Bk f U. S. TREASURY DEPARTMENT COAST GUARD BULLETIN No. 42 INTERNATIONAL ICE OBSERVATION AND ICE PATROL SERVICE IN THE NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN - [ SEfZof] Marine Biological Laboratory APR 2 5 1958 WOODS HOLE, MASS. MARINE BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY LIBRARY WOODS HOLE, Mfc S. W. H. C I. U. S. TREASURY DEPARTMENT COAST GUARD Bulletin No. 42 INTERNATIONAL ICE OBSERVATION AND ICE PATROL SERVICE IN THE NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN A. J. BUSH J. E. MURRAY FLOYD M. SOULE CG-1 88-11 Season of 1956 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1957 UNITED STATES COAST GUARD ADDRESS REPLY TO: COMMANDANT U. S. COAST GUARD HEADQUARTERS WASHINGTON 25, D. C. 11 April 1957. Transmitted herewith is Bulletin No. 42, International Ice Observation and Ice Patrol Service in the North Atlantic Ocean, Season of 1956. A. C. Richmond, Vice Admiral, U. S. Coast Guard, Commandant. Dist. (SDL No. 64) A: a aa b c d e f (LAUREL, COWSLIP, EVERGREEN, CACTUS only) i (1) B: e (5); b c (2) ; d g 1 m (1) C: a b (1) D: h (10); c e (1) E: d (35) List 133 (iii) ABSTRACT The authority for, mission, forces assigned and method of operation of the International Ice Patrol during the 1956 ice season are described. Aerial ice observation and communications statistics are presented. All ice reports made to the International Ice Patrol in 1956 are tabulated. A general month-by-month description of ice con- ditions in the Newfoundland area is given. Only 80 bergs drifted south of latitude 48°N during the year, a low figure in comparison with the 1900-1956 average, 391 bergs. The most southerly berg of the season was reported 28 May in 44°58'N., 49°22'W. The duration and maximum extension of the pack ice to the south and east of the Newfoundland coast were subnormal. The three dynamic topographic charts resulting from the season's current surveys have been discussed. A more detailed analysis of the Labrador Current has been made based on the velocity profiles at 18 selected sections occu- pied during the 1956 season and post season cruises. Mean curves representing the T-S relationship for Labrador Current water, mixed water and Atlantic Current water have been derived for the period 1948-56 and compared with similar curves for the period 1934-41 and the conditions found during 1956 have been compared with the means. Tentative normal seasonal variation relationships have been presented for the volume transport, mean temperature and mini- mum observed temperature of the Labrador Current at sections F and G, located near the northeastern shoulder of the Grand Banks. The temperature and salinity of the intermediate water of the Labrador Sea have been examined for each of the 16 occupations of the South Wolf Island-Cape Farewell section since 1934. While year to year variations have been large the average temperature for the period 1948-56 was the same as for the period 1934-41 but the salinity has been lower in the later period. Examination of the deep water of the Labrador Sea for the same periods showed a slight warming and freshening at 2000 meters, an isothermal freshening at 2500 meters and a freshen- ing accompanied by a cooling at 3000 meters. The combined effects result in about the same decrease in density at each level. (v) TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Foreword - IX International Ice Patrol, 1956 1 Aerial Ice Observation 3 Communications - 4 Ice Conditions, 1956 5 Table of Ice Reports, 1956 8 Physical Oceanography of the Grand Banks region and the Labrador Sea in 1956 35 (vii) FOREWORD This bulletin is No. 42 in the series of annual reports on the International Ice Observation and Ice Patrol Service. Authors of the section of this bulletin dealing with oceanogra- phy were Oceanographer Floyd M. Soule and LT. J. E. Murray. The remainder was written by LCDR A. J. Bush, USCG. (ix) INTERNATIONAL ICE PATROL 1956 The International Ice Patrol service for 1956 was carried out by the U. S. Coast Guard in accordance with the provisions of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1948, and the U. S. Code, Title 46, Sections 738-738d. The mission of protecting shipping from the dangers of ice drifting in the Grand Banks area was accomplished by the collection of ice information from all available sources and by means of twice daily radio broadcasts disseminating to shipping the description of the cur- rent ice situation. The scientific program dealing with the factors influencing the distribution and drift of ice in the North Atlantic Ocean was continued. The Commander, International Ice Patrol, Captain K. S. Davis, USCG, had the following facilities available to him during the ice season: a staff of three officers and 13 enlisted men, radio and landline communication facilities and office space at Argentia, Newfoundland, three reconnaissance aircraft, one patrol vessel, USCGC Acushnet and an oceanographic survey vessel, USCGC Evergreen. The efficiency of the aerial ice reconnaissance and the distribution of ice made it unnecessary to utilize a surface patrol vessel for the sixth consecutive year. On 5 March Commander, International Ice Patrol and staff arrived at Argentia. Pre-season aerial ice reconnaissance indi- cated the Grand Banks to be free of ice at that time. The first of the 76 ice observation flights made during the season was flown on 12 March. Radio broadcast of the twice daily ice bulle- tins to shipping was commenced at 0048 GMT, 14 March. These bulletins were also sent via landline to the U. S. Navy Hydro- graphic Office, the Canadian Department of Transport and the R.C.N. Radio Station at Albro Lake, N.S. for further dissemina- tion to shipping. The principal sources of ice information during the ice season were the ice observation flights made by International Ice Patrol aircraft, reports made by commercial and military vessels and aircraft, ice reconnaissance flights by the Canadian Department of Transport in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and by the U. S. Navy in the Labrador Sea and Baffin Bay, and, on request, occasional reports by harbormasters, harbor pilots, signal stations and shipping agents. 1 USCGC Evergreen made three oceanographic surveys in the critical sectors of the Grand Banks area during the ice season. By means of the current maps resulting from these surveys, semi- monthly isotherm charts prepared from sea temperatures reported by shipping and wind data supplied by the U. S. Fleet Weather Central at Argentia, estimates of the set, drift and melting rate of bergs and field ice were made. These estimates were useful in planning ice observation flights, particularly after extended periods during which such flights were impracticable because of poor visibility conditions. The current charts and isotherm charts for the season are shown in figures 12 to 14 and 1 to 7, respectively. Only 80 bergs drifted south of latitude 48 °N in the Grand Banks area during all of 1956, a low figure in comparison with the 1900-1956 average, 391 bergs. None of these bergs approached very close to the United States-European North Atlantic Track Agreement tracks B and C. The Canadian-European tracks E and F were free of field ice during the periods they were regularly scheduled to be in effect, but were encumbered by a few bergs throughout the ice season. The field ice blocking Track G was prac- tically all gone by 16 June, but bergs were to be found throughout the season in the Strait of Belle Isle and eastward on this track to the 1,000 fathom curve. The steamer track from Cabot Strait to the St. Lawrence River ports was essentially free of ice by 4 April. The International Ice Patrol office at Argentia was closed and broadcast of ice bulletins terminated on 13 July. By that time there was no ice far enough south in the Labrador Current to survive the trip to the vicinity of the Tail of the Banks and en- danger the major steamer tracks traversing that area. Periodic post-season ice reconnaissance flights were made by the United States Coast Guard Air Detachment at Argentia to guard against any stray berg reaching those tracks without warning to shipping. 55 54° 53° 52° 51° 50° 49° 48° Figure 1— Surface isotVrms for the period 16-31 March 1956. 47" 46° 44° 43° 59" 58° 57" 5© 54° 53° 52° 51° 50° 49° 48° 47° 46° 45° 44° 43° 59° 58° 57° 56° 55° 54° 53° 52° 51° 50° 49" 48° 47° 46° 45° 44° 43° Figure 2.— Surface isotherms for the period 1-15 April 1956. 59° 58" 57° 56" 55" 54° ^^53° 52° 51° 50" 49° 48° 47° 46° 45° 44° 43° 59° 58° 57° 56° 55 54° 53° 52° 51° 50° 49° 48° 47° 46° 45° 44° Figure 3.— Surface isotherms for the period 16-30 April 1956. 59° 58° 5r 56° 55° 54° 5? M^_5r | 50° , , , 49° | 48° | | 47° | 46° 45° 44° 43^ 54° 53° 52° 51° 50° 49° 48° Figure 5. — Surface isotherms for the period 16-31 May 1956. 59° 58° 57° 56° 55° 54° 53° 52° t 51° 50° 49° 48° 47° 46° | 45° | 44 59° 58° 57° 56° 55° 54° 53° 52 51° 50° 49° 48° 47° 46° 45° Figure 6.— Surface isotherms for the period 1-15 June 1956. 59° 58° 57° 56° ,55° , 54° 5?L^_^J?1 50° 49° 48° 47° 46° 45° 44° 43° 59° 58° 57° 56' 54° 53° 52° 51° 50° 49° 48° 47° 46° 45° 44° 43° Figure 7.— Surface isotherms for the period 16-30 June 1956. AERIAL ICE OBSERVATION Seventy-six ice observation flights were made in three PB1G (B-17) type aircraft by the United States Coast Guard Air Detachment at Argentia during the ice season. These flights averaged 918 miles in length and 6.4 hours long. The longest fiight was 1275 miles in length. The primary objective of the aerial ice observation was to guard the southeastern, southern and southwestern limits of the ice encumbered area in the vicinity of the Grand Banks so that shipping might be advised of the extent of that dangerous area. In addition, the aerial ice observation had the purpose of main- taining, insofar as visibility conditions and aircraft availability permitted, a detailed, up-to-date picture of the ice situation in the Grand Banks region for the benefit of mariners traversing the ice area. Ice reports from shipping were of invaluable assistance in attaining these objectives. The ice observation flight plans were usually made up of a sys- tem of parallel lines spaced at 20 or 25 mile intervals depending on conditions of visibility. Loran was the primary method of air navigation. A trained aerial ice observer was assigned to each ice observation flight. Radar aided the observer in locating ice, especially where visibility conditions were not good. As in past years, the prevalence of fog in the Grand Banks area hampered the effectiveness and the systematic scheduling of ice observation flights. Weather reports from shipping and weather forecasts made by the United States Fleet Weather Central at Argentia were very helpful in avoiding the scheduling of flights during periods of low visibility in the search areas. Flight statistics for the season are presented in the following table : TABLE I Aerial Ice Observation Statistics for the 1956 Ice Season Month Number of flights Number of days on which flights made Number of days pood observing weather1 Average visual effect- iveness2 Maximum number days between flights Miles flown Hours flown March (5-31) 17 20 20 12 7 76 14 20 19 11 6 70 11 10 15 7 2 45 Percent 58.4 43.5 61.2 68.3 39.1 54.1 4 4 5 8 3 13,861 18,029 18,659 12,155 6,984 69,688 99.5 127.8 128.5 80.8 July (1-13) Total for 1956 47.5 484.1 1 Days on which possible to search visually at least 50 percent of scouting area with 25 mile spacing between legs of flight plan. 2 Ratio (xlOO) of area actually searched visually to area planned to be searched. COMMUNICATIONS From 14 March to 13 July ice bulletins were broadcast daily to shipping by United States Coast Guard Radio Argentia (NIK) at 0048 and 1248 GMT on 155, 5320 and 8502 kcs. A general call to all ships on 500 kcs. preceded each broadcast with instruc- tions to shift to the above operating frequencies. A one minute period of test signals transmitted on the operating frequencies facilitated receiver tuning. Each bulletin was transmitted twice, once at 15 words per minute and a second time at 25 words per minute. The ice bulletins were also sent via the teletype net to the United States Navy Hydrographic Office, Washington, D. C., the Canadian Department of Transport, Halifax; N. S. and the Royal Canadian Navy Radio Station at Albro Lake, N. S. Each bulletin concluded with a request that all shipping in the ice patrol area report to NIK all ice sighted, and weather condi- tions and sea temperatures every four hours. The effectiveness and efficiency of the International Ice Patrol was enhanced con- siderably by the excellent response by shipping to this request. Merchant ships worked NIK on 425, 454, 468 or 480 kcs. or their assigned frequency in the 8 mc. band. NIK worked on 444 or 8650 kcs. During the 1956 season, ice patrol communications involved the handling of 9,254 radio mesages and 8,671 landline messages. Statistics concerning the reports received from shipping are as follows : Number of ice reports received from vessels 460 Number of vessels furnishing ice reports... 205 Number of sea surface temperatures reported 7,028 Number of vessels furnishing sea surface temperatures 420 Number of vessels requesting special information 72 Number of weather reports relayed to Observer, Washington 729 Total number of vessels worked. 485 The percentage distribution of reporting vessels by nationality was as follows: Nationality Percent of total Great Britain.... 29.7 U. S. of A.... 16.1 Germany. 10.4 Norway.... 7.3 Liberia „.. 6.3 Sweden 5.7 Netherlands _ 4.3 Italy 3.0 Panama 2.8 France... 2.0 Canada _ 1.8 Others (18 nations) 10.6 Total 100.0 4 ICE CONDITIONS— 1956 JANUARY— FEBRUARY No ice was reported to the International Ice Patrol during January or February except a patch of field ice reported 21 February west of Funk Island, Newfoundland. MARCH The Grand Banks area remained clear of ice in the first half of March. Approximately 20 bergs entered the Grand Banks area during the last half of the month. These bergs were distributed along the northeast slope of the Grand Banks between the 100 and 1,000 fathom curves. Nine bergs crossed the 8th parallel during March. The most southerly of these was reported 25 March in 46°24'N., 47°35'W., and the most easterly was reported on the 29th in 47°54'N., 45°32'W. By the last week in March, the south and east limits of the field ice in the Grand Banks area approximated a line from Bac- calieu Island to 48°N., 49°W. to 49°N., 49°W. In the Gulf of St. Lawrence area, the steamer track from Cabot Strait to the Gaspe Passage was navigable with caution during the last 10 days of March. Considerable pack persisted through- out the month to the southwest of this track in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, the western part of Cabot Strait and in the St. Lawrence River. The distribution of ice reported during March in the Grand Banks area is shown graphically in figure 8. APRIL That the 1956 ice season would be a light one was foreshadowed by the fact that only 13 bergs drifted south across the 48th parallel in April and the field ice limits in the Grand Banks area advanced no farther south than 47°20'N. or farther east than 48°W. All berg and growler positions reported during the month lay inside a line from Cape Spear to 46°N., 49°W. to 46°N., 47°W. to 49°N., 49°W. Except for some isolated pieces of pack ice, the steamer track from Cabot Strait to Gaspe Passage and up river was clear by 4 April. By the end of the month the heavy pack to the southwest of this track disappeared except for some scattered pack off the east and west coasts of Cape Breton Island. The distribution of ice reported in April in the Grand Banks area is shown graphically in figure 9. MAY Thirty-four bergs drifted south across the 48th parallel in May. Most of these moved into positions fairly evenly distributed along the east coast of the Avalon Peninsula and the north and east slopes of the Grand Banks before melting completely. A few drifted into the sector north of Flemish Cap. The most southerly berg of the season was reported 28 May in 44°58'N., 49°22'W. The most southerly ice of the season was a group of growlers reported 28 May in 42°48'N., 50°21'W. The Grand Banks area was clear of field ice after 4 May. Although the Strait of Belle Isle was navigable by about 16 May, the eastern approaches remained blocked by heavy pack through- out the month. The distribution of ice reported in the Grand Banks area dur- ing May is shown graphically in figure 10. JUNE A few bergs were to be found throughout the month of June in that part of the Grand Banks area north of a line from Cape Race to Flemish Cap. Although 21 bergs came south across the 48th parallel during the month, the total number of bergs in the Grand Banks area at any particular time was steadily being reduced by the rising sea temperatures as the month wore on. The pack ice blocking the eastern approaches to the Strait of Belle Isle was almost gone by 16 June. Numerous bergs persisted throughout the month along the steamer lane through the strait and east to the 1,000 fathom curve. The distribution of ice reported in the Grand Banks area dur- ing June is shown graphically in figure 11. JULY Increasing sea surface temperatures eleminated all ice from the Grand Banks area in July except for three or four bergs which persisted almost to the end of the month near the 100 fathom curve in the northeast sector and two or three bergs aground along the east coast of the Avalon Peninsula* Three bergs drifted south across the 48th parallel during the month. Numerous reports were received in July of bergs encumbering the Strait of Belle Isle and its eastern approaches. AUGUST— NOVEMBER No ice was reported south of latitude 50° N. during the period August-November except a berg reported 22 September in 49°55' N., 49°55' W. 59° 58° 5r 56° 55° 54° 53° 5 2° 51° 5 0" 4 9° 4 8° 4 7° 46° 45° 44° 43° 49 \ \ ' ' .' ' ' i ■ ' ' ' ' i ■ ■ ' ' — / GENERAL CHART / I ICE PATR( )L AREA | ^~yf* GRAND HANKS Ji.- BERGS O - GROWLERS ?*.' ft. ''" k J'* ft c* S P Aft 1. ft A ft a £ a - L "' NEWFOUNDLAND 4fc)u J r^^-AM %S pi -- 1 " $ s a 8a ■ 9. &\ ft o A ---- *-rr'\ «-; ,,,,, ft h 4/" || V. /A \f -' — . •^ \. ' ::'_ L.~ ; ?. ft | o "-ft *?. _ -' / - j^ " Vs ' ^ *-\ ,. J ' \ f , ,i r :\ ;; GRAND BANKS f ' - - ,-• - . — - - ' \ -v.,- '"■ \ f / ■' , °1--:V )-A ' - "'-• \ ;,) ," .;": i 43° s K V \ - 1 r - ' ^ ... - • - ' 42° <> O 8«\ ^» o\3i o ro < o 2* o m 01 o CO jt* .VW * IO c ro R IO +\ co i * \ \ *■' I IO i i o\2 \ 0-T° \ K i * V* \ *' \i< IO 8*8 \x PJ VT\ CO \r \ IO \» \\ \\ Ss. m \\ * . \\ ">s IO • * IO l\ o >■ I- IO i\° OcV *S OMl \M S -J \ \ \ z\ 2 S UJ L j cc w ,(■ \ "* — IO \ = \ \ o a. o uj \ \ g! ■I IO V s 25 o CD \l CD «• IO 00 / \ \ \ * \ \ <7> 7 > C r> V x> IO C ,\ N. IO CO < z \\ CO b J > < 1 1 \\ IO IO CI E °K \\ m DC < o\\ h- q> «oV O -T\ IO IO CO UJ z >- i 0> \ 1 * o o CO J (J IO IO Q bJ Z V ^v. m f J > ■) a b J io' IO 0 J y / IO IO 3 i 0) o 44 TEMPERATURE *C <£> lO t tO CvJ — o — o \ s s vs. <© o \ o — \p~ o O o m 10 O ~«.A ^■^JD 7>. — o> 2\ o "v< s ! c UJ ooo~ 1 »\ IO \ H \ Z \2 \ 1 1 Mi\2 \ IO (0 \j- \ 1 i M » otS ^ IO \ \ \ i \ i \ \ \\ \\ \\ IO \ i ° \\\ ^ <■ \ 1 IO \ j \\ • 2 \ {_ o\ ■* IO E M \ UJ UJ II o o l\ I \ ^ N / ^ 1 CD IO 0> M i a a ■) 5 1- > t J I * i j j r J i J > 1 Z < UJ ft < UJ > 1 00 on UJ z _J z UJ o DC oa / \ IO IO 00 7 < u \\ ^ IO" IO 2 0 < \ < IO IO (0 > 1 a x \ \ V \ \ o o IO IO b 3 IO C c \ >«v io" IO u | V J. a3 °» G T3 05 6jo X to 5- CO 4J * > 2 c3 -o' > C 0> -^ « ?! o « v .Si <» •p ^ » 13 rt £ <» S Sea rt 3 aj ^e «^ £vi S >>.2 » spq c e8T3 «3 ^ C ? -> O fH 45 The density is less in each water mass level for level in the recent period than in the earlier period. In Labrador Current water the postwar observations show fresher and colder water at the levels above 600 meters and fresher water of about the same tempera- tures at the levels below 600 meters. The postwar mixed water is fresher and warmer at all levels. In Atlantic Current water the postwar observations show saltier and warmer water at levels above 600 meters and fresher and warmer water at 800 meters and below. The prewar salinity inversion with a minimum at about 5.5° is not present in the postwar curve. The salinity differ- ence between the prewar and postwar curves at 1,000 meters is about 0.02 °/oo, being somewhat less in Atlantic Current water and somewhat more in Labrador Current water and mixed water. While it is possible that this may represent a shift in instrument standardization it is considered to be at least partly a real change in salinity of the water. The temperature changes are considered to be real. The differences in the curves for Atlantic Current water are not as significant as those in the curves for the other two water masses since most of the surveys do not get far enough into the Atlantic Current to get a representative sampling of the entire current. In figure 17 the T-S relationships found in 1956 are compared with the means for the period 1948-56. It will be seen that in 1956 the Labrador Current water was denser, warmer and saltier than the mean at levels above 600 meters and was the same as the mean at levels below 600 meters. The mixed water was denser and saltier than the mean at all levels and colder above about 150 meters, warmer from 150 to 800 meters and about the same below 800 meters. The Atlantic Current water was denser, saltier and warmer than the mean at all levels. The position of the cold wall was estimated for each of the first two surveys, using as a criterion the horizontal projection of the line along which a temperature of 6°C corresponds to a salinity of 34.95°/oo- To permit a simple numerical expression of the posi- tion of this cold wall with respect to its advance toward or retreat from the Grand Banks we have used the area between it and the fixed rhumb lines of the 45th parallel, the 49th meridian from 45° N., to 43° W., and a line from 43° N., 49° W., through 42° N., 47° W., extended. This area was 7.7 and 7.5 (x 104 square kilometers) for the first and second surveys respectively. Reason- ing that the position of the cold wall is determined by the relative strengths of the Labrador Current and the Atlantic Current the effect of the latter is approximated by adjusting the area by 104 square kilometers for each 1 0 - cubic meters per second of Labrador Current entering the area past the 45th parallel. The resulting 46 adjusted area, A, was 4.10 and 2.63 for the first and second sur- veys respectively. These figures are to be compared with 3.62 and 1.60 respectively, computed from the 1952 prediction formula A=6.97(H-5.07)-1.67 where H, expressed in feet, is the sea level at Charleston minus the departure from average sea level at Bermuda IIV2 months earlier. The Labrador Current has been studied in some detail for a number of years through the examination of the velocity and tem- perature distribution in vertical sections which have been repeat- edly occupied. The section across the West Greenland Current off Cape Farewell also has been studied in the same manner although the dates of the various occupations and those of the section across the Labrador Current are not as widely distributed over the spring and summer months as are those for the sections in the Grand Banks region. The various sections have been des- ignated as follows. Sections NW, SW and SE are the north- western, southwestern and southeastern sides of the Bonavista triangle which is defined by its corners located just off Cape Bonavista, Newfoundland, 50° N., 49° W., and about 47c20' N., 50°00' W. Section H is roughly parallel to the southeastern side of the Bonavista triangle and extends north-northeasterly from about 47°10' N., 49°15' W. Section G extends northeasterly from about 47°10' N., 48°40' W. Section F2 is an east-west section be- tween the Grand Banks and Flemish Cap along the parallel of 47°15' N. Section F is similar to F, but about 30 miles farther south. Section T extends southeasterly from about 46°20' N., 49°00' W. Section U extends easterly from the Grand Banks at about 45°00'N. Section W extends southerly from the Grand Banks along the meridian of 50° 15' W. 47 SECTION G A M J J SECTION F A M J J AVE. I JUNE 3.05-.57/MQ AVE I JUNE3.09+.24/M0. a, 2 2 < LU 1 51 5 © 52 54 — 5I 55 a °52^ *55 52 AVE. I JUNE I.9I+.33/M0. ©53 >54^ ©56 o51 5 < 52 < ^3 \ 56 o54 55 • 54 «54 © AVELIJUNE-I.28-.06/MQ AVE.IJUNE-I.32-04/MQ Figure 18. — Tentative normal seasonal change in volume transport, mean temperature, and minimum observed temperature of the Labrador Current at sections G and F. 48 The data from these sections, while not numerous, have per- mitted the development of some tentative normal seasonal varia- tion relationships for a part of the year. Those for the West Greenland Current off Cape Farewell were published in bulletin 35 of this series. These data for the section across the Labrador Current off South Wolf Island, Labrador, have so far been treated as of a common date and average values are used for comparison with those for an individual occupation. Tentative normal seasonal variation curves for sections T, U and W have been published in bulletin 36 and those for the Bonavista triangle appear in bulletin 39. Data from sections H and F2 are still insufficient for the de- velopment of even tentative normals. Figure 18 gives the approxi- mate normal seasonal variation relationships at sections F and G. The seasonal increase in volume transport for section F does not agree with the seasonal decrease found for section G. All three sections of the Bonavista triangle show a seasonal increase in volume transport. It is to be expected that section F would show either a seasonal decrease or a smaller seasonal increase than that at the Bonavista triangle. These curves are therefore looked upon with suspicion and additional data may show that the sea- sonal decrease at section G is less than shown in figure 18 and that the volume transport at section F normally has a seasonal decrease. Table 1. — Summary of velocity sections across Labrador Current occupied in 1956 Section Volume transport 1956 Nor- mal Anom- aly Mean temperature 1956 Nor- mal Anom- aly Minimum observed temperature 1956 Nor- mal Anom- aly Heat transport 1956 Nor- mal Anom- aly 1st Survey: F T U w.... 2d Survey: F T U W.._. 3d Survey: NW... sw... BE.— H G F2_ — Postseason: NW... SW... SE South Wolf Island. 3.65 2.59 3.58 5.53 3.86 3.76 4.87 5.20 4.11 0.68 3.78 4.44 4.87 4.54 4.71 0.42 4.82 2.71 3.31 5.34 4.24 3.10 2.67 3.84 4.13 3.76 0.52 3.15 +0.94 -0.72 -1.76 +1.29 — 0.76 —1.09 —1.03 —1.07 —0.35 —0.16 —0.63 +1.93 4.04 0.62 3.32 +0.67 -0.20 +1.50 -0.54 2.21 2.01 2.72 2.37 1.87 2.10 1.75 2.93 1.40 -0.82 2.02 2.18 2.19 1.77 1.88 0.15 2.35 1.75 1.55 1.95 1.47 2.02 1.98 1.73 2.31 3.10 1.23 -0.27 1.74 2.09 1.41 0.06 1.98 —0.66 —0.06 —1.25 —0.35 -0.11 +0.37 -0.56 -0.17 +0.17 -0.55 +0.28 +0.10 —0.47 —0.09 — 0.37 -0.71 -1.30 -0.73 -0.46 +0.14 -1.43 -1.38 -1.04 -0.54 -1.60 -1.61 -1.38 -1.45 -1.42 -1.52 -1.62 -1.57 -1.47 -1.26 -1.40 -1.22 -0.51 -1.32 -1.55 -1.22 -0.41 -1.67 -1.64 -1.54 -0.04 —0.67 — 0.76 —0.65 -0.11 +0.17 +0.18 -0.13 —0.07 --0.03 —0.16 -0.11 -1.61 -1.64 -1.58 -0.01 +0.07 +0.11 +0.01 8.07 5.20 9.77 13.10 7.22 7.90 8.49 15.25 5.76 -0.56 7.63 9.67 10.69 8.05 0.06 11.34 7.33 4.19 6.45 7.85 8.56 6.14 4.62 8.87 12.80 4.62 -0.14 5.48 5.73 5.70 0.04 6.57 +3.88 -1.25 +1.92 +4.54 +1.08 +3.28 -0.38 +2.45 +1.14 -0.42 +2.15 +4. --3. 16 --0.02 4.77 -4.28 49 There were 18 occupations of various of these sections across the Labrador Current in 1956. Table 1 gives the volume transport, mean temperature, minimum observed temperature and heat trans- port found during these occupations in comparison with the seasonal normal values where they are available. In the table, as well as in the text, the volume transport is given in millions of cubic meters per second, mean temperature and minimum observed temperature are in degrees Centigrade, and heat trans- port is given in millions of cubic meter degrees Centigrade per second. In volume transport, table 1 shows a preponderance of positive anomalies, the exceptions being sections T and U during the first survey and the South Wolf Island section occupied during the post season cruise. The mean temperatures were all higher than normal during the first survey and except for section T were below normal during the second survey. The Labrador Current at the Bonavista triangle was warmer than normal during both occupations and at South Wolf Island it was colder than average. The percentage of the volume transport following the eastern branch of the Labrador Current at the Bonavista triangle during the 3d survey was 84.7 which was close to the seasonal normal of 85.1 percent. At the time of the post season cruise, however, this had increased to 92.0 percent whereas the normal seasonal change is a reduction to 83.6 percent. As the volume transport at the triangle increased from 4.28 to 4.98 between the two occu- pations, whereas the normal seasonal increase is from 3.72 to 4.00 during this period, the positive anomaly increased from 0.56 to 0.98. This, together with the increase in the positive anomaly in mean temperature shown in table 1, indicates that the anamalous increase in the percentage following the eastern branch was caused by an increase in the warmer offshore part of the Labrador Current, from which an increased activity in the circulation of the Labrador Sea is inferred. In bulletin 39 of this series it was noted that the minimum observed temperature at the South Wolf Island section was slightly warmer and its corresponding salinity somewhat fresher than these values at the Bonavista triangle. Following is a tabulation of the minimum observed temperatures and their corresponding salinities at the South Wolf Island section and at the Bonavista triangle for each of the 9 years from which nearly synoptic obser- vations are available. 50 South Wolf Island Bonavista triangle Year Depth Temperature Salinity Depth Temperature Salinity 1948 81 73 50 69 74 51 102 103 75 75 -1.55 -1.70 -1.68 -1.34 -1.68 -1.21 -1.58 -1.66 -1.50 -1.54 32.72 32.98 32.82 32.66 32.78 32.88 32.85 32.95 33.01 32.85 189 99 64 96 95 92 98 100 75 101 -1.61 -1.62 -1.76 -1.58 -1.63 -1.67 -1.67 -1.66 -1.62 -1.65 33.17 1949 33.29 1950 33.17 1951 - 33.00 1952 - 33.13 1953 33.06 1954 33.15 1955 33.08 1956 32.96 33.11 Only in 1949 and 1952 was the minimum observed temperature at the South Wolf Island section colder than that at the Bonavista triangle. Except for 1956 the corresponding salinities at the South Wolf Island section were fresher than at the Bonavista triangle. The direction of the salinity difference is not surprising since the average depth of the minimum temperature was about 26 meters greater at the Bonavista triangle than at the South Wolf Island section. The previously offered explanation of colder water at the Bonavista triangle being brought about by winter time con- centration through the removal of water by freezing is not com- pletely satisfactory and while it no doubt plays an important part in producing the temperatures and salinities found at the Bonavista triangle in the summertime, it seems probable that the T-S characteristics of the water found off South Wolf Island in summer are decidedly affected by the discharge of fresh water from Hamilton Inlet. Nutt and Coachman2 have estimated that the winter's precipitation at Hebron Fjord, Labrador is released into the Fjord between May 15 and July 15. These same authors found a trend toward lower salinity and a slight warming from measurements made in late July and early August in 1949, 1952, and 1954 over which span the total freshen- ing amounted to 0.34°/Oo. While the foregoing table shows salinity fluctuations of about the same range a T-S plot of the nine annual points in chronological sequence does not show any such pro- nounced trend either at South Wolf Island or at the Bonavista triangle. Remembering that these are points of minimum observed temperature and that the temperature minimum over the con- tinental shelf is probably the least disturbed of any part of the Labrador Current during the warmer part of the year by onshore or offshore winds, they may reasonably be taken as representative of the inshore frigid component of the Labrador Current. Because of the various depths of the different observations, however, scaled 2 The Oceanography of Hebron Fjord, Labrador — Nutt, David C. and Lawrence K. Coach' man. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, vol. 13 no. 5; 1956. 51 values from the same stations at constant level were plotted (at 75 meters off South Wolf Island and at 100 meters for the Bona- vista triangle) this plot showed similarly negative results as to any consistent trend. Referring again to table 1 it will be noted that the volume transport of the Labrador Current at the South Wolf Island section was 4.18 whereas that at the Bonavista triangle a few days earlier was 4.98. Usually there is some loss of volume trans- port to the eastward between the South Wolf Island section and Table 2 Occupations of sections across — Year Labrador Current off South Wolf Island West Greenland Current off Cape Farewell Ship Date Vol. Trans. Mean Temp. Min. Obs. temp. Heat Trans. Date Vol. Trans. Mean Temp. Heat Trans. 1928 1928 1931 1933 1934 1935 1935 1936 1938 1939 1940 1941 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 .92 May .05 Sept. .05 Aug. .27 July .40 July .24 March .60 Aug. .75 June .89 July .45 July 4.0 4.4 3.7 5.76 2.91 7.5 8.50 6.37 5.43 6.31 4.1 5.5 5.3 4.19 5.1 4.0 4.99 4.05 4.69 4.19 16.4 .73 July .34 July .73 July .31 July 5.1 1.3 7.60 5.03 3.3 1.7 3.41 2.68 -1.45 -1.41 -1.06 -1.60 16.5 2.2 25.90 13.50 24.1 General Greene Do Do 19.5 24.13 14.86 30.0 General Greene Do- .73 Aug. .65 June .79 July .34 July .82 June .79 July .37 July .18 July .02 Aug. .60 July .53 July .50 July .82 Aug. .51 July .50 July .59 July 4.22 3.32 4.20 4.56 2.75 2.32 3.01 5.16 5.92 5.30 6.37 6.41 7.84 5.02 4.18 4.72 2.76 1.27 2.92 2.69 1.52 2.60 2.21 2.3 2.63 2.63 2.63 2.64 2.39 2.62 1.75 2.46 (-1.50) -1.61 -1.56 -1.51 -1.72 -1.08 -1.55 -1.70 -1.68 -1.34 -1.68 -1.21 -1.58 -1.66 -1.50 -1.49 11.65 4.22 12.25 12.27 4.17 6.03 6.65 11.87 15.57 13.93 16.76 16.94 18.72 13.15 7.33 11.61 42.44 25.83 Do Do 25.04 26.46 Do... Do .89 July .50 July .27 July .11 Aug. .69 July .63 July .63 Julv .92 Aug. .60 July .62 July 6.46 1.52 2.52 7.76 5.28 5.93 7.35 8.95 5.66 7.32 4.87 3.93 3.62 4.26 3.68 3.79 3.84 4.95 4.74 4.10 31.46 Evergreen.-. Do 5.97 9.12 Do-. 33.06 Do 19.41 Do Do Do 22.50 28.22 44.33 Do- Do 26.85 30.01 the Bonavista triangle. With the volume transport some 0.8 higher at the Bonavista triangle than at South Wolf Island the explana- tion would seem to be that at least 0.8 were involved in a cyclonic closed eddy northeastward of the Bonavista triangle. This has been indicated in figure 19 which schematically presents the vol- ume transports listed in table 1. 52 Figure 19. — Schematic representation of circulation deducted from sections occupied during 1956. Numerals indicate volume transport in units of cu.m/sec X KH>. 53 Figure 20. — Dynamic topography of the sea surface relative to the 1500- decibar surface from data collected 15-20 July 1956. Oceanographic station positions are indicated and the station numbers given at turning points. 54 METERS DEPTH 8 55 METERS DEPTH 56 o o UJ 34.83 34.85 34.9 34.92 SAL. % Figure 23.— Year to year variations in the temperature and salinity of the intermediate water of the Labrador Sea along the South Wolf Island-Cape Farewell section from summertime observations. For each year the average of all observed temperatures between 450 and 1750 meters from the central part of the section have been plotted against the average of the correspond- ing salinities and labeled with the last two digits of the year of observation. Solid lines connect the points for successive years except that since the section was not occupied in 1937 a broken line connects the points for 1936 and 1938. Squares indicate the means for the periods 1934-41 and 1948-56. 57 SAL. %« 3485 34.90 34.95 Figure 24. — Year to year variations in the temperature and salinity of the deep water of the Labrador Sea along- the South Wolf Island-Cape Farewell section from summertime observations. For each year the average of all scaled values of temperature at and below 2000 meters have been plotted against the average of the corresponding scaled values of salinity and labeled with the last two digits of the year of observation. 58 2000 M • 2500 M /~300< £3500 M ? 3.5 3.0 O e 2.5 9: UJ 2.0 34.8 34.9 SAL.%o 35.0 Figure 25. — Mean scaled values of temperature of the deep water of the Labrador Sea plotted against mean scaled values of corresponding salinity for the periods 1934-41 and 1948-56. 59 60 The volume transport, mean temperature and resulting heat transport for all occupations of the sections across the Labrador Current off South Wolf Island and the West Greenland Current off Cape Farewell that have been considered in our discussions are listed in table 2. For the most part these measurements were made by the International Ice Patrol from the Marion in 1928, the General Greene 1931 to 1941 and the Evergreen 1948 to 1956. Two occupations of the Cape Farewell section, one by the Godthaab in 1928 and one by the Meteor in 1935, are included. For the section across the Labrador Current off South Wolf Island a tabulation of the minimum observed temperature is included and average values are presented. Averages are not listed for the West Greenland Current since there appears to be seasonal varia- tions in the volume transport of the parent components (Irminger Current and East Greenland Current) having maximum rates of change in the summertime. Figure 20 shows the dynamic topography in the vicinity of the section from South Wolf Island, Labrador, to Cape Farewell, Greenland found during the 1956 post season cruise. Figures 21 and 22 show the distribution of temperature and salinity along this section for the same occupation. In figure 21 the Labrador Current is to be seen with its characteristic temperature minimum over the shelf and its horizontal temperature gradient above the continental slope. The West Greenland Current also is recogniz- able from its characteristic cold inshore water and warm offshore band. In the intermediate water of the Labrador Sea the tempera- ture minimum, which is considered to be a relic of the previous winter's cooling, was less pronounced and was warmer than usual. In figure 21 two small areas within which the temperature was less than 3.3 indicate the location of this minimum. In earlier bulletins of this series the different occupations of the section have been described as warm years or cold years according to the temperature found in the minimum and the cross sectional extent of the minimum. By this method the 1956 occupation would be classified as warm along with those of 1940, 41, 48, 49, 51, 52, and 53 while the cold years were 1934, 35, 36, 38, 39, 50, 54 and 55. An attempt has been made to arrive at a more specific and numerical characterization of the intermediate water by taking the average of all temperatures observed between depths of 450 and 1,750 meters from all stations which lie offshore of the Labrador Current and the warm water of the West Greenland Current for each occupation. For 1956 this would include stations 6325-29. The averages of all the corresponding salinities for each occupation were also computed. These average temperatures have been plotted against their corresponding average salinities in 61 figure 23. Each occupation of the section is thus characterized by a single T-S point, As the intermediate water is assumed to undergo an annual change the time of year should have some effect. In figure 23, however, no discrimination has been made as to date of occupation, although the actual dates of the occupa- tions vary from June to August. There appears to be but little relationship between either temperature or salinity and the date of occupation within this summertime range. The mean date of the post war series of occupations is some 51/? days later than that of the pre war series. The mean T-S points for the periods 1934_41 and 1948-56 have been shown within squares and differ but little in temperature with the salinity lower in the later series. A similar numerical analysis of the temperature and salinity of the deep water was attempted. Whereas in the intermediate water the remarkable uniformity permitted the grouping of all observations without regard to depth, in the deep water there is a sufficient vertical gradient, especially in temperature, to re- quire a reduction to a common depth. All stations where the observations extended to a depth of 2,000 meters or more were considered, the individual station curves of vertical distribution of temperature and salinity being scaled for values at 2,000, 2,500, 3,000 and 3,500 meters. For each occupation all scaled values for each of these levels were averaged to get the mean temperatures and salinities plotted in figure 24. Near bottom along the section there is a characteristic tendency for the isotherms and isohalines to parallel the bottom. No adjustment has been made for these horizontal gradients. Because of the symmetry of the bottom and the spacing of the stations the shallower levels are less affected but the results in the deeper levels, especially the 3,500-meter level are somewhat erratic from the small number of data and the fortuitous spacing of stations with respect to the 3,500-meter isobath. The average temperatures for the periods 1934-41 and 1948-56, plotted against the corresponding average salinities in figure 25, show about the same salinity at 2,000 meters but for deeper levels show a lower salinity for the later period. In tem- perature the change is small with an increase at 2,000 meters, little change at 2,500 meters and a decrease at 3,000 meters. The small number of stations extending to 3,500 meters leaves this level doubtful. The values of o-t corresponding to average temperature and average salinity for individual occupations of the section are plotted against the year of occupation in figure 26. Again it must be kept in mind that the 3,500-meter level is doubtful because of the small number of data. 62 As shown in figure 22, the salinity maximum at depths of 150 to 200 meters off Cape Farwell had a value of 35.00°/oo in 1956. This characteristic warm high salinity water in the off-shore part of the West Greenland Current is normally contributed by the Irminger Current. In the 1930's this salinity maximum was re- markably constant at about 35.04°/oo but in 1949 it dropped to 34.97 and has not since attained its pre war value. In 1952, 1954 and 1956 there were indications of a partial return to the earlier situation, with the maximum values of 35.01, 35.00 and 35.00°/00 respectively. The lower salinity values of this maximum have been interpreted as indicating a failure of Irminger Current water to round Cape Farewell. The increase found in 1956 is considered to be a trend toward the restoration of conditions which existed during the 1930's and regarded as the normal situation. This view is given support by the volume and heat transports of the West Greenland Current at this section. In bulletin 35 of this series normal seasonal variation relationships were published for the parent components (the East Greenland Current and the Irminger Current) based on assumptions that the mean tempera- ture of the East Greenland Current component was constant at 3.2° and the mean temperature of the Irminger Current com- ponent was constant at 5.5° and that the seasonal variation in mean temperature of the resultant West Greenland Current was the result of seasonal variations in the volume transports of the parent components. From these normal seasonal variation curves the normal transports for the date of the 1956 occupation would be 2.88 and 1.65 for the Irminger Current and East Greenland Current components. These compare with actual transports of 2.86 and 4.46 respectively, indicating a normal contribution of the Irminger Current component and a contribution by the East Greenland Current about 2-2/3 normal. The total transport, mean temperature and heat transport of the West Greenland Current found in 1956 were 7.32, 4.10 and 30.01 respectively. The net transport across the entire section from South Wolf Island, Labrador to Cape Farewell, Greenland, was northwest- ward about 2.54, which is of the same order of magnitude as the positive anomaly of the East Greenland Current contribution. SUMMARY 1. The three dynamic topographic charts resulting from the season's current surveys have been discussed. 2. A more detailed analysis of the Labrador Current has been made based on the velocity profiles at 18 selected sections occupied during the 1956 season and post season cruises. 63 3. Mean curves representing the T-S relationship for Labrador Current water, mixed water and Atlantic Current water have been derived for the period 1948-56 and compared with similar curves for the period 1934-41 and the conditions found during 1956 have been compared with the means. 4. Tentative normal seasonal variation relationships have been presented for the volume transport, mean temperature and mini- mum observed temperature of the Labrador Current at sections F and G, located near the northeastern shoulder of the Grand Banks. 5. The temperature and salinity of the intermediate water of the Labrador Sea have been examined for each of the 16 occupa- tions of the South Wolf Island-Cape Farewell section since 1934. While year to year variations have been large the average tem- perature for the period 1948-56 was the same as for the period 1934-41 but the salinity has been lower in the later period. 6. Examination of the deep water of the Labrador Sea for the same periods showed a slight warming and freshening at 2,000 meters, an isothermal freshening at 2,500 meters and a freshening accompanied by a cooling at 3,000 meters. The combined effects result in about the same decrease in density at each level. 64 The data collected in 1956 are tabulated below. The individual station headings give the station number, date, geographical posi- tion, depth of water and the dynamic height of the sea surface used in the construction of the dynamic topographic charts shown in fiures 12, 13, 14, 15 and 20. The depths of water are rough approximations, being the uncorrected sonic soundings based on a sounding velocity of 800 fathoms per second and containing an additional mechanical speed error of about 1/60. Where the depths of scaled values are enclosed in parentheses, the data are based on extrapolated vertical distribution curves of temperature or salinity or both. Asterisks apearing before observed temperatures indicate that these temperatures were determined from the depth of reversal and the corrected reading of an unprotected thermom- eter. The symbol o-t signifies 1,000 (density-1) at atmospheric pressure and temperature t. 65 Table of Oceanographic Data STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1956 Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera ture, °C. Salin- ity, 7oc Scaled values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture, °C. Salin- ity, 7oo Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture, °C. Salin- ity, 7o„ Scaled values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture, °C. Salin- ity, %» Station 6037; April 1; latitude 42°04' N., longitude 51°00' W. depth 3,017 m.; dynamic height 970.930. 0. — 22— 43— 65— 86— 129- 172- 258- 236- 356- 477- 624- 1,040 3.96 3.94 5.14 5.70 3.46 6.12 5.76 4.42 4.93 4.27 4.12 4.02 3.70 33.68 33.68 34.10 34.32 34.19 34.81 34.87 34.S4 34.83 34.90 34.94 34.94 34.94 0— - 25— 50— 75— 100. - 150- - 200- - 300. - 400- - 600- 800- - 1,000 3.96 3.95 5.40 4.90 4.15 6.00 5.45 4.35 4.20 4.05 3.90 3.75 33.68 33.73 34.19 34.26 34.39 34.85 34.85 34.86 34.92 34.94 34.94 34.94 26.76 26.80 27.00 27.12 27.30 27.46 27.52 27.66 27.73 27.75 27.77 27.78 Station 6038; April 2; latitude 41°56.5' N., longitude 51°59' W. depth 3,667 m.; dynamic height 971.151. 0 25 50 75 100— - 150---. 200— 300— 295- — 433— 564— 716 1,116-- 13.75 13.78 13.82 13.78 13.72 13.78 13.45 10.41 9.50 6.64 4.73 4.00 3.64 35.75 35.76 35.76 35.78 35.77 35.77 35.75 35.46 35.23 35.02 34.89 34.88 34.91 0— 25— 50— 75— 100- 150- 200- 300- 400- 600- 800- - 1,000 13.75 13.78 13.82 13.78 13.72 13.78 13.45 10.00 7.30 4.50 3.90 3.75 35.75 35.76 35.76 35.78 35.77 35.77 35.75 35.34 35.08 34.88 34.88 34.90 26.84 26.84 26.83 26.85 26.86 26.84 26.90 27.23 27.46 27.65 27.72 27.75 Station 6039; April 2; latitude 42°10.5' N., longitude 51°15' W. depth 3,072 m.; dynamic height 970.915. 0- 1.56 33.50 0 1.56 33.50 26.83 27 5.81 34.26 25 5.75 34.21 26.98 53 5.60 34.44 50 5.60 34.42 27.17 80 5.69 34.60 75 5.65 34.57 27.28 107 5.66 34.77 100— 5.65 34.74 27.41 161 5.75 34.80 150— 5.75 34.79 27.44 214 5.32 34.87 200— - 5.45 34.85 27.52 321 4.27 34.88 300---- 4.45 34.88 27.66 417 4.42 34.96 400— - 4.40 34.95 27.72 629 4.22 34.97 600— - 4.25 34.97 27.76 846 3.88 34.95 800— - 3.95 34.95 27.77 1,060— 3.70 34.94 1,000- 3.75 34.94 27.78 1,596— 3.37 34.92 Station 6040; April 2; latitude 42°44' N., longitude 51°13' W. depth 1,920 m.; dynamic height 971.012. 0— - 25— 49— 74— 98— 148- 197- 295- 372- 551- 726- 917- 1,412 0.42 0.35 0.30 0.21 0.31 1.33 2.01 2.47 2.85 3.56 3.61 3.61 3.57 33.32 33.33 33.34 33.48 33.57 3 I. (IN 34.35 34.42 34.58 31.N0 34.83 34.85 34.86 0 25—- 50— 75-- 100— 150— 200— 300— 400— 600— 800— 1,000- 0.42 0.35 0.30 0.20 0.35 1.40 ■2. 05 2.50 3.00 3.60 3.60 3.60 33.32 33.33 33.34 33.48 33.58 34.09 34.35 34.43 34.63 34.81 34.84 34.85 26.75 26.76 26.77 26.89 26.96 27.31 27.47 27.49 27.61 27.70 27.72 27.73 Station 6041; April 2; latitude 42°53' N., longitude 50°51' W. depth 1,042 m.; dynamic height 971.076. 0 23 46 68 91 136— . 181 272 378 574 774 984 2.16 0.75 0.06 0.31 0.34 0.45 0.90 1.43 2.00 3.16 3.69 3.59 33.12 33.28 33.34 33.49 33.57 33.70 33.92 34.14 34.37 34.67 34.82 34.84 0- 25 50 75 100 150 200 300— . 400—- 600-.-. 800—- 1,000-- 2.16 0.65 0.10 0.35 0.35 0.60 1.05 1.55 2.15 3.30 3.70 3.60 33.12 33.29 33.36 33.52 33.59 33.77 33.97 34.20 34.41 34.69 34.82 34.84 26.48 26.71 26.80 26.92 26.97 27.10 27.24 27.38 27.51 27.63 27.70 27.72 Station 6042; April 2; latitude 42°57' N., longitude 50"47' W. depth 258 m.; dynamic height 971.066. 0 25 50 75 100 150 200 244 2.12 1.23 0.40 0.38 0.33 0.62 1.10 1.71 33.17 33.20 33.38 33.49 33.55 33.79 34.00 34.24 0— 25- 50- 75- 100- 150- 200- 2.12 1.23 0.40 0.38 0.33 0.62 1.10 33.1 33.20 33.38 33.49 33.55 33.79 34.00 26.52 26.61 26.80 26.89 26.94 27.11 27.26 Station 6043; April 2; latitude 43°01' N., longitude 50°42' W. depth 114 m.; dynamic height 971.065. 0 26 51 77 103 2.45 1.69 0.62 0.38 0.55 32.99 33.06 33.30 33.46 33.65 0— 25- 50- 75- 100- 2.45 1.75 0.65 0.40 0.50 32.99 33.06 33.29 33.45 33.62 26.35 26.46 26.71 26.86 26.99 Station 6044; April 2; latitude 43°05' N., longitude 50°35' W.; depth 91 m.; dynamic height 971.083. 0 26 51 77 2.76 32.74 0 2.76 32.74 2.33 32.78 25 2.35 32.77 1.42 33.11 50 1.45 33.09 0.98 33.30 75 1.00 33.28 26.13 26.18 26.50 26.6? Station 6045; April 2; latitude 43°18.5' N., longitude 50°17' W.; depth 70 m.; dynamic height 971.091. 0-- 2.73 32.66 0 2.73 32.66 26.06 28. 2.47 32.68 25 2.50 32.67 26.09 55 1.56 33.00 50 1.70 32.94 26.37 Station 6046; April 2; latitude 43°04.5' N., longitude 50°19' W.; depth 78 m.; dynamic height 971 .068. 0. 23 47 70 1.77 1.41 1.18 0.68 33.12 33.16 33.19 33.28 0- .'5 50 76 1.77 1.40 1.15 0.60 33.12 33.16 33.19 33.29 26.51 26.56 26.61 26.71 66 Table of Oceanographic Data— Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1956— Continued Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture, °C. Salin- ity, Scaled values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture, °C. Salin- ity, °/=o Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture, C. Salin- ity, 7co Scaled values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture, °c. Salin- ity, Station 6047; April 3; latitude 42°51' N., longitude 50°22' W.; depth 403 m.; dynamic height 971.010. 0 25 49 74 99 148 197 296 0.94 0.19 0.14 0.33 0.58 0.95 1.87 2.71 33.24 33.41 33.54 33.65 33.78 34.02 34.29 34.55 0 25 50 75 100 — 150— 200— 300 — - 0.94 0.19 0.15 0.35 0.60 1.00 1.90 2.70 33.24 33.41 33.54 33.65 33.78 34.04 34.30 34.56 26.06 26.84 26.94 27.02 27.10 27.29 27.44 27.58 Station 6048; April 3; latitude 42°40' N., longitude 50°23' W.; depth 1,756 m.; dynamic height 970.931. 0---- 25— 50— 75— 100- 150- - 200- 300- 393- 593- 796- 998- 1,506 0.95 1.00 0.98 1.35 1.37 1.92 2.29 3.83 3.75 3.54 3.48 3.46 3.45 33.59 33.60 33.63 33.85 34.02 34.36 34.46 34.79 34.83 34.85 34.875 34.87 34.89 0 25— 50— 75— 100- 150- 200- 300- - 400- 600- 800- - 1,000 0.95 1.00 0.98 1.35 1.37 1.92 2.29 3.83 3.75 3.55 3.50 3.45 33.59 33.60 33.63 33.85 34.02 34.36 34.46 34.79 34.83 34.85 34.87 34.87 25.93 26.94 26.96 27.12 27.26 27.49 27.54 27.65 27.69 27.73 27.76 27.76 Station 6049; April 3; latitude 42°17.5' N., longitude 50°26' W.; depth 2,926 m.; dynamic height 970.908. 0 25 50 75 100— 150— 199 299 406 604..-. 797— 998— 1,505- 3.24 3.04 2.65 1.71 2.94 3.60 4.03 4.60 4.56 4.25 3.64 3.54 3.48 33.60 33.62 33.78 33.96 34.31 34.60 34.76 34.94 34.98 34.99 34.92 34.92 34.92 0 25— 50- — 75- — 100— 150— 200. . . 300— 400- . . 600— 800— 1,000. 3.24 3.04 2.65 1.71 2.94 3.60 4.05 4.60 4.60 4.25 3.65 3.55 33.60 33.62 33.78 33.96 34.31 34.60 34.76 34.94 34.98 34.99 34.92 34.92 26.77 26.81 26.96 27.18 27.36 27.53 27.61 27.69 27.72 27.77 27.78 27.79 Station 6050; April 3; latitude 41°50.5' N., longitude 50°22' W.; depth 3,749 m.; dynamic height 970.938 0 2.96 33.56 0 2.96 33.56 25 2.07 33.61 25 2.07 33.61 50 1.32 33.83 50 1.32 33.83 75 1.34 34.00 75 1.34 34.00 99 2.36 34.21 100— . 2.40 34.21 149 4.76 34.66 150 4.75 34.66 199 4.28 34.69 200 4.30 34.69 298 4.86 34.90 300 4.85 34.90 400 3.60 34.78 400— 3.65 34.78 600 4.01 34.90 600— 4.00 34.90 800 4.15 34.97 800— - 4.20 34.97 1,003— 3.65 34.91 1,000- 3.65 34.91 1,513— 3.43 34.91 26.76 26.89 27.10 27.24 27.33 27.46 27.53 27.63 27.66 27.73 27.77 27.77 Station 6051; April 3; latitude 41°25' N., longitude 50°19 W.; depth 3,749 m.; dynamic height 971.160. 0— - 25— 50— 75— 100- 150- 200- 300- 378.. 569.. 760- 955 1,453 13.12 13.00 12.97 12.53 8.80 9.60 10.39 8.56 5.22 4.35 3.62 3.81 35.635 35.62 35.62 35.62 35.52 34.82 34.97 35.31 35.12 34.90 34.92 34.87 34.95 0 25.— 50— 75— 100— 150— 200— 300— 400--. 600— 800— 1,000. 13.12 13.00 12.97 12.90 12.53 8.80 9.60 10.39 8.10 5.00 4.20 3.65 35.635 35.62 35.62 35.62 35.52 34.82 34.97 35.31 35.08 34.90 34.91 34.88 26.88 26.89 26.89 26.91 26.91 27.03 27.02 27.15 27.34 27.62 27.72 27.74 Station 6052; April 3; latitude 41°00' N., longitude 50°15' W.; depth 3,566 m.; dynamic height 971.255. 26.69 26.70 26.71 26.78 26.84 26.85 26.90 27.00 27.22 27.47 27.71 27.75 14.88 35.88 0 14.88 35.88 14.87 35.88 25 14.85 35.88 14.61 35.83 50 14.65 35.84 13.83 35.73 75 13.95 35.74 13.63 35.73 100—- 13.65 35.73 13.64 35.74 150 13.65 35.74 12.24 35.43 200 12.55 35.51 11.69 35.45 300 11.80 35.45 7.91 34.73 400 6.05 34.56 3.75 34.40 600---- 4.25 34.61 *5.05 34.985 800— 4.75 34.99 4.51 34.99 1,000- 4.30 34.98 3.87 34.955 Station 6053; April 4; latitude 41°58.5' N., longitude 49°18' W.; depth 2,926 m.; dynamic height 971.051. 0 26 51 76 101 152 203 304.— 373- — 559—- 744 942— 1,454- 11.59 35.12 0 11.59 35.12 10.79 34.98 25 10.80 34.99 7.14 34.43 50 7.15 34.44 6.60 34.42 75 6.60 34.42 6.28 34.36 100— 6.30 34.36 4.60 34.20 150— 4.65 34.20 4.96 34.42 200— 4.95 34.41 5.00 34.64 300— 5.00 34.63 5.42 34.89 400— 5.25 34.89 4.32 34.875 600—- 4.20 34.87 3.90 34.86 800— . 3.85 34.86 3.69 34.88 1,000- 3.65 34.88 3.45 34.885 26.78 26.82 26.98 27.04 27.03 27.10 27.24 27.40 27.58 27.69 27.71 27.74 Station 6054; April 4; latitude 41°33' N., longitude 48°47' W.; depth 3,274 m.; dynamic height 971.179. 0 12.16 35.295 0 12.16 35.295 25 12.13 35.295 25 12.13 35.295 50 12.08 35.29 50 12.08 35.29 75- 12.12 35.30 75 12.12 35.30 101 12.02 35.30 100 12.00 35.30 150 12.14 35.38 150 12.15 35.38 201 12.18 35.40 200 12.15 35.40 302 10.10 35.26 300.— 10.20 35.26 429 6.80 34.89 400— 7.50 34.97 641 4.38 34.87 600— 4.60 34.87 851 4.06 34.91 800— 4.10 34.90 1,067— 3.73 34.91 1,000- 3.80 34.91 1,610 — 3.56 34.93 26.81 26.81 26.82 26.82 26.84 26.87 26.89 27.14 27.35 27.64 27.72 27.76 67 Table of Oceanographic Data— Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1956— Continued Observed values Scaled Ealues Observed values Scaled Ealues Tem- Tem- Tem- Tem- Depth, pera- Salin- Depth, pera- Salin- ai Depth, pera- Salin- Depth, pera- Salin- 056; April 4; latitude 4 1°35.5' N., longitude Station 6 060; April 5; latitude 43°21' N., longitude 48°53' 40°17' W ; depth 4,298 m.; dynanu c height 971.276. W.; depth 2,012 m.; dynamic height 970.886. 0 14.59 35.85 0 14.59 35.85 26.74 0 3.80 33.80 0 3.80 33.80 26.87 26 14.38 35.80 25 15.35 35.80 26.75 25 1.97 33.99 25 1.97 33.99 27.19 51 14.20 35.76 50 14.20 35.76 26.75 50 2.25 34.14 50 2.25 34.14 27.28 76 14.17 35.75 75 14.15 35.75 26.75 75 2.53 34.33 75 2.53 34.33 27.41 101 14.12 35.74 100---- 14.10 35.74 26.75 99 2.70 34.40 100— 2.70 34.40 27.45 153 13.85 35.72 150 13.85 35.72 26.79 149 2.98 34.52 150---. 3.00 34.52 27.53 204 12.83 35.50 200 12.90 35.52 26.84 199 3.47 34.64 200— 3.50 34.64 27.57 305 11.91 35.50 300 11.95 35.50 27.01 298 3.78 34.84 300—- 3.80 34.84 27.70 429 9.54 35.24 400— 10.20 35.31 27.18 401 3.63 34.86 400— 3.65 34.86 27.73 637 5.91 34.975 600— 6.35 35.00 27.53 601 3.48 34.865 600—. 3.50 34.86 27.75 842 4.78 34.98 800— 5.00 34.98 27.68 801 3.42 34.87 800—. 3.45 34.87 27.76 1,055— 3.96 34.92 1,000.- 4.15 34.93 27.73 1,003— 3.39 34.88 1,000- 3.40 34.88 27.77 1,593— 3.57 34.91 1,510— 3.38 34.89 Station 5057; April 5; latitude 4 1°58.5' N., longitude Station 6 )61; April 5; latitude 43°0( >' N., longitude 48°09' 47°54' W.; depth 3,768 m.; dyna mic height 970.986. W.; depth 3,200 m.; dynamic height 970.927. 0. 4.25 33.65 0 4.25 33.65 26.71 0 4.40 33.75 0 4.40 33.75 26.77 26 4.12 33.63 25 4.15 33.63 26.70 25 4.31 33.76 25 4.31 33.76 26.79 52 3.37 33.62 50 3.40 33.62 26.77 50 4.14 33.82 50 4.14 33.82 26.85 78. 3.51 33.78 75 3.50 33.76 26.87 75 3.36 33.92 75 3.36 33.92 27.01 104 3.14 33.90 100— 3.15 33.88 26.99 100 3.58 34.26 100-.-- 3.58 34.26 27.26 155 5.04 34.50 150 5.00 34.46 27.27 150 4.94 34.63 150—- 4.94 34.63 27.40 206 4.35 34.59 200 4.40 34.58 27.43 200 5.11 34.81 200—. 5.11 34.81 27.54 310 4.46 34.81 300 4.45 34.79 27.59 300 4.79 34.93 300—- 4.79 34.93 27.66 397 4.48 34.905 400-... 4.50 34.91 27.68 385 •4.26 34.99 400— 4.25 34.99 27.77 606 3.91 34.92 600---. 3.95 34.92 27.75 518 3.99 34.95 600—- 4.00 34.95 27.77 821 3.65 34.91 800---- 3.05 34.90 27.76 781 3.85 34.95 800— 3.85 34.95 27.78 1,030— 3.55 34.89 1,000-- 3.55 34.89 27.76 980 3.68 34.93 1,000- 3.65 34.93 27.78 1,556— 3.44 34.92 1,484— 3.39 34.925 Station 6 058; April 5; latitude 42°2 L' N., longitude 48°30' Station 6 )62; April 5; latitude 42°5 ' N., longitude 47°32' W.;de pth 3,383 m.; dynamic he lght 970.949. W.;de pth 3,841 m.; dynamic he ght 970.953. 0 3.13 33.48 0 3.13 33.48 26.68 0 4.44 33.68 0 4.44 33.68 26.71 24 2.66 33.50 25 2.65 33.50 26.74 23 4.26 33.68 25 4.25 33.68 26.73 49 2.81 33.74 50 2.80 33.74 26.92 47 4.24 33.72 50 4.25 33.73 26.77 73 2.19 33.80 75 2.20 33.81 27.02 70 4.28 33.79 75 4.20 33.82 26.85 97 3.53 34.18 100--.. 3.50 34.19 27.21 93 3.34 33.93 100—- 3.35 34.00 27.08 146 2.29 34.24 150 2.40 34.25 27.36 140 3.50 34.41 150 3.55 34.46 27.42 195 4.90 34.71 200 4.90 34.72 27.49 186 3.93 34.64 200 4.10 34.69 27.55 292 4.08 34.80 300 4.10 34.81 27.65 279 4.41 34.86 300 4.40 34.88 27.66 387 4.33 34.91 400— 4.35 34.92 27.71 387 4.34 34.92 400—. 4.30 34.92 27.71 583 4.21 34.95 600— - 4.20 34.95 27.75 579 4.01 34.92 600— 4.00 34.92 27.75 782 3.84 34.93 800---- 3.80 34.93 27.77 770 3.77 34.915 800---- 3.80 34.92 27.77 986 3.57 34.91 1,000.. 3.55 34.91 27.78 967 3.79 34.94 1,000- 3.80 34.94 27.78 1,510— 3.37 34.92 1,468— 3.51 34.93 68 Table of Oceanographic Data— Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1956— Continued Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture, °C. Salin- ity, 7o. Healed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture, °C. Salin- ity, 7„„ Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture, °C. Salin- ity, 7oo Scaled values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture, °C. Salin- ity, 7oo Station 6063; April 6; latitude 42°37' N., longitude 46°55' W.; depth 4,061 m.; dynamic height 971.199. 0 25 52 77 103 154 206 309—- 393--.. 586-.-. 778 974 1,468-. 14.30 14.35 14.37 14.15 13.33 12.72 11.67 9.61 6.91 5.10 4.27 4.02 3.62 35.77 35.78 35.79 35.74 35.595 35.50 35.33 35.11 34.82 34.90 34.93 34.935 34.925 0— . 25— 50— 75— 100- 150- 200. - 300- 400- 600- 800- 1,000 14.30 14.35 14.40 14.15 13.40 12.75 11.80 9.80 6.80 5.05 4.25 4.00 35.77 35.78 35.79 35.75 35.61 35.51 35.35 35.14 34.82 34.90 34.93 34.93 26.74 26.74 26.73 26.75 26.80 26.86 26.92 27.11 27.33 27.61 27.72 27.75 Station 6064; April 6; latitude 42°21' N., longitude 46°13' W.; depth 4,645 m.; dynamic height 971.485. 0 23 47 70 93 140 186 279 351 544 749 952_-_. 1,485- 15.46 15.45 15.43 15.34 15.30 15.21 15.22 15.13 15.11 11.76 7.41 5.75 3.82 36.05 36.055 36.06 36.08 36.08 36.08 36.09 36.105 36.11 35.50 35.045 35.10 34.935 0 25 50 75 100- - - 150 200 300 400—- 600— - 800---- 1,000- 15.46 15.45 15.40 15.30 15.25 15.20 15.20 15.15 14.55 10.55 6.85 5.50 36.05 36.06 36.06 36.08 36.08 36.08 36.09 36.11 35.99 35.32 35.05 35.09 26.70 26.70 26.71 26.75 26.76 26.77 26.79 26.81 26.85 27.13 27.50 27.70 Station 6065; April 6; latitude 42°41.5' N., longitude 45°52' W.; depth 4,763 m.; dynamic height 971.500. 0 14.95 36.11 0 14.95 36.11 26.86 24 15.08 36.10 25 15.05 36.10 26.82 48 15.07 36.11 50 15.05 36.11 26.83 72 15.10 36.105 75 15.10 36.11 26.82 96 15.11 36.105 100— . 15.10 36.11 26.82 145 15.10 36.11 150— . 15.10 36.11 26.82 193 15.10 36.12 200— - 15.10 36.12 26.83 289 15.09 36.12 300— - 15.10 36.12 26.83 370 15.01 36.11 400-.- 14.80 36.07 26.87 565 12.24 35.60 600.-.. 11.55 35.50 27.08 768 8.27 35.15 800— 7.80 35.12 27.42 978 5.83 35.065 1,000- 5.70 35.06 27.66 1,533— 4.18 35.02 Station 6066; April 6; latitude 43°06' N., longitude 45°26' W.; depth 4,755 m.; dynamic height 971.509. 0— 26... 52... 78... 103- 156- 208- 311- 318- 496- 689- 881- 1,393 15.07 36.08 0 15.07 36.08 15.08 36.08 25 15.05 36.08 15.08 36.09 50 15.05 36.09 15.10 36.10 75 15.05 36.09 15.07 36.09 100— . 15.05 36.09 15.09 36.09 150— 15.10 36.09 15.11 36.09 200— - 15.10 36.09 15.12 36.10 300— 15.10 36.10 15.13 36.10 400- — 14.45 35.94 13.11 35.69 600— 11.15 35.42 9.48 35.24 800— - 7.60 35.08 6.51 35.02 1,000- 5.50 34.97 3.84 34.91 26.80 26.80 26.82 26.82 26.82 26.81 26.81 26.82 26.84 27.10 27.41 27.61 Station 6067; April 6; latitude 43°19'N., longitude 46°03' W.; depth 4,755 m.; dynamic height 971.323. 0 25 50 75 100---. 150 200 300 329.— 506—. 693 883 1,389-- 14.73 35.89 0 14.73 35.89 14.74 35.89 25 14.74 35.89 14.74 35.90 50 14.74 35.90 14.68 35.87 75 14.68 34.87 14.50 35.80 100— 14.50 35.84 13.99 35.75 150 13.99 35.75 13.55 35.66 200 13.55 35.66 12.83 35.64 300 12.83 35.64 12.62 35.60 400— . 11.00 35.39 8.67 35.11 600—- 7.40 35.07 6.43 35.055 800- - 5.55 35.04 5.02 35.02 1,000- 4.55 35.00 3.82 34.94 26.74 26.73 26.74 26.73 26.74 26.78 26.81 26.95 27.10 27.44 27.66 27.75 Station 6068; April 7; latitude 43°27.5' N., longitude 46°33' W.; depth 4,481 m.; dynamic height 971.178. 0 27 54 82 108 163 217 325 439 658 879 1,102... 1,666... 13.61 13.64 13.70 13.56 13.29 9.04 8.19 7.15 4.49 4.33 3.84 3.52 35.60 35.61 35.62 35.69 35.67 34.59 34.78 34.91 35.02 34.89 34.96 34.92 34.92 0-- 25— 50— 75— 100- 150. . 200- - 300- 400. - 600- . 800- 1,000 13.61 13.60 13.70 13.60 13.40 9.15 8.85 8.40 7.50 5.15 4.40 4.15 35.60 35.61 35.62 35.68 35.68 34.85 34.79 34.88 34.99 34.91 34.94 34.94 26.75 26.76 26.75 26.81 26.85 27.00 27.00 27.13 27.36 27.61 27.71 27.74 Station 6069; April 7; latitude 43°37' N., longitude 47°06 W.; depth 4,298 m.; dynamic height 971.024. 0-- 25 50- 75 100 149 199 299 399 601 805 1,012— 1,540-- 4.60 33.86 0 4.60 33.86 4.77 33.89 25 4.77 33.89 6.19 34.23 50 6.19 34.23 8.22 34.69 75 8.22 34.69 8.53 34.78 100— . 8.53 34.78 8.54 34.86 150 8.55 34.86 6.06 34.635 200 6.05 34.64 4.68 34.64 300 4.70 34.64 4.58 34.84 400- - 4.55 34.84 4.03 34.915 600-... 4.05 34.91 3.79 34.905 800— . 3.80 34.90 3.69 34.91 1,000- 3.70 34.91 3.42 34.90 26.84 26.84 26.94 27.02 27.04 27.10 27.28 27.44 27.62 27.73 27.75 27.77 Station 6070; April 7; latitude 43°53' N„ longitude 48°00' W.; depth 3,741 m.; dynamic height 971.052. 0 26— 52— 78—. 103 — 156— 208... 311 — 366— 553— 745— 943— 1,459. 9.44 35.00 0 9.44 35.00 9.44 35.00 25 9.45 35.00 9.42 35.00 50 9.40 35.00 9.37 34.99 75 9.35 34.99 9.39 34.99 100— . 9.35 34.99 9.44 35.01 150 9.40 35.01 9.59 35.06 200 9.55 35.05 7.95 35.04 300 8.20 35.04 5.67 34.88 400— 5.35 34.89 4.62 34.96 600— 4.50 34.96 4.17 34.945 800— 4.10 34.95 3.92 34.95 1,000- 3.85 34.95 3.49 34.91 27.07 27.06 27.07 27.07 27.07 27.08 27.08 27.29 27.56 27.72 27.76 27.78 69 Table of Oceanographic Dala— Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1956— Continued Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture, °C. Salin- ity, °/oo Scaled values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture, °C. Salin- ity, °/oo Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture, "C. Salin- ity, °/co Scaled values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture, °c. Salin- ity, 7oo Station 6071; April 7; latitude 44°04' N., longitude 48°37' W.; depth 3,155 m.; dynamic height 970.919. 0 26 52 78 103— 156 208 311 400— 601.... 804_... 1,011.. 1,536.. 3.52 33.88 0 3.52 33.88 3.51 33.88 25 3.50 33.88 3.23 33.92 50 3.25 33.91 2.93 34.08 75 2.95 34.05 3.10 34.20 100---. 3.10 34.18 2.84 34.48 150— - 2.85 34.47 3.83 34.625 200— - 3.75 34.61 3.86 34.82 300— 3.85 34.80 3.76 34.86 400— 3.75 34.86 3.51 34.87 600— 3.50 34.87 3.45 34.875 800— - 3.45 34.87 3.41 34.885 1,000- 3.40 34.88 3.37 34.90 26.95 26.96 27.01 27.15 27.24 27.50 27.52 27.66 27.72 27.76 27.76 27.77 Station 6072; April 7; latitude 44°07.5' N., longitude 48°51' W.; depth 1,618 m.; dynamic height 970.873. 0 25 50 76 101 151 201 302 396 596 798 1,004— 1,528— 2.29 33.88 0 2.29 33.88 1.56 34.14 25 1.56 34.14 2.05 34.38 50 2.05 34.38 2.24 34.47 75 2.20 34.47 3.02 34.60 100—- 3.00 34.60 2.76 34.58 150 2.75 34.58 2.73 34.60 200 2.75 34.60 3.66 34.78 300 3.65 34.78 3.75 34.87 400- — 3.75 34.87 3.70 34.86 600- — 3.70 34.86 3.58 34.88 800— 3.60 34.88 3.48 34.88 1,000- 3.50 34.88 3.45 34.88 27.07 27.33 27.49 27.56 27.59 27.59 27.61 27.66 27.73 27.73 27.75 27.76 Station 6073; April 7; latitude 44°09.5' N., longitude 48°58' W.; depth 640 m.; dynamic height 970.942. 0— 25— 50— 74— 99— 148- 198.. 297.. 356- 499- 3.77 3.65 3.32 1.30 1.36 2.24 2.41 2.84 2.93 3.52 33.95 33.96 33.94 34.00 34.22 34.42 34.48 34.56 34.62 34.76 0 25 50 75 100—. 150 200 300 400— (600)- 3.77 3.65 3.32 1.30 1.35 2.25 2.40 2.85 3.15 3.60 33.95 33.96 33.94 34.00 34.22 34.42 34.48 34.56 34.67 34.82 26.99 27.01 27.03 27.24 27.42 27.51 27.54 27.57 27.63 27.71 Station 6074; April 7; latitude 44°11' N„ longitude 49°05' W.; depth 155 m.; dynamic height 971.001. 0 24 48 71 95— 142 0.09 -0.29 0.35 0.38 0.46 0.51 33.36 33.34 33.72 33.75 33.75 33.78 0 — . 25— 50— 75 — 100- 150- 0.09 -0.30 0.35 0.40 0.50 0.50 33.36 33.34 33.73 33.75 33.76 33.79 26. SO 26.80 27.08 27.10 27.10 27.12 Station 6075; April 8; latitude 44°13.5' N., longitude 49°13' W.; depth 247 m.; dynamic height 971.033. 0 0.47 33.24 0 0.47 33.24 26.69 25 0.46 33.25 25 0.46 33.25 26.69 50 0.44 33.26 50 0.44 33.26 26.70 75 0.30 33.28 75 0.30 33.28 26.73 100 0.09 33.315 100— 0.09 33.315 26.76 150 0.06 33.31 150 0.06 33.31 26.76 (200) .- 0.05 33.32 26.77 Station 6076; April 8; latitude 44°15.5' N., longitude 49°22' W.; depth 48 m.; dynamic height 971.032. 0— . 25— 40— 0.74 0.56 0.51 33.30 33.27 33.28 0.74 0.56 33.30 33.27 26.71 26.70 Station 6077; April 8; latitude 44°54' N., longitude 49°24 W.; depth 82 m.; dynamic height 971.036. (I 25 51 66 0.16 0.16 -0.14 -0.14 33.19 33.18 33.26 33.26 0--. 25- 50 (75) 0.16 0.16 -0.15 -0.15 33.19 33.18 33.26 33.26 26.66 26.65 26.73 26.73 Station 6078; April 8; latitude 44°51.5' N.,longitude 49°10' W.; depth 88 m.; dynamic height 971.035. 0- 26 51 77 -0.02 -0.05 -0.27 -0.27 33.18 33.18 33.28 33.31 0- 25 50 75 -0.02 -0.05 -0.25 -0.25 33.18 33.18 33.28 33.31 26.66 26.66 26.74 26.77 Station 6079; April 8; latitude 44°49.5' N., longitude 48°58' W.; depth 823 m.; dynamic height 971.008. 0 21 — 43— 64.... 86— 128— 171 — 257— 338... 500— -0.37 -0.40 -0.46 0.20 0.34 0.53 0.79 1.82 2.39 3.57 33.17 33.15 33.44 33.68 33.71 33.79 33.98 34.30 34.47 34.77 0 25 50 75 100— 150 200 300 400. — (600) - -0.37 -0.40 -0.35 0.30 0.40 0.65 1.15 2.15 2.90 3.60 33.17 33.18 33.56 33.70 33.73 33.88 34.10 34.39 34.60 34.82 26.66 26.68 26.98 27.06 27.08 27.18 27.33 27.49 27.60 27.71 70 Table of Oceanographic Data — Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1956— Continued Observed va ues Scaled values Tem- Tem- Depth, pera- Salin- Depth, pera- Salin- meters ture, ity, meters ture, ity, °C. 7oo °C. °/oo Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture, ■c. Salin- ity, 7„o Scaled values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture, °C. Salin- ity, 7oo Station 6080; April 8; latitude 44°47.5' N., longitude 48°44' W.; depth 1,829 m.; dynamic height 970.897. 0 23---- 46--. 69—- 92— 138-. 185— 277— 388— 582... 777— 975-.. 1,477. 3.84 33.98 0 3.84 33.98 3.83 33.98 25 3.85 33.98 3.73 34.07 50 3.70 34.11 3.70 34.32 75 3.70 34.35 3.78 34.44 100---- 3.85 34.48 4.48 34.68 150 4.60 34.72 4.76 34.82 200 4.75 34.83 4.29 34.87 300 4.20 34.88 4.03 34.90 400— 4.00 34.90 3.81 34.90 600— 3.80 34.90 3.71 34.915 800— 3.70 34.91 3.49 34.89 1,000- 3.50 34.89 3.36 34.91 27.01 27.01 27.13 27.32 27.41 27.52 27.59 27.69 27.73 27.75 27.77 27.77 Station 6081; April 8; latitude 44°45' N., longitude 48°30' W.; depth 2,488 m.; dynamic height 970.910. 0— . 25— 50— 74... 99 — 148- 198.. 297-- 340- 519.. 705 - - 891- 1,375 3.98 3.97 3.98 3.80 3.64 4.80 4.53 4.22 3.90 3.84 3.70 3.49 3.38 34.01 34.01 34.02 34.06 34.24 34.70 34.78 34.88 34.86 34.92 34.91 34.89 34.91 0 25 50 75 100--. 150 200 300 400— 600— 800— 1,000- 3.98 3.97 3.98 3.80 3.65 4.80 4.50 4.20 3.85 3.80 3.55 3.45 34.01 34.01 34.02 34.06 34.25 34.70 34.78 34.88 34.88 34.92 34.90 34.90 27.02 27.02 27.03 27.08 27.25 27.48 27.57 27.69 27.72 27.77 27.77 27.78 Station 6082; April 8; latitude 44°39' N., longitude 47°54' W.; depth 3,383 m.; dynamic height 970.909. 0 25— 49— 74— 147— 196— 295— 331 — 507— 689— 877— 1,371. 3.57 3.58 3.22 2.86 2.57 3.17 4.45 4.65 4.03 3.80 3.70 3.46 33.97 33.97 34.04 34.13 34.27 34.46 34.78 34.92.5 34.91 34.93 34.93 34.93 34.92 0 25 50 75 100—- 150— . 200— 300—- 400— 600— 800— 1,000- 3.57 3.58 3.20 2.85 2.55 3.20 4.50 4.65 4.40 3.90 3.75 3.65 33.97 33.97 34.04 34.13 34.27 34.47 34.79 34.92 34.91 34.93 34.93 34.93 27.03 27.03 27.12 27.22 27.37 27.47 27.58 27.68 27.69 27.76 27.77 27.78 Station 6083; April 8; latitude 44°34' N., longitude 47°21, W.; depth 3,841 m.; dynamic height 970.963. 0 26 52 78 104 157 209 313 364 556 758— 965— 1,513- 4.62 33.98 0 4.62 33.98 4.60 33.99 25 4.60 33.99 4.58 34.00 50 4.60 34.00 4.39 34.01 75 4.40 34.01 4.96 34.28 100— 4.90 34.23 5.30 34.60 150— 5.30 34.57 4.63 34.66 200— . 4.70 34.65 4.61 34.86 300— 4.60 34.83 5.09 35.00 400—- 4.90 34.98 4.16 34.94 600— 4.05 34.93 3.78 34.91 800— 3.75 34.91 3.57 34.91 1,000- 3.55 34.91 3.36 34.90 26.93 26.94 26.95 26.98 27.09 27.32 27.45 27.60 27.69 27.74 27.76 27.78 Station 6084; April 9; latitude 44°29' N., longitude 46°42' W.; depth 3,932 m.; dynamic height 970.992. 0 23 46 69 93 138 185 278 381 574— 772— 976— 1,504.. 6.88 34.31 0 6.88 34.31 7.33 34.38 25 7.30 34.38 7.05 34.40 50 7.00 34.40 6.67 34.44 75 6.75 34.46 7.14 34.60 100 7.05 34.60 6.61 34.54 150 6.70 34.60 7.16 34.82 200 6.85 34.81 4.91 34.76 300— 4.95 34.79 5.08 34.95 400— 5.05 34.95 4.45 34.975 600 — - 4.40 34.97 4.08 34.97 800— 4.05 34.96 3.73 34.9.35 1,000.. 3.70 34.93 3.45 34.925 26.92 26.91 26.97 27.05 27.12 27.16 27.31 27.53 27.65 27.74 27.77 27.78 Station 6085; April 9; latitude 44°24' N., longitude 46°02' W.; depth 3,841 m.; dynamic height 971.009. 0 27 53 80 106 160 214 320 420 628 835 1,047— 1,585— 5.65 6.24 6.81 6.65 5.34 8.55 4.21 4.02 4.86 4.32 3.62 3.72 3.40 34.04 34.17 34.36 34.35 34.25 34.92 34.40 34.68 34.925 34.96 34.89 34.92 34.92 0- — 25— 50— 75— 100- - 150- - 200- - 300- . 400. - 600- 800- 1,000 5.65 6.20 6.75 6.70 5.70 8.10 5.30 4.05 4.80 4.45 3.70 3.70 34.04 34.16 34.34 34.36 34.27 34.81 34.53 34.62 34.90 34.96 34.90 34.91 26.86 26.89 26.95 26.98 27.04 27.13 27.28 27.50 27.64 27.73 27.76 27.77 Station 6086; April 9; latitude 44°18.5' N., longitude 4515' W.; depth 4,298 m.; dynamic height 971.093. 0- — 22... 44-.. 66--. 88— 132- 176- 264.. 312- 479- 654.. 844- 1,360 9.82 34.90 0 9.82 34.90 9.76 34.88 25 9.75 34.88 9.68 34.865 50 9.65 34.87 9.64 34.87 75 9.60 34.86 9.53 100— 9.30 34.83 8.45 34.735 150— 8.65 34.80 9.02 34.91 200— 9.15 35.00 9.26 35.14 300... . 8.50 35.07 8.17 35.04 400— 6.60 34.99 5.64 34.97 600— 4.95 34.97 4.67 34.965 800— . 4.10 34.95 4.00 1,000- 3.85 34.94 3.55 34.91 26.93 26.92 26.93 26.93 26.95 27.04 27.11 27.27 27.48 27.68 27.76 27.77 Station 6087; April 9; latitude 44°48.5' N., longitude 45°13' W.; depth 4,207 m.; dynamic height 971.031. 0 29 58 87 115— 173 231 — 346---- 412 626 845— 1,066— 1,632 5.27 33.92 0 5.27 33.92 5.94 34.08 25 5.80 34.04 8.86 34.70 50 8.05 34.54 5.44 34.17 75 7.00 34.40 9.07 34.90 100— 7.20 34.44 9.42 35.09 150 9.40 35.04 7.15 34.90 200 8.35 35.00 5.27 34.85 300 5.75 34.86 5.07 34.905 400— 5.10 34.89 4.50 34.98 600— 4.55 34.98 3.93 34.94 800— 4.05 34.95 3.43 34.88 1,000.. 3.55 34.89 3.31 34.895 26.81 26.84 26.92 26.97 26.97 27.10 27.24 27.50 27.59 27.73 27.76 27.76 71 Table or* Oceanographic Data— Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1956— Continued Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture, °C. Salin- ity, 7„o Scaled values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture, °C. Salin- ity, 7% Observed values scaled values Tem- Tem- Depth, pera- Salin- Depth, pera- Salin- meters ture, ity, meters ture, ity, °C. 7o. °C. 7o„ Station 6088; April 9; latitude 45°15.5' N., longitude 45°15' W.; depth 4,207 m.; dynamic height 970.919. 0 25 50 76 101 151 202 303— 402.-. 602— 802..- 1,003- 1,508- 4.26 3.97 3.80 3.61 3.32 3.59 5.36 4.71 3.96 4.13 3.89 3.64 3.31 34.08 34.14 34.16 34.24 34.25 34.41 34.83 34.90 34.88 34.95 34.94 34.92 34.90 0— - 25— 50— 75— 100. . 150- . 200- 300- . 400- 600- 800- . 1,000 4.26 3.97 3 3.60 3.30 3.55 5.30 4.75 4.00 4.10 3.90 3.65 34.08 34.14 34.16 34.24 34.25 34.41 34.82 34.90 34.88 34.95 34.94 34.92 27.05 27.13 27.16 27.24 27.28 27.38 27.52 27.64 27.71 27.76 27.77 27.78 Station 6089; April 9; latitude 4517.5' N., longitude 46°01' W.; depth 3,658 m.; dynamic height 970.918 0 25 49 74. 98 147 196 294 314 467 618 793 1,269... 4.43 34.10 0 4.43 34.10 4.24 34.10 25 4.24 34.10 3.57 34.07 50 3.55 34.07 3.27 34.10 75 3.30 34.10 2.73 34.14 100 2.75 34.14 4.44 34.56 150 4.40 34.56 3.54 34.54 200 3.55 34.55 5.01 34.95 300- .. 5.00 34.95 4.92 34.955 400— - 4.55 34.96 4.33 34.965 600—. 4.00 34.94 3.95 34.94 800—- 3.60 34.91 3.63 34.91 1,000- 3.50 34.90 3.32 34.89 27.04 27.07 27.12 27.16 27.24 27.42 27.49 27. 27.72 27.76 27.78 27.78 Station 6090; April 10; latitude 45°18.5' N., longitude 46°42' W.; depth 3,383 m.; dynamic height 971.025. 0 5.53 34.00 0 5.53 34.00 26.84 24 5.52 34.02 25 5.50 34.03 26.86 49- 5.68 34.09 50 5.70 34.09 26.89 73 5.76 34.16 75 5.85 34.20 26.96 97 9.24 34.96 100— . 9.00 34.93 27.08 145 5.04 34.50 150— 5.00 34.50 27.30 194 4.84 34.58 200—- 4.85 34.59 27.39 291 5.01 34.86 300— 4.90 34.85 27.59 320 4.75 34.86 400— 4.80 34.88 27.62 479 4.70 34.98 600— - 4.45 34.88 27.66 639 4.34 34.98 800— - 3.95 34.84 27.68 817 3.90 34.94 1,000.- 3.65 34.82 27.70 1,295— 3.32 34.89 Station 6091; April 10; latitude 45°19.5' N., longitude 47°27' W.; depth 2,780 m.; dynamic height 970.971. 0— - 25— 49— 74— 98— 147- 196-. 294.. 375.. 562.. 748- 942.. 1,442 4.65 4.55 4.91 4.83 4.39 5.73 4.54 5.02 4.83 4.25 3.90 3.69 3.41 33.81 33.805 34.04 34.17 34.21 34.60 34.60 34.90 34.95 34.95 34.94 34.925 34.915 0 25—. 50— 75— 100— 150— 200— 300— 400— 600— 800— 1,000. 4.65 4.55 4.90 4.80 4.40 5.70 4.55 5.00 4.75 4.15 3.85 3.65 33.81 33.805 34.05 34.17 34.22 34.60 34.60 34.91 34.95 34.95 34.94 34.92 26.79 26.79 26.96 27.06 27.15 27.29 27.31 27.63 27.68 27.75 27.77 27.78 Station 6092; April 10; latitude 45°33' N., longitude 47°48' W.; depth 1,646 m.; dynamic height 970.930. 0 4.26 23 4.29 46 3.89 69 3.83 92 3.81 138 4.53 184 3.34 276 2.87 313 3.08 481 3.65 656 3.50 835 3.45 1,311 — 3.38 33.89 34.06 34.03 34.07 34.16 34.54 34.59 34.61 34.65 34.87 34.86 34.87 34.885 0— - 25— 50— 75— 100- . 150- - 200- 300- 400- 600- - 800- 1,000 4.26 4.25 3.85 3. 3.90 4.15 3.20 3.00 3.50 3.50 3.45 3.45 33.89 34.06 34.03 34.09 34.23 34.56 34.59 34.63 34.79 34.86 34.87 34.87 26.89 27.04 27.05 27.10 27.20 27.44 27.56 27.61 27.69 27.75 27.76 27.76 Station 6093; April 10; latitude 45°44' N., longitude 48°05 W.; depth 630 m.; dynamic height 970.959. 0 25— 50— 74— 99— 148— 197— 296. .. 329— 534... 0.56 0.39 0.34 0.35 0.66 1.66 1.95 2.50 2.67 3.64 33.46 33.76 33.81 33.90 34.00 34.22 34.30 34.49 34.555 34.80 0— 25— SO- 100- 150- 200 -. 300- 400- . (600) 0.56 0.39 0.34 0.35 0.65 1.70 1.95 2.50 3.20 3.65 33.46 33.76 33.81 33.91 34.01 34.23 34.30 34.50 34.70 34.82 26.86 27.11 27.15 27.23 27.29 27.39 27.44 27.55 27.65 27.70 Station 6094; April 10; latitude 45°49' N., longitude 48°13' W.; depth 174 m.; dynamic height 971.011. 0 -0.13 33.08 0 -0.13 33.08 26.58 25 -0.63 33.38 25 -0.63 33.38 26.84 50. -0.36 33.50 50 -0.36 33.50 26.93 75. 0.12 33.63 75 0.12 33.63 27.01 101 0.05 33.68 100-... 0.05 33.68 27.06 151 0.06 33.72 150— 0.05 33.72 27.10 Station 6095; April 10; latitude 45°52' N., longitude 48°18' W.; depth 112 m.; dynamic height 971.016. o 25 49 74 -0.11 -0.73 -0.46 -0.13 0.01 33.02 33.22 33.38 33.60 33.67 0— 25— 50— 75— 100- -0.11 -0.73 -0.45 -0.15 0.05 33.02 33.22 33.39 33.60 33.67 26.53 26.72 26.85 27.01 27.06 Station 6096; April 10; latitude 45°59.5' N., longitude 48°29' W.; depth 93 m.; dynamic height 971.026. 0 26 52 78 0.09 -0.32 -0.60 -0.14 33.06 33.11 33.16 33.42 0— 25- 50- 75- 0.09 -0.30 -0.60 -0.25 33.06 33.11 33.15 33.38 26.56 26.61 26.66 26.83 72 Table of Oceanographic Data— Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1956— Continued Observed values Scaled values Tem- Tem- Depth, pera- Salin- Depth, pera- Salin- meters ture, ity, meters ture, ity, °C. 7oo °C. °/oo Observed values Scaled values Tem- Tem- Depth, pera- Salin- Depth, pera- Salin- meters ture, ity, meters ture, ity, °C. 7oo °C. 7oo Station 6097; April 10; latitude 46°08' N., longitude 48°42' W.; depth 73 m.; dynamic height 971 .022. 0- 24. 48 62 0.74 0.12 -0.32 0.03 33.10 33.17 33.19 33.46 0.74 0.10 -0.30 33.10 33.17 33.19 26.55 26.65 26.68 Station 6098; April 10; latitude 46°17.5' N., longitude 48°57' W.; depth 69 m.; dynamic height 971.027. D. 25 50 1.07 0.69 0.22 33.06 33.12 33.23 0- 25 50 1.07 0.69 0.22 33.06 33.12 33.23 26.51 26.57 26.69 Station 6099; April 11; latitude 46°16.5' N., longitude 48'31' W.; depth 91 m.; dynamic height 971 .024. 0- 25 51 70 0.71 0.31 0.17 -0.07 33.14 33.23 33.24 33.38 0- 25 50 75 0.71 0.31 0.20 -0.05 33.14 33.23 33.24 33.38 26.59 26.69 26.70 26.82 Station 6100; April 11; latitude 46°14.5' N., longitude 48°02' W.; depth 128 m.; dynamic height 971.022. 0- 25 49 74 -0.45 -0.84 -1.04 -0.62 0.02 32.99 33.08 33.30 33.32 33.53 0- 25- 50 75- 100 -0.45 -0.84 -1.05 -0.60 0.10 32.99 33.08 33.30 33.43 33.54 26.53 26.61 26.79 26.88 26.94 Station 6101; April 11; latitude 46°13' N., longitude 47°44' W.; depth 210 m.; dynamic height 971.047. 0 -0.64 32.98 0 —0.64 32.98 25 -0.83 33.00 25 -0.83 33.00 50 -1.29 33.08 50 -1.29 33.08 75 -1.17 33.19 75 -1.17 33.19 100 -0.94 33.27 100— -0.94 33.27 150 0.21 33.58 150 0.21 33.58 26.53 26.55 26.62 26.71 26.77 26.97 Station 6102; April 11; latitude 46°12.5' N., longitude 47°25' W.; depth 677 m.; dynamic height 970.940. 0-. 26 53 79 105 157 209 314 410 624 0.26 33.38 0 0.26 33.38 -0.13 33.64 25 -0.15 33.64 0.14 33.86 50 0.05 33.84 0.73 33.99 75 0.65 33.97 0.71 34.10 100 0.70 34.08 1.91 34.34 150 1.75 34.30 2.56 34.485 200 2.45 34.46 2.96 34.61 300— 2.90 34.59 3.59 34.765 400— 3.55 34.75 3.71 34.855 600— - 3.70 34.85 26.81 27.04 27.19 27.26 27.34 27.45 27.52 27.59 27.65 27.72 Station 6103; April 11; latitude 46°11' N., longitude 47°10' W.; depth 1,500 m.; dynamic height 970.880. 0 25 49 74 98- 147 196 294 393 590 789 989 1,439 — 2.24 2.05 1.72 2.09 2.15 2.52 2.99 3.33 3.79 3.71 3.55 3.43 3.40 34.20 34.19 34.27 34.38 34.42 34.52 34.62 34.70 34.84 34.87 34.875 34.87 34.88 0 25— 50- — 75— 100— 150— 200— 300— 400— 600— 800— 1,000. 2.24 2.05 1.70 2.10 2.15 2.55 3.00 3.35 3.80 3.70 3.55 3.45 34.20 34.19 34.27 34.38 34.42 34.53 34.63 34.71 34.84 34.87 34.87 34.87 27.33 27.34 27.43 27.48 27.52 27.57 27.61 27.64 27.70 27.74 27.75 27.76 Station 6104; April 11; latitude 46°09' N., longitude 46°39' W.; depth 1,225 m.; dynamic height 970.870. 0 - 25 50 75 100 150 200 300 403 602 800 1,002... 1,209— 3.15 2.42 1.58 2.51 4.79 2.94 3.36 4.71 4.00 3.57 3.47 3.42 3.42 34.06 34.24 34.20 34.39 34.75 34.56 34.70 34.965 34.90 34.88 34.88 34.88 34.88 0 25— 50— 75—. 100— 150— 200— 300. . . 400— 600— 800— 1,000. 3.15 2.42 1.58 2.51 4.79 2.94 3.36 4.71 4.00 3.55 3.45 3.45 34.06 34.24 34.20 34.39 34.75 34.56 34.70 34.965 34.90 34.88 34.88 34.88 27.14 27.35 27.38 27.46 27.52 27.56 27.63 27.70 27.73 27.75 27.76 27.76 Station 6105; April 11; latitude 46°06' N., longitude 45°59' W.; depth 1,756 m.; dynamic height 970.881. 0 24 49 73 97 - 146 195 292 391 585 778 974 1,468— 4.09 3.78 3.62 3.56 3.45 3.79 3.63 3.66 3.61 3.61 3.45 3.40 3.31 34.19 34.21 34.24 34.31 34.39 34.60 34.74 34.845 34.86 34.875 34.875 34.885 34.89 0— 25— 50— 75— 100. . 150.. 200. . 300- . 400- 600- 800.. 1,000 4.09 3.75 3.65 3.55 3.45 3.80 3.65 3.70 3.60 3.60 3.45 3.40 34.19 34.21 34.24 34.31 34.40 34.61 34.75 34.85 34.86 34.87 34.88 34.88 27.15 27.21 27.24 27.30 27.38 27.52 27.64 27.72 27.74 27.75 27.76 27.77 Station 6106; April 11; latitude 46°03.5' N., longitude 45°20' W.; depth 3,200 m.; dynamic height 970.916. 0 22 43. 65 87- 129 172 259 378 564 749 942 1,430— 4.73 34.16 0 4.73 34.16 5.29 34.37 25 5.25 34.36 4.13 34.285 50 3.90 34.27 3.70 34.25 75 3.65 34.25 3.66 34.28 100— 3.95 34.40 5.28 34.625 150 5.00 34.62 4.66 34.62 200 4.50 34.66 4.33 34.78 300 4.25 34.82 4.01 34.86 400— 3.95 34.87 3.72 34.885 600— 3.65 34.88 3.50 34.885 800— 3.50 34.89 3.55 34.90 1,000- 3.55 34.90 3.48 34.92 27.06 27.16 27.24 27.25 27.34 27.40 27.48 27.64 27.71 27.74 27.77 27.77 73 Table of Oceanographic Data—Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1956— Continued Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture, °C. Salin- ity, 7oo Scaled values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture, °C. Salin- ity, 7.o Observed values Scaled values Tem- Tem- Depth, pera- Salin- Depth, pera- Salin- meters ture, ity, meters ture, ity, °C. 7oo °C. 7oo Station 6107; April 12; latitude 46°01.5' N., longitude 44°47' W.; depth 3,640 m.; dynamic height 970.988. 0- 26— 52..- 78__. 105- 156- 208- 313- 412-. 616- 819- 1,026 1,547 5.73 33.71 0 5.73 33.71 6.02 34.055 25 6.00 34.05 6.66 34.36 50 6.55 34.34 6.96 34.455 75 6.95 34.45 6.86 34.58 100---- 6.90 34.56 3.36 34.30 150 3.55 34.32 4.16 34.55 200 4.00 34.50 4.91 34.87 300 4.90 34.84 4.79 34.90 400---- 4.80 34.90 4.45 34.96 600— - 4.50 34.96 4.19 34.96 800---- 4.20 34.96 3.68 34.91 1,000-- §.75 34.92 3.31 34.88 26.59 26.82 26.98 27.01 27.11 27.31 27.41 27.58 27.64 27.72 27.76 27.77 Station 6108; April 12; latitude 46°20' N., longitude 44°50, W.; depth 1,500 m.; dynamic height 970.911. 0— - 24 — 48... 72_-. 97— 145- 193- 290- - 378.. 568_. 758- 955-. 1,356 4.97 34.08 0 4.97 34.08 4.19 34.22 25 4.20 34.22 4.51 34.30 50 4.50 34.31 4.29 34.39 75 4.25 34.39 3.95 34.42 100— 3.95 34.43 4.82 34.66 150 4.80 34.66 4.38 34.67 200 4.40 34.68 4.67 34.90 300 4.65 34.90 4.35 34.92 400-..- 4.25 34.92 3.61 34.86 600---- 3.60 34.86 3.50 34.87 800--. 3.50 34.87 3.42 34.88 1,000- 3.40 34.88 3.35 34.885 26.97 27.17 27.21 27.29 27.36 27.45 27.51 27.66 27.72 27.74 27.76 27.77 Station 6109; April 12; latitude 46°28' N., longitude 44°52' W.; depth 631 m.; dynamic height 970.868. 0- 26. 51- 77. 103 15:: 205 308 400 599 3.77 34.28 0 3.77 34.28 3.57 34.30 25 3.60 34.30 3.41 34.36 50 3.45 34.36 3.61 34.42 75 3.60 34.42 3.50 34.50 100--- 3.50 34.49 3.27 34.56 150. — 3.25 34.55 3.52 34.73 200--.- 3.50 34.71 3.56 34.84 300— 3.55 34.84 3.53 34.845 400—- 3.55 34.85 3.51 34.875 600— 3.50 34.88 27.26 27.29 27.35 27.39 27.45 27.52 27.63 27.72 27.73 27.76 Station 6110; April 12; latitude 46°38' N., longitude 44°57' W.; depth 224 m.; dynamic height 970.879. 0— 26— 51 — 77... 102.. 163- 204- 3.67 3.41 3.32 3.13 3.05 3.18 3.53 34.16 34.19 34.20 34.23 34.28 34.465 34.80 0— 25- 50- 75- 100. 150. 200. 3.67 3.40 3.35 3.15 3.05 3.15 3.50 34.16 34.19 34.20 34.23 34.27 34.45 34.79 27.17 27.22 27.23 27.27 27.32 27.45 27.69 Station 6111; April 12; latitude 46°47.5' N., longitude 44°59' W.; depth 187 m.; dynamic height 970.880. 0- 24_ 49. 73- 97. 1 15 3.69 3.55 3.29 3.19 3.12 3.25 34.14 34.16 34.19 34.20 34.26 34.47 0- 25. 50- 75. 100 15(1 3.69 3.55 3.30 3.15 3.10 3.30 34.14 34.16 34.19 34.20 34.27 34.49 27.15 27.19 27.23 27.25 27.32 27.47 Station 6112; April 12; latitude 46"53.5' N., longitude 45°02' W.; depth 201 m.; dynamic height 970.880. 0- 25. 50 75. 100 H'.i 189 3.69 3.68 3.36 3.09 3.10 3.30 3.83 34.15 34.15 34.19 34.23 34.305 34.50 34.71 0 25— 50---- 75— 100— 150— (200) - 3.69 3.68 3.36 3.09 3.10 3.30 3.90 34.15 34.15 34.19 34.23 34.305 34.51 34.76 27.16 27.16 27.22 27.28 27.34 27.49 27.63 Station 6113; April 12; latitude 46°52.5'. N., longitude 45°09' W.; depth 224 m.; dynamic height 970.879. 0 25— 49— 74.... 98— 147— 196--- 3.63 34.15 0 3.63 34.15 3.61 34.16 25 3.61 34.16 3.27 34.20 50 3.25 34.20 3.12 34.24 75 3.15 34.24 3.16 34.31 100—. 3.15 34.33 3.56 34.56 150 3.60 34.58 3.71 34.70 200 3.75 34.71 27.17 27.18 27.24 27.28 27.35 27.51 27.60 Station 6114; April 12; latitude 46°52' N., longitude 45°51' W.; depth 272 m.; dynamic height 970.862. 0 25 49 74 99 148 198 257 3.96 3.30 3.12 3.53 3.18 4.39 3.69 3.65 34.13 34.21 34.305 34.45 34.48 34.77 34.79 34.84 0— 25- 50- 75- 100. 150- 200- 3.96 3.30 3.10 3.55 3.20 4.40 3.70 34.13 34.21 34.31 34.45 34.49 34.77 34.79 27.12 27.25 27.35 27.41 27.48 27.58 27.67 Station 6115; April 13; latitude 46°51.5' N., longitude 46°07' W.; depth 326 m.; dynamic height 970.878. 0 25 51 76 101 152 203 304— 3.53 3.50 3.19 3.11 3.14 3.82 3.63 3.60 34.16 34.17 34.21 34.22 34.31 34.59 34.78 34.84 0— 25- 50- 75- 100. 150- 200- 300- 3.53 3.50 3.20 3.10 3.15 3.80 3.65 3.60 34.16 34.17 34.21 34.22 34.31 34.57 34.78 34.84 27.19 27.20 27.26 27.18 27.34 27.49 27.66 27.72 74 Table of Oceonogroph/c Data — Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1955— Continued Observed values scaled values Tem- Tem- Depth, pera- Salin- Depth, pera- Salin- meters ture, ity, meters ture, ity, °C. 7oo °C. 7c= Observed values Scaled values Tem- Tem- Depth, pera- Salin- Depth, pera- Salin- meters ture, ity, meters ture, ity, °C. 7a. °C. 7„o Station 6116; April 13; latitude 46°51' N., longitude 46°28' W.; depth 659 m.; dynamic height 970.884. 0 25 50 75 100—- 150 200 300 408— 607- - 3.56 3.54 3.38 3.26 3.10 3.02 3.93 4.06 3.63 3.46 34.18 34.18 34.27 34.30 34.36 34.44 34.71 34.88 34.87 34.88 0 25---- 50— 75— 100— 150— 200— 300— 400- - 600— 3.56 3.54 3.38 3.26 3.10 3.02 3.93 4.06 3.65 3.50 34.18 34.18 34.27 34.30 34.36 34.44 34.71 34.88 34.87 34. 8S 27.20 27.20 27.29 27.32 27.39 27.46 27.58 27.70 27.74 27.76 Station 6117; Apri 13; latitude 46°50.5' N., longitude 46°46' W; depth 1,216 m.; dynamic height 970.872, 0 25 50 75 100--.. 150—- 201 301 411 612 810 1,020-- 2.47 2.54 2.39 2.32 2.68 2.79 2.82 3.69 3.76 3.53 3.47 3.42 34.32 34.36 34.36 34.42 34.52 34.56 34.59 34.80 34.85 34.86 34.87 34.87 0— 25— 50— 75— 100- 150- 200- 300- 400- - 600 - - 800- 1,000 2.47 2.54 2.39 2.32 2.68 2.79 2.80 3.70 3.75 3.55 3.50 3.45 34.32 34.36 34.36 34.42 34.52 34.56 34.59 34.80 34.85 34.86 34.87 34.87 27.41 27.44 27.45 27.50 27.55 27.57 27.59 27.68 27.71 27.74 27.76 27.76 Station 6118; April 13; latitude 46°50' N., longitude 47°04' W.; depth 659 m.; dynamic height 970.933. 0 25 51 76 101 152 203 304.-. 401 600 0.48 0.62 0.43 0.55 0.98 2.10 2.13 2.90 3.39 3.75 33.79 33.83 33.95 34.035 34.15 34.39 34.445 34.59 34.71 34.84 0 25 50 75 100— 150— 200— 300— 400— - 600— 0.48 0.62 0.45 0.55 0.95 2.10 2.15 2.85 3.40 3.75 33.79 33.83 33.95 34.03 34.14 34.38 34.44 34.58 34.71 34.84 27.12 27.14 27.25 27.31 27.37 27.48 27.53 27.58 27.64 27.70 Station 6119; April 13; latitude 46°50' N. longitude 4714' W.; depth 332 m.; dynamic height 970.955. 0- 25 50 75 100 150 199 299 0.54 33.70 0 0.54 33.70 0.41 33.71 25 0.41 33.71 0.10 33.80 50 0.10 33.80 0.10 33.88 75 0.10 33.88 0.33 33.99 100— 0.33 33.99 1.29 34.195 150 1.29 34.195 2.18 34.41 200 2.20 34.41 2.55 34.49 300 2.55 34.49 27.05 27.07 27.15 27.21 27.29 27.40 27.51 27.54 Station 6120; April 13; latitude 46°50' N., longitude 47°29' W.; depth 172 m.; dynamic height 971.029. 0 25 50 75 99 149 -1.03 -1.30 -1.22 -0.53 0.21 0.31 32.96 32.98 33.10 33.28 33.53 33.67 0- 25. 50 _ 75- 100 150 -1.03 -1.30 -1.22 -0.53 0.20 0.35 32.96 32.98 33.10 33.28 33.54 33.67 26.52 26.54 26.64 26.76 26.94 27.04 Station 6121; April 13; latitude 46°49' N., longitude 48°05' W.; depth 110 m.; dynamic height 971.040. 0 24 49 73 96 0.20 0.13 -0.27 -0.36 -0.13 33.06 33.07 33.10 33.12 33.30 0 25 50 75 100---. 0.20 0.10 -0.30 -0.35 -0.10 33.06 33.07 33.10 33.13 33.33 26.55 26.57 26.60 26.63 26.78 Station 6122; April 13; latitude 46°49' N., longitude 48°36' W.; depth 80 m.; dynamic height 971.038. 24 49 0.74 0.70 0.54 0.20 33.13 33.14 33.14 33.20 0_ 25 50 75 0.74 0.70 0.50 0.10 33.13 33.14 33.14 33.22 26.58 26.59 26.60 26.69 Station 6123; May 19; latitude 43°38' N., longitude 51°24!' W.; depth 88 m.; dynamic height 971.098. 5.40 3.50 2.62 3.42 32.76 33.01 33.21 33.55 0 25 50 75 5.40 3.50 2.62 3.42 32.76 33.01 33.21 33.55 25.88 26.28 26.52 26.71 Station 6124; May 19; latitude 43°28' N., longitude 51°39' W.; depth 192 m.; dynamic height 971.096. 0— 25 _ 50- 75- 99- 149. 5.74 3.04 0.24 2.67 2.46 1.94 32.64 33.06 33.07 33.57 33.77 33.98 0 25 50 75 100 150 5.74 3.04 0.24 2.67 2.45 1.95 32.64 33.06 33.07 33.57 33.78 33.98 25.75 26.35 26.56 26.80 26.97 27.18 75 Table of Oceanographic Data — Confirmed STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1956— Continued Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture, °c. Salin- ity, 7oo Scaled values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture, °C. Salin- ity, 7oo Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture, °C. Salin- ity, 7oo Scaled values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture, °C. Salin- ity, 7oo Station 6125; May 19; latitude 43°24' N., longitude 51°45' W.; depth 969 m.; dynamic height 971.094. 0 25 50 75 100 150 199 299 385 581 4.75 32.90 0 4.75 32.90 2.16 33.09 25 2.16 33.09 -0.18 33.16 50 -0.18 33.16 -0.14 33.40 75 -0.14 33.40 -0.07 33.51 100 -0.07 33.51 0.12 33.62 150 0.12 33.62 2.20 33.98 200 2.25 33.99 2.94 34.40 300— - 2.95 34.40 2.96 34.48 400-- 3.00 34.50 3.50 34.76 600---. 3.55 34.78 3.67 34.82 (800) -- 3.75 34.86 26.06 26.45 26.65 26.85 26.93 27.01 27.16 27.43 27.51 27.67 27.72 Station 6126; Mav 19; latitude 43°18' N., longitude 51°56' W.; depth 1,463 m.; dynamic height 971.055. 0 - 25 50 75 101 151 201 302 405 604 802 1,002.-. 3.40 32.96 0 3.40 32.96 0.09 33.02 25 0.09 33.02 -0.24 33-24 50 -0.24 33.24 -0.14 33.47 75 -0.14 33.47 -0.11 33.55 100 -0.10 33.55 1.35 33.90 150 1.35 33.89 2.16 34.08 200 2.15 34.07 4.76 34.60 300-- 4.75 34.60 2.86 34.58 400— - 2.90 34.58 3.67 34.82 600- - - 3.65 34.82 3.61 34.86 800--.- 3.60 34.86 3.68 34.90 1,000- 3.70 34.90 26.24 26.53 26.72 26.90 26.96 27.15 27.24 27.41 27.58 27.70 27.74 27.76 Station 6127; May 19; latitude 43°06' N., longitude 52°08' W.; depth 2,468 m.; dynamic height 971.010. 0 - 24 47 71 94 141 188 282 340 511 682 862 1,330... 6.98 33.08 0 6.98 33.08 0.35 33.02 25 0.30 33.02 0.16 33.38 50 0.20 33.50 6.56 34.51 75 6.40 34.50 5.37 34.40 100 5.10 34.38 2.96 34.25 150 3.40 34.33 5.64 34.72 200 5.50 34.71 4.15 34.65 300.--. 4.55 34.74 5.59 34.96 400— - 5.20 34.96 4.78 34.97 600— - 4.80 34.98 4.40 34.99 800-- 4.20 34.96 4.11 34.95 1,000— 3.95 34.94 3.65 34.925 25.93 26.52 26.91 27.13 27.19 27.33 27.41 27.54 27.64 27.70 27.76 27.76 Station 6128; May 19; latitude 42°49' N., longitude 52°25' W.; depth 3,237 m.; dynamic height 971.092. 0— 27— 53— 80— 107.. 161- 214- 321- 423.. 634- sis 1,059 1,585 9.77 33.49 0 9.77 33.49 6.70 33.79 25 6.80 33.76 8.37 34.38 50 8.15 34.32 10.16 34.92 75 9.85 34.83 10.99 35.165 100- — 10.80 35.13 10.21 35.17 150— - 10.45 35.17 8.40 34.98 200—. 9.00 35.04 3.85 34.49 300— - 4.40 34.58 4.72 34.81 400— 4.60 34.74 4.46 34.94 600 — - 4.55 34.93 3.83 34.90 800— 3.95 34.91 3.63 34.90 1,000- 3.65 34.90 3.63 34.945 25.83 26.49 26.74 26.86 26.93 27.03 27.17 27.43 27.53 27.69 27.74 27.76 Station 6129; May 19; latitude 42°33.5' N., longitude 52°40' W.; depth 3,841 m.; dynamic height 971.145. 0 12.33 34.66 0 12.33 34.66 26.28 27 13.95 35.67 25 13.90 35.64 26.72 53 12.10 35.29 50 12.30 35.33 26.80 80 13.08 35.59 75 12.90 35.54 26.85 106 12.59 35.51 100 12.70 35.52 26.88 160 11.88 35.42 150 12.00 35.43 26.94 213 11.12 35.41 200 11.30 35.42 27.07 319 8.38 35.03 300--.. 8.90 35.09 27.22 413 6.89 34.94 400— - 7.05 34.94 27.38 618 4.19 34.91 600— 4.30 34.91 27.70 825 4.02 34.91 800— 4.05 34.91 27.73 1,034— 4.03 34.94 1,000- 4.05 34.93 27.74 1,562— 3.72 34.94 Station 6130; May 19-20; latitude 42°21.5' N., longitude 52°25' W.; depth 3,841 m.; dynamic height 971.149. 0 26 51 77 102.... 155 206 308 390—. 591 798 1,005-- 1,539-- 15.31 35.70 0 15.31 35.70 15.07 35.87 25 15.05 35.87 14.86 35.89 50 14.85 35.89 14.39 35.80 75 14.45 35.81 13.65 35.70 100 — - 13.70 35.71 12.25 35.48 150 12.40 35.50 10.84 35.28 200 11.00 35.30 4.56 34.50 300 5.00 34.54 2.47 34.34 400.-.. 2.45 34.34 3.09 34.65 600—- 3.15 34.66 3.57 34.79 800— - 3.60 34.79 3.63 34.85 1,000- 3.60 34.85 3.50 34.88 26.46 26.64 26.70 26.74 26.82 26.92 27.03 27.33 27.42 27.62 27.68 27.73 Station 6131; May 20; latitude 42°02.5' N., longitude 51°58' W.; depth 3,841 m.; dynamic height 971.064. 0 27— 52— 79.— 105— 158— 210— 315— 372— 559 — 749— 948— 1,463- 8.32 33.10 0 8.32 33.10 3.92 33.19 25 4.25 33.18 0.29 33.06 50 0.40 33.07 2.42 33.63 75 2.05 33.53 3.39 33.99 100 3.25 33.93 4.46 34.30 150 4.35 34.28 2.88 34.28 200 3.20 34.28 3.10 300— - 3.10 34.42 3.12 34.57 400— . 3.15 34.63 4.12 34.86 600— . 4.15 34.88 4.21 34.94 800— - 4.15 34.94 3.86 34.92 1,000- 3.80 34.92 3.74 34.95 25.76 26.33 26.55 26.82 27.02 27.19 27.31 27.44 27.59 27.69 27.74 27.77 Station 6132; May 20; latitude 42°01' N., longitude 51°01' W.; depth 3,246 m.; dynamic height 970.941. 0— 24— 49— 73— 98— 147- 195- 293- 349- 527- 708.. 897- 1,389 6.82 33.29 0 6.82 33.29 4.78 33.30 25 4.70 33.30 2.07 33.86 50 2.05 33.87 3.48 34.26 75 3.45 34.26 2.64 34.30 100— - 2.65 34.31 4.93 34.73 150 5.05 34.75 6.47 35.08 200 6.45 35.08 5.31 35.01 300 5.15 35.00 4.19 34.88 400 — . 4.00 34.87 3.79 34.87 600--.. 3.75 34.87 3.64 34.88 800---- 3.60 34.88 3.51 34.88 1,000- 3.50 34.89 3.42 34.90 26.12 26.37 27.09 27.27 27.39 27.49 27.57 27.68 27.71 27.73 27.75 27.77 76 Table of Oceanographic Data— Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1956— Continued Observed values Scaled values Tem- Tem- Depth, pera- Salin- Depth, pera- Salin- meters ture, ity, meters ture, ity, °C. °/=o °C. U/=o Station 6133; May 20; latitude 42°20.5' N., longitude 51°27' W.; depth 2,963 m.; dynamic height 971.016. 0 27 52 79 105 158 210 315 408 611 814 1,023.- 1,550-- 7.81 33.11 0 7.81 33.11 3.69 33.26 25 4.00 33.23 4.73 33.76 50 4.65 33.71 4.97 34.28 75 4.95 34.22 4.66 34.28 100---- 4.70 34.28 5.64 34.60 150 5.45 34.55 6.40 34.88 200 6.30 34.84 5.14 34.88 300 5.30 34.88 5.47 35.01 400— - 5.45 35.00 4.09 34.90 600—- 4.15 34.90 4.16 34.96 800---- 4.15 34.96 3.96 34.945 1,000- 4.00 34.95 3.57 34.92 25.84 26.40 26.72 27.09 27.16 27.28 27.41 27.56 27.64 27.71 27.76 27.77 Station 6134; May 20; latitude 42°39.5' N., longitude 51°00' W.; depth 1,783 m.; dynamic height 971.123. 0 26 52 78 104 155 208 312 414 617 819 1,027... 1,552... 4.32 32.96 0 4.32 32.96 1.43 33.10 25 1.55 33.10 -0.13 33.24 50 -0.10 33.23 -0.29 33.40 75 -0.30 33.38 -0.25 33.45 100—- -0.25 33.44 0.00 33.57 150— - -0.05 33.56 0.41 33.75 200- - 0.35 33.72 1.81 34.22 300— - 1.60 34.17 2.96 34.61 400- - - 2.85 34.56 3.83 34.82 600- - 3.80 34.82 3.71 34.86 800- - 3.75 34.86 3.56 34.86 1,000- 3.55 34.86 3.47 34.89 26.15 26.50 26.70 26.83 26.88 26.97 27.08 27.36 27.57 27.69 27.72 27.74 Station 6135; Mav 20; latitude 42°48' N., longitude 50°50' W.; depth 1,028 m.; dynamic height 971.102. 0- 20. 40- 61- 81. 122 162 24:', 32!l 501 676 4.06 32.96 0 4.06 32.96 3.01 33.02 25 2.70 33.05 1.66 33.14 50 2.00 33.21 2.49 33.30 75 2.65 33.52 2.67 33.60 100— 2.95 33.78 3.30 33.94 150 1.95 33.87 1.54 33.84 200 2.60 34.01 3.38 34.23 300 3.65 34.42 3.70 34.50 400— 3.60 34.59 3.19 34.68 600- - - 3.40 34.77 3.62 34.82 800- - 3.65 34.83 3.67 34.84 (1,000). 3.65 34.85 26.18 26.38 26.57 26.76 26.93 27.09 27.15 27.38 27.52 27.69 27.70 27.72 Station 6136; May 20; latitude 42°53' N., longitude 50°44' W.; depth 260 m.; dynamic height 971.090. 0— 24_. 49- 73- 98- 146- 195- 235. 4.07 32.97 0 4.07 32.97 2.23 33.00 25 2.20 33.00 0.62 33.16 50 0.60 33.16 0.32 33.25 75 0.25 33.26 -0.19 33.41 100— - -0.20 33.42 0.17 33.62 150— 0.25 33.63 0.96 33.86 200— 1.00 33.88 *1.33 34.06 26.19 26.38 26.61 26.71 26.87 27.01 27.16 Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture, °C. Salin- ity, 7oo Scaled values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture, °C. Salin- ity, 7oo Station 6137; May 21; latitude 42°57.5' N., longitude 50°40' W.; depth 110 m.; dynamic height 971.086. 0- 26. 51 77- 102 5.14 1.44 0.12 -0.24 0.03 32.88 33.12 33.24 33.32 33.41 0 25 50 75 100-.-. 5.14 1.60 0.15 -0.25 -0.05 32.88 33.11 33.23 33.31 33.40 26.00 26.51 26.69 26.77 26.84 Station 6138; May 21; latitude 43°04' N., longitude 50°31' W.; depth 91 m.; dynamic height 971.100. 0 26— 51 — . 77-— 5.52 3.99 1.60 0.49 32.84 32.89 33.16 33.36 0 25 50 75 5.52 4.05 1.65 0.55 32.84 32.89 33.15 33.35 25.92 26.12 26.54 26.76 Station 6139; May 21; latitude 43°21' N., longitude 50°13 W.; depth 60 m.; dynamic height 971.120. 0. 26 52 6.39 3.63 3.63 32.58 32.77 32.77 0- 25 50 6.39 3.65 3.65 32.58 25.62 32.76 26.06 32.77 26.07 Station 6140; May 21; latitude 42°58' N., longitude 50°16' W.; depth 93 m.; dynamic height 971.084. 5.66 1.09 0.60 0.36 32.86 33.12 33.26 33.29 0— 25— 50— 75— 5.66 1.20 0.65 0.40 32.86 33.11 33.26 33.29 25.92 26.54 26.69 26.72 Station 6141; May 21; latitude 42°47' N., longitude 50°16' W.; depth 357 m.; dynamic height 971.048. 0- 21. 47. 71. 94. 141 2.67 0.53 -0.54 -0.50 0.16 0.65 1.30 32.94 32.97 33.10 33.34 33.55 33.84 34.10 0— 25— 50— 75— 100- 150.. 200- . (300) 2.67 0.50 -0.55 -0.40 0.25 0.75 1.50 3.15 32.94 32.97 33.13 33.38 33.59 33.89 34.16 34.60 26.29 26.46 26.64 26.84 26.98 27.19 27.36 27.57 Station 6142; May 21; latitude 42°36' N., longitude 50°17, W.; depth 1,829 m.; dynamic height 970.982. 0 26 52 78 104 155 207 311 418 625 829- — 1,035- 1,553- 2.58 32.92 0 2.58 32.92 0.96 33.00 25 0.95 33.00 2.04 33.47 50 1.95 33.43 2.47 33.68 75 2.45 33.65 1.55 33.95 100.-.. 1.65 33.90 2.16 34.28 150 2.15 34.26 2.17 34.41 200 2.15 34.40 2.69 34.57 300 2.65 34.55 3.45 34.75 400—- 3.35 34.72 4.01 34.92 600..-- 4.00 34.91 3.67 34.90 800---- 3.70 34.90 3.52 34.91 1,000- 3.55 34.91 3.45 34.905 26.28 26.47 26.74 26.88 27.13 27.39 27.50 27.58 27.65 27.74 27.76 27.78 77 Table of Oceanographk Daia — Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1955— Continued Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture, °C. Salin- ity, 7oo Scaled values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture, °C. Salin- ity, 7„o Observed values scaled values Tem- Tem- Depth, pera- Salin- Depth, pera- Salin- meters ture, ity, meters ture, ity, °C. 7oo °C. 7oo Station 6143; May 21; latitude 42°15' N., longitude 50°18' W.; depth 2,798 m.; dynamic height 970.995. 0— - 24— 47_ _. 71 — 95— 141— 188- 283- 350- 530- 713- 905- 1,406 10.12 33.90 0 10.12 33.90 11.83 35.09 25 11.80 35.10 11.71 35.25 50 11.60 35.24 10.75 35.18 75 10.55 35.16 9.88 35.08 100—- 9.80 35.08 9.06 35.11 150 8.80 35.10 7.75 35.06 200 7.50 35.05 *6.25 35.00 300 5.90 34.98 4.97 34.91 400— - 4.50 34.90 3.89 34.89 600— 3.75 34.89 3.66 34.895 800— 3.60 34.89 3.52 34.89 1,000- 3.50 34.89 3.42 34.91 26.09 26.73 26.87 27.00 27.06 27.25 27.40 27.57 27.67 27.74 27.76 27.77 Station 6144; May 21; latitude 41°53' N., longitude 50°16' \V.; depth 3,566 m.; dynamic height 970.945. 0 27 53 80 106 160 213 319 426 637 847 1,060— 1,594— 8.13 33.20 0 8.13 33.20 2.93 33.27 25 3.20 33.25 2.40 33.70 50 2.50 33.64 1.80 34.01 75 1.80 33.96 2.45 34.23 100— 2.25 34.18 3.45 34.50 150 3.30 34.45 3.83 34.66 200 3.70 34.61 *5.12 35.05 300 4.90 35.01 5.31 35.08 400— 5.20 35.08 4.64 35.04 600— 4.80 35.05 4.07 34.98 800— - 4.15 34.99 3.77 34.955 1,000- 3.85 34.96 3.48 34.94 25.87 26.50 26.86 27.17 27.31 27.44 27.53 27.72 27.72 27.76 27.78 27.79 Station 6145; May 21; latitude 41°27.5' N., longitude 50°18'W.; depth 3,749 m.; dynamic height 970.944. 0— 24— 48— 72— 96— 144- 192- 288- 391- 587- 786- 988- 1,506 8.09 33.10 0 8.09 33.10 2.90 33.19 25 2.85 33.21 2.57 33.72 50 2.50 33.77 2.34 34.12 75 2.30 34.12 1.88 34.16 100— - 1.90 34.16 1.96 34.31 150 2.05 34.34 3.52 34.60 200 3.60 34.63 4.46 34.86 300 4.55 34.88 4.95 35.01 400— 4.95 35.01 4.20 34.96 600— 4.15 34.96 3.87 34.94 800— 3.85 34.94 3.79 34.94 1,000-- 3.80 34.94 3.56 34.955 25.79 26.50 26.97 27.27 27.33 27.46 27.55 27.65 27.71 27.76 27.77 27.78 Station 6146; May 22; latitude 41°02.5' N., longitude 50°17' W.; depth 4,115 m.; dynamic height 971. 09? 0 24— 47— 188— 281 — 286— 406— 511 — 648 1,005- 12.80 33.94 0 12.80 33.94 7.67 33.85 25 7.65 33.85 7.25 33.90 50 7.25 33.90 7.81 34.86 75 7.35 34.00 6.47 34.74 100— . 7.50 34.16 5.46 34.78 150 7.75 34.57 3.72 34.70 200 7.65 34.85 4.63 34.91 300 5.65 34.75 4.16 34.90 400— 3.75 34.70 3.93 34.96 600---. 1.35 34.90 800— - 4.00 34.92 1,000- 3.95 34.96 25.63 26.44 26.53 26.60 26.71 27.00 27.23 'J7. 12 27.59 27.69 27.75 27.78 Station 6147; Mav 22; latitude 42°01.5' N., longitude 49°29' W.; depth 2,926 m.; dynamic height 970.927. 0 24 47 396 589 779 977 1,479--. 8.00 33.42 0 8.00 33.42 6.63 33.41 25 6.25 33.41 2.37 33.76 50 2.35 33.82 4.73 34.99 75 2.75 34.22 4.05 34.95 100— - 3.25 34.40 3.95 34.96 150 3.80 34.62 3.78 34.955 200 4.15 34.77 3.52 34.945 300 4.60 34.93 400— 4.75 34.99 600— 4.05 34.95 800- — 3.90 34.96 1,000- 3.75 34.95 26.06 26.29 27.02 27.31 27.40 27.53 27.61 27.68 27.71 27.76 27.79 27.79 Station 6148; May 22; latitude 41°31.5' N., longitude 48°57' W.; depth 3,319 m.; dynamic height 971.005. 0— 25— 50— 76— 101 - - 150- - 200- 301- 355- 520- - 679- 858- 1,321 10.76 33.43 0 10.76 33.43 6.84 33.67 25 6.84 33.67 9.14 34.42 50 9.14 34.42 10.04 35.04 75 10.05 35.04 9.36 35.06 100— - 9.35 35.06 7.20 34.72 150 7.18 34.72 4.22 34.50 200 4.21 34.50 4.55 34.82 300 4.55 34.82 5.95 35.11 400— 5.80 35.11 5.17 35.08 600— 4.70 35.04 4.40 35.01 800— - 4.15 34.98 4.06 34.97 1,000- 3.90 34.96 3.59 34.94 25.61 26.42 26.66 26.99 27.13 27.19 27.39 27.61 27.69 27.76 27.77 27.79 Station 6149; May 22; latitude 41°01' N., longitude 48°31' W.; depth 3,712 m.; dynamic height 971.061. 0 26— 51— 77_ — 103— 153 — 205— 308— 424— 634— 844... 1,059. 1,605- 11.53 33.52 0 11.53 33.52 5.45 33.30 25 5.50 33.30 6.62 33.81 50 6.55 33.80 10.02 34.89 75 9.90 34.80 9.90 34.94 100— - 9.95 34.94 5.27 34.30 150 5.55 34.33 3.27 34.26 200 3.35 34.26 3.86 34.62 300 3.80 34.59 4.45 34.87 400—- 4.35 34.83 4.66 34.99 600— 4.65 34.98 4.05 34.95 800—. 4.15 34.96 3.98 34.98 1,000- 4.00 34.97 3.48 34.94 25.55 26.28 26.56 26.83 26.93 27.10 27.28 27.50 27.63 27.72 27.76 27.78 Station 6150; Mav 23; latitude 41°38' N., longitude 47°12' W.; depth 4,298 m.; dynamic height 971.350. 0— 25— 50— 75— 100- 150- 199- 299- 398- 595- 791- 990- . 1,486 18.37 36.10 0 18.37 36.10 17.36 36.16 25 17.36 36.16 17.06 36.24 50 17.06 36.24 16.66 36.24 75 16.66 36.24 16.17 36.15 100— . 16.17 36.15 15.12 35.95 150 15.12 35.95 13.74 35.66 200 13.70 35.66 13.09 35.66 300 13.05 35.66 11.07 35.39 400— - 11.05 35.38 6.82 35.00 600— 6.70 35.00 4.88 34.99 800— - 4.85 34.99 4.66 35.02 1,000.. 4.65 35.02 3.63 34.94 26.04 26.33 26.47 26.56 26.61 26.70 26.78 26.91 27.07 27.48 27.70 27.76 78 Table of Oceanographic Data— Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1956— Continued Observed values Scaled values Tem- Tem- Depth, pera- Salin- Depth, pera- Salin- meters ture, ity, meters ture, ity, °C. %o °C. 7oo Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture, °C. Salin- ity, 7o= Scaled values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture, °C. Salin- ity, 7„„ Station 6151; May 23; latitude 42°02' N., longitude 47°46' W.; depth 3,786 m.; dynamic height 971.269. 0— - 26— 52 — 78— 104- 155- 206 - 310- 409- 610- 807- 1,011 1,524 17.51 35.62 0 17.51 35.62 16.03 36.02 25 16.05 36.02 15.32 35.89 50 15.35 35.90 15.17 35.94 75 15.20 35.94 14.27 35.78 100-.-- 14.35 35.80 13.82 35.74 150 13.85 35.74 13.35 35.69 200 13.40 35.69 11.68 35.45 300 11.80 35.47 9.53 35.24 400--.- 9.70 35.26 6.24 35.03 600 6.35 35.04 4.48 34.945 800---. 4.50 34.95 4.05 34.95 1,000- 4.05 34.95 3.79 34.97 25.89 26.54 26.60 26.67 26.75 26.81 26.86 27.01 27.22 27.56 27.71 27.76 Station 6152; May 23; latitude 42°29.5' N., longitude 48° 27' W.; depth 3,219 m.; dynamic height 971.004. 0 25.--- 51---- 76--.- 102-_- 151 — 202— 304 — 415— 619— 82 1 1,028- 1,547- 11.68 33.78 0 11.68 33.78 4.79 33.48 25 4.79 33.48 9.13 34.74 50 8.95 34.72 8.61 34.82 75 8.60 34.82 8.21 34.86 100 8.25 34.86 6.74 34.74 150 6.75 34.74 4.78 34.58 200 4.80 34.58 5.48 34.89 300--.- 5.40 34.88 4.38 34.87 400--.- 4.50 34.87 4.26 34.96 600---- 4.25 34.96 4.04 34.95 800- — 4.05 34.95 3.81 34.94 1,000-- 3.85 34.94 3.49 34.94 25.73 26.52 26.93 27.06 27.15 27.27 27.38 27.55 27.65 27.75 27.76 27.77 Station 6153; May 23; latitude 42°41.5' N., longitude 49°08' W.; depth 2,378 m.; dynamic height 970.900. 0 24 48 72 96 144 193 289 418 623 826 1,034- 1,558__ 3.76 33.22 0 3.76 33.22 3.07 33.69 25 3.05 33.69 1.68 33.75 50 1.70 33.77 2.04 34.17 75 2.10 34.20 2.47 34.36 100 2.50 34.38 2.48 34.52 150 2.50 34.53 2.88 34.61 200 2.95 34.63 4.48 34.91 300--.- 4.50 34.92 4.31 34.95 400— - 4.35 34.95 3.86 34.93 600---- 3.90 34.93 3.63 34.915 800--.- 3.65 34.92 3.65 34.935 1,000_. 3.65 34.93 3.36 34.92 26.41 26.86 27.03 27.34 27.45 27.57 27.61 27.69 27.73 27.76 27.78 27.78 Station 6154; May 24; latitude 43°26' N., longitude 48°46' W.; depth 2,012 m.; dynamic height 970.920. 0 25 50 75 100-.-. 150---- 200 300---- 369-..- 556---- 746.--. 943 1,453- 2.84 1.05 0.96 2.87 3.07 2.85 3.13 4.48 4.26 3.94 3.72 3.61 3.37 32.98 33.50 33.72 34.10 34.31 34.54 34.62 34.92 34.93 34.90 34.90 34.895 34.88 0 25 50 75 100.--- 150— 200—. 300--_- 400---- 600— 800---- 1,000-- 2.84 1.05 0.96 2.87 3.07 2.85 3.13 4.48 4.20 3.90 3.70 3. 32.98 33.50 33.72 34.10 34.31 34.54 34.62 34.92 34.93 34.90 34.90 34.89 26.31 26.86 27.04 27.20 27.35 27.55 27.59 27.69 27.73 27.74 27.76 27.76 Station 6155; May 24; latitude 43°13' N., longitude 48°05' W.; depth 3,383 m.; dynamic height 970.935. 0--_- 22— 45— 67— 89 — 133- 178- 267- 416- 622__ 826- 1,034 1,553 9.14 33.58 0 9.14 33.58 6.28 33.56 25 6.05 33.60 4.96 34.02 50 4.60 34.05 3.56 34.14 75 3.60 34.19 3.65 34.28 100— - 3.65 34.33 3.73 34.45 150 3.85 34.53 4.10 34.66 200 4.20 34.74 4.32 34.88 300 4.30 34.90 4.29 34.94 400--.. 4.30 34.94 3.94 34.94 600—- 4.00 34.94 3.62 34.91 800 — - 3.65 34.91 3.55 34.92 1,000- 3.55 34.92 3.36 34.91 26.01 26.46 26.99 27.20 27.31 27.44 27.58 27.69 27.72 27.76 27.77 27.79 Station 6156; May 24; latitude 43°02' N., longitude 47°23' W.; depth 3,658 m.; dynamic height 971.106. 0— - 26— 51 — 77— 102- 153.. 204- 306- 344- 519- 695- 877- 1,347 11.26 33.38 0 11.26 33.38 7.12 33.69 25 7.25 33.68 8.16 34.32 50 8.05 34.30 9.41 34.72 75 9.25 34.68 10.54 35.05 100—- 10.50 35.03 10.00 35.08 •150-.-. 10.05 35.08 9.51 35.11 200—- 9.55 35.11 6.41 34.82 300— 6.50 34.83 6.33 34.86 400—- 5.40 34.86 4.47 34.86 600— - 4.35 34.90 4.27 34.95 800—- 4.30 34.99 4.32 35.00 1,000- 4.20 35.00 3.60 34.95 25.49 26.37 26.74 26.84 26.90 27.02 27.13 27.37 27.54 27.69 27.76 27.79 Station 6157; May 24; latitude 42°31.5' N., longitude 46°48' W.; depth 4,152 m.; dynamic height 971.183. 0 25 50 75 100 149 198 298 413 617 820 1,028— l,553.-_ 17.73 35.05 0 17.73 35.05 14.58 35.57 25 14.58 35.57 12.92 35.36 50 12.92 35.36 13.08 35.44 75 13.08 35.44 12.76 35.42 100— - 12.76 35.42 12.54 35.51 150 12.50 35.51 11.71 35.40 200 11.65 35.40 9.70 35.23 300 9.60 35.23 7.18 35.07 400—. 7.35 35.08 6.56 35.22 600—- 6.65 35.21 4.78 35.03 800—- 4.90 35.04 4.13 34.97 1,000- 4.25 34.97 3.54 34.93 25.39 26.52 26.71 26.74 26.78 26.91 26.98 27.21 27.45 27.65 27.74 27.76 Station 6158; May 24; latitude 42°19.5' N., longitude 46°10' W.; depth 4,572 m.; dynamic height 971.040. 0 21 41 62 82 123 164 246 395 590 785 988 1,509 — 16.87 11.57 12.82 10.81 8.92 8.87 7.90 3.85 5.98 4.93 4.10 4.30 3.63 34.82 34.76 35.26 35.00 34.84 34.93 34.90 34.64 35.06 35.01 34.94 35.00 34.94 0 25.-. 50— 75--_. 100--. 150__. 200--. 300. - 400- - 600 . - 800 -- 1,000 16.87 11.80 11.95 9.50 8.90 8.35 6.10 4.60 6.00 4.90 4.10 4.30 25.44 26.51 26.75 26.96 27.06 27.18 27.38 27.56 27.62 27.71 27.75 27.77 79 Table of Oceanographic Data — Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1956— Continued Observed values Scaled values Tem- Tem- Depth, pera- Salin- Depth, pera- Salin- meters ture, ity, meters ture, ity, °C. 7oo °C. 7oo Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture, °C. Salin- ity, 7oo Scaled values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture, °C. Salin- ity, 7oo Station 6159; May 25; latitude 42°45.5' N., longitude 45°46' W.; depth 4,663 m.; dynamic height 971.417. 0— . 22— 43— 65— 86— 129- 172- 258- 287- 402. . 499- 654- 1,098 18.82 36.14 0 18.82 36.14 17.77 36.20 25 17.65 36.20 16.96 36.23 50 16.70 36.21 16.37 36.12 75 16.05 36.06 15.82 36.02 100-- 15.80 36.03 15.75 36.07 150— - 15.60 36.05 15.35 36.01 200—- 14.85 35.92 13.72 35.74 300—. 13.40 35.77 13.51 35.79 400—- 12.55 35.59 12.49 35.58 600—- 8.15 35.11 9.83 35.26 800—- 5.70 35.00 7.38 35.06 1,000- 4.45 34.96 4.08 34.94 25.96 26.30 26.54 26.57 26.60 26.66 26.73 26.93 26.95 27.36 27.61 27.73 Station 6160; Mav 25; latitude 43°10' N., longitude 45°20' W.; depth 4,663 m.; dynamic height 971.483. 0 19. 39 58 77 116 155 232 281 411 532 681 1,079--. 19.31 36.29 0 19.31 36.29 18.70 36.40 25 18.45 36.41 17.86 36.43 50 17.75 36.43 17.71 36.43 75 17.55 36.41 17.51 36.41 100 17.30 36.38 17.16 36.36 150 16.90 36.34 16.91 36.34 200 16.10 36.20 15.53 36.09 300—. 15.10 36.05 ♦15.34 36.095 400—- 13.60 35.78 13.44 35.75 600—- 9.25 35.22 11.05 35.45 800— - 5.30 34.92 7.21 34.94 1,000- 4.10 34.91 3.94 34.91 25.95 26.26 26.44 26.48 26.52 26.58 26.67 26.77 26.89 27.27 27.60 27.73 Station 6161; Mav 25; latitude 43°25.5' N., longitude 45°52' W.; depth 4,572 m.; dynamic height 971.369- 0 28— 56— 85.,.. 112... 169— 225— 337... 422— 631 — 837— 1,053. 1,606. 17.37 35.80 0 17.37 35.80 15.37 35.84 25 15.60 35.83 15.05 35.75 50 15.05 35.76 15.43 36.04 75 15.35 35.93 15.34 36.04 100—. 15.40 36.04 14.63 35.96 150— - 14.85 35.99 13.86 35.78 200-.-. 14.20 35.86 12.76 35.60 300—- 13.15 35.65 11.45 35.45 400— - 11.85 35.50 6.41 34.92 600— - 7.15 34.98 4.91 34.96 800—- 5.00 34.95 4.79 35.04 1,000- 4.80 35.02 3.71 34.96 26.06 26.50 26.56 26.63 26.70 26.79 26.82 26.88 27.02 27.40 27.66 27.74 Station 6162; May 25; latitude 43°35.5' N., longitude 46°27' W.; depth 4,500 m.; dynamic height 971.306. 0-- 24... 47— 70— 93— 141- 188.. 413- 614- 813- 1,021 1,550 17.69 36.02 0 17.69 36.02 17.12 35.98 25 17.05 35.98 15.20 35.90 50 15.20 35.90 15.20 35.95 75 15.10 35.94 14.80 35.86 100 14.80 35.86 14.84 35.90 150 14.65 35.88 13.96 35.78 200 13.70 35.74 9.73 35.19 300—- 11.85 35.46 6.25 34.94 400—- 10.00 35.21 5.05 35.095 600— - 6.40 34.94 4.65 35.04 800- — 5.10 35.09 3.60 34.94 1,000- 4.65 35.04 26.15 26.27 26.64 26.69 26.69 26.74 26.84 26.99 27.14 27.47 27.75 27.77 Station 6163; May 25; latitude 43°37.5' N., longitude 47°19' W.; depth 4,115 m.; dynamic height 971.045. 0 26 52 78 104 155 206 310 355 531 706 900 1,415— 8.71 33.16 0 8.71 33.16 12.07 35.00 25 12.00 34.93 10.87 34.82 50 11.00 34.83 9.51 34.83 75 9.60 34.83 9.30 34.87 100—- 9.35 34.86 8.49 34.96 150 8.60 34.95 4.40 34.40 200 4.65 34.46 5.69 34.90 300 5.60 34.86 4.20 34.75 400—- 4.40 34.82 4.96 35.02 600 — 4.75 35.01 4.37 34.97 800— 4.10 34.94 3.86 34.93 1,000- 3.75 34.93 3.54 34.91 25.75 26.55 26.66 26.90 26.97 27.16 27.31 27.51 27.62 27.73 27.75 27.77 Station 6164; May 25-26; latitude 43°50' N., longitude 47°59' W.; depth 3,841 m.; dynamic height 970.943. 0- 23 47 70 94 140 186 280 305 470 643 823 1,305... 5.39 33.45 0 5.39 33.45 5.48 33.56 25 5.45 33.57 3.96 33.74 50 3.90 33.77 3.43 34.04 75 3.45 34.10 3.95 34.31 100— 3.85 34.33 3.15 34.39 150 3.10 34.46 3.14 34.55 200 3.15 34.57 3.25 34.68 300 3.55 34.76 3.67 34.77 400— 4.00 34.87 4.06 34.91 600— 4.00 34.90 3.92 34.89 800— - 3.70 34.92 3.70 34.92 1,000- 3.55 34.92 3.48 34.92 26.42 26.52 26.84 27.14 27.29 27.47 27.55 27.66 27.71 27.73 27.78 27.79 Station 6165; Mav 26; latitude 43°58' N., longitude 48°36' W.; depth 3,109 m.; dynamic height 970.905. 0 21 42 - 63 83 125 167 250 322 462 590 786 1,358— 4.12 33.48 0 4.12 33.48 3.90 33.47 25 3.40 33.49 1.59 33.70 50 2.45 33.89 4.02 34.23 75 4.10 34.32 4.07 34.36 100— - 4.00 34.42 3.83 34.50 150—- 3.90 34.63 4.00 34.68 200— - 4.15 34.75 4.26 34.84 300— 4.30 34.90 4.33 34.92 400—- 4.05 34.92 3.81 34.92 600— 3.85 34.93 3.83 34.93 800—- 3.55 34.92 3.57 34.92 1,000- 3.50 34.92 3.37 34.91 26.59 26.66 27.06 27.26 27.35 27.52 27.59 27.69 27.74 27.76 27.79 27.80 Station 6166; May 26; latitude 44°04' N., longitude 48°51' W.; depth 1,646 m.; dynamic height 970.956. 0 27 52 79 105 158 210 315 375- — 557.— 737 926 1,405.- 2.23 32.98 0 2.23 32.98 1.08 33.24 25 1.15 33.22 0.66 33.54 50 0.70 33.51 0.94 33.76 75 0.85 33.72 1.53 33.97 100—- 1.40 33.83 2.01 34.26 150 1.95 34.21 2.76 34.58 200 2.60 34.52 3.77 34.74 300 3.70 34.72 3.70 34.81 400— - 3.70 34.83 3.72 34.88 600— - 3.70 34.88 3.56 34.89 800 — 3.50 34.89 3.45 34.885 1,000- 3.45 34.89 3.45 34.90 26.36 26.63 26.89 27.05 27.09 27.37 27.56 27.62 27.70 27.71 27.77 27.77 80 Table of Oceanographic Data — Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1956— Continued Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture, °C. Salin- ity, 7oo Scaled values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture, "C. Salin- ity, °/oo Observed values scaled values Tem- Tem- Depth, pera- Salin- Depth, pera- Salin- meters ture, ity, meters ture, ity, °C. 7oo •c. 7=o Station 6167; May 26; latitude 44°06' N., longitude 48°58' W.; depth 835 m.; dynamic height 971.040. 0 25 50 75 101 151 201 302 388 583 1.26 32.90 0 1.26 32.90 -0.07 33.07 25 -0.07 33.07 -0.32 33.28 50 -0.32 33.28 -0.49 33.37 75 -0.49 33.37 -0.13 33.52 100-... -0.15 33.51 1.28 33.97 150 1.30 33.96 1.57 34.18 200 1.55 34.18 2.10 34.38 300 2.10 34.38 2.33 34.44 400---- 2.40 34.45 3.49 34.79 600— 3.55 34.82 26.36 26.57 26.75 26.83 26.94 27.21 27.36 27.48 27.52 27.71 Station 6168; May 26; latitude 44°08' N., longitude 49°06' W.; depth 162 m.; dynamic height 971.098. 0- 25 19 74. 98_ 147 2.86 2.74 -0.55 -0.72 -0.59 0.26 33.02 33.02 33.10 33.14 33.19 33.61 0-- 25_ 50 75- 100 150 2.86 2.74 -0.60 -0.70 -0.60 0.30 33.02 33.02 33.10 33.14 33.19 33.65 26.34 26.35 26.61 26.66 26.69 27.02 Station 6169; May 26; latitude 44°10' N., longitude 49°12' W.; depth 56 m.; dynamic height 971.100. 0— 26.. 42-. 3.43 2.62 0.87 33.04 33.08 33.09 0— 25. .. (50). 3.43 2.65 0.20 33.04 33.08 33.09 26.30 26.41 26.57 Station 6170; May 26; latitude 44°11'N., longitude 49° 18' W.; depth 46 m.; dynamic height 971.101. 0 21 34 3.91 3.55 1.97 33.05 33.06 33.10 3.91 3.45 33.05 33.06 26.26 26.31 Station 6171; May 26; latitude 44°58' N., longitude 49°18' W.; depth 91 m.; dynamic height 971.098. 0 25 50 75 3.04 1.42 -0.55 -0.62 32.88 32.92 33.04 33.20 0 25 50 75 3.04 1.42 -0.55 -0.62 32.88 32.92 33.04 33.20 26.22 26.37 26.57 26.70 Station 6172; May 26; latitude 44°56.5' N., longitude 49°05' W.; depth 95 m.; dynamic height 971 .094. 0- 25- 50- 75- 1.54 32.83 -0.10 32.98 -0.77 33.07 -0.93 33.14 0- 25 50 75 1.54 -0.10 -0.77 -0.93 32.83 32.98 33.07 33.14 26.29 26.50 26.60 26.67 Station 6173; May 26; latitude 44°55' N.; longitude 48°58' W.; depth 686 m.; dynamic height 971.101. 0-. 22. 43. 64. 86. 129 17:; 25!) 341 5;;: 1.22 0.36 -0.69 -1.00 -1.04 -0.76 0.08 1.34 2.58 3.15 32.81 32.89 33.00 33.07 33.09 33.19 33.58 34.10 34.54 34.72 0---- 25--. 50--. 75.-- 100- 150- 200- - 300- 400- - (600) 1.22 0.20 -0.85 -1.05 -1.00 -0.35 0.55 2.00 2.85 3.20 32.81 32.90 33.03 33.08 33.11 33.36 33.75 34.34 34.61 34.75 26.31 26.42 26.57 26.62 26.64 26.81 27.09 27.46 27.61 27.69 Station 6174; May 27; latitude 44°53.5' N., longitude 48°47' W.; depth 1,170 m.; dynamic height 971.035. 0 27 53 80 105 159 212 317 317 480 647 835 1.31 32.92 0 1.31 32.92 0.62 33.14 25 0.65 33.13 0.13 33.32 50 0.20 33.29 -0.22 33.52 75 -0.20 33.48 0.08 33.66 100 — 0.00 33.63 0.77 33.86 150 0.65 33.83 1.27 34.06 200 1.15 34.01 2.25 34.44 300 2.10 34.39 2.22 34.46 400- - 2.90 34.64 3.41 34.76 600---- 3.70 34.84 3.74 34.86 800---. 3.75 34.88 3.72 34.88 (1,000). 3.70 34.89 26.38 26.59 26.73 26.91 27.02 27.14 27.26 27.49 27.63 27.71 27.73 27.75 Station 6175; Mav 27; latitude 44°50.5' N., longitude 48°33' W.; depth 1,829 m.; dynamic height 970.911. 0 26 51 77 102 152 203 305.--. 418 627 837— 1,054- 1,610- 2.76 2.73 1.47 1.82 2.28 2.28 2.56 3.47 3.69 3.67 3.60 3.61 3.41 33.26 33.37 33.96 34.12 34.29 34.42 34.57 34.76 34.86 34.90 34.88 34.92 0 25— 50— 75— 100- - 150--- 200--. 300-.- 400— 600.-- 800--. 1,000- 2.76 2.75 1.50 1.80 2.25 2.30 2.55 3.45 3.70 3.70 3.60 3.60 33.26 33.37 33.94 34 . 10 34.27 34.41 34.56 34.75 34.85 34.90 34.89 34.94 26.54 26.63 27.18 27.29 27.39 27.50 27.60 27.66 27.72 27.76 27.76 27.80 Station 6176; Mav 27; latitude 44°45' N., longitude 47°54' W.; depth 3,182 m.; dynamic height 970.916. 0 17 33 50 100- - 133 199 379 574 773 980 1,511-. 6.71 6.63 5.49 4.30 4.47 4.58 4.63 4.51 4.08 3.82 3.65 3.42 33.76 33.77 33.94 34.09 34.57 34.64 34.87 34.94 34.95 34.93 34.93 34.91 0 25-- 50— 75--.- 100--- 150--. 200- - 300-.- 400--- 600--- 800- - 1,000- 6.71 6.15 4.30 4.40 4.50 4.60 4.65 4.60 4.45 4.05 3.80 3.65 33.76 33.85 34.10 34.35 34.57 34.70 34.87 34.92 34.94 34.95 34.93 34.93 26.51 26.65 27.06 27.25 27.41 27.50 27.64 27.68 27.71 27.76 27.77 27.78 81 Table of Oceanographic Data — Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1956— Continued Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture, °c. Salin- ity, 7=o Sealed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture, °C. Salin- ity, 7oo Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture, °C. Salin- ity, 7co Sealed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture, °C. Salin- ity, 7„o Station 6177; May 27; latitude 44°38.5' N., longitude 47°16' W.; depth 3.65S m.; dynamic height 970.943. 0 7.53 33.62 0 7.53 33.62 26.28 24 7.47 33.65 25 7.45 33.66 26.33 48 6.09 34.13 50 5.80 34.13 26.91 72 3.77 34.13 75 3.70 34.13 27.14 95 3.52 34.26 100 3.55 34.29 27.28 144 4.33 34.62 150 4.35 34.64 27.48 192 4.13 34.72 200 4.15 34.73 27.57 287 4.49 34.86 300— 4.45 34.87 27.66 377 •4.24 34.93 400— - 4.20 34.93 27.73 568 4.08 34.945 600- — 4.05 34.94 27.75 762 3.78 34.93 800—- 3.75 34.93 27.77 968 3.70 34.93 1,000- 3.70 34.93 27.78 1,511 — 3.43 34.92 Station 6178; Mny 27; latitude 44°31.5' N., longitude 46°37' W; depth 3,841 m; dynamic height 970.974 0— 23— 46— 69— 93— 138- 184- 277- 350- 528- 708- 919- 1,508 7.87 33.56 0 7.87 33.56 7.80 33.57 25 7.75 33.59 5.32 33.89 50 5.20 33.90 4.96 33.96 75 4.65 33.99 3.33 34.08 100—- 3.40 34.14 4.09 34.53 150 4.25 34.57 4.38 34.66 200---. 4.40 34.69 4.46 34.84 300---- 4.45 34.86 4.35 34.90 400—- 4.35 34.93 4.43 34.98 600—- 4.35 34.96 4.00 34.93 800---. 3.90 34.93 3.79 34.93 1,000- 3.75 34.93 3.48 34.92 26.18 26.22 26.81 26.93 27.18 27.44 27.51 27.65 27.71 27.74 27.76 27.77 Station 6179; May 28; latitude 44°25' N., longitude 45'59* W.; depth 3,951 m.; dynamic height 970.980. 0 25— 49 73— 97— 147— 196— 293— 402— 599— 795— 1,002. 1,534. 7.79 33.62 0 7.79 33.62 7.75 33.61 25 7.75 33.61 4.38 33.77 50 4.25 33.77 3.29 33.96 75 3.25 33.97 3.33 34.14 100— - 3.25 34.16 5.33 34.63 150 5.25 34.63 4.42 34.62 200 4.40 34.62 4.45 34.82 300 4.45 34.83 4.53 34.93 400---- 4.50 34.93 4.22 34.95 600---- 4.20 34.95 3.86 34.93 800— 3.85 34.93 3.73 34.925 1,000- 3.75 34.92 3.46 34.92 26.25 26.24 26.80 27.06 27.21 27.37 27.46 27.62 27. 27.75 27.76 27.77 Station 6180; May 28; latitude 44°18.5' N., longitude 45°20' W.; depth 4,481 m.; dynamic height 971.015. 0 21 — . 42— 63- — 84.— 126— 168— 252— 320— 485— 656— 838— 1,317. 8.90 9.04 7.33 7.30 6.23 6.98 4.62 4.27 *4.03 5.04 4.14 3.93 3.52 33.99 34.01 34.16 34.46 34.32 34.58 34.37 34.61 34.70 35.02 34.96 34.95 34.92 0 25— 50-- 75— 100— 150— 200— 300— 400— 600— 800— 1,000- 8.90 8.65 7.30 6.65 6.50 5.55 4.45 4.10 4.50 4.45 3.95 3.75 33.99 34.03 34.26 34.39 34.41 34.46 34.45 34.67 34.85 34.98 34.95 34.94 26.36 26.43 26.82 27.00 27.04 27.20 27.32 27.54 27.63 27.74 27.77 27.78 Station 6181; May 28; latitude 44°49.5' N., longitude 45°15' W.; depth 4,207 m.; dynamic height 971.046. 0 8.64 33.78 0 8.64 33.78 26.24 27. 8.69 33.82 25 8.70 33.82 26.26 52 6.46 34.06 50 6.60 34.03 26.72 79 6.68 34.32 75 6.60 34.28 26.92 105 7.63 34.58 100— 7.45 34.53 27.00 158 7.34 34.75 150 7.40 34.74 27.18 210 6.12 34.66 200 6.30 34.67 27.28 315 6.25 34.97 300 6.25 34.94 27.49 434 5.26 34.975 400—- 5.50 34.97 27.61 649 4.48 34.96 600—- 4.60 34.96 27.71 865 4.01 34.995 800—- 4.15 34.98 27.77 1,085— 3.70 34.95 1,000.- 3.80 34.97 27.81 1,640--- 3.44 34.925 Station 6182; May 28; latitude 45°21.5' N., longitude 45°16' W.; depth 4,262 m.; dynamic height 971.001. 0 26 51 77 102 153 204 306 387 584 784 987 1,509— 8.90 8.58 7.50 5.80 7.15 6.69 6.41 4.74 4.73 4.66 4.09 3.77 3.43 34.02 34.18 34.52 34.30 34.68 34.72 34.79 34.74 34.87 35.00 34.96 34.935 34.91 0 25 50 75 100—. 150--. 200--.. 300--.. 400---. 600--.. 800--.. 1,000- 8.90 8.60 7.55 5.80 7.05 6.70 6.45 4.80 4.70 4.60 4.05 3.75 34.02 34.18 34.52 34.31 34.66 34.72 34.78 34.74 34.89 35.00 34.96 34.94 26.39 26.56 26.98 27.06 27.17 27.26 27.34 27.51 27.64 27.74 27.77 27.78 82 Table of Oceanographic Data — Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1956— Continued Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture, °C. Salin- ity, 7o= Sealed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture, °C. Salin- ity, 7oo Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture, °C. Salin- ity, 7o= Scaled values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture, °C. Salin- ity, 7o= Station 6183; May 28; latitude 45°23' N., longitude 46°02' W.; depth 3,521 m.; dynamic height 970.935. D— 26.. 51- 77- 102. 153 204 306 395 594 793 993 1,494... 4.43 33.48 0 4.43 33.48 4.44 33.49 25 4.45 33.49 3.77 33.86 50 3.80 33.85 3.99 34.17 75 4.00 34.15 3.99 34.30 100-... 4.00 34.29 2.94 34.40 150.... 3.00 34.39 3.74 34.62 200-._. 3.70 34.60 4.04 34.87 300— 4.05 34.86 4.00 34.90 400.-.. 4.00 34.90 3.82 34.91 600---. 3.80 34.91 3.73 34.92 800— 3.75 34.92 3.51 34.91 1,000.. 3.50 34.91 3.38 34.90 26.56 26.56 26.91 27.13 27.24 27.42 27.52 27.69 27.73 27.76 27.77 27.79 Station 6184; May 28; latitude 45°24.5' N., longitude 46°40' W.; depth 3,292 m.; dynamic height 970.967. 0— 25— 49— 74— 98— 146_- 196- 294__ 313- 472.. 633- 812__ 1,296 6.81 33.92 0 6.81 33.92 6.80 33.93 25 6.80 33.93 5.80 34.05 50 5.70 34.05 4.87 34.09 75 4.85 34.09 4.71 34.29 100— 4.70 34.30 4.92 34.54 150-- 4.90 34.55 4.36 34.60 200— 4.40 34.61 4.68 34.88 300--. 4.70 34.89 4.69 34.90 400—- 4.55 34.93 4.26 34.94 600—- 3.85 34.91 3.79 34.90 800-.- 3.75 34.90 3.77 34.905 1,000- 3.70 34.91 3.57 34.93 26.61 26.62 26.86 26.99 27.17 27.35 27.46 27.64 27.69 27.75 27.75 27.77 Station 6185; May 29; latitude 45°24' N., longitude 47°22' W.; depth 2,743 m.; dynamic height 970.934. 0 19... 38— 57— 76... 114- 152- 228.. 286.. 426.. 564.. 728- 1,178 3.19 33.50 0 3.19 33.50 3.14 33.51 25 3.90 33.66 5.38 34.02 50 4.70 34.02 4.07 34.01 75 1.75 33.96 1.81 33.96 100—- 2.45 34.15 2.80 34.25 150 2.30 34.33 2.29 34.34 200 3.20 34.57 3.71 34.70 300 3.80 34.83 3.76 34.81 400— 4.10 34.91 4.14 34.92 600— 3.85 34.90 3.89 34.90 800— 3.70 34.91 3.74 34.915 1,000- 3.55 34.91 3.43 34.91 26.69 26.76 26.96 27.17 27.27 27.43 27.45 27.69 27.73 27.74 27.77 27.78 Station 6186; May 29; latitude 45°37' N., longitude 47°40' W.; depth 1,417 m.; dynamic height 970.914. 0 26 51 76 101 152 203 304... . 342 532— 735— 925— 1,183.. 2.36 33.27 0 2.36 33.27 3.62 33.58 25 3.65 33.58 3.88 34.02 50 3.85 34.01 3.30 34.20 75 3.30 34.20 3.71 34.45 100. ... 3.70 34.44 4.60 34.71 150---. 4.60 34.70 4.57 34.81 200---- 4.60 34.80 4.78 34.96 300--.- 4.75 34.96 4.59 34.96 400— . 4.35 34.95 3.92 34.92 600-- 3.75 34.91 3.55 34.90 800. ... 3.50 34.89 3.42 34.88 1,000.. 3.40 34.88 3.38 34.89 26.58 26.71 27.04 27.24 27.39 27.50 27.58 27.69 27.73 27.76 27.77 27.77 Station 6187; May 29; latitude 45°45' N., longitude 47°58' W.; depth 640 m.; dynamic height 971.031. 0 26 51 77 103 153 205 308 384 590 0.96 0.53 -0.25 -0.77 -0.23 1.07 1.62 2.49 2.98 3.68 32.94 32.99 33.24 33.37 33.58 34.01 34.18 34.54 34.65 34.82 0 25 50 75 100---- 150 200 300 400--. 600. — 0.96 0.55 -0.25 -0.75 -0.30 1.00 1.60 2.40 3.10 3.70 32.94 32.99 33.23 33.36 33.55 33.98 34.17 34.52 34.67 34.83 26.42 26.48 26.71 26.83 26.97 27.24 27.36 27.58 27.64 27.70 Station 6188; May 29; latitude 45°49.5' N., longitude 48°07' W.; depth 176 m.; dynamic height 971.057. 0- 24. 48. 72. 96- 115 0.26 32.91 0.04 32.92 -0.40 -1.38 -0.70 -0.06 32.98 33.25 33.43 33.59 0- 25. 50_ 75. 100 150 0.26 0.05 -0.50 -1.35 -0.65 0.00 32.91 32.92 33.00 33.29 33.44 33.60 26.43 26.45 26.54 26.79 26.90 27.00 Station 6189; May 29; latitude 45°52.5' N., longitude 48°14' W.; depth 121 m.; dynamic height 971.069. 0 25 49 74 1.31 1.02 0.13 -0.74 -0.85 32.83 32.85 32.97 33.20 33.30 0— 25- 50.. 75.. 100. 1.31 1.02 0.10 -0.75 -0.85 32.83 32.85 32.98 33.20 33.31 26.31 26.35 26.50 26.71 26.79 83 Table of Oceanographic Daia— Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1956— Continued Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture, °C. Salin- ity, 7oo Scaled values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture, °C. Salin- ity, 7oo Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture, °C. Salin- ity, 7oo Scaled values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture, °C. Salin- ity, 7oo Station 6190; May 29; latitude 45°59' N., longitude 48°31' W.; depth 93 m.; dynamic height 971.071. 0. 26 52 78 2.66 2.65 1.29 -0.39 32.99 32.99 33.01 33.26 0- 25 50 75 2.66 2.65 1.45 -0.25 32.99 32.99 33.00 33.23 26.34 26.34 26.44 26.71 Station 6191; May 29; latitude 46°06' N., longitude 48°42' W.; depth 70 m.; dynamic height 971.071. 0 28 56 2.34 2.32 1.50 33.00 33.01 33.01 0- 25 50 2.34 2.35 1.70 33.00 33.01 33.01 26.37 26.38 26.43 Station 6192; May 29; latitude 46°17' N., longitude 48°58 W.; depth 68 m.; dynamic height 971.071. 0— 27- 54- 3.20 3.20 0.92 32.99 33.00 33.10 3.20 3.20 1.15 32.99 33.00 33.08 26.29 26.30 26.52 Station 6193; Mav 29; latitude 46° 14. 5' N., longitude 48°34' W.; depth 91 m.; dynamic height 971.071. 0. 25 50 75 2.65 2.66 1.90 0.19 33.00 33.02 33.02 33.21 0 25 50 75 2.65 2.66 1.90 0.19 33.00 33.02 33.02 33.21 26.35 26.36 26.42 26.68 Station 6194; May 29-30; latitude 46°12' N., longitude 48°02' W.; depth 114 m.; dynamic height 971.076. 0-- 23— 47— 70— 93— 2.13 2.13 1.35 0.63 -0.29 32.93 32.93 32.91 32.96 33.39 0— . 25— 50— 75— (100) 2.13 2.10 1.25 0.45 -0.55 32.93 32.93 32.91 33.05 33.53 26.33 26.33 26.37 26.54 26.96 Station 6195; May 30; latitude 46°10.5' N., longitude -47°43' W.; depth 170 m.; dynamic height 971.090. 0 0.61 32.80 0 0.61 32.80 25 0.25 32.83 25 0.25 32.83 50 -0.21 32.92 50 -0.21 32.92 74 -0.54 32.96 75 -0.55 32.96 99 -1.20 33.07 100— -1.20 33.08 148 -0.68 33.40 150— -0.65 33.42 26.33 26.37 26.46 26.50 26.62 26.89 Station 6196; May 30; latitude 46°10' N., longitude 47°26' W.; depth 695 m.; dynamic height 971.059. 0 25 50 75 100 148 198 298 400 603- - 0.63 32.82 0 0.63 32.82 0.56 32.84 25 0.56 32.84 -0.64 33.00 50 -0.64 33.00 -1.26 33.13 75 -1.26 33.13 -1.38 33.20 100— -1.38 33.20 0.22 33.65 150 0.25 33.67 1.08 33.93 200 1.15 33.94 2.43 34.50 300 2.45 34.50 2.82 34.63 400—- 2.85 34.63 3.71 34.84 600— . 3.70 34.84 26.34 26.36 26.55 26.66 26.73 27.05 27.19 27.55 27.62 27.71 Station 6197; May 30; latitude 46°10' N., longitude 47°08 W.; depth 1,554 m.; dynamic height 970.902. 0 25 50 75 101 151 201 302— 392 590 788 990— - 1,503- 2.35 3.35 2.48 3.56 3.25 2.51 2.85 3.37 3.73 3.66 3.53 3.45 3.36 33.21 33.71 33.99 34.30 34.53 34.62 34.76 34.90 34.865 34.885 34.87 34.875 0— - 25— 50— 75— 100- 150- 200- 300- 400- 600- 800- 1,000 2.35 3.35 2.48 3.56 3.25 2.50 2.85 3.35 3.75 3.65 3.50 3.45 33.21 33.71 33.99 34.30 34.36 34.53 34.62 34.76 34.90 34.89 34.88 34.87 26.54 26.85 27.14 27.29 27.37 27.57 27.62 27.68 27.75 27.75 27.76 27.76 Station 6198; May 30; latitude 46°09' N., longitude 46°37' W.; depth 512 m.; dynamic height 970.874. 0— - 25— 49— 74— 98— 147- 197- 295- 393- 491- 3.48 33.76 0 3.48 33.76 2.55 33.98 25 2.55 33.98 2.28 34.20 50 2.30 34.20 2.27 34.28 75 2.30 34.28 2.56 34.40 100— 2.60 34.42 3.45 34.68 150 3.50 34.69 4.80 34.90 200 4.80 34.91 4.67 34.96 300 4.65 34.96 3.89 34.87 400— 3.90 34.87 3.59 34.905 26.87 27.13 27.33 27.39 27.48 27.61 27.65 27.71 27.72 Station 6199; May 30; latitude 46°05.5' N., longitude 45°55' W.; depth 1,646 m.; dynamic height 970.894. 0 26 51 77 102 152 203 305— 392 586— 779 980 1,492.- 4.52 4.07 3.64 3.67 3.50 3.42 3.58 3.80 3.74 3.60 3.54 3.59 3.38 33.75 33.80 34.22 34.30 34.48 34.61 34.74 34.86 34.86 34.88 34.90 34.92 34.905 0— - 25— 50— 75— 100- 150- 200. . 300. . 400 . . 600- 800- 1,000 4.52 4.10 3.65 3.70 3.50 3.40 3.60 3.80 3.75 3.60 3.55 3.60 33.75 33.80 34.20 34.29 34.46 34.60 34.73 34.86 34.86 34.88 34.90 34.92 26.76 26.84 27.21 27.27 27.43 27.55 27.63 27.72 27.72 27.75 27.77 27.79 84 Table of Oceanographic Data— Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1956— Continued Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture, °C. Salin- ity, 7oo Scaled values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture, °C. Salin- ity, 7oo Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture, "C. Salin- ity, 7oo Scaled values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture, °C. Salin- ity, 7oo Station 6200; May 30; latitude 46°01.5' N., longitude 45°15' W.; depth 3,292 m.; dynamic height 970.992. 0..-- 24__. 48.- 72— 96— 143- 192- 288- 417- 623- 830.. 1,024 1,488 7.41 33.98 0 7.41 33.98 7.67 34.09 25 7.65 34.09 6.12 34.24 50 6.00 34.24 5.69 34.26 75 5.70 34.28 6.07 34.47 100.... 6.15 34.50 6.44 34.72 150 6.40 34.73 6.02 34.77 200 5.95 34.78 5.43 34.83 300 5.35 34.83 4.31 34.86 400- .. 4.50 34.86 3.97 34.92 600- . . 4.00 34.91 3.96 34.94 800- - 3.95 34.94 3.76 34.93 1,000- 3.80 34.93 3.41 34.92 26.58 26.63 26.97 27.04 27.16 27.30 27.40 27.52 27.64 27.74 27.76 27.77 Station 6201; May 30-31; latitude 46°01' N., longitude 44°40' W.; depth 3,475 m.; dynamic height 971.023. 0 25 50 75 101— 150 200-- 301 405 602 797— 1,000- 1,511- 9.36 33.70 0 9.36 33.70 8.86 34.02 25 8.86 34.02 7.66 34.35 50 7.66 34.35 8.18 34.65 75 8.18 34.65 5.62 34.34 100— - 5.60 34.34 4.61 34.38 150 4.61 34.38 4.64 34.56 200 4.64 34.56 4.40 34.71 300 4.40 34.71 5.02 34.94 400— 5.00 34.93 4.50 34.95 600- - 4.50 34.95 3.86 34.90 800. ... 3.85 34.90 3.76 34.92 1,000- 3.80 34.92 3.41 34.91 26.06 26.40 26.83 26.99 27.19 27.25 27.39 27.53 27.64 27.71 27.74 27.77 Station 6202; May 31; latitude 46°22' N., longitude 44°41' W.; depth 1,390 m.; dynamic height 970.953. 0— . 24— 49— 73— 98— 145- 194- 292- 350- 529- 711- 907.. 1,217 5.90 33.74 0 5.90 33.74 5.78 33.78 25 5.75 33.79 4.28 33.93 50 4.25 33.94 4.15 34.10 75 4.15 34.12 4.12 34.22 100 4.10 34.23 3.82 34.36 150 3.75 34.38 3.30 34.50 200 3.30 34.52 3.43 34.71 300--. 3.45 34.73 3.49 34.82 400— 3.50 34.83 3.47 34.85 600— - 3.45 34.85 3.45 34.86 800—- 3.45 34.86 3.43 34.87 1,000- 3.45 34.88 3.45 34.89 26.60 26.65 26.94 27.10 27.18 27.34 27.50 27.64 27.72 27.74 27.75 27.76 Station 6203; May 31; latitude 46°28' N., longitude 44°42' W.; depth 421 m.; dynamic height 970.909. 0 24 49 73 98 146— 195 293 350 6.18 6.07 4.61 4.08 3.86 3.70 3.27 3.48 3.50 34.04 34.13 34.22 34.24 34.39 34.47 34.54 34.79 34.84 0 25— 50— 75— 100— 150— 200— 300— (400). 6.18 6.05 4.50 4.05 3.85 3.65 3.25 3.50 3.55 34.04 34.13 34.22 34.25 34.39 34.47 34.55 34.80 34.87 26.79 26.88 27.14 27.21 27.34 27.42 27.52 27.70 27.75 Station 6204; May 31; latitude 46°35' N., longitude 44°41' W.; depth 227 m.; dynamic height 970.881. 0_. 23. 46 69 92. 138 is j 5.70 5.46 4.46 3.86 3.81 3.28 3.34 34.14 34.20 34.30 34.42 34.45 34.50 34.66 0 25 50 75 100... . 150— . (200)- 5.70 5.40 4.25 3.85 3.80 3.30 3.40 34.14 34.20 34.32 34.43 34.46 34.53 34.73 26.93 27.01 27.24 27.37 27.40 27.50 27.65 Station 6205; May 31; latitude 46°40.5' N., longitude 44°42' W.; depth 172 m.; dynamic height 970.877. 0- 25. 49- 71 99- 1 is 5.67 5.36 3.73 3.78 3.69 3.18 34.16 34.20 34.35 34.41 34.47 34.56 0 25— 50— 75— 100— 150— 5.67 5.36 3.75 3.80 3.65 3.45 34.16 34.20 34.35 34.41 34.47 34.56 26.95 27.02 27.32 27.36 27.42 27.51 Station 6206; May 31; latitude 46°49.5' N„ longitude 44°43' W.; depth 139 m.; dynamic height 970.890. II - 24 49- 73. 98 127 5.76 5.42 5.20 3.82 3.53 3.33 34.12 34.16 34.19 34.37 34.39 34.44 0- 25. 50. 75 . LOO 5.76 5.40 5.15 3.80 3.50 34.12 34.16 34.19 34.38 34.39 26.91 26.98 27.03 27.33 27.37 Station 6207; May 31; latitude 46°50.5' N., longitude 44°54' W.; depth 159 m.; dynamic height 970.897. 0- 26. 52. 78. 101 157 5.97 5.81 4.00 3.80 3.66 3.37 34.12 34.11 34.20 34.28 34.35 34.41 0 25— 50— 75— 100— 150— 5.97 5.80 4.05 3.85 3.70 3.40 34.12 34.11 34.19 34.27 34.34 34.40 26.88 26.90 27.16 27.25 27.31 27.39 Station 6208; May 31; latitude 46°50' N., longitude 45°20' W.; depth 224 m.; dynamic height 970.886. 0 22 44 67 89 133 177 5.74 5.66 4.39 3.88 3.79 3.16 3.48 34.12 34.12 34.22 34.25 34.33 34.51 34.65 0 25 50 75— 100— - 150— . (200) - 5.74 5.60 4.15 3.85 3.60 3.25 3.55 34.12 34.13 34.23 34.27 34.38 34.57 34.71 26.91 26.93 27.18 27.25 27.35 27.54 27.62 85 Table of Oceanographic Data— Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1956— Continued Observed values Scaled values Tem- Tem- Depth, pera- Salin- Depth, pera- Salin- ■ 58° 57° 56" 55° 54° 53° 52° 51° 50° 49° 48° Figure 6. — Surface isotherms for the period 1-15 May 1957. 47° 46° 45° 44° 43° I har tist as Ca ma to to wa of co; ha CO! ab ar< tto oc< by 5fl« 57° 56" 55" 54° 53° 52' 50° 49° 48° 47° 46° 45° 44° 43° 54° 53° 52° 51° 50° 49° 48° Figure 7.— Surface isotherms for the period 16-31 May 1957. I har tist as Ca ma to to wa of CO! ha CO! ab ar< th. oc< by I har tist as Ca ma to to wa of CO! ha CO] ab ar< th. OC' by 58° 57° 56° 55" 54° 53° 52 50° 49° 48° 47° 46° 45° 44° 43° 58° 57° 56° 55 54° 53° """ 52° 51° 50° 49' Figure 9. — Surface isotherms for the period 16-30 June 1957 48° 47° 46° 45° 44° 43° I har tist 1 as i Ca ma to to wa of co; ha CO) ab ar< th« OC' by I har tist 1 as J Ca ma to to wa of COi CO! ab ar< th« OC' by 58° 57° 56° 55° 54° 53° i 52° J?1" = 50° 49° 48° 47° 46° 45° 44° 43°^ 57° 56° 55° 54° 53° 52° 51° 50° 49° 48° 47° Figure 11.— Surface isotherms for the period 15July-4 August 1957. I har tist 1 as i Ca ma to to wa of CO! ha COi ab ar< th. OC' by ICE CONDITIONS 1957 JANUARY The Grand Banks area was free of ice at the beginning of January, but as the month wore on, considerable field ice was carried into the area from the north. By the end of the month the southern limits of this field ice approximated a line from Cape Race to 46°25' N., 46°30' W. to 48°20' N., 47 °30' W. Although the route from Cape Race to St. John's, Newfoundland, was encumbered by strings and patches of field ice, it remained navigable throughout the month. Three bergs drifted south across the 48th parallel during the month. One moved slowly south along the east coast of the Avalon Peninsula; the other two traveled southeast along the northeast slope of the Grand Banks. On 31 January, Cabot Strait was reported blocked by field ice extending east from the strait to longitude 45° W. and south to latitude 46° N. FEBRUARY The field ice limits in the Grand Banks area progressed southward during the first part of February. From the 19th to the end of the month they did not vary much from a line running from Cape Race to 46° N., 50° W. to 43°50' N., 50°10' W. to 43°50' N., 48°20' W. to 45°30' N., 46°20' W. to 48 W N., 47°20' W. The berg limits also advanced southward and by the 28th attained the line Cape Race to 43 °40' N., 48 °30' W. to Flemish Cap. Forty-three bergs crossed the 48th parallel in February. Most of these were carried southward along the east slope of the Grand Banks by the Labrador Current, four of five others drifted south just off the east coast of the Avalon Peninsula, and two others were reported in the vicinity of Flemish Cap. A large area of close pack encumbered Cabot Strait and its approaches throughout the month. The limits of this pack on the 28th approximated a line from 45°40' N., 60°20' W. to 44°40' N., 58°00' W. to 45°20' N., 57 °00' W. to 10 miles off Cape Ray. The distribution of ice reported in February is shown graphically in figure 12. MARCH The first 7 days of March saw the field ice limits progress rapidly southward along the east slope of the Grand Banks. On the seventh these limits approximated a line from Cape Pine to 45°50' N., 53°00' W. to 45°40' N., 50°10' W. to 44°40' N., 49°15' W. to 42°30' N., 50°00' W. to 43°15' N., to 47° N., 47° W. Gale winds and heavy seas dissipated the southern portion of this pack ice and drove the remainder westward, so that by the end of the month the field ice limits were a line from Cape St, Mary to 45°50' N., 54°00' W. to 45°10' N., 52°15' W. to 47°20' N., 51°30' W. to 48°00' N., 51°50' W. Shipping bound to and from St. John's, Newfoundland, was severely hampered or interrupted during most of the month. Although only 41 bergs drifted south across the 48th parallel in March, there was a wide geographical spread in the reported positions of these bergs, the most westerly on 16 March in 45°44' N., 54°51' W., the most southerly on the same day in 41°37' N., 49°20' W., and the most easterly on 8 March in 43°19' N., 45°10' W. The majority of bergs reported early in the month were distributed along the east slope of the Grand Banks, but during the latter half of March most of the bergs lay in the western half of the Grand Banks. The Flemish Cap sector remained clear of bergs in March. A considerable area off the east coast of Nova Scotia remained covered with field ice throughout the month. The offshore limits of this pack generally lay within 75 miles south, east and north of Cape Breton. The steamer track from Cabot Strait to Gaspe Passage was not navigable in March. However, the northwestern half was almost clear of ice by the last of the month, and the pack in the remainder of the track was breaking up rapidly. The distribution of ice reported in March is shown graphically in figure 13. APRIL Easterly winds kept the field ice on the Grand Banks in the western sector during the first week of April. On 5 April the southern limits of field ice ran from Cape Race to 45°00' N., 52°40' W. to 45° N., 52° W. to 48° N., 52° W. Later in the month the winds became westerly, and this condition, coupled with a fresh incursion of field ice from the north, enlarged the area encumbered by field ice and shifted the limits eastward. On 30 April these limits ran from Cape Race to 46 °45' N., 50°15' W. to 46°10' N., 49°00' W. to 45 °20' N., 49°55' W. to 45°10' N., 49°25' W. to 47°10' N., 46°00' W. to 48°00' N., 46°50' W. The month of April began with two small bergs in 42° N., 49° W. and about a dozen others scattered along the western slope of the Grand Banks from the Tail of the Banks to Cape Race. The two southernmost bergs broke up and melted on 2 April in position 41°38' N., 48°09' W. The distribution of bergs changed markedly as time progressed. West- erly winds drove the bergs on the western slope of the Banks to the east, and the Labrador Current brought 172 additional bergs across the 48th parallel into the area between Flemish Cap and the eastern slope of the Banks. By the end of the month the southern berg limits were a line running from Cape Race to 44°40' N., 49°45' W. to Flemish Cap, with the heaviest berg concentration just off the northeast shoulder of the Banks. 8 The steamer track upriver from the northwest part of the Gulf of St. Lawrence was essentially free of ice on 1 April, but navigation on the track from Bird Rocks to Cabot Strait was hampered to a con- siderable degree by large masses of drifting ice until the end of the month. A belt of field ice about 60 miles wide encumbered the entire east coast of Cape Breton Island during all of April. The first ship to make passage from Cabot Strait to Montreal arrived on 1 April. The distribution of ice reported in April is shown graphically in figure 14. MAY Heavy field ice persisted in that part of the Grand Banks north of 47° N. and west of 48° W. during most of May. The most southerly extension of the pack during this month occurred in the third week on the northeast slope of the Grand Banks and reached to latitude 46°15' N. Thereafter, the limits of field ice steadily receded northwestward. The breakup of the pack to the north of the Grand Banks released a large number of bergs, 265 of which drifted south across the 48th parallel during the month. Heavy concentrations of bergs developed off the east coast of the Avalon Peninsula and along the east slope of the Grand Banks as far south as the 45th parallel during the latter half of May. The Labrador Current carried about 10 bergs down the east slope of the Grand Banks south of latitude 44° N. The most southerly position attained by any of this ice was on 24 May in 41 °14' N., 49 °47' W. Only six or so bergs entered the Flemish Cap sector during May. The east coast of Cape Breton Island was encumbered by a belt of heavy pack averaging about 40 miles wide during the first 2 weeks of the month, but by the 19th this pack had disappeared except for scattered strings and patches. The Strait of Belle Isle and the eastern approaches thereto were blocked by heavy pack throughout May. The distribution of ice reported in May is shown graphically in figure 15. JUNE The southern limits of field ice in the Grand Banks area continued to recede northwestward throughout the month of June. On the 8th they approximated a line from 47°40' N., 52 °30' W. to 48°10' N., 49 °30' W. to 49 W N., 50°30' W. and on the 23d a line from Baccalieu Island to 48°40' N., 50 W W. to 49° N., 50° W. By the end of the month the Grand Banks area was clear of field ice. A total of 288 bergs crossed the 48th parallel in June, the largest number for any month of the season. Throughout the month heavy concentrations of bergs and growlers covered the entire northern portion of the Grand Banks outside the 50-fathom curve and the eastern slope of the Grand Banks as far south as latitude 45° N. Several bergs were to be found during the whole month along the eastern slope of the banks south of 45° N., off the Tail of the Banks between latitudes 42° N. and 43° N., and east of the banks to about longitude 45° W. between the 44th and 45th parallels. The most westerly berg position reported in June was 14 miles southwest of Cape St. Mary (27 June), the most southerly position was 41°56' N., 50°03' W. (22 June), and the most easterly was 44°02' N., 44°44' W. (29 June). One berg drifted south along the east slope of the Grand Banks, around the Tail of the Banks and west to 53° W., then north to the 100-fathom curve on the southwest slope of the Banks. The Flemish Cap sector was clear of all ice through- out June. Heavy pack ice blocked the eastern approaches to the Strait of Belle Isle during the entire month. The distribution of ice reported in June is shown graphically in figure 16. JULY No field ice existed on the Grand Banks in July. On the first of the month field ice extended along the coast of Labrador from the Strait of Belle Isle northward. By the middle of the month the Strait of Belle Isle was free except for heavy berg concentrations, and at the end of the month the southern limits of the field ice had receded to Cape Harrison, Labrador. During the first week in July several bergs were located on the Tail- of-the-Banks between latitudes 42° and 43° N., and many bergs were on the northern slope of the Banks above 46° N. and to the east and south of the Avalon Peninsula. The second week was marked by a rapid recession of bergs on the Banks so that by the middle of the month there existed only scattered bergs east of the Avalon Peninsula between 47° N. and 48° N. and only one to the south. By the end of the month this recession had continued to such an extent that only the one southern berg remained in the Grand Banks area. Ice conditions for July are shown in figure 17. The last mentioned berg which had been aground between 46° N. and 47° N. and about 48° W. in a depth of approximately 100 fathoms melted free around the middle of July and commenced a rapid drift to the south, showing that the Labrador Current was still remarkably well defined. The size of this berg as measured by the USS Kirkpatrick using visual and sonic methods, showed it to be block shaped, 125 feet above the waterline, 900 feet long at the surface and extending below the surface to a depth of 600 feet. The end of the month found it at the Tail-of-the-Banks and directly in the effective steamer track "C" (west- bound). The drift of this berg is included in figure 18. It is estimated that 113 bergs drifted south of the 48th parallel during July. 10 59' 58° 57° 56° 55° 54" 53° Sg° 51° 50° 49° 48° 47° 46° 45° 44° 43° 58° 57° 56° 55° 54° 53° 52° 51° 50° 49° 48° 47° 46° 45° 44° Figure 12. — Ice conditions, February 1957. Figures indicate day of month ice was sighted or reported. J39° 3 57° 56° 55° 54° 53° 52° 51° 50° 49° 48° 47° 46° 45° 44° 43° 59' 58° 57° 56° 55° 53° 52° 51° 50° 49° 48° 47° 46° 45°' 44° 43° Ice ^or ditions March 1957. Figures indicate day of month ice was sighted or reported. 58° 57° 56° 55" 54° 53° 52° 51° 50° 49° 48° 47° 46° 45° 44° 43° 58° 57° 56° "55° 54° 53° 52° 51° 50° 49° 48° 47° 46° 45° 44° Figure 14. — Ice conditions, April 1957. Figures indicate day of month ice was sighted or reported. 59° 58° 57° 56° 55° 54" 53° 52° 51° 50° 49° 48° 47° 46° 45° 44° 43° 59° "58' 57° 56° 55° 54° 53° 52° 51° 50° 49' Figure 15. — Ice conditions, May 1957. Figures indicate day of month ice was sighted or reported 48° 47° 46° 45° 44° 43° 54° 50° 49° 48° 47° 46° 45° 44° 43' '""'willlM ,»M" ,- ICE JUNE! CHART 1957 53° 52° 51° 50° 49° 48" 47° 46° 45° 44° * conditions, June 1957. Figures indicate day of month ice was sighted or reported. Rfl° 57° 56° 55° 54° 53° 52° 5 50° 49° 48° 47° 4 3° 45° 44° 43° 49 1 / 1 i GENERAL CHART ;E PATROL AREA GRAND BANKS » NEWFOUNDLAND GROWLERS ^^f i*» f RAOAfl TARGET 1/* ^ Y^^^ * A. *H' fc& a X !&> x^ ft 'a S A X 4y 4 FT 48' - 5 s / if £ PENINSULA 1JbB£> ^ '""'''' '"" stJ ' '' J \ ■ ^ 1 4fi" 46' r < / . .' , ^ GJMND BANKS C ' !lA*' ' - - 4'V 4!l — "■ < i XX ' w 44- 44 <=*> ' - % & -ft £& x" 43" i "* X" x& A 4?' „„y»l|»li ; "*""'""/>,, X 4?" 41' -I * n" -i »-j ICE CHART i i JULY 1957 40- ** ' 40° / « 39 L 39" p S° J )8° 57° E )6° 55° E >4° E 3° £ 2° >1" E 0° 4 9° ' 18° 4 7° 46° 45° 44" 43° „ Figure 17.— Ice conditions, July 1957. Figures indicate day of month ice was sighted or reported. 58° 57° " 56° 55° '" 54° 53° 52° 51° "~ 50° '" 49° 48° 47° ~ "46° 45° 44' Figure 18. — Ice conditions, August 1957. Figures indicate day of month ice was sighted or reported. AUGUST The previously discussed berg remained a hazard to shipping in the Grand Banks area until it melted on 10 August in position 43° 19' N., 50°01' W. Several bergs and growlers were reported in the area east of the Avalon Peninsula in the early part of the month, but by the end of August no bergs existed south of 50° North Latitude. Scattered bergs and growlers were reported north of the 50th parallel inside the 1,000-fathom curve and in the Strait of Belle Isle throughout the month. Ice conditions for August are shown in figure 18. It is estimated that six bergs drifted south of latitude 48° N. during the month. SEPTEMBER TO DECEMBER No ice was reported south of 51° N. during the months September through December. Vessels using Canadian steamer track "G" through the Strait of Belle Isle reported occasional bergs and growlers in the eastern entrance of the strait and outward to longitude 50° W. throughout the period. 11 TABLE OF ICE REPORTS, 1957 North West No. Date Name of vessel latitude longitude Description 1 Jan. 7 USN vessel 51 20 50 00 Berg. 2 ...do American Angler 47 22 49 26 2 bergs. 3 Jan. 10 USCG plane.. . 47 42 49 16 Berg (same as No. 2). Scattered field ice. 4 Jan. 16 Mormacfir 49 06 51 06 5 Jan. 24 St. Johns Signal Station 48 45 52 49 Slob ice. 6 Jan. 25 USCG plane 47 12 52 40 Berg. 7 Jan. 27 USN vessel 47 51 52 33 Patches pancake ice. 8 ...do Unidentified vessel 49 14 49 11 Extensive area pancake ice. 9 ...do 47 50 51 00 Slush and pancake ice. 10 ...do Lawn 47 57 f 46 48 48 43 59 24 Field ice. ^Broken field ice. 11 ...do Canadian Department of to Transport. ( 46 27 59 32 J 12 Jan. 28 Jan. 29 Mormacrio 47 58 49 08 48 31 49 46 Close field ice. Berg. 13 USCG plane 14 ...do 49 13 51 23 Do. 15 ...do do 49 18 51 43 Do. 16 ...do do 49 24 51 45 Do. 17 ...do do 49 28 51 42 Do. 18 ...do do 49 38 50 36 Do. 19 ...do '.'.'. -Ido'".'. 49 38 51 01 Do. 20 ...do do 49 40 49 32 Do. 21 ...do "V/Ao~'"-~-Y. 49 44 50 07 Do. From ] 22 ...do do 47 12 | 52 50 to 1 Brash ice. 1 I 47 05 | 51 20 23 ...do ...do North of latitude 48° N. be- tween longitudes 48°30' W. and 52°30' W. Close pack ice. 24 ...do USNS J. E. Kelley From Scatari Island to Loose pancake ice. 45 57 59 34 25 ...do do 46 48 58 50 Strings pancake ice. 26 ...do do 47 05 52 43 Berg (same as No. 6). 27 Jan. 31 do Unidentified vessel 47 05 47 00 52 37 52 38 Berg (same as No. 26). Berg (same as No. 27). 28 USCG plane 29 ...do do 48 15 48 45 Berg. 30 ...do do 48 28 47 15 Do. 31 ...do do 48 32 49 30 Do. North and west of line From 47 05 | 52 50 to 32 ...do do 46 30 | 50 30 to 46 30 | 46 30 ■Field ice. to 48 15 1 47 40 . 33 ...do Unidentified vessel 46 45 1 47 20 From Field ice. ) 34 ...do do 46 50 | 48 26 to 47 00 1 48 45 1 Heavy field ice. I J 35 Feb. 1 Arnarf ell 55 55 35 25 f From Berg. 1 36 ...do Stockholm 46 50 | 46 35 to Patches field ice. I I 47 30 | 46 30 37 ...do .... USNS J. E. Kelley From Cape Race to St. John's Scattered strings slush ice. 38 do TWA plane . 52 00 51 00 Field ice, 90 percent cover. 39 Feb. 2 USCG plane 46 52 52 40 Berg (same as No. 28). 40 ...do do 47 20 52 40 Berg. 41 ...do .. do Fort Avalon 47 23 48 03 52 39 48 54 Berg (same as No. 40). Berg. 42 USCG plane 43 ...do 48 05 48 54 Berg. 44 ...do y/.'.'.do'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.v. ."".""" 48 21 49 50 Do. 45 ...do do 48 23 From Caj 46 15 50 29 >e Race to 53 00 Do. to 47 21 | 48 23 to Field ice limits. Loose pancake ice 46 ...do do 46 44 | 47 33 south of lat. 47° N. 100 percent to cover north of lat. 48° N. 46 44 | 46 50 to 47 15 | 46 50 to 48 00 1 47 40 47 Feb. 4 USN plane 45 50 47 40 2 bergs. 48 ...do USCGC Spencer 45 53 47 09 Berg (same as No. 47). 12 TABLE OF ICE REPORTS, 1957-Continued Date ...do ...do ...do .do. Feb. 5 ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do _do. Feb. ...do.. ...do.. ...do.. ...do.. .do. .do Feb. ..do.. .do. Feb. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do Feb. 9 ...do ...do Feb. 10 ...do ...do ...do Name of vessel do Mormacelm USCGC Spencer. .do. USCG plane do .....do...... Unidentified do USNS Paoli. USCG plane. .do .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. do Fort Erie. ....do.... Isolde. . do. do. do. do. Unidentified vessel . do USCGC Escanaba.. do do USCG plane, .do .do. .do. _do- .do. .do. do do do Isolde USCGC Escanaba. USCG plane USCGC Yakutat . do Imperial Sarni Unidentified vessel. USN plane do do... North latitude 45 53 58 30 46 06 46 06 46 06 47 43 47 45 47 52 56 37 56 15 58 06 West longitude From I to 47 26 37 00 47 32 53 00 52 52 48 39 48 42 48 58 37 00 37 36 35 42 45 58 47 06 Cape Race to 52 43 to Description Berg (same as No. 47). 6 bergs. Belt of pack ice 12 miles wide, run- ning N. and S. to limits of visibility. Thick slush ice. Do. Do. Do. Growler. Berg and growlers. Pack ice boundary. 46 52 48 07 45 36 47 19 Berg (same as No. 48). 45 46 47 40 Berg (same as No. 49). 46 12 47 18 Berg. 46 13 47 26 Do. 47 07 52 09 Do. 46 18 t 52 0 00 46 10 t 37 50 30 J'Field ice boundary. 46 50 00 46 18 t 48 D 00 45 49 t 47 0 40 Do. 45 43 t 47 0 30 45 48 Cape I 47 00 1 :ace to 46 00 t 53 00 Do. 45 30 51 40 J Capel Dine to \ Do. 46 00 53 35 J Route from Ca pe Race to St. 80 percent cover east of shore lead 5 Joh l's. miles wide. 45 48 47 18 Berg (same as No. 63). 46 03 45 55 Berg. 46 05 45 50 Do. 46 10 45 45 Berg. 46 11 46 40 Berg (same as No. 62). 45 00 46 40 Berg (same as No. 61). 46 52 46 28 Berg (same as No. 53). 45 05 46 40 Berg (same as No. 75). 45 17 46 31 Berg (same as No. 60). 48 06 48 15 Berg. 45 36 47 56 Do. 45 46 48 06 Do. 45 56 47 14 5 bergs (same as No. 70). 46 04 48 06 Berg. 46 05 46 42 3 bergs (same as No. 74). 46 12 47 43 Berg. Within 20-ni ile radius of 19 bergs. 46 42 48 20 J 46 50 47 42 Berg (same as No. 54). 46 55 47 31 Berg (same as No. 55). 46 55 46 26 Berg (same as No. 76). 45 53 47 35 Growler. 48 15 t 47 0 56 [Field ice. 47 45 47 40 J 46 30 50 00 Field ice boundary. 45 45 45 38 Berg (same as No. 71). 45 47 45 42 Berg (same as No. 72). 45 38 t 58 0 30 [Field ice. 45 26 58 30 J 45 25 45 25 2 bergs (same as Nos. 93, 94). 45 30 46 32 Berg (same as No. 82). 46 35 47 30 2 bergs (same as Nos. 87, 88). 45 30 46 32 Southern limit field ice. 13 TABLE OF ICE REPORTS, 1957-Continued No. Date Name of vessel North latitude West longitude Description 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 ..do ..do Feb. 11 Feb. 12 ..do ..do Feb. 13 ..do ..do ..do Feb. 14 ..do ..do ..do..... Feb. 15 ._do_... do. do. do. Fort Erie. _do.__ .do. Unidentified Vessel. USCG plane Fort Erie. Thalatta.. USCGC Casco. ..._do Fort Erie .do USCGC Casco. Fort Avalon... ..do Feb. 16 _.do ..do ..do _.do Groton Trails. do do do ...do.... do. Noordam Atlanta Unidentified vessel. OSV Bravo do _._.do Feb. 17 ..do ..do Ice Patrol plane. ....do .--do ..do ..do ..do USN plane.. LaEnsenada. ..._do ..do.... .do. lee Patrol plane. .do Feb. 18 ..do ..do ..do Feb. 19 ..do do. .do. .do. .do. .do. _do. do .do. .do. 152 ...do. Gloucester City USAF plane USCGC Ingham... ....do Ice Patrol plane ....do ....do Benguela Nova Scotia USN plane ....do ....do Ice Patrol plane ....do... ....do ....do Empress of Britain. Ice Patrol plane ....do Within 10-mile radius St. John's, Newfoundland. St. John's Harbor St. John's Harbor 48 08 | 49 43 North of line from 45 40 | 51 00 to 45 40 | 53 00 On route St. John's to Cape Pine. 45 18 46 11 .do. 45 25 46 29 46 20 46 14 44 45 54 20 and south 20 miles From 45 00 | 57 20 to 45 00 | 58 00 and northward 95 percent cover, field ice. Ice, 3 inches thick. Clear of ice. Berg. Scattered field ice. Field ice, pancake and slush, 30 percent to 60 percent cover. Berg, 600 feet long, 40 feet high (same as No. 97). Berg (same as No. 106). Berg (same as No. 73). Field ice; strings and slush. 45 02 ^Strings of brash ice. 45 54 53 41 Slush ice. 45 15 59 40 ) Loose field ice with pieces up / feet thick. to 4 nd 5 miles to NE and SW 46 31 47 14 Field ice. 15 25 47 40 Berg, 50 feet high (same as No 86). 45 25 47 45 Berg, 100 feet high (same as No 86). 15 27 47 45 Berg, 30 feet high (same as No 86). 45 30 48 00 Bergs (same as No. 86). 46 30 47 28 Berg, 70 feet high (same as No 86). 46 06 46 00 Berg Csame as No. 84). 45 51 45 56 Berg (same as No. 73). 46 15 45 07 Berg (same as No. 73). 51 36 50 50 Berg. 56 37 50 31 Do. 56 42 50 20 Do. 44 06 48 52 Small berg (same as No. 81). 44 11 48 49 Small berg (same as No. 83). 14 38 48 39 Medium berg (same as No. 85). 44 20 48 47 Berg (same as No. 86). 44 27 48 57 Berg (same as No. 128). 44 27 48 57 Growler, scattered field ice. North of line from 46 25 53 0 51 30 Field ice, strings and patches. 46 05 45 I Inside 1 ne from 45 30 t 49 0 30 43 50 t 49 0 10 [Field ice, strings and patches; cake ice. pan- 43 50 t 48 0 30 45 00 48 20 44 32 48 41 Berg (same as No. 127). 44 18 49 36 Slush ice. 45 01 48 52 Field ice. 45 13 50 48 Field ice, small floes. 43 43 48 29 Large berg (same as No. 125). 44 20 48 23 Berg (same as No. 128) 44 33 48 21 Large berg (same as No. 127). 43 44 48 39 Berg (same as No. 137). 43 49 48 25 Berg (same as No. 140). 46 00 48 30 Berg. 46 10 46 30 Berg. 46 10 47 20 Berg (same as No. 118). 46 50 48 20 Small berg (same as No. 53). 47 00 47 36 Small berg (same as No. 54). 47 14 48 01 Medium berg (same as No. 55). 47 17 52 32 Medium berg (same as No. 64). 43 45 48 34 Growler. ■U 03 48 55 4 growlers. 44 53 48 35 2 growlers. 44 55 48 45 •Numerous growlers. 14 TABLE OF ICE REPORTS, 1957-Continued North West No. Date Name of vessel latitude longitude Description Line from Cape Pine to 153 ...do do { 46 00 | 53 00 to 46 45 | 50 15 Line from [Southern limit of field ice. 154 ...do do... 46 50 | 47 00 to 48 00 | _ 47 20 Eastern limit of field ice. East of a line from 46 35 | 53 05 to 155 ...do do 46 46 | 52 50 to 46 41 | 52 40 to [Field ice. 47 25 52 00 156 Feb. 20 do 44 12 48 00 Berg (same as No. 138). 157 ...do do 44 52 47 51 Berg (same as No. 115). 158 ...do P. and T. Explorer 44 37 48 06 Berg (same as No. 139). 159 .. do .. USN plane 46 18 47 43 Berg (same as No. 86). Berg (same as No. 86). 160 ...do do 46 20 48 05 161 . do .. Ice Patrol plane . .. 43 59 48 32 Growler. 162 ...do do.. 10 miles N. and S. of Cape Spear f From 45 37 | 58 33 Shore lead, 15 miles wide. 163 ...do RCN vessel to 45 21 | 58 37 [Scattered field ice. to { 45 10 | 59 20 | 164 ...do .... USNS J. E. Kelley Off Cape Race Slush ice. 165 ...do Unidentified vessel 45 36 | 48 42 Cape Race to Scattered field ice. ' 46 50 | 52 00 to 47 40 | 51 30 to 47 40 | 50 40 to 47 00 | 47 40 to 166 ...do USN plane 47 40 | 48 10 Southern and eastern field ice limits. to 48 00 | 50 15 to 49 00 | 49 25 to 50 00 | 50 00 to 50 40 | 51 30 to 52 00 52 20 167 Feb. 21 Joao Alvares Fagundes 44 43 49 15 Berg. 168 ...do lee Patrol plane . 44 00 48 05 Berg (same as No. 137). 169 ...do do 44 52 47 42 Berg (same as No. 157). 170 ...do do. 45 02 46 58 Berg (same as No. 156). 171 ...do do 45 27 48 10 Berg (same as No. 86). 172 ...do do 45 30 48 24 Berg (same as No. 142). 173 ...do do 44 17 48 52 Growler. 174 ...do do 44 27 48 29 Do. 175 ...do ...do..... Unidentified vessel 45 36 47 14 48 42 52 38 Drift ice. 176 Nova Scotia Rough patches field ice. From 46 15 | 58 10 to 46 05 | 58 40 to 46 15 | 58 50 to 46 15 | 58 56 to 177 ...do USN plane 46 00 | 59 00 Pack boundary. to 45 45 | 59 15 to 45 30 | 59 15 to 45 40 | 59 35 to 45 40 | 60 00 to 45 30 60 15 15 TABLE OF ICE REPORTS, 1957-Continued No. Date Name of vessel North latitude West longitude Description 178 179 180 181 182 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 Feb. 22 ...do ...do .do. Feb. 23 __do ...do ..do Feb. 24 ...do Feb. 25 ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do .do. .do .do. .do .do. ..do ..do Feb. 26 ...do ...do Ice Patrol plane. Teal Nova Scotia .do do .do. .do. .do. do .do. .do. .do. .do. .do .do. USCGC Absecon... do Grootebeer Stavangerf jord do do Ice Patrol plane do do do do do do do Unidentified vessel. Ice Patrol plane do .do. Unidentified vessel- Fort Hamilton Ice Patrol plane. Porjus do do do Ice Patrol plane. do .do. do .do -do. .do .do. .do. .do. do .do, .do. do .do .do. 45 51 45 16 45 29 47 58 58 31 58 10 46 30 53 22 and between longitudes 53°09' W. and 53° 18' W. 46 59 45 23 45 22 45 01 44 45 45 12 44 48 46 59 46 59 46 59 44 20 44 59 45 08 45 11 45 23 45 23 45 27 45 28 45 36 45 51 46 11 46 11 46 17 46 17 46 34 46 40 47 04 45 20 45 35 47 01 From I to I to 46 50 58 29 58 36 58 55 47 42 47 07 46 24 46 50 48 05 48 05 48 49 48 29 48 38 47 46 48 10 48 24 47 27 48 23 48 42 48 39 49 38 49 57 49 30 51 45 52 00 52 02 52 14 47 57 47 35 52 30 Eight miles off east coast Ava- lon Peninsula. From 46 31 | 52 35 46 00 46 25 45 45 45 36 44 55 44 22 44 50 44 59 45 04 45 05 45 08 45 11 45 35 45 36 45 40 45 50 46 00 46 10 46 11 46 18 46 28 46 35 46 36 46 44 46 48 46 48 46 56 47 00 47 00 47 09 51 55 49 00 47 25 48 42 58 06 58 18 47 00 48 29 48 11 47 48 47 35 47 01 48 39 48 27 48 40 48 19 49 49 49 37 50 00 49 46 49 20 49 26 49 49 52 02 50 24 52 22 52 00 51 09 52 37 50 56 Berg (same as No. 15S). Very heavy field ice. Scattered patches slob ice, rafted pieces. Heavy slob ice. Broken field ice. Heavily rafted field ice. 2 bergs (same as No. 169). Berg (same as No. 144). Growler. Broken field ice. Berg (same as No. 145). Broken field ice. Berg (same as No. 171). Berg (same as No. 146). Berg (same as No. 147). Berg (same as No. 117). Berg (same as No. 172). Berg (same as No. 178). Berg (same as No. 114). Berg (same as No. 160). Berg (same as No. 197). Berg (same as No. 188). Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Berg (same as No. 148). Growler. Do. Do. Shore lead. Southern limits field ice. Field ice. Do. Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg. Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg. Do. Do. Do. Berg (same Berg. Do. Berg (same Berg. Berg (same Berg. as No. 170). as No. 197). as No. 195). as No. 194). as No. 193). as No. 184). as No. 199). as No. 215). as No. 198). as No. 201). as No. 200). as No. 202). as No. 205). as No. 204). as No. 206). 16 TABLE OF ICE REPORTS, 1957-Continued Date Name of vessel North latitude West longitude Description ...do ...do do ...do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do Feb. 27 ...do ..do —do ...do ..do ..do ..do ...do ..do Mormacoak Ice Patrol plane... do ....do do do do. Unidentified vessel . Fort Avalon ....do .do. ..do Feb. 28 Mar. 1 ..do ..do ..do ..do ..do Ice Patrol plane- Unidentified vessel. ..do_ Cassiopeia Ice Patrol plane ....do _-_.do ....do ....do ... do... ..do Mar. 2 ..do ..do ..do ..do ..do USN plane Unidentified vessel. do Ice Patrol plane do do ....do do do —do Gileannes Unidentified vessel . Berylstone Ice Patrol plane- City of Swansea Unidentified vessel - do _._.do do USCGC Spencer... ..do.. .do. USCGC Coos Bay. .do. ...do Mar. 3 ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do Alexandra Sartori. Ice Patrol plane.. . do ....do do do do do 45 36 45 36 48 42 48 42 Northerly direction from 45 15 | 58 20 North and south from 45 22 | 57 41 SE and NNW from 45 21 | 57 46 West from 45 07 | 58 55 South of line from 45 02 45 12 43 48 44 00 44 57 44 57 45 58 46 43 46 48 45 36 46 41 47 12 to 58 44 58 37 48 33 48 28 48 46 49 02 51 12 52 48 52 30 48 42 52 47 52 40 Line from Cape Race to 46 20 | 53 10 to 46 04 45 36 45 36 43 14 43 18 44 04 44 10 44 26 44 32 45 57 45 41 45 45 45 52 45 59 46 11 46 31 46 43 46 44 46 46 46 08 45 24 44 45 45 10 51 55 48 42 48 42 48 15 48 22 48 19 46 59 48 11 48 35 49 23 50 56 49 08 49 12 49 23 49 32 52 48 52 36 52 32 52 41 46 50 48 30 58 45 58 08 Berg (same as No. 222). Drift ice, limits unobserved. [Light field ice. Strings slob ice. Light field ice. Strings loose field ice. Field ice with thick pieces. Large berg (same as No. 190). Berg (same as No. 245). Berg (same as No. 192). Berg (same as No. 191). Berg (same as No. 203). Berg (same as No. 236). Berg. 2 bergs (same as Nos. 221, 238). Berg (same as No. 233). Southern limits field ice. Packed slush ice. Do. Berg (same as No. 245). Berg ("same as No. 246). Berg (same as No. 167). Berg (same as No. 168). Berg (same as No. 215). Berg (same as No. 247). Berg (same as Berg (same as Berg (same as Berg (same as Berg (same as Berg (same as Berg (same as Berg (same as Berg (same as Field ice with Field ice. No. 249). No. 223). No. 266). No. 224). No. 225). No. 250). No. 251). No. 231). No. 234). growlers. Line from Cape Pine to 44 50 48 20 •Southern limits field ice. Southern limits field ice. to 45 20 48 15 43 57 48 29 Berg and growlers (same as No. 260) 45 18 48 42 Field ice. 45 24 48 48 Do. 45 36 49 00 Do. 45 48 52 18 Do. 46 00 53 22 Pancake ice. SW of Cape St. Mary 1 aetween 46 42 1 and 54 32 Sludge ice. 46 40 1 From 54 28 46 21 1 to 53 57 1 Sludge ice. 46 11 1 to 53 38 45 56 53 10 J 48 06 48 41 Slush ice. 43 02 47 37 Berg (same as No. 156). 43 09 47 58 Berg (same as No. 259). 43 52 40 07 Berg. 44 07 45 59 Berg (same as No. 261). 45 M 48 43 Berg (same as No. 266). 46 01 49 23 Berg (same as No. 268). 46 09 52 53 Berg (same as No. 260). 17 TABLE OF ICE REPORTS, 1957-Continued No. 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 Date ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do Mar. 4 ...do do do do do ...do ...do __.do ...do ...do ...do.... ... do_ — Name of vessel Nordland Arabia do Wipunen USCGC Coos Bay Unidentified vessel do do do St. John's Signal Station Ice Patrol plane Dorian Skau Troll Stavangerfjord ....do Unidentified vessel Alexandra Sartori Aguas Santas American Manufacturer. Unidentified vessel Sandef jord Dorian. .do.... .do.... ..do.... -do..-. Mar. 5 ..do .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do ...do Mar. 6 ..do ..do ...do -do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do Mar. ...do. —do. ...do. ...do. ...do. Stavangerfjord. do American Manufacturer. do Skau Troll. Hjodis Thorden Ice Patrol plane do do ....do do do ....do.. Unidentified vessel ....do ....do ....do Nova Scotia American Manufacturer- Honduras Ice Patrol plane. St. John's Signal Station. Empress of France- Ice Patrol plane —do — .do.. Unidentified vessel . _ — do ....do Nova Scotia.. ....do Ice Patrol plane .do Irish Pine Media ....do Ice Patrol plane . ....do ....do North latitude 43 20 43 46 43 51 43 58 44 05 45 06 45 42 45 36 45 36 West longitude 47 40 48 48 48 28 46 35 46 21 49 00 48 48 48 54 49 02 St. John's Harbor and 1 mile to seaward. From Cape Race to 46 04 43 20 44 10 45 34 45 43 45 46 45 46 44 55 47 19 45 18 43 52 43 40 43 32 45 34 45 50 46 00 47 13 46 52 44 10 From From 52 31 48 20 48 40 51 04 48 08 49 10 50 46 47 32 52 27 49 06 46 09 48 06 48 29 51 04 49 06 48 12 52 34 52 47 48 40 and extending at least 25 miles to SW. 46 12 42 49 43 20 43 35 45 42 45 45 46 28 46 30 45 42 45 48 45 42 45 36 46 28 46 35 South of Cape Race From 43 20 I 48 20 48 27 47 21 48 35 50 30 50 35 52 10 52 40 49 48 49 00 49 06 49 06 53 11 53 00 42 20 42 45 49 20 49 00 48 15 43 10 | 48 00 St. John's Harbor and 5 miles seaward 42 34 42 48 42 57 43 48 44 11 45 48 45 42 47 05 49 11 49 27 48 34 46 28 48 20 48 IS 48 54 52 45 Cape Race to 46°44' N. 42 45 | 49 50 and northward Cape Race to Ferryland Head 42 40 | 49 05 42 41 42 50 43 46 44 31 44 33 48 49 48 33 45 48 47 41 Description Berg (same as No. 259). Berg (same as No. 263). Berg (same as No. 278). Berg (same as No. 289). Berg (same as No. 261). Field ice. Do. Do. Do. Slob ice. 1 Field ice. Berg (same as No. 296). Berg (same as No. 221). Berg (same as No. 265). Berg (same as No. 228). Berg (same as No. 267). Berg (same as No. 265). Numerous growlers. 2 growlers. Field ice. Small ice pieces. Light field ice, with small berg (same as No. 295). Field ice. Heavy field ice. Scattered slob ice. Do. ^Field ice. Small ice pieces. Berg (same as No. 288). Berg (same as No. 305). Berg (same as No. 306). Berg (same as No. 310). Berg (same as No. 226). Berg (same as No. 271). Berg (same as No. 272). Berg (same as No. 309). Berg. Drift ice. Slush ice. Strings slush ice. Scattered slob ice. Field ice. Southern limits field ice. Clear of ice. Berg. Berg (same as No. 338). Berg (same as No. 315). Berg (same as No. 289). Berg (same as No. 262). Berg (same as No. 330). Field ice. Do. Do. Do. Shore lead 10 miles wide with light slob. Berg (same as No. 338). Berg (same as No. 349). 2 small bergs (same as No. 340). Berg (same as No. 341). Berg (same as No. 291). Berg (same as No. 229). 18 TABLE OF ICE REPORTS, 1957-Continued Date Name of vessel North latitude West longitude Description ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. Mar. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ..do. ..do. ..do. ..do. ...do. ...do. ...do. .do. Nova Scotia... do do do _ do Unidentified vessel . Newfoundland .do. do. USCGC Yakutat. ....do do. Cairngowan Canadian Dept. of Trans- port. Stockholm Ice Patrol plane do do do USN plane..'.... Ice Patrol plane. ...do do ...do do... _. ...do do ...do do ...do ... do Unidentified vessel. ....do Ellen Nielsen USNS J. E. Kelley. Italia ....do Canadian Department of Transport. .do. 44 54 44 36 44 48 44 36 44 24 45 48 44 43 44 40 44 40 44 54 44 30 44 09 42 33 44 20 42 39 42 42 43 19 43 21 44 02 45 22 45 33 46 14 46 22 46 45 46 53 46 55 47 32 45 51 45 51 42 33 48 56 49 05 48 22 48 07 48 33 48 48 48 30 48 35 49 04 48 26 48 32 48 34 50 02 59 05 48 36 48 10 45 10 47 18 47 55 50 06 48 19 51 41 52 05 52 25 52 26 52 29 52 36 48 22 48 22 48 32 N and E of a line from 47 05 | 52 30 to 46 40 | 52 50 46 05 43 08 52 00 49 00 and northward Between Motion Head and Cape Spear. Between Cape Race and Mo- tion Head. From 46 10 | 52 00 to 45 50 43 40 45 35 45 24 43 46 46 53 46 49 44 20 44 04 to From 49 00 49 30 48 54 48 48 48 33 52 50 52 47 59 40 58 06 Steamer track Cabot Strait to Gaspe' Passage. From St. Paul Island to 46 10 45 00 44 30 57 20 57 30 Mar. 9 ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do —do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do St. Esprit Island 42 29 43 08 45 12 45 18 45 28 45 29 45 30 45 57 45 59 46 13 46 24 46 26 48 58 47 31 51 08 48 44 48 21 49 59 48 47 51 57 52 00 52 19 52 15 52 17 Field ice. Do. Small pieces ice. Do. Field ice. Do. Do. Loose strings slob ice. Loose strings field ice. Field ice. Do. Do. Do. Southern field ice limits, Cabot Strait. Berg (same as No. 350). Berg (same as No. 369). Berg (same as No. 352). Berg (same as No. 323). Berg (same as No. 342). Berg (same as No. 325). Berg (same as No. 343). Berg (same as No. 235). Berg (same as No. 327). Berg (same as No. 254). Berg. Berg (same as No. 273). Berg. Berg (same as No. 269). Berg (same as No. 382). Growler. ( Field ice, 75 percent cover. Strings and patches field ice. No shore lead. Shore lead 10 miles wide. Southern limits of observed field ice. Field ice. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Field ice, 90 percent cover. •Field ice limits. Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg. Do. as No. 369). as No. 372). as No. 326). as No. 315). as No. 375). as No. 374). as No. 382). as No. 376). as No. 376). as No. 377). 19 TABLE OF ICE REPORTS, 1957-Continued Date Name of vessel North latitude West longitude Description ...do ...do .do. ...do.. ...do.. ...do._ .....do ....do .do. Anunciada Unidentified vessel. do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do Mar. 10 ...do ...do Mar. 11 ...do ...do ...do Mar. 12 ...do ...do ...do ...do Mar. 13 ...do ...do ...do ...do American Veteran.. USN plane Ohio Italia ■__ USN plane Unidentified vessel. USNS J. E. Kelley. Newfoundland USCGC Rockaway. Unidentified vessel. do__ Grootebeer Unidentified vessel. Borgholm Guadalupe Borgholm Unidentified vessel- Ice Patrol vessel Ice Patrol plane USCGC Ingham... Ice Patrol plane ....do .do .do. .do. .do .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. ...do ...do ...do Mar. 14 ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do .do. Mar. 15 .do .do ...do ...do Mar. 16 ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do .do do USCGC Ingham. Ice Patrol plane.. USN plane Unidentified vessel. ....do Canso Radio. Ice Patrol vessel Unidentified vessel . Ice Patrol plane ....do ....do Ice Patrol vessel ..-do USCGC Ingham... Unidentified vessel. Capetan Psarros Ice Patrol vessel New York Unidentified vessel- New York Ice Patrol vessel Santa Mafalda Fort Hamilton Ice Patrol plane ..-do. ....do ....do .do .do. ...do .do Mar. 17 Fort Hamilton... Imperial Halifax. Gull Oscar 46 28 46 41 46 51 42 20 42 29 45 36 43 07 45 36 43 00 43 06 52 19 52 35 52 30 48 50 48 58 48 48 47 37 48 42 49 10 48 11 Cape Spear to Cape Race 45 30 I 49 00 46 32 53 00 St. John's to Cape Race in to 4 miles of coast. 43 14 45 24 46 36 43 03 45 20 45 29 46 30 46 20 45 30 42 20 42 22 45 15 54 20 45 21 45 32 46 20 46 22 46 36 46 37 47 40 46 48 42 20 46 21 46 25 45 18 49 14 49 06 49 00 50 14 49 20 49 42 46 58 48 45 49 12 49 49 49 48 52 30 52 27 49 00 52 33 51 00 53 05 52 57 51 12 53 01 52 50 49 50 50 32 50 41 52 35 From Cape Pine to Cape Race. From Cape Race to Cape St. Francis. Between 44 49 | 59 08 and 45 03 I 58 27 45 30 48 36 Michaux Point to Cranberry Island. 42 13 46 22 46 24 46 40 46 47 42 02 42 03 46 14 46 20 46 25 49 38 53 33 51 04 52 00 52 47 49 58 49 56 54 00 51 30 50 10 46 35 41 52 42 00 44 58 45 42 44 59 41 37 44 26 45 44 47 12 47 32 Conception Bay Trinity Bay and entrance 50 00 50 16 50 08 49 34 51 04 50 23 49 20 53 14 54 51 48 58 49 08 48 00 47 40 46 07 47 11 44 20 to 50 00 50 50 54 27 52 31 50 20 Do. Berg (same as No. 378). Berg (same as No. 379). Berg (same as No. 398). Berg (same as No. 413). Berg (same as No. 404). Berg (same as No. 399). Berg (same as No. 383). Field ice. Do. Shore lead, 1 to 2 miles wide. Field ice. Do. Pack ice. Growler. Field ice. Do. Do. Berg (same as No. 401). Berg (same as No. 403). Field ice. Do. Do. Berg (same as No. 398). Berg (same as No. 433). Berg (same as No. 405). Berg (same as No. 435). Berg (same as No. 428). Berg (same as No. 406). Berg. Berg (same as No. 409). Berg (same as No. 411). Berg. Berg (same as No. 410). Berg (same as No. 412). Growler. Do. Do. Do. Heavy field ice. 25-mile-wide belt close pack. Field ice. Do. Heavy close pack. Berg (same as No. 434). Berg (same as No. 440). Berg (same as No. 439). Berg (same as No. 408). Berg (same as No. 444). Growler. Do. Field ice. ■Eastern limits field ice. Berg (same as No. 454). Berg (same as No. 463). Radar target, probable berg. Berg (same as No. 442). Growlers. Berg (same as No. 464). Berg (same as No. 435). Berg (same as No. 407). Berg. Do. Do. 9 bergs. Eastern limits observed field ice. Field ice. Heavy slob ice. Berg (same as No. 465). 20 TABLE OF ICE REPORTS, 1957-Continued Date Name of vessel North latitude West longitude Description ...do. .do. ...do. _..do. .do. ...do. do. Ashkiabad dp Imperial Halifax do. do Ice Patrol vessel Canadian Department of Transport. .do. Mar. 18 ...do ...do ...do ...do USS Edisto. Mar. 19 ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do Agathi USCGC Acushnet. ....do Grootebeer do. Mar. 20 ...do ...do ...do Kragholm Ice Patrol plane. ....do do USNS Vela do. .do. .do. do Cairndhu ....do Ice Patrol plane. ....do ..do.... do do do USCGC Absecon. Ice Patrol plane.. .do. .do. ...do. do. Canadian Department of Transport. .do. Mar. 23 Mar. 24 ...do ...do ...do Cairngowan Ice Patrol plane. TWA plane Ice Patrol plane- do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. _do. .do. .do .do. .do. .do. do do Cairngowan Ice Patrol plane. do 44 59 45 05 45 47 46 37 46 45 41 19 52 11 51 50 54 02 52 52 52 49 49 06 St. Paul Island to 46 45 | 59 00 to 46 00 | 59 22 to 45 00 | 60 00 to 44 30 | 62 10 From 47 30 | 52 30 to 46 30 | 53 00 to 46 20 43 32 44 41 44 45 45 37 46 06 42 27 44 47 44 58 46 07 46 41 9 miles off Cape Pine. 44 32 45 00 44 23 44 50 44 56 46 26 46 29 46 31 46 32 46 37 46 42 46 43 47 08 46 24 f 47 10 j I 46 30 J 47 15 I 46 30 53 35 51 23 52 21 52 45 51 50 50 10 47 06 52 28 52 50 54 05 52 51 to 51 36 49 55 51 22 52 05 51 33 53 02 52 42 53 04 52 53 53 07 53 01 52 50 48 53 50 23 50 45 51 20 52 25 52 42 Country Island to 45 00 | 61 00 to 44 30 | 60 50 to 44 50 | 59 30 to 46 40 | 57 25 to St. Paul Island Steamer track from Cabot Strait to Gasp6 Passage. 45 12 44 02 44 50 44 59 45 00 45 01 45 06 45 08 45 09 45 12 45 12 45 51 46 08 46 10 46 12 46 19 46 26 52 36 50 01 51 05 51 07 51 54 51 24 51 25 52 10 51 41 52 34 52 36 54 03 52 51 53 00 53 05 52 37 52 50 Berg (same as No. 232). Berg (same as No. 227). Berg (same as No. 455). Berg (same as No. 441). Berg (same as No. 458). Growler. Field ice limits. Western limits field ice. Berg and growlers (same as No. 237). Berg and growlers (same as No. 480). Berg (same as No. 479). Field ice. Light field ice. Small berg (same as No. 354). Berg (same as No. 488). Berg (same as No. 489). Berg (same as No. 481). Berg (same as No. 482). Ice field. Berg. Do. Do. Berg (same as No. 493). Berg (same as No. 406). Do. Berg (same as No. 497). Berg. Berg (same as No. 483). Berg (same as No. 471). Several growlers. •Eastern limits field ice. ■Western limits field ice. ■Field ice limits. Field ice, 80 percent cover. Berg (same as No. 494). Berg (same as No. 499). Berg (same as No. 502). Berg (same as No. 518). Berg (same as No. 501). Berg (same as No. 500). Berg. Do. Berg (same as No. 498). Berg (same as No. 516). Berg (same as No. 525). Berg (same as No. 495). Berg (same as No. 503). Berg (same as No. 504). Berg (same as No. 496). Berg. Do. 21 TABLE OF ICE REPORTS, 1957-Continued No. 533 534 535 536 537 538 539 540 541 542 543 544 545 546 547 548 549 550 551 552 553 554 555 556 557 558 559 560 561 562 563 564 565 566 567 568 569 570 571 572 573 574 575 576 577 578 579 580 581 582 583 584 585 Date ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do... ...do... ...do... ...do... ...do... Mar. 25 do. ...do do. .do. .do. .do. Name of vessel do do DSNS Vela... do do do do MATS plane. do ....do Newfoundland. Dartwood lee Patrol plane. .do. .do .do. .do .do. .do .do. .do. Mar. 26 ...do ...do ...do ..do.... ...do.... ...do.... Mar. 27 ...do do .do .do .do. .In .do .do. .do. .do. .do .do. do .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. Borgholm Nova Scotia Ice Patrol plane- Newfoundland... Fort Hamilton- Newfoundland. Borgholm Ice Patrol plane. do .do. do do do.... do.... Tanafjord. North latitude 46 37 46 46 46 48 46 31 46 32 46 34 46 38 49 50 West longitude 53 02 52 51 52 50 53 04 53 05 53 06 52 59 54 50 Between 50 53 | 52 21 and Fogo Island 51 30 I 51 44 31 10 62 13 to 44 21 | 62 12 20 miles east of St. John's Line from 46 20 45 50 45 50 46 15 54 20 54 20 52 00 Cape St. Mary to Cape Ballard 44 02 44 03 44 47 44 52 45 16 45 18 46 08 46 13 46 15 46 47 47 10 47 28 45 16 46 25 46 38 46 38 47 12 47 14 49 35 49 57 49 22 50 50 51 42 51 41 52 42 52 49 52 54 52 54 48 58 49 18 51 39 52 37 52 48 52 50 52 42 52 40 Cape Race to Gull Island . From 46 00 | 52 35 to 46 30 | 51 45 Line from 47 00 | 51 40 to 47 15 48 00 45 39 47 07 47 12 51 30 52 00 53 45 48 50 48 58 St. John's Entrance and Harbor 44 16 47 47 45 45 45 48 44 30 44 30 45 30 45 47 45 47 46 02 46 06 46 12 46 16 46 27 45 32 61 15 62 00 51 54 53 20 52 02 49 33 50 14 51 53 52 52 52 44 53 00 53 12 53 11 53 07 53 12 51 50 Description Berg (same as No. 508). Berg (same as No. 509). Berg (same as No. 534). Berg (same as No. 505). Berg (same as No. 5061. Berg (same as No. 507). Berg (same as No. 508). Many small bergs. 2 bergs. Close pack. Heavy pack ice. Southern and western field ice limits. 15- to 20-mile wide shore lead. Small berg (same as No. 478). Berg (same as No. 517). Large berg. Berg (same as No. 519). Berg (same as No. 522). Berg (same as No. 524). Berg (same as No. 528). Berg (same as No. 531). Berg (same as No. 529). Berg (same as No. 534). Berg (same as No. 510). Berg (same as No. 472). Growler. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. 8-mile wide shore lead. I Southern limits observed field ice. Eastern limits field ice. Berg (same as No. 527). Berg (same as No. 557). Berg fsame as No. 569). Clearing of close pack ice. Partial southern limits field ice. Partial eastern limits field ice. Field ice. Berg. Berg Berg Berg Berg Berg Berg Berg Berg (same as (same as (same as fsame as fsame as fsame as (same as fsame as fsame as (same as No. 549). No. 550). No. 553). No. 554). No. 555). No. 530). No. 536). No. 532). No. 537). No. 552). 22 TABLE OF ICE REPORTS, 1957-Continued Date Name of vessel North latitude West longitude Description ..do ..do ..do ..do ..do.... . .do. Ice Patrol plane. do Nova Scotia Tanafjord Fort Avalon. .Jo. Mar. 28 ...do ...do ...do ..do ...do Fort Avalon. Unidentified vessel- Fort Avalon do do do .do .do .do .do .do USN plane Unidentified vessel. Fort Avalon do do... .do. Mar. 29 ..do ..do ..do.... do. Canadian Department of Transport. Ryndam Ice Patrol plane. Finn Trader Ice Patrol plane- do. ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do —do do ...do do ...do do .do. _do_ .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. ... do... . ...do ...do USCGC Coos Bay. ....do ....do Nova Scotia ....do ....do .-..do Fuel Transporter. .. USCGC Coos Bay. Nova Scotia- Ice Patrol plane. Mar. 30 do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do do. .do. ..do ..do ..do ..do ..do ..do ..do — do- Stockholm. L'Aventure ___.do Manchester Mariner. ....do do do.. do.. 43 42 43 53 47 50 45 34 45 00 45 56 45 09 45 13 46 25 46 29 46 32 46 33 46 41 46 49 46 48 45 50 46 32 46 35 48 05 45 55 45 00 44 40 46 10 47 10 42 56 43 00 43 05 44 52 44 55 45 03 45 05 46 10 46 13 46 25 46 32 46 41 46 44 47 14 45 31 45 34 45 36 46 20 46 34 46 41 46 49 46 20 From I to I to I to I to 49 20 49 27 51 53 52 17 59 43 59 24 58 52 58 40 53 22 54 17 52 50 53 07 53 03 52 50 52 53 54 40 53 10 53 03 52 45 60 00 60 55 60 10 59 00 60 10 49 23 49 24 49 43 53 06 53 13 53 43 53 40 53 03 53 00 53 23 53 03 53 03 52 57 52 38 53 21 53 32 53 34 53 35 53 06 53 02 52 51 53 38 North of line from 45 15 | 52 32 to 45 21 | 52 50 St. John's to Cape Race St. John's to Cape St. Mary 42 35 43 56 45 52 46 03 46 04 46 07 46 15 46 42 46 42 47 07 47 16 42 47 43 47 44 53 44 33 44 34 44 44 44 56 44 53 49 01 51 46 53 20 53 15 53 22 53 17 53 29' 52 58 53 57 48 58 49 09 49 10 51 35 52 48 52 43 53 05 53 14 54 01 53 52 Growler. Do. Heavy field ice, many open leads. Field ice. Do. Do. Berg. Do. Berg (same as No. 533). Berg (same as No. 539). Berg. Do. Berg (same as No. 556). Growler. Do. Do. Field ice. Field ice limits. Berg (same as No. 576). Berg (same as No. 604). Berg (same as No. 605). Berg (same as No. 530). Berg (same as No. 577). Berg. Berg. Berg (same as No. 582). Berg (same as No. 583). Berg (same as No. 592). Berg (same as No. 601). Berg (same as No. 596). Berg (same as No. 598). Berg (same as Berg (same as Berg (same as Berg (same as Berg (same as Berg (same as Berg (same as Berg (same as No. 578). No. 568). No. 579). No. 613). No. 614). No. 615). No. 616). No. 621). Numerous ice floes. Shore lead except for 2 miles from St. John's Harbor entrance. Shore lead except at Cape Spear. Berg (same as Berg (same as Berg (same as Berg (same as Berg (same as Berg (same as Berg (same as Berg (same as Berg. Berg (same as Berg (same as Radar target, No. 604). Berg (same as Berg (same as Berg (same as Berg (same as Berg (same as Berg (same as Berg (same as No. 575). No. 521). No. 580). No. 584). No. 581). No. 611). No. 612). No. 616). No. 569). No. 558). possible berg (same as No. 630). No. 607). No. 551). No. 523). No. 525). No. 618). No. 609). 23 TABLE OF ICE REPORTS, 1957-Continued No. Date Name of vessel North latitude West longitude Description 649 650 651 652 653 654 655 656 657 658 659 660 661 662 663 664 665 666 667 670 671 672 673 674 675 676 677 678 679 680 681 682 683 684 685 690 691 692 693 697 698 699 700 701 702 703 704 705 706 707 708 709 710 711 712 713 ...do. ...do. do- do do. ...do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. ....do USCGC Acushnet ....do USNS Gen. R. E. Callan. -...do ....do USNS J. E. Kelley Ice Patrol vessel ....do ....do ..._do .do. .do. .do ...do ...do ..do Mar. 31 ..do ..do..... ...do _--.do ....do USNS J. F. Valdez. USN plane Ice Patrol plane Ice Patrol ve?sel Manchester Shipper. ..._do .do. .do. .do. Ice Patrol plane. do do .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. do Mormacpine do do do USCGC Casco... do do do Ice Patrol plane. do Apr. 1 ...do.... ...do.... _.do___. ...do.... ...do.... ...do... . ...do— . Ice Patrol vessel do Unidentified plane. do USNSKirkpatrick. do do do .do. .do: .do. _do_ .do. .do. .do. .do. .do .do. Stavangerfjord do do Cairndhu Sinaloa Ice Patrol plane do do USNS J. E. Kelley . do._. do Stavfingerfjord.. do Ice Patrol plane. do 45 01 45 17 45 27 46 33 46 42 46 49 46 40 44 00 44 04 44 50 47 07 53 46 53 12 53 16 53 07 53 02 52 50 53 53 51 38 51 41 51 47 48 58 From Cape Race to 45 50 | 43 15 to 53 05 51 55 51 55 47 25 44 50 44 50 North from Cape Race 44 30 | 60 22 From 46 38 | 53 00 to Cape Spear 49 00 41 53 41 58 42 03 42 18 42 10 43 42 46 03 46 20 46 22 46 27 46 43 44 27 44 51 44 56 45 03 44 34 44 55 45 01 46 22 49 01 49 02 48 47 48 50 51 40 53 17 53 40 52 48 53 14 53 50 53 12 53 51 53 46 53 52 52 33 52 52 53 38 53 30 North of Cape Ballard. 714 Apr. 2 Ice Patrol vessel . f 45 10 [ 45 45 41 58 42 06 48 20 48 21 43 30 43 30 43 31 44 33 44 42 44 43 44 58 44 23 44 52 45 22 45 25 45 57 46 33 46 42 46 47 47 05 47 17 47 42 46 22 46 33 47 41 47 12 45 05 St. John's to Cape Race From Cape Pine to 44 40 | 52 40 to 44 50 I 52 00 41 38 48 09 52 45 52 00 49 00 48 57 53 10 53 05 50 08 51 43 51 30 51 41 53 10 53 02 52 32 54 28 52 24 53 06 53 18 53 35 53 05 53 01 52 55 48 58 49 06 51 50 53 33 53 06 53 03 49 03 52 27 Berg (same as No. 620). Berg (same as No. 619). Small berg and numerous growlers. Berg (same as No. 622). Berg (same as No. 623). Berg (same as No. 624). Berg (same as No. 637). Growler. Do. Do. Do. Western limits field ice. Southern limits field ice. Very narrow shore lead. Field ice. Very narrow shore lead. Berg (same as Berg (same as Berg (same as Berg (same as Berg (same as Berg (same as Berg fsame as Berg (same as Berg fsame as Berg (same as Berg (same as Berg (same as Berg (same as Berg (same as Berg (same as Berg. Berg (same as Berg (same as Berg (same as No shore lead. No. 606). No. 664). No. 665). No. 629). No. 667). No. 641). Ng. 633). No. 536). No. 651). No. 652). No. 654). No. 644). No. 646). No. 648). No. 610). No. 642). No. 676). No. 625). •Southern limits field ice. Berg Berg Berg Berg Berg Berg Berg Berg Berg Berg Berg Berg Berg Berg Berg Berg Field Shore Field same same Do. same same same same same same same same same same same same same same same same same as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. 575). 575). 547). 559). 548). 487). 645). 649). 680). 470). 695). 60S). 469). 670). 673). 623). 653). 638). 710). same as No. 671). same as No. 701). same as No. 702). same as No. 639). ce. ead; field ice 30 miles wide. ce limits. Berg (same as No. 24 TABLE OF ICE REPORTS, 1957-Continued Date Name of vessel North latitude West longitude Description ...do.... ...do.... ...do .do ...do ..do ..do ...do .do .do ...do .do .do ...do .do .do. Ice Patrol plane. do. do... do do do do USCGC Acushnet. do do Hydro... Cairndhu do.... do USCGC Acushnet. Ice Patrol plane. .do. Apr. ...do_ Apr. _-_do_ ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. Canadian Department of Transport. Imperial Sarnia. Fort Avalon Ice Patrol plane. ..._do ....do ....do ....do ....do .do. .do. ...do Apr. 6 ...do Italia Veslefjell. ..._do— -do. .do. .do. .do .do. Godafoss Italia Marengo Ice Patrol plane. do .do. .do .do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ....do ___.do MATS plane. USCGC Rockaway- do.... Sun Adele. ...do.. ...do.. ...do.. Italia USS Opportune. Ice Patrol plane. 43 24 43 32 44 16 44 19 45 04 45 07 45 59 43 32 44 24 45 03 43 36 44 21 44 22 44 38 44 54 44 50 44 50 45 20 47 00 45 10 44 40 46 30 From I to From 49 50 51 33 52 50 53 00 53 27 53 38 53 38 51 41 52 43 53 34 51 43 52 36 52 54 52 38 53 14 52 50 52 30 59 50 59 00 60 40 61 20 53 25 From Cape Race to Cape Spear 44 38 52 19 45 11 52 21 45 18 52 48 46 33 53 15 4fi 40 52 51) 46 44 52 58 47 40 47 15 47 20 44 30 44 24 44 30 44 43 45 05 45 49 46 42 47 10 47 13 47 14 47 16 47 18 47 22 52 42 : 45 12 45 22 44 36 44 36 45 04 45 47 45 27 45 12 Line from I to I to Between and 52 30 51 55 51 40 58 40 51 05 52 12 52 48 52 33 52 10 51 55 48 49 52 09 52 12 52 21 51 41 49 10 55 00 i 58 00 58 20 58 42 58 04 58 12 51 13 50 47 58 54 Line from 47 52 | 52 12 to 46 55 | 52 05 to 46 30 I 51 45 Berg (same as No. 689). Berg (same as No. 690). Berg (same as No. 694). Berg (same as No. 677). Berg (same as No. 698). Berg (same as No. 699). Berg (same as No. 700). Berg. Berg (same as No. 717). Berg (same as No. 719). Berg (same as No. 716). Berg (same as No. 695). Berg (same as No. 675). Berg (same as No. 697). Growler. Partial field ice limits. Field ice limits. Berg (same as No. 707). Shore lead, with tongues of ice into coast. Berg (same as No. 717). Berg (same as No. 719). Berg (same as No. 720). Berg (same as No. 732). Berg (same as No. 703). Berg (same as No. 702). Southern observed limits field ice. Field ice. Berg. Berg (same as No. 734). Berg (same as No. 718). Berg (same as No. 736). Berg. Berg (same as No. 672). Berg (same as No. 704). Berg. Do. Berg (same as No. 617). Berg (same as No. 706). Berg (same as No. 705). 2 bergs. Patches field ice. Field ice. Do. ■Numerous bergs and field ice Field ice. Western limits field ice. 25 TABLE OF ICE REPORTS, 1957-Continued North West No. Date Name of vessel latitude longitude Description o / o / Line from 46 32 | 51 05 to 47 10 | 50 20 761 ...do do to 47 50 | 50 00 to 47 50 | 48 40 . to 48 00 1 48 40 Eastern limits field ice. 762 Apr. 7 USCGC Campbell 45 30 50 34 Broken patches field ice. Line from 46 16 | 59 52 to 46 00 | 59 35 to 45 32 | 60 19 to 45 40 | 59 27 763 ...do USNSBondia to Field ice limits. 45 29 | 59 20 to 45 34 | 58 28 to 45 44 | 58 03 to 45 59 | 58 03 to 46 18 58 19 764 Apr. 8 Prins Willem IV 45 25 49 55 Berg. 765 ...do do 45 20 49 58 Growler. 766 ...do Elin Hope 45 25 " 58 00 Strings field ice. 47 04 59 28 767 ...do Veslef jell and to south and southwest ■Field ice. From 46 07 | 58 21 to 768 ...do L'Aventure 46 07 | 58 34 Field ice. to 46 05 | 58 39 to 46 05 | 58 58 Line from 47 20 | 59 40 to 46 50 | 58 30 to 45 10 | 58 10 769 ...do Canadian Department of Transport. to 45 40 | 59 50 to 46 05 | 59 35 to 46 10 | 59 45 to Field ice limits. 46 15 59 45 770 Apr. 9 Ice Patrol plane 44 44 51 24 Berg (same as No. 735). 771 ...do do 45 34 52 08 Berg (same as No. 746). 772 ...do do 45 46 50 42 Berg (same as No. 728). 773 ...do do 45 48 50 47 Berg (same as No. 696). 774 ...do do 45 51 51 12 Berg (same as No. 643). 775 ...do do 46 01 52 36 Berg (same as No. 738). 776 ...do do___ 46 03 52 13 Berg (same as No. 676). 777 ...do do 46 12 52 10 Berg (same as No. 721). 778 -..do do 46 37 52 52 Berg (same as No. 739). 779 ...do do_ 46 42 53 01 Berg (same as No. 740). 780 ...do Prins Willem IV 45 19 52 05 Berg (same as No. 771). 781 ...do Empress of Britain 45 42 50 10 Berg. 782 ...do Menastone 46 43 50 45 Berg (same as No. 752). 783 ...do do 47 08 49 02 Berg (same as No. 748). Between 1 784 ...do do.. 47 48 | 48 09 and 47 36 | 48 32 From [Pieces drift ice. 785 ..do do... 46 16 | 50 02 to [Field ice. I I 46 41 50 27 26 TABLE OF ICE REPORTS, 1957-Continued No. Date Name of vessel North latitude West longitude Description 786 787 788 789 790 791 ...do... Ice Patrol plane. Apr. Apr. ...do. ...do. .do. Empress of Britain Prins Frederic Willem. USNSBondia Newfoundland .do. 792 793 794 795 796 797 798 799 800 801 802 803 804 805 806 807 808 809 810 811 812 813 814 815 816 817 818 819 820 821 822 823 824 825 826 ...do. Apr. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. .__do_ do Ice Patrol plane Prins Frederic Willem. Ravnefjell Nova Scotia Uruguay Transpacific do .do ...do Apr. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. .do. .do. ...do. .do. .do .do .do. Beaverglen. Canadian Department of Transport. Seven Seas. do- New \ork do USNS Mission San Gabriel. Ice Patrol plane do .do_... Nova Scotia Ice Patrol plane. Beaverlake Thorsgaard Sungran. Nova Scotia. ...do. Apr. ...do. ...do. ...do. Prins Frederic Willem. MATS plane do USCGC Mackinac... Unidentified plane .do.. _do. Nova Scotia. .do. .do.. .do. USCGC Mackinac. .do Apr. ...do. ...do. Ice Patrol plane. do do Line from 46 20 | 51 30 to 46 10 | 50 40 to 45 30 | 50 35 to 45 30 45 42 46 17 46 40 48 15 48 00 47 52 47 58 45 59 46 10 46 10 46 38 44 32 West of I From I to 50 20 51 51 48 46 52 55 49 00 50 25 50 58 50 34 52 55 51 49 52 55 52 53 49 15 14 miles north of Bird Rock. 48 08 | 61 35 and northward Cape Ray and westward Line from 47 25 45 50 to 59 45 57 10 to 45 55 | 59 15 to Cape Smoky 45 43 46 02 46 02 46 15 46 38 46 57 47 10 47 47 46 55 44 17 45 54 45 45 ] 48 13 48 02 47 31 46 05 46 35 46 38 46 52 Between and 49 09 52 15 52 15 49 00 53 52 51 36 51 57 50 35 52 03 49 00 57 31 57 36 49 43 50 11 59 36 52 40 51 10 52 52 51 45 North of a line from 48 15 48 16 49 43 49 40 48 18 to 48 18 | Between 48 34 | and From I to 49 35 48 06 47 37 48 21 48 14 49 55 49 23 { 47 40 to 47 40 | 49 16 and northward North of lat. 47°30' N. be- tween longs. 48°30' W. and 50°00' W. 46 24 I 48 05 46 37 52 52 46 4 53 02 Partial southern limits field ice. Berg (same as No. 773). Berg (same as No. 778). Pieces field ice. Loose pack with heavy floes. Strings heavy field ice. Berg (same as No. 775). Berg (same as No. 777). Berg (same as No. 793). Berg (same as No. 789). Growler. Heavy field ice. I Large ice field. Strings slob ice. Field ice limits. Berg (same as No. 764). Berg (same as No. 776). Berg (same as No. 803). Berg (same as No. 788). Berg (same as No. 674). Berg (same as No. 747). Berg (same as No. 749). Berg. Growler. Do. Field ice. Do. Heavy patches of field ice. Scattered field ice. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Heavy field ice. Field ice. ■Field ice. Field ice. Berg (same as No. 772). Berg (same as No. 796). Berg (same as No. 779). 27 TABLE OF ICE REPORTS, 1957-Continued North West No. Date Name of vessel latitude longitude Description 827 ...do Cairnavon 46 33 48 42 Berg (same as No. 805). 828 ...do ...do 47 47 22 22 47 48 55 08 829 Cornwood- Scattered field ice. 830 Apr. 16 Beaverford 46 28 52 16 Berg (same as No. 795). 831 ...do do 46 28 47 47 Berg (same as No. 824). 832 ...do USNS J. E. Kelley 46 40 52 53 Berg (same as No. 825). 833 ...do Ice Patrol plane 46 26 47 54 Berg (same as No. 831). 834 ...do do 46 37 48 18 Berg (same as No. 827). 835 ...do do 46 54 51 55 Berg (same as No. 808). 836 ...do do 47 01 48 56 Berg (same as No. 783). 837 ...do do 47 05 50 52 Berg (same as No. 807). 838 ...do do 47 06 48 46 Berg (same as No. 783). 839 ...do do 47 17 48 57 Berg (same as No. 753). 840 ...do do 47 29 49 30 Berg. 841 ...do do 47 35 49 37 Berg (same as No. 809). 842 ...do do 47 01 48 00 Growler. Line from 47 20 1 to 60 10 47 10 1 to 59 10 843 ...do Canadian Department of Transport. 46 45 46 10 10 20 1 to 1 to 1 to 57 56 59 20 50 50 1 Field ice limits. Cape Smoky 844 Apr. 17 __.do 46 08 47 55 845 Empress of Scotland 46 54 47 00 Berg. 846 ...do Pierre L. D 47 02 46 47 2 bergs. 847 ...do do 46 47 58 02 46 50 56 42 848 849 ...do do 47 07 48 49 Berg (same as No. 838). 850 ...do do 47 19 49 02 Berg (same as No. 839). 851 ...do do 47 24 48 04 Berg. 852 ...do do 47 33 49 38 Berg (same as No. 840). 853 ...do do 47 42 47 39 Berg. 854 ...do do 47 42 47 37 Do. 855 ...do do 47 43 49 42 Berg (same as No. 841). 856 ...do do 47 47 48 15 Berg. 857 ...do do 47 49 47 35 Do. 858 ...do do 47 57 47 34 Do. 859 ...do do 48 04 49 06 Berg. 860 ...do do 48 07 49 07 Do. 861 ...do do 48 10 49 04 Do. 862 _..do do 48 16 49 31 Do. 863 ...do do 48 17 50 28 Do. 864 ...do do 48 20 49 27 Do. 865 ...do do 48 22 48 30 Do. 866 ...do do 48 24 48 50 Do. 867 do USN plane... 47 18 48 45 Berg (same as No. 850). 868 ...do do 47 34 49 34 Berg (same as No. 855). 869 do 51 49 47 00 Berg. 870 ...do Empress of Scotland 46 51 47 59 Growler. 871 ...do do 47 05 47 15 Do. | From 1 872 ...do 46 1 45 06 42 1 to 57 57 21 37 873 do 46 24 57 43 48 40 From 1 to 51 10 874 do 47 27 | 48 25 Southern limits field ice. 47 50 to 1 to 47 05 48 20 47 45 875 ...do Maria de Larrinaga 46 37 57 48 Ice floe. 876 ...do do 1 " 13 SH 13 1 Field ice. and to ^landl 1'r Dm 47 49 60 32 to 47 47 1 60 20 877 ...do Empress of Britain to ISouthern ice limits. 47 39 1 60 07 to 47 42 1 to 59 51 I 47 37 59 50 28 TABLE OF ICE REPORTS, 1957-Continued Date Name of vessel North latitude West longitude Description Apr. 18 ... do— ...do.... ...do.— ...do.-.. ...do ... do— . .-.do.._. ...do.-.. ...do.... ...do ...do .do ...do Apr. 19 ...do ...do ...do Ice Patrol plane... do do New York Falkanger do do... USCGC Evergreen Unidentified plane. Mormacpenn Ice Patrol plane.. . Cornelius Maersk. L'Aventure USNS J. E. Kelley . Katina Tanafjord Ice Patrol plane do do Manchester Spinner. .do. New York. do____ ....do.... ...do.. ...do ...do ...do Apr. 20 ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do Apr. 21 ...do ...do ...do ...do USNS J. E. Kelley. Empress of Britain. 46 02 46 45 46 55 46 38 46 46 47 05 47 07 46 46 47 48 48 02 46 32 52 53 46 36 48 45 48 49 48 19 Vicinity of 50 38 | 53 23 46 51 47 33 46 37 48 17 45 18 I 57 20 Line from 45 59 | 57 13 to 45 36 | 56 46 to 45 33 | 56 51 to 45 30 47 06 Canadian Department of Transport. Ice Patrol plane Traviata Carinthia do Fort Hamilton USNS J. E. Kelley. Homeric USCGC Half Moon Canadian Department of Transport. I vernia Falkanger Carinthia Saxonia _ Empress of France 45 23 45 44 45 51 46 22 46 42 46 48 46 48 46 52 46 55 47 14 47 21 47 23 47 29 47 36 46 52 46 56 45 56 47 09 47 14 47 18 47 29 47 19 East and north of 47 18 | 47 44 Between Cape Anguille and Cape Ray and 10 miles northward. From 47 17 | 47 34 to 47 39 [ 46 45 Vicinity of Bird Rock 57 17 58 10 48 06 48 00 47 51 52 32 48 00 46 00 46 53 46 04 51 48 50 25 47 43 47 05 46 58 46 48 46 05 46 02 51 40 48 50 48 37 47 44 47 13 47 12 47 39 46 49 47 23 47 16 47 20 45 35 47 31 47 32 45 52 45 43 45 30 47 49 47 32 47 07 From I to 47 10 46 38 45 52 60 08 59 11 59 44 56 40 59 39 59 27 58 39 56 31 56 40 51 37 46 50 From 47 14 | 46 27 to 47 02 I 46 35 47 20 46 03 Berg (same as No. 844). Berg (same as No. 834). Berg (same as No. 847). Berg (same as No. 832). Berg (same as No. 846). Berg (same as No. 849). Berg (same as No. 836). Berg (same as No. 879). 5 bergs. Growler. Do. Field ice. Southeast limits field ice. Field ice. Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. 802). 878). 892). 830). 879). 880). 845). 847). 835). 848). 851). 854). 853). Berg (same as No. 896). Berg (same as No. 898). Berg (same as No. 899). Berg (same as No. 883). Berg (same as No. 884). Berg (same as No. 901). Berg (same as No. 902). Berg (same as No. 867). Field ice. Field ice. Southern limits field ice. Heavy pieces field ice. Partial eastern field ice limits. 2 bergs (same as Nos. 906, 907). ■Northern limit field ice. String of field ice. Field ice. Field ice. Field ice. Field ice. Eastern limit field ice. Growler. Do. Field ice. Field ice. Field ice. 29 TABLE OF ICE REPORTS, 1957-Continued No. Date Name of vessel North latitude West longitude Description 932 933 934 935 936 937 938 939 940 941 942 943 944 945 946 947 948 949 950 951 952 953 954 955 956 957 958 959 960 961 962 963 964 965 966 967 968 969 970 971 972 973 974 975 976 977 978 979 980 981 982 983 -do.. Apr. 22 ...do ...do Christiana. Rialto Empress of England. do ...do Apr. 23 ...do USNS J. E. Kelley. Ice Patrol plane do .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. -do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do- -do. .do. .do. .do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. Stavangerfjord. Santa Maria. __ do Fairtry do do MATS plane Hermann Schulte. . Norderholm do Empress of France. USNS J. E. Kelley. Mormacstar .do. ..do.... Apr. 24 ...do ...do ...do ...do Canadian Department of Transport. Arosa Kulm do Assyria do USCGC Mackinac 47 23 47 21 47 23 46 10 46 46 46 32 From 59 12 59 29 60 00 47 18 46 52 47 19 Cape Ray to 47 40 | 59 35 and to NNW 45 55 46 20 46 23 46 40 46 44 46 44 46 47 46 48 47 02 47 04 47 07 47 07 47 09 47 12 47 17 47 17 47 21 47 22 47 22 47 23 47 23 47 27 47 31 47 32 47 33 47 40 52 32 52 12 46 24 46 20 46 26 46 33 46 40 45 46 45 43 45 52 48 43 49 01 46 07 46 30 49 03 46 28 47 05 47 12 46 30 47 08 47 20 46 53 47 25 47 08 Within 20 mile radius of 47 00 | 46 20 Line from 47 35 47 20 47 15 47 25 46 40 46 50 47 05 48 08 48 15 48 18 47 25 48 10 45 12 45 35 to 49 00 47 00 46 20 46 40 46 20 45 53 49 55 50 00 .50 10 49 30 45 55 57 30 58 25 Cape Ray to 47 25 | 59 19 Cape Ray to Cape Anguille and northward. 45 15 | 57 57 and northward 45 07 | 57 02 and to north and west From 47 40 | 61 00 to 46 40 45 20 46 00 46 23 46 49 46 27 46 35 47 50 58 00 57 05 59 50 52 10 51 36 46 10 46 21 45 04 Field ice. Berg (same as No. 895). Berg (same as No. 901). Growler. Field ice. Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Many growlers. as No. 933). as No. 894). as No. 899). as No. 918). as No. 902). as No. 934). as No. 857). as No. 858). as No. 919). as No. 919). as No. 903). as No. 908). as No. 909). as No. 904). as No. 856). as No. 912). Southern field ice limits. 2 bergs (same as Nos. 940, 942). Berg (same as No. 941). Berg (same as No. 947). Berg. Do. Do. Berg (same as No. 852). Berg. Southeast corner of field ice. Field ice. [Strings field ice. Belt of field ice 5 miles wide. I Field ice. [Field ice. Field ice limits. Berg (same as No. 939). Berg (same as No. 881). Berg (same as No. 940). Growler. 3 large growlers. 30 TABLE OF ICE REPORTS, 1957-Continued Date Name of vessel North latitude West longitude Description ...do ...do ...do ..do ..do ..do Hermann Schulte. ..do. ..do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. do Newfoundland... ....do Cornwall USNS J. F. Valdez. Empress of Scotland. do Orpheus.. Italia do Manchester Merchant. do do .do. From 47 50 | 45 53 47 47 45 45 South to 45 53 47 00 57 32 56 32 from Cape Ray 12 miles. From 45 03 Apr. 25 ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do .....do.... ...do do ...do do ...do do... ...do do ...do do —do do_ ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do._ ...do do ...do do ...do do_ ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do Hermann Schulte.. USCGC Mackinac. do Line from 46 25 47 34 From 56 54 56 52 46 04 47 17 46 22 47 26 47 17 47 05 46 47 46 25 46 50 46 46 45 55 46 49 47 28 47 01 46 50 46 47 46 44 45 42 45 28 46 47 47 36 48 16 47 37 47 33 46 36 45 45 46 03 51 39 45 00 45 57 47 20 46 11 47 48 45 19 47 44 47 18 46 19 47 47 47 29 47 23 47 23 47 40 46 19 45 55 46 27 47 22 a 48 05 47 30 45 25 52 59 59 53 59 37 46 15 45 24 44 30 45 58 45 56 45 59 45 42 52 14 47 29 47 27 Many growlers. Field ice. Do. Do. Do. Light field ice. Berg (same as No. 981). Berg. Do. Do. Do. 3 bergs. Do. Berg (same as No. 943). Berg. Do. 3 bergs (same as No. 964). Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Berg (same as No. 944). 2 bergs. Berg. Do. Berg (same as No. 955). Berg (same as No. 948). Berg (same as No. 958). Berg (same as No. 960). Berg. Berg (same as No. 966). Berg. Berg (same as No. 980). Berg (same as No. 945). Berg (same as No. 950). Berg (same as No. 954). Berg (same as No. 959). Berg. Berg (same as No. 946). Berg. Berg (same as No. 953). Berg. Do. Do. Berg (same as No. 957). Berg. Do. Berg (same as No. 951). Berg. Berg (same as No. 956). Berg (same as No. 961). Southern limits field ice. Berg (same as No. 938). Field ice. Berg (same 2 bergs. Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. 855). 1000). 1000). 1000). 1007). 979). 1010). 1012). 31 TABLE OF ICE REPORTS, 1957-Continued No. Date Name of vessel North latitude West longitude Description 1049 1050 1051 1052 1053 1054 1055 1056 1057 1058 1059 1060 1061 1062 1063 1064 1065 1066 1067 1068 1069 1070 1071 1072 1073 1074 1075 1076 1077 1078 1079 1080 1081 1082 1083 1084 1085 1086 1087 1089 1090 1091 1092 1093 1094 ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... ...do.__. ...do.— ..do.... .._do.___ Apr. 26 ._ do____ ..do.... ...do .do. ..do.... ._do.__. ..do .do. ...do ...do ...do ...do ..do ..do .do. ..do.... ..do.... ..do.... ..do.... ..do.... ..do.... do do do do USCGC Mendota. Labrador.. _ do Homeric do do USCGC Mackinac. do. Empress of Scotland. do do .do Empress of Scotland. L'Aventure. Tongariro Manchester Merchant. Arosa Star USS Otterstetter Apr. 27 ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do__ ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do _do. Redcar Unidentified vessel.. ....do Empress of Scotland ....do Newfoundland 46 58 46 59 46 54 46 52 44 50 47 45 47 52 45 38 8 miles ENE Bird Rock 47 06 47 26 47 00 47 19 57 30 46 45 47 45 53 20 45 59 46 30 45 50 45 28 46 07 46 11 46 14 46 09 46 05 46 05 46 03 47 32 47 30 45 05 45 55 45 28 46 45 45 20 45 55 45 35 45 41 45 55 46 01 46 05 46 07 46 08 46 09 46 10 46 16 46 18 46 18 46 28 46 28 46 33 46 34 46 39 From I to I to From From I to From I to From 47 10 47 10 46 10 45 30 45 20 46 55 45 25 45 48 45 48 46 03 46 10 46 05 Line from I to I to I to I to HOCK ll Island 48 08 48 18 48 24 48 26 47 15 47 12 47 31 47 50 48 18 48 18 48 03 52 16 52 19 57 20 47 29 47 22 47 13 48 45 48 30 48 30 46 54 49 04 47 02 46 53 47 05 47 30 4fi 54 47 45 46 46 46 47 46 33 ■17 14 47 09 4li 49 47 04 48 18 i 52 40 50 20 48 55 49 15 48 50 47 05 49 15 48 54 48 54 46 31 46 30 Berg (same as No. 1020). Berg (same as No. 1013). Field ice. Do. Do. Do. Do. Berg (same as No. 1037). Field ice. Do. Berg (same as No. 993). Field ice. Berg (same as No. 995). Berg (same as No. 995). Berg (same as No. 991). Heavy field ice. Field ice. Patches field ice. Field ice. Field ice and growlers. Field ice. Western limits field ice. 48 52 Berg (same as No. 1059). Berg (same as No. 1039). Berg (same as No. 1002). Berg (same as No. 1062). Berg (same as No. 998). Berg (same as No. 1063). Berg (same as No. 1061). Berg (same as No. 999). 2 bergs (same as Nos. 1003, 1047). Berg (same as No. 996). Berg (same as No. 1001). Berg (same as No. 1004). Berg (same as No. 1048). Berg (same as No. 1050). Berg (same as No. 1005). Berg (same as No. 1006). 3 bergs (same as Nos. 1011, 1027, 1024). Southern limits field ice. Small berg and field ice (same as No. 994). 3 bergs (same as Nos. 994, 1062, 1073). Field ice. Berg (same as No. 992). Berg (same as No. 997). Field ice and growlers. 32 TABLE OF ICE REPORTS, 1957-Continued Date Name of vessel North latitude West longitude Description _do. -do. do-: Arosa Star do .--.do ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do_ ...do. Apr. ...do. __.do. _-do- _-.do. —do. Lismoria. USNS J. F. Valdez. Manchester Pioneer . Haida. Ripon. 2S .do. .do. .do. .do. ...do. __.do_ ...do- Apr. -_.do. — do. ..-do. .do .do .do ..do.. .do Avonwood do -_-do Newfoundland. ---.do ....do Beaverlake .....do Cairngowan do do do do do do do do do Unidentified vessel . Saxonia .do. USNS J. E. Kelley. John Lyras -—do Lismoria Unidentified vessel. USCGC Evergreen. do Beaverlake . Empress of France. ....do Axel Gorthon. Imperial Toronto. Maria de Larrinaga. do From 47 28 | 51 55 I 47 47 45 45 47 to 16 42 52 55 44 From 56 | ENE to horizon 10 | 52 and to northward From 60 55 48 35 45 44 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 45 15 45 46 46 46 46 46 ■15 to and to SW and SE 11 15 15 19 is 31 and to northward 47 48 47 40 47 17 From I to I From I to 60 40 60 35 60 52 59 52 From Cape Anguille extending 25 miles SW. 47 46 47 45 44 42 45 45 47 31 47 18 58 49 48 52 St. Johns to 46 00 46 37 From I to From 52 42 49 50 49 30 48 55 St. John's to Cape Ballard 5 miles off shore. From 45 25 | 59 45 to 45 14 | 59 27 to 45 08 | 59 00 to 10 10 miles north Bird Rock to 5 miles north St. Paul Island. i Field ice. Do. Do. Do. Pieces field ice. ■Field ice. Scattered field ice. Field ice. Field ice. Field ice. Berg (same as No. 1089). Berg (same as No. 1071). Scattered field ice and growlers. Berg (same as No. 1105). Field ice. Do. Berg (same as Berg (same as Berg (same as Berg (same as Berg (same as Berg (same as Berg (same as 2 bergs (same Berg (same as Berg (same as Berg (same as Berg (same as Field ice. Do. Do. Field ice. No. 1022). No. 1031). No. 1079). No. 1079). No. 1009). No. 1090). No. 1077). as No. 1040). No. 1043). No. 1007). No. 1042). No. 1044). Do. Do. Berg (same as No. 1106). Berg (same as No. 1116). Berg. Scattered to heavy field ice. Scattered field ice and growlers. Numerous growlers and field ice. I Scattered field ice. Field ice. Field ice boundary. Field ice. Do. 33 TABLE OF ICE REPORTS, 1957-Continued No. Date Name of vessel North latitude West longitude Description 1140 1142 1143 1144 1145 1146 1147 1148 1149 1150 1151 1152 1153 1154 1155 1156 1157 1158 1159 1160 1161 1162 1163 1164 1165 1166 1167 1168 1169 1170 1171 1172 1173 1174 1175 1176 1177 1178 1179 1180 1181 1182 1183 1184 1185 1186 1187 1188 1189 1190 1191 .do .do. 30 Apr. ..do... ..do... ..do... ..do... ..do... ..do... ..do... ..do... ..do... ..do... ..do... ..do May 1 ..do..... ...do May 2 ...do ...do ..do ...do .do. ...do..... ...do ...do May ...do... ...do... ...do... .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. ...do..... May 4 ...do Canadian Department of Transport. .do. USAF plane.. Unidentified vessel . Beaverford do.... USCGC Evergreen. Empress of France . Italia Marengo do do do Unidentified vessel. Beaverford. .do Nova Scotia. USNS J. E. Kelley. USS Otterstetter.. USCGC Campbell. Beaverford Nova Scotia do. .do. do Empress of England. do Ice Patrol plane _ do. do do Unidentified vessel . .do. do. do .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. USNS J. F. Valdez. Obuasi Ice Patrol plane. do .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. -do. .do. .do. .do. .do From Cape George to 46 50 47 10 46 50 45 40 45 15 61 50 60 15 59 30 60 30 to St. Esprit Island From Cape Anguille to 48 00 | 60 45 to 49 10 | 59 15 and westward to coast 45 25 45 42 46 24 47 00 47 03 46 33 45 16 45 33 45 36 45 40 45 42 45 42 f 46 10 { 45 50 45 51 [ 46 32 1 46 49 46 32 50 00 48 48 52 11 59 46 50 34 48 47 58 30 49 02 49 07 48 40 48 58 48 48 49 50 48 50 48 35 53 18 52 53 53 18 Cape Anguille to 47 40 | 59 30 and to westward 45 34 45 38 46 09 47 18 46 31 46 46 47 20 47 31 45 34 48 51 50 40 48 22 52 32 53 38 52 54 52 37 52 33 50 40 Between St. Paul Island and Cape Ray. 44 46 45 36 45 43 46 10 45 42 46 33 46 33 46 34 46 35 46 36 46 36 46 37 50 02 48 50 50 26 50 41 48 36 50 58 51 08 50 46 50 36 50 14 49 40 50 28 5 miles off Motion Head. 47 27 52 38 46 42 45 36 45 46 46 10 46 13 46 16 46 30 46 34 46 36 46 37 46 37 59 23 48 43 48 25 49 51 48 30 48 40 49 42 49 53 50 28 49 57 50 02 Field ice limits. Do. Berg (same as No, Berg (same as No Berg (same as No. Southeast edge of Southern limit ice Scattered field ice. Field ice. Berg (same as No. Berg (same as No. Berg (same as No. Berg (same as No. Berg (same as No. 1073). 1117). 1046). ice field, field. 1113). 1114). 1130). 1130). 1152). •Numerous growlers. •Growlers and field ice. Field ice. •Southern limits field ice. Berg (same as No. 1115). Berg (same as No. 1112). Berg (same as No. 1087). Berg. Growler. Scattered field ice and growlers. Field ice. Do. Scattered field ice. Berg (same as No. 1129). Berg (same as No. 1158). Berg (same as No. 1159). Berg (same as No. 952). Berg. Berg (same as No. 1029). Berg (same as No. 1025). Berg (same as No. 1035). Berg (same as No. 1030). Berg (same as No. 1020). Berg (same as No. 949). Berg (same as No. 1028). Berg (same as No. 1131). Berg, patches field ice (same as No. 1179). Growlers, scattered field ice. Berg (same as No. 1168). Berg (same as No. 1032). Berg (same as No. 1087). Berg (same as No. 1160). Berg (same as No. 1087). Berg (same as No. 1177). Berg (same as No. 1176). Berg (same as No. 1178). Berg (same as No. 970). Berg (same as No. 1170). 34 TABLE OF ICE REPORTS, 1957-Continued North West No. Date Name of vessel latitude longitude Description 1192 ...do do 46 43 0 / 50 37 Berg (same as No. 1175). 1193 ...do do 46 46 50 27 Berg (same as No. 1173). 1194 do 46 47 50 47 Berg (same as No. 1174). 1195 ...do..— do... 46 59 48 21 Berg (same as No. 1021). 1196 ...do do - 46 59 51 03 Berg (same as No. 1172). 1197 ...do do 47 17 52 34 Berg. 1198 ...do do 47 26 52 37 Berg (same as No. 1180). 1199 ...do do From Ferryland to Cape Spear. Shore lead, 1-5 miles wide. 1200 do 46 12 48 31 Berg (same as No. 1185). 1201 ...do 47 00 51 35 Berg (same as No. 1050). 1202 . do 47 50 50 55 Berg (same as No. 1049). 1203 ...do do 47 58 50 55 Berg. 1204 do 48 08 51 35 Berg. f 47 45 60 25 1 1205 ...do | to ►Field ice. 47 30 60 00 1206 ...do 47 32 f 47 34 60 11 60 15 Heavy pieces field ice. 1207 ...do to [Field ice. I 47 32 1 60 04 44 40 1 60 09 1208 do \ to 1 44 39 | 60 40 From 47 10 | 60 15 to 45 20 | 59 10 1209 ...do Canadian Department of Field ice limits. Transport. to 44 40 | 60 50 to Cape Breton 1210 May 5 ...do 45 25 48 35 1211 45 42 48 48 Berg (same as No. 1183). 1212 ...do ...do 45 40 46 13 48 56 48 28 1213 USCGCBibb Berg (same as No. 1185). 1214 ...do do 46 17 48 31 Berg (same as No. 1186). 1215 do 46 25 48 22 1216 ...do 46 30 52 30 Berg (same as No. 1144). 1217 ...do do 46 50 50 37 Berg (same as No. 1194). 1218 ...do do 46 52 51 38 Berg (same as No. 1201). 1219 do 48 25 52 30 Berg. 1220 ...do f 45 15 60 50 1 Field ice. 1 and eastward 1221 ___do do - 45 43 48 54 Berg (same as No. 1212). 1222 --do do 46 01 48 15 Berg (same as No. 1213). 1223 .-.do do 46 16 48 16 Berg (same as No. 1185). 1224 ...do do 46 25 48 21 Berg (same as No. 1213). 1225 ...do do 46 42 49 48 Berg (same as No. 1188). 1226 __.do do 46 44 48 25 Berg (same as No. 1195). 1227 ...do do 46 46 50 00 Berg (same as No. 1190). 1228 ...do do 46 47 50 29 Berg (same as No. 1193). 1229 46 50 49 35 1230 ...do do 46 50 49 17 Berg. 1231 ...do do 46 53 52 21 Berg (same as No. 1197). 1232 —do do 46 55 52 19 Berg. 1233 ...do do 46 56 49 41 Do. 1234 ...do do 46 57 51 56 Berg (same as No. 1218). 1235 ...do do 46 58 52 47 Berg. 1236 ...do do 46 59 49 43 Do. 1237 ...do do 46 59 48 29 Do. 1238 ...do do 47 00 50 03 Berg (same as No. 1217). 1239 ...do do 47 01 49 50 Berg (same as No. 1192). 1240 ...do do 47 02 52 00 Berg. 1241 ...do do 47 02 49 28 Do. 1242 ...do do 47 04 49 39 Do. 1243 ...do do 47 07 49 04 Do. 1244 ...do do 47 09 48 31 Do. 1245 ...do do 47 09 49 04 Do. 1246 ...do do 47 11 48 29 Do. 1247 ...do do 47 13 50 45 Berg (same as No. 1196). 1248 ...do do 47 15 50 32 Berg. 1249 ...do do 47 16 49 19 Do. 1250 ...do do 47 18 48 47 Do. 1251 ...do do 47 19 49 21 Do. 1252 ...do do 47 19 52 39 Berg (same as No. 1198). 1253 ...do do 47 21 50 01 Berg. 1254 ...do do 47 22 49 34 Do. 1255 ...do do 47 23 48 47 Do. 1256 ...do do 47 23 51 10 Do. 1257 ...do do 47 25 49 29 Do. 1258 ...do do 47 26 50 25 Do. 35 TABLE OF ICE REPORTS, 1957-Continued North West No. Date Name of vessel latitude longitude Description 1259 ...do do. 47 26 51 04 Berg (same as No. 1202). 1260 ...do do 47 26 49 04 Berg. 1261 ...do do 47 27 49 38 Do. 1262 ...do do 47 29 51 18 Berg (same as No. 1203). 1263 ...do do 47 29 49 18 Berg. 1264 ...do do 47 29 49 05 Berg. 1265 ...do do 47 30 51 19 Do. 1266 ...do do 47 30 51 09 Do. 1267 ...do do 47 30 49 31 Do. 1268 ...do do 47 31 49 08 Do. 1269 ...do do 47 31 48 20 Do. 1270 ...do do 47 32 50 16 Do. 1271 ...do do 47 33 51 20 Do. 1272 ...do do 47 33 49 14 Do. 1273 ...do do 47 33 48 20 Do. 1274 ...do do 47 34 50 11 Do. 1275 ...do do 47 35 51 18 Do. 1276 ...do do 47 35 50 20 Do. 1277 ...do do 47 36 50 01 Do. 1278 ...do do 47 38 51 11 Do. 1279 ...do do 47 39 51 03 Do. 1280 ...do do 47 40 50 30 Do. 1281 ...do do 47 40 48 50 Do. 1282 ...do do 47 41 49 05 Do. 1283 ...do do 47 41 49 02 Do. 1284 ...do do 47 41 48 52 Do. 1285 ...do do. 47 41 52 04 Do. 1286 ...do do 47 41 52 38 Do. 1287 ...do 47 41 52 41 Do. 1288 ...do do 47 42 49 06 Do. 1289 ...do do 47 42 50 50 Do. 1290 ...do do 47 44 49 15 Do. 1291 ...do do 47 44 49 08 Do. 1292 ...do do 47 46 52 07 Do. 1293 ...do do 47 49 52 08 Do. 1294 ...do do 47 50 52 05 Do. 1295 ...do do 47 51 49 00 Do. 1296 ...do do 47 53 52 00 Do. 1297 ...do do 47 53 50 05 Do. 1298 ...do do 47 53 49 18 Do. 1299 ...do do 47 55 48 48 Do. 1300 ...do do 47 55 50 28 Do. 1301 ...do do 47 56 49 40 Do. 1302 ...do do 47 58 50 10 Do. 1303 ...do do 48 00 50 08 Do. 1304 ...do do 48 01 50 11 Do. 1305 ...do do 48 01 51 10 Do. 1306 ...do do 48 02 50 49 Do. 1307 ...do do 48 02 50 20 Do. 1308 ...do do 48 03 51 32 Do. 1309 ...do 45 35 49 04 Berg (same as No. 1167). Berg (same as No. 1221). 1310 ...do do 45 38 48 57 1311 ...do do 46 00 48 19 Berg (same as No. 1222). 1312 ...do Unidentified vessel 45 40 48 52 1313 ...do do 47 20 49 10 Berg (same as No. 1051). 1314 ...do 45 55 48 11 Berg (same as No. 1311). Berg (same as No. 1314). Berg (same as No. 1223). 1315 ...do 45 59 48 13 1316 ...do do 46 17 48 12 1317 ...do do 46 19 48 18 Berg (same as No. 1213). 1318 ...do 46 07 50 10 Berg (same as No. 1184). Berg (same as No. 1226). 1319 ...do do 46 40 48 38 1320 ...do do 46 14 49 31 Growler. 1321 ...do do 46 37 48 35 Do. 1322 ...do 46 18 48 15 Berg (same as No. 1186). 3 bergs (same as Nos. 1225, 1227, 1229). 2 bergs (same as No. 1218). 1323 ...do USN plane 46 41 49 52 1324 ...do Unidentified plane.. 46 50 51 52 1325 ...do 47 30 49 00 Several bergs (same as No. 1313). 1326 ...do SAS plane 49 40 50 40 1327 ...do USNSBondia 44 45 61 00 Field ice. 1328 ...do f 47 12 \ and to n( 59 49 >rthward 1 Patches field ice. 1329 May 7 Ice Patrol plane 46 02 51 13 Berg. 1330 ...do do 46 03 50 08 Berg (same as No. 1318). 1331 ...do do 46 33 53 03 Berg. 1332 ...do do 46 34 52 59 Berg (same as No. 1216). 1333 ...do do 46 48 52 50 Berg (same as No. 1235). 1334 ...do do 46 53 51 40 Berg (same as No. 1234). 1335 ...do do 46 53 52 06 Berg (same as No. 1240). 36 TABLE OF ICE REPORTS, 1957-Continued Date Name of vessel North latitude West longitude Description .do. .do. .do... ...do... ..do... ..do... ...do... .do... .do... ...do... ...do... ...do... May ...do... ...do... ...do... ...do... ...do... ...do... ...do... ...do... ...do... ...do... ...do... ..do... ..do... ...do... ...do... ...do... ...do... ...do... ...do... ...do... ...do... ..do... ..do... .do. Cairnavon. Mormacfir. do..... do do do Corinaldo USN plane Mormacfir Bergensfjord Ice Patrol plane. do Port Dunedin Cairnavon Empress of Scotland. Empress of Scotland. Unidentified vessel .. do USCGC Mackinac. do Unidentified plane.. Stanpark Hydro Unidentified vessel. Beaverlodge USN plane. ...do do Canadian Department of Transport. do May ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. Unidentified vessel Manchester Explorer. USCGC Evergreen... Baskerville do USCGC Mackinac... do From 46 30 | 52 50 to northward 5-15 miles offshore 46 05 47 00 47 08 47 09 47 10 47 24 47 02 47 10 47 59 44 22 45 38 45 46 46 05 46 13 46 18 46 41 46 43 46 46 46 50 46 56 47 12 45 42 45 53 46 18 46 22 46 21 46 21 46 30 46 47 46 54 47 20 49 40 46 23 47 21 45 45 46 05 46 25 46 35 46 50 46 25 46 50 From I to I to I to I to I to I to 50 13 50 22 49 42 49 50 49 38 49 00 47 36 45 11 47 14 60 33 49 01 48 42 50 26 51 12 48 21 48 28 47 28 52 18 52 29 52 11 52 38 48 58 48 20 48 09 48 13 48 14 48 18 49 32 47 39 51 44 49 10 50 40 58 46 59 57 60 10 58 48 58 48 59 00 59 30 60 15 60 05 St. Paul Island to northwest From 47 10 60 40 60 10 60 10 46 10 | 58 30 to 45 20 | 59 20 From Cape Ray to 47 40 60 00 to | 59 25 to Bay of Islands 45 38 45 47 46 02 46 08 46 30 46 31 46 38 48 49 48 38 48 28 48 24 47 22 52 22 52 41 .Scattered field ice. Berg (same as No. 1330). Berg (same as No. 1248). Berg (same as No. 1239). Berg (same as No. 1238). Berg (same as No. 1242). Berg (same as No. 1260). Berg. Do. Numerous growlers. Southern limit field ice. Berg (same as No. 1221). Berg (same as No. 1222). Berg (same as No. 1337). Berg (same as No. 1329). Berg (same as No. 1223). Berg (same as No. 1226). Berg (same as No. 1343). Berg (same as No. 1335). Berg (same as No. 1231). Berg (same as No. 1232). Berg (same as No. 1252). Berg (same as No. 1347). Berg (same as No. 1348). Berg (same as No. 1351). Berg and growlers (same as No. 1224). Berg (same as No. 1361). Berg (same as No. 1360). Berg. Berg (same as No. 1343). Berg (same as No. 1334). Scattered field ice. Field ice. •Field ice limits. Do. Field ice limits. Berg (same as No. 1347). Berg (same as No. 1348). Berg (same as No. 1351). Berg (same as No. 1376). Berg (same as No. 1353). Berg (same as No. 1354). Berg (same as No. 1333). 37 TABLE OF ICE REPORTS, 1957-Continued North West No. Date Name of vessel latitude longitude Description 1381 ...do o / 46 40 52 41 Berg (same as No. 1355). 1382 ...do ""Ido"""""""""" 46 50 52 51 Berg. 1383 do Empress of Britain 46 36 52 23 Berg (same as No. 1379). 1384 ...do 46 43 52 49 Berg (same as No. 1381). 1385 ...do do 46 55 51 43 Berg (same as No. 1351). 1386 ...do do 47 02 52 09 Berg (same as No. 1356). 1387 ...do do 46 35 52 38 Growler. 1388 ...do do 46 48 52 21 Do. 1389 ...do do / 47 45 60 00 Field ice. [ and northward 1390 ...do Manchester Mariner 46 46 48 22 Berg (same as No. 1352). 1391 ...do do 46 55 47 09 Growler. 1392 ...do do 46 58 47 05 Do. 1393 do USNS Vela 47 05 52 44 Numerous growlers. 1394 .. do Cornwall 47 06 59 42 Field ice. 1395 ...do do 46 25 f 47 41 58 31 60 07 Do. 1396 ...do Empress of Scotland. ] to \ Do. ( 47 53 60 14 J 1397 May 10 ...do Unidentified vessel 45 36 48 42 Berg (same as No. 1374). 1398 48 00 51 22 Berg. 1399 do "USCGC Evergreen..""."! 46 18 47 49 Berg (same as No. 1378). 1400 ...do 46 20 47 59 Berg (same as No. 1361). 1401 ...do "."do."."."-"--.".""~"." 46 07 47 32 Growler. 1402 ...do 46 39 52 28 Berg (same as No. 1383). 1403 ...do 47 00 50 18 Berg (same as No. 1338). 1404 ...do do 47 23 48 40 Berg. 1405 ...do do 47 35 47 44 Do. 1406 ...do do 47 42 57 27 Berg and growlers. 1407 ...do ...."do 47 18 47 20 Field ice. 1408 ...do ...do USNS Vela 47 19 47 21 52 40 52 40 Berg (same as No. 1285). 1409 do Berg (same as No. 1252). 1410 ...do Empress of Britain 47 55 49 50 Berg (same as No. 1233). 1411 ...do do 47 56 49 40 Berg (same as No. 1302). 1412 ...do do 48 05 f Fr< 48 05 49 23 >m 49 23 0 48 15 47 35 0 47 02 Berg. 1413 ...do do 47 46 1 Field ice limits. 47 29 t I 47 27 1414 ...do ...do ...do Haminea 46 09 48 20 49 00 58 22 50 20 50 20 Field ice. 1415 Avis Bank .. Do. 1416 do.. Do. 1417 ...do River Afton / 48 44 49 31 1 Do. \ and to sou h and west 1418 do Unidentified vessel 45 40 48 51 Berg (same as No. 1374). 1419 ...do do . 45 36 48 24 Berg (same as No. 1374). 1420 do Birmingham City 45 49 48 52 Berg (same as No. 1418). 1421 ...do 45 52 48 18 Berg (same as No. 1419). 1422 ...do "".Ido"""-""-!"-"."."" 46 08 48 25 Berg (same as No. 1376). 1423 ...do do ... 46 20 47 58 Berg (same as No. 1400). 1424 May 11 ...do Rathlin Head 46 07 48 29 Berg (same as No. 1422). 1425 do 46 27 48 01 Berg (same as No. 1423). 1426 ...do do 46 34 48 15 Berg (same as No. 1390). 1427 do ... USCGC Evergreen 46 42 45 44 Berg (same as No. 1281). 1428 ...do do 46 42 45 49 Berg (same as No. 1282). 1429 ...do do 46 44 46 58 Berg (same as No. 1269). 1430 ...do do 46 44 47 08 Berg (same as No. 1273). 1431 ...do do 47 00 47 20 Light field ice. 1432 ...do Cairndhu 46 43 46 00 Berg (same as No. 1299). 1433 _..do do 46 43 46 54 Berg (same as No. 1295). 1434 ...do .....do 46 44 46 56 Berg (same as No. 1430). 1435 ...do do 46 44 46 58 Berg (same as No. 1429). 1436 ...do ...do AxelGorthon 47 31 47 37 49 34 49 51 Berg (same as No. 1261). 1437 do Berg (same as No. 1297). 1438 ...do do 47 41 49 10 Berg (same as No. 1282). 1439 ...do do 47 44 48 54 Berg (same as No. 1427). 1440 ...do do 47 50 48 23 Berg (same as No. 1302). 1441 ...do do 47 54 48 44 Berg (same as No. 1298). 1442 ...do do 47 50 47 30 Heavy field ice. 1443 do Empress of France -_ 47 09 46 47 Numerous growlers. 1444 ...do do f 47 00 \ and noi 47 20 1 Field ice. thwards 1445 ...do ...do Haminea 49 00 48 48 59 17 49 16 Do. 1446 Avis Bank Do. 38 TABLE OF ICE REPORTS, 1957-Continued Date Name of vessel North latitude West longitude Description ...do- May 12 ...do ...do ...do Canadian Department of Transport. Unidentified vessel. do Cuyahoga .do_ .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do- Manchester Merchant. Torsholm Transquebec do do USCGC Evergreen.... do. ...do._.. ...do.... ._.do_._. USNS J. E. Kelley. do La Cumbre ___do. iimini. --.do. ...do... ...do... ...do_-. ...do... Stanfield... do do .._.do May 13 ...do ...do ...do ...do __.do__- -do Ice Patrol plane do ....do ....do --.do ....do ....do .__do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do __.do May 14 ...do __.do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do Irish Pine Roonagh Head Unidentified vessel. Torsholm Castel Felice .—.do.. Carinthia USNS J. E. Kelley _ Prins Frederik Cyrus Field. Sheldrake Vibyholm Marengo do do Lewis R. Sanderson. do do Nova Scotia do do Sheldrake do .do .do .do .do Empress of England . _-_.do do ....do .do. .do- Empress of England. Unidentified vessel.. From Money Point to 46 50 | 59 10 45 40 45 20 to 58 40 59 30 St. Esprit Island 45 25 45 40 45 25 46 02 45 33 46 "21 46 29 46 41 46 48 48 38 46 47 47 02 47 16 47 15 47 31 47 30 47 35 47 58 48 00 48 00 48 03 and to 45 25 46 35 46 42 46 53 46 58 47 02 47 06 45 11 45 30 45 34 46 24 46 39 46 45 46 33 47 08 47 20 46 45 46 20 46 30 46 39 44 55 45 32 46 20 46 20 45 39 45 40 45 43 46 07 47 03 46 18 46 27 46 30 46 35 46 37 46 37 46 37 47 10 46 58 46 47 46 40 46 44 48 30 48 49 49 00 48 45 48 32 47 04 48 58 47 55 47 12 52 24 51 38 52 46 52 39 49 10 52 15 47 30 48 15 48 57 49 12 49 34 49 12 NNW and SSE 48 54 51 47 52 24 51 48 52 48 52 41 52 43 48 34 48 10 48 15 48 10 46 48 46 48 47 25 52 42 From I to From I to 46 20 47 20 59 00 59 17 46 29 48 45 48 33 46 48 46 41 48 49 48 57 48 46 47 13 50 05 47 14 47 17 47 13 47 02 47 06 47 09 47 30 46 07 46 37 46 54 47 15 47 38 ■Field ice limits. Berg (same as No. 1419). Berg (same as No. 1418). Berg (same as No. 1337). Berg (same as No. 1422). Berg (same as No. 1421). Berg (same as No. 1430). Berg (same as No. 1230). Berg (same as No. 1237). Field ice. Berg (same as No. 1402). Berg (same as No. 1385). Berg (same as No. 1408). Berg (same as No. 1409). 4 bergs (same as Nos. 1243, 1245, 1249 and 1251). Berg (same as No. 1292). Berg (same as No. 1405). 2 bergs (same as Nos. 1440 and 1441). Berg. Do. Do. 1 Field ice. Berg (same as No. 1450). Berg (same as No. 1458). Berg (same as No. 1457). Berg (same as No. 1386). Berg (same as No. 1459). Berg (same as No. 1357). Berg (same as No. 1460). Berg (same as No. 1448). Berg (same as No. 1399). Berg (same as No. 1477). Berg (same as No. 1426). Berg (same as No. 1429). Many growlers. Numerous growlers. Do. [Field ice. !■ Loose field ice. Scattered field ice. Berg (same as No. 1476). Berg (same as No. 1452). Berg (same as No. 1454). Several growlers. Berg (same as No. 1449). Berg (same as No. 1469). Berg (same as No. 1451). Berg (same as No. 1453). Berg (same as No. 1349). Pieces field ice. Berg (same as No. 1404). 2 bergs (same as Nos. 1244 and 1246). Berg (same as No. 1480). Berg (same as No. 1498). Berg (same as No. 1498). Berg (same as No. 1455). Growlers and field ice. Field ice. Numerous growlers and field ice. 39 TABLE OF ICE REPORTS, 1957-Continued No. Date Name of vessel North latitude West longitude Description 1506 1507 1508 1509 1510 1511 1512 1513 1514 1515 1516 1517 1518 1519 1520 1521 1522 1523 1524 1525 1526 1527 1528 1529 1530 1531 1532 1533 1534 1535 1536 1537 1538 1539 1540 1541 1542 1543 1544 1545 1546 1547 1548 1549 1550 1551 1552 1553 1554 1555 1556 1557 1558 1559 1560 1561 1562 1563 1564 1565 1566 1567 1568 1569 1570 ..do.... ..do.... ..do.... ..do.... USNS J. E. Kelley. do....... Bergensfjord La Cumbre __.do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ___do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do. ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do _-.do do ...do do ...do do _..do do ...do do ...do do ...do do _._do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do __.do do ....do City of Poona. Suninger Unidentified vessel. do Rook wood. .do. .do .do. .do. -do_ .do. .do. .do. Salacia do do do do ...do— . .do- New York. do.— do— do.... do— do— Ivernia do Prins VVillem IV. .....do do ...do— . ... do.... ...do.... ...do.... ... do.... ...do.... do— Stanfield. do Nea Hellas Wiedenborstel. USNS Vela- Canadian Department of Transport. 46 52 47 00 47 00 47 20 44 33 44 39 45 23 45 24 45 32 45 33 45 34 45 35 45 35 45 41 45 52 45 52 45 56 46 02 46 03 46 08 46 18 46 21 46 28 46 39 46 42 46 46 46 53 47 04 44 01 44 03 44 16 45 58 Gull 46 55 47 05 46 10 44 53 44 59 45 18 45 24 45 22 45 34 45 16 45 31 45 39 45 44 45 44 45 48 45 57 45 45 46 10 46 13 46 13 46 21 46 23 46 10 52 50 52 45 46 05 47 25 48 58 49 00 48 59 48 48 48 04 48 28 48 18 48 48 47 56 48 40 47 52 47 20 47 11 47 50 48 54 48 59 49 16 49 19 52 33 52 52 52 01 52 57 52 40 52 50 49 47 49 28 48 43 47 20 Island to | 51 55 to 51 20 47 19 49 03 48 35 48 30 48 46 49 07 48 31 49 03 49 01 48 45 48 32 48 01 47 53 47 25 47 51 47 20 46 48 47 46 47 23 47 25 47 20 and northeastward 46 24 52 34 46 34 47 19 16 28 47 26 46 24 48 13 46 31 47 10 46 40 46 45 46 33 48 00 46 52 48 11 46 27 46 19 46 26 47 00 St. George Bay From St. Esprit Island to 45 30 | 59 40 to 45 40 | 58 50 to Berg (same as No. 1473). Berg (same as No. 1474). Berg (same as No. 1406). Berg and numerous growlers as No. 1463). Berg (same as No. 1423). Berg (same as No. 1487). Berg (same as No. 1492). Berg (same as No. 1488). Berg (same as No. 1494). Berg (same as No. 1491). Berg (same as No. 1229). Berg (same as No. 1493). Berg (same as No. 1479). Berg (same as No. 1241). Berg (same as No. 1342). Berg (same as No. 1490). Berg (same as No. 1489). Berg (same as No. 1497). Berg (same as No. 1254). Berg (same as No. 1253). Berg (same as No. 1339). Berg (same as No. 1341). Berg (same as No. 1380). Berg (same as No. 1506). Berg (same as No. 1472). Berg (same as No. 1382). Berg (same as No. 1507). Berg (same as No. 1475). Growler. Do. Do. Do. Field ice. Do. 3 bergs (same as Nos. 1510 and 1511). Berg (same as No. 1511). Berg. Berg (same as No. 1513). Berg (same as No. 1512). Berg (same as No. 1515). Growler. Berg (same as No. 1544). Berg (same as No. 1517). Berg (same as No. 1545). Berg (same as No. 1514). Berg (same as No. 1518). Berg (same as No. 1521). 3 growlers. Berg (same as No. 1552). Berg (same as No. 1499). Berg (same as No. 1523). Berg (same as No. 1501). Berg (same as No. 1502). IScattered field ice. Berg (same as No. 1528). Berg (same as No. 1558). Berg (same as No. 1558). Growler. Numerous growlers. 2 bergs (same as Nos. 1255 and 1288). Berg. Growler. Numerous growlers. Scattered field ice. Cape Breton ice limits. 40 TABLE OF ICE REPORTS, 1957-Continued North West No. Date Name of vessel latitude longitude Description O / 0 / Scatari Island to 46 20 | 59 50 1570 ...do Canadian Department of ■Cape Breton ice limits. Transport. to , 46 25 60 30 1571 May 16 ...do ...do Indiana ._ 45 26 46 38 46 12 48 30 47 09 48 55 Berg (same as No. 1549). 1572 Assyria Berg (same as No. 1500). 1573 do Growler. 1574 ...do ...do Arthur Cross 46 43 46 57 53 00 52 50 Berg (same as No. 1531). 1575 Berg (same as No. 1532). 1576 ...do Y//^do "''"////.'"..'..'... 47 02 52 49 Berg (same as No. 1533). From 1577 ...do Windsor 46 05 | 47 02 to 45 42 1 49 10 Numerous growlers. 1578 ...do Newfoundland I 46 20 | 46 25 Many growlers. [ and southwestward 1579 ...do ...do Ellinis 47 25 47 25 47 40 48 00 Field ice. 1580 .....do Do. 1581 ...do May 17 Moisie Bay . . 45 50 44 11 59 35 48 58 Scattered field ice. 1582 Ice Patrol plane Berg (same as No. 1540). 1583 ...do do 44 13 49 12 Berg (same as No. 1540). 1584 ...do do 44 58 48 45 Berg (same as No. 1541). 1585 ...do do 45 00 49 10 Berg (same as No. 1571). 1586 ...do do _ 45 08 49 13 Berg (same as No. 1547). 1587 ...do do 45 09 48 29 Berg (same as No. 1543). 1588 ...do do 45 12 48 36 Berg (same as No. 1516). 1589 ...do do 45 15 48 45 Berg (same as No. 1550). 1590 ...do do 45 17 49 09 Berg (same as No. 1524). 1591 ...do do 45 40 50 20 Berg (same as No. 1225). 1592 ...do do 45 54 50 47 Berg (same as No. 1228). 1593 ...do do 46 00 50 43 Berg (same as No. 1227). 1594 ...do do 46 24 52 30 Berg (same as No. 1560). 1595 ...do do 46 35 52 00 Berg (same as No. 1530). 1596 ...do do 46 40 52 57 Berg (same as No. 1529). 1597 ...do do 46 47 52 56 Berg (same as No. 1574). 1598 ...do do 46 58 52 15 Berg (same as No. 1462). 1599 ...do do... 44 03 48 38 Growler. 1600 ...do USAF plane 44 48 48 48 Berg (same as No. 1584). Between 1 1601 ...do Olympia 44 55 | 48 50 and 13 bergs, 2 growlers (same as Nos. 1584, 1585 and 1587). I 44 55 48 55 1602 ...do Unidentified vessel 45 30 48 36 2 bergs (same as Nos. 1517 and 1519). 1603 ...do do 46 12 52 27 Berg (same as No. 1471). 1604 ...do ...do Neptunia 45 59 45 59 46 55 47 16 Radar target, possible berg. 1605 do Do. 1606 ...do do 46 05 47 29 Do. 1607 ...do ."."do""""""""""""" 46 05 46 43 Do. 1608 ...do do 46 07 47 21 Do. 1609 ...do ...do Beaverlake 46 02 46 10 47 17 47 11 Berg (same as No. 1565). 1610 do Berg (same as No. 1561). 1611 ...do do 46 12 47 40 Berg (same as No. 1565). 1612 ...do do 46 16 47 43 Berg (same as No. 1566). 1613 ...do do 46 18 47 00 Numerous growlers and loose pieces of field ice. 1614 ...do do 46 18 47 20 Field ice. 1615 ...do do 1 46 37 46 40 \ Do. \ and to northwestward 1616 ...do ...do ...do Traviata 46 09 46 12 46 13 52 23 47 10 47 32 Berg (same as No. 1603). 1617 Beaverburn Berg (same as No. 1610). 1618 do Berg (same as No. 1439). 1619 ...do do 46 22 47 00 Berg (same as No. 1464). 1620 ...do do 46 43 46 59 Berg (same as No. 1464). From ' 46 37 | 46 47 to ■ 46 35 | 46 58 to 46 19 | 47 04 1621 ...do do •Strings of open pack ice and growlers. to northward From 46 25 | 47 06 to 46 18 | -47 00 1622 ...do do Scattered pieces of field ice and | to numerous growlers. 46 18 | 47 32 { 46 12 | 47 29 41 TABLE OF ICE REPORTS, 1957-Continued North West No. Date Name of vessel latitude longitude Description 1623 ...do Newfoundland 46 14 47 31 Berg (same as No. 1557). 1624 ...do ...do 46 19 47 11 Berg (same as No. 1618). 1625 ...do do 46 39 51 49 Berg (same as No. 1470). 1626 ...do 46 14 47 13 1627 ...do do 46 20 47 40 2 bergs (same as Nos. 1611 1612). and 1628 ...do do 46 30 47 00 Numerous growlers. 1629 ...do 46 18 52 26 Berg (same as No. 1616). 1630 . do .. 46 54 47 23 1631 ...do 46 34 47 49 Growler. 1632 ...do do 46 46 47 53 Do. 1633 ...do do 46 55 47 28 Do. 1634 ...do do 46 59 47 03 Do. 1635 ...do 47 02 52 49 Berg (same as No. 1533). 1636 ...do do 47 26 52 38 Growler. 1637 ...do Ellinis 48 f 40 48 From 05 2 bergs, numerous growlers. 1 1638 ...do Empress of Scotland i ,7 00 47 00 [■Field ice. to> NE 1639 May 18 43 46 49 02 1640 ...do do 43 50 49 12 Berg (same as No. 1583). 1641 ...do do 44 40 48 46 Berg (same as No. 1584). 1642 ...do do 44 47 48 41 Berg (same as No. 1587). 1643 ...do do 44 48 48 46 Berg (same as No. 1588). 1644 ...do do 44 52 49 18 Berg (same as No. 1585). 1645 ...do do..... 45 05 48 33 Berg (same as No. 1589). 1646 ...do do 45 13 48 05 Berg (same as No. 1518). 1647 ...do do 45 17 47 52 Berg (same as No. 1520). 1648 ...do do 45 20 48 46 Berg (same as No. 1602). 1649 ...do do 45 20 49 07 Berg (same as No. 1590). 1650 ...do do 45 24 48 51 Berg (same as No. 1523). 1651 ...do do 45 24 48 30 Berg (same as No. 1521). 1652 ...do do 45 50 48 05 Berg (same as No. 1522). 1653 ...do do 45 54 48 05 Berg (same as No. 1525). 1654 ...do do 46 42 51 43 Berg (same as No. 1247). 1655 ...do do 47 16 51 38 Berg (same as No. 1265). 1656 ...do do 47 17 51 29 Berg (same as No. 1256). 1657 ...do do 47 19 51 22 Berg (same as No. 1259). 1658 ...do do 47 23 51 30 Berg (same as No. 1279). 1659 ...do do 47 23 51 49 Berg (same as No. 1296). 1660 ...do do 47 28 51 38 Berg. 1661 ...do do 47 28 52 35 Berg (same as No. 1287). 1662 ...do do 47 32 52 30 Berg. 1663 ...do do 47 36 52 18 Do. 1664 ...do do 47 38 51 45 Do. 1665 ...do do 47 42 52 33 Do. 1666 ...do do 47 42 52 42 Do. 1667 ...do do 47 47 52 42 Do. 1668 ...do do 47 51 52 47 Do. 1669 ...do do 47 54 52 52 Do. 1670 ...do do 47 52 52 56 Do. 1671 ...do do 48 48 04 Line 10 52 from 52 50 40 Do. 1672 ...do do 47 t 40 0 52 0 51 00 [Southern field ice limits. 47 40 10 J 1673 ...do 44 55 49 06 Berg (same as No. 1586). 1674 ...do do 45 15 48 13 Berg. 1675 ...do do 45 08 48 03 Numerous growlers. 1676 ...do 45 20 48 48 Berg. 1677 ...do do 45 59 46 03 Berg (same as No. 1607). 1678 ...do ...do Elsbeth Wiards 45 46 21 00 47 47 51 20 Berg (same as No. 1647). Berg (same as No. 1605). 1679 USCGC Chincoteague 1680 ...do do 46 15 47 26 Berg (same as No. 1623). 1681 ...do do 46 15 46 33 Berg (same as No. 1555). 1682 ...do do 46 19 50 20 Berg. 1683 ...do do 46 21 47 08 Berg (same as No. 1619). 1684 ...do ...do ...do 46 46 46 02 05 06 47 47 47 15 30 35 Berg (same as No. 1609). Berg (same as No. 1606). Berg (same as No. 1611)., 1685 1686 do.. 1687 ...do do 46 13 47 42 Berg (same as No. 1612). 1688 ...do do 46 17 47 45 Berg (same as No. 1623). 1689 ...do ...do 46 . 47 42 43 51 50 45 05 Berg (same as No. 1625). Several bergs and growlers (sar Nos. 1276, 1277 and 1300). 1690 USNSTowle... ne as 1691 ...do do...- 47 45 48 48 Berg (same as No. 1465). 1692 ...do do 47 48 49 06 Berg (same as No. 1467). 1693 ...do do 47 50 48 57 Berg (same as No. 1466). 42 TABLE OF ICE REPORTS, 1957-Continued Date Name of vessel North latitude West longitude Description ...do do ...do May 19 ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do .do do ...do do ...do do ..do.... ..do.... ...do.... ...do.... ..do.... Ice Patrol vessel.. Cassiopia do Ophelia do do Irish Poplar Unidentified vessel. .do. Veslefjell Cedar Trader. do do do do Ascania do Malaga do do do Cairngowan. Saxonia do do do Ameriki Mackay do do .do .do. ..do ..do ..do May 20 ..do ..do Elsie Winck USCGC Chincoteague Canadian Department of Transport. Ice Patrol plane do Ice Patrol vessel. Prins Willem IV. Kentucky do do Sun Valley . do Alceo Gripsholm. do.... do,— do.... 47 49 48 51 and to north and south 47 02 43 22 43 31 44 49 44 57 45 05 45 15 45 15 45 16 45 22 46 28 46 36 46 50 46 54 46 56 46 22 49 21 49 19 48 31 48 58 48 07 48 00 49 01 48 19 48 55 52 09 51 40 52 55 52 34 52 52 Between lats. 47°10' N. and 48°00' N. and longs. 50°40' W. and 52°40' W. 43 22 43 18 43 20 44 58 45 15 45 16 44 59 45 19 45 39 45 56 46 08 46 08 46 15 46 16 46 24 46 09 46 10 46 10 46 25 46 20 46 24 46 35 46 42 47 09 47 14 46 57 47 10 47 16 47 18 47 29 48 00 47 42 42 30 46 11 45 40 42 45 43 17 43 43 46 17 46 31 46 43 46 58 47 04 42 48 43 45 44 39 44 47 44 51 44 55 45 11 45 18 45 20 45 01 44 58 45 03 45 04 45 08 45 12 Vicinity of 49 17 49 15 48 52 49 13 48 20 49 07 48 35 49 03 48 20 45 39 46 31 46 49 46 16 46 42 46 27 47 40 47 29 47 30 46 10 46 10 46 38 48 00 51 41 49 11 49 01 51 01 51 30 51 22 50 56 50 57 48 40 49 38 50 35 46 15 59 40 49 15 48 20 48 27 52 20 53 12 53 00 52 45 52 36 49 20 48 48 48 22 48 03 49 07 49 05 48 17 47 45 47 55 48 28 48 51 47 35 48 12 48 11 48 30 .String field ice. Field ice and g Berg (same as Berg (same as Berg (same as Berg (same as Berg (same as Berg (same as Berg (same as Berg (same as Berg (same as Berg (same as Berg (same as Berg (same as Berg (same as Berg. Approximately rowlers. No. 1640). No. 1639). No. 1645). No. 1673). No. 1674). No. 1678). No. 1649). No. 1648). No. 1650). No. 1595). No. 1689). No. 1635). No. 1598). 50 bergs. Berg (same as No. Berg (same as No. Berg (same as No. Berg (same as No. Berg and many g No. 1703). Berg (same as No. Berg (same as No. Berg (same as No. Berg (same as No. Berg (same as No. Berg (same as No. Berg (same as No. Berg (same as No. Berg (same as No. Berg (same as No. Berg (same as No. Berg (same as No. Berg (same as No. Berg (same as No. 2 growlers. Growler. Berg (same as No. Berg (same as No. Berg (same as No. Berg (same as No. 3 growlers. Berg (same as No. Berg (same as No. Berg (same as No. Berg (same as No. >19 bergs. Several growlers. Numerous largs growlers. Scattered field ice. 1696). 1640). 1639). 1644). rowlers (same 1702). 1645). 1716). 1652). 1677). 1683). 1684). 1681). 1618). 1620). 1687). 1617). 1688). 1508). 1630). 1706). 1495). 1690). 1655). 1656). 1657). 1658). Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Growler. Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. 1711). 1713). 1641). 1594). 1596). 1597). 1709). 1662). 1745). 1747). 1698). 1642). 1714). 1757). 1528). 1701). 1715). 1699). 1527). 1700). 1759). 1719). 43 TABLE OF ICE REPORTS, 1957-Continued North West No. Date Name of vessel latitude longitude Description 1768 ...do do 45 13 49 01 Berg (same as No. 1591). 1769 ...do do 45 14 47 43 Berg (same as No. 1760). 1770 ...do do 45 14 47 58 Berg (same as No. 1715). 1771 ...do do 45 18 48 51 Berg (same as No. 1704). 1772 ...do do • 45 19 48 53 Berg (same as No. 1718). 1773 ...do do 45 13 48 04 Growler. 1774 ...do do 45 13 48 08 Do. 1775 ...do Warkworth 45 18 48 00 Berg (same as No. 1770). 1776 ...do do 45 20 47 36 Berg (same as No. 1651). 1777 ...do do 45 20 47 49 Berg (same as No. 1760). 1778 ...do do 45 26 47 36 Berg (same as No. 1653). 1779 ...do do 45 18 47 48 Growler. 1780 ...do 45 19 48 52 2 bergs (same as Nos. 177 1772). 1781 ...do do 45 24 48 48 Berg (same as No. 1771). 1782 do USN plane 45 58 47 32 Berg (same as No. 1686). 1783 ...do Cedar Trader 46 01 47 53 Berg (same as No. 1732). 1784 ...do do 46 05 47 14 Berg (same as No. 1727). 1785 ...do do 46 13 47 14 Berg (same as No. 1728). 1786 ...do do 46 22 52 20 Berg (same as No. 1748). 1787 ...do ...do 46 04 46 12 46 17 46 37 Berg (same as No. 1721). Berg (same as No. 1724). 1788 do 1789 ...do Erika Schulte 46 20 52 20 Berg (same as No. 1748). 1790 ...do do 46 24 52 34 Berg (same as No. 1616). 1791 ...do do 46 48 47 13 46 56 49 00 2 bergs. Berg (same as No. 1734). 1792 1793 ...do do 47 15 49 05 Berg (same as No. 1735). 1794 ...do do 47 27 48 28 Berg (same as No. 1741). 1795 ...do do 47 31 48 41 Berg (same as No. 1741). 1796 ...do do 47 36 48 57 Berg (same as No. 1741). 1797 ...do do 47 44 48 22 Berg (same as No. 1741). 1798 ...do do 47 48 48 44 Berg (same as No. 1741). 1799 ...do do 47 49 48 18 Berg (same as No. 1741). 1800 ...do do.. 47 52 f 47 47 48 18 48 12 Berg (same as No. 1741). 1 1801 ...do do } t I 47 54 0 47 40 >\0 bergs, field ice. 1802 ...do do 48 04 47 19 Berg. 1803 ...do do 47 59 47 10 Growler. 1804 ...do do 48 02 47 23 Do. 1805 ...do ....do 48 07 47 09 Do. 1806 ...do ...do 47 33 47 40 48 26 47 11 Berg (same as No. 1741). Berg. 1807 do 1808 ...do do 47 42 47 52 Berg (same as No. 1741). 1809 ...do do 47 45 47 10 Berg. 1810 ...do do 47 53 47 46 Berg (same as No. 1741). 1811 ...do do 48 04 47 20 Berg. 1812 ...do do 47 55 47 56 Growlers. 1813 ...do do 48 17 f Fr 46 46 Do. 1814 ...do do 47 30 48 40 0 48 15 [Scattered field ice. 47 39 1815 ...do ...do I eada 47 45 47 52 47 54 47 30 Berg and field ice (same as No. Berg and field ice (same as No. 1808) 1816 do 1801) 1817 ...do do 48 00 47 14 2 bergs. 1818 May 21 42 21 50 05 Berg (same as No. 1753). 1819 ...do ...do ...do 44 47 45 00 45 10 48 50 48 07 47 48 Berg (same as No. 1763). Berg (same as No. 1765). Berg (same as No. 1845). 1820 1821 do 1822 ...do do 45 12 48 56 Berg (same as No. 1768). 1823 ...do do 45 15 47 52 Berg (same as No. 1761). 1824 ...do do 45 15 49 00 Berg (same as No. 1781). 1825 ...do do 45 26 47 08 Berg (same as No. 1722). 1826 ...do ...do 45 14 45 23 48 54 48 44 Berg (same as No. 1822). Berg (same as No. 1824). 1827 do 1828 ...do do 45 23 47 50 Berg (same as No. 1685). 1829 ...do do 45 27 48 17 Berg (same as No. 1680). 1830 ...do do 45 28 47 50 Berg (same as No. 1726). 1831 ...do do 45 30 47 16 Berg (same as No. 1825). 1832 ...do do 45 31 47 37 Berg (same as No. 1778). 1833 ...do ...do 45 20 45 21 48 27 48 44 Berg (same as No. 1829). Berg (same as No. 1827). 1834 do 1835 ...do ...do 45 40 46 10 47 47 46 07 Berg (same as No. 1679). Berg (same as No. 1723). 1836 do 1837 ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do 45 43 45 51 45 54 45 59 46 09 44 01 47 42 44 16 46 08 46 37 Berg. Berg (same as No. 1782). Berg (same as No. 1720). Berg (same as No. 1787). Berg (same as No. 1788). 1838 1839 1840 1841 do. - 1842 ...do Ellinis 47 02 46 47 Berg. 44 TABLE OF ICE REPORTS, 1957-Continued Date Name of vessel North latitude West longitude Description .do... .do... .do. 1846 --do. .do. ..do. May 22 ..do .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. ...do. ...do. ...do.... ...do.... Empress of Britain. do .do. do Trewidden. USN plane- Ice Patrol vessel Unidentified vessel. ...do ...do do do . ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do __.do do.. ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do Trewidden.. do. Fanad Head. do do.. Ingleby. do.. do.. do- Arabia.. do. .do. .do. USCGC Mendota. do do Unidentified plane. 47 40 48 49 47 43 48 50 From 47 46 | 48 22 to 47 59 I 47 58 47 41 48 29 and to NW 47 52 49 23 From 49 30 | 54 00 to Fogo Island to Burnt Island to 50 40 55 00 50 40 53 50 to I to Groas Island to 51 35 | 54 50 to Belle Isle to 55 20 52 30 42 05 45 20 45 45 46 04 46 19 46 20 46 21 46 26 46 28 46 30 46 31 46 33 46 34 46 36 46 36 46 38 46 39 46 20 and to 46 22 46 45 46 24 46 24 46 25 46 43 46 59 47 14 47 18 50 51 48 35 46 43 45 33 48 02 47 52 47 54 47 45 47 55 47 56 47 51 47 43 47 26 47 23 47 19 47 12 47 33 48 00 northward 52 07 51 32 47 25 47 48 47 50 47 07 48 47 51 10 51 50 46 45 47 50 47 52 47 43 47 25 47 23 47 23 and vicinity From I to to 51 25 47 49 47 21 47 49 47 38 47 48 47 58 and to north and south 47 16 I 49 07 47 25 48 52 and to NW and SE 47 36 | 48 35 to 47 25 48 52 49 05 59 45 Berg (same as No. 1741). Berg (same as No. 1741). Numerous bergs and growlers (same * as No. 1801). , Heavy field ice. Heavy field ice containing numerous bergs (same as No. 1741). Western limits observed field ice. Berg (same as No. 1818). 2 bergs (same as Nos. 1822 and 1824). Berg (same as No. 1791). Berg (same as No. 1836). Berg. Do. Berg (same as No. 1791). Berg (same as No. 1785). Berg. Do. Do. Berg (same as No. 1725). Berg (same as No. 1729). Berg. Berg (same as No. 1851). Berg. Do. Field ice. Berg (same as No. 1722). Berg (same as No. 1733). 2 bergs and field ice (same as No. 1865). 2 bergs (same as Nos. 1853 and 1854). Field ice. Berg and numerous growlers (same as No. 1863). Berg (same as No. 1786). 2 bergs (same as No. 1710). 7 bergs (same as No. 1710). Berg (same as No. 1868). 2 bergs (same as No. 1845). Southeast field ice limits. Field ice. Berg (same as No. 1793). i5 bergs, heavy field ice (same as No. f 1741). ■Numerous growlers. 45 TABLE OF ICE REPORTS, 1957-Continued North West No. Date Name of vessel latitude longitude Description 1884 May 23 41 46 50 42 Berg (same as No. 1849). Growlers (same as No. 1884). 1885 ...do do 41 20 50 00 1886 ...do Unidentified vessel 45 19 48 28 Berg (same as No. 1833). 1887 ...do do 45 20 48 35 2 bergs (same as No. 1850). 1888 ...do do 45 27 49 05 Berg (same as No. 1887). 1889 ...do do 45 29 48 52 Berg (same as No. 1887) 1890 ...do USCGCMendota 46 20 52 22 1891 ...do do 46 24 53 12 Berg (same as No. 1749) 1892 ...do do 46 43 51 45 Berg (same as No. 1876) 1893 ...do USSEdisto 46 22 52 20 Berg (same as No. 1890) 1894 ...do do 46 26 53 21 Berg (same as No. 1891) 1895 .. do .... 46 23 53 17 1896 ...do Cressington Court 46 38 51 52 Several bergs (same as Nos. 1710 and 1892). 1897 ...do do. 46 48 51 08 Berg (same as No. 1874). 1898 ...do Beaverford — - 46 45 51 51 Berg (same as No. 1896). 1899 ...do do 46 47 51 45 Berg (same as No. 1896). 1900 ...do do 47 02 51 16 Berg (same as No. 1874). 1901 ...do do 47 04 51 51 Berg (same as No. 1875). 1902 ...do do 47 11 51 19 Berg (same as No. 1875). 1903 ...do do 47 12 51 16 Berg (same as No. 1875). 1904 ...do do 47 22 49 06 Berg (same as No. 1881). 1905 ...do do 47 29 49 19 Berg and scattered field ice (same as No. 1847). 1906 ...do do 47 30 48 43 Berg (same as No. 1806). 1907 ...do do 47 30 48 49 Berg (same as No. 1795). 1908 ...do do 47 35 49 16 Berg and scattered field ice (same as No. 1847). 1909 ...do do 47 36 49 27 Do. 1910 ...do do [ 47 25 \ and to v 49 28 I Field ice. restward J 1911 do . 46 48 47 09 1912 ...do do 46 41 47 24 Large growlers. 1913 _..do do 46 42 47 22 Do. 1914 ...do Brighton - 46 55 48 35 3 bergs, numerous growlers (same as Nos. 1792, 1794 and 1873). 1915 ...do Lakonia 46 50 47 18 Manv bergs and growlers (same as Nos. 1855-1860, 1862 and 1865). 1916 ...do do 46 56 47 19 2 bergs (same as No. 1817). 1917 ...do do 47 19 46 37 Berg (same as No. 1816). 1918 ...do do 47 29 46 09 Growler. 1919 do . 1920 May 24 Ice Patrol plane. .. 43 10 49 30 Berg ("same as No. 1757). 1921 ...do do 43 36 48 48 Berg (same as No. 1747). 1922 ...do do 43 38 48 51 Berg (same as No. 1755). 1923 ...do do 43 47 48 44 Berg (same as No. 1756). 1924 ...do do 43 50 48 58 Berg (same as No. 1819). 1925 ...do do 43 55 49 05 Berg (same as No. 1766). 1926 ._.do do 44 15 48 51 Berg (same as No. 1767). 1927 .-.do do --. 44 17 48 45 Berg (same as No. 1764). 1928 ...do do 44 20 48 48 Berg (same as No. 1769). 1929 ...do do 44 33 48 39 Berg (same as No. 1820). 1930 ...do do 44 38 48 31 Berg (same as No. 1821). 1931 ...do do 44 40 48 38 Berg (same as No. 1823). 1932 ...do do 44 47 48 29 Berg (same as No. 17831. 1933 ...do do 44 50 48 20 Berg (same as No. 1825). 1934 ...do do 44 51 48 28 Berg (same as No. 1886). 1935 ...do do 44 55 48 26 Berg (same as No. 1828). 1936 ...do do 44 5* 48 27 Berg (same as No. 1832). 1937 ...do do 44 59 48 21 Berg (same as No. 1835). 1938 ...do do 45 02 48 28 Berg (same as No. 1838). 1939 ...do do 45 03 48 35 Berg. 1940 ...do do 45 05 48 34 Do. 1941 ...do do 45 07 48 42 Do. 1942 ...do do 45 08 48 57 Do. 1943 ...do do - 45 09 49 05 Do. 1944 ...do do 45 14 48 48 Berg (same as No. 1889). 1945 ...do do 45 17 49 09 Berg. 1946 ...do do 45 18 49 00 Do. 1947 ...do do 45 24 48 48 Berg (same as No. 1888). 1948 ...do do - 45 28 48 49 Berg. 1949 ...do do 46 17 52 15 Berg (same as No. 1893). 1950 ...do do 46 19 53 15 Berg (same as No. 1894). 1951 ...do do 42 55 49 59 Growler. 1952 ...do do 42 54 49 40 Do. 1953 ...do do 43 15 49 27 Do. 1954 ...do do 43 27 49 07 Do. 1955 ...do do -. 44 38 49 12 Do. 1956 ...do do Between longs. 47°30' W. and Hundreds of growlers, bergy bits, 49°00' W. and north of and pieces of field ice. 45°00' N. 46 TABLE OF ICE REPORTS, 1957-Continued Date Name of vessel North latitude West longitude Description .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. _do_ .do. .do. Ice Patrol vessel _.._do_. Unidentified vessel . do Arosa Star Bernard Howaldt. _ ....do do Ivernia do Empress of England. ...do do ...do do ._.do do ...do do __.do do ...do do __.do do ...do do ..do __do ..do ..do May 25 ..do -do ..do .do. .do_. .do.. .do .do.. .do.. __.do USS Edisto ___do do ...do ...do do ...do do .-do do.... __.do .-.do do_ __.do do ...do do __.do do ...do do _-.do do ...do do USCGC Westwind- Krageholm Port Victor Beaverford -do .do .do .do. Beaverdell. do..... Oslofjord do do do Stavangerfjord. ...do do ...do ...do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do 41 14 42 52 45 13 45 28 45 34 I 46 02 47 24 47 21 46 21 46 24 46 35 46 45 46 49 46 50 46 53 46 53 46 58 f 46 35 I 46 43 46 52 Vicinity of 49 47 49 40 48 55 48 44 48 00 From I to 52 00 50 11 51 27 53 22 52 21 48 30 51 08 51 44 51 38 51 27 50 23 49 34 48 30 48 13 50 15 46 55 49 39 47 11 52 27 47 15 52 30 47 13 47 19 47 20 47 24 47 31 47 33 47 40 47 42 47 45 47 41 47 00 47 25 47 45 47 17 47 00 48 17 43 01 45 48 46 46 46 03 46 06 46 22 46 22 46 31 46 03 46 20 46 27 46 21 46 21 46 24 46 31 46 53 46 34 46 15 46 52 47 08 47 12 47 25 47 27 47 28 47 29 47 29 47 16 47 20 Cape Spear 49 29 to From 49 24 49 37 49 08 50 10 49 53 50 03 50 07 50 14 49 57 50 50 50 15 52 30 52 37 51 50 52 23 49 46 47 20 52 25 48 16 48 28 47 50 48 03 47 17 48 44 48 39 48 27 48 40 48 30 48 34 ■IS 42 48 10 49 02 50 40 48 00 50 02 50 10 50 23 50 04 50 05 50 07 49 58 50 15 49 48 Numerous growlers. Growlers. Berg (same as No. 1944). Berg (same as No. 1947). 2 bergs (same as No. 1869). Several bergs (same as Nos. 1790 and 1867). Growlers. Field ice. Berg (same as No. 1950). Berg (same as No. 1893). Many bergs, growlers, and pieces field ice (same as No. 1914). Berg (same as No. 1897). Berg (same as No. 1899). Berg (same as No. 1896). Berg (same as No. 1900). Berg (same as No. 1690). Berg (same as No. 1880). Numerous growlers and pieces of • field ice. Heavy field ice and growlers. Berg (same as No. 1752). Strings of field ice. Berg (same as No. 1909). Berg (same as No. 1690). Berg (same as No. 1798). Berg (same as No. 1905). 3 bergs (same as No. 1710). Berg (same as No. 1710). Berg (same as No. 1710). Berg (same as No. 1710). Berg (same as No. 1710). Growler. ►Scattered pieces heavy field ice. Field ice, numerous growlers. Heavy field ice, many bergs. Growlers. Do. Growler. Berg (same as No. 1915). Berg (same as No. 1915). Berg (same as No. 1915). Berg (same as No. 1915). Scattered growlers and field ice. Berg (same as No. 1810). Scattered field ice. Berg (same as No. 1967). Berg (same as No. 1999). Berg (same as No. 1967). Berg (same as No. 1906). Several bergs and growlers (same as No. 1881). 3 growlers. Berg (same as No. 2004). Berg (same as No. 1844). Berg (same as No. 1710). Berg (same as No. 1710). Berg (same as No. 1982). Berg (same as No. 1984). 2 bergs (same as No. 1982). Berg (same as No. 1983). Growler. Growler. 47 TABLE OF ICE REPORTS, 1957-Continued Date Name of vessel North latitude West longitude Description ...do ...do ...do .do. May 26 ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do do USCGC Cook Inlet. Rigmor Nielson do. Ice Patrol plane. do do Ice Patrol vessel . MATS plane.... Tyria do .do. .do. .do. Welheim. do... do... .do .do. .do. .do. .do. Unidentified vessel. do do do do .do. .do .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do.—, .do..... .do -do .do ...do.... ... do... _ ...do— . ...do.... ...do.... ...do-.. ...do.... Transpacific do.... do do do Cedar Trader Ingleby Prins Casimir Ice Patrol vessel . Desdemona do Ragneborg San Roque. do do do do do Caslon ...do ...do ...do May 27 ...do ...do Unidentified vessel. do Carinthia do do. do .do. .do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do May 28 ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do USS Edisto. do Alcoutim .—do Unidentified plane. Irish Poplar USNSSagitta USNS Marine Carp. Ice Patrol vessel Alexandra Sartori... Othon Groote Beer do do do... do. Mackay 47 20 44 18 46 15 45 57 42 17 43 03 46 39 42 33 42 30 45 00 45 12 45 15 45 16 45 20 45 04 45 04 45 04 45 05 45 06 45 18 45 09 45 17 45 19 45 19 45 20 45 32 45 36 45 18 46 17 46 23 46 25 46 34 46 38 46 21 47 00 43 16 42 28 44 40 44 45 49 57 48 41 48 52 49 46 50 33 49 59 53 29 51 01 50 00 48 57 49 31 48 58 48 37 48 42 48 41 48 47 49 20 49 10 48 42 49 25 49 20 49 17 49 00 48 31 48 38 48 39 48 36 48 32 52 24 48 40 48 46 48 48 48 28 52 19 51 57 49 29 50 58 48 45 48 40 Between lats. 44°51' N. and 45°15' N. and longs. 48°38' W. and 49°13' W. 45 07 45 09 45 11 45 13 45 20 45 23 45 31 45 40 45 36 46 13 46 22 47 06 46 49 46 55 49 14 48 45 48 35 49 02 49 25 49 20 48 45 48 50 48 54 48 53 52 30 47 55 48 20 48 35 to 46 40 | 48 40 Between St. John's Harbor and 47 55 52 09 Scattered field ice. 2 growlers. Growlers. Do. Berg (same as No. 1920). Berg (same as No. 1921). Berg (same as No. 1750). Berg (same as No. 2021). Berg (same as No. 2024). Berg (same as No. 1942). Berg (same as No. 1943). Berg (same as No. 1944). Berg (same as No. 1946). Berg (same as No. 1947). Growler. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Berg (same as No. 2037). Berg (same as No. 1945). Berg (same as No. 2029). Berg (same as No. 1915). Berg (same as No. 2040). Growler. Do. Do. Berg (same as No. 1966). Berg (same as No. 2003). Berg (same as No. 2005). Berg (same as No. 1907). Berg (same as No. 1904). Berg (same as No. 2045). 2 bergs (same as Nos. 1875 and 1901). Growler. Berg (same as No. 2024). Berg (same as No. 1931). Berg (same as No. 1934). Many growlers. Berg (same as No. 2039). Berg (same as No. 1941). Berg (same as No. 1915). Berg (same as No. 2028). Berg (same as No. 1863). Berg (same as No. 1864). 2 bergs (same as Nos. 1948 and 1994). Berg (same as No. 1995). Many growlers. Berg (same as No. 2001). Berg (same as No. 2050). Berg (same as No. 1847). Growlers. •Many growlers. >15 bergs, numerous growlers. 48 25 51 22 Heavy field ice 47 50 49 30 Berg. 47 50 51 00 Do. 17 50 49 55 Do. Within 10 mile radius of 42 33 46 40 48 06 42 20 44 40 45 20 46 39 46 53 46 56 47 00 47 00 47 26 49 56 52 26 51 17 50 35 46 56 48 45 51 39 48 44 48 51 48 45 48 55 49 57 Numerous growlers. Numerous growlers. Heavy field ice. Berg (same as No. 2053). Berg (same as No. 1851). Berg (same as No. 2030). Berg (same as No. 1969). Berg (same as No. 1908). Berg (same as No. 1978). Berg (same as No. 1843). Berg (same as No. 1980). Berg (same as No. 2013). 48 TABLE OF ICE REPORTS, 1957-Continued Date Name of vessel North latitude West longitude Description .do.... .do.... .do.... .do... . .do.... .do.... .do.__. ....do .__.do_ USNSSagitta Port Quebec Baron Renfrew USNS Marine Carp, do. May 29 ..do ..do ..do Ice Patrol vessel Rigoletto Empress of Scotland, ....do .do. .do. _do_ .do. .do. .do. ..do. May 30 ...do ..do ...do ...do ..do ..do ..do ..do ..do ..do ..do ..do ..do ..do.... ...do ..do.... Unidentified vessel- - Ice Patrol plane .-..do ....do ....do .__. do do. Ice Patrol vessel ....do... Mormacpine Columbia Drum Major Empress of England- Newfoundland ....do Unidentified vessel. Despina Alcoutim May 31 ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do —do do ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. do Ice Patrol vessel. do Leanna do Montana Unidentified vessel. .do. Homeric . Dencraig. .do. Beavercove. do do do do do 47 39 47 47 47 46 49 02 48 25 48 32 48 44 42 42 44 39 46 10 46 13 46 13 46 17 46 18 46 39 46 42 46 46 46 47 47 00 47 00 49 05 42 39 43 01 43 09 46 28 46 33 46 58 42 41 42 58 43 49 44 02 45 31 46 32 47 05 47 35 47 05 47 40 49 38 49 22 49 48 58 47 50 42 51 25 51 00 51 04 46 50 52 19 52 05 52 12 52 11 52 11 48 33 48 38 48 43 48 31 47 37 48 00 58 46 50 26 50 15 50 01 52 23 52 13 52 44 50 40 50 36 49 00 48 12 48 52 52 05 51 50 52 39 51 52 49 00 48 00 42 46 42 46 42 51 42 56 43 04 43 06 43 15 43 17 43 28 43 30 43 30 43 31 46 34 46 39 46 39 46 40 46 53 Vicinity of 51 19 49 20 51 10 51 01 50 27 50 22 49 38 51 03 51 02 49 04 48 31 48 45 49 16 52 04 51 49 53 05 53 01 52 53 Vicinity of 43 30 | 48 30 Vicinity of 42 48 42 59 42 42 42 43 44 22 44 33 44 28 45 22 45 36 45 37 45 49 46 02 46 02 46 10 46 25 46 25 46 35 46 34 52 25 50 21 50 21 50 23 47 58 48 38 48 30 48 52 48 24 49 00 48 53 48 41 48 32 48 17 48 10 48 12 48 21 47 35 Berg (same as No. 2073). Berg (same as No. 1986). Berg (same as No. 2089). Berg (same as No. 1883). Open pack ice. Light field ice. Field ice. Berg (same as No. 2079). 2 bergs (same as No. 2080). Berg (same as No. 1896). Berg (same as No. 1962). Do. Do. Berg (same as No. 2067). Berg (same as No. 2084). Berg (same as No. 2085). Berg (same as No. 2086). Berg (same as No. 2083). Berg (same as No. 2068). Berg (same as No. 1845). Berg. Berg (same as No. 2022). Berg (same as No. 1922). Berg (same as No. 1925). Berg (same as No. 2101). Berg (same as No. 1896). Berg (same as No. 1976). Berg (same as No. 1924). 2 bergs (same as No. 2095). Berg (same as No. 1926). Berg (same as No. 1923). Berg (same as No. 2064). Berg (same as No. 2112). 2 bergs (same as Nos. 1902 and 1903). 2 bergs (same as No. 2071). Berg (same as No. 1898). 4 bergs, numerous growlers (same as Nos. 2088, 2089 and 2090). 1 Numerous bergs, growlers, and field / ice. Berg (same as No. 1929). Berg (same as No. 2116). Berg (same as No. 2116). Berg (same as No. 2110). Berg (same as No. 2111). Berg (same as No. 1930). Berg (same as No. 1927). Berg (same as No. 1928). Berg (same as No. 2117). Berg (same as No. 1933). Berg (same as No. 1932). Berg (same as No. 1935). Berg (same as No. 2120). Berg (same as No. 2082). Berg. Do. Berg (same as No. 2114). 1 Numerous growlers. 1 Do. Large growler. Berg (same as No. 2115). Berg (same as No. 2116). Berg, numerous growlers (same as No. 2135). Berg (same as No. 2054). Berg (same as No. 2055). Berg (same as No. 2081). 3 bergs. Berg (same as No. 2066). Berg (same as No. 1999). Berg (same as No. 2046). Berg (same as No. 2155). Berg (same as No. 1997). Berg (same as No. 1915). Berg (same as No. 1915). Berg (same as No. 2047). Growler. 49 TABLE OF ICE REPORTS, 1957-Continued No. Date Name of vessel North latitude West longitude Description 2162 2163 2164 2165 2166 2167 2168 2169 2170 2171 2172 2173 2174 2175 2176 2177 2178 2179 2180 2181 2182 2183 2184 2185 2186 2187 2188 2189 2190 2191 2192 2193 2194 2195 2196 2197 2198 2199 2200 2201 2202 2203 2204 2205 2206 2207 2208 2209 2210 2211 2212 2213 2214 2215 2216 2217 2218 2219 2220 2221 2222 2223 2224 2225 2226 2227 2228 2229 .do .do__ .do.. .do .do .do ..do. Bergensfjord. USS Seneca Empress of Britain. do ....do .do. Bergensfjord. _. Newfoundland. .do. Trondheim. Parkgate... ...do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do .. do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do.... ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do.... ...do do ...do do ...do do.. ...do do ...do do.... ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do Between 46 28 | 48 40 and bergs (same as Nos. 2048, 2049. 2103 and 2160). 46 55 47 25 46 38 46 50 Berg (same as No. 1911). 46 44 48 32 Berg (same as No. 2105). 46 48 48 16 Berg (same as No. 2007). 46 48 48 32 Berg (same as No. 2104). 46 56 47 35 Berg (same as No. 2106). 46 43 48 32 Berg (same as No. 2005). 46 46 48 22 Berg (same as No. 2165). 46 46 48 46 Berg (same as No. 2164). 46 47 48 37 Berg (same as No. 2005). 46 47 48 16 Berg (same as No. 2193). 46 48 48 08 Do. 46 50 48 38 Berg (same as No. 2166). 46 50 48 29 Berg 46 50 48 18 Berg (same as No. 2193). 46 52 48 20 Do. 41 i 53 48 00 Do. 46 57 48 28 Berg (same as No. 2192). 46 57 47 51 Berg (same as No. 2013). 47 02 48 21 Berg (same as No. 2193). 47 03 47 48 Berg (same as No. 2012). 47 03 47 55 Berg (same as No. 2008). 47 10 49 02 Berg (same as No. 2014). 47 15 47 42 Berg. 47 17 47 02 Berg and numerous growlers. 46 43 48 32 Growler. 46 48 48 20 Do. 46 50 Beti 48 veen 18 Do. 47 03 ai 48 d 02 (Numerous growlers and scattered [ field ice. 47 10 47 55 47 00 47 30 2 bergs (same as No. 2162). 47 00 Fr within 6 49 sm miles oi 00 Berg (same as No. 1973). 47 07 47 0 48 47 >6 bergs (same as No. 2107). 47 07 34 I 47 41 48 12 Berg. 47 50 to nor Within 51 hward 15-mile 00 1 Field ice containing numerous bergs. 1 radi is of j-7 bergs. 48 10 48 50 49 09 58 36 Berg. 4fl 10 58 40 Do. 46 35 51 58 Berg (same as No. 2113). 46 45 51 42 Berg (same as No. 2377). 46 50 47 12 Berg (same as No. 2167). 46 52 48 00 Berg (same as No. 2162). 46 53 48 33 Berg (same as No. 2179). 46 57 47 37 Berg (same as No. 2185). 46 57 49 10 Berg. 46. 58 48 00 Berg (same as No. 2184). 46 58 48 16 Berg (same as No. 2193). 47 00 48 17 Berg. 17 01 49 03 Do. 47 01 52 00 Berg (same as No. 2051). 47 02 52 50 Berg (same as No. 2142). 47 05 48 11 Berg. 47 10 47 10 Berg (same as No. 2186). 47 12 48 00 Berg. 47 14 48 40 Do. 47 17 48 30 Berg (same as No. 2124). 47 19 47 52 Berg. 47 19 49 35 Berg (same as No. 2124). 47 20 47 36 Berg. 47 23 48 44 Do. 47 26 52 06 Berg (same as No. 2071). 47 27 51 45 Do. 47 28 48 52 Berg. 47 28 50 48 Berg (same as No. 2074). 47 29 49 23 Berg. 47 29 50 38 Berg (same as No. 2125). 47 30 48 23 Berg (same as No. 2194). 47 31 51 45 Berg (same as No. 2071). ■17 32 49 11 Berg. 50 TABLE OF ICE REPORTS, 1957-Continued Date Name of vessel North latitude West longitude Description _._do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ___do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do__ ...do do ...do do ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. ...do. Ice Patrol vessel. do Elsbeth Wiards.. do do Paul Honold do do do Gripsholm _. .do. Christian Sartori. .....do Gilleannes Vilarinho Trondheim do .do. .do. .do. do do Beaverburn. do do do do do do .do. .do. Lismoria... do do do do 47 32 47 33 47 34 47 35 47 36 47 36 47 37 47 37 47 38 47 38 47 40 47 40 47 40 47 40 47 40 47 41 47 42 47 42 47 43 47 44 47 44 47 45 47 45 47 45 47 48 47 48 47 48 47 48 47 52 47 52 47 54 47 50 47 40 47 50 From I 50 46 52 07 51 48 51 45 48 57 51 04 51 40 52 27 50 15 51 42 48 39 49 08 51 42 51 45 52 18 49 04 47 52 52 30 51 40 49 13 49 39 49 15 49 50 51 37 49 24 49 28 50 03 50 10 49 36 49 40 52 45 52 40 52 30 48 50 to northwestward 42 42 42 46 44 15 44 21 44 25 44 28 44 35 44 46 45 03 44 30 44 28 45 20 45 21 46 25 46 26 46 37 46 44 47 02 47 06 47 17 47 25 47 26 47 30 47 35 47 35 47 37 47 38 47 45 46 47 46 54 46 56 46 58 47 00 47 10 47 10 47 11 47 20 46 52 46 55 47 08 47 10 47 10 51 27 51 29 46 37 48 35 46 14 46 32 48 21 48 25 49 19 46 05 46 04 48 36 48 52 51 48 51 50 51 40 51 28 51 53 51 46 49 24 48 25 49 16 48 47 48 28 48 32 48 47 48 51 48 34 48 31 49 00 48 07 47 58 48 50 48 26 48 36 48 31 48 28 49 07 48 57 48 38 48 45 48 49 Berg (same as No. 2125). Berg (same as No. 2071). Do. 3 bergs (same as No. 2071). Berg. Berg (same as No. 2125). Berg (same as No. 2071). Do. Berg (same as No. 2125). Berg (same as No. 2125). Berg (same as No. 2124). Berg. Berg (same as No. 2125). Berg (same as No. 2071). Do. Berg. Do. Berg (same as No. 2071). Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Berg (same as No. 2195). Do. Berg. Do. Berg (same as No. 2071). ^Southern field ice limits. J Berg (same as No. 2146). Berg (same as No. 2147). Berg and many growlers (same as No. 2096). Berg (same as No. 2149). Berg (same as No. 1937). Berg (same as No. 1936). Berg (same as No. 2150). Berg (same as No. 1938). Berg (same as No. 2047). Berg (same as No. 2096). Growlers. Berg (same as No. 2152). Berg (same as No. 2151). Berg (same as No. 2138). Berg (same as No. 2275). Berg (same as No. 2139). Berg (same as No. 1971). Berg (same as No. 2210). Berg (same as No. 2121). Berg (same as No. 2218). Berg (same as No. 2216). Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. 2215). 2227). 2124). 2234). 222!)). 2240). 2175). 2087). 2206). 2180). 2209). 220S). 2193). 2215). 2227). 2009). 2291). 2296). 2010). 2011). 51 TABLE OF ICE REPORTS, 1957-Continued No. Date Name of vessel North latitude West longitude Description 2304 2305 2306 2307 2308 2309 2310 2311 2312 2313 2314 2315 2316 2317 2318 2319 2320 2321 2322 2323 2324 2325 2326 2327 2328 2329 2330 2331 2332 2333 2334 2335 2336 2337 2338 2339 2340 2341 2342 2343 2344 2345 2346 2347 2348 2349 2350 2351 2352 2353 2354 2355 2356 2357 2358 2359 2360 2361 2362 2363 2364 2365 2366 2367 2368 2369 2370 2371 2372 2373 2374 2375 2376 2377 .do. .do. .do. .do. .do .do .do .do Carita. Blairspey. do_... do.... ....do.... .do. ..do ..do ..do June 2 ,_do ..do ..do ..do ..do __do ..do ...do ..do Nova Scotia Atlanta Anastassios Pateras. Ice Patrol vessel Wind Oakby Gertrud Torm do do Prins Philips Willem. do do Poseidon do__._. New York. .do..... .do. .do. .do. do do USNS J. E. Kelley. do .do. .do. .do. ...do June 3 ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do do do do Nova Scotia. Carita Saxonia Ice Patrol vessel.. Italia USCGC Escanaba. Italia Orpheus .. Stavangerfjord. do. _do._._ .do.... .do_ Carinthia. .. do do. ...do.... ...do.... _.do.... June ...do. _.do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. -do. ...do... ...do... ...do... ...do... Carita. do. do- Ice Patrol plane. do do. .do_ -do. do .do ....do Ice Patrol vessel. Kungsholra Arosa Star Berni Nuebel do... Italia do... do... 47 15 47 16 47 20 47 22 47 00 47 24 47 26 47 39 47 42 47 42 47 29 44 45 47 53 42 55 43 00 43 17 44 50 44 51 45 05 45 00 45 07 45 18 45 53 46 18 46 27 46 28 46 31 46 34 46 35 46 36 46 38 46 34 46 41 47 02 47 26 47 31 47 34 47 37 47 38 46 43 46 58 47 58 43 02 43 47 43 57 43 59 44 15 46 25 46 31 46 32 46 33 46 41 46 47 47 00 47 01 42 47 43 24 43 58 46 28 46 44 46 47 46 48 47 03 47 09 47 15 46 23 42 42 42 49 43 43 44 00 44 03 44 15 44 25 44 13 47 57 47 5(1 48 -12 is 19 51 58 47 50 48 43 48 24 48 51) 48 52 52 35 49 00 50 34 51 40 49 00 48 52 40 15 49 40 49 10 49 09 48 44 49 15 48 48 47 38 48 01 47 51 48 14 47 51 48 16 47 45 ■IS 14 52 50 52 51 52 49 52 34 52 19 52 18 52 21 52 21 52 51 48 15 49 52 52 42 48 on 47 29 47 10 10 13 52 22 51 52 48 09 48 07 48 02 47 38 47 48 47 15 511 06 48 55 49 18 51 ■10 53 01 52 58 51 31 52 50 52 47 52 44 52 45 52 51 52 58 48 27 49 16 48 31 4fi 08 45 38 46 14 Berg (same as No. 2214). Berg (same as No. 2219). Berg (same as No. 2215). Berg (same as No. 2298). Berg (same as No. 2121). Berg (same as No. 2217). Berg (same as No. 2223). Berg (same as No. 2286). Berg (same as No. 2245). Berg (same as No. 2241). Berg (same as No. 2122). Growler. Several bergs (same as Nos. 2256, 2257 and 2195). 2 bergs (same as Nos. 2262 and 2263). Berg (same as No. 2134). Berg (same as No. 2136). Berg (same as No. 2270). Berg (same as No. 2037). Berg (same as No. 2060). Berg (same as No. 2026). Berg (same as No. 2058). Berg (same as No. 2061). 5 bergs (same as Nos. 2155, 2154, 2153, 2157 and 2062). Berg (same as No. 2193). Berg (same as No. 2194). Berg (same as No. 2178). Berg (same as No. 2169). Berg (same as No. 2189). Berg (same as No. 2177). Berg (same as No. 2183). Berg (same as No. 2172). Berg. Berg (same as No. 2141). Berg (same as No. 2211). Berg (same as No. 2314). Berg (same as No. 2237). Berg (same as No. 2244). Berg (same as No. 2247). Berg (same as No. 2231). Berg (same as No. 2336). 2 bergs (same as Nos. 2307 and 2312). Field ice. Berg (same as No. 2317). Berg (same as No. 2134). Berg and growlers (same as No. 1939). Berg (same as No. 2348). Berg (same as No. 2264). Berg (same as No. 2101). Berg (same as No. 2199). Berg (same as No. 2302). Berg (same as No. 2292). 2 bergs (same as No. 2344). Berg (same as No. 2204). Berg (same as No. 2304). Berg (same as No. 2313). Berg (same as No. 2131). Berg (same as No. 2319). Berg (same as No. 2059). Berg (same as No. 2276). Berg (same as No. 2140). Berg (same as No. 2337). Berg (same as No. 2278). Berg. Do. Berg (same as No. 2338). Growler. Berg (same as No. 2346). Berg (same as No. 2370). Berg (same as No. 1940). Berg and growlers (same as No. 2361). Berg (same as No. 19611. Berg (same as No. 2350). Berg (same as No. 2271). Growler. 52 TABLE OF ICE REPORTS, 1957-Continued Date Name of vessel North latitude West longitude Description ..do ..do ..do ..do ..do Cleopatra Empress of England. do do do -do.... ..do-_-_ ..do..._ Beaverlodge. Clintonia do ..do ..do ..do ..do ..do. ..do. ..do. do ...do ...do June 5 ...do .do. .do. .do. .do .do .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do .do. Durham Trader.. do do do ,do_ do. do. Unidentified vessel- Dundee do Ice Patrol plane do .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do .do. .do .do. .do. .do. _do_ .do. do Ice Patrol vessel. USCGC Owasco. do do Arosa Sun_ do_... do.... do Robert Crain. RossettL do_. do do Unidentified vessel . do do do .do. ...do ...do do ...do do — do.... do... —do do ...do do .-do do ...do do 45 11 46 31 46 46 47 06 47 18 46 32 46 41 46 44 46 42 46 47 46 50 46 50 47 07 46 05 46 44 47 03 47 05 47 27 42 47 43 03 43 05 43 05 43 20 43 25 43 53 43 58 44 07 44 48 44 55 44 55 45 02 45 17 45 20 45 21 45 22 45 26 45 34 46 30 46 43 42 58 43 00 43 15 42 30 43 44 43 55 44 00 45 45 45 48 46 11 46 12 46 00 46 32 46 39 46 59 47 02 47 05 47 06 47 07 47 11 47 15 47 18 47 22 47 26 47 32 46 39 46 46 46 59 47 05 47 10 46 43 47 08 47 14 47 14 47 16 47 21 47 25 47 26 48 58 51 57 51 48 51 53 49 34 4S 06 48 05 47 05 47 46 47 54 47 49 48 33 47 30 48 01 47 59 47 30 52 50 52 31 50 18 51 51 50 48 50 50 48 45 49 12 19 15 48 30 is 21 48 56 49 00 49 40 49 13 49 02 48 10 49 10 49 15 48 33 48 59 52 05 52 00 50 23 50 58 49 15 52 33 48 55 49 15 48 22 48 40 48 29 48 02 48 18 51 44 51 41 48 40 49 17 48 52 48 47 49 40 48 37 49 09 49 05 49 25 48 50 48 39 is 21 48 39 48 48 47 47 48 30 51 40 49 15 4!) 14 51 31 49 25 48 48 49 16 48 31 5 bergs (same as Nos. 2040, 2063, 2081, 2273 and 2322). Berg (same as No. 2352). Berg (same as No. 2200). Berg (same as No. 2280). Berg (same as No. 2218). Berg (same as No. 2353). Berg (same as No. 2355). Berg (same as No. 2201). Berg (same as No. 2206). Berg (same as No. 2357). Berg (same as No. 2356). Berg (same as No. 2203). Berg (same as No. 2305). Growler. Do. Berg (same as No. 2389). Berg (same as No. 2366). Berg (same as No. 2339). Berg (same as No. 2359). Berg (same as No. 2128). Berg (same as No. 2129). Berg (same as No. 2130). Berg (same as No. 2318). Berg (same as No. 2360). Berg (same as No. 2361). Berg (same as No. 2159). Berg (same as No. 2327). Berg (same as No. 2324). Berg (same as No. 2323). Berg (same as No. 2321). Berg (same as No. 2378). Berg (same as No. 2378). Berg (same as No. 2152). 2 bergs (same as Nos. 2325 and 2378). Berg (same as No. 2152). Berg (same as No. 2326). Berg (same as No. 2326). Berg (same as No. 2379). Berg (same as No. 2430). Growler. Do. Do. Berg (same as No. 2370). Berg (same as No. 2401). Berg (same as No. 2402). Berg (same as No. 2372). 2 bergs (same as No. 2326). Berg (same as No. 2328). 2 bergs (same as Nos. 2327 and 2158). Berg (same as No. 2159). 6 bergs (same as Nos. 2168, 2170, 2425 and 2427). Berg (same as No. 2362). Berg (same as No. 2380). Berg (same as No. 2302). Berg (same as No. 2254). Berg (same as No. 2223). Berg (same as No. 2303). Berg (same as No. 2250). Berg (same as No. 2215). Berg (same as No. 2249). Berg (same as No. 2251). Berg (same as No. 2255). Berg (same as No. 2234). Berg (same as No. 2288). Berg (same as No. 2290). Berg (same as No. 2166). Berg (same as No. 2294). Berg (same as No. 2307). Berg (same as No. 2297). Berg (same as No. 2365). Berg (same as No. 2225). Berg (same as No. 2283). Berg (same as No. 2222). Berg (same as No. 2382). Berg (same as No. 2220). Berg (same as No. 2229). Berg (same as No. 2289). 53 TABLE OF ICE REPORTS, 1957-Continued North West No. Date Name of vessel latitude longitude Description 2455 ...do 0 t 47 30 48 38 Berg (same as No. 2441). 2456 ...do do 47 35 49 52 Berg (same as No. 2256). 2457 ...do Manchester Pioneer. 46 41 48 17 Berg (same as No. 2311). 2458 ...do do 46 49 47 20 Berg (same as No. 2358). 2459 ...do do 46 49 48 32 Berg (same as No. 2390). 2460 ...do do 46 55 47 48 Berg (same as No. 2309). 2461 ...do do 46 58 47 30 Berg (same as No. 2393). 2462 ...do do 47 00 47 57 Berg (same as No. 2445). 2463 ...do Sapho 48 01 50 02 Southern field ice limits with manv bergs. 2464 42 24 52 30 2465 do 44 18 48 38 2466 ...do do 44 28 46 50 Berg (same as No. 2267). 2467 ...do 46 20 47 50 Berg (same as No. 2329). 2468 ...do 46 20 47 52 Berg (same as No. 2330). 2469 ...do do 46 23 47 30 Berg (same as No. 2333). 2470 do 47 03 48 20 Berg (same as No. 2296). 2471 ...do 47 05 47 08 Berg (same as No. 2246). 2472 ...do do 47 05 49 00 Berg (same as No. 2433). 2473 ...do Empress of Scotland 47 11 51 44 Berg (same as No. 2450). 2474 ...do do 47 13 51 47 Berg (same as No. 2221). 2475 42 54 49 54 2476 ...do do 42 55 50 05 Berg (same as No. 2401). 2477 ...do do 42 58 50 40 Berg (same as No. 2396). 2478 ...do do 43 12 50 45 Berg (same as No. 2398). 2479 ...do do 43 13 50 50 Berg (same as No. 2399). 2480 ...do do 43 38 49 21 Berg (same as No. 2402). 2481 ...do do 43 46 48 43 Berg (same as No. 2403). 2482 ...do do_ 43 48 47 53 Berg (same as No. 2347). 2483 ...do do 43 56 46 20 Berg (same as No. 2349). 2484 ...do do 43 58 48 07 Berg (same as No. 2404). 2485 ...do do 44 01 48 01 Berg (same as No. 2465). 2486 ...do do 44 25 47 29 Berg (same as No. 2466). 2487 ...do do 46 26 51 49 Berg (same as No. 2415). 2488 ...do do 46 34 51 55 Berg (same as No. 2416). 2489 ...do do— 46 46 52 55 Berg (same as No. 2394). 2490 ...do do 47 00 52 50 Berg (same as No. 2367). 2491 ...do do 47 13 52 44 Berg (same as No. 2368). 2492 ...do do 44 29 45 23 Growler. 2493 ...do do 44 31 45 16 Do. 2494 ...do do 44 36 46 15 Do. 2495 ...do ...do ...do 42 30 43 45 43 59 52 22 48 07 48 14 Berg (same as No. 2464). Berg (same as No. 2482). Berg (same as No. 2484). 2496 2497 do_._ 2498 ...do do 44 02 48 11 Berg (same as No. 2485). 2499 ...do ...do 46 09 46 12 47 41 47 56 Berg (same as No. 2467). Berg (same as No. 2468). 2500 2501 ...do do 46 18 47 22 Berg (same as No. 2469). 2502 ...do do 46 20 47 42 Berg (same as No. 2331). 2503 ...do do 46 23 48 04 Berg (same as No. 2334). 2504 ...do do 46 06 47 51 Growlers. 2505 ...do ...do 46 21 46 35 48 15 48 18 Berg (same as No. 2384). Berg (same as No. 2332). 2506 Manchester Merchant 2507 ...do Manchester Vanguard.. ._ 46 37 48 04 Berg (same as No. 2355). 2508 ...do do 46 41 48 19 Berg (same as No. 2459). 2509 ...do do 46 48 48 50 Berg (same as No. 2291). 2510 ...do do 46 57 48 08 Berg (same as No. 2470). 2511 ...do ...do 46 44 46 59 52 48 52 37 Berg (same as No. 2489). Berg (same as No. 2490). 2512 do 2513 ...do do 47 07 48 28 Berg (same as No. 2446). 2514 ...do ...do ...do 47 07 47 09 47 31 49 26 51 50 50 35 2 bergs (same as Nos. 2435 2451). Berg (same as No. 2474). Berg (same as No. 2230). and 2515 USCGC Half moon 2516 Empress of Scotland 2517 ...do do 47 36 49 22 Berg (same as No. 2258). 2518 ...do do 47 37 49 45 Berg (same as No. 2238). 2519 ...do do 47 38 49 31 Berg (same as No. 2257). 2520 ...do do - 47 39 49 23 2 bergs (same as Nos. 2252 2259). and 2521 ...do 47 38 49 15 3 bergs (same as Nos. 2517 2520). v and 2522 ...do do 47 38 49 25 Berg (same as No. 2519). 2523 ...do do 47 48 49 38 Berg. 2524 June 8 ...do ...do ...do 42 52 44 00 44 29 44 38 52 28 46 09 48 45 48 49 Berg (same as No. 2495). Berg (same as No. 2583). Berg (same as No. 2406). Berg (same as No. 2408). 2525 2526 2527 do ---- 2528 ...do do. 44 46 49 34 Berg (same as No. 2407). 2529 ...do ...do ...do 44 36 45 11 45 17 47 35 49 14 49 20 Berg (same as No. 2486). Berg (same as No. 2411). Berg (same as No. 2411). 2530 2531 54 TABLE OF ICE REPORTS, 1957-Continued North West No. Date Name of vessel latitude longitude Description 2532 ...do do 45 23 0 49 18 Berg (same as No. 2412). 2533 ...do L'A venture 47 01 51 58 Berg (same as No. 2381). 2534 ...do 47 04 51 48 Berg (same as No. 2473). 2535 ...do do 47 33 52 51 Berg (same as No. 2511). 2536 ...do do 47 49 52 43 Berg (same as No. 2260). 2537 ...do do 48 00 49 12 Berg. 2538 ...do do 48 13 48 58 Many growlers. 2539 do 46 50 49 12 Berg (same as No. 2432). 2540 do 47 21 47 45 2541 ...do do ( . Vicinity of 1 Many growlers. 30 47 30 2542 ...do USCGC Chincoteague 47 38 50 34 2 bergs. 2543 ...do do 48 f 26 1 49 Between 35 Berg. 2544 ...do do l ^ 15 | 49 and 05 | 49 10 1 Many growlers. I 48 10 2545 ...do USCGC Half Moon _ 1 Vicinity of \6 bergs (same as Nos. 2235 and \ 47 39 50 58 / 2253). KB4fi ...do do 48 10 50 00 Field ice. 2547 ...do do 48 10 49 24 Eastern field ice limits. 2548 ...do do 48 27 49 36 Berg. 2549 do 47 38 50 46 2550 ...do 47 46 50 13 Berg Csame as No. 2315). 2551 ...do do 47 47 50 45 Berg (same as No. 2545). 2552 ...do do 47 47 50 49 Do. 2553 ...do do 47 47 51 10 Do. 2554 June 9 Ice Patrol plane 42 46 50 37 Berg (same as No. 2475). 2555 ...do do 42 52 49 52 Berg (same as No. 2476). 2556 ...do do 43 00 50 12 Berg (same as No. 2447). 2557 ...do do 43 43 48 58 Berg (same as No. 2480). 2558 ...do do 43 50 47 35 Berg (same as No. 2484). 2559 ...do do.... 43 50 47 25 Berg (same as No. 2485). 2560 ...do do 43 53 48 22 Berg (same as No. 2481). 2561 ...do do... 44 13 48 25 Berg (same as No. 2526). 2562 ...do do 44 20 48 25 Berg (same as No. 2527). 2563 ...do do 44 30 48 15 Berg (same as No. 2413). 2564 ...do do 46 15 52 38 Berg (same as No. 2535). 2565 ...do do 46 26 52 26 Berg (same as No. 2488). 2566 ...do do... 46 12 52 21 Growler. 2567 ...do Ice Patrol vessel 43 05 52 46 Berg (same as No. 2524). 2568 ...do 46 01 48 32 Berg (same as No. 2443). 2569 ...do do 46 08 47 30 Berg (same as No. 2501). 2570 ...do do 46 21 47 54 Berg (same as No. 2383). 2571 ...do do... 46 23 47 49 Berg (same as No. 2387). 2572 ...do Dirphys 46 15 48 16 Berg (same as No. 2442). 2573 ...do do 46 35 47 35 Berg (same as No. 2386). 2574 _..do do 46 35 47 45 Berg (same as No. 2388). 2575 do .. 46 23 52 47 2576 ...do do. 46 42 51 17 Berg (same as No. 2447). 2577 ...do do 46 46 51 32 Berg (same as No. 2533). 2578 ...do TWA plane 46 30 46 40 2 bergs (same as Nos. 2458 and 2471). 2579 ...do 46 32 52 36 2580 ...do 46 41 51 36 Berg (same as No. 2576). 2581 ...do do 46 56 51 46 Berg (same as No. 2534). 2582 ...do do 47 34 50 38 Berg (same as No. 2549). 2583 ...do do 47 49 49 39 Berg (same as No. 2523). 2584 ...do Ivernia 46 36 52 32 Berg (same as No. 2579). 2585 ...do do 47 04 51 43 Berg (same as No. 2515). 2586 ...do 46 40 52 28 Berg (same as No. 2512). 2587 ...do 46 44 52 46 2588 ...do 46 57 51 43 2589 ...do 47 05 51 41 Berg (same as No. 2585). 2590 ...do do 47 28 51 24 Berg (same as No. 2233). 2591 __.do ...do 47 47 37 40 50 49 42 00 Berg (same as No. 2582). 2592 and 2520). 2593 ...do do 47 45 48 26 3 bergs. 2594 ...do USNS Mission Los Angeles. . 48 38 52 12 Field ice containing many bergs growlers. and 2595 ...do ( « 16 bergs (same as No. 2583). 40 49 29 / 2596 ...do ...do 47 48 42 54 54 38 51 49 51 10 00 07 Berg. 2 bergs. 2597 2598 2599 ...do 43 07 50 14 Berg (same as No. 2556). 2600 ...do do 43 12 50 07 Berg (same as No. 2555). 2601 ...do do 44 15 47 31 Berg (same as No. 2529). 2602 ...do..... do 44 20 48 00 Berg (same as No. 2410). 2603 1— do do 45 17 49 12 Berg (same as No. 2531). 55 TABLE OF ICE REPORTS, 1957-Continued North West No. Date Name of vessel latitude longitude Description 2604 ...do do o / 46 21 52 42 Berg (same as No. 2575). 2fi0S ...do do 46 36 52 03 Berg (same as No. 2487). 2606 ...do do 46 36 52 10 Berg. 2607 ...do do 46 37 51 59 Berg (same as No. 2581). 2608 ...do do 46 38 52 39 Berg (same as No. 2587). 2609 ...do do... 46 39 52 41 Berg (same as No. 2243). 2610 ...do do 46 44 52 21 Berg (same as No. 2242). 2611 ...do do 46 57 52 50 Berg (same as No. 2491). 2612 ...do do 47 00 51 32 Berg (same as No. 2589). 2613 ...do do 47 02 52 49 Berg (same as No. 2340). 2614 ...do do 47 03 51 23 Berg ("same as No. 2239). 2615 ...do do 47 00 52 00 Numerous growlers. 2616 do 43 11 53 02 Berg (same as No. 2567). Berg (same as No. 2376). 2617 do 44 45 45 04 2618 do 45 58 48 56 Berg (same as No. 2568). 3 bergs (same as Nos. 2236 2619 ...do do 46 40 52 53 and 2609). 2620 do 46 10 52 33 Berg (same as No. 2564). 2 bergs (same as Nos. 2576 2621 ...do do 46 18 51 00 and 2577). 2622 do .. 46 45 51 32 Berg (same as No. 2621). 3 bergs (same as Nos. 2240, 244C 2623 ...do do 47 21 48 24 and 2454). 2624 do 47 21 49 26 Berg (same as No. 2456). Berg (same as No. 2623). 2625 ...do do 47 22 48 24 2626 ...do do 47 23 48 19 Do. 2627 ...do do 47 28 48 27 Do. 2628 ...do do 47 32 48 12 Berg (same as No. 2593). 2629 ...do do 47 36 47 50 Berg (same as No. 2593). 2630 ...do do 47 36 48 12 Do. 2631 do . 47 27 51 17 2632 ...do do 47 40 50 42 Berg (same as No. 2552). 2633 ...do do 47 43 50 33 Berg (same as No. 2551). 2634 ...do do 47 51 50 27 Berg. 2635 ...do do 47 51 50 31 Do. 2636 ...do do 47 53 50 11 Do. 2637 ...do do 47 54 • 49 06 Berg (same as No. 2537). 2638 ...do do 47 54 49 51 Berg. 2639 ...do do 47 55 48 42 Do. 2640 ...do do 47 55 48 55 Do. 2641 ...do do 47 56 48 54 Do. 2642 ...do do 47 56 50 04 Berg (same as No. 2636). 2643 ...do do 47 58 48 46 Berg. 2644 ...do do 47 59 49 58 Do. 2645 ...do do 48 01 49 17 Do. 2646 ...do do 48 03 Betv 49 04 reen Do. 2647 ...do do 47 46 ar 47 53 f North frc 49 40 d 49 10 of line m iMany growlers. 2648 do •j 47 55 49 45 1 l [ 47 57 0 49 20 2649 43 52 47 40 2650 ...do do 44 13 48 53 Berg (same as No. 2425). 2651 ...do do 44 15 48 28 Berg (same as No. 2561). 2652 ...do do 44 17 45 58 3 bergs (same as No. 2525). 2653 ...do do 44 25 45 55 Berg (same as No. 2525). 2654 ...do do 44 33 46 58 Berg (same as No. 2601). 2655 ...do do 44 45 46 40 Berg (same as No. 2428). 2656 ...do do 44 45 47 04 Do. 2657 ...do do 44 52 48 48 Berg (same as No. 2410). 2658 ...do do 45 06 48 53 Berg (same as No. 2428). 2659 ...do do 45 07 49 05 Berg (same as No. 2409). 2660 ...do do 45 15 49 03 Berg (same as No. 2603). 2661 ...do do 45 16 48 59 Berg (same as No. 2414). 2662 ...do do _ 45 22 49 25 Berg (same as No. 2532). 2663 ...do do 45 25 48 47 Berg (same as No. 2424). 2664 ...do do 46 15 52 47 Berg (same as No. 2604). 2665 ...do do.. 46 28 52 45 Berg (same as No. 2619). 2666 ...do do 46 28 52 47 Do. 2667 ...do do 46 37 51 26 Berg (same as No. 2576). 2668 ...do do 46 39 52 31 Berg (same as No. 2610). 2669 ...do do 46 44 51 40 Berg (same as No. 2607). 2670 ...do do 46 53 51 52 Berg (same as No. 2622). 2671 ...do do 46 54 51 46 Berg (same as No. 2614). 2672 ...do do 46 57 52 50 Berg (same as No. 2611). 2673 ...do do 47 03 52 50 Berg (same as No. 2613). 2674 ...do Ice Patrol vessel 43 16 53 04 Berg (same as No. 2616). 56 TABLE OF ICE REPORTS, 1957-Continued Date .do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do __.do ...do ...do ...do __.do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do Name of vessel Madaket. .do. Unidentified aircraft. Olvmpia do do do. Homeric. do... do... .do. .do. .do. ...do .do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do Empress of Britain ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ..do ..do June 12 ..do ..do. ..do ..do ..do ..do ..do. 2741 ...do 2742 June 13 2743 L.-do 2744 ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do Oslofjord. ....do... ....do... ....do... ....do... ....do... ....do... do..... New York. Dartwood USNSSagitta-.. Ice Patrol vessel. Mitshurinsk do Arosa Sky... Tern Transpacific. Beljeanne ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do. ...do do ...do do ...do GrooteBeer.. ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do Stadhaarlem. Pan American plane. Ice Patrol vessel Monterieo Tern ..do. ..do. ..do. ..do. ..do. North latitude West longitude 06 and to 05 15 52 56 56 02 57 59 00 01 03 04 07 11 11 08 28 40 41 53 52 51 47 35 46 31 I 49 09 eastward 49 42 46 00 48 40 44 55 47 00 48 47 47 48 48 33 48 45 48 16 47 08 47 12 47 49 47 49 52 47 52 49 52 36 52 15 51 16 51 40 51 44 48 40 49 26 52 40 46 46 46 47 47 47 46 47 46 46 46 47 47 47 47 47 46 10 miles 48 43 42 43 43 44 45 42 46 45 03 26 41 49 26 40 45 52 03 01 26 41 41 47 south Cape 38 24 40 05 08 17 28 29 46 45 46 50 46 54 46 56 47 22 47 25 47 29 47 45 47 26 47 28 47 35 47 36 47 36 47 26 47 33 43 53 43 55 44 10 44 34 45 45 46 25 46 25 46 40 46 44 Vicinity of 52 21 52 49 51 46 51 45 50 22 48 52 51 52 50 32 52 20 51 32 51 45 52 45 51 47 50 22 49 00 49 20 51 52 Bonavista. 51 15 53 12 53 12 48 56 49 02 46 18 47 13 52 33 52 17 51 38 51 26 51 43 49 12 49 04 48 47 48 50 48 34 48 44 48 33 48 47 48 53 49 17 48 27 48 42 53 06 46 18 48 40 49 00 48 10 48 20 48 01 48 09 Description IBerg and growlers (same as No. 1 2557). Large growler. 3 bergs (same as No. 2652). Berg (same as No. 2657). Berg (same as No. 2617). Berg (same as No. 2482). Berg (same as No. 2658). Berg (same as No. 2500). Berg (same as No. 2572). Berg (same as No. 2618). Berg (same as No. 2428). Berg and growler (same as No. 2569). Berg. Berg (same as No. 2499). Berg (same as No. 2502). Berg (same as No. 2620). Berg (same as No. 2690). Berg (same as No. 2666). Berg (same as No. 2605). Berg (same as No. 2667). Berg (same as No. 2671). Berg (same as No. 2670). 2 bergs (same as Nos. 2639 and 2643). Several bergs (same as No. 2595). 2 bergs (same as Nos. 2665 and 2666). Berg (same as No. 2668). Berg (same as No. 2619). Berg (same as No. 2696). Berg (same as No. 2612). Berg (same as No. 2516). Berg (same as No. 2592). Growler. Growler. Berg (same as No. 2605). Berg (same as No. 2669). Berg (same as No. 2695). Berg (same as No. 2673). Berg (same as No. 2703). Berg (same as No. 2704). Berg (same as No. 2592). Berg (same as No. 2595). Growler. Heavy field ice. Field ice. Berg (same as No. 2674). 2 bergs (same as No. 2397). Berg (same as No. 2675). Berg (same as No. 2721). Berg (same as No. 2654). Berg (same as No. 2503). 2 bergs (same as Nos. 2692 and 2666). Berg (same as No. 2693). Berg (same as No. 2709). Berg (same as No. 2710). Berg (same as No. 2670). Berg (same as No. 2698). Berg (same as No. 2592). Berg (same as No. 2705). Southeast corner of field ice. Berg (same as No. 2740). Do. Do. Berg (same as No. 2637). Berg (same as No. 2715). Growlers. 5 bergs (same as Nos. 2640, 2641, ' 2697 and 2714). Patch of growlers. Berg (same as No. 2674). Berg (same as No. 2723). 2 bergs (same as Nos. 2657 and 2658). Berg (same as No. 2684). Berg (same as No. 2506). Berg (same as No. 2508). Berg (same as No. 2510). Berg (same as No. 2513). 57 TABLE OF ICE REPORTS, 1957-Continued 1 North West No. Date Name of vessel latitude longitude Description 2750 ...do do 0 / 46 54 0 / 48 28 Berg (same as No. 2512). 2751 ...do do 47 06 47 10 Berg (same as No. 2540). 2752 do . Elisabeth Sehulte 44 55 45 08 Berg (same as No. 2653). 2753 ...do ...do Prins Willem IV 46 38 46 43 47 45 47 39 Berg (same as No. 2440). 2754 do Berg (same as No. 2628). 2755 ...do do 46 46 47 09 Berg (same as No. 2461). 2756 ...do do 46 49 47 18 Berg (same as No. 2460). 2757 ...do Groote Beer 46 43 51 32 Berg (same as No. 2727). 2758 _..do do 46 41 52 02 Berg (same as No. 2726). 2759 ...do do 47 07 50 11 Berg (same as No. 2582). 2760 ...do do 47 08 49 45 Berg (same as No. 2595). 2761 June 13 Nova Scotia. / From St. John's to \ 47 32 | 51 48 From 14 bergs, many growlers. 48 05 | 49 40 2762 ...do Ohio to Several bergs and growlers (same as 47 58 | 49 58 ' Nos. 2632-2636 inch, 2638 and to 2644). 47 36 51 00 2763 ...do ...do Trelissick 48 59 49 11 52 36 52 36 Berg and scattered field ice. 2764 Do. 2765 ...do do 49 14 52 57 Berg. 2766 ...do do 49 16 52 47 Do. 2767 ...do '.'.'.'.'.do Between Funk Island and mainland. From 50 45 | 53 23 Numerous small bergs. 2768 ...do do to 50 08 | 53 00 to 49 51 | 53 20 [Field ice limits. J 2769 ...do USNS Sagitta South from Ca De Spear ..... Numerous growlers. 2770 June 14 Ice Patrol vessel.. .. .. 44 06 53 04 Berg (same as No. 2742). 2771 do Marengo. ._ 45 24 47 30 Berg (same as No. 2724). 2772 ...do MATS plane 45 50 49 02 Berg (same as No. 2745). 2773 ...do Neptunia 46 36 47 34 Berg (same as No. 2573). 2774 ...do do 46 37 47 46 Berg (same as No. 2753). 2775 ...do do 46 48 47 04 Berg (same as No. 2755). 2776 ...do Manchester Trader 46 47 47 52 2 bergs (same as Nos. 2628 and 2630). 2777 ...do Rathlin Head 47 04 47 50 Berg (same as No. 2623). f From | 2778 __.do Nova Scotia 47 29 | 50 28 15 bergs (same as Nos. 2596, 2631 and to 2761). 47 32 | 51 48 I ( From 8 bergs (same as Nos. 2218, 2225, 2779 ...do do 47 28 | 50 28 to { 47 28 49 14 From 2250, 2252, 2624, 2698, 2730 and 2731). 2780 ...do Nova Scotia I 47 28 | 49 14 to [7 bergs (same as Nos. 2731, 2732 and 2734-2738 incl.). 1 47 38 48 09 J 2781 ...do Empress of England 47 42 48 42 Berg. 2782 ...do do 47 44 48 36 Do. 2783 ...do do 47 58 48 14 Do. 2784 ...do ...do ...do Walton 47 51 48 38 48 42 49 05 52 52 52 46 Do. 2785 Trelissick . Do. 2786 do Do. 2787 ...do do. 48 42 52 57 Do. 2788 ...do do 48 47 52 44 Do. 2789 ...do do Vicinity of Cape Bonavista... Numerous bergs. 2790 ...do ;""do"""" 48 46 | 52 50 Scattered field ice. 2791 ...do Canadian Department of Transport. Fogo Island to Cape Freels... 1 Shore lead, 1 mile wide. 2792 ...do do Around Grey Island Heavy pack. 2793 ...do do Amour Point to Flower Island. 47 percent cover. 2794 ...do do Eastern end Strait of Belle Isle. Blocked bv heavy pack. 2795 June 15 ...do ...do Ice Patrol vessel 44 13 44 35 44 38 53 05 48 09 48 59 Berg (same as No. 2770). 2796 Lykesfjell - - Berg (same as No. 2651). 2797 do 2 bergs (same as No. 2744). 2798 ...do do 44 38 48 56 Berg (same as No. 2659). 2799 ...do M arengo 45 20 48 50 3 bergs (same as Nos. 2660, 2661 and 2663). 2800 ...do ...do ...do Sheridan 45 45 45 20 46 11 47 40 47 34 48 10 Berg (same as No. 2682). 2801 Arosa Sun . Berg (same as No. 2771). 2802 do 2 bergs (same as Nos. 2570 and 2571). 2803 ...do USCGC Humboldt 46 39 51 49 Berg (same as No. 2757). 2 804 |.-.do do 46 43 51 42 Berg (same as No. 2667). 58 TABLE OF ICE REPORTS, 1957-Continued North West No. Date Name of vessel latitude longitude Description [ From I 2805 ...do 47 13 51 31 15 bergs (same as Nos. 2668 and to t 2806). 46 38 52 35 Between 2806 ...do do 47 47 50 49 15 bergs (same as Nos. 2712, 2729, ai d 2762 and 2778). 47 13 51 31 mm ...do Caxton 46 45 52 10 Berg (same as No. 2758). Between 1 mm ...do do 47 54 48 19 7 bergs (same as Nos. 2623, 2780, ar d 2781, 2782 and 2783). 47 33 48 35 2809 44 21 53 -00 Berg (same as No. 2795). 2810 ...do Nyon... . . 46 43 48 52 2 bergs (same as Nos. 2205 and 2218). 2811 _..do ...do June 17 ...do ...do USCGC Humboldt... - 47 34 47 45 44 26 45 32 45 57 48 27 48 35 53 06 49 05 48 57 Berg (same as No. 2808). 2812 Do. 2813 Berg (same as No. 2809). 2814 Berg (same as No. 2662). 28 IS USCG plane Berg (same as No. 2772). 2816 ...do do 46 46 51 34 Berg (same as No. 2804). 2817 ...do Beaverlodge . .. 46 11 53 21 Berg (same as No. 2664). 2818 ...do do 46 15 53 32 Berg (same as No. 2691). 2819 .__do do 46 16 52 24 Berg (same as No. 2725). 2820 _..do do 46 23 52 15 Do. 2821 ...do do 46 27 52 17 Berg (same as No. 2805). 2822 ...do do 46 31 51 53 Berg (same as No. 2803). 2823 ...do do 46 33 51 32 Berg (same as No. 2816). 2824 ...do do 46 39 52 01 Berg (same as No. 2805). 2825 ...do Torsholm 46 20 47 46 2 bergs (same as Nos. 2754 and 2756). 2826 ...do ...do USS Prevail 46 41 46 42 52 51 52 57 Berg (same as No. 2701). 2827 do Berg (same as No. 2673). 2828 ...do Carinthia.. 46 42 52 50 2 bergs (same as Nos. 2826 and 2827). 2829 ...do do 46 49 52 15 Berg (same as No. 2805). 2830 ...do do 46 52 51 44 Do. 2831 ...do do 46 57 51 39 Do. 2832 ...do do 46 57 51 47 Berg (same as No. 2807). 2833 ...do do * 47 01 51 46 Do. 2834 ...do do 47 10 51 21 Do. 2835 ...do do 47 12 50 20 Berg (same as No. 2779). 2836 ...do do 47 20 50 13 Do. 2837 ...do do 47 27 49 17 Berg (same as No. 27801. 2838 —do do 47 33 49 11 Berg (same as No. 2762). 2839 ...do do 47 35 48 58 Berg (same as No. 2762). 2840 ...do do 47 55 51 54 Berg. 2841 ...do Belocean 46 43 52 55 Berg (same as No. 2672). 2842 ...do do 46 47 52 50 Berg (same as No. 2828). 2843 ...do do Between Cap Cape Spear. e Broyle and 6 bergs (same as No. 2712). 2844 _-.do Ivernia 46 50 50 40 Berg (same as No. 2728). 2845 ...do do 47 10 49 05 Berg (same as No. 2760). 2846 ...do do 47 11 48 59 Berg (same as No. 2759). 2847 ...do do 47 12 48 36 Berg (same as No. 2812). 2848 ...do do 47 20 48 31 2 bergs (same as No. 2780). 2849 ...do do 47 27 48 05 Berg (same as No. 2780). 2850 __.do do 47 32 48 14 Berg (same as No. 2784). 2851 ...do Godafoss _ _ .- 46 57 51 45 Berg (same as No. 2830). 2852 ...do do _-_- 47 04 51 42 Berg (same as No. 2831). 2853 ...do do 47 15 51 22 Berg (same as No. 2834). 2854 ...do do 47 30 49 25 Berg (same as No. 2762). 2855 ...do do 47 33 48 42 Berg (same as No. 2780). 2856 ...do do 47 37 49 20 Berg (same as No. 2762). 2857 ...do do 47 38 48 46 Berg (same as No. 2780). 2858 ...do do 47 38 48 50 Berg (same as No. 2839). 2859 ...do do 47 38 49 13 Berg (same as No. 2838). 2860 ...do do 47 40 48 45 Berg. 2861 ...do do 47 41 49 05 Berg (same as No. 2762). 2862 ...do do 47 44 49 19 Berg. 2863 ...do do 47 45 48 50 Do. 2864 ...do do 47 48 48 21 Do. 2865 ...do do 48 00 48 22 Growler. 2866 ...do do 48 03 48 15 Do. 2867 ...do 47 04 f Beti 50 20 seen Berg (same as No. 2835). 2868 ...do do 47 40 ai I 47 23 47 30 d 48 34 8 bergs (same as Nos. 2629, 2780, 2808, 2811 and 2847). 59 TABLE OF ICE REPORTS, 1957-Continued No. 2869 2870 2871 2872 2873 2874 2875 2876 2877 2878 2879 2880 2881 2882 2883 2884 2885 2886 2887 2890 2891 2892 2893 2894 2895 2896 2897 2898 2899 2900 2901 2902 2903 2904 2905 2906 2907 2908 2909 2910 2911 2912 2913 2914 2915 2916 2917 2918 2919 2920 Date ...do ...do ...do ..do ...do ..do..... _.do ..do..._ June 18 ...do _.do_.__ ..do ..do.... __ do Name of vessel Stanland do.... do do. Sylvania Newfoundland. .do .do .do_ .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do .do. do 2921 ...do.. Canadian Department of Transport. .do. Ice Patrol plane do do do ....do.... ,do_ Ice Patrol vessel. Suederholm Teal Ryndam .do. do. .do- Unidentified vessel do do do Herald do- Richard De Larrinaga. USN plane ....do Beaverlodge. do --_.do .do -do- Ophelia... do.... do.... -_..do-._ do. Baskerville. ....do ....do ....do ..._do ....do USS Prevail. ....do ..do ..do .do .do. Stanland. North latitude 47 17 47 36 47 37 47 40 West longitude 48 23 48 24 48 12 47 32 Within 10 mile radius of 47 45 I 49 19 Vicinity of 48 00 | 48 10 Entrance to Strait of Belle Isle. From Cape Norman westward. 42 30 42 51 42 56 42 57 46 32 46 34 44 28 42 43 43 55 45 19 45 21 45 21 45 26 45 42 45 43 45 43 45 50 45 48 45 48 46 15 46 44 46 45 46 45 47 03 47 00 47 26 47 18 From I to I to 51 39 49 43 50 41 50 38 52 53 52 58 53 15 51 46 48 09 47 44 49 11 49 22 49 15 48 42 48 13 48 13 48 49 47 36 48 02 53 43 47 50 47 58 51 43 50 01 50 02 49 28 49 28 48 05* to 47 38 I 48 16 Within 5-mile radius of 47 32 46 49 46 50 46 54 46 54 47 55 51 45 52 07 51 43 51 53 North tail of Ballard Banks. .. 46 49 46 55 46 56 46 56 51 50 51 41 51 48 51 50 Within 22-mile radius of 47 28 46 42 47 19 48 50 52 02 52 30 Between lats. 47°25' N. and 47°30' N. and longs. 52°24' W. and 52°32' W. 48 11 52 37 48 20 52 32 Between 49 00 49 30 49 50 49 41 49 53 50 00 and I From I to I to I to 53 00 53 25 54 20 55 15 55 23 55 25 Between lats. 47°33' N. and 47°20' N. and longs. 50°20' W. and 50°33' W. Description Berg (same as No. 2868). Berg. Berg (same as No. 2850). Berg (same as No. 2868). 6 bergs and growlers (same as No. < 2854). 14 bergs. Heavy field ice, 60 percent cover. No field ice Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Do. Do. Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Do. Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same numerous growlers, as No. 2598). as No. 2721). as No. 2599). as No. 2600). as No. 2826). as No. 2827). as No. 2813). as No. 2877). as No. 2560). as No. 2802). as No. 2799). as No. 2683). as No. 2895). as No. 2689). as No. 2815). as No. 2687). as No. 26S8). as No. 2818). as No. 2776). as No. 2830). as No. 2836). as No. 2867). 24 bergs (same as Nos. 2779, 2837, 2838, 2839, 2845, 2S46, 2848, 2849, 2868, 2871 and 2873). 2 bergs, 6 growlers (same as No. ' 2868). Berg. Berg (same as No. 2829). Berg (same as No. 2833). Berg (same as No. 2851). Numerous growlers. Berg (same as No. 2778). Berg (same as No. 2906). Berg (same as No. 2831). Berg (same as No. 2907). 21 bergs, numerous growlers (same ' as No. 2902). Growler. 3 bergs (same as No. 2843). 6 bergs, 10 growlers. Do. 5 bergs, 25 growlers. bergy bits and 25 [Southern field ice limits. 12 bergs (same as No. 2807). 60 TABLE OF ICE REPORTS, 1957-Continued Date Name of vessel North latitude West longitude Description _do... June 19 do. .do. _do. _do_ .do. .do._.. .do_._. .do.... _do__._ .do.... .do.... _do_.._ .do .do _do .do Newfoundland. Ice Patrol plane _ .do. ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do. ...do do ...do do Ice Patrol vessel Unidentified vessel. Sea Spray .. do _._. ...do do ...do do ...do ...do do ...do do ...do do )eia ...do. Manchester City. do do ..._do____ .do. Marquette. .do. .do Unidentified vessel. . USCGC Cook Inlet. do do do do do Rvndam Herald Prins Frederik Willem. do Malaga do do Ripon ...do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do Empress of Scotland ...do do ...do do — Between 47 23 | 49 22 and 47 23 I 49 00 47 30 48 46 48 02 Between and 46 04 46 09 46 14 46 10 46 10 46 12 46 22 46 25 46 27 46 30 46 36 46 38 46 42 46 45 46 49 46 51 47 00 47 05 47 05 47 10 47 12 47 15 47 19 46 38 47 07 47 12 46 41 46 42 46 49 48 17 50 30 49 40 48 54 48 11 49 00 48 05 48 55 48 51 53 21 52 50 52 40 52 39 51 30 50 50 49 43 48 55 48 47 48 55 48 46 47 50 48 04 48 54 48 00 49 02 48 58 48 50 48 48 47 53 48 56 47 43 48 25 48 26 48 22 47 32 47 32 46 59 47 29 47 22 47 16 53 40 53 52 47 39 52 00 47 12 48 02 47 42 46 48 51 43 51 42 51 46 51 42 51 32 51 05 51 16 51 42 50 55 49 43 50 20 50 00 51 43 50 07 50 00 52 52 52 51 52 17 11 bergs (same as No. 2902). 2 bergs (same as Nos. 2855 and 2860). 36 bergs (same as Nos. 2778, 2873 and 2874). Berg (same as No. 2878). Berg (same as No. 2797). Berg (same as No. 2649). Berg (same as No. 2748). Berg (same as No. 2749). Berg (same as No. 2798). Berg (same as No. 2685). Berg (same as No. 2817). Berg (same as No. 2843). Berg (same as No. 2843). Do. Berg (same as No. 2877). Berg (same as No. 2879). Berg and growlers (same as No. 2925). Berg (same as No. 2560). Berg (same as No. 2797). Berg (same as No. 2926). Berg (same as No. 2941). Berg (same as No. 2946). Berg (same as No. 2649). Growlers. Berg (same as No. 2943). Berg (same as No. 2928). Berg (same as No. 2930). Berg (same as No. 2931). Berg (same as No. 2747). Berg (same as No. 2796). 2 growlers. Berg (same as No. 2886). Berg (same as No. 2800). Berg (same as No. 2956). Berg (same as No. 2891). Berg (same as No. 2801). Berg (same as No. 2965). Berg and growlers (same as No. 2774). Berg (same as No. 2801). Berg (same as No. 2825). Berg (same as No. 2775). Berg (same as No. 2818). Berg (same as No. 2948). Berg (same as No. 2958). 3 bergs (same as Nos. 2820 and 2822). Berg (same as No. 2962). Berg (same as No. 2746). Berg (same as No. 2773). Berg and growlers (same as No. 2751). Berg (same as No. 2904). Berg (same as No. 2910). Berg (same as No. 2909). Berg (same as No. 2907). Berg. Berg (same as No. 2989). Do. Do. Do. Berg (same as No. 2902). Berg (same as No. 2989). Berg (same as No. 2990). Growler. Do. Do. Berg. Do. Berg (same as No. 2905). 61 TABLE OF ICE REPORTS, 1957-Continued No. Date Name of vessel North latitude West longitude Description 29*9 2990 2991. 2992 2993 2994 2995 2996 2997 2998 2999 3000 3001 3002 3003 3004 3005 3006 3007 3008 3009 3010 3011 3012 3013 3014 3015 3016 3017 3018 3019 3020 3021 3022 3023 3024 3025 3026 3027 3028 3029 3030 3031 3032 3033 3034 3035 3036 3037 3038 3039 3040 3041 3042 3043 3044 3045 3046 3047 3048 3049 3050 3051 3052 3053 3054 3055 3056 3057 .do. .do .do.. ..do ..do ..do. .do .do. .do. .do. do .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do .do. Ingleby. Belocean Unidentified vessel. USS Prevail. Ice Patrol vessel Italia do do USCGC Cook Inlet. Marquette Oslofjord Assyria do .do. .do- do. ...do do June 20 ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do Between 46 58 | 52 03 and 47 22 | 50 21 Between 47 24 | 50 14 and 47 59 I 48 36 48 01 I 52 44 and to northward 48 05 49 53 40 00 51 10 From 49 53 | 55 23 to 50 00 | 55 22 Cape St. John to Little Bay Head. ...do ...do ...do do ...do do ...do do... ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do.. ...do do ...do do_ ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do.. ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do 43 51 44 00 45 10 45 26 45 36 45 37 45 38 45 42 45 43 45 45 45 47 45 52 46 19 46 25 46 30 46 32 46 41 46 42 46 43 46 47 46 50 42 20 45 54 45 58 45 30 46 05 46 06 46 06 46 11 46 15 46 20 46 24 46 11 46 21 46 34 46 36 46 37 46 40 46 41 46 42 46 42 46 45 46 46 46 50 46 52 46 56 46 57 46 58 46 58 46 58 46 58 46 58 46 59 47 00 47 00 47 04 47 04 47 06 47 09 47 10 47 12 47 17 47 51 47 45 47 25 47 43 47 55 48 01 47 38 47 47 47 45 47 38 47 51 47 53 51 12 51 01 51 24 51 38 51 12 52 42 52 49 52 45 52 50 51 33 48 00 48 00 46 45 53 42 53 53 53 56 51 30 48 46 47 58 47 41 48 20 47 30 53 06 52 42 52 46 52 46 52 54 52 45 52 49 52 22 52 25 51 51 51 47 51 53 51 25 51 48 51 35 51 55 51 56 52 01 51 51 51 09 51 43 51 21 51 46 50 16 50 58 51 52 51 20 50 37 k25 bergs (same as Nos. 2834, 2911, 2921 and 2924). ,10 bergs (same as No. 2924). Numerous bergs. Several bergs. Growler. Field ice boundary. 10 mile shore lead. Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg. Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Do. Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Growler. Berg (same Do. Do. Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same 5 growlers. Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg. Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Do. Do. Do. Berg (same Berg (same Do. Do. Do. Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg and 2900). Berg (same Berg (same Do. Do. as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. 2750). 2777). 2953). 2S94). 2957). 2958). 2960). 2750). 2691). 2962). 2777). 2810). as No. 2844). as No. 2971). as No. 2972). as No. 2975). as No. 2934). as No. 2935). as No. 2843). as No. 2936). as No. 2750). as No. 2777). as No. 2964). as No. 2823). as No. 2810). as No. 2902). as No. 2969). as No. 2897). as No. 2882). as No. 2881). as No. 2986). as No. 2933). as No. 2934). as No. 2935). as No. 2988). as No. 2824). as No. 2974). as No. 2989). as No. 2978). as No. 2989). as No. 2976). as No. 2989). as No. 2977). as No. 2989). growlers (same as No. as No. 2979). as No. 2989). 62 TABLE OF ICE REPORTS, 1957-Continued North West No. Date Name of vessel latitude longitude Description 3058 ...do do 47 18 0 / 50 20 Berg (same as No. 2981). 3059 ...do do. 47 18 50 33 Berg (same as No. 2989). 3060 ...do do.. 47 29 49 06 Berg (same as No. 2902). 3061 ...do do 46 55 51 39 2 growlers. 3062 ...do do 47 14 50 16 Growler. 3063 ...do do 47 15 50 22 Do. 3064 ...do do 47 29 49 18 Do. 3065 ...do Empress of Britain 46 33 53 09 Berg (same as No. 3030). 3066 ...do do 46 37 52 43 Berg (same as No. 3031). 3067 ...do do 46 38 52 49 Berg (same as No. 3032). 3068 ...do do 46 42 52 51 Berg (same as No. 3034). 3069 ...do do 46 47 52 44 Berg (same as No. 3015). 3070 ...do do 46 47 52 48 Berg (same as No. 3016). 3071 ...do do 46 52 52 43 Berg. 3072 ...do Birmingham City 47 10 50 18 Berg (same as No. 3053). 3073 ...do 47 15 50 25 Berg (same as No. 3058). 3074 ...do do 47 20 50 10 Berg and growlers (same as No. 2990). 3075 ...do do 47 21 49 13 Berg (same as No. 3083). 3076 ...do do 47 22 49 11 Do. 3077 ...do do 47 26 49 23 Berg (same as No. 2902). 3078 ._.do do 47 27 49 09 Berg (same as No. 3060). 3079 ...do do _--_ 47 32 49 20 Berg (same as No. 2990). 3080 ...do do 47 40 49 24 Berg (same as No. 2924). 3081 ...do do 47 22 49 50 Growlers. 3082 ...do ...do 47 12 47 22 49 13 49 16 Berg (same as No. 2902). 2 bergs (same as No. 2902). 3083 do 3084 ...do do 47 26 47 54 Growler. 3085 ...do do 47 30 48 43 Do. 3086 ...do do 47 32 49 05 Do. 3087 ...do do 47 36 f Bet; 48 20 reen Do. 3088 ...do 47 35 48 55 (6 bergs (same as Nos. 2990, 3015 s ar d f 3016). 1 47 30 49 50 3089 ...do 47 33 49 10 Berg (same as No. 2990). 3090 ...do do 47 34 48 56 Do. 3091 ...do do 47 36 48 42 Berg (same as No. 2913). 3092 ...do do 47 40 48 15 Berg (same as No. 2860). 3093 ...do do 47 46 48 09 Berg (same as No. 2864). 3094 ...do do 47 46 48 35 Berg (same as No. 2924). 3095 ...do Star of Assuan / Vicin \ 47 48 lty of 13 bergs (same as No. 2924). 49 20 3096 ...do ...do ...do Eibe Oldendorff 48 32 49 50 West coast Nc 51 32 55 42 tre Dame Bay 2 bergs. Field ice. 1 mile wide shore lead. 3097 USS Prevail 3098 do to Gull Islan d. 3099 June 21 45 19 47 45 Berg (same as No. 2999). 3100 ...do do 45 25 47 28 Berg (same as No. 2998). 3101 ...do do 45 26 48 37 Berg (same as No. 3001). 3102 ...do do 45 28 48 20 Berg (same as No. 3000). 3103 ...do do 45 29 48 18 Berg (same as No. 3003). 3104 ...do do 45 29 47 50 Berg (same as No. 3004). 3105 ...do do 45 30 47 35 Berg (same as No. 3005). 3106 ...do do 45 32 48 28 Berg (same as No. 3006). 3107 ...do do 45 33 47 36 Berg (same as No. 3002). 3108 ...do do 45 33 47 35 Berg (same as No. 2959). 3109 ...do do 45 33 47 34 Berg (same as No. 2898). 3110 ...do do 45 34 47 38 Berg (same as No. 3007). 3111 ...do do 45 36 47 35 Berg. 3112 ...do do 45 38 47 45 Do. 3113 ...do do 45 39 47 29 Do. 3114 ...do do 45 42 47 30 Do. 3115 ...do do.. 45 43 47 28 Do. 3116 ...do do 45 44 47 33 Do. 3117 ...do do 45 45 47 37 Do. 3118 ...do do 45 45 46 36 Do. 3119 ...do do 45 46 46 36 Do. 3120 —do do 45 47 47 43 Do. 3121 ...do do 45 48 47 53 Do. 3122 ...do do 45 48 47 55 Do. 3123 ...do do._ 45 50 48 06 Berg (same as No. 2893). 3124 ...do do 45 51 47 58 Berg (same as No. 2968). 3125 ...do do 45 52 47 03 Berg. 3126 ...do do 45 54 47 40 Berg (same as No. 3029). 3127 ...do do... 45 56 48 02 Berg (same as No. 3027). 3128 ...do do 45 56 47 46 Berg. 3129 ...do do 45 58 47 54 Do. 3130 ...do do 45 59 48 00 Do. 3131 ...do do 45 59 47 35 Do. 3132 ...do do 46 03 48 30 Berg (same as No. 3025). 63 TABLE OF ICE REPORTS, 1957-Continued North West No. Date Name of vessel latitude longitude Description 3133 ...do do 46 07 49 54 Berg. 3134 ...do do 46 12 47 46 Do. 3135 ...do do 46 13 47 40 Do. 3136 ...do do 46 18 46 34 Berg (same as No. 2970). 3137 ...do do 46 19 47 42 Berg. 3138 ...do do 46 20 50 00 Berg (same as No. 2901). 3139 ...do do... 46 21 48 12 Berg. 3140 ...do do 46 22 48 17 Do. 3141 ...do do 46 22 47 45 Do. 3142 ...do do 46 24 48 10 Do. 3143 ...do do 46 27 47 59 Do. 3144 ...do do 46 28 47 58 Do. 3145 ...do do 46 28 48 06 Do. 3146 ...do do 46 35 48 28 Do. 3147 ...do do 46 46 50 30 Do. 3148 ...do do 46 49 49 40 Berg (same as No. 2902). 3149 ...do do 46 50 50 30 Berg. 3150 ...do do 46 52 50 32 Berg (same as No. 3054). 3151 ...do do 46 54 50 42 Berg. 3152 ...do do 46 54 49 50 Berg (same as No. 2980). 3153 ...do do 46 54 50 02 Berg (same as No. 2982). 3154 ...do do 46 55 50 04 Berg (same as No. 3072). 3155 ...do do 46 56 50 08 Berg. 3156 ...do do 46 57 50 36 Berg (same as No. 3057). 3157 ...do do 46 57 50 10 Berg. 3158 ...do do 46 58 50 20 Berg (same as No. 3063). 3159 ...do do 46 59 50 40 Berg (same as No. 3059). 3160 ...do do__ 47 00 50 00 Berg (same as No. 2990). 3161 ...do do 47 04 50 25 Berg (same as No. 3074). 3162 ...do do 47 05 50 30 Berg. 3163 ...do do 47 06 50 35 Do. 3164 ...do 41 55 50 17 3017). 3165 ...do USCGC Evergreen 46 09 54 06 Berg (same as No. 3023). 3166 __.do USCG plane / Within 10-mile radius of \5 bergs (same as Nos. 2819, 2996 and / 3024). \ 46 15 51 35 3167 ...do Oslofjord.. 46 41 52 19 2 bergs (same as Nos. 3037 and 3168 ...do do 46 48 51 56 3038). 3 bergs (same as Nos. 3040, 3041 and 3048). 3169 ...do do 46 52 51 49 2 bergs (same as Nos. 3043 and 3045). 3170 ...do do 46 53 51 18 3 bergs (same as Nos. 2989, 3042 and 3049). 3171 ...do do 46 53 52 10 2 bergs (same as No. 2989). 3172 ...do do 47 00 52 00 2 bergs (same as Nos. 3046 and 3047). 3173 ...do do 47 03 52 00 Berg (same as No. 3055). Between ) 3174 ...do do 47 02 | 51 41 and 35 bergs (same as Nos. 2924, 2989, 3044, 3050-3052 and 3056). 47 43 50 03 3175 ...do do 47 56 49 20 2 bergs. 3176 ...do USNSSagitta 46 34 53 06 Berg (same as No. 3030). From | 3177 ...do 48 40 | 49 05 to I 48 14 | 51 05 l9 bergs, numerous growlers. j 3178 ...do 16 bergs (same as No. 3174). 1 47 40 | 50 40 I 3179 .. do 16 bergs. j 48 05 | 51 00 Line from 50 00 | 53 58 to 49 55 | 54 52 to 50 12 | 55 08 to 50 48 | 55 04 3180 ...do USN plane to 51 38 | 55 03 Eastern field ice boundary. ' to 52 01 | 54 55 to 52 16 | 55 06 to 53 28 | 55 17 to I 54 00 55 34 64 TABLE OF ICE REPORTS, 1957-Continued Date Name of vessel North latitude West longitude Description ..do. June 22 ..do __do ..do ..do ..do USN plane. .do .do .do Ice Patrol plane. _ Ice Patrol vessel.. do do Lancelot City of Coventry. Falkanger.. Ranenfjord. do .do. .do. .do. .do. ..do ..do ..do ..do ....do ....do Francisca SartorL ....do do .do ..do _.do ..do ..do _.do ..do ..do ..do ..do ..do Poseidon Trondheim do do Windsor Baron Geddes. Arosa Star.. Groote Beer. ....do do ..do ..do ..do June 23 ..do ..do ..do __do _.do ..do _.do —do ...do ...do .__do ...do Gyda Torm L' Aventure USS Prevail Ice Patrol vessel Rythme Manchester Merchant. do do do USCGC Eastwind do USCGC Spencer. Carinthia do. do _-_. do .do .do .do. _do_ do _-.do do ...do do ...do do ...do do .-.do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do _..do do ...do do... ...do do ...do do ...do do 50 00 49 48 49 46 49 58 42 30 41 56 42 29 42 09 43 24 Within 1 43 28 43 32 45 41 45 42 45 42 45 46 45 52 46 26 46 00 46 04 46 10 46 12 46 13 46 31 46 32 46 14 Line from 53 58 54 47 55 29 49 46 50 03 49 42 50 01 47 00 48 48 47 03 48 12 47 58 46 40 46 41 46 49 47 07 47 32 47 50 48 14 49 50 42 20 43 08 44 46 45 12 45 14 45 04 46 18 47 00 46 18 46 19 46 19 46 20 46 31 46 31 46 32 46 32 46 32 46 41 46 42 46 43 46 43 46 44 46 47 46 48 46 50 46 50 46 52 46 57 46 57 Vicinity of 48 02 47 52 47 15 46 51 47 15 48 00 47 52 54 21 53 44 53 20 53 04 54 25 47 40 47 28 52 10 50 53 49 00 50 00 50 00 55 42 49 19 46 29 46 40 48 33 49 16 48 39 53 17 52 43 54 18 53 13 54 23 53 06 52 48 52 48 53 02 53 12 53 20 52 54 52 09 51 45 52 38 52 12 52 44 52 36 52 08 52 30 52 22 51 45 57 05 Within 10-mile radius of 47 00 51 30 47 00 51 54 47 02 51 58 Western field ice boundary. Berg (same as No. 2925). Berg (same as No. 3164) Berg (same as No. 3182). Several growlers (same as No. 3183). Berg (same as No. 2996). 4 bergs (same as Nos. 2926, 2928, ' 2930 and 2931). Berg (same as No. 3186). Berg (same as No. 3123). 2 bergs (same as Nos. 3121 and 3122). 2 bergs (same as Nos. 3124 and 3129). 2 bergs (same as Nos. 3120 and 3128). Berg (same as No. 3125). Growler. Berg (same as No. 3193). Berg and growlers (same as No. 3134). Berg and growlers (same as No. 3137). Berg (same as No. 3165). Berg (same as No. 2932). Berg (same as No. 3176). Berg (same as No. 3034). Berg (same as No. 3198). 111 bergs (same as No. 2902). 3 bergs (same as No. 3203). Berg (same as No. 3171). 10 bergs (same as No. 3174). 8 bergs (same as Nos. 2902 and 3088). 6 bergs. Berg. Scattered field ice. Berg (same as No. 3184). Berg (same as No. 3186). Berg (same as No. 2951). Berg (same as No. 3103). Berg (same as No. 2887). Growlers. 2 bergs (same as Nos. 3222 and 3231). 5 bergs (same as No. 2843). Berg (same as No. 3202). Berg (same as No. 3031). Berg (same as No. 3202). 2 bergs. 2 bergs (same as Nos. 3032 and 3034). 2 bergs (same as No. 3015). 2 bergs (same as No. 3016). Berg (same as No. 3071). Berg (same as No. 3031). 3 bergs (same as Nos. 3171 and 3201). 2 bergs (same as No. 3167). Berg (same as No. 2973). Berg (same as No. 3171). Berg (same as No. 3200). 3 bergs. Berg. Do. 2 bergs. 3 bergs. Berg (same as No. 3174). Berg. 112 bergs (same as Nos. 3168-3170). Berg. Do. 65 TABLE OF ICE REPORTS, 1957-Continued North West No. Date Name of vessel latitude longitude Description 3243 ...do do o 47 07 50 45 5 bergs (same as Nos. 3157, 3158 and 3161). 3244 do 46 21 53 09 Berg (same as No. 3031). 3245 do 46 33 53 12 Berg (same as No. 3201). 3246 do 46 Between 36 | 53 14 46 and 34 | 53 Between 23 146 bergs (same as Nos. 3015, 3016, 3247 ...do do 47 09 | 51 and 47 3031,3032,3034,3071,3245,3248 and 3249). 46 35 53 04 3248 ...do Trondheim 46 35 52 50 Berg (same as No. 3031). 3249 ...do do 46 45 52 20 Berg (same as No. 3171). 3250 ...do do 46 50 51 00 Berg (same as No. 3170). 3251 ...do do 46 54 61 10 Do. 3252 ...do do 47 06 50 58 Berg (same as No. 3206). 3253 ...do do 47 08 51 04 Do. 3254 ...do do 47 12 50 44 Berg (same as No. 3174). 3255 ...do do 47 15 51 40 Berg. 3256 ...do do 47 18 50 25 Berg (same as No. 3174). 3257 ...do do 47 20 51 45 Berg. 3258 ...do do 47 24 50 01 Berg (same as No. 3174). 3259 ...do do 47 28 49 44 2 bergs (same as No. 3088). 3260 ...do do __ 47 33 49 25 Do. I Between 25 bergs (same as Nos. 3150, 3151, 3261 ...do ) 46 59 | 50 55 3156-3159, 3161-3163, 3174 and 47 and 07 | 50 Between 10 ' 3206). 3262 ...do do 47 47 07 | 50 and 17 | 49 Between 10 26 5 bergs (same as No. 3174). 3263 do 47 39 | 50 44 14 bergs (same as Nos. 2915, 3172, 47 and 09 1 51 47 ' 3173, 3178 and 3255). Within 10 miles of ' track between 32 bergs (same as Nos. 3174, 3208, 3264 ...do Lismoria { 47 17 | 51 04 [ 3263 and 3265). 1 and I 47 50 49 45 3265 ...do do 47 52 49 41 2 bergs. 3266 ...do Vilhelm Torkildsen 47 19 50 03 Berg (same as No. 3258). 3267 ...do do 47 20 49 54 Berg. 3268 ...do do 47 21 49 33 Berg (same as No. 3088). 3269 ...do do 47 23 49 23 Do. 3270 ...do do 47 23 50 04 Berg. 3271 ...do do 47 24 49 06 Berg (same as No. 3207). 3272 ...do do 47 24 49 44 Berg (same as No. 3259). 3273 ...do do 47 26 50 02 Berg. 3274 ...do do 47 32 49 16 Berg (same as No. 3080). 3275 ...do ...do 47 47 39 41 51 51 56 54 Berg (same as No. 2840). 3276 Berg. 3277 ...do do 47 44 52 10 2 bergs. 3278 ...do do 47 45 51 52 Do. 3279 ...do do 47 52 51 49 Do. 3280 ...do do 48 05 50 25 Do. 3281 ...do June 24 47 46 46 07 50 53 08 20 Berg (same as No. 3264). 3282 Berg. 3283 ...do do 46 08 53 25 Do. 3284 ...do do 42 44 22 39 48 46 58 07 Berg (same as No. 3211). 3285 Berg (same as No. 3213). 3286 ...do USCGC Spencer... 44 46 47 57 Berg (same as No. 2954). 3287 ...do 44 50 47 56 Berg (same as No. 2955). 32S8 ...do do 44 56 48 36 Berg (same as No. 3214). 3289 ...do ...do 45 45 34 38 48 48 24 14 Berg (same as No. 3135). 3290 do Berg (same as No. 3141). 3291 ...do ...do 46 46 23 23 53 53 05 13 Berg (same as No. 3222). 3292 do Berg (same as No. 3220). 3293 ...do do 46 31 53 07 Berg (same as No. 3246). 3294 ...do do. 46 32 52 41 Do. 3295 ...do do 46 32 53 15 Berg (same as No. 3226). 3296 ...do do.... 46 32 53 24 Berg (same as No. 3227). 3297 ...do do 46 33 52 51 Berg (same as No. 3247). 3298 ...do do.... 46 33 53 12 Do. 3299 ...do do 46 33 53 24 Do. 3300 ...do do.... 46 34 52 49 Berg (same as No. 3223). 3301 ...do do 46 36 52 45 Berg (same as No. 3233). 3302 ...do do 46 37 52 41 Berg (same as No. 3236). 3303 ...do do 46 39 52 53 Berg (same as No. 3228). 66 TABLE OF ICE REPORTS, 1957-Continued Date Name of vessel North lati tude West longitude Description ...do do ...do do ...do..... do ...do do __ _..do do ...do do.... ...do do ...do do ...do do __.do do ...do do ...do do ...do do... _..do do ...do do .do ...do ...do ..do ..do ...do ...do June 25 ...do Saxonia. do.... ....do.... Carinthia. do ..._do :.. KLM plane Ice Patrol plane. do .do .do .do. .do. .(In .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. do do Ice Patrol vessel. USS Kirkpatrick. do do Woodford Wuerttemberg Honold do. USNS J. E. Kelley. do do .do. .do. .do .do -do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do.... .do.... .do.... .do. .do. -do. 3378 I... do. .do ....do do Empress of England. do. do do do 46 42 46 47 46 48 46 49 46 49 46 49 46 50 46 53 46 57 46 58 47 03 47 09 47 09 Within 10-mile 47 10 47 21 47 44 47 10 47 43 46 22 47 27 47 33 47 43 47 50 44 12 44 32 44 44 46 01 46 02 46 06 46 06 46 09 46 19 46 19 46 23 46 31 46 35 46 36 46 40 46 46 42 13 42 56 43 02 43 02 44 15 44 32 45 54 46 00 46 13 46 15 46 23 46 25 46 27 46 32 46 35 46 37 46 39 46 42 46 44 46 45 46 45 46 46 46 48 46 48 46 51 46 53 46 59 47 06 47 07 47 09 47 10 47 11 46 21 46 30 46 32 46 41 46 49 From 52 48 52 28 52 31 52 13 52 26 52 30 52 53 52 10 52 01 52 02 51 46 51 52 51 54 radius of 51 30 51 12 49 47 51 11 49 40 54 22 49 57 50 17 50 15 49 30 46 35 45 19 46 31 51 35 51 42 52 01 52 09 51 38 51 54 51 58 51 10 51 44 51 53 52 09 52 22 52 02 48 13 49 17 49 02 49 24 48 37 45 25 51 17 51 20 53 35 53 14 53 19 53 20 52 55 53 14 52 47 53 01 52 44 52 52 52 55 52 45 52 46 52 48 52 38 52 39 51 53 52 35 52 52 52 50 52 32 52 49 52 45 52 45 54 31 52 52 53 14 52 51 52 52 Berg (same as No. 3233). Berg (same as No. 3237). Berg (same as No. 3247). Berg (same as No. 3239). Berg (same as No. 3237). Berg (same as No. 3236). Berg (same as No. 3218). Berg (same as No. 3242). Berg (same as No. 3241). Berg (same as No. 3247). Do. Do. Do. 12 bergs (same as No. 3247). Berg (same as No. 3247). 22 bergs (same as Nos. 3264 and ' 3323). 2 bergs (same as No. 3264). 2 growlers. 2 bergs (same as Nos. 3264 and 3270). 2 bergs (same as No. 3264). Berg (same as No. 3264). Do. Berg (same as No. 2929). Berg (same as No. 3285). Berg (same as No. 2997). Berg (same as No. 3166). Do. Berg (same as No. 3166). Do. Do. Berg (same as No. 3011). Berg (same as No. 3010). Berg (same as No. 3012). Berg (same as No. 3230). Berg (same as No. 3229). Do. Berg (same as No. 3239). Berg (same as No. 3235). Berg (same as No. 3284). Berg (same as No. 3187). Do. Do. Berg (same as No. 3104). Berg (same as No. 3285). Do. Berg (same as No. Berg (same as No. Berg (same as No. Berg (same as No. Berg (same as No. Berg (same as No. Berg (same as No. Berg (same as No. Berg (same as No. Berg (same as No. Do. Berg (same as No. Do. Berg (same as No. Berg (same as No. Berg (same as No. Berg (same as No. Do. Do. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. 2 bergs (same as 3227). Berg (same as No. Berg (same as No. Berg (same as No. Berg (same as No. 3283). 3291). 3292). 3295). 3297). 3293). 3301). 3303). 3304). 3228). 3233). 3218). 3306). 3309). 3218). Nos. 3221 and 3297). 3298). 3228). 3310). 67 TABLE OF ICE REPORTS, 1957-Continued North West No. Date Name of vessel latitude longitude Description 3379 ...do 47 29 50 24 Berg (same as No. 3319). 3380 ...do do 47 30 50 35 Berg (same as No. 3264). 3381 ...do do 47 41 50 12 Berg and growlers (same as No. 3324). 3382 ...do do 47 41 50 27 Berg (same as No. 3264). 3383 _..do do 47 42 50 11 Do. :;:im ...do do 47 45 50 22 Do. 3385 ...do do 47 57 49 40 Do. 3386 ...do do 47 49 49 56 Growler. 3387 do .. 46 32 53 12 Berg (same as No. 3298). 3388 do USNS Bondia 48 12 52 39 Several bergs. Berg (same as No. 3342). 3389 42 10 48 00 3390 do .. 42 41 50 18 Berg (same as No. 2937). 3391 do 44 39 48 53 Berg (same as No. 3287). 3392 __.do do 44 51 48 20 2 bergs (same as Nos. 3110 and 3111). 3393 do 46 01 47 52 Berg (same as No. 3204). Do. 3394 ...do do 46 02 47 54 3395 do . 46 11 53 20 3351). 3396 ...do Transquebec. ... 46 31 53 28 Berg (same as No. 3296). 3397 ...do do 46 35 53 22 Berg (same as No. 3299). 3398 ...do do 46 38 52 50 Berg (same as No. 3360). 3399 ...do do 46 41 52 52 Berg (same as No. 3362). 3400 ...do do 46 52 52 33 Berg (same as No. 3367). 3401 ...do do 46 55 52 51 Berg (same as No. 3368). 3402 ...do do 47 00 52 42 Berg (same as No. 3372). 3403 ...do do 47 05 52 38 Berg (same as No. 3373). 3404 ...do do 47 08 52 16 3 bergs. 3405 ...do do 47 09 52 25 Do. 3406 ...do do 47 13 51 57 2 bergs (same as Nos. 3275 and 3276). 3407 ...do do 47 29 51 39 Berg (same as No. 3278). 3408 ...do do 47 37 51 36 3 bergs (same as Nos. 3277 and 3279). 3409 ...do do 47 47 51 15 Berg. 3410 ...do do 47 18 52 10 Growler. 3411 do USCGC Eastwind 46 31 53 21 3412 do 46 31 54 31 3413 ...do do 46 33 53 22 Berg (same as No. 3299). 3414 ...do do 46 34 53 17 Berg (same as No. 3376). 3415 ...do do 46 36 52 59 Berg (same as No. 3357). 3416 ...do do 46 37 52 54 Berg (same as No. 3359). 3417 ...do do 46 39 52 43 Berg (same as No. 3358). 3418 ...do do 46 39 52 45 Berg (same as No. 3356). 3419 ...do do 46 40 52 51 Berg (same as No. 3360). 3420 ...do do 46 42 52 48 Berg (same as No. 3362). 3421 ...do do 46 45 52 38 Berg (same as No. 3364). 3422 ...do do 46 45 52 57 Berg (same as No. 3363). 3423 ...do do 46 54 52 31 Berg (same as No. 3370). 3424 ...do do 47 01 52 18 Berg (same as No. 3316). 3425 ...do do 47 06 52 08 Berg (same as No. 3315). 3426 ...do do 47 09 52 03 Berg (same as No. 3406). 3427 ...do do 47 12 51 34 Berg (same as No. 3243). 3428 ...do do 47 20 51 26 Berg (same as No. 3318). 3429 ...do do 47 22 51 38 Berg (same as No. 3407). 3430 ...do do 47 23 51 24 Berg (same as No. 3317). 3431 ...do do 47 24 51 22 Do. 3432 ...do do 47 30 51 30 Berg (same as No. 3408). 3433 ...do 46 35 50 58 2 bergs (same as No. 3247). Bet\ reen 1 30 bergs (same as Nos. 3238, 3240, 3434 ...do 46 42 1 ai 51 50 d 3243, 3250, 3251. 3253, 3254, 3261, 3266, 3267, 3272, 3322 and 3379). ( 47 30 49 50 3435 ...do ...do 46 55 47 04 50 54 50 26 Berg (same as No. 3261). 3436 do Do. 3437 ...do do 47 07 50 12 Do. 3438 do 47 12 49 37 Berg (same as No. 3262). 3439 ...do do 47 15 49 50 Do. 3440 ...do do 47 20 49 30 Do. 3441 do / Within 6-m \ 47 12 14 bergs (same as No. 3319). 51 00 3442 ...do do 47 27 50 20 2 bergs (same as No. 3319). 3443 ...do do... 47 48 49 33 8 bergs (same as Nos. 3095, 3175, 3281, 3320, 3325 and 3385). 3444 ...do ...do 47 52 47 55 51 25 51 11 3445 Do. 3446 ...do Ingleby 48 07 52 29 Do. 3447 ...do do Vicinity of Bac calieu Island 2 bergs. 68 TABLE OF ICE REPORTS, 1957-Continued Date .do., .do.. June 27 .do .do. .do. Name of vessel Mormacpine. ....do Ice Patrol plane. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. ....do Ice Patrol vessel . Montclaire do. Olympic Hill. Raunala ....do. do... Ryndam. ....do. do do Esso Pittsburgh. do do. do. ...do ...do do ...do do ...do do.. ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do... ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do ...do ...do USCGC Mackinac do North latitude West longitude From 50 00 | 55 20 southward to shore From Fogo Island southward to shore. 42 35 50 33 45 48 45 50 45 52 45 54 45 57 46 00 46 03 46 06 46 06 46 06 46 06 46 08 46 08 46 09 46 11 46 12 46 13 46 13 46 21 46 25 46 29 46 33 42 10 42 22 42 42 44 18 44 36 44 37 44 38 45 10 45 16 45 20 45 35 45 54 45 55 46 00 46 12 Within 5 46 22 46 52 46 52 46 54 46 57 47 00 47 10 47 13 47 14 46 41 46 41 46 42 46 42 46 44 46 47 46 50 46 50 46 51 46 55 46 59 47 00 47 02 47 03 47 11 47 15 47 17 47 18 47 19 47 21 47 21 47 23 47 33 47 35 46 44 47 00 47 04 52 13 52 46 52 14 52 49 52 24 52 32 52 48 52 35 52 37 53 14 53 16 53 38 53 34 52 33 53 19 52 55 53 11 53 14 53 44 52 23 53 35 53 33 48 00 48 07 49 02 44 55 48 20 48 48 48 18 48 21 48 37 48 31 46 59 53 20 53 37 53 16 53 01 ■mile radius of 52 45 49 27 49 47 49 43 49 17 49 12 49 30 49 16 49 04 51 42 51 49 51 33 51 47 52 11 52 13 51 25 51 54 51 50 51 28 51 35 51 38 51 23 50 53 50 56 50 27 49 52 50 05 50 33 49 29 49 42 49 48 49 47 49 34 54 28 50 27 50 32 Description •Numerous bergs. Free of field ice. Radar target, probable berg (same as No. 3390). Berg (same as No. 3331). Berg (same as No. 3332). Berg (same as No. 3330). Berg (same as No. 3335). Berg (same as No. 3334). Berg (same as No. 3339). Berg (same as No. 3340). Berg (same as No. 3337). Berg (same as No. 3338). Berg (same as No. 3395). Do. Berg (same as No. 3352). Berg (same as No. 3353). Berg (same as No. 3305). Berg. Berg (same as No. 3308). Berg. Do. Do. Berg (same as No. 3411). Berg (same as No. 3396). Berg (same as No. 3397). Berg (same as No. 3389). Berg (same as No. 3473). Berg (same as No. 3344). Berg (same as No. 3327). Berg (same as No. 3392). Berg (same as No. 3391). Berg (same as No. 3392). Berg (same as No. 3108). Berg (same as No. 3111). Several growlers. Growler. Berg (same as No. 3294). Berg. Berg (same as No. 3354). Berg (same as No. 3302). .7 bergs (same as Nos. 3312 and f 3313). Berg (same as No. 3148). Berg (same as No. 3152). Berg (same as No. 3153). Berg (same as No. 3154). Berg (same as No. 3155). Berg (same as No. 3438). Berg (same as No. 3082). Berg (same as No. 3075). Berg (same as No. 3434). Do. Do. Do. Berg (same as No. 3311). Berg (same as No. 3307). Berg (same as No. 3434). Berg (same as No. 3314). Berg (same as No. 3434). Do. Berg (same as No. 3317). Do. Do. Berg (same as No. 3441). Do. Berg (same as No. 3434). Berg (same as No. 3439). Berg (same as No. 3434). Do. Berg (same as No. 3440). Berg (same as No. 3434). Do. Do. Berg (same as No. 3319). 2 bergs (same as No. 3412). Berg (same as No. 3436). Berg (same as No. 3261). 69 TABLE OF ICE REPORTS, 1957-Continued Date Name of vessel North latitude West longitude Description ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do.... ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do ...do ...do ...do June 28 ...do ...do .do. ..do ..do ...do ...do ..do ..do .do .do .do ..do. 3597 Leabeth USNS Memphis.. Tuebingen USN plane Ice Patrol vessel. Irish Oak do do Italia Orione Homeric. . do.... do.... do.... Olympic Hill. Albatross do Gyda Torm. 47 04 47 06 47 07 47 07 47 07 47 10 47 11 47 13 47 17 47 20 47 23 47 44 48 24 52 20 42 18 46 44 42 28 42 41 42 47 42 52 42 46 44 36 45 38 45 47 45 48 45 59 50 49 50 05 49 55 50 14 50 34 49 53 50 02 49 36 50 26 49 57 49 40 48 50 51 20 54 10 46 11 54 23 48 08 48 49 49 30 48 48 51 21 45 30 47 15 51 44 52 18 52 25 ...do Beaverburn ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do Beaverford ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do . ...do do ...do do ...do do. ...do do ...do do ...do Desdemona. ...do do ...do. . ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do... ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do Empress of Scotland ...do do June 29 ...do ...do do ...do do ...do .. ...do do.... 45 50 51 39 46 08 53 00 Within 4-mile radius of 46 14 53 24 46 12 53 45 46 29 46 30 46 31 46 32 46 38 46 39 46 40 46 42 46 42 46 46 46 46 46 50 46 42 46 44 46 45 46 47 46 50 46 54 47 01 47 03 46 44 47 02 46 50 47 36 46 58 47 00 47 02 47 07 47 13 47 15 47 18 47 19 47 21 47 24 47 25 47 39 47 01 47 03 42 39 43 18 43 19 43 32 43 26 43 30 53 11 53 37 53 10 52 4S 52 51 52 52 52 19 52 14 52 52 52 14 52 22 52 22 52 52 52 50 52 50 52 10 51 37 51 53 51 30 51 04 52 52 51 46 52 10 51 00 51 51 51 39 51 52 51 43 51 02 51 23 51 05 50 30 5(1 21 50 32 50 19 50 26 51 56 51 59 48 03 48 33 48 40 48 37 48 58 49 05 Berg (same as No. 3510). Berg (same as No. 3437). Berg (same as No. 3156). Berg (same as No. 3261). Do. Do. Do. Berg (same as No. 3262). Berg (same as No. 3512). Berg (same as No. 3434). Berg (same as No. 3262). Berg. Berg. 2 bergs. Growler. 2 bergy bits. Berg (same as No. 3473). Berg (same as No. 3475). Berg (same as No. 3345). Berg (same as No. 3343). Berg (same as No. 3449). Berg (same as No. 3328). Berg (same as No. 3195). Berg (same as No. 3329). Berg (same as No. 3451). 2 bergs (same as Nos. 3455 and 3456). Berg (same as No. 3547). Berg (same as No. 3466). .4 bergs (same as Nos. 3463, 3465, 1 3467 and 3468). 3 bergs (same as Nos. 3462, 3469 and 3471). Berg (same as No. 3415). Berg (same as No. 3472). Berg (same as No. 3416). Berg (same as No. 3418). Berg (same as No. 3421). Berg (same as No. 3422). Berg (same as No. 3501). Berg (same as No. 3502). Berg (same as No. 3399). Berg (same as No. 3341). Berg (same as No. 3423). Berg (same as No. 3424). Berg (same as No. 3562). Berg (same as No. 3361). Berg (same as No. 3366). Berg (same as No. 3365). Berg (same as No. 3506). Berg (same as No. 3504). Berg (same as No. 3509). Berg (same as No. 3441). Growler. Do. Berg (same as No. 3434). Berg (same as No. 3409). 2 bergs (same as Nos. 3590 and 3591). Berg (same as No. 3508). Berg (same as No. 3317). 3 bergs (same as No. 3317). 3 bergs (same as No. 3319). 3 bergs (same as No. 3317). Berg (same as No. 3319). Berg (same as No. 3515). Berg (same as No. 3380). Berg (same as No. 3319). Berg (same as No. 3442). Berg (same as No. 3382). Berg (same as No. 3426). Berg (same as No. 3425). Berg (same as No. 3540). Radar target, probable berg (same as No. 3187). Radar target, probable berg (same as No. 3182). Radar target, probable berg (same as No. 3540). Berg (same as No. 3101). Growler. 70 TABLE OF ICE REPORTS, 1957-Continued Date Name of vessel North latitude West longitude Description ..do ..do __do __do ._do ..do ..do ..do ..do ..do ..do ..do .do .do .do June 30 July 1 ..do July 2 ..do ..do ..do ..do ..do ..do ..do July 3 ..do ..do ..do ..do _.do July 4 ..do ..do George Steers Leanna Unidentified vessel . Lorna Lakonia _do. do Manchester Pioneer. do do do Stavangerf jord ...do USCGC Mackinac ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ___do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ... ...do do __.do do ...do do ...do do -..do do __.do do ...do do__ ...do do USN plane.. Robin Gray. do do do do Themisto Christensen. Clintonia do- Ice Patrol vessel. Mormacpenn Maria Schulte Ice Patrol plane.. ....do ...do- do- Empress of Britain. do do USAF plane Constantia do do USCGC Half Moon. do do Parkersburg do Beaverlake Star of Assuan Constantia do Empress of England. do do 44 02 45 11 45 24 45 35 46 00 46 03 46 04 47 18 46 08 46 08 46 17 46 01 46 23 46 30 46 32 46 34 46 35 46 35 46 36 46 42 46 58 46 58 47 02 47 11 47 13 47 14 47 15 47 15 47 23 47 27 47 30 47 56 46 34 46 36 46 42 46 56 46 50 47 40 46 43 47 17 45 22 45 38 43 12 42 06 46 19 47 00 47 04 47 06 47 10 46 31 46 33 46 34 46 34 46 34 46 52 43 08 47 05 47 44 47 53 47 44 47 20 46 30 51 21 52 50 47 07 43 09 46 27 46 30 46 28 46 30 46 31 46 31 46 36 46 36 46 37 46 38 46 39 From I to 44 44 48 45 48 52 51 50 54 10 54 00 53 22 49 30 48 37 48 47 48 10 51 27 53 34 53 12 53 12 52 48 53 53 52 43 52 50 52 38 51 56 51 58 51 58 51 45 51 49 51 41 51 20 51 26 51 35 51 47 51 32 51 40 51 20 52 43 52 32 52 16 52 33 50 46 52 50 49 25 48 55 47 27 48 18 51 31 53 52 52 45 52 50 52 50 52 50 53 36 53 23 53 20 53 13 53 18 52 37 50 10 52 20 52 28 52 25 52 18 52 22 53 00 54 28 54 10 50 48 50 15 53 16 53 48 53 48 53 54 53 04 53 36 53 12 53 25 53 12 53 26 53 17 Berg (same as No. 3477). Berg (same as No. 3482). Berg (same as No. 3289). Berg (same as No. 3453). Berg (same as No. 3485). 17 bergs (same as Nos. 3400, 3558, i 3559, 3562, 3569, 3580, 3581 and 1 3583). Berg (same as No. 3516). Berg (same as No. 3146). Berg (same as No. 3140). Berg (same as No. 3207). Growler. 2 bergs (same as Nos. 3470 and 3555). Berg (same as No. 3554). Berg (same as No. 3556). Berg (same as No. 3557). Berg. Berg (same as No. 3400). Berg (same as No. 3558). Berg (same as No. 3569). Berg (same as No. 3581). Berg (same as No. 3580). Berg (same as No. 3591). Berg (same as No. 3429). Berg (same as No. 3406). Berg (same as No. 3428). Berg (same as No. 3583). Do. Berg (same as No. 3432). Berg (same as No. 3408). Do. Berg. Berg (same as No. 3500). Berg (same as No. 3400). Berg (same as No. 3564). 2 bergs (same as No. 3404). Several growlers. Berg (same as No. 3384). 2 bergs (same as Nos. 3559 and 3562). Berg (same as No. 3516). Growler. Do. Berg (same as No. 3592). Radar target, possible berg. Berg (same as No. 3609). Berg (same as No. 3402). Berg (same as No. 3369). Berg (same as No. 3371). Berg (same as No. 3.372). Berg (same as No. 3401). Berg (same as No. 3422). Berg (same as No. 3559). Berg (same as No. 3611). Berg (same as No. 3610). Berg (same as No. 3403). Berg (same as No. 3542). Berg (same as No. 3405). Berg. Do. Do. 3 growlers. Numerous growlers. Berg. Scattered growlers. Growler. Berg (same as No. 3646). Berg (same as No. 3567). Berg (same as No. 3647). Berg (same as No. 3647). Berg (same as No. 3609). Berg (same as No. 3630). Berg (same as No. 3648). Berg (same as No. 3612). Berg (same as No. 3649). Berg (same as No. 3635). Berg (same as No. 3651). Berg (same as No. 3650). 71 TABLE OF ICE REPORTS, 1957-Continued Date Name of vessel North West latitude longitude o , o , 46 41 53 55 46 42 52 41 46 42 54 11 46 45 52 54 46 46 52 41 46 50 52 35 47 03 52 02 47 07 51 48 47 08 51 47 47 11 51 43 47 11 51 37 47 19 51 38 47 24 51 27 47 27 51 00 47 32 51 11 46 46 52 47 Description ...do do ...do do —do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ..do.. ..do.. -.do__ -do__ __do_. .do. do... .. Cairndhu.. Trewidden. Gertrude Fritzen. Alcyone Empress of England. ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do July 5 ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ..do .do. ..do— ..do ..do ..do ..do ..do ..do ..do .do. do .do ...do ..do. ..do_ July 6 ...do ...do ..do July 7 ..do ..do Dunadd do Donatella PartodL Monrosa do Brighton Ice Patrol vessel.. ....do ....do ....do Gertrude Fritzen.. do do do ....do .do do do do do Fort Avalon. Alcyone ....do .—do Oslofjord- .do. Plymouth Rock Canadian Department of Transport. ....do ....do Ice Patrol vessel. Arosa Sun ....do Dundee Ice Patrol plane. ... _do ....do Between Cape St. Mary and Cape Race. 47 11 | 51 43 6 miles south of Cape Pine... 47 16 I 50 38 47 24 49 50 47 25 I 49 49 Within 10 miles of track between 47 26 | 50 52 and Berg (same as No. 3615). 2 bergs, 4 growlers (same as Nos. 3616 and 3631). Berg (same as No. 3613). Berg (same as No. 3635). Berg, 6 growlers (same as No. 4569). Berg (same as No. 3565). Berg (same as No. 3621). Berg and growler (same as No. 3581). Berg (same as No. 3581). Berg (same as No. 3620). Berg (same as No. 3583). Berg (same as No. 3625). Berg (same as No. 3431). Berg (same as No. 3444). Berg (same as No. 3577). Growler. Many growlers. Growler. Berg, 20 growlers (same as No. 3647). 6 bergs, many growlers (same as Nos. 3434 and 3511). Berg (same as No. 3533). Berg, 3 growlers (same as No. 3694). 11 bergs (same as Nos. 3381, 3383, • 3431, 3582, 3584, 3589, 3634 and 3687). 48 09 49 41 47 38 50 23 Berg (same as No. 3589). 47 57 49 43 Berg (same as No. 3696). 47 54 50 13 2 bergs (same as No. 3696). 47 57 51 20 Berg. 48 08 51 16 Do. 48 00 49 15 Do. 42 37 49 48 Berg (same as No. 3543). 42 49 49 43 Berg (same as No. 3541). 42 55 49 48 Berg (same as No. 3542). 42 56 49 49 Growler. 46 24 52 48 Berg and growlers (same as 3563). No. 46 26 52 46 Berg (same as No. 3561). 47 29 52 43 Berg. 46 30 52 42 Berg (same as No. 3560). 46 58 51 50 Berg and growlers (same as 3619). No. 47 01 50 59 3 bergs (same as Nos. 3573, 3582 and 3621). 47 04 50 40 Berg (same as No. 3693). 47 04 51 35 Do. 47 06 50 50 Do. 47 10 50 52 2 bergs (same as No. 3696). 46 27 53 46 Berg (same as No. 3664). 46 45 52 10 Berg (same as No. 3632). 46 53 51 37 Berg (same as No. 3579). 47 00 51 28 Berg (same as No. 3623). Bet? reen | 47 12 51 52 1 4 bergs (same as Nos. 3622, 3626 and ar d 3627). 47 22 51 40 Bet? reen j 47 30 51 35 [7 bergs (same as Nos. 3628 and an d 3700). 48 10 50 30 48 39 51 52 Berg. From Be le Isle t ) 52 00 t 1 55 00 I Eastern limits of field ice. 50 45 55 45 rom Belle sle to Cape Bauld Heavy field ice, 60 percent cover. rom Belle Is e to Labrador Field ice, 20 percent cover. coast. 42 41 1 50 10 Berg (same as No. 3703). 46 33 52 14 Berg (same as No. 3576). 47 04 50 46 Berg (same as No. 3810). 46 36 53 55 2 bergs (same as Nos. 3665 3666). and 42 33 50 38 Berg (same as No. 3727). 46 18 52 56 Berg (same as No. 3708). 46 19 52 43 Berg (same as No. 3710). 72 TABLE OF ICE REPORTS, 1957-Continued Date Name of vessel North latitude longitude Description .do. .do. .do_ .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. ...do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do_ ....do.... ....do.... Ice Patrol Ivernia... ....do— . ....do.... Sylvania. ....do... ....do... .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. ...do. .do— ...do— ...do... ...do.-. ...do— ...do... .-do... ... do— .do- Arabia. do Berylstone. do Transpacific. do do do do do .do... .do— .do... .do.._ ...do— ..do— ..do... ..do... ...do... .do— .do__. ...do— .do... ...do— _.do... ..do... ..do... ..do— .do. do do Rialto do Brighton do ....do .do. Makefjell do do USCGC Duane. July ...do. ...do. ...do_ ...do. ...do. ...do. .-do. -.do. ...do. Brighton do Anastassios Pateras do Athens Canadian Department of Transport. do Ice Patrol plane. .do .do.. _ .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. 46 19 46 22 46 27 46 29 46 31 46 32 46 33 46 38 42 27 46 18 46 30 46 31 46 27 46 36 46 42 46 46 46 54 46 59 47 07 47 07 47 13 47 15 47 19 47 25 47 26 47 27 47 30 47 32 47 36 47 38 47 52 47 54 52 45 53 22 53 25 52 41 53 13 53 50 53 41 53 03 50 26 52 43 53 18 53 51 53 48 53 09 52 46 52 47 52 02 52 00 51 39 51 45 51 38 51 39 51 28 50 28 50 39 50 46 50 35 50 00 50 13 50 28 49 57 49 42 Within 10 miles of track from 47 40 | 50 01 to 46 30 48 07 46 30 46 30 46 42 47 23 47 27 47 28 47 32 47 37 47 37 47 43 46 55 46 40 47 33 47 40 47 36 47 47 47 59 48 00 48 02 48 00 52 30 48 43 53 40 53 50 52 47 51 44 51 46 51 48 51 55 51 40 51 52 51 36 52 08 52 30 51 44 51 40 51 38 51 17 50 25 50 38 50 08 50 00 and to northward 48 14 51 05 48 17 51 05 48 25 50 02 ■is 25 50 07 47 10 49 32 From Cape Bauld to Belle Isle to Cape Norman. From 52 05 | 55 50 to Belle Isle Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Do. Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Do. Do. Do. as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. 3707). 3663). 3667). 3718). 3669). 3670). 3672). 3678). 3703). 3733). 3675). 3739). 3739). 3677). 3679). 3042). 3721). 3619). 3721). 3683). 3722). 3696). 3728). 3722). 3751). 3696). 11 bergs (same as Nos. 3696, 3721, 3750-3754 and 3756). Berg (same as No. 3740). Berg (same as No. 3739). Berg (same as No. 3679). Berg (same as No. 3722). Do. Do. Berg (same as No. 3656). 2 bergs (same as Nos. 3754 and 3755). Berg. Do. Berg (same as No. 3766). 3 growlers. 4 bergs (same as Nos. 3773-3775). 2 bergs (same as No. 3777). Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. [Scattered bergs and growlers. Do. Do. Do. Several large growlers. Heavy field ice, 40 percent cover. [Partial northern limits field ice. 46 50 50 07 Berg (same as No. 3588) 46 50 51 52 Berg (same as No. 3751) 46 54 52 06 Berg (same as No. 3680) 4fi 56 52 03 Berg (same as No. 3681) 46 57 52 19 Berg (same as No. 3771) 4ii 58 51 51 Berg (same as No. 3773) 46 58 50 11 Berg (same as No. 3696) 47 00 48 48 Berg (same as No. 3520) 47 00 52 48 Berg (same as No. 3643) 47 00 52 51 Berg (same as No. 3644) 73 TABLE OF ICE REPORTS, 1957-Continued North West No. Date Name of vessel latitude longitude Description 3805 ...do do 47 01 51 51 Berg (same as No. 3684). 3806 ...do do 47 04 51 10 Berg (same as No. 3688). 3807 ...do do 47 04 51 44 Berg (same as No. 3754). 3808 ...do do 47 04 51 51 Berg (same as No. 37531. 3809 ...do do 47 04 47 04 Radar target, probable berg (same as No. 3535). 3810 ...do do 47 05 52 18 Berg (same as No. 3721). 3811 ...do do 47 05 46 44 Radar target, probable berg. 3812 ...do do 47 08 50 03 Berg (same as No. 3763). 3813 ...do do 47 08 52 32 Berg (same as No. 3774). 3814 ...do do 47 09 52 00 Berg (same as No. 3654). 3815 ...do do 47 10 50 26 Berg (same as No. 3693). 381 fi ...do do 47 10 50 30 Do. 3817 ...do do... 47 10 51 44 Berg (same as No. 3721). 3818 ...do do 47 13 50 24 Berg (same as No. 3766). 3819 ...do do 47 13 51 37 Do. 3820 ...do do 47 14 51 58 Berg (same as No. 3780). 3821 ...do do.... 47 16 51 29 Do. 3822 ...do do 47 17 51 54 Do. 3823 ...do do 47 18 51 12 Berg (same as No. 3766). 3824 ...do do 47 18 52 18 Berg (same as No. 3655). 3825 ...do do 47 19 51 55 Berg (same as No. 3781). 3826 ...do do 47 20 51 46 Do. 3827 ...do do 47 21 46 44 Radar target, probable berg. 3828 ...do do 47 21 50 40 Berg (same as No. 3759). 3829 ...do do 47 22 48 25 Radar target, probable berg (same as No. 3701). 3830 ...do do 47 26 48 14 Radar target, probable berg. 3831 ...do do 47 28 49 35 Berg (same as No. 36961. 3832 ...do do 47 28 50 40 Berg (same as No. 3758). 3833 ...do do 47 29 46 50 Radar target, probable berg. 3834 ...do do 47 29 49 04 Berg (same as No. 3765). 3835 ...do do 47 29 51 31 Berg (same as No. 3782). 3836 ...do do 47 30 49 00 Berg. 3837 ...do do 47 31 50 12 Berg (same as No. 3766). 3838 ...do do 47 31 50 31 Berg (same as No. 3757). 3839 ...do do 47 31 50 37 Berg. 3840 ...do do 47 31 50 43 Berg (same as No. 3786). 3841 ...do do 47 31 51 46 Berg (same as No. 3766). 3842 ...do do 47 33 48 59 Berg. 3843 ...do do 47 37 48 20 Radar target, probable berg (same as No. 3767). 3844 ...do do 47 38 51 12 Radar target, probable berg (same as No. 3783). 3845 ...do do 47 38 51 35 Berg. 3846 ...do do 47 39 50 48 Radar target, probable berg. 3847 ...do do 47 39 51 00 Do. 3848 ...do do 47 41 51 08 Do. 3849 ...do do 47 41 51 27 Do. 3850 ...do do 47 41 51 30 Radar target, probable berg (same as No. 3723). 3851 ...do do 47 42 49 21 Berg. 3852 ...do do 47 42 51 02 Radar target, probable berg. 3853 ...do do. 47 45 49 44 Berg (same as No. 3764). 3854 ...do do 47 46 51 18 Radar target, probable berg. 3855 ...do do 47 46 51 14 Do. 3856 ...do do 47 48 49 56 Berg. 3857 ...do do 47 48 51 04 Radar target, probable berg. 3858 ...do do 47 49 49 48 Do. 3859 ...do do 47 49 50 15 Radar target, probable berg (same as No. 3784). 3860 ...do do 47 50 49 39 Berg. 3861 ...do do 47 51 50 22 Radar target, probable berg. 3862 ...do do. 47 54 49 07 Berg. 3863 ...do do 47 55 49 59 Do. 3864 ...do do 47 55 50 20 Radar target, probable berg. 3865 ...do do 47 56 49 53 Do. 3866 ...do do 47 56 50 11 Berg. 3867 ...do do 47 58 49 49 Radar target, probable berg. 3868 ...do do 48 00 47 33 Berg. 3869 ...do do 48 00 48 48 Do. 3870 ...do do 48 01 49 00 Do. 3871 ...do do 48 05 50 04 Do. 3872 ...do do 48 06 47 41 Do. 3873 ...do do_ 48 07 49 00 Do. 3874 ...do do 48 08 47 42 Do. 3875 ...do do 48 08 48 31 Do. 3876 ...do do 48 08 50 08 Do. 3877 ...do do 48 08 50 15 Radar target, probable berg. 3878 ...do do... 48 09 47 42 Berg. 3879 ...do do 48 12 49 25 Do. 74 TABLE OF ICE REPORTS, 1957-Continued Date Name of vessel North latitude West longitude Description do do do do do do Ice Patrol vessel . Brighton Carinthia .do_ ...do do ...do do ...do do.... ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ...do do ___do do ...do do ...do do ...do do .do. .do. .do. .do.. ..do. ..do. ..do. ..do. Athens Facto Makefjell. Grootebeer. do... Vassijaure Canadian Department of Transport. do July 9 ...do ...do ...do ...do Ice Patrol vessel. Fanad Head do do do ..do ..do ..do ..do ..do ..do ..do New York.. do ....do do do do do ..do. .do. Cairngowan. .do. ._do_. ..do.. ..do.. Beaverlodge.. do do....... ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do July 10 ...do ...do ...do July 11 ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do do Stanbell do do Gorthon Ice Patrol vessel Unidentified vessel Baron Geddes Canadian Department of Transport. Ice Patrol vessel Vassijaure Lyngenfjord Ice Patrol plane do do 48 17 48 19 48 19 48 22 48 25 49 52 49 59 50 10 49 50 49 49 Between Ferryland and Cape Spear within 5 miles of coast. 42 18 46 24 46 29 46 30 46 33 46 54 47 05 47 06 47 06 47 26 47 26 47 28 47 33 47 41 47 52 47 55 46 30 46 31 50 40 53 51 53 15 53 45 53 38 51 53 51 48 51 12 51 44 50 30 50 34 50 43 50 41 50 31 50 00 49 36 52 40 53 17 Between lats. 46°50' N. and 47°30' N. and longs. 51°10' W. and 52°20' W. Between 47 04 47 29 47 32 48 18 and 51 45 50 30 50 32 50 06 From Cape Norman to Belle Isle to Cape Bauld. North side of Strait of Belle Isle. 42 10 46 17 46 30 46 32 47 09 46 26 46 42 46 54 47 02 47 39 47 41 47 48 46 36 47 10 47 12 47 44 46 51 46 57 46 57 47 43 47 45 47 48 48 10 50 00 42 08 46 31 47 55 From I to I From I to 50 13 53 58 53 22 53 15 50 55 53 35 52 42 51 52 51 45 49 56 49 48 50 02 53 07 52 06 52 02 51 06 51 58 51 50 51 56 51 43 49 52 49 35 46 12 52 20 50 08 53 47 51 20 Entrance to Strait of Belle Isle. 42 17 48 04 48 38 42 42 42 46 46 22 46 26 46 26 50 13 52 24 44 10 50 45 50 45 53 22 53 11 52 30 Do. Do. Do. Radar target, probable berg. Do. 16 bergs (same as No. 3645). Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same Berg (same as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. as No. Berg (same as No. Berg (same as No. Berg (same as No. 14 bergs. 10 bergs. 3742). 3740). 3738). 3711). 3670). 3751). 3754). 3688). 3753). 3757). 3758). 3759). 3839). 3786). 3696). 3653). 3744). Berg (same as No. 3762). Berg. Field ice, 30 percent cover, with heavy patches. Favorable for daylight navigation. Berg (same as No. 3886). Berg (same as No. 3887). Berg (same as No. 3903). Berg (same as No. 3888). Berg (same as No. 3828). Berg (same as No. 3736). Berg (same as No. 3748). Berg (same as No. 3800). Berg (same as No. 3807). Berg (same as No. 3856). Berg (same as No. 3865). Berg (same as No. 3866). 10 bergs (same as Nos. 3677, 3741, 3747, 3799, 3S03, 3810, 3813, 3814, 3824 and 3916). 1 berg, 5 growlers (same as No. ' 3845). Berg (same as No. 3797). Berg (same as No. 3917). 2 bergs (same as Nos. 3798 and 3805). Berg. Berg (same as No. 3863). Berg (same as No. 3901). Berg. Do. Berg (same as No. 3910). Berg. 2 bergs, 11 growlers. Scattered loose field ice, containing numerous bergs and growlers. Berg (same as No. 3932). Berg. Radar target, probable berg. Radar target, possible berg. Do. Berg (same as No. 3735). Berg (same as No. 3888). Berg (same as No. 3737). 75 TABLE OF ICE REPORTS, 1957-Continued Date Name of vessel North latitude West longitude Description .do ...do ...do ..do ..do ..do ..do ..do ....do ....do ....do ....do Ice Patrol vessel . Oslofjord do do July 12 ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do .do USNS Mission San Fernando Fresno City ....do Athelcrown USNS Mission San Fernando do do__ do do .do .do -do.... .do. ...do ...do ...do ..-do July 13 ...do ...do ...do.... .do. Beaverford. Ellinis Falkanger.. do. ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... Afghanistan do StanbelL. Flying Tiger plane. Ice Patrol vessel... Beaverburn ..._do do..._ do. Beaverglen do USNS J. E. Kellev- do Oslofjord do .do., .do., .do. do Arosa Kulm. do -do..... .do .do.... Leonhardt. do..... do.... ...do ...do ...do.— July 14 ...do ...do ...do ...do __.do_._. ...do ...do do USAF plane West Fallen Ice Patrol vessel Carinthia do do do Manchester Vanguard . do do ..do.... ..do.... ..do.... ..do.... ...do. ...do ...do July 15 ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do Unidentified vessel . Arosa Sun do_ .do. Unidentified vessel.. African Lady Johanna Ice Patrol vessel do__ Nova Scotia do do Ohio Frank Leonhardt Ice Patrol vessel Empress of England. USNS Vela.... do do Stavangerfjord. 46 27 46 28 46 46 46 50 42 21 46 22 46 30 47 03 46 29 46 30 47 12 46 31 46 47 46 51 46 54 47 13 Along shore Ballard and 47 13 47 22 47 38 48 17 47 52 48 48 47 56 49 57 42 32 46 27 46 32 46 33 46 34 46 28 46 32 46 28 46 37 47 05 47 19 47 31 47 43 47 44 48 03 48 09 48 10 48 14 48 21 48 24 48 31 50 17 53 40 42 41 46 31 46 32 46 39 47 03 46 32 46 32 46 37 46 32 47 31 47 40 47 42 47 48 47 55 48 17 42 58 43 10 46 32 46 36 46 49 48 10 48 23 43 13 46 33 47 07 47 10 47 16 48 04 53 15 53 17 52 58 52 55 50 06 53 24 53 14 52 02 53 52 53 50 51 27 53 47 52 55 52 54 52 52 52 47 between Cape Cape Broyle. 50 56 51 10 50 05 48 32 51 33 51 33 50 35 54 01 50 17 53 23 53 45 53 14 53 18 53 21 53 48 53 23 53 03 51 48 51 38 51 16 48 10 48 00 51 10 51 11 51 23 50 41 50 52 50 23 50 32 53 48 52 00 50 41 52 23 53 47 52 21 51 59 53 33 53 49 53 08 53 47 48 30 47 49 47 37 49 48 50 50 49 52 50 46 50 48 53 22 53 10 52 54 50 22 52 18 50 33 53 44 52 50 52 48 52 46 50 22 Berg (same as No. 3922). Berg (same as No. 3912). Berg (same as No. 3922). Berg (same as No. 3885). Berg (same as No. 3936). Berg (same as No. 3941). Berg (same as No. 3944). Berg and growlers (same as No. 3922). Berg (same as No. 3933). Berg (same as No. 3952). Berg (same as No. 3821). Berg and 5 growlers (same as No. 3953). Berg (same as No. 3946). Berg (same as No. 3947). Berg (same as No. 3804). Berg (same as No. 3885). 5 bergs (same as No. 3885). Berg (same as No. 3832). Berg (same as No. 3844). Berg (same as No. 3859). Berg. Do. Do. Do. 2 bergs. Berg (same as No. 3948). Berg (same as No. 3945). Berg (same as No. 3952). Berg (same as No. 3922). Do. Berg (same as No. 3970). Berg (same as No. 3971). Berg (same as No. 3974). Berg (same as No. 3922). Berg (same as No. 3826). 2 bergs (same as Nos. 3835 and 3841). Berg (same as No. 3848). Berg. Do. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Broken patches heavy field ice. Berg (same as No. 3969). Berg (same as No. 3970). Berg (same as No. 3971). Berg (same as No. 3922). Berg (same as No. 3822). Berg (same as No. 3604). Berg (same as No. 3994). Berg (same as No. 3977). Berg (same as No. 3994). Berg. Do. Do. 3 bergs same as No. 3867). Berg. Do. Berg (same as No. 3992). Growlers (same as No. 4007). Berg (same as No. 3993). Berg (same as No. 3999). Berg (same as No. 3956). 3 growlers. Berg. Growler (same as No. 4008). Radar target, probable berg (same as No. 3975). Berg (same as No. 3555). Berg (same as No. 3959). Berg (same as No. 3555). Berg. 76 TABLE OF ICE REPORTS, 1957-Continued No. Date Name of vessel North latitude West longitude Description 4020 July 16 July 17 ...do ...do ...do ..."do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do July 18 ...do ...do ...do July 19 ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do July 20 ...do ...do ...do July 21 ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do July 22 ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do July 23 ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do July 24 ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do 48 41 43 26 43 30 44 14 46 58 47 03 49 22 49 24 49 30 50 00 50 04 50 05 50 06 47 40 48 01 48 40 48 41 48 46 47 09 47 59 47 03 47 10 48 17 47 47 48 08 48 12 48 20 48 31 51 05 51 06 51 07 51 08 51 09 51 10 45 41 47 08 48 08 48 15 45 27 47 10 48 06 48 20 48 08 49 33 / Vicin 1 49 37 53 28 45 23 45 21 45 21 48 30 48 31 48 51 49 12 49 21 48 55 49 11 46 48 46 56 52 20 52 32 47 36 47 21 48 20 48 47 49 06 49 47 50 17 Strait of Belle 47 18 48 08 48 10 48 16 48 22 48 25 48 42 48 42 49 50 49 49 51 51 53 53 53 55 55 55 55 51 49 49 50 53 52 51 52 52 49 51 50 50 50 51 57 57 57 57 57 57 48 50 50 50 48 49 49 48 51 52 ty of 51 52 48 48 48 52 49 52 53 53 52 53 52 52 51 51 52 49 52 52 51 51 51 Isle 51 29 10 42 51 59 16 13 30 31 35 32 35 09 33 56 03 42 04 42 09 02 51 45 45 20 11 59 22 38 39 30 31 21 25 00 00 00 38 52 56 39 28 08 45 57 45 45 46 32 18 55 12 10 53 13 53 53 43 41 15 32 20 55 47 51 56 2 bergs, scattered field ice. 4021 Growler (same as No. 4014). 4022 Radar target, possible berg. 4023 2 radar targets, possible bergs. 4024 Radar target, probable berg (same as 4025 4026 do__ No. 3822). Berg (same as No. 3766). Berg. 4027 4028 4029 do. do Do. Do. Do. 4030 4031 4032 4033 4034 4035 do. Luksefjell do Do. Do. Do. Berg (same as No. 3857). 2 bergs. Berg. 4036 4037 do Do. Berg (same as No. 3998). 4038 40.39 4040 ~~"~~do~~-~~~!~~~~~^~~--- Tureby Berg (same as No. 3825). Berg. Berg and growlers (same as No. 4041 4038). Berg (same as No. 4040). 4042 4043 do _ Berg. Radar target, probable berg (same as 4044 No. 4039). Berg. 4045 4046 4047 do Do. Do. Do. 4048 Do. 4049 4050 4051 4052 4053 4054 do do do do do USS Kirkpatrick Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Berg and growlers. 4055 4056 4057 Dione Do. Berg and growler. 4058 Berg (same as No. 4054). 4059 4060 Saxonia _ Berg (same as No. 4055). Berg. 4061 4062 do USCGC Evergreen Radar target, probable berg. Berg. 4063 4064 4065 USCGCOwasco Scandinavian Airlines plane. USNSTowle Do. 16 bergs. Scattered bergs. 4066 4067 Ice Patrol plane Berg (same as No. 4058). Berg (same as No. 4066). 4068 HMRCSLauzon Berg (same as No. 40671. 4069 USNSTowle... 4070 4071 Do. 4072 4073 4074 do do. Do. Do. Do. 4075 4076 4077 4078 do do do Do. Growler. Do. 4079 4080 do Do. 4081 4082 4083 USS Plymouth Rock USCGC Evergreen Scattered bergs and growlers. 4084 4085 do USCGC Mackinac Do. 4086 4087 do Berg. 4088 49 48 50 48 47 48 48 49 25 37 11 24 57 00 30 30 field ice. 4089 4090 4091 4092 4093 4094 4095 do do do do.. do do do Berg. Radar target, probable berg. Berg. Berg. Radar target, probable berg. Do. Berg. 77 TABLE OF ICE REPORTS, 1957-Continued No. Date Name of vessel North latitude West longitude Description 4096 4097 4098 4099 4100 4101 4102 4103 4104 4105 4106 4107 4108 4109 4110 4111 4112 4113 4114 4115 4116 4117 4118 4119 4120 4121 4122 4123 4124 4125 4126 4127 4128 4129 4130 4131 4132 4133 4134 4135 4136 4137 4138 4139 4140 4141 4142 4143 4144 4145 4146 4147 4148 4149 4150 4151 4152 4153 4154 4155 4156 4157 4158 4159 4160 4161 4162 4163 4164 4165 _.do.__- ...do.... .do. July 25 ...do ...do.... _.do..._ July 26 ...do ...do ..do July 27 ...do ..do ..do ...do ..do ..do ..do July 28 ..do ..do July 29 ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do July 30 ...do ...do ...do .do. .do. .do. ...do ..do ..do ...do July 31 ...do Aug. 1 ...do ...do ...do Aug. 2 ...do Aug. 3 ...do ...do ..do Aug. 4 Aug. 5 ...do.-.. Aug. 6 ...do.... Aug. 7 Aug. 8 Aug. 9 Aug. 10 ...do.... ...do.... ..do Aug. 15 ..do Aug. 16 Aug. 18 ..do Aug. 19 Arjeplog USCGC Evergreen. .do. Arjeplog USS Prevail Cyrus Field Gileannes lee Patrol plane. Ice Patrol vessel . New York do Ice Patrol plane do do do Ice Patrol vessel Stadgouda do Unidentified vessel. Ice Patrol vessel Queen Elizabeth _ Ivernia Ice Patrol plane- do do do Ice Patrol vessel. Liberte Carinthia Ice Patrol plane. ....do ..._do ....do .do. .do. .do- Ice Patrol vessel . L'Aventure ....do USNS Logans Ice Patrol vessel USNS Dalton Victory. Ice Patrol vessel USCGC Evergreen. ... Prins Alexander. Vilhelm Torkildsen. Ice Patrol vessel Frank Leonhardt___ Ice Patrol vessel USCGC Eastwind.. .do. Rutgers Victory.. Ice Patrol vessel . .--.do Arosa Sun Ice Patrol vessel Empress of England . Ice Patrol vessel ....do ...-do ....do ....do.- Beaverdell Unidentified vessel. CG Aircraft do. Ringfjell Unidentified vessel. ....do ....do.. 44 55 48 41 48 42 44 54 48 46 48 58 49 32 44 18 44 11 48 05 48 10 47 31 47 50 47 56 48 00 43 49 47 41 48 01 48 46 43 22 49 00 49 28 49 43 49 00 52 46 51 09 51 58 49 05 48 56 48 23 48 02 48 45 50 07 47 52 47 34 48 57 52 51 52 28 52 24 48 58 43 35 49 04 Western entrance to Strait of Belle Isle. 47 52 52 29 Berg. 48 03 47 07 Do. 48 31 52 47 Do. 48 32 52 50 Do. 43 12 Vicin 49 ty of 17 Berg (same as No. 4115) 1 Do. 49 06 49 50 52 35 52 32 52 40 52 05 51 01 51 20 52 58 49 21 55 43 56 14 55 00 49 22 43 17 47 58 48 34 48 37 48 46 49 00 49 09 49 53 48 58 42 57 51 46 51 41 55 45 42 54 Strait of Belle Isle. 42 54 I 48 35 Between 50 54 | 57 47 and 51 48 | 55 56 Vicinity of Belle Isle 42 56 50 11 47 49 52 45 42 58 I 50 16 From Riche Point to Flower Ledge, Newfoundland. Between Pinware Bay and St. Peters Bay, Labrador. Vicinity of 49 54 52 17 53 45 43 04 43 04 51 40 43 07 52 50 43 07 43 12 43 14 43 15 43 19 52 20 50 13 50 11 52 40 50 10 52 19 50 10 50 08 50 02 50 00 50 02 Along eastern approaches to Strait of Belle Isle between 50° W. and 54° W. 52 56 51 06 49 41 52 25 53 00 52 39 52 51 51 05 51 19 51 11 51 13 55 10 Berg (same as No. 4068). Several growlers. Do. Berg (same as No. 4096). Berg. • Do. Do. Berg (same as No. 4099). Berg (same as No. 4103). Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Berg (same as No. 4104). Berg. Do. Numerous bergs, growlers and brash. Berg and growlers (same as No. 4111). Berg (same as No. 4111). Numerous radar targets, probable Growler. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Growler. Berg (same as No. 4122). 5 radar targets, probable bergs. 4 radar targets, probable bergs. Field ice. Berg (same as No. 4132). Many bergs and growlers. Berg (same as No. 4136). Berg and growlers. 21 bergs. Several bergs. Berg (same as No. 4138). Berg. Berg (same as No. 4142). 6 bergs. 20 bergs. Scattered pieces of ice. Berg (same as No. 4144). Berg (same as No. 4148). Berg. Berg (same as No. 4149). Berg. Berg (same as No. 4151). Berg (same as No. 4153). Berg (same as No. 4154). Berg (same as No. 4155). 2 growlers (same as No. 4156). 19 bergs. 2 growlers. Large berg. Do. Berg. Do. Do. Large berg. 78 TABLE OF ICE REPORTS, 1957-Continued No. Date Name of vessel North latitude West longitude Description 4166 ...do Aug. 20 ...do ...do ...do ...do _-.do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do Aug. 22 Aug. 23 ...do Aug. 24 ...do Aug. 25 Aug. 26 .__do Aug. 28 Aug. 29 Aug. 30 Sep. 1 ...do Sep. 2 Sep. 3 ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do Sep. 5 Sep. 6 ...do Sep. 7 Sep. 10 ...do Sep. 12 ...do Sep. 14 Sep. 16 ...do Sep. 22 Sep. 23 Sep. 27 Sep. 30 52 50 49 30 49 34 50 08 53 01 53 04 53 08 53 09 53 09 54 31 53 00 53 01 49 21 52 25 53 20 49 17 53 18 52 50 49 40 52 20 53 30 48 48 48 51 52 56 53 06 54 40 51 46 52 28 52 31 52 34 53 20 53 26 53 30 53 32 52 52 52 15 52 39 52 11 52 38 52 45 52 56 52 56 52 30 52 51 53 09 52 49 51 46 51 36 51 47 50 54 52 00 53 36 52 40 51 34 51 51 51 51 51 36 51 30 51 30 51 52 51 59 52 00 54 00 52 15 51 25 49 50 54 42 50 30 53 54 53 02 50 25 49 46 51 28 51 39 51 24 55 12 51 41 51 09 50 57 51 45 52 10 52 01 52 04 53 00 50 48 53 27 54 42- 50 35 50 26 52 24 52 27 52 42 54 20 54 19 53 27 56 14 56 18 55 59 4167 4168 CG Aircraft 4169 4170 4171 4172 4173 4174 4175 4176 do do do do do do do Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. 4177 4178 do Berg. Do. 4179 Do. 4180 Five small bergs. 4181 CG Aircraft Berg. 4182 4183 Aun_ Berg and growlers. Berg. 4184 TWA Aircraft Large berg. 4185 Berg. 4186 USAF Aircraft Do. 4187 Large berg. 4188 CG Aircraft Berg and growler. 4189 4190 4191 USCGC Half Moon do USCGC Rockaway Berg and growlers. Berg. Do. 4192 4193 Batory . Do. Do. 4194 4195 4196 do .....do Do. Growler. 4197 4198 4199 4200 Raunala . do do Do. Do. Do. Do. 4201 4202 4203 do Athens . . Do. Large berg. Large berg. 4204 4205 4206 Prins Willem van Oranje do 2 growlers. Radar target, probable berg. Berg. 4207 4208 4209 4210 4211 4212 do Unidentified- ~~~~~d0~~"---------~-I.~-- Unidentified USNST-LST325 Do. Do. Do. Growler. Berg and growlers. Berg. 4213 4214 Loch Morar. Unidentified Berg. Growler. 79 PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY OF THE GRAND BANKS REGION AND THE LABRADOR SEA IN 1957 By Floyd M. Soule and R. M Morse (U. S. Coast Guard) For the 1957 field work the USCGC Evergreen was again designated as the oceanographic vessel of the International Ice Patrol. The Ever- green is a 180-foot tender-class cutter and descriptions of the arrangement of facilities for oceanographic work will be found in earlier bulletins of this series. No significant changes were made, either in the laboratory or deck gear or in such vessel characteristics as affect the oceanographic work. At the beginning of the season, while en route from Woods Hole, Mass., to Argentia, Newfoundland, the Evergreen was diverted from her oceanographic assignment to surface vessel ice patrol duties until 3 April on which date she proceeded to begin the first current survey of the 1957 season. This survey covered the waters over and immediately seaward of the southern and eastern slopes of the Grand Banks from about longitude 52° W. on the southern slope to the latitude of Flemish Cap on the eastern slope. The work of collection of data began on the southwestern slope of the banks on the early morning of 4 April and progressed eastward around the Tail of the Banks and thence northward along the eastern slope. Except for being hove to for 23j^2 hours in heavy weather between the second and third stations of the survey and again for 234 hours on 14 April the work of collection of data progressed without major interruption and was completed on the morning of 18 April. The Evergreen then proceeded to Argentia, arriving there at mid-day on 19 April. A second survey was made with the Evergreen leaving St. John's, Newfoundland, on 29 April. The area covered by this survey was similar to that covered by the first survey and with work progressing in the same direction. The work of collection of data began on the early morning of 1 May and again the only interruption to the work of collection of data occurred near the beginning of the survey, this time for \x/i hours on the morning of 2 May. The final station of the survey was com- pleted on the early morning of 12 May and the Evergreen proceeded to Argentia, arriving there the following morning. ^o be reprinted as Contribution No. 959 in the Collected Reprints of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. 81 Diversion of the Evergreen for surface vessel ice patrols prevented any further oceanographio work during the 1957 season. A postseason cruise, comprising 53 stations, made during late July, however, consisted of occupations of the Bonavista triangle 22-25 July and the section across the Labrador Sea from South Wolf Island, Labrador, to Cape Farewell, Greenland, 26-29 July. Thus in 1957, a total 237 stations were occupied, 96 during the first survey, 88 during the second survey, 30 in the occupa- tion of the Bonavista triangle and 23 on the Labrador Sea section. The oceanographic work was under the supervision of Oceanographer Floyd M. Soule who was assisted by Lt. R. M. Morse. During the two surveys made during the season Lt. John E. Murray also assisted. Other assistants in the observational work were Francis N. Brown, yeoman first class; Elwood C. Gray, aerographer's mate first class; Lewis M. Lawday, aerographer's mate second class; Hugh R. McCartney, Jr., aerographer's mate second class; and Herbert A. Ashmore, aerographer's mate third class. Temperature and salinity measurements were made at each of the 237 stations. At the 23 stations along the Labrador Sea section the observations extended from the surface to as near bottom as was practi- cable. At the other 214 stations the observations extended from the surface to about 1,500 meters where the depth of water permitted. The intended depth of observations, in meters, were 0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 600, 800, 1,000 and thence by 500-meter intervals. A sample of old water taken from a part of an ice berg located well away from the original surface of the berg and away from old crevasse lines, was collected for subsequent determination of tritium concen- tration. Temperatures were measured with deep sea reversing thermometers. Most of the thermometers used were of Richter & Wiese manufacture but a small percentage were made by Negretti & Zambra, G. M. Manu- facturing Co., and Kahl Scientific Inst. Corp. The depths of observation were based on unprotected reversing thermometers made by Richter & Wiese and by Kahl. As a control on the performance of the individual thermometers and a guide in determining when and which thermometers were in need of thermal manipulation for the removal of gas particles to their small bulbs, a program of intercomparison of protected ther- mometers was carried out as in previous years. The individual ther- mometers used in pairs were periodically shifted so that each thermometer eventually was paired with several other thermometers. From a total of 1957 comparisons, the probable difference between the corrected reading of a pair of protected thermometers was 0.011° C. Since many of the thermometers used had recent laboratory comparisons with thermometers tested by the National Bureau of Standards, and as in most cases the temperatures are the mean of the corrected readings of a pair of thermometers, it is considered that the observed temperatures listed in the table of oceanographic data have a probable error of about ±0.01° C. 82 Routine salinity measurements, as in previous years, were made with a Wenner salinity bridge. Prior to the beginning of the 1957 season the bridge was cleaned and the calibration curve redetermined. For this purpose several composite samples of actual sea water collected during the 1956 field work and well distributed over the range of salinities encountered in the Grand Banks region and the Labrador Sea were measured on the Wenner bridge and by silver nitrate titration. Assuming that, over the range of salinity involved, the relationship between conductivity and salinity has the form C = C" (K + LS) where C is the conductivity corresponding to any salinity S and C is the conductivity corresponding to salinity S', and K and L are constants, the calibration curve of the bridge has the form a S = c b + m where S is the salinity, m is the reading of the X-dials of the bridge at balance and a, b, and c are constants. The constant b was measured electrically and mean values of a and c were determined from the measurements of the several samples by bridge and titration. The resulting calibration curve was found to be 9817.725 S = 4.2534 200.2 + m This method permits the arbitrary selection of a single point on the calibration curve. This point was so selected as to bring the salinity of Copenhagen normal sea water and the salinity of the deep water near the middle of the range of the bridge, a salinity of 35°/00 corresponding to a dial reading of 49.911. As the calibration curve, determined in this manner, is defined by the silver nitrate titration of the several samples used, the accuracy of the measurement of salinities by the bridge is no better than the accuracy of the silver nitrate titrations used in the calibration. The precision with which the salinities may be measured with the bridge is better, however, and is considered to be about 0.005 0/00. Water from an oil-sealed carboy of sea water was used as a working- standard for the routine measurements. At least twice during each run samples of Copenhagen normal sea water were measured as unknowns. These measurements indicated corrections of less than .005°/oo except for stations 6504 through 6519 for which a correction of +.01°/oo was indicated and applied. Copenhagen water of the batch P22 was used as the reference standard and a series of measurements were also made to compare the conductivity-salinity relationship of the batch P22 with that of batch P23 to permit a subsequent shift to the latter as a future reference standard. 83 52° 51" 50° 49° 48° 47° 46° 45° 50° 49° 48° 47° 46° 45° Figure 19. — Dynamic topography of the sea surface relative to the 1000-decibar surface from data collected 4-18 April 1957. Oceanographic station positions are indicated and the station numbers given at turning points. 84 52° 51° 50° 49° 48° 47° 46° 45° Figure 20. — Dynamic topography of the sea surface relative to the 1000-decibar surface from data collected 1-12 May 1957. Oceanographic station positions are indicated and the station numbers given at turning points. 85 Figure 21. — Dynamic topography of the sea surface relative to the 1000-decibar surface from data collected 22-25 July 1957. Oceanographic station positions are indicated and the station numbers given at turning points. 86 Figures 19, 20, and 21 shown in chronological sequence the dynamic topography found during the two surveys of the Grand Banks region and the postseason occupation of the Bonavista triangle. In the April survey, figure 19, the Labrador Current entering the northern edge of the surveyed area was about normal as to speed and location. Additions of water from the Grand Banks between 45° N. and 46° N. served to increase the effective width of the current from 45° N. to the Tail of the Banks. At the Tail of the Banks the Grand Banks water followed the bottom contours to the westward but the major portion of the Labrador Current continued southward beyond the 42d parallel and thence curved eastward to about 48°30' W. paralleling the outer edge of the Atlantic Current. At about 48°30' W. these swifter moving waters curved to the southeastward beyond the limits of the survey between 47° and 48° W. where a pool of colder water filled the concave portion of a meander of the Atlantic Current to the right. Beyond the meander the margin of the Atlantic Current pushed northward between about 46° W. and 47° W. The clockwise eddy centered near 44°30' N. 47°00' W. contained warm water derived from this Atlantic Current salient. It will be noted that while the dynamic heights in the low valley between the Labrador Current and the Atlantic Current were about normal and those on the Grand Banks were slightly above normal those in the highest part of the Atlantic Current covered by the survey were some 10 or 15 dynamic centimeters below normal. The Atlantic Current margins in the area surveyed had a relatively thin layer of Atlantic Current water under which there was a layer of anomalous mixed water inclined downward to the southeast. While this anomalous mixed water had a characteristic temperature salinity relationship it appeared to be a mixture of the usual mixed water and Atlantic Current water. Its upper surface sloped from about 300 meters at station 6369 to about 1,000 meters at station 6371. The under surface of this anomalous mixed water was similarly inclined downward in a seaward direction over the usual mixed water. In the vicinity of Flemish Cap the water was Labrador Current water from its T-S characteristics, whereas usually at least the southeastern part of Flemish Cap is occupied by mixed water. Here, between stations 6417 to 6415, there again is indication of a downward seaward inclination, this time with the usual mixed water between Labrador Current water and Atlantic Current water. These are considered indications that prior to this survey an unusually large amount of Labrador Current water was brought into the area and that vigorous wind stirring took place. Further confirmation is offered by the observations which showed the characteristic temperature minimum of the Labrador Current near 75 meters to have been almost completely wiped out and the minimum temperatures about a half degree warmer than normal. 87 The observations made during the second survey indicated a con- tinuation of this mixing at subsurface levels but with some recovery of the Labrador Current temperature minimum and the area in which undiluted Labrador Current water was found more nearly normal. The reestablished temperature minimum in the Labrador Current was shal- lower than normal and, except in the northernmost sections, warmer than normal. Figure 20 shows the highest dynamic heights of the Atlantic Current in the surveyed area to have returned to about normal values. A cold water pool with counterclockwise circulation and partly detached from the Labrador Current lay westward of 51° W. south of the Tail of the Banks. The clockwise eddy found in the first survey near 44°30'N. 47 °00' W. was still present in the second survey somewhat southwestward of its previous position and connected by a warm salty ridge to the Atlantic Current water in the southern part of the surveyed area. This was accompanied by a cold fresh valley extending southward from the 45th parallel to the southern limits of the chart between the ridge and the Atlantic Current to the eastward. This is the reverse of the usual relative positions of a pair of meanders which develop a counterclockwise intertwining as the pattern decays and moves with a translation parallel to the Atlantic Current. Figure 21 shows the dynamic topography found at the Bonavista triangle during the postseason cruise. In any comparison of the situation shown here with the topography farther south shown in figures 19 and 20 it should be kept in mind that figure 20 was the result of a survey con- ducted 1 to 12 May whereas the Bonavista triangle was occupied 22 to 25 July. Our only information as to changes which might have taken place in the current pattern in the Grand Banks area is from berg drifts and these indicate that the current pattern in the western half of the area surveyed in May remained remarkably steady and as shown in figure 20 through June and July. There are two features of the dynamic topography shown in figure 21 that are especially worthy of note. One is the exceptionally high dynamic heights found near the Cape Bonavista corner and the other is the comparatively small distance from Cape Bonavista to the eastern edge of the water following the western branch of the Labrador Current. The low densities of the inshore stations which produced the large dynamic heights were largely the result of low salinity. In terms of berg movements, the division between eastern and western branches of the Labrador Current meant that any bergs crossing the 49th parallel eastward of about 52°30' W. would follow the eastern branch. Because of the absence of opportunity to make any dynamic topographic surveys of the northeastern slope of the Grand Banks during the 1957 season the significance of this unusually far westward division point cannot be assessed. As implied above in the discussion of figures 19 and 20 the temperature- salinity relationships found at each station of the two surveys made in 1957 were examined. 88 o 0> TEMPERATURE c co n _ m ^" c ro cm - o -i I'ater found in the Grand for the period 1948-57. CM O \> o o "^ \ in ro \ O o w ro O _ \ ^ \ \ °_ \ _" c iK. c \ o o s- co \o o V r> in ro 0> \ ** "->^. _\o O CT^s o o _ "8 § ■_ _ a „ o ro 00 \f J V > i \ c o u>y_ ° £2 \ 1 1 1\ _v \ ro 0"\ o \ _ ) o. c c ) \ _ c _ <^ S to 3 a) ro _ OVlC CM \V V > o V o o ro o \ o ro in \ v o. \\ \\ O Hi ro e S5 * _1 I \ 1 \ \\\ \\\ v, ^ 2 0 * > ro r- Z ro _ \ I \ 1 \ 1 \ 1 \ 1 1 o k 1 -OX CM ^ CO CVJ \ S i - 1\ ' 1 \ n i"1 \ \\ \\ e% 3 ^ -Q 3 J"3 ^ C _ 3 C a, .« ro \ _i X • 4-N i i i k c \ - 3 A* - \\ or Or-- ^ *t ro O i \ in c Sk \\ oz <_l o or or n co or; r _ ro CD c C < c < _ ■> 1 c 9\ o / \ e CD o ,2 O . "3. m •_ 'O 53 8 ° S +2 o .3 ro ro 00 c 0 < > ? 1 J ■> ■> J t \ \\ \ \ \ \ \ \ ^ ro ro 0 u J > c I V. \ \ \ \ \ \ ■n\ » 5 .5 _ G> Ts to d „ 1 * < TSk 1 2 5 "3 "a, cj 33 O 93 CO ro ro in - C ] - c L L 0 J i N, 3 . "S « C g Eh o .3 1 "^ o ro ro 5 5 J C in 1 m ■J-N ro ro _____ or 00 _ 1 3 « <: 0 89 From their T-S characteristic relationships the Labrador Current water and the Atlantic Current water found in the Grand Banks region are water masses. Usually also in this region these water masses mix in a sufficiently constant proportion so that the mixed water can be regarded as a virtual water mass. The mean T-S relationships for these three water masses for the 10-year period 1948-57 are shown in figure 22 in comparison with the conditions found in 1957. The 10-year means are shown as broken lines and the 1957 conditions are represented by solid lines. The typical mixed water found in the Grand Banks region is not always present. In some years the proportion of the parent water masses producing the mixed water is variable and the resulting mixed water follows no definite pattern of characteristic T-S relationship. Also occasionally a group of stations will be found to have a consistent pattern differing from the typical mixed water. In 1957, as mentioned above in the discussion of figures 19 and 20, such a group of stations was found to have a T-S pattern which indicated a mixture of the usual mixed water with Atlantic Current water. These observations have been excluded in computing the average T-S values for the mixed water as shown in figure 22. The presence of mixed water as a virtual water mass in the Grand Banks region raises questions as to what happens to this mixed water after it is formed. One possibility was that the mixed water formed in the Grand Banks region might supply the intermediate water of the Labrador Sea. The T-S characteristics of the water were examined at the bulk of the stations taken 1951 through 1956 and located in the northward-moving water north of Flemish Cap. No surveys extended into this area in 1948, 1949, 1950, and 1957, so that the 88 stations examined represent all of the postwar observations in the area in question. The resulting individual station curves showed some grouping in the mixed water but more scatter than in the mixed water of the Grand Banks region. The T-S curves fell principally between the Grand Banks curves for Labrador Current water and mixed water with a few stations on the Atlantic Current side of Grand Banks mixed water. The interpretation is that some of the mixed water formed in the Grand Banks region moves northward of Flemish Cap mixing in varying pro- portions with Labrador Current water in the more northern area and that some sinking and seaward spreading of the mixed water goes on in both areas. To determine the spread of individual station curves from the 1957 characteristic T-S curves an ellipse was constructed for each level for each water mass using probable differences of individual temperatures and salinities from their average values as the semiaxes of the ellipses. The ellipses for a given level for the three water masses were separate from each other except that at 800 meters the mixed-water ellipse was tangent to that for Atlantic Current water, and at 1,500 meters the 90 mixed-water ellipse slightly overlapped those for Labrador Current water and Atlantic Current water. The curves in figure 22 representing the conditions found in 1957 indicate that the Labrador Current water was denser than average down to about 300 meters and lighter than average below this level. The salinity was the determining factor and counteracted a slight opposite effect of temperature anomalies. In the mixed water the 1957 obser- vations showed denser than average water down to a depth of about 200 meters and lighter than average below that depth. Here both temper- ature and salinity anomalies combined to produce the density anomalies. In the Atlantic Current water densities down to about 200 meters were close to average and below that level were lighter than average, with the higher than average temperatures outweighing the effect of slightly greater than average salinities. 91 Figure 23. — Year-to-year fluctuations in density of the Labrador Current water found in the Grand Banks region at selected levels 1934-41 and 1948-57. The plotted points represent values of <7t corresponding to the average temperature and average salinity for the particular year and level. 92 As the T-S characteristics found in the Grand Banks region fluctuate slightly from year to year figure 23 has been prepared to show the amount of this fluctuation as it affects the density at the different levels in the Labrador Current water. The densities shown are the values of at corresponding to the average temperature and average salinity for the particular level and year. It is of interest to note the degree of fluctua- tion within the 10-year period 1948-57 used for the normal curve shown in figure 22. Similar yearly averages for some of the levels are available for the 8-year period 1934-41 and are also shown in figure 23 to show the changes which have occurred over the longer period. Thus it appears that in recent years the Labrador Current water has been increasing in density in the upper 200 meters and decreasing in density at levels below that. The net effect of these density changes on the average dynamic height of the 50-decibar surface relative to the 1,000- decibar surface shows no consistent trend. The position of the steep horizontal temperature gradient at the sea surface which occurs near the outer margins of the Atlantic Current in the Grand Banks region is of great practical importance in determining the southern limits of berg drifts. This steep gradient is called the cold wall. Since it is not always vertical and since we are concerned with its location in a layer whose thickness is commensurate with the draft of an iceberg, in studies of its fluctuations its position has been taken as the horizontal projection of the line along which water of 34.95 °/00 salinity corresponds to a temperature of 6° C. The position of the cold wall has been delineated thus for each survey which has included this area. To enable the numerical expression of its position, or its retreat from or advance toward the Grand Banks, the area between it and certain fixed rhumb lines has been used. These rhumb lines are the 45th parallel from the cold wall westward to the 49th meridian, the 49th meridian from 45° N. to 43° N. and a line from 43° X. 49° W. through 42° N. 47° W. extended to the cold wall. It is presumed that the position of the cold wall is determined by the relative strengths of the Labrador Current and the Atlantic Current. For each survey for which the position of the cold wall can be delineated, the salinity, temperature and velocity distributions, as well as the volume and heat transports are available for the Labrador Current entering the area from the northward past the 45th parallel. Using what are believed to be realistic values of average velocity distribution, it has been further assumed that each million cubic meters per second of volume transport of the Labrador Current entering the area will require a sea surface area of 10,000 sq. kilometers. The area between the cold wall and the rhumb lines has therefore been reduced by such a proportionate amount to give a remaining adjusted area, A, whose size, it was expected, would be related to forces associated with the North Atlantic eddy and consequently with the Atlantic Current which makes up the outer margin of the eddy in the Grand Banks sector. 93 It was further assumed that the difference in sea level between Bermuda and Charleston, S. C, is related to the volume transport of the North Atlantic eddy and consequently to the forces determining the position of the periphery of the Atlantic Current in the Grand Banks sector. While the difference in sea level between Bermuda and Charleston is not directly measurable the fluctuations in the difference are available from the fluctuations at each station. Since it was anticipated that a weak North Atlantic eddy would result in a retreat of the cold wall and therefore an increase in the adjusted area A the sea level variable used was the sea level at Charleston minus the departure from average sea level at Bermuda. A very good correlation existed between this variable and the adjusted area A in the Grand Banks sector 133^ months later as checked by 27 surveys made during the period 1934-41. With the resumption of oceanographic work in 1948 no agreement could be found between the adjusted area A predicted from the tide-gage readings at Bermuda and Charleston and the adjusted area A found during surveys of the area. In 1952 it was realized that the time lag no longer was the 13K months found during the prewar surveys but about 113^2 months. Using this time lag for the postwar surveys a new relationship was computed as A =6.97 (#-5.07)4-1.67 where A is the adjusted area in units of 10,000 sq. km and H is sea level at Charleston minus the Bermuda departure from an average of 4.16 expressed in feet. This gave a poor correlation. For example, during the first survey of 1957 the predicted adjusted area A was +0.55 whereas that actually found was +4.12. The predicted adjusted area A for the second survey was +5.22 as compared with an actual adjusted area of +6.02. Changes have taken place in the sea level at Charleston and at Ber- muda. The mean sea level at Charleston for the decade 1947-56 was 5.32 ft. instead of the 5.07 prewar mean. Mean sea level at Bermuda for this postwar decade was 4.33 ft. instead of the 4.16 which had been used in the past. The mean annual variation curve of sea level at Charleston minus the departure of sea level from the mean of 4.33 at Bermuda for this decade shows three maxima and three minima. From 1948 to 1957 there were 20 surveys made which included the position of the cold wall, seven during the month from mid-March to mid-April, six during the month from mid-April to mid-May, six during the month from mid-May to mid-June and one in the second half of June. The mean dates show a maximum near the April-May group. As this maximum could be related to any of the three maxima or any of the three minima in the sea level curve, each of the years during which more than one survey was made was examined as to consistency of sign of the change in adjusted area with the different time lags representing cor- relations with the different maxima and minima of the sea level curve. In none of the time lags was the sign consistent, the best being a time 94 lag of 11.4 months where there were eight cases of positive sign and two negative. It must therefore be concluded that the very good correlation between the position of the cold wall as determined during the 27 prewar surveys and the Charleston-Bermuda tide-gage data was fortuitous and not real, and we must find other means of predicting the position of the cold wall. In the more detailed examination of the circulation in the upper 1,000 meters with respect to the fluctuations in the Labrador Current par- ticularly, certain sections have been occupied as frequently as operational considerations permit. Tentative normal seasonal variation relation- ships have been derived for some of these sections where the number of occupations has been sufficient and the distribution of the dates of the occupations has been satisfactory. Of these there were occupations of sections F, T, U, and W during the two 1957 surveys, and the com- ponent sections of the Bonavista triangle (NW, SW, SE) during the postseason cruise. An additional section across the Labrador Current off South Wolf Island, Labrador, repeated during the 1957 postseason cruise, has usually been occupied at about the same time of year and for this section average values, rather than normal seasonal variations have been used for comparison. The location of the section F is from the Grand Banks to Flemish Cap at the parallel of 46°45' N. Section T runs southeasterly from about 46°20' N. 49 W W. Section U runs easterly from the Grand Banks near the 45th parallel. Section W runs south from the Grand Banks along the meridian of 50° 15' W. 95 96 During the two surveys and postseason cruise of 1957 there were 12 occupations of such sections across the Labrador Current. Table 1 gives the volume transport, mean temperature, minimum observed temperature and heat transport found during these occupations and lists the corresponding seasonal normal values for comparison. Both in the table and in the text, volume transport is expressed in millions of cubic meters per second, mean temperature and minimum observed temperature are given in degrees centigrade and heat transport is given in millions of cubic meter degrees centigrade per second. Table 1.— Summary of velocity sections across Labrador Current occupied in 1957 Volume transport Mean temperatu re Minimum observed temperature Heat transport 1957 Nor- mal Anom- aly 1957 Nor- mal Anom- aly 1957 Nor- mal Anom- aly 1957 Nor- mal Anom- aly First survey: F 2.84 2.68 5.83 4.31 3.17 2.35 4.69 3.02 5.15 1.29 4.53 10.22 2.75 3.37 5.26 4.23 2.93 3.30 4.63 4.15 4.17 0.66 3.38 4.99 +0.09 -1.69 +0.57 +0.08 +0.24 -0.95 +0.06 -1.13 +0.98 +0.63 + 1.15 +5.23 0.52 0.79 1.04 1.05 1.54 2.02 1.35 2.04 1.99 -0.37 2.94 2.96 1.58 1.94 1.56 2.12 1.79 1.80 2.15 2.82 1.49 0.20 2.07 2.48 -1.06 -1.15 -0.52 -1.07 -0.25 +0.22 -0.80 -0.78 +0.50 -0.57 +0.87 +0.48 -1.19 -0.83 -1.10 -0.68 -1.62 -1.23 -1.50 -0.66 -1.62 -1.66 -1.33 -1.70 -1.26 -1.40 -1.20 -0.53 -1.29 -1.40 -1.19 -0.60 -1.59 -1.65 -1.60 -1.50 +0.07 +0.57 +0.10 -0.15 -0.33 +0.17 -0.31 -0.06 -0.03 -0.01 +0.27 -0.20 1.46 2.11 6.07 4.51 4.88 4.76 6.32 6.16 10.23 -0.47 13.31 30.26 4.34 6.54 8.21 8.97 5.24 5.94 9.95 11.70 6.21 0.13 7.00 12.38 -2.88 T -4.43 U_ w Second survev: F -2.14 -4.46 -0.36 T -1.18 U W Postseason: NW SW SE S. Wolf Is.. -3.63 -5.54 +4.02 -0.60 +6.31 + 17.88 Figure 24 shows a schematic representation of the volume transports given in Table 1. In both the first and second surveys there was some loss of volume transport between sections F and T whereas there is normally some increase because of a contribution off the Grand Banks from the northwest between these sections. In 1957 apparently the contribution off the banks was larger than normal but occurred farther south between sections T and U resulting in about normal or somewhat larger than normal volume transports at sections F and U and subnormal volume transports at section T. At section W the volume transport was normal during the first survey but dropped off during the second survey instead of holding steady as is normal. The mean temperature of the Labrador Current was decidedly below normal at each of the four sections during the first survey even though the minimum observed temperatures were normal or warmer than normal. By the time of the second survey, however, the mean temper- ature had warmed up at the two northern sections, but the two southern sections were still about 0.8° colder than normal. The minimum observed temperatures were lower during the second survey (except at section W) with a restoration of a more nearly normal profile of the Labrador Current. The preponderance of negative anomalies of mean temperature made its effect felt in heat transport where the anomalies are all negative for 97 both surveys. The occupation of the Bonavista triangle during the postseason cruise was not very satisfactory from the standpoint of equating horizontal inflow past the northwest side to outflow past the southwest and southeast sides. Thus the volume transport into the triangle was found to be 5.15, whereas the sum of the outflow past the other sides was 5.82. The volume transport anomalies were positive at all three sides. The mean temperatures were above normal at the two sides where the greatest transports exist and below normal along the southwest side. The resulting heat transport was hence correspond- ingly greater than normal with the above mentioned discrepancy of inflow and outflow being repeated and giving the inflowing heat at 10.23 and the outflowing heat at 12.84 for an average positive anomaly of 4.86. The minimum observed temperatures were near normal at the northwest and southwest sides and about a quarter of a degree above normal at the southeast side. Farther north, off South Wolf Island, Labrador, the volume transport of the Labrador Current was found to be 10.22 which is some two times the average value for the 20 occupations of this section. The mean temperature was about a half degree warmer than average and the minimum observed temperature of —1.70 was near the coldest recorded for the 20 occupations (-1.72 in 1940 and -1.70 in 1949) and 0.2° colder than average. Because of the large volume transport and high mean temperature the positive anomaly of heat transport was very large. As the South Wolf Island section was occupied only a few days after the occupation of the Bonavista triangle and the volume transport found was about twice that past the Bonavista triangle a volume trans- port of 4.7 has been indicated in figure 24 as moving off to the eastward between the South Wolf Island section and Bonavista.2 At the Greenland end of the section across the Labrador Sea the West Greenland Current off Cape Farewell was also found to be unusually vigorous with a volume transport of 9.74 which is more than twice its seasonal normal of 4.41. Although the mean temperature of 4.15 was about three quarters of a degree below the seasonal normal of 4.89 the resulting heat transport of 40.39 was very large compared to its normal value of 21.56. If the mean temperatures of the East Greenland Current and Irminger Current components of the West Greenland Current are taken as constant at 3.2 and 5.5 respectively the computed volume transports of the components may be derived as 5.73 for the East Green- land Current component for a positive anomaly of 4.56 and 4.01 for the Irminger Current component for a positive anomaly of 0.77. As the mean temperatures have been assumed constant the anomalies of heat transport are proportional to those of volume transport and are com- puted as 14.60 and 4.23 respectively. 98 Figure 25. — Dynamic topography of the sea surface relative to the 2000-decibar surface from data collected 26-29 July 1957. Oceanographic station positions are indicated by, circles. 99 METERS DEPTH Figure 26. — Temperature distribution along section between South Wolf Island, Labrador and Cape Farewell, Greenland 26-29 July 1957. 100 METERS DEPTH 6552 6551 6550 Figure 27, -Salinity distribution along section between South Wolf Island, Labrador and Cape Farewell, Greenland 26-29 July 1957. 101 Figures 25, 26, and 27 show respectively, the dynamic topography in the vicinity of the section across the Labrador Sea from South Wolf Island, Labrador to Cape Farewell, Greenland, and the temperature and salinity distributions along that section. The temperature and salinity distribution and the indications of the GEK have been considered along with the dynamic heights at the stations, in the construction of figure 25 which, of course, must remain an estimate away from the line of the section. In figure 26 showing the temperature distribution along the section from South Wolf Island, Labrador to Cape Farewell, Greenland, one of the most interesting features is, as usual, the temperature minimum of the intermediate water in the central part of the section with the temperature maximum immediately below it. The minimum is con- sidered to be a relic of the previous winter's cooling. In 1957 this minimum was cold and the temperature of 3.09° at station 6564 is 0.02° colder than any observation in the series of occupations from 1934 to 1941 and 1948 to 1957 (the previous low of 3.11° was observed in 1952). The northeastern end of the temperature minimum is narrowed in depth by the warmer water of the offshore portion of the West Greenland Current which returns eastward between stations 6566 and 6568. This eastward-returning flow explains the exceptionally wide band of warm water which might otherwise be misinterpreted as a broad band of the Irminger Current component of the West Greenland Current. The surface flow pattern is shown in figure 25. The Irminger Current contribution to the West Greenland Current is shown more clearly by the salinity maximum near the Cape Farewell end of figure 27. As indicated in this figure the maximum salinity observed here was 35.00 °/00. This again is below the prewar values of the maximum which, in the 1930s was consistently about 35.04 °/oo. The motionless surface along this section does not lie at a uniform depth. It is at a deeper level than it is beneath the Labrador Current in the Grand Banks region and usually between 1,500 and 2,500 meters. The selection of a single level as reference for showing the dynamic topography of the entire section is then a compromise and its selection is materially assisted by studying the shape of the surfaces of equal potential density. These surfaces intersecting the Labrador Sea section occupied in 1957 indicated the most nearly motionless single level was at about 2,000 meters. The dynamic heights for this section therefore have been referred to the 2,000-decibar surface. The net volume trans- port across the section above this reference surface was computed to be 1.36 X 106 cu. m/sec net southeasterly. -W) ile the volume transport for the Bonavista triangle has been based on a reference surface of 1,000 decibars and the 2,000-decinar surface has been used for the South Wolf Island section about 90 percent of the transport at the latter section takes place above the 1,000-decibarsurface which still leaves some 9.0 X 106 cu. m/sec off South Wolf Island compared with 5.5 past the Bonavista triangle. 102 In bulletin number 42 of this series average temperatures were plotted against average salinities for the intermediate water and for the deep water at 2,000, 2,500, 3,000 and 3,500 meters for each occupation of this section. For purposes of comparison similar values for the 1957 occupation of the section are given below : 1957 averages T S 3.22 3.18 2.95 2.35 1.75 34.823 (stations 6562-6565) 2,000 meters 34.887 2,500 meters .- 34.894 3,000 meters . 34.89i 3,500 meters 34.865 Thus the intermediate water was near the cold limit of the group of occupations 1934-41 and 1948-57 and the salinity was lower than any- other year of the group. In the deep water both temperature and salinity were close to these values for the 1953 occupation at 2,000, 2,500 and 3,000 meters and near the cold and low salinity limits of the group at 3,500 meters. The values of o Station 6508; 11 Mav; 46°50' N., 44°44' W.; depth 133 m.; dynamic height 970.899. 0 3.83 34.33 0 3.83 34.33 25 3.83 34.31 25 3.83 34.31 51 3.78 34.33 50 3.80 34.33 76 2.90 34.42 75 2.90 34.42 102 2.84 34.41 100.... 2.85 34.42 127 2.89 34.47 150 3.00 34.53 27.29 27.28 27.29 27.46 27.46 27.53 Station 6509; 11 May; 46°50' N., 44°57' W.; depth 169 m.; dynamic height 970.904. 0 4.05 34.33 0 4.05 34.33 27.27 25 4.05 34.34 25 4.05 34.34 27.28 50 4.05 34.33 50 4.05 34.33 27.27 75 3.29 34.35 75 3.29 34.35 27.36 100 2.94 34.38 100.... 2.94 34.38 27.42 150 2.91 34.47 150 2.91 34.48 27.50 Station 6510; 11 May; 46°49.5' N., 45°16' W.; depth 220 m.; dynamic height 970.893. 0 4.23 34.37 0 4.23 34.37 27.28 25 4.21 34.38 25 4.21 34.38 27.29 50 3.20 34.44 50 3.20 34.44 27.44 75 3.01 34.44 75 3.01 34.44 27.46 100 3.18 34.50 100._._ 3.18 34.50 27.48 149 2.93 34.54 150.. _. 2.95 34.54 27.54 199 3.15 34.63 200.... 3.15 34.63 27.59 Station 6511; 11 May; 46°50' N., 45°43' W.; depth 274 m.; dynamic height 970.896. 0 3.91 34.21 0 3.91 34.21 27.19 25 3.77 34.24 25 3.77 34.24 27.23 50 2.74 34.26 50 2.74 34.26 27.34 75 2.61 34.31 75 2.61 34.31 27.39 100 2.74 34.38 100. ... 2.74 34.38 27.43 149 3.28 34.61 150.. _. 3.30 34.61 27.57 199 3.56 34.75 200.... 3.55 34.75 27.65 259 3.60 34.78 300. ... 3.60 34.79 27.68 Station 6512; 11 May; 46°50' N., 46°07' \V.; depth 320 m.; dynamic height 970.907. 0 25 50.... 75...- 100... 150... 201... 301... 3.02 33.97 0 3.02 33.97 3.04 34.02 25 3.04 34.02 2.76 34.19 50 2.76 34.19 2.55 34.27 75 2.55 34.27 2.46 34.33 100.... 2.46 34.33 3.19 34.57 150.-.. 3.19 34.57 3.55 34.69 200,--- 3.55 34.69 3.60 34.81 300.... 3.60 34.81 27.08 27.12 27.28 27.37 27.41 27.55 27.60 27.70 Station 6513; 11 May; 46°50' N., 46°36' W.; depth 622 m.; dynamic height 970.914. Observed values Scaled values Tem- Tem- Depth, pera- Salin- Depth, pera- Salin- meters ture, ity, meters ture, ity, °C. °/o° I °C. 7oo 0 24... 49... 73... 99... 147.. 196.. 295.. 392_. 596.. 2.30 33.62 0 2.30 33.62 2.15 33.72 25 2.15 33.72 3.00 34.25 50 3.00 34.25 2.93 34.33 75 2.90 34.33 2.90 34.36 100 2.90 34.36 2.42 34.46 150 2.45 34.47 2.92 34.61 200 2.95 34.62 3.21 34.71 300 3.20 34.71 3.55 34.80 400_-__ 3.55 34.80 3.55 34.835 600 3.55 34.84 26.87 26.96 27.31 27.38 27.41 27.53 27.61 27.66 27.69 27.72 Station 6514; 11 Mav; 46°50' N. m.; dynamic height 970.889.. 46°52' W.; depth 1,207 0 1.73 33.45 0 1.73 33.45 26 1.56 33.61 25 1.55 33.60 51 1.92 34.28 50 1.90 34.26 77 2.15 34.43 75 2.15 34.42 103 2.47 34.54 100.... 2.45 34.53 153 2.86 34.63 150 2.85 34.63 204 3.02 34.69 200 3.00 34.69 307 3.12 34.74 300 3.10 34.74 406 3.20 34.76 400. ... 3.20 34.76 610 3.34 34.81 600. ___ 3.35 34.81 815 3.40 34.83 800 3.40 34.83 1,022.. 3.42 34.85 1,000.. 3.45 34.85 1,190.. 3.38 34.86 26.78 26.91 27.41 27.52 27.57 27.62 27.66 27.69 27.70 27.72 27.73 27.74 Station 6515; 11 Mav; 46°50' N., 47°12' W.; depth 622 m.; dynamic height 970.958. 0 -0.22 33.05 0 -0.22 33.05 25 -0.38 33.19 25 -0.38 33.19 51 0.92 33.93 50 0.90 33.92 76 1.32 34.17 75 1.35 34.17 102 1.40 34.20 100 1.40 34.20 152 1.81 34.35 150 1.75 34.34 204 2.39 34.50 200 2.35 34.49 306 2.98 34.66 300_ _._ 2.95 34.65 397 3. 15! 34.71 400.... 3.15 34.71 596 3.18 34.73 600.... 3.20 34.74 Station 6516; 11 May; 46°50' N., 47°20' W.; depth 311 m.; dynamic height 971.004. 0 -0.62 32.74 0 -0.62 32.74 26.33 24 -0.87 32.96 25 -0.90 32.97 26.53 48 -1.62 33.19 50 -1.60 33.20 26.73 72 -1.37 33.31 75 -1.25 33.36 26.85 97 -0.05 33.72 100 0.05 33.75 27.12 145 1.30 34.13 150 1.40 34.18 27.38 2.14 34.45 200 2.20: 34.47 27.56 290 2.85 34.63 (300).. 2.90 34.64 27.63 Station 6517; 11 May; 46°48' N., 47°38' W.; depth 169 m.; dynamic height 971.035. ' 0 -0.28 32.93 0 —0.28 32.93 25 -0.36 32.98 25 -0.36 32.98 51 -1.35 33.06 50 -1.35 33.06 76 -1.58 33.15 75 -1.60 33.15 101 -1.45 33.26 100 -1.45 33.26 152 1.08 34.05 150 0.95 34.03 26.47 26.51 26.61 26.69' 26.77 27.28 125 TABLE OF OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA-Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1957-Continued Observed values Scaled values Tem- Tem- Depth, pera- Salin- Depth, pera- Salin- meters ture, ity, meters ture, ity, °C. 7oo UC. °/oo Station 6518; 12 May; 46°45' N., 48°10' W.; depth 110 m.; dynamic height 971.040. 0 0.11 32.84 0 0.11 32.84 25 -0.48 32.89 25 -0.48 32.89 50 -1.08 32.94 50 -1.08 32.94 76 -0.99 33.27 75 -1.00 33.26 101 -0.66 33.44 100.... -0.70 33.43 26.38 26.44 26.51 26.76 26.89 Station 6519; 12 May; 46°42' N., 48°40' W.; depth 82 m.; dynamic height 971.050. 0 0.69 32.81 0 0.69 32.81 25 0.51 32.84 25 0.51 32.84 49 -0.41 32.95 50 -0.45 32.95 74 -0.84 33.07 75 -0.85 33.07 26.33 26.36 26.50 26.60 Station 6520; 49°57.5' N., 48°58' W m.; dynamic height 970.887. ; 22 July; depth 1,920 0 9.90 34.59 0 9.90 34.59 24 7.48 34.58 25 7.40 34.58 49 4.24 34.50 50 4.15 34.50 73 3.68 34.54 75 3.70 34.55 98 3.83 34.66 100.... 3.85 34.67 146 3.75 34.72 150 3.75 34.72 195 3.80 34.76 200.. ._ 3.80 34.77 293 3.86 34.84 300.... 3.85 34.84 417 3.76 34.84 400.... 3.80 34.84 629 3.63 34.86 600... _ 3.65 34.86 844 3.54 34.87 800.... 3.55 34.87 1,055.. 3.42 34.87 1,000.. 3.45 34.87 1,582.. 3.34 34.88 26.67 27.05 27.39 27.48 27.56 27.61 27.65 27.69 27.70 27.73 27.75 27.76 Station 6521; 22 July; 49°47.5' N., 49°30' W.; depth 1,390 m.; dynamic height 970.912. 0 7.53 33.39 0 7.53 33.39 26.10 25 2.30 34.17 25 2.30 34.17 27.31 50 2.68 34.30 50 2.68 34.30 27.37 75 2.37 34.38 75 2.37 34.38 27.46 100 3.12 34.54 100.... 3.12 34.54 27.53 150 3.67 34.67 150 3.67 34.67 27.58 201 3.81 34.73 200 3.80 34.73 27.61 301 4.05 34.79 300 4.05 34.79 27.63 408 4.00 34.84 400___. 4.00 34.84 27.68 611 3.60 34.84 600.... 3.65 34.84 27.71 812 3.39 34.825 800.... 3.40 34.83 27.73 1,004.. 3.33 34.84 1,000.. 3.35 34.84 27.74 1,331.. 3.34 34.87 Station 6522; 22 July; 49°37.5' N., 50°02' W.; depth 622 m. dynamic height 970.961. 0 7.72 33.34 25 5.38 33.87 50 2.38 34.18 75 2.07 34.24 101.... 1.95 34.28 150.... 3.00 34.51 200.... 3.74 34.67 301.... 3.98 34.75 389.... 4. OS :;i.sn 589.... 3.98 34.81 0.. 25. 50. 75. 100 150 200 300 400 600 7.72 33.34 5.38 33.87 2.38 34.18 2.07 34.24 1.95 34.28 3.01 34.51 3.74 34.67 4.dll 34.75 4.05 34.80 4.00 34.81 26.02 26.76 27.30 27.38 27.42 27.52 27.57 27.61 27.64 27.66 Observed values Scaled values Tem- Tem- Depth, pera- Salin- Depth, pera- Salin- meters ture, ity, meters ture, ity, °C. 7co °C. %o Station 6523; 22 July; 49°29' N., 50°31' W.; depth 334 m. dynamic height 970.964. 0 8.84 33.22 0 8.84 33.22 25 2.16 33.62 25 2.16 33.62 50 -0.29 33.80 50 -0.29 33.80 74 0.47 34.01 75 0.50 34.01 100 0.87 34.14 100.... 0.85 34.14 149 1.82 34.35 150.... 1.85 34.36 199 2.53 34.50 200. ... 2.55 34.50 299 3.09 (300).. 3.10 34.69 25.77 26.88 27.17 27.30 27.38 27.49 27.55 27.65 Station 6524; 22 July; 49°17' N., 51°01' W.; depth 338 m.; dynamic height 970.980. 0 25. .. 50... 74... 100.. 149.. 199__ 299.. 9.20 33.16 0 9.20 33.16 2.54 33.55 25 2.54 33.55 0.36 33.76 50 0.36 33.76 0.39 33.94 75 0.40 33.94 0.30 34.04 100.... 0.30 34.04 1.29 34.24 150.... 1.30 34.24 1.96 34.40 200... _ 2.00 34.40 2.90 34.605 300.... 2.90 34.61 25.67 26.79 27.11 27.25 27.33 27.43 27.51 27.61 Station 6525; 22 July; 49°11' N., 51°36' W.; depth 320 m.; dynamic height 971.043. 0 25 50 75 101 151 202 303.... 9.16 31.94 0 9.16 31.94 1.27 33.25 25 1.27 33.25 0.64 33.42 50 0.64 33.42 -0.94 33.49 75 -0.94 33.49 -0.94 33.65 100.... -0.95 33.65 -0.35 33.88 150.... -0.40 33.87 0.23 34.01 200. ... 0.20 34.00 2.37 34.49 300.... 2.30 34.47 24.72 26.64 26.82 26.95 27.08 27.24 27.31 27.55 Station 6526; 23 July; 49°04.5' N., 51°54' W.; depth 302 m.; dynamic height 971.048. 0 25 50 76 101.... 151.... 201.... 277.... 8.85 1.26 0.26 0.08 -1.01 -0.52 0.48 2.33 31.92 33.18 33.31 33.44 33.54 33.82 34.05 34.49 0 25.... 50.... 75.... 100... 150... 200... (300). 8.85 31.92 1.26 33.18 0.26 33.31 0.10 33.44 -1.00 33.54 -0.55 33.81 0.40 34.04 2.75 34.62 24.76 26.59 26.75 26.87 26.99 27.19 27.33 27.63 Station 6527; 23 July; 49°00.5' N., 52°07' W.; depth 293 m. dynamic height 971.065. 0 8.78 31.66 0 8.78 31.66 24 1.21 33.00 25 1.15 33.03 47 0.34 33.20 50 0.20 33.21 71 -0.90 33.28 75 -0.90 33.30 94 -0.77 33.43 100 -0.80 33.46 142 -0.83 33.68 150 -0.80 33.72 189 -0.26 33.92 200 0.00 33.98 260 1.99 34.40 300.... 2.95 34.63 24.57 26.48 26.68 26.79 26.92 27.13 27.30 27.61 126 TABLE OF OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA-Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1957-Continued Observed values Scaled values Tem- Tem- Depth, pera- Salin- Depth, pera- Salin- meters ture, ity, meters ture, ity, °C. 7oo °C. 7oo Station 6528; 23 July; 48°54' N„ 52°22' W.; depth 359 m.; dynamic height 971.065. 0 6.49 31.69 0 6.49 31.69 24 2.94 33.10 25 2.80 33.11 48 0.35 33.24 50 0.35 33.25 72 0.50 33.38 75 0.50 33.39 96 -0.59 33.45 100 -0.60 33.47 143 -0.81 33.70 150 -0.80 33.74 191 0.23 33.96 200 0.40 34.01 287 2.08 34.43 (300).. 2.25 34.48 24.90 26.42 26.70 26.80 26.92 27.14 27.31 27.55 Station 6529; 23 July; 48°47' N., 52°39' W.; depth 220 m. dynamic height 971.188. 0 7.72 30.58 0 7.72 30.58 23 -1.19 32.63 25 -1.25 32.66 46 -1.54 32.78 50 -1.55 32.79 69 -1.60 32.85 75 -1.60 32.87 93 -1.60 32.92 100.... -1.60 32.93 139 -1.60 33.00 150 -1.55 33.04 185 -1.28 33.20 (200).. -1.10 33.26 23.87 26.29 26.40 26.47 26.51 26.60 26.76 Station 6530; 23 July; 48°45.5' N., 52°48' W.; depth 132 m.; dynamic height 971.192. 0 7.91 30.45 0 7.91 30.45 23.75 26 -0.92 32.58 25 -0.75 32.50 26.14 52 -1.59 32.78 50 -1.60 32.77 26.39 79 -1.60 32.88 75 -1.60 32.87 26.47 105 -1.62 32.96 100... _ -1.60 32.94 26.52 Station 6531 ; 23 July; 48°43.5' N., 52°58' W.; depth 100 m. dynamic height 971.216. 0_ 10.60 30.02 0 10.60, 30.02 26 -0.33 32.17 25 -0.20 32.09 53 -1.45 32.63 50 -1.40 32.59 79 -1.59 32.80 75 (100).. — 1.60 32.78 — 1.60 32.89 23.00 25.79 26.23 26.39 26.48 Station 6532; 23 July; 48°37.5' N., 52°44' W.; depth 279 m.; dynamic height 971.228. 0.. 25. 50. 75. Kill 151 2111 251 8.44 -1.27 -1.26 -1.55 -1.28 -1.53 -1.48 0.20 30.52 32.68 32.72 32.85 32.93 33.03 33.26 34.00 0 25 50 75 100 150_._. 200.... 300.... 8.44 -1.27 -1.26 -1.55 -1.28 -1.50 -1.50 1.90 30.52 30 68 32 72 32 85 32 :>:; 33 H2 33 25 34 57 23.72 24.69 26.34 26.45 26.50 26.58 26.77 27.66 Station 6533; 23 July; 48°32.5' N., 52°32' W.; depth 220 m. dynamic height 971.143. 0.. 2.5. 49. 74. 98. 147 196 8.48 -1.09 -1.61 -1.59 -1.53 -1.08 -0.86 30 43 32 66 32 83 32 97 33 01 33 26 33 66 0 25 50 75 100_... 150.... 200.... 8.48 30.43 -1.09 32.66 -1.60 32.83 -1.60 32.97 -1.55 33.02 -1.05 33.28 -0.85 33.70 23.64 26.28 26.43 26.55 26.59 26.78 27.11 Observed values Scaled values Tem- Tem- Depth, pera- Salin- Depth, pera- Salin- meters ture, ity, meters ture, itv, °C. 7oo °C. 7oo Station 6534; 23 July; 48°21.5' N., 52°08' W.; depth 192 m.; dynamic height 971.139. 0 26 52 77 103 155 186 10.17 30.75 0 10.17 30.75 -1.05 32.70 25 -0.95 32.63 -1.63 32.90 50 -1.60 32.88 -1.55 33.00 75 -1.55 32.99 -1.40 33.06 100.... -1.45 33.05 -1.18 33.24 150 -1.20 33.37 -0.84 33.58 200 -0.50 33.65 23.64 26.26 26.47 26.56 26.60 26.86 27.06 Station 6535; 23 July; 48°15' N., 51°52' W. dynamic height 971.133. depth 192 m.; 0 9.66 31.26 0 9.66 31.26 26 -0.08 32.72 25 0.10 32.66 52 -1.29 32.90 50 -1.20 32.88 77 -1.66 33.01 75 -1.65 33.00 103 -1.48 33.10 100.... -1.50 33.08 155 -1.05 33.37 150.... -1.10 33.33 186 0.52 34.045 200. ... 1.35 34.29 24.11 26.24 26.46 26.57 26.63 26.82 27.47 Station 6536; 23 July; 4S°07' N., 51°34' W.; depth 201 m.; dynamic height 971.131. 0 25 51 76 102 152 11.32 30.99 0 11.32 30.99 -0.45 32.66 25 -0.45 32.66 -1.13 32.94 50 -1.10 32.94 -1.45 33.06 75 -1.45 33.06 -1.33 33.23 100 -1.35 33.21 -0.69 33.44 150 -0.70 33.43 -0.69 33.52 (200).. -0.50 33.60 23.62 26.26 26.50 26.61 26.74 26.89 27.02 Station 6537; 23 July; 47°59.5' N., 51°15' W.; depth 169 m. dynamic height 971.129. 0 26 51 77 103... 154... 10.90 -0.05 -1.40 -1.33 -1.41 -0.82 31.09 32.72 32.90 33.03 33.14 33.43 0 25 50 75 100 150 10.90 0.50 -1.35 -1.35 -1.40 -0.85 31.09 32.66 32.89 33.02 33.13 33.40 23.78 26.22 26.47 26.58 26.67 26.87 Station 6538; 23 July; 47°53' N., 50°58' W.; depth 123 m.; dynamic height 971.112. 0 11.05 31.30 0 11.05 31.30 26 0.44 32.62 25 0.75 32.57 52 -1.34 33.00 50 -1.30 32.98 77 -1.32 33.13 75 -1.30 33.12 103.... -1.02 33.34 100.... -1.10 33.31 23.92 26.13 26.54 26.66 26.80 Station 6539; 23 July; 47°45' N., 50°40' W.; depth 129 m. dynamic height 971.112. 0 10.34 31.68 0 10.34 31.68 24.34 26 0.81 32.60 25 1.20 32.56 26.10 52 -1.22 32.95 50 -1.20 32.93 26.50 77 -1.26 35.14 75 -1.25 33.13 26.66 103 -0.70 33.26 100.... -0.80 33.24 26.74 127 TABLE OF OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA-Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1957-Continued Observed values Sealed values Tem- Tem- Depth, pera- Salin- Depth, pera- Salin- meters ture, ity, meters ture, ity, °C. /oo °C. 7oo Station 6540; 23 July; 47°36' N., 50°18' W.; depth 159 m.; dynamic height 971.109. 0 10.16 31.65 0 10.16 31.65 25 0.80 32.52 25 0.80 32.52 50 -1.44 32.95 50 -1.44 32.95 75 -1.08 33.15 75 -1.08 33.15 100 -0.96 33.31 100.... -0.96 33.31 24.34 26.09 26.52 26.68 Station 6541; 24 July; 47°24' N., 50°01' W.; depth 95 m.; dynamic height 971.105. 0 25..-. 50..-. 75..-- 1.46 -0.62 -0.93 31.65 32.39 32.98 33.20 9.86 1.46 -0.62 -0.93 31.65 32.59 32.98 33.20 24.39 26.11 26.53 26.72 Station 6542; 24 July; 47°44' N., 49°53' W.; depth 115 m. dynamic height 971.100. 0 10.43 31.68 0 10.43 31.68 24.32 26 1.30 32.74 25 2.00 32.70 26.15 52 -1.14 33.12 50 -1.10 33.10 26.63 79 -0.69 33.37 75 -0.75 33.34 26.82 105--.. -0.56 33.58 100-... -0.60 33.54 26.97 Station 6543; 24 July; 47°56.5' N., 49°49' W.; depth 169 m.; dynamic height 971.104. 0 9.64 31.89 0 25 2.50 32.68 25 .50 1.41 33.25 50 75 -0.98 33.23 75 101 -1.04 33.33 100-..- 151.-.. -0.23 33.72 150...- 9.64 2.50 1.41 -0.98 -1.05 -0.25 31.89 32.68 33.25 33.23 33.32 33.71 24.61 26.10 26.64 26.74 26.81 27.10 Station 6544; 24 July; 48°13' N., dynamic height 971.096. 49°44'W.; depth 220 m.; 0 10.32 31.28 0 10.32 31.28 25 0.03 32.90 25 0.03 32.90 51 -1.15 33.10 50 -1.15 33.09 76 -1.33 33.22 75 -1.35 33.21 102 -1.05 33.41 100 -1.10 33.39 152 -0.30 33.80 150 -0.35 33.78 203.._. 1.85 34.38 200 1.70 34.35 24.02 26.43 26.63 26.74 26.87 27.15 27.49 Station 6545; 24 July; 48°36.5' N., 49°38' W.; depth 622 m.; dynamic height 971.033. 0 10.33 32.54 0 10.35 32.54 25.00 25 2.59 33.37 25 2.59 33.37 26.64 51 1.79 33.53 50 1.85 33.53 26.83 76 - -0.02 33.76 75 0.00 33.75 27.12 UI2 l.li) 34.02 100.... 1. 10 34.00 27.26 152.... 1.17 34.20 150 1.15 34.19 27.40 204 2.21 34.41 200.... 2.15 34. in 27.50 306.... 3.58 34 66 300...- 3.55 34.65 27.57 392 3.59, 34.69 100 3.60 34.69 27.60 3.26 34.68 600. ... 3.25 34.68 27.62 Observed values Scaled values Tem- Tem- Depth, pera- Salin- Depth, pera- Salin- meters ture, ity, meters ture, ity, °C. %0 °C. 7oo Station 6546; 24 July; 48°43.5' N., m.; dynamic height 970.991. 49°34' W.; depth 1,0 0 9.23 32.70 0 9.23 32.70 25 0.80 33.45 25 0.80 33.45 50 -0.83 33.57 50 -0.83 33.57 75 1.11 33.93 75 1.11 33.93 99 1.12 34.00 100 1.15 34.00 149 2.44 34.36 150 2.45 34.36 199 3.26 34.58 200 3.25 34.58 298 3.96 34.75 300 3.95 34.75 386 3.83 34.74 400. ... 3.85 34.74 583 3.95 34.80 600. ... 3.95 34.81 783 3.56 34.84 800.... 3.55 34.84 977 3.39 34.85 1,000.. 3.40 34.85 25.31 26.83 27.01 27.20 27.25 27.44 27.54 27.61 27.61 27.66 27.72 27.75 Station 6547; 24 July; 49°08.5' N., 49°20' W.; depth 1,646 m.; dynamic height 970.891. 0 24.... 48.... 72.... 95.... 143 191 286 405... 608... 811... 1,014. 1,523. 8.85 5.72 4.10 4.42 3.87 3.75 3.89 3.79 3.76 3.48 3.27 3.31 3.36 33.73 0 34.59 25 34.57 50 34.69 75 34.68 100_. _. 34.72 150.... 34.76 200 34.81 300__-_ 34.83 400.... 34.83 600.-. 34.825 800.... 34.84 1,000.. 34.87 8.85 5.55 4.10 4.35 3.85 3.75 3.90 3.80 5.75 3.501 34 3.30! 34 3.30! 34 26.17 27.30 27.46 27.52 27.56 27.61 27.64 27.68 27.69 27.72 27.74 27.75 Station 6548; 24 July; 49°34' N., 49°09' W.; depth 1,737 m.; dynamic height 970.882. 0 10.02 34.31 0 10.02 34.31 25 7.04 34.58 25 7.04 34.58 50 4.52 34.61 50 4.52 34.61 74 3.76 34.63 75 3.75 34.63 99 3.61 34.71 100--.. 3.60 34.71 149 3.61 34.74 150 3.60 34.74 198 3.65 34.7* 200 3.65 34. 78 297 3.62 34.80 300 3.60 34.80 379 3.50 34.87 400.... 3.50 34.82 570 3.34 34.82 600. _._ 3.35 34.82 761 3.34 34.83 800.... 3.35 34.83 956 3.30 34.825 1,000.- 3.30 34. S3 1.450.. 3.34 34.87 1 26.44 27.10 27.44 27.53 27.62 27.64 27.66 27.69 27.72 27.73 27.73 27.74 Station 6549; 25 July; 50°01' N., 48°58' \V.; depth 1,847 m.; dynamic height 970.893. 0 25 50 75 100 150 200.... 300 104.... 609 S14 1,018.. 1,534.. 10.04 7.26 4.57, 3.70 3.56! 3.81 3.89 3.78i 3. 63' 3.47 3.35 3.34 3.35 34.42 34.60 34.58 34.54 34.61 34.74 34.78 34.81 3 1. S3 3 I . s I 34.83 34.85 34.87 0 10.04 34.42 25 7.26 34.60 50 4.57 34.58 75 3.70 34.54 100...- 3.56 34.61 150 3.81 34.74 200 3.89 34.78 300 3.78 34.81 400.... 3.65 34.83 600.... 3.50 34.84 800.... 3.35 34.83 1,000.. 3.35 34.85 26.51 27.09 27.41 27.47 27.54 27.62 27.64 27.68 27.70 27.73 27.73 27.75 128 TABLE OF OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA-Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1957-Continued Observed values Scaled values Tem- Tem- Depth, pera- Salin- Depth, pera- Salin- meters ture, ity, meters ture, ity, °C. °C. °/oo Station 6550; 26 July; 53°43.5' N., 55°48' W.; depth 114 m. dynamic height 1937.727. 0 5.91 25.53 0 5.91 25.53 25 -1.66 32.36 25 -1.66 32.36 50 -1.70 32.72 50 -1.70 32.72 76 -1.68 32.82 75 -1.70 32.82 101 -1.63 32.94 100.... -1.65 32.93 20.13 26.05 26.35 26.43 26.51 Station 6551 ; 26 July; 53°51.5' N., 55°32' W. ; depth 206 m. ; dynamic height 1937.673. 0 2.80 28.72 0 2.80 28.72 26 -1.20 32.34 25 -1.15 32.20 51 -1.57 32.92 50 -1.55 32.91 77 -1.29 33.14 75 -1.30 33.13 102 -1.46 33.26 100.... -1.45 33.25 153 -1.36 33.40 150.... -1.40 33.39 194 -0.56 33.78 (200). _ -0.45 33.85 22.92 25.91 26.50 26.66 26.76 26.88 27.22 Station 6552; 26 July; 53°57' N., 55°22' W.; depth 169 m.; dynamic height 1937.636. 0 2.96 30.05 0 2.96 30.05 23.97 25 -1.28 32.60 25 -1.28 32.60 26.24 51 -1.60 32.86 50 -1.60 32.86 26.46 76 -1.49 33.17 75 -1.50 33.16 26.69 102 -1.30 33.37 100__._ -1.35 33.36 26.85 153 -0.71 33.74 150 -0.75 33.72 27.13 Station 6553; 26 July; 54°07.5' N., 55°02' W.; depth 167 m. dynamic height 1937.602. 0 5.54 31.08 0 5.54 31.08 26 -0.21 33.05 25 -0.10 32.97 52 -1.18 33.33 50 -1.15 33.31 78 -1.29 33.50 75 -1.30 33.48 104 -1.22 33.57 100.... -1.25 33.56 156 -0.59 33.81 150 -0.70 33.78 24.54 26.49 26.81 26.95 27.02 27.17 Station 6554; 26 July; 54°14.5' N., 54°50' W.; depth 1S3 m.; dynamic height 1937.604. 0 5.25 31.33 0 5.25 31.33 25 -1.15 32.92 25 -1.15 32.92 51 -1.42 33.20 50 -1.40 33.18 76 -1.18 33.39 75 -1.20 33.38 101 -1.28 33.55 100 — 1.30 33.54 15:? -0.77 33.78 150 -0.85 33.77 24.77 26.49 26.71 26.87 27.00 27.17 Station 6555; 26 July; 54°29' N., 54°24' W.; depth 214 m.; dynamic height 1937.628. 0 4.09! 25 I-0.79I 50 1-1.31 -1.28 75.... 100... 151... 201... -1.25 -0.92 -0.18 30.60 32.45 33.06 33.32 33.48 33.68 33.91 0__ 25. 50. 75_ 100 150 200 4.09 30.60 0.79 32.45 1.311 33.06 1.28! 33.32 1.25' 33.48 0.95i 33.68 0.20 33.90 24.30 26.10 26.61 26.82 26.95 27.10 27.25 Observed values Scaled values Tem- Tem- Depth, pera- Salin- Depth, pera- Salin- meters ture, ity, meters ture, ity, °C. 7oo °C. %o Station 6556; 26 July; 54°45' N., 53°51' W.; depth 322 m. dynamic height 1937.614. 0 25 51 76 102 152 203 305 4.72 30.36 0 4.72 30.36 -1.84 32.19 25 1.84 32.19 -0.36 33.35 50 -0.35 33.31 -0.16 33.64 75 -0.15 33.64 -0.89 33.66 100.... -0.90 33.66 0.04 33.90 150 0.00 33.89 1.19 34.14 200 1.15 34.13 3.65 34.63 300 3.50 34.60 24.06 25.76 26.77 27.04 27.09 27.23 27.35 27.54 Station 6557; 26 July; 54°52' N., 53°37' W.; depth 622 m.; dynamic height 1937.545. 0 6.46 31.24 0 6.46 31.24 24.56 25 -0.11 33.30 25 -0.11 33.30 26.75 51 -0.63 33.66 50 -0.60 33.65 27.06 77 -0.51 33.74 75 -0.55 33.73 27.12 103 -0.03 33.89 100.... -0.10 33.87 27.22 153 2.03 34.29 150. ___ 1.90 34.27 27.42 204 3.13 34.50 200.. _. 3.05 34.49 27.49 307 4.24 34.74 300__.. 4.20 34 . 73 27.57 402 4.31 34.81 400.... 4.30 34.81 27.63 602 4.13 34.84 600.... 4.15 34.84 27.66 Station 6558; 26 July; 54°59' N., 53°23' W.; depth 1,554 m.; dynamic height 1937.466. 0 _ 4.25 32.28 0 4.25 32.28 25 1.19 33.74 25 1.19 33.74 50 0.75 33.94 50 0.75 33.94 75 1.78 34.16 75 1.78 34.16 100 1.77 34.26 100... . 1.77 34.26 150 3.51 34.54 150 3.51 34.54 201 3.65 34.66 200 3.65 34.66 301 4.64 34.84 300 4.65 34.S4 400 4.15 34.81 400.... 4.15 34.81 599 3.83 34.84 600.... 3.85 34.84 799 3.70 34.85 800. _._ 3.70 34.85 998 3.46 34.845 1,000.. 3.45 34.85 1,495.. 3.66 34.87 1,500.. 3.65 34.87 25.62 27.04 27.23 27.34 27.42 27.49 27.57 27.61 27.64 27.69 27.72 27.74 27.74 Station 6559; 26 July; 55°01.5' N., 53°14' \V m.; dynamic height 1937.397. depth 2,149 0 6.11 32.54 0 6.11 32.54 25.63 25 2.75 34.06 25 2.75 34.06 27.18 50 1.78 34.20 50 1.78 34.20 27.37 75 2.32 34.35 75 2.32 34.35 27.45 100 3.11 34.52 100.... 3.11 34.52 27.51 150 3.29 34.62 150.... 3.29 34.62 27.58 201 3.96 34.76 200.... 3.95 34.76 27.62 301 4.04 34.80 300.. _. 4.05 34.80 27.64 378 4.04 34.84 400____ 4.00 34.84 27.68 570 3.36 34.805 600.... 3.35 34.81 27.72 764 3.36 34.825 800.... 3.40 34.84 27.74 960 3.51 34.87 1,000.. 3.50 34.87 27.76 1,452.. 3.35 34.875 1,500.. 3.35 34.88 27.77 1,950.. 3.24 34.90 (2,000) 3.25 34.90 27.80 129 TABLE OF OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA-Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1957-Continued Observed values Scaled values Tem- Tem- Depth, pera- Salin- Depth, pera- Salin- meters ture, ity, meters ture, ity, °C. 7oo °C. 7oo Station 6560; 27 July; 55°10.5' N., 52°52' W.; depth 3,01 j m.; dynamic height 1937.371. 0 6.87 33.83 0 6.87 33.83 26.54 25 3.14 34.16 25 3.14 34.16 27.22 50 2.35 34.33 50 2.35 34.33 27.42 75 2.58 34.46 75 2.58 34.46 27.51 100 3.42 34.63 100.... 3.42 34.63 27.57 150 4.16 34 . 77 150 4.16 34.77 27.61 199 3.89 34.77 200 3.90 34.77 27.64 299.... 3.94 34.81 300 3.95 34.81 27.66 403.. _. 3.95 34.85 400.... 3.95 34.85 27.69 607. ... 3.69 34.85 600_ ... 3.70 34.85 27.72 811 3.63 34.87 800.... 3.60 34.87 27.75 1,017.. 3.49 34.87 1,000.. 3.50 34.87 27.76 1,528_. 3.35 34.88 1,500-. 3.35 34.88 27.77 2,039.. 3.11 34.90 2,000.. 3.15 34.90 27.81 2,492.. 2.67 34.895 2,500_. 2.65 34.89 27.85 2,911.. 1.81 34.88 (3,000) 1.60 34.88 27.92 Station 6561; 27 July; 55°29' N., 52°22' W.; depth 3,292 m.; dynamic height 1937.359. 7.14 34.10 0 7.14 34.10 26.71 25 5.69 34.22 25 5.69 34.22 27.00 50 3.47 34.49 50 3.47 34.49 27.45 75 3.23 34.55 75 3.23 34.55 27.52 99 3.60 34.68 100.... 3.60 34.68 27.59 149 3.45 34.78 150 3.45 34.73 27.64 199 3.40 34.76 200 3.40 34.76 27.6s! 298 3.31 34.78 300 3.30 34.78 27.70 392.... 3.36 34.80 400.... 3.40 34.80 27.71 591 3.55 34.86 600.. __ 3.55 34.86 27.74 792.... 3.41 34.85 800_-. _ 3.40 34.85 27.75 995 3.38 34.855 1,000.. 3.40 34.86 27.76 1,499.. 3.36 34.87 1,500.. 3.40 34.87 27.77 2,003.. 3.29 34.90 2,000_. 3.30 34.90 27.80 2,481__ 2.93 34.905 2,500.. 2.90 34.90 27.84 2,976.- 2.21 34.88 3,000.. 2.15 34.88 27.88 3,176.. 1.64 34.87 Station 6562; 27 July; 55°54' N., 51°39' W.; depth 3,517 m. dynamic height 1937.369. 0 8.21 25 6.92 50 4.30 75 3.68 100.... 3.56 150.... 3.35 201 3.24 301.... 3.30 402 3.21 607 3.14 814.... 3.18 1,023.. 3.25 1,535.. 3.29 2,047.. 3.40 2, 183 3.41 2,997.. 2.69 3,517.. 1.62 34.49 34.47 34.64 34.68 34.74 34.76 34.765 34.795 34.79 34.80 34.82 34.83 34.83 34.88 34.90 34.90 34.86 0 25.... 50.... 75.... 100... 150... 200... 300... 400... 600... Mill 1,000. 1,500. 2,000. 2,500. 3,000. 3,500. 8.21 6.92 4.30 3.68 3.56 3.35 3.25 3.30 3.20 3.15 3.15 3.25 3.30 3.40 3.40 34.49 34.47 34.64 34.68 34.74 34.76 34.76 34.79 34.79 34.80 34.82 34.83 34.83 34.88 34.90 2.70' 34.90 1.65 34.86 26.86 27 03 27.49 27.58 27.64 27.68 27.69 27.71 27.72 27.73 27.745 27.745 27.745 27.77 27.79 27.85 27.91 Observed values Scaled values Tem- Tem- Depth, pera- Salin- Depth, pera- Salin- o"t meters ture, ity, meters ture, ity, °C. 7oo °C. 7oc Station 6563; 27 July; 56°31.5' N., 50°38' W.; depth 3,695 m.; dynamic height 1937.371. 0 8.23 34.55 0 8.23 34.55 25 6.67 34.58 25 6.67 34.58 50 4.20 34.63 50 4.20 34.63 75 3.77 34.64 75 3.77 34.64 100 3.33 34.68 100.... 3.33 34.68 150 3.43 34.74 150.... 3.43 34.74 199 3.35 34.77 200.... 3.35 34.77 299 3.22 34.78 300. ... 3.20 34.78 390 3.17 34.795 400.... 3.20 34.79 589 3.14 34.79 600.... 3.15 34.79 792:... 3.16 34.805 800.. __ 3.15 34.81 998 3.22 34.82 1,000.. 3.25 34.82 1,498-. 3.27 34.835 1,500.. 3.30 34.84 1,999-. 3.39 34.88 2,000.. 3.40 34.88 2,477.. 3.40 34.90 2,500.. 3.40 34.90 2,976.. 2.82 34.90 3,000.. 2.75 34.90 3,476.. 1.78 34.865 3,500.. 1.75 34.865 3,578.. 1.72 34.865 26.90 27.15 27.49 27.54 27.62 27.66 27.69 27.71 27.72 27.72 27.74 27.74 27.75 27.77 27.79 27.85 27.90 Station 6564; 28 July; 57°03.5' N., 49°32' W.; depth 3,695 m.; dynamic height 1937.357. 0 7.88 34.56 0 7.88 34.56 25 6.62 34.60 25 6.62 34.60 50 4.34 34.64 50 4.34 34.64 75 3.84 34.66 75 3.84 34.66 100 3.34 34.70 100.... 3.34 34.70 150 3.26 34.75 150.... 3.26 34.75 201 3.21 34.76 200. ... 3.20 34.76 301 3.13 34.79 300.... 3.15 34.79 402 3.13 34.79 400.... 3.15 34.79 604 3.09 34.80 600.... 3.10 34.80 805 3.22 34.80 800. ... 3.20 34.80 1,007.. 3.28 34.83 1,000.. 3.30 34.83 1,509.. 3.34 34.87 1,500.. 3.35 34.87 2,012.. 3.40 34.885 2,000.. 3.40 34.88 2,514.. 3.15 34.90 2,500.. 3.20 34.90 3,009.. 2.78 34.91 3,000.. 2.80 34.91 3,500.. 1.86 34.87 3,500.. 1.86 34.87 3,597.. 1.70 34.87 26.96 27.18 27.48 27.55 27.63 27.68 27.70 27.72 27.72 27.74 27.73 27.74 27.77 27.77 27.81 27.85 27.90 Station 6565; 28 July; 57°36.5' N., 48°25' W.; depth 3,493 m.; dynamic height 1937.359. 0 8.36 34.57 0 8.36 34.57 25 6.13 34.60 25 6.13 34.60 50 4.40 34.66 50 4.40 34.66 75 3.74 34.68 75 3.74 34.68 100 3.65 34.74 100.... 3.65 34.74 150 3.59 34.77 150.... 3.59 34.77 199 3.86 34.83 200.... 3.85 34.83 299 3.36 34.79 300.... 3.35 34.79 500 3.31 34.81 400.... 3.35 34.80 698 3.21 34.82 600.... 3.25 34.82 898 3.20 34.82 800.. __ 3.20 34.82 1,097.. 3.27 34.835 1,000.. 3.25 34.83 1,596.. 3.34 34.86 1,500.. 3.35 34.86 1,992.. 3.38 34.89 2,000.. 3.40 34.89 2,473.. 3.05 34.905 2,500.. 3.05 34.90 2,946.. 2.61 34.90 3,000.. 2.55 34.90 3,320.. 1.80 34.87 26.91 27.24 27.49 27.57 27.63 27.67 27.68 27.70 27.71 27.74 27.745 27.745 27.76 27.78 27.82 27.87 130 TABLE OF OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA-Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1957-Continued Observed values Scaled values Tem- Tem- Depth, pera- Salin- Depth, pera- Salin- at meters ture, ity, meters ture, ity, °C. 7oo °C. %«, Station 6566; 28 July; 58°09.5' N., 47°13' W.; depth 3,200 m.; dynamic height 1937.355. 0 8.91 34.58 0 8.91 34.58 25 6.16 34.60 25 6.16 34.60 50 4.47 34.68 50 4.47 34.68 75 4.22 34.70 75 4.22 34.70 100 4.04 34.74 100 4.04 34.74 150 3.97 34.80 150.... 3.97 34.80 200 4.20 34.86 200.-.. 4.20 34.86 300 3.91 34.865 300.... 3.91 34.865 397 3.61 34.84 400.... 3.60 34.84 601 3.42 34.84 600.. __ 3.40 34.84 805.... 3.16 34.81 800.... 3.15 34.81 1,015_. 3.28 34.835 1,000.. 3.30 34.83 1,518.. 3.31 34.86 1,500.- 3.30 34.86 2,019.. 3.24 34.89 2,000.. 3.25 34.89 2,486_. 2.87 34.91 2,500. _ 2.85 34.91 2,966.. 2.02 34.875 3,000.. 1.90 34.87 3,087.. 1.56 34.85 26.83 27.24 27.50 27.54 27.59 27.65 27.68 27.71 27.72 27.74 27.74 27.74 27.77 27.79 27.85 27.90 Station 6567; 28 July; 58°40.5' N.; m.; dynamic height 1937.350. 46°10' W.; depth 2,579 0 _ 7.82 34.61 0 7.82 34.61 25 5.43 34.62 25 5.43 34.62 50 4.96 34.70 50 4.96 34.70 75 4.55 34.77 75 4.55 34.77 100 4.35 34.74 100... _ 4.35 34.74 150 4.05 34.81 150.... 4.05 34.81 199 4.07 200.... 4.05 34.83 299 4.00 34.86 300.. _. 4.00 34.86 402 3.64 34.83 400.... 3.65 34.83 602 3.48 34.83 600... _ 3.45 34.83 802 3.41 34.845 800.. _. 3.40 34.84 1,000.. 3.40 34.855 1,000.. 3.40 34.86 1,502.. 3.34 34.885 1,500.. 3.35 34.88 2,005.. 3.01 34.90 2,000.. 3.05 34.90 2,521.. 2.10 34.85 2,500.. 2.15 34.85 27.01 27.34 27.46 27.56 27.56 27.65 27.66 27.70 27.70 27.72 27.74 27.76 27.77 27.82 27.86 Station 6568; 29 July; 58°58.5' N., 45°26' W.; depth 2,469 in.; dynamic height 1937.339. 0 8.05 34.70 0 8.05 34.70 27.05 25 6.73 34.65 25 6.73 34.65 27.20 50 5.31 34.72 50 5.31 34.72 27.44 75 4.87 34.85 75 4.87 34.85 27.59 100 4.68 34.87 100.... 4.68 34.87 27.63 150 4.47 34.88 150.... 4.47 34.88 27.66 199 4.28 34.875 200.... 4.25 34.87 27.68 299 3.90 34.85 300.... 3.90 34.85 27.70 402 3.80 34.85 400.... 3.80 34.85 27.70 604 3.40 34.83 600.... 3.40 34.83 27.73 806 3.37 34.84 800... _ 3.35 34.84 27.74 1,008.. 3.45 34.865 1,000.. 3.45 34.86 27.75 1,508.. 3.28 34.885 1,500.. 3.30 34.88 27.78 2,003.. 2.88 34.895' 2,000.. 2.90 34.89 27.83 2,417.. 1.91 34.87 Observed values Scaled values Tem- Tem- Depth, pera- Salin- Depth, pera- Salin- meters ture, ity, meters ture, ity, °C. 7oo °C. 7oo Station 6569; 29 July; 59°11.5' N., m.; dynamic height 1937.382. 44°57' \V.; depth 2,lf3 0 25... 50... 75.. . 100. . 150.. 200.. 300.. 401.. 602.. 804.. 1,006 1,508 2,009 8.25 34.71 0 8.25 34.71 7.80 34.75 25 7.80 34.75 7.68 34.76 50 7.66 34.76 7.06 34.80 75 7.06 34.80 5.59 34.83 100.. ._ 5.59 34.83 5.17 34.90 150.... 5.17 34.90 4.99 34.93 200.... 4.99 34.93 4.69 34.92 300.. __ 4.69 34.92 4.42 400.... 4.45 34.90 3.83 34.87 600.... 3.85 34.87 3.70 34.88 800.... 3.70 34.88 3.53 34.88 1,000.. 3.55 34.88 3.32 34.88 1,500.. 3.35 34.88 2.60 34.86 2,000.. 2.60 34.86 27.03 27.13 27.15 27.27 27.49 27.60 27.64 27.67 27.68 27.72 27.74 27.75 27.77 27.83 Station 6570; 29 July; 59°25' N., 44°29' W.; depth 1,079 m. dynamic height 1937.498. 0 2.63 31.65 0 2.63 31.65 25 5.44 34.27 25 5.44 34.27 50 6.96 34.75 50 6.96 34.75 75 7.11 34.85 75 7.11 34.85 100 6.92 34.92 100 6.92 34.92 150 6.29 34.98 150.... 6.29 34.98 200 6.05 34.99 200. ... 6.05 34.99 300 5.98 35.00 300.... 5.98 35.00 392 5.26 34.935 400.... 5.25 34.93 600 4.87 34.92 600.. __ 4.85 34.92 816 4.66 34.90 800.... 4.70 34.90 1,006.. 4.26 34.885 1,000.. 4.25 34.89 25.27 27.07 27.24 27.31 27.39 27.52 27.56 27.57 27.61 27.65 27.65 27.69 Station 6571; 29 July; 59°34.5' N., 44°14' W.; depth 172 m. dynamic height 1937.702. 0 0.22 29.25 0 0.22 29.25 25 -0.02 32.35 25 -0.02 32.35 49 -0.72 32.88 50 -0.75 32.89 74 -0.84 33.18 75 -0.85 33.19 98 0.23 33.44 100.... 0.05 33.49 147 5.99 34.49 (150).. 6.25 34.56 23.49 26.00 26.45 26.70 26.91 27.19 Station 6572; 29 July; 59°41' N., 43°58' W.; depth 148 m.; dynamic height 1937.756. 0 24.... 47.... 71-__. 95.... 128... 1.22 29.20 0 1.22 29.20 0.28 31.04 25 0.20 31.09 -0.76 32.30 50 -0.85 32.47 -1.06 32.90 75 -1.05 32.94 -1.06 33.05 100.... -1.00 33.08 -0.09 33.38 (150).. 0.90 33.71 23.41 24.97 26.12 26.51 26.61 27.04 ■fr u. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1958 467785 131 U. S. TREASURY DEPARTMENT COAST GUARD Bulletin No. 44 INTERNATIONAL ICE OBSERVATION AND ICE PATROL SERVICE IN THE NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN R. P. DINSMORE R. M. MORSE FLOYD M. SOULE L Marine Biologies1 LIB1; APR 2 WOODS HOLE, MA5i> CG-188-13 Season of 1 958 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1960 U.S. TREASURY DEPARTMENT - - - COAST GUARD BULLETIN No. 44 INTERNATIONAL ICE OBSERVATION AND ICE PATROL SERVICE IN THE NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN - [*$?,"] UNITED STATES COAST GUARD 19 October 1959. ADDRESS REPLY TO: COMMANDANT U. S. COAST GUARD HEADQUARTERS WASHINGTON 25, D. Transmitted herewith is Bulletin No. 44, International Ice Observation and Ice Patrol Service in the North Atlantic Ocean, Season of 1958. A. C. Richmond, Vice Admiral, U. S. Coast Guard, Commandant. Dist (SDL No. 69) A: aaabcdef (LAUREL, i (1) B: e (5); be (2); dglm (1) C: ab (1) D: h (10); ce (1) E: d (35) List 133 (LAUREL, COWSLIP, EVERGREEN, CACTUS only) ABSTRACT The authority for, mission, forces assigned and method of op- eration of the International Ice Patrol during the 1958 ice season are described. Aerial ice observation and communications statistics are presented. All ice reports made to the International Ice Patrol in 1958 are tabulated. A general month-by-month description of ice conditions and sea surface temperatures in the Grand Banks of Newfound- land area are given. A summary of ice conditions in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Strait of Belle Isle is included, as is a summary of the post-war opening dates of these seaways. The most outstanding feature of the 1958 ice season was that only one iceberg drifted south of the 48th parallel, thus con- stituting one of the lightest ice years in the history of the International Ice Patrol. This berg was reported on 18 July 1958 in 46°48'N, 47°46'W. The duration and maximum extension of the pack ice in the Labrador and Newfoundland areas were extremely subnormal. The three dynamic topographic charts resulting from the sea- son's current surveys and the dynamic topography found at the Bonavista triangle during the postseason cruise are discussed with respect to surface circulation. The abnormal amount of onshore winds along the Labrador coast during the first 3 months of 1958 resulted in an alteration of the usual thermo-haline structure of the Labrador Current; the minimum observed temperature was about a degree warmer than usual, but extended to abnormal depth; the warm water found was not as warm as usual, but was of abnormal geographic extent ; and the salinities at intermediate depths were fresher than usual. Temperature-salinity relationships of the Labrador Current water, Atlantic Current water and mixed water found in the Grand Banks region during 1958, are compared with mean T-S curves for the 11-year period 1948-58. Lighter than average water was found in 1958 at each level of each water mass. Labrador Current departures from average temperature and salinity are noted, as well as their approximate contributions to the departures from average density. An extra-southerly extension of a section southward from the Grand Banks was made, completely crossing the Atlantic Current, and is discussed with reference to volume and heat transports and compared with 1938 and 1950 occupations of similar sections. It is suggested that previously accepted values for average trans- port of the Atlantic Current in this area may be too small. A detailed analysis of the circulation in the upper 1,000 meters is made on the basis of volume and heat transports and mean and minimum observed temperatures at 19 selected sections across the Labrador Current occupied during 1958. Tentative seasonal normals of these characteristics, and the 1958 departures there- from, are tabulated. The exceptionally vigorous circulation on both the Labrador and Greenland sides of the Labrador Sea in 1958 is noted. The heat transport of the Labrador Current off the Labrador coast was found to be almost twice the normal value, due to above average mean temperature as well as increased volume transport. The temperature and salinity of the intermediate and deep waters of the Labrador Sea in 1958 are examined and compared with averages for previous years. Net volume transports above the 200-decibar level are computed and each is found to be a ap- proximately one million3/sec, and both are in a northwesterly direction. The significance of these figures is further discussed. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Foreword IX International Ice Patrol, 1958 I Aerial Ice Reconnaissance 4 Communications 7 Ice Conditions, 1958 13 Table of Ice Reports, 1958 18 Physical oceanography of the Grand Banks region and the Labrador Sea in 1958 ^ 'j?? VII FOREWORD This is bulletion No. 44 in the series of annual reports on the International Ice Observation and Ice Patrol Service. Authors of the section of this bulletin dealing with oceanography were Oceanographer Floyd M. Soule and Lt. R. M. Morse. The remainder was written by Lt.Comdr. R. P. Dinsmore. IX INTERNATIONAL ICE PATROL 1958 In accordance with the terms of the International Convention on Safety of Life at Sea, London, 1948, the International Ice Patrol was again conducted in 1958 by the United States Coast Guard and was the 39th such patrol carried out by this organization. The patrol operated from 15 March to 16 June and marked one of the lightest ice years in the records of the International Ice Patrol. This is in marked contrast to the 1957 season which was one of the heaviest. For the fourth consecutive year, Capt. Ken- neth S. Davis, United States Coast Guard, was assigned the duties of Commander, International Ice Patrol. The operating forces assigned to Captain Davis' command were the U.S. Coast Guard Air Detachment, Argentia, Newfoundland, (Comdr. Charles E. Sharp, USCG) ; U.S. Coast Guard Radio Station NIK, Argentia, Nfld., U.S. Coast Guard Cutter Evergreen, oceanographic vessel, (Lt. Comdr. Sumner R. Dolber, USCG) and the standby patrol vessels USCGC Acushnet (Lt. Comdr. Harold F. Lynch, USCG) and USCGC Tamaroa (Lt. Comdr. Henry E. Steel, USCG). Primary ice observation for the season was conducted by air- craft. As usual, reports from merchant and Government vessels provided an indispensable means of collecting data. Additional valuable ice information was furnished by the Canadian Ice Information Office at Halifax, the Canadian National Telegraphs at St. John's and the United States Navy Long Range Ice Recon- naissance Unit at Argentia, Newfoundland. The office of Commander, International Ice Patrol was moved to the United States Naval Station at Argentia, Newfoundland on 11 March and the patrol was formally inaugurated on 14 March with two ice observation flights that date and the first ice ad- visory broadcast by Radio Station NIK that night. The ice situation that date showed extremely light conditions. There were no icebergs south of latitude 52° N, and the Arctic pack in its seasonal southward movement only had arrived at Belle Isle, far behind the average date. Subnormal ice conditions remained prevalent throughout the season and at no time were the major transatlantic shipping lanes endangered by ice. Almost all Newfoundland ports either re- mained ice free or opened earlier than at any time in history. Residents of Newfoundland enjoyed a particularly warm winter 1 and many described it as the mildest of their recollection. Cabot Strait and the main body of the Gulf of St. Lawrence remained ice free throughout the year. The first icebergs to make an appearance off Newfoundland remained inside the pack ice as it moved down the coast during the latter part of March. These bergs grounded, for the most part, in the Funk Island — Cape Freels area and none drifted south of Cape Bonavista. This became a pattern which persisted until June when, for the first time this season, a group of bergs was detected offshore and directly in the Labrador Current. How- ever, abnormally high sea surface temperatures and a poorly developed current prevented any of these bergs from achieving a significant drift and the southernmost intrusion was to latitude 46°50'N. reached by one berg on 18 July. This was the one and only berg-sized piece of glacial ice which drifted across the 48th parallel this year, although one growler was sighted south of this line and several more growlers undoubtedly did drift across. Thus the parameter by which the International Ice Patrol meas- ures the severity of an iceberg year, i.e., the number of icebergs which drift south of latitude 48 N., is, for 1958 one berg. For the Grand Banks area, this constitutes one of the lightest ice years in history and is in marked contrast to the 57-year average of 400 bergs. 1958 can be compared to the years of 1940, 1941, and 1951 which were the only previous ones where less than 10 bergs were reported. The absence of ice over the Grand Banks precluded the necessity of a surface patrol and the cutters assigned for this duty re- mained on 72-hour standby while in continuance of regular duties at home districts. However, during the period 16 May to 27 May, fog enshrouded the area east of St. John's, Newfoundland, and the many stationary radar targets reported by both aircraft and ships indicated a possibility that bergs might be drifting into Track "F" which was then in wide use by Canadian bound vessels. Accordingly, the standby patrol vessel USCGC Acushnet, at Port- land, Maine, was ordered to make ready for sea and proceed to the area for patrol duties. Fortunately, however, the 28th of May broke fine and clear and aerial observation that day revealed no ice threat existed and the radar targets were identified as ships, primarily fishing vessels. The Acushnet was directed to resume 72-hour standby without having gotten underway. During the season, the oceanographic vessel USCGC Evergreen made three surveys to map the ocean currents within the areas of consideration. A postseason survey cruise was conducted off Newfoundland and across the Labrador Sea from Labrador to Greenland. Details of these cruises together with results of the oceanographic work are presented in the second part of this bulletin. By the second week in June, all southward drifting bergs were deteriorating and melting between the 48th and 49th parallels and the pack ice edge had retreated well up the Labrador coast. It was therefore deemed that no further major ice menace existed over the Grand Banks area, and with the concurrence and au- thority of the Commandant, United States Coast Guard, the International Ice Patrol was formally terminated on 16 June 1958. At the request of Commander, International Ice Patrol the U.S. Coast Guard Air Detachment, based at Argentia, Newfoundland, made periodic postseason ice reconnaissance flights to guard against an unseasonal southward movement of ice. AERIAL ICE RECONNAISSANCE This year was the 13th that aircraft have been employed for ice observation by the International Ice Patrol. Aircraft were first used during World War II years in the conduct of ice information operations under the United States and Allied Atlantic Fleets. The marked success and aircraft development indicated that air- craft would be a valuable asset with the resumption of the Inter- national Ice Patrol in 1946. 1958 marked the last year that the familiar PBIG (B-17) "Flying Fortresses" was the primary observation type. Three of these aircraft were available through the U.S. Coast Guard Air Detachment, permanently based at Argentia, Newfoundland. Since 1946 these fine aeroplanes have flown over 985,612 nautical miles on 761 Ice Patrol missions. They have also flown many preseason and postseason reconnaissance flights to guard against an undetected ice menace. During their period of service there has only been one mishap and that without personnel injury. In May of 1952 while making a landing at Goose Bay, Labrador, one landing wheel collapsed damaging the underbody of the plane. Rather than undertake repairs at so advanced a base, the parts and engines were salvaged and the airframe was abandoned. An Ice Patrol flight is usually between 1,100 and 1,200 miles long and the track is laid out carefully in advance so that a maximum area can be searched for the miles flown. An ice ob- servation officer from the staff of Commander, International Ice Patrol accompanies every flight. Precise piloting and navigation is demanded so that the intended search area is actually covered. Search altitudes are usually between 500 and 1,500 feet and every effort is made to stay beneath the overcast and provide the observer with maximum visibility. While flights are usually made in good or fair weather, the prevalence of fog in spring months occasionally requires that a flight be made in marginal or poor visibility where the aircraft must seek out its targets by radar and then descend to near the surface to gain visual identification of either ship or berg. During the 1958 season three PBIG (B-17) aircraft were uti- lized for 30 ice observation flights. Aircraft statistics for the season are given by the following table : Table 1.— Aerial Ice Observation Statistics for the 1958 Season Month Number of flights Number of days on which flights made Number days good observing weather l Average visual effective- ness 2 Maximum number of days between flights Miles flown Hours flown March (14-31). .. April 7 10 9 4 30 6 10 8 4 28 6 7 4 4 21 Percent 82 72 44 91 72.5 4 7 7 7 7,195 9,527 8,380 4,900 30,002 49.8 63 8 May 54 3 June (1-10) Total 29.8 197.7 1 Days on which possible to search visually at least 50% of scouting area with 25-mile spacing between legs of flight plan. 2 Ratio ( X 100) of area actually searched visually to area of search pattern. COMMUNICATIONS With the inauguration of Ice Patrol services on 14 March, the International Ice Patrol Radio Station (NIK) commenced its services of collecting and broadcasting of ice information. The first of regularly scheduled advisories was at 0048 GMT on 15 March. Thereafter, broadcasts were made twice daily at 0048 and 1248 GMT on frequencies 155, 5320 and 8502 kilocycles. All broadcasts were CW signal with an emission power of 2 kilowatts. A general call to ships on 500 kilocycles preceded each advisory bulletin with instructions to shift to the broadcast frequencies. A one-minute period of test signals transmitted on those frequencies was sent to facilitate receiver tuning. Bulletins were transmitted twice; once at 15 words per minute and repeated at 25 words per minute. Each broadcast concluded with the request that all ships in the patrol area report to NIK all ice sighted and sea temperatures and weather conditions every 4 hours. The importance of such reports cannot be overemphasized. A major portion of all ice information collected by the Ice Patrol comes from ships, and the isotherm charts (figs. 13-18) produced from ships' reports are an essential instrument for analyzing and predicting iceberg drift and de- terioration. Aerial observation flights are planned on the strength of ships' weather reports and a general weather map is kept cur- rent. The tracks of all reporting ships are plotted as they cross the area. It should be reassuring to a master to know that his ship's position is checked constantly and he will receive any reports of ice sighted on his track ahead. Merchant ships worked traffic with NIK on 425, 454, 468 or 480 kcs. or their assigned 8 mc. band. NIK transmitted on 466 or 8650 kcs. International Ice Patrol also operated a branch teletype station from the Naval teletype relay at Argentia. This circuit was used for the transmission and receipt of ice information between the United States Naval Hydrographic Office, the Canadian Depart- ment of Transport Ice Information Office at Halifax, U.S. Coast Guard Headquarters and other interested agencies. During the 1958 season Ice Patrol communications facilities handled a total of 7,847 radio messages and 8,875 landline dis- patches. The statistics concerning ship reports is given by the following table : Number of ice reports received from vessels 245 Number of vessels furnishing ice reports 46 Number of sea surface temperatures reported 5,998 Number of vessels furnishing sea surface temperatures 408 Number of requests for special ice information 84 Total number of vessels worked (not including relays) 428 The percentage distribution of reporting vessels by nationality was as follows : Percent of Percent of Nationality total Nationality total Great Britain 28.5 Netherlands 4.4 United States 22.5 Liberia 3.9 Germany 11.0 Italy 3.2 Norway 6.3 France — 2.9 Sweden 6.1 Others (18 nations) 11.2 GULF OF ST. LAWRENCE AND STRAIT OF BELLE ISLE The annual Ice Reconnaissance and Advisory Service of the Gulf of St. Lawrence was conducted again this year by the Canadian Department of Transport. The program was under the supervision of Capt. E. L. Kelso, Canadian Ice Information Officer. The service consisted of 11 flights over the main body of the Gulf of St. Lawrence between 14 March and 28 April, and four flights over the Strait of Belle Isle area between 21 May and 4 June. For the first time ice forecasting was employed and the services of the Canadian Navy Ice Forecasting Central at HMCS Shear- water, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, were provided to the Department of Transport. Lt. Comdr. W. E. Markham, RCNR, was the Meteorological Officer-in-Charge of this program. The results of the ice observation flights were sent to the Commander, International Ice Patrol and daily forecasts were provided by the Ice Forecasting Central. This information proved of immense value in providing Canadian bound ships with pertinent information. Ice conditions were extremely favorable in the Gulf of St. Lawrence during 1958. The main body of the gulf and Cabot Strait remained ice free throughout the season. The ports of Sydney, Port aux Basques, Cornerbrook and Stephenville and many others remained open all year. By the early part of March the river began to open and was navigable to Quebec City. On 30 March the German vessel SS Valeria became the first ship to make the spring passage to Montreal. This is a record date for this occasion. Northumberland Strait and the coasts of Prince Edward Island and New Brunswick were hampered by ice until the middle of April due to pressure from prevailing northeast winds. The northeast arm of the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the Strait of Belle Isle became blocked with ice during March from the Arctic pack. These ice conditions are shown in figs. 1-5. Due to the onslaught of northeast winds in March and early April, this region felt moderate to heavy pack ice reaching its greatest extent when, on 1 April, it approximated a line from Cape Whittle, Quebec, to Portland Cove, Newfoundland, roughly along the 50th parallel. An unusual and most interesting iceberg drift occurred during April when, on the 10th, a berg was reported south of Heath Point, Anticosti Island. A Department of Transport survey flight located this berg (or large growler) on 14 April and again on 17 April to be 30 miles south of Heath Point and directly in the main stream track. Capt. Angus Brown, Chief Ice Observer, reported it to be of "hard blue ice" and of glacial origin. This agrees with International Ice Patrol observations that bergs with a bluish cast are particularly hard and long lived. Since other bergs were reported aground near Cape Whittle, Quebec, and Cornerbrook, Newfoundland, it is presumed that this extremely rare event was a survivor from the many bergs driven into the Strait of Belle Isle during March under the influence of the pre- viously mentioned northeast winds. Unseasonable warming and southerly winds rapidly cleared the field ice so that by 25 April the Strait of Belle Isle was free of pack ice. However, the eastern approaches remained blocked. The first transit of the strait by a major vessel was made by the USCGC Eastivind, eastbound, on 11 May. This vessel was, how- ever, an icebreaker type and drove through deteriorating pack ice from Belle Isle to longitude 54° W. The first commercial transits were made by the SS Louisa Gorthon, westbound, on 20 May and the SS Manchester Mariner, eastbound, on 24 May. A particularly notable passage was by the transatlantic liner SS Empress of Britain, westbound, on 28 May. The mariner should always be aware that the opening of the Strait of Belle Isle does not preclude the possibility of encounter- ing icebergs and growlers. On the contrary, icebergs and their deteriorating fragments are usually present on Canadian Sea- sonable Track "G," between longitudes 51° W. and 57° W. and often in great numbers from the date of opening until autumn. Occasional bergs may be found in this region throughout the year. The following table brings up to date this series of bulletins' records of the annual opening dates of the St. Lawrence River and the Strait of Belle Isle : The Approximate Opening Dates for the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the Strait of Belle Isle for the Years 1946-53 Year Gulf of St. Lawrence Strait of Belle Isle Year Gulf of St. Lawrence Strait of Belle Isle 1945 8 April 24 April 26 April 21 May 28 April 16 May 30 April 1 June 1 June 15 May 7 June 20 June 9 June 2 May 1952 16 May 15 April 22 April 16 April 4 April 15 May 30 March 3 July 1946 1947. . . 1953 1954 11 May 1948 1949 1955 1956 12 June 16 May 1950. . 1957. . . 15 July 1951.. 1958 15 May ICE CONDITIONS 1958 January-February The Grand Banks and the Newfoundland area was free of ice at the start of the year and the most southerly ice reported during this period were occasional bergs sighted along the Labrador Coast and in the Strait of Belle Isle. Newfoundland ports re- mained, for the most part, ice free with only loose strings of local ice in bays and estuaries. The Strait of Belle Isle and the main body of the Gulf of St. Lawrence were open and navigable through- out January and February. Between February 10th and 20th the USCGC Half Moon and then USCGC Barataria occupying Ocean Station Bravo at 56°30/N. 51°00'W. sighted and tracked three icebergs to melting. The sighting of bergs at this station in the middle of the Labrador Sea is a rare occurrence, the last known time being March-April 1952. Such an event invariably raises the question whether or not the bergs drifted from the Labrador or Greenland side. The results of the tracking this year showed a definite drift to the southwest regardless of wind direction. This favors the hypothesis that these bergs drifted from the Greenland side. Such was also the conclusion of the 1952 analysis (see p. 48, Bulletin No. 38, 1952). Under the influence of prevailing northeasterly winds for an extended period, such an event is not improbable. March Conditions during the early part of March remained the same as in January and February, but on 14 March, aerial observation showed the Arctic pack beginning to encroach upon the Strait of Belle Isle and its eastern approaches. The Belle Isle Radio on this date also reported the arrival of the pack with many bergs inside the ice edge. Prevailing northeast winds during February and March had kept the field ice and bergs close along the coast and is a suggested reason for their late appearance. The pack ice and its vanguard of bergs quickly filled up the Strait of Belle Isle and moved down the Newfoundland Coast. The consolidated pack and the bergs remained, on the whole, west of longitude 54° W. By the end of the month the northeast coast of Newfoundland was icebound but since no bergs or sea ice moved eastward into the axis of the Labrador Current, the southeast coast of Newfoundland and the Grand Banks enjoyed a near record ice-free month. Ice conditions during March are shown by figs. 1-3. CLOSE PACK ICE OPEN PACK ICE A ICEBERG Q GROWLER Figure 1. — Ice conditions on 14 March 1958. 8 April During April, the northeast winds relaxed and ice began to move around Cape Freels on the Newfoundland east coast. How- ever, the larger bergs grounded between Funk Island and Cape Figure 2. — Ice conditions on 21 March 1958. CLOSE PACK ICE OPEN PACK ICE & ICEBERG O GROWLER WHWfmiTriilihulBIlBIUUlutiiUimjUi ICE CONDI BBBMBH IONS 27 MARCH 1958 Figure 3. — Ice conditions on 27 March 1958. Bonavista and unseasonably warm sea surface temperatures (see figs. 13-18) destroyed any pack ice or growlers which achieved a southeast drift below latitude 49° N. Southerly winds the latter part of April opened up large shore leads along northeast Newfoundland and coastwise shipping was able to navigate for the remainder of the year. Pack ice was driven out of the Strait of Belle Isle and by the end of the month the strait was free though the eastern approaches remained blocked. The main body of the Gulf of St. Lawrence was open throughout the month and the steamer track to Montreal was in use. Only Northumberland Strait and the coast of Prince Edward Island remained hampered by ice, pressured as a result of earlier north- east winds. As previously mentioned, small bergs were sighted aground near Cornerbrook, Newfoundland, and Cape Whittle, Quebec, in the Gulf, and a small berg or growler drifted past Heath Point, Anticosti Island into the main steamer track. The latter is a most unusual occurrence. Again, from 2-7 April, the cutter on Ocean Station Bravo sighted and tracked to its melting, a medium sized berg which had a steady average drift of about 10 miles per day to the west. Another berg, the fourth for the year, was sighted at this station (56°30/N. 51°00'W) on 23 April, but bad weather prohibited tracking it. The southernmost extension of field ice for the entire season occurred on 29 April when a north-south belt of broken block ice was sighted off Baccalieu Island, Newfoundland, (see fig. 6). The main pack, however, had already begun to deteriorate and at the end of the month was in rapid disintegration. Ice conditions for April are shown by figures. 4-6. May The early part of May marked a pronounced recession of the field ice limits from the Newfoundland area, so that by 20 May only small patches of brash and block ice remained south of the 52d parallel. Canadian Seasonal Track "G" was now open and in use. Many bergs and growlers were reported in the Strait of Belle Isle and its eastern approaches. Southerly and southwesterly winds prevailed during April and May which had the effect of driving many small bergs and growlers to the eastward of the Newfoundland coast (see fig. 8) but due to their already eroded state and the advanced seasonal warming of the surface water, none achieved any significant drift. This same effect of easterly movement apparently had taken place also off the Labrador Coast. At the end of May ships now using Track 10 Figure 4. — Ice conditions on 7 April 1958. 60' 55" 5CT 45" ■ CLOSE RACK ICE ■ OPEN PACK ICE A ICEBERG O GROWLER J| *^ JF /^L NEWI 0 U N 0 L A N 0 *?«/) l ICE C0NDI1 "IONS *-&vr!iaia , -___— 16 APRIL 1958 «ri 60* 55* ' ! o*™™ 4sr Figure 5. — Ice conditions on 16 April 1958. II fp % ICE CONDITIONS 29 APRIL 1958 IT Figure 6. — Ice conditions on 29 April 1958. CLOSE PKXKZ OPEN POCK. ICE A ICEBERG O GROWLER .... IIHIIWf^ IIIW» ^W^ — -«^— ICE CONDITIONS 6 MAY 1958 Eja?3l SHUHBD^' Figure 7. — Ice conditions on 6 May 1958. 12 CLOSE PACK ICE OPEN PACK ICE A ICEBERG Q GROWLER ICE CONDITIONS 13 MAY 1958 Figure 8. — Ice conditions on 13 May 1958. Figure 9. — Ice conditions on 22 May 1958. 13 Figure 10. — Ice conditions on 28 May 1958. "G" reported many large bergs between longitudes 50° W. and 52° W. on the track (Belle Isle). This situation can be noted on fig. 10. June The warming surface water during June assured the destruc- tion of all the bergs present along the coastal reaches of Newfound- land and precluded the possibility that the bergs drifting south- ward along the thousand-fathom isobath would present any men- ace to the major tracks. The southern terminus of these bergs at their melting was between 49° and 50° north latitude. The berg reported on 20 June by the SS Chris at 47°48'N. 48°24'W. (Re- port No. 433) had been previously sighted as a growler and aircraft dispatched to the area on 21 June found only fragments of brash ice. Thus the report is not fully credited as a berg. Many bergs, however, were still reported throughout the month north of latitude 50° and extending outward from the Newfound- land and Labrador coasts for a distance of about 200 nautical miles. Ice conditions during June south of the 49th parallel are shown by fig. 11. 14 7 — r — !»--" : • 50° 49° 48° 47° 46° 45° 44° f,»\""i"" 42" ''""/"»/ 1 ICE CHART JUNE 1958 ,U.«»»' i v 59° 58° 57° 56' 55° 54° 53° 52° 51° 50° Figure 11. — Ice conditions, June 1958. Figures indicate day of month ice was sighted or reported. 46° 45° 44° 43° . 515507 O-60 (Face p. 14) No. 1 ■ CLOSE PACK K H OPEN PACK ICI A ICEBERG Q GROWLER "G" reporte 52° W. on t fig. 10. The warn tion of all th land and pr ward along ace to the m their meltin reported on port No. 433 dispatched 1 ice. Thusth Many ber north of lat: land and L; miles. Ice condit by fig. 11. Figure 12.— Ice conditions, July 1958. Figures indicate day of month ice was sighted or reported. 46° 45° 44° 515507 O -60 (Face p. 14) No. 2 CLOSE PftCKH BgJOPEN R&CK IC A ICEBERG Q GROWLER "G" reportc 52° W. on t fig. 10. The warr tion of all th land and pr ward along ace to the n their meltin reported on port No. 43c dispatched 1 ice. Thus th Many ber north of lat land and L miles. Ice condil by fig. 11. 58" 5r 56° 55° 54" 53° 52° 51" 50° 49° 48° 47° 46° 45" 44° 54° 53° 52° 51° 50° 49° 48° Figure 13.— Surface Isotherms for the period 15-31 March 1958. 515507 O-60 (Face p. 14) No. 3 "G" report< 52° W. on 1 fig. 10. The wan tion of all tl land and pi ward along ace to the n their meltii reported on port No. 43! dispatched ice. Thustl Many bei north of lai land and L miles. Ice condi by fig. 11. S9° 58° 5r 56° 55° 54° 53° 52° 51° 50° 49° 48° 47° 46° 45° 44 54° 53° 52° 51° 50° 49° 48° Figure 14.— Surface Isotherms for the period 1-15 April 1958. 515507 O -60 (Face p. 14) No. 4 CLOSE PACK OPEN PACK1- A ICEBERG Q GROWLER "G" report 52° W. on fig. 10. The wan tion of all tl land and p] ward along ace to the r their meltii reported or port No. 43: dispatched ice. Thustl Many bei north of lal land and I miles. Ice condi by fig. 11. 59° 58° 57° 56° 55° 54° 53° 52° 51° 50° 49° 48° 47° 46° 45° 56° 55 54° 53° 52° 51° 50° 49° 48° Figure 15— Surface Isotherms for the period 16-30 April 1958. 515507 O-60 ( Face p. 14) No. 5 ■ CLOSE PACK BglOPEN PACK I A ICEBERG O GROWLER "G" report 52° W. on fig. 10. The war tion of all tl land and p ward along ace to the i their meltii reported 01 port No. 43 dispatched ice. Thust] Many be north of la land and I miles. Ice condi by fig. 11. 58° 5r 56° 55° 54' 54° 53° 52° 51" 50° 49° 48° Figure 16.— Surface Isotherms for the period 1-15 May 1958. 515507 O - 60 ( Face p. 14) No. 6 ■ close pack 83 open pack i a iceberg o growler "G" report 52° W. on fig. 10. The war tion of all tl land and p ward along ace to the i their meltii reported oi port No. 43 dispatched ice. Thust Many be north of la land and I miles. Ice condi by fig. 11. 59° 5g° 57° 5^ 55° 54° ,53° 52° j1° 50° 49° 48° 47° 46° 45° 44 54° 53° 52° 51° 50° 49° 48° 47° Figure 17.— Surface Isotherms for the period 16-31 May 1958. 515507 O-60 ( Face p. 14) No. 7 "G" report 52° W. on fig. 10. The war tion of all t land and p ward along ace to the i their melti: reported 01 port No. 43 dispatched ice. Thus t Many be north of la land and I miles. Ice condi by fig. 11. 59° 58" 57* 56° 55° 54° 53° 52° _51" 50° 49° 48° 47° 46° 45° 44° 43° 54° 53° 52° 51° 50° 49° 48° Figure 18— Surface Isotherms for the period 1-15 June 1958. 515507 O -60 (Face p. 14) No. 8 CLOSE WVCK B30PEN ROCK A ICEBERG Q GROWLER "G" report 52° W. on fig. 10. The war tion of all t land and p ward along ace to the i their melti reported oi port No. 43 dispatched ice. Thus t Many be north of la land and I miles. Ice condi by fig. 11. July Reports of icebergs sighted north of latitude 50° became less frequent as the month wore on, until by the end of July, only an occasional berg was sighted in the eastern approaches to the Strait of Belle Isle. The second week in July, however, saw several small bergs, survivors of the southward onslaught during June, drift to between 48° and 49° north latitude. One of these reached to position 46°48'N. 47°46,W. where, on the 18th, it was last sighted as a growler and melting rapidly. This last report was the only known iceberg which drifted south of the 48th parallel during 1958. That berg and other ice conditions for July are shown on figure 12. August-December Occasional bergs and growlers were reported off the eastern entrance to the Strait of Belle Isle up to 21 August and none were reported after that date. Vessels using the Hudson Bay steamer route to Port Churchill reported scattered bergs along the Labrador coast and rather light ice conditions in general. The Canadian Ice Information Officer also reported that ice conditions along that route were extremely favorable. Reports of icebergs and storis ice off Cape Farewell continued throughout the year indicating possible heavier-than-average con- ditions. However, in late summer and along the East Greenland coast, the pack edge receded exceptionally far to the northward and bergs were sighted in Denmark Strait at unusual distances off the Greenland Coast. During the summer of 1958 a transatlantic aircraft reported a giant floe or iceberg several hundred miles eastward of Ireland. Investigation by British authorities revealed that the observation was made under difficult conditions and by an inexperienced observer. The report was established to be an oil slick. 15 TABLE OF ICE REPORTS, 1958 No. Date 10 11 12 13 14 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Jan. 14 Jan. 25 Jan. 29 ..do.... Mar. 14 .do. .do. .do. .do. ..do Mar. 15 Mar. 17 Mar. 18 do. Mar. 18 Mar. 19 .do. Mar. 20 Mar. 21 .do. Mar. 22 Mar. 24 Mar. 25 Mar 26. Mar. 27 .do. .do. .do. ..do. Name of vessel USCG aircraft. Capable. La Bourdonnaise. ...do Ice Patrol aircraft. ...do ...do ...do Belle Isle radio. . . .do Mormacoak. Belle Isle radio. Ice Patrol aircraft . do. Ice Patrol aircraft. Belle Isle radio. . . . Canadian Ice Information Office, Halifax. Belle Isle radio. Ice Patrol aircraft. .do. Belle Isle radio. ...do Ice Patrol aircraft. Belle Isle radio Ice Patrol aircraft. do. do. .do. .do. North latitude West longitude Straight of Belle Isle and eastward to longitude 54° W. 52 48 55 04 54 54 55 05 51 10 52 10 51 58 52 01 52 10 53 26 55 06 54 50 54 00 55 37 55 40 55 35 North and northwest from Belle Isle. Eastward from Belle Isle. 50 55 I 57 25 Belle Isle f 51 20 55 30 to 51 20 1 to 54 50 52 00 1 to 54 50 [ 53 15 52 10 ' 52 30 55 50 to 53 30 1 to 55 -10 53 30 1 to 54 40 I 52 30 54 40 52 47 51 55 Belle Isle. Cabot Strait Gulf of St. Belle Isle. 49 50 and Lawrence 54 50 50 00 | 53 40 to 51 10 51 40 51 15 51 15 51 55 51 55 Belle Isle. Belle Isle. 53 40 52 00 55 30 53 30 53 30 55 30 I Cape Fogo to 51 00 | 52 30 to 51 30 I 52 30 Belle Isle. I Between the Grey Islands and Cape Bauld, Newfound- land. 50 52 52 88 51 17 54 OS 51 37 54 -ii 51 46 54 54 Description Strings of loose field ice. Iceberg moving NNW 1 to 2 knots. 3 bergs. Large berg. Southern limit of ice field. Berg. Growler. Berg. Heavy close pack ice. Strings of loose ice. Scattered sometimes heavy ice floes. Close packed ice north and west, strings loose iceall other directions. Southern limit of ice field. 5 bergs, 11 growlers. Growler. Close packed ice in all directions. Ship track and main body Gulf of St. Lawrence ice free. St. Lawrence River navigable to Quebec City. Close packed ice east and west, packed with open lakes north and north- west. Southern limit of ice field. 5 bergs; 5 possible bergs. Close packed ice in all directions. Heavy pack ice in all directions. Southern limit of ice field. Close packed ice in all directions. 9 bergs; 12 growlers. Growler. Do. Berg. Do. 16 TABLE OF ICE REPORTS, 1958-Continued Date .do. .do. .do. .do. Mar. 28 Mar. 29 ..do.... Mar. 31 ..do.... April 1 ..do.... ..do... Name of vessel .do. .do. .do. April 2 April 3 ..do.... April 7 do. April 8. ..do.... April 10 ..do April 11 .do .do Belle Isle radio. .do. .do. Fogo Island radio . Twillingate radio . Belle Isle radio. North latitude West longitude Canadian Ice Information Office, Halifax. Belle Isle radio Ice Patrol aircraft Belle Isle radio ...do Gander radio Canadian Ice Information Office, Halifax. Belle Isle radio Ocean Station Bravo Belle Isle radio Ice Patrol aircraft . Canadian Ice Information Office, Halifax. Ice Patrol aircraft ....do ....do 52 02 54 57 52 04 54 35 Cape Fogo to 50 20 | 53 20 to 51 40 | 52 40 to 52 30 | 52 40 Belle Isle. Belle Isle Gulf of St. Lawrence. Belle Isle I Cape Freels to Funk Island thence North Belle Isle Belle Isle 51 30 | 54 40 Gulf of St. Lawrence. . Belle Isle. 56 40 I 51 15 Belle Isle 50 00 I 54 20 to 51 40 | 54 30 to Belle Isle, New- foundland, to Cape Bauld, Newfoundland, to 50 00 I 54 20 fCape Freels, Newfoundland, to 52 00 | 54 00 ( thence North Fogo Island, Twillingate, Newfoundland . Belle Isle Gulf of St. Lawrence. 49 49 S3 53 10 09 Within 60 miles North and Northwest of Fogo Island, Newfoundland. Description Do. Do. Southern limit of field ice. Close packed ice in all directions. Do. Main steamer track Gulf of St. Lawrence and Cabot Strait remain ice free to longitude 67 W. Loose patches drift ice in river from longitude 67 W. to Quebec City. Close packed ice in all directions. Southern and eastern limit of ice field. Close packed ice in all directions. Do. 2 bergs. Main body of the Gulf of St. Lawrence continues to be ice free. Drift ice exists in Northumber- land Strait and North of a line from Cape Whittle, Quebec to 50° N 59° W to Riche Point, New- foundland. St. Lawrence River open to Quebec City except for loose patches of drift ice Close packed ice in all directions. Berg. Close packed ice in all directions. 7 bergs, 19 growlers. Limits of Ice field. Ice moving off shore. Ice moving out of bay. Loose pack ice north, west and south. Main body of the Gulf continues to be ice free except for small berg reported off Heath Point, Anticosti Island, moving Southeastward. Berg, 2 growlers. Berg. 20 bergs, many growlers. 17 TABLE OF ICE REPORTS, 1958-Continued No. 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 Date .do. April 12 April 15 .do .do. April 16 Name of vessel .do. ..do. .do. .do. April 17 .do .do. April 18 April 19 April 21 .do .do .do .do ..do .do , .do .do .do. April 21 .do.... .do.... April 22 ..do. .do. ...do Twillingate radio . Canadian Ice Information Office, Halifax. ...do Belle Isle radio Fogo Island radio . . . Harbor Deep radio. Ice Patrol aircraft . . ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ....do .do. North latitude Twillingate radio. Ice Patrol aircraft ...do ...do West longitude Cape Fogo, Newfoundland to 49 50 | 52 30 to 50 30 | 54 00 to 51 30 | 53 00 Twillingate, New- foundland. 49 29 | 52 49 Funk Island to Belle Isle. Bonavista Bay to 49 50 | 51 10 to 52 00 I 53 30 Sixty miles off New- foundland and Labrador coasts between USCGC Ingham . ...do Fogo Island radio Twillingate radio . 49 30 53 00 49 00 53 30 to 50 00 1 to 51 00 52 00 1 to 53 30 53 00 1 52 00 49 26 53 02 Twillingate, Newfoundland Description Limits of ice field. Ice moving slowly out of bay. Berg. Many bergs and growlers. Limits of ice field. Close packed field ice with ► scattered bergs and growlers. 48 43 61 52 Gulf of St. Lawrence. Belle Isle, Newfound- land. Fogo Island, Newfoundland. Harbor Deep, Newfoundland . Fogo Island Newfoundland to Funk Island to Cape Freels, Newfoundland to 49 30 | 52 30 to 48 50 | 52 40 to 49 00 | 51 00 to 50 00 | 53 00 thence north 48 56 51 20 49 30 50 39 Fogo Island, New- foundland. Twillingate, New- foundland. Limits of loose field ice. Berg, several growlers. Strings of ice 10 miles NW extend northward, close packed ice extends N and E. Growler and smaller pieces. Main body of Gulf remains ice free. Drift ice in Northumberland Strait and along coast of Prince Edward Island. Unlimited strings of loose ice N., close packed ice E. Loose ice in all directions. Ice tight to land. 48 50 52 30 Berg, several growlers 49 05 51 50 Scattered growlers. 40 18 50 55 Growler. 49 25 51 36 Do. 49 26 52 56 2 bergs. 49 28 52 40 Growler. 49 32 50 25 Do. 49 35 53 17 Do. 49 46 53 20 Berg. Limits of ice field. Field ice and growlers extensive to the west- ward. Scattered growlers. Solid jam ice. Jam of heavy ice in bay extends northward to Labrador. 18 TABLE OF ICE REPORTS, 1958-Continued Date April 24 .do .do .do. April 25 ..do do. ..do... April 26 April 27 ..do... ..do April 28 ..do ..do .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. ..do April 29 ..do.... ..do ..do.... ..do.... ..do.... ..do.... May 3 ..do.... ..do.... ..do.. .. ..do.... Name of vessel Ice Patrol aircraft . ...do ...do .do. .do. .do. .do. ..do.... May 6 ..do.... ..do.... .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. Ice Patrol aircraft . ...do do. Ocean Station Bravo. USCGC Evergreen . . ...do do. Fairtry Ice Patrol aircraft. ...do ...do do. .do. USCGC Evergreen . .do. Canadian Ice Information . Office, Halifax. ...do L' Aventure USCGC Evergreen ...do Belle Isle Radio Navy Ice Reconnaissance. . ...do ...do Ice Patrol aircraft ...do ...do ...do ...do .do. do. .do. .do. Germont Ice Patrol aircraft . ...do ...do do. .do. .do. .do. .do. North latitude 49 55 50 01 50 04 50 00 50 10 49 45 49 10 West longitude 53 03 53 10 53 21 52 30 53 00 51 30 50 45 48 55 52 L>0 48 45 52 38 49 18 52 49 49 20 52 40 49 00 49 20 50 00 56 52 49 31 49 45 48 15 52 20 50 30 51 30 50 52 49 49 49 40 51 16 46 53 53 57 36 49 07 49 15 Within area from Baccalieu Island, Newfoundland to Cape Freels, New- foundland and 50 miles offshore. 48 30 I 51 30 Extends southward in a 10-mile-wide belt of loose strings, from 49 30 | 51 30 to 48 20 51 40 48 54 52 24 48 31 50 50 52 45 58 40 49 21 48 19 48 42 48 51 Belle Isle, New foundland. 50 49 51 42 52 03 58 31 52 43 49 25 49 28 48 35 48 44 48 45 49 06 49 15 49 17 49 25 49 25 49 20 55 25 55 45 55 12 51 25 51 48 50 53 52 08 52 46 52 15 52 40 52 13 52 00 to Funk Island Newfoundland. 49 36 49 47 49 20 53 32 53 00 50 56 Between Cape Fogo and Funk Island. 49 50 51 35 50 20 53 50 50 23 52 50 50 15 53 50 50 45 54 40 Description Berg. Do. Do. Limits of ice field. Growler. Berg. 'Limits of ice field. Berg. Widely scattered brash. Widely scattered growlers and brash to westward. String of field ice eight- tenths cover and 1 , 000 yds. wide. Large berg. Berg. Do. 17 Growlers. Widely scattered chunks and growlera. Limits of ice field. 2 radar targets and a small berg. Berg. Large berg. Small berg. Small berg and growler. Growler. 2 growlers. No ice in Bight. Berg. Do. Do. 2 growlers. Radar target, probable ice. Growler. Radar targets, probable ice. Radar target, probable berg. Growler. Radar targets, probable ice. Growler. Limit of ice field. 2 small bergs. Large berg, grounded. Growler. 5 bergs, 6 growlers. 3 growlers. 4 bergs, 3 growlers. Growler. 5 bergs, 4 growlers. 5 bergs, 2 growlers. 19 TABLE OF ICE REPORTS, 1958-Continued No. Date Name of vessel North latitude West longitude Description 128 ..do do 51 00 54 10 51 00 53 20 50 10 55 00 to 50 00 | 53 00 to 49 20 | 52 00 to 50 30 | 52 00 to 51 30 53 00 57 37 38 01 49 20 52 30 Hare Bay, Newfoundland. to 51 40 | 54 50 to 51 55 | 55 00 to 52 00 | 54 40 to 51 40 | 54 15 to 52 00 | 64 00 to 52 50 55 00 58 07 40 00 56 33 37 40 4 bergs, 2 growlers. 2 bergs, 10 growlers. 129 130 ..do ..do ....do do 131 ..do May 7 ..do May 8 ..do May 10 May 11 ..do . .do USAF Aircraft 132 133 134 Navy Ice Reconnaissance .... USAF aircraft Huge berg and loose pack. (Same as No. 122) Western limit of ice field. Three bergs. Berg. 135 136 BOAC aircraft 10-20 mile Wesleyv Newfour 49 20 50 01 50 08 s east of ille, idland. 53 00 52 45 52 55 Berg. (Same as No. 122) 137 Do. 138 2 small bergs. 139 do 140 ..do ..do USCGC Eastwind 141 do to Strait of Belle Isle between longi- tudes. 54° 40' W. and 53° 40' W. f 52 25 | 52 35 to { 53 40 1 62 40 cover with brash ex- tending to 52° 55' W. 142 May 13 . .do t ( 55 10 51 50 t 50 10 t 50 05 t 51 15 t 51 35 t 52 00 49 10 49 17 49 19 49 36 49 42 49 43 49 49 49 50 49 52 49 53 49 53 49 55 49 55 49 55 49 57 49 57 50 04 50 13 50 22 0 52 30 54 40 > 55 00 53 20 53 25 50 20 53 00 51 30 53 02 52 00 53 25 51 47 50 38 53 05 50 58 53 38 51 22 53 52 50 56 52 27 53 35 51 50 53 10 51 13 51 15 51 33 pack and scattered field J ice. 143 do pack field ice in deterio- rating condition. 144 ..do do 145 . .do.. . do (Same as No. 122) Berg. 146 ..do do 147 . .do.. . do 148 . .do do 149 . .do.. . do Do. 150 . .do do Do. 151 . .do do 152 ..do do 153 . .do do Do. 154 . .do do Berg. 155 . .do. . . do Do. 156 . .do.. . do 157 ..do do 158 ..do do 159 . .do do 160 . .do do 161 ..do do 2 bergs and growler. 162 . .do do Area between lati- tudes 50° N. and 52° N. and longi- tudes 53° W. and 55° W. 25 bergs, 10 growlers. 20 TABLE OF ICE REPORTS, 1958-Continued Date .do. May 15 .do. .do. May 16 ..do.... .do. .do. May 17 ..do.... May 19 .do.... .do.... .do... . .do.... .do .do.. .. .do ..do ..do May 20 May 21 ..do.... ..do.... ..do.... ..do.... ..do.... May 21 ..do.... May 22 .do. .do. ..do ..do.... ..do ..do.... ..do ..do.... ..do.... May 23 ..do May 24 May 25 ..do.... ..do.... .do. .do. .do. Name of vessel .do. Navy Ice Reconnaissance. .do. .do. Ice Patrol aircraft . ...do .do. .do. Unidentified aircraft . HMCS Outremont.. Ice Patrol aircraft . . . ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do TWA aircraft ...do Hudson Sound . . ...do Louisa Gorthon . Imperial Sarnia. ...do ...do Trollaf OS8 .do. .do. Ice Information Office, Gander HMCS Outremont. Ice Patrol aircraft . USNS Chattahoochee. ...do Ribblehead ...do .. .do HMCS Outremont. . . ...do ...do ...do TWA aircraft Samtiago Santa Maria Ramorehead ...do Manchester Mariner. Rautas. . ...do... Lousado. North latitude West longitude Area between lati- tudes 50° N. and 52° N. and longi- tudes 52" W. and 55° W. Between latitudes 50° N. and 51° N. and longitudes 53° 30' W. and 55° 30' W. Cape St. Francis to 54° N. 54° W. Along Newfoundland and Labrador coast between 50° 30' N. and 52° 30' N. 48 30 | 52 10 On a line from Cape Bonavista to 49 30 I 51 00 49 45 | 51 38 Near 52 00 51 30 48 30 48 26 48 00 48 15 48 39 49 35 50 45 51 00 50 02 51 00 52 18 52 08 50 50 51 20 50 42 52 30 52 50 51 42 On a line from 49 56 | 52 08 to 49 45 48 33 48 35 53 00 53 51 52 46 Between 52° 55' N. and 52° 50' N. and 51° 50' W. and 52° 00' W. 49 04 49 19 49 25 48 48 53 18 53 26 53 16 49 58 48 51 50 55 48 42 49 56 Area from Cape Fogo to 52 40 | 54 40 and westward 48 33 48 35 52 37 54 09 48 33 48 52 49 12 49 02 49 03 49 19 49 24 51 00 46 17 47 40 47 43 47 36 52 49 52 55 51 45 50 37 51 30 52 01 51 32 50 30 53 12 53 17 53 24 53 40 52 00 52 36 49 35 49 57 49 35 52 11 to Belle Isle, Newfoundland 49 00 48 59 51 06 50 43 50 20 49 54 Description 15 bergs, 12 growlers. Patches of close pack field ice. Southern limits of con- solidated pack. 26 bergs. 2 bergs. 7 bergs, 3 growlers. Berg. Scattered brash, 8 growlers.. Berg. Do. Radar target, possible berg. Do. Berg. Radar target, possible berg . Berg. Scattered brash and growlers. Berg. 5 bergs. Berg, 3 growlers. Growler. Scattered growlers and brash. Berg. Do. Do. Radar contact, possible berg. Do. Do. Scattered bergs and numer- ous growlers north of 50° 40' N. 5 growlers in Notre Dame Bay area including Straits of Belle Isle free of drift ice, except one 20-mile patch centered at 51° 15' N. 54° 35' W. Berg. Radar target, probable berg. Loose brash and growlers. Scattered growlers and brash. Radar target, probable berg. Do. Growlers. Berg. Do. Do. 2 bers. Berg (doubtful). 8 radar targets, possible ice. 2 radar targets, possible ice . 5 radar targets, possible ice. 12 bergs. Radar target, possible berg . Do. Berg. 21 TABLE OF ICE REPORTS, 1958-Continued No. 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 Date May 27 ..do.... ..do.... do. May 28 .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. May 29 May 30 ..do.... May 31 June 1 ..do... ..do... ..do... ..do... ..do... ..do... ..do... June 2 ..do.... . do.... ..do.... ..do.... ..do.... . do.... June 3 ..do.... .do. ..do.... June 4 .do. .do. Name of vessel Godafoss . Express of Britain . ...do do. .do. .do. do. Ice Information Office, Gander. Unknown aircraft . SAL aircraft Ice Patrol aircraft . ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do .do. .do. do TWA aircraft . Lindenwald . . . Germont Empress of France. Poseidon .. .do Unidentified Ship. USCGC Duane.. ...do USN Aircraft USCGC Spar ...do do. Ice Patrol Aircraft. . ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do USCGC Rockaway. ...do Elfriede. MATS Aircraft. USS Rushmore. .do. .do. North latitude West longitude 53 40 52 45 to 52 34 52 56 52 49 50 18 49 57 50 20 52 47 50 41 to 52 49 50 56 52 39 50 57 to 52 09 53 28 f 52 03 53 52 to 51 50 I 55 48 51 47 | 56 09 Labrador and north Newfoundland coasts. 49 00 53 00 Several large bergs. 61 50 50 00 10 bergs. 48 54 51 40 Berg. 48 54 53 07 Do. 48 59 52 42 Growler. 49 06 53 15 Berg, growlers. 49 06 50 06 Berg. 49 15 52 52 Do. 49 32 51 58 Growler. 49 37 52 24 Berg. 49 39 52 35 Growler. 49 47 52 40 49 52 50 23 50 25 52 50 51 10 51 40 49 15 48 58 50 40 49 30 49 39 54 50 Between latitudes 52° 20' N. and 52° 50' N. and longi- tudes 50° 00' W. and 50° 30' W. 52 20 52 02 53 48 49 20 51 23 52 30 50 27 51 42 53 24 54 00 50 38 51 30 51 32 51 36 51 35 51 47 54 45 54 32 49 35 53 51 55 30 49 51 49 02 49 45 52 37 52 45 52 48 52 48 48 49 49 10 50 12 50 38 50 26 49 38 50 20 50 14 Between latitudes 53° 10' N. and 53° 36' N. and longi- tudes 51° W. and 50' W. 51 28 | 50 37 Between latitudes 49" 44' N. and 51° 08' N. and longi- tudes 52° 57' W. and 53° 56' W. 52 51 | 55 04 to 53 05 I 55 16 54 44 52 48 Description Edge of ice pack. String of broken field ice stretching south. Southern edge of ice field, 15 bergs, many growlers. 13 bergs, growler. 15 bergs, 2 growlers. 14 bergs. Berg, no ice sighted to west . Scattered bergs and growlers. •5 growlers. Berg. Radar target, possible growler. Berg. Growler, radar contact, possible berg. Do. Bergs, growlers, brash. 4 radar targets, possible ice . Small bergs. 2 bergs. Berg. Radar target, possible berg . Berg. Do. Radar target, possible berg . Numerous radar targets, possible bergs. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Growler. Berg. Small berg, growler. Small berg, radar contact, possible ice. 15 bergs, several growlers. Berg. 6 bergs. 3 bergs. Berg. 22 TABLE OF ICE REPORTS, 1958-Continued Date do... .do... .do... .do... .do... .do... .do... .do... ..do.... June 5 ..do.... ..do.... ..do.... ..do.... .do., .do.. ..do.. ..do.. ..do.. ..do.. ..do.. June ..do.. ..do.. ..do.. ..do.. ..do.. ..do.. ..do.. ..do.. ..do.. ..do.. ..do.. ..do.. ..do.. ..do.. ..do.. ..do.. ..do.. ..do.. ..do.. ..do.. ..do.. ..do.. ..do.. ..do.. ..do.. ..do.. ..do.. ..do.. ..do.. ..do.. .do. ..do.... ..do.... ..do..., ..do.... June 7 Name of vessel .do. .do. .do. do. .do. .do. .do. Ice Information Office, Gander Leabeth. . . Seven Seas . ...do ...do ...do ...do Cairngowan Empress of Britain. Ice Patrol aircraft. ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do Transontario .do. ...do ...do Franciaca Sartori . ...do Transontario North latitude 52 30 51 00 52 40 52 07 51 29 50 16 50 36 Spotted Island, Labrador to Twillingate, Newfoundland West longitude 54 28 53 49 54 11 54 20 54 06 53 32 54 26 54 51 54 45 50 50 51 20 51 34 51 49 52 02 52 20 52 20 Between latitudes 51° 15' N. and 52° 30' N. and longi- tudes 49° 52 W. and 50° 40' W. 51 50 | 55 50 Between latitudes 51° 54' N. and 52° 04' N. and longi- tudes 54° 15' W. and 55° 55' W. 50 05 51 17 51 40 51 53 52 03 49 05 49 08 49 13 49 27 49 35 49 37 49 38 49 39 49 42 49 48 49 50 49 59 50 07 50 08 50 21 50 33 50 38 51 01 51 03 51 07 51 12 51 22 51 37 51 38 51 38 51 38 51 53 51 59 52 06 52 18 Between latitudes 51° 52' N. and 52° 04' N. and longi- tudes 53° 48' W. and 54° 41' W. Between latitudes 52° 05' N. and 52° 30' N. and longi- tudes 51° 00' W. and 52° 00' W. 51 53 52 27 52 57 51 30 51 28 53 17 53 33 53 18 53 37 53 16 52 59 52 57 52 56 53 43 51 57 53 42 53 07 53 14 53 26 53 26 53 21 53 59 53 29 53 04 53 41 52 25 53 28 52 52 52 58 53 04 53 23 54 39 53 39 54 22 54 13 51 41 55 23 51 53 55 02 53 57 50 26 53 37 50 46 Between latitudes 51" 00' N. and 52° 30' N. and longi- tudes 51° 40' W. and 49° 50' W. Description 2 bergs, growlers. 2 bergs. 3 bergs. 2 bergs. Do. Berg. Do. Ice free except for scattered bergs and growlers. Berg. Berg, growlers Berg. 5 bergs. Do. 7 bergs, several growlers. 4 bergs. 12 bergs. Growler. Do. Berg. Do. Growler. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Growler. Growler. Berg. Growler. Berg. Growler. Berg. Growler. Berg. Do. Do. Growler. Berg. Do. Growler. Berg. Growler. Do. Do. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. 4 bergs, 2 growlers. Many bergs and growlers. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Many bergs and growlers. 23 TABLE OF ICE REPORTS, 1958-Continued No. 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 Date .do. .do. .do. .do. do. .do. June 8 .do. .do. .do. .do. do. .do. June 9 .do... do... .do. .do. .do. .do. Name of vessel .do.... .do.... June 10 .do.... .do.... .do.... .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. do. Saxonia . Ivernia. ...do.. ...do... ...do... Saxonia . USS Rushmore. do. do Transpacific . Ivernia Arosa Sun . Carinthia. , ...do Pan Am. Aircraft. USCGC Bramble. Callisto . ...do Arkadia ...do Manchester Port . . Germont Ice Patrol Aircraft. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. .do. do. do. do. North latitude West longitude Carinthia . ...do.... Arosa Sun Between latitudes 52° 08' N. and 52° 14' N. and longi- tudes 51° 31' W. and 51' 00' W. 52 46 | 50 09 Between latitudes 52° 46' N. and 52° 34' N. and longi- tudes 50° 58' W. and 50° 16' W. 52 26 I 51 39 52 31 | 51 04 Between latitudes 52° 13' N. and 52° 21' N. and longi- tudes 50° 18' W. and 50° 02' W. Between latitudes 50° N. and 52° N. and longitudes 53° W. and 54° W. Between latitudes 51° 40' N. and 53° N. and longitudes 54° W. and 55° W. Between latitudes 53° N. and 54° N. and longitudes 55° W. and 56° W. 52 51 I 52 08 Between latitudes 51° 52' N. and 51° 46N. and longi tudes 53° 36° W. and 54° 45' W. 51 55 | 54 50 Between latitudes 53° 19' N. and 52° 54' N. and longi- tudes 51° 41' W. and 50° 46' W. 51 53 I 54 48 52 21 I 54 11 Between latitudes 52° 23' N. and 52° 40' N. and longi- tudes 51° 52' W. and 50° 13' W. 52 29 I 51 44 52 15 I 50 00 Spotted Island, Labra- dor to Belle Isle, Newfoundland . 52 37 | 50 20 to Description 52 18 51 49 51 51 52 23 52 20 49 09 51 45 54 46 54 49 51 47 53 40 52 58 Within 20 mile radi- us of Cape Freels, Newfoundland. 50 26 50 28 50 30 50 42 50 50 50 55 50 58 51 06 51 10 51 18 51 20 51 28 51 30 51 35 i 51 45 I 52 02 49 42 49 05 50 00 50 40 49 25 50 20 48 50 50 25 50 38 49 25 49 00 51 00 50 10 50 20 51 45 51 15 Several radar targets, possible ice. Several radar targets, possible ice. Berg. Radar target, possible ice. Several radar targets, possible bergs. 7 bergs. Do. 18 bergs. Scattered bergs and growlers. Several bergs. Do. 6 bergs, 3 growlers. Berg. 2 radar targets, possible ice . Many bergs and growlers. Berg. Do. Many bergs and growlers. Do. Berg. Berg, growlers. 9 bergs in 10 miles radius. 4 bergs. Berg. 10 bergs, grounded. Berg, growler. Growler. Berg. Do. 7 growlers. 2 growlers. Do. Berg. Do. Do. Do. 2 bergs. Berg. 9 bergs, 3 growlers. Berg. 24 TABLE OF ICE REPORTS, 1 958-Continued Date Name of vessel .do do .do do ..do .do do .do . . .do .do do .do do ..do do .do do .do . . .do .do do .do do .do do .do do .do do .do do .do do June 11 .do . . .do.. . .do . . .do.. . .do June 12 .do .do .do Empress of England Andromeda do .do . . .do.. . .do . . .do June 13 .do .do do ..do . . .do.. . .do . . .do.. . .do do. . . .do do.. . ..do ..do ..do do June 16 ..do Oklahoma ..do ..do . . . do ..do . . .do.. . ..do . . .do ..do . . .do.. . . .do . . do . . ..do . . .do ..do . . .do. . . ..do . . .do.. . ..do . . .do. . . ..do do ..do do. . . . .do . . .do.. . ..do . . .do.. . ..do do.. . ..do . . .do.. . . .do do ..do . . . do . do . . .do.. . ..do do ..do . . .do.. . June 18 ..do do ..do do. . . ..do . . .do. . . ..do do ..do . . .do.. . ..do do ..do do ..do do ..do ..do ..do do do ..do do.. . June 19 Unidentified North West latitude longitude Description 52 05 50 / 30 Do. 52 10 51 30 5 bergs. 50 02 53 18 Berg. 50 06 54 24 Do. 50 17 54 39 Do. 49 59 54 02 Do. 50 05 53 52 Do. 50 04 53 50 Do. 49 23 53 10 Do. 49 05 53 21 Do. 49 11 53 21 Do. 49 16 53 04 Do. 49 32 53 25 Do. 49 48 53 53 Do. 49 50 53 47 Do. 50 03 53 35 Do. 50 30 53 23 Do. 51 46 55 52 Do. 51 50 56 00 Do. 51 52 55 21 Do. 52 35 52 11 Do. 51 10 51 22 Do. Belle Isle, 1 1 bergs, many growlere. Newfou ndlan 1 t( > 56 16 53 25 48 34 52 47 Berg. 49 30 53 41 Do. 53 51 49 40 Do. 49 18 53 23 Do. 49 30 53 35 Berg. 53 10 52 26 3 growlers. 53 04 52 40 Berg. 52 51 53 09 Do. 52 45 53 13 Do. 48 56 52 26 Do. 48 51 52 30 Do. 51 18 54 26 11 bergs. t( > 52 30 55 30 49 44 50 33 5 bergs. t > 50 21 50 10 49 40 49 13 Growler. 49 14 49 39 Berg. 48 25 49 10 Do. 48 57 49 40 Do. Blackhead Bay, Do. Newfoun dland 49 03 52 55 Berg and growler. 49 12 53 17 Berg. 49 15 49 35 Growler. 49 35 49 15 Berg and growler. 49 36 50 55 Berg. 49 38 53 19 Do. 49 40 49 35 3 growlers. 49 53 54 00 Berg. 50 08 53 28 Radar target, probable berg. 50 08 50 25 Berg. 50 09 51 35 Do. 50 15 49 30 2 growlers. 50 22 50 03 Berg. 50 27 50 22 Berg and growler. 50 34 51 42 Berg. 50 36 50 26 Do. 50 42 49 17 Do. 50 45 49 50 2 growlers. 50 51 50 11 Growler. 50 53 50 50 Berg. 51 39 56 02 Do. 51 49 55 11 Do. 51 50 55 10 Do. 51 51 55 02 Do. 51 51 55 29 Do. 52 11 53 55 Do. 52 09 55 11 Do. 52 14 53 13 Do. 52 10 52 33 Do. 52 07 53 14 Do. 51 43 53 47 Do. 52 20 54 30 10 bergs and growlers. 53 35 55 35 Do. 49 02 49 41 Berg. 25 TABLE OF ICE REPORTS, 1958-Continued No. 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479 480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 489 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498 500 501 502 503 501 505 506 507 503 509 510 511 512 513 514 515 516 Date June 20 do .do .do .do .do .do.... .do.... .do.... .do.... .do.... .do.... .do.... June 21 .do.... .do.... .do... .do.... do.... .do.... .do.... .do.... .do.... .do.... .do.... June 22 .do.... .do.... .do.... .do.... June 24 .do.... .do.... June 26 .do.... .do.... .do.... .do.... June 27 .do.... do.. .. June 28 June 29 June 30 do.... July 5 .do.... .do.... July 6 July 7 ..do.... .do.... ..do.... July 8 . .do.... ..do.... ..do.... July 13 do.... .do.... .do... . .do.... .do.... July 14 .do... do.... July 15 .do.... .do.... .do.... .do.... .do.... .do.... .do.... .do.... .do.... .do.... do.. .. July 16 .do .do .do July 17 Name of vessel Chris Silversand Sunjewel ...do .. .do Finn Merchant Sunjewel .. .do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do John W. Mackay. . . . Margaret Bowater. . . ...do ...do ...do USCGS Coos Bay . . ....do ....do ....do ...do . ...do . . .do Foldenfjord USCG aircraft ...do ....do ....do ...do ....do ....do Lord Kelvin Ryndain ....do ...do ....do Christian Sartori ....do ....do USCGC Evergreen . . USAF aircraft USCGC Evergreen . . ....do USCG aircraft ....do Sunjewel Finnsailor Vibyholm ....do ....do USCGC Evergreen.' USCG aircraft ...do ...do Nieus Amsterdam. . ...do Theodora ....do ....do ...do USCG aircraft Galatee Weidenborstel Berlin USCG aircraft ...do Empress of England . ....do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do ...do Magga Dan ...do ...do ...do Thaishore North latitude 47 08 48 40 52 28 52 31 52 34 48 25 51 49 51 52 51 55 52 02 52 07 52 12 52 18 49 51 51 39 51 51 52 02 52 03 50 36 50 57 51 18 51 42 51 46 52 00 51 59 49 10 50 43 51 04 51 08 51 22 48 31 49 01 49 03 49 35 51 23 51 32 51 45 51 49 53 01 53 13 53 13 48 55 49 07 50 21 52 03 48 44 48 49 52 55 48 24 40 12 47 59 48 19 47 59 49 14 48 00 48 31 49 13 47 23 51 13 51 47 51 37 51 37 52 17 47 22 51 55 52 10 47 11 47 08 48 48 51 55 51 51 51 55 52 09 52 10 52 23 52 39 52 16 52 38 49 52 51 00 51 57 54 30 49 54 West longitude 48 04 48 08 53 06 53 03 52 28 49 40 54 58 54 43 54 35 55 03 54 28 54 33 54 22 49 06 56 02 55 30 55 04 54 26 51 52 52 02 51 53 52 14 52 13 51 59 52 02 48 50 51 58 51 50 52 09 51 45 47 56 48 56 53 06 50 29 56 42 56 11 55 39 55 37 52 33 52 46 52 41 52 48 46 45 49 50 52 53 50 02 52 59 51 43 49 56 50 00 46 47 49 34 46 47 51 20 48 45 53 55 51 21 48 00 51 45 55 34 54 55 54 26 52 20 47 59 50 18 50 36 47 47 47 46 50 49 55 20 55 24 55 19 54 37 54 27 53 39 53 31 53 16 52 56 54 01 51 40 55 35 53 00 54 43 Description Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Growler. Berg. Do. 2 growlers. Bergs. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. 2 bergs. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Growler. Do. Berg. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. D). Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. 3 bergs. Berg. Do. Do. 26 TABLE OF ICE REPORTS, 1958-Continued No. Date Name of vessel North latitude West longitude Description 517 . .do.. . do 50 11 46 48 49 07 52 30 51 33 51 41 51 42 48 26 53 37 52 04 51 59 52 18 51 39 52 13 51 59 52 10 52 26 51 49 51 50 51 59 51 50 Strait of B o t 52 40 47 46 50 26 53 19 56 40 55 43 55 43 52 19 55 32 55 22 54 58 53 54 55 04 53 36 55 35 55 15 55 34 55 59 55 59 55 32 55 51 elle Isle. . . . Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Growler. Berg. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Growler. Close pack field ice in Strait and broken belts extending 22 miles to east of Belle Isle. 518 July 18 do . . 519 do 520 July 19 July 24 July 25 ..do July 28 ..do July 30 Aug. 2. . ..do Aug. 3 .do 521 522 523 524 USCG aircraft 525 526 527 528 do 529 530 do 531 Aug. 16 . .do 532 do 533 . .do. . . do 534 Aug. 21 . .do 535 do 536 . .do do 537 . .do. . . do 538 Dec. 27 USCG aircraft 27 PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY OF THE GRAND BANKS REGION AND THE LABRADOR SEA IN 19581 By Floyd M. Soule and R. M. Morse (U. S. Coast Guard) The oceanographic vessel of the International Ice Patrol in 1958 was again the 180-foot tender class USCGC Evergreen. The ar- rangement of labratory and deck facilities and equipment have been described in earlier bulletins of this series. There are no major changes for the 1958 season. During the 1958 season the Evergreen made three dynamic topographic surveys in the Grand Banks region. Of these the first covered the waters over and immediately seaward of the southern and eastern slopes of the Grand Banks from just west- ward of the Tail of the Banks northward to the latitude of Flemish Cap. This survey included 88 stations which were occu- pied between the morning of 3 April and the afternoon of 15 April. The work of collection of data began at the southwestern end of the area and progressed northward with no major interruption. The second survey covered the waters over and immediately seaward of the northeastern slope of the Grand Banks from Flemish Cap northwestward and included an occupation of the Bonavista triangle. On this survey 80 stations were occupied be- tween the early morning of 27 April and the morning of 5 May. Except for about an hour on the afternoon of 27 April, during which the ship was working through an ice string, there were no major interruptions. The work of collection of data began at the Bonavista triangle and progressed southeastward toward Flemish Cap. The area covered by the third survey was similar to that covered by the first survey with the extension of section W (a north-south section at 50°15'W.) southward across the Atlantic Current. It was expedient to occupy this section from south to north and then continue with the network survey working northward toward Flemish Cap. The southernmost position necessary to completely cross the Atlantic Current was estimated as 38° N. To insure against missing part of it, from a possible deviation of the current from its expected position, observations were begun at 37°30'N. On this southward extension of section W stations were spaced 1 To be reprinted as Contribution No. 1018 in the Collected Reprints of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. 29 30 miles apart and the observations extended to a depth of about 3,000 meters instead of the usual 1,500 meters and were supple- mented by bathythermograph casts every half hour on the runs between stations. The addition of this section was a contribution to United States participation in the International Geophysical Year. The section was occupied between the morning of 23 May and the night of 25 May. The ensuing network survey was com- pleted on the morning of 5 June. There were no interruptions or unusual delays during this period. On this survey 95 stations were occupied, the first 15 of these being along section W. A postseason cruise had been planned to include an occupation of the Bonavista triangle and the section across the Labrador Sea from South Wolf Island, Labrador, to Cape Farewell, Greenland. Normally, ice conditions would have made it inadvisable to ap- proach Cape Farewell before mid-July. This year, however, all available information indicated that ice deterioration was about two weeks ahead of a normal season. Accordingly, the Evergreen departed Boston for the postseason cruise on the unusually early date of 23 June. The Bonavista triangle, including 30 stations, was occupied between the morning of 27 June and the early morn- ing of 30 June. The Labrador Sea section, including 24 stations, was occupied between the morning of 1 July and the morning of 6 July. There were delays occasioned by heavy weather as follows : 16 hours on 4 July prior to station 6882, 51/2 hours on 5 July following station 6883, and 5 hours on 5 July prior to station 6885. Of the last 5-hour delay only about 2 hours was on account of weather, the remaining 3 hours being to coordinate the approach to Cape Farewell with the best chance of good visibility. The final station was occupied just outside a coastal belt of sea ice 7!/2 miles off Cape Farewell. The oceanographic work was under the supervision of Oceanog- rapher Floyd M. Soule who was assisted by Lt. R. M. Morse. Other assistants in the observational work were El wood C. Gray, aerographer's mate first class ; William G. Carpenter, yeoman third class; R. J. Messier, seaman (during the first survey); D. C. Bailey, aerographer's mate first class (during the first and sec- ond surveys) ; Herbert A. Ashmore, aerographer's mate third class (during the first and second surveys) ; Herbert J. Spiegel, aerographer's mate third class (during the second and third sur- veys and the postseason cruise) ; Richard C. Norris, aerographer's mate first class (during the third survey and postseason cruise) ; and O. W. Warf, Jr., radarman third class (during the third survey and postseason cruise). Temperature and salinity observations were made at each of the 317 stations. At the 24 stations forming the section across the Labrador Sea the observations extended 30 from the surface to as near bottom as was practicable. At the 10 stations forming the southern end of section W on the third survey the observations extended to 3,000 meters. At the remaining stations the observations were limited to the upper 1,500 meters. The intended depths of observation, in meters, were 0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 600, 800, 1,000, and thence by 500-meters intervals, except for the extra southerly extension of section W during the third survey where the depths of observation in the second 1,000 meters were 1,200, 1,400, 1,600 and 2,000 meters. Temperatures were measured with protected deep sea reversing thermometers, mostly of Richter & Wiese manufacture but with some manufactured by Negretti & Zambra, G. M. Manufacturing Co. and Kahl Scientific Inst. Corp. Depths of observation are based on unprotected reversing thermometers made by Richter & Wiese and by Kahl. As in other years, a program of intercom- parison of protected thermometers was carried out in the field measurements. The thermometers were used in pairs and one of each pair was shifted periodically so that the same thermometer was eventually paired with a number of other thermometers. From a total of 2,201 intercomparisons, the probable difference between the corrected readings of a pair of protected thermometers was 0.010° C. Of these comparisons, 280 involved thermometers having a range of +3° to +13° with a probable difference of 0.006°, 1,268 comparisons were between thermometers of range —2° to +8° and gave a probable difference of 0.009°, and 653 comparisons were between thermometers having a range of —2° to +20° or greater and gave a probable difference of 0.013°. As most of the observed temperatures listed in the Table of Oceanographic Data are the means of the corrected readings of a pair of thermometers and since many of the thermometers used had recent laboratory comparisons with thermometers tested by the National Bureau of Standards, it is considered that the tabu- lated observed temperatures are good to 0.01°C. Salinities were measured with a Wenner salinity bridge. During the winter of 1957-58 an examination of a section extending east- ward from the Grand Banks at about latitude 45° N., occupied by Discovery II on 16-18 April 1957 indicated a probable dis- crepancy of about 0.04% 0 between salinities as determined by Discovery II and as determined on the Evergreen during a survey of the area which included a nearby section occupied 12-13 April 1957. It was learned that Discovery's salinities were in essential agreement with those determined by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. A series of check measurements was therefore made to determine if the calibration curve for the Coast Guard's Wenner bridge were in error. 31 Three composite carboys of seawater were prepared by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and designated numbers 1, 5, and 7. Another carboy of actual seawater collected from the surface at about 50° N., 49° W., about 71/2 months earlier (25 July, 1957) was made available by the Coast Guard Oceanographic Unit. This carboy, designated C-l-58, was a polyethylene plastic container. The other carboys were glass and had been filled with water stored for varying periods in glass containers. None of the carboys had special seals until the beginning of the measure- ments, when C-l-58 was placed under an oil seal. The WHOI laboratory ran 20 titrations on carboy 1, 14 titra- tions on carboy 5, 9 titrations on carboy 7 and 10 titrations on carboy C-l-58. The carboys were also measured on the WHOI bridge and on the CGOU bridge. Mean values determined were as follows : Carboy 1 5 7 C-l-58 Titration 35.049 35.50! 34.18e 34.45r WHOI bridge 35.06s 35.532 34.21s 34.47e Whence the following differences were obtained Carboy 1 5 7 C-l-58 Titration- WHOI bridge -O.Ole -0.03! -0.032 -O.Olo Titration- CGOU bridge + O.OI5 + O.OO5 -O.OO5 + 0.00! CGOU bridge 35.034 35.49a 34.19i 34.44„ WHOI bridge CGOU bridge aver. +0.00fl + 0.03! +0.03c + 0.027 + 0.03i + 0.03! Since both the CGOU bridge (model 4) and the WHOI bridge (Bradshaw and Schleicher) were Wenner bridges they were both more precise than titration, which is reflected in the smaller variation in the difference between the two bridges than between either bridge and titration. However, neither makes direct meas- urements of salinity and each determines the electrical resistivity of a sample of unknown salinity in terms of that of a sample of known salinity, and hence depends upon a standardization. In the case of the CGOU bridge this is accomplished by the construction of a calibration curve on the basis of a number of samples of actual seawater having a range of salinity and measured on the bridge and by titration against Copenhagen standard water. In the case of the WHOI bridge the standardization is accomplished by using the Copenhagen standard water as a conductivity stand- ard, assuming its conductivity is the same as the conductivity of a sample of actual seawater whose chlorine content is the same as the stated chlorine of the Copenhagen standard water. The calibration curve of the CGOU bridge used in the above 32 measurements was determined prior to the beginning of the 1957 season. In view of the foregoing, the same curve, with a constant adjustment of 0.006°/oo, to accommodate the above difference between titration and bridge measurements, was used in 1958. In spite of this, however, there still appears to be a discrepancy between the Evergreen salinities and those determined by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution if one may judge by com- paring the potential temperature-salinity relationship of the deeper samples beneath the Atlantic Current south of the Grand Banks in May 1958, with that found by WHOI in the deep water west of Bermuda. Aside from this unsolved question of perhaps 0.04°/oo discrepancy in the absolute values of salinity, we may state that the precision of the observed salinities listed in the Table of Oceanographic Data is ± 0.005°/oo although the accuracy is only that of silver nitrate titration. In the field measurements the bridge was standardized with water from an oilsealed carboy of actual sea water. At least twice during each salinity run, Copenhagen standard water of the batch P23 was measured as an unknown. At the end of each survey these measurements were used to determine whether a correction to the salinities for the survey was required. The corrections thus indicated were as follows: first survey — 0.002°/oo ; second survey — 0.00!°/oo ; third survey +0.003 °/00 ; postseason cruise — 0.006% , . The corrections for the season's surveys were neg- ligible and for these no corrections were applied to the values tabulated. The correction of — 0.006°/oo has been applied to the salinities for the postseason cruise. Figures 19 through 22 show, in chronological order, the dy- namic topography found during the three surveys made during the season and during the occupation of the Bonavista triangle on the postseason cruise. Figure 23 shows the monthly mean barometric pressure at seal level in the North Atlantic for the months of January, February, and March 1958 in comparison with the normal2 barometric pressure distribution for these months. It will be seen that throughout this protracted period the Azores high, which usually controls the North Atlantic area, was very weak and displaced toward the southeast and that the atmospheric circulation was dominated by a vigorous low in the vicinity of Newfoundland. The resulting easterly winds expe- rienced along the Laborador coast, and to a lesser extent the Newfoundland east coast, were expected to have a pronounced ef- fect on the currents in the Grand Banks region. The abnormal wind pattern ended just prior to the beginning 2 Normals are from U.S. Weather Bureau Technical Paper No. 21. Normal Weather Charts for the Northern Hemisphere, Washington Oct 1952. 33 53° 52° 51* 50° 49* 48* 47° 46° 45° 44' 51° 50° 49' 47° 46° 45° 44° Figure 19. — Dynamic topography of the sea surface relative to the 1000- decibar surface from data collected 3-15 April 1958. Oceanographic station positions are indicated and the station numbers given at turning points. 34 35 51° 50° 49° Figure 21. — Dynamic topography of the sea surface relative to the 1000- decibar surface from data collected 23 May-5 June 1958. Oceanographic station positions are indicated and the station numbers given at turning points. 36 Figure 22. — Dynamic topography of the sea surface relative to the 1000- decibar surface from data collected 27-30 June 1958. Oceanographic station positions are indicated and the station numbers given at turning points. of the 1958 survey work. During the first survey the warm water found in the surveyed area was not as warm as usual but it was found over a greater geographical extent than usual. The coldest water of the Labrador Current was about a degree warmer than usual but cold water extended to greater depths than usual. Salini- ties at intermediate depths down to at least 1,000 meters were fresher than usual. Yet the resulting density distribution produced a Labrador Current which, as seen from figure 19, was rather broad at the northern end of the surveyed area and narrowed with increasing velocity toward the Tail of the Banks. 37 38 During the second survey (fig. 20) it was again observed that the minimum temperature of the Labrador Current was warmer than usual and that the salinity of the intermediate water down to 1,000 meters was fresher than usual. The use of the Helland- Hansen and Nansen method of arriving at the dynamic heights of stations where the depth of water is less than that of the reference surface involves some uncertaintiy depending upon the construc- tion of a vertical section of anomaly of specific volume for the extrapolated values of the anomaly along the bottom from the shallow station to the depth of the reference surface. The shallow ends of such sections are cross checked by providing two or more approaches to guard against gross errors in the construction of the anomaly sections and to produce a consistent network survey. In the construction of figure 20 such cross checks showed an ir- reconcilable discrepancy of about 32 dynamic millimeters between the two southernmost sections and the area to the northwestward. The figure has been drawn with the discontinuity indicated by a dashed line and it has been assumed that an adjustment between two steady states occurred in the approximately 3-day interval between the occupation of the southern sections and the stations to the northwest of them. The current pattern is similar on each side of the discontinuity but the shallow water velocities are different. It would appear from figure 20 that an exceptionally large part of the surface circulation of the Labrador Current in the Bonavista triangle was following the eastern branch. An anal- ysis of the volume transports past the three sides of the triangle, however, indicates that 90 percent of the current was following the eastern branch. This is only slightly more than the seasonal normal of 88.3 percent. The seasonal normals, however, are based on data which include only one occupation at a seasonal date earlier than that of the second survey of 1958, and are conse- quently less reliable than they are for somewhat later seasonal dates. In the eastern part of the surveyed area figure 20 indicates that the eastern branch of the Labrador Current suffered but little loss from water recurving northward north of Flemish Cap. The dynamic topography found during the third survey is shown in figure 21. As in other current charts of the Grand Banks region, a reference surface of 1,000 decibars has been used in this figure to permit the presentation of the extra-southerly section and the rest of the survey in a single chart. It is realized that this ref- erence surface is too shallow to give accurate values of current velocity in the vicinity of the southern section but an inspection of the data indicates the current pattern is similar when the 39 topography is referred to the 2,000-decibar surface although use of the deeper reference surface gives higher velocities. The southern edge of the eastward flowing current was found at about 38°30'N. A reversal of direction was observed between 40° N. and 40°30'N. This appears to be associated with a meander to the northwestward and is identified with the current pattern found between 42° N. and 42°30'N. between 51° W. and 52 W. It is interesting to note that the highest dynamic height found in the Atlantic Current in the eastern part of the surveyed area (station 6778 in the vicinity of 43°15'N., 45°30'W.) is found in the middle of the swiftest band of current between stations 6744 and 6745 on the southern section. Com- pared with the first survey, the Labrador Current lost the high velocities found earlier near the Tail of the Banks but its tem- perature minimum remained decidedly warmer than normal, the coldest temperature observed being —1.00°, found in the north- ernmost section. The dynamic topography shown in figure 22 is that found during the postseason cruise occupation of the Bonavista triangle. Com- pared with the similar area of figure 20, there was a northward and seaward shift of the current pattern. There is usually a sea- sonal decrease in the proportion of the Labrador Current following the eastern branch. This decrease was somewhat greater than normal in 1958. It dropped from 90 percent during the second survey (compared with a seasonal normal of 88.3 percent) to 82 1/2 percent at the time of the postseason cruise (compared with a seasonal normal of 8414 percent). The minimum observed tem- peratures along the three sides of the triangle were close to normal during the postseason cruise although the coldest temperature occured along the northwestern side instead of the southwestern side where it usually is found. The first and third surveys took place in the region of the Grand Banks from which sufficient data are available to permit a comparison of the temperature-salinity characteristics of the water masses found there in 1958 with the mean T-S characteristics for earlier years. Labrador Current water and Atlantic Current water are water masses found in this region and these parent water masses usually mix in a sufficiently constant proportion to produce a mixed water which may be regarded as a virtual water mass. Figure 24 shows the relationships found in 1958 as solid line curves. The broken lines represent the 11-year means for the period 1948-58. Of the three the mixed water is least definite and some stations are found where the mixing is atypical and data from these sta- tions are excluded in determining the T-S relationship of the 40 TEMPERATURE *C fc \\ 8 \ n ' s \ rO V \ m \ to \\. \ CJ \ V V m IO V \ N.\Vo \ id \ IO VJ \ O k CJ t- \ \ TjS ^ 8 Js* CO IO ?s \ "*^> j|\f o \ * t>* B IO IO 00 ol u«- * io"^ 1 \ 1 ■§ \ * o 1^ \ <■ \ IO \ o^ 18 ! K^ 10 3 o I 1 I > V A \ X IO t 5} N "v <»■ 1 VsJ H ii IO \ V r CD 9= O \ / \/ ^i) s> IO \ «/ r* \ Ld\ \ ' k /\ at \ *" IO IO o \ co - \ \ IO \ \ t>-. \ \ IO N * i 10 00 IO co -\ ^\ z a> o i < UJ CO CO £ i IIO s < 1 IO CO V 1 1 IO z -1 CO 1 IO a 3 z _i z 1 i i C\J UJ / 1 = IO o or CO J «h a> tf gd £ 0) T3 |-H CD T-l X a> £ 5 T3 +j c c 3 CD rrt fh a> 0J J- ej P. t? s- cf. n 0) 0) a *- t-'m *-< 3 c 0 CD o o -t-> c X! 3 *o -u c <1 3 be C C s o t"" 1 i i a-->. ■-» --. 1 . t, 1 7 n J i 1 i i 1 i\ i V | 1 1 i i 1 1 1 i 1 i 1 1 1 1 A0t TfO -08 -06 H04 h02 ACS Figure 25. — Departures of temperature and salinity of the Labrador Current in 1958 from the 11-year means 1948-58. Dashed vertical lines indicate the approximate effect on density. mediate depths, and is considered to be the combined result of cabbeling and isentropic movement along the offshore margins of the Labrador Current. It would appear from the results sum- marized in figure 25 that these processes of formation of the warm intermediate water were also stimulated by the onshore winds. Past bulletins have given the position of the cold wall for each survey of the area southeastward of the Grand Banks in terms of the area between the cold wall and the following rhumb lines : the 45th parallel from the cold wall to 45° N. 49 °W.; the 49th meridian from 45° N. to 43° N. ; a line from 43 °N. 49 W. through 42 °N. 47 °W. extended to the cold wall. Using the same criterion as in the past for the location of the cold wall (the horizontal projection of the line along which a temperature of 6 corresponds to a salinity of 34.95°/ ), the area between the cold wall and 43 the rhumb lines was 7.75 X 104 square km during the first survey and 8.31 X 104 square km during the third survey. These areas are presumed to represent the net effect of the Labrador Current tending to enlarge the area, and of the Atlantic Current tending to reduce the area. The volume transport of the Labrador Current passing section U (about 45 °N.) was 5.50 X 106 cubic m/sec at the time of the first survey and was 4.29 at the time of the third survey. In the general picture of the surface circulation of the North Atlantic a meridional section from the southern end of the Grand Banks to the central part of the North Atlantic eddy would cross the eastward flowing Atlantic Current, the westward flowing Labrador Current and branches of these. In the diagram shown in figure 26 an important part of the Atlantic Current crosses the section as A. Some of A recurves toward Bermuda as B, some recurves northwestward as D and some continues to the eastward as C without again crossing the section. D again recurves to the eastward and is joined by a part G of the Atlantic Current which recurves northwestward before reaching the longitude of the sec- tion. G may be considered to include a small amount of water from the United States and Canadian shelves and G and D to- gether make up E. The Labrador Current F crossing the section to the westward recurves and recrosses the section to the east- ward, now, with small amounts of G and D, as mixed water paralleling and on the northern side of E. E and C, then, repre- sent the net contribution of the Atlantic Current to the eastward of the Grand Banks region. There are geographical shifts in this pattern so that a section at a fixed longitude may cross different relative parts of the pat- tern at different times. Ships of the International Ice Patrol have occupied this section on three occasions. In 1938 the General Figure 26. — Schematic diagram of currents crossing the meridian of 50°15'W south of the Grand Banks. 44 Greene ran the section at about the time the Altair and Armauer Hansen were conducting their work in the vicinity of the Azores in connection with the International Survey of the Gulf Stream Area. In 1950 the Evergreen occupied the section at about the time of the multiship Operation Cabot to the westward of the Grand Banks. In 1958 the Evergreen occupied the section as a part of the activity of the International Geophysical Year. Fig- ures 27, 28, and 29 show, respectively, the temperature, salinity and velocity distribution found in 1958. In figure 29 the velocities are referred to the 2,000-decibar surface. The dynamic topography of the sea surface relative to the 1,000-decibar surface is shown in figure 21. As mentioned earlier, the 1,000-decibar surface gives a fair representation of the current pattern in the vicinity of this section but the velocities are greater than indicated by this relative topography. Current directions shown in figure 21 are in good agreement with those derived from GEK current fixes obtained about every 10 miles along this section. In figure 27 the greater part of the section is dependant upon the observations from reversing thermometers at the sta- tions. In the upper 200 meters, however, these observations were supplemented by bathythermograph casts made about every 5 miles between stations from station 6741 to station 6752. The most pronounced cold wall was found near station 6749 with the greater part of the Atlantic Current and its branches being found south of this station. However, at station 6750 the water below about 400 meters was Atlantic Current water. Southward of station 6749 the inclination of the isotherms is a good indication of the direction of flow across the section and the components E, D, A, and B of figure 26 are apparent. Except for the water above the Grand Banks, the thermal structure of the Labrador Current F and the eastward moving mixed water is more complex and the circulation picture is better shown by the velocity section (fig. 29). The salinity distribution (fig. 28) shows a pattern similar to that presented by the temperature distribution. The deeper ob- servations of salinity have been plotted against potential tem- perature in figure 30. Here the individual observations are given and are identified with the last two digits of the station numbers of their origin, station 6741 being the southernmost and 6750 being the northernmost of this series. From this small number of observations there is no clear cut grading of salinity for a corre- sponding potential temperature along the section. There is ap- parent, however, the difference of about 0.04°/oo in salinity between the observations of the Evergreen and those of the 45 METERS DEPTH 8 6741 67421 67435 j 6744 67451: 6746 6747 6748 67491 6750E 6751 S 6752 _ 6753? 6754 3 675S 46 METERS DEPTH o 8 6752 6753 6754 5 6755 S -a 8 2 § 47 METERS DEPTH a 0) crt £ '/! -d a 0) u o a; Sh •g 48 3.0 o • 2.5 49 / / / (so / / t t I / / / / / / / / -^ — 34.88 3490 3492 3494 S %o 34.96 3498 Figure 30. — Potential temperature-salinity relationship found beneath the Atlantic Current south of the Grand Banks 23-26 May 1958 (solid line) compared with the relationship reported by the Woods Hole Ocean- ographic Institution for the deep water west of Bermuda (broken line). Last two digits of station number identify location of observation. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, as mentioned in the dis- cussion of methods of measurement. An inspection of figure 29 will show the components indicated in figure 26. The southernmost easterly flowing current is A in figure 26. This was computed to have a volume transport (ex- pressed in millions of cubic meters per second) of 48.6. South of this is the westerly return toward Bermuda, B. The section did not completely cross B. By computation the part that is on the section is 7.6 and it is estimated that another 2.2 lies south of the section for an estimated total B of 9.8. Northward of A a westerly flowing band represents the part of A which recurves to the northwestward as D. By computation this amounted to 5.6. By subtraction of D and B from A the southerly contribution to the eastward, C, was 33.2. The northernmost band of current, flowing westward, is the Labrador Current, F. Some uncertainty 49 arises in this part of the section where the motionless surface is probably inclined. With 1,000 decibars as the reference surface F was 3.3, but with reference to the 2,000-decibar surface F was computed as 6.7. To conform to the rest of the section the latter figure is used here. Just south of F the easterly band of current was made up of the returning F plus E, whence by difference E was 13.2, and the two contributions of Atlantic Current to the eastward of the section were E (13.2) and C (33.2) for a total of 46.4. For the occupations of 1938 and 1950 not all of the individual components shown in figure 26 can be derived. For comparison, however, the following recapitulation is given. 1938 1950 1958 A+F+E-D. A D E+F F E B (computed) 58 . 6 (by plan i meter) . . 0.1 (computed) 2.8 (computed) 2i.7 C G E+C... C+B.... E+C+B. (56.4) computed plus 59.9 3 . 5 estimated) . (computed) 18.5 (computed) 31 .4 (computed) 2.0 (by difference) 29 . 4 (completely south of section). (by difference) . . . . 24 . 1 (by difference) . . . 45 . 8 (by difference) 10 .9 *55.0 (by difference) 41 .4 (by difference) 70.8 (computed) 48 . 6 (computed) 5.6 (computed) 19.9 (computed) 6.7 (by difference) 13.2 (7.6 computed plus 9.8 2.2 estimated). (by difference) 33 . 2 (by difference) 7.6 (by difference) 46.4 (by difference) 43.0 (by difference) 56 . 2 • Applying mean B for 1938 and 1958 to E-fC+B for 1950. The foregoing shows considerable variation in volume transport for the different years. A most significant value is that of E+C, the combined contribution of the Atlantic Current to the eastward of the Grand Banks. The figure of 55.0 for the 1950 occupation, derived by difference using the mean of the value of B for 1938 and 1958 is highly questionable and is shown only to point out what is also apparent from the other 1950 values, that the volume transport in 1950 was exceptionally large. The tabulation also seems to indicate that 1938 was a year in which the volume transport to the eastward of the Grand Banks was small and the return toward Bermuda was large.3 In 1958, the volume transport to the eastward was interme- diate between the 1938 low and the 1950 high values. The heat transport of component E was 159.4 million °m3/sec with a mean temperature of 12.1° and the heat transport of component C was 447.0 with a mean temperature of 13.5°. The consequent com- bined contribution to the eastward of the Grand Banks, then, 3 As 1938 was the year in which Altair and Armauer Hansen conducted their intensive survey work in the vicinity of the Azores and as these observations were heavily weighted by Sverdrup, Johnson, and Fleming in their transport balance of the North Atlantic: (The Oceans, Prentice- Hall, New York 1942, fig. 187 page 684) it seems that the transports shown in that figure for the North Atlantic Current are somewhat too small. In the same figure the value of 6 million mS/sec for the Labrador Current is too large to be representative, 4 being more nearly an average value. 50 (E+C) was 606.4 with a mean temperature of 13.1°. In arriving at the heat transport figures the same procedures of estimates and differences used in deriving the volume transports above were followed. Certain sections across the Labrador Current have been re- peatedly occupied in connection with the routine current surveys of the Grand Banks region and on the postseason cruises. The velocity and temperature distribution in these vertical sections has been studied in some detail and over the years the accumu- lated data have permitted the development of tentative seasonal variation relationships for some of the sections for a part of the year. The locations of the sections occupied in 1958 and sub- jected to detailed analysis are as follows: Sections NW, SW and SE are the northwestern, southwestern and southeastern sides of the Bonavista triangle which is defined by its corners located at 50° N., 49° W., 47°20'N., 50° W., and just off Cape Bonavista, Newfoundland. Section H is roughly parallel to the southeastern side of the Bonavista triangle and extends north- northeasterly from about 47°10'N., 49°15'W. Section G extends northeasterly from about 47°10'N., 48°40'W. Section F2 is an east-west section between the Grand Banks and Flemish Cap along the parallel of 47°15/N. Section F is similar to F2 but about 30 miles farther south. Section T extends southeasterly from about 46°20'N., 49°00'W. Section U extends easterly from the Grand Banks at about 45 °N. Section W extends southerly from the Grand Banks along the meridian of 50°15'W. The South Wolf Island section extends northeasterly from South Wolf Island, Labrador and is a part of the section across the Labrador Sea from South Wolf Island to Cape Farewell, Greenland. Tentative seasonal normal relationships for the West Greenland Current off Cape Farewell were published in bulletin 35 of this series. The seasonal normal relationships for the Labrador Cur- rent which have been developed previously were published as follows : Sections T, U and W bulletin No. 36 (season of 1950) Sections NW, SW and SE bulletin No. 39 (season of 1953) Sections F and G bulletin No. 42 (season of 1956) Insufficient data are at hand for the development of seasonal nor- mals for sections H and F2. Shown herewith in figure 31 are the tentative seasonal normal relationships for the South Wolf Island section. In 1958 there were 19 occupations of such sections across the Labrador Current. The results are summarized below in table 1. In this table, as well as in the text, the volume transport is given in millions of cubic meters per second, the mean temperature and 51 JUNE JULY AUGUST II' 10 9 0 8 Q. § 7 t- 6 UJ 1 4 > 3 2 I 3.6 3.4 32 30 . . 3.40 34.83 3.36 34.87 1,50 >.. 3.35 34.86 3.14 34.90 2,00 1. . 3.15 34.89 2.76 34.88 2,50 ».. 2.75 34.88 1.86 34.86 (3.0C 0). 1.65 34.86 26.09 26.87 27.33 27.56 27.62 27.65 27.66 27.67 27.70 27.71 27.72 27.73 27.76 27.80 27.83 27.91 Station 6877: 2 July; 55°31' N., 52°21' W. depth 3,292 m. ; dynamic height 1937.395. 0 6.12 32.66 0 6.12 32.65 24 5.96 34.21 25 5.90 34.22 49 3.42 34.57 50 3.40 34.56 74 3.17 34.64 75 3.15 34.64 99 3.17 34.68 100. . . . 3.15 34.67 148 3.35 34.72 150. . . . 3.35 34.72 197 3.26 34.74 200.... 3.25 34.73 296 3.31 34.75 300.... 3.30 34.75 412 3.39 34.79 400.... 3.40 34.78 610 3.45 34.82 600.... 3.45 34.82 808 3.25 34.81 800.... 3.25 34.81 1,005... 3.31 34.84 1,000.. 3.30 34.83 1,499... 3.33 34.86 1,500.. 3.35 34.86 1,994... 3.34 34.89 2,000.. 3.35 34.88 2,492... 3.04 34.905 2,500.. 3.05 34.90 2,982... 2.41 34.885 3,000. . 2.35 34.88 3,208... 1.76 34.86 25.72 26.97 27.52 27.60 27.63 27.65 27.66 27.67 27.69 27.72 27.73 27.74 27.76 27.77 27.82 27.86 Station 6878; 2 July; 55°55' N., 51°40' W. depth 3,566 m. ; dynamic height 1937.411. 0 7.13 33.80 0 7.13 33.79 25 6.91 34.10 25 6.91 34.10 51 3.66 34.54 50 3.70 34.52 77 3.59 34.66 75 3.60 34.64 102 3.49 34.68 100.... 3.50 34.67 152 3.33 34.71 150. . . . 3.35 34.70 203 3.34 34.73 200. . . . 3.35 34.72 305 3.12 34.73 300. . . . 3.10 34.73 400 3.48 34.79 400.... 3.50 34.79 600 3.49 34.84 600. .. . 3.50 34.83 801 3.38 34.82 800. . . . 3.40 34.82 1,002... 3.40 34.85 1,000.. 3.40 34.84 1,508... 3.38 34.865 1,500.. 3.40 34.86 2,015... 3.34 34.875 2,000.. 3.35 34.87 2,506... 3.07 34.90 2,500.. 3.10 34.89 3,007... 2.67 34.89 3,000.. 2.70 34.88 3,459... 1.71 34.86 (3,500). 1.55 34.85 25.69 26.74 27.46 27.56 27.60 27.63 27.65 27.68 27.69 27.72 27.73 27.74 27.76 27.77 27.81 27.83 27.91 Station 6879: 3 July; 56°29.5' N., 50c30' W. depth 3,658 m. ; dynamic height 1937.396. 0 6.57 34.36 0 6.57 34.36 25 6.21 34.46 25 6.21 34.46 51 4.63 34.68 50 4.65 34.66 76 3.62 34.71 75 3.65 34.71 102 3.03 34.72 100. . . . 3.05 34.72 152 3.11 34.75 150. . . . 3.10 34.74 202 3.13 34.75 200. . . . 3.10 34.75 304 3.12 34.75 300. . . . 3.10 34.74 406 3.14 34.75 400. .. . 3.15 34.74 609 3.19 34.76 600.... 3.20 34.76 811 3.40 34.805 800. . . . 3.40 34.80 1,014... 3.19 34.80 1,000.. 3.20 34.80 1,523... 3.23 34.83 1,500.. 3.25 34.82 2,032... 3.36 34.86 2,000.. 3.35 34.86 2,510... 3.29 34.90 2,500.. 3.30 34.89 3,009... 2.90 34.89 3,000.. 2.90 34.88 3,509... 1.91 34.865 3,500 1.95 34.86 (3,609).. 1.62 34.86 26.99 27.12 27.47 27.61 27.68 27.69 27.70 27.69 27.68 27.70 27.71 27.73 27.74 27.76 27.79 27.82 27.89 97 TABLE OF OCEANOGRAPHiC DATA-Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1958-Continued Observed values Scaled values Tem- Tem- Depth, pera- Salin- Depth, pera- Salin- meters ture, ity. meters ture, ity, •c. 7- °C. 7o, Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture, °C. Salin- ity, Vm Scaled values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture, °C. Salin- ity, Station 6880; 3 July; 57°02.5' N., 49°24' W. depth 3,658 m. ; dynamic height 1937.382. 0 7.04 34.45 0 7.04 34.44 25 6.25 34.57 25.... 6.25 34.56 49 4.59 34.64 50.... 4.55 34.64 74 3.83 34.68 75.... 3.80 34.67 98 3.33 34.70 100... 3.30 34.70 147 3.23 34.73 150. . . 3.20 34.73 196 3.07 34.72 200. . . 3.05 34.72 294 3.22 34.76 300... 3.25 34.76 400 3.32 34.78 400. . . 3.35 34.78 599 3.45 34.82 600... 3.45 34.82 799 3.31 34.81 800... 3.30 34.80 998 3.29 34.825 1,000. 3.30 34.82 1,499... 3.36 34.85 1,500. 3.35 34.84 1,999... 3.38 34.89 2,000. 3.40 34.83 2,424... 3.22 34.90 2,500. 3.20 34.90 2,919... 2.87 34.90 3,000. 2.80 34.89 3,411... 2.20 34.88 (3,500) . 1.95 34.86 (3,508).. 1.93 34.87 26.99 27.20 27.46 27.57 27.64 27.67 27.68 27.69 27.69 27.72 27.72 27.72 27.74 27.77 27.81 27.83 27.89 Station 6881; 3 July; 57°36.5' N., 48°14' W. depth 3,438 m. ; dynamic height 1937.410. 0 5.39 34.07 0 5.39 34.06 25 4.02 34.07 25.... 4.02 34.06 51 3.99 34.38 50. . . . 4.00 34.36 76 3.47 34.52 75.... . 3.50 34.51 102 3.44 34.64 100... . 3.45 34.62 152 3.89 34.78 150. . . 3.85 34.77 203 4.13 34.84 200. . . 4.15 34.83 305 4.15 34.87 300. . . 4.15 34.86 402 3.79 34.84 400. . . 3.80 34.83 602 3.43 34.80 600. . . 3.45 34.80 803 3.50 34.84 800. . . 3.50 34.83 1,004... 3.39 34.835 1,000. . 3.40 34.83 1,509... 3.36 34.84 1,500. . 3.35 34.84 2,015... 3.38 34.89 2,000. . 3.40 34.88 2,509... 3.13 34.905 2,500. 3.15 34.90 3,015... 2.53 34.88 3,000. 2.55 34.88 3,450... 1.51 34.86 26.91 27.07 27.30 27.47 27.56 27.64 27.65 27.68 27.69 27.70 27.72 27.73 27.84 27.77 27.81 27.85 Station 6882; 4 July; 58°11.5' N., 47°05' W. depth 3,109 m. : dynamic height 1937.381. 5.18 34.10 0.... .. 5.18 34.10 5.18 34.10 25... 5.20 34.09 3.63 34.37 50... 3.75 34.34 3.07 34.55 75... .. 3.10 34.51 3.59 34.70 100.. .. 3.55 34.67 3.87 34.79 150.. 3.85 34.77 4.02 34.82 200.. 4.00 34.81 4.07 34.86 300.. 4.05 34.85 3.86 34.86 400.. 3.90 34.85 3.76 34.85 600.. .. 3.75 34.84 3.60 34.86 800.. .. 3.60 34.86 3.48 34.86 l.OOC 3.50 34.85 3.39 34.875 1,50( 3.40 34.87 3.19 34.91 2.00C 3.25 34.90 2.82 34.90 2,501 2.80 34.90 2.17 31.88 (3,00 3). 1.95 34.86 1.98 34.87 26.96 26.95 27.31 27.51 27.59 27.64 27.66 27.68 27.70 27.70 27.74 27.74 27.77 27.88 27.84 27.89 Station 6883; 5 July; 58°41' N., 46°01' W. depth 2,633 m. ; dynamic height 1937.352. 0. ... 24... 49... 73... 97... 145.. 194.. 291.. 324.. 520.. 716.. 912.. 1,418 1,924 2,534 2,624 5.67 34.73 0 5.67 34.72 5.68 34.73 25 5.70 34.73 5.65 34.73 50 5.60 34.72 5.31 34.89 75 5.30 34.88 5.08 34.89 100.... 5.05 34.89 4.94 34.89 150. . . . 4.90 34.89 4.49 34.90 200. . . 4.45 34.90 3.98 34.86 300. . . . 4.00 34.86 4.10 34.88 400. . . . 4.05 34.87 3.91 34.87 600.... 3.80 34.86 3.69 34.86 800.... 3.60 34.86 3.48 34.855 1,000. 3.45 34.86 3.39 34.88 1,500. 3.35 34.88 3.11 34.90 2,000.. 3.05 34.90 2.14 34,865 2,500. 2.25 34.87 1.84 34.85 27.40 27.39 27.41 27.56 27.60 27.62 27.68 27.70 27.70 27.72 27.74 27.75 27.77 27.82 27.87 Station 6884; 5 July; 58°59.5' N., 45°18' W. ; depth 2,268 m. ; dynamic height 1937.355. 0 5.98 34.77 0 5.98 34.77 27.40 25 5.96 34.82 25 5.96 34.82 27.44 50 5.96 34.83 50 5.96 34.82 27.44 74 5.92 75 5.90 34.82 27.45 99 5.81 34.81 100.... 5.80 34.80 27.44 149 5.06 34.92 150.... 5.05 34.92 27.63 198 4.78 34.93 200.... 4.75 34.92 27.66 297 4.36 34.90 300. . . . 4.35 34.90 27.69 392 4.04 34.86 400. . . . 4.05 34.86 27.69 589 3.84 34.86 600. . . . 3.85 34.86 27.71 785 3.52 34.85 800.... 3.50 34.85 27.74 982 3.49 34.865 1,000. 3.50 34.86 27.75 1,482... 3.36 34.89 1,500.. 3.35 34.88 27.77 1,982... 2.79 34.89 2,000.. 2.80 34.89 27.83 2,243... 2.51 34.88 Station 6885 ; 5-6 July ; 59°13' N., 45°00' W. ; depth 2,030 m. ; dynamic height 1937.372. 0 6.67 34.90 0.... 6.67 25 6.65 34.90 25... .. 6.65 49 6.63 34. 92 50... 6.65 74 6.62 34.93 75... 6.60 98 6.44 34.94 100.. 6.45 147 5.63 34.99 150.. 5.60 196 5.31 34.98 200.. . . 5.30 294 4.99 34.96 300.. 5.00 370 4.75 34.94 400.. 4.70 557 4.39 34.92 600.. 4.30 746 4.04 34.92 800.. 3.95 935 3.82 34.89 1,000 3.80 1,410... 3.48 34.885 1,500 .. 3.401 1,887... 2.95 34.90 (2,00 )). 2.75 34.89 34.90 34.92 34.92 34.93 34.98 34.98 34.95 34.93 34.92 34.90 34.88 34.88 34.89 27.40 27.41 27.43 27.43 27.45 27.60 27.64 27.66 27.67 27.71 27.73 27.73 27.77 27.84 98 TABLE OF OCEANOGRAPHX DATA-Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1958-Continued Observed values Scaled values Observed values Scaled values Tem- Tem- Tem- Tem- Depth, pera- Salin- Depth, pera- Salin- Depth, pera- Salin- Depth, pera- Salin- meters ture, ity, meters ture, ity. at meters ture, ity, meters ture, ity, at °C. Voo "C. Voo "0. Voo °C. Voo Station 6886; 6 July; 59°23' N., 44°50' W. ; depth 1,170 m. to 914 m. ; dynamic height 1937.462. 0.. 23. 46. 70. 93 139 185 27.8 398 596 794 6.54 34.85 0 6.54 34.84 6.53 34.87 25.... 6.55 34.86 6.58 34.88 50.... 6.60 34.88 6.59 34.88 75.... 6.60 34.88 6.55 34.92 100. . . 6.50 34.92 5.81 34.88 150. . . 5.60 34.87 5.18 34.86 200. . . 5.20 34.85 5.18 34.90 300. . . 5.20 34.90 5.19 34.95 400. . . 5.20 34.94 4.76 34.92 600. . . 4.75 34.92 4.61 34.92 800. . . 4.60 34.91 4.33 34.91 1,000. 4.35 34.90 27.37 27.39 27.40 27.40 27.45 27.52 27.55 27.59 27.62 27.66 27.67 27.69 Station 6887; 6 July; 59°32' N., 44°39' W. depth 165 m. ; dynamic height 1937.595. 0 -0.51 32.85 0 -0.51 32.84 24 -0.56 32.85 25 -0.55 32.85 48 -0.28 33.11 50 -0.25 33.10 73 -0.09 33.13 75 -0.05 33.15 97 0.78 33.50 100. . . . 0.85 33.52 145 1.26 33.64 (150)... 1.30 33.64 26.41 26.42 26.60 26.64 26.89 26.95 Station 6888; 6 July; 59°36' N., 44°17' W. depth 170 m. ; dynamic height 1937.676. 0.50 32.14 0 0.50 32.14 0.28 32.13 25 0.25 32.13 0.08 32.28 50 0.10 32.29 0.19 32.38 75 0.15 32.42 0.07 32.50 100.... 0.00 32.62 -0.23 33.10 (150)... -0.30 33.28 25.80 25.80 25.94 26.04 26.21 26.75 Station 6889; 6 July; 59°38' N., 43°59' depth 165 m. ; dynamic height 1937.653. W. 0... 26. 50.. 75.. 100. 148. -0.36 32.43 0 -0.36 32.42 -0.40 32.52 25 -0.40 32.52 -0.36 32.55 50 -0.36 32.54 -0.32 32.62 75 -0.32 32.61 -0.36 32.25 100. . . . -0.36 32.64 0.34 33.33 150. . . . 0.40 33.36 26.07 26.15 26.16 26.21 26.24 26.78 ■& U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1959 515507 99 U.S. TREASURY DEPARTMENT - BULLETIN No. 45 COAST GUARD INTERNATIONAL ICE OBSERVATION AND ICE PATROL SERVICE IN THE NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN - [*$?,*] | Marine Biological Laboratory f WOOD! MASS. NEW SIGHTS FOR THE 1059 INTERNATIONAL ICE PATROL In 1().5(.) Douglas R5D "Skymaster" patrol aircraft replaced the B-17'2 used from 1946-1958. Also in 1959 experiments were conducted to bomb icebergs with high temperature magnesium and thermite incendiary bombs. Here a Skymaster Patrol Plane escorts a Coast Guard Albatross amphibian carrying a thermite bomb. Cape Race, Newfoundland is shown in the distance. U.S. TREASURY DEPARTMENT COAST GUARD Bulletin No. 45 INTERNATIONAL ICE OBSERVATION AND ICE PATROL SERVICE IN THE NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN T. F. BUDINGER R. P. DINSMORE P. A. MORRILL FLOYD M. SOULE CG-1 88-14 Season of 1959 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : I960 UNITED STATES COAST GUARD ADDRESS REPLY TO: COM MAN D ANT U. S. COAST GUARD HEADQUARTERS WASHINGTON 25, D. C. OFU 28 Jan 1960 Transmitted herewith is Bulletin No. 45, International Ice Observation and Ice Patrol Service in the North Atlantic Ocean, season of 1959. s*?. &'JZ.Lf. A. C. Richmond, Vice Admiral, U. S. Coast Guard, Commandant. Dist (SDL No. 70) A: a aa b c d e f (LAUREL, COWSLIP, EVERGREEN, CACTUS only) i (I) B:a (250); e (5); b c (2);dglm(l) C: ab (1) 1): h (10); ce (1) E: d (35) List 133 II! PREFACE This bulletin is No. 45 in the series of annual reports on the International Ice Observation and Ice Patrol Service, season of 1959. It is divided into three general parts. The first is a report of the patrol operations which extended from 5 March to 17 July 1959. Ship, aircraft and communica- tions activities are described in detail and special sections deal with ob- served monthly ice conditions, experiments in iceberg demolition, a summary of ice conditions 1900 1959 and statistics on ice reports for 1959. The second part is a special report on a program of ice detection by radar conducted during the 1959 season. The results contained herein, both in theory and observation, set forth the limitations of present day radars for ice detection. The final section comprises a preliminary presentation of the oceano- graphic data collected during 1959. Included are charts of dynamic topography of the sea surface (ocean current maps), tables of oceano- graphic data and a brief discussion of results of the season's four oceano- graphic surveys and the post-season research cruise to Greenland. The authors of the section on oceanography are Floyd M. Soule, Oceanographer, USCG, and Lt. P. A. Morrill, USCG. The report on radar ice detection was compiled by Lt. (j.g.) T. F. Budinger, USCG. The re- mainder was written by Lt. Comdr. R. P. Dinsmore, USCG. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Preface v International Ice Patrol, 1959 1 Surface ice observation and patrol 0 Aerial ice observation 8 Communications 9 Monthly ice conditions, 1959 11 Iceberg demolition experiments 22 Iceberg occurrence by year and month, 1900-1959 29 Ice reports, 1959 29 Iceberg detection by radar 49 Physical oceanography of the Grand Banks region and the Labrador Sea in 1959 98 VII INTERNATIONAL ICE PATROL, 1959 Between 5 March and 17 July 1959, the International Ice Patrol operated in the North Atlantic Ocean to serve the safety of ships travers- ing the recognized shipping lanes in the vicinity of the Grand Banks of Newfoundland. This marks the fortieth such occasion of this service which has been conducted annually since 1913, except during wartime years, by operating forces of the United States Coast Guard. The 1959 iceberg year was a severe one. Approximately 693 bergs drifted southward of the 48th parallel of Latitude during the year thus making it the 12th most active in records dating back to 1900 and the second heaviest since 1945. Capt. Victor F. Tydlacka, LTSCG, was assigned as Commander, Inter- national Ice Patrol. Facilities placed under Captain Tydlacka's command for the conduct of the patrol were the U.S. Coast Guard Air Detachment, Argentia, Newfoundland; U.S. Coast Guard Radio Station NIK, Argentia; l'. S. Coast Guard Cutter Evergreen (oceanographic vessel) and the patrol vessels USCGC Acushnet and LTSCGC Androscoggin. ( )rders for the preparation and mission of the patrol were promulgated on 13 January by Commander, First Coast Guard District, Boston, Mass., to whom Commander, International Ice Patrol is responsible. Headquarters of the patrol was moved to the U.S. Naval Station at Argentia, Newfoundland, on 3 March and the patrol services were for- mally inaugurated on 5 March when the first advisory broadcast to ship- ping was made. The operations of the Ice Patrol this season are sum- marized as follows: 1. Headquarters of the patrol was located at Argentia, Newfound- land, and all operations were directed from that point. 2. Ice Patrol aircraft conducted 61 ice reconnaissance flights. 3. Ice Patrol vessels maintained a constant guard of the southern limits of ice between 20 April and 14 July. 4. Ice reports were collected from ships, aircraft and other ice observation agencies. 5. Ice advisory bulletins were broadcast twice daily to shipping and were telegraphed to other interested agencies. 6. Special ice information and routing instructions were provided to ships on request. 7. Sea temperatures were collected from ships by radio for the purpose of evaluating ice location, drift and deterioration. 8. Plots were maintained of all known ships' positions in the Ice Patrol area for the purpose of advising any ship standing into danger. 1 9. Four oceanographic surveys were conducted bet ween I April and 26 June for the purpose of mapping ocean currents affecting the drift of icebergs and to collect scientific data. 10. Ice conditions necessitated that Extra Southern Track "A" of the North Atlantic Lane Routes be placed into effect L3 May- 3 June. All other track shifts became automatic on scheduled dates. 11. A series of experiments of iceberg demolition by bombing bergs with high temperature incendiary bombs was conducted 3 10 June. 12. A program for the evaluation of radar performance in the de- tection of icebergs and growlers was conducted throughout the season. The various aspects of the above summary are dealt with in greater detail by the later sections of this Bulletin. Pre-season aerial ice observation in January and February indicated light iceberg conditions. None were sighted during these months south of the Strait of Belle Isle. Newfoundland, however, was experiencing its worst winter in many years and local sea ice severely hampered coastwise shipping. No effective transatlantic tracks were menaced by this ice or any other field ice during the year, although ships attempting to use the Cape Race Track "F" during its period of non-scheduled use (1 Dec. L5 May) often found it necessary to divert southward from course to avoid pack ice over the northern slope of the Grand Banks. Winter severity extended over the Canadian Maritime Provinces and the Gulf of St. Lawrence found itself in the grip of a notably heavy ice season which had closed shipping at the middle of December 1958. By mid-January ice was reported to be drifting seaward through Cabot Strait and reached an extreme seaward limit at the end of February when ice fields extended from near Sable Island on the south to St. Pierre in the east. A more detailed account of the Gulf of St. Lawrence ice conditions is contained within the sections discussing monthly ice conditions. On I March the Meteorological Branch of the Canadian Department of Transport commenced its "Aerial Ice Reconnaissance and Ice Advisory Services of the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Adjacent Areas." This splendid service which provides ice bulletins, forecasts and track routing in sup- port of shipping bound for Gulf and River St. Lawrence ports continued until 7 May when the ice threat in the Gulf had ended. Special arrange- ments with the Canadian Ice Central at Halifax facilitated the rapid exchange of pertinent ice information to provide the most widespread service possible to shipping. The Ice Information Officer at Halifax was Capt. Angus Brown, Canadian Department of Transport, and the Officer-in-Charge of Ice Forecasting was Lt. Comdr. W. E. Markham, rcm;. At the beginning of March Newfoundland and Labrador pack ice in its annua] southward drift had encroached on the northern slope of the 2 ( rrand Banks. At that time, although no iceberg threat yet existed, it was deemed expedient to commence the International Ice Patrol and, ac- cordingly, this was done on 5 March. The first icebergs to be reported for the year were by Belle Isle Radio on 2(> February. A more southward advance, however, was indicated when USCGC Humboldt sighted three Large bergs on I .March near Lat. 51°31' X. longitude 48°30' W. Aerial reconnaissance served as the primary means of ice observation throughout March. The statistics for aircraft operations this month and the remainder of the season are presented in a later section. Field ice over the Grand Hanks reached its greatest southward extent for the year during the middle of March when it covered the entire northern slope of the Banks. These conditions are illustrated by figure 10 and represent conditions considered to be about average for the Grand Banks regions. Icebergs made their appearance on the Banks during the last week in March which is a relatively late date for this occurrence. But by the middle of April, however, increasing numbers of bergs arriving and drift- ing south along the eastern slope of the Grand Banks made it apparent that a severe year was at hand. The establishment of a surface patrol at the southern limits of the icebergs was indicated advisable. The USCGC Acushnet was ordered to sea and assumed the duties of Ice Patrol Vessel on 20 April in position 42°06' N. 49°37' W. when that cutter began a northward search along the eastern slope of the Banks. Prevailing fog during this period prohibited aerial observation. Thereafter, a ship patrol was maintained until 14 July. Statistics for patrol vessel operations are presented in a following section dealing with Surface Ice Patrol. The oceanographic program of the international Ice Patrol was com- menced on 4 April when the USCGC Evergreen sailed on the first of four surveys during the season to map the ocean currents affecting berg drift into the North Atlantic Ocean. A detailed discussion of this work is pre- sented in the last section of this Bulletin. The chart of ocean currents produced by each survey is a valuable instrument for the evaluation of iceberg reports and the prediction of berg drifts. The scheduled southward shift of shipping lanes from Track "C" to Track "B" on 1 1 April occurred none too soon. Icebergs were sighted on Track "C" on 13 April and remained until 1 July, the very day it once again became effective. Field ice in the Cabot Strait and Gulf of St. Lawrence broke up during April. Traffic into the Gulf had commenced the beginning of April with the help of Canadian icebreakers and ice advisories by the Halifax Ice Forecasting Central and by the end of the month the main shipping track was free of ice and in full use. This area had recorded a particularly severe and prolonged season. Especially hard hit was the Newfoundland west coast where ice blocked the ports of Stephen ville and Corner Brook until May. Large United States and Canadian icebreakers attempting to convoy supply ships into these ports met with unexpected resistance from heavy ice and often were brought to a standstill. During the period 10-12 May the Grand Banks was swept by a storm of whole gale proportions where northwest winds of Force 11 and greater were reported. On 11 May it was necessary for the Androscoggin, then on patrol duty, to divert and proceed to the assistance of SS Ilia which re- ported serious flooding due to storm damage in position 41°40' N. 48°30' W. That this blow had an extreme effect on ice distribution became ap- parent on 12 May when SS Esso Camden reported a large berg in 41°2o' N. 49° W. This berg was later found to be the same one that 36 hours before was at a position 90 miles north-northwest of where it was found by the Esso Camden whose position was verified by the SS Hillcrest a short time later. By the following day, 13 May, at least four bergs had been sighted in Track "B", which was then in general use, and radar targets indicated the possibility of others. It was recommended by Commander, Inter- national Ice Patrol that shipping tracks be shifted southward to the extra southern Track "A". The North Atlantic Track Agreement Authority concurred and the shift was made effective on 13 May. This marks but the fourth time since the establishment of the International Ice Patrol in 1913 that the use of Track A has been required. On 14 May the Ice Patrol Vessel returned to the scene when the SS Vila had been reballasted and was no longer in need of assistance. The Androscoggin remained with the largest and southernmost of the bergs until 21 May when it melted in position 40°05' N. 48°20' W. During this period it was located directly on Track "A" but air observation had shown this to be the only ice endangering that track. The drift of this berg as well as the overall effects of the 10-12 May storm are described more thoroughly in the May discussion of the monthly ice conditions and on figure 15. From 19-25 May the patrol cutter, now the Acushnet, remained with the last survivor of the 12 May eruption. This was the final berg block- ing Track "B" but it was not until 1 June that every report could be checked and berg drifts evaluated so that Track "B" once again could be recommended for use. This was so done and the track was made effective on 3 June. Field ice remained present over the northern slope of the Grand Banks through April but hampered shipping only to and from Newfoundland and such transatlantic traffic as was incautious enough to attempt the unseasonable great circle course close by Cape Race (Track "F"). By the beginning of May all pack ice had receded northward of latitude 48° X. and at the end of May the Newfoundland coast and Strait of Belle Isle was cleai'. There was, however, a large belt of close pack ice which ex- tended southward from Labrador but well offshore out of visual range of the coastal reporting stations at Belle Isle and the Newfoundland Coast. This tongue of sea ice averaging about 7"> miles broad and protruding southward at times as far as latitude 50°15' X. persisted until the middle of June. This gave rise to confusion among some ships' masters who, anxious to use Canadian Seasonal Track "G" and heeding only that the Strait of Belle Isle was open, set a course on this track only to find that their route was blocked by the offshore ice. Several ships were beset. It is unfortunate that these ships had given so little consideration to the Ice Patrol bulletins which clearly stated that a southward diversion was necessary. By 15 June all field ice was gone from the eastern approaches to the Strait of Belle Isle and that route was in wide use. High numbers of bergs were present on Track "G" from the 1,000-fathom line to the Strait but this is a usual condition which ships using the Strait of Belle Isle must expect . During April and May a high concentration of bergs grounded on the northern slope of the Grand Banks and off the southeast coast of New- foundland. Shipping through this area reported sighting more bergs than have been encountered in recent years. With the opening of the St. Lawrence Seaway in May, the volume of traffic also reached high propor- tions. Many ships continued to use Track "E" until mid-June staying- south of latitude 46° X. In May and June numerous bergs in the Cape Race vicinity drifted westward and several entered Placentia Bay. This is a most unusual oc- currence as bergs are seldom seen west of the 54th meridian. Track B remained free of any ice threat during June. The nearest en- croachment occurred on the loth when a large berg under the guard of the Androscoggin reached position 42° X. 48°30' W. just 30 miles from the eastbound lane before it recurved northeastward under the influence of (he Atlantic Current. The last berg to achieve any significant southward drift melted on 1 July in 43° X. 48°35' W., which was the day that Track "("', passing through this point, became effective. Until 1 1 July the presence of the patrol cutter was required to stand by several bergs drifting between latitudes 45° X. and 44° X. and not too distant from eastbound Track "C". By 14 July no ice existed south of the 46th parallel and the surface patrol was terminated. Icebergs all over the Grand Banks deteriorated rapidly in late June and early July so that by mid-July only a remaining few were grounded in the area east of the Avalon Peninsula of Newfoundland and there were none on the eastern slope of the Banks. Continually warming sea temperatures and receding ice limits assured that no more ice would threaten the major transatlantic shipping lanes in 1959. The services of the International Ice Patrol were terminated for the season on 17 July 1959. Except for damaged hull plating and propellers of ships attempting to work through pack ice to enter Newfoundland ports, the only known casualty due to ice within the Ice Patrol area occurred on the night of 24 May when M/S Lydia Marie, a 150 ton Xewfoundland coastal freighter struck the sloping face of a large growler estimated 100 feet long, 50 feet wide and 20 feet high. The location of the collision was 5 miles southeast of Cape Broyle, Newfoundland, in clear weather and calm sea. The Lydia Marie suffered damage to stem, bow timbers and caulking but kept flooding under control and proceeded to St. John's for repairs. The master reported that the ship's radar, on the 3-mile scale, had detected numerous bergs and growlers during the day but had failed to show the ice with which collision occurred. It was suggested at the time that the short scale use of radar represented a poor choice. A stationary target on a collision bearing with a ship proceeding at 10 knots will be visible on the scope less than 15 minutes. In good weather the radar often goes unob- served for such periods. The tragic loss during the year of the Danish motor vessel Hans Hedtoft with 95 passengers and crew cannot go unobserved. The 2,875 ton cargo- passenger vessel, on its maiden voyage returning from Godthaab, Green- land to Copenhagen, struck an iceberg on 30 January 1959 in position 59°05' N. 43°00' W., 40 miles south-southeast of Cape Farewell, Green- land. This ship was proceeding through regions known to be infested with ice year round and was especially constructed for ice navigation and equipped with the latest in electronic devices; yet rescue planes and ships failed to find any trace of the ship or survivors. The most fitting memorial to the lives lost on the Hans Hedtoft is an increased vigilance against the menace of ice drifting in the sea. SURFACE ICE OBSERVATION AND PATROL Ice conditions in 1959 necessitated a return to the use of patrol vessels which had not been required during the operation of the 1958 Ice Patrol. In fact, since 1950 a surface patrol has been employed only once, in 1957. Cutters assigned by the Commandant, U.S. Coast Guard for 1959 standby Ice Patrol duties in 1959 were the USCGC Androscoggin, Comdr. O. R. Smeder, USCG, and USCGC Acushnet, Comdr. H. A. Lynch, USCG. Comdr. A. A. Heckman, USCG, relieved Commander Lynch as com- manding officer of Acushnet on 8 May. The Acushnet assumed 72-hour standby status at home port, Portland, Maine, on 1 March but continued on its regularly assigned duties. The Androscoggin was placed on 72-hour standby on 1 April and continued its normal duties at Miami Beach, Fla. The necessity for a surface patrol became apparent by the middle of April when large numbers of bergs overran the eastern slope of the Grand Banks and continued their drift toward Track "B". The assignment of Acushnet was requested by Commander, International Ice Patrol on 15 April and that ship departed Portland on the 17th. Acushnet assumed the duties as Ice Patrol Vessel on 20 April when, at position 42°06' N. 49°37' W., it took up the familiar radio call sign NIDK and commenced a search northward up the eastern slope of the Banks. The Androscoggin departed Miami Beach on 28 April and effected relief of Acushnet on 1 May. On that date icebergs lav within 40 miles of west bound lane Track "B" and the need for a continuous patrol was obvious. These two cutters maintained the patrol rotating at 17-day intervals until 7 July. From 7-1 1 July the Oceanographic Vessel USCGC Evergreen, (Lt. Comdr. J. H. Bruce, USCG,) which had completed the fourth and last oceanographic survey, did the final patrol duty. On two brief occasions there was no surface patrol technically present. From 11-13 May the Androscoggin was diverted to an assistance ease described in the previous section. It is ironic to note that during this same period occurred the only sudden eruption of ice into the effective shipping- tracks. Again, from 5-9 June the Androscoggin acted as guardship for the iceberg bombing experiments in the vicinity of the Virgin Bocks. Within the period of surface patrol (20 April 1 1 July) ice existed in the effective transatlantic shipping tracks during a total of 20 days, and for another 10 days ice lay within 30 miles of the track in current use. Thus, over 4-1 per cent of the time which the patrol vessels spent on duty, the major steamer lanes were under active ice menace. These figures apply only to the United States-European tracks. The Canadian routes were under constant threat. It is of equal significance to note that occasions existed, such as from 26 April to i) May, when the southern limits of ice were constantly obscured by fog. Another instance which demonstrates the importance of ship- board observation and patrol is from 10-26 June when only one aircraft observation flight to the southern and most critical area was successful and that only partially so. Fog prevailed over the areas where the patrol vessels operated for 41 per cent of the time. During the 1959 season all ships assigned to the Patrol conducted a series of precise tests and measurements to evaluate accurately the per- formance of radar as a reliable aid in the detection of ice. The results of these studies are presented in a special section of this Bulletin. The usual routine of a cutter during its patrol was to remain with the southernmost or most hazardous ice known during fog and at night. "Safety" messages were broadcast on 500 Kc/s. as advisable and ships observed on radar to be standing into danger were warned by visual, sound or radio means. During daytime periods of good visibility the cutter searched for unknown or un-relocated ice. Scientific studies were conducted whenever possible. It often became necessary for the cutter, on orders from Commander, International Ice Patrol, to abandon one berg and proceed to or search for another reported to be in a more critical location. The combined use of aerial observation, the oceanographic survey and the sea temperature program served to assure that the surface patrol was at the most ad- vantageous position. In addition to its regular patrol cruises each cutter made one short cruise devoted to radar ice detection measurements. The operations of the patrol cutters is summarized by the statistics presented in 'Fable 1. Table 1. — Surface Ice Patrol Statistics for the 1959 Ice Season Patrol dates (actually on station) Vessel on patrol Total days at sea Total miles erased Number of days standing by ice Number of days searching area Percent- age of fog Number of ice warnings and safety messages broadcast 20 April to 4 May 4 May to 20 Mav 19 Mav to 5 June . 9 June to 21 June. __ . 21 June to 7 Julv 7 July to 14 July Acushnet. Androscoggi7t' . Acushnet Androscoggin Acushnet Evergreen... Total for 1959. 23 25 20 24 23 14 1,193 4,166 1,737 2,993 1,458 1,185 8 9 13 14 16 5 7 9 4 4 1 3 47 21 40 56 25 62 108 82 127 83 173 29 123 12,732 64 28 41 1,007 1 Diverted from patrol 11-13 May lor search and rescue mission. AERIAL ICE OBSERVATION As in past years since 1946, aircraft constituted the primary means of ice observation by the 1959 International Ice Patrol. This season the familiar PB1G (B-17), "Flying Fortress," used in previous years, was no longer present. Age and obsolescence had rendered prohibitive the operating and maintenance expenses of these line old aircraft. For this season and to continue in the future, three R5D "Skymaster" aeroplanes were employed for reconnaissance. Such Douglas DC4 air- craft are well known for their excellent operating characteristics. The lack of a bombardier's station in the bow of an R5D, however, made its observational qualities inferior to the B-17, but prior to the I960 season observation "blisters" will be installed in all Ice Patrol planes to remedy this defect. A photograph of one of the new Ice Patrol aircraft in flight is presented as a frontispiece to this Bulletin. During the 1959 season 61 patrol flights were conducted. The planes were operated by the U.S. Coast Guard Air Detachment, Argentia, Newfoundland, Comdr. K. R. Goodwin, USCG, and are stationed permanently at the U.S. Naval Station, Argentia. Between 1 January and the start of the season on 5 March. 13 "pre- season" nights were made to establish the limits of ice in its annual southward drift. Again, from the termination of the Patrol at 17 July and through 8 September, 8 postseason reconnaissance nights guarded against an undetected encroachment. Ice observation nights range between 1,000 and 1,300 miles in total distance. They are usually planned in a series of parallel legs spaced 20 30 miles apart commensurate with visibility conditions to thoroughly search the intended area. Flight altitude is 1,000 ft. but it often becomes necessary to descend to near wave-top level in order lo retain surface visibility or identify radar targets as ship or berg. Flying far offshore at such low altitudes is whv mult iengine aircraft are utilized. Navigation is 8 emphasized on all flights and "fixes" are made every 5 minutes in the ice area by use of the plane's two Loran receiving sets. Ice observation officers from the staff of Commander, International Ice Patrol accompany all flights. Monthly flight data for the season are given in Table 2. Table 2. — Aerial Ice Observation Statistics for the 1959 Ice Season Number Number Maximum Number of days davs Average number Month of on which good visual days Miles Hours nights nights observing effect- between flown flown made weather1 iveness'2 flights Percent March (5-31) 0 9 14 66 3 10,218 66.5 April.. . _ _ ... 14 14 20 54 5 25,663 103.2 IS 14 6 Hi 13 5 is 12 9 57 58 63 3 4 5 19.304 16,485 7,135 122.8 106.0 Julv (1-17) 46.9 Total 61 57 73 59.5 5 68,587 446.0 1 Days on which possible to search visually at least 50(.)7 Number of vessels furnishing sea surface temperatures. _ 676 Number of requests for special ice information 20(1 Total number of vessels worked (not including relays i 786 The percentage distribution of reporting vessels by nationality was as follows: .Nationality Percent of Total Nationality Percent of Total 26 17 12 9 7 5 5 Italv .- 3 United States _ 0 ) •> 9 0 li 10 ICE CONDITIONS 1959 JANUARY The beginning of the year found the Newfoundland area in the grip of a severe winter. Since the middle of December the Gulf and River St. Lawrence had been ice bound. On 27 December an aircraft had reported the Strait of Belle Isle blocked with heavy pack ice. By L5 January heavy sea ice extended northward along the Newfound- land and Labrador coasts from latitude 51° N. and eastward to Longitude 53°40' W. On lb January fields of loose ice were reported drifting seaward in Cabot Strait reaching as far out as 4b° N. 57° W. Throughout the month patches of block and brash ice hampered coast- wise shipping along Newfoundland. This was all local ice due to the extremely cold winter and was not of the Arctic pack. No icebergs were reported south of latitude 54° N. during the month. FEBRUARY The month of February was marked by extremely heavy local pack ice conditions along the Newfoundland coast. By the end of the first week a heavy ice field extended eastward from the Newfoundland coast along the 48th Parallel to longitude 50° W. thence turning north-northwestward. Small fields and patches of loose pack ice existed all around the Avalon Peninsula of Newfoundland. For the first time in many years shipping was hampered in Placentia Bay, normally an ice-free access to Newfoundland. Prevailing westerly winds prevented a blockade of ice to the approaches to St. John's harbor and shipping was able to proceed into the harbor throughout the month. Several cases of hull and propeller damage were reported mostly in the off lying patches and fields driven eastward by the wind. Throughout the latter half of February the boundary of the heavy pack ice remained very nearly the same as the first week, the only sig- nificant change being a southeastward extrusion during the last week to about latitude 47°50' N. longitude 48°40' W. evidencing a transport by the Labrador Current. Fields of loose sea ice persisted around the coast of the Avalon Penin- sula through the end of the month, diminishing somewhat, however, the latter half. The greatest southward penetration occurred on 17 February when a field of ice of nine-tenths ice cover of the sea surface extended from Cape Race southward to latitude 46°15/ N. Ice in the Cabot Strait and the Gulf of St. Lawrence became heavier as the month wore on. No clearly established seaward limits can be stated as the ice consisted chiefly of rapidly shifting patches and small fields of block and brash. However, no ice was reported during the month south of latitude 44°50' N. or east of longitude 57° W. The center of the Strait was probably navigable throughout the month, but all harbors and bays i 11 within the Gulf were tightly closed and often huge Canadian and United States icebreakers were brought to a standstill. The first of the Arctic ice was reported on 2(> February by Belle Isle Radio which stated that 8 miles to the north had been sighted "... the edge of the Arctic ice pack with many icebergs in pack." Except for vessels attempting to use Canadian Steamship Track "F" (via Cape Race) and Newfoundland shipping there was no ice threat to any transatlantic shipping lanes in February. MARCH March witnessed the peak of the Cabot Strait and Grand Banks field ice and the beginning of the iceberg menace to the shipping tracks. During the first 2 weeks, the sea ice off eastern Newfoundland resembled a huge boot with the heel at St. John's and the toe pointing eastward to longitude 47°30' W. and the leg extending northward between longitude 50° W. and the Newfoundland coast. All the ice south of latitude 50° N. was non-Arctic in origin. Ice to the east of the Avalon Peninsula eased somewhat the first week of March. However, during the second week and under the influence of strong northerly winds sea ice again was carried southward past Cape Race and reached its greatest extent of the year on 14 March when it protruded southward from Cape Race and Cape Pine to about latitude 46° N. This ice quickly deteriorated so that by 21 March no more was reported south of Cape Race. By the 24th of the month the coast of the Avalon Peninsula was free south of Cape St. Francis and remained so. To the eastward, over the northern slope of the Grand Banks, field ice persisted changing little during the second half of March. Throughout this period it extended from the Newfoundland coast north of latitutde 48° N. outward along the 100-fathom isobath to about longitude 47° W. (see figure 10). The peak of the field ice over the Grand Banks for the year was reached between 15-22 March and represented about average conditions. The Gulf of St. Lawrence, on the other hand, was experiencing an ex- ceptionally heavy season. During the first week in March, Cabot Strait was bridged with ice and the seaward limits became definite and re- mained throughout the month at approximately a line extending from Cape Ray, Newfoundland, to St. Pierre to about 45° N. 58° W. thence recurving northward to Cape Breton Island. The greatest southward drift of the year was reported on 5 March when the ice edge was sighted near Sable Island, and the farthest east were patches and strings of loose ice at 46° N. o4°40' W. on 27 28 March. By the end of the month, though, the seaward limits were receding and the western reaches of the Gulf be- tween Cape Gaspe and Anticosti Island were reported open. But the "ice bridge" between Cape Breton Island and Cape Ray caused by the piling up of the huge amount of outward drifting ice remained fast. IIow- 12 ever, at the month's end, in the attempt to open the passage to Montreal several ships were working through the Strait and the Canadian Depart- ment of Transport had commenced icebreaker service and the Ice Central at Halifax, Nova Scotia, was providing ice forecasting bulletins. The first icebergs to approach the Grand Banks area were sighted by the U.S. Coast Guard Cutter Humboldt en route to Ocean Station Bravo from Boston, Massachusetts. Five large bergs were reported between latitudes 51o30' N. and 53° X. at about longitude 48°40' W. These bergs were considerably offshore, free of the pack ice and not the same bergs reported by Belle Isle Radio on 26 February. The fact that they were not in the pack accounts for their first arrival. Prevailing westerly winds throughout February had placed them eastward of the axis of the Labra- dor Current where they experienced a continued eastward drift. This group of few bergs, perhaps numbering less than ten, was not followed by any replacements and by the middle of March all had melted in the general area of 50° X. and 46° W. Thereafter bergs were from inside the pack and in their southward approach to latitude 50° XT. were rarely east of the 50th meridian. Prevailing westerly winds, nevertheless, had carried the ice edge and accompanying main body of icebergs a greater than usual distance off- shore. By 8-9 March the van of the berg movement was at about 50° X. 50° W. Large concentrations of bergs were still being reported at Belle Isle but, as yet, almost none had been sighted along the Newfoundland coast. The first bergs to drift across the 48th parallel did so on about 24 March. At this time there was a well defined limit of iceberg positions which resembled a sharp wedge pointing southeastward and bounded by a line from Belle Isle to 48° X. 48°30' W. to 53° X. 51° W. Within this wedge were several hundred large icebergs and almost none without. At the month's end this wedge was still in evidence but with bergs drifting from the apex. Several continued to the southeast and east but most curved southward and followed just seaward of the 100-fathom isobath which corresponded to the axis of the Labrador Current (see tig. 44). Ice reported during March is shown on figure 10 and the drift of several bergs in March is plotted on figure 15. The southernmost berg to be re- ported in March was by the SS Statensingel (Xeth.) on 31 March at 40°5()' X. 47°15' W. Altogether it is estimated that 14 icebergs drifted south across latitude 48° X. during the month. APRIL At the beginning of April sea ice over the Grand Banks was bounded by a line from 48° X. 53° W. to 47°20' X. 47°30' W. to about 52° X. 52°30' W. South of latitude 49° N. the ice was in fields, patches and strings of small floes and blocks of concentrations varying between one-tenth and five-tenths ice cover of the sea surface. North of latitude 49° X. the 13 concentrations became heavier. At no time during the remainder of the month or year did pack ice penetrate any farther south than at this time. Through the first week in April, a rapid recession of the ice limits gave the impression of an abrupt and early ending. The boundary on 9 April lay roughly along latitude 50° X. between longitude 54° W. and 50° W. It seems, however, that most of the ice previously to the south had been chiefly non-Arctic winter and bay ice and that this new boundary was the southern extremity of older, heavy Arctic ice which each year makes its annual visitation into these waters. The boundary was again on 11 April found to be moving southward and this trend continued until the 23d of April when it reached its southernmost advance at the 48th parallel be- tween longitude 52° W. and 48° W. (see fig. 11). During the last week in April destruction of the field ice due to spring warming was in evidence (note the 32° isotherm on figs. 3-5) and the pack edge showed positive signs of retreating. At the month's end the ice boundary extended no farther offshore than longitude 50° W. and all sea ice south of latitude 50° X. was in rapid deterioration. Ice conditions during the first week in April remained severe in Cabot Strait and the eastern Gulf of St. Lawrence. Ten-tenths ice cover con- tinued from Cape Xorth, Xova Scotia, across to Cape Ray, Xewfound- land. The seaward limit extended to about a line from 45° N. 58°30' W. to St. Pierre. In the Gulf of St. Lawrence there was open water west of the Magdalen Islands and Bird Rocks which was tempting bait for ships to try a passage through Cabot Strait. Traffic commenced and successful passages were made with the help of routing instructions by the Ice Forecasting Central at Halifax and Canadian icebreakers. By the middle of April conditions had eased considerably in Cabot Strait and lanes of open water were appearing through the Strait. Heavy ice persisted, however, between Cape Ray, Newfoundland, and the Magdalen Islands and shipping was routed close to Cape St. Lawrence, Xova Scotia, and to south and west of the Magdalens until about 20 April. At that time the seaward ice limits had shrunk to a line from Cape Breton to Cape Ray and consisted of loose strings and patches of rapidly rotting winter ice. Open water lay west of a line from St. Paul Island to Bird Rocks and the normal steamer track was in almost full use. How- ever, the west coast of Newfoundland including the ports of Stephen ville and Corner Brook remained icebound. ( )n 24 April only a small patch of loose ice remained in the Cape Breton area. Cabot Strait and the main body of the Gulf were ice free after a notably heavy season. Ice continued to block St. Georges Bay, Xewfound- land, and the northeast arm of the Gulf of St. Lawrence throughout April. During the first week in April, the several icebergs which led the move- ment southward along the eastern slope of the Grand Banks appeared to have been an isolated group and the main body of bergs was still within the field ice limits north of 49° Latitude. This advance group melted mostly within the area between 45°-46° N. latitude with the southern- 14 most survivors being last reported on 12 April by the SS Media (Brit.) at 44°07' X. 48°39' W. No more bergs reappeared this far south until 20 April although a growler was reported on 19 April near 42°20' X. 49°18' W. by M/S Alstern (Swed.) and SS Assyria (Brit.) but which could not be relocated the following day by an Ice Patrol search plane. The period 1-15 April witnessed another group of bergs, also early ar- rivals, which drifted to the eastward between latitude 47°30' X. and 49° X. (see fig. 11). Some of the drifts are plotted on figure 15 and are noteworthy in that they often exceeded 30 miles per day, unusual for this region. The location, however, is a commonly observed feature during the early part of the iceberg season. A possible exception is a rapidly melting large growler sighted by SS Beavercove (Brit.) 14 April at position 48° X. 42°18' W. This position is farther to the east than any piece of glacial ice has been sighted in this latitude in over 27 years. Xo more bergs this season north of Flemish Cap followed a path to the eastward. Aerial Ice Reconnaissance on 9 April showed the main body of bergs was just reaching latitude 49° X. and still concentrated well offshore. One lone, large berg was sighted this day near Cape Freels, Xewfoundland, at 49°20' X. 52°55' W. Except perhaps for the Strait of Belle Isle region, this was the first berg to arrive at the Xewfoundland coast. It was, how- ever, to be followed by almost record numbers more. By 20 April the pattern for the year was clear. Large numbers of bergs had crossed the 48th Parallel and was drifting southward along the eastern slope of the Grand Banks with the leaders at about latitude 44° X. North of 49° latitude large concentrations of bergs were arriving at and coming south along the east coast of Xewfoundland. On this date a surface Ice Patrol was established at the southernmost iceberg limits and was maintained throughout the remainder of the season. The arrival of the berg multitude over the Grand Banks corresponded closely with the advance of the Arctic sea ice pack described in the second paragraph of the discussion for this month. The last week found a relatively stable condition over the southeastern slope of the Banks. Bergs carried south- ward in the cold and narrow stream of the Labrador Current would either escape to the east between latitude 46° X. and 43° X. and be carried northward again to a quick destruction by the warm waters of the Atlantic Current, or else those surviving a drift to the Tail-of-t he-Bank would dissipate in a mixed water eddy centered at about 43° X. 48°40' W. (see figs. 15 and 44). Other bergs had penetrated and grounded over most of the northeastern half of the Grand Banks but with none en- croaching beyond a line betwreen Cape Race and the Tail-of-t he-Bank. Along the Xewfoundland east coast, however, conditions were far from steady. Greater numbers of bergs were appearing daily hazarding coast- wise and St. John's shipping. Approximately 266 bergs drifted across the 48th parallel during April. This is the fifth highest on record since 1900 and the greatest since 1932. The average figure is 95. 15 MAY East of Newfoundland a rapid recession of pack ice occurred during the first week in May so that by the 8th only rotting patches remained south of latitude 49° N. and this was restricted to Trinity and Bonavista Bays. Moderate to heavy field ice remained north of Cape Freels but extended no further east than longitude 54° W. except for a belt of heavy pack protruding eastward along the 50th parallel as far as longitude 51°40' W. This easterly belt appears to be common feature to this region especially during the period when the ice limit is retreating. Reference can be made to figures 5-8 in Bulletin Xo. 44 of this series (1958 season) where a similar pattern is presented. It is doubtless related to an eastward diversion of the inshore portion of the Labrador Current at the shelf around the Cape Freels-Funk Island-Fogo Island region. Ice in the northeast arm of the Gulf of St. Lawrence also receded rapidly during the first week in May. By the 9th all Newfoundland west coast ports south of latitude 50° N. were open, and by the 20th the entire Gulf and western approaches to the Strait of Belle Isle was clear. On 20 May aerial observation showed that field ice south of Belle Isle along the east coast had shrunk into a coastal zone lying north of latitude 50° N. and west of longitude 55° W. Northward of Belle Isle the pack remained heavy, its boundary extending approximately northeast from Belle Isle to as far seaward as longitude 52° W. A severe cyclonic storm 22-25 May brought strong northerly winds which backed to the west. The result of this storm was that the ice in the Notre Dame and White Bays of Newfoundland was driven seaward and again drifted southeasterly past Cape Freels and reached its greatest extent about 28 May at position 49° N. 52°40' W. Greater consequence of the blow, however, was a sudden southward movement of held ice off the Labrador Coast from about latitude 52°30' N. on 22 May to 51° N. on 28 May. The Strait of Belle Isle, Newfoundland and southern Labra- dor coasts had been cleared of ice at the month's end, but large field lay offshore out of sight of the coastal stations whose reports were conveying ice free impressions. Iceberg drifts the first week in May remained much as they had been in the latter part of April. The northern slope of the Banks continued to fill up with bergs and at the week's end many were reported to be round- ing Cape Race and drifting to the westward. About a dozen bergs drifted south of the 43d parallel during this week and for the most part remained in the vicinity of the Tail-of-the-Bank. At least three rounded the Bank and commenced a westward drift on the opposite slope. Such a drift is relatively common and in some years the majority of bergs arriving at the southern extremity have recurved to the westward. But these few were the only such occurrences in L959 and all other bergs reaching the southeastern slope this season drifted to the eastward. 16 From 7-10 May one exceptionally large berg, about 275 feet high and 1,000 feet long, was observed to be grounded in position 42°50' N. 50° W. at a depth of 90 fathoms. The inactivity of several other large bergs nearby strongly suggests that they too may have been grounded. During the period 10-12 May an intense cyclonic storm swept the ( band Banks with northwesterly winds of Force 11 and greater. This disturbance had a profound effect upon the iceberg distribution over the southern portion of the Grand Banks. The Ice Patrol Cutter standing guard at the southern limits of the ice near 42°40' N. 50° W. was diverted on a rescue mission from 10-13 May. On 12 May a large iceberg, subsequently identi- fied as the previously described grounded one, was reported by SS Esso Camden (Pan.) and SS Hillcrest (Brit.) to be near 41°25' N. 49° W. This location was 90 miles south-southeast of its position on 10 May and represents a minimum drift of 60 miles per day. The following day, 13 May, an Ice Patrol aircraft relocated this berg at 59 miles farther SSE in 40°40' X. 48°10' W. The Ice Patrol Cutter returned from its assistance mission that day and remained with this berg through its life span to where it melted at position 40°05' N. 48°20' W. on 21 May. This remark- able drift is shown on figure 15 and is noteworthy for two reasons: first, it represents the southernmost penetration of ice during 1959 and second, it is only the berg during the year drifting southeastward which failed to recurve to the northward with the Atlantic Current. This Latter occur- rence is perhaps due to the berg's being driven through and across a northern branch of the Atlantic Current and into slower moving water. Previous oceanographic sections extending far southward made by the Ice Patrol oceanographic vessel such as the IGY section 23 May-5 June 1958 (fig. 21 of Bulletin Xo. 44 of this series) have indicated that the Atlantic Current may exist in two branches with a sluggish zone between. The last described berg drift was not the only extraordinary effect of the 10-13 May storm. Two other bergs were sighted 13 May near 40°40' X. 48°10/ W. and a third in position 41°45' X. 48°15' W. A lone berg was found to the west on 12 May by SS Neptune (Lit).) in 41°53' X. 52°14' W. and again on 13 May by SS Tarakan (Xeth.) in 42°20' X. 52°20' W. Last located by Ice Patrol aircraft the next day in position 42° X. 52° W. it had recurved to the east and was well under the destructive influence of the Atlantic Current. The drift of this berg is also plotted on figure 15. Prior to the storm, on 9 May, bergs over the Grand Banks had en- croached to about a line from Cape Pine, Xewfoundlancl, to 44° N. 50° YV. but on 14 May this line now approximated the 100-fathom contour of the southwestern slope. This represents an average advance of about 65 miles over the entire Grand Banks. A good estimate of the change wrought can be had by contrasting the April and May Ice Charts, figures 1 1 and 12. The difference in the southern and southwestern iceberg limits was brought about principally by this tempest. By 20 May, however, most of the effects of the extreme drifts had dis- appeared except for the large berg sighted 13 May in 41°45' X. 48°15' W. 17 and relocated 1!) May by SS Bellatrix (Ital.) near 41°42' N. 47°13' W. This berg drifted northward and melted on 24 May near position 44°20' N. 4(>°45' W. (see fig. 15). The wind had swept the southeastern slope clear and it was not until the 22d that bergs, newly arriving, once again crossed the 45th parallel. Icebergs persisted across the western slope of the Banks through 25 May and by then a more normal pattern had reestablished itself. At that time the northern slope was rather well populated from Cape Pine east- ward and bergs extended southward along the eastern slope as far as latitude 43° X. Only a handfull was sprinkled over the remainder of the Hanks. Interesting among these were two bergs sighted near St. Pierre on 2") May by SS Cleopatra (Ger.). To give some indication of the hordes of icebergs now arriving at the Newfoundland coast, 200 bergs were sighted within a 10-mile radius of Cape Bonavista and more bergs were sighted in Trinity and Conception Bays than at any time in the recollection of many local residents. The month's end found the southernmost berg at 42°50' X. 48'40' W. although a report of a berg and growler on 30 May in position 41°15' X. 47°0i)' W. by SS Rhenania stayed unconfirmed after an air and ship search on 31 May-1 June. Several bergs remained grounded in the area near 45°45' X. 54° W. but most lay east of longitude 54°30' W. and north of lat. 46° N. During May a total of about 180 bergs drifted south of latitude 48° N. and of these 22 crossed the 43d parallel. JUNE The first week in June marked the (Mid of the field ice south of latitude 50° X. and in Xewfoundland coastal waters. A small field of rotting brash ice sighted 3 June between Cape Bonavista and Cape Freels was gone by the 5th. As previously stated, however, a large belt of pack ice extended southward from off Labrador to about latitude 51°30' X". These fields of 4-7 tenths ice cover were well offshore and out of visual range of coastal reporting stations in northern Xewfoundland and along the Strait of Belle Isle which remained henceforth ice free. This ice actually advanced through the 13th of the month when, at its southernmost extent, it re- sembled a southward pointing spike averaging 75 miles in width and the extremity at 50°15' XT. 50° W. The inshore edge lay about 30 miles east of Belle Isle. Active deterioration had reduced the concentration but shipping which by now was attempting to use the Strait of Belle Isle was sorely hampered until around 20 June when on that date sea ice was no longer a factor for consideration by transatlantic shipping. Icebergs during June drifting southward along the eastern slope of the Grand Banks achieved a near steady state pattern of conditions and would invariably recurve to the northeast between latitudes 46° X. and 43° X. The southernmost occurrence was on 15 June in position 42°05' X. 18 48°25' W. And the only significant drift was evidenced on 22 June when USS Camp (USN) reported a berg at 44° N. 43°36' W. A radar target on the 24th reported by the SS Gripsholm (Swed.) in position 44°03' N. 42°56' \V. possibly marked the last of this rare survivor the eastward drift of which has been seldom duplicated. Both of the aforementioned drifts described in this paragraph are shown by figure 15. Throughout June bergs achieved interesting drifts in the western reaches of the Ice Patrol area. During the first 3 weeks many bergs worked west- ward between Cape Race and latitude 46° N. The majority of these would ground and be destroyed on the shoals south of the Avalon Peninsula. However, several continued the journey reaching almost to the 56th meridian and others entered Placentia Bay where they would always curve northward toward the head of the bay (see fig. 15). From the 20th of June and continuing into the first week in July, bergs were constantly visible from the Headquarters of the Ice Patrol at the U.S. Naval Station a1 Argentia on the shore of Placentia Bay. This was the first time within the memory of many local inhabitants that such an event had occurred. The latter part of June saw a relaxation in the numbers of bergs arriv- ing at the Grand Banks and the rate of deterioration became greatly in- creased. By the end of June only three bergs remained in the Cape Race area whereas at the beginning the figure was nearer to a hundred. Except for grounded bergs along the Newfoundland coast, there existed but about 20 icebergs south of latitude 48° N. over the entire Grand Banks regions. Most of these were to the eastward in the main branch of the Labrador Currenl . A great number of bergs estimated at 180 drifted southward across the 48th parallel in June. Most of these were close inshore and grounded along the northern slope of the Grand Banks and the Newfoundland coast. The arrivals occurred mostly in the early part of June and represent quite properly a southward transport during May. This for June, however, is the third highest since 1900 and contrasts with the average figure of 08. JULY The southernmost ice for July melted on the first day of the month in position 42°53' N. 48°08' W. This berg had been drifting in an eddy just to the east of the Tail-of-the-Bank and is shown on figure 15. All other bergs present on the southeastern slope at the beginning of the mouth worked their way east out of the Labrador Current between latitudes 45° N. and 44° N. and melted without achieving any significant drift. By the middle of the month only three bergs were known to be in the main branch of the Labrador Crurent south of latitude 48° N. Of these only one attained a drift southward along the eastern slope and was last reported by an aircraft on 22 July in 45°32' N. 48°07' W. No other bergs were reported in the eastern part of the Grand Banks below latitude 48° X. subsequently this month. 19 The disintegration of bergs over the northern slope of the Banks and in Newfoundland waters markedly accelerated in July even though a small number continued to arrive from the north during the first three weeks. At the middle of the month most of the known bergs were west of longitude 51° \V. and warming sea temperatures assured their quick destruction. By the end of the month only two bergs were reported to be south of latitude 48° X. Both of these were grounded in positions 46°45' X. 52°45' \Y. and 47°27' X. 51°50' W. and remained near these locations until melting early in August. Ships using transatlantic Track "(1" through the Strait of Belle Isle reported high numbers of bergs throughout the month on this track all the way from the Strait to the 1,000-fathom isobath. The easternmost of these were bergs reported 15 July in position 52° X". 48°30/ W. by SS Bertha Entz and 21 July in 52°25' X. -)0°14' W. by SS Asia (Brit.). At the month's end, however, an abatement in the number of bergs being re- ported in this area was noticeable. Ice reports received during July are shown on figure 14. Forty three new bergs drifted south of 48° X. latitude during the month and none reached as far as the 43rd parallel. AUGUST Xo icebergs were reported south of latitude 48° X. during August except the previously described grounded bergs near the Avalon Peninsula. These bergs melted by the middle of August. Several bergs were reported 4-(i August and again on 25 August in the general area of 49°30' X. 50° W. All reports indicated that these bergs were drifting more eastward in their southward approach. Bergs continued to be reported in the approaches to the Strait of Belle Isle in greater numbers and farther offshore than is common for August. The easternmost sighting was by the SS Flying Spray (U. S.) on 13 August which reported two bergs near 52°15' X. 49°50' W. on 13 August. The SS Skogholm (Swed.) reported several large bergs in the same general area on 31 August . SEPTEMBER No bergs were sighted south of latitude 50° N. during the month. Reports continued from ships using the Strait of Belle Isle, and the num- ber of bergs throughout this area still appeared to be greater than normal. Bergs were sighted from within the Strait out to position 52°15' N. 50°15' \Y. where M Y Portvindex reported a large berg on 22 September. OCTOBER Increased berg activity made October an unusual month. A small berg was reported by aircraft on 3 October in 1S°3!' X. 51°10' W. along with 20 several others about 60 miles to the north. From 24-30 October more bergs were making an appearance in this area and the southernmost was reported by SS Manchester Prospector (Brit.) on 30 October in 48°26' X. 48°30' W. The indicated eastward movemenl of these icebergs makes it unlikely that any crossed south of the 48th parallel. Drifts to the eastward were apparent when a berg was reported at 51°19' N. 48°03' W. on 9 October and another on 11 October at 50°01' X. 48°01' W. It is most unusual to note that there was no cessation of berg reports from the approaches to the Strait of Belle Isle as is usually expected during this season of the year. NOVEMBER November continued to be similar to October in berg distribution and reports. Two large bergs sighted on the 5th at 48°16' X. 48°06' W. by SS Parthia (Brit.) had been reduced to one medium berg when relocated by aii-craft on the 10th at 48°0(V X. 47°27' W. It seems certain that this berg drifted south of latitude 48° X. but not far beyond. A similar occurrence was repeated when a berg reported on 13 Xovem- ber at 48°18' X. 49°54' W. was again reported the 16th by the Parthia at 48°08' X. 48°36' W. This berg too must be presumed to have reached a position south of the 48th parallel before melting. By the end of November the number of bergs reported in the Belle Isle area had abated to a more seasonable normal. The two bergs drifting south of 48° latitude this month constitute a most unusual occurrence. DECEMBER 4' rends established in November continued in December as two bergs were sighted in the Labrador Current 22-26 December. On 27 December a U.S. Naval aircraft reported a berg near 46°42' N. 48°05' W. but a search plane the following day failed to locate it. It is entirely possible that this berg could have been the same as a large berg last reported 22 December at 48°43' X. 49°20' W. by SS Vretaholm (Swed.). Such drifts averaging 24 miles per day are quite common during the ice season. A berg having a similar direction of drift was reported on 25 December by SS Silver Hand (Brit.) in 49°21' X. 49°15' W. and again the next day by SS Largarfoss (Ice.) in new position 49°00' X. 49°04' W. In view of this drift and other activity the southerly report of 27 December cannot be discredited entirely. Another unusual report was on 29 December when M/S Minnesota (Swed.) sighted a berg and growler close by Cape Race. This is all the more interesting since its drift by necessity took it through a dense Newfoundland coastwise shipping area and past the port of St. John's before it was reported. 21 Continuing into the first week in January the berg near Cape Race on 29 December was relocated on 3 January at 45°50' N. 52°35' W. Two bergs also were sighted that day at 45°30' X. 49°15' W. and 45°45' N. 48° \Y . These reports make it probable that at least three bergs arrived south of latitude 48° X. in December. Such berg activity this month is most unusual but seems related to the abnormal occurrence of icebergs off northern Newfoundland in October and November. ICEBERG DRIFTS 1959 On Figure 15 are plotted 2!) selected drift tracks of icebergs observed during the ice season. These drifts were chosen as neither the largest bergs nor the most extreme drifts, but because conditions permitted the posit ive identification from one sighting to the next. From several reports re- ceived of the same berg during a day the one thought most reliable or the mean position was used. UNUSUAL ICE SIGHTINGS 1959 Though the International Ice Patrol area of operations is limited to the vicinity of the Grand Banks of Newfoundland, it maintains an interest in ice information and sightings the world over. Mariners and other inter- ested agencies are invited to communicate with Commander, Internationl Ice Patrol in a discussion of sea ice and iceberg conditions. The following table presents a listing of unusual ice sightings in the North Atlantic Ocean received by the Ice Patrol during 1959. By "un- usual" is meant ice reported to be outside the commonly accepted extreme limits appearing in the United States Navy Hydrographic Office Ice Atlas of the Northern Hemisphere and on pilot charts. Date Ship North latitude West longitude Description 14 April 48° 42°20'N. 40°05'N. 44°00'N. 44°03'N. 57°09'N. .57 :u'.\. 5s (I.TN. 57°47'N. .is UN. ')S _W 55°45'N. 56°30'N. 56°30'N. 12 is W. 52°20'YV. 48°20'W. 43°36'W. 42-56'W. 36°33'W. 42°36'W. 24°20'W. 3S°51'W. 38 WW. 37'36'W. 42°05'W. 51°03'W. 50' I8'W. Large growler. Large berg. Small berg. Berg. Radar target probable berg (same berg reported 22 June). Berg. Berg. Large ice field. Berg & growler. Two large bergs. Very large berg. Berg. Growler. Berg. 13 May SS Tarakan 21 May (Ice Patrol cutter) 24 June as 13 Nov 1 1 Nov I 1 Dec 15 Dee Do. Do. M V Disco.. .. __.. SS Mormacrio do ..do... 28 Dec M V Badi n 31 Dec Do. USCG Catco OSV Bravo) do ICEBERG DEMOLITION EXPERIMENTS 1959 The 1959 season marked a renewed activity by the International Ice Patrol toward a means of artificially inducing or accelerating the de- struction of an iceberg through disintegration or melting. Since its be- 22 59° 58° 57° 56° 55° 54" 53" 52° 51 50° 49° 48° 47° 46° 45° 44° 43° 53° 52° 51° 50° 49° Figure 1.— Surface isotherms for the period 5-15 March 1959. ( 29 ber 48° sou mo! off 0 dur nor idei ceiv mea vicii ice i estet Ice T] Nor; usua limit At la Da 14 Apri 13 May 21 May 22 June 21 June 13 Nov 1 1 Nov 14 Dec 15 De.- Do. Do 28 Dec 31 Dec Do. Tl, Patr< st rue 59° 58° 57° 56° 55° 54° 53° 52° 51° 50° 49° 48° 47° 46° 45° 44° 43° 29 hoi 48' SOI mo off ( dui nor ide: ceh mei r[ vici ice este lee Noi USU! limi Ath 14 A] ii 13 Ma 21 Ma 22 Jun 24 Jun 13 Noi 14 No\ 1 1 Dei 15 Dei D. D. 25 Dec 31 Dec D< T] Pati strw 52° 51° 50° Figure 3.— Surface isotherms for the period 1-15 April 1959. 29 be] 48' soi mc off ( dm HOI ide cer nip; rl vici ice est( Ice 1 Noi usu, limi Ath 14 A pi 13 Ma 21 Ma 22 Jun 21 Jun 13 No' ] I No' It Dec 15 Dei I) I) 28 Dei :il Dpi D Pat: stru 59° 58° 57" 56° 55° 54° 53° 52°_^^^! 50° 49° 48° 47° 46° 45° 44° 43° <* 39' Figure 4.— Surface isotherms for the period 16-30 April 1959. 29 bei is SOI mc off I dui llol ide ce'v me: rJ vie ice est< Ice rJ No usu lim At! U A| 13 M: 21 Mi 22 .lu .'I Ju 13 N( 1 1 Ni I ) 1). 15 Dt I I 28 I). 31 I). Pal Si n 59° 58° 57° 56° 55° 54° 53° 52° 51° Figure 5.— Surface isotherms for the period 1-15 May 1959 50° ' 49° 48° 47° 46° 45° 44° 43° 29 bei 48' SOI mc off ( dui DOI ide cer me. rJ vie ice est< Ice 1 No usu lim All 14 Ai 13 M 21 M 22 Ju 21 Ju 13 N( 11 N« U Di 15 U< I I 28 1). 31 I). 1 rl Pat st n 59° 58° 57" 56" 55 53° 52° 51" 50° 49° 48° 47° 46° 45° 44° 43° 59° 58° 57° 56° 55° 54° 53" 52° 51 50° 49° 48° 47° 46° 45° 44° 43° Figure 6.— Surface isotherms for the period 16-31 May 1959. 29 bei 48' SOI m< off ( dui noi ide cei me vie ice est i Ice 1 No usu lim All 14 A] 13 M 21 M 22 Ju 24 J u 13 Ni II Ni 1 1 U. 15 D( I I 28 D( 31 Di 1 rl Pa1 stri 59' 58° 57° 56° 55" 54° 53° 52° 51° 50° 49° 48° 47° 46° 45° 44° 431 54° 53° 52° 51" 50° 49° 48° Figure 7 —Surface isotherms for the period 1-15 June 1959. 29 bei is SOI mc off ( dui noi ide cer me vie ice est< Ice rJ No usu li in All 14 A| 13 M 21 M 22 .In 24 .hi 13 N< 11 N( 14 D, 15 1). I I 28 D( ;;i I), Pal sin 50° 49° 48° 47° 46° 45° 44° 43° 59° 58° 57 53° 52° 51° 50° 49° 48° 47° 46° 45° 44° 43° Figure 8.— Surfacr isotherms for the period 16-30 June 1959. 29 be] is SOI mc off ( dui 1101 ide cer me; VIC ice estt Ice r| No usu lim Atl 1 t A| 13 M 21 M _'-'.lu 24 Ju 13 Ni n M« 14 Dc 15 Di I I 28 D( 31 Di 1 Pal si n N 41 29 bei is SOI mo off ( dui noi ide cer me vie ice est< Ice r] No USVl lim All 14 Ai 13 M 21 M 22 Ju 24 Ju 13 N< II N. 14 D< 15 U< I I 28 Dt 31 Di I Pal sin 59° 58° 57" 56° 55° 54° 53° 52° 51° 50" 49° 48" 47° 46° 45° ' 44° 43" 56° 55° 54° 53° 52° 51° 50° 49° 48° 47° 46° Figure 10. — Ice conditions, March 1959. Figures indicate day of month ice was sighted or reported. 1. i: s< 11 (»t di IK id cc in VI ic( es Ic X( us Hi. At 14 A 13 N 21 N 22 .1 24 J 13 N 11 N 14 D 15 I 28 I) 31 I) Pa str 56° 55° 54° 53' 52° 51° 50° 49° 48° 47° " 46° 45° 44° 43° Figure 11. — Ice conditions, April 1959. Figures indicate day of month ice was sighted or reported. V ic [( X Mi \h A it 13 21 22. 24. 13 n ii 15 28 I 31 I Pi Stl 59° 58° 57° 56° 55° 54° 53° 52° 51° 50° 49° 48° 47° 46° 45° 44 59° 58° 57° 56° 55° 54° 53° 52' 51° 50° 49° 48° 47° 46° 45° 44° Figure 12. — Ice conditions, May 1959. Figures indicate day of month ice was sighted or reported. V ic ei [( N UJ lii A 11 13 21 22. 24. 13 II 14 15 Ps Sll 59° 58° 57° 56° 55° 54° 53° 52 50° 49° 48° 47° 46° 45° 44° 43° , Figure 13.— Ice conditions, June 1959. Figures indicate day of month ice was sighted or reported. V ic es [< N us lii A 28 I II I Pi Stl 59° 58° 57° 56° 55° 54° 53° 52° 51° 5 0° 4 9° 4 8° 4 7° 46° 45° 44° 43° 49" 48° 47° rj i _^- GENERAL CHART CE PATROL AREA GRAND BANKS NEWFOUNDLAND A- BERGS O - GROWLERS <°l|t| iH-v ^ *&* / \ + * o &> " > 4y ^L. "~ 'W-o* * J ^L raj*,?* If 9 Y 48 * 47 ' -X TfflSOTV^ A nam a, 46°| 1 ' < ■-' •«., ^ $3 tei '■ 0 \ A - '' ,/ T - pr,,. .'---/ \l X , _-■ / / '< & $ / . Y s - V > > r y ' / , /' §\ '-' GJMND BANKS ,.>'' a £ - 45° 44° 43° *• ; „" ,'' p -. / On C (' J> r, ' 9 V ^ __ ' '■" / - ' 'V , - - - - ' - -\-': \ f 4«* "> ,. -v :>j " i A > 1 ' i r — - - 42° dp*? V'f""' '"i'«i/«;/ 0 * •>s v% «i 41° | fl o d 3 40° i-l \ > * •-| ICE CHART JULY I9fi9 o 0 '""'"llllll imlimW* 40 « 1 39° ?9° 5 9° 5 8° 5 7° 5 6° E 5° 5 4° 5 3° 5 2° e r 5 0° 4 3° 4 8° 4 r 46° 45° 44° 43° Figure 14. — Ice conditions, July 1959. Figures indicate day of month ice was sighted or reported. V i( es [< X us lii A j- 1 31 I Pi st I 59° __5& 57° 56° 55° 54° 53° 52° 51° 50° 49° 48° 47° 46° 45° 44" ^ 43° 8 54° 53° 52° 51° 50° 49° 48° 47° Figure 15. — Observed drift tracks for 29 icebergs during the 1959 season. ginning, the Ice Patrol has attempted many means by which it was hoped to shorten the life of a berg. These have included gunfire, demolition charges, land mines, depth charges, fire hoses and an intrepid Ice Patrol cutter even has been observed to ram an iceberg. In all cases, except perhaps the last, there were little relative effects to be noted.1 In a more modern approach to the problem, including thoughts of air- craft operations, a group of officers from the International Ice Patrol and U.S. Coast Guard Headquarters visited the Snow, Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment at its main offices in Wilmette, 111., during November 1958. That organization, a branch of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, has had much experience with the properties of glacial ice and its demolition. Results of discussions at those offices revealed many interesting and progressive treatments in the use of explosives in ice. These included employment of "shaped" charges and special bomb and rocket designs. A disappointing note, however, in the use of conventional explosives is illustrated by the following principle: The optimum depth that an explosive charge is detonated for com- plete utilization of the explosion in demolishing the substance within the crater produced theoretically is given by the equation : dc — (1\/ut where: dc = depth of the crater produced in ft. iv = weight of the explosive in pounds c = a constant which is approximately 4 for glacial ice Thus a 1,000 lb. charge must be detonated at a depth of 40 ft. for the maximum effect, producing a crater also 40 ft. deep and about 80 ft. in diameter. This formulation reveals that the maximum theoretical effect that a 1,000 charge of modern conventional explosive would have is the breakup of about 70,000 cu. ft. of ice. This is 1,900 tons and means that a hundred such charges would be required for the destruction of an average-sized berg. Such a practice is physically, as well as economically, unsound. Melting by heat is equally impractical. By simple physics it can be seen that since the heat of fusion of ice is about 144 Btu/lb, it would re- quire 28 billion (109) Btu's of heat energy to melt a medium berg of 100,000 tons. This represents the complete conversion of the heat energy contained in 2.4 million gallons of gasoline. Ice Patrol officers have long been aware of the experiments of the late Prof. II. T. Barnes of McGill University who, in 1926, conducted experi- ments on grounded icebergs off Newfoundland using thermite explosive charges. The report of Professor Barnes' work2 showed profound results. 1 Previous iceberg demolition tests conducted by the Ice Patrol are described in Coast Guard Bulletins of this series for the Ice Patrol Seasons of 1916, 192:1, 1924, 1926 and Bulletin No. 19 — Part ::. - Marine Observer, Vol. V, No. 59, Nov. 1928, Proceedings of the Royal Society, London, Vol. 1 14A. 23 Largo bergs literally were reduced to fragments by a series of explosions and reactions. Thermite has been used successfully in clearing ice jams and opening leads but its use in ice has proven dangerous with at least one known fatality. The theory of its use involves the high temperature of its com- bustion when the thermite, an intimate mixture of powdered aluminum and iron oxide, reacts to produce molten iron. The high temperature gradient, though from a relatively small heat source, may set up a shock wave within the berg and fracture it along its planes of internal stress. Barnes' methods were not attempted by the International Ice Patrol due to the hazards of boarding an iceberg in the open sea. Only those who have witnessed the awesome spectacle of a berg close-up can ap- preciate fully that hazard. It was decided that any experiments for the artificial disintegration of bergs should lay along the theories of Barnes' work but, moreover, should be such as could be accomplished by an aircraft, i.e., bombing. Toward this end, Headquarters, U.S. ('oast Guard obtained through the courtesy of the U.S. Department of Defense 20 aircraft incendiary bomb clusters having high temperature character- istics. Ten of these bombs weie Mk.35 Type, each weighing 700 lbs and consisting of a cluster of 57 bomblets of 10 lbs. apiece with a filling of 2.75 lbs of PT1 mixture in a magnesium alloy body. PTl is an incendiary mixture of powdered magnesium and thickened gasoline. The remaining 10 bombs were Type Mk.36 of similar appearance as the Mk.35. These bombs weighed 975 lbs. and had a cluster of 182, 4-lb., Figure Hi. U.S. Coasl Guard IT •_'( 1 amphibian aircraft being armed with 1.000 pound incendiary bomb cluster in preparation for iceberg demolition experiment. 24 TH3 incendiary bomblets. TH3 is a thermite mixture which when used in munitions has a binder material and is called thermate. Each bomblet contained 10 oz. of thermate and there was a total of 114 Lbs. in each bomb cluster. The frontispiece of this Bulletin shows a Mk.35 bomb being carried in flight and figure 16 shows a Mk.36 bomb being fuzed and loaded. For the bombing program, a USCG UF2G Albatross amphibian aircraft was assigned to Commander, International Ice Patrol on 1 June. The plane and flight crew were from U.S. Coast Guard Air Station, Salem, Mass. The aircraft commander was Lt. Comdr. A. J. Tatman, USCG, a regularly assigned Ice Patrol pilot at Argentia. The UF2G by virtue of its release mechanism for droppable fuel tanks is able to carry and release two bombs; one under each wing. As an initial target, a medium sized berg grounded near the Virgin Hocks in position 46°31' N. 52°33' W. was selected. This area is normally free from any shipping or fishing operations. For a surface guard and to evaluate any results of the bombing, the patrol cutter Androscoggin, scheduled to depart Argentia on 3 June for relief of the Acushnet, was ordered to the designated bombing area enroute. It was planned that all bombs were to be dropped from an altitude of Figure 17. — Results of bomb drop on 4 June 1959. The incendiary bomb cluster pro- duced much smoke and steam but appeared to have little effect on the disintegration of the berg. The [ce Patrol Vessel, USCGC ANDRO- SCOGGIN, is standing by to evaluate results. 25 Figure 18. — Bomb drop on 10 June 1959. Center of impart of the cluster of 57 bomb- lets is the darkened crater on the right of the berg. 1,000 ft. which was the minimum that the time of fall would allow the fuze to open the cluster and assure detonation of the bomblets. All bombing runs were to be into the wind on straight and level flight. The 10 Mk.35 bombs were scheduled to be dropped first. After a day of practice bombing using water and dye filled dummy bombs, the bomb tests were commenced on the morning of 4 June with fine and clear weather. The first bomb to be dropped opened at a planned 100 ft. above the berg and scored a direct hit. (See fig. 17.) About two- thirds of the PIT bomblets detonated on the berg and the remainder bounced and tumbled over the side of the berg. (This latter occurrence became quite common and represented a serious defect in the use of the cluster bomb on a berg. Any figure in excess of 50 percent detonations was considered good.) From the time of detonation and lasting for about 7 minutes, there was a great amount of smoke and steam released which, for a time, obscured the berg. The target was observed to be pockmarked with dark discolored holes about a foot in diameter and depth. The second bomb drop S minutes after the first also opened 100 ft. above the target but was short and most of the bomblets slid harmlessly down the steep right side of the berg causing little effect. Bomb drops Xos. 'A and I closely resembled the second. Poor weather on 5 .bine prevented a return bombing flight to the berg under surveillance by the Androscoggin. Observers on that ship reported 26 no apparent effect on the deterioration of the berg although on (> June it shifted axis of flotation 20°. On 7 June the Androscoggin proceeded to regular surface Ice Patrol duties. Bombing runs on 5 June on bergs in Bona vista Bay resulted in two misses and two inconclusive hits. It was decided that a bomb sight should be constructed to replace the crude markers in the cockpit of the plane by which the pilot largely estimated the release point. On June 6-7 a bomb sight was fabricated by modifying the plane's navigational drift sight so that it could be rotated forwarded and set at a precise angle be- low the horizontal. This angle was computed to be about 30|° for the bomb trajectory from 1,000 ft. and was the point of release when the image of the berg appeared in the sight. Slight corrections were available to account for berg size, shape, fuze setting and ground speed of the plane. Practice bombing on 8 June proved the sight to be eminently successful. Of the remaining 12 bombs, hits were scored 11 times and the one miss was, in part, due to failure of the fuze to open the cluster. Bombing was resumed on 10 June when two excellent hits were scored on the first bombed berg at Virgin Rocks. Both hits occurred at the same location, a previously unobserved crater on the front right slope of the berg. Whether or not this crater was caused by the bombing is immaterial as it in no way contributed to the disintegration of the berg which was Figure 19. — Close-up of the crater where bomb hit. Fragments of the magnesium- petroleum bomblets burned for 18 minutes. It was hoped that the sud- den high temperatures generated would fracture the berg along the earth and ice veins clearly shown in this photograph. 27 kept under surveillance until 1 July. The effects of these bombs on 10 June is shown on figures 18-19. The Mk.36 Thermate bombs were dropped between 12—19 June and were concentrated chiefly on a medium-sized grounded berg near Gull Island off the coast of Newfoundland and about 20 sea miles south of St. John's. This berg was chosen for its optimum size and shape and location to an area which could be kept under observation. Eight excel- lent hits were scored on this berg from every aspect. The behavior of the thermate bomblets was disappointing in that their small size and ap- parent delajr in detonation resulted in most of them bouncing overboard from the berg. The detonations observed, however, were spectacular; brilliant balls of white flame persisted for longer than 20 minutes. Less smoke was produced than in the case of the Mk.35 bombs but burn holes were larger and deeper with dark red discolorations. On 19 June it was noticed that one side of the berg where hits had scored 2 days before had calved away. However, other bergs in the area also had calved growlers without the benefit of being bombed. Burn holes made on 12 June were still in evidence on the 19th. Since the berg was actively melting these undoubtedly went quite deep. As the basic purpose of the tests was to evaluate the performance of operational thermite explosives which could be delivered by facilities available to the Ice Patrol, it can be stated that the tests were successful. While no icebergs were destroyed, 16 hits provided ample opportunity to demonstrate any potential contained within these bombs. The bomb cluster worked its designed purpose only too well and was not able to deliver the required, concentrated high temperature source necessary to the thermal stress theory of ice demolition. The outstanding record of hits on icebergs and the excellent flight characteristics of the aircraft as reported by the plane commander prove that the UF2G is well suited for the purpose. Results of the I9")(.> tests assure ;i path for continued experi- ments in the future. 1500 { 1400 ■ 1300- 1200 IIOO IOOO 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 ZOO- IOO ■a. III. 1 liil i .ill 1 Jul. Il -111 1 I'k.1 uk -JO. Number of icebergs drifting south of the 48th Parallel, 1900 L959. The average number is about too. 28 ICEBERG OCCURENCE BY YEAR AND MONTH 1900 1959 A graph of the number of icebergs drifting south of latitude 48° X. for the years 1 900 to L959 is shown by figure 20. This number is the measure by which t he lee Patrol determines the severity of a year and is the quantity which lee Patrol officers and others have endeavored to predict by the use of various oceanographic and meteorologic parameters. Dis- cussions of methods and formulae are contained in previous bulletins of this series. To date no satisfactory means has been yet devised which enables the intensity of an iceberg season to be forecast well in advance. Work in this held, however, is continuing. The average number of bergs appearing south of the 48th parallel each year since 1900 is about 400. The heaviest year was 1929 with 1,352 bergs and the lightest was 1958 when only one berg drifted south. The 693 bergs observed in 1959 make this year rank 12th since 1900 and second since World War II. The advent of aerial ice observation in 1940 brought about a substantial means to accurately determine the annual count. Prior to then the figure was reckoned from ship reports which contained many duplications. This was somewhat compensated for by unreported bergs but, nevertheless, pre-1946 figures are not entirely comparable with later ones. Conditions by months for the years 194(5-1959 are given in figure 21. The months March-July only are presented since these contain 93.5 percent of the total number of bergs and constitute the so-called "iceberg- season." An examination of figure 21 shows that April is, on the average, the most severe month but is followed very closely by May. June ranks third. This differs from prior years wherein records indicate May to be the heaviest. Regardless, experience has shown that the peak period for ice- berg occurrence is usually from the middle of April to the middle of May. ICE REPORTS 1959 During the 1959 Ice Patrol Season 7,405 ice reports of all types were collected and an additional 251 were received in the remainder of the year thus making a total of 7, 050 for 1959. This figure represents the highest number of reports ever recorded by International Ice Patrol. An interesting comparison is with the 1957 season when a greater number of icebergs drifted south that year, but almost twice as many iceberg reports were received in 1959. Since the number of ships reporting both years is about equal, the probable explanation is that greater con- centrations of bergs existed in shipping routes in 1959, and an increased cooperation on the part of all observers. Commander, International lee Patrol is grateful to the many masters and officers of ships who have, painstakingly and accurately, reported ice encountered. Records of the Ice Patrol reveal the names of ships and mariners repeated throughout years dating back to the foundings of the 29 1953 MAR APR MAY JUN JUL MAR APR MAY JUN JUL 1947 MAR APR MAY JUN JUL MAR APR MAY JUN JUL 200 1948 1955 MAR APR MAY JUN JUL MAR APR MAY JUN JUL 50 300 1956 MAR APR MAY JUN JUL 1957 1949 HAR APR MAY JUN JUL 1950 150 MAR APR MAY JUN JUL 1958 MAR APR MAY JUN JUL MAR APR MAY JUN JUL 1959 1951 MAR APR MAY JUN JUL 1952 MAR APR MAY JUN JUL mar APR MAY JUN JUL I'k.i kk 21.— Number of icebergs drifting south of the 48th Parallel, monthly, 1946 1959. 30 patrol itself. Messages have1 been received at lee Patrol headquarters from ships giving positions of no less than sixty sightings. It is recognized that such reports represent no little effort in compilation and transmis- sion. In return for this Commander, International Ice Patrol offers increased vigilance. The distribution of reports is given as follows: J 'era til of Source A umber lotol Merchant and nonmilitary vessels 4,509 (>0.8 Ice Patrol Aircraft.- ___ 1,878 25.4 U.S. Coast Guard Vessels 384 5.2 Ice Patrol Vessels 190 2.6 Naval Vessels 165 2.2 Military and Commercial Aircraft 128 1.8 Others 151 2.0 In addition to reports by ships, ice sightings were received by the Ice Patrol from military and commercial aircraft via various air traffic con- trol centers. Acknowledgment is made to the Barrier Forces of the United States Atlantic Fleet, Rear Adm. William E. Martin, Commander, whose patrol aircraft and ships were especially valuable and cooperative. Canadian agencies reporting were Department of Transport aerial ice observers at, Moncton, New Brunswick and Gander, Newfoundland and the Ice Forecasting Central at Halifax, Nova Scotia which furnished daily bulletins for Gulf of St. Lawrence ice conditions. Throughout the field ice season daily reports of ice conditions along the Newfoundland coast were made available to Commander, International Ice Patrol through the courtesy of Canadian National Telegraphs, St. John's. Due to the large number of ice reports this year, the usual table of ice reports has been omitted. Instead, a table is presented which gives the name of ships and aircraft reporting ice each day during the season. 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Budinger (U.S. Coast Guard) ABSTRACT The behavior of ice to electromagnetic radiation is analyzed to deter- mine the reliability of radar as an iceberg detection instrument. From absolute quantitative measurements, quantitative generalizations, and theoretical considerations the following results were obtained: 1. Iceberg ice on the Grand Banks has a reflection coefficient of ap- proximately 0.33 and reflects radar waves 60 times less than a ship of equivalent physical cross-sectional area. 2. The maximum range of radar contact is proportional to the fourth root of the physical cross-sectional area of icebergs. A statistical relation derived from 152 observations shows that growlers normally cannot be detected at ranges over 4 miles. 3. The Grand Banks and contiguous areas of the North Atlantic Ocean exhibit conditions of subnormal radar propagation during the spring months when fog and ice hazards are most prevalent. 4. Waves over 4 feet in height might obscure a dangerous growler even with the expert use of the FTC and STC anticlutter devices. If an ice target is not picked up beyond the sea return, it will not be detected at all and a fatal collision might result. 5. Ice is not frequency sensitive. The response of ice to S- and X-bands is the same. Furthermore, there is practically no difference in the response of sea water to S- and X-bands. 6. The use of sector scan, trained radar operators, and constant sur- veillance of the radar scope increases the probability of detecting ice by radar. 7. Commercial radar in common use on the ships of the world today cannot be relied upon for the detection of all dangerous icebergs or frag- ments thereof drifting in the North Atlantic Ocean. This instrument definitely is an aid, but it does not provide an assurance against the presence of all floating ice which might sink a ship upon collision. INTRODUCTION Objectives Since the inception of radar as a means for providing safe passage1 at 1 To be reprinted as Contribution No. 1093 in the Colieeted Reprints oi the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution 49 sea, there have been many conflicting reports on the behavior of this navigational aid as an instrument for ice detection. These reports to- gether with the increased speed of merchant ships and increased usage of radar have emphasized the need for precise and trustworthy information on the reliability of radar as an ice detection instrument. The primary objective of this investigation is to determine the behavior of floating ice to electromagnetic irradiation and thereby assess the efficiency of radar in providing safe navigation through potential ice areas of the North Atlantic Ocean. To attain this goal both field and theoretical re- search were conducted in a controlled quantitative analysis of the various parameters of radar characteristics, target characteristics, meteorology, and sea conditions. Shipboard X-band radars of known overall performance were tested on icebergs and berg fragments of different sizes and shapes under varying conditions of sea and weather. Quantitative measurements of reflected power from icebergs and sea waves were made on board the U.S. Coast Guard Cutters Acushnet, Androscoggin and Evergreen; and qualitative observations of the maximum range of detection were made by partici- pating merchant, U.S. Naval, and U.S. Coast Guard vessels. The results and interpretations of these observations together with an evaluation of the effectiveness of anticlutter devices in the discrimination of ice echoes from sea return are presented in this report. Previous Work The method for quantitative analysis of the ability of radar as an ice detection instrument was devised and field work carried out on the Grand Banks and adjacent iceberg areas during 1945 by the Ice Information Group, Task Group 24.7 [/]. This work was supplemented by investiga- tions in 1946 by the International Ice Patrol [2~\. The reports of these investigations were recently declassified and have been revised and con- solidated by the International Ice Patrol in May 1959 [5]. Qualitative analyses of radar ice reports submitted by Hudson Bay shipping were made by the National Research Council of Canada during 1953 to 1957 [4]. The results of these surveys and additional reports from merchant ships transiting ice areas indicate that growlers are inconsistent targets, and that vessels relying on radar for safe navigation through ice infested areas might, in so doing, compromise their safety. It has been established that in calm or slight seas dangerous ice formations of all types should be detected at ranges varying from 10-15 miles for icebergs to 2-3 miles for small growlers and sea ice; however, during moderate and rough sea con- ditions when sea clutter extends beyond 2 miles on the PPI presentation, growlers large1 enough to cause serious damage to ships might not be de- tected. In view of the recent advances in radar systems and anticlutter circuitry and the need for a quantitative evaluation of radar reliability and anticlutter device effectiveness which could be promulgated to the marine world, the present investigation was undertaken. 50 Acknowledgments This investigation was initiated by the Commandant of the United States Coast Guard and its performance came under the auspices of the International Ice Patrol, U.S. Coast Guard. The formative planning was accomplished through the efforts of Lt. Comdr. Paul A. Lutz, USCG, and Lt. Kermit K. Meade, USCG. These individuals together with Lt. Comdr. Robertson P. Dinsmore, Commanding Officer of the Office of the Inter- national Ice Patrol, provided the initial logistic support. Through the efforts of LCDR Dinsmore, who made arrangements for ship support and enlisted aid from various sea-going agencies, the field program progressed with a high caliber of organization. The writer is deeply grateful for the encouragement and facilities provided by the U.S. Coast Guard head- quarters, the International Ice Patrol, and the First Coast Guard Dis- trict. Without the cooperation from Coast Guard Ocean Station Vessels, military and merchant ships, this program could not have progressed. In particular, the cooperation of the Commanding Officers and the consci- entious observations of the officers and men of the USCGC Acushnet, USCGC Androscoggin, USCGC Evergreen, and USCGC Westwind are acknowledged. The suggestions and criticisms of Comdr. George C. Flem- ing, USCG, Lt. Comdr. Paul A. Lutz, USCG, and Lt. Kermit R. Meade, USCG aided in the preparation of the manuscript. COLLECTION OF DATA Field Observations There were two data collection programs: 1. Quantitative observations of the reflected power from ice targets of varying sizes and shapes under known overall radar performance and radar propagation conditions, and evaluations of the effectiveness of the common anticlutter devices documented by PPT photographs were made by International Ice Patrol vessels. 2. Qualitative observations of the maximum range of detection of ice- bergs and growlers were submitted in the form of completed data forms by U.S. Coast Guard, U.S. Naval, and merchant ships which frequented the ice areas of the North Atlantic Ocean in 1959. The first program was considered critical for the thoroughness of the investigation because it provided the detailed quantitative data neces- sary for an objective evaluation. The Ice Patrol vessels were furnished Radar Test sets for the measurements of radar overall performance and reflected power from targets. A captive balloon instrument for recording the detailed vertical temperature and humidity distribution of the at- mosphere was obtained from the U.S. Navy and a Polaroid camera PPI scope mount was fabricated. In addition to 26 usable target runs and numerous sea return measurements, an extensive evaluation of the ef- fectiveness of anticlutter devices was accomplished. The second program was expedited by the promulgation of reporting forms to ships which 51 BAFFIN »,n '£*■'...*• '**t>c ■-.- k& — - U70 "~s **-«- J. . .. ' — .; !>" ■ > ■ -— ..' ,'-' • Jd \ ... DISTRIBUTION OF TARGETS • CONTROLLED STUDIES O MAXIMUM RANGE REPORT %? J* .... r- Jsl G R E K N L A N D w S— as? *&£ ■ Figure '2'2.- Locations of iceberg and berg fragments studied. Nineteen locations in Melville Bay and Kane Basin are not shown. 52 operate in potential iceberg areas. These forms required the maximum range of detection and the physical measurements of height and length together with a photograph or sketch of the aspect seen by the radar at the recorded range. Of the 1!)1 reports submitted 138 were sufficiently complete for use in this investigation. In addition, 24 observations from L945 were utilized resulting in a total of L52 iceberg observations included in this discussion. The Location of Targets locations of the ice targets studied this year are shown in figure 22. Nineteen icebergs, included in this study, which were investigated by the icebreaker, USCGC Westwind, north of 70° North latitude are not shown. It is important to note that most of the ice targets were in the Grand Banks region or the North Atlantic shipping lanes. The controlled quanti- tative studies made by the Ice Patrol cutters are distinguished by the solid circles. These observations were made from March to October I!).")!). Instrumentation The X-band Radar, model AX SPS-23, on the Coast Guard cutlers Acushnet and Androscoggin was used for the bulk of the controlled re- flectivity measurements and anticlutter device evaluation. The measure- ments of overall radar performance and the measurements of reflected power were made by use of the Radar Test set, type TS-147DTT. This portable, microwave signal generator provided measurements of power output, transmitter and receiver frequency, and echo signal st length of reflected power from the radar targets. The reflected power measurements were made by matching an internally generated signal of known adjustable power with the target signal on an "A" scan. A block diagram of the equipment set up is shown in figure 23. The accuracy of FuaRE 23. — Block diagram showing the linkage of test equipmenl to radar compo- nents (test set RF tri^K'Tcd). 53 power measurements was within 1.5 db and that of frequency measure- ments was within 2.5Mc/s. The instrument precision is considerably better than ±0.5 db and far better than the operator's judgment. Observation Technique The signal strength measurements were made from the maximum range of detection to the nearest practical approach (usually the upper range of the signal generator). After an iceberg target was selected, the ship steamed away from the berg on a course whose reciprocal would take it back to the target on a bearing determined by the berg aspect desired during the actual test-run. During this period the overall performance of the radar system was measured and a synthetic signal generated on the "A" scan (oscilloscope or "M" scope). When the target could no longer be discerned, the ship proceeded on the same course for a few minutes and then turned to approach the target at reduced speed (usually 6 knots). The first instant the target was painted on the PPI scope the range was recorded as the maximum range of detection and the radar antenna stopped and held on the target by manual training as necessary. For several reasons the target echo was constantly varying in amplitude and at times the scintillations were over 10 decibels in magnitude. The recorded values of reflected power are not instantaneous readings but rather the maximum signal strength observed at any time during the half minute interval ending with the time and range for which the reading was recorded. This method was inaugurated in 1945 and it is believed that a reasonable record of echo strength versus range was thus made. Continuous surveillance of the radar performance was made by test set measurements and ringing time checks. Either before or immediately after the test runs a photograph, sketch, physical dimensions and descrip- tion of the berg surface were obtained. This data was used to obtain the cross-sectional area of the target presented to the radar during the test runs and to interpret the importance of morphology on signal strength. Although there was little calving noted, there was considerable change in aspect during some of the runs. Some icebergs, reaching a point of in- stability, rocked to and fro through an appreciable angle while others rotated. The indeterminate error of aspect change was eliminated when grounded bergs were studied. The photographs of the PPI scope were taken with a Polaroid Land camera. Transparency film was used and the exposure time was 11 sec- onds. It is believed this longer exposure time on the PPI scope results in a picture which better depicts what the radar operator actually sees than the synchronized short exposures usually used. Preparation of Results As an investigation of this sort involves many different approaches and as many different sciences some mention of the data handling methods is 54 necessary. The 1!)1 observations received from all types of vessels and competencies of observers were first examined to determine if the estab- lished criteria for usuable data were met. These criteria vary with the type of measurement ; however, basically all accepted reports had the maximum range of detection, and sketch and/or photograph of the maximum range1 aspect appropriately dimensioned. Comments on anticlutter devices were neglected for the most part as the conflicting reports indicated a good deal of subjectivity. An extensive examination of the anticlutter devices documented by radar scope photographs was made by the writer on three different Ice Patrol vessels. The evaluation of the effect of sea return is based on these controlled observations on different types of ice formations under varying sea conditions and on the writers experience with three radars in the Arctic and Antarctic while in the capacity of Combat In- formation Center Officer on the Coast Guard Icebreaker, USCGC West- wind. The photographs or sketches of the 152 accepted targets were en- larged and the physical cross sections determined. The reflected power measurements and maximum range measurements were treated sta- tistically by the method of least squares, and throughout an effort has been made to view the data objectively. The following discussion moves from a consideration of the maximum range of iceberg detection to a discussion of iceberg reflectivity, radar propagation over the Grand Banks area, the danger of sea return, and finally an evaluation of anticlutter device effectiveness. The observa- tional results are compared with the theoretical in each case to allow an evaluation of the conclusions. It is hoped that the reader will not be burdened by the presentation of basic concepts which underlie the many disciplines applicable to this study. MAXIMUM RANGE OF ICEBERG DETECTION Empirical Expression The maximum ranges of detection for the 152 targets studied are shown in figure 24. The best fit locus of these observations by least squares analysis is the curve: R *-)\ O — 50 i S^ r** — 40 o 1 « >3)CDO * X i\o o — 30 > — 20 CGC EV ■O-0-ICEBER ERGREE G DUPL \l STE ICATE :rn : r ASF JNS EC r y.ax"8 > \ \ 1 » 10 \ .6 .8 I 2 4 6 8 10 20 RANGE IN THOUSANDS OF YARDS Figure 25. — Reflected power expressed in decibels above minimum discernible signal plotted as a function of range, logarithmic scale, for a large iceberg (43,900 sq. feet) and the stern of the CGC Evergreen (740 sq. feet). The agreement between duplicate runs on the same aspect (165 by 380 feet) and the similarity of iceberg attenuation rate with that observed on a ship target are illustrated by least squares, best fit curves. 59 of the maximum echo strength received at a constant range. Measure- ments were made both on the first field trip by the writer and again during the latter part of the field work by personnel experienced with the procedure. The fluctuation amplitude of these measurements agreed in both cases and the results of the latter observations are shown in figure 26. The bottom curve is the top curve normalized to a constant range of 1.3,150 yards by equation (2). The mean deviation, regardless of sign, for these 24 normalized observations is 1.9 decibels. During the observation period the wind increased from 16 kts at 1230 to 20 kts at 1400, and de- creased to 8 kts at 1500. There is a slight correlation between the weather conditions and the trend of the fluctuations and it is believed that a change in the path-gain factor can partly account for the increased amplitude of fluctuations between 1400 and 1500. A comparison of the observations of figure 20 with those made by the Radiation Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, indicates that these fluctuations are certainly within the expected magnitudes. It is concluded that, although the measurement procedure is at best rather coarse, major trends in prop- agation anomalies and changes should be detected by the technique of matching the echo observed over a 30-second period. This time series indicates, also, that the time-space fluctuation of an iceberg- echo is comparable to that from a ship. The micro scintillations were not measured. * _ 40 — O CD UJ Q 30 5^40 "■as 30 1600 I'm ; i hk •_'('). — Time scries observations of reflected power at near constant range and aspect from an ice formation. Curve A is the actual observation, B the change in station on the target, and (' the power curve normalized to constant, range. 60 Iceberg Effective Echoing Area In the free space radar equation: Pr_ G2XV ?("(4x)3/i!4 (2) The term a is denned as the effective echoing area or the radar cross sec- tion and has the dimensions of length squared. This parameter may be thought of as the area of a perfectly conducting sphere which is equiva- lent to the echoing strength of the target; or, as the effective scattering cross section which a target would have if it scattered as much energy in all directions as it actually does scatter in the direction of the radar re- ceiver. The dependence of the radar cross section on the shape of a target is best illustrated by considering that the radar cross section of a large metallic plate placed perpendicular to incident radiation is 1,200 times that of a sphere of equivalent area. The radar cross section of a battleship is approximately 3.2 X 107 sq. feet and that for a 10,000 g.r.t. merchant ship approximately 1.2X104 sq. feet. The value of o o \ o — NO 0 X. — -J Li. UJ cr 20 — 10 — .8 1 2 4 6 8 10 20 RANGE IN THOUSANDS OF YARDS Figure 31.— Reflected power expressed in decibels above minimum discernible signal plotted as a function of range for vertical face aspect of the large iceberg (80 by 334 feet; 18,040 sq. feet i. 72 rectivity of the reflected power with a resulting rapid increase in the echo strength with decrease in range. This was, in fact, the case as shown by figure 32. The locus of these observations shows an inverse sixth power attentuation with range. The other shape which is an exception to the idealized model iceberg equations is the wedge- and subdued dome- shaped iceberg or growler. Reduced ranges are to be expected for these shapes, and on five documented occasions, low domes- and/or wedge- shaped growlers were not detected by radars in peak condition operated by the writer or experienced radar operators. GRAND BANKS RADAR PROPAGATION Meteorology In many instances those conditions which give fog and create the most need for radar also cause subnormal propagation of radar waves. When moist warm air from the Gulf Stream, or Atlantic Current continuation thereof, flows over the colder water of the Labrador Current and Grand Banks, advection fog normally results. This is a common occurrence in the Grand Banks area during much of the ice hazard season. In fact, the Grand Banks off Newfoundland and the potential iceberg drift area of the North Atlantic Shipping Lanes are the poorest visibility areas of all the oceans during the entire year with the exception of an area south of the Kamchatka Peninsula, Pacific Ocean, during June, July and August [/£].The advection fog is often accompanied by strong southerly winds and concomitant radar sea return. The combination of fog, moderate winds and derelict hazard is the rule rather than the exception; and considera- tion should be given to atmospheric conditions of an area being transited before the reliance of radar is evaluated. Although the1 average propaga- tion conditions on the Grand Banks has not been determined yet; a qualitative discussion of this important topic is given below. Radar Propagation LTnder "standard" atmospheric conditions, air temperature and moisture content decrease uniformly with height above the sea surface resulting in a uniform decrease in the index of refraction. This standard rate of variation in refractive index is given by — = -0.039X10"6 per meter. ah Because microwaves bend toward a level of relatively higher index of re- fraction, radar waves bend downward in the standard atmosphere. This downward curvature of approximately \ the earth's curvature results in an extension of the radar horizon to about 15 percent more than the geometric horizon or about 8 percent more than the visual horizon. Whenever the rate of variation deviates considerably from the standard 73 rate either by deviation in slope or in linearity, changes occur which might prove either favorable or unfavorable for radar propagation. The relation of temperature, partial pressure of water vapor, and atmospheric 70 o > — 60 to _i UJ o — CD O uj 50 Q Z — ECTED POWER 1 O O ° \ — — \° — _i u. UJ i 100 \ \ 1 standard i \ i \ 1 \ i i i \ i i ^ 1 ^ i / i/ 2 4 70 80 90 3 0 320 TE MPERAT JR ECO RELATIV E HUMIDI rv(%) REFRACTI VE IN DEX (N- I) ■ I04 Figure 35. — Vertical distribution of temperature, relative humidity, and refractive index observed by Wiresonde in the vicinity of iceberg of figure '.\\. pected for the standard conditions for a target of this height is 30,000 yards. The range of iceberg detection was actually 19,600 yards and this increased range of detection over that expected from the ray diagram is attributed mostly to diffraction. Also shown diagrammatically in figure 36 is the space comparison between the actual fades (fig. 34) and the fades expected from destructive interference phenomena deduced from the ray diagram. The solid wedge areas indicate the approximate range of theore- tical fades. The shape of the expected fade curves has not been com- puted. Smooth sea conditions prevailed during the test-run. There was indication of sharp fades during other test-runs when the sea surface was smooth and this is in accordance with what one would expect by consider- ation of the surface roughness and its effect on reflection. 78 > -s C =3 133d Nl 1H9I3H fe 79 Expected Average Propagation Conditions At this time it cannot be said with certitude to what extent the con- ditions on the Grand Banks may reduce radar ranges; however, there is little doubt that the subnormal propagation conditions are the rule rather than the exception. It is possible to estimate the magnitude of range reduction which might be expected due to the atmospheric condi- tions prevalent on the Grand Banks and contiguous areas of the North Atlantic Ocean. A qualitative consideration of the processes involved indicates that the average temperature and humidity distribution from the surface to 150 feet at the Tail of the Grand Banks during spring is characterized by increase in temperature with height and near constant relative humidity approaching 100 percent. An examination of radiosonde observations from coastal stations and the computed average index of refraction conditions presented in the U.S. Climatic Atlas of the Oceans \_16~\ indicate that the expected average condition would be one of iso- refractive index from the surface to a few hundred feet. Ray diagrams for this condition and the condition of standard propagation (index of re- fraction gradient of — 1.19X10-8 units per foot) have been constructed and are shown in figure 37. The top diagram represents the internationally accepted standard conditions and the bottom diagram shows a comparison between the standard conditions and the average subnormal conditions defined here for the Grand Banks. The minima for both *S- and Ar-band for the standard conditions have been superimposed on those for the "average" conditions. This comparison indicates that the magnitude of decreased detection in the Grand Banks region is insignificant at short ranges and that there is no preference to radar frequency for short range detection during subnormal propagation conditions. The temperature and humidity conditions upon which the lower ray diagram was con- structed are considered to be conservative generalizations of subnormal conditions; and it should be remembered that at times a rapid increase in temperature in the first 100 feet accompanied by a constant high rela- tive humidity or humidity increasing with height might lead to slightly reduced ranges on small targets and relatively greatly reduced ranges on large targets. Fog Attenuation The prevalence of fog in the potential ice areas has led to a theoretical investigation of the attenuation to be expected due to fog. Observations indicate that fair weather clouds and fog are composed of water droplets whose diameters do not exceed 0.02 centimeters. For this size droplets the attenuation formula becomes independent of the drop size distribu- tion and takes on the remarkably simple form [5]: 24. 55m e; 80 133d Nl 1H0I3H 133J Nl 1H0I3H Figure 37. -Ray diagrams illustrate the expected subnormal propagation conditions on the Grand Banks as compared to "standard" conditions for both S- and X-band radar. Top standard diagram is superimposed on bottom diagram to illustrate the difference in lobe pattern between the two conditions. It may be inferred from these diagrams that little change in field strength is to be expected within the first 8(100 yards from the antenna. 81 where m is the mass of liquid vapor per cubic meter, A is the wave length in centimeters, and e, and e, are the real and imaginary parts of the di- electric constant at the temperature in question for the wave length of radiation. Humphreys [/,9] gives a value of 0.006 gm m3 as the liquid water content of fog. As the concentration of 0.0 (jm m3 is rarely ex- ceeded [5] this value is used in the computations below. Based on the 18°C. pure water complex dielectric constants of (63.6 ,/32.7) for A'-band and (79.0 — ,/12.3) for the N-band, the maximum attenuation to be ex- pected on a radar range of 5 miles is 0.55 decibels for the A'-band and 0.06 decibels for the S-band. Although there is a ten-fold difference be- tween the two frequencies the values are insignificant when other factors are considered. The attenuation due to water vapor (7.5 gm/m'A) and oxygen over the same range is approximately 0.10 decibels for both fre- quencies \_20~\. Of interest here is the fact that water suspended in the air in the form of drops contributes less to the refractive index than an equiva- lent amount of vapor. The formation of fog, therefore, reduces the prefog attenuation by water vapor; however, the importance of diminished visibility far outweighs this slight advantage in fog over prefog conditions. If there is a temperature inversion in the fog layer, the vapor pressure required for saturation increases with height and substandard conditions usually result. As mentioned above, this is a common occurrence on the Grand Banks during southerly winds. In summary, it is concluded that the attenuation of S- and X-band radar waves due to fog is not significant compared to other factors. Icebergs Hidden by Weather Although fog attenuation is not significant, attenuation of radar waves due to rain drops is of considerable importance for frequencies in the Ar-band and above. The back scattering from rain squalls, as shown in Table I, is often sufficient to obliterate a small target. Table I Rate of fall Attenuation for 5-mile range (decibels) (in. hn .V-Baml .S-Band 0.24 .86 1.7 3.6 12. S 31.0 0.03 .11 3.2 This tabulation taken from curves presented by Goldstein [_21~\ is quite revealing, and would make high frequency radars prohibitive in areas of continuous heavy rain. Fortunately, the passage of frontal systems and their associated rainstorms or sometimes cloudbursts is rather rapid com- pared to other weather phenomena and if necessary a mariner may stop his vessel until the masking effect has passed. On two occasions during the held experiments growlers were masked by moderate to heavy rain 82 showers. During both occasions the rain squall line was 20 miles wide and moved across the PP1 scope at 15-20 kts. During the first occasion a 22- foot growler below Cape Race was hidden intermittently by a storm which lasted one hour. On the second occasion the weather completely masked a 6- by 30-foot blue growler which the Evergreen was standing by above the North Atlantic Shipping Track CHARLIE. The growler and weather situation which confronted the writer and radarmen are shown in figure 38. We were unable to detect this target during the passage of the weather Figure '.18. — Illustration of rain squall masking a growler ((> by 30 feet i which should have been discerned at 310° T; 3,000 yds. Situation lasted one hour. 83 although we knew its position within 200 yds. (approx. 310°T; 3,000 yds). Both FTC and STC anticlutter circuits proved ineffective in this case. Later the growler was sighted just off the bow. This small ice formation was of sufficient size to inflict serious damage to a thin-hull vessel making contact at moderate speed. Of interest here is the fact that the masking effect from snow is less than that from rain as would be expected from considerations of the low reflection coefficient for snow shown in figure 27. SEA RETURN General Although it has been established that icebergs are very poor reflectors of radar, and that reflection might be further decreased by aspect and subnormal propagation conditions which exist on the Grand Banks during spring, it is well established that most icebergs do provide good targets and during calm sea conditions some reliance can be placed on radar. However, it appears that distinguishing small ice targets in heavy seas might be the limiting factor in the reliability of radar as an instrument for providing safe navigation through ice infested waters. The basic phe- nomena of sea return or sea clutter have not yet been definitely estab- lished; however, it is well known that sea echo from waves acts as a built-in jammer, blanketing and obscuring small target echoes. Other things being equal, the strength of the sea return depends upon the state or roughness of the sea, which in turn depends largely upon the wind force. As demonstrated in 1945 [5], the range of sea clutter on the scope is very nearly directly proportional to the state of the sea and the wind force. The radar cross section and echo strength of sea return are difficult quantities to measure or compute because among other things the reflec- tion surfaces extend from the ship to an indefinite range. The variation of reflected power with range does not necessarily follow the same relation as that for a ship or iceberg target as is apparent from the fact that the reflection from waves is less at longer ranges due to a decrease in the angle of incidence. In general, the decrease in sea return with range is more rapid than that for other targets. Quantitative Measurements Of prime importance to this study was the quantitative determination of the masking effect of sea return. Many mariners have reported that ice targets have gone undetected due to masking by sea return but it remained, however, to make quantitative measurements under controlled conditions to definitely assess the importance of sea return. Numerous measurements were made on all states of the sea from the maximum range of sea return to as close as practical on the "A" scan. It was early 84 observed that this measurement required the most objective treatment and close adherence to a standard technique. The data were taken on four bearings and as has been demonstrated before the strongest echo arrived from windward. A good correlation does not exist between wave height estimates and the reflected power curves from the two different ships which made these measurements; however, enough measurements have been made to quantitatively show that sea return for wave heights above 4 feet is sufficient to entirely obscure dangerous growlers. This is is best illustrated by figure 39 in which the reflected power curves for a growler and a 4.5-foot sea are compared. Because this figure illustrates the important results of very carefully controlled measurements under ideal conditions a detailed account of the observations is given: During the day of 28 May 1959 the CGC Androscoggin commenced test-runs on a large growler (22 by 76 ft.; 665 sq. feet). From a temperature and hu- midity sounding (Wiresonde) from the surface to 290 feet, the atmospheric conditions were assessed as being near standard throughout the first 200 feet. The sea at this time was approximately 2 feet high, 500 feet long. Because a small growler (4 by 20 feet) in the vicinity was being partly ob- scured by sea return, the ship remained near the 22-foot growler through- out the day for anticlutter measurements. That evening the wind in- creased to 20 kts and the seas to 4.5 feet high, 200 feet long. Considerable difficulty was experienced in detecting the 22-foot growler and the 4-foot growler was completely obscured. Twenty-eight measurements of the re- flected power from the sea were made at short range intervals on four bearings. The observations made in the windward direction were 10 decibels greater than those made in the backsides direction and 5 decibels greater than those made parallel to the waves. The curve for the windward measurements is presented in figure 39. The 20-knot winds and inter- mittent rain preclude subnormal propagation conditions. The optimum detection range for this target was 6,200 yards and although the max- imum range observed earlier that day was 11,200 yards, the maximum range during the 4.5-foot sea was 9,000 yards. This formation could not be detected in the sea return using the available anticlutter devices. It should be mentioned that although the aspect shown in figure 39 was the aspect observed during the test-run earlier that day, a slight rotation would present a considerably smaller physical cross section. This forma- tion no doubt was rocking and rotating during the observations, but an indeterminate error throughout these measurements is precluded by the fact that this formation was observed continuously for 11 hours and found to be of the same shape after 18 hours. These measurements caused some concern as although they were supported by other less pre- cise observations the fact that 4.5-foot waves reflected better than a 22- foot growler whose aspect showed some target gain seemed to conflict with reason. The theoretical analysis of this problem presented below has reestablished the validity of these observations. 85 70 — co60 UJ V O ICE RE •SEA RE TURN TURN — ffi o uj 50 Q Z c 1 1 1 ^n|K — cr uj 40 O Q. Q £ 30 O UJ 1 SE A RETUR 'masf ''I CING * Hl!: 1 1 — \ \° — u. UJ OC 20 \ 1 \ o c i — 10 \ — .6 .8 I 2 4 6 8 10 20 RANGE IN THOUSANDS OF YARDS Figure 39. — Refiected power expressed in decibels above minimum discernible signal plotted as a function of range for a growler (22 by 76 feet; 665 sq. feel ) ami sea return (4.."> feel high. 200 feet long). The measurements were made during standard propagation conditions under known overall radar performance. 86 Behavior of Sea and Ice to Frequency and Polarization One of the subordinate objectives of this program was to evaluate the various characteristics of radar systems. Below the subjects of optimum frequency and polarization are treated by a theoretical analysis based on Fresnel's original equations in their complex form. The reflection co- efficient of a surface exhibiting conductivity is complex and as thoroughly presented by McPetrie [22~\, the coefficient may be conveniently repre- sented by a phase component A" and an inquadrature component K' where the reflection coefficient R takes the form (K-\-jK'). Recalling equation (11): ec = er-jti = er - 2j— = (n-./'f) 2 ( 1 1 ) it is apparent that the reflection coefficient, being a function of the com- plex dielectric, is a function of the conductivity, frequency, and angle of incidence. This parameter is also a function of the polarization and it was therefore necessary to perform the tedious computations in order to accurately determine the relation of frequency and polarization to the optimum ice detecting characteristics. Computations based on the equa- tions given below were made for S- and X-band frequencies, vertical and horizontal polarizations and angles of 0°, 20°, 40°, 50°, 60°, 70°, 80°, 82°, 83.5°, 84°, 8()°, 88°, and 90° for both pure ice and sea water, and from the best known values of the complex dielectric constants for the radiation considered. McPetrie [_22~\ has derived from the original Fresnel equations the following relations for the reflection coefficient. If the reflection co- efficient for horizontally polarized waves is designated (A'/,+,/AY), the values for these components are given by: cos20- (c2+(P) Kk= Kh' cos20+(r-+r/-) +2c(cos0) -2d(cos0) cos20+ (c2+d2) +2c(cos0) in which 6 is the electromagnetic angle of incidence (0 = 0 for normal incidence) and r and d are given by: d -4 \(er~ -sin20)2+ei 2}*4-6, — sin20 2 '!(«r- -sin20)24-Ci ;2P-e, •4-sin20 where e, and er are the imaginary and real parts of the dielectric constant. For the case of radiation polarized with the electric field in the plane of 87 H0RIZ0NTAU ~^ POLARIZATION ^\ 0.9 \ 1 js^s-*-* 0.8 0.7 =__^^- s^z-^ ^v 0.6 |R| 0.5 \, VERTICAL POLARIZATION 0.4 0.3 \~ 0.2 SEA ' VATEF !-l7°p j DIELECTRIC COMPLEX \ t S-BAND(I0CM)« 79-18; \ LlI ^-{-X-BAND (3.2CM)- 63 -32j \ o 0.1 v> Li. \ , LU o o 10 30 50 70 90 0' 30 50 70 ANGLE OF INCIDENCE g ^ r a o — o X zi Jj a O tC —J O 1 o .2 rf O 88 incidence the components Kv and AY of the reflection complex (A„+./AV) are given by: Tr ( €r2+ er) cos20 — (c2+d2) AV = (er2+er) cos20+(c2+d2)+2(erc--e^) cosfl — 2(erd-\-eic) cos0 (er2+6i2) cos20+(c2+rf2)+2(erc-eJd) cos0 in which the symbols have the same significance as in the equations above. It can be seen from these equations that the reflection coefficient tends to unity as the angle of incidence approaches 90°, and is zero for all angles of incidence for a body having zero conductivity and unity di- electric constant. The results of these computations are shown in figure 40. A number of conclusions can be drawn from this figure: 1. The reflection coefficient of ice is three times less than that of sea wrater. This fact helps explain the results of relative power measurements shown in figure 39. 2. In both cases of polarization, the reflection coefficient is less for vertical than for horizontal polarization for all angles of incidence. 3. S- and X-band behave the same on both ice and sea water for all practical purposes. Field experiments in 1946 [3~\ confirm the fact that ice is not frequency sensitive ; however, because the reflection from drop- lets contributes appreciably to the sea echo, there is some measured [5] frequency dependence of the radar cross section per unit area for sea echoes. 4. The Brewster angle for pure ice is 60°13'. An examination of the vertical polarization curves reveals that although, theoretically, less sea return would be observed using vertically polarized radiation, the reduced ice reflection coefficient is the limiting factor. It appears that the mariner using vertically polarized radar is at a disadvantage during calm or slight sea conditions. A limited number of qualitative measurements using vertical polarization for the detection of growlers in sea return during the 1946 studies [2~] gave negative results. EVALUATION OF ANTICLUTTER CIRCUITS Genera/ The masking effect of sea return and weather has long been of concern to radar manufacturers and mariners. The program for the field work of this investigation was designed to place most of the emphasis on an evaluation of the effectiveness of commonly used anticlutter devices in the discrimination of small ice targets from sea clutter. Two types of devices most common to commercial marine radars were evaluated on different sized targets during various stages of the sea. The observations were documented by PPI photographs, cognizance of set performance, 89 and knowledge of the atmospheric propagation conditions. The two de- vices arc: FTC — Fast time constant is a differentiating circuit which effectively reduces the gain within the clutter area only. It is normally used to limit scope clutter caused by reflections from at- mospheric hydrometeors. STC — Sensitivity time control circuit reduces the gain of the re- ceiver during the reception of short range signals. The effectiveness of these circuits in some situations is best illustrated by comparison of the PPI scope presentation with and without application of anticlutter devices as shown in figure 41. These photographs are from a series of observations made on the 22-foot growler, subject of figure 39. The top photograph shows the growler at 333°T; f>,000 yards and sea re- turn from a 4-foot sea extending out to 5,000 yards. The gain and video circuits were set for the maximum discernment of the target. Figure 41 (bottom) is a photograph of the PPI scope under the same conditions as above except the STC circuit is used to decrease the near gain and thereby obliterate the sea return. This was the optimum presentation that could be obtained. It was found when working with growlers in sea return that the FTC1 circuit is valueless and on two occasions when weather obscured the target (c.f. fig. 38) this device was ineffective. Results Intensive studies of the effectiveness of FTC and STC in discriminating growlers in sea return have indicated that FTC is valueless and STC is very effective if used with the proper combination of video and receiver gain; however, on three different occasions it was not possible to detect growlers in sea return although the radar was in peak condition and the propagation conditions were near normal or only slightly subnormal. It should be remembered that these anticlutter devices were designed to de- crease the gain in a particular area on the scope and thereby reduce the brilliant clutter and allow the strong persistent echo of a target to stand out. The STC and FTC action appears to be useless unless the target echo is stronger than the sea echoes and as has been demonstrated the basic electrical properties of ice leave it as a poor reflector compared to sea water. Of value to ice detection is the new type of logarithmic receiver in which the effective gain is proportional to the logarithm of the signal amplitude. This receiver characteristic provides higher gain for weak signals and relatively lower gain for strong signals. However, the effective use of this device or other controls including video and receiver gain re- quires a skilled and experienced operator. It was only after many months of constant radar surveillance that the writer was able to master the intricacies of Lin-Log, STC and gain combinations which allowed the full potentials of the system to be utilized. Evaluation of operators who have 90 Figure 41. — Effect of anticlutter devices as aids to discernment of a growler from sea clutter. Top photograph shows sea return extending to 5,000 yds and a 22-foot growler at 333°T; 6,000 yards. Bottom photograph is the same situation with STC applied. 91 as their primary duty the radar. watch on board ships has revealed that the use of anticiutter devices often times decreases the radar's effective- ness due to lack of training or experience. It is known that vessels are transiting the North Atlantic Ocean with the FTC circuit activated with- out any knowledge of its function or use. Other vessels reduce sea return by decreasing the video or receiver gain although STC is available on the radar set. It is not too infrequently discovered that radio operators, radar operators, merchant officers, and even naval watch officers do not know the function of the anticiutter devices for their radar sets on which they rely so heavily during reduced visibility. This lack of knowledge and improper use of these devices leads one to the conclusion that in many cases it is best not to have them available at all. In summary, we can safely say that if an ice target is not picked up beyond the sea return it will not be detected at all and a fatal collision might result. CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSION General It has been established by both observation and basic theory that an intrinsic property of icebergs is poor electromagnetic reflection and that reliance cannot be placed on radar for safe na ligation during moderate sea conditions because if a dangerous ice fragment is not detected beyond the sea return, it will not be detected at all. Below, the conclusions reached for each topic of investigation are viewed and summarized in relation to the following radar system parameters: Power Output Receiver Sensitivity Bandwidth Frequency Polarization Antenna Rotation Anticiutter Devices Power Output, Receiver Sensitivity, and Bandwidth We find that a reasonable approach to the assured detection of ice might be to improve the system parameters to such an extent that all dangerous ice targets can be detected beyond the sea return. This follows from the fact that the rate of attenuation of sea return with range is greater than that for a point target. Examination of the free space radar equation (2) reveals that it is necessary to increase the power output 16 times in order to double the maximum range of detection. This tremendous power in- crease has been precluded in the past by considerations of cost and space; however, recent developments in power generating devices* might allow an improvement in the maximum range of detection without necessitating 92 unreasonable cost and space requirements. The system might be improved by decreasing the wave guide attenuation or the distance between the antenna and the receiver-transmitter unit. The relation between power output and range may be applied also to the minimum discernible signal and the maximum range of detection. An interesting relation can be derived for the absolute minimum discernible signal obtainable. It has been shown [5~\ that the maximum range of de- tection for a target per power output is a function of the receiver band- width. The minimum perceptible signal is in part related to the thermal noise; and because the thermal noise of a receiver is independent of the receiver construction, and the internal noise is usually several times the thermal noise, it is possible to derive the absolute minimum as follows. Thermal noise is generated by the random motion of electrons in a con- ductor and the rms thermal noise voltage which appears across terminals of any circuit element is a function of the frequency interval (receiver bandwidth) only; it is given by Vn=V4kT-f>R where R is the resistance across which the noise voltage is measured, / the bandwidth in cycles per second, T the absolute temperature, and k Boltzmann's constant. If we assume, for the purpose of the limiting case, that the receiver is without any internal noise and all of the noise is gen- erated in the antenna which is at 17°C, the noise power is given by: P = 4X10-15/ watts where / is now in megacycles. This means that the minimum detectable signal cannot be less than 4X10~15 watts times the bandwidth. For the receiver most used in the field work, the minimum discernible signal was 10~13 watts for the 20- and 40-mile scales and the bandwidth was 2 Mc/s. Therefore the minimum discernible signal was about 11 decibels above the absolute minimum of 8X10-15 watts. To illustrate the importance of maintaining a low minimum discernible signal, a target was examined under two known minimum discernible signal values on the same radar with the same power output within two minutes of time. These controlled conditions were provided by making use of the two minimum discernible signal values for the AN/SPS-23 radar; i.e., -91.9 dbm for the 8-mile range, and —100.1 for the 20-mile range scales. A medium growler was brought to within 2,000 yards of the Evergreen and two PPI photographs were taken on either range setting. The growler, shown at the bottom of the figure, was clearly painted on the 20-mile range setting (fig. 42A), but was hardly discernible on the 8-mile setting. This difference in reception for the 20- versus the 8-mile range settings has been observed on many occasions. The propagation conditions at that time were subnormal. The ratio of blips to the number of times the antenna scanned this target was 1.0 for the 20-mile range, but only 0.5 for the 8-mile range at 4,600 yards. As the maximum range of this target on the 8-mile scale was 4,850 yards, 93 Figure 42. — The importance of receiver parameters is shown by a comparison of the radar reception of an echo from the growler shown using two different values of minimum discernible signal. Photograph A shows a strong blip on the 20-mile scale (min. dis. sig. = 100 decibels below one milli- watt); and B shows no targets on the 8-mile scale (min. dis. sig. =92 dbm). B was taken immediately after A. 94 a good probability exists that it would never have been picked up unless continuous surveillance of radar was maintained or the minimum discern- ible signal was lower than —92 dbm. The necessity of keeping a system in near peak operating condition is strikingly illustrated by this example. Frequency and Polarization As shown in figure 40, ice and sea water behave similarly to both X- and N-band frequencies with the exception that the reflection from droplets in sea spray is frequency sensitive (greater reflection the greater the frequency [o]). Less weather attenuation is found in the lower fre- quencies, but a better display (less conducive to operator fatigue) is found on the higher frequency sets. All things considered, there is no preference to the frequency of radiation for an ice detecting radar. The rapid decrease in reflection coefficient with angle of incidence for vertical polarization indicates that horizontal is the preferred polarization. Circular polarization was not examined. Antenna Rotation An evaluation of antenna rotation was facilitated by the use of con- tinuous rotation and 30° and 60° sector scans. It had been observed on many occasions that sector scan does provide a more definite detection and would probably be of value in detecting a weak ice target. The value of sector scan was qualitatively determined by a series of PPI photographs taken under the same propagation, target, and radar conditions. The favorable results to be expected in defining a weak target by sector scan are shown in figure 43. Figure 43 A is a photograph of the PPI scope with the antenna in continuous rotation. This photograph shows, very faintly, two targets indicated by open circles. Immediately after this picture was taken the antenna was placed on sector scan. Although the rotation was only about two times faster on 60° sector scan, the two previously barely discernible targets appear many more times brilliant and a third target, previously undetected, became visible. The exposure for these pictures was exactly the same in all cases; however, photograph 43 A suffered in development. There is little doubt that this antenna control device is ad- vantageous, and assuming continuous rotation will be employed peri- odically, sector scanning ahead of the ship is recommended for iceberg navigation. The difference between 30° and 60° sector scan was negligible; therefore, ()0° scan should be used. These observations suggest another device which might prove very effective in the discernment of a persistent weak echo amidst random echoes from the sea. This electronic integrating device, known as a "memory tube," might prove to be a definite asset in commercial radar sets. Anticlutter Devices Certainly the quest for a reliable radar should not exclude anticlutter devices; however, the proper use of any device involves the competency of the operator and the use of these devices present on many radar instal- 95 Figure 43. — PPI scope photographs illustrating the effectiveness of sector scan for the detection of icebergs (please see text). lations today is beyond the training and skill of the majority of operators. It is recommended that rather than perfecting new devices which might more confuse the operator, a method of automatically applying various elements of sensitivity time control, fast time constant, and logarithmic echo amplification be considered. Perhaps a spectrum analyzer can be developed which could activate, automatically, these elements in the proper quantities depending on the spectrum of the sea return. This would certainly improve the potentials of a radar for detecting not only ice, but all targets in sea return. Finally, based on the unequivocal conclusions of the studies conducted during the past 15 years: All Ship Masters, Mates, and Owners are Warned That Safe Passage Through Iceberg Areas of The North Atlantic Ocean Cannot be Assured by the Use of Radar. 21 December 1959 96 BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Barnes, C. A., H. M. Chandler E. R. Challender, and H. H. Whaley. 1945. Radar Detection of Floating Ice. unpublished technical rept., INTICEPAT, 1945. 2. Read, (J. H., and R. A. Pasciuti. 1946. Radar Detection of Floating Ice During the 1946 Ice Season, unpublished technical rept., INTICEPAT, 1946. 3. Budinger, T. F. 1959. Ice Detection by Radar, Consolidated and Abridged Report of 1945 and 1946 Studies. Interim technical rept. no. 1, INTICEPAT, 1959. 4. Hood, A. D. 1958. An Analysis of Radar Ice Reports Submitted by Hudson Bay Shipping (1953-1957). National Research Council of Canada rept. no. 4698, 1958. 5. Attwood, S. S. 1949. Radio Wave Propagation, Consolidated Summary Technical Report. Academic Press, New York, 548 pp., 1949. 6. Debye, P. 1929. Polar Molecules. Chemical Catalogue Company, Inc., New York, p. 44, 1929. 7. Lane, J. A., and J. A. Saxton. 1952. Dielectric Dispersion in Pure Polar Liquids at Very High Radio-Frequencies. Proc. Hoy. Soc. London, Ser. A, no. 213, p. 400, 1952. 8. Errera, M. J. 1924. La Dispersion des Ondes Hertziennes dans les Solides au Voisinage du Point de Fusion. Journal de Physique, Ser. 6, vol. 5, p. 304, 1924. 9. Saxton, J. A. 1950. Reflection Coefficient of Ice and Snow at V. H. F. Wireless Engineer, vol. 27, p. 17, 1950. 10. Lamb, J. 1946. Measurements of the Dielectric Properties of Ice. Trans. Faraday Soc. vol. 42A, p. 238, 1946. 11. Smyth, C. P., and C. S. Hitchcock. 1932. Dipole Rotation of Crystalline Solids. Journal Amer. Chem. Soc, vol. 54, p. 4631, 1932. 12. Lorentz H. A. 1909. The Theory of Electrons. G. E. Stechert & Co., New York, note 55, p. 306, L909. 13. Barnes, H. T. 1928. Ice Engineering. Renouf Publishing Co., Montreal, Canada, 364 pp., 1928. 14. Smith, E. H. 1928. The Marion Expedition to Davis Strait and Baffin Bay. U. S. Coast Guard Bull. no. 19, p. Ill, 1928. 15. Garlick, J. K. 1953. A Survey of Low Reflection Coefficients for Various Types of Land and Frozen Sea for Normal Incidence at 1600 Mc/s. Royal Aircraft Establishment Technical Note no. RAD. 536, London, 1953. 16. Anonoymous. 1955. U. S. Navy Marine Climatic Atlas of the World, North Atlantic Ocean, vol. 1, Navaer 50-1C-528, 1955. 17. Anderson, L. J., and E. E. Gossard. 1955. Prediction of Oceanic Duct Propaga- tion from Climatological Data. IRE Trans, on Antennas and Propagation, vol. AP-3A, no. 4, p. 163, 1955. 18. Anderson, L. J., and R. R. Abbott. 1943. A Report on Radar Wave Propagation. U. S. Navy Radio and Sound Laboratory Report No. WP4, 1943. 19. Humphreys, W. J. 1940. Physics of the Air. McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1940. 20. Van Vleck, J. H. 1945. Further Theoretical Investigations on the Atmospheric Absorption of Microwaves. OEMsr-262, Service project AN-25, Div. 14, Report 664, 1940 (c.f. reference 5). 21. Goldstein, L. 1949. Dielectric Constant, Absorption and Scattering. Radio Wave Propagation, vol. II, p. 269, 1949. 22. McPetrie, J. S. 1938. The Reflection Coefficient of the Earth's Surface for Radio Waves. Inst, of Elec. Eng. Journal, vol. 82, p. 214, 1938. 97 PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY OF THE GRAND BANKS REGION AND THE LABRADOR SEA IN 19591 By Floyd M. Soule and P. A. Morrill (U. S. Coast Guard) The 180-foot tender class cutter U.S.C.G.C. Evergreen served again as the oceanographic vessel of the International Ice Patrol for 1959. No marked alterations affecting the oceanographic work were made in the vessel since the 1958 season. The Evergreen departed Argentia, Newfoundland, on 4 April to conduct the first survey of the 1959 season. This survey covered the waters over and immediately seaward of the southern and eastern slopes of the Grand Banks from westward of the Tail-of-t he-Banks northward to the latitude of Flemish Cap. The work of collection of data began on 5 April at station 6890 located off the southwestern slope of the Banks and progressed from south to north without major interruption. On 18 April the final station, 6976, was completed and the Evergreen proceeded to Argentia arriving there the following afternoon. A second survey, stations 0977 to 7004, made between 30 April and 12 May, and a third survey, stations 7065 to 7149, made between 27 May and 6 June, covering the same general area as the first survey, were com- pleted without major interruptions. On 14 June the Evergreen departed Argentia to conduct the fourth survey over and immediately seaward of the northeastern slope of the Grand Banks, including an occupation of the Bonavista triangle. The work of collection of data began during the late evening of 15 June at station 7150, located at the northern corner of the triangle. Again there were no major interruptions or delays, the work progressed in a counter- clockwise direction around the triangle and thence southeasterly to the latitude of Flemish Cap where the last station, 722!), was completed on 24 June. From 7 to 14 July the Evergreen assumed the duties of Surface Ice Patrol Vessel, during which time studies were conducted by Lt. (jg.) Thomas F. Budinger of the Ice Patrol staff, on iceberg detection and iceberg disintegration. The results of the detection study may be found in the preceding section of this bulletin. During the disintegration studies a number of oceanographic observations were made and these will be published at a later date. 1 To be reprinted as < lontribution No. 1091 in the Collected Reprints of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. 98 On the afternoon of 26 July the Evergreen departed Boston on a post- season cruise which included an occupation of the Bonavista triangle and a section across the Labrador Sea from South Wolf Island, Labrador, to Cape Farewell, Greenland. In addition to the regularly assigned personnel, Mr. Saul Friedman from the Lamont Geological Observatory was aboard to conduct a limited collection program of geochemical and biological samples in the area of the Labrador Sea. The work of collection of data began in the early morning of 1 August at station 7230, the northern corner of the triangle. As expected, con- siderable difficulty was encountered in lowering the L. G. O. 50-gallon sampler and the 150-pound bottom pinger which were to be used at eight selected stations. After several unsuccessful attempts to launch and retrieve the equipment, it was decided to proceed with the stations of the triangle in a counterclockwise direction and make another attempt with the L. G. O. equipment at station 7259 again located at the northern corner of the triangle. During the intervening stations the ship's personnel devised a successful system of lowering and raising the drum and pinger to the waters edge and casts were made to 602 and 1826 meters at station 7259 without further difficulties. Lpon completion of the station the Evergreen proceeded to within 5 miles of South Wolf Island and commenced the Labrador Sea Section. Stations proceeded without major interruptions until station 7270. While attempting to obtain a drum and small coring samples, the pinger, with corer attached, and drum were being lowered when the pinger gave an uncertain signal of bottom at a meter wheel reading 3047 meters. As the pinger was again signaling free of bottom, lowering was continued to a meter wheel reading of 3081 . The cast was then hauled in to 3030 meters to wait for the thermometers to reach equilibrium and allow for messengers to travel to the deepest gear. Hauling in was difficult and with about 2000 meters of wire out the unloading valves stopped the winch. After a wait of 10 minutes hoisting was resumed, but about every 100-200 meters the winch would again fail. Finally, with a reading of 833 meters the wire broke at a bad kink just below the surface resulting in the loss of the drum sampler, pinger, corer, three Xansen bottles, and eight reversing thermometers. After that disastrous station the remainder of the survey was completed without major interruption and at station 7283, located 5 miles off Cape Farewell, the survey was completed on 9 August 1959. In addition to the 54 stations taken on the postseason cruise, four deep and nine surface large volume radiocarbon water samples, six atmospheric and three surface water equilibrated carbon dioxide samples, and six vertical tow and eight surface tow samples were taken for the Lamont Geological Observatory. The oceanographic work was under the supervision of ( )ceanographer Floyd M. Soule for the first, second and postseason surveys, and Lt. R. M. Morse for the third and fourth surveys with Lt. P. A. Morrill assisting on all surveys. Other assistants in the observational work were 99 Pihvood C. Gray and Richard C. Norris, aerographer's nuttes first class, William G. Carpenter, yeoman second class, Lynn E. Dawson and Donald P. Wagner, aerographer's mates third class. Temperature and salinity observations were made at each of the 394 stations. At the 24 stations forming the section across the Labrador Sea the observations extended from the surface to as near the bottom as was practicable. At the remaining stations the observations were limited to the upper 1500 meters. The intended depths of observations, in meters, were 0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, (300, 800, 1,000, and thence by 500-meter intervals. Temperatures were measured with protected deep sea reversing ther- mometers, mostly of Richter & Wiese manufacture but with some manu- factured by Negretti & Zambra, G. M. Manufacturing Co. and Kahl Scientific Inst. Corp. Depths of observation are based on unprotected reversing thermometers made by Richter & Wiese and by Kahl. As in other years, a program of intercomparison of protected thermometers was carried out in the field measurements. The thermometers were used in pairs and one of each pair was shifted periodically so that the same thermometer was eventually paired with a number of other thermometers. From a total of 2,668 intercomparisons, the probable difference between the corrected readings of a pair of protected thermometers was 0.01 °C. Of these comparisons, 343 involved thermometers having a range of +3° to + 13° with a probable difference of 0.006°, 1 ,587 comparisons between thermometers of range —2° to +8° and gave a probable difference of 0.009°, and 738 comparisons were between thermometers with a range of — 2° to +20° or greater and gave a probable difference of 0.014°. As most of the temperatures listed in the Table of Oceanographic Data are the means of the corrected readings of a pair of thermometers and since many of the thermometers used had recent laboratory comparisons with thermometers tested by the National Bureau of Standards, it is con- sidered that the tabulated observed temperatures are good to 0.0 1°C. As in previous years, routine salinity measurements were made with a Wenner salinity bridge. Prior to the 1959 season it was planned to con- struct a new calibration curve by titration of a number of large volume water samples collected at sea and then make a series of runs on the salinity bridge. Unfortunately, the water froze in its containers before this could be done. Consequently, a single carboy of water, designated C-l-59, wras titrated 12 times with the result that when a series of com- parisons was made on the salinity bridge between the water of C-l-59 and Copenhagan standard water of batch P23, a new reading for the P23 was determined. By using the new reading, a discrepancy of +0.03i%0 is introduced between the 1959 and 1958 salinity values. It is noted that this discrepancy is the same that existed between the WHOI and the CGOU salinity bridges, as reported in Bulletin Xo. 44 of this series; however, until a number of titrations can be made on a series of large- volume water samples, covering the salinity range of the bridge, and a 100 3a°fe 53° 52° 50" 49* 48° 47° 46° 45° 44° Figure 44. — Dynamic topography of the sea surface relative to the 1000-decibar surface from data collected 5-18 April 11159. Oceanographic station positions are indicated and the station numbers given at turning points. 101 Figure 45. — Dynamic topography of the sea surface relative to the LOOO-decibar surface from data collected 30 April to II May, 1959. Oceanographic station positions are indicated and the station numbers given at turning points. 102 Figure 46. — Dynamic topography of the sea surface relative to the 1000-decibar surface from data collected 27 May to C> June, L959. Oceaiiographic stations are indicated and the station numbers »i veil at turning points. 103 Figure 47. — Dynamic topography of the sea surface relative to the 1000-decibar surface from data collected 15-24 June, 1959. Oceanographic station positions are indicated and the station numbers given at turning points. 104 new calibration curve constructed, no positive statement can be made as to which values are correct. To this end, a number of water drum samples, varying from 31.5%0 to 36.5%0, were collected during the season and it is planned that a new calibration curve will be constructed prior to the 1 900 season. The precision with which salinities were measured is considered to be about ±0.005^. Figures 44 through 48 show, in chronological order, the dynamic topography found during the four surveys made during the season and one during the occupation of the Bonavista triangle on the postseason cruise. As in the past, the reference surface used was 1,000 decibars for the four season cruises and the postseason triangle. It would appear that, especially in the case of the fourth survey triangle, a different reference level should have been used. Figure 48. — Dynamic topography of the sea surface relative to the L000-decibar surface from data collected 1-4 August, 1959. Oceanographic station positions are indicated and the station numbers given at turning points. 105 The first survey, figure 44, shows a very well defined Labrador Current but a rather small pool of quiet water off the southeastern side of the Tail-of-the-Banks and a poorly defined section of the North Atlantic Current in the Flemish Cap area. In the second survey, figure 45, we sec that the Labrador Current becomes confused above latitude 45° X., a more developed pool of quiet water off the Tail-of-the-Banks and a rather well defined North Atlantic Current developing south of Flemish ( Jap. Third survey, figure 40, again shows a well defined Labrador Current hut the quiet water pool extends northward to 45° X. Again the well de- veloped North Atlantic Current off Flemish Cap is in evidence. It is noted that the main core of the Labrador Current moves off the Banks, near 44° X., and widens with a corresponding decrease of the maximum surface velocity as the season progresses. The average minimum tempera- ture for the Labrador Current in the valley between the Grand Banks and Flemish Cap for the three surveys was — 1.40°C which is colder than the 9-year average minimum of — 1.2(')°C. Comparing the two occupations of the Bonavista triangle, figures 47 and 48, we see a much more concentrated surface current flowing across the northwestern leg of the triangle during the postseason occupation than during the fourth survey. This might be a false representation as, in the fourth survey, there appears to be a possible movement at and be- low 1000 meters which was taken as the depth of no motion. In both cases the eastern branch of the current, which is the current flowing out across the southeastern side of the triangle, comprises more than 90 percent of the volume of water flowing into the triangle. Also on the fourth survey, figure 47, the main body of the Labrador Current lies westward of 47° W. and eastward of that longitude, at about 47° N., there is some loss of water to the east as it recurves northward. Figure 49 shows a comparison of the temperature-salinity character- istics of water masses on the first three surveys of 1959 with the mean T-S characteristics from 1948 to 1959. Labrador Current water and At- lantic Current water are water masses found in this region and these two water masses usually mix in a sufficiently constant proportion to produce a mixed water which may be regarded as a virtual water mass. Of the three, the mixed water is the least definite and over the years there have been greater changes in the yearly shape of the curves representing this water mass than those for the other two. Every year there are some sta- tions where the mixing is atypical and the individual station curves do not fall into any of the three categories. The data from these stations are excluded in determining the water mass charaeterist ics. As has happened in the past, the majority of these stations showed mixtures between typical mixed water and the Atlantic Current water. Since the surveys do not normally include sections which completely cross the Atlantic Current, the curve for the 12-year mean does not accurately represent that water. It is noted that in both the Labrador Current and mixed waters both the temperal wrr and salinity are lower than the 12-year mean 106 TEMPERATURE n < o r c t ■ 0 c ( => T V ^\. \ \ \ v^ \ \ \ 10 \ i IT IO cv \ i'"1 \ IO \* ^s CJK _ t-Zce V \s IO IO \! C^l o v^^ 3 \ 9 •n \ 5" IO \ o "■- r"-*vss^~ a 8 ">=* o •l * - * IO §f ?] IO S §' " 8- V-8 V * \\ * IO Rs 8 \\ iq * IO 8- K) i s\ ^N.^ * « 1 IO , t * yi t * \\ z \KrV\ 3 ? 3- 8. r~ ,^sv c *SV «>< % \\ * IO a u 1 ^ XZCC \ S g °1 gj& IO 1 ^ \?\ in O) | " IO m CO Ul z CO I -ie IO o z 10 o CO 2 \£ a £ CD \ i g Figure 49. — Temperature-salinity relationships for Labrador Current water, At- lantic Current water and mixed water found in the Grand Banks re- gion. Solid lines show conditions found during 1959 and broken lines represent the 12-year means for the period 1948-1959. An approx- imate depth scale in meters is given. 107 Figure ">(). -Schematic representation of the circulation deduced from sections occu- pied on the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and postseason cruises in 1959. Numerals indicate approximate volume transport in units of m3 x 1()6 svc. 108 60° **' & M* SI* 5Q» «* 48* 47* 46* 45» Figure 51. — Dynamic topography of the sea surface relative to the 1500-decibar surface from data collected 5-9 August, 1959. Oceanographic station positions are indicated by circles. 109 below 200 meters with the salinity being the controlling factor as the dens- ity is lower. In the Atlantic Current, the salinity is again the controlling- factor hut in the opposite direction as both the salinity and density are higher below 200 meters. Figures 51, .12, and 53 show respectively, the topography of the sea surface relative to the 1500-decibar surface, the temperature distribution, and the salinity distribution along the section between South Wolf Island, Labrador, and Cape Farewell, Greenland. In figure 51, the effect of the METER DEPTH Figure 52. Temperature distribution along section between South Wolf Islam Labrador and Cape farewell, Greenland 5- '.i August, lit.")'.'. 110 shoal off Hamilton Inlet is apparent in the current pattern off South Wolf Island. On the Greenland side, the Irminger Current component and the East Greenland Current component of the West Greenland Current are not distinguishable in figure 51. The contributions of each of these components, however, can be seen in figures 52 and 53, the tem- perature and salinity distributions. The temperature distribution appears to be normal but the salinity distribution in the deep water at station 7277 shows an anomalous condition with an intrusion of 34.84%( water 7283 7273- 7260 Figure 53. — Salinity distribution along section between South Wolf Island, Labrador and Cape Farewell, Greenland 5-9 August, 1959. 111 into an area where water of 34.90%0 is predominant. Figure 52 does not show a corresponding distortion of the isotherms in this vicinity. Figure 50 shows a schematic representation of approximate volume transport in millions of cubic meters per second for the second, third, fourth, and postseason cruises. Time has not yet permitted a full evalu- ation of the volume transport. A more complete analysis of volume and heat transports will be reported in a subsequent bulletin of this series. TABLE OF OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA The data collected in 1959 are tabulated below. The individual station headings give the station number, date, geographical position, depth of water and dynamic height of the sea surface used in the construction of the dynamic topographic charts shown in figures 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, and 51. The depths of water are rough approximations being the uncorrected sonic soundings based on a sounding velocity of 800 fathoms per second and containing an additional mechanical speed error of about 1/60. Where the depths of scaled values are enclosed in parentheses, the data are based on extrapolated vertical distribution curves of temperature or salinity or both. Asterisks appearing before observed temperatures indi- cate that these temperatures were determined from the depth of reversal and the corrected reading of an unprotected thermometer. The symbol at signifies 1,000 (density— 1) at atmospheric pressure and temperature /. TABLE OF OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1959 Observed values Scaled values Tem- Tem- Depth, pera- Salin- Depth, pera- Salin- meters ture, ity. meters ture, ity °C. %o °C. %o Station 6890; 5 April; 41°59'N., 50°58'W.; depth 3,200 m.; dynamic height 971.016. 0 3.65 33.18 0 26 3.03 33.20 25 51 2.57 33.22 50 77 2.18 33.37 75 103 1.58 33.70 100 153 3.33 34.30 150 205 2.43 34.26 200 308 3.92 34.77 300 338 4.38 34.855 400 514 4.73 34.99 600 695 4.45 34.995 (800)... (1,000). 3.65 3.05 2.60 2.20 1.60 3.25 2.50 3.80 4.60 4.60 4.25 3.90 33.18 33.20 33.22 33.35 33.63 34.29 34.26 34.74 34.92 34.99 34.98 34.93 26.39 26.47 26.52 26.65 26.92 27.31 27.36 27.62 27.68 27.73 27.76 27.76 Observed values Scaled values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture. °0. Salin- ity, Of /DC Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture. °C. Salin- ity, %o Station 6891; 6 April; 42°00'N., 51°57'\V.; depth 3,731 m.; dynamic height 971.036. 0 3.47 33.26 0 3.47 33.26 25 4.60 33.52 25 4.60 33.52 51 6.23 33.93 50 6.15 33.92 76 7.98 34.45 75 7.90 34.45 102 10.44 35.15 100 10.35 35.14 152 8.44 34.96 150 8.45 34.96 204 7.69 34.94 200 7.70 34.94 306 6.50 35.015; 300 6.55 35.01 423 5.42 35.00 400 5.60 35.00 634 4.29 34.945 600 4.40 34.95 845 4.14 34.96 800 4.15 34.96 1,057... 4.03 34.965 1,000... 4.05 34.96 1 26.47 26.57 26.70 26.88 27.02 27.19 27.29 27.51 27.62 27.72 27.76 27.77 112 TABLE OF OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA— Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1959— Continued Observed values Scaled values Tem- Tem- Depth, pera- Salin- Depth, pera- Salin- meters ture, ity, meters ture, itv. "C. % °C. V, Station 6892; 6 April; 42"20.5'N., 51025'W.; depth 2,83-1 m.; dynamic height 970.995. 0 25 52 103~~. 154 205 308 424.... 630.. _. 831.... 1,035. 1,553.. 2.93 2.84 2.82 0.03 4.78 1.75 4.64 4.82 4.64 4.49 4.20 3.91 3.54 33.23 33.34 33.52 33.53 34.26 34.21 34.66 34.83 34.91 34.965 34.96 34.94 34.92 0 2.93 33.23 25. ._ 50..-. 75__._ 100... 150.. . 200.. _ 300... 400... 600... 800... 1,000. 2.84|33.34 2.85 33.52 0.10 4.35 1.80 4.40 4.80 33.53 34.20 34.21 34.62 34.82 4.7034.90 4.50 34.96 4.25J34.96 3.95|34.94 26.50 26.60 26.74 26.93 27.13 27.38 27.46 27.58 27.65 27.72 27.75 27.76 Station 6893; 6 April; 42°45.5'N., 51°04'W.; depth 1,829 m. dynamic height 971.044. 0 1.48 33.19 0 1.48 33.19 26.58 19 -0.12 33.34 25 -0.15 33.25 26.72 38 -0.26 33.36 50 -0.35 33.40 26.85 57 -0.38 33.42 75 -0.45 33.47 26.92 77 -0.38 33.48 100 3.20 34.10 27.14 114 5.80 34.50 150 0.90 33.96 27.24 152 0.78 33.95 200 1.50 34.10 27.31 229 1.95 34.18 300 2.40 34.34 27.43 389 2.83 34.53 400 2.90 34.55 27.56 585 3.93 34.83 600 3.95 34.83 27.67 782 3.91 34.85 800... 3.90 34.86 27.71 979 4.14 34.935 1,000. 4.15 34.93 27.73 1,479... 3.54 34.90 Station 6894; 6 April; 42°57.5'N., 50°58'\V. ; depth 1,024 in. dynamic height 971.095. 0 0.69 33.22 0 26 0.56 33.24 25 52 0.00 33.33 50 78 -0.31 33.41 75 104 -0.38 33.44 100 155 -0.34 33.58 150 208 0.00 33.72 200 312 3.42 34.52 300... 406 2.73 34.54 400 609 3.70 34.78 600.... 812 3.78 34.86 800 1,015... 3.73 34.88 1,000... 0.69 0.60 0.00 -0.30 -0.40 -0.35 -0.10 2.90 3.55 3.70 3.80 3.75; 33.22 33.24 33.33 33.40 33.43 33.56 33.70 34.42 34.53 34.77 34.85 34.88 26.65 26.68 26.78 26.85 26.88 26.98 27.08 27.46 27.47 27.66 27.71 27.73 Station 6895; 6 April; 43°01.5'N.. 50°52'W.; depth 439 m. dynamic height 971.130. 0 2.75 32.22 0 2.75 32.22 24 0.74 33.12 25 0.65 33.12 47 0.12 33.20 50 0.05 33.22 71 -0.37 33.38 75 -0.40 33.39 95 -0.39 33.44 100 -0.40 33.46 142 -0.20 33.64 150 -0.15 33.66 189 0.10 33.76 200 0.20 33.79 284 1.06 34.06 300 1.15 34.09 331 1.29 34.13 (400)... 1.70 34.23 25.71 26.58 26.69 26.85 26.91 27.06 27.14 27.32 27.39 Observed values Scaled values Tem- Tem- Depth, pera- Salin- Depth, pera- Salin- meters ture, ity, meters ture, ity. °C. %c "0. %o Station 6896; 6 April; 43°04.5'N., 50°47'W.; depth 168 m. dynamic height 971.152. 0.. 27. 53. 80 HIT 159 2.76 0.80 1.37 -0.22 -0.26 0.23 32.18 32.64 32.98 33.35 33.41 33.78 0.. 25. 50. 75. ion L50 2.76 0.85 1.35 -0.05 -0.30 0.10 32.18 32.61 32.96 33.30 33.39 33.72 25.68 26.17 26.40 26.75 26.84 27.09 Station 6897; 6 April; 43°09.5'N., 50°36'W.; depth 91 m. dynamic height 971.161. 0 2.68 32.22 0 2.68 32.22 25 0.70 32.54 25 0.70 32.54 50___. 0.53 32.78 50 0.53 32.78 75 -0.15 33.22 75 -0.15 33.22 25.71 26.11 26.31 26.70 Station 6898; 6 April; 43°20'N. dynamic height 971.192. 50°16'W.; depth 64 m.; 2.38 1.91 1.31 32.21 32.20 32.24 2.38 1.91 1.35 32.21 32.20 32.24 25.73 25.76 25.83 Station 6899; 6 April; 43°00'N., 50°14'W.; depth 95 m.; dynamic height 971.149. 0 1.81 32.46 0 1.81 32.46 24 0.77 32.56 25 0.70 32.57 47 0.04 33.07 50 -0.05 33.11 71 -0.20 33.32 75 -0.20 33.32 25.97 26.14 26.60 26.78 Station 6900; 7 April; 42°44'N., 50°14'W.; depth 327 m.; dynamic height 971.123. 0 1.76 32.54 0 1.76 32.54 25 0.12 33.23 25 0.12 33.23 50 -0.31 33.30 50 -0.31 33.30 75 -0.35 33.40 75 -0.35 33.40 100 -0.34 100 -0.34 33.43 150 -0.26 33.50 150 -0.26 33.50 200 0.03 33.68 200 0.03 33.68 300 0.91 34.01 300 0.91 34.01 26.05 26.70 26.76 26.85 26.87 26.93 27.06 27.28 Station 6901; 7 April; 42°34.5'N., 50°16'W.; depth 2,058 m. dynamic height 971.046. 0.._. 25... 50... 75... 149.. 199.. 298.. 404.. 606.. 808. _ 1,010 1,516 1.31 0.07 -0.45 -0.31 -0.31 0.27 1.34 2.40 2.94 3.86 3.94 3.72 3.74 0.... 25-.. 50... 75... 100 150.. 200.. 300. . 400. _ 600- . 800- . 1,000 1.31 0.07 -0.45 -0.31 -0.30 0.30 1.35 2.40 2.90 3.85 3.95 3.75 26.40 26.69 26.83 26.88 26.99 27.16 27.40 27.53 27.58 27.64 27.70 27.73 113 TABLE OF OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA— Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1959— Continued Observed values Scaled values Observed values .Sealed values Tem- Tem- Depth, pera- Salin- Depth, pera- Salin- meters ture, ity, meters ture, ity. °c. '<( °C. /(0 Tem- Depth, pera- Salin- meters ture, ity, °C. it Tern- Depth, pera- meters i ture, °C. Salin- ity, Station 6902; 7 April; 12°24.5'N., 50°11'\Y.; depth 2,651 in.; dynamic height 1(70.989. 0 0.41 33.27 0 0.41 33 . 27 25 -0.40 33.34 25 -0.40 33.34 51 -0.55 33.42 50 -0.55 33.42 76 -0.14 33.68 75 _ -0.15 33.68 102 0.40 33.87 100 0.35 :;:; mi 152 0.97 34.09 150 0.95 34.09 203 1.47 34.25 200 1.45 34.24 305 2.75 34.55 300 2.65 34.54 414 ... 34.72 34.865 400 600 3.50 3.90 34.70 34.85 621 3.89 3.76 34.88 800 3.75 34.88 1,033... 3.64 34.88 1,000... 3.65 34.88 1,540... 3.50 34.90 26.71 26. SI 26.88 27.07 27.19 27.33 27.42 27.57 27.62 27.70 .73 27.71 Station 6903; 7 April; 42°00.5'N., 50°12'W.; depth 3,566 m.; dynamic height 970.911. 0 4.05 33.23 0 4.05 33.23 25 2.64 34.07 25 2.64 34.07 51 3.87 34.49 50 3.85 34.48 76. 3.95 34.60 75 3.95 34.60 102 4.20 34.66 100 4.20 34.66 152 4.23 34.72 150 4.20 34.72 202 4.36 34.76 200 4.35 34.76 304 4.55 34.82 300 4.55 34.82 482 4.54 34.94 400 4.55 34.89 679 4.20 34.95 600 4.30 34.94 880 4.21 34.98 800 4.20 34.97 1,077... 4.01 34.98 1,000__. 4.10 34.98 1,476— 3.67 34.96 26.39 27.20 27.41 27 . 49 27.52 27.57 27.58 .61 .66 27.72 27.77 27.78 Station 6904; 7 April; 41"31'N., 50°12'\V., depth 3,749 m. dynamic height 971.275. 0 15.26 35.89 0 15.26 35.89 25 15.24 35.89 25 15.24 35.89 48 15.08 35.90 50 15.00 35.90 73 14.29 35.77 75 14.30 35.77 97 14.10 35.73 100 14.1(1 35.72 146 13.54 35.56 150 13.50 35.56 195 13.26 35.62 200 13.15 35.62 292 11.41 35.38 300 11.05 35.35 267 11.56 35.42 400 8.80 35.11 384 9.06 35.14 600 6.4(1 34.97 191 7.41 34.98 800 4.40 34.85 594 6.43 34.975 (1,000). 3.90 34.90 812 4.35 34.85 26.62 26.63 26.68 26.74 26.74 26.74 26.86 27.05 27.26 27.50 27.64 27.74 Station 6905; 7 April; 41°05.5'N., 50°12'W.; depth 3,749 m, dynamic height 971.445. 25 :.l 76 102 152 203 .... 305 (17 625... 836— 1.040. 1,573. 17.75 17.70 17.71 17.41 10.81 10.20 15.34 14.09 12.32 7.01 4.88 4.66 3.86 36.29 30.30 30.29 30.25 30.22 36.16 36.00 35.79 35.55 35.07 31.935 35.00 34.96 0 25 50 75 100 150 .■on 300 II ii i 600 800 1,000 17.75 17.76 17.70 17.15 10.85 16.30 15.35 11.15 12.65 8.20 5.10 1.70 36.20 36.30 36.29 30.21 36.22 36.16 30.111 35.80 35.50 35.12 31.95 34.99 26.33 20.34 26.35 26.37 26.50 20.59 27.36 27.04 27.72 Station 6906; 8 April; 12 07'N., 19 H'W.; depth 3,200 m. dynamic height 970.995. 0 3.92 33.23 0 3.92 33.23 20.11 25 2.44 33.34 25 2.44 33. 34 26.63 51 2.25 33.45 50 2.25 33.44 26.73 76 0.43 34.50 75 6.30 34.45 27.10 102 7.115 34.69 100 7.00 34.67 27.18 152 7.07 34.83 150 7.05 34.83 27.20 202 4.67 34.59 200 4.70 34.59 27.10 304 5.22 34.87 300 5.20 34.87 27.57 407 4.24 34.84 400 4.25 34.84 27.65 611 4.47 34.96 600 4.45 34.96 27.73 816 4.07 34.95 800 4.10 34.95 27.76 1,019. 3.95 34.95 1,000— 3.95 34.95 27.77 1,528... 3.56 34.935 Station 6907; 8 April; 41°31'N., 48°51'W.; depth 3,292 m. dynamic height 970.942. 0 1.98 33.19 0 1.98 33.19 25 8.39 34 . 76 25 8.39 34.76 50 3.62 34.29 50 3.02 34.29 75 1.84 34.28 75 1.84 34.28 100 4.18 34.60 100 4.18 34.60 150 3.42 34.54 150 3.42 34.54 200 3.63 34.62 200 3.63 34.62 300 3.66 34.66 300 3.66 34.66 407 4.58 34.87 400 4.55 34.87 572 3.92 34.84 600 3.95 34.86 738 1.26 34.94 800 4.30 34.97 913 4.34 34.99 1,000... 4.15 34.97 1,282... 3.59 34.91 26.27 27.04 27.28 27.43 27.17 27.50 27.54 .57 27.65 27.70 27.75 27.77 Station 6908; 8 April; 40°59.5'N., 48°26'W.; depth 3,658 m. dynamic height 971.245. 0 12.51 35.22 0 12.51 35.22 26 12.83 35.35 25 12.80 35.35 52 13.03 35.51 50 13.00 35.51 78 12.78 35.45 75 .... 12.80 35.46 104 12.58 35.40 100 12.60 35.41 155 12.26 35.34 150 12.25 35.34 206 12.25 35.40 200 12.25 35.40 310 11.18 35.38 300 11.30 35.38 390 9.44 35.20 400 9.25 35.18 587 6.18 35.00 600 6.05 34.99 786 1.78 34.975 800 4.75 34.98 984 4.41 34.985 1,000— 4.40 34.98 1,486— 3.78 34.95 20.68 26.72 26.81 26.81 26.81 26.82 26.87 27.03 27.24 27.56 27.70 27.74 Station 6909; !• April; 41°35'X., 47°16'W.; depth 4,390 m.; dynamic height 971.122. 0 24— 48--.. 73 — 97.... 145— 193 .. 290 384... 579— 775— 972... 1,469. 6.56 33.61 0.. 6.56 9.21 34.40 25 9.20 8.92 34.52 50 8.95 9.23 34.62 7 5 9.40 10.87 35.04 100 10.85 10.49 35.01 150 10.50 10.59 35.25 200 10.40 6 ss 34.79 300 6.50 5.01 31.72 400 4.95 1.59 34.90 600 1.60 4.50 34.97 800 4.45 4.03 34.95 1.000... 4.00 3.79 34.96 33.61 34.41 34.52 34.65 35.03 35.03 35.23 34.78 34.73 34.91 31.07 34.95 20.41 26.65 20.77 26.80 26 81 26.90 27. OS 27.:;:: 27. is 27.67 27.71 27.77 114 TABLE OF OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA— Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1959— Continued Observed values Scaled values Tem- Tem- Depth, pera- Salin- Depth, pera- Salin- meters ture, ity, meters ture, ity, °C. %o °c. %o Observed values Scaled values Station 6910; 9 April; 42°02.5' N., 47!>49' W.; depth 3,1 dynamic height 971.090. 0 .'I 49... 98 147 195 293 . 412 621- 831- 1,037 1.549 6.00 6.25 7.62 8.50 7.89 9.47 8.98 5.85 5.41 4.24 4.11 4.05 :i.57 33.53 33.82 34.17 34.40 34.46 34.97 35.00 34.71 34.89 34.92 34.93 34.96 34.925 0- 25— 50... 75— 100- 150.. 200- 300- 400- 600- 800- 1.000 6.00 33.53 6.30 33.84 7.7534.18 8, 15 34. Hi 7.95 34.48 0.45 34.97 s. so 5.80 5.45 4.35 4.10 4.05 34.99 34.71 34.88 34.92 34.93 34.95 26.41 26.62 26.68 26.75 26.89 27.04 27.16 27.37 27.54 27.71 27.74 27.76 Station 691 1 ; 9 April; 4224' V, 48°30' W.; depth 3,365 m.; dynamic height 971.017. 0 25— 51—. 76 102— 152 202- 304— 393__. 595 800... 1,001. 1.503 4.14 33.18 0 5.22 33.61 25 5.50 33.85 50 6.72 34.40 75 6.65 34.55 100.. .. 8.33 35.00 150 5.12 34.57 200 3.27 34.56 300 3.57 34.71 400- . 1.72 34.99 600 4.15 34.995 son 3.85 34.94 1.000 . 3.55 34.935 4.14 5.22 5.45 6.70 6.65 s . 25 5.25 3.25 3.60 4.70 4.15 3.85 33.18 33.61 33.84 34.38 34.53 34.99 34.58 34.56 34.72 34.99 34.96 34.94 26.34 26.57 26.73 26.99 27.11 27.25 27.33 27.53 27.63 27.72 27.76 27.77 Station 6912; 9 April; 42°44' \\. 49 lis' dynamic height 970.909. W.; depth 2,524 m.; 0 26 52 78— 104— 155 208 312 ... 400— 599 799 1,000.. 1,507... 2.79 33.73 0 2 . 79 33.73 1.41 33.92 25 1.40 33.91 1.63 34.08 50 1.65 34.07 1.81 34.24 75 1.80 34.21 3.51 34.48 100 3.15 34.44 4.92 34.77 150 4.85 34.74 5.36 34.92 200 5.35 34.90 5.10 34.96 300 5.15 34.96 4.85 34.98 400 4.85 34.98 4.52 34.99 600 4.55 34.99 4.22 34.98 800 4.20 34.98 3.83 34.94 1.000 3.85 34.94 3.44 31.91 26.91 27.16 27.28 27.38 27.44 27.51 27.57 27.65 27.69 27.74 27.27 27.77 Station 6913; 9 April; 43°24' N., 48°42' \\ .; depth 1,829 m.: dynamic height 970.957. 0 -0.18 33.24 0 -0.1S 33.21 26.72 25 0.73 33.44 25 0.73 33.44 26.83 51 2.63 33.97 50 2.65 33.96 27.11 76 2.30 34.01 75 2.30 34.00 27.17 102 2.16 34.06 100 2.15 34.05 27.22 152 3.30 34.40 150 3.25 34.39 27.39 203 3.72 34.57 .'III! 3.70 34.56 27.49 305 4.47 34.84 300 4.45 34.82 27.62 404 4.36 34.88 400 4.35 34.88 27.67 608 3.97 34.89 600 4.00 34.89 27.72 813 3.71 34.89 800 3.75 34.89 27.74 1,013... 3.52 34.885 1,000— 3.55 34.89 27.76 1,511... 3.41 34.90 Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture, °C. Salin- ity, Depth, meters Tem- pera- Salin- ture, itv, °C. %0 Station 6914; 10 April; 43°09' N., 48°10' W.; depth 3,017 m. dynamic height 971.009. 0 5. SI 33.55 0 5.81 33.55 25 5.72 33.56 25 5.72 33.56 51 6.26 33.97 50 6.20 33.95 76 9.33 34.88 75 9.30 34.87 102 8.16 34.83 100 8.30 34.84 152 .... 5.55 34.64 150 5.55 34.63 .'04 6.47 34.83 200 6.40 34.82 306 3.87 34.63 300 3.90 34.63 425 5.09 34.98 400 4.90 34.92 638 4.54 34.99 600 4.60 34.99 853 4.21 34.97 800 4.25 34.97 1,064 — 3.92 34.95 1,000... 4.00 34.96 1,586... 3.43 34.915 26.45 26.47 26.72 26.99 27.12 27.33 27.38 27.52 27.65 3 6 8 Station 6915; 10 April; 42°54' N\, 4} dynamic height 971.196. '32' W.; depth 3,603 m. 0 25 51 77 103 ... 153— 205 308 377... 566— 56— His 1 . 433 . 0 25 50 75 100 150 200 300 400 — . 600 .. .. 800 — 1,000- 11.67 11.74 13.65 13.70 34.99 35.00 35.62 35.65 13. 55^35. 63 13.15135.55 13.10j35.61 10.15 35.26 8.20 35.13 5.40.35.00 4.70 35.00 4.30134.97 26.67 26.66 26.76 26.77 26.78 26.80 26.86 27.15 27.36 27.65 27.73 27.75 Station 6916; 10 April; 42°39' N., 46°49' W. ; depth 3,932 m. dynamic height 971.456. 0 25— 50 76 101 151 201 302 405 609 813 1,017— 1,535... 15.16 36.02 0 15.22 36.02 25 15.21 36.02 50 15.23 36.02 75 15.23 36.02 100 15.28 36.04 150 15.29 36.07 200 15.02 36.04 300 13.27 35.72 400 9.50 35.26 600 6.79 35.17 800 5.78 35.16 1,000-. 3.86 34.95 15.16 36.02 15.2236.02 15.21 36.02 15.20 36.02 15.25 36.02 15.25 36.04 15.30 36.07 15.00 36.04 13.35 35.74 10.05 35.28 6.90 35.17 5.85 35.16 26.74 26.73 26.73 26.73 26.72 26.73 26.75 26.79 26.91 27.18 27.59 27.72 Station 6917; 10 April; 42°24' N., 46°17' \V.; depth 4,481 m. dynamic height 971.503. 0 26 52 78 104 155 207 311 399 602 807 1,009— 1.514 . 15.36 15.38 15.38 15.34 14.70 14.36 15.05 14.72 13.61 10.58 6.92 6.27 4.01 36.00 36.00 36.00 35.98 35.83 35.77 35.99 35.945 35.75 35.36 35.04 35.20 34.96 0 15.36 36.00 25 15.35 36.00 50 15.40 36.00 75 15.35 35.99 100 14.80 35.85 150 14.35 35.78 200 14.95 35.98 300 14.80 35.96 400 13.60 35.75 ! 600 10.60 35.36 I 800 7.00 35.04 1,000— 6.35 35.20 26.68 26.68 26.67 26.67 26.68 26.73 26.76 26.77 26.87 27.15 27.47 27.68 115 TABLE OF OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA— Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1959— Continued Observed values Tem- Depth, ixra- Salin- nieters ture, itv, °C. %, Scaled values 1 Tern- Depth, |>era- Salin- meters ture, itv, 1 ■ ko Station 6918; 10 April; 42°48' N„ 45°52' W.; depth 4,618 m. dynamic height 971.510. 0.... 24— 49... 73 98... 14H . 195.. 293.. 343.. 519.. 700.. 879- 1.334 14.53 14.57 14.57 14.56 It. 59 14.76 14.79 14.75 14.77 12.55 8.91 5.82 4.16 35.89 0 35.89 25 35.89 50 35.89 75 35.89 35.95 35.97 " §5~98 35.62 35.14 34.93 34.945 100... 150... 200... 300... 400 600... 800. __ 1,000. 14.53 14.55 14.55 14.55 14.60 14.75! 14.75 14.75 14.351 10.90 6.90 5.10, 35.89 35.89 35.89 35.89 35.89 35.95 35.97 35.97 35.90 35.39 34.99 34.93 26.78 126.77 26.77 26.77 26.76 26.78 26.79 26.79 26.82 27.11 127.44 27.62 Station 6919; 10 April; 43° 12.5' N., 45°28' \Y.; depth 4,663 m., dynamic height 971.496. 0..._ 24— 48... 73... 97... 145— 193.. 290.. 394.. 592_ _ 791.. 989.. 1.480 14.65 35.95 0 14.68 35.96 1; 25 14.67 35.955 50 . 14.67 35.95 75 14.70 35.95 100 1 14.70 35.95 ! 150 14.75 35.96 200 14.79 36.00 300 .... 14.72 35.99 400 11.26 35.45 600 7.39 35.05 800 . 4.88 34.905 LOW... 4.04 34.95 14.65i 35. 95 14. 65135.96 14. 65135. 95 14. 65135. 95 14.70,35.95 14.70135.95 14.75i25.96 14.75136.00 14.7035.99 11.10 35.48 7.20 35.04 4.85 34.91 26.80 26.81 26.80 26.80 26.79 26.79 26.78 26.82 26.82 27.15 27.44 27.64 Station 6922; 11 April; 43°41'N., 47°19' W.; depth 4,115 m.; dynamic height 971.166. Station 6920; 11 April; 43°21' N. dynamic height 971.470. 46°04' W.; depth 4,57 0 14.61 35.90 0 23 14.67 35.90 25 .... 46 14.68 35.91 50 70 14.71 35.92 75 93 14.78 35.92 100- _ _ 139 14.91 36.03 150 .... 185 14.91 36.03 200 278 14.88 36.03 300 . . 338 14.84 36.02 400 521 12.17 35.58 600 715 8.20 35.12 800 905 5.83 35.025 1,000-. 1,405— 4.31 34.985 14.61 35.90 14.65 35.90 14.70 35.91 14.70 35.92 14.75 35.93 1 4 . 90 36 . 03 14.90 36.03 14.85 36. 03 14.35 35.91 10.55 35.36 6.70 35.07 5.35 35.02 26.77 26.76 26.76 26.77 26.76 26.81 26.81 26.82 26.83 27.16 27.54 27.67 Station 6921; 11 April; 43°31' N., 4fi°4l' \Y.;d"pth 1,207 in. dynamic height 971.390. Observed values Tern- Depth, pera- Salin- meters ture, itv, op cr Scaled values Tem- Depth, pera- Salin- meters ture, itv, °C. 0 9.29 34.45 0 9.29 34.45 28 9.35 34.45 25 9.35 34.45 57 9.70 34.67 50 9.60 34.61 85 10.51 34.88 75 10.20 34 . 80 113 11.23 35.09 100 10.90 35.00 183 12.16 35.40 150 11.85 35.28 226 9.57 34.94 200 11.15 35.26 339 8.63 35.10 200 9.00 35.05 424 5.96 34.84 400 6.65 34.91 639 4.37 34.89 600 4.45 34.87 859 4.47 34.975 800 4.45 34.95 1,073... 4.12 31.965 1.000-.. 4.25 34.97 1,608... 3.45 34.91 26.66 26.65 26.74 26.78 26.81 26.85 26.97 27.18 27.42 27.66 27.72 27.76 Station 6923; 11 April; 43°52' N., 48°02' \V.; depth 3,676 m.; dynamic height 970.906. 0... 24- 48- 72. . 97.. 144 192 289. 390. 592. 799. 1,500 3.09 3.13 3.19 4.32 5.54 3.00 4.36 4.16 4.02 3.85 3.88 3.62 3.42 33.92 33.92 34.14 34.40 34.67 34.44 34.77 34.84 34.88 34.90 34.93 34.92 34.905 0— 25... 50... 75.-- 100- 150- - 200.. 300.. 400- 600- 800- 1.000 3.09 33.92 3.15133.92 3.25]34.15 4.50 34.44 5.50 3.05 4.35 4.15 4.00 3.85 3.90 3.60 34.67 34.46 34.78 34.85 34.87 34.90 34.93 34.92 27.04 27.03 27.20 27.31 27.38 27.47 27.59 27.67 27.71 27.74 27.76 27.79 Station 6924; 11 April; 44°00' \\, 48°30' W.; depth 3,292 m. dynamic height 970.957. 0__- 26 52 78.. 104 155 208.. 312.. 419 626-. 831 - 1,037 1.549 3.3S 3.40 2 . 25 2.24 2.38 2.48 4.05 4.45 1.26 3.96 3.76 3.58 3.35 33.99 34.00 33. '.is 34.00 34.04 34.24 34.59 34.80 34.87 34.885 34.905 34.91 34.91 0 25— 50— 75— 100. _. 150 - - 200— 300... 400- . 600-- 800 — 1.000 3.38 33.99 27.06 3.40 34.00 27.07 2.25 33.98 27.15 2.25 34.00 27.17 2.35 34.04 27.19 2 . 45 34.21 27.32 3.90 34.55 27.46 4.45 34.78 27.58 4.30 34.86 27.66 1 4.00 34.88 27.71 ' 3.80 34.90 27.75 3.60 34.91 27.78 Station 6925; 11-12 April; 44°05' N., 48°50' W.; depth 1,646 m.; dynamic height 970.92s. 26.83 26.92 27.23 27.35 27.38 27.52 27.56 27.62 27.66 27.73 27.74 27.75 0 0.05 33.39 25 -0.35 33.49 50 0.40 33.91 75 2.45 34.25 100 3.00 34.34 150 2.35 34 . 45 200 2.45 34.51 300 3.25 34.68 400 .. 3.75 3 1.79 600 3.80 34.87 sun 3.80 31.S!) 1,000— 3.75 34.90 116 TABLE OF OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA— Ctoninued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1959— Continued Observed values Scaled values Tem- Tem- Depth, pera- .Salin- Depth, pera- Salin- meters ture, ity, meters ture, ity, °C. %o °C. %c Observed values Scaled values Tem- Tem- Depth, pera- Salin- Depth. pera- Salin- meters ture, ity, meters ture, ity. °c. %c °C. %o Station 6926; 12 April; 44°07.5' N., 48°56' VV.; depth 631 m. dynamic height 970.999. Station 6932; 12 April; 44°50.5' N., 48°55' W.; depth 732 m.; dynamic height 971.101. 0- 26. 52. 79. 104 157 209 313 375 604 -0.60 -0.60 -0.19 -0.85 -0.38 33.22 33.21 33.38 33.53 33.64 1.37 34.05 2.07 34.33 2.63 34.56 2.80 34.60 3.58 34.83 0.. 25. 50. 75. 100 l.iii .'(10 300 mil tii id -0.60 -0.60 -1.15 -0.90 -0.45 1.15 2.00 2.60 2.90 3.60 33.22 33.21 33.37 33.51 33.63 34.00 34.30 34.54 34.62 34.82 26.71 26.71 26.8!". 26.97 27.04 27.25 27.43 27.57 27.62 27.71 0 -0.89 33.15 0 -0.89 33.15 25 -0.99 33.16 25 -0.94 33.16 J 50 -1.13 33.22 50 -1.13 33.22 1 76 -1.31 33.33 75 -1.30 33.33 101 -1.04 33.46 100 -1.05 33.45 151 -0.39 33.58 150 -0.40 33.58 201 -0.15 33.66 200 -0.15 33.66 302 1.45 34.16 300 1.40 34.15 407 2.08 34.38 400 2.05 34.37 617 3.20 34.69 600 3.15 34.67 26.67 26.68 26.74 26.83 26.92 27.00 27.06 27.36 27.49 27.63 Station 6927; 12 April; 44°09" V. 49° 04' \V.; depth 183 m.; dynamic height 971.107. 0 —0.81 26 -0.80 53 -0.87 79 j — 1.04 106 1-0.96 158 1-0.41 33.14 33.14 33.31 33.42 33.44 33.59 0 -0.8l|33.14 25 1-0.8033.14 -0.85133. 29 -1.00 33.41 -1.00 33.43 -0.50 33.57 50. 75... 100 __ 150.. 26.66 26.66 26.77 26.89 26.90 27.00 Station 692X; 12 April; 44.10.5' N., 49°11' \V.; depth 91 m. dynamic height 971.115. Station 6933; 12 April; 44°49' \\, 48°41' W.; depth 1,554 m. dynamic height 970.975. 26.85 26.86 27.05 27.23 27.33 27.35 27.39 27.54 63 27.69 27.74 27.75 0 -0.63 26 -0.62 53 -0.74 79 -0.65 33 16 33 Hi 33 17 33 23 0 -0.63 25 -0.60 50 -0.75 75 1-0.65 0 -0.55 33.39 0.. -0.55 33.39 25 -0.57 33.40 25 -0.57 33.40 | 50 -0.46 33.64 50 -0.46 33.64 75 0.56 33.93 75 0.56 33.93 100 2.31 34.20 100 2.31 34.20 150 2.62 34.26 150 2.62 34.26 199 3.32 34.38 200 3.30 34.39 299 2.50 34.49 300 2.50 34.49 1 390 2.96 34.64 400 3.00 34.65 j 584 3.97 34.85 600 3.95 34.85 778 3.70 34.87 800 3.70 34.87 971 3.62 34.88 1,000... 3.60 34.88 1,450.. 3.55 34.89 33.16 33.16 33.17 33.22 26.67 26.66 26.68 26.72 Station 6934; 12 April; 44°46.5' N., 48°26' W.; depth 2,012 m.; dynamic height 970.906. Station 6929; 12 April; 44°13' N., 49°23' W. dynamic height 971.124. -depth is m. 0. 25 tu 1.16 33.02 0 0.03 33.21 25 -0.10 33.25 1.16 33.02 0.03 33.21 26.47 26.69 Station 6930; 12 April; 44°54' N., 49°25' W.; depth 80 m.; dynamic height 971.126. 0 1.31 33.82 0 1.31 33.82 25 1.32 33.84 25 1.32 33.84 51 3.11 34.38 50 3.10 34.38 76 3.29 34.46 75 3.30 34.46 102 3.10 34.47 100 3.10 34.47 152 3.62 34.62 150 3.60 34.61 204 3.70 34.70 200 3.70 34.69 306 4.08 34.82 300 4.05 34.82 403 3.92 34.84 400 3.90 34.83 605 3.94 34.88 600 3.95 34.88 809 3.66 34.875 800 3.65 34.88 1,008... 3.58 34.88 1,000... 3.60 34.88 1,503... 3.45 34.91 27.10 27.11 27.40 27.45 27.48 27.54 |27.59 127.66 27.68 127.71 27.74 127.75 0. 0.26 33.06 0 25 -0.24 33.20 25 51 -0.34 33.26 50 71 -0.34 33.26 (75).— 0.26 33.06 -0.24 33.20 -0.35 33.26 -0.35 33.26 26.55 26.69 26.73 26.73 Station 6935; 12-13 April; 44°43' N., 48°03' W.; depth 3,384 m.; dynamic height 970.973. Station 6931 ; 12 April; 44°53.5' N., 49°22' W.; depth 90 m. dynamic height 971.129. 0.18 33.07 -0.03 33.10 -0.37| 33.24 -0.52 33.26 0.18 33.07 26.56 0.00 33.10 |26.59 -0.35|33.23 j26.71 -0.50133.26 126.74 0 3.11 33.99 0 3.11 33.99 27.09 24 3.19 33.99 25 3.20 33.99 27.08 49 3.20 33.99 50 3.20 33.99 27.08 73 2.97 34.01 75 2.95 34.01 27.12 98 2.71 34.04 100 2.70 34.04 27.16 146 2.84 34.11 150 2.85 34.12 27.22 195 3.18 34.30 200 3.25 34.33 27.34 293 4.45 34.76 300 4.45 34.77 27.58 378 4.26 34.85 400 4.20 34.85 27.67 570 3.91 34.875 600 3.90 34.88 27.72 764 3.77 34.895 800 3.75 34.89 27.74 959 3.55 34.89 1,000... 3.55 34.89 27.76 1,456... 3.42 34.90 117 TABLE OF OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA— Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1959— Continued Observed values Scaled values Tem- Tem- Depth, pera- Salin- Depth, pera- Salin- meters ture, ity, meters ture, ity. °C. (i °c. %o Observed values Scaled values Tem- Tem- Depth, pera- Salin- Depth, pera- Salin- meters ture, ity, meters ture, ity, °C. or °C. %o Station ti!t36; 13 April; 44°38.5' X., 47°22' W.; depth 3,768 in.; dynamic height 970.913. Station 6940; 13 April; 44°50' N., 45°14' W.; depth 4,155 m. dynamic height 070.986. 0.. 25 50. 75. urn i in 190 209 398 3.42 34.03 3.42 34.03 3.36 34.05 2.10 34.09 1.81 34.16 4.72 34.70 4.28 34.72 4.46 34.87 4.17 34.88 0 25 50.... 75... 100.... 150.... 200.... 300.. _. 400.... (600).. (800).. (1,000) 3.42 3.42 3.36 2.19 1.81 4.70 4.30 4.45 4.15 3.85 3.80 3.65 34.03 34.03 34.03 34.09 34.16 34.70 34.73 34.87 34.88 34.90 34.01 34.01 27.00 27.00 27.10 27.25 27.34 27.49 27.56 27.66 27.69 27.74 27.76 27.77 0 5.22 34.02 0 5.22 34.02 25 5.20 34.02 25 5.20 34.02 49 5.14 34.02 50 5.20 34.03 74 6.89 34.57 75 6.95 34.5S 98 7.16 34.66 100 7.15 34.66 147 4. S3 34.54 150 4.80 34.54 196 4.51 34.52 200 4.50 34.52 294 4.44 34.77 300 4.45 34.78 406 4 . 40 34.88 400 4.50 34.88 612 4.02 34.80 600 4.05 34.89 823 3.78 34.SS 800 3.80 34.88 1,030 3.61 34.80 1,000... 3.65 34.89 1,551... 3.52 34.91 26.S'.i 26.90 26.00 27.11 27.15 27.35 27.37 .58 .65 27.71 73 75 Station 6037; 13 April; 44°21' X., 46°33' W.; depth 3,786 m.; dynamic height 070.065. Station 6041; 14 April; 4551S.5' X., 45°15' W.; depth 4,155 i.; dynamic height 970.975. 0 4.60 33.70 0 4.60 33.70 26 4.73 33. SO 25 4.75 33. SO 51 2.99 33.92 50 3.00 33.01 77 8.22 34.93 75 8.20 34.93 102 6.32 34.65 100 .... 6.45 34.65 153 5.45 34.64 150 5.50 34.65 204 5.16 34.75 200 5.15 34.74 306 5.44 34.96 300 5.45 34.05 406 5.28 35.00 400 5.30 35.00 612 4.67 35.00 600 4.70 35.00 821 3.75 34.00 soo 3.80 34.90 1.026 . 3.76 34.02 1,000 3.75 34.92 26.77 20.77 .04 27.211 27.24 27.36 27.47 27.60 27.66 27.73 27.75 27.77 0_._. 28... 55. __ 83. _. 110.. 166.. 220.. 330.. 421.. 633. _ 847.. 1,058 1 , 5S2 5.17 5.24 5.96 6.18 6.74 3.85 4.31 4.75 4.40 4.40 3.82 3.68 3.48 33.00 33.91 34.28 34.46 34.60 34.42 34.62 34.86 34.88 34.06 34.00 34.905 34.91 0.... 25. _. 50... 75. _ loo 150.. 200 300.. 400.. 600. _ 800.. 1,000 33.00 33.00 34.22 34 61 34 48 34 54 34 SI 34 ss 34 06 34 ill 34 00 26.81 26.81 26.00 27.08 27.10 27.33 27.43 27.58 27.66 27.73 27.74 27.76 Station 6038; 13 April; 44°25' X., 45°5S' W.; depth 3,841 in.: dynamic height 071.034. Station 6042; 14 April; 45°20.5' X., 45°50' W.; depth, 3,475 m.; dynamic height 070.005. 0 5.41 33.79 0 26 5.63 33.79 25 51 5.68 33.91 50 77 5.97 33.94 75 102 4.15 33.94 100 153 6.75 34.60 150 201 6.38 34.71 200 306 5.20 34.82 300 102 5.04 34.02 400 609 4.00 34.88 600 818 3.96 34.02 soo 1.022 . 3.71 34.00 1.000 .. 1.529. . 3.50 34.91 5.4T33.70 5.65 33.70 5.70 33.01 5.05 33.94 1.20 33.05 6.70 34.50 6.40 34.71 5.25 34.82 5.05 34.02 4.00 34. SS 3.05 34.02 3.75 34.00 26.60 26.66 26.76 26.75 26.05 27.15 27.20 27.53 27.63 27.71 27.75 27.75 0 3.17 24 3.18 49 3.17 73 3.32 98 3.20 147 3.10 196 3.14 294 3.26 406 3.95 610 3.82 815 .... 3.75 1,019... 3.64 1.528... 3.30 34.29 34.29 34.31 34.34 34.38 34.50 34.57 34.69 34.86 34.87 34.90 34.90 34.90 0.... 25... 50. __ 75... 100.. 150.. 200.. 300.. 400. _ 600.. 800.. 1.000 3.14 3.20 3.15 3.30 3.20 3.10 3.15 3.30 34.29 34.29 34.31 34.34 34.38 34.51 34.57 34.70 3.95 34.85 3.S5 34. 87 3.75 34.90 3.65 34.90 27.32 27.32 34 35 39 51 27.55 .64 .69 72 ^75 .76 Station 6939; 13 April; 44°19.5' V, 45°15' W.; depth 4,390 in.; dynamic height 971.123. Station 6943; 14 April; 45°19.5' X., 46°40' \Y.; depth 3,396 m.; dynamic height 970.944. 0 . . 5.60 33.66 0 27 5.65 33.68 25 53 8.64 34.41 50 80 10.05 34.08 75 106... 10.36 3 4. 9S 100 15 s 35.05 35.03 150 200 212 10.50 318 5.53 34.70 300 414 1.27 34.73 400 619 4.32 34.90 600 821 4.00 34.925 son i 025 3.92 34.025 1.000 1,530 3.58 34.01 5.60|33.66 5.65133.67 s. 35 34.33 9.90 34. so 10.30 31.95 10.60 35.05 10.55 35.04 6.25 34.73 4.30 34.72 4.30 34.80 4.15 34.02 3.05 34.02 26.57 26.57 26.71 20.s:i 26. ss 26.00 26.00 27.32 27.56 27.68 27.73 27.75 0 26.... 52... 79... 105.. 156.. 209.. 314.. 301 587.. 784 978. _ 1,458 3.37 3.37 3.39 3.37 3.11 4.32 4.39 3.80 3.85 4.28 3.63 3.71 3.45 34.23 34.23 34.24 34.28 34.33 34.51 34.64 34.72 34.78 34.93 34.86 34. SS 31 01 0 25 50... 75... 100.. 150.. 200.. 300.. 100 600.. 800 __ 1,000 3.37 34.23 3.40 34.23 3.40 34.23 3.35 34.27 3.40134.32 4.25 34.48 4.40 34.62 3. 85 31.71 3.85 31.79 4.25134.93 3.65 34.86 3.7034.88 27.25 27.25 27.25 27.20 27.33 27.36 27.40 27.59 27.65 27.72 27.73 27.74 118 TABLE OF OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA— Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1959— Continued Observed values Scaled values Tem- Tem- Depth, pera- Salin- Depth, pera- Salin- meters ture, ity. meters ture, ity, °C. or /CO °c. %o Observed values Sclaed values Tern- Tem- Depth, pera- Salin- Depth, pera- Salin- meters ture, ity, meters ture, ity, °C. %o °C. '« Station 6944; 14 April; 45°19.5' N., 47°24' \\\; depth 2,926 m.; dynamic height 970.933. Station 6949; 15 April; 45°50.5' N., 48°35' W.; depth dynamic height 971.085. 0_.__ 25... 52... 103!! 154- 205- 308- _ 399 . 604. 8n„ 1,014 1,528 2.41 2.50 2.49 2.55 2.69 3.48 4.22 4.48 4.45 4.01 3.63 3.49 3.38 34.00 34.00 34.00 34.10 34.22 34.43 34.66 34.83 34.90 34.91 34.88 34.88 34.91 0 25 50 75 100 150 200 300 400 600 800 1,000... 2.41 2.50 2.50 2.55 2.60 3.40 4.15 4.45 4.45 4.00 3.65 3.50 34.00 34.00 34.00 34.09 34.21 34.41 34.64 34.82 34.90 34.91 34.88 34.88 27.16 27.15 27.15 27.22 27.31 27.1(1 27.50 27.62 27.68 27.74 27.74 27.76 Station 6945; 14 April; 45°29.5' N., 47°55' \\\; depth 1,591 in.; dynamic height 970.930. 0 26 51 103 153 204 307 389— 586-__. 786 983 1,482 33.75 33.76 33.90 34.07 34.16 34.45 34.49 34.57 34.72 34.85 34.89 34.88 34.885 0__._ 25... 50..- 75-_. 100.. 150._ 200- 300- 400- 600- . 800. _ 1,000 0.42 33 0.50,33 0.60 33 0.95 1.35 2.45 2.35 2.45J34 3.35 34 3.80,34 3.80'34 3.60 34 Station 6946; 15 Anril; 45°35.5' N'.. 4S°10' W.; depth 832 m. dynamic height 970.993. 26.82 26.81 26.83 27.04 27.12 27.32 27.44 27.60 27.65 27.67 0 -0.92 33.33 0 -0.92 33.33 23 -0.79 33.33 25 -0.80 33.33 47 -0.71 33.35 50 -0.65 33.36 70__- 0.03 33.64 75 0.10 33.66 94 0.32 33.75 100 0.40 33.78 141 0.96 34.03 150 1.10 34.07 188 1.75 34.26 200 1.85 34.30 282 2.42 34.53 300 2.50 34.56 362 2.84 34.65 400 2.95 34.67 546 3.22 34.73 (600)... 3.25 34.74 Station 6947; 15 April; 45°40.5' N., 48°23' W.; depth 174 m. dynamic height 971.069. 0 -1.28 26 -1.23 52 -1.33 78 -0.75 105 -0.42 156 -0.36 33.21 33.22 33.34 33.50 33.54 33.56 0.. 25. 50. 75- [00 150 -1.28 -1.20 -1.30 -0.80 33.21 33.22 33.33 33.48 -0.45 33.53 -0.35 33.56 26.73 26.74 26.83 26.93 26. 96 20.9* Station 6948; 15 April; 45°44' N., 48°29' W.; depth 115 ni. dynamic height 971.076. 0- 26. 52. 78- 104 -1.23 ■1.23 -1.17 -1.16 -1.15 33.20 33.20 33.31 33.32 33.33 0... 25.. 50.- 75- 100. -1.33 -1.20 -1.15 -1.15 -1.15 33.20 33.21 33.30 33.32 33.33 26.72 26.73 26.80 26.82 26 83 Station 6952; 15 April; 46°15' N., 48°35' W.; depth 88 m.; dynamic height 971.082. 0. 26 51 77 -1.14 -1.16 -1.15 -1.09 33.12 33.12 33.12 33.22 -1.14 -1.15 -1.15 — 1.10 33.12 33.12 33.12 33.21 26.65 26.66 26.66 26.73 Station 6950; 15 April; 46"06' N\. 48°49' W.J depth 69 m. dynamic height 971.087. 0 -0.17 32.98 0 -0.17 32.98 26 -0.17 33.02 25 -0.15 33.02 52 -0.77 33.24 50 -0.75 33.22 26.51 26.54 26.72 Station 6951; 15 April; 46°16' N., 48°58' W.; depth 66 m. dynamic height 971.104. .. -0.11 ..1-0.13 - -0.86 32.67 32.67 33.06 -0.11 -0.10 -0.70 32.67 32.67 33.97 26.25 26.25 26.52 0. 25 51 70 -0.37 -0.39 -0.73 -0.72 33.19 33.19 33.24 33.24 0 25.-- 50___- 75-__- -0.37 -0.39 -0.75 -0.70 33.19 33.19 33.24 33.24 26.68 26.69 26.74 26.74 Station 6953; 15 April; 46°13.5' N., 47°58' W.; depth 112 m. dynamic height 971.083. 51 77 103--. -1.22 -1.21 -1.34 -0.99 -0.88 33.10 33.10 33.14 33.30 33.32 0— 25- 50- 75- 100- -1.22 33.10 -1.20,33.10 -1.35 33.14 -1.00 33.30 -0.90,33.32 26.64 26.64 26.68 26.79 26.81 Station 6954; 15 April; 46°13' N„ 47°42' \V.; depth 172 m. dynamic height 971.088. -1.32 33.09 0 -1.32 33.09 -1.32 33.09 25 -1.30 33.09 -1.32 33.09 50 -1.30 33.09 -1.33 33.10 75 -1.35 33.14 -1.35 33.22 100 -1.15 .'{.'{..'ill -0.18 33.55 (150) — 0.85 33.73 26.63 26.63 26.63 26.68 26.80 27.05 Station 6955; 15 April; 46°12' N., 47°28' W.; depth 677 m. dynamic height 971.005. 0 27 54 81 108 162 216 324 508 618 -1.21 -1.19 -1.18 -0.74 0.81 1.57 2.17 2.62 3.76 3.79 33.27 33.27 33.30 33.53 33.82 34.20 34.36 34.55 34.82 34.83 0-. 25_ . 50__ 75.. 100. 150. 200. 300_ 400. 600 .2l|33.27 .15 33.27 .15 33.28 .95 33.47 .35 33.74 .45 34.13 .00 34.32 .50 34.51 .1031.67 .mi;; | s;; 26.78 26.78 26.78 26.94 27.09 27.33 27.45 27.56 27.64 27.69 119 TABLE OF OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA— Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1959— Continued Observed values Scaled values Tem- Tem- Depth, pera- Salin- Depth, pera- Salin- meters ture, ity, meters ture, ity, °C. %o °C. %o Station 6956; 15 April; 46°11' N., 47°10'W.; depth 1,518 m. dynamic height 970.901. 0 2.12 34.31 0 27 2.09 34.32 25 53 2.18 34.34 50 80 2.30 34.43 75 106 2.58 34.51 100 160 2.75 34.59 150 213 2.87 34.63 200 319 3.09 34.68 300 362 3.13 34.70 400 543 3.80 34.84 600 724 3.77 34.85 800 915 3.70 34.83 1,000. .J 1,411 3.47 34.87 2.12 34.31 2.10 34.32 2.20 34.34 2.25134.41 2.50,34.49 2.75 34.58 2.85 34.62 3.05 34.68 3.25 34.73 3.80 34.84 3.75 34.84 3.65 34.84 27.43 27.44 27.45 27.50 27.54 27.59 27.62 27.64 27.66 27.70 27.70 27.71 Station 6957; 16 April; 46°10' N., 46°33' W.; depth 503 m. dynamic height 970.901. 0 2.61 34.09 0 2.61 34.09 28 2.61 34.09 25 2.65 34.09 54 2.28 34.23 50 2.55 34.20 82 3.21 34.43 75 3.05 34.40 109 3.42 34.54 100 3.40 34.49 164 2.51 34.54 150 2.70 34.53 218 2.95 34.65 200 2.75 34.61 327 3.86 34.81 300 3.75 34.78 413 3.88 34.86 400 3.90 34.86 27.21 27.21 27.31 27.42 27.46 27.55 27.62 27.65 27.71 Station 6958; 16 April; 46°06.5' N., 45°59' W.; depth 1,37 m.; dynamic height 970.918. 0 3.16 34.24 0 3.16 34.24 26 3.14 34.24 25 3.15 34.24 51 3.13 34.25 50 3.15 34.25 77 3.15 34.26 75 3.15 34.26 103 3.27 34.30 100 3.2534.29 153 4.09 34.58 150 4.10 34.57 204 3.83 34.65 200 3.85 34.64 307 4.13 34.83 300 4.10 34.82 442 3.89 34.85 400 3.95 34.85 663 3.70 34.84 600 3.75 34.85 887 3.59 34.88 800 3.65 34.87 1,104... 3.47 (1,000). 3.55 34.88 27.28 27.28 27.29 27.30 27.31 27.46 27.53 27.66 27.69 27.71 27.74 27.75 Station 6959; 16 April; 46°06' N., 45°18' W.; depth 2,698 m. dynamic height 970.907. 0 26 52 78 103 154 206 309 391 586 781 979... 1,480... 3.93 3 3.60 3.57 3.56 3.72 3.58 3.80 3.74 3.87 3.71 3.58 .:. III 34.41 34.47 34.48 34.49 34.48 34.60 34.62 34.76 34.78 34.855 34.875 3 1 . 875 34.90 0 25 50 75 100 150 200 300 Hill 600 800 1,000... 3.93 34.46 3.65 34.47 3.60 34.48 3.60 34.49 3.55 3.70 3.60 3.80 3.75 3.85 34.48 34.50 34.62 34.75 3 1 . 78 3 1 . 86 3.70 34.87 3.60 34.88 27.38 27.42 27.43 27.44 27.43 27.51 27.55 27.63 27.65 27.71 27.74 27.75 Observed values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture, °C. Salin- ity, Scaled values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture, °C. Salin- i ity. ! Station 6960; 16 April; 46°05' N., 44°39' W.; depth 3,658 m. dynamic height 970.973. 0.... 25... 51... 76... 102.. 152.. 203 __ 305.. 377.. 569.. 762.. 956.. 1,450 5.45 5.55 7.49 5.07 3.75 3.82 3.35 3.06 2.88 3.90 3.80 3.63 3.42 33.93 33.97 34.74 34.48 34.40 34.44 34.51 34.69 34.58 34.83 34.86 34.855 34.895 0.... 25... 50. __ 75... 100.. 150.. 200.. 300.. 400.. 600.. 800.. 1,000 5.45 5.55 7.50 5.15 3.75 3.80 3.35 3.05 2.90 3.90 3.75 3.60 33.93 33.97 34.75 34.49 34.40 34.44 34.51 34.59 34.60 34.84 34.86 34.85 26.80 26.82 27.17 27.27 27.35 27.38 27.48 27.57 27.60 27.69 27.72 27.73 Station 6961; 16 April; 46°23.5' X., 44°43' W. m.; dynamic height 970.885. depth 2,280 0.... 26... 53— 79--. 106 158.. 211. _ 317 . 41 1 _ 616.. 796.. 1,030 1,555 3.56 3.49 3.30 2.99 2.81 2.88 3.30 3.26 3.59 3.73 3.63 3.43 3.43 34.45 34.49 34.50 34.51 34.51 34.59 34 . 67 34.72 34.77 34.86 34.85 34.865 34.88 0_.._ 25. _. 50... 75... 100.. 150.. 200.. 300.. 400.. 600. _ 800.. 1,000 3.56 3.50 3.35 3.05 2.80 2.85 3.20 3.25 3.60 3.75 3.60 3.45 34.45 34.49 34.50 34.51 34.51 34.57 34.66 34.71 34.76 34.86 34.85 34.87 27.41 27.45 27.47 27.51 27.53 27.58 27.62 27.65 27.66 27.72 27.73 27.76 Station 6962; 17 April; 46 31' N., I4°44' W.; depth 896 m. dynamic height 970.863. 0 2.73 34.46 0 2.73 34.44 22 2.68 34.47 25 2.70 34.47 45 2.51 34.48 50 2.60 34.47 67 2.56 34.46 75 2.55 34.47 90 2.57 34.48 100 2.55 34.49 135 2.70 34.52 150 2.80 34.56 180 3.00 34.65 200 3.15 34.70 270 3.57 34.40 300 3.60 34.80 395 3.72 34.82 400 3.70 34.83 601 3.69 34.86 600 3.70 34.86 27.50 27.51 27.52 27.53 27.54 27.57 26.65 27.69 27.70 27.73 Station 6963; 17 April; 46°35.5' X., 44°46' W.; depth 229 m. dynamic height 970.873. 0 2.62 34.36 0 2.62 34.36 22 2.61 34.36 25 2.60 34.36 45 2. 19 34.35 50. 2.50 34.35 67 2.52 34.411 75 2.55 34.41 90 2.57 34 . 45 100 2.60 34.47 134 2.77 34.55 150 2.85 34.57 179 2.98 34.59 (200)... 3.05 34.60 27.43 27.43 27.43 27.48 27.52 27.58 27.58 120 TABLE OF OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA— Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1959— Continued Observed values Scaled values Tem- Tem- Depth, pera- Salin- Depth, pera- Salin- meters ture, ity, meters ture, ity, °C. %o °C. %o Observed values Scaled values Tem- Depth, ' pera- meters I ture, °C. Salin- ity, %o Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture, °C. Salin- ity, Station 6964; 17 April; 46°40' N., 44°48' W.; depth 165 in. dynamic height 970.886. Station 6070; 17 April; 46°44.5' N., 46°30' W.; depth 686 m. dynamic height 970.879. 0— 2.63 34.30 0 2.63 34.30 26 2.64 34.33 25 2.60 34.33 53 2.53 34.33 50 2.55 34.33 79 2.54 34.33 75 2.55 34.33 105 2.53 34.32 100 2.55 34.33 157 2.62 34.42 150 2.60 34.41 27.38 27.10 27.41 27.41 27.41 27.47 Station 6965; 17 April; 46°48' N., 44°51' W.; depth 137 m. dynamic height 970.890. 0 2.68 34.31 0 2.68 34.31 26 2.66 34.31 25 2.70 34.31 52 2.57 34.30 50 2.60 34.30 79 2.56 34.30 75 2.55 34.30 105 2.57 34.32 100 2.55 34.31 131 2.45 34.40 27.38 27.38 27.38 27.39 27.40 Station 6966; 17 April; 46°48' N., 45°04' W.; depth 172 m. dynamic height 970.889. 0 25— 50_.._ 74 99... . 148... 2.60 2.62 2.56 2.50 2.49 2.50 34.32 34.30 34.30 34.31 34.32 34.42 0.... 25... 50. _ 75... 100. _ 150.. 2.60 2.62 2.56 2.50 2.50 2.50 34.32 34.30 34.30 34.31 34.32 34.42 27.4D 27.38 27.39 27.40 27.41 27.49 Station 6967; 17 April; 46°45.5' N., 45°19' W.;depth ! dynamic height 970.889. 0.. 24. 48. 72 96! 143 191 2.61 2.62 2.61 2.57 2.54 3.15 3.37 34.31 34.29 34.29 34.31 34.32 34.51 34.60 0 ... 25. _. 50... 75. . 100.. 150.. 200.. 2.61 2.65 2.60 2.55 2.55 3.20 3.40 34.31 34.29 34.29 34.31 34.33 34.52 34.61 27.39 27.37 27.37 27.40 27.41 27.51 27.56 0 26 52 78 101 155 208 312 376 572 2.32 2.33 2.33 2.53 2.83 4.05 3.95 4.20 4.06 3.64 34.28 34.26 34.28 34.44 34.61 34.74 34.79 34.84 34.87 3 1 . S I 0.... 25... 50... 75— 100 150 200.. 300. _ 400 .. (600) 34.28 3 1 . 26 34.28 34. 12 34.59 34.72 34.78 34.83 34 . s7 34.85 27.39 27.37 27.38 27.47 27.54 27.58 27.63 27.65 27.71 27.73 Station 6971 ; 17 April; 46°43' N., 46°44' W.; depth 1, 244 m. dynamic height 970.886. Station 6968; 17 April; 46°46' N., 45°42' W.; depth 262 m. dynamic height 970.900. 0 26 51 77 102.... 153.... 204.... 248.... 2.71 2.71 2.71 2.70 2.69 2.85 3.86 3.77 34.27 34.29 34.28 34.27 34.28 34.41 34.69 34.74 0... 25.. 50. 75 . 100. [50 200. 2.71 2.70 2.70 2.70 2.70 2.80 3.80 34.27 34.29 34.28 34.27 34.28 34.40 34.67 27.35 27.36 27.35 27.35 27.35 27.37 27.57 Station 6969; 17 April; 46°46' N., 46°12' W.; depth 320 m. dynamic height 970.899. 0 26. 52. 78. 104 155 207 311 2.74 2.72 2.70 2.68 2.60 2.62 3.66 3.74 34.26 ~34~27 34.27 34.29 34.39 34.65 34.83 0 25.-. 50_._. 75— . 100... 150.. 200. _. 300... 2.74 2.75 2.70 2.70 2.60 2.60 3.60 3.75 34.26 34.26 34.27 34.27 34.28 34.37 34.61 34.81 27.34 27.34 27.35 27.35 27.36 27.44 27.54 27.68 0 26. . . . 52.... 78— mi 157... 209. __ 313— 424 _ 636... 850. .. 1,064. 2.41 2.42 2.41 2 . 28 2.46 2 .44 2.56 2.94 3.60 3.71 3.61 3.51 34.31 34.31 34.31 34.41 34.52 34.56 34.61 ~34~78 34.85 "34" 875 0_.__ 25... 50. _ 75... 100.. 150.. 200. _ 300. . 100 600.. 800.. 1,000 2.41 2.45 2.45 J. MO 2 . 45 2.45 2.55 2.9(1 3.50 3.70 3.65 3.55 34.31 34.31 34.31 34.40 34.51 34.56 34.60 34.66 34.76 34.84 34.SH 34.87 27.41 27.40 27.40 27.49 27.56 27.60 27.63 27.65 27.67 27.71 27.73 27.75 Station 6972; 18 April; 46°45' N., 47°05' W.; depth 631 m. dynamic height 970.993. 0 27 53 80 106... 160 212... 318 410 607 -1.17 33.16 -1.19 33.19 -0.78 33.40 0.65 33.74 1.32 34.01 1.60 34.14 2.18 34.33 2.90 34.61 2.86 34.66 3.66 34.81 0 25— 50. _ 75... 100... 150. __ 200.... 300... 400.... 600— _ -1.1 -1.15 -0.90 0.40 1.25 1.55 2.05 2.85 2.85 3.65 33.16 33.is 33.38 33.68 33.97 34.11 34.28 34.58 34.65 34.81 26.69 26.70 26.86 27.04 27.22 27.31 27.41 27.58 27.64 27.69 Station 6973; 18 April; 46° 45.5' N., 47°10' W.; depth 327 m.; dynamic height 971.058. 0.. 25- 50. 75. 101 I. II 201 302 -0.30 -1.30 -1.33 -1.17 -0.69 1.58 1.49 2.02 33.14 33.15 33.16 33.31 33.41 33.96 34.04 34.28 0.. 25. :,o 75. 100 150 200 300 -0.30 -1.31 -1.33 -1.17 -0.75 1.60 1.50 2.00 33.14 33.15 33.16 33.31 33.41 33.95 34.04 34.28 26.67 26.68 26.69 26.81 26.88 27.18 27.26 27.41 Station 6974; 18 April; 46° 45. 5' N., 47°33' W.; depth 172 m. dynamic height 971.077. 0 -1.27 33.08 0 -1.27 33.08 26.62 24 -1.29 33.08 25 -1.30 33.08 26.62 47 -1.29 33.08 50 -1.30 33.08 26.62 70 -1.27 33.22 75 -1.25 33.24 26.75 94 -0.81 33.31 100 -0.60 33.36 26.82 141 0.86 33.72 (150). __ 1.15 33.80 27.09 121 TABLE OF OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA— Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1959— Continued Observed values Scaled values Tem- Tem- Depth, pera- Salin- Depth, pera- Salin- meters ture, ity, meters ture, ity, °C. %o °C. %o Observed values Scaled values Tem- Tem- Depth, pera- Salin- Depth, pera- Salin- meters ture, ity, meters ture, ity, °C. %o °C. %o Station 6975; 18 April; 46°46' N., 48°05' W.; depth 119 m. dynamic height 971.085. Station 6980; 1 Mav; 42°41' N., 51°06' W.; de]>th 1,810 m. dynamic height 971.012. 0 26_ 51. 77 103 -1.19 -1.20 -1.19 -1.12 -0.89 33.09 33.10 33.08 33.13 33.30 0... 25. _ 50. . 75.. 100. -1.19 -1.20 -1.15 -1.15 -0.90 33.09 33.10 33.08 33.13 33.27 26.63 26.64 26.62 26.66 26.77 Station 6976; 18 April; 46°46' N., 48°3< dynamic height 971.084. \V.; depth 97 m. 0 28 55 83 -0.58 -0.59 -0.60 -0.59 33.17 33.135 33.17 33.21 0 25 50 75 -0.58 -0.60 -0.60 -0.60 33.17 33.14 33.16 33.20 28.67 26.65 26.66 26.70 0 24 50 74 100.. .. 149 198 298___. 337— 509... _ 683.... 867— 1,351- -0.45 -0.60 -0.58 0.65 0.78 1.03 1.62 2.73 3.05 3.29 3.93 3.88 3.56 33.14 33.16 33.48 33.79 33.85 33.94 34.14 34.54 34.56 34.71 34.87 34.895 34.90 0 25 50 75 100____ 150 200.. __ 300. ... 400. ... 600... _ 800.... 1,000.. -0.4533.14 -0.60133.17 -0.55 33.48 0.6533.79 0.80 33.85 1.05 33.94 1.65 34.15 2.75'34.51 3.15 34.63 3.60J34.80 3.9034.89 3.80 34.90 26.65 26.67 26.92 27.11 27.15 27.21 27.34 27.54 27.59 27.69 27.73 27.75 Station 6977; 30 April; 41.59.5' N., 50°5S' \V.; depth 3,392 m.; dynamic height 970.949. Station 6981; 1 Mav; 42°52' N., 50°53' W.; depth 1,< dynamic height 971.098. 0 2.81 33.33 25 2.81 33.32 49 1.61 33.71 74 3.04 34.18 98 2.98 34.21 147 3.73 34.52 196 3.49 34.52 294 5.53 34.98 357 4.97 34.95 539 4.36 34.94 724 4.38 34.99 910 3.79 34.93 1,384... 3.66 34.94 0 25 50 75 100 150 200 300 400 600 800 1,000... 2.81 2.81 1.61 3.05 3.00 3.70 3.50 5.50 4.70 4.35 4.10 3.75 33.33 33.32 33.73 34. IS 34.21 34.52 34.52 34.99 34.95 34.96 34.97 34.94 26.59 26.58 27.80 27.24 27.28 27.46 27.48 27.62 27.69 27.74 27.78 27.78 0 25... 50... 75— 100. . 150.. 200.. 300. _ 404 _ 607.. 811.. 1,010 1.46 0.67 0.26 -0.07 -0.43 -0.28 0.45 1.81 2.59 3.67 3.88 3.67 33.08 33.16 33.23 33.28 33.33 33.50 33.78 34.25 34.50 34.77 34.88 34.88! 0 25... 50_.__ 75.... 100... 150... 200... 300___ 400... 600... 800. __ 1,000. 33.08 33.16 33.23 33.28 33.33 33.50 33.78 34.25 34.49 34.76 34.87 34.88 26.49 26.61 26.69 26.74 26.80 26.93 27.11 27.41 27.54 27.65 27 . 72 27! 74 Station 6978; 1 May; 41°59' X., 51°59' W.; depth 3,932 m. dynamic height 971.054. Station 6982; 1 May; 42°56' N., 50°53' W. dynamic height 971.139. depth 635 m.; 0 3.72 33.12 0 3.72 33.12 24 3.70 33.13 25 3.70 33.13 is 2.36 33.17 50 2.45 33.18 72 9.17 34.52 75 9.55 34.73 97 11.15 35.17 100 11.15 35.16 111 4.55 34.26 150 4.55 34.27 192 4.55 34.46 200 4.50 34.48 289 4.62 34.69 300 4.65 34.72 396 5.35 34.94 400 5.35 34.95 595 4.48 34.95 600 4.45 34.95 795 3.87 34.89 800 3.90 34.89 994 3.90 34.935 1,000... 3.90 34.93 1,492... 3.57 34.92 26.33 26.35 26.50 26.83 26.89 27.17 27.34 27.52 27.61 27.72 27.73 27.76 0 2.02 23 1.28 48 0.66 71 0.01 96 -0.52 143 -0.70 19(1 -0.11 286 1.20 394 2.49 596 3.68 32.67 32.90 33.12 33.21 33.29 33.38 33.58 34.00 34.42 34.78 0— 25... 50 ... 75... 100. . 150 _ 200.. 300.. 400.. 600.. 2.02 32 1.25 32 0.60 33 -0.10 33 -0.55 33 -0.65133 0.00 33 1.40 2.55 3.70 26.13 26.38 26.58 26.69 26.77 26.87 27.02 27.28 27.49 27.66 Station 6983; 1 May; 42°58.5' N'., 50°50' W\; depth 174 m. dynamic height 971.117. Station 6979; 1 May; 42°21.5' N., 51°33' W. ; depth 3,109 m. dynamic height 970.954. 0 25 50 78 99 149 199 298 393 592 793.... 991 I. is) 2.81 33.40 2.37 33 . 48 1.34 33.70 l.fifl 33.87 2.25 31.11 5.47 34 . 68 4.88 3 1.71 3.66 34.74 4.00 34.84 3.94 34.88 3.72 34.895 3.56 34 895 3.52 34.92 0_ — 25... 50... 75— KM) 150.. 200 300 . 400 __ 600.. 800. . 1,000 .' M 2.37 1.34 1.66 2.30 5.45 4.85 3.65 1.00 :; 95 33.40 33.48 33.70 33.87 34.14 34.68 34.74 34.74 34.85 34.89 3.70 34.89 3.55 34.90 26.65 26.75 27.00 27.11 27.28 27.38 27.51 27.63 27 . 69 27.72 27.75 27.77 0 2.54 32.52 0 2.54 32.52 25.97 25 1.47 32.76 25 1.47 32.76 26.24 52 -0.46 33.24 50 -0.40 33.22 26.71 78 -0.63 33.32 75 -0.60 33.31 26.78 104 -0.62 33.44 100 -0.60 33.43 26.88 155 -0.40 33.52 150 -0.45 33.51 26.95 Station 69S4; 1 May; 42°08' X., 50°35' W.; depth 90 m. dynamic height 971.133. 0 2.41 32.67 ii 2.41 32.67 26 1.99 32.68 25 2.00 32.68 51 1.73 32.7(1 50 1.75 32.70 77 -0.50 33.28 75 -0.40 33.26 26.10 26.14 26.17 26.74 122 TABLE OF OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA— Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1959— Continued Observed values .Scaled values Tem- Tem- Depth, pera- Salin- Depth, pera- Salin- meters ture, ity, meters ture, ity, °c. a Too °C. erved values Scaled values Tem- Tem- pera- Salin- Depth, pera- Salin- ture, ity, meters ture, ity, °C. %» °C. %o Station 6985; 1 May; 43°21' N. ,5()°15' W.; depth 64 m.; dynamic height 971.115. 0. 1.59 32.87 0 1.59 32.87 25 1.15 32.94 25 - - 1.15 32.94 50 0.44 33.08 50 0.44 33.08 26.32 26.41 26.56 Station 6986; 1 May; 42°56.5' \., 50°15' W.; depth 99 m. dynamic height 971.094. 0_ 25 50 75 0.43 0.15 -0.46 -0.30 33.24 33.28 33.32 33.34 0 25... . 50—. 75—. 0.43 0.15 -0.45 -0.30 33.24 33.28 33.32 33.34 26.69 26.73 26.79 26.80 Station 6987; 2 May; 42°47 dynamic height 971.077. N., 50°16' W.; depth 293 m. 1) -0.34 33.13 0 -0.34 33.13 22 -0.56 33.14 25 -0.55 33.14 44 -0.64 33.14 50 -0.70 33.15 66 -0.94 33.22 75 -0.95 33.29 88 -11.94 33.38 100 -0.80 33.44 132 -0.27 33.53 150 -0.15 33.57 176 -0.02 33.62 200 0.20 33.68 264 0.81 33.88 26.63 26.65 26.66 26.78 26.90 26.99 27.05 Station 6988; 2 May; 42°35.5' N., 50°16' W.; depth 1,719 in.: dynamic height 970.934. 0 1.57 33.56 0 25 1.49 33.62 25 50 1.25 33.78 50 75 1.31 33.96 75 100 1.70 34.12 100 150 2.23 34.33 150 200 2.67 34.54 200 300 3.46 34.74 300 392 3.62 34.79 400 592 3.82 34.86 600 793 3.61 34.875 800 991 3.66 34.88 1,000... 57 33 49 33 .25 33 31 33 70 34 23 34 67134 46 34 65 34 80 34 60 34 65 34 26.87 26.93 27.06 27.21 27.31 27.44 27.57 27.65 27.67 27.72 27.75 27.75 Station 6989; 2 May; 42°22' N., 50°18' W.; deptli 2,671 m.; dynamic height 970.954. 0 1.47 33.36 0 1.47 33.36 25 2.00 33.56 25 2.00 33.56 51 2.47 33.96 50 2.50 33.94 76 2.00 33.98 75 2.00 33.97 102 3.05 34.20 100 2.90 34.18 152 5.11 34.64 150 5.00 34.62 5.54 34.80 200 5.55 34.80 305 4.78 34.85 300 4.80 34.85 401 4.38 34.85 400 4.40 34.88 600 3.90 34.89 600 3.90 34.89 798 3.82 34.915 800 3.80 34.91 997 4.02 34.96 1,000... 4.00 34.96 1,489— 3.47 34.915 26.72 26.85 27.10 27.17 27.26 27.40 27.47 27.60 .66 .73 27.76 Depth, meters Station 6990; 2 Mav;42°00' N'., 50°17' W.; depth 3,612 m. dynamic height 971.033. 0 4.29 33.20 0 4.29 33.20 24 3.88 33.31 25 3.85 33.32 49 4.44 33.76 50 4.45 33.78 73 5.32 34.16 75 5.25 34.15 98 3.00 33.91 100 3.05 33.92 147 5.35 34.47 150 5.30 34.45 196 1.59 34. OS 200 1.60 34.08 294 2.95 34.44 300 3.10 34.48 317 3.92 34.64 400 4.75 34.92 471 5.10 34.97 600 4.55 34.94 622 4.44 34.94 800 4.00 34.91 789 4.00 34.91 1,000— 3.85 34.91 1,224— 3.72 34.92 Station 6991; 2 May; 41°31.5' X., 50°14' W.; depth 3,841 in.; dynamic height 971.263. 0.... 26— 52... 78— 104.. 155. _ 206 . . 310.. 420.. 630.. 840.. 1,050 1,578 10.97 10.85 11.21 11.69 11.67 11.87 12.20 12.21 9.35 5.45 3.96 4.24 3.79 34.79 34.88 35.02 35.17 35.18 35.26 35.38 35.48 35.18 34.93 34.86 34.955 34.95 0.... 25... 50... 75... 100.. 150.. 200.. 300.. 400.. 600. _ 800.. 1,000 34.79 34.87 35.01 35.16 35.17 35.25 35.37 35.48 35.23 34.95 34.86 34.93 26.6) 26.72 26.78 26.80 26.81 26.84 26.87 26.94 27.17 27.56 27.69 27.73 Station 6992; 2 May; 41°04.5' N., 50°12' W.; depth 3,658 m.; dynamic height 971.328. 0 14.86 35.90 0 14.86 35.90 25 14.61 35.87 25 14.61 35.87 51 14.44 35.85 50 14.45 35.85 76 14.33 35.83 75 14.35 35.83 102 14.27 35.82 100 14.25 35.82 152 14.20 35.80 150 14.20 35.80 202 13.54 35.64 200 13.55 35.64 304 13.22 35.69 300 13.25 35.69 413 10.91 35.38 400 11.20 35.42 ■ 609 6.35 34.91 600 6.60 34.91 : 796 4.54 34.89 800 4.55 34.89 1,004... 4.33 34.95 1,000... 4.35 34.95 1,542... 3.80 34.945 26.71 26.75 26.76 26.77 26.78 26.78 26.7(1 26.89 27.09 27.42 27.66 27.73 Station 6993; 3 Mav; 41°59' N., 49°25' W.; depth 3,292 m. dynamic height 970.990. 0—_ 24... 49... 73... 97... 145.. 194.. 291.. 386.. 577. _ 766.. 958. _ 1,436 3.55 2.96 0.31 0.59 0.71 2.46 6.01 2.61 3.70 4.14 4.03 3.82 3.50 33.29 33.36 33.46 33.62 33.80 34.19 34.84 34.52 34.73 34.90 34.94 34.925 34.91 0 25 50 75 100 150 200 300 400 600 800 1,000... 3.55 33.29 2.85J33.36 0.30 33.46 0.60 0.75 2.90 5.90 2.65 3.80 4.15 4.00 3.80 33.63 33.83 34.25 34.84 34.52 34.75 34.91 34.94 34.92 26.48 26.61 26.87 26.98 27.14 27.32 27.46 27.56 27.63 27.72 27.76 27.77 123 TABLE OF OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA— Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1959— Continued Observed values Scaled values Tem- Tem- Depth, pera- Salin- Depth, pera- Salin- meters ture, ity, meters ture, ity, °C. %c °C. %o Observed values Sealed values Tem- Tem- Depth, pera- Salin- Depth, pera- Salin- meters ture, ity, meters ture, ity, °C. %o °C. TOO Station 6994; 3 May; 41°30' N., 48°60' \V., depth 3,292 m. dynamic height 971.051. 0 24 50 75 99 148 198 297 368 553 738 929 1,417.. 2.52 33.03 0 2.52 33.03 2.98 33.38 25 2.95 33.38 -0.10 33.38 50 -0.10 33.38 -0.25 33.48 75 -0.25 33.48 -0.07 33.58 100 -0.05 33.58 0.60 33.82 150 0.70 33.84 3.11 34.25 200 3.15 34.28 4.18 34.61 300 4.15 34.61 3.07 34.53 400 3.35 34.59 4.80 34.96 600 4.60 34.93 3.92 34.89 800 3.80 34.89 3.70 34.89 1,000.._ 3.65 34.89 3.56 34.91 26.39 26.61 26.82 26.91 26.98 27.15 27.31 27.48 27.54 27.68 27.74 27.75 Station 6995; 3 May; 41°06' N., 48°14' W.; depth 3,567 m.; dynamic height 971.166. 0 12.13 35.27 0 12.13 35.27 25 11.93 35.29 25 11.93 35.29 50 11.92 35.29 50 11.92 35.29 75 11.95 35.30 75 11.95 35.30 100 12.20 35.39 100 12.20 35.39 150 11.93 35.32 150 11.93 35.32 200. __ 9.86 34.88 200 9.86 34.88 300 7.43 34.79 300 7.43 34.79 360 ____ 4.98 34.54 400 5.00 34.59 549 5.10 34.87 600 5.00 34.91 745 .... 4.65 34.965 800... 4.50 34.96 937 4.17 34.94 1,000... 4.10 34.94 1,431 3.85 34.955 26.79 26.85 26.85 26.85 26.87 26.87 26.90 27.21 27.37 27.63 27.72 27.75 Station 6996; 3 May; 41°00' N., 47°37' W.; depth 3,383 m. dynamic height 971.149. 0 3.59 33.28 0 3.59 33.28 24 10.61 34.95 25 10.60 34.95 49 10.51 35.00 50 10.45 35.00 73 It. 54 34.81 75 9.50 34.80 98 9.09 34.72 100 9.05 34.71 147 7.19 31.39 150 7.00 34.37 196 5.06 34.20 200 5.10 34.20 29 1 8.88 35.11 300 8.85 35.11 351 8.43 35.11 400 7.40 35.03 547 4.68 34.80 600 4.50 34.82 760 4.34 34.90 800 4.15 34.90 950 3.81 34.885 1,000,.. 3.80 34.89 1 , 12 1 . 3.71 34.94 26.48 26.82 26.89 26.90 26.90 26.95 27.05 27.25 27.40 27.61 1 27.74 Station 6997; 3 May; 41°35.5' N., 47°17' W.; depth 4,390 m. dynamic height 971.090. 0.. 6.26 33 . 42 0 6.26 33.42 25 5.80 33.46 25 5.80 33.46 51 7.31 34.14 50 7.20 34.11 77 10.60 35.12 75. 10.60 35.11 8.19 34.67 L00 8.50 34.72 153 ... 6. (IS 34.58 150 7.00 34.59 205 i . , , 34.84 2(1(1 7.75 3 1 . S3 308 3.99 34.50 300 1.10 34.51 426 1.30 31.72 400 4.25 34.67 637 4.55 34.92 600 4.55 34.90 849 4.29 3 1.95 800 4.35 34.95 1,059 3.99 3 1.93 1,000 4.05 34.94 1 .".7!! 3.53 34.91 26.29 26. 3S 26.71 26.95 27.00 27.11 27 19 27.41 27.52 27.67 27.73 27.75 Station 6998; 4 May; 41°58.5 N., 47°56' W.; depth 3,932 m. dynamic height 971.015. 0_.__ 25... 49... 74... 98... 147.. 196.. 294.. 383.. 575.. 768.. 958.. 1,431 6.25 33.34 0 6.25 33.34 5.72 33.46 25 5.72 33.36 5.60 33.59 50 5.60 33.60 6.57 34.00 75 6.55 34.02 4.30 34.15 100 4.30 34.18 6.18 34.70 150 6.15 34.70 4.67 34.60 200 4.70 34.60 5.10 34.86 300 5.15 34.87 5.40 34.99 400 5.40 35.00 5.08 35.06 600 4.95 35.05 4.23 34.97 800 4.20 34.97 4.04 34.97 1,000... 4.00 34.97 3.56 34.93 26.23 26.31 26.52 26.73 27.12 27.32 27.41 27.58 27.65 27.74 27.77 27.79 Station 6999; 4 May; 42°23' N., 48°33' W.; depth 3,410 m. dynamic height 971.005. 0 9.07 34.40 0 9.07 34.40 25 9.35 34.57 25 9.35 34.57 51 10.18 34.80 50 10.15 34.80 76 3.83 33.87 75 4.00 33.93 102 1.69 33.75 100 1.70 33.75 152 2.92 34.09 150 2.90 34.08 202 2.37 34.32 200 2.40 34.31 304 3.85 34.68 300 3.75 34.66 408 4.56 34.86 400 4.50 34.85 609 4.68 35.00 600 4.70 35.00 809 4.52 35.01 800 4.55 35.01 1,010... 4.07 34.97 1,000... 4.10 34.97 1,514... 3.46 34.93 26.66 26.75 26.79 26.95 27.01 27.18 27.41 27.56 27.63 27.73 27.76 27.78 Station 7000; 4 May; 42°42' N\, 49°10' W.; depth, 2,652 m. dynamic height 971.003. 0 7.15 33.92 0 7.15 33.92 25 10.57 34.98 25 10.57 34.98 52 10.15 34.96 50 10.15 34.96 77 11.15 35.34 75 11.10 35.34 103 10.10 35.26 100 10.25 35.27 154 8.49 35.04 150.. _ 8.60 35.06 206 6.27 34.80 200 6.35 34.81 309 6.21 35.03 300 6.25 35.01 341 6.03 35.05 400 5.50 35.00 517 4.09 34.89 600 4.30 34.93 697 4.46 35.00 800 4.15 34.96 884 3 . 93 34.92 1,000... 3.85 34.92 1,378 3.53 31.92 26.57 26.85 26.91 .04 27.14 27.25 27.38 27.55 27.63 27.71 27.76 27.76 Station 7001; 4 May 43°19.5' N., 48°49' W.; depth 2,103 m. dynamic height 970.904. 0 3.14 33.72 0 3.14 33.72 25 1.79 33.78 25 1.79 33.78 50 1.82 33.90 50 1.82 33.90 75 2.55 34.29 75 2.55 34.29 100 2.71 34.41 100 2.74 34.41 150 2.68 34.52 150 2.68 34.52 199 2.81 34.58 200 2.80 34.58 299 3.98 31.81 300 4.00 34.81 384 4.05 34.88 400 4.05 34.88 583 3.94 34.90 600 3.90 34.90 786 3.66 34.90 800 3.65 34.90 984 3.51 31.90 1,000... 3.50 34.90 1,484... 3.40 34.90 26.87 27.03 27.12 27.38 27.46 55 27.58 27.66 27.70 27.74 27.76 27.78 124 TABLE OF OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA— Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1959— Continued erved values Scaled values Tem- Tem- pera- Salin- Depth, pera- Salin- ture, ity, meters ture, ity, °C. %o °C. %o Observed values Scaled values Tem- Tem- Depth, pera- Salin- Depth. pera- Salin- meters ture, ity, meters ture, ity, °C. %o °C. %o Depth, meters Station 7002; 4 Mav; 43°07' N., 48°10' W.; depth 3,383 m.; dynamic height 971.049. Station 7006; 5 May; 42°52' N., 45°43' W.; depth 4,755 m. dynamic height 971.523. 0 6.05 33.44 0 6.05 33.44 25 9.11 34.26 25 9.11 34.26 50 7.23 34.35 50 7.23 34.35 75 9.33 34.92 75 9.33 34.92 100 10.53 35.24 100 10.53 35.24 150 9.60 35.17 150 9.60 35.17 199 8.29 35.03 200 8.30 35.03 299 5.85 34.83 300 5.85 34.83 388 5.80 34.99 400 5.70 34.99 584 4.37 34.90 600 4.35 34.90 782 4.38 34.97 800 4.35 34.97 976 3.74 34.90 1,000... 3.75 34.90 1,460... 3.46 34.89 26.33 26.54 26.90 27.02 27.07 27.17 27.27 27.45 27.60 27.69 27.75 27.75 Station 7003; 4 May; 42°53' N., 47°30' W.; depth 3,749 m.; dynamic height 971.152. Station 7007; 5 May; 43°11' N., 45°23' W.; depth 4,663 m. dynamic height 971.492. 0 6.23 33.28 0 6.23 33.38 25 5.70 33.77 25 5.70 33.77 50 9.88 34.80 50 9.88 34.80 75 11.17 35.12 75 11.17 35.12 99 12.23 35.40 100 12.23 35.40 150 10.63 35.16 150 10.63 35.16 200 7.14 34.56 200 7.14 34.56 299 8.46 35.04 300 8.45 35.04 386 7.34 35.05 400 7.25 35.05 580 5.00 34.91 600 4.90 34.91 774 4.47 34.93 800 4.45 34.93 968 4.31 34.94 1,000... 4.25 34.94 1,458... 3.66 34.93 26.26 26.64 26.84 26.86 26.87 26.98 27.07 27.25 27.44 27.64 27.70 27.73 Station 7004; 5 May; 42°39.5' N., 46°51' W.; depth 4,051 m. dynamic height 971.355. 0 14.27 35.74 0 14.27 35.74 23 14.27 35.74 25 14.25 35.74 45 14.72 35.92 50 14.70 35.92 68 14.69 35.92 75. 14.50 35.90 90 14.15 35.79 100 13.95 35.74 136 13.53 35.62 150 13.40 35.60 182 13.20 35.56 200 13.05 35.53 272 12.35 35.38 300 12.20 35.36 361 12.00 35.52 400 11.25 35.27 546 8.15 35.08 600 7.35 35.05 735 5.82 35.00 800 5.35 34.99 923 4.71 34.98 1,000... 4.55 34.98 1,400... 4.09 34.975 26.72 26.72 26.77 26.79 26.78 26.79 26.81 26. S5 26.96 27.43 27.64 27.73 0 16.42 36.20 0 16.42 36.20 23 15.43 36.04 25 15.35 36.04 45 15.17 36.05 50 15.05 36.04 68 14.71 35.93 75 14.55 35.90 90 14.45 35.88 100 14.50 35.90 135 14.91 36.03 150 14.90 36.03 180 14.82 36.02 200 14.70 36.00 270 14.38 35.93 300 14.25 35.91 394 13.92 35.87 400 13.90 35.86 591 12.22 35.59 600 12.05 35.56 788 8.24 35.13 800 8.05 35.13 984 6.32 35.14 1,000... 6.20 35.14 1,473... 4.13 34.97 26.59 26.71 26.78 26.78 26.79 26.81 26.83 26.85 26.89 27.03 27.38 27.66 0 15.15 35.99 0 15.15 35.99 26.72 24 15.04 35.98 25 15.05 35.98 26.73 48 14.71 35.94 50 14.65 35.94 26.79 72 14.45 35.88 75 14.45 35.88 26.79 97 14.52 35.90 100 14.55 35.91 26.79 145 14.66 35.96 150 14.65 35.96 26.81 14.68 35.97 200 14.65 35.97 26.82 290 14.56 35.95 300 14.55 35.95 26.82 14.46 35.96 400 14.35 35.94 26.86 576 11.32 35.46 600 10.90 35.39 27.11 772 7.71 35.07 800 7.20 35.05 27.45 968 5.36 34.98 1,000... 5.05 34.98 27.67 1,466... 4.05 34.95 Station 7008; 5 May; 43°24.5' N., 46°01' W.; depth 4,663 m.; dynamic height 971.469. 0 15.63 36.02 0 15.63 36.02 26 15.58 36.03 25 15.55 36.03 51 15.16 35.96 50 15.15 35.96 77 14.91 35.92 75 14.90 35.92 102 15.07 35.97 100 15.05 35.97 152 14.65 35.88 150 14.65 35.88 204.. .. 14.73 35.91 200 14.70 35.91 306 14.15 35.81 300 14.20 35.82 424 12.71 35.63 400 13.05 35.67 634 9.50 35.24 600 10.10 35.30 844 5.64 34.905 800 6.20 31.96 1,054... 5.06 35.01 1,000... 5.20 34.99 1,579... 3.97 34.955 26.63 26.66 26.70 26.72 26.73 26.74 26.76 26.79 26.92 27.19 27.52 27.66 Station 7005; 5 May; 42°24.5' \\, 46°12' W.; depth 4,6 dynamic height 971.486. Station 7009; 5 May; 43°33.5' N., 46°41' W.; depth 4,463 m. dynamic height 971.385. 0.... 25... 51... 76... 101.. 151.- 202.. 303.. 413.. 617.. 820.. 1.024 1,532 15.60 15.58 15.50 15.19 14.98 14.92 14.12 14.68 13.57 9.73 7.12 5.36 4.03 35.99 35.99 35.99 35.96 35.94 35.94 35.76 35.98 35.79 35.23 35.14 35.05 34.97 0.... 25... 50... 75... 100.. 150.. 200.. 300.. 400.. 600.. 800.. 1,000 15.60 15.58 15.50 15.20 15.00 14.90 14.10 14.65 13.80 10.05 7.30 5.50 35.99 35.99 35.99 35.97 35.94 35.94 35.77 35.97 35.82 35.26 35.14 35.06 26.61 26.62 26.64 26.70 26.71 26.74 26.78 26.82 26.88 27.16 27.50 27.68 0 14.89 35.75 0 14.89 35.75 24 15.44 36.02 25 15.45 36.02 49 15.21 36.00 50 15.20 36.00 73 15.20 36.01 75 15.20 36.01 98 15.19 36.01 100 15.20 36.01 147 15.09 36.00 150 15.10 36.00 196 15.24 36.02 200 15.20 36.01 294 14.18 35.90 300 14.10 35.89 388 12.87 35.66 400 12.60 35.62 584 8.34 35.10 600 8.00 35.07 780 5.35 34.94 800 5.25 34.94 978 4.71 34.96 1,000... 4.70 34.96 1,478... 3.91 34.945 26.59 26.68 26.72 26.73 26.73 26.74 26.73 26.87 26.97 .35 27.62 27.70 125 TABLE OF OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA— Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1959— Continued Observed values Scaled values Tem- Tern- Depth, pera- Salin- Depth, pont- Salin- meters ture, ity, ine tors ture, ilv, °C. %c °C. lOO Station 7010; 6 May; 43°43' N.. 47°19' W.; depth 4,024 m.; dynamic height 971.220. 0 25 51 76 102 152 202 304 406 610 816 1,017__. 1,516.-. 10.22 34.44 0 10.22 34.44 14.43 35.75 25 14.43 35.75 14.76 35.88 50 14.75 35.88 14.31 35.81 75 14.35 35.81 13.99 35.76 100 14.05 35.77 13.06 35.53 150 13.05 35.53 13.22 35.62 200 13.20 35.62 10.72 35.31 300 10.85 35.32 8.28 35.10 400 8.45 35.11 5.20 34.94 600 5.25 34.94 4.52 34.965 800 4.55 34.96 4.35 34.99 1,000... 4.40 34.99 3.74 34.95 26.50 26.70 26.72 26.76 26.79 26.81 26.85 27.07 27.31 27.62 27.72 27.75 Station 7011; 6 May; 43°53' N., 47°5S' W.; depth 3,658 m. dynamic height 970.943. 0 4.60 33.72 0 4.60 33.72 25 4.06 33.85 25 4.06 33.85 51 3.67 34.06 50 3.70 34.05 76 3.29 34.13 75 3.30 34.13 102 2.98 34.23 100 3.00 34.21 152 3.82 34.48 150 3.80 34.47 202 3.96 34.61 200 3.95 34.61 304 4.41 34.84 300 4.40 34.83 400 4.01 34.86 400 4.00 34.86 600 3.93 34.89 600 3.95 34.89 802 3.81 34.91 800 3.80 34.91 1,002... 3.72 34.92 1,000... 3.70 34.92 1,501... 3.42 34.91 26.73 26.88 27.08 27.18 27.28 27.41 27.50 27.62 27.70 27.72 27.76 27.78 Station 7012; 6 May; 44°02.5' N., 48°30' W.; depth 4,017 m. dynamic height 970.931. 0 25 50 75 101 151 201 302 393 592 795 995 1,499... 0.71 33.43 0 0.71 33.43 0.14 33.52 25 0.14 33.52 0.26 33.60 50 0.26 33.60 1.09 33.98 75 1.09 33.98 1.54 34.16 100 1.50 34.15 2.72 34.44 150 2.70 34.44 3.64 34 . 64 200 3 . 65 34.64 4.28 34.84 300 4.20 34.84 4.04 34.86 400 4.05 34.86 3.82 34.88 600 3.80 34.88 3.89 34.915 800 3.90 34.91 3.67 34.90 1,000... 3.65 34.90 3.42 34.92 26.82 26.93 26.99 27.24 27.35 27.48 27.55 27.65 27.69 27.73 27.75 27.76 Station 7013; 6 May; H°()7' \\. 18 0 dynamic height 970.936. W.; depth 1,628 m. 0 1.19 33.50 0 1.19 33.50 .'.', 1.58 33.69 25 1.58 33.69 .ill . . 1.38 33.88 50 1.38 33.88 75 1.21 33.96 75 1.21 33.96 Kill 1.38 34.06 PHI 1.38 34.06 150 2.05 34.33 150 2.05 31.33 201 2 58 34.55 .'III) 2.60 34.55 301 2. SO ;i 62 300 2.80 34.62 392 3.22 34.73 lllll 3.25 34.73 587 3.77 34.86 tiOO 3.75 34.86 781 3.67 34.87 SOU 3.63 34. 87 978 3.59 :: I . S85 1,000... 3.60 31.SK I, 178 3.49 34.905 26. 85 26.97 27.14 27.22 27.29 27.45 27.58 27.62 27.66 27.72 27.71 27.75 Observed values Sclaed values Tem- Tem- Depth, pera- Salin- Depth, pera- Salin- meters ture, ity, meters ture, ity. 1 °C. c °C. % Station 7014; 6 May; 44°09' N., 48°57' \\\; depth 715 m. dynamic height 970.990. 0 25 49 74 99 148 197 296 387 590 0.01 0.22 0.56 0.43 0.69 1.17 1.66 2.80 3.21 3.59 33.24 33.42 33.56 33.69 33.78 33.93 34.22 34.60 34.71 34.80 0 25 50 75 100 150 200 300--.- 400-..- 600___- 33.24 33.42 33.56 33.69 33.78 33.94 34.24 34.61 34.72 34.80 26.71 26.85 26.94 27.04 27.10 27.20 27.40 27.61 27.66 27.69 Station 7015; 6 May; 44°10' N., 49°04' W.; depth II dynamic height 971.051. 0 0.18 33.30 0 0.18 33.30 25 -0.35 33.38 25 -0.35 33.38 50 -0.40 33.11 50 -0.40 33.41 75 -0.41 33.43 75 -0.41 33.43 101 -0.38 100 -0.35 33.45 .51- -0.20 33.51 150 -0.20 33.51 26.74 26.83 26.87 26.88 26.89 26.94 Station ''OK-, i. \I'i> dynamic height 971 44" U' X. 057. 49° 12' W.; depth 89 m.; 0 -0.18 33.16 0 -0.18 33.16 26 -0.36 33.34 25 -0.36 33.33 52 -0.45 33.37 50 -0.45 33.37 78 -0.45 33.37 75 -0.45 33.37 26.65 26.79 26.83 26. S3 Station 7017; 6 May dynamic height 971 44°14' N., 069. 49°23' W.; depth 55 m.; 0 0.45 33 25 -0.30; 33 50 -0.30 0- ... 25... 50-_. 11.15 33.11 -0.30 33.11 -0.30 33.11 26.58 26.61 26.61 Station 7018; 6 May dynamic height 971 ; 44°58' N. ,066. in 24' W.; depth 71 m.; 0 0.14 24 -0.22 48 -0.57 33.13 0 0.14 33.13 33.25 25 -0.25 33.25 33.28 50 -0.60 33.28 26.61 26.72 26.76 Station 7019; 6 May; 44°75' N. dynamic height 971.065. 1!) is' \\\; depth 1 Hi in. 0 -0.32 33.23 0 -0.32 33.23 26 -0.48 33.23 25 -0.50 33.23 52 -0.67 33.26 50 -0.65 33 26 77 -0.72 33.27 75 -0.70 33.27 103 -0.75 33.28 100 -0.75 33.28 26.71 26.72 26.75 26.76 26.77 126 TABLE OF OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA— Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1959— Continued Observed values Scaled values Tem- Tem- Depth, pera- Salin- Depth, pera- Salin- motors ture, ity, meters ture, ity. °C. ' a °U. 'k Observed valuos Scaled values Tem- Tern- Depth, pera- Salin- Depth, pera- Salin- meters ture, ity, motors ture, ity, °c. % °C. r;< Station 7020; 7 May; 44°53' N., dynamic height 971.058. '03' W.; depth 677 m.; 0 25 49. 74. 98. 148 197 295 400 601 -0.11 -0.39 -0.78 -0.85 -0.80 -0.85 -0.20 2.08 3.39 3.66 33.25 33.28 33.32 33.32 33.33 33.39 33.54 34.34 34.76 34.85 0— 25- 50. _ 75.. 100. 150- 200. 300- 400- 600 -0.11 -0.39 -0.80 -0.85 -0.80 -0.65 -0.15 2.20 3.40 33.25 33.28 33.32 33.32 33.33 33.39 33.58 34.38 34.76 3.6534.85 26.72 26.75 26.80 26.80 26.81 26.86 26.99 27. 18 27.68 27.72 Station 7021; 7 May; 44°50' N„ 48°46' \V.; depth 1,728 m. dynamic height 970.982. 0 0.31 33.14 0 0.31 33.14 25 -0.72 33.40 25 -0.72 33.40 50 -0.44 33.49 50 -0.44 33.49 75 0.87 33.76 75 0.87 33.76 100 0.75 33.82 100 0.75 33.82 150 1.26 34.02 150 1.26 34.02 199 1.66 34.24 200 1.65 34.25 299 2.47 34.52 300 2.50 34.52 347 2.58 34.55 400 2.85 34.63 521 3.56 34.82 600 3.70 34.87 695 3.76 34.89 800 3.75 34.89 876 3.71 34.88 1,000... 3.65 34.88 1,339... 3.58 34.89 26. Ill 26.87 26.93 27. OS 27.14 27.26 27.12 57 27.62 4 27.74 27.74 Station 7022; 7 May; 44°46' N., 48°32' W.; depth 2,241 m.; dynamic height 970.899. 0 25— 51 76 102... 153... 204... 306... 397. __ 596... 795... 993... 1.484. 1.96 2.63 1.91 2.84 2.51 3.77 1 . 68 3.97 3.93 3.78 3.59 3.51 3.42 33.63 33.84 33.92 34.26 34.35 34.64 34.82 34. S3 34.88 34.90 34.885 34.895 34.93 0 25.... 50— 75_.__ 100... 150... 200... 300. __ 400. _. 600... 800. __ 1,000. 1.96 33.63 26.90 2.63 33.84 27.01 1.90 33.92 27.14 2.70 34.25 27.33 2.55 34.34 27.42 3.70 34.62 27.54 4.65 34.81 27.59 4.00 34.83 27.67 3.95 34.88 27.71 3.70 34.90 27.76 3.60 34.89 27.76 3.50 34.90 27.78 Station 7023; 7 May; 44°42.5' N., 47c57' W.; depth 3,292 m. dynamic height 970.932. 0 25 50 75 101-... 151 201 302 484—. 682.... 881 1,079- 1,478- 2.10 3.83 3.31 2.41 3.19 3.55 4.01 4.10 3.91 3.73 3.60 3.48 3.44 33.58 34.03 34.01 34.08 34.30 34.47 34.64 34.80 34.86 34.89 34.89 34.90 34.91 0 25... 50.- 75__. 100. _ 150- 200- 300- 400.. 600.. 800- 1,000 2.10 3.83 3.31 2.41 3.15 3.55 4.00 4.10 4.00 3.80 3.65 3.50 33.58 34.03 34.01 34.08 34.30 34.46 34.64 34.80 34.84 34.88 34.89 34.90 26.85 27.05 27.(1!) 27.22 27.33 27.42 27.52 27.64 27.68 27.73 27.75 27.78 Station 7024; 7 Maj ; II 36' V, 17°17' W.; depth 3,841 m. • dynamic height 970.927. 0 6.18 33.95 0 6.18 33.95 25 3.24 33.98 25 3.24 :;:;.;is 49 3.35 34.02 50 3.35 34.02 74 2.84 34.13 75 2.85 34.13 99 3.15 34.29 100 3.15 34.29 148 3.63 34.50 150 3.65 34.50 197 4.06 34.6!) 200 4.05 34.69 296 3.55 34.72 300 3.55 34.72 115 4.11) 34.87 400 4.05 34. S6 617 3.98 34.92 600 4.00 34.92 816 3.89 34.92 800 3.90 34.92 1,021— 3.62 34.91 1,000— 3.65 34.91 26.72 27.07 27.09 27.22 27.32 27.44 27.55 27.63 27.69 27.75 27.76 27.77 Station 7025; 7 May; 44°32' X., 46°38' W.; depth 3,841 m. dynamic height 970.935. 0 6.22 33.77 0 6.22 33.77 25 3.97 33.92 25 3.97 33.92 51 3.69 33.97 50 3.70 33.97 76 2.99 34.10 75 3.00 34.09 102 3.00 34.25 100 3.00 34.24 152 3.25 34.50 150 3.20 34.49 204 5.19 34.88 200 5.10 34.87 306 4.22 34.82 300 4.25 34.82 406 4.13 34.87 400 4.15 34.87 610 3.86 34.89 600 3.90 34.89 816 3.67 34.89 800 3.70 34.89 1,018... 3.54 34.895 1,000... 3.55 34.89 1,518... 3.43 26.58 26.95 27.02 27.18 27.30 27.48 27.58 27.64 27.69 27.73 27.75 27.76 Station 7026; 7 Mav; 44°24.5' N., 45°56' W.; depth 3,649 m. dynamic height 970.999. 0 25 - 50— 74— 99 149- 198.. 297.. ::7s 563- 746.. 937- 1 . 422 6.40 3.71 5.58 3.20 7.85 3.37 6.30 5.30 4.37 4.71 4.11 3.70 3.47 33.31 33.52 34.24 33.98 34.86 34.29 34.83 34.85 34.88 34.99 34.935 34.88 34.90 0 25— 50... 75— 100- 150.. 200- 300.. 400.. 600.. 800- 1,000 6.40 3.71 5.58 3.20 7.80 3.40 6.30 5.25 4.40 4.70 3.95 3.65 33.31 33.52 34.24 33.98 34.85 34.29 34.83 34.85 34.89 34.98 34.91 34.88 26.19 26.67 27.03 27.07 27.20 27.30 27.40 27.55 27.67 27.71 27.71 27.74 Station 7027; 8 May; 44°20.5' X., 45°15' W.; depth 3,851 m. dynamic height 971.111. 0 25 51 75 101 . 150 201 302 — 320 491— . 668 854—. 1,351.. 11.11 11.90 11.86 12.10 12.18 12.16 12.10 8.58 8.05 6.08 4.95 4.52 3.60 34.74 35 . 20 35.46 35.57 35.62 35.62 35.61 35.12 35.07 34.985 34.995 35.00 34.91 0— _ 25— 50— 75... 100- 150.. 200- 300- 400- 600.. soil 1.000 11.11 11.90 11.85 12.20 12.15 12.15 12.10 8.65 6.90 5.30 4.60 4.15 34.74 35.20 35.45 35.57 35.62 35.62 35.61 35.13 35.01 34.99 35.00 34.98 26.57 26.78 26.98 27.03 27.06 27.06 27.06 27.29 27.46 27.65 27.74 27.77 127 TABLE OF OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA— Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1959— Continued Observed values Sealed values Observed values Scaled values Tern- Tem- Depth, pera- Salin- Depth, pera- Salin- meters ture, ity, meters ture, ity, °C. %o °C. %o Tern- Depth, peri- meters ture, °C. Salin- ity, Tem- Depth, pera- Salin- meters ture, ity, °C. Station 7028; 8 May; 44"52' N., 45°18' W.; depth 4,115 m.j dynamic height 971.168. 0 12.30 35.24 0 12.30 35.24 23 12.26 35.24 25 12.25 35.24 46 12.41 35.43 50 12.45 35.44 69 12.51 35.47 75 12.50 35.47 93 12.50 35.47 100 12.45 35.46 139 12.01 35.37 150 11.95 35.38 185 11.87 35.46 200 11.85 35.47 278 11.75 35.53 300 11.20 35.47 417 7.20 35.01 400 7.65 35.05 628 5.26 34.985 600 5.40 34.99 S42 4.44 34.97 800 4.55 34.97 1,051... 4.09 34.96 1,000 4.15 34.96 1,572— 3.61 34.925 26.71 26.75 26 m; 26 vs 26. SS 26.91 27.00 27.13 27.38 27.64 27.73 27.76 Station 7029; 8 May; 45°21' N., 45°15' W.; depth 4,253 m. dynamic height 971.100. 0 25— 51— 76... 102.. 152.. 203.. 305.. 401.. 602.. 803 .. 1,001 1 . 493 11.89 11.85 11.54 11.61 11.81 10.411 10.51 8.44 5.23 5.02 4.63 4.00 3.55 34.92 35.16 35.26 35.34 35.43 35.19 35.33 35.12 34.78 34.985 35.005 34.95 34.92 0 25 50 75 100 150 200 300 400 600 800 1,000... 11.89 11.85 11.55 11.60 11.80 10.45 10.50 8.55 5.25 5.05 4.65 4.06 34.92 35.16 35.25 35.33 35.42 35.19 35.33 35.13 34.78 34.98 35.00 34.95 26.57 26.76 26. VI 26.94 26.98 27.04 27.14 27.31 27.49 27.67 27.74 27.77 Station 7030; 8 May; 45°22.5' N„ 45°57 dynamic height 970.969. 0 25 51 .... 76 102.... 152.... 204 306.... tin 613.... 815-... 1,(117 . 1,518.. 7.26 5.36 4.46 4.21 5.26 5.31 5.05 5.21 4. 38 4.14 3.93 3.91 3.52 33.62 33.91 34.09 34.20 34.46 34.64 34.74 34.93 34.88 3 4.! 13 34.92 34.945 34.94 0.... 25... 50... 75— 100- _ 150.. 200.. 300.. 400.. 600.. 800.. 1,000 7.36 5.36 4.50 4.20 5.15 5.30 5.05 5.20 4.40 4.15 3.95 3.90 33.62 33.91 34.09 34.19 34.43 34.63 34.74 34.92 34.88 34.93 34.92 34.94 26.32 26.80 27.63 27.14 27.22 27.36 27.48 27.61 27.66 27.73 27.75 27.77 Station 7031 ;S May; 15°23.5' N., 46°37'W.; depth 3,146 m. dynamic height 970.925. 0 25 50 75 100 150 199 299 396 580 771 970 1, 161 3.82 3.24 2.95 3.62 1.28 1.81 3.55 3. 3. 3.74 3.57 3.16 33.84 31.112 34.26 31.35 34.49 3 4.65 3 1 . 83 3 1 . 73 31.795 34.865 34.88 34.875 34.91 0.... 25. 50 75... 100 150 200.. 300.. too 600.. 800.. 1.060 6.49 3.82 3.24 2.95 3.62 1.28 4.80 3.55 3.85 3.85 3.70 3.55 33.84 34.02 34.26 34.35 34.49 34.65 34.83 34.73 31.80 3 1 . 87 34.88 31.88 26.59 27.05 27.29 27.39 27.14 27.50 27.58 27.63 27.66 27.72 27.71 27.75 Station 7032; 9 May; 45°19' N., 47°21' W.; depth 2,469 m. dynamic height 970.968. 0__._ 21 48... 73... 97 146.. 194.. 291.. 393.. 591.. 789.. 987.. 1.481 4.81 3.58 3.80 3.48 3.51 3.15 3.61 4.50 4.45 3.87 3.66 3.55 3.38 33.99 34.04 34.13 34.21 34.28 34.28 34.43 34.77 34.88 34.85 34.85 34.88 34.87 0.... 25... 50... 75... 100.. 150 . 200- . 300_ _ 400.. 600. _ 800. _ 1,000 4.8133.99 3.60|34.05 3.80 34.14 3.45 3.50 3.15 3.70 4.50 4.45 3.85 3.65 3.55 34.22 34.28 34.28 34.45 34.78 34.88 34.85 34.85 34.88 26.92 27.09 27.14 27.24 27.28 27.31 27.40 27.57 27.66 27.70 27.72 27.75 Station 7033; 9 Mav; 45°28.5' N., 47°44' W.; depth 1,554 m. dynamic height 970.953. 0 24.... 48__-_ 73.— 97_... 146— 194... 291... 367... 554.- 743--. 936... 1,430. 4.55 3.14 2.50 3.04 3.17 3.53 4.51 4.03 4.35 3.92 3.17 3.60 3.46 33.885 33.94 33.94 34.05 34.22 34.40 34.66 34.76 34.84 34.87 34.88 34.88 34.89 0___. 25... 50. __ 75— 100.. 150. - 200.. 300- - 400.. 600.. 800.. 1.000 4.55 3.10 2.50 3.05 3.20 3.60 4.50 4.05 4.30 3.90 3.75 3.60 33.88 33.94 33.95 34.06 34.24 34.43 34.68 34.77 34.85 34.87 34.88 34.88 26.85 27.05 27.11 27.15 27.28 27.39 27.49 27.62 27.66 27.72 27.73 27.75 W.; depth 3,512 m.; Station 7034; 9 May; 45°41.5' N., 48°04' W.; depth 637 m. dynamic height 970.976. 0 25. 51. 75- 100 151 202 303 404 609 0.20 0.27 0.32 1.17 1.36 1.53 1.93 2.44 2.77 3.63 33.11 33.46 33.64 33.86 33.94 34.18 34.34 34.47 34.63 34.84 0 25 50 75 101 150 200 300... 400.... 600..-- 0.20 0.27 0.30 1.15 1.35 1.50 1.90 2.40 2.75 3.60 33.11 33.46 33.64 33.86 33.94 34.17 34.33 34.46 34.62 34.83 26.59 26.87 27.01 27.11 27.19 27.37 27.46 27.53 27.63 27.71 Station 7035; 9 May; 45°46.5' N., 48°11' \V.; depth 180 m. dynamic height 971.034. 0 -0.29 32.88 0 -0.29 32.88 26.43 25 -1.27 33.00 25 -1.27 33.00 26.56 50 -1.41 33.20 50 -1.41 33.20 26.73 75 -1.20 33.34 75 -1.20 33.34 26.84 100 0.21 33.58 100 0.21 33.58 26.97 149 0.68 33.73 150 0.70 33.73 27.06 Station 7036; 9 May; 45°49' N., 48°18' W.; depth 115 m. dynamic height 971.041. 0 0.13 32.92 0 0.13 32.92 25 -0.67 33.02 25 -0.67 33.02 51 -1.36 33.21 50 -1.35 33.20 76 -1.21 33.30 75 -1.20 33.20 102 -0.97 33.37 100 -1.00 33.37 26.44 26.56 26.73 26.80 26.85 128 TABLE OF OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA— Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1959— Continued Observed values Sealed values Tern- Tem- Depth, pera- Salin- Depth, pera- Salin- meters ture, ity, meters ture, ity, "C. %o °C. %c Observed values Scaled values Tem- Depth, pera- Salin- meters | ture, ity, °C. %, Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture, °C. Salin- ity, %c C( Station 7037; 9 May; 45°53' X., 48°30' W.; depth dynamic height 971.046. Station 7044; 10 May;46°09' X„ 47°05' W.; depth 1,463 m. dynamic height 970.947. 0_ 25 51 76 0.81 -0.57 -0.69 -0.98 32.99 33.10 33.14 33.15 0.81J33.99 26.47 -0. 571.33. 10 126.56 -0.70t33.14 26.66 -0.95|33.15 126.68 Station 7038; 9 May; 46°07' X., 48°45' W.; depth dynamic height 971.046. 0. 26 52 0.75 33.06 -0.20 33.12 -0.35 33.11 0.75 -0.15 -0.35 33.06 26.52 33.11 26.61 33.11 [26.61 Station 7039; 9 May; 46°17' N., 49°01' W. dynamic height 971.051. depth 64 m. 0 1.15 33.00 0 1.15 33.00 25 0.66 33.04 25 0.26 33.04 50 0.23 33.06 50 0.23 .33.06 26.46 26.51 26.55 Station 7040; 9 May; 46°15' X., 48°30' VV.; depth 89 m. dynamic height 971.047. 0. 24 49 73 0.55 33.06 0 0.55 33.06 -0.24 33.10 25 -0.25 33.10 -0.43 33.11 50 -0.45 33.11 -0.54 33.11 75 -0.55 3.3.11 26.53 26.60 26.62 26.62 Station 7041; 9 May; 46°14' X., 48°02' W.; depth 115 m.; dynamic height 971.054. 0 25 51 76 102.-- 0.24 -0.18 -0.97 -0.86 -1.37 32.90 32.96 33.00 33.02 33.20 0.. 25- 50. 75. liin 0.24 -0.18 -0.95 -0.85 -1.30 32.90 32.86 33.01 3.3.02 33.18 26.42 26.49 26.56 26.56 26.70 Station 7042; 9 May; 46°12.5' X., 47°44' VV.; depth 169 m. dynamic height 971.047. 0 . 26. 52. 103 155 0.08 -0.65 -1.15 -1.37 -1.07 -0.62 32.86 32.98 33.04 33.21 33.30 33.45 0- 25_ 50. 75. 100 150 0.08 -0.65 -1.15 -1.35 -1.10 -0.65 32.86 32.97 33.02 33.18 33.28 33.43 26.40 26.52 26.58 26.71 26.78 26.. SO Station 7043; 9 May; 46°10' X., 47°22' VV.; depth 659 m. dynamic height 971.016. 0.. 25- oil 75 100 150 199 299 398 597 0.27 -1.48 -1.28 -0.57 -0.06 1.56 2.01 2.66 3.15 3.66 32.86 33.06 33.32 33.44 33.56 .34.10 34.22 34.55 34.705 34.82 0 25 50 75 100 150.... 200.... 300.... 400.. _. 600.... 0.27 32.86 -1.48 33.06 -1.2833.28 -0.5733.44 -0.06 33.56 1.56 34.10 2.05134.22 2.70 34.55 3.15 34.71 3.65 34.83 26.39 26.61 26.74 26.89 26.97 27.30 27.37 27.57 27.66 27.70 0 0.53 33.26 0 0.53 33.26 24 -0.03 33.34 25 0.00 33.35 49 0.74 33.76 50 0.75 33.79 73 1.49 34.00 75 1.55 34.0.3 98 2.19 34.26 100 2.20 34.27 146 2.17 34.39 150 2.20 34.40 195 2.60 34.51 200 2.60 34.52 292 2.92 34.66 300 2.95 34.67 382 3.24 34.72 400 3.30 34.73 573 3.78 34.84 600 3.80 34.84 764 3.70 34.84 800 3.70 34.84 958 3.59 34.84 1,000... 3.60 34.84 1,351... 3.48 34.87 26.69 .26.80 27.11 27.24 27.40 27.50 27.56 27.65 27.66 27.711 27.71 27.72 Station 7045; 10 May; 46°09' X., 46°32' VV. dynamic height 970.876. depth 494 m.; 0.. 24. 51- 76_ 102 152 204 306 351 397 3.28 3.29 2.51 2.29 3.09 3.32 3.27 3.67 3.81 3.83 34.06 34.06 34.18 34.29 34.60 34.68 34.73 34.80 34.86 34.87 0__._ 25... 50... 75.. . 100.. 150- . 200.. 300. . 400 -- 3.2S 34.06 3.29 34.06 2.50 34.18 2.3034.29 3.05 34.59 3.35 34.67 3.30 34.73 3.65 34.80 3.85 34.87 27.13 27.13 27.29 27.40 27.57 27.61 27.66 27.68 27.72 Station 7046; 10 May; 46°0 m. ; dynamic height 970. S .5' X., 45°54' VV.; depth 1,646 0 25-_-_ 52 103^- 154.. 206... .309... 397... 594... 792. 991— 1,49.3- 5.22 34.27 0 5.22 34.27 5.12 34.26 25 5.12 34.26 3.68 .34.41 50 3.75 34.40 3.51 34.46 75 3.50 34.45 2.96 34.51 100 3.00 34.50 3.00 34.58 150- . 3.00 34.57 3.13 34.65 200.-- 3.10 34.64 .3.67 34.79 300 3.65 34.78 3.67 34.84 400.. 3.65 34.84 3.73 34.875 600 3.70 34.87 3.58 34.89 800 3.60 34.89 3.48 34.90 1,000.-. 3.45 34.90 3.37 34.91 27.09 27.09 27.35 42 27.51 .57 .61 .66 27.71 27.74 27.76 27.78 Station 7047; 10 May; 46°06' X., 45°16' VV.; depth 3,410 m. dynamic height 970.9.38. 0 25.-_ 19 4 99.... 148... 197 296 380... 575... 764... 970... 1,468. 6.00 5.28 3.97 3.67 .3.41 3.41 .3.62 3.39 3.38 3.59 3.74 3.88 34.36 34.42 34.49 34.48 34.47 34.56 34.64 34.68 34.69 34.775 34.815 34.90 34.91 0.. 25. 50- 75. 100 150 200 300 100 600 1,000._. 6.00 5.28 3.95 3.65 3.40 3.40 3.60 .3.40 3.411 3.55 3.80 3.90 34.36 34.42 34.49 34.48 34.47 34.56 34.64 34.68 .34.69 34.78 34.8.3 34.90 27.07 27.20 27.40 27.42 27.45 27.52 27.69 27.74 129 TABLE OF OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA— Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1959— Continued Observed values Scaled values i Ibserved values Scaled values Depth, meters Tem- pera- ture, •C. Salin- ity. Tem- Depth, pera- meters ture, °C. Salin- ity, \ Tem- Depth, pera- iTieters I ture, °c. Salin- ity, Depth, meters Tem- pera- Sal in ture, ltv. °C. %o Station 7048; LO Maj ; 16 93.5' N., 4137' \V.; depth 3,841 m.; dynamic height 'J71.122. Station 7052; 10 May; 46°40.5' N., 14°44' W.; depth 169 m. dynamic height 970.895. 0 25 52 . 77 [03 154 . 206.. 310.. 112 617 S21 . 1 , 026 1 , 536 9 72 34.29 0 9.72 34.29 10.(14 34.53 25 10.04 34.53 11.60 35.11 50 11.40 35.08 11.96 35.26 75 11.90 35.24 12.54 35.44 100 12.50 35.43 10.14 35.06 150 10.30 35.08 9.44 35.07 200 9.50 35.07 8,16 35.02 300 8.30 35.02 6.47 35.01 400 6.65 35.01 5.11 35.02 600 5.20 35.02 4.57 35.00 800 4.60 35.00 4.11 34.955 1,000... 4.15 34.96 3.61 34.935 26.47 26.60 26.78 26.81 26.84 26.98 27.11 27.27 27.50 27.69 27.74 27.76 0 4.45 34.28 0 4.45 34.28 25 4.02 34.28 25 4.02 34.2* 50 3.06 34.37 50 3.06 34.37 75 2.98 34.39 75 2.98 34.39 101 2.79 34.40 100 2.80 34.40 151 2.93 34.52 150 2.90 34.52 27. is 27.23 27.40 27.42 27.11 27.54 Station 7053; 10 May; 46°48' X., 44°51' W.; depth 143 m. dynamic height 970.898. Station 7049; 10 May; 40°24' X., 1142' W.; depth 1,646 m. dynamic height 971.025. 0 7.42 33.82 0 7.42 33.82 25 10.01 34.85 25 10.01 34.85 50 10.20 34.95 50 10.20 34.95 75 10.89 35.20 75 10.89 35.20 101 11.31 35.40 100 11.30 35.40 151 8.67 35.02 150 8.70 35.03 201 6.28 34.73 200 6.30 34.73 302 5.58 34.94 300 5.60 34.94 388 5.12 34.86 400 5.05 34.85 581 3.65 34.82 600 3.65 34.82 773 3.70 34.87 800 3.70 34.87 964 3.60 34.885 1,000... 3.60 34.86 1 . 437 . 3.47 34.89 26.45 26.85 26.90 26.97 27.05 27.20 27.32 27.57 27.57 27.70 27.71 27.71 Station 7050; 10 May; 46°30' X., 44 44' W.; depth (17 dynamic height 971.000. 0.. 25. 50. 75 101 151 201 302 Kill 601 33.74 34.66 35.00 34.50 34.30 34.65 34.78 34.82 34.93 34.86 0 ... 25... 50... 75 100.. 150.. 200.. 300.. 400.. 600.. 6.89 9.16 10.30 6.98 4.95 6.10 6.10 5.15 4.95 3.85 33.74 34.66 35.00 34.50 34.30 34.64 34.78 34.82 34.93 34.86 26.46 26.85 26.92 27.05 27.15 27.27 27.38 27.54 27.64 27.71 Station 7051; 10 May; 46°35.5' X., 44°44' W.; depth 224 m.; dynamic height 970.896. 0 1.56 34 28 0 4.56 34.28 25 3.79 31.29 25 3.79 34.29 19 3.07 34.35 50 3.05 34.35 ;i . 2 Mi 34.36 75 2.85 31.36 99 2.69 100 2.70 34.39 148 2.75 31.52 150 2 . 75 34.52 L97 3.04 34.63 200 3.05 34.03 27.17 27.26 27. 3* 27.41 27.44 27.55 27.00 0... 25.. 50.. 76.. 101 126 4.16 3.44 2.ss 2.83 2.72 2.57 34.26 34.28 34.30 34.31 34.33 34.42 0... 25.. 50.. 75. . 100. 4.16 3.44 2.85 2.75 34.2li 21 34.2S 2; .20 34.30 34.31 34.33 27.36 27.37 27.39 Station 7054; 10 May; 46°47.6' X.; 45°01' W.; depth 172 m. dynamic height 970.892. 0 4.30 25 3.78 51 3.00 76 2.76 101 2.66 152 2.92 34.26 34.28 34.35 34.35 34.38 34.55 0— . 25.. 50.. 75__ 100. 150. 4.30 3.7S 3.00 2.75 2.65 2.90 34.26 27.19 34.28 27.26 34.35 27.39 34.35 [27.41 34.38 27.44 34.54 27.55 Station 7055; 11 May; 46°47' X., 45°17' W.; depth 220 m.; dynamic height 970.894. 0 4.09 34.24 0 4.09 34.24 25 2.94 34.25 25 2.94 34.25 49 2.80 34.30 50 2.80 34.30 74 2.82 34.34 75 2.80 34.34 98 2.69 34.36 100 2.70 34.36 1 Is 2.7s 34.48 150 2.80 34.48 197 3.38 34.66 200 3.40 34.66 27.19 27.31 27.37 27.40 27.42 27.50 27.60 Station 7056; 11 May; 46°47.5' X., 45°44' W.; depth ! dynamic height 970.905. 0 4.32 34.21 0 4.32 34.21 22 3.97 34.21 25 3.85 34.21 44 3.28 34.27 50 3.15 34.27 67 2.92 34.2S 75 2.90 34.28 89 2.88 34.28 100 3.00 34.31 133 3.50 34.48 150 3.35 34.51 177 3.12 34.55 200 3.20 34.61 266 3.71 34.79 27.15 27.20 27.31 27.34 27.30 27. is 27.58 Station 7057; 11 May; 46°47.5' X.. 10" dynamic height 970.896. 8' W.; depth 320 m.; 0 3.80 34.22 0 3.80 34.22 25 3.69 34.22 25 3.69 3 4.22 50 3.00 34.27 50 3.00 34.27 75 2.95 34.28 75 2.95 34.28 99 2.70 34.36 100 2.70 34.37 149 3.01 34.51 150 3.00 34.51 199 3.52 34.67 200 3.55 34.68 298 3.83 34.81 300 3.85 34.81 27.21 27.22 27.33 27.33 27.43 27.52 27.59 27.67 130 TABLE OF OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA— Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1959— Continued Observed values Depth, meters pera- ture, °c. Salin- ity, Sealed values Tern- Depth, pera- Salin- meters ture, itv, op \ or *- ■ be Station 7058; 11 May; 46°47.5' N., 46°32' \V.; depth 640 rn. dynamic height 1170.883. 0 25 50 74 99 14(1 198 297 393— 590, ... 33.59 34. OH 34.22 34.32 34.50 34.60 34.65 34.72 34.79 34.875 0 25 50 75 100 150 200 300 400 600 2.05 3.18 2.40 2.2(1 2.55 2 . 75 2.80 3.05 3.45 3.60 33.59 34.08 34.22 34.32 34.51 34.61 34.65 34.72 34.79 34.88 26.87 27.15 27.34 27.44 27.56 27.62 27.64 27.68 27.69 27.75 Station 7059; 11 May; 46°47' V, 46°49' W.; depth 1,244 m. dynamic height 970.885. 0 1.95 33.49 0 1.95 33.49 25 3.06 34.05 25 3.05 34.04 50 2.90 34.24 50 2.90 34.24 75 2.52 34.29 75 2.52 34.29 100 2.68 34.53 | 100 2.68 34.53 200 2.90 34.68 : 150 2.78 34.64 300 3.20 34.74 200 2.90 34.68 380 3.42 34.78 300 3.20 34.74 556 3.77 34.86 100 3.50 34.79 721 3.66 34.88 600 3.75 34.87 882 3.55 34.88 800 3.60 34.88 1,002... 3.45 34.89 1 1,000... 3.45 34.89 26.79 27.13 27.31 27 3S 27.56 27.64 27.66 27.68 27.69 27.73 27.75 27.77 Station 7060; 11 May; 46°45.5' N., 47°11' W.; depth 612 m. dynamic height 970.940. 0 1.32 33.10 0 25 . 0.45 33.40 25 50 0.36 33.60 50 75... . 0.99 33.91 75 101 1.68 34.10 100 151 2.16 34.34 150.. „ 201 2.52 34.50 200 302 2.89 34.65 300 387 3.22 34.76 400 579 3.69 34.86 600 1.32 0.45 0.36 0.99 1.65 2.15 2.50 2.90 3.311 3.70 33 10 33 40 33 60 33 91 34 09 34 33 34 49 34 64 34 77 34 86 26.52 26.81 26.98 27.19 27.29 27.44 27.54 27.63 27.711 27.73 Station 7061; 11 May; 46°45.5' \\, 47°17' W.; depth 331 m. dynamic height 970.981. 0 0.02 32.95 0 0.02 32.95 26.48 24 0.38 33.17 25 0.35 33.18 26.64 49 -0.56 33.40 50 -0.55 33.40 26.86 73 -0.19 33.51 75 -0.15 33.51 26.94 97 0.44 33 . 75 100 0.50 33.78 27.11 146 1.49 34.12 150 1.50 34.14 27.34 195 1.88 34.32 200 .. 1.95 34.33 27.46 292 2.73 34.58 300 2.80 34.59 27.59 Station 7062; 11 May; 46°46' N\, 47°30' W.; depth 183 m dynamic height 971.025. 0 . 0.34 32.92 0 .. 25 -0.40 33.06 25 49 -1.47 33.19 50 74 -1.34 33.28 75 98 -0.80 33.40 100 147 0.89 33.79 150 0.34 32.92 -0.40l33.O6 -1.45 33.19 -1.35 33.28 0.80 33. 11 1.00 33.82 26.43 26.61 26.72 26.79 26.. IS 27.12 Observed values Scaled values Tern- Tern- Depth, pera- Salin- Depth, pera- Salin- meters [ ture, ity, meters ture, ity, (' %o °C. %o Station 7063; 11 May; 46°49' N., 48°05' W.; depth 119 in. dynamic height 971.043. 0 0.49 33.03 0.49 33.03 25 0.41 33.04 25 0.41 33.04 50 -0.55 33.08 50 -0.55 33.08 75 -0.72 33.09 75 -0.72 33.09 100 -0.84 33.34 100 -0.84 33.34 26.51 26.53 26.60 26.61 26.82 Station 7064; 11 May; 46°47.5' N'., 48°43' W.; depth 95 m. dynamic height 971.044. 0 0.16 33 . 1 1 0 0.16 25 0.12 33.11 25 0.12 50 -0.13 33.13 50 -0.13 75 -0.32 33.16 75 -0.32 95 -0.30 33.16 100 -0.30 33.11 33.11 33.13 33.16 33.16 26.59 26.60 26.62 26.65 26.65 Station 7065; 27 May; 42°00' N., 50°58' W.; depth 3,383 m.; dynamic height 971.001. 0 4.37 33.18 0 4.37 33.18 24 4.36 33.19 25 4.35 33.19 47 2.20 33.38 50 2.20 33.42 71 2.24 33.72 75 2.60 33.78 94 3.05 34.02 100 3.10 34.06 141 . .. 3.41 34.30 150 3.55 34.35 189 4.20 34.58 200 4.35 34.64 283 5.79 34.98 300 5.60 34.96 347 1.90 34.89 400 4.60 34.89 526 4.19 34.89 600 4.20 34.91 708 4.30 34.96 800 4.15 34.95 894 3.95 34 . 94 1,000 .. 3.90 34.94 1,377... 3.70 34.94 26.32 26.33 26.72 26.96 27.15 27.33 27.48 27.59 27.65 27.72 27.75 27.77 Station 7066; 27 May; 41°55.5' N., 51°52' W.; depth 3,932 in.; dynamic height 971.159. 0 6.89 25 9.33 50 13.56 75 11.73 101 12.33 150 12.53 201 9.21 302 8.35 380 6.34 577 4.81 778 4.29 973 4.16 1,466— 3.61 0 25 50 75 100 150 200 300 400 600 800 1,000... 89 33.32 33 34.04 56 35.57 73 35.19 30 35.37 55 35.46 20 34.92 35 35.07 15 34.86 75 34.92 25 34.91 15 34.95 26.13 6.33 26.74 26.80 26.84 26.86 27.04 27.30 27.44 27.66 27.71 27.75 Station 7067; 27 May; 42 20.5' N., 51°26' VV.; depth 2,916 m.; dynamic height 970.991. 0 4.61 33.14 0 4.61 33.14 25 4.26 33.16 25 1.26 33.16 51 2.20 33.70 50 2.20 33.69 76 3.44 34.14 75 3.40 34.13 102 4.90 34.42 100 4.80 34.42 152 1 . 76 34.54 150 4.75 34.54 204 5.29 34.76 200 5.25 34.74 306 4.41 34. 7s 300 4.45 34.78 403 5.31 35.01 400 5.30 35.00 604 4.2S 34.93 600 4.30 34.93 804 4. IS 34.95 800 4.20 34.95 1,005... 3.86 34.94 1,000... 3.85 34.94 1,509 3.59 34.935 26.26 26.31 26.92 .17 27.26 .36 27.46 27.58 27.66 27.71 27.75 131 TABLE OF OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA— Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1959— Continued Observed values Scaled values Tem- Tem- Depth, pera- Salin- Depth, pera- Salin- meters ture, ity. meters ture, ity. °(\ ft °c. ft Station 7068; 27 May; 42°44.5' N., 51°02' W.; depth 1,646 m.; dynamic height 971.(171. 0 25-... 52.... 77.— 103... 154... 206... 309... 415... 620. __ 824... 1,030. 2.53 2.16! -0.63 -1.06 0.49 1.52 4.62 3.40 2.99 3.63 3.81 3.74 33.04 33.04 33.24 33.43 33.64 33.81 34.43 34.53 34.63 34.79 34.S5 34.88 2.53 33.04 2.16 33.04 -0.60 33.22 -1.05 33.41 100... 0.30 33.62 150... 200... 300. . . 400... 600... 800... 1,000. 1.45 33.80 4.30 34.36 3.50 34.52 3.05 34.60 3.55 34.73 3.80 34.84 3.75 34.87 26.39 26.41 26.71 2fi.SH 27.00 27.07 27.27 27.48 27.58 27.63 27.70 27.73 Station 7069; 27 May; 42°54' N., 50°52' VY.; depth 1,097 m. dynamic height 971.049. 0 2.93 32.91 0 2.93 32.91 24 1.40 33.13 25 1 . 40 33.13 48 0.96 33.195 50 0.95 33.20 72 4.08 33.835 75— 4.05 33.84 96 2.93 33.865 100 2.85 33.87 144 2.23 33.925 150 2.15 33.93 192 1.60 33.99 200 1.60 34.01 288 2.79 34.50 300 2.85 34.54 389 3.19 34.66 400 3.25 34.67 587 3.76 34.825 600 .1.75 34.83 787 3.80 34.86 800.. 3.80,34.86 982 3.74 34.875 1,000... 3.75 34.88 26.24 26.54 26.63 26.87 27.02 27.12 27.23 27.55 27.62 27.69 27.72 27.73 Station 7070; 27 May; 43°00' N., 50°45' VY. dynamic height 971.079. depth 649 m.: n 2 . 93 32.94 0 26 1.68 33.225 25... 51 6.53 34.115 50... 77 8.26 34.64 7.5 5.76 34.27 100 153 1.61 33 . 945 150. _ 205 1.42 34.37 200 308 3.42 34.35 300 402 2.88 34.525 400 598 3.56 34.76 (600)... 93 1 32 70 33 35|34 25 3 1 10 34 75 33 25 34 50 34 90,34 55 34 20.27 26.59 26.81 26.9R 27.02 27.18 27.26 27.34 27.54 27.66 Station 7071; 27 May; 43°04.5' N., 50°41' W.; depth 169 m. dynamic height 971.113 0 3.07 32.83 0 3.07 32 . 83 25 1.93 33.01 25.. 1.93 33.01 50 0.53 33.25 50.. 0.53 33.25 75 0.32 33.49 75. _. 0.32 33.49 101 0.56 33.57 100 0.55 33.57 151 0.64 33.61 150 0.70 33.61 26.17 26.41 26.68 26.89 26.95 26.97 Station 7072; 27 Mav; 43°08.5' N.. 50°35' VY.; depth 93 m. dynamic height 971.128. 3.37 1.91 0 58 0.05 32 . 82 33.00 33 18 33.24 3.37 32.82 26.14 1.91 33.00 26.40 0.58 33. is 2ii.fi2 -0.05 33.21 20.71 Observed values Scaled values Tem- Tem- Depth, pera- Salin- Depth, pera- Salin- meters ture, ity, meters ture, ity. °C. ft °C. ft Station 7073; 28 May; 43°21.5' N., 50°15' VV.; depth 68 m. dynamic height 971.144. 0. 22 45 3.65 3.36 1.35 32.51 32.51 32.98 0.... 25. _. (50). 3.65 3.35 1.00 32.51 25.86 32.55 25.92 33.10 26.54 Station 7074; 28 May; 42°58' N., 50°18' VY.; depth 95 m. dynamic hegiht 971.120. 0 2.10 33.05 0 2.10 33.05 26.42 25 1.47 33.08 25 1.47 33.08 26.49 49 0.56 33.22 50 0.55 33.22 26.66 74 0.18 33.38 (75).... 0.20 33.37 26.80 Station 7075; 28 May; 42°51' N\, 50°I6' W.; depth 364 m. dynamic height 971.107. 25.. 50.. 75.. [00 150 200. 300. 2.39 33.03 0 2.39 33.03 0.94 33.17 25 0.94 33.17 0.36 33.25 50 0.36 33.25 -0.14 33.38 75 -0.14 33.38 0.08 33.44 100 0.08 33.44 0.91 33.75 150 0.91 33.75 1.40 33.94 200- . . 1.40 33.94 2.11 34.28 300 2.11 34.28 26.39 26.59 26.69 26.82 26.86 27.06 27.17 27.40 Station 7076; 28 May; 42°39' \.; 50°16' VY.; depth dynamic height 971.035. 0 1.88 33.21 0 1.88 33.21 26.58 25 1.40 33.21 25 1.40 33.21 26.60 50. 0.83 33.53 50 0.83 33.53 26.89 75 1.18 33.67 75 1.18 33.67 26 . 98 100 1.77 33.78 100 1.77 33.78 27.03 150 2.49 33.97 150 2.49 33.97 27.13 199 2.45 34.15 200 2.45 34.14 27.26 299 . . 2.75 34.49 300 2.75 34.49 27.52 402 2.92 34.62 400 2.90 34.62 27.62 601 3.53 34.78 600 3.50 34.77 27.68 800 3.92 34.88 800 3.95 34.87 27.71 1,000... 4.02 34.94 1,000-. _ 4.00 34.94 27 . 76 Station 7077; 28 May;42°24.5' N., 50°14' VY.; depth 2,561 ,. dynamic height 971.048. 0 5.40 33.10 0 5.40 33.10 26.14 25 5.20 33.13 25 5.20 33.13 26.19 50 6.24 33.74 50 6.24 33.74 26.54 74 6.34 34.22 75 6.35 34.21 26.91 99 5.56 34.34 100 5.55 34.33 27.10 149 .. 7.15 34.81 150 7.15 34.81 27.27 198 7.20 34.96 200 7.20 34.95 27.37 297 2.98 34.50 300 3.00 34.50 27.51 396 4.35 31.81 400 4.40 34.80 27.60 502 4.48 31.94 600 4.45 34.93 27.70 785 3.87 34.895 800 3.85 31 . S9 27.73 982 3.66 34.89 1,000... 3.65 34.88 27.74 1.170 3.49 34.90 132 TABLE OF OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA— Ctoninued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1959— Continued Observed values Sealed values Tem- Tem- Depth, pera- Salin- Depth, pera- Salin- meters ture, ity, meters ture, ity. °C. ft °C. ft Station 7078; 28 May; 42°00.5'N., 50°14' W.; depth 3,470 m.; dynamic height 971.168. 0 6.90 33.22 0 6.90 33.22 25 8.34 33.83 25 8.34 33.83 50 10.71 34.84 50 10.71 34.84 75 11.48 35.08 75 11.48 35.08 100 11.84 35.22 100 11.84 35.22 150 12.55 35.47 150 12.55 35.47 200 11.51 35.42 200 11.51 35.42 300 7.92 34.96 300 7.92 34.96 399 6.96 34.92 400 6.95 35.01 599 4.06 34.80 600 4.05 34.79 799 4.83 35.025 800 4.85 35.02 1,001... 4.40 35.00 1,000... 4 . 40 35.00 1,510... 3.72 34.94 26.115 26.32 26.71 26.76 26.80 26.86 27.02 27.27 27.46 27.63 .73 27.76 Station 7079; 28 May; 41°31.5' N., 50°13' W.; depth 3,932 m.; dynamic height 971.313. 0 10.80 34.40 0 10.80 34.40 25 12.40 35.02 25 12.40 35.02 50 14.18 35.64 50 14.18 35.64 74 13.25 35.69 75 14.25 35.68 99 14.13 35.68 100 14.15 35.68 149 13.56 35.61 150 13.55 35.60 199 12.75 35.47 200 12.75 35.47 288 12.43 35.44 300 12.40 35.43 390 10.45 35.32 400 10.20 35.29 583 6.61 35.05 600 6.45 35.03 775 5.24 35.00 800 5.10 34.99 970 4.59 34.99 1,000... 1.55 34.98 1,458... 3.87 34.95 26.36 26.55 26.65 26.67 26.70 26.76 26.83 26.87 27.16 27.53 27.67 27.73 Station 7080; 29 May; 41°00' X., 50°15' W.; depth 3,566 in. dynamic height 971.394. 0 25 50 75 101.... 151 202 303 399. ... 597.... 794.... 991.... 1,484.. 15.40 36.03 15.33 36.03 15.21 36.01 15.21 36.01 15.24 36.02 14.75 35.91 13.71 35.66 13.51 35.63 12.45 35.56 8.08 35.10 5.07 34.93 4.37 34.93 3.86 34.95 0.... 25... 50. __ 75.. . 100.. 150- . 200.. 300. 100 600- - 800- . 1.000 15.4(1 15.33 15.21 15.21 15.25 36.03 36.03 36.01 36.01 35.91 14.75 35.91 13.7535.66 13.50 35.63 12.45 35.55 8.00 35.09 5.05 34.92 4.35 34.92 26.69 26.70 26.72 26.72 26.72 26.74 26.77 26.79 26.94 27.36 27.63 27.71 Station 7081; 29 May; 42°00.5' X., 49°23' W.; depth 2,880 m.; dynamic height 971.114. 0 25.... 50.... 75.... 100 . 150... 201... 301... 380... 567... 752... 940... 1,410_ 8.94 33.82 11.60 34.68 14.19 35.67 12.76 35.42 12.27 35.34 i 12.67 35.54 10.13 35.22 7.33 34.98 4.49 34.74 3.43 34.76 3.81 34.865 3.89 34.91 3.78 34.94 0 25___. 50.___ 75.... 100.. 150... 200. 300... 400 600... 800 1,000. 12 12 10 T 4 3 3 94 33. S3 60 34.68 19 35.67 76 35.42 27 35.34 ! 67 35.54 20 35.22 30 34.98 30 34.73 50 34.76 85 34. NS 85 34.91 26.23 26.43 26.68 26.78 26.82 26.90 27.11 27.38 27.56 27.67 27.72 27.75 Observed values Sclaed values Tem- Tem- Depth, pera- Salin- Depth, pera- Salin- meters ture, ity, meters ture, ity. °C. ft °C. ',, Station 7082; 29 May; 41 "31. 5' X., 48°55' W.; depth 3483 m. dynamic hiehgt 971.181. 0 25--. 49... 74.-- 98— 147- . 197.. 295.. 383.. 573.. 762.. 963.. 1 . 182 33.67 34.55 35.05 35.08 35.23 35.46 35.44 35.06 34.87 34.88 34.92 34.88 34.93 0 25 50... 75 100 150 200 300 100 600 800 1,000... 9.27 10.87 11.85 11.65 11.95 12.55 12.15 8.55 6.40 4.50 4.15 3.70 33.67 34.55 35.05 35.08 35.23 35.45 35.43 35.04 34.87 34.88 34.91 34.88 26.04 26.46 26.68 26.73 26.80 26.85 26.91 27.24 27.42 27.65 27.72 27.74 Station 7083; 29 May; 41°00' X., 48°26' W.; depth 3,182 m. dynamic height 971.206. 0 8.73 33.46 0 8.73 33.46 24 13.68 35.40 25 13.65 35.39 49 13.44 35.52 50.- 13.45 35.51 73 13.28 35.52 75 13.25 35.52 97 13.08 35.52 100 13.05 35.51 146 12.70 35.46 150 12.70 35.45 195 12.68 35.50 .'Oil 12.65 35.50 292 10.50 35.30 300 10.30 35.28 391 8.06 35.08 400 . . 7.90 35.06 592 5.58 35.04 600 5.50 35.04 776 4.42 34.95 (800)... 4.35 34.95 (1,000). 4.05 34.94 25.97 26.58 26.72 26.76 26.80 26.82 26.87 27.13 27.36 27.66 27.72 27.74 Station 7084; 29 May; 41°34.5' X„ 47°15' W.; depth 4,280 m.; dynamic height 971.035. 0 8.24 33.67 0 S.24 33.67 25 4. OS 33.55 25 4.08 33.55 49 3.50 33.61 50_-_. 3.50 33.61 74 3.32 33.75 75. 3.30 33.75 99 0.89 33.77 100 0.90 33.77 148 5.71 34.56 150 5.70 34.56 197 .. 5.37 34.59 200 5.35 34.58 296 3.99 34.59 300 4.00 34.59 395 5.53 34.01 400 5.50 35.00 592 4.39 34.92 600 4.35 34.91 789 4.41 34.98 800 4.40 34.98 985 4.18 34.96 1,000... 4.20 34.96 1,471... 3.66 34.93 26.21 26.64 26.75 26.88 27.09 27.26 27.32 27.48 27.63 27.70 27.74 27.76 Station 7085; 30 Mav; 41°59' X., 47°55' W.; depth 3,731 m.; dynamic height 970.943. 0 7.35 33.67 0 7.35 33.67 24 6.02 33.77 25 5.90 33.78 48 4.08 34.06 50 4.05 34.06 72 3.87 34.26 75 3.90 34.29 96 4.25 34.46 100 4.30 34.47 141 4.51 3 1 . 62 150 4.50 34.63 192 4.52 34.72 200 4.60 34.73 288 5.57 35.02 300 5.55 35.02 400 5.23 35.04 400 5.25 35.04 596 4.36 34.97 600 4.35 34.97 791 4.08 34.96 800 4.05 34.95 988 3.92 34.96 1,000... 3.90 34.95 1,480... 3.55 34.94 26.35 26.62 27.06 27.25 27.36 27.45 27.52 27.65 70 27.75 27.76 27.78 133 TABLE OF OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA— Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1959— Continued Observed values Scaled values Tem- Tem- Depth, pera- Salin- Depth, pera- Salin- meters ture, ity, meters ture, ity, °c. %o °C. %o Observed values Sealed values Tem- Tem- Depth, pera- Salin- Depth, pera- Salin- meters ture, ity, meters ture, ity, °C. 1 °C. %o Station 7080; 30 May; 42°20' N., 48°31' W.; depth 3,017 in. dynamic height 071.001. 26.20 20.40 20.79 27.10 27 . 1 s 27.31 27.41 27.58 27.65 27.72 76 27.77 0 7.57 33.62 0 7.57 33.62 25 7.35 33.82 25 7.35 33.82 51 6.89 34.17 50 6 . 90 34.10 76 7.43 34.66 75 7.40 34.04 101 7.10 34.75 100 7.40 34.74 152 6.01 31.00 150 .... 6.05 34.67 203 4.23 34.51 200 . . 4.30 34.54 ;:i)4 . . 5.04 34.86 300 5.00 34.85 400 5.19 34. 9S Hill 5.20 34.98 0110 4.53 34.97 600 4.55 34.96 800 4.17 34.97 SOU 4.15 34.96 000 4.03 34.97 1.000 .. 4.05 34.96 1.494.-. 3.58 34.93 Station 7087; 30 May; 42°42' N., 49°1()' W.; depth 2,122 m.; dynamic height 970.957. 0 6.71 33.58 0 6.71 33.58 25 4.33 33.64 25 4.33 33.64 50 3.07 33.78 50 3.07 33.78 74 2.31 34.16 75 2.30 34.16 99 2.40 34.25 100 . 2.35 34.25 149 4.44 34.64 150 4.45 34.64 199 4.36 34.71 200 4.35 34.71 298 4.67 31.SS 300 4.70 34.87 390 4.7s 34.94 400 4.89 34.89 585 4.84 34.03 600 4.80 34.02 779 4.17 34.96 800 4.10 34.94 974 3.80 34.92 1,000— 3.80 34.92 1,463... 3.48 31.90 26.36 26.70 26.92 27.30 27.36 27.47 27.54 27.03 .63 27.74 27.75 27.77 Station 7088; 30 May; 43°17.5' N., 48°44' W.; depth 2,103 m.; dynamic height 970.945. 0 5.94 33.74 0 5.94 33.74 24 4.15 33.74 25 4.10 3:;.::: 49 3 . 45 33. SO 50 3.45 33.90 73 2.S4 34.07 75 2.85 34.10 98- 3.14 34.29 100 3.15 34.30 115 3.40 34.52 150 3.40 34.52 193 3.24 34.00 200 3.25 34.60 292 4.00 34. SI 300 4.10 34.82 M77 4.14 34. S7 400 4.10 34.86 566 3.68 34.86 til in 3.65 34.85 750 3.01 34. S4 800 3.60 34.84 949 3.55 34.S7 1.000 3.55 34.87 1. 139 3.43 3 1 . 89 20.58 20.79 26.98 27.20 27.33 27.40 50 66 09 27.72 27.72 27.75 Stat:on 70S9; 30 May; 13 08 \, 18°11' W.; depth 3,109 m. dynamic height 970.080. 26.35 26.63 20 . 78 27.15 27.20 27.36 27.39 27.03 27.67 27.73 27.73 27.77 0 7.86 33 . 78 II 7. SO 33.78 5.2S 33.68 25 5.15 33.67 10 3. si 33.65 50 3.70 33.66 69 3.19 34.03 75... 3.20 34.08 92 3.52 34.23 100 3.55 34.20 138 3.43 31.39 150 .. 3.55 34 39 |S| 3.92 34. II ■jiin 4.00 34.48 276 4.34 31.70 300 4 . 25 34.81 ::77 4.24 34.86 100 4.25 34.86 565 1.11 34.91 liOII 4.05 3 1. '.il 753 3. OS 34.86 son 3.65 34.86 947 3.65 34.905 l. in in 3.011 34.90 I. Ill :;.I2 31.91 Station 7090; 31 May; 42°54' X., 47°33' W.; depth 3,076 m. dynamic height 971.111. 0 24_--- 48_-_. 72.... 96 144-_. 192... 288. _. 408. -. 609.. _ 809... 1,007. 1,485. 11.99 11.32 12.65 12.78 12.04 7.62 5.43 5.43 4.33 4.70 4.22 3.95 3.67 34.37 34.65 35.22 35.42 35.34 34.02 34.30 34.59 34.72 34.9651 34.96 34.94 34.935 0... 25... 50. _. 75-. 100.. 150.. 200. 300.. 400- _ 600.. 800.. 1.000 11.99 11.35 12.7(1 12.75 11.75 7.25 5.40 5.35 4.40 4.70 4.25 3.95 34.37 34.66 35.23 35.41 35.27 34.56 34.31 34.60 34.70 34.95 34.95 34.93 26.12 26.47 26.65 26.78 26. 87 27.06 27.10 27.34 27.52 27.69 27.74 27.75 Station 7091; 31 May; 42°38' N., 46°46' \\\; depth 4,207 m. dynamic height 971.404. 0 17.54 36.34 0 17.54 30.34 20.13 25 17.52 30.34 25 17.52 36.34 26.43 19 17.26 36.31 50 17.25 36.30 26.47 74 10.97 36.26 75 16.95 30.25 26.50 98 16.56 36.23 100 16.50 30.22 20.59 146 15.30 35.94 150 -.-. 15.25 35.93 26.65 196 14.67 35.84 200 14.60 35.86 20 . 7 1 294 12.60 35.45 300 12.50 35.44 26.85 413 11.54 35.45 400 11.70 35.44 27.01 617 7.60 35.09 600 7.90 35.11 27.40 819 5.58 35.04 800 5.75 35.04 27.63 1,024... 4.58 34.985 1,000... 4.65 34.98 27.72 1,534... 3.81 34.95 Station 7092; 31 May; 42°47' N., 45c51' W.; depth 1.003 m dynamic height 971.516. 0 16.53 30.11 0 16.53 36.11 26.48 25 10.50 30.22 25 16.50 30.22 20.59 50 10.30 36.19 50 16.36 36.19 26.59 75 . 10.24 36.16 75 16.24 36.16 26.60 100 ... 15.33 35.97 100 15.33 35.97 26.05 148 15.06 35.89 150 15.05 35. S9 26.66 198. _ 14.89 35.94 200 _-- 14.85 35.93 26.74 298 13.41 35.01 300 13.40 35.60 26.79 390.. . 12.90 35.00 400 12.95 35.59 26.87 586 10. SO 35.39 600 -__. 10.70 35.37 27.14 770 7.90 35.17 800 7.50 35.14 27.47 063 5.93 35.09 1.000 5.70 35.07 27.07 1.451 .. 4.18 34.97 Station 7003; 31 May; 43 20' X., 40(10' W.; depth 3,932 m. dynamic height 971.123. 0 .--_ 25-__ 40 . 74... OS 147.. 196 294. 386 575 702 953 1,433 15.44 35.94 15.42 35.98 15.35 35.99 15.35 35.98 15.32 35.98 14.0(1 35.82 [3.91 35. OS 12. so 35.49 12.50 35.57 R.99 35.20 5.97 34.98 4.34 34 vi 3.99 34.04 0 15.44 35.94 26.01 25 15.42 35.98 26.65 50 15.35 35.98 20. 66 75 15.35 35.98 26.66 100 15.30 35.98 20.07 150 14.55 35.80 26.70 200 13.85 35.06 20.75 300 12.75 35.40 26.84 100 12.45 35.44 26.86 111 III 8.50 35.16 27.:; 4 800 5.50 34.95 27.00 1,000 4.20 34.89 27.70 134 TABLE OF OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA— Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1959— Continued Observed values Scaled value s Tem- Tem- Depth, pera- Salin- Depth, pera- Salin- meters ture, ity, meters ture, ity, °C. %o °C. a Station 7094; 31 May; 43°34.5' X. in.; dynamic height !I71.2!M). 46°40' W.; depth 3,948 0 10.99 34.26 0 25 15.19 35.90 25 50 15.07 35.90 50 74 15.04 35.89 75 99... 14.38 35.77 100 149 13.39 35.58 150 199 12.80 35.50 200 298 11.85 35.48 300 396 9. lis 35.22 400 588 5.83 34.89 600 777 4.72 34.94 800 973 4.30 34.93 1,000... 1,466__. 3.88 34.95 10.99 34.26 26.21 15.19 35.90 26.64 15.07 35.89 26.65 15.05 35.89 26.66 14.35 35.76 26.72 13.35 35.37 26.78 12. so 35.50 26. ss 11.80 35.47 27.91 9.60 35.21 27.20 5.75 34.89 27.52 4.90 34.93 27.65 4.25 34.92 27.72 Station 7095; 1 June; 43°45.5' N., 47°27' W.; depth 4,006 m. dynamic height 971.048. 0 7.88 33.82 0 7.88 33.82 26.38 25 7.68 33.83 25 7.68 33.83 26.41 51 7.03 34.22 50 7.05 34.21 26.81 76 7.17 34.47 75 7.20 34.46 26.99 102 7.02 34.54 100 7.05 34.53 27.06 152 6.95 34.75 150 6.95 34.74 27.24 202 5.98 34.65 200 5.80 34.65 27.32 304 5.52 34.84 300 5.55 34.82 27.49 4.75 34.85 400 4.80 34.85 27.60 602 4.69 34.95 600 4.70 34.94 27.68 796 4.23 34.94 800 4.20 34.93 27.73 995 3.99 34.93 1,000... 4.00 34.92 27.75 1,496... 3.65 34.905 Station 7096; 1 June; 43°56.5' N., 48°06' W.; depth 3,749 m. dynamic height 970.999. 0 25... 50— 75__- 100-. 150. _ 200 300.. 384.. 577-. 771.. 966- 1,458 7.64 7.64 6.52 7.03 8.29 6.90 5.59 4.30 5.14 4.55 4.04 3.59 3.39 33.81 33.92 34.32 34.57 34.94 34.82 34.68 34.70 34.93 34.97 34.945 34.905 34.89 0-__. 25... 50... 75... 100.. 150.. 200. . 300.. 400.. 600.. 800. 1,000 7.64 7.64 6.52 7.03 8.29 6.90 5.59 4.30 5.15 4.50 3.95 3.55 33.81 33.92 34.32 34.57 34.94 34.82 34.68 34.70 34.94 34.96 34.93 34.90 26.41 26.50 26.96 27.09 27.20 27.31 27.37 27.53 27.64 27.72 27.75 27.77 Station 7097; 1 June; 44°03' N., 48°33' W.; depth 3,109 m. dynamic height 970.943. 0 25... 50 75 100 150 200 . 300 404.... 602 798 997 1,491.. 2.97 2.19 2.20 2.77 2.51 2.52 3.23 4.33 4.17 3.97 3.65 3.62 3.39 33.37 33.54 33.87 34.13 34.23 34.40 34.59 34.86 34.88 34.90 34.885 34.91 34.90 0 25 50 75 . 100 150 . - 200 300.... 100 600 800.. _. 1,000.. 2.97 2.49 2.20 2.77 2.51 2.52 3.23 4.33 4.20 4.00 3.65 3.60 33.37 33.54 33.87 34.13 34.23 34.40 34.59 34.86 34.87 34.89 31. ss 34.90 26.60 26.78 27.06 27.23 27.33 27.46 27.54 27.66 27.69 27.72 27.74 27.77 Observed values Scaled values Tem- Tem- Depth, pera- Salin- Depth, pera- Salin- meters ture, ity, meters ture, ity, .;- 0- 24. 43. 65. 87.. 130 173 .'tin 107 609 1.56 1.71 1.76 1.66 0.42 1.39 1.93 2.34 3.18 3.67 33.11 33.22 33.39 33.50 33.71 33.96 34.14 34.41 34.68 34.82 0.__- 25... 50... 75. ._ 100. _ 150._ 200. _ 300. . 400.. 600.. 1.56 1.70 1.75 1.25 0.70 1.70 2.05 2.65 3.15 3.65 33.11 33.23 33.42 33.56 33.80 34.05 34.23 34.51 34.66 34.81 26.50 26.60 26.75 26.89 Station 7129; 4 June; 46°11' X., 47°1 1' W.; depth 1,317 m. dynamic height 970.947. 0.... 25... 50... 75... 99... 148.. 198_ - 297.. 396.. 596.. 797.. 999._ 1,317 1.92 33.25 0 1.92 1 33.25 2.47 33.50 25 2.47 33.50 4.12 34.03 50 4.12 34.03 3.76 34.14 75 3.76 34.14 2.53 34.26 100 2.50 34.26 2.31 34.41 150 2.30 34.42 2.70 34.55 200 2.70 34.55 3.01 34.68 300 3.05 34.67 3.24 34.75 400 3.25 34.75 3.49 34.80 600 3.50 34.80 3.67 34.86 800 3.70 34.85 3.56 34.87 1,000.-- 3.55 34.87 3.47 34.86 26.59 26.76 27.02 27.15 27.36 27.51 27.57 27.64 27.68 27.70 27.72 27.75 Station 7130; 4 June; 4609' N., trt 39' W.; depth 969 m.; dynamic height 970.909. 0 4.43 33.58 0 ! 25 4.04 34.00 25 50 2.93 34.28 50 75 3.62 34.53 75 100 3.94 34.60 100 150 3.46 34.63 150 201 3.39 34.68 200 301 4.09 34.83 300 395 4.06 34.87 400 594 3.88 34.90 600 793 3.75 34.90 800 901 3.76 34.89 4.43133 4.04 34 2.93 34 3.6234 3.94 34 3.46 34 3.40 34 4.10 34 4.05 34 3.85 34 3.75 34 26.64 27.01 27.33 27.46 27.49 27.57 27.61 27.66 27.70 27.73 27.73 138 TABLE OF OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA— Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1959— Continued Observed values Sealed values Tem- Tem- Depth, pera- Salin- Depth, pera- Salin- meters ture, ity, meters ture, ity, °C. %o °C. %o Station 7131; 5 June; 46°05' N., 45 15' VV.; depth 1,32s ni.; dynamic height 971.010. 0 25 50 75 100 149 199 299 397 600 807 1,011... 1,217... y.09 9.07 8.14 7.38 8.50 6.96 6.66 4.90 4.26 4.41 3.57 3.62 3.52 34.27 34.27 34.47 34.66 34.91 34.75 34.85 34.77 34.81 34.94 34.88 34.90 34.89 0... - 25— 50_ __ 75... 100.- 150.. 200_- 300. - 400_ . 600- 800 -_ 1,000 9.09 9.07 8.14 7.38 8.50 6.95 6.65 4.90 4.30 4.40 3.60 3.60 34.27 34.27 34.47 34.66 34.91 34.75 34.84 34.76 34.81 34.94 34.87 34.89 26.54 26.55 26.85 27.11 27.15 27.25 27.36 27.52 27.63 27.71 27.75 27.76 Station 7132; 5 June; 46°05' N., 45°15' W.; depth 2,347 m. dynamic height 971.083. 0.... 25. __ 51 — 76.-- 102. _ 152.. 203- _ 305.. 402- 605.- Sllli 1,003 1,484 9.35 10.75 10.60 10.97 10.30 9.74 7.59 6.83 4.85 4.95 4.48 4.03 3.93 34.29 34.74 34.89 35.04 34.99 35.12 34.80 34.94 34.82 35.00 34.99 34.94 34.92 0- 25 50 75 100 150 200 300 400- — 600.-.. 800— _ 1,000-. 9.35 10.75 10.60 10.95 10.35 9.75 7.75 6.90 4.90 4.95 4.50 4.05 34.29 34.74 34.88 35.04 34.99 35.11 34.80 34.94 34.81 35.00 34.98 34.95 26.52 26.64 26.77 26.83 26.90 27.10 27.17 27.40 27.56 27.70 27.73 27.76 Station 7133; 5 June; 46°02' N'.; 44°40' W.; depth 3,749 m. dynamic height 971.094. Observed values Scaled values Tem- Tem- Depth, pera- Salin- Depth, pera- Salin- meters ture, ity, meters ture, ity, °C. ' a °C. /cc Station 7135; 5 June; 46'29' N.; 44;48' W.; depth 690 rn.; dynamic height 970.908. 0 5.94 34.28 0 5.94 34.28 25 5.43 34.28 25 5.43 34.28 50 5.03 34.34 50 5.03 34.34 75 4.14 34.44 75 4.14 34.44 100 3.40 34.48 100 3.40 34.48 150 3.41 34.62 150 3.41 34.62 199 3.29 34.71 200 3.35 34.70 299 3.53 34.80 300 3.55 34.79 403 3.58 34.82 400 3.60 34.81 607 3.68 34.85 600 3.70 34.84 27.01 27.07 27.16 27.34 27.45 27.57 27.63 27.68 27.70 27.71 Station 7136; 5 June; 46°35' N., 44°48' W.; depth 227 m. dynamic height 970.884. 0 24.... 48..-. 72— _ 96— 144-_- 191 5.77 4.84 3.25 2.86 2.69 2.54 3.50 34.21 34.30 34.42 34.50 34.53 34.58 34.75 0 25..- 50— 75— 100... 150— (200)_ 5.77 4.80 3.20 2.85 2.65 2.55 3.70 34.21 34.30 34.43 34.50 34.52 34.59 34.78 26.97 27.16 27.43 27.52 27.56 27.62 27.66 Station 7137; 5 June; 46D40' N., 4449' Vv\; depth 172 m. dynamic height 970.905. 0 9.87 25 9.99 49 10.62 74... _, 11.42 11.58 8.71 5.66 5.50 6.04 4.95 4.33 4.00 3.53 98____ 147-_. 197... 295-.. 405- . 608-_. 810... 1,000. 34.34 34.43 34.84 35.17 35.29 34.87 34.41 34.67 34.98 35.00 34.97 34.95 34.92 0— _ 25... 50— 75— 100.. 150.. 200- 300.. 400.. 600.. 800.. 1,00(1 9.87 34.34 9.99 34.43 10.65 34.85 11.45 35.17 11.55 35.28 8.45 5.65 5.55 6.05 5.00 4.35 4.00 34.84 34.41 34.68 34.96 35.00 34.96 34.94 26.47 26.52 26.74 26.85 26.91 27.10 27.15 27.37 27.54 27.70 27.74 27.76 Station 7134; 5 June; 46°23' N.; 44°48' W.; depth 2,433 m. dynamic height 970.940. 0. 25.. 50.. 75- 100. 150- 200- 300. 398—. 596— 795-. 997— 1,506. 6.39 33.88 0 6.39 33.88 5.19 33.96 25 5.19 33.96 4.65 34.17 50 4.65 34.17 4.14 34.26 75 4.14 34.26 3.21 34.27 100 3.21 34.27 3.00 34.42 150 3.00 34.42 3.18 34.60 200 3.18 34.60 4.66 34.91 300 4.66 34.91 3.47 31.79 400 3.50 34.7s 3.65 34.84 600 3.65 34.83 3.69 34.86 800 3.70 34.85 3.61 34.86 1,000... 3.60 34.85 3.50 34.89 26.63 26.85 27.08 27.20 27.31 45 57 65 27.68 27.70 27.72 27.73 0- 25. 50. 75. 99. I IK 5.92 5.17 4.62 2.89 2.92 3.12 34.19 34.22 34.26 34.38 34.49 34.60 0._ 25. 50. 75. 100 [50 5.92 5.17 4.62 2.89 34.38 2.95|34.48 3.1534.60 34.19 26.94 34.22 27.06 27.16 27.42 27.49 27.57 Station 7138; 5 June; 46°50' N., 44°54' W.; depth 144 m.; dynamic height 970.904. 0.. 25. 49. 74. 98. 128 5.74 5.24 3.53 2.98 2.79 2.81 34.23 34.22 34.31 34.34 34.42 34.43 0- 25. 50 _ 75. KID 5.74 5.24 3.50 2.95 2.80 34.23 34.22 34.30 34.34 34.42 26.99 27.05 27.30 27.38 27.46 Station 7139; 5 June; 4650' V, 45°04' Vv'.; depth 183 m. dynamic height 970.905. 0_. 25. 50. 75. 99. 149 5.83 5.18 3.22 2.79 2.79 2.93 34.21 34.23 34.30 34.36 34.42 34.54 0 25_... 50..-. 75-__ 100... (150). 5.83 5.18 3.22 2.79 2.80 2.95 34.21 34.23 34.30 34.36 34.42 34.54 26.89 27.06 27.33 27.41 27.46 27.54 Station 7140; 5 June; 46°50' N., 45°19' W.; depth 222 m.; dynamic height 970.912. 0 5.54 34.13 0 5.54 34.13 25 1.93 34.15 25 4.93 34.15 49 3.44 34.25 50 3.45 34.24 74 2.85 34.26 75 2.85 34.26 98 2.70 34.35 100 2.70 34.35 148 3.03 34.53 150 3.10 34.53 197 3.60 34.695 (200)... 3.65 31.70 26.94 27.02 27.25 27.33 27.41 27.52 27.60 139 TABLE OF OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA— Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1959— Continued Observed values Scaled values Tem- Tem- Depth, pera- Salin- Depth, pera- S ilm- meters ture, ity, meters ture, ity, "C. °c. %0 Station 7141;5 June; 46°49.5' N., 45"48' W.; depth 295 m. dynamic height 970.916. 0- 25 50. 75. 100 149 199 249 5.54 34.19 0 5.54'34.1fl | 5.14 34.18 25 5.14 34. IK 4.96 34.2(1 50 1.96 34.20 3.78 34.38 75 3.78 34.38 3.52 34.50 10(1 3.52 34.80 3.70 34.54 150 3 . 75 34.63 3.62 34.68 200 3.60 34.68 3.93 34.75 02 27.07 27.33 27.45 27.53 27.5!) Station 7142; 6 June; 46°49.5'N., 4606' W.; depth 324 m. dynamic height 970.923. 0 4.48 34.00 0 24 4.97 34.14 25 48 4.76 34.17 50 73 3.71 34.245 75 97 3.11 34.365 100 145 3.28 34.53 150 193 3.34 34.64 200 290 3.80 34.82 (300)... 5.48 34.00 4. 95134.14 4.75,34.16 3 65 34.25 3.10:34.37 3.30 34.54 3.35 34.64 3.S5 34. St 26.84 27.02 06 27.25 27.40 .51 .58 .69 Station 7143; 6 June; 46°49.5' X.; 4631' VV.; depth 667 m. dynamic height 970.912. 0 4.74 33.89 0 4.74 33.89 25 4.27 33.94 25 4.27 33 . 94 50 2.28 34.12 50 2.28 34.12 75 2.25 34.31 75 2.25 34.31 100 3.44 34.56 100 3.44 34.56 150 4.79 34.82 150 4.79 34.82 200 3.68 34.70 200 3.68 34.70 300 3.56 34.76 300 3.56 34.76 379 3.79 34.82 400 3.80 34.82 576 3.85 34.88 (600)... 3.85 34.87 26.83 26.97 27.27 27.42 27.51 58 27.60 27.65 27.69 27.72 Station 7144; 6 June; 46°48' N., 46 52' \Y.: depth 1,262 in.; dynamic height 970.931. 0 25.... 50..__ 75.... 100... 150 201... 301— 404... 607. -in 1,015. 1,129. 3.05 33.48 2.19 33.50 3.94 34.09 3.06 34.21 2.81 34.31 2.52 34.45 3 08 34.58 3.13 34.73 3.23 34.75 3.65 34.86 3.59 34.87 3.50 34.885 3. 13 34.88 0.... 25... 50... 75 ... 100.. 150.. 200.. 300. . 400.. 600. . 800.. 1,000 3.05 2.19 3.94 3.06 2.81 2.52 3.10 3.15 3.25 3.70 3.65 33.48 33.50 34.09 34.21 34.31 34.45 34.57 34.72 34.75 34.85 34.87 3.50 34.88 26.69 26.78 27.09 27.26 27.37 27.50 27.56 27.67 27.68 27.72 27.71 27.76 Station 7145; 6 June; 46°48' N., 1707' W.; depth 682 m. dynamic height 971.005. 0 2 39 33.26 0 25 1.86 33.32 25 50 1.65 50 75 0.19 33.60 75 ion 0.72 33.78 100 150 1.50 31.11 150 200 2.11 34.31 200 300 2.63 34 . 53 300 403 3.12 34.70 too 005 3.11 3 1 . 79 600 2.39 1.86 1.65 0.19 0.72 1.50 2.14 2.63 3.10 3.40 33.26 33.32 33.36 33.611 33.78 34.11 34.31 34.53 34.68 34.78 26.57 26.66 26.70 26.99 27.111 27.31 27.42 27.56 27.61 27.69 Observed values Sclaed values Tem- Tem- Depth, pera- Salin- Depth, pera- ■Salin- meters ture, ity, meters ture, ity, 7 (200)... -1.60 33.15 25.54 26.05 26.43 51 26.59 26.63 26.69 Station 7164; 17 June; 48°19.5' N., 52505' W.; depth 174 m.; dynamic height 971.099. 0 2.86 32.69 0 2.86 32.69 25 1.75 32.75 25 1.75 32.75 49 1.0!) 32.79 50 1.05 32.80 74 -1.07 33.00 75 -1.10 33.00 98 -1.47 33.06 100 -1.50 33.06 147 -1.51 33.14 (150)... -1.50 33.15 26.07 26.22 26.31 26.56 26.61 Station 7165; 17 June; 4S°13' N., 51°50' W.; depth 181 m. dynamic height 970.091. 0 2.60 32.74 0 2.00 32.74 26.14 25 1.38 32.73 25 1.38 32.73 26.22 50 -0.06 32.85 50 -0.06 32.85 26.40 75 -1.20 33.04 75 -1.20 33.04 26.59 100 -1.34 33.06 100 -1.35 33.06 26.61 151 -1.28 33.25 150... -1.25 33.25 26.76 Station 7166; 17 June; 48"05' N., 51°29' W.; depth 174 m. dynamie height 971.090. 0 2.78 32.80 0 2.78 32.80 26.18 25 1.60 :;j.s:; 25 1.60 32. S3 26.29 51 0.43 32.86 50 0.45 32.86 26.38 76 -0.89 32.98 75 -0.85 32.97 26.52 101 -1.36 33.11 100 -1.35 33.10 26.64 142 -1.20 33.23 (150)... -1.15 33.25 26.76 Station 7167; 17 June; 47°56' N., 51°11' W.; depth 159 m. dynamic height 971.086. 0_. 25 50 71 139 2.48 1.67 1.37 0.99 -1.46 -1.13 32.80 32.80 32.83 ::3.02 33.14 33.25 0 25... 50.... 75... . 100... (150). 2.48 1.67 1.37 -1.00 -1.45 -1.00 32.80 32.80 32.83 33.02 33.15 33.27 26.20 26.26 26.30 26. 57 26.68 26.85 Observed values Scaled values Tem- Tem- Depth, pera- Salin- Depth, pera- Salin- meters ture, ity, meters ture, ity, °C. %c °C. %c Station 7168; 17 June; 47°47.5' N., 50° dynamic height 971.079. S'W.; depth 128m. 0 2.79 32.90 0 2.79 32.90 25 1.48 32.92 25 1.48 32.92 50 0.55 32.95 50 0.55 32.95 76 -0.76 33.08 75 -0.75 33.07 101 -1.17 33.12 100 -1.15 33.12 26.25 26.36 26.44 26.60 26.66 Station 7169; 17 June; 47°39' N., 50°40' W.; depth 110 m. dynamic height 971.079. 0 25.... 50____ 75.... 100— 2.61 2.30 1.28 -0.64 -1.18 32.86 32.87 32.89 33.13 33.22 0 25 50 75 100. ... 2.61 2.30 1.28 -0.64 32.86 32.87 32.89 33.13 -1.18133.32 26.23 26.27 26.35 26.64 26.82 Station 7170; 17 June; 47°31.5'N.,50°21'W.; depth 146 m. dynamic height 971.083. 0.. 25. 50. 75. UN 141 2.85 2.07 1.35 0.01 -0.24 -0.40 32.89 32.96 32.97 33.12 33.15 33.16 0... 25_. 50.. 75.. 100- 150. 2.85 2.07 1.35 0.01 -0.25 -0.45 32.89 32.96 32.97 33.12 33.15 33.16 26.23 26.36 26.41 26.61 26.64 26.66 Station 7171; 17 June; 47s23.5' N., 50°01' \V. dynamic height 971.082. depth 95 m. 0-._ 26... 53... 79... 2.58 1.86 1.79 -0.42 32.94 32.95 32.96 33.18 2.58 1.90 1.80 0.05 32.94 32.95 32.96 33.16 26.30 26.36 26.37 26.64 Station 7172; 17 June; 4745' V, 4!l 50' W.; depth 114 m. dynamic height 971. 0S3. 0 2.39 32.86 0 2.3932.86 26 1.86 32.85 25-.:..„ 1.85J32.85 52 1.19 32.88 50 1.20 32.88 78 -0.55 33.16 75 -0.40 33.13 104 -0.73 33.38 100..-. -0.70 33.35 1 26.25 26.28 26.35 26.64 26.82 Station 7173; 18 June; 4758' N., 49 47' W.; depth 174 m. dynamic height 971.083. 0.... 25... 5(1 76... 101.. 152.. 1.50 0.71 1.17 0.45 -1.42 -0.79 32.87 32.89 33.07 33.06 33.14 33.42 0... 25.. 50.. 75.. 100. 150. 1.50 0.71 1.17 0.50 -1.20 -0.SO 32.87 32.89 33.07 33.06 33.14 33.40 26.32 26.38 26.51 26.53 26.67 26.87 142 TABLE OF OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA— Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1959— Continued Observed values Scaled values Tem- Tem- Depth, pera- Salin- Depth, pera- Salin- meters ture, ity, meters ture, ity, °C. %o °C. %c Observed values Scaled values Tem- Tem- Depth, pera- Salin- Depth, pera- Salin- meters ture, ity, meters ture, ity, °C. %o °C. %o Station 7174; 18 June; 48°14.5' N., 49° 42' W.; depth 220 m. dynamic height 971.048. 0.. 25. 50. 75. 100 150 200 2.52 1.78 1.70 0.27 -0.97 0.27 1.04 33.03 33.09 33.10 33.26 33.43 33.78 33.985 0 25 50 75_ 100 150 200 2.52 1.78 1.70 0.27 -0.97 0.27 1.04 33.03 33.09 33.10 33.26 33.43 33.78 33.98 26.38 26.47 26.49 26.71 26.90 27.13 27.24 Station 7175; 18 June; 48c32' N., 49°33' W\; depth 638 m.; dynamic height 970.997. 0 2.88 33.04 0 2.88 33.04 25 2.01 33.13 25 2.01 33.13 50 1.07 33.12 50 1.07 33.12 74 -0.88 33.47 75 -0.85 33.48 99 0.16 33.78 100 0.20 33.79 149 1.23 34.05 150 1.25 34.05 199 1.96 34.29 200 2.00 34.29 298 2.96 34.64 300 3.00 34.64 392 3.65 34.82 400 3.65 34.83 591 3.65 34.84 (600)... 3.65 34.84 26.36 26.50 26.55 26.93 27.14 27.29 27.42 27.62 27.70 27.71 Station 7176; 18 June; 48 38.5' N., 49°27' W.; depth 1,024 m.; dynamic height 970.956. 0... 25. _ 50 .. 75_. 1U0. 150. 200. 300. 390. 587. 785. 992. 32.88 33.09 33.42 33.67 33.83 34.34 34.54 34.70 34.82 34.84 34.88 34.88 0 2.90 32.88 25. 50- 75... 100 150 200 300 400 600 800 (1,000). 1.43 33.09 -0.01 33.42 -0.11 33.67 0.26 33.83 2.02 34.34 2.57|34.54 3.17 34.70 3.65|34.82 3.6034.85 3.60 34.88 3.50134.88 26.23 26.50 26.86 27.06 27.17 27.46 27.58 27.65 27.70 27.73 27.75 27.76 Station 7177; 18 June; 49c03' N'., 49°20' W.; depth 1,628 m.; dynamic height 970.913 Station 7178; 18 June; 49°34.5' N., 49°17' W.; depth 1,646 m.; dynamic height 970.926. 0 3.05 33.06 0 3.05 33.06 25 2.67 33.52 25 2.67 33.52 50 0.99 33.86 50 0.99 33.86 76 1.00 34.05 75 1.00 34.05 101 1.26 34.15 100 1.25 34.14 151 2.32 34.43 150 2.30 34.42 202 2.60 34.56 200 2.60 34.55 303 3.08 34.70 300 3.05 34.70 390 3.24 34.78 400 3.25 34.78 591 3.29 34.81 600 3.30 34.81 795 3.39 34.84 800 3.40 34.84 1,000... 3.46 34.86 1,000... 3.45 34.86 1,524... 3.28 34.90 26.35 26.76 27.15 27.30 27.36 27.51 27.58 27.66 27.70 27.73 27.74 27.75 Station 7179; 18 June; 49°59.5' N'., 49°00' W.; depth 1,920 m.; dynamic height 970.871. 0 25 50 76 101 151 202 303 410 616 823 1,031... 1,553... 1,859... 4.00 3.76 3.27 3.33 3.32 3.50 3.37 3.46 3.43 3.23 33.78 34.08 34.25 34.52 34.56 34.69 34.74 34.80 34.82 34.86 34.86 34.87 34.90 34.90 0.... 25... 50. __ 75... 100.. 150. _ 200.. 300. . 400.. 600.. 800.. 1,000 4.00 3.76 3.29 3.55 2.85 3.10 3.25 3.35 3.35 3.50 3.40 3.45 33.78 34.08 34.25 34.51 34.56 34.69 34.74 34.80 34.81 34.86 34.86 34.87 26.84 27.10 27.28 27.46 27.57 27.65 27.67 27.71 27.72 27.75 27.76 27.76 Station 7180; 19 June; 49°48' N., 48°22' W.; depth 2,350 m. dynamic height 970.878. 0 6.56 25 6.04 50 5.76 76 5.18 101 3.63 151 3.29 201 3.55 302 3.47 389 3.53 585 3.53 781 3.32 984 3.45 1,504... 3.32 34.62 34.63 34.63 34.64 34.67 34.71 34.78 34.81 34.83 34.85 34.83 34.88 34.90 0___. 25-- 50_-- 75. -_ 100., 150.- 200.- 300.. 400.- 600. _ 800.. 1,0011 6.56 6.04 5.76 5.20 3.65 3.30 3.55 3.45 3.55 3.55 3.35 3.45 34.62 34.63 34.63 34.64 34.67 34.71 34.77 34.81 34.83 34.85 34.83 34.88 27.20 27.27 27.31 27.39 27.58 27.65 27.67 27.71 27.71 27.73 27.73 27.76 Station 7181; 19 June; 49c35' N., 47°40' W.; depth 2,743 m.; dynamic height 970.849. 0 5.06 34.30 0 5.06 34.30 27.14 0 3.41 33.37 0 3.41 33.37 26.56 25 5.05 34.36 25 5.05 34.36 27.19 25 3.21 33.39 25 3.21 33.39 26.60 50 5.23 34.56 50 5.23 34.56 27.32 49 0.51 33.76 50 0.55 33.77 27.11 74 4.61 34.59 75 4.60 34.59 27.41 74 1.34 34.11 75 1.35 34.12 27.34 99 3.47 34.67 100 3.40 34.67 27.61 98 1.84 34.28 100 1.85 34.29 27.43 148 3.22 31.75 150 3.20 34.75 27.69 147 2.49 34.48 150 2.50 34.49 27.54 198 3.36 34.78 200 3.40 34.78 27.69 197 2.74 34.58 200 2.75 34.59 27.60 297 3.58 34.86 300 3.55 34.86 27.74 295 3.27 34.75 300 3.25 34.76 27.69 378 3.49 34.86 400 3.50 34.86 27.75 385 3.18 34.805 400 3.20 34.81 27.74 576 3.44 34.87 600 3.45 34.87 27.76 576 3.26 34.82 600 3.30 34.82 27.74 779 3.49 34.90 800 3.50 34.89 27.77 766 3.30 34.83 800 3.30 34.83 27.74 982 3.44 34.90 1,000... 3.45 34.90 27.78 960 3.46 34.84 1,000... 3.45 34.845 27.74 1,504... 3.32 34.91 143 TABLE OF OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA— Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1959— Continued Observed values Scaled values Tem- Tern- Depth, pera- Salin- Depth, pera- .Salin- meters ture, ity, meters ture. ity, °C. %o °C. ','< Observed values Scaled values Tem- Tem- Depth, pera- Salin- Depth, pera- Salin- meters ture, ity, meters ture, ity, °C. %c °C. %o Station 71S2; 19 June; 19°15' N., 47°55'W.; depth 2,451 m.; dynamic height 970.855. 0 25... .ill 76—. 101... 151-. 202 303. 410.. 617.. S27 1,035 1,553 3.30 3.33 3.31 3.46 3.41 3.42 3.29 34.25 34.33 34.35 34.50 34.55 34.68 34.76 34.80 34.82 34.85 34.86 34.88 34.92 0.... 25... 50. __ 75- __ 100__ 150. _ 200.. 300.. 400.- 600.. 800. _ 1,000 4.42 4.44 2.56 2.65 2.60 3.05 3.30 3.30 3.30 3.45 3.45 3.45 34.25 34.33 34.35 34.50 34.55 34.68 34.76 34.80 34.82 34.85 34.86 34.88 27.17 27.22 27.43 27.54 27.58 27.64 27.69 27.72 27.74 27 . 74 27.76 27.76 Station 7183; 19 June; 48°52' N., 48W W.; depth 2,405 m. dynamic height 970.858. 0._ 25. 50. 75- 100 15 °c. %. Observed values Scaled values Tem- Tem- Depth, pera- Salin- Depth, pera- Salin- meters ture, ity, meters ture, ity, °C. %o °C. < /oc Station 7219; 23 June; 16 17' N. dynamic height 971.075. 17 59' W.; depth 124 m. 0 2.64 32.91 0 2.64 32.91 26.27 25 2.43 32.96 25 2.4:! 32.96 26.33 51 -1.11 :i2.!14 50 -1.10 32.95 26.52 76 -1.05 33.30 75 -1.05 33.2!) 26.78 102 -0.89 33.36 100 -0.90 33.35 26.84 Station 7220; 23 June; 46°48' X., 47°39' W.; depth 166 m dynamic height 971.084. 26.29 26.31 26.47 26.5ft 26.72 27.10 0 2.4!t 32.92 0 2.49 32.92 25 2.30 32.92 25 2.30 32.92 51 1.18 33.03 50 1.25 33.03 76 -0.32 33.09 75 -0.25 33.09 101 -0.92 33.21 100 -0.90 33.20 152 0.44 33.77 150 0.35 33.75 .station 7221; 23 June; 46 47.5' N., 47 18' W.; depth 327 m. dynamic height 971.029. 0. 24 19 73... 97 146.. 195- . 292. . 3.12 2.90 -0.73 -0.86 -0.23 1.64 1.87 2.51 33.07 33.09 33.24 33.40 33.67 34.14 34.23 34.46 0 25 50 75 100-..- 150 200 (300)-- 3.12 2.85 -0.75 -0.85 -0.15 1.65 1.90 2.55 33.07 33.09 33.25 33.42 33.70 34.15 34.24 34.47 26.36 26.39 26.74 26. 89 27.09 27.34 27.39 27.53 Station 7222; 23 June; 16 17.5' N., 47°11' W.; depth 640 m. dynamic height 970.972. 0 3.47 33.12 0 3.47 33.12 25 2.78 33.26 25 2.78 33.26 50 1.00 33.56 50 1.00 33.56 75 0.85 33.75 75 0.85 33.75 100 0.85 33.91 100 0.85 33.91 150 1.96 3 1 . 26 150 1.96 34.26 199 2.72 34.46 200 2.75 34.46 299 3.15 3 1 . 66 300 3.15 34.66 385 3.32 34.77 400 3.35 34.78 581 3.54 34.82 (600)... 3.55 34.82 26.36 26.54 26.91 27.07 27.20 .41 27.50 27.62 27.69 27 . 7 1 Station 722:!; 23 June; 16 17' N., 46 50' W.; depth 1,244 m. dynamic height 970.915. ii 25 50 75 inn 150 200 300 103 605 807 I. nil. 5.71 5.10 3.03 2.16 2.39 2 . 72 3.22 3.21 3.23 3.64 3.62 3.52 3.45 33.88 33 90 34.30 34.36 34. 13 34.54 34.66 34.73 34.75 34.84 34.85 34.86 34.87 ii 25 50 77) 100 [50. 200 300 100 61 III sun 1,000 5.71 5.10 3.03 2.16 2.39 2.72 3.22 3.21 3.25 3.65 3.65 3.55 33.90 34.30 34.36 34.43 34.54 34.66 :!4.7:i 34.75 34.84 3 1 . 85 34.86 26.73 26.82 27.34 27.47 27.50 27.56 27.61 27.67 27.68 27.71 27.72 27.74 Station 7224; 23 June; 46°48' N., 46°30' N.;depth 626 m.; dynamic height 970.937. 0 6.73 33.64 0 6.7:! 33.64 26.41 25 6.06 33.64 25 6.06 33.64 26.49 50 3.13 34.16 50-.. 3.13 34.16 27.22 75 2.48 34.26 75 2.48 34.26 27.36 100 3.51 34.51 100 3.51 34.51 27.47 150_ - 4.24 34.7:! 150 4.24 34.73 27.57 200. . 4.84 34.85 200 4.84 34.85 27.59 300 4.07 34.82 300.--. 4.07 34.82 27.66 401 3.67 34.81 400 3.70 34.81 27.69 603 3.88 34.86 600__-_ 3.90 34.86 27.71 Station 7225; 23 June; 46°48' N., 46*04' \\\; depth 320 in. dynamic height 970.949. 0_.__ 25--. 50--. 75 . 100.. 150.. 200. . 300.. 6.54 33.66 0 6.54 33.66 5.70 33.71 25 5.70 33.71 3.44 34.05 50 3.44 34.05 3.68 34.34 75 3.68 34.34 4.41 34.57 100 4.41 34.57 4.96 34.76 150 4.96 34.76 3.58 34.64 200 3.58 34.64 3.80 34.75 300... 3.80 34.75 26.45 26.59 27.11 27.31 27.42 27.51 27.56 27.63 station 7226; 2:i June dynamic height 970 ; 16 18' N. 950. 45°40' W.; depth 256 m.; 0 6.79 33.89 0 6.79 33.89 26.59 25 6.12 33.91 25 6.12 33.91 26.71 49 4.89 34.09 50 4.85 34.05 26.96 74 3.31 34.28 75 3.30 34.28 27.30 98 3.04 34.35 100 3.05 34.36 27.: 39 147 3.95 34.60 150 3.95 34.60 27.49 197 3.75 34.66 200 3.60 34.64 27.56 Station 7227; 23 June; 46°46.5' N., 45° 19' W.; depth 220 m. ; dynamic height 970.944. 0 7.01 33.90 0 7.01 33.90 25 6.36 33.96 25 6.36 33.96 49 1.35 34.17 50 4 . 30 34.17 74 3.61 34.31 75 3.60 34.31 99 4.44 34.53 100 4.45 34.53 148 2.88 34.50 150 2.90 34.50 197 3.44 34.63 (200)... 3.45 34.63 26.57 26.71 27.12 27.30 38 27.52 27.56 Station 7228; 24 June; 46°47' N., 44°59' W, dynamic height 970.937. depth 170 in. n 25. 50 71 99. 119 7.03 ii |v -I 'IV 3.22 2.85 3.05 34.12 34.14 34.18 34.30 31.37 34.54 0 25 50 75 100.___ 150 7.03 6.48 4.98 3.22 2.85 3.05 34.12 34.14 3 1 . 1 8 34.31 34.37 34.54 148 TABLE OF OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA— Ctoninued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1959— Continued Observed values Scaled values Tem- Tem- Depth, pera- Salin- Depth, pera- Salin- meters ture, ity, meters ture, ity, °C. i • °C. a 700 Observed values Scaled values Tem- Tem- Depth, pera- Salin- Depth, pera- Salin- meters ture, ity, meters ture, ity, °c. c °C. 100 Station 7229; 24 June; 46°48.5' N., 44°50' W.; depth 1 13 m.; dynamic height 970.929. Station 7233; 1 August; 49°31.5' \\, 50°36' \\\; depth 342 in.; dynamic height 971.002. 0 6.99 34.12 0 6.99 34.12 25 6.48 34.14 25 6.48 34.14 50 3.54 34.26 50 3.54 34.26 75 2.81 34.32 75 2.81 34.32 too.. 2.76 34.36 100 2.76 34.36 125 2.76 34.40 ; 5 26.83 27 . 26 27.38 27.42 0... 24- _ 47-_ 71. _ 94.. 141. iss 282. 323- 10.34 0.91 -0.SS -0.82 -0.08 0.94 1.94 2.92 3.23 32.34 32.74 33.21 33.50 33.72 34.00 34.30 34.64 34.77 0.. 25. 50, 75. 100 150 200 300 10.34 32.34 0.60132.80 -0.90 33.25 -0.7033.54 0.05 33.76 1.15 34.05 2. 10 34.55 3.05 34.69 24.84 26.33 26.76 26.98 27.13 27.29 27. 16 27.65 Station 7230; 1 August; 50 50 75 .. -1.26 33.04 75 inn -1.19 33. IS 100 149 -0.94 33 . 42 150.. . 189 -0.19 :;:',. 77 -200, 7.43 31.18 24.38 -0.74 32.54 26.18 -1.38 32.82 26.42 ■1.26 33.04 26.59 -1.19 33. IS L'6.70 -0.95 33.43 26.90 0.05 33.88 127.22 0 4.13 32.78 0 4.13 32.78 25 3.92 33.35 25 3.92 33.35 50 2.73 34.25 50 2.73 34.25 75 2.18 34.33 75 2.1834.33 100 2.85 34.44 100 2.85 34.44 149 3.45 34.64 150 3.45 34.64 199 3.81 34.73 200 3.80 34.73 299 3.87 34.7s 300 3.90 34.78 397 3.81 34.81 400 3.80 34. Sl 597 3.52 34.80 600 3.50 34.80 26.03 26.50 27.33 27.44 27.47 27.57 27.61 27.64 27.68 27.70 Station 7268; 6 August; 54°55.5' N.,53°19' \\\; depth 1.719 m.; dynamic height 1454.685. Station 7269; 6 August; 5501.5' V, 53 10' \V.; depth m.; dynamic height 1454.662. 0_.._ 25. __ 51. __ 76--. 102.. 152.. 203.. 305.. 391.. 588.. 788.. 988.. 1,493 6.13 5.26 3.93 3.53 3.57 3.73 3.65 3.51 3.46 3.46 3.38 3.27 3.43 33.14 33.36 33.44 34.62 34.72 34.76 34.80 34.82 34.82 34.82 34.82 34.82 34.89 0.... 25... 50. _. 75... 100.. 150_. 200.. 300.. 400. 600. - soo 1,000 1,500 6.13 5.26 3.95 3.55 3.55 3.75 3.65 3.55 3.45 33.14 33.36 34.40 34.61 34.71 34.76 34.80 34.82 34.82 3.45 34.82 3.35 34.82 3.25134.82 3.45 3 4. S9 26.09 26.36 27.34 27.54 27.62 27.64 27.68 27.71 27.72 27.72 27.73 27.74 27.77 Mm, 0 7.48 33.41 0 25 7.58 33.78 25 50 4.72 34.63 50 75 3.98 34.69 75 100 3.63 34.77 100 150 3.48 3 4. SO 150 i 199 3.44 34.80 200 299 3.40 34. SI 300 401 3.41 34.83 400 j 603 3.43 34.84 600 806 3.29 800 1,009. 3.2S 34.84 1,000... 1.517- 3.38 34.SS 1.500— 2.1126- 3.15 34.90 2,000... 2.07s 3.10 34.91 J.I.':; 3.03 34 . 92 7.48 7.58 4.72 3.98 3.63 3.48 3.45 3.40 3.40 3.45 3.30 3.30 3.40 3.15 33.41 33.78 34.63 31.69 34.77 34.80 3 4. SO 34.81 34.83 34.84 34.S4 34.84 34.88 34.90 26.12 26.40 27.54 27.56 27.66 27 . 70 27.70 27.72 27.73 27.73 27.75 27.75 27.77 27.81 152 TABLE OF OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA— Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1959— Continued Observed values Scaled values Observed values Scaled values Tem- Tem- Tem- Tem- Depth, pera- Salin- Depth, pera- Salin- Depth, pera- Salin- Depth, pera- Salin- meters ture, ity, meters ture, ity, at meters ture, ity, meters ture, ity, °C. " °C. %o °C. %o °C. %o Station 7270; 6 August; 55°14' X., 52°45' \\\; depth 3,072 m.; dynamic height 1454.623. 8.82 34.15 0 8.82 34.15 4.45 34.46 25 4.45 34.46 3.92 34.66 50 3.90 34.66 3.64 34.71 75 3.65 34.71 3.45 •34.71 100 3.45 34.71 3.33 34.77 150 3.30 34.77 3.19 34.76 200_._ 3.20 34.76 3.35 34.82 300. _ 3.35 34.82 3.35 34.84 400 3.35 34.84 3.31 600 3.30 34.84 3.31 800 3.30 34.84 3.23 1,000... 3.25 34.84 3.39 1,500 ._ 3.40 34.90 3.23 34.90 2,000... 3.25 34.90 2.78 34.91 2.500... 2.80 34.91 2.04 34.88 3,000... 2.10 34.88 26.50 27.33 27.55 27.61 27.63 27.70 27.70 73 27.74 27.75 27.75 27.75 27.79 80 85 27.88 Station 7271; 6 August; 55°34' N., 52°13' W.; depth 3,310 m.; dynamic height 1454.644. 0 9.31 34.39 0... 9.31 34.39 25 5.79 34.50 25 5.79 34.50 50... 4.01 34.67 50 4.01 34.67 75 3.73 34.71 75 3.73 34.71 100 3.47 34.71 100 3.47 34.71 150 3.25 34.75 150 3.25 34.75 201 3.30 34.75 200 3.30 34.75 301 3.25 34.79 300.___ 3.25 34.78 393 3.27 34.81 400 3.25 34.81 590 3.22 600 3.20 34.81 787 3.20 34.82 800 3.20 34.82 984 3.22 1,000... 3.25 34.83 1,480. 3.42 34.84 1,500... 3.40 34.84 1,981 3.38 34.88 2,000... 3.40 34.88 2,436.. 3.10 34.90 2,500... 3.05 34.90 2,938... 2.52 34.87 3,000... 2.40 34.87 3,216... 1.62 34.86 .61 27.20 27.54 27.60 27.63 27.68 27.68 27.70 27.73 27.74 27.745 27.745 74 27.77 27.82 Station 7272; 7 August; 55°59' X., 51°28' W. m.; dynamic height 1454.665. depth 3,530 0 25.. 50. _ 76 101 151 . .. 202. .. 303... 400. .. 600.... 801 1,001. 1,502.. 2,003.. 2,498.. 2,994.. 3,390.. 9.87 9.62 4.31 3.90 3.40 3.21 3.17 3.21 3.29 3.36 3.35 3.36 3.39 3.34 3.04 2.66 1 . 98 34.54 34.54 34.70 34.71 34.72 34.74 34779 34.80 34.83 34.85 34.90 34.91 34.91 34.885 0 25.... 50... 75.... 100... 150... 200... 300.. _ 400. . . 600... 800.. _ 1,000. 1,500. 2,000. 2,501. 3,000. (3500) 9.87 9.62 4.31 3.95 3.40 3.20 3.15 3.20 3.30 3.35 3.35 3.35 3.40 3.35 3.05 2.65 1.60 34.54 34.54 34.70 34.71 34.72 34.74 34.76 34.79 34.80 34.82 34.83 34.83 34.85 34.90 34.91 34.91 34.87 20.64 26.68 27.51 27.58 27.65 27.65 27.711 27.72 27.72 27.73 27.73 27.73 27.75 27.79 27. S3 27.87 27.92 Station 7273; 7 August; 56°32' N. in.; dynamic height 1454.678. 50°2l' W.; depth 3,658 0... 25. . 50. _. 75— 99... 149.. 199.. 298.. 389. . 583.. 778.. 972. 1 , 464 1,962 2,491 2.9S2 3,476 3,573 9.66 34.53 0 9.66 34.53 9.21 34.53 25 9.21 34.53 4.30 34.64 50 4.30 34.64 3.86 34.69 75.... 3.86 34.69 3.51 34.73 100.... 3.50 34.73 3.26 150.... 3.25 34.74 3.24 34.75 200... 3.25 34.75 3.22 300. . . 3.25 34.76 3.29 34.78 400... 3.30 34.78 3.39 34.82 600 3.40 34.82 3.40 34.82 800 3.40 34.82 3.28 34.81 1,000... 3.30 34.81 3.42 34.82 1,500. . 3.40 34.82 3.39 34.885 2,000.. 3.40 34.89 3.12 34.90 2,500... 3.10 34.90 2.77 34.89 3,000.. 2.75 :;i.v.< 1.86 34.86 3,500... 1.75 31. .Mi 1.61 34.86 26.66 26.73 27.49 27.57 27.64 27.67 27.68 27.69 27.70 27.73 27.73 27.73 27.73 27.78 27.82 27.84 27.90 Station 7274; 7-8 August; 57°05' X., 49°10' \V.; depth 3,678 m.; dynamic height 1454.658. 0.... 25. _. 50... 75— 100.. 150.. 199.. 299-. 400.. 601.. 802.. 1,005 1,508 1,990 2.507 3,006 3,403 3,551 9.16 34.54 0 9.16 34.54 5.40 34.62 25... 5.40 34.62 4.05 34.67 50 4.05 34.67 3.59 75_.__ 3.59 34.67 3.41 34.72 100.... 3.41 34.72 3.20 34.74 150 3.20 34.74 3.22 34.745 200.. 3.20 34.75 3.24 34.79 300. _ 3.25 34.79 3.28 34.79 400. ... 3.30 34.79 3.35 34.81 600. 3.35 34.81 3.34 34.81 800... 3.35 34.81 3.34 1,000. 3.35 34.83 3.40 34.84 1,500.. 3.40 34.84 3.38 34.84 2,000.. 3.40 34.84 3.15 34.895 2,500.. 3.15 34.89 2.76 34.91 3,000... 2.75 34.91 2.05 34.88 3,500... 1.75 34.87 1.59 34.865 26.75 27.35 27.54 27.59 27.64 27.68 27.69 27.71 27.71 27.72 27.72 27.73 4 27.74 80 27.86 91 Station 7275; 8 August; 57°37.5' X., m.; dynamic height 1454.658. 48°06'\V.; depth 3,383 0 25 50.... 75.... 100... 150. 200... 300... 400... 599... 798. _. 995... 1,497. 2.001. 2,523. 3,028. 8.25 8.06 5.01 4.87 4.29 4.57 4.42 4.25 3.73 3.63 3.50 3.53 3.47 3.35 2.95 2.31 34.49 34.54 34.72 34.84 34.82 34.90 34.915 34.925 34.85 34.85 "347875 34.90 34.90 34.93 34.90 0.... 25... 50... 75... 100.. 150. _ 200. _ 300.. 400. _ 600.. 800.. 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 8.25 S.Oli 5.01 4.87 4.29 4.57 4.42 4.25 3.73 3.65 3.50 3.55 3.45 3.35 2.95 2.35 49 54 72 84 82 90 12 915 2 925 85 26.85 26.92 27.58 75 78 79 ,85 27.88 153 TABLE OF OCEANOGRAPHIC DATA— Continued STATIONS OCCUPIED IN 1959— Continued Observed values Scaled values Tem- Tem- Depth, pera- Salin- Depth, pera- Salin- meters ture, ity, meters ture, ity, °C. %i "0. %o Observed values Sealed values Tem- Tem- Depth, pera- Salin- Depth, pera- Salin- meters ture, ity, meters ture, ity, °C. % °C. i Station 7276: 8 August; 5807' \\. \\ m. ; dynamic height 1454.664. °06' W.; depth 3,182 0 24.. ._ 49-— 73 97.._. 146... 195... 292. _. 394... 592... 790... 989. .. 1,488. 1,987. 2,392. 2.ss:; 2,982. 3,032. 8.48 34.50 0 8.48 34.50 26.82 8.27 34.59 25 8.15 34.59 26.95 5.49 34.64 50 5.35 34.64 27.37 4.15 34.66 75 4.15 34.65 27.51 4.26 34.78 100 4.25 34.79 27.61 3.93 34.81 150... 3.95 34.81 27.66 4.10 34.87 200 4.10 34.87 27.70 3.99 34.87 300 3.95 34.87 27.71 3.71 34.86 400 3.70 34.86 27.73 3.51 600 3.50 34.84 27.73 3.41 34.83 800 3.40 34.83 27.73 3.35 34.84 1,000... 3.35 34.84 27.74 3.41 34.85 1,500... 3.40 34.85 27.75 3.25 34.90 2,000... 3.25 34.90 27.80 2.89 34.92 2,500... 2.75 34.92 27.87 1.95 34.875 3.000... 1.60 34 . 85 27.90 1.69 1.48 34.84 Station 7277; 8 August; 58°35' N., 46°07' W.; depth 2,561 m.; dynamic height 1454.637. 0 7.62 34.53 0 7.62 34.53 22 7.47 34.58 25 7.15 34.61 45 5.46 34.85 50 5.30 34.86 us 5.14 34.89 75 5.15 34.91 91 5.21 34.95 100 5.15 34.95 135 4.98 34.95 150 4.90 34.96 180 4.79 34.97 200 4.70 34.96 271 1.41 34.915 300 4.30 31 .'.Ml.-, 392 4.05 3 1 SS5 400 4.05 34.89 590 4.01 600 4.00 34.90 789 3.77 34.905 800 3.75 34.90 990 3.63 34.90 1,000... 3.60 34.90 1,494... 3.39 34.86 1.500.. 3.40 34.90 2,002... 2.94 34.90 2,000... 2.95 34.90 2,290... 2.43 34.84 (2,500). 1.90 34.88 2,389... 2.19 34.89 2,438 2.18 34.90 26. 9S 27.11 .55 27.61 27.64 27.68 27.70 .695 27.71 27.73 75 27.77 79 27.83 27.90 Station 7279; 9 August; 59°13.5' N., 44°53' W.; depth 2,058 m.; dynamic height 1454.689. 0 25 51 77 103 153.. 205. . 308. _ 402. 604. . 806 .. 1,010 1,538 1,875 1,977 3.35 3.72 6.83 6.56 6.14 5.76 5.46 4.93 4.62 4.11 3.84 3.60 3.27 2.90 2.74 32.96 33.10 34.79 34.95 34.98 34.99 34.99 34.96 34.95 34.91 34.91 34.895 34.92 34.91 34.89 0 25. __ 50. _. 75_-. 100-... 150 200 300 400 600-... 800. . . 1,000_. 1,500.. (2,000) 3.35 3.72 6.80 6.60 6.20 5.75 5.50 5.00 4.65 4.15 3.85 3.60 3.30 2.70 32.96 33.10 34.75 34.94 34.97 34.99 34.99 34.96 34.95 34.91 34.91 34.90 3 4.! 12 34.88 26.25 26.31 27.27 27.44 27.53 27.59 27.62 27.67 27.70 27.72 27.75 27.77 27.82 27.83 Station 7280; 9 August; 59=30.5' N., 4 4 24' W.; depth 951 m. ; dynamic height 1454.759. 0 2.58 32.41 0__. .. 2.58 32.41 25. _. 3.11 33.82 25 3.11 33.82 50. 3.29 34.30 50 3.29 34.30 75. 3.65 34.49 75.... 3.65 34.49 101 4.04 34.62 100 4.05 34.62 150 4.68 34.80 150 4.70 34.80 200... 1.94 34.89 200 4.95 34.89 301 4.90 34.90 300 4.90 34.90 363.... 4.81 34.95 400 4.80 34.95 552... 4.78 600 4.75 34.94 746---. 4.61 34.93 800 4.55 34.93 943 4.53 34.93 25.88 26.95 27.32 27.43 27.50 27.57 27.61 27.63 27.68 27.67 27.69 Station 7281; 9 August; 59°34.5' X.. 44 21' W.; depth 187 m.; dynamic height 1454.806. Station 7278; 9 August; 58°56.5' N., 45°24' W.; depth 2,451 m.; dynamic height 1454.633. ii 26 -,1 77 102. 151 204 306 372 560 7.-. I 911. 1 . 135 1,935 2,089... 2,148 7.85 7. si 6.95 6.03 5.78 5.21 1.90 1. 19 1.28 l.nl 3.55 3.50 3.36 2.97 2.87 2.70 2.62 34.78 31.77 34.90 34.98 35.03 34.99 34.98 34.945 3 4.915 34.915 34.86 3l.ss5 34.91 34.91 34.92 31.915 0.... 25... 50— 75 Kill 150 200 300 Hill. 600 SIM I 1.000 1,500 J, 000 7.85 7.85 7.00 6.05 5.80 5.25 4.95 4.50 1.25 3.95 3.55 3.50 3.30 2.85 34.78 3 1 . 77 34.90 34.97 35.03 34.99 3 (.'.is 34.98 34.91 34.90 34.86 34.89 34.91 34.91 27.15 27.11 27.56 27.55 27.62 27.66 27.68 27.705 27.71 27.73 27.74 27.77 27.81 27.85 0.. 23. 47. 70. 95. 141 0.97 0.55 3.24 3.48 4.10 1 . 22 32.06 32.40 33.92 34.29 ~34"605 0.. 25. 50. 75. 100 I :,i i 0.97 0.55 3.30 3.65 4.10 4.25 32.06 32.53 34.00 34.36 34.60 34.61 25.71 26.61 27.08 27.33 27. 4S 27.47 Station 7282; 9 August; 5937' X., 4417' W.; depth 165 m.; dynamic height 1454.840. 0 0.96 32.14 0 0.96 32.14 25 -0.99 32.88 25 -0.99 32.88 50 -1.00 33.08 50 -1.00 33.08 75 0.51 33.49 75 0.51 33.49 101 1.60 33.76 100 1.60 33.75 150 1.42 34.47 150 1.13 34.47 25.77 26.45 26.61 26. ss 27.02 27.34 Station 7283; 9 August; 59=40' X., 43c53' W.; depth 165 m.; dynamic heighl 1154.861. 0 0.46 32.29 0 0.46 32.29 25 0.04 32.44 25 0.04 32.44 50 -0.71 32.98 50 -0.71 32. OS 75 -0.90 33.16 75 -0.90 33.16 Kill -0.21 33.43 100 -0.21 33.43 150 2.50 34.14 150.... 2.50 34.14 25.92 26.07 26.53 26.68 26.87 27.26 -fcu. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1960-535456 154