Woods Hole Ocecr.oararJii: institution U.S. TREASURY DEPARTMENT - - - COAST GUARD BULLETIN No. 20 INTERNATIONAL ICE OBSERVATION AND ICE PATROL SERVICE IN THE NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN - [l-'g S'o ] MARfNE BIOLOGICAL UBORATO?rr LIBRARY I WOODS HOtE,MA;s>. W. H. 0 1. U. S. TREASURY DEPARTMENT COAST GUARD Bulletin No. 20 INTERNATIONAL ICE OBSERVATION AND ICE PATROL SERVICE IN THE NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN Season of 1930 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON: 1931 TABLE OF CONTENTS Pag* Introduction 1 Narrative of the nine cruises, February 11 to June 15 1 Summary report of the commander, ice patrol 5 Table of ice and other obstructions 7 Weather 21 Radio communications 28 Ice observation 31 Charts of ice and ice drifts, 1930 34 Oceanography 35 Oceanographic charts 39 Table of oceanographic station data 45 (ni) Figure 1.— The scene of the principal activities of tlie International Ice Patrol. Irregular siuded region southeast of the Grand Banks is area within which the ice-patrol vessels cruised during 1930. Tracks "A/' "B,"and"C" are routes.to and from the United States ports. Tracks "D," "E," y.nd " F" are, routes to and from Canadian ports. For complete data relative to the North Atlantic lane routes consult the special charts and publications of the United States Hydrographic Office and of the British Admiralty INTRODUCTION This pamphlet deals soleh' with the 1930 International Ice PatroL Tlie text is shorter than that of recent ice patrol bulletins, but the figures, especially the surface isotherm charts, show more detail than: usual. Ice, weather, and other conditions that prevailed southeast of Newfoundland during the spring and early summer of 1930 are systematically outlined. The arrangement of the subject matter is similar to that which has been followed for a number of years. This makes for ease in comparing one year's conditions with another's. Indeed, the whole 1930 International Ice Patrol was carried out in accordance with what might be called the standard practice. During the season the United States Coast Guard cutters Mojave and Modoc, each made four cruises to the ice regions and the Tampa made one. Capt. Cecil M. Gabbett, in addition to being in command of the Mojave, was commander, International Ice Patrol. Lieut, Commander N. G. Ricketts, was detailed to remain with the patrol throughout the entire season. He transferred from ship to ship at sea and acted as an aide in ice patrol matters to the commanding officers of the patrol vessels, accumulating at the same time the data found in this report. Figure 1, facing this page, shows the region in which the Inter- national Ice Patrol operates. It also show^s those portions of the principal steamship tracks that benefit most from the patrol's regular radio ice information broadcasts. CRUISE REPORTS ICE OBSERVATION CRUISE, "TAMPA," FEBRUARY 11-27 Icebergs in 1930 appeared off the Grand Banks of Newfoundland very much earlier than usual. Accordinglj', on February 11, the Tampa left Boston, Mass., in obedience to orders from United States Coast Guard headquarters, to make an ice observation cruise. The Tampa reached the Tail of the Grand Banks 48 days earlier in the year than the first ice-patrol vessel did in 1929, but nevertheless ice conditions were found to be so menacing that it was deemed advisable to establish at once the regular 1930 patrol service. The lampa searched for ice, collected ice and other information from shipping,, and broadcast detailed summaries of conditions in the usual manner until she was relieved of the patrol duty b}' the Mojave on February 27, (1) Figure 2 shows in detail various conditions that existed during the ice-observation cruise. The track of the Tampa, while on patrol duty, is shown by a light line with arrows to indicate the direction of her run. The isotherms are based on numerous radioed reports of surface water temperatures from cooperating vessels, as well as on the observations made by the Tampa. All ice sighted or reported during the cruise is plotted. The figures appearing near the ice symbols denote the dates of the reports or observations. THE FIRST CRUISE, "MOJAVE," FEBRUARY 27-MARCH 12 In obedience to orders from United States Coast Guard headquar- ters, the Mojav^e left Boston, Mass., on ice-patrol duty on February 23, 1930. The Tampa was met just west of the Tail of the Grand Banks and relieved on February 27. Thereafter a close watch on the southern limits of the ice was maintained, and all the usual ice- patrol work was performed until the evening of March 12, when the Modoc took over the patrol. Figure 3 shows in detail the distribution of ice and surface-water temperatures during the cruise. Very few reporting vessels crossed the Grand Banks north of the forty-fourth parallel. It is probable, therefore, that considerable unreported ice existed between Flemish Cap and the vicinity of Cape Race, Newfoundland. THE SECOND CRUISE, "MODOC," MARCH 12-26 The Modoc departed from Boston, Mass., on International Ice Patrol duty on March 9, 1930. She relieved the Mojave on March 12 and maintained the patrol in the usual manner until March 26. Figure 4 gives in detail most of the important patrol conditions that prevailed during the second cruise. It can be noted that the southern limits of berg drift pushed southward of where they were during the preceding cruise. There was probably considerable un- reported ice in the region between Cape Race and Flemish Cap, for, as was the case during the preceding cruise, very few cooperating vessels crossed the Grand Banks north of the forty-fourth parallel. THE THIRD CRUISE, "MOJAVE," MARCH 26-APRIL 10 The Mojave carried on the third cruise between the dates noted above, observing the ice and surface-water temperature conditions depicted in detail in Figure 5. The southwestern limits of ice drift temporarily retreated northward. To the eastward of the limits of the ice patrol chart, however, one of the bergs that was followed during the preceding cruise crossed the "B" United States-Europe tracks. Very few cooperating vessels crossed the regions between Flemish Cap and Cape Race, Newfoundland; once more, therefore, Plate I. — A berg with peculiar projections. Both the one on the berg proper and the one sep- arated from the berg by a narrow strip of water show evidences of former water lines Plate II.— The diagonal band running from left to right through the middle part of this berg is a typical blue streak. These deep blue bands of clear ice were once cracks in the Greenland ice cap. They became filled up with water which froze and formed a different sort of ice from the usual bubble-filled kind made of compressed snow Plate III.— Portion of a berg that was closely approached. Note roughening of the surface just above the water line where the swells carry salt water up and down over the ice Plate IV. — A very large berg as seen from the crow's nest. Note how the swells surge over the ice ledges and make disturbed water conditions at many points about this berg the ice reports from the extreme northern part of the ice-patrol area were few in number. During tliis cruise the total number of water-temperature reports received by radio increased markedly, showing that cooperation from shipping had attained its usual mid-season form. THE FOURTH CRUISE, "MODOC," APRIL 10-24 Figure 6 depicts the ice and surface water temperature conditions which the Modoc found to be prevailing about the Grand Banks between April 10 and 24. No ice menaced the " B " tracks to and from the United States. Early in the cruise, the Canadian tracks were moved northward from "D'' to "E." This action sent two streams of reporting vessels across the area between Flemish Cap and the Grand Banks and enabled the patrol to have more definite information relative to ice conditions in the northern part of the patrol area than earlier in the year. It became apparent that the number of icebergs between the forty-sixth and forty-ninth parallels was about the aver- age for April. South of the forty-sixth parallel, however, the icebergs were distinctly deficient in number. This deficiency had been noted during the two preceding cruises. No field ice whatever was reported from the Grand Banks region during this cruise. The very early disappearance of the flat ice was thought to presage the early ending of the southerly drift of icebergs to the Tail. An extremely early ending of the berg season did, in fact, take place, as will be found by comparing the monthly ice maps contained in this pamphlet with the similar ice maps published in the issues of previous years. THE FIFTH CRUISE, "MOJAVE," APRIL 24-MAY 9 The fifth cruise is graphically depicted by Figure 7. One berg was caught in a well-developed push of cold water south of the Tail. It was carried southeastward across the "B" tracks to and from the United States. The Mojave watched the southernmost bergs as closely as possible, depending as usual upon reports from cooperating vessels for information relative to ice north of the forty-fourth parallel. THE SIXTH CRUISE^ "MODOC," MAY 9-24 Figure 8 shows the conditions which confronted the Modoc during the sixth cruise. The southeasternmost berg of the preceding cruise was reported several times before it finally melted in the vicinity of 41° 30' N., 46° 30' W. A strong push of cold water developed east of the Tail between the forty-third and forty-fourth parallels. This push took one berg across the principal westbound "B" tracks to the United States. ^■&.ia^> There were remarkably few bergs off the eastern edge of the Grand Banks. This failure of berg supply, as much as anything else, caused the extraordinarily ice-free conditions that were enjoyed south of the forty-sixth parallel throughout the remainder of the season. THE SEVENTH CRUISE, "MOJAVE," MAY 24-JUNE 7 See Figure 9 for the surface isotherm and the iceberg conditions that prevailed during the seventh cruise. The southeasternmost bergs melted early in this last 1930 cruise of the Mojave. After May 29 no ice was sighted or reported south of the region of the Cape Race, or "F" steamship tracks. During good visibility the Mojave carried out search for ice up to latitude 47° 40' N., in the cold current off the eastern edge of the Grand Banks, but could locate no bergs or growlers. THE EIGHTH CRUISE, "MODOC," JUNE 7-13 See Figure 10 for surface isotherm and iceberg condition prevailing during the 8th cruise. The Modoc searched a large area between the westbound "B" tracks and the Tail of the Banks, but found no ice. The only reports of ice received were from vessels on the Cape Race, or "F" tracks. On the evening of June 10 the ice patrol was dis- continued in obedience to a radiogram from Coast Guard head- quarters. The Modoc arrived at Boston, Mass., on June 15, 1930. ^"^^^^ %j^jy^y «0 se ^- SERSS. o-sRowLEHs. FEBRUARY II -2.7, W30. ffVV- FIELD ICE. SHOWING SEA-WATER TEMPERATURES AND VARIOUS CONDITIONS IN VICINITY GRAND BANKS J^O TEMPERATURE REPORTS. FiouEE 2.— Surface temperatures and other conditions. February U-27, 1930 187^2—31. (Face p. 4.) No. 1 -^v^ : 1 1 i -rr^-i Vfe^^^-'^y^-^^^W'^^^^^ Ls jl- seros. o -growlers. MfV-?IELO ICE. FEBRUARY 27- MARCH 1^, H30. GENERAL CHART COVERINO ICE PATROL SHOWING SEA-WATER TEMPERATURES AND VARIOUS CONDITIONS IN VICINITY GRAND BANKS ISOTHERMS BASED ON 780 TEMPERATURE REPORTS. FiatJRE 3.— Surface temperatures and other conditions. Febraary 27 to March 12, 1 18732—31. (Face p. 4.) No. 2 CO S3 Sa ST S6 59 GENERAL CHART COVEIRIISO ICE PATROL ^- BERSS o-sRowuEBs. MARCH \Z-Zi,, H30. SHOWING SEA-WATER TEMPERATURES AND VARIOUS CONDITIONS IN VICINITY ISOTHERMS BASEt? ON GRAND BANKS 7-^0 TEMPERATURE REPORTS. FiansE 4.— Surface temperatures and other conditions. March 12-26, 1930 18732—31. (Face p. 4.) No. 3 Figure 5.— Surface temperatures and other conditions. March 26 to April JO, 1930 18732—31. (Face p. 4.) No. 4 t>)S IS ^10 "i-.J *>* -<*, ^- BERaS. O -GROWLERS. l\V-riCLO ICE. APRIL 10-24, mo. GENERAL. CHART coveRl^40 ICE PATROL SHOWING SEA-WATER TEMPERATURES AND VARIOUS CONDITIONS IN VICINITY GRAND BANKS ISOTHERMS BASED ON ']i>d TEAAPERATURE REPORTS. Figure 6.— Surface temperatures and other conditions. April 10-24, 1930 18732 — 31. (Face p. 4.) No. 5 FiauBB 7.— Surface temperatures and other conditions. April 24 to May 9, 1930 18732—31. (Face p. 4.) No. « / ■^- BERSS. O-SR0WLER8. llMl- FIELD ICE. GENERAL CHART MAY <^-2A, 1^30. ICE°PAfROL SHOWING SEA-WATER TEMPERATURES AND VARIOUS CONDITIONS IN VICINITY ISOTHERMS BASED ON GRAND BANKS 1^00 TEMPERATURE REPORTS. FiouHE 8.— Surface temperatures and other conditions. May 9-24, 1930 18732—31. (Face p. 4.) No. 7 ^- BERSS. O -GROWLERS. I'M- FIELD ICE. MAY Z4-JUNE 7. H30. SHOWINS SEA-WATER TEMPERATURES AND VARIOUS CONDITIONS IN VICINITY OENERAl- CHART COVEIRINO ICE PATROL GRAND BANKS ISOTHERMS BASED ON flIO TEMPERATURE REPORTS. FiotiRE 9.— Surface temperatures and other conditions. May 24 to June 7, 1930 18732 — 31. (Face p. 4.) No. 8 \ /\ H^ maaam$mmmm I : J J ' Figure 10.— Surface temperatures and other conditiois. June 7-13, 1930 18732—31. (Face p. 4.) No. SUMMARY REPORT OF THE COMMANDER INTERNATIONAL ICE PATROL Capt. Cecil M. Gabbett Icebergs began to be reported off the eastern edge of the Grand Banks at an imiisually early date in 1930. On February 7 a berg was reported less than 60 miles northeast of the Tail, almost on the westbound tracks then in effect between Europe and the United States. Accordingly the Tampa was sent out from Boston, Mass., on February 11 to make an ice-observation cruise. She found that ice conditions were unusually far advanced for the date, and that an immediate inauguration of the usual ice-patrol work was necessary. The Mojave relieved the Tampa of the ice-patrol duty on February 27, 1930. Thereafter, the Mojave and the Modoc alternately kept up the patrol in the Grand Banks region, searching for ice, collecting ice reports by radio, broadcasting ice information, and carrying out all other activities in accordance with the practice of previous years. In 1930 the ice season about the Grand Banks ended just as it began, extraordinarily early. On June 10 the International Ice Patrol was discontinued in obedience to a despatch from Coast Guard headquarters. Taken as a whole, however, the season was longer than usual, for a continuous patrol in the ice regions was main- tained for 117 days. The number of different icebergs to drift south of Newfoundland between January 1 and August 1, 1930, is estimated at about 470. While this figure is considerably greater than the normal number of 355 bergs, ice conditions were not nearly as severe in 1930 as they were in 1929. There was a marked deficiency of ice south of the Tail of the Grand Banks, as in 1927 and 1928. In 1930, only six different bergs drifted south of the fortj^-third parallel, the latitude of the Tail. This small number can be attributed partly to the unusually small amount of field ice reported this year from southeast of Newfound- land and partly to the narrowness of the southward-flowing cold stream off the eastern edge of the Grand Banks. Both of the above factors in turn doubtless depend upon the winds and the weather conditions that prevailed north of Newfoundland and Labrador dur- ing the preceding winter months. The six bergs that drifted south of the forty-third parallel in 1930 were watched as closely as possible. Some of them were followed by the patrol vessels for many days at a time. Three of these bergs (5) 6 crossed the principal westbound "B" tracks, one southeast and twO' east of the Tail. After May 24 no bergs were sighted or reported, except north of the Grand Banks and along the Newfoundland coast in the vicinity of Cape Race and St. John's. Throughout the season, the usual extension of cold water to the westward around the Tail of the Banks was largely absent. During the 1930 patrol season 67 oceanographic stations were occupied for the purpose of continuing the annual study of currents and subsurface oceanographic conditions. Salinities of all water samples taken at the stations Avere obtained by the electrical con- ductivity method before the discontinuance of patrol, and the sta- tions were at once dynamically calculated in accordance with formulas in Coast Guard Bulletin No. 14. The other main features of the scientific program consisted in tak- ing soundings with the fathometer and in constructing numerous isotherm charts. During the season cooperating vessels sent in by radio 6,097 water temperature reports. These values, combined with those taken from the logs of the patrol ships themselves, permitted the construction of weekly isotherm charts. In addition the usual isotherm chart was made for each 15-day patrol cruise. Such sur- face temperature charts are of great importance to the patrol, consti- tuting the best aids that the patrol at present possesses for predicting the movements of the ice, or for determining its probable distribution at any time. Radio communications were more voluminous in 1930 than in any other year except 1929, which had a longer and a very much heavier ice season. As in previous years, the most gratifying cooperation by radio was had from ship and shore stations. During the 1930 patrol season there were no disasters near the Grand Banks due to collision of ships with ice. A year of safety should not blind the eyes of the shipping world to the slight but real danger of such collision. During times of bad visibility, shipmasters should exercise due care. They should remember that the patrol vessels often experience dense fog for several days at a time. When this occurs their store of up-to-date ice information is at best very meager. Even under the best weather conditions the patrol vessel can broadcast the position of only such ice as has been sighted or reported. There always exists the possibility of unreported ice. During darkness and bad visibility great caution should always be used while running through areas where either past records or present conditions indicate that ice is liable to be found. TABLE OF ICE AND OTHER OBSTRUCTIONS, SEASON OF 1930 Georgia Toronto Albertic Frederick VIII Oscar II. Albertic Oscar II Artenois do.... Jorden Manchester Commerce... Duchess of Atholl. Estonia Qripshohn ___ Greenwich Gripsholm Cairngowan Cleveland Manchester Division ...-do.-.. Minnedosa do Airthria Elsa Vallemore Duchess of Atholl. 1 ----do Gripsholm Kanpholm Tyrifjord Chinepark Doric Manchester Citizen Norefjord .do. Newfoundland. Chickasaw Cairnmona Ragnhildsholm. United States... Cairnross. Schenectady. Lehigh .do. Kings County 47 Washaholm.. 46 Tortugas 47 Bergensfjord. 48 32 47 25 46 39 47 38 46 57 46 39 47 22 47 15 47 15 46 24 46 59 47 15 47 30 47 23 47 15 46 33 47 45 46 45 46 35 46 29 46 46 46 39 47 32 48 00 45 57 45 50 45 51 47 34 48 15 48 03 46 53 47 11 45 36 58 44 157 33 to [56 40 48 35 47 28 46 20 48 02 48 30 to 48 10 48 22 to 48 10 40 to 10 47 28 35 to 26 ft 149 47 (47 1 * 47 27 59 18 18 ) 02 .do 47 07 (48 18 Hellig Olav.... , f. l47 .do., .do-, .do., .do.- .do-. -do., .do. to 47 16 47 55 48 10 47 55 47 56 Korsholm 47 Blairmore 48 .do. (48 00 ■ to [47 20 50 19 52 19 52 36 51 21 52 23 52 50 51 39 51 35 51 30 52 37 52 50 51 47 51 48 51 54 51 57 52 49 49 25 52 10 52 12 52 30 51 52 52 09 51 00 48 40 49 29 49 43 49 21 50 36 49 53 50 04 47 38 46 45 46 14 37 00 40 02 to 42 00 49 15 50 14 47 20 50 24 50 00 to 50 35 49 05 to 49 30 47 10 to 48 40 48 54 47 46 to 48 28 49 06 46 40 46 53 47 22 . to 47 56 48 16 49 23 to 51 15 49 33 50 00 49 48 49 55 50 25 50 39 50 42 47 40 47 43 49 43 to 48 00 Xature of ice or obstruction Berg. Large berg. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Two small bergs. Berg. Small berg. Large berg. Two small growlers. Large berg and two growlers. Large berg and growler. Berg. Large berg. Berg. Do. Large high berg. Berg. Do. Do. Large berg. Berg. Small berg. Do. Very large berg. Large berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Large berg. 8 bergs. Open slob ice. Growler. Field ice, bergs, and growlers. Small berg and growlers. Patches slob ice. [Several patches slob ice. I [Heavy slob ice; large fields and very thick. Large berg. [several long streaks of slob ice. Large berg. Small berg. Large berg. [Broken field ice. Large berg. [Field ice. Large berg. Do. Do. Small berg. Do. Do. Large berg. Field ice and pancake ice. Patches of field ice. [Field ice in heavy patches. Table of ice and other obstructions, season of 1930 — Continued Date No. 1930 Jan. 27 61 28 62 29 63 29 64 29 65 29 66 29 67 30 68 30 69 31 70 31 71 31 72 reb. 1 73 1 74 1 75 1 76 1 77 1 78 3 79 3 80 3 81 •3 82 3 83 3 84 3 85 3 86 3 87 3 88 3 89 3 90 4 91 4 92 4 93 4 94 4 95 4 96 4 97 5 98 5 99 5 100 5 101 5 102 5 103 5 104 5 105 5 106 .5 107 Reported by— Cairnross. -do. Cape Race Station. do .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. Quaker City. Tiger. Cape Race Station. .do_ .do. .do_ .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. -do. .do. do. .do. do.... Ice pntrol. Tiger Toronto do do Ice patrol do do Cape Race Station. do do do Position Lati- tude north Bird City 47 25 46 40 California \{ to 148 50 48 04 Ilsenstein... < to [48 10 do 48 10 do 48 00 Airthria 46 30 (45 58 Saradaj •,' to (46 01 46 00 Boston City { to 46 00 Belgian 46 43 Clairton 43 07 46 45 to 46 38 46 20 to 46 38 46 02 46 25 48 23 to 48 23 47 42 47 42 47 30 47 48 47 30 to 46 35 48 32 to 48 26 48 26 to 48 32 47 45 to 47 33 47 30 47 27 47 21 47 32 47 30 45 26 45 25 17 32 to 46 39 45 27 45 19 14 51 to 44 59 45 32 44 55 48 26 to 46 55 47 55 47 23 47 00 14 30 44 25 45 25 46 02 46 00 Longi- tude west 47 10 47 22 to 47 05 48 19 to 48 00 48 19 48 10 47 30 48 15 to 47 55 47 24 to 47 12 45 40 47 49 51 20 to 52 00 53 30 to 52 00 49 25 46 26 49 32 to 51 10 50 28 48 00 50 50 49 35 49 40 to 53 00 49 46 to 49 59 49 59 to 49 46 49 34 to 50 15 49 55 50 36 50 40 50 00 50 20 47 37 48 06 49 46 to 53 05 48 28 48 29 49 10 to 49 51 48 10 49 10 49 59 to 52 28 47 40 48 00 48 10 48 40 47 47 46 38 48 12 48 30 47 55 47 40 Xature of ice or obstruction Heavy field ice to the north and west. Field ice. Light field ice. Large berg. Small berg. Field ice extending 9 mi. SW. Heavy field ice. Scattered field ice. Berg and growler. Gas and whistle buoy, flashing white every 5 seconds. Light open ice. Very thin ice. 2 growlers, slob ice. Slob ice. Broken slob ice. Thick compact field ice. j 2 small bergs. Large berg. I Berg and patches of field ice. j Close field ice. !>2 small bergs and broken field ice. ^ Small bergs. Field ice thick and compact. Small berg. 2 bergs. j I/arse berp. 2 bergs. 2 growlers. Do. I Small berg. !>Field ice pretty thick and compact. Growler. Large berg, 3 growlers; 2 hergs. 5 growlers. Berg and several growlers. >Broken field ice. Large berg. Small berg. Scattered field ice. 2 bergs. I Berg. ! Do. Field ice thick .nnd compact. Large berg. Two small bergs. Growler. 9 Table of ice and other obsiruclions, seasori of 1930 — ContiiMicir No. 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 157 158 159 IGO 161 162 163 Position Reported by- Cape Race Station, -...do .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. Lati- tude north 44 Longi- tude west r l44 17 25 to 30 45 25 46 18 46 07 45 59 46 04 46 13 .do ' 46 04 do... 46 26 do.. ..I 46 06 do I 46 39 do I 45 02 Ice patrol ..j 44 15 Cape Race Sfition 44 11 do - 44 14 do 45 37 .... do. i 45 37 do 46 52 Nature of ice or obstrucl,io:i 46 47 48 15 to 48 50 47 53 47 47 48 02 48 02 48 02 t7 38 47 56 46 46 (48 10 do { to i[47 14 Muenchen 43 30 Cape Race Station.. 43 34 do ...! 47 08 do 44 58 1(46 47 do. ...\ to l46 38 do I 45 02 do 46 34 do ! 45 48 Ice patrol '44 32 Cape Race Station -J 44 35 do 47 02 do 48 20 do.... 48 19 do 48 38 do 48 49 .do. 1(47 20 I 51 20 [ •{ to I to > I Us 14 I 49 51 I .do. .do. .do- -do- (45 29 U-5 15 43 11 48 23 to 47 40 44 33 do.... .... do...- do.... Westland- Ice patrol. do.... .do. .do i 46 32 46 48 46 33 39 40 46 48 44 34 45 00 to 47 00 45 00 to 47 40 47 40 to 40 45 06 45 00 48 30 48 20 46 32 48 50 46 17 to 47 25 .do. Vdlprato .... Winona County Cape Race Station. do... Winnebago Carplalia Winnebago. l47 46 40 46 10 48 20 48 55 48 53 48 53 48 45 47 53 47 55 48 40 to 48 50 48 58 48 28 45 10 47 48 45 52 to 45 47 48 32 47 05 47 54 48 11 48 09 48 18 49 50 49 52 48 48 48 53 51 20 to 49 51 57 30 to 58 00 53 12 47 45 to 49 05 47 50 47 15 47 09 46 50 53 03 47 09 47 40 48 20 " to 45 00 48 20 to 48 00 48 00 to 52 35 48 15 48 25 49 15 48 50 45 58 48 21 47 32 to 46 57 Large berg. ■Small bergs. Growler. Slob ice. Large berg, 2 growlers. Berg. Do. Do. Slob ice. Berg. Large berg, 1 growler. . Berg. Large berg. 2 growlers. Growler. Do. Berg. Do. Belt of field ice extending soutii ani nortb, 8 miles wide. Large brolien ice field. Berg. Do. Small berg. Growler. 2 bergs and numerous growlers. Growler. Do. Berg. Growlers. Do. Large field soft slush to northwarrl. Small berg. Large berg. Do. Small berg and 2 growlers. ►Slob ice. Heavy field ice. Dark red buoy. J Numerous bergs,, growlers, and much slob- ice. Berg. Slob ice. Berg and field ice. Berg. Schooner derelict "Dorothy Baird." Broken slob ice. Large berg. (Numerous bergs and large quantities oS I field ice. Do. Bergs and field ice. Do. Do. Field ice. Small berg and scattered field ice.' 3 bergs and 8 growlers. I Field ice. 10 Table of ice and other obstructions, season of 1930 — Continued 1930 Feb. 20 21 21 22 22 22 22 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 25 26 27 27 27 27 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 Mar. 1 1 1 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 5 5 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 Date No. 164 105 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 ] 197 I 198 f 199 200 201 I 202 203 204 205 206 207 ( 208 209 210 211 I 212 ' 213 214 I 215 216 I. 217 . 218 '. 219 220 221 i 222 223 I. 224 . 225 '. 226 Reported by- Cape Race Station. Ice Patrol do Nova Scotia. Ice Patrol Nova Scotia Ice Patrol- Newfoundland - Estonia do West Rldara do do Newfoundland. Estonia. Newfoundland Majestic Kolsnaren.-. do Bergensfjord Cape Race Station. Litunania do.... do do-..- _.. do Cairo Ice Patrol Jeau Jadot Ice Patrol Kings County do Ice Patrol do Cairnglen Brakeholm Concordia Jolee Jalapa Melmore Head Bird City.. Oscar II Manchester Merchant. Norefjord Manchester Merchant. do -. Forde Ice Patrol Manchester Merchant. Salonica -_. Ice Patrol Blairspey .. - .--do ..--do.- -... ..-.do.- Frithjof Eide Salacia. Blairspey Ikala -.--do ....do .--.do Cape Race Station 227 Ikala 228 Chickasaw. 229 do Position Lati- tude north 48 46 46 (47 Us 46 46 46 47 47 Longi- tude west 40 50 44 21 44 26 45 08 45 12 45 38 45 17 45 14 45 32 44 04 45 50 44 50 44 33 46 30 46 27 46 17 46 42 46 25 44 50 1 46 20 46 29 46 22 I 46 24 , 46 09 ! 49 00 47 39 47 20 52 38 to 52 05 46 58 45 54 47 10 44 48 47 35 46 42 44 26 44 35 43 rs 46 42 48 55 to 47 30 51 56 40 22 47 03 I 47 18 48 35 46 30 46 41 46 41 47 14 46 23 47 11 47 06 48 29 48 07 48 30 47 20 45 45 48 28 48 36 47 05 47 03 48 55 42 32 42 25 48 35 48 26 45 55 48 40 47 07 48 23 48 13 46 45 48 44 46 40 49 12 48 21 47 30 47 40 47 40 47 00 48 05 46 47 48 25 46 35 46 43 46 44 47 06 230 Cape Race Station. 231 do 46 35 53 05 1 45 35 47 35 47 26 48 23 49 25 i 49 39 1 48 35 48 26 49 25 49 39 1 Nature of ice or obstruction Field ice. Slob ice. Patches of .slob ice to east and northe.vst. isiob ice. Large growler. Do. Berg and slob ice. Berg. Do. Do. Berg and 2 growlers. Large berg. Do. Berg and growlers. J- Slob ice. Do. Lighted gas buoy flashing every 5 seconds. Small berg. Berg with light field ice to southward. Berg. 1 large berg and 1 small berg. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Small berg and 2 growlers. Berg (same as 183) . Large growler. Berg (same as 183) . Small berg. Growler. Berg (same as 183) . Do. Berg. Do. Berg (same as 183) . Gas and whistling buoy, flashing A'hite every 5 seconds. Do. Berg. Large berg. Large growler. Large berg. Small berg. Do. Berg and growlers. Small berg and growler. Growler. Large berg. Berg. Small berg. Large berg. Growler. Do. Extensive field ice. 4 bergs. Small berg. Large berg. Do. Growler. Small growler. Large berg. Several strings of heavy slob ice. moving westward. Small berg with patches, of heavy field ice. Large berg. Large berg with heavy field ice in ail direc- tions. Berg. Large berg with heavy field ice in aU direc- tions! 11 Table of ice and other obstructions, season of 1930 — Continued Position Reported by — 232 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 Lati- Longi- tude tude north west Ice patrol - 44 23 do 44 U (50 20 OlufMaersk ...{ to [49 30 Ice patrol 43 50 Newfoundland < 46 18 31 00 36 11 38 Malaren I 43 Nova Scotia --.\ 46 Cairnesk ..i 46 lljelmaren I 44 Melita --J 43 do 43 33 Malmen .J 43 40 Ice patrol I 43 40 do ' 43 28 do 43 24 Port Campbell 46 26 Albertic j 43 31 do ! 43 26 do J 43 22 Cairnross - '• 44 06 do I 44 09 do ; 44 12 Francisco 43 18 Beaverburn i 43 36 Ice patrol 42 57 Dorelian_ 43 00 Ice patrol 43 00 do 43 34 do .-, 43 07 do 42 57 do -.: 42 55 do : 42 55 American Trader '47 32 Ice patrol ' 42 21 do : 42 35 do.- ' 42 29 Oscar II. 43 26 Kings Countv 42 46 do 42 47 Uqanda , 42 12 Ice Patrol-- [42 42 Hochelaga -! 46 29 Manchester Commerce i 45 37 Estonia 49 51 do 48 45 Manchester Commerce 45 41 do I 45 39 Baron Carnegie ■ 45 30 Estonia ^ 48 35 do. 48 31 do ! 48 11 Cape Race Station -.. 46 00 Berengar 43 19 Ice patrol ; 43 20 Cape Race Station 44 56 do 42 10 Toledo 43 30 Cliflwood --.. 41 36 30 Kerhonkson . (45 a { to l46 1 18 Carplaka j 42 40 Kirsten Maersk ! 44 40 do Duchess of Richmond . do do do do Cape Race Station do Ragnhildsholm 49 03 49 09 51 10 to 49 25 49 05 49 08 49 10 47 12 48 48 49 16 49 07 49 11 49 15 49 15 49 14 49 23 48 59 48 58 49 10 49 20 49 06 49 03 49 00 49 14 49 05 49 31 49 36 49 02 49 07 48 50 48 54 49 03 49 17 34 22 48 11 48 13 48 20 49 01 48 28 48 15 47 30 47 07 47 20 48 29 48 25 49 32 47 32 47 39 49 13 49 50 49 52 50 28 48 49 48 32 46 00 48 07 49 30 ' 45 00 50 20 47 47 to 46 45 46 45 44 40 47 06 44 28 48 33 46 46 45 57 46 47 46 00 46 09 47 16 46 37 46 38 46 30 47 00 44 00 56 39 40 15 58 46 44 08 46 02 Nature of ice or obstruction 2 large bergs and 1 small berg within radius of 2\i miles. Berg. Closely packed field ice. Berg. Berg and several growlers. Large berg (same as 235). 2 small growlers. Berg. Large berg with 3 peaks. Berg. Berg (same as 240) . Large berg (same as 240) . Berg (same as 240) . Several growlers. Growler. Small berg. Growler. Several growlers (same as 245) . Growler (same as 246). Berg. Do. Do. Growler. Berg. Growler. Three pieces of ice (same as 256) . Large berg. Growler. Berg and 2 large growlers. Berg (same as 260) . Small berg. Large berg (same as 258). Growler. Small berg (same as 262) . Berg and growler (same as 260) . Large berg (same as 258) . Low berg. Large berg (same as 258) . Small berg (same as 260). Large berg. Berg and growlers (same as 258). Large barg. Berg. Do. Small growlers in all directions as far as can be seen. Large low berg. Large berg. 2 bergs. Large growler. Low berg. Large berg. Berg. Large berg. Berg and growlers (same as 258). Large berg. Do. Do. Red gas buoy marked "S." >12 bergs and several growlers. 10 or more growlers extending east and west through 3 miles. Low berg. 2 low bergs. Berg. Growler. 2 bergs. Berg. Do. Cable buov placed. Do. Small berg and 2 growlers. 12 Table of ice and other obstructions, season of 19S0 — Continued No. Reported by- Position Date Lati- tude north Longi- tude west Nature of ice or obstruction 1930 Mar. 27 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 46 22 46 27 44 01 43 31 44 09 44 20 44 05 44 04 43 47 43 38 43 23 45 24 45 17 45 28 43 44 38 12 45 22 48 06 48 06 40 23 44 00 47 15 47 32 48 08 48 08 48 06 44 32 44 33 44 38 48 10 44 41 44 43 44 31 46 24 46 21 45 21 45 20 45 17 44 29 44 42 44 46 44 48 43 53 43 55 45 48 44 46 44 37 144 50 \ to 144 33 44 07 45 16 44 08 45 48 45 46 48 16 48 27 40 33 47 55 48 03 48 21 48 18 48 30 48 20 48 29 43 58 43 14 43 58 43 09 44 35 44 40 45 00 45 30 45 2\ 47 29 47 00 39 41 40 25 48 26 48 30 48 22 50 30 49 02 49 02 40 32 48 25 46 53 47 18 47 54 55 20 47 25 48 52 49 00 53 47 Large flat-topped berg. 27 do Berg. 28 28 Independence Hall Large growler. Small berg and 2 growlers. 28 Berg and growlers. 28 do . Berg. 28 Large berg. 28 Sunken wreckage with two spars projecting 28 20 feet above; dangerous to navigation. Small growler. 28 Do. 28 Westphalia . . Small berg about 30 feet high and 100 feat 28 Cape Race Station long. Cable buoy adrift. 28 do 2 large bergs. 28 do Do. 29 Large berg. 29 City of Ravville Log 20 feet long, 4 feet diameter. 31 Large growler. 31 Small berg. 31 do Do. 31 Westernland Verv laree soherical buov surmounted by 31 Vardulia tripod. 46 20 Low flat berg. 31 Newfoundland 45 14 Large berg. Apr. 1 do Geraldine Mary 47 43 Do. 51 20 Berg. do 51 28 Do. do ... 50 05 ' Do. 45 53 Do. do 45 47 Large berg. do . 45 47 Do. 48 55 One large and one small berg. Ice patrol... 46 24 Do. do 46 30 Ijarge berg. . do 46 26 i S.iiall berg. 44 36 Growler. do 45 10 Large berg. 2 do . . 46 41 Small berg. 2 do 46 45 Large berg. 2 2 do Ice patrol . 47 18 Field ice. 46 18 i Berg. 2 do 46 24 Do. 2 do 46 29 Do. 2 do 46 15 Do. 2 Cleveland 46 04 Three small growlers. 2 do 45 56 Small growler. 2 47 18 Two bergs. 3 3 Duchess of Bedford do 47 13 Berg. 47 37 i Growler. 3 Ice patrol ..- 46 27 ] to >3 bergs and several growler •■. 4 46 14 46 14 Large berg. 4 Ice patrol 46 27 Berg (same as 332). 4 46 00 Large berg (same as 350). 5 47 04 Berg. 5 do 46 34 Large berg. 5 Kolsnaren 48 42 Very large berg. 6 49 11 Small berg. 6 53 44 Red buoy. 7 Estonia 50 32 Large berg. ... do .50 11 Small berg. 7 do 49 53 2 small bergs. 7 do 49 43 Small berg. 7 do 49 46 Do. 7 do 49 32 Do. 7 do 49 31 Large berg. 7 48 16 : Do. 7 48 49 ' Large berg and growler. 8 48 16 Berg (same as 365). 8 do 48 32 Berg (same as 366). 8 44 39 1 Berg. 8 do 44 37 ; Small berg. g 45 06 i Do. 10 45 24 1 Small flat berg. 10 do --. .- 45 40 1 Large berg and .several growlers. 13 Table of ice and other obstructions, season of 1930 — Continued Date 1930 Apr. 10 10 10 11 No. H I 14 14 14 12 14 14 14 I 14 14 14 14 ' 15 15 15 15 : 15 ; 15 15 15 15 [ 15 15 15 , 16 I 16 16 16 16 I 17 17 17 1 1" I 17 18 IS IS 17 IS 18 18 18 18 18 IS 18 I 19 : 374 375 376 377 Reported by- Position Lati- Longi- tude tude north , west Scythia.. ....' 45 17 Melita I 46 06 do.— I 46 04 11 382 12 383 13 384 14 385 14 386 14 387 14 388 14 389 14 390 14 391 Ice patrol ] 43 50 do ' 43 45 Duchess of Bedford .46 41 .do 46 53 -do i 47 13 .do ' 47 09 47 35 43 08 43 17 do_ Rochambeau- do 392 : Braddovey 393 do 394 I Ice patrol 395 Duchess of Bedford. 396 Fleurde Lys 397 E.J. Sadler. 398 i Fordefjord 399 ' do 400 do 401 Metagama 402 do 403 Megantic 404 Berengar ..-.do ....do Megantic 408 ' Metagama 409 Ice patrol 410 Megantic.- 411 Braddovey do do. do. 405 406 407 412 413 414 415 ' Newfoundland. 416 417 418 419 420 do Ice patrol do ' Transylvania .do_. -._. 421 Duchess of AtholL 422 Maindy Orange... 423 Ice patrol... _. 424 Weudover 425 Dorelion 426 Ice patrol 427 do 428 ■ Nova Scotia 429 do 430 Kerhonkson 431 do 432 Montrose 433 do 434 Drottingholm 435 Nova Scotia 436 do 437 Ice patrol 438 Nova Scotia. 439 , Ice patrol.... 45 50 45 10 45 13 46 40 53 13 to 60 53 60 53 to 61 11 61 11 to 61 32 61 29 to 46 04 45 33 49 23 49 12 47 20 46 32 46 40 46 30 45 28 47 52 48 22 20 42 22 17 I 42 22 35 49 02 34 [ 42 19 09 I 45 14 42 ; 41 16 I 45 40 45 52 , 46 55 47 42 47 14 47 19 47 37 47 19 47 15 46 49 44 26 48 30 44 05 45 38 46 26 46 43 46 44 48 38 49 05 48 03 48 33 46 19 45 52 43 07 48 11 48 12 46 37 48 04 47 43 47 27 47 47 48 24 45 50 48 41 48 22 48 16 48 40 49 30 48 21 43 03 47 34 42 55 49 51 47 54 52 10 47 48 Nature of ice or obstruction Large berg and smill berg. Growler. Berg and pieces. Large berg. Heavy broken ice. Heavy and light broken ice well open. •Light broken ice with occasional large open leads. Berg and several growlers. Berg. Small low berg and growler. Small low berg (same as 384). Berg. Do. Do. Do. Berg and pieces. Small growler. Large berg with 5 growlers 1 to 3 miles to the westward. Berg. Growler. Very small berg. Berg. 2 bergs. Gas buoy, flashing white every 5 seconds. Large berg. Do. Do. Berg. 2 growlers. Berg. Large berg. Do. Growler. Very large berg. Small berg and several pieces. Berg and growlers. Berg. Large berg. Do. Do. Do. Low berg. Do. Berg (same as 409). Very small berg (same as 394). Growler. Large berg. Do. Large berg and several growlers. Very small berg (same as 394). Large berg. Berg. Berg (same as 409). Berg and growlers (same as 409) . Large berg with 3 pinnacles. 3 growlers. Large berg. Large flat berg. Large berg. Small berg. Large flat berg 95 feet high (same as 431). Strip of heavy slob ice with dangerous growlers. Large berg. Very small berg (same as 394). Large low-lying berg. Several growlers (same as 394). 18732—31- 14 Table of ice and other obstructions, season of 1930 — Continued Date No. 1930 Apr. 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 21 21 21 20 20 21 21 21 21 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 23 23 23 23 23 22 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479 480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 489 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498 499 500 501 502 503 504 505 506 507 508 509 510 511 512 513 Reported by— Salicia — .do do Polonia do. do do.. Ice patrol Cairnglen do.. Polonia. Ice patrol do Melita do do Hohenstein Duchess of York.. do. Duchess of Richmond. Cape Race Station ....do..._ ....do Beaverhill Lituania. ....do_ ....do Ice patrol ....do ....do Montclare .-__do ..._do._. ..-.do Minnedosa ..-.do Ice patrol... -...do... ....do Elgin County ....do Scythia. do Caledonia do do Cleveland... do Gripsholm... Scythia Minnedosa do. do Caledonia Montclare.. Caledonia do.... Manchester Civilian. do Rotterdam Laurentic do... do-.. do Albertic Wandsbek Laurentic do Cape Race Station.. Topeka do West Eldara Topeka Steel Trader Position Lati- [ Longi- tude i tude north west 47 57 47 48 47 32 49 13 48 50 48 50 48 34 44 10 47 11 47 44 47 21 44 17 44 06 47 43 47 20 48 00 48 45 46 38 47 07 48 02 48 30 to K8 45 48 55 48 50 46 55 47 55 48 02 48 14 44 06 44 03 44 01 47 08 46 53 46 46 46 40 48 39 48 33 43 30 43 51 43 .53 48 46 48 16 46 29 46 33 48 50 48 42 48 38 47 25 47 23 43 40 46 52 47 54 47 31 47 23 47 52 46 32 47 15 47 31 47 33 47 50 47 02 48 35 48 43 48 36 48 38 47 12 46 31 47 15 47 47 49 00 48 59 49 OS 43 54 49 08 41 02 45 35 46 00 46 51 48 19 49 03 48 04 49 23 47 52 46 06 45 57 52 21 47 50 47 56 45 57 46 52 45 13 47 38 46 30 44 57 45 35 51 55 to 50 40 I 50 45 50 40 i 46 25 49 22 49 06 48 43 I 49 02 1 48 37 48 34 46 21 46 31 ; 47 01 47 26 44 11 44 08 , 49 05 48 32 I 48 31 ! 44 15 48 06 47 27 46 55 44 07 44 03 44 02 46 46 47 12 49 03 45 56 45 52 47 02 47 06 46 00 55 21 46 24 46 54 46 15 45 52 46 38 44 07 44 12 44 07 44 08 46 30 48 00 47 03 46 05 48 40 48 22 48 40 48 42 48 55 43 09 Nature of ice or obstruction Berg. Do. Do. Large berg. Small berg and several growlers. Large berg. Large berg and growlers. Berg (same as 432). Large berg. Large berg (same as 441). Very large berg (same as 438) . Berg and growlers (same as 432). Growlers (same as 433). Large berg. Do. Do. Small berg. Growler. Large berg and several growlers. Berg and 3 growlers. ^Open field ice and growlers to north. Large berg. Small berg. Large berg. Berg. Small berg. Berg. Do. Very large berg. Large berg. Do. Large berg and growlers. Berg and growlers. Large berg. Do. Small berg. Berg (same as 467). Large berg (same as 468) . Large berg (same as 469) . 2 bergs. Berg. Do. Large berg and growlers. Small berg. Large berg. Large low growler. Large berg. Small berg. Large berg (same as 467) . Low berg. Berg. Do. Small growler. Large berg. Red conical buoy. Large berg. Do. Growler. Berg. Large berg. Low berg. Large berg. Berg. Small growler and numerous fragments. Large berg. Do. Large berg and growlers. Large growler. Small berg. Berg. Small growlers. Large berg. Small berg. Conical shaped light buoy painted red with white "S" on side. 15 Table of ice and other obstructions, .■season of 1930 — Contimied No. 514 515 516 517 518 519 520 521 522 523 524 525 526 527 528 629 530 531 532 533 534 535 536 537 538 539 540 541 542 543 544 .545 546 547 548 549 550 551 552 553 554 555 556 557 558 559 560 561 562 563 564 565 566 567 568 569 570 571 572 573 574 575 576 577 578 579 580 581 582 583 584 585 Reported by- Calgaric 46 57 Ice patrol... 42 56 do 42 52 Cape Race Station 48 28 do Montrose Belassco.. Arthur W. Sewall Manchester Brigade.. Cape Race Station Ice patrol-. do Quaker City Ice patrol i 43 do Duchess of Atholl Minnequa Duchess of Atholl Position Lati- tude north Empress of Scotland. Ice patrol do do... do Frederick VIII Roxby Ice patrol Beaverford Cape Race Station. . do do... - Stureholm do Ice patrol Dutchess of Bedford. California do.... Bannack Kolsnaren Alaunia Brakeholm Pennland... Rosalind _. do Gtjn New York..- Ice patrol Alaunia Ice patrol do Jules Elby Caronia America Ice patrol Minnewaska Karlsruhe do Sud Africano _. Tintoretto. 48 19 45 56 49 43 47 51 47 15 47 41 42 46 43 13 43 18 16 43 18 46 50 43 02 47 39 (46 38 to [46 16 43 08 43 03 42 55 42 59 42 20 45 37 42 06 46 18 47 40 47 38 47 37 45 35 Longi- tude west 45 30 42 00 47 37 45 57 46 01 47 35 47 35 47 24 42 32 47 19 47 21 47 07 46 30 41 37 41 48 47 07 42 33 42 39 44 45 41 31 41 30 40 58 41 22 45 49 45 40 49 10 47 35 ;o. 48 53 48 00 Cape Race Station Ice patrol I 40 43 Kastalia 47 24 do i 47 28 Anfora- i 40 40 Ice patrol 40 34 Frederick R. Kellogg 41 19 Pipestone County 40 33 Leviathan 40 33 Homeric. 40 28 Lancastria 40 38 Duchess of Richmond 147 24 Belgenland 40 37 IcepatroL 1 40 35 47 02 49 40 49 50 49 12 49 27 48 04 47 46 48 07 47 19 52 41 49 48 49 24 49 36 49 16 49 07 47 15 49 34 46 46 46 40 to 48 09 49 27 49 37 49 46 49 36 50 00 48 22 50 08 48 12 46 18 46 51 46 52 48 26 49 06 49 40 46 15 47 07 46 59 51 03 51 20 45 55 49 32 45 41 52 40 52 50 46 12 49 05 49 13 46 46 49 46 49 45 47 08 48 37 48 30 47 50 48 11 46 50 46 48 47 14 52 38 to 49 13 49 43 47 35 46 32 46 54 47 38 47 30 48 11 47 23 47 27 47 22 47 15 45 55 47 06 47 10 Nature of ice or obstruction Growler. Berg (same as 467) . Large low berg. Berg. Large berg. Do. Berg. Large berg. Low berg. Berg (same as 467) . Large berg (same as 511). Very large berg (same as 511) . 3 growlers. Large berg. Do. 2 large bergs 15 miles apart. Berg. 4 bergs. Large berg (same as 528) . Large berg (same as 529) . Do. Large berg (same as 528) . Berg (same as 467) . Large berg. Berg (same as 467) . Large berg. Do. Berg. 4 bergs. Berg (same as 538) . Large berg. Berg (same as 467) . Berg. Do. Large berg and growlers. Large growler. Berg. Large berg. 2 large bergs. Large berg. Do. Small berg. Large berg. Berg (same as 467) . Do. Small berg. Large berg (same as 511). Large berg (same as 528) . Large berg. Large berg (same as 467) . Berg (same as 467) . Berg and growlers (same as 467). Large berg (same as 467) . Berg. Large berg. Berg and growlers. 8 bergs and 4 growlers. Large berg. Berg (same as 467) . Growler. Small berg. Berg (same as 467) . Do. Two bergs (same as 528). Berg (same as 467) . Do. Do. Large berg (same as 467). Berg. Small berg isame as 467). Do. 16 Table of ice and other obstructions, season of 1930 — Continued No. 586 587 588 589 590 591 592 593 594 595 596 597 598 599 600 601 602 603 604 605 606 607 610 611 612 613 614 615 616 617 618 619 620 621 622 623 624 625 626 627 628 629 630 631 632 633 634 635 636 637 638 639 640 641 642 643 644 645 646 647 648 649 650 651 652 653 654 655 656 657 658 659 Reported by- Cape Race Station. Songa do. do do -- do do do.. do Baltic. - St. Louis Lautentic Ala Ice patrol Liberty Olo , Chelsea Athenia Cristobal Colon L. D. Emilie Salacia Empress of France. Cape Race Station. do.. do Ausonia Melita , Chickasaw Somerset Emilie Tranequi . . . Scythia President Wilson... San down Castle Ice patrol do Literno Lehigh President Wilson-.. do Cape Race Station. do Ice patrol do Sawokla New York City Brunswyk Now.ssa do do.... do ...-do Brunswyk Cyrus Field do.. do Antonia do Cape Race Station. -..-do.. do --- do do do do do do Beaverford Ice patrol do Cape Race Station. Geraldstein do Doric -. Tynebridge Cape Race Station. Position Lati- tude north o / 47 02 48 76 48 02 47 35 48 08 48 18 48 17 48 20 48 20 40 37 42 30 Longi- tude west 47 18 42 34 40 33 40 36 40 00 52 33 52 47 52 33 52 38 52 45 52 40 52 32 52 37 53 00 47 10 49 17 45 54 49 12 47 12 47 09 48 25 05 I 49 27 50 47 15 45 15 50 55 45 06 49 30 48 54 45 07 45 14 45 hZ 50 55 44 54 42 i 48 21 49 35 46 55 14 I 46 40 45 I 48 28 47 J 48 40 00 I 48 49 22 I 43 00 33 18 42 17 48 38 48 33 48 40 48 31 49 51 44 30 48 38 52 37 52 30 52 32 52 42 52 51 30 50 44 27 52 22 55 ! 52 30 52 19 51 07 49 30 45 20 51 02 49 42 49 10 60 19 51 39 50 28 50 35 50 47 43 40 47 56 48 20 50 00 48 26 48 10 47 15 49 14 45 01 Nature of ice or obstruction Large berg. Several bergs. Large berg. 2 bergs. 2 growlers. Growler. Large berg. Berg. Do. Large berg (same as 467) . 2 bergs, 4 miles apart. Growler (same as 583) . 2 large bergs (same as 596) . Berg (same as 467). Do. Large buoy marked "9" with black frame- work and surmounted by 2 lamps and blue flag. Small growler. Berg (same as 467). Berg 300 feet long and 75 feet higli. Berg. Growler. Large berg. Large growler. Berg and growlers. Berg. Large growler. Large berg. Large berg and growlers. 2 bergs 4 miles apart. Small berg. Large berg (same as 467) . Small berg, 30 feet high. Berg. Do. 2 large bergs (same as 618 and 619). Small berg. Red buoy. Spar 15 feet long, 2-inch diameter. Large growler. Small berg. Berg (same as 561) . Berg and growlers (same as 562). Bell buoy. Small berg. Do. 3 bergs and several growlers. Large berg. Growler. Large berg. Berg. Small berg and 3 growlers. Growler. Large berg. Do. Growler, 12 feet high. Large berg, 50 feet high. Berg and 7 growlers. Berg. Do. 3 berg.*;. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Berg (same as 561). Berg (same as 562). Large bei'g. Small berg (same as 562). Berg (same as 561). SmaU berg. Berg. Small growler. 17 Table of ice and other obstructions, season of 1930 — Continued No. Reported by— Lati- Longi- tude tude north west (m Ice patrol -.. 42 47 0 ) 48 11 661 do - - 42 48 47 38 662 Cape Race Station 47 51 52 40 663 do 47 52 52 36 664 do 47 16 51 06 665 do - 47 19 50 35 666 do 47 21 52 22 667 Laponia 45 12 43 57 668 Albertic 48 36 44 00 66!) West Oambo 43 09 41 38 670 Baron Tweedmouth 38 47 47 24 671 Wearwood 45 21 45 37 672 Montrose --.-. 46 50 47 26 673 Schenectady... ...1.. 47 04 42 51 674 Samaria _ 46 54 47 20 675 Ice patrol..- 42 53 47 55 676 .-.-.d0._ 42 55 47 27 677 Lapon ia 42 56 48 00 678 679 680 681 Cape Race Station 47 47 47 45 36 40 06 36 52 20 . do 51 42 do - 52 44 Hasquith .._ 43 35 682 683 684 685 686 687 688 Crefeld . 47 47 47 47 47 46 38 42 08 20 51 56 35 46 51 00 do 51 49 .... do - 51 17 50 04 do 50 06 47 18 Leip 46 17 689 690 Byron. __ 41 4? 28 59 46 25 Ice patrol . 47 45 691 do 43 07 46 52 692 4',^ 41 41 31 693 47 08 51 54 694 695 696 697 698 Cape Race Station 48 37 43 43 47 05 54 32 04 10 51 25 45 36 Jean Jadot 45 46 do... -. 47 46 Cape Race Station _. 52 49 699 700 do 47 47 20 46 52 41 Rusbpool 52 40 701 70';^ 47 47 29 16 48 49 Cape Race Station 52 42 703 704 705 706 707 Sc V thia 47 48 43 56 59 54 01 3^ 49 03 do 49 10 Duchess of York.. 48 49 do 48 52 Ice patrol 46 50 708 Cape Race Station 47 36 48 45 709 710 711 712 713 Letitia 48 47 48 48 48 00 57 02 20 05 48 47 do 48 34 ... do 48 36 Gorm --. 48 53 Cape Race Station 49 12 714 715 716 717 718 719 720 do -- 48 48 48 48 48 48 47 15 16 10 03 17 12 IS- 49 00 .\natina 49 51 __.. do 50 07 do - ... 50 32 Elm shorn . 50 38 .... do 50 29 Cape Race Station 51 44 721 722 723 724 do 47 43 48 43 IS 27 55 34 51 57 Ice patrol . 47 05 Melita 48 58 Bridgepool 44 13 725 726 West Lvnn . 39 48 (47 15 20 35 45 51 Blair Xevis - 48 35 52 35 727 Newfoundland { to to |48 00 51 40 728 do 48 07 51 12 729 do - 48 25 50 51 730 Elmshorn 47 40 51 43 731 do .._ 47 18 51 36 732 do 47 28 51 51 733 Trans vlvania 47 51 48 41 734 do 48 16 48 30 Nature of ice or obstruction Berg (same as 562). Berg (same as 561). Small berg. Growler. Large berg. Several growlers. Berg. Berg about IS feet high. Large berg. Nun buoy, bottom up. Cage buoy. Small berg. Berg. Large berg and 3 growlers. Small berg (same as 672). Berg and growlers (same as 072). Berg (same as 561). Large berg and growlers (same as 562). Berg. Berg and 4 growlers. 3 bergs within 2}i-mi!e radius. Long low berg. Berg. Large berg. Do. 2 large bergs. Large berg. Small berg. Buoy. Berg 10 feet high. Berg and growlers (same as 562). Berg (same as 501). Big red buoy. Large berg. Berg. Large red trellis-cage buoy. Berg (same as 561). Large berg. Berg. Do. 2 bergs. Several small pieces of ice. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Berg and growlers (same as 562). Large double-peaked berg. Small berg. Berg. Small berg and several growlers. Large berg. Berg. Do. Large berg. Do. Two growlers. Berg. Berg and several growlers. Large berg. Do. Berg (same as 562). Small berg. Large double-peaked berg and growlers. Gas buoy, rusty appearance, lamp missing. Small berg. Five bergs and scattered growlers. Berg. Large berg. Three bergs and several growlers. Large berg. Berg and several growlers. Large low berg. Largf berg. 18 Table of ice and other obsiruciions, season of 1930 — Continued Date Reported by- Position Lati- tude north 1930 May 20 20 20 20 20 20 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 20 20 20 20 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 22 22 22 22 22 21 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 23 23 23 24 26 26 26 26 27 27 28 28 28 28 735 736 737 738 739 740 741 742 743 744 745 746 747 748 749 750 751 752 763 754 755 756 757 758 759 760 761 762 763 764 7o5 766 767 768 769 770 771 772 773 774 775 776 777 778 779 780 781 782 783 784 785 786 787 788 789 790 791 792 793 794 795 796 797 798 799 800 801 802 803 804 805 806 807 Cape Race Station do do do.... do _ do Duchess of Richmond- . Minnedosa do... __._ Pulaski _ Minnedosa do __. Adriati c Collonges Minnedosa do Beaver Brae Duchess of Richmond.. do do do Cape Race Station do do.. do do _ do do.... do Belgian Gulf Albert Ballin.... Montclare. - Cape Race Station Montclare do Baltic... Rotterdam Carinthia, Laurentic Cape Race Station do _ Caledonia do... do Oranian do.... Eastside Laurentic _ Manchester Division... do Wilhelm A. Riedemam. Kelkheim Cape Race Station do Quaker Citv do 1 Blairspey Cape Race Station do.... do do do 47 57 48 03 47 56 47 58 47 56 48 03 43 20 45 43 47 15 47 20 47 45 47 51 47 50 47 51 47 44 47 36 47 57 47 56 48 08 47 45 48 38 48 36 47 38 40 32 43 22 47 55 48 25 47 41 47 55 43 27 43 30 43 28 47 49 46 02 47 49 47 42 47 36 47 40 47 00 46 54 43 37 47 08 47 42 47 31 39 23 47 19 46 41 46 40 46 52 46 45 46 48 46 39 47 16 47 03 46 53 4C 52 (46 38 to 146 44 47 31 Alssund 47 45 do.. 47 23 do 47 20 Vessel unknown 47 24 Barlos Celos II 47 48 do. 47 34 Empress of France. i 47 25 Lulea j 42 52 Hesperos ! 47 39 Laconia I 46 55 .do. Duchess of Bedford. Longi- tude west 55 10 51 45 51 49 51 28 61 54 51 43 49 50 49 43 48 56 60 44 49 56 49 42 43 24 47 07 51 49 51 47 48 08 60 00 50 36 60 39 60 33 61 43 49 29 49 36 49 45 48 08 50 00 49 55 48 07 46 23 43 09 47 67 49 48 48 40 48 40 42 40 42 43 42 36 49 49 57 45 60 44 49 39 49 52 49 52 47 46 47 46 42 43 61 40 48 02 49 00 61 47 43 39 62 56 53 00 52 51 52 57 49 00 53 OO 52 44 52 49 52 33 62 50 53 02 to 62 57 51 00 49 67 60 40 50 50 48 45 50 61 61 10 48 45 46 33 62 03 52 28 Nature of ice or obstnictidn Buoy, bottom up. Large berg. Do, Growler. Large berg. Berg. Do. Large berg. Large low berg. Small double-peaked berg. Large low berg. Large berg. Large berg (same as 561). Small berg. Large berg and several growlers. Large berg. Low-lying growler. Berg. Do. Do. Small berg. Berg. Berg and growlers. Do. Large berg. Low growler and pieces. Berg. Growler. Large berg. Red buoy marked 9 W. U. Berg (same as 561). Growler and some pieces. Growler. Berg. Do. Berg and growlers (same as 561). Large berg (same as 561). Berg and growlers. Large berg. Wreckage of unknown vessel, bottom up Large berg. Berg. Do. Growler. Do. Do. Large peaked berg. Large double-peaked berg. 2 small growlers and 1 large growler. Large oval berg. Red buoy with 2 lamps and flag. Berg. Large berg. Berg. 2 large bergs. Berg. Large berg. Do. Berg. Do. Do. Do. 6 bergs and several growlers within 15-mil9 radius. Small berg. Do. Do. Large growler. Berg. Do. Growler. Several growlers close together. Small berg. Large berg. 19 Table of ice and other obstructions, season of 1930 — Contiiuu'd 809 810 811 812 813 814 815 81f) 817 818 819 820 821 822 823 824 825 826 827 828 829 830 831 832 833 834 835 836 837 839 840 841 842 843 844 845 846 847 848 849 850 851 852 853 854 855 856 857 858 859 860 861 862 863 864 865 866 867 868 869 870 871 872 873 874 875 876 877 878 879 Position Rei)orted by — Antonio ...,do Pennland Cape Race Station. ....do do.. ....do ...-do do.... ....do do ....do.. do 46 23 Meltonian 47 35 Alaunia. 46 49 Volendam 46 48 do 46 39 Cape Race Station 46 39 do ; 46 39 Volendam-. 46 28 47 31 47 35 46 36 47 36 47 41 47 30 47 24 47 25 46 22 47 39 47 28 46 45 Odensholm. do Seringa Vessel unknown. do do.... do Minnedosa do Cape Race Station. do 47 53 47 35 48 28 46 27 46 39 46 52 46 47 46 27 47 44 (47 46 to l46 39 46 39 Kabinga 48 do 47 Greldon Athenia do Cape Race Station do.. do.... do 46 47 47 46 Larkvisfjord j 46 46 46 46 47 47 47 46 50 47 51 01 50 36 48 40 50 51 51 15 50 47 51 05 48 45 53 21 52 03 51 10 52 40 53 20 50 01 52 41 52 39 52 58 53 17 53 00 53 19 50 58 51 14 49 54 53 16 53 00 52 49 52 34 53 11 49 48 52 35 to 53 00 53 00 50 39 51 00 48 54 48 45 26 48 24 do- do, do. Elmshorn. do do Vincent Cape Race Station. Montcalm Vessel unknown do Doric. do Montcalm do do Cape Race Station. do do do do Empress of France. do.... do do. 46 46 46 46 46 46 46 48 46 47 46 46 46 46 46 Winona County 44 Polonia do... Cape Race Station. ....do 56 52 37 00 52 42 30 52 40 25 52 25 45 52 46 50 52 47 50 52 51 47 52 29 53 51 56 54 51 45 54 51 34 10 38 13 55 52 35 51 47 46 40 52 30 33 52 40 35 52 58 30 52 44 39 52 32 33 52 40 39 52 49 40 52 20 02 52 34 37 52 46 51 47 48 51 52 22 34 52 56 23 52 34 31 52 32 43 52 21 10 42 28 47 49 47 39 47 29 46 42 51 35 51 54 51 46 52 23 Nature of ice or obstruction Large berg and several growlers. Small berg and several growlers. Berg. Small berg. Large berg. 2 growlers and pieces. Growler. Do. Large berg and growlers. Small berg. 2 small growlers. Large berg with several growlers within 5. mile radius. Large berg and pieces. Berg 85 feet high. Large berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Berg. Do. Small berg. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. >9 bergs near coast. 4 bergs and 2 growlers within radius of 11 miles. Small berg. Berg. Small berg. Do. Large berg. Do. 2 bergs. Large berg and 3 small bergs. Large berg. Large berg and growlers. Large berg. Small berg. Large berg and growlers. Large berg. Small berg and growlers. Small berg. Large red conical gas buoy marked G-8. 2 small bergs. Small berg and 3 large growlers. 3 small bergs. Laige berg. Do. Do. Pinnacled berg. Large berg. Flat berg. Small berg. Berg. 6 small growlers. Large berg. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Two bergs. LTnlighted gas buoy painted red with small flag flying. Flat berg. Very large berg. Small berg. Large berg. 20 Table of ice and other obstructions, season of 1930 — Continued Date 1930 June 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 8 9 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 11 11 11 11 11 11 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 13 12 12 12 13 15 19 19 27 12 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 No. 881 882 883 884 885 886 887 890 891 892 893 894 895 896 897 898 899 900 901 902 903 904 905 906 907 908 909 • 910 911 912 913 914 915 916 917 918 919 920 921 922 923 924 925 926 927 928 929 930 931 932 933 934 935 936 937 93S 939 940 941 942 943 944 945 946 947 948 949 950 Reported by- Cape Race Station 46 42 do 46 19 do 46 25 Beaverford-. ..j 46 42 Cape Race Station 39 26 Position Lati- tude north do do do Baron Sempill Cape Race Station. | 47 31 ....do -...do..-. . ..-.do Braddock.. Alaunia Cape Race Station _ do... Balsam Nova Scotia Montrose Ducliess of Atlioll.. do-..- Montrose Sagaporack- 47 02 47 16 Longi- tude west 52 24 52 43 52 28 52 24 51 30 47 29 52 02 46 4S 52 ?0 47 05 52 45 47 20 51 46 47 44 39 26 -do. -do. .do. do do do do Minnedosa Cape Race Station - do do.. do do do do-... . do-.- -... do , do .-..do ....do ....do ----do - .---do Transylvania ----do Peel County-- do . Pulaski Caledonia Cliffwood Cape Race Station- Minnedosa --.do- ----do Aurania 48 07 47 10 47 57 48 29 47 47 48 30 47 57 47 08 46 55 41 50 Cape Race Station 48 09 .—do 47 13 do 46 26 Albertic 47 56 Cape Race Station-.. 47 51 47 53 47 45 16 56 to 46 34 47 37 47 35 47 14 47 05 46 58 47 48 47 51 47 52 47 54 47 57 47 48 48 36 47 37 47 02 46 46 47 35 46 58 48 17 47 51 46 37 47 02 46 36 47 48 46 50 47 34 46 34. 47 55 46 45 47 55 47 55 46 58 46 48 46 44 46 39 46 37 46 39 46 42 47 58 57 55 ..--do -.--do --.-do - Heronspool- ---do Cairnesk-.- --..do 52 33 52 16 51 51 51 12 55 01 46 05 51 50 49 25 46 32 52 10 46 32 49 25 51 44 51 13 55 06 50 08 52 02 52 24 49 45 49 00 49 49 51 00 51 54 to 53 05 51 00 51 12 51 51 51 42 51 39 49 12 49 25 49 42 49 13 49 46 49 10 50 43 51 16 51 57 52 3S 52 23 51 49 46 12 52 35 52 36 51 47 52 38 49 10 51 51 51 19 52 12 45 56 52 50 49 45 49 45 51 49 51 49 52 29 52 36 52 36 52 47 52 40 50 39 50 45 Nature of ice or obstruction Large berg. Growler. Small berg. 2 bergs. Large harbor fairway buoy surmounted bv staff. Large berg. Do. Berg. Growler. 2 bergs in vicinity. Small berg and several growlers. Berg and growler. Small berg. Lighted gas buoy surmounted by staff and flag. 2 low growlers. 2 small bergs. Berg. Large berg. 2 low-lying growlers. Large berg. Small berg. Small 2-peaked berg. Large growler. Broken mast of spar, apparently attached to submerged werckage. Berg. Two small bergs and growlers. Large berg. Berg. Double-peaked berg. Large berg. Do. ^Several bergs. Large berg. Low berg. 2 growlers and pieces. Growler. Small berg. Berg. Do. Large berg. Do. Low berg. Berg. Berg and growler. Large berg. Small 2-peaked berg. Small berg. Do. Do. Berg. Large berg. Berg. Growler. Small berg. Large berg. Small berg. Do. Large berg. Do. Berg. Small berg. Berg. Do. 2 small growlers, surrounded by small pieces. Large growler. 2 small growlers. Berg. Double-peaked berg. Small berg with growlers to southward. 2 low growlers. Berg. 21 Table of ice and other ob^tntctions, season of 1930 — Continued Date No Reported by- Nature of ice or obstruction 1930 June 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 16 16 16 16 16 18 18 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 21 23 25 26 27 27 30 1 2 26 July Aug. 951 952 953 954 955 956 957 958 959 960 961 962 963 964 965 966 967 970 971 972 973 974 975 976 980 981 982 983 984 985 986 987 988 989 Empress of Australia Heronspool Toensberg Fjord Valreale ! 46 21 dO-_._ I 46 18 Manchester Commerce i 47 22 I 47 36 46 45 46 37 46 50 47 00 46 27 47 34 46 31 48 09 48 15 48 13 47 56 do do do do Silvia Valreale Pulaski Ansonia Hesperos do ..- do. Bea verf ord Wearpool -- do Kastalia Empress of France.--. Talabot Cliffwood. Laurent ic .-. Caledonia I 46 34 Kafiristan • 46 34 Selje.... --.J 46 52 Polonia Bea verburn - - Arcadian Baron Sempill Pulaski j 46 49 Beaverbrae 46 53 Missouri. | 46 56 Gaboon ..! 47 01 Cape Race Station 146 43 Rosalind... 1 46 52 Cape Race Station I 46 51 48 08 47 55 46 46 47 32 46 37 46 52 46 44 46 13 49 00 50 32 51 45 52 19 50 56 49 27 52 31 52 41 52 49 52 49 52 34 51 19 52 29 52 44 52 43 52 40 46 17 51 48 52 12 49 34 49 06 51 57 45 36 52 54 52 12 52 27 52 53 52 06 51 40 52 52 52 00 51 44 51 54 51 30 51 23 52 57 52 50 62 54 Large berg. Berg and 2 growlers. Small berg. Do. 2 large bergs and several growlers. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. 2 bergs. Large berg. Small berg. Berg. Large berg. Large berg in several pieces. 2 small grounded bergs in vicinity. 1 large and 1 small berg. Berg. Large berg. Heavy growler. Berg. 2 small bergs. Large berg. Berg. Do. Berg and several growlers. Large berg. Large flat berg and growler. Berg and growlers. Large berg and several growlers. Small berg and several growlers. Berg. Large berg and several growlers. Large berg. Do. Berg and growler. Large berg. Small berg. The International Ice Patrol for 1930 was discontinued on June 10. The patrol vessel passed out of range to receive reports of ice by radio on June 13. .\11 prepatrol and postpatrol ice reports were obtained from the Hydrographic Bulletin of the U. S. Hydrographic OfHce and from special reports from the Government radio station at Cape Race, Newfoundland. WEATHER The International Ice Patrol is very much concerned with weather conditions. During fine weather many ice reports are received and large areas are searched over for ice. During foggy and stormy weather it is exceptional for ice to be sighted or reported. Shipmas- ters fully realize this and frequently inquire concerning the sort of weather the patrol vessel is experiencing. To cut down the number of such inquiries, it has become customary to include a short descrip- tion of the latest weather conditions in each regular and special broadcast sent out. This section records in concise form the most important features of the weather experienced by the patrol vessels during the 1930 patrol season. The information is tabulated month by month almost 22 exactly as it has appeared in this series of bulletins for a number of yeare. Such uniformity will aid future investigators who may desire to study the patrol's weather conditions for any purpose. The area in which the patrol vessels themselves operated can most readily be seen by referring to Figure 1. It should not be forgotten that the area of operations is a region of strong contrasts. A vessel in the southern jiortion of it will undoubtedly have much warmer weather and less fog than one in the northern portion. The ice-patrol vessels must, in general, remain near the southern limits of the ice. It is therefore the average weather of this varying limit that is described and tabulated here. The weather diagrams for each month give at a glance the wind directions and forces averaged for every 12 hours, the barometric curve, and the time and duration of fog and low visibility. Maximum and minimum and average surface-air temperatures are given for each month. The average air temperatures were obtained by adding all the daily maxima to all the daily minima and dividing the sum by twice the number of days. The scientific value of all the tem- perature values is mitigated by the mobility of the patrol vessels about the Tail of the Grand Banks, and by the fact that ordinary poorly exposed ship's air thermometers were used in making the observa- tions. It is believed that the values will be of interest, however, in showing about what temperatures should be expected and prepared for on ice patrol. FEBRUARY Maximum air temperature, 44° F. Minimum air temperature, 25° F. Average air temperature, 33.3° F. Visibility was less than 4 miles 10.6 per cent of time. Visibility was less than 2 miles 3 per cent of time. The ice patrol was active in the Grand Banks region during the last 15 days of February. The weather was cold, but surprisingly clear, with moderate winds. Three major atmospheric depressions affected the barometer, but only the last of these were accompanied by winds of gale force. Figure 11 shows graphically a number of the main meteorological elements. The wind forces and visibilities on all the weather diagrams, Figures 11-15, are based on the tables printed in the latest editions of the American Practical Navigator of the United States Hydrographic Office. Plate V. — A hcrg with an arch or natural bridge Plate VI.— A small berg melting rapidly in warm air and water. Small wisps of vapor are form- ing to the left of this berg due to its local chilling effect upon the moist air I'l.ATE \'II.-— A berg in biiglit sunlight Plate VIII. — An oiricer from one of the ice patrol ships on a growler recently .calved from the large berg in the background 23 WCATMCR DIAGRAM February I930. visiBii-iTV- 7.S 49 -wmite: VISIBll_ITY - 5 4 •= Cf70^3 HATCHED ^ISIBII_ITV - 0,l,2.3 4 4 " Sl-A^K Figure 11.— February weather diagram. Inner figures show day of the month; the next band out contains the record of the atmospheric pressure; the next outer one indicates the degree of visibility (black areas for visibility of less than 2 sea miles and cross-hatched areas for visibilities of between 2 and 4 miles); the outer margin shows the average direction and force of wind per 12-hour periods, midnight to noon and noon to midnight. Wind directions are toward the small circle in each case. Arrow indicates true north i/ 24 VISIBIUITV -7,6 ^9 =V/MIXe:.. visiBiL-iTv - 5 * -CROSS watcme:-. s/lSIBIL-tTY - 0,t,2,3 4-4- BUACK. Figure 12.— March weather diagram. For explanation of symbols, see Figure 11 WEATHER DIAGPAM, MarcM,1930. 25 MARCH Maxiiiiiiin air teinperature, 59° F. Minimum air temperature, 22° F. Averag-e air temperature, 39.6° F. Visibility was less than 4 miles 35.6 per cent of time. Visibility was less than 2 miles 26.4 per cent of time. It is very seldom that ice patrol begins early enough to enable a <"omplete weather diagram to be made for March. This year the patrol began in February, however, and Figure 12 shows the main characteristics of the weather for the full month. From March 13 to 31 the average barometric pressure was much lower than it had been during the preceding 27 days of the 1930 patrol. Throughout the month there were frecjuent dips in the barometric curve with much boisterous weather. The storm of March 18-19 was the severest one of the month. The barometric dip on the 31st was extremely deep and steep, but the ice patrol vessel itself did not get any winds of gale force from this remarkable depression. There was considerable foggy weather during the month. A glance at the weather diagram suffices to show how much of it was concen- trated in the periods of low barometric pressure. The "highs," as usual early in the season, brought fine clear w^eather with them. APRIL Maximum air temperature, 55° F. Minimum air temperature, 29° F. Average air temperature, 39.6° F. Visibility was less than 4 miles 34.2 per cent of time. Visibility was less than 2 miles 25.8 per cent of time. The first part of April was stormy. From April 4 to the 7th an intense gale raged, more severe than any encountered by the ice patrol for several years. The last part of the month, though marked by a few short storms, was considerably more moderate than the first part. The percentage of fog and poor visibility was about the same as for March. There were two prolonged foggy periods and a number of short ones. Figure 13 shows the April weather plotted in the usual way. The weather diagrams do not shOw the high percentage of cloudiness prevailing in the ice patrol area. Hourly observations showed that the sky was obscured 0.8 or more by fog or cloud during 64 per cent of the time in March, 65.3 per cent of the time in April, and 59 per cent of the time in Mav. 26 VISIBILITY - 7,8 $9 - WWITEL. VISIBII-ITY - 5 t6 = CROSS WATCHED. V I SI Bit- IT V - 0. 1.2.3 4.4 - BLACK. WEATHER DIAGRAM APRIL \930. Figure 13. — April weather diagram. For explanation of symbols, see FigurelU 27 VISIBILITY - 7.8. 49 • WHIXE VlSiBlL-ITV - 5 ^6> = CROSS HAXCMCD VISIBI1_IT V - O, l.Z,3 44" BUACK WEATHER DIAGRAM MAY 19 30. Figure 14.— May weather diagram. For explanation of symbols, see Figure 11 28 MAY Maximum air temperature, 67° F. Minimum air temperature, 36° F. Average air temperature, 47.1° F. Visibility was less than 4 miles 36.4 per cent of time. Visibility was less than 2 miles 30.5 per cent of time. The ice-patrol vessels experienced very little fog in May until the 22d. From the latter date until the end of the month there was an extraordinarily high percentage of fog, which brought the average for the whole month slightly above the figures for March and April, 1930. Wind forces moderated greatly during May. The month may be said to have marked the transition from A\inter to summer conditions off the Grand Banks. See Figure 14 for a graphical representation of May weather. JUNE Maximum air temperature, 70° F. Minimum air temperature, 37° F. Average air temperature, 51.6° F. Visibility was less than 4 miles, 54.5 per cent of time. Visibility was less than 2 miles 40.6 per cent of time. The above figures can not be taken as those of the whole month of June, for they are based on nothing more than the first 12 days of the month. No record could be kept of the weather of the closing days of June, because the last patrol vessel left the Grand Banks area on the 12th. There was one final storm on the 1st, after which the winds were in general extremely light. The last week of the patrol was marked by a high barometric pressure accompanied by an unusually high percentage of fog. Figure 15 gives the weather conditions encountered during the first 12 days of Jime. RADIO COMMUNICATIONS Reliable and efficient radio communication is by far the most important factor in the conduct of the ice patrol. Every effort is made to train and indoctrinate the radio personnel for the best pos- sible performance of their arduous duties. The majority of the operators and radio electricians each year are new to ice-patrol work. This makes the first patrol cruises by far the most difficult. By midseason every man has become accustomed to the schedules and to the character of the large volume of traffic handled, especially the incoming water-temperature reports. At the beginning of the season it is normal for the number of mes- sages to increase rapidly with the ability of the operators \mtil a peak 29 VISlBIUITV - visiBit_i-r>' - N/ISlBIUITV - 7, a ^ 9. • WMIXC 5 < 6 >= CROSS MAXCMCO. WEATHER JUNE DIAGRAM ie30. Figure 15.— June weather diagram. For explanation of symbols, see Figure 11 18732—31 3 30 is reached which approximates the capacity of the radio equipment used. This peak is maintained until about a month from the end of the season, when increasing atmospherics, combined with a great falling off of ice about the Grand Banks region, cause the trafl&c volume to dwindle again. No new departures in radio procedure or equipment were instituted during the 1930 season. The transmitting and receiving apparatus on each ice patrol vessel consisted of the following items: One T-2 2-kilowatt transmitter for ICW, CW, and phone. One T-4 200-watt transmitter for ICW and CW. One T-1 50-watt transmitter for ICW, CW, and phone. One XA 500-watt transmitter for CW. Two C. G. R. 25 receivers for 300-6,000 meters. One S. R. A. 9 receiver for 10-200 meters. One radio compass. Subject to a few minor changes from time to time, the schedules listed below were kept throughout the season by the ship on duty. All times are plus three zone times which the ships keep while in the ice regions. Between schedules ice and water temperature reports were received from shipping. In addition, much other off-schedule traffic was handled. Time Remarks 0000 Copy Washington (NAA) weather. 0400 Copy Washington (NAA) press. 0500 Schedule with Cape Henry (NHG). 0600 Get bearing from Cape Race (VAZ). 0800 Broadcast ice report on 425 Kcs. ICW. 0830 Schedule with Cape Race (VAZ). 0848 Schedule with Washington (NSS) on 8270 Kcs. 0900 Broadcast ice report on 175 Kcs. CW. 1030 Schedule with Bar Harbor (NBD). 1115 Copy Cape Race (VCE) weather. 1200 Copy Washington (NAA) weather. 1355 Tune in Washington (NAA) time tick. 1600 Schedule with Cape Henry (NHG). 1800 Get bearing from Cape Race (VAZ). 2000 Broadcast ice report on 425 Kcs. ICW. 2030 Schedule with Cape Race (VAZ). 2100 Broadcast ice report on 175 Kcs. CW. 2130 Schedule with Washington (NSS) on 8270 Kcs. 2230 Schedule with Bar Harbor (NBD). 2315 Copy weather from Cape Race (VCE). There was some minor trouble with both the sending and receiving apparatus, but nothing went wrong which could not be repaired by the ship's force. There were no serious breakdowns of communications. 31 The radio compasses were invaluable in 1930 for enabling the patrol vessels to find each other. It so happened that almost every time relief of patrol was effected dense fog was prevailing. Despite bad visibility, it was always possible to relieve the patrol on time, for no matter how dense or prolonged the fog, the patrol vessels could always steer toward each other along radio bearings until within hearing distance of each other's fog whistles. Summarized radio traffic figures for 1928, 1929, and 1930 are given below : 1928 1929 1930 Routine broadcasts transmitted - 760 6,534 489 450,460 984 7,225 539 807, 737 952 Wator-temperature and weather reports sent in by cooperating vessels Total nimihpr of rnoperating vessels 6,097 441 Total number of words transmitted and received by radio 688, 723 ICE OBSERVATION Figures 16-23, following immediately after this section are monthly ice maps. They show the positions of all icebergs and field ice south of the forty-eighth meridian in the Grand Banks region either sighted by or reported to the ice patrol. The same base map that has served for several years was used for plotting the ice reports. Such uniformity makes a study of the ice character of months of the same or different years very easy, either through side-by-side comparision of the maps or superposition for examination by transmitted light. The numbers appearing near the ice symbols give the day of the month on which the ice reports were received. Whenever it was reasonably certain that reports on the same or different days from different locations referred to one berg dotted lines were drawn to indicate the probable drift track of the ice. During March, April, and May a number of long drift tracks were made for some of the southern bergs that were actually watched by the patrol. Because of the longer time periods covered and the absence of confusing detail, the drift tracks on the ice maps, Figures 21-23, are easier to follow than the same drift tracks shown on the isotherm charts. Figures 4-8. A brief description of the 1930 season ice conditions follows. Only the usual patrol area south of the forty-eighth parallel and about the Grand Banks is considered. OCTOBER, 1929 So far as is known, no ice drifted south of the forty-eighth paraUel during the month. 32 NOVEMBER Seventeen bergs were reported from along the steamship tracks off Cape Race. One berg was reported from the extreme northern end of the eastern edge of the Grand Banks. DECEMBER Twelve bergs were reported from very widely scattered positions^ between Cape Race and Flemish Cap. JANUARY, 1930 Fourteen bergs were reported from between Flemish Cap and 47° 30' N., 51° 00' W. The first reports of field ice for the winter were received. The latter ice was on the average somewhat west of the mean position of the bergs. It was common from Cape Race to 48° 00' N., 43° 30' W., and thence southward to 46° 00' N., 47° 30' W. FEBRUARY Field ice and bergs were present in quantity between Flemish Cap and Cape Race, and between Flemish Cap and the Tail of the Banks. It is estimated that 116 different bergs were situated south of the forty-eighth parallel. As usual, the resistant bergs drifted farther east and south into the North Atlantic than did the more ephemeral field ice. Ice conditions were incomparably heavier than in February, 1928 or 1929. In neither of the latter years was a single berg reported from south of the forty-eighth parallel until after March 1. MARCH Eighty-seven different bergs were sighted or reported south of the forty-eighth parallel. Most of them were located between Flemish Cap and the Tail of the Banks. Several good drift tracks could be drawn for bergs that were followed eastward along the temperature wall from the Tail of the Grand Banks. Very little ice was reported from north of latitude 46° 40' N. As few vessels were following northerly tracks, it is likely that more ice existed between Cape Race and Flemish Cap than was reported. Very little field ice was reported from the Grand Banks region during March. The extremely early withdrawal of this sort of ice laid foundations for the opinion that the bergs would disappear earlier than usual in 1930. That is just what occurred, as can be seen by comparing the ice maps of the next three months with the ice maps for the same months of previous years. 33 APRIL Eighty-nine different bergs were sighted and reported during April. A few of these were situated just north of the Grand Banks, but the great majority were located in the cold current off the eastern edge of the Grand Banks east and west of a line from 49° 00' N., 45° 00' W., to 42° 00' N., 50° 00' W. One small berg was followed southeastward from the Grand Banks until it melted 100 miles east of the Tail. Late in the month a start was made in following the drift of three large bergs. Reference to the ice map for May will show that two of these bergs had extraor- dinarily long drifts which carried them across the "B" tracks. No field ice was reported from south of the forty-eighth parallel during April. MAY The majority of May's 101 bergs were located north of the Grand Banks along the Cape Race, or "F" traffic lanes. For the first time in 1930 numerous bergs were reported from close to the Newfoundland coast. This gradual shifting westward of the southward-moving stream of bergs is a prominent feature of the approaching end of the berg season for the "A," "B," "C," and "D" traffic lanes. Ice drifts south of the Tail are prevented by this westward tendency of the bergs fully as much as by their melting under the influence of the vernal increase in temperature of the surface water. East of the Grand Banks there were some scattered reports of bergs from a very large area. By May 24 it was possible to complete the drift tracks of the three southernmost bergs. One of these tracks was started on April 18 and the other two began on April 22. The longest of the three tracks was about 550 sea miles in length . The berg which followed this route was under surveillance for 32 days. JUNE It is estimated that 62 different bergs were reported from south of the forty-eighth parallel during June. All of these were located between Cape Race and a point 80 miles northwest of Flemish Cap. A great majority of the bergs were within 60 miles of the Newfound- land coast. The cold stream off the eastern edge of the Grand Banks was abso- lutely free from ice. The scattered bergs that had been in it during May melted before June 1 . The withdrawal of the threat of ice from the "A," "B," "C," and "D" traffic lanes occurred earlier than has been the case for many yeare. '^i y '^ 34 JULY Not enough ice drifted south of the forty-eighth parallel during July to warrant its inclusion on a special ice map. The following are the only ice reports received during July: July 1, large berg 47° 01' N., 51° 23' W. July 2, berg and growler 46° 43' N., 52° 57' W. July 26, large berg 46° 52' N., 52° 50' W. AUGUST On August 7 a small berg was reported from 46° 51' N., 52° 54' W Plate IX. — Stormy weather off the Oranfi Banks Plate X.— The Mojave has just been relieved of the ice patrol duty by the cutter from which this photograph was taken. She is heading for port to get food, water, and fuel for her ne.xt patrol cruise Plate XI. — A large berg with two off-lying ice spurs ^JLl ^- BERas. O -GROWLERS l/)V- FIELD ICE. GENEIRAU CHART COVER'M« ICE PATROL GRAND BANKS NOVEMBER, lU"^, ICE MAP. FiQUBC 16.— Ice map for November, 1929. Eighteen known bergs were south of the forty-eighth parallel dnring the month 18732—31. (Face p. 34.) No. 1 i /" N "ft FiQOEE 17.— Ice map tor December. Twelve known bergs were south of the forty-eighth parallel during the month 18732—31. (Face p. 34.) No. 2 l\. ^- BCROS o -saowi.tBs ICE PATROL GRAND BANKS JANUARY, 1^30, ICE MAP. FiODRE 18.— Ice map for Jauary, 1930. Fourteen known bergs were aoutb of the torty-elghth parallel during the month 18732—31. (Flaw p. 34.) No. 3 .J«£ Uj^ 11 .'' !■ I I M 1=^ t-l-l-j-^-j-T-^^^^T^ I I I 1^ I I I I |i» I |--pi I ii»>i»p— T=,^ -^i^ ^ .-Mi' ..fe«/.;i» ir , I I I I I U^rfnA^^ I I I I '■■'■■' — ' '■■'■■' «o s* ^- BER99. O -GROWLERS. |l|^»V-FIEl.O ICE S7 M SS S4 St 51 S GENERAL CHART COVEHII-ja ICE PATROL GRAND BANKS 48 47 FEBRUARY ICE MAR FiauBC 19.— Ice map for February. One hundred and sixteen known bergs were suutli ot the forty-eighth parallel during the month 18732—31. (Face p. 84.) No. 4 'i'tii}^ ^m'' K \ (si^^-^^AJb!^.^^^'^^ ) -Z^. f\ .==J) ? ^5^ \ V J V % ^=T I I I I I J-l- ^ A-/ X k\ 7 \ t- ^X i^bw // " / ,*,» ^ i ^/^1'-/ .^^/- As 5^i :.j!^ f»i^,« ^ 11 ■^—■^^^ ' ' 1 ' \ 1 ^? . , '^ \. A' A7 4^ ■^>^ V-^i-' fit •^S ■A/ 1^7 A2. -^.; «p !H^p^ 4^ -1138 0 S 10 15 » — I 1 I SEA MILES. 1140 w s "v: -250 750 '34.77 1135- LOCATION OF SECTION TWO IKO -tCN 34.77 34.66 3AL.IN TY, FiGUEE 26.— Oceanographic section 2. The above section was drawn from data obtained April 30 to May 3, 1930. Stations 1137, 1138, and 1139 were taken at close intervals across a temperature wall. Very steep and confused isotherms and isohalines are in evidence. By increasing the number of observations even greater irregularities could probably have been brought out. (40) 1146 1147 4^55' N.» 47*48' W, N VV 114^ E MAP OF SECTION THREE, •1144 0 5 10 If 5EA MILES. 1148 METERS METERS DT K ' 34.13- F GURE 27. — Oceanographic section 3. The above section was drawn from data obtained May 12-18, 1930. A case of extreme verticality of the temperature wall can be seen between stations 1146 and 1149 ('41^ 42 CURRENT DIAGRAM ONE. ACTUAL CURRENT ACCORDING TO OBSERVED DRIFT TRACK OF A BERC. DYNAMIC CURRENT STATION ^^*4I'N. 47'12'W. STATIOM 1110 7^«.^007 CURRENT. H •STATION III 7R^.054I N. W. 10 5EA MILE 5. Figure 28. — Current diagram 1 was made from the three stations taken across the temperature wall on March 21, 1930. Apparent disagreement is seen between the currents indicated by dynamic observations and by actual berg drift along the temperature wall. The dynamic currents probably actually existed superposed upon the rapid general drift indicated by the movement of the ice STATION 1137 437. 85i>t W. DYNAMIC CURRENT CURRENT DIAGRAM TWO. s. »5TATI0N 1138 437*7^35 5EA MILES. DYNAMIC ^--__ CURRENT. STATION jl39^,.^3:^;., 437.773?. ^«'^^^- \ _3\ACTUAL CURRENT •c»\ACCORD|W&TO wi\OBSERVED DRIFT •3^\TRACK OF A >^^. ^ERG. FiGXJBE 29. — Current diagram 2 was made from three stations taken across the temperature wall on May 2, 1930. Apparent disagreement is seen between the currents indicated by dynamic observa- tions and by actual berg drift along the temperature wall. The dynamic currents probably actually existed superposed upon the rapid general drift indicated by the movement of the ice 43 SAL. 34.04 DEN. ?ii}.n SAL.34.05 GROWLERS FROM fc.45 BERG ^» ^c'^ff' 6.45*