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LIBRARY OF

HENRY M. DUNLAP
SAVOY, ILLINOIS

IF BORROWED PLEASE RETURN PROMPTLY

REPORT

OF THE

ILLINOIS HORTICULTURAL BOARD
OF CONTROL

HAVING IN CHARGE THE

Fruit Exhibit of the State

IN THE

NATIONAL HORTICULTURAL BUILDING

AT THE

WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION

CHICAGO, ILL., U. S. A., 1893

EDITED BY THE SECRETARY, HENRY M. DUNLAP,
SAVOY, ILL.

PRESS AND BINDERY OP

PANTAGRAPH PRINTING AND STATIONERY Co.,

BLOOMINGTON, ILL.

ILLINOIS

Horticultural Board of Control

IN CHARGE OF THE

FRUIT EXHIBIT OP THE STATE OP ILLINOIS

President, HENRY AUGUSTINE, Normal

Secretary, HENRY M. DUNLAP, Savoy

MEMBERS

HENRY AUGUSTINE, NORMAL

President State Horticultural Society

*A. C. HAMMOND, WARSAW

Secretary State Horticultural Society

O. W. BARNARD, MANTENO

President Northern Horticultural Society

ARTHUR BRYANT, PRINCETON

Vice-President Northern Horticultural Society

JAS. T. JOHNSON, WARSAW

President Central Horticultural Society

H. M. DUNLAP, SAVOY

Vice-President Central Horticultural Society

DANIEL BERRY, CARMI

President Southern Horticultural Society

T. E. GOODRICH, COBDEN

Vice-President Southern Horticultural Society
*Deceased.

FRUIT EXHIBIT.

I HE exhibit of Illinois fruits at the World's Columbian Ex-
^ position in Horticultural Hall was made under the direc-
tion of the members of the Executive Board of the State Hor-
ticultural Society, the expense being paid from an appropriation
made by the Legislature, which became available on the first
day of May, 1893.

Previous to that date the State Horticultural Society had
decided to make an exhibit of fruits, if possible to secure
funds; and to that end had, during the previous fall, gathered
from all sections of the State, about a hundred barrels of the
leading varieties of apples, placing them in cold storage, with
which to make a beginning.

On the first of May the Illinois tables were covered with a
very creditable display of apples, consisting of 800 plates,
which was renewed from time to time as required, and extended
as the crop of 1893 developed and ripened.

Although the bloom on Illinois orchards gave promise of
an abundant yield during April and May of 1893, a few weeks
sufficed to show that the crop of apples was to be almost a
complete failure throughout the State, and though here and
there a few exceptions may exist, the failure was the most dis-
astrous ever known. Cherries and plums, to a large extent,
met the same fate, but a moderate crop of peaches, a few pears,
and a fair yield of grapes remained to cheer the grower.

During the season of small fruits the tables bore ample
evidences of the superiority of Illinois sc*il for their production,
and there was also a creditable showing of cherries and plums.

The king of fruit, however, is the apple, and in spite of
the general failure in Illinois no other state was able to excel,
or even equal, the exhibit which the Illinois tables daily pre-
sented to the visitor during the first four months of the Fair.
Shipments were received every day fresh from the orchards
and vineyards to make good the loss by decay.

We believe that every citizen of the State feels a pride in

8

the success which characterized this exhibit, and we can confi-
dently assert that no efforts were spared to keep it up to the
proper standard, so far as the almost total failure of the fruit
crop permitted.

The pictures of the exhibit, taken at intervals and repro-
duced in this report, give a very correct idea of the appear-
ance of the tables of the exhibit as they were during the
progress of the Exposition.

In the following pages is given, briefly, a statement of
some advantages which the State of Illinois is possessed of in
the line of horticulture. During the progress of the Exposi-
tion a pamphlet, of which this is part, was issued, and 60,000
copies were distributed to the people of the States and Foreign
Countries.

A BRIEF SUMMARY

OF

THE ADVANTAGES or ILLINOIS

AS A FRfcllT GR0WIN6 STATE.

I HE Executive Board of the Illinois State Horticultural
V Society, which had in charge the care and direction of
the Illinois exhibit of fruit at the World's Columbian Expo-
sition in Chicago, having a natural pride in the fertile soil, the
congenial climate, and the great variety of the horticultural
and vegetable productions of the State, and from actual per-
sonal knowledge of the capacity and capability of a further
development to an unlimited extent, offer the following state-
ments to the inquirer, not as an encyclopedia that contains all
that is known about fruit culture, or as an advertisement to
boom the cheap lands of some particular locality, but to give
information in general about the fruit-growing ability of the
State, its markets and advantages to anyone seeking a home
within its borders.

The three attributes of success in fruit growing from a
practical standpoint are (a) good and accessible markets, (b) a
productive soil, and (c) a climate suited to the particular fruits to
be produced. To be sure, the amateur who seeks only to occupy
his time with a pleasant or agreeable occupation has no need
of a market, but in general those who plant trees do so for the
profit there is either to themselves or to their children, and to
this class we address ourselves.

God first planted a garden and placed man in it to dress
it and keep it, with permission to eat of everything therein
contained, except of the fruit of one tree which common con.
sent, for some unexplained reason, supposes to have been a
seedling apple tree. The variety is, however, immaterial, but
we learn from the oldest and best possible authority that Adam

10

was a gardener and fruit grower, and that the other branches
of agriculture were practiced at a later date.

Considering the fertility of our soil, the varied production
of vegetables, fruits, flowers, and grains, it has been thought
by some that the Garden of Eden was located somewhere
within our State; but since reading some of the florid descrip-
tions of other states and their claims to the location of the
first garden, we concede that the probabilities are against us,
provided the aforesaid claims are all true in fact. In this
sketch we propose, however, to leave out the fanciful and de-
vote ourselves to the practical, leaving to those who have lands
to sell, or towns to boom the pleasure as well as the profit (?) of
depicting an Arcadia whose realities come far short of filling
the pictured ideal.

We admit at the outset that there are difficulties and dis-
appointments surrounding the growing of fruit, that an occa-
sional failure, like that of the present year, may intervene to
rob the horticulturist of anticipated profits; but who shall say
that the rest given the trees will not in the end be beneficial
to them, not only in prolonging their lives, but also to act as a
destroyer of noxious insects which damage the quality and de-
preciate the value of the apple, cherry, and pear in occasional
years of abundant yields?

To all who are seeking for a new location we can confi-
dently say that they will receive a warm welcome from the
horticulturists of Illinois and will be given all the information
they ask, for as a rule selfishness is not a fault that obtains
among the men that engage in the development of that art
which "doth lend aid to nature. " The numerous horticultural
societies which abound afford ample opportunities for exchang-
ing experiences and information, and individuals are always
willing to let others profit by their experience.

EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES.

The fruit grower is always an intelligent man. The very
nature of his business tends to increase his desire for learning,
and causes him to study sciences which to the average mortal
are a sealed book. This being the case, he will not naturally

11

take his family to the backwoods, or to a state where education
is neglected, even though the state may boast of an enormous
school fund, which, in some unexplained manner, gets distrib-
uted in the towns, leaving the country people to provide schools
the best they can, or giving them such a small share that
practically it does but little good.

Illinois is noted for its free schools in which every child
from six to twenty-one years may be taught without money
and without price. It has over ten thousand school houses
within its borders, as well as an abundance of high schools,
seminaries, colleges, and universities. • Two Normal univer-
sities supply teachers, and facilities for acquiring higher edu-
cation are abundant. No one need to send his sons or daugh-
ters outside the borders of the State to secure the most pol-
ished or scientific education unless he chooses to do so.

THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

offers to all the young men and women of the State full oppor-
tunity and every facility to study those sciences which relate
to Agriculture and Horticulture, and has among its professors
some of the most eminent scientists living. The institution
has ample means and grounds for demonstrating in a thoroughly
practical manner what is taught in its classrooms. Added to
the present extensive collection of objects of natural history
will be the handsome exhibit in the Illinois State building,
which at the close of the World's Exposition was removed to
the University at Champaign.

Following closely the school question comes the one of

RELIGIOUS INSTRUCTION,

and the seeker will find on examination, that we are unusually
well supplied in that regard, and that, travel where he will, he
is seldom out of sight of a church spire or the sound of the
church bell. In the matter of church building our people have
been remarkably liberal, as the hundreds of churches scattered
through the farming communities abundantly attest.

12

OUR POPULATION

outside the large cities is largely composed of native bom,
though here and there may be found an occasional settlement
of the better class of Germans or Swedes engaged in agricul-
ture, than whom it would be hard to find better farmers or
more quiet and industrious citizens.

The tendency of population both here and in Europe is to-
ward the large cities. Our young men leave the farm to en-
gage in trade or manufacturing, turning the producer into the
consumer. Many deplore this, but what would be the result
to the farmer and fruit grower if the stream was reversed and
the denizens of the city bought farms and became producers?
The increase of population in the cities, either large or small,
creates an increased demand for farm products, and it is our
object to increase the production so as to cover all demands, as
well as to cheapen the methods of production, of marketing
and of preserving, so as to return an increased profit to the
grower. It is not so much the high prices that make fruit
growing profitable as the steady demand at reasonable prices,
with every expenditure of production reduced to the minimum.

AN IDEAL STATE.

If it were possible to develop an ideal state, it would be
one in which the producer and the consumer would be brought
into immediate relations with each other and thereby dispense
with the services of all middlemen. Such a state will, how-
ever, never exist except in the brain of some would-be reformer
or romantic writer, for the very obvious reason that things are
as they are. In practical life the more diversified the industries
of a country the more profit to its people. On the one hand
we see this exemplified in the great grain growing states
of the West, where a failure of the grain crops entails a long
list of calamities; on the other hand, states in which there is
a more diversified industry, may suffer from a total loss of
some crop and yet have an abundance of other wares to sell to
prevent any great distress.

It is also better exemplified in the two countries of Great
Britain and France. With a superficial area of about the same

13

as the states of Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, and Missouri, they con-
tain a population of some seventy-five millions of people, or ten
millions greater than that of the whole United States. In
England, nature has deposited huge beds of coal and ore in
close proximity, while every village, almost, contains a manu-
factory. Nature was not over kind to England in giving it a
salubrious climate or a fertile soil, yet necessity has made the
most of both.

France is much more favorably situated as regards soil
and climate, and more nearly resembles that of our State in its
northern provinces, though the south competes with Florida
or California. France also has mines of ore and coal, and to
its general agriculture adds viticulture and silk growing, in
neither of which we can be expected to excel until times and
the demand, as well as the wages paid labor, change.

These two nations have been unusually prosperous,
brought about almost entirely by the fact that they consume all
the products of their own lands besides purchasing great quanti-
ties from foreigners, paying for the same in manufactured
goods. For the purpose of showing the comparison, we have
been to the pains to call attention to the foregoing facts, for
the very reason that Illinois is so situated that she must ere
long take the front rank among the states as a producer of

MANUFACTURED GOODS,

and when that time comes the value of agricultural products,
of stock, of the dairy, of her mines and fruit farms will equal
in combined value, if not exceed, those of any of the other
states. We are not wild enthusiasts that we make such an as-
sertion, but we know thoroughly the capacity and capabilities
of our great and beloved commonwealth. So much by way of
preliminary remarks; now for the more practical objects which
this report is designed to promote.

THE STATE OF ILLINOIS

contains nearly 58,000 square miles of territory and about
37,000,000 acres, the greater part of which is or can be made
productive. The amount of surface occupied by hilly ranges,

14

undrainable swamps, and sandy plains is remarkably small
when compared with the whole.

Along the southeast border of the State the Wabash river
supplies an outlet for numerous small streams and is navigable
for a considerable distance from its confluence with the Ohio,
which forms the southern boundary and unites with the Missis-
sippi at Cairo. This latter river forms the west boundary of
the State, and along its bank is found some of the most favor-
ably located situations and soils for orchard and vineyard cul-
ture.

At one time Alton, situated twenty miles above St. Louis,
was the most favored spot in the West for fruit and market
gardening, and may with truth be called the first seat of in-
telligent horticultural effort in Illinois, and is today one of the
favored spots, though other and newer lands, with better rail-
way facilities, excel it in the quantity of shipments.

At Warsaw and Hamilton, also located on the banks of the
Father of Waters, are situated a large number of prolific and
profitable vineyards as well as great apple orchards. These
points are no exception and are only referred to because the
business of fruit growing, like every other, appears to concen-
trate itself around certain points, not because the soil is
better, but for the reason that example is contagious and when
once a business is established conveniences for shipping and
reduction of freights is sure to follow and thereby induce still
others to embark in the business in the near vicinity.

THE ILLINOIS RIVER

also intersects the State from north to south and is navigable
from Alton to Henry, and with the completion of the Chicago
drainage canal, steamers may run its entire length and tie up
beside the wharves in the Garden City. Along this river
are thousands of bluffs which are unexcelled for the growing of
fruits of all kind. The peculiar Loess formation of the soil in
many places also gives it a superior advantage for the growing
of grain and vegetables.

But all the good locations for orchards do not by any
means lie along the banks of these rivers or along the smaller

MOMfUftX

AMDOLPH

HORTICULTURAL DISTRICT MAP OF ILLINOIS.

17

streams which feed them. Millions of acres of just as desir-
able land lie within a five-mile limit of railways, of which
Illinois possesses more miles than any other state.

Covering as it does nearly six degrees of latitude from
north to south, and containing soils as rich as the most
fastidious can desire, there is very little, comparatively, of the
surface of Illinois that is not, or can not be made productive.
The surface in all sections is sufficiently undulating to afford
good drainage, and in those sections where the surface is more
rolling but very little of the soil is untillable from the presence
of rocks or rocky ridges. No one can describe the relief aman
feels who has been used all his life to pulling stumps and piling
stones when he first works in Illinois soil. On the prairies the
steel mold board of his plow inverts the soil without a break
from one end of his farm to the other if he so desires, and to a
depth limited only by the strength of his team.

DIVISION INTO DISTRICTS.

While the State is divided into three districts, northern,
central, and southern, the division is more judicial than prac-
tical, as there are three grand divisions in which the Supreme
Court of the State holds alternate sessions. Agriculturally
and horticulturally such divisions are made as a matter of con-
venience, although the products of one are almost always
grown in the other districts, with the restrictions that nature
has placed upon all the products of the earth, some requiring
more heat and sunshine to mature than others, and fixing the
boundary beyond which there may be no profit found in grow-
ing them. It is this question of profit that must guide us in
making selection of a location for fruit growing. The

EARLY SETTLEMENTS

of the State were made at the south and north ends, those set-
tlers who came from the South bringing with them the cus-
toms, habits, grains, and fruits of that section, while those
who occupied the north brought New England ideas, grains,
fruits, and vegetables. For many years what is now known

18

as the central division of the State was comparatively an un-
known wilderness, except along the courses of a few rivers.
The south end of the State produced in great abundance a class
of fruits whose varieties were entire strangers to people who
lived north, and vice versa. At the south there was no demand
for commercial fruits, for there were no large cities, and no
means of communication except by boat if there had been.
Almost the same condition existed in the north until the open-
ing of railways made Chicago grow, and consequently made a
market for the surplus grown in that region. For many years
commercial orchards and small fruit farms paid .good dividends,
and would today were the same conditions present. The de-
mands of a large city for milk, butter, cheese, hay, and vege-
tables at large prices caused the growing of fruit to be
neglected; and as the old orchards, with their many worthless
varieties and non- bearers, died out, new ones were not planted,
and many sections which formerly produced abundant yields
of apples are now buyers in other markets. To some extent,
also, the opening of railways in the central and southern por-
tions of the State, and the virgin soils for the first time made
available for fruit culture, caused many fruit-growers to seek
locations in those sections. The earlier season further south
had much to do with this, for then as now the first fruits
always returned to the grower the most profit. Land was also
cheaper, owing to its remoteness from market, although it
produced crops of all kinds that frequently challenged belief.
All that was required was to tickle the soil with the plow, plant
a tree or vine, and the most gratifying results followed. This
change of condition came about in northern Illinois with the
year 1865, when the close of the war threw a million of men,
most of them young and active, into civil life and caused a
demand for the opening of new states until then unthought of
by the most enthusiastic.

DIVERSIFIED CROPS.

The effects of diversified industry and products, to which
we called the attention of the reader in the cases of England
and France, apply with equal force to the individual as well as
to the nation or state. The man who devotes his whole farm

19

to one crop may for a time be very successful, but, sooner or
later, force of circumstances, change of climate or of demand
will compel him to grow more than the one crop. The ten-
dency at present, however, is toward (and will continue to be
toward) specialties, on the farm as in the factory, or among
professional men. The farmer who has been brought up to
grow grain or stock finds no time to grow vegetables or fruit,
but instead prefers to purchase them from someone who de-
votes his time to their production. Small fruit growing is
working out of the hands of small producers to some extent,
and the planting of great commercial orchards will soon give
another direction to that branch of the business. In some re-
spects this is to be regretted, but as diversified agriculture
will continue to be the rule in northern and central Illinois, no
wide expanse of country will suffer from the loss of a crop of
apples, as is sometimes the case in other states, where the
diversity does not exist.

Granted, then, that a diversified system of farming is the
most profitable, especially for the man of small means, and
with a growing family, all of whose members can be made use-
ful in a great variety of ways in the lesser operations of fruit
and vegetable growing, it becomes our duty to seek for a suit-
able place to begin operations. The first thing of all, perhaps,
to select, is a healthy location, with salubrious climate and
fertile soil. The first of these is the most essential, for with-
out health there can he no happiness.

THE GREATEST DESIDERATUM

of all, however, is a suitable market; for of what value is an
article for which there is no demand. Why locate even in the
Garden of Eden, if the crop of apples, pears, and other fruits,
rots for want of consumers. The market of all markets, we
who have studied this subject for years from a practical stand-
point, believe we possess without a present or prospective
rival.

Geographically, the State occupies nearly the central point
between the Atlantic coast and the Rocky Mountains, and its
south end very nearly the half-way point between the Canadian

20

border and the Gulf of Mexico. Natural and mechanical ob-
stacles prevent the production of fruit in large quantities in
some of the surrounding states, and large areas exist which
must seek supplies elsewhere, and Illinois appears to the ob-
server as the most natural place in which they should be
sought. Its railways reach out in every direction, and there
is hardly a village in the State which might not ship fruit in
car lots to the remotest point in the Union without breaking
bulk.

For years Chicago has been, and probably always will re-
main the chief distributing point in the Northwest for fruits of
all kinds. All roads lead to Chicago, and will continue to do
so until the requirements of business and population make a
change necessary, an event yet far in the distant future.
St. Louis, also, on the west side of the State, consumes vast
quantities of fruit and produce.

NORTHERN ILLINOIS.

The farms in the northern portion of the State are prac-
tically given over to the growing of crops which go to feed
the inhabitants of a large city and a manufacturing pop-
ulation, for that section is full of small manufacturing cities
which consume, at good prices, the dairy products, the veg-
etables, poultry, eggs, and small fruits of the surrounding
farms. It is said that the land in this section is too valuable
to devote to fruit growing, especially to apples, pears, cher-
ries, and plums, though there are now in existence many or-
chards whose owners derive a greater revenue from them than
from any other portion of the farm, at the same time treating
it with a neglect that would be fatal to any other crop.

There is no reason whatever why Northern Illinois should
not become a competitor with the rest of the State in supply-
ing a portion of the demand for orchard and small fruits, ex-
cept the general one that once a community turns its attention
exclusively to one industry, or one branch of agriculture, that

21

it is hard to prevail upon its individual members to engage in
something they admit may be profitable, but with which they
are not perfectly familiar.

All varieties of small fruit, such as strawberries, currants,
blackberries, raspberries, gooseberries, etc., are as much at
home in Northern Illinois as anywhere in the Union, while
grapes, cherries, plums, pears, and apples, can be made prof-
itable with the selection of varieties which are prolific and
hardy. There is hardly a village in the whole section, which,
in the time of ripening of the local crop of small fruits, has a
sufficient supply for home use, while the farmer's table that
has an abundance is the exception, not the rule.

Northern Illinois is most favorably situated with regard
to markets. Nearly every township is within six hours by ex-
press of Chicago, while the lumber regions of Wisconsin and
Minnesota, and the wheat fields of the two Dakotas, are not
much farther removed; while several trunk lines traverse the
whole section whose branches reach to every part of the North-
west, West, and Southwest, where an almost unlimited demand
exists for the products for which the district is noted, as well
as for those which it might supply, were the attention of its
farmers called to their cultivation.

The farmers in this section possess an advantage over
those in other portions of the State, for the reason that their
market is largely at their own doors, thus doing away with
the cost of transportation, as well as the commissions of the
middleman. This permits the marketing of fruits and vege-
tables in a more mature state than when shipment by rail is
made to a distant point, which is also of value to the purchaser,
who can always be certian of securing a good article, for the
man of whom he buys is generally known to him, and self inter-
est prevents the palming off upon customers of immature or
worthless articles, an observation which cannot always with
truth be made of those who ship to a distant city.

22
CENTRAL ILLINOIS

which includes all that section of the State known as the "Corn
Belt," and which may be said to begin near the north line of
Livingston county, extending as far south as Pana, to the
marl soil which near there, with few exceptions, continues
southward for more than a hundred miles, until the hills which
extend across the State from east to west are reached, is much
larger and possesses a greater variety of soil than either of the
other sections, and a more extensive list of products can be
grown.

Although noted for its great fields of corn, oats, and
wheat, for its immense meadows, and the number of its horses,
cattle, and hogs, its production of fruit is by no means insig-
nificant in value. Large orchards of apples may be found in
every county from the Indiana to the Iowa line, a distance of
some two hundred and forty miles. It is in this section that
many of the largest nurseries for the propagation of all kinds
of fruit trees are to be found, and from the earliest settlement
the quantity and quality of its tree fruits have been admitted.
Any one who has attended the annual State Fair during the
past thirty-five years, must have been forcibly struck with the
magnitude and beauty of the various exhibits from that section
as well as by the general excellence of individual varieties; the
completeness of the displays and great number of varieties of
the different kinds of fruit. Much of this is due to the local
nurserymen, many of whom are fruit raisers as well as tree
growers, who seek to inculcate by example what they preach
in theory. It may be said with truth that given an intelligent
and conscientious nurseryman in a given locality, that the
yield of fruit in that vicinity will be greater, owing to his ex-
ample and instruction, than in a place where such a man is not
located. We might cite many cases to prove this, such as
Princeton, in Bureau county; Bloomington, in McLean; Cham-
paign, in Champaign; Freeport, in Stephenson; and Centralia,
in Marion county, near all of which places large nurseries have
in former times exerted an influence, and in some of them con-
tinue to work for the increase of that "art which doth mend
nature."

23

This section of the State, in addition to producing a large
yield of apples, pears, etc. , is admirably situated for the pro-
duction of sweet potatoes, vegetables, asparagus, small fruits,
and melons, all of which find a ready market at no great distance.

This division of the State is devoted in a large measure to
grain and stock raising, and in it the farms are generally
larger in area than in the other divisions, for the reason that
diversified farming is yet in its infancy, the population
being more sparse and having fewer manufacturing towns
to make a market for the more varied products of the orchard
and the garden. For this reason more attention is given to
those products which the general market demands, and which
will bear transporting a long distance to market and not spoil
in transit. It may here be said that this very condition also
makes a market for many of the products of the garden, and it
is no unusual thing to see a " big" farmer purchasing fruit,
vegetables, and melons in the village, for the use of his family,
when his own senses as well as interest, should teach him that
an abundant supply could be grown much cheaper at home if
he would but plant the trees and garden, and devote a portion
of the time he spends in growing corn to their cultivation.

Central Illinois is the home of the apple and pear, and
peaches may also be grown, although there will be an occa-
sional failure, as there frequently is in the most favored locali-
ties, notably in Delaware, Michigan, and Southern Illinois, all
noted for their peaches.

Small fruit may be produced in such abundance as to even
astonish the fruit grower from what are called the favored spots.
Yields of strawberries of one hundred bushels per acre are not
unusual, while raspberries, blackberries, and currants are alike
productive. A yield of twenty pounds of Concord grapes per
vine three years planted is not unusual, while the quality is
unexcelled. May or Richmond cherry trees frequently yield
two bushels at eight years old, and there is always a market,
it being a favorite fruit for canning. When canning estab-
lishments are common to every neighborhood as they must in
time become, the demand for this fruit will become compara-
tively unlimited. It supplies an acid craved by the stomach
at all seasons, therefore the green and canned fruit is much in
demand.

24

Recognizing the fact that the market for apples is prac-
tically unlimited, many proprietors of large farms have planted
extensive orchards. Formerly the planting of an apple orchard
was an experiment, but at the present the varieties which may
be relied upon to yield a profit are well known. No planter of ex-
perience would think of accepting as a gift trees for planting of
such varieties as Bald win, Rhode Island Greening, or any of the
Pippins, once famed in New York and New England, and he
would look with suspicion upon all the tender-skinned and
often tender- wooded varieties which were the favorites of fruit-
growers forty or fifty years ago. Experience has taught that
only those varieties which come early into bearing, which pro-
duce a good yield under most circumstances, and with a hardy
body to withstand the fluctuating temperature of our change-
able winters, should be given a place in a commercial orchard.
Among the winter varieties found most profitable are the Ben
Davis, Willow, Minkler, Missouri Pippin, Grimes' Golden, and
Jonathan. This list may be extended to suit localities, but
the commercial orchardist is planting a limited number of
varieties only.

The list of summer and fall apples that are hardy and pro-
duce abundantly is very extensive, but as the demand for these
is limited and must be governed largely by local conditions, we
do not deem it necessary to devote any space to their discus-
sion, further than to say that among the best known and most
profitable are the Red Astrachan, Duchess of Oldenburg,
Wealthy, and Maiden's Blush. These are all hardy and with-
stand a much lower temperature than ever occurs in Central
Illinois.

Pears as yet may be called a luxury in nearly all Central
Illinois, though why, it would be hard to tell. The average
farmer contents himself with planting a couple, or at most
half a dozen trees. "Pears don't pay," is the common re-
mark, and yet where they are given as much care as apple
trees, many varieties bear profusely and are of a most excel-
lent quality. As in the case of apples, location must deter-
mine what kinds to plant.

While the statement is true that both Northern and Cen-
tral Illinois are in their entirety capable of producing unlim-

25

ited quantities of fruit and vegetables, the fact, nevertheless,
exists that

SOUTHERN ILLINOIS

possesses a soil and climate, which in the estimate of practical
men, make it par excellence the home of all the fruits grown in
its latitudes anywhere. Covered originally over nearly half
its area with a huge growth of forest trees, which attested the
fertility of the soil and a favorable climate, it was so far re-
moved from market except by steam or flat-boat that its forests
were comparatively untouched when the other sections had
become well settled. The prairies of the interior were con-
sidered valueless for any practical purpose, but time has dem-
onstrated that the soil is admirably adapted to the production
of hay, wheat, small fruit, and especially apples, large orchards
of which are to be found along or near the railways.

When the Illinois Central railway first penetrated the hills
of the Grand Chain, and the sound of the locomotive whistle
awoke the sleepy inhabitants from their lethargy, and opened
a market for their products of which they had never dreamed,
but few of the natives realized the capabilities and opportuni-
ties that were at their doors. Slowly, one by one, buyers of
fruit from Chicago made their way to this region, which in the
language of that day was called Egypt, from the fact that in
years of scarcity the residents further north had gone there
for corn, but which term was soon made to mean intellectual
darkness, from the supposed obtuseness of many of the original
inhabitants who resisted progress until it pushed them aside.

The size and quality of the peaches and the beauty of the
apples as well as the healthy growth of the few native pear
trees excited the wonder and curiosity of the outside world,
and soon attracted the attention of nurserymen and others
from the North, who saw the opportunity and took advantage
of it, so that at the present time whole townships maybe said
to be given over entirely to fruit and vegetable culture.

26
Fruit growing at this early time was only

IN ITS INFANCY,

and the mistakes were more numerous at first than the suc-
cesses. Varieties brought from the North proved valueless,
and years were often devoted to the culture of trees, to result
only in disappointment when the period of fruitage arrived.
Gradually, however, experience has brought wisdom, and to-
day the intelligent fruit or vegetable grower of Southern
Illinois plants with as much confidence and gathers with as
much certainty, the accident of season excepted, as though his
business was an exact science and governed by inexorable
rules.

Since the war great mills have sprung up which make a
market for the native forest trees, and immense beds of coal
are found under almost this entire section, giving occupation
to a large population, and also creating a home demand for
fruit. New railways have also opened up new fields, and prac-
tically there is no portion of Southern Illinois that does not
possess an easy and direct outlet to market.

THE SUNNY SKIES

of this section remind one of Italy, which lies exactly in the
same degrees of latitude, and have often caused it to be called
the "Italy of America." Many fruits and vegetables which
grow only in a tropical clime, here arrive at perfection. Sweet
potatoes grown here equal those grown in Jersey in quality,
while the list of other vegetables grown to perfection would
fill a catalogue. Nowhere in the world are there larger fields
of strawberries, and nowhere do they reach a higher degree of
perfection than on the sun-kissed hills and prairies of Southern
Illinois. Although the extension of railways southward has
removed, to a certain extent, the business of supplying early
fruits and vegetables from Illinois to states further south, the
fact yet remains that for supplying the market with great
quantities of fruit and vegetables at prices which the masses
can afford to pay, Southern Illinois is the main reliance of the
entire Northwest.

27

Berries gathered in the morning of one day reach all por-
tions of Illinois in time for the early marketing of the next
day, and by noon many of the people in cities of Iowa, Wis-
consin, and Michigan, have the berries on their tables almost
as fresh as though just gathered from the vines. In the straw-
berry season, the Illinois Central and other railways run
trains made up exclusively of cars loaded with berries, which
are run on express time in order to reach market at a suitable
hour. In what other state may a location be found where a
train of thirty or more cars loaded with strawberries, the
most perishable as well as the queen of fruits, is rushed across
the country to market at lightning speed? The same thing is
done with early vegetable trains, with tomatoes, peaches, and
later with sweet potatoes and apples.

We might dilate upon the size and beauty of the other
fruits produced in this section of our State, but do not think it
necessary. Everywhere the raspberry and blackberry grow
wild in the greatest profusion, and many of the wild canes
produce fruit which even the cultivated varieties do not excel,
showing conclusively that nature designed this for a small fruit
region. If any one questions our assertions let him take a
trip and visit any of the noted fruit growing centers in South-
ern Illinois, and he will be convinced that what we have said
is the truth but half told.

After all that may be said, this region is peculiarly fitted
for the

PRODUCTION OF THE APPLE.

Here it arrives at its greatest perfection in size and beauty.
The latitude gives almost an entire freedom in spring from
damage by late frosts, while the season being longer, the fruit
ripens and colors under the rays of the autumn sun, giving
a size and a finish of color that even the famous climate of Cal-
ifornia cannot excel.

In this section many varieties are grown for the early
market which cannot be so profitably done further north.
Practically, Southern Illinois has the monopoly of the early
apple trade, sending to all sections of the Northwest, and no

28

reason exists why it should not continue to be so for all time
to come.

The orchardist of Illinois is not dependent upon some water
company for success. While his trees are small, crops of corn,
potatoes, berries, and vegetables may be grown in the same
ground without detriment to the trees. So soon, however, as
the trees begin to require nourishment for the ripening of
fruit, all intelligent orchardists cease trying to grow two crops
at once, but instead feed the tree, or should do so, to enable it
to maintain a healthy condition by means of which it only can
continue to be of value.

There is here no place for indulging in a panegyric over
certain varieties; there are a few favorites for market that are
common to all of Illinois, others which suit one locality and not
the other, all of which are more or less profitable, but whose
value to the planter must be determined by the experience of
men who have tried them in the different sections of the State.
It has, however, been uniformly found that Ben Davis, Wine-
sap, and Rome Beauty are everywhere successful, and that in
some localities other varieties are equal favorites. In planting
orchards in Southern Illinois hardiness of tree cuts no figure,
for never in the history of the section has there been so low a
temperature as to injure a tree.

Much attention is now being given to the growth of Jap-
anese plums and persimmons, and no reason exists why the
English walnut may not be grown to perfection.

SOUTHERN ILLINOIS

also has another advantage, for it contains within its borders
abundant and cheap material for the making of barrels, boxes,
crates, and baskets in which to ship its fruit. This is an im-
portant factor, for all dealers know that fruit in new, clean
packages sells for a better price than an equally good quality
packed in dirty or second-hand packages.

The attention of commercial orchardists has of late years
been turned to the south half of the State as a desirable point
for the planting of

29

LARGE COMMERCIAL ORCHARDS.

And while many of the counties possess a world- wide reputa-
tion for wheat and flour, much of this land is now, or shortly
will be, planted with apple orchards. The sums for which
crops of apples have been sold in past years are almost beyond
belief. Men have frequently sold one crop for enough to pay
for the land and all the expenses of culture, and so confident
are others of reaching success that the size of their orchards
is limited only by their ability to buy the land and trees.
When we state that land in these counties may be had at from
ten to twenty-five dollars per acre we tell the simple truth,
which can be verified by a visit to them.

ARE THERE DRAWBACKS ?

The reader doubtless asks himself, why, if these state-
ments are true, that the field has not been entered upon ere
this? " There are certainly drawbacks of which no one can
learn until dear experience has exposed them." Such is not
the case, although, as we have said, there are always some
disappointments to fruit-growers as well as to others.

It will be remembered that with the building of the Pacific
railways and the settling of difficulties with the Indians in the
then territories of Nebraska, Dakota, Colorado, etc., a great
effort was made by the railway companies to induce people to
go West and settle. The liberal "Homestead law" drew the
young men and those with little capital to the West, and for
twenty-five years after the close of the war, men, women, and
children hurried through the states of Indiana, Illinois, and
Iowa to the Eldorado beyond the Missouri, hoping to become
suddenly well-to-do, if not wealthy. Now people are begin-
ning to discover that the "boomer" states are inferior in
many respects to the ones that were passed so hastily and
blindly over, and as a result more inquiries than usual are
being made for lands in Illinois. For this class of inquirers
these pages are written.

THE KING OF FRUIT,

if such a term may be permitted, is the apple. Growing as it
does to greater or less perfection in nearly every state of the
—3

3o

Union, its use is as general as that of any other commodity,
sugar not excepted. One may dilate upon the beauty of an
orange grove; go into ecstacies of enthusiasm over the aroma,
color, and taste of the fruit, yet it is but a luxury and always
will remain such. The man or woman who seeks to satisfy
the craving of hunger with an orange, seeks in vain, though
we readily admit that a sweet ripe orange is always grateful
to the palate and cooling to the system. The growing of
lemons, figs, and dates, may be poetic, but we must remember
that only a small section of our country is suitable for the
growth of citrous fruits, and that the demand for them does
not keep pace with the production. We do not say this to dis-
courage anyone from seeking to engage in the growing of
citrous fruits if they have a liking for it, but to call attention
to the fact that there is another side, other than the rosy one
so often painted to the home-seeker, by men who have land to
sell or are interested in some water or flume company.
The apple, however, is a

STAPLE ARTICLE OF FOOD,

either raw or cooked, and as satisfying to the appetite as any
vegetable production. What excels for delicacy an apple
cooked and eaten with sugar and cream? What more satis-
fying to the appetite than bread and butter and apple sauce?
What pleasure of the imagination can for a moment hold its
own with the recollection of the apple pies that "mother" made
when we were boys, and which often served to reward us when
we were good, and whose coveted squares were refused us as a
punishment when naughty. Apple dumplings is a dish fa-
miliar to every American and the term a household word. Who,
knowing the many methods by which the apple is and can be
made palatable, can deny that it heads the list of fruits and is
justly entitled to rank as the monarch of all. It is the first
fruit mentioned in scripture, and though to its first eating the
many ills to which humanity is heir is attributed, still we must
think that there is certainly some mistake about this, consid-
ering the part that the apple has borne in the economy of the
nations who inhabit the greater part of the temperate zone.

>

*

ILLINOIS FRUIT EXHIBIT AND PAVILION, WORLD'S FAIR, 1893.

33

As this article is not intended to discuss varieties, or
when or how to plant, it would be a work of supererogation to
select a list of apples, and for information on this subject we
refer the reader to the reports of the State Horticultural So-
ciety; or better still, to a personal examination of localities
where inquiry will at once disclose which are prolific and which
failures. We do not advise any one to engage in the business
of planting orchards of untried varieties, even though they
promise well; the beaten track is always safest, though the
scenery may not be so attractive as another which promises a
shorter cut across lots.

Our attention so far has been devoted to the edible and
market value of the apple in its natural state. There are,
however, other conditions in which it finds a ready and in-
creasing market in a manufactured state.

CIDER MAKING,

as formerly practiced, was a wasteful and unsatisfactory pro-
cess. A large share of the juice went to waste in the pomace,
which the average press was unable to extract. A large share
of the stuff sold as pure cider is guiltless of apple juice, but is
manufactured of ingredients known only to the chemist. If
pure when it leaves the manufacturer, it soon becomes so di-
luted that it has more kinship to the pump than to the cider
press, and the market for pure, sweet cider is in consequence
less than it should be. Of late years many processes have been
employed to keep it sweet from one season to another, so that
those who desire may secure it sweet at all times, and the
market has very much increased.

Its greatest value, however, is not as a drink, but as the
foundation and stock for

VINEGAR MAKING.

Our Illinois legislators have not as yet succeeded in enact-
ing a law to prevent the imposition of unhealthy acids upon an
unsuspecting public as "pure cider vinegar," although fre-
quently asked to do so. Ultimately we think they will be con-
vinced that the use of chemicals as vinegar is deleterious to

34

health; or, if they cannot be convinced of that, they may be
brought to see that it is as much an imposition to sell a cus-
tomer acid for cider vinegar as it is to sell oleomargarine for
butter, and to prevent the swindle pass a law making it a
misdemeanor to sell either under a false name.

Although in general we have not much to learn from for-
eigners, we might with profit adopt many of the laws of Ger-
many or England which require a strict supervision of the
articles sold as food, to prevent the sale of dangerous or un-
healthy articles and compounds for what they are not. When
it is made a misdemeanor punishable with a fine for any one to
sell vinegar under the name of

PURE CIDER VINEGAR

which is not genuine, a reform in this direction will follow, and
a market for the surplus fruit of our orchards will be opened
that will astonish the fruit growers themselves.

Owing to the competition of the acid vinegars sold under
the name of "cider or apple vinegar," no great amount of cap-
ital has been invested in the business of making the genuine
article, but we are confident that with the increase of our or-
chards such manufactories will spring up. The capital re-
quired need not be large, but the market is assured. At
present there is little uniformity in the pure article, for the
average orchardist who has but a few barrels of cider to turn
into vinegar has no facilities or does not think it worth while
to take the time to make his product uniform, hence one barrel
is excellent, another is poor, and the third of decidedly bad
quality. A manufactory located conveniently to the orchards,
taking both the surplus cider and unmarketable fruits and
making a staple article of standard cider vinegar is certain to
succeed. With this branch of the business fully developed,
another source of profit will be opened to the small producer
of fruit as well as the large one; for while the latter may work
up all his windfalls and fruit unfit to market on his own prem-
ises, the small grower can dispose of his in bulk to the vinegar
maker.

35
CANNING AND PRESERVING.

This industry is yet in its infancy and very few realize
the extent to which it may be developed. Our small fruits
and many of our vegetables might be canned with profit, but
capital will not come in until there is an assured supply during
the entire season, for no one article alone can be made profita-
ble. The business is steadily growing, and in time we hope to
see in every township a factory which will take the strawber-
ries and other small fruits, the cherries, plums, peaches, and
pears, and put them on the market in cans or in glass; and
then when the grandest of all fruits, the apple, ripens, take
the surplus and work it into jelly, dry it, press it into cider
and turn that into vinegar. Then with a certain market for
all his crop the orchardist and small fruit grower can be as-
sured of satisfactory returns for his surplus fruit. There is
also a demand for fruit juices for the compounding of many
articles, and thousands of dollars' worth of cherry, raspberry,
and other fruit juices are annually imported from foreign coun-
tries. With a soil and a climate much better fitted for the
production of these fruits than that from whence the juices
are brought, it would seem a shame that we send our money
abroad when it could be just as well employed at our own
doors.

In conclusion we desire to call the attention of

BUYERS AND EXPORTERS OF APPLES

to the Illinois orchards. Heretofore the business of growing
apples has been mostly in the hands of small producers, but
that day is passing away. There are now localities in abund-
ance where a car load or ten car loads of one variety may be
had. Formerly a few barrels of one variety only were for
sale; now this is changed. In a few years, when the young
orchards now just coming into bearing have developed, there
will be no complaint that car lots of one kind cannot be had;
in fact this objection has even now lost its force. The super-
ior quality, the beautiful color, and the uniformity of Illinois
apples are bound to make them favorites in the markets of the
world. In fact, we can see no more profitable avenue open to

36

the capitalist than to purchase Illinois apples in the fall, place
them in cold storage, and sell them out at a good price in June
and July of the next year before the advent of the new crop
in the market.

With full faith that the correctness of what we have said
about the Horticultural qualities of Illinois is fully substan-
tiated by the facts, we ask you to come and investigate for
yourself; then if our soil, our climate, and our market does
not suit you, we can only wish you Godspeed to some state
where the roseate hue of the pictures painted of climate, of
soil, of wealth, of health, form an attraction hard to resist,
and whose persistent telling has made even the relaters believe
them to be truth.

THE HoRTieaLTfeiRAL EXHIBIT.

fill ANY exhibits of great value and interest were to be seen

/ • 1 at the great Columbian Exposition which has just closed ;

^— but it is safe to say that no one exhibit interested the

people more than that of fruits, plants, and flowers to be found

in the Horticultural building.

To the horticulturist the exhibit was peculiarly interest-
ing, for it gave him the opportunity to study the effects of dif-
ferent soils and climate upon the well-known standard varieties
of fruits. For example, the Yellow Belleflower apple, grown
in the several states of New York, Minnesota, Arkansas, and
the irrigated valleys of Colorado and Oregon, were hardly
to be recognized as the same variety, except by the expert.
While there was such a great variation in the color, size, and
appearance of the fruit there were also as radical differences in
the taste, texture, and keeping qualities when grown in these
widely different localities of the country. It emphasizes most
strongly the fact that each state, and not alone each state, but
each locality, must determine for itself what varieties are
best adapted to its particular soil and climate. As demon-
strated at this exhibit there are certain varieties of fruit which
will succeed over a much wider range of territory than will
some other varieties which seem to require a certain kind of
soil in order to reach their greatest perfection.

The hardy winter apple of the Northern States becomes a
summer or fall apple when grown in Arkansas, or even in
Southern Illinois; and although hardy in Minnesota, may be
subject to blight and early decay in a more southern latitude.
The exhibit of new varieties of fruit, and especially of apples, at
the Exposition may do much to secure, after necessary time
for testing has elapsed, many varieties heretofore unknown
that will be of great value. To those localities which have
now a few varieties only that do well, this fruit exhibit may
prove of great value in bringing to the notice of fruit growers
many new kinds which if placed in the experiment stations of

38

the State Horticultural Societies will prove of value to the
people, and the saving of much valuable time and money. The
Illinois Society, deeming this a matter of great importance, ap-
pointed committees to make a careful examination of the fruit
during the Exposition and especially of all new varieties, and
will at an early day place in their experiment stations, of
which there are twelve, such new varieties as give promise of
being valuable that they may be tested under the direction of
the society. The information gained will be given in due time
to the people of the State through the horticultural reports.
To the end that the adaptability of certain varieties might
be recommended as nearly as possible to the locality intended,
and owing to the great length of the state, Illinois had been
divided into three horticultural districts, and reference will
hereafter be made to them as the Northern, Central, and
Southern districts. A map has been inserted in this volume,
showing the division of the State into fruit districts by coun-
ties, which will be of value as a reference map to those who
receive this report and are interested in the horticultural de-
velopment of the State.

Illinois is peculiarly adapted to the production of fruit as
a source of profit to the grower, and commercial fruit growing
is becoming a matter of much importance. Your attention
is invited to the tables of statistics in the last pages of this re-
port, and while the figures are of necessity very incomplete,
there are enough to show the importance of fruit growing in
Illinois.

THE ILLINOIS pRanr EXHIBIT.

1 1 THEN the Executive Board of the State Horticultural Society
l/l^ organized as a Board of Control and took charge of
the fruit exhibit of Illinois* in the National Horticultural
building on the first day of May, they found that they had
plenty of work on hand to get the tables in shape and to se-
cure sufficient fruit and maintain a creditable exhibit to. the
close of the Exposition. The fruit placed in cold storage the
fall before by the Southern and Central Horticultural Socie-
ties stood them in good stead, for with this large amount of
fruit they were enabled with the small fruits which soon came
to hand to make the tables look very inviting indeed. The
amount of space assigned to Illinois was 1,622 square feet.

By the first of June a pavilion had been built forty feet
long and twelve feet in depth. Along the front of this were
glass-covered refrigerators for the exhibition of small fruits
and similar fruits of a perishable nature. Back of the re-
frigerators and above the same, shelves were arranged for
fruit, and these were reinforced by large mirrors which added
very much to the appearance, as the effect was to practically
double the show of fruit. To the rear of the mirrors and re-
frigerators was enclosed a room about six by thirty feet, where
the fruit was received, unpacked, and prepared for exhibition.
Stairs led up to a balcony on top of the pavilion, and here vis-
itors were received, and a desk was placed for the use of the
secretary. Thirty-two tons of ice were used in the refriger-
ators during the Exposition, doing away with the necessity of
renewing the fruits in a large degree.

In addition to building the pavilion a new table was built
in front of same, six by thirty feet, with the shelves and center
piece covered with mirror glass. The whole surmounted by
an ornamental center-piece ten feet in height.

The balance of the tables were also fitted up with mirrors,
and later on three arches were thrown over the longest table

40

and decorated with grapes. Flowers were used freely during
the exhibit, and together with the plants added very much to
the general appearance of things. The table immediately in
front of the pavilion was used in making a

SPECIAL EXHIBIT OF PEACHES

from July 20 to September 15, and after that date until
the close of the Exposition it was used in making the grape
display. The pictures of these special displays appear in the
present volume. These displays attracted marked attention
and were much admired by the general public. From time to
time alterations were made in the exhibit and new features
added in order to give variety, so that the exhibit might con-
tinue to be attractive to visitors.

The State of Illinois extends through six degrees of lati-
tude, and this fact made it possible to continue the exhibit of
each class of fruit from six to ten weeks in each instance.
For this reason our exhibit had more features of attraction at
any given time than that of any other state.

As soon as the refrigerator was completed and arrange-
ments made, an exhibit of small fruits was begun and con-
tinued through the season. Unlike other states (except Cali-
fornia) Illinois' fruit exhibit was continuous from the opening
of the Exposition to its close, with the tables creditably filled
with choice fresh fruits at all times.

COLD STORAGE

had much to do with this, and it will be well to say a few words
on this subject. Apples placed in storage in the fall of 1892
came out of same in excellent condition as late as the last half
of October. Jonathan, Grimes' Golden, and Northern Spy
were on exhibition as late as the last of August, as bright and
fresh as when picked from the trees. Our experience with cold
storage the past summer warrants us in calling the especial
attention of our apple growers to the same, for we are of the
opinion that with cold storage to fall back upon, the apple
business need never be overdone in this State.

41

For other kinds of fruit than the apple, such as grapes, pears,
and peaches, it cannot be said that they took so kindly to cold
storage, but in all probability if the temperature were not kept
at such a low degree for these fruits the result would be more
satisfactory. In any event the apple can be placed there when
properly assorted and carefully handled without doubt of satis-
factory results, provided it is placed with responsible parties
who understand the business. Grapes and pears lose their
flavor to a greater or less degree, depending upon the variety,
some being more susceptible than others. Peaches after being
in cold storage lose their flavor almost entirely.

Keiffer pears placed in cold storage in the fall of 1892
were removed from same July 14, 1893, perfect in color and
condition, except as to flavor. Varieties, such as Howell,
Sheldon, Duchess, Seckel, Keiffer, and D'Anjou were kept sev-
eral months with the flavor but slightly impaired — the Duchess
and Keiffer keeping the best. Bartlett and LeConte we had
very poor success with. This matter of cold storage we deem
of importance to the orchardist. It is destined to become a
necessity with the Illinois orchardist who raises first-class
fruit.

L?ISr OF VARIETIES EXHIBITED AND N0TES
THERE0N.

STRAWBERRIES.

Beder Wood, Great Pacific, Princeton Chief,

Bubach, Gandy, Piper Seedling,

Capt. Jack, Haviland, Riehl's No. 6,

Crescent, Jessie, Sucker State,

Curtis' No. 1, Parker Earle, Sharpless,

Dan Bissel, Lovett's Early, Wayman's No. 1,

Edgar Queen, Monarch, Wolverton,

Enhance, Minor, Warfield.

Eureka, Oregon Everbearing,

Number of shipments received 84

" quarts received 865

" varieties exhibited 26

Varieties from Northern District 16

" " Central District 3

" Southern District 15

42

The first shipments of strawberries came from Cobden,
and were received May 20; the last shipment, G-andy, from
Mount Morris, July 4. Largest number of shipments were of
the Bubach, Warfield, and G-andy varieties in the order named.
A peculiar fact was that only one shipment was received of
the Crescent and none of the old time Wilson.

RASPBERRIES.

Brandywine, Kansas, Shaffer's Colossal,

Cuthbert, Muskingum, Souhegan,

Crimson Cluster, Marlboro, Tyler,

Golden Queen, Ohio, Thwack,

Golden Alaska, Older's Seedling, Turner,

Gregg, Palmer, Winona.

Johnson Sweet, Royal Church,

Number of shipments received 122

" quarts received 752

" varieties exhibited ..... 20

" from Northern District 14

" " from Central District 7

" " from Southern District 12

First appearance June 13, from Centralia; the last from
Freeport, July 22. Largest number of shipments in order
named were of the Brandywine, Gregg, Golden Queen, Shaffer,
Cuthbert, and Winona.

BLACKBERRIES.

Ancient Britain, Kittatiny, Native,

Erie, Lawton, Snyder,

Early Harvest, Lawton, Jr., Stone's Hardy.

Number of shipments received 80

" quarts received 921

' ' varieties exhibited 9

" from Northern District 2

" " from Central District 3

" from Southern District 7

The Early Harvest variety was received June 19, from
Centralia; and the last shipment of Ancient Britain from Free-
port, August 24. Shipments of Early Harvest and Lawton
were confined entirely to Southern, those of Stone's Hardy to
Central, and those of Ancient Britain to Northern Illinois.

45

DEWBERRIES.
Lucretia.

Number of shipments received 10

" quarts received 120

There were unusually fine, and came largely from Cen-
tralia.

CHERRIES.

Early Richmond, Late Richmond, Wragg.

Dyehouse, Montmorency,

Number of shipments ... 15

" quarts received 172

varieties exhibited 5

'• " from Northern District 1

" " from Central District 2

" " from Southern District 4

Cherries were first received on June 2, and came from
Villa Ridge; the last shipment, July 4.

CURRANTS.

Crandall, North Star, Victoria,

Cherry, Prince Albert, White Dutch,

Fay's Prolific, Ruby Castle, White Grape.

Longbunched Holland, Red Dutch,

Number of shipments received 50

" quarts exhibited 325

" varieties exhibited 11

" from Northern District 9

" from Central District 1

" from Southern District 2

Currants came first from Centralia, and were placed on
exhibition June 13; the last shipment arrived July 22, from
Freeport.

GOOSEBERRIES.

Champion. Grawburg Superior, Puyallup,

Downing, Houghton, Pale Red,

Early Golden, Industry, Triumph.

Early Orange, Mountain Seedling,

Number of shipments received 19

" quarts received 146

" varieties exhibited 11

" " Northern District 5

" " Central District 2

" Southern District 5

—4

46

Gooseberries were first sent in by the Marion County Hor-
ticultural Society, on June 4; the last shipment came from Du-
Page county, July 15. The Downing and Houghton seem to
be the most generally planted.

PERSIMMONS.
Early Golden, Native Wild.

Number of shipments 10

" quarts received 200

" varieties exhibited 2

Attention is directed to this fruit under the head of Gen-
eral Remarks.

PAWPAWS.

Number of shipments received 5

" baskets received 12

QUINCES.

Orange, Pear, Rea.

Number of shipments received .... 27

" peck baskets received 105

" varieties exhibited 3

Varieties from Northern District 0

" " Central District 2

" " Southern District 3

The crop of quinces was a good one and many fine speci-
mens were received.

PLUMS.

Botan, Miner, Sloe,

Damson, Marianna, Wild Goose,

Forest Rose, Neverfail, Yellow Chickasaw,

Green Gage, Ogan, Yellow Gage.

Lombard, Robinson,

Number of shipments 43

" quarts on exhibition 481

' ' varieties on exhibition 17

Varieties from Northern District 4

" " Central District 4

" " Southern District 12

Plums constituted no small part of the display and came
from all sections, although much the largest number of ship-
ments came from the south end of the State. The first ship-
ment arrived July 3.

47

PEACHES.

Amelia, Family Favorite,

Nanticoke,

Amsden, Fox's Seedling,

Old Mixon Free,

Alexander, George IV,

Old Mixon Cling,

Almond Cling, Gen. Lee,

Park's Cling,

Bird's Beauty, Globe,

Picquet's Late,

Burr's Smock, Gov. Garland,

Red River,

Bequet, Hyatt,

Reave's Favorite,

Burrows, Honest John,

Red Rareripe,

Champion, Hyslop,

Red Heath,

Christiana, Heath Cling,

Ringold,

Catherine (cling), Heath Free,

Stevens' Rareripe,

Cabin, Jenny Lind,

Stickler Cling,

Compton's Pure Gold, Jersey Mixon,

Smock,

Chinese Cling, Lock's Late,

Silver Medal,

Chair's Choice, Late Admirable,

Stump,

Crawford Seedling, Lemon Cling,

Terrel,

" Late, Lillian,

Thurber,

" Early, May Beauty,

Troth's Early,

Early Harvest, Mamie Ross,

Talbot's Seedling,

" York, Mountain Rose,

Texas Ranger,

" Tillotson, My Choice,

Ward's Late,

" Barnard, Missouri Mammoth,

Wheatland,

Ede, Miss Brett,

Yellow Globe,

Elberta, Magnum Bonum,

Yellow Stump.

Fleet St. John, Mammoth Golden,

Number of shipments received

3

" packages, 1,145; reduced to

bushels 3

" varieties exhibited

Varieties from Northern District

" " Central District

" " Southern District. .

75
0
5

74

Peaches were on the table from the 20th of June to the
close of the Exposition. The Alexander and Amsden varieties
were the earliest shown. For length of time on exhibition,
largest display, and quality of fruit, Illinois had reason to be
proud of her peach display. The largest number of ship-
ments were made of the following named varieties in the order
mentioned, viz. : Thurber, Late Crawford, Ede, Old Mixon,
Elberta, Early Crawford, Stump, Smock, Mountain Rose, and
Troth's Early. No peaches were sent in from the Northern
District, and but few varieties from the central part of the
State.

48

Beurre Gifford,
" D'Anjou,
" Clairgeau,
" Superfine.
" Gaubault,

Diel,
" Bosc,

Bloodgood,

Bartlett,

Brandywine,

Belle Lucrative.

Buffam,

Bessamanka,

Clapp's Favorite,

Cooper's Early,

Duchess,

PEARS.

Doyenne Boussack,

Due d'Brabant,

Due d'Bordeaux,

Early Harvest,

Everlasting,

Edmunds,

Frederick Clapp,

Flemish Beauty,

Garber

Harvest Belle,

Howell,

Horn's Seedling,

Japan Golden Russet

Koonce,

Keiffer,

Lawrence,

Longworth No. 1,

Louise B. de Jersey,

Le Conte.

Mikado,

Onondaga,

Richardson,

Summer Doyenne,

Summer Belle,

Seckel,

Sheldon,

St. Germain,

Tyson,

Winter Nellis,

White Doyenne.

CROP OP 1892.

Variety, Keiffer, Central District, 5 bushels; Southern
District, 1 bushel; placed in cold storage September 1892, ex-
hibited July, 1898.

CROP OF 1893.

Number of shipments received 385

" bushels received 371

" varieties exhibited 44

Varieties from Northern District 2

" " Central District 8

" " Southern District 35

Pears were a fair exhibit and very creditable to the State.
In the extreme southern portion the fruit was more or less
covered with a seeming mould or fungus growth which was no
doubt due to the unfavorable spring. The smoothest speci-
mens came from Madison county. The first shipment coming
from Centralia, was received July 3, and were of the Early
Harvest variety. Varieties of which the largest number
of shipments were received are: Bartlett, Howell, Duchess,
Seckel, Sheldon, D'Anjou, and Le Conte, in order named.

49

Baldwin,
Ben Davis,
Belleflower,
Domine,
Gilpin,

Golden Russet,
Grimes' Golden,

Am. Golden Russet,

Am. Som. Pearmain,

Autumn Swaar,

Baldwin,

Belleflower,

Ben Davis,

Benoni,

Brown's Beauty,

Cranberry Pippin,

Grain's Spice,

Cornell's Fancy,

Colvert,

Chronicle,

Cache.

Dyer,

Duchess of Oldb'g,

Early Harvest,

Egyptian Queen,

Fall Pippin,

Fourth of July,

APPLES.

Fruit grown in 1892.
Jonathan,
King of Tomp's Co.,
Northern Spy,
Rawles' Janet
Rome Beauty,
Stark,
Shackelford,

Snow,

Talman's Sweet,
Wealthy,
Willow,
Wolf River,
Wiley Sweet,
Winesap.

APPLES, CROP OF 1893.

Fink,

Grimes' Golden,
Gloria Mundi,
Golden Sweet,
Golden Russet,
Hocking,
Jonathan,
Lady Sweet,
Limber Twig,
Lowell,
Lawver,
Maiden's Blush,
Melon,
Mother,
Northern Spy,
Pewaukee,
Penn. Redstreak,
Pennock,
Pound Sweet,
Rome Beauty.

CROP OP 1892.

R. Island Greening,
Red Astrachan,
Roxbury Russet,
Red Win. Pearmain,
Rawles' Janet,
Royal Red,
Red Beitiogheimer,
Red June,
Sheepnose,
St. Lawrence,
Smith's Cider,
Summer King,
Shockley,
Twenty Ounce,
Thompson's Sweet,
W. W. Pearmain,
Winesap,
Winter May,
Yellow Transparent.

Placed in cold stor-age, fall of 1892, by the Horticultural
Society of Central Illinois, varieties, 11; amount, barrels. 21

By the Horticultural Society of Southern Illinois, varieties,

15; barrels 67

Total number of varieties 21

bushels 264

CROP OP 1893.

Total number shipments received 158

" " bushels received 212

" " varieties exhibited 71

Varieties from Northern District 11

" Central District 7

" " Southern District. . 47

50

Apples of 1893 first came in on June 20, and were of the
Red Astrachan variety. From that time until the close of the
Fair the apple exhibit was continuously upon the tables and
with the assistance of cold storage, Duchess and Red Astra-
chan were shown as late as the 31st of October. Of course the
apple exhibit was nothing compared to what it would have
been had there been an apple crop, but the committee did
its best to make it as good as could be made under the cir-
cumstances, and many from this State who were familiar with
existing facts expressed themselves as well pleased with the
exhibit and surprised that it was so good as it was.

CRAB APPLES.

Montreal Beauty,
Siberian, large red,

Gen. Grant,
Golden Beauty,
Hyslop,

Number of shipments received. . .
" peck baskets received

" varieties exhibited. ..

Varieties from Northern District,
" " Central District. ..

" " Southern District.

Transcendent,
Whitney's No. 20.

21
25

7
5

Amber Queen,

Aminia,

Ameins,

Amber,

Albert,

Agawatn,

Ann Arbor,

Arkansas,

Alfonse,

Barry,

Black Eagle,

Bacchus,

Brighton,

Beauty,

Black Oriental,

Belvidere,

Brilliant,

Berckman's,

Concord,

GRAPES.

Crevelling,

Champion,

Cottage,

Catawba,

Cynthiana,

Cambridge,

Centennial,

Challenge,

Conqueror,

Clinton,

Cunningham,

Dr. Wiley,

Duchess,

Delaware,

Daisy,

Diana,

Early Victor,

Empire State,

Eldorado,

Elvira,

Early Market,

Eschlemans' No. 9,

Eschlemans' No. 15,

Eschlemans' No. 19,

Eschlraans' No. 26,

Etta,

Eumalan,

Excelsior,

Findley,

Gar Frier,

Goethe,

Golden Queen,

Gaertner,

Gold Coin,

Grein's Golden,

Herbert,

Hartford,

Hermann,

51

Herman Jaeger,

Hero,

Highland,

Hagar,

Hayes, R. B.,

Ida,

Ives,

Ironclad,

lona,

Ideal,

Isabella,

Jewell,

Jewell Seedling,

Jessie,

Jefferson,

Janesville,

Lindley,

Lady Washington,

Lady,

Lightfoot,

Mildred,

Merrimac,

Moore's Diamond,

Moore's Early,

Martha,

Marsala,

Marion,

Mo. Reisling,

Muscadine,

Marsailles,

Moyer,

Marguerite,

Montefiore,

Massasoit,

Mills,

Mason,

Naomi,

Niagara,

Norfolk,

Norwood,

Norton's Virginia,

Noah,

Oporto,

Oriental,

Perkins,

Progress,

Pearl,

Prairie State,

Pocklington,

Purity,

Peter Wiley,

Rogers' No. 5,

Rogers' No. 8,

Rogers' No. 28,

Requa.

Senasqua,

Salem,

Stayman's No. 19,

Triumph,

Uhland,

Ulster Prolific,

Vitus Vinifera No. 1.

Vitus Vinifera No. 2.

Vergennes,

Worden,

Woodruff Red,

Wyoming Red,

Wilder,

Waverly,

Wild.

Number of shipments received 739

" packages received, 1,393; reduced to pounds.. 13, 930
" varieties exhibited 128

Grapes were fine in quality, although the bunches would
have averaged larger if the season had not been so dry. A
most excellent display was made from every district in the
State. The samples sent from Kankakee, Madison, Hancock,
and Pulaski counties deserve special mention on account of
their fine quality. Those from Kankakee county were grown
upon sand hills which were no doubt at one time the shores of
a lake. The first shipment came to hand July 19 and were of
the Tves variety. From that time forward the exhibit was
continuous and was especially noticeable during August, Sep-
tember, and October. The largest number of shipments made
were of the following varieties in the order stated, viz. : Con-
cord, Ives, Norton's Virginia, Perkins, Catawba, Worden,
Delaware, and Wilder. The N. Virginia, Delaware, and Her-
mann were very fine and came mostly from Kankakee county.

52

FRUITS AND NUTS

Of ornamental and wild trees and plants of the State of Illinois, exhib-
ited during the Exposition.

Wild Plum,
Burr Oak,

Shellbark (hickory),
Lilac,

Silver Bell,
Persimmon,
Mag. thompsonii,
Quercus alba,
Carya amara,
Tilia,

Halesia tetreptera,
Wisteria f rutescans,
European Mt. Ash,
Scotch Pine,
English Alder,
Virginia Creeper,
Acer negundo,
Acer platanoides,
Abies excelsa,
Pinus sylvestrus,
Alnus glutinasa,
Ptelia trifoliata,

Celastrus scandeus,
Humulus lupulus,
Berbaris vulgares.
Black Cherry,
Norway Maple,
Catalpa bignanoides

(common catalpa),
Norway Spruce,
Red Cedar,
Hazelnut,
Carnus paniculata,

American Arborvitae
Wild Grape,
Prunus seritina,
Acer dasycarpum
Wistaria,
Juglans nigra,
Pinus strobus,
Thugi occidentalism
Vitis riparia,
White Oak,
Thorn,

Acer saccharinum(sugar Wild Rose,

maple),

Carya specieosae.
Larix europa,
Juniperus virginiana.
Corylus americana,

Black Haw,
Mag. glouca,
Crategus,
Carya alba,
Syringa,

Ampelopsis qunquefolia, ^Esculus ohiense,

Walnut,

Bitternut (hickory),

Elderberry,

Hops,

Quercus macrocarpa, Honey Locust,

Butternut,

Red Oak,

Bitter Sweet,

Basswood,

Barberry,

Magnolia soulan-

geana,
Juglans cinera,

Mag. acuminata,
Quercus rubra,
Sanbucus canadensis,
Viburnum prunifol'm,
Gleditschia triacanthus,
Hemlock,
Catalpa specieosae,
European Larch,

Sumach,

Camel,

Anona triloba,

Buckeye,

White Pine,

Diospyros virginiara

Osage Orange,

Hop Tree,

Rhus glabra,

Pyrus aucuparia,

Madura aurantiaca.

Total number of varieties exhibited, 90.
VARIETIES OF FRUITS BY DISTRICTS.

Northern. Central. Southern. Total.

Crab Apples

Pears

Peaches

Grapes

Strawberries

5

2

0

33

16

Raspberries 14

Blackberries.
Dewberries. .
Currants ....
Gooseberries.
Cherries . . .

Plums

Persimmons.
Quinces..

2
1
9

5
1
4
1

0
Apples 11

5

73
3

1
3
1
1
2

2
4
0
2

18

7

35

74

TOO

15

12

7

1

2

5

4

12

2

3

62

7

46

75

128

26

20

9

1

11

11

5

14

2

3

71

104

131

341

429

53

12IST OF
AVARBS MABE TO ILLINOIS

AT TIIK

WORLD'S COLOMBIAN EXPOSITION

GHIGAG6, 1593.

TO THE STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

For collection of pears.

For collection of grapes.

For collection of peaches and plums.

For collection of apples of the growth of the year 1893.

For continuous display of small fruit during the season.

TO THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF CENTRAL ILLINOIS.
For collection of apples of the growth of the year 1892.

TO THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF SOUTHERN ILLINOIS.
For collection of apples of the growth of the year 1892.

LIST OF EXHIBITORS OF FRttlT IN THE ILLINOIS
EXHIBIT, WORLD'S FAIR, BY DISTRICTS.

Appended is a list of the exhibitors of fruit and counties
represented from the several districts of the State. It will be
noticed that 48 counties out of a possible 102 made shipments
to the exhibit, showing that a large portion of the State was
represented.

NORTHERN DISTRICT.

Princeton, Bureau county — J. G. Bubach, L. R. Bryant,
Arthur Bryant, N. P. Colberg, F. W. Poscharsky & Son, J. A.
Walstrom.

54

Downers Grove, Du Page county — A. B. Austin.
Dixon, Lee county — J. L. Hartwell, J. Lewis, John
Moyer, Daniel Siebert.

Forreston, Lee county — J. H. Ascherman.
Mt. Morris, Ogle county — A. W. Brayton.
Freeport, Stephenson county — H. R. Cotta.
Naperville, Du Page county — Phil. Strubler.
Tiskilwa, Bureau county — S. C. Soverhill.
Marengo, McHenry county — Dr. D. E. Peck.
Carbon Cliff, Rock Island county — Eli Corbin.
Mt. Carroll, Carroll county — Jacob Christian.
St. Anne, Kankakee county — P. A. Bonvallet.
Oswego, Kendall county — S. G. Minkler.
North Harvey, Cook county — A. H. Gas ton.

CENTRAL DISTRICT:.

Bourbon, Douglas county — H. A. Compton.

Champaign, Champaign county — G. W. McCluer, Univer-
sity of Illinois.

Deer Plain, Calhoun county — Jacob Auer.

Farmingdale, Sangamon county — Benjamin Buckman.

Griggsville, Pike county — Mrs. Anderson, George Evans,
W. E. Jones, John Newman, Thomas Phillips, William
Reynolds, Jeff. Smith, Chas. G. Winn.

Hamburg, Calhoun county — William Barber.

Hamilton, Hancock county — Chas. Dadant & Son.

Jacksonville Morgan county — M. Baldwin, H. L. Doan,
A. L. Hay.

Mt. Gilead, — — John Menott.

Normal, McLean county — Henry Augustine.

Oconee, Shelby county — E. Bass, B. G. Sloan.

Onarga, Iroquois county — H. H. Clark.

Savoy, Champaign county — H. M. Dunlap.

Waverly, Morgan county — H. M. Miller.

Warsaw, Hancock county — E. J. Alberg, C. Bott, T. J.
Blake, John Bonnefon, George Cress, A. Dross, E. Gumble, J.
T. Johnson, J. Lamet, J. A. McKee, Aug. Pierrot, H. R.
Peterson, Phil. Roth, A. H. Worthen.

55

SOUTHERN DISTRICT.

Alton, Madison county — J. S. Browne, Fred Hayden, E.
Hollister, H. G. McPike, E. A. Riehl, Jacob Smith, Frank
Hoffmeister.

Anna, Union county — E. C. English, J. W. Fuller,
Thomas Hunt, Henry Hileman, H. J. Hileman, J. E. Lupkin,
Mrs. H. M Sanborn, J. E. Tupton, B. L. Walker.

America, Pulaski county — F. E. Hogg, W. Krostinger, H.
Neistraff, Mrs. Mary Steers, H. Wesenburg.

Aikin, Franklin county — J. W. Kraft.

Carbondale, Jackson county — T. W. Thompson, M. M.
Thompson.

Collinsville, St. Glair county — L. Henke.

Centralia, Marion county — Besant Bros., William Bier-
man, John Betts, C. A. Combs, E. S. Condit, A. Doodelitt,
Mrs. Dickerson, fl". S. Fitzgerald, R. G. Fowler, Fisher Bros.,
S. C. Garrison, A. M. Johnson, William Kent, F. Kohl, Henry
Kurth, Frank Klein, C. D. Kelly, Leron Larch, F. P. Miller,
G. H. Perrine & Son, J. W. Shipworth, Mary Stensey, W. W.
Scott, Lela Scott, C. E. Townsend & Son, James Wade, C. H.
Webster, A. W. Webster, John Kinsey, John Kinsey Jr., R.
D. Oxley, Jabez Webster.

Cobden, Union county— G. W. Clark, E. N. Clark, Thomas
Dubois, T. E. Goodrich, I. G. Goodrich, Lamar Bros.

Cairo, Alexander county — Mrs. W. P. Gilbert, Mrs. C. F.
Gallagher, W. P. Halliday, Mrs. Charles Pink, Mrs. W. Rit-
tenhouse, C. E. Tuttle.

Carmi, White county — Daniel Berry.

Dix, Jefferson county — B. F. Wimberly.

Eppworth, Wayne county — J. R. Pomeroy.

Eldorado, Saline county — G. Martin.

Fairman, Marion county — C. P. Harker.

Fairfield, Wayne county — John Berg, F. B. Bronson,
George B. Carter, Nathan Sidwell, Oliver Holmes.

Farina, Fayette county — J. R. Dunham.

Godfrey, Madison county — James Davis, William Hynd-
man, J. M. Pearson.

Huey, Clinton county — R. W. Neil.

Jonesboro, Union county — Chester Atwood,D. W.Karriker.

56

Joppa, Massac county — A. R. Parker, Burton Sexton,
Frank Tupper.

Kinmundy, Marion county — E. G. Mendenhall, Thomas
Thompson.

Makanda, Jackson county — W. H. Brandon, J. B. Rob-
erts, E. T. S. Lieb, J. S. Shepherd, J. S. & J. E. Springer,
B. L. Wiley.

Mt. Erie, Wayne county — J. J. Carson.

Mill Creek, Johason county — J. H. Poole.

Mt. Vernon, Jefferson county — George W. Evans.

Metropolis, Massac county — Mrs. C. E. Cutting, A. M.
Dean, A. Davidson, C. A. Duncan, D. H. Freeman, Mrs. Chas.
Horst, A. M. Kennedy, J. Peck, W. K. Peters, D. Risinger.
James D. Storey, B. Sexton.

Neoga, Cumberland county — H. Aldrich, M. S. Wallace,
J. T. Wallace.

Nokomis, Montgomery county — I. G. Hubbard.

New Burnside, Johnson county — W. J. Casper, Thomas
F. McCabe, F. M. Wright.

Sandoval, Marion county — W. J. Stiles.

Tonti, Marion county — A. Cope & Son, B. W. Gruendike.

Upper Alton, Madison county — Jacob Smith.

Villa Ridge, Pulaski county — E. J. Ayers, W. W. Ather-
ton, James Bayhill, William Cain, L. F. Grain, G. W. Endi-
cott, C. O. Forsythe, Galbraith Bros., G. H. Graves, Thomas
Hasler, W. E. Harrington, H. Hogendobler, T. W. Haines,
M. L. Hillman, H. Johnson, P. H. Krohl, J. H. Kinker, E. B.
Kennedy, D. B. Kennedy, Dwight Lewis, JohuLimbert, W. P.
Minnich, A. Pollock, William Parker, B. A. Royal, Roach Bros.,
Mrs. S. Silver, R. Wellson, Geo. Gould & Sons, L. Redden.

Walnut Hills, Marion county — E. F. Carpenter.

Fairfield, Wayne county — Oliver Holmes.

Centralia, Marion county — R. D Oxley, J. Kinsey, Sr.

EXHIBITORS OF NEW FRUITS.

GEORGE GOULD & SONS, Villa Ridge. — Exhibited the
Koonce pear, which was pronounced by competent judges to
be of good quality, and can surely be recommended for trial.

c

70

59

I. G. HUBBARD, Nokomis, are the originators of the
Champion peach, specimens of which they sent to the exhibit.
They were among the largest received, and of excellent qual-
ity. The pit is small, compared with the size of the peach,
and the flesh is therefore very deep. Worthy of trial.

J. G. BUBACH, Princeton. — Exhibited some fine specimens
of the Curtis strawberry.

A. H. G-ASTON, of North Harvey. — The Grawburg Super-
ior gooseberry. Berry of large size.

H. AUGUSTINE, Normal. — The Hero and other grapes.

JAMES T. JOHNSON, Warsaw. — The Neverfail plum; said to
bear good crops with scarcely a failure. Originated in Han-
cock county.

C. H. WEBSTER, Centralia. — The Lawton, Jr., blackberry.

E. A. RIEHL, Alton. — The Early Golden persimmon, which
attracted a great deal of attention, and was highly commended
by all as a valuable new fruit. Ripens before frost. Origi-
nated near Alton.

JACOB CHRISTIAN, Mt. Carroll. — The Prairie State grape.
A white grape of good quality.

GENERAL REMARKS.

The Illinois fruit exhibit demonstrated to the careful ob-
server that the State is adapted to a very wide range of fruit
products, and that, owing to the extreme length of the State
north and south, the season of fresh fruits in the markets, of
any given kind, is very long, insuring to the inhabitant of the
State a choice of green fruits of many kinds during a pro-
longed season. While other states showed, in some instances,
larger specimens of fruit of certain kinds, none could be said
to surpass those of Illinois in quality. No farmer in the State
of Illinois need be without small fruits in his garden who
makes a fair use of his opportunities, as small fruits will grow
and produce abundantly in every section of the State.

Peaches for market are confined to the south half of the
State, as a rule, but often good crops are bad north of that line.

Persimmons grown as far north as Bureau county, and ex-
hibited at the Fair, demonstrated that that excellent fruit will
grow much farther north than was supposed possible. The va-

60

riety "Early Golden" persimmon, from the vicinity of Alton,
ripens before frost and is certainly destined to become a fa-
vorite market fruit. Horticulturists in the south half of the
State should give this excellent fruit their attention with a
view of supplying the market with the same, for undoubtedly
there is a promising future for it. Let us not make the mis-
take of chasing after foreign fruits of poor quality to the neg-
lect of our own native fruits of superior merit. Not many
years ago bananas were as scarce in the markets as are per-
simmons today.

Pawpaws, which grow wild in Central and Southern Illi-
nois, were by many visitors who tasted them considered very
fine, and wonder was expressed that they were not to be had
in the markets.

In conclusion, it can be truthfully said that the exhibit of
Illinois fruits at the Fair attracted the attention of interested
people from this and foreign countries, and the good results,
while they cannot be figured up today in dollars and cents, yet
it is unquestionably true that the exhibit will be worth to the
State many times its cost, and it would have been very unfor-
tunate indeed had it not been made. Its benefits will be seen
in the increased demand for Illinois fruits, especially of apples,
both in our domestic and foreign markets. Many times was
the remark made that the observer was not before aware that
Illinois was such a great fruit state, and this shows that the
exhibit made a lasting impression upon the mind of the visitor.
We do not doubt but that many will be induced to buy fruit
lands that never would have thought of it except for this
exhibit; and many, now citizens of the State, convinced that
fruit growing can be made profitable, will engage in the same.
But outside of the pecuniary benefit to be derived hereafter, it
was certainly very gratifying to Illinois horticulturists to be
permitted to show their products alongside those of other
states and countries at the great Columbian Exposition of
1893, and the thanks of the fruit growers of the State are cer-
tainly due to the Legislature for furnishing the means for car-
rying on the exhibit.

61

STATISTICS

OF

GROWING IN ILJLINOIS.

The system of gathering the statistics of yield of the fruit
grown is very crude and amounts to but little beyond guess-
work. The average farmer who has an orchard of a hundred
or more trees does not generally know how many bushels of
apples his trees produced, and it is seldom that even the com-
mercial orchardist has complete figures of his sales. No
account is taken of the tens of thousands of fruit trees in the
small cities and villages, and we believe that we speak within
the bounds of reason when we say that not one-fourth the pro-
duct is returned by the assessors. The statistics which we
supply below are those gathered from the assessors' reports,
which we know are by no means complete, and which give
probably not to exceed one-fourth the value of the fruit sold.
We do not, therefore, submit them with a view of showing the
immensity of the fruit yield in the State, but to call attention
to what basis we have for the statements made in the pages of
this book. The reader will observe that there is nothing said
of the yield of raspberry, blackbengu currant, gooseberry,
plum, cherry, quince, or persimmon ; "which taken together
must have equaled in value twice ove^, .hat given for straw-
berries. It may also be wise to note tjj#t taking the whole
State, the crop of fruit grown in 1892 .vas far below an aver-
age one; in fact, apples, peaches, and pears did not yield half
an average.

Table showing the returns of fruit by the assessors for
the years 1891 and 1892, together with the value for both
years:

62

NORTHERN ILLINOIS.

1891. Value. 1892. Value.

Apples, bushels 1,232,132 $1,626,414 166,626 $221,231

Peaches, bushels 13,494 26,950 6,134 12,558

Grapes, pounds 742,378 29,640 486,710 19,145

Wine, gallons 43,750 42,890 27,858 27,106

Strawberries, value 27,106 20,405

$1,753,000 $300,445

CENTRAL ILLINOIS.

Apples, bushels 712,639 $812,408 145,877 $167,395

Peaches, bushels 55,410 88,096 22,051 35,124

Pears, bushels 1,695 2.949 757 1,318

Grapes, pounds 888,061 29,395 654,156 21,699

Wine, gallons 42,248 30,418 21,406 15,534

Strawberries, value 19,491 13,699

J,757 $254,769

SOUTHERN ILLINOIS.

Apples, bushels 1,034,708 $910,543 258,329 $225,845

Peaches, bushels 263,431 355,631 167,295 152,390

Pears, bushels 16,754 18,932 8,084 9.173

Grapes, pounds 288,800 8,981 177.758 5,535

Wine, gallons 19,750 17,779 14,465 13,947

Strawberries, value 138,299 132,075

$1,450,165 $538,965

Total value in entire state, 1891 $4,185,922

Total value in entire state, 1892. . : 1,094,179

ADDITIONAL FRUIT STATISTICS.

The inaccuracy of the above tables is shown by the follow-
ing statement of shipments of fruit taken from the books of
the railroad companies". the records of the various shipping
associations, or comp/^i by intelligent men in the localities
mentioned under th^ Direction of the secretary of the State
Horticultural Society.

Mr. G. W. Endicott, of Villa Ridge, in writing of the in-
correctness of the assessors' statistics above quoted, says:
"I will quote one item alone — 'grapes, grown in 1891 in
Southern Illinois, 288,800 pounds,' or about nine cars of 30,-
000 pounds each, when in fact the railroad company's books
show that ninety (90) cars were shipped from Villa Ridge

63

alone, and from other stations in the county of Pulaski some
fifteen (15) cars more. An aggregate of over 3,000,000 pounds
from Pulaski county, to say nothing of the crop in other large
grape districts of the State." Three million pounds shipped
from one county alone, where the assessors' returns show but
288,800 pounds for the whole State.

The following tables from a few quite widely separated
localities within the State indicate in a small degree what the
value of the fruit crop is in ordinary fruit years, for it must
be remembered that this year of fruit failure is by no means a
fair test of what the results are in a good season.

It also shows that the statistics as taken by the local as-
sessors are very unreliable. The fruit growers are in a meas-
ure responsible for this in not keeping accurate accounts of
the acreage devoted to the fruit plantations on their own
places, and giving them to the assessors when called upon.
We hope, in the interest of fruit growing in Illinois, that a
proper place may be assigned this important industry by the
gathering of more carefully taken statistics on the part of the
assessors. The fact remains, however, that these returns are
made up from statements made to the assessors every spring
by the farmers themselves, and the latter are probably more
to blame than the assessors.

It is impossible to get returns from every county without
incurring great expense, but the following tables will indicate,
to some extent, what has in reality been done in the line of de-
veloping the horticultural interests of the State. It should be
borne in mind that many other counties of the State have
equally large fruit interests, but these are given only for the
reason that persons sufficiently interested could be found to
compile the reports:

NORTHERN ILLINOIS.

BUREAU COUNTY.
(Reported by Arthur Bryant, Princeton.)

This county has about 3,000 acres of apple orchards ; Prince-
ton township has about 25 acres in small fruits and 300 acres

64

in apples. The following statement of growers is taken from
those in the immediate vicinity of Princeton:

J. H. Bryant — 15 acres in apples.

Elmer Waddel — 15 acres in apples.

L. R. Bryant — 10 acres in apples.

Arthur Bryant — 20 acres in apples.

E. P. Lovejoy — 10 acres in apples.

John Kitterman — 10 acres in apples.

G-eo. Childs — 6 acres in apples.

W. N. Mosely — 5 acres in apples.

Mr. Chelman — 5 acres in apples.

O. Beebe, Tiskilwa — 20 acres in apples.
Small fruits —

N. P. Colberg — 5 acres.

C. G. Swanson — 5 acres.

J. G. Bubach — 5 acres.

Other growers — 5 acres.

KANKAKEE COUNTY.
(Reported by O. W. Barnard, Manteno. )

This county has a sandy ridge extending across it that is
well adapted to fruit growing. There are many small fruit and
vegetable growers of from one to ten acres who grow for the
Chicago market. The means for collecting careful statistics of
the above were not at hand, but to show that fruits are grown
for market in Northern Illinois, the following is given as a
sample, and it is only fair to say that in the vicinity of the
larger towns in Northern Illinois many acres are devoted to
small fruits for the local markets.

In Kankakee county the largest growers are:

B. J. Wakeman — Grapes, 1 acre, produced in 1893, 3,500
pounds; raspberries, 5 acres; blackberries, 7 acres; strawber-
ries, 4 acres. Total, 17 acres. Value of product sold, $1,663.

P. A. Bonvallet — Grapes, 20 acres, 45,000 pounds; value,
$1,350.

A. L. Small — Pie-plant, 30 acres, 342,600 pounds; value,
$5,173.

C. W. Pottinger — Strawberries, 4 acres.

65
CENTRAL ILLINOIS.

CHAMPAIGN COUNTY.

Small fruits are grown for the local and Chicago markets
in the vicinity of Champaign and Urbana, on plantations of
from two to ten acres. Number of acres in apple orchards, as
returned by the assessors, over 5,000; the largest fruit farms
in the county are owned by

Geo. Myers, apples, 25 acres.

M. Dunlap & Son, apples, 30 acres.

Henry M. Dunlap — Apples, 225 acres; pears, 2 acres;
cherry, 4 acres; small fruits and grapes, 4 acres.

H. C. Smith — Apples, 15; pears, 10 acres.

PIKE COUNTY.

(Reported by C. G. Winn, Griggsville.)

The following is a partial list of fruits grown in this
county, and acreage devoted thereto:

F. Cadwell & Sons — Apples, 417 acres.

J. R. Williams— Apples, 80.

J. A. Farrand — Apples, 45.

W. Horey — Apples, 40.

Robt. Walker— Apples, 40.

John Wheeler — Apples, 40.

Richard Perry — Apples, 100.

William Perry — Apples, 50.

Geo. Ham — Apples, 30.

W. W. Smith — Apples, 30.

Mrs. R. A. Anderson — Apples, 30.

J. & C. G. Winn— Apples, 25.

R. Allen — Apples, 20.

Mr. Borthy — Apples, 20.

Geo. Westlake — Apples, 20.

Mrs. Wintield — Apples, 20.

John Fenton — Apples, 20.

Jeff. Smith — Apples, 15.

Mrs. Hitch — Apples, 15.

Wm. Check— Apples, 10.

E. S. Parker — Apples, 15.

66

Wood Webster — Apples, 15.
Dr. Stoner — Apples, 12.
H. Sheim — Apples, 5.
Other orchards, estimated, 3,000.
Total, 4,024 acres, or a total of about 20,000 trees.
H. Sheim — Five acres small fruits.

Dr. Skinner — One acre quinces, 3 acres pears, 3 acres
peaches, 5 acres small fruits.

HANCOCK COUNTY.

(Reported by James T. Johnson, Warsaw.)

Gathered from over one hundred fruit growers in the vi-
cinity of the towns of Nauvoo and Warsaw, this county.
Total number of acres of fruit (estimated), 10,000.
Apples, value of crop (in fruit years), $75.000.

THE FOLLOWING FIGURES ARE OF THE CROP OF 1893:

Pears, 2,300 bushels; value $3,000.

Peaches, 7,000 bushels; value, $7,000.

Grapes, 4,000,000 pounds; value, $100,000. Nine carloads
of grapes were shipped from Nauvoo in one day.

Strawberries, 6,000 cases of twenty-four quarts each
(144,000 quarts).

Raspberries, 4,000 cases of twenty-four quarts (90,000
quarts).

Blackberries, 4,500 cases of twenty-four quarts (98,000
quarts).

Value of small fruits noted above, $20,000.

Tomatoes, 75,000 bushels; value, $30,000.

Cucumbers, 75,000 bushels; value, $30,000.

Melons, 300 acres; value of crop, $15,000.

Beans, 2,000 bushels; value, $1,000.

Squashes, value, $1,000.

Irish potatoes, 10,000 bushels; value, $8,000.

Sweet potatoes, 3,000 bushels; value, $2,750.

Onions, 3,500 bushels; value, $2,100.

Pie-plant, 3,000 boxes; value, 3,000.

Cider, 150,000 gallons; value, $15,000.

Wine, 80,000 gallons; value, $32,000.

67

Total value of the products noted above, grown in the vi-
cinity of the two towns mentioned, amounts to $444,850.00.

REMARKS. — Cherries, plums, quinces, sweet corn, aspara-
gus, spinach, and all the other modern products are grown in
liberal quantities for the home market and for canning, pre-
serving, and pickling purposes. The bulk of the above men-
tioned products which are suitable for such purposes find a
ready market at the canning and pickling establishments, of
which there are seven in the territory from which these sta-
tistics are compiled.

SOUTHERN ILLINOIS.

ALTON, MADISON COUNTY.

Horticultural products grown in the vicinity of Alton,
Madison county, as reported by E. A. Riehl, for the year 1893.

Apples, acres in orchards, 100; bushels harvested, 3,250;
value, $2,061.

Pears, acres in orchards, 81; bushels harvested, 3,700;
value, $4,010.

Peaches, acres in orchards, 157; bushels harvested, 11,200;
value, $11,000.

Grapes, acres in vineyards, 35; pounds harvested, 300,000;
value, $5,295.

Small fruits, acres, 193; total value of crop, $12,290.

Asparagus, acres planted, 148; total value of crop,
$13,805.

Among the larger growers near Alton may be mentioned
the following :

Fred Hayden — Pears, 4 acres; peaches, 3 acres; grapes,
11 acres; small fruit, 1£ acres; asparagus, 1 acre. Total, 20£
acres.

B. F. Draper — Apples, 7 acres; pears, 14 acres; asparagus,
34 acres. Total, 55 acres.

Mr. Johnson — Asparagus, 20 acres.

D. W. Collet — Pears, 4 acres; peaches, 3 acres; small
fruits, 5 acres; asparagus, 5 acres. Total, 17 acres.

68

E. Hollister — Pears, 5 acres; peaches, 8 acres. Total, 13
acres.

Mrs. Mullen — Peaches, 3f acres.

Ed. Rogers — Apples, 25 acres; pears, 5 acres; peaches, 2
acres; asparagus, 3 acres. Total, 35 acres.

Wm. Jackson — Pears, 2 acres; peaches, 2 acres; grapes>
1 acre; small fruit, 12 acres. Total, 17 acres.

E. A. Riehl — Apples, 10 acres; pears, 10 acres; peaches,
6 acres; grapes, 4 acres; small fruit, 6 acres; asparagus, 5
acres. Total, 41 acres.

Mrs. I. P. Roberts — Pears, 3 acres; peaches, £ acre;
grapes, 6 acres; small fruit, 3 acres; asparagus, 2£ acres.
Total, 14f acres.

COBDEN, UNION COUNTV.

Fruit shipped from this station for year ending November
1, 1893.

(Reported by T. E. Goodrich.)

Apples, 853 barrels, or six car loads.

Peaches, 12,000 half bushel cases; 500 third bushel boxes;
62,000 one-fifth bushel baskets.

Pears, 5,295 bushels.

Strawberries, 12,133 cases of twenty-four quarts each.

Blackberries, 16,960 cases of twenty-four quarts each.

Raspberries, 9,170 cases of twenty-four quarts each.

Tomatoes, 153,431 half bushel cases; 42,500 one-third
bushel cases; 2,000 one-fifth bushel baskets.

Sweet Potatoes, 22,846 barrels, and 2,375 bushel boxes
and kegs.

Rhubarb (pie-plant), 44,597 bushel boxes.

Spinach, 1,280 bushel boxes. *'

Asparagus, 7,375 one-third bushel boxes.

Onions, 1,400 bushels.

Melons (Cantaloupes), 4,000 bushels; 2,500 half bushel
baskets.

Squash and Cucumbers, 2,650 bushels.

c
t/5

71

ANNA, UNION COUNTY.

The following is a list of fruits and vegetables shipped by
the Anna Fruit Growers' Association during the season of
1893.

(Reported by J. F. Williford, Secretary.)

Apples, 5,000 barrels.

Strawberries, 10,000 cases of twenty-four quarts each.

Tomatoes, 120,000 cases.

Cucumbers, 20,000 baskets.

Melons (Cantaloupes), 60,000 baskets.

Pie-plant, 8,000 bushel boxes.

Beans, 3,000 bushels.

Squashes, 500 baskets.

Sweet Potatoes, 500 barrels.

No. of cars of fruits and vegetables sent out by the Anna
Fruit Growers' Association in 1893, 285; sent by other parties,
15 cars. Total, 300 cars.

HIGHLAND COUNTY.
(Reported by R. T. Fry, Olney.)

With the exception of two or three townships, which are
carefully estimated, these records are from an actual canvass
of the county by townships:

Townshios Apple, Pear, Peach, Grapes, Small Fruits, Total,

Acres. Acres. Acres. Acres. Acres. Acres.

Madison 1,900 200 100 10 107 2,317

Decker 1,400 50 150 12 1,612

Noble ...3,000 300 500 25 3,825

Denver 1.700 60 190 26 1.976

Preston 1,200 155 200 50 13 1,618

German 1,000 20 150 1,170

Claremont 2,000 75 300 2,375

Bonpas 1,500 100 200 100 171 2,071

Olney 4,000 500 700 100 575 5,875

Totals 17,700 1,460 2,490 260 929 22,839

CLAY COUNTY.
(Reported by R. Smith.)

The fruit interests of this county run almost entirely to
apple orchards, of which there are in the county, according to
careful estimates, a total of 30,000 acres. Manv of these

72

orchards are not yet in bearing, being from one to five years
old from the time of transplanting.

The value of the apple crop in this county for 1891 was
estimated at $200,000.

Some of the larger orchards are as follows:

McNair Bros. , 700 acres.

L. B. Parsons, 150 acres.

Thos. Lowry, 150 acres.

Meyer Bros., 150 acres.

JASPER COUNTY.

(Reported by ,1. W. Honey, Newton.)

Estimated plantations of commercial apple orchards is
3,083 acres. No account is made of the numerous orchards
for family use. Besides the apple orchards there are 20 acres
of pears, 20 acres of peaches, 8 acres of quinces, and 5 acres
of raspberries in the county.

The names of the owners of, and areas in acres of the
larger orchards are as follows:

J. W. Honey — Apple, 100; pear, 15; Quinces, 6.

O. S. Scott— Apple, 100.

G. W. Fithian — Apple, 90; peaches, 10.

W. R. Carrico — Apple, 50.

L. Matthews — Apple, 50.

W. Beatty— Apple, 60.

T. R. Barker— Apple, 60.

Adam Pranks — Apple, 50.

P. Jackson — Apple, 40; quinces, 2.

Wm. Mason — Apple, 40.

J. J. Keavin — Apple, 40.

D. Adams — Apple, 40.

G. A. Lemey — Apple, 40.

N. Carter — Apple, 40.

Mr. Gedded — Apple, 40.

H. Kendall— Apple, 40.

G. W. Guess— Apple. 40.

Merrick Bros. — Apple, 80.

Mr. Freeman — Apple, 40.

J. J. Trexlar— Apple, 40.

73

MARION COUNTY.

(Reported by J. G. Vaughan, Odin.)

Apples Pears. Peaches. Cherries.

T/->\i7TioVilr>a t*3 CO so CO CO t/j CO GO

lownsDips. m QJ <xi a> ^ m aj03™*5

Centralia ........ 120,000 1,815 8,600 47 95,000 633 6,000 40 678

Sandoval ........ 65,600 1,313 8,046 54 12,834 86 78

Salem ........... 108,950 2,119 1,850 12 8,270 54

Stevenson ....... 81,710 1,635 1,775 11 9,450 63

Tonti ........... 81,885 1,638 5,862 40 6,630 44

Alma ____ ........ 76,000 1,520 6,200 41 60,000 400 4,000 27 62

Kinmundy ...... 42,200 845 2,000 13 6,000 40 5,500 37 94

Carrigan ........ 37,895 758 1,540 10 11,960 80

Haines .......... 43,250 841 1,100 8 11,000 74 10

Total 657,49012,54436,973236221,1441,47415,500 104 922

The larger apple orchards are as follows:

Marshall Bros., 240 acres.

Schwartz Bros., 200 acres.

James Telford, 420 acres.

Hugh & Steele, 250 acres.

Storment Bros., 210 acres.

CENTRALIA, MARION COUNTY.

(Reported by N. W. Spencer, of the Fruit Shippers' Association.)

Apples — In 1889, 30,000 barrels, two hundred carloads,
were shipped from this station.

SHIPMENTS MADE IN 1893.

Apples, fifteen cars, or 2,250 bushels.

Raspberries, five cars, or 4,000 cases of twenty-four pints
each.

Strawberries, 150 cars, or 80,000 cases of twenty- four
quarts each.

Blackberries, five cars, or 2,000 cases of twenty-four
quarts each.

Gooseberries, five cars, or 2,000 cases of twenty-four
quarts each.

Peaches, tomatoes, and vegetables, ten cars of 8,000
packages.

Total number of cars of fruit shipped, 190.

74

REMARKS.

r~\ROBABLY no portion of the State has a larger acreage
/T| in orchards than that section of which Marion, Clay,
\— * Richland, Jasper, Effingham, Wayne, and Cumberland
counties form a part. The setting of orchards in this locality
has proceeded with astonishing rapidity during the past five
years. These young orchards will begin to come into bearing
this season, and in the course of five years more this section of
the State will have made a name for itself in the apple markets
of the world.

Take the partial statistics for the counties of Richland,
Clay, Jasper, and Marion, as here given, with a total of about
70,000 acres; with 50 trees to the acre this would amount to
3,500,000 trees. At an age of ten years these trees are capable
of bearing on an average of ten bushels of apples to the tree,
making a total for these four counties, of 35,000,000 bushels,
or 11,700,000 barrels; or, to reduce to carloads, we would
have 60,000 cars. Think of this for a moment, 2,000 train
loads of 30 cars each, and we have a faint idea of what the
future of Illinois orchards, taken for the whole State, will be.
These counties by no means monopolize the apple lands of the
State, for many other counties follow them closely in the acre-
age devoted to apple growing.

The orchards are planted mainly to a limited number of
varieties that are proven to be well adapted to the several
localities, and being no longer an experiment we can look for-
ward confidently to the future of these orchards with a feeling
that they will not disappoint their owners so far as production
of fruit is concerned.

The figures to which attention has been called are startling
in the extreme, and if the owners are not wide awake they are
liable to find themselves in the possession of a large crop with
no provision made for a market for the product.

75

The Illinois fruit exhibit did much toward calling attention
to the fact that this is a great fruit State, and buyers from
other nations as well as from other states of this nation, were
undoubtedly impressed with the truth of the statement that
Illinois is an immense apple district, growing choice fruit for
all the great markets of the world; and, having their attention
thus called to it, buyers will seek this State to supply their
needs.

It will be necessary to study the question of caring for the
surplus product of the orchard by evaporation, jellies, cider,
cider vinegar, butters, etc., by the establishment of mills for
the purposes named in every county where apples are grown
in large quantities.

Pears are being planted extensively in the counties of
Madison, Pulaski, Union, Jefferson, Marion, and other coun-
ties of Southern Illinois.

Kankakee, Hancock, Madison, and Pulaski counties are
noted for their fine grapes, from which wine is extensively
manufactured. They are grown however almost equally as
well in every county of the state.

Peaches are grown for market in the whole southern half
of the State, but probably Union, Pulaski, Gallatin, Jackson,
and Madison counties take the lead in number of orchards and
amount of product.

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UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-URBANA

REPORT OF THE ILLINOIS HORTICULTURAL BOA