral view; 6, apical view. ‘‘Orthoceras block,’’ Huffman’s quarry, O.

STRAPAROLLUS (cf. ORIOSTOMA ) INCARINATUM, Feerste............
a, Lateral view; 4, apical view. ‘‘Orthoceras block,’’ H. O.
PLATYCERAS (PLATYSTOMA) NIAGARENSE, Hall, var. CLINTONEN-
SE, Foerste........ Fit Sa eee Sa CRON C A EREEOSS Stocyeaeais Suen Sac sate Sa OOe
Showing the loosening coil. Pennsylvania collection of Prof. E. W. Claypole.
CY GLONPMA BIEEX. (Var. VARICOSUIM iii... sosesuesac vacuwisase tienes seeeon ene neon 550

Apertural view. TF.O. Collection of Dr. Chas. Welch; the aperture restored from
fragments in the writer’s collection.

seecee OOZ

ORTHOCERAS INCEPTUM, var. ACCELERATUM, Feerste......... SER acbe . 545
SH.O. Collection of Geo. Caswell.

COLEOLUS CLINTONENSIS, Foerste..........:0668 s.cse0s veecmaneuien gees suupeates O47
SH. O.

CONULARIA BILINEATA, Foerste.......... Rane Seep Soe int eee Oa

View of a portion of the small fragment, showing the bilineate character of trans-
verse striz, magnified about fifteen diameters. SH. O.

ACIDASPIS BREVISPINOSA, Foerste........... Resa Robes Ppashh cose se sat Ie
Huffman’s quarry, Ohio.
SPHAEREXOCHUS PISUM, Foerste............s00ccscees Shovaa cave pee ne Ran ee OLS

a, View of glabella from above; 4, lateral view. Niagara shales at Lockport, N. Y.
Secured from Dr. E. N. S. Ringueberg.

LICHAS PHLYCTAINOIDES? Green..........0+000: Sect iahsooees Bead 2 Se anoekineenes . 529
A glabella, SH. O.
ATRYPA LATI-CORRUGATA, Feerste...... apudguiian suse dae Qecemmaeaent dea tese beacon

a, 6, c, Three lateral views to show the varying convexity of the shell, and the
strength of the corrugations; d, view of the brachial valve. “Orthoceras block,”
Huffman’s quarry.

GeouepOnie. ree vite PAWEONTOLOGY XXX Vilac| canton croup:

PLATE XXXVIII.

oe ; ey Supposed Gavieular element or portion of the shoulder-girdle of Titanichthys or of ‘Dinich-
; ' -thys. The measurements of this plate are 20 by 17 inches exclusive of the separate -
bone. The smaller figures represent homologous plates of asmaller species, pros
Rabies of Dinleh this. seescscsecceeeeteseiacereeenne seteseesaceeeseeescrsesenensenaceececsse teesnesenseeeeesen ses Ks
\

Geol. of Ohio, Vol. ViIi. PALEONTOLOGY XXXVIII. Lop of Ohio Shale.

= :

Ss
S.
RES
| N >
AS
RS
x
aN
we N
&
x
Sos
S 2:
NS
AS
CGE Ty
| Noe
SNS |
iS
N
S x

PLATE XXXIX,

_ Supposed Seeman plate of Dinichthys or of. Titanichthys, Serton of the shoulder § r gir
Opposite, (outer) aspect of that represented on Plate 99-0: O10 000.

from the ie Shale of Delaware, O, founda PY. the Rev. H. Hert2et ern y

Geo’. of Ohio, Vol. VII. PALEONTOLOGY XX¥XIX. Top of Ohio Shale

4
\ a)
\ PS e
\ x
“SX
= %&
= S
\\ IN
~
\ na.
x
$
XN
x
“NS

=)
>
Ss
Ss Y
Rees
<8
Ss
Ny
SS

\

PIVATH, Xe

4

| VENTRAL PP ARE OR OU TAN TCH TH So. sne cose snsuicacesdeceses
Outer face showing wide marginal overlaps of adjoining plates and narrow plat
fitting on in front. et
eo oe

“MONOCLADODUS "OLARKT: 0.0..0065.cs.-syecaeeneessscneseaeene tee see eee

of the two teeth in position.

Geol. of Ohio, Vol. VII. PALEONTOLOGY XL. Top of Ohio Shate.
—

La
&

ih:

os

!

PLATE XLI.

_DINICHTHYS Ce ee

sot

A teste 4 front tooth. e % ad et.
JRE 2a _ CoccosTEUS a ee an ee

Bent ees _ GORGONICHTHYS CAs eee
at Outside view of Tight mandible showing groove worn by upper tooth in which it

point of the nasa

Re ans ’ ba ; !

Geol.o Ohio, Vol. vir. PALEONTOLOGY XLI. Top of Ohio Shute.

Lindh YS Clair 4, 4 ; Clainer Jace. 10”

RFs

Coccosleus Cuyahogae, A 5

Gorgonichthys Clarkt, G. 25°

Breer asi ihie

iplisitige 0H, 3}
ABA:

hia
<

_ ‘Figs. qe} TYTANICHTHYS EDEN ARUGHS pe MBene ee seen ye cee
1. Side view of mandible.
Gr} 2. Top view of mandible with sectional views. ‘ ;
' Fig. 38, ~~ |: TITANICHTHYS CLARKI, NDYeeccrcseeeee cesses teteeeeeceetes tenses enenenseeeeenee
3 Showing dentition as explained in text. The front tooth in a als fossil fitted close
to the others aud should be so represented.

Fig.4..-—- TITANICHTHYS AGASSIZI, co ee

#

EEiow oi) TITANICHTHYS RECTUS, SP. Thessessecseeceeceessecsee seeeesessseessseeseeeneeenes

tcol. of Ohio, Vol. viz. PALEONTOLOGY XLII. Top of Ohio Shale.

Titanichthys Clarke, Jewl
AS

Titantchthys Agasst%t, jews
30°

Titaniththys rectus, C.
23"

PLATE XLII,

' Figs. 1-5. SECTIONAL VIEW OF MANDIBLE OF DINICHTHYS TERRELLI 607
: aes : 1. Showing outer spongy and inner dense bone. :
28 Section of outer or spongy bone showing Haversian canalsand lacunae. =
: 8. Part of section 1. el | = aM
4. Section of inner dense bone showing small Haversian canals and lacunae with tgs
( larger canalicules. Sat
i ie 5. Part of section 4 showing canaliculi traversing the bone. <e on 3 aes
Fig. 5a. CLADODUS .........2secsccece cesses seesesrecececessrecscececssnrecocvesennsecesesssetecee OLD) |
Be: 4 5a. Showing teeth in positionin jaw and a large coprolite in the body of the fish. isle
Be Fig. 6. CIVAD ODIUTS RODUNDICE PSs. casisaceeocssweshe aseceneresee ena eee eee ee ee OLSm

6. A small shark only about 30 inches long with less strongly marked pectorals and
: 4 j showing the membranous expansion at hinder end of body and the bases of
baecaes two rays of the caudal fin.

eeol. of Ohio, Vol. viz. PALEONTOLOGY .XLIIL. gop of Onio snate.

3 aero |

lll
LUELE Wy Jl,

St |

Ys

= Wns SS

yd

Cladedus? sinualus, Cl. 28°

PAE 2c lV:

PAGE.

Bigs. 1-9 ANTERIOR VENTRAL PLATES OF DINICHTHYS TERRELLI Newb... 623

land 2. The space between these was filled with a ventro-median plate. Ventral sur-
faces.

Sand 4. Posterior ventrals (formerly called “‘jugulars’’).

5-7, Anterior and posterior ventral plates from another specimen.

6. Reversed view (dorsal side) of 7.

8. Inner (dorsal) view of anterior ventral from a third individual. The four sections
are taken at the points where the letters correspond.

9. The same as Fig. 3 detached to show the overlapped spaces.

All figures drawn to the same scale and locality. Cleveland shale, Vermilion River

and Lake Shore, Lorain Co., Ohio.

Geol. of Ohio, Vol. VII. PALEONTOLOGY XLIV. Top of Ohio Shale.

Inches.

a

Stat Groce

cae

IE EINID DOENY

adaddndbis bdoaoe Beene BEAR SRORA EHS Hociabeiae .. 633

The hinge line often is

Figs. 1-2. BYSSONYCHIA PR4CURSA, ll. Sp...
i usual size.

1. Cast of the interior of a right valve of the

longer.
Anterior view of same and of a left valve belonging to the Illinois State Museum.

Loraine shales, Loraine, New York.

Figs, 3-4. BYSSONYCHIA RICHMONDENSIS, M1. SP......2.2.ase20.eceeeee eeOne
Anterior and lateral views of a cast of the interior of the average size and proportions

Near top of Cincinnati group, Richmond, Ind.
Figs. 5-7. BSS ONMCETANC Use PRIAUIAS 11 (Ses tecmebescclisee SEA Gece BRO AR AES nro acnet Realy 632
5. Right valve ofthe usualsize. The specimen preserves some of the test but is most-
ly a cast of the interior.
6and7. The anterior portion of the hinge of a left and aright valve, showing the car-
dinal teeth and the channel-like ligamental area. Upper beds of the Cincinnati

group. Waynesville, Ohio.
Figs. 8-9. BYSSONYCHIA ACUTIROSTRIS, u. sp. (See also Plate 46, Fig. 10)......
The hinge and the upper part of the anterior margin of a small testiferous speci-

8.
men,x2. The figure shows the small cardinal teeth. ligamental area and the
plicated character of the margin of the byssal opening. Posterior lateral teeth ©

seem to be wanting in this species.
Anterior view of same specimen, natural size. Middle beds of the Cincinnati group,

9.
Cincinnati, Ohio.

Figs. 10-12. BySSONYCHIA OBESA, 0. sp
10-12. Three views ofa cast of the interior of medium size, showing the usual rounded
form, the depression surrounding the small byssal opening, and other charac-
Some specimens are proportionally a little higher. Upper

ters of the species.
beds of the Cincinnati group, Richmond, Indiana

Bigs loose BYSSONVCHLAUSUBE RE CINACGTI ISD aesemecalatasee sie sereas sect ohae sane menaecesee . 63:

An imperfeet testiferous right valve of the average size showing the erect form

gin.

13. i
and the wide angle formed by the hinge line and the anterior margin

14.
15.

The anterior part of the hinge of a left valv
Anterior views of the twovalves. Upper beds of the Cincinnati group, Versailles

Indiana.

PALEONTOLOGY XLV. Lower Silurian

Geol. of Ohio, Vol. VII.

aleye sn * 3 4 ts
mS “4
‘
RAT. XGh WA
' PAGE,
Tehiee le ANOMALODONTA ALATA, Meek, sp...... alee eau Sac nena eee ten Beane dones(eis\s

Interior of a. right valve as shown ina gutta-percha impression ofa cast of the in-
terior, from the Cincinnati group, near Morrow, Ohio. Specimens of this spe-
cies often have the wing more extended than is shown in this figure.

Figs. 2-3. ANOMALODONTA PLICATA, 0. SP..........s002+00-- seuaceckssueeataeuusneustsce ees

Two views of a cast of the interior of a right valve. Middle beds of the Cincinnati
group, Covington, Kentucky. ;

Figs. 4-5. BYSSONYCHIA IMBRICATA, Il. SPp. ........ nese SonGHOSAUECODIC vajecuvaccesee cece OOD
The left side anda front view of the largest specimen seen. It is a cast of the ex-
terior. Middle beds of the Cincinnati group, Cincinnati, Ohio. .

Figs. 6-9, BYSSONYCHIA GRANDIS, 0. Sp........ SR Prep eeedcaa Rabaccceconccs Wall
6and7. The left side and an anterior view of animperfect and slightly distorted cast
of the exterior. Upper beds of the Cincinnati group, Oxford, Ohio.

&. Cast of the interior of a left valve, preserving the outline perfectly. The convex
region beneath the umbones, however, has been planed away by exposure to the
weather; Clarksville, Ohio.

9. Anterior view of same showing the broad depression around the byssal opening,
and other features of the species.

Fig. 10. BYSSONYCHIA ACUTIROSTRIS, n. sp. (See also plate 45, Figs. 8 and 9)634
A small testiferous right valve. The drawing is not exactly true to nature. The _
back should be a little narrower and the upper fourth of the anterior margin
more distinctly concave. (About as in Fig. 3 on p ate 47.) :
Figs. J1-14. . CrENODONTA PERMINUTA, 0. .SPi.ce.c.s0s0s socseodsonectiveoesasceessapeee teeameO

Right and left sides of four casts of the interior, x 6, showing slight variations. Cin-
cinnati group, Cincinnati, Ohio.

Lower Siiurian

PALEONTOLOGY XLVI

Geol. ef Ohio, Vol. VII.

34 een
i y

Pa Se VE:

PAGE
Fig. 1. ERED ONVCHTAGAPICA TIS s Sp rc.cs- a) Ssnseess eassmecee eee a vaneree Sen eaunes (ak)

Interior ofaleft valve as shown in a gutta-percha impression of a cast of the in-
terior. Middle beds of the Cincinnati group, Newport, Kentucky.

Fig. 2. EH RUDONY CHTAG PAU CLCOSMACT AG Tas Dees stsrsae seep isee acest ree eer nee itsenese HOAO
An average left valve of this species. Middle beds of the Cincinnati group, Coving-
ton, Kentucky.

Fig. 3. ERIDONYCHIA CRENATA, i. Sp....... po vaBHdaabHbUBoSondeHoaSUEOSbSFDbDOO0 Peciinesos O28)
A left valve showing the greatly attenuated beaks and the wavy character of the ventral
outline. Upper beds of the Cincinnati group, Waynesville, Ohio.

Figs. 4-6. BY SONY CATA EB VRINESE Mes Pace seoreceeneteseeseetescete SEEN SS ene tere Snes) O31)
4. Gutta-percha impression of a natural mold of the exterior of a ent vaive. The
outline of this specimen is a little unusual in the post-dorsal region.
5. A left valve of the usual size and form. Lower beds of the Cincinnati group, Cov-
ington, Kentucky.
Fig. 6. OPISTHOP DE RAG ATTCOSMPATAS MSP scscencehe ser tonecens secec oceans eee 646
The right side of asomewhat imperfect cast of the exterior. Upper beds of the Cin-
cinnati group, near Waynesville, Ohio. Collection of the Ohio State Uni-
versity.
Fig. 7. OPISTHOPTERA AMPLA, 01. SDp........ Eee eobasiitss Avec on se meccns Snduaobse: soa OA]
View of the imperfect specimen described. It isa cast of the interior of a left valve.
Middle beds of the Cincinnati group, Cincinnati, Ohio.

Fig. 8. LYRODESMA SUBPLANUM, 0. SPp.......... Bee claantaccen Sasson we kosseeaeaceaee ... 683
Partial cast of the interior of a large right valve. Lower beds of the Cincinnati,
group, Covington, Kentucky.

Fig. 9. WV RODESMAICONRAD IT stilts Dieses socnsescccnscersesteeerestces soiteest Ldap ... 684
Sharply defined cast of the interior, showing the muscular scars and the sinuate
pallial line very clearly. Lower beds of the Cincinnati group, Covington, Ken-
tucky.

Figs. 10-12. TECHNOPHORUS PUNCTOSTRIATUS, DL. SP...-..-.ceeeeeeeee: wee ee tncuevanceeneen 685
10. Right valve of the natural size.
11. Cast of the interior ofa left valve.
12. The original of Fig. 10 magnified two and one-half diameters to show the regular
puncto-lineate surface marking. Middle beds of the Cincinnati group, Cov-
ington, Kentucky.

Figs. 13-14. TECHNOPHORUS YOLDIIFORMIS, Ulrich........... denen tetas yang teaeee 685
13 The original type of this species,x 2. The specimen is preserved in soft shale as
a partial cast of the interior.
14. Thesame valve together with a right valve found in the same block of shale. Lower
beds of the Cincinnati group, Covington, Kentucky.

ueol. of Ohio, Vol. VII. PALEONTOLOGY XLVII. Lower

PLATE XLVIUII.

Figs. 1-3. IBYSSONW CEDIA: (AT, VIE OI AUDA GTINIS D: nraceee csceccesceeccener een eecee cea cdeeer eeeeeee 631
Three views of a right valve of this species. In two of the views the opposite
valve is restored except the radii. Middle beds of the Cincinnati group, Cin-
cinnati, Ohio.
Figs. 46. ALLONYCHIA OVATA, 0. SPp......... Ace efiaiwebininelesbic eshtamese vances wemeceeeeens . 641
4. Avalve, somewhat weathered, showing, however, all the essential features of the
species. Middle beds of the Cincinnati group, Covington, Kentucky.
5. The upper part of an inner view of the same specimen, showing the high ligamen-
tal area and other characters.
6. Anterior view of same.
Fig. 7. AGL ONY CHIA WAMEST,- MEEK (Sp.c..c: accnrancete suse onsen Seaces Sones 641
An excellent cast of the interior of a right valve of this species. Middle beds of the
Cincinnati group, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Figs. 8-9. ALLONYCHIA SUBROTUNDA, 0. Sp.......... Scotus Aochicete rome sigseenee we BOG00G5200 642
Lateral and anterior views of the specimén described. Middle beds of the Cincin-
nati group, Cincinnati, Ohio.
igs OSE ere NODONTA CEINGURATA) UlniCh: 2.0: cc.ceces-caeseecnecesnecsnevneanwsce seat 680
10. Exterior of a silicified right valve.
1l. Interior of same, x 2.

Fig. 12. CvCVOCONCHA MEDIOCARDINADIS, Miller::.. -..2..:.c-ctees--cscccssenteces 686
A right valve showing the hinge. Lower beds of the Cincinnati group, Cincinnati,
: Ohio.

Bigs) 1 -P4s\ (CvCLOCONCHA (OVATA,. T: iSPccesvecde ceodete odeatinecvessta soa wap ensitceetioneet ees 687

13. A finely preserved left valve.

14. Hinge of a right valve, x 2.

15. Hinge of a left valve,x 2. Lower beds of the Cincinnati group, near Cincinnati,
Ohio.

Ueol. of Ohio, Vol. viz. PALEONTOLOGY XLVIII. eoweriSiuntare

JIC, IUDs

PAGE,

Figs. 1-5. OPISTHOPTERA CASEI, Meek and: Worthen’... 225... .n-.scscscseenceeseerees

1. Gutta percha impression of a natural mold of the exterior of a large left valve.
Upper beds of the Cincinnati group, Marion county, Kentucky.

2-4. Three views of a nearly perfect cast of the interior of asmall shell. Richmond,
Indiana.

5. The left side ofa larger cast of the interior from the same locality. The specimen is
imperfect posteriorly but shows the muscular scars and pallial line very dis-
tinctly.

Figs. 6-8. OPISTHOPTERA OBLIQUA, Nl. SP......... Sugosesoacocess A001) snsooEBoSebOrbGEdoDoa00
6. Dorsal view of the largest and best cast of the interior seen. Upper beds of the
Cincinnati group, Richmond, Indiana.
7. The right side of same with.some remains of the radial strie. Generally the sur-
face markings are not distinguishable on the casts.
8. Anterior view of same.

ISO lls OBIS RE OPERA: Ali SE RINAGIAG sI. SP). accscsatsensnscsescsoatet BapoS HBOS Bonnodooct
9. Left side of a small cast of the exterior. The specimen is slightly distorted. (See
p. 645, fig.— e.)

10. Anterior view of same x2, showing the byssal opening and bifurcating coste.

11. Anterior view of a large cast of the exterior believed to belong to this species. The
surface markings in this specimen are much as in figure 15 of this plate, and it 1s
possible that it is really a distorted example of O. Fissrtcosta. Upper beds of
the Cincinnati group, Waynesville, Ohio.

Figs. 12-14; PHYSETOMVA ACUMINATA, TL. Gen. Ct SP.....:..0.....ccseesoc een seoweeee ae00500
Anterior, cardinal and lateral views of the specimen described. Middle beds of the
Cincinnati group, Cincinnati, Ohio.

Fig. 15. OPISTHOPTERA BISSICOSTA, MeCK. 5.5.5.0. .cnecs ec Rospees ssioesionoumnces Bbaot

Gutta percha impression from a natural mold of the exterior of a right valve, showing

the form of the shell and the fissicostate surface markings. Upper beds of the
Cincinnati group, Clarksville, Ohio.

Fig. 16. ORISTHOP TE RAGN OPABIL US Tei Pere d eeccateesce eres sonmbdane Sondondoneacocee

Gutta percha impression from a natural mold of the exterior of a left valve. The spec-

imen is imperfect at the posterior extremity of the wing. Middle beds of the
Cincinnati group, Cincinnati, Ohio.

Figs. 17-20. PROTHYRIS sp (compare P. meeki, Winchell).

17-28. Three views ofa large specimen.
20. Left side of a smaller example.

These two and other specimens were found by myself several years ago on the hill ©

quarry dumps west of Covington, Kentucky. How they came there is not known,
but I have satisfied myself that they do not belong to the Cincinnati group. As
the species is closely related to if not identified with Winchell’s P. meekz, and as
the shells were evidently imbedded originally in a fine-grained, bluish-gray sand-
stone, it is not improbable that they belong to the Waverly of Ohio.

643

646

644

693

643

648

Geol. of Ohio, Vol. VII. PALEONTOLOGY XLIX. Do werisilunieaatg

PI Aa Ee Te:

PAGE.
Figs. 1-4. ANOMALODONTA GIGANTEA, Miller................ ase duncswesbous tear enaecceem Ol

1. Very good cast of the interior of a left valve, showing the large posterior ad-
ductor muscle scar, the pallial line, and the impression of a pedal muscle a
short distance behind the beak. The pallial line continues uninterruptedly, as
in all the genera of the family, to the inner side of the beak, and there is no an-
terior adductor scar unless it be a very small one in the rostral cavity. The liga-
mental area is wanting in the specimen, but has been restored, perhaps too nar-
rowly, in the drawing. ;

2. Anterior view of an unusually complete testiferous example, showing the ab-
ruptly impressed byssal opening.

38and4. internal views of the original types of the genus and species, kindly loaned
by Dr. S. A. Miller. Figure 3 shows about one half of the anterior margin and
nearly all of the hinge of an old right valve, while figure 4 shows the greater
part of a left valve. Upper beds of the Cincinnati group, Versailles, Indiana.

Figs. 5-9. ANOPDLERAGMISE NE RI iy SCnale tel S Misr se sccseee seems secese Netcare souedeecy OOO

5and6. Dorsal and lateral views of a cast of the interior.

7and8. Anterior and lateral views of another cast of the interior. Both specimens
show the pallial line very distinctly, and rather faint impressions of the posterior
adductor muscles. Upper beds of the Cincinnati group, Richmond, Indiana.

9. Gutta percha impression from a natural mold of the exterior of a small left valve
in the base of a parasitic bryozoan. The mold is imperfect at the apex. Clarks-
ville, Ohio.

Figs. 10-12. LYRODESMA INORNATUM, DL. SP..-..:...-.02-0secneecereees Beene aquoSa6sce seo OS2

10. A small right valve.

ll. A larger right valve that may be considered as of the average size. ‘This species is
without the radiating strize usually found on the posterior cardinal slope in
shells of this genus.

12. Hinge ofa right valve, natural size. Middle beds of the Cincinnati group, Coving-
ton, Kentucky.

Fig. 18. LE VRODE SMARGRAND Eat MSP tech esesheonsrceeesaesbaaesceccisseertens Bepeeiaacnccs 683
The left side of a complete cast of the interior. Middle beds of the Cincinnati group,
Cincinnati, Ohio. ‘

Bigs 1415.) CRENODONTACRETRORSA, I, Spssccssdsceseaane~ teided seco tenaceceecnaen case seeacee 679

Lateral and cardinal views of a cast of the interior. Middle Trenton, near Burgin,
Kentucky.

Geol. of Ohio, Vol. V11. PALEONTOLOGY L. Lower Silurian

CaN

avs
ae

PLATE LI.

Figs. 1=3. PSI ONY CHUAG PERAN GUI AUAY TS Piecccmsescuaee tee ck scenes stisioslevesnsseteeel OLE)
1. Left valve with some of the test weathered away so that the posterior muscular
impression is exposei to view. Middle beds of the Cincinnati group, Cincinnati,
Ohio.
Anterior view of same.
Hinge o! same.

Figs. 4-5. CITONY CHDAGE xX CAV ACINAG I TIERS DU enceereaccien lect ctsieeaeneces vases iedewee Cenaeeenees 651
Lateral and anterior views of acastof the interior The thicieness of the specimen

has doubtless been reduced by pressure and I believe to an amount not less

than shown in figure 5. Upper beds of the Cincinnati group, Richmond, Indiana.

oo

t

Fig. 6. PYRENOMGUS) SUBGUNEADUS: 1.) Spisccaescicsesenacionasnsecintacec sce seeeem OSE
A left valve of this species. Lower beds of the Cincinnati group, Covington, Kentucky.
Figs. 7-8. PYRENOMGUS DECIPIENS, Ni. Sp........ SHER ea cuDaSEHORNRBGS ahi disease OIL

7. A good cast of the interior of a left valve, showing the usual formof casts and pre-
serving more distinct traces of the muscular scars than any other specimen seen.
8. Testiferous example. The raised line in the middle of the posterior cardinal
slope is natural, but the concentric striz are too fine to be successfully repre-
sented of the natural size. Middle beds of the Cincinnati group, Cincinnati, Ohio.

EMeSHOSNO NS MODIOLODON LRUNCATUS, Hallis pi: sscesnesmossnese- fesse esaeeeeess akedvooldense at OOO

9. The left side of a cast of the interior belonging to the collection of Mr. George
Asherman. This is the usual form of the species as it occurs 1n the middle beds
of the Cincinnati group near the tops of the hills at Cincinnati, Ohio.

10. The right side of an internal cast of a variety occupying a higher position in the
Cincinnati group, and found associated with the next speciés at Versailles, In-
diana. In this variety the anterior end is wider than in the more typical form
of the species represented in figure 9.

Figs. 11-13. MopDIOLODON SUBOVALIS, Nl. Sp. .......... shedanobtndascdoussdbde inset gastos MODS:
lland13. The right sideand a cardinal view of a good cast of the interior.
12. The left side of a larger cast of the interior. Upper beds of the Cincinnati group,
Versailles, Indiana.

Figs. 14-21. CycLocoNCHA MILLERI, Meek sp.......... seaveneedeectsacwesmease peoacarcuaaoo. rel)
14. A large right valvé preserving faint radiating lines on the posterior cardinal slope.
15 and 16. Two views of a smaller testiferous example.
17. The hinges of thiee small right valves, x2, showing a gradual change in the
cardinal teeth with age.

18. Hinge of a fully grown right valve x2.

19-21. Hinges of three left valves, x2. Upper beds of the Cincinnati group, Ver-
sailles, Indiana.

Silurian.

Lower

PALEONTOLOGY LI.

. VII.

Vol

Geol. of Ohio,

fay
'

at, TETAS

Bagi eee ;

PAGE

Figs. 1-2. PSI OCONGHATGRANDIS (Il SPscs.ca: sacedoce.dutestescueseesecemelae eee tee eee em OOS
The left side and a dorsal view of an excellently preserved cast of the interior. Upper
beds of the Cincinnati group, Waynesville, Ohio.

Figs. 3-4. ESI OCONCHALE LEIP TICA MSP src= ses) asceeee- acbatoos6 SooroaneduacHoscdecosnes (ADT

3. A testiferous example of a right valve.
4. The right side of a cast of the interior, showing muscular scars and pallial line.

Upper beds of the Cincinnati group, Clarksville, Ohio.

Figs. 5-7. PSILOCONCHA SUBOVALIS, Ulrich...... RoSuEOn: sausiieesgnsse ocosaaseasne Ces seen OOM
5. Imperfect left valve from the lower beds of the Cincinnati group. Collection of

Mr. George Ashermaun.

6. A small specimen from the same horizon near Covington, Kentucky.

7. Right side of the original type of the species. Middle beds of the Cincinnati
group, Morrow, Ohio.

Figs. 8-9. PSILOCONCHA MINIMA, 11. Sp......-..2+202c0+0- Secntces eeacieey seat Ae neeonadcnce 669
The right side of the specimen described. It is a sharply marked cast of the interior
and shows the anterior muscular scar but no trace of either the posterior scar
or the pallial line. Lower beds of the Cincinnati group, Covington, Kentucky.

Fig. 10. PSILOCONCHACRENUIS PRTAT AY 1 1SD..se-cnassseeceeeeaesece: SiSahis seen heres 668
The right side of an imperfect testiferous example, x2. Onasmall space beneath the
beak, I have attempted to give an idea of the extreme delicacy of the concentric
lines. Lower beds of the Cincinnati group, Covington Kentucky.
’

Riess ll 1!) PSI OCONCHA INORNATA, NYSP .cnsesssofecsceesceons sess ncaene S65 penndesansabsoce 667

11. Cast of the exterior of a right valve.
12. A specimen retaining both valves in position, the upper one showing the normal
convexity of the valves. Middle beds of the Cincinnati group, Cincinnati, Ohio.

igs 3-145 sPStLOCONCHA SUBRECTAS :N1: SPs. ...0..sssescesosssp eee oho -lraeess Sp 057008 Spaoer oc 667
_ The left side and a dorsal view of a cast of the exterior. Upper beds of the/Cincinnati
group, Waynesville, Ohio.
Figs. 15-16. PstIrnocONCHA SINUATA, Nl. SD............ BER EER On Otneai az SERCO sanescocce . 668
Casts of the exterior of aright anda left valve Middle beds of the Cincinnati group,
Cincinnati, Ohio.
Ritgcesli/—192§ COLPOMVAUCONSTRICTA, 1h SDscc--rccetencasseesessen eeearstesare SEER GIS DOCOE sca, OT)
17and 18. Interiors of a left aud right valve, showing the hinge and muscular im-
pressions. These two figures suffered somewhat in the reproduction.
19. Exterior of a large right valve. Uppermost beds of the Trenton group, Frankfort,
Kentucky.
Figs. 20-21. MOpDIOLODON OBTUSUS, N. Sp....-....-.-+- eee ae Rost soss Based sco: feeckeees . 654
. Impressions of the exterior of a left anda right valve of the typical form of this species,
both showing traces of the anterior muscular scar. Middle beds of the Cincin- ©
nati group, Cincinnati, Ohio.

Geol. of Ohio, Vol. VII. PALEONTOLOGY LII. Mowers ilentans

ray he ee p= >
- se

PA AcIer, eile

PAGE
Figs. 1-2. MOoDIOLODON OVIFORMIS, var AMPLUS, 0. var............ RAaeSaHoL Hear TCG 653
1. The left side of a nearly perfect cast of the interior.
2. Mold of the exterior of aright valve. Trenton group, Frankfort, Kentucky.
ENSSHS- AL ODLOLODON DE CLLVISs M1. (Spree cc se scoonnsmecesscesasunssrs seek sosaccsnaee teats eee 654

The right side and a cardinal view of a cast of the interior of the average size. Upper
beds of the Cincinnati group, Richmond Indiana.

Figs. 5-6. MODIOLODON SUBRECTUS, Ni. Sp..........-. ROE Aen orenaeaeeS sua tds Seton Oe
The left side and a dorsal view of a small but characteristic cast of the interior of this
species. Upper beds of the Cincinnati group, Richmond, Indiana.

Figs. 7-8. MODIOLODON OVIFORMIS, Ulrich....... esescavasescsnnsescclese see sonacciacss One
7. A perfect impression of the interior of a left valve. The specimen is of the usual
size and from the Trenton at Frankfort, Kentucky.
&. Gutta percha impression from the preceding to show the character of the hinge, the
anterior adductor scar and the pallial line.

Figs. 9-18. ORTONELLA HAINESI, Miller sp...............:.006 Pe Beet Bposose a0)
. 9. The right side of a perfect though rather small specimen of the typical form.

10. Antero-dorsal view of same, showing the lunule and escutcheon.

1]. Interior of a left valve.

12. Almost entire mold of the interior of a right valve, showing impressions of the
posterior lateral teeth.

13. The left side of a large and complete cast of the interior.

14and 15. The right side and an antero-dorsal view of a small cast of the interior be-
longing to a variety that is shorter than the typical form.

16. A small cast of the next variety. =

17and18. The right side anda dorsal view of an excellent cast of the interior of an
unusually long variety. The small pedal muscle scars are shown very distinctly
in figure 18. Upper beds of the Cincinnati group, Richmond, Indiana.

Geol. of Ohio, Vol, VII. PALEONTOLOGY LIII. Lower Silurian.

PLATE LIV.

PAGE
Figs. 1-3. ISCHYRODONTA UNIONOIDES, Meek sp. oi... .c.i0..20+sencceroossnnengoeestese Onell
1. Interior of a large right valve showing the hinge and the anterior adductor and

pedal muscle scars. Also the left side of an unusually well preserved cast of
the interior.

2. Entire impression of the inner side of a right valve, showing the anterior muscular
scar and the impression of the subcardinal rib that supported the internal
ligament.

3. A testiferous example of a right valve of less regularly ovate shape than usual.
Middle beds of the Cincinnati group, Covington, Kentucky.

Figs. 4-9. ISCHYRODONTA MODIOLIFORMIS, 1: SPitsssc-seccsacor-+sschsceseeeasaettnee eNO
4. Rather small example preserved in part as a mold of the exterior. In this specimen

the outline, especially in the basal region, differs somewhat from the usual form
of the species. :

5. Sharply marked cast of the interior showing the muscular scars and the pallial line.
6. The right side of a large and nearly perfect cast of the interior.

7. Left side of a cast in which the hinge is longer than usual.

8. Dorsal view of same.

9:

Froma gutta percha impression of a natural mold of the exterior, showing the
surface markings, x2, as they appear in the central part of the posterior half of
the left valve Upper beds of the Cincinnati group, Richmond, Indiana.

Figs. 10-11. IscCHYRODONTA MISENERI, Wl. SP..........2.s000- ieee sisiiedlele Saei tsa eswen seam OM
10. Antero-cardinal view of a testiferous specimen.
1l. Right side of same showing the usual size and form of this species. Upper beds
of the Cincinnati group, Richmond, Indiana.

Figs. 12-15. ISCHYRODONTA OVALIS, Ulrich..............-2.sncseoeo=s seebiase ne sapecneee vedeeoh OME.

Four views of the original type of this species. Uppermost beds of the Cincinnati
group, near Richmond, Indiana.

Bigs: 16-19. IScChvyRODON TA DECIPIENS, 1. Sp\...J20c0s-ssss0-0-" Seep actegseeonseeet Perc ONG)
16-18. Three views, respectively inner, antero-cardinal, and outer, of a nearly perfect
right valve.
19. Interior of the largest left valve seen. The specimen is slightly weatherworn.
Upper beds of the Cincinnati group, near Richmond, Indiana.

ics 202i aS CERVRODON LA WI ONG AW Ass ssaten-cesscerneseaceee ce sasenneeaatescaceee volsec gee ROO,
20. Small specimen preserved as a mold of the exterior. Upper beds of the Cincinnati
group, Richmond, Indiana.
21. Left side of the original type of the species. The specimen is an excellently de-
fined cast of the interior, from Oxford, Ohio.

Lower Silurian.

PALEONTOLOGY LIV.

Geol. of Ohio, Vol. VLi.

iii
1 yr ary

“

Fiz.
=

DLAs, JON.

Figs. 1-5. CYMALONO TAG DY. PICAT IS: Me eS Pe cecncce seeercsceeeatocts Sucbatcog Henss9soo ine OOe

1. Left side of a nearly complete cast of the exterior. The specimen is a large one but
its thickness has been somewhat reduced by pressure.

2. Dorsal view of same in outline, to show gaping extremities and the oblique dorsal
furrows.

3. Dorsal view of an incomplete cast of the exterior. The length of this specimen has
been reduced by pressure, bringing the dorsal furrows a little closer together
than is normal for the species. ;

4and5. The left side anda dorsal view of an incomplete but otherwise well preserved
cast of the interior, showing faint traces of the anterior muscular scar. Upper
beds of the Cincinnati group, Waynesville, Ohio. ;

Figs. 6-7. CYMATONOTA SEMISTRIATA, 1. SP.......seseeceeeeeee Stesiesonessoneeieneeet .--- 663
6. The anterior half of the left side of a nearly complete cast of the exterior, x2, show-
ing the fine, equal, threadlike surface markings of this part.
7. The entire left side of same, natural size. The length of the specimen has been re-
duced probably from the outline restored in the figure. Upper beds of the Cin-
cinuati group, Clarksville, Ohio.

Figs. 8-9. CYMATONOTANRE CLAS 1 iS platy. canoe taniicusersprstles seidancecretontacemca teem 662
8. Cast of the interior of a small left valve, preserved in a limestone matrix. A few of
the concentric lines on the flanks of the shell should be stronger than represented
in the figure. Middle beds of the Cincinuati group, Newport, Kentucky.
9. Cast of the exterior of a large left valve, preserved in soft shale. Cincinnati, Ohio.

Pigswl0[. a CYMATONO TA (CONSTRICTA 0. (SPs. sacocsss cones sevinerpscpcetonnee ene cee eeeeeee 664
The left side and a dorsal view of a nearly perfect cast of the interior, showing the
gaping extremities, the obtuse anterior end, and the constriction of the shell be-
neath the beaks. Upper beds of the Cincinnati group, Butler county, Ohio.

Bigs eZ CV MATONOT AGATE NU AAG: 1. 1S Po .osbcsncgescbcistasesnaesesecseseess papsbo00000 664
12and 13. The right side and a dorsal view of a small specimen, preserving very nearly
the shape regarded as normal.
14. A peculiarly distorted large specimen believed to belong to this species. Upper
beds of the Cincinnati group, Waynesville, Ohio.

Figs. 15-16. CORALLIDOMUS CONCENTRICUS, Whitf................ccsesseeeee Snonobe aoa 493
The right side and a dorsal view of a partial cast of the interior of this boring shell;
natural size. The specimen shows a gape between the edges of the valves at
each end, and a strong anterior muscular scar precisely as in MODIOLOPSIS
and ORTHODESMA.

4

Figs. 17-18. CyMATONOTA PRODUCTIFRONS, I. SP..-.....sceseceeees ies cotaniesanaenene tae . 665
The right side and a dorsal view both restored—of a slightly distorted cast of the ex-
terior. The unusual length of the anterior end is the principal peculiarity of
the species. Lower beds of the Cincinnati group, Covington, Kentucky.

Bigs: 19=20./ORTHODESMA PARVUM, I1.) SPiessc ces +cscsauesetescarsiconarweeancmeasess weoweeee . 660
The left side anda dorsal view of the type specimen. It is a nearly complete cast of the
interior. Middle beds of the Cincinnati group, Cincinnati, Ohio.

Figs. 21-22. ORTHODESMA SUBANGULATUM Dl. SP......sccsesecsccesscersceceeccavoves wedoaee 660
The left side and a dorsal view of a cast of the interior. Upper beds of the Cincinnati
group, Richmond, Indiana.

Geol. of Ohio, Vol. VII. PALEONTOLOGY LV
° Lower Silurian.

weccsot tlt dtl le
SSNS SS

PLATE LVI.

Fig. 1. RHVTIMVA GSHANA, Ml. SPp.....-.-.------ sdasdnscajenagiccerdinasr eet onemerauieeee terete 689
View of the specimen described. Middle beds of the Cincinnati, group, Cincinnati, O.

Figs. 2-3. RHYTIMYA CONVEXA, 0. SPp........... cbbpebaaEsac saodueobondoGocod0C pbapaoaAasHeecoo | OY)Il
Right side and cardinal views ot a large and well preserved example. The original
shows reinains of radial series of pustules on the post-ventral slopes, but their
significance wis not appreciated until it was too late to change the drawing.
Middle beds of the Cincinnati group, Cincinnati, Ohio.

Figs. 4-5. RHVYTIMVA BYRNESI Miller; sp...........- Ieeulsalogsldesleaecessns Jewodalevememeee aes 689
Left side and dorsal views of a large cast of the interior. In figure 5 the linear de-
press on on eich side of the hinge line has been reproduced too much like an
escutcheon. Uponer beds of the Cincinnati group, Richmond, Indiana.

Figs. 6-9. RUSHTINOV OWA: IEIXKOIDOLCZOAS Sly Gi OnccaaopoosouBcobaosonHacoosocuse Spnd0e008 dogecososeoces 688
6and7. Right side and dorsal views of the largest specimen seen. Middle beds of the
Cincinnati group, Mt. Sterling, Kentucky.
S$. Right side of another specimen preserving more of the concentric lines.
9, An unusually short but otherwise typical example. This and the preceding one are
from Cincinnati, Ohio.

Figs. 10-12. RHYTIMYA RADIATA, 0. SPp............-6. sessacse stoma rus dela eimenisecesc cece OU
10and11l. Two specimens preserved in soft shaie and retaining the outline and surface
markings. Lower beds of the Cincinnati group, Covington, Kentucky, and Cin-
cinnati, Ohio.
12. A small part of the ventral slope x3, to show the grano-lineate ornamentation.

Fig. 13. RHYTIMYA COMPRESSA, Nl. SP..........262.0006 ved wiles sas sitcevaties doselsen sneer 692
A right valve, imperfect at the posterior end but otherwise in a good state of preserva-
tion. Middle beds of the Cincinnati group, Cincinnati, Ohio.

Figs. 14-15. RHYTIMYA MICKLEBOROUGHI, Whitfield.................. pdtosaésc sonca6ace EX)
Left side and cardinal views of a specimen showing the usual characters of the
species. The height has been reduced by pressure to perhaps four-fifths of what
it was originally. Middle beds of the Cincinnati group, Cincinnati, Ohio.

Figs. 16-17. *WHITEAVESIA CINCINNATIENSIS, Hall and Whitfield........ ser eneaee 696

16. A large and nearly perfect cast of the interior of a right valve, showing the true
form ot the species, the anterior muscular scar, traces of the posterior scar, and
unusually distinct rays on the ventral slope. The latter as a rule are very ob-
scure, while the exterior of the shell generally exhibits faint radiating lines on
the cardinal slopes which in rare cases may be distinguishable even on casts of
the interior.

17. Hinge of a right valve, showing its simple character. Lower beds of the Cincinnati
group, Covington, Kentucky.

Bigs: 1820S es WHETBAVESIA- KEN TONENSIS, (lS p:cccs-) sasosee serce erase eee papsaos Jesse ODS
18. A large left valve, imperfect anteriorly and unusually high posteriorly. The
specimen preserves small patches of the shell.
19 and 20. Two views of a small cast of the interior, showing the usual characters of
the species. Lower beds of the Cincinnati group, Covington, Kentucky.
Figs. 21-22. WHITEAVESIA PHOLADIFORMIS, Hall sp...............0c200000- sis ge oo neeici 658
21. The greater part of the hinge of a left valve.
22. Hinge of a right valve, imperfect at both ends.

*In the text the genus for this and the next two species reads Ac/zuomya. This name having
been preoccupied a few years ago by Mayer for a Cretaceous genus of shells, it cannot be used for
these Lower Silurian types. The name /WVhiiteavesia is therefore proposed instead. Iam not sorry
for the change, since it affords me an opportunity of expressing my high appreciation of the
paleontological labors of Prof. J. F. Whiteaves of the Canadian Geological Survey.

E.O ULRIcH.

Geol. of Ohio, Vol. VIT. PALEONTOLOGY LVI
0 Lowe? Silurian.

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eae anes

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