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EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

LIVERPOOL

| MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY.

ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS,
AND LIST OF MEMBERS.
JANUARY, 1887.

LIVERPOOL:

TURNER, ROUTLEDGE AND CO. PRINTERS,
(Late $. A, D, Watts and Co,)

MDCCCLXXXVII.

EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

LIVERPOOL

MIGROSCOPICAL SOCIETY.

ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS,
AND LIST OF MEMBERS.
JANUARY, 1887.

LIVERPOOL:

TURNER, ROUTLEDGE AND CO. PRINTERS.
(Late ¥. A. D. Watts and Co.)

MDCCCLXXXVII.

Liverpool siicitecogical Society.

SESSION XIX. 1887.

Past Presidents:

JOHN BIRKBECK NEVINS, M.D. | GEORGE F. CHANTRELL.

Rev. WM. BANISTER, B.A. J. S. HICKS, F.R.C.S. F.LS.
Rey. Dr. DALLINGER, F.B.S. WILLIAM CARTER, M.D. F.R.C.P.
JOHN ABRAHAM. W. H. WEIGHTMAN.

J. J. DRYSDALE, M.D. F.R.M.3. FRANK T. PAUL, F.R.C.S.
JOHN NEWTON, M.R.C.S. CHARLES BOTTERILL, F.R.M.S.

Rev. HENRY H. HIGGINS, M.A.

OFFICERS AND COUNCIL ELECTED 21st JANUARY, 1887.

President :
Rev. FRANK BALLARD, M.A. F.G.S.

Vire-Presidents :
Rrv. HENRY H. HIGGINS, M.A. A. NORMAN TATE, F.LC.

Bun. Treasurer: Gun. Secretary:
J. MICHAEL WILLIAMS, F.R.M.S. ISAAC C. THOMPSON, F.R.M.S.

Hon. Curator:
ALFRED LEICESTER.
Cunnril :
HENRY M. BENNETT. | ROBERT NICHOLSON.
CHARLES BOTTERILL, F.R.M.S. | W. OELRICHS, F.R.Met.Soc.
G. MANSFIELD BROWNE. FRANK T. PAUL, F.R.C.S.
THOMAS W. BRUCE. THOMAS C. RYLEY.

WILLIAM CARTER, M.D.F.R.C.P.| J. T. NORMAN THOMAS.
JOHN J. HOWELL. | JOHN VICARS.

ee. aS

EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

| LIVERPOOL MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY.

In reviewing the events of the Eighteenth Session, your Council
do ‘not see that there is much to call for special comment in the
working of the Society.

The interest in the Meetings has been well maintained, and some
of the Papers read have been well illustrated by various Members at
the subsequent Conversaziones.

The Council feel that this is an important feature in the welfare
of the Society, and would solicit the co-operation of all the Members
in making the exhibits at the Conversaziones as large and instructive
as possible.

It is intended for the future to embody with the Annual Report
a list of objects shown at each Conversazione.

Eight new Members have been enrolled during the year, and
thirteen have resigned. The number of Members now stands as
follows':—148 Ordinary Members, 8 Honorary Members, and 1

' Associate Member.

The following Papers have been read during the year:—

“The Copepoda of Liverpool Bay,” illustrated by the oxy-hydrogen
lantern, by Isaac C. Thompson, F.R.M.S.

“The Development, Structure and Functions of the Eye,”
illustrated by diagrams, by Dr. Barron.

“On the Practical Use of Micro-Photegraphy,” by Thomas
Higgin, F.L.S. assisted by F. T. Paul, F.R.C.S.

“Remarks on Melobesia and its Allies,” by Rev. H. H. Higgins,
M.A. President.

“Some New Apparatus and Methods for the Microscopical
Examination of Water,” by A. Norman Tate, F.LC.

4

“Notes on a Few Forms of Fresh Water Algz,” illustrated by
the oxy-hydrogen lantern, by W. Narramore

The Council welcome the birth of a sister Society, the Liverpool,”
Biologieal Society, which has resulted from the work of the Marine
Biology Committee.

It is hoped that by its help Microscopical research in Liverpool
may receive a further stimulus, the Microscope being an essential
feature in all modern Biological investigation.

Among the chief additions to the Library during the year is
Hudson and Gosse’s valuable work on the Rotifera.

In conclusion, the Council tender the thanks of the Society to
the donors of slides, books, &c. and to Mr. Thomas Higgin, F.L.S.
for his valuable gift of Micro-Photographic Apparatus.

Abstract of Papers read and Communications made during the
year 1886 :—

February 5.—Mr. Tuomas Hiaain, F.L.S. presented to the Society his camera
for photographing microscopic objects, with heliostat and other
apparatus, and explained his method of using them. The hearty
thanks of the Society was accorded to Mr. Hicern for this most
valuable gift.

The paper of the evening was read by Mr. Isaac C. Tompson,
F.R.M.S. entitled ‘‘The Copepoda of Liverpool Bay, obtained
during the summer dredging expeditions.” Mr. THompson com-
menced by expressing the debt of gratitude owed by all local
biologists to Professor HERDMAN by his systematic and successful
attempt to work out and classify the marine life of our neigh-
bouring shores, the first report of which was in the press and very
shortly to be published. The task of collecting and examining
the materials obtained was divided amongst a considerable number
of workers, and it had fallen to his (Mr. THompson’s) lot to work
out a class large in point of numbers but very microscopical in
size—the Copepoda, one of the branches of the Crustacea.

The specimens were obtained mostly by tow-net during the
several summer excursions, chiefly on the ‘‘Hyzna,” and during
several excursions to Hilbre Island, and from material collected by
Professor HERDMAN at the Isle of Man. To show the profusion of
these minute crustaceans throughout the seas, Mr. THompson

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5

stated that the ocean near the Arctic reigons is sometimes found to
be of an almost red colour, from the abundance of one large species
of copepoda—the Calanus finmarchicus, which isknown to constitute
an important part of the food of the whale, and must therefore
exist in prodigious quantities. Indeed the presence of copepoda
throughout the sea seems almost universal, and they are one of the
many forms of life that give rise to the phenomena of phospho-
resence. They vary in size from 1-30th to § inch in length in
different species, 1-10th inch being about the average size, and
appear to be equally plentiful on a fine or stormy day. Mr.
THompson proceeded to describe the means adopted for permanently
preserving and mounting the specimens of the various species
obtained, many of which were shown upon the screen from care-
fully prepared drawings by the aid of the oxy-hydrogen lantern.
Amongst the latter the nauplius or larval condition was shown
and its metamorphosis traced out, the embryological development
throughout the crustacea being very remarkable. The paper con-
cluded by commending the study of these and allied forms to the
members as having a wonderfully varied arrangement of structure
and affording a continual feast of surpassing interest and instruction
to the microscopist and lover of nature.

Professor HerpMAN and others took part in the subsequent
discussion, and the thanks of the Society were awarded to
Mr. THOMPSON.

At the Conversazione the following subjects were illustrated :—

Aloe, Marine, various ..........:0:seeeesssereseeeeeees ALFRED LEICESTER.
Annular cells from Cactus, Opuntia cylindrica...THomAs C. RYLEY.

Illustrating the Paper
—

Cuticle o

(Copepoda, Anomalocera patersonii, Xc...... Isaac C, THOMPSON.

48 Calanus finmarchicus..............+ CHARLES BOTTERILL.

By Candace truncata ........... Bees. A: T. Smiry, Jun.

f Centropages hamatus.............+. WILLIAM OELRICHS.

G Dias longiremis ........:...s00+e00-- JOHN VICARS.

- Pseudocalanus elongatus ......... Joun H. CLAYTON.

S9 Temora longicornis.............+++++ Henry M. BENNETT.

f Canary Seed........ssecceseeesseeeeseeresene T. BIcKESTETH BEREY.

Dyclops ......eedececceceessssseseeeeeeetersreeseeseeenes Epwarp NEWALL.

Dodder, Cuscuta trifolii, exhibiting suckers...... Rev. FrANK BALLARD, M.A.
- Head of Wasp, showing organs in situ............ J. M. WILLIAMS.

Section of nerve fibre, human..............sseeeeeee Tuomas J. Davis, M.R.C.Y.S.
‘Seeds of Pyrola rotundifolia .,........6::seespeeeees Rogpert NICHOLSON,

6

March 5.—The President exhibited a beautiful model of the ‘Portuguese Man-
of-War” (vhysalia utriculus), and made some remarks on this
curious animal. The paper of the evening was read by Mr.
ALEXANDER Barron, M.B. M.R.C.S. on the ‘Development,
Structure, and Functions of the Eye.” The lecturer first described
the structure of the human eye, fully explaining all its parts, and
dwelling minutely on the marvellous composition of the retina,
&e. He then gave an account of the development of the eye in
the embryo, as exemplified in the chick, &c. and concluded by
explaining the optical functions of the eye, its power of accommo-
dation to light, distance of objects, &c. The lecture was illustrated
by diagrams and models. After some discussion, in which the
President and several other members joined, a hearty vote of
thanks was given to the lecturer.

At the Conversazione the following subjects were illustrated :—

Section ofpRabbitis7Wyo° <4. i0sncse:.ccaqdeteadacess iss career
re ont Dike, duman; normal ©. .....02.aeegweneneadcostess 2
ES Do. do: i inflamedss., «. aeetecsescsma- Seeeven Dr. BARRON.
B27)| Comneall(Gorpuscles o:.-.csncsus(eens<cvseeemednnceireaascseee
z | ChoroidalaVessels; injected ....-7....ssthempeeress«sane ac ees
24 Section of Chick’s Head, showing development of
c= | Tens ‘and Retina 2.:..... ammeter iaciurtws ses. W. OELRICHS.
z Do. Sheep’s Eye, showing Optic Nerve ......... Isaac C. THOMPSON.
= | Do. Kye.ot Drone Ely’ s......:<aemeeieaeooasaconecred J. J. HOWELL.
Do. Scleroticrcoat, human . sceeeeetecscseeonscavssnss C. G. Ler, M.R.C.S.
ie Do: Cornea, with nerve and nuclei ............... T. W. BRUCE.
@Comesjyof Myo: ot beetle)... ...csurvterss.. .<deemermnaseanmen ecsmee an CHARLES BoTrERILL.
Choroid, with pigmentum nigrum...................ceceeeee eee ees JOHN VICARS.
Fusiform Cells from wood of Scotch Fir ..................00000- Tuomas C. RyLey.
Petiole of Limnanthemum, transverse section.................. T. OLIVER.

April 2.—Txomas Hicern, F.L.S. assisted by F. T. Paut, F.R.C.S. aided by
the oxy-hydrogen lantern, practically demonstrated the use of the
Micro-Photographie Apparatus recently presented by him to the
Society, taking and developing on the spot photographs of some
of the objects exhibited.

At the Conversazione the following subjects were illustrated :—

Crisia denticulata, and other Polyzoa..............::seeeeeeneeeees WILLIAM OELRICHS.
PISLOMMN VATIONS «co. berots acecthits«<s <i Rae Me eA T. W. Bruce. —
Lantern fitted with Watson’s microscope stage and prism,

for use with ordinary microscope objectives ..............06+ A. NorMAN TATE.

Larva of Sea Anemone, from Hilbre ...............0sceeceeeeeeees Isaac C. THoMpson,

Micro-photograph of St. Sulspice, Paris ...............600eeeees Ropert NICHOLSON.
Micro-photograph, page of the Times .......:seceseeeeeeereeees J. M. WILiiams.
Micro-photographs, Various .............ssseieeneeesetaeseeneeseenes ¥. T. Paut, F.R.C.S.
TRIN TLS ce cies scales tas o05sc-sacaembenaaeaes avin rcadvets J. H. CLAyTon.
Slides recently added to the Cabinet ..............sseseeeeeeeeeees ALFRED LEICESTER.

May 7.—The President delivered an address entitled ‘‘Remarks on Melobesia
and its Allies,” which was illustrated with diagrams and a beautiful
series of calcareous seaweeds, from the small forms on our own
coast to the tinted corallines of California, including also a large
mass of white stony carbonate of lime, which was once a plant
growing on the sea bottom. These plants form a division of the
alge, having a rigid stem; nearly all found in salt water, and in
almost every latitude. These hard shelled seaweeds differ physio-
logically from their softer kinsmen, and thus there ensues a
morphological difference. The relationship existing between the
giant Sequoida Wellingtonia of America, which towers to a height
of 300 or 400 feet, and the tiny crisp seaweed, is not superficially
apparent, but it exists nevertheless. The calcareous seaweeds are
near relatives of the deep-water weeds, but as they came near the
shore, where the waters dashed and roared, then came a necessity
for a harder coat than when in the quiet waters of the deep, and so
they learned to secrete an armour of carbonate of lime. This stiff,
brittle, stony matter would not have helped them at all, unless it
had been modified to elasticity, and this is admirably shown in
the ‘‘shepherds’ purse coralline,” where the armour is in short, solid
joints, forming little triangles, with the apex downwards, so that
each joint moves freely on the part below it, thus forming a strong-
jointed armour for the delicate plant body. The massive lime-like
form of the Melobesia is simply a modification of this same process,
by which the tender seaweed has found protection from the
dashings of the sea. This development has doubtless occurred in
past times, but the modified stability of species keeps them all
true to their form. The number and variety of the seaweeds are
enormous, but as they have not hitherto been of great economic
importance, they have not received the study they deserved; but
they are an exceedingly interesting group. During Professor
HovoxkeEr’s researches into Antarctic flora and fauna he discovered
the famous seaweed which, from the one stem, has floating fronds
over 1000 feet long, in which countless forms of life find food and
shelter. The lowly seaweed thus becomes to the plant family what
the whale is to the mammals—the overshadowing form of all,

8

At the Conversazione the following subjects were illustrated :—

Amphipoda, various, from Hilbre ......s.eeseeseeeeerneeeers Isaac C, THOMPSON.
Bugula turbinata.........cccssscecccnssececcescsccenssseeneescesnns J. M. WILLIAMs.
Campanalaria crystallinus ...............-scoresseceseserreresens W. OELRICHS.

Elytron of Diamond Beetle ..............:tserssconesercanssrs E. F. STEAD.

Ely Cra StisCal..:es--secassdenscevorsp successes saddernsbsacentses sess T. OLIVER.

Piper PEMICHIALUS.. «...5252.0002ccevssesaccescannpntencesersnsardes J. J. HOWELL.

PUCCINia PAMINIG, <.ntecc-.sceorecass-ceseeeoetgaessteercrseseonee Rey. F. BALLARD, M.A.

October 1.—Mr. Isaac C. THompson, F.R.M.S. gave a short resumé of the
dredging expeditions undertaken during the summer by the
Liverpool Marine Biology Committee under Professor HERDMAN.
The results already recorded include large additions to the
previously-known marine fauna of Liverpool Bay, several of the
species obtained being also altogether new to Britain. It was
gratifying to know that the voluminous first report of the
Committee would be soon followed by a second.

At the Conversazione the following subjects were illustrated :—

IAIN OS DBe aa eeat acne aa vilsciaecadens s Sacre sas.os «eemammieensiel ys WILLIAM NARRAMORE.
DiatoMm aca VATLOUS:. .cceccansccses +s de >apcceeepentess see. Rev. FRANK BALLARD, M.A.
Hintomostraed, narine y.c.tacs.osacnnse. on eceueeteneees sem Henry M. BENNETT.

Garnets—Philadelphian and Virginian; and Coralloid
Silver ; Slides recently presented to the Society...[sAac C. THOMPSON.

Human Scalp, vertical section.............sc0000. seeees CHARLES BoTTERILL.
UMGGCtS; VAPIOUS eee vartebe sess s caine coe aes a cmepmeneterniee Henry KENDALL, B.A.
Oolitic! Grainsfol Sande scev,.csisscn ences -oosmemayeeneest ss ALFRED LEICESTER.
Sechion of Hehinus Spine'.......+ sesc+-«celameesen ase WILLIAM OELRICHS.
Spine of Acrocladia trigomaria.............cececeeeeeenes J. M. WILLIAMS.
Sponge, transverse section of Halichondria ......... Tuomas C. RyLry.

November 5.—Mr. OELricus exhibited some seeds of the Indian Plantain, which
he had found to possess interesting microscopical characters, and
which, though new to this country, were largely used in India for
medicinal and other purposes.

Mr. I. C. Toompson, F.R.M.S. exhibited two recent adaptations
of microscopes. One of them was a new binocular stereoscopic
prism by Messrs. Ross and Co. and fitted to their large microscope,
and equally applicable for high and low powers. The other was
the improved Stephenson binocular microscope, designed for
dissecting purposes, and which, besides erecting the image of the
object, enables the operator to work without any of the injurious
fatigue so frequently experienced by vontinual bending of the
head over the instrument,

9

Mr. A. Norman Tarr, F.1.C. read a Paper on “Some New
Apparatus and Methods for the Microscopical Examination of
Water.” After giving a brief outline of Professor Koch’s method
for the biological examination of water, he referred to the importance
of the operation of sterilising the apparatus and substance used in
the process, and exhibited and described several forms of hot-air
ovens and steam and water chambers in which the operation can
be conducted. He mentioned the special features of each, and the

precautions necessary in using them, especially the arrangements
for securing proper temperature. He also showed other warm
chambers, such as are used for solidifying blood-serum, &c. and
then described the moist chambers employed in developing bacterial
colonies on glass plates covered with nutrient gelatine, &c. and in
conclusion spoke of the interesting character of the study of the
micro-organisms in water, the wide field of investigation it offered,
and its great importance in connection with health and disease,
remarking that the study of the one process of sterilisation alone
was of the greatest value in preventing the spread of infectious
diseases by assisting in the arrangement of methods for the dis-
infection of infected clothing, bedding, &c.

Dr. Barron followed with some practical observations upon
the subject; and, upon the motion of the President, the thanks of
the Meeting were accorded to Mr. Tarx for his valuable Paper.

At the Conversazione the following subjects were illustrated :—

_ Apparatus for sterilizing solutions, &. .............eeceeeee ees A. NorMAN TATE.
Diatoms, various, from neighbourhood .................000000s W. H. Reap.
Foot of Dytiscus, exhibiting suckers, &c. ............c0cceeeee J. MICHAEL WILLIAMS.
Foraminifera from the Adriatic .............cccceseeeeeneeneeeee ALFRED LEICESTER.
Juncus effusus, section of stem showing stellar cells ...... Rosert NICHOLSON,
Larva of Ascidian, exhibiting embryonic notochord,
Aired red on Pating TAA)... .. cscagteee-vesesses Isaac C, THoMPsoNn.
Nitella translucens, in fruit.......0000.0....ccccceceee ceeeeeees A. T. Smirn, Jun.
Pond Water from brick-field — . .............csesseceesseeeeees Rey. F. BALLARD, M. A.
Section of Human Skin, perspiration ducts and glands ...CHARLES BoTrERIL.
Sedimentary Matter from foul water ...............cecseeeee ees WILLIAM OELRICHS.
Sediment from surface drainage water ..............sseeeeeeee WILLIAM NARRAMORE,
Seed of the Wild Clematis ...............ccccseceeeeeeneceneeenes E. F. STreap.
Volvox globator, living, and mounted ...............:c ee T, Muskert.

§ December 3.—A Paper was read by Mr. Wittram Narramore on “ Notes on

”

some few forms of Fresh Water Algie.” He said to the microscopist.
the study of the fresh water alge is most interesting, and supremely

10

instructive; they are within reach at all times, found as they are
almost everywhere, easily cultivated in the aquaria, and can readily
be examined in the living condition. Their relative simplicity of
structure, their delicate arrangement of parts, exquisite beauty of
colour, and the interesting life histories which belong to so many
of them, all combine to make this group of plants a truly fascinating
field of study. The writer then proceeded to describe several forms
of alge, beginning with the simple unicellular chlamydococcus,
and pointing to this as the starting point in the evolution of the
spherical colonial form, as found in pandorina morum, eudorina
and volvox globator. Next showing how a similar miscellular
organism like chlamydococeus would likely become the attached
cell and develop the filamentous alge like ulothrix zonata,
oedogonium and bulbochoete. Passing from these, some of the
more interesting branching forms were next considered, such as
cheetophora pisiforms and elegans, batrachospermum and draper-
naldia, and finally nostoe sphcericum and hydrodictyon utriculatum.
The paper was illustrated with lantern transparencies shown by the
oxy-hydrogen light.
At the Conversazione the following subjects were illustrated :—

Bulbomhostaic. «2s cossesetntene) coians. n < eee enter W. H. Reap.
Cylindrospermum macrospermum ............-..0+ JOSEPH GOULD.
Cladophora Chibpiabiirens.<-..06.-+s«c+ «seppmeneeatoeres G, WATSON GRAY.
@hoitophorayelegans” 2....0..4..).:..sesemeraaneandts ALFRED LEICESTER.

ey Dow tera | lee A. T. Sir, Jun.

Ss DOF) PISHONMIS:* 2.22. (c.% -. sg emeieeene mamas Rev. FRANK BALLARD, M.A.

@ | Draparnaldia glomerata ...............06 sees ceeee eet J. Harporp Lewis.

ee 1DIoy 9) Se rrecctbtes cc Cencomnter A. NorMAN TATE.

2 Euglena and Protococcus..............csseceseeeseeens HENRY Kenpatt, B.A.

8 Fresh Water Alge in congugation ............... T. Muskerv.

8 | Nostoc sphoericum .............0::seeeenseeeeeeeeeet J. Montcomery, Jun.

= Do. and Hydrodictyon utriculatum. WILLIAM NARRAMORE.

ee) Oueillawia tennis’ iiegistich.s.::.-. RMU. F.C. Larkin, M.R.C.S.
Roly pothrix coaciilis: i ov.kes. .--.<cameaieneveee ne ALFRED JOHNSON.
Spirogyra nitida (congugation) ................0eee EpWARD NEWALL.
Ulothrix zonata (zoospores) ...........:2eeeeeces ee FRANK B. ALLEN.

Caraminm) Ciiatum |... teaac.ccn.- 200. /.<enepepmeaenenesect J. M. WrLiiams.

Fucus vesiculosus, transverse section of Thallus...... R. NIcHOLSON.

Larva, of Dytiscus marpinalis)....%,...:.,.aaeweessecersss T. OLIVER.

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LIVERPOOL MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY.

LIST OF MEMBERS,

JANUARY, 1887.

HONORARY MEMBERS.

Wirnam M. Bywarsr, 5, Hanover-square, London.

Arruur OC. Corn, 171, Ladbroke Grove-road, Notting Hill, London W.

W. G. CortTHELL, Tremont Temple, Boston, U.S.A.

Rev. Dr. DaLtincer, F.R.S. Pres. R.M.S. Wesley College, Sheffield. -

W. H. Grarrany, 1, Weston Cottage, Torquay.

Professor THomas Taytor, Chief of the Microscopical Staff, Agricultural
Department, Washington, U.S.A.

WASHINGTON TEASDALE, Headingley, Leeds.

Turren West, F.L.S. F.R.M.S. Furnell House, Frensham, Farnham, Surrey.

ORDINARY MEMBERS.

* Members of Council.
Elected.

1881 Abraham, Alfred Clay, 3, Lancaster-avenue, Sefton Park.
1881 Abraham, Miss Emma C. Grassendale Park.

1880 Allen, Francis Birkbeck, 33, Newsham-drive.

1869 Archer, Francis, B.A. Boundary Cottage, Great Crosby.
1878 Bacon, Lapley, Cuckoo-lane, Gateacre.

1879 Baird, James, 3, Windsor-road, Tue Brook.

1883 Baker, Arthur, 7, Mill-lane, Liscard.

1882 *Ballard, Rev. Frank, M.A. F.G.S. Newby-street, Walton-lane.
1868 Banister, Rev. W. B.A. St. James’s-mount.

1883 Barron, Alexander, M.B. M.R.C.S. 31, Rodney-street.
1883 Barss, Howard, 11, Redcross street.

1874 Beasley, Henry C. Chestnut-grove, Wavertree.

1880 *Bennett, Henry M. 173, Lodge-lane, Prince’s Park.

1883 Berey, T. Bickesteth, 21, Edge-lane.

1878 *Botterill, Charles, F,R.M.S. 52, Fern-grove, Sefton Park.

13
Elected.
1870 Bower, Anthony, Bowersdale, Seaforth.

1874 Brown, J. Campbell, D.Sc. F.C.S. 27, Abercromby-square.
1872 © *Browne, George Mansfield, 15, South Hill-road.
1875 *Bruce, Thomas W. 26, Wapping.
1883 Cameron, John, M.D. 4, Rodney-street.
1881 Capon, Robert M. L.D.S. 1, Mount-street.
1879 Carter, Edward, 4, The Quadrant, Wellington-road, New Brighton.
1868 *Carter, Wiliam, M.D. F.R.C.P. 74, Rodney-street.
~—-:1869 Chadburn, William, 71, Lord-street.
1882 Clayton, John H. Oak Hill Park, Old Swan.
1885 Clinch, John William, Douglas, Isle of Man.
1884 Cooper, Mrs. James T. 24, Shrewsbury-road, Oxton.
1886 Councell, Edward A. L.D.S. 49, Rodney-street.
1885 Cradock, Miss Lucy E. L.K.Q.C.P.I. 29, Catharine-street.
1874 Davies, Edward, F.C.S. Royal Institution, 88, Seel-street.
1885 Davies, Thomas J. M.R.C.V.S. 2, St. Alban’s-road, Bootle.
1884 Davies, Walter E, Egerton Park, Rock Ferry.
1879 Deacon, H. Wade, Appleton House, Widnes.
1869 Drysdale, John J. M.D. F.R.M.S. 36, Rodney-street.
1871 Edmonds, William, 27, The Albany, Oldhall-street.
1885 Edwards, Henry, 56, Hanover-street.
1885 LEskrigge, Robert Brockbank, New Brighton.
7 1881 Evans, John H. M.R.C.P. 33, Sandy-road, Seaforth.
1871 Evans, W. H. Wyllisholm, Huyton Hey-road, Huyton.
1879 Faulkner, Frank, Crosswells Brewery, Oldbury.
1881 Fryer, Miss Helen, 17, Elsie-road, Antield.
1882 Fullerton, James, 67, Demesne-street, Seacombe.
1880 Gardner, Joseph K. Jun. Greenbank, Piercefield-road, Freshfield.
1882 Gardner, Willoughby, C18, Exchange Buildings.
=) 1879 Gatehouse, Charles, Ashley House, West Kirby.
1870 =. Gill, E. C. Belmont Villa, 7, Strathmore-road, Newsham Park.
1868 Glynn, T. R. M.D. M.R.C.P. 62, Rodney-street.
1879 Goodwin, Gilbert Smith, Rockville, 23, Anfield-road,
1884 Gould, Joseph, Cunard-road, Litherland.
1885 Gray, George Watson, 12, Argyle-road, Garston.
1880 Greening, Linneus, Warrington.
q 1882 Grisewood, William, Westminster-road, Liscard Park, Egremont.
1882. Guest, George Seller, 23, Oxford-street.
1873 MHarpin, Edward, 46, Onslow-road, Fairfield.
1868 Hayward, E. K. National Steam Ship Company, Water-street.
1869 Healey, George F. Oakfield, Gateacre.

14

Elected.
1871 Hicks, John Sibley, F.R.C.S. F.L.S. F.R.M.S. 2, Erskine-street.

1868 Higgin, Thomas, Ethersall, Roby.

1873 *Higgins, Rev. H. H. M.A. 29, Falkner-square.

1880 Higgins, Henry A. 3, Alfred-road, Birkenhead.

1887 Hornel, James, 123, Canning-street.

1880 *Howell, John Job, Branksome, Cearns-road, Birkenhead.
1868 Hughes, Lewis, 10, Conyers-street.

1878 Job, Robert Hugh. c/o Job Brothers, Mersey Chambers.
1882 Johnson, Alfred, Fort-street, New Brighton.

1874 Jones, C. W. Field House, Prince Alfred-road, Wavertree.
i881] Kendall, Henry, B.A. 17, Marmion-road.

871 Knott, Isaac, 20, Elliott-street.

1882 Lahy, James, 23, Lilly-road, Fairfield.

i868 Lambert, James, M.D. 80, Price-street, Birkenhead.

1886 Larkin, Frederick Charles, M.R.C.S. 2, Fitzclarence-street, Everton.
1883 Lee, Charles George, M.R.C.S. 73, Rodney-street.

1875 *Leicester, Alfred, Holly Mount, 4, Albert-road, Birkdale.
1884 Lewis, J. Harbord, F.1..S. 145, Windsor-street.

1885 Lloyd, John Wesley, 34, Mount Pleasant.

1885 Lloyd, Thomas Isaac, L.D.S. 36, Bold-street.

1884 Maples, Arthur, 51, The Elms, Peel-street.

1868 Masters, F. H. Fairfield-terrace, Tranmere.

1879 McClelland, Joseph, M.D. 7, Sefton-drive, Sefton Park,
1880 Monks, F. W. 115, Lovely-lane, Warrington.

1883 Montgomery, John, Jun. Rowson-street, New Brighton.
1868 Moore, Thomas J. Cor. Mem. Z.8S. Museum, William Brown-strcet.
1883 Mossop, Thomas, 18, Coltart-road, Kingsley-road.

1883 Muskett, Thompson, F.C.S. 75, Newby-street, Stanley Park.
1885 Muskett, Mrs. Thompson, 75, Newby-street, Stanley Park.
1880 Narramore, William, 5, Geneva-road, Elm Park.

1884 Newall, Edward, 14, Elm-grove, Tranmere.

1880 Newton, J. Banner, Sunnyside, Prince’s Park.

1882 Newton, Mrs. J. Banner, Sunnyside, Prince’s Park.

1878 *Nicholson, Robert, 11, Harrington-street,

1879 *Oelrichs, William, F.R.Met. Soc. 9, Village-road, Oxton.
1883 Oliver, Thomas, Tarbuck-road, Huyton.

186§ Owen, Peter, The Elms, Capenhurst, near Chester.

1883 Padley, Fred. 15, Church-street.

1879 Parkinson, John Charles, Alexandra-road, Waterloo.

1878 Patterson, Charles 8S. Students’ Club, Park-street, Edinburgh.
1879 *Paul, Frank T. F.R.C.S. 44, Rodney-street.

4

Elected.
1880

1881
1876
1883
1885
1886
1868
1872
1885

1885

1886
1879
1878
1884
1885
1868
1875
1879 -
1882
1878
1882
1884
1879
1884
1886
1873
1874
1875
1882
1868
1879
1883
1872
1873
1879
1878
1884
1879
1886
1877

1883.

15

Pendlebury, William Martin, 17, Tithebarn-street.
Pennock, John, 21, Victoria-street.
Quayle, Alfred, 182, Regent-road.
Quinby, Henry C. L.D.S. 3, Prince's Gate West, Prince’s Park.
Raleigh, Miss Isabel, 13, Catharine-street.
Read, William H. Fern-grove, Lodge-lane.
Roberts, Edward, Wilbraham Cottage, Melling.
Roberts, Isaac, F.G.S. Kennessee, Maghul!.
Robertson, Helenus R. Glendaragh, Livingstone-drive South.
Rosling, Percy, 11. Kenyon-terrace, Birkenhead.
Routledge, Tom, Stanley Park, Litherland.
Rowlandson, William, South lawn, Breeze-Lill, Bootle.
Russell, William, Manorlee, Prince’s-avenue, Prince’s Park.
Rutherford, William Watson, 4, Mannering-road, Sefton Park.
Rutherford, Mrs. W. W. 4, Mannering-road, Sefton Park.
Ryland, William, 5, Eldon-terrace, Rock Ferry.
*Ryley, Thomas Cropper, 31, Alexandra-drive.
Scholefield, Joshua William, J.P. 33, Pembroke-road, Bootle.
Schofield, Philip H. 27, Slatey-road, Claughton.
Scoullar, David Marshall, 69, Berkeley-street.
Servaes, Francis Charles, St. George's Hospital, London, S. W.
Shillinglaw, William, L.D.S. Hamilton-square, Birkenhead.
Smith, Andrew T. Jun. 13, Bentley-road, Prince’s Park.
Stead, Edward F. Park-hill, Victoria Park, Aintree.
Stewart, W. H. L.D.S. 37, Rodney-street.
Stone, John, Archway-road, Huyton.
Stuart, Peter, Jun. M.D. Elm House, Seaforth.
Symes, Charles, Ph.D. Ellerslie, Town-row, West Derby.
*Tate, Alex. Norman, F.I.C. 9, Hackins-hey.
Thomas, George, 1, Chatham-road, Bedford-road, Rock Ferry.
*Thomas, J. T. Norman, Crosby-road, Waterloo.
Thomas, Mrs. J. T. Norman, Crosby-road, Waterloo.
Thompson, Edward P. Thingwall Hall, Broad Green.
*Thompson, Isaac Cooke, F.R.M.S. Woodstock, Waverley-road.
Tooker, E. G. Castletown, Isle of Man.
Turner, James, Hafod Wen, Minera, near Wrexham.
Vaughan, Le Baron, Rathmore, Aigburth-road.
*Vicars, John, 8, St. Alban’s-square, Bootle.
Walker, George E. F.R.C.S. 43, Rodney-street.
Wall, Joseph, 424, Everton-brow.
‘Wallace, Arthur John, 1, Gambier-terrace.

Elected.

1868
1881
1868
1887
1884
1871
1886
1879
1869
1868
1872
1884

16

Walmsley, G. G. 50, Lord-street.

Weightman, Alfred Ernest, Naval Medical Service, Haslar, Gosport.
Weightman, W. H. Minster Buildings, Church-street.

Westby, George, M.K.Q.C.P.I. Farmleigh, Lodge-lane.

Williams, David, 156, Chatham-street.

*Williams, J. Michael, F.R.M.S. 156, Chatham-street.
Williams, Thomas, F.C.S. 4, York Buildings, Dale-street.
Wilson, Henry, M.R.C.S. 22, High-street, Wavertree.
Wood, J. J. 20, Lord-street.

Woolloxall, Thomas, 21, Houghton-street.
Wyllie, Andrew, 1, Leicester-street, Southport.
Young, Thos. Fred. M.R.C.S. &. 12, Merton-road, Bootle.

ASSOCIATE MEMBER.

Mortimer, Captain (care of Mr. T. J. Moore, Free Museum).

URAL
N AT Nard

LISTO

apse

oY.

NINETEENTH ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

- LIVERPOOL

|
iM
i

4

“ MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY,

ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS,
AND LIST OF MEMBERS.
JANUARY, 1888.

LIVERPOOL:
TURNER, ROUTLEDGE AND CO. PRINTERS.

MDCCCLXXXvVIII. ®&

OF THE

LIVERPOOL

-MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY.

ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS,
AND LIST OF MEMBERS.
JANUARY, 1888.

LIVERPOOL:
c ; TURNER, ROUTLEDGE AND CO. PRINTEBS.
i MDCCCLXXXVIII,

Liverpool Alicvoscopical Society.

SESSION XX. 1888.

Past Presidents:
JOHN BIRKBECK NEVINS, M.D. | GEORGE F. CHANTRELL.

'Rev. WM. BANISTER, B.A. J. S. HICKS, F.R.C.S., F.L.S.
Rev. Dr. DALLINGER, F.R.S. WILLIAM CARTER, M.D., F.R.C.P.
JOHN ABRAHAM. W. H. WEIGHTMAN, F.R.M.S.

J. J. DRYSDALE, M.D., F.R.M.S. FRANK T. PAUL, F.R.C.S.
JOHN NEWTON, M.R.C.S. CHARLES BOTTERILL, F.R.M.S.

Rev. HENRY H. HIGGINS, M.A. Rey. F. BALLARD, M.A., F.G.S.

OFFICERS AND COUNCIL ELECTED 20th JANUARY, 1888.

President:
A. NORMAN TATE, F.LC., F.C.S.

Vire- Presidents :

Rey. FRANK BALLARD, M.A., F.G.S. ISAAC C. THOMPSON, F.L.S., F.R.M.S.

i ie

Gan. Creasurer: Hon. Secretary:
J. MICHAEL WILLIAMS, F.R.M.S. THOMAS W. BRUCE.

Han. Curator:
ALFRED LEICESTER.

Cunaril :
HENRY M. BENNETT. F. CHARLES LARKIN, M.R.C.S.
CHARLES BOTTERILL, F.R.M.S. | WILLIAM NARRAMORE.
GEO. MANSFIELD BROWNE. WM. OELRICHS, F.R.MeEr.Soc.
WILLIAM CARTER, M.D.,F.R.C.P. | FRANK T. PAUL, F.R.C.S.
JOHN H. DAY. THOMAS ©. RYLEY.

Rey. H. H. HIGGINS, M.A. J. T. NORMAN THOMAS.

NINETEENTH ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

LIVERPOOL MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY.

ee

In reviewing the events of the Nineteenth Session, your Council
do not see that there is much to ¢all for special comment in the
working of the Society.

The Meetings during the session have been largely attended, and
some of the papers read have been well illustrated by various Members
at the subsequent Conversaziones.

It is with much pleasure that the Council are able to report a
decided increase in the number of the exhibits at the monthly Con-
versaziones, and it is to be hoped that the active interest thus shown
in the Society will make further progress during the coming session.

The Council mourn the loss by death of one of the earliest and
most esteemed Members of the Society, W. H. WeicuTMan, who was
President in 1882.

Seven new Members have been enrolled during the past year.
24 Members have left or resigned. The Members on the list now
stand—133 Ordinary Members, 8 Honorary Members and 1 Associate
Member.

As heretofore, the Society, assisted by several Members of the

_ Chester Society of Natural Science, took an active part in the

_ Associated Soirée, annually held in St. George’s Hall.

6

The following Papers were read during the year :—

“ Vegetable Reproduction, with Especial Reference tc Embryology
in Phanerogams.” By the PREsIvEnr.

“The Microscopical Characteristics of Birds’ Eggs.” By the Rev.
H. H. Hicerns, M.A.

‘¢ Recent Improvements in the Microscope: A Visit to Jena.” By
JOHN Mayatt, Jun., F.Z.8S., V.P.R.M.S.

“The Development, Structure and Functions of the Ear.” By
C. G@ Lez, M.R.CS.

“ The Comparative Anatomy of the Reproductive Organs of Plants
viewed as a Basis for a Phylogenetic Classification.” By
R J. Harvey Greson, M.A.

‘Microscopical Examination of Commercial Fibres.” By A.
Norman Tats, F.LC., F.CS.

“ Radiolarian Protozoa, collected in the ‘Challenger’ Explorations.”
By the Rev. H. H. Hicerns, M A.

The Council express their obligation to the Members of the
Society, and others, who have read papers during the year, and trust
that Members will come forward with a large number for the ensuing
session.

In conclusion, the Council cordially thank the Donors of Books,
Slides, &c. for their various presentations.

Abstract of Papers read and Communications made during the
year 1887 :—

January 21st.—The Rev. Frank BatuArp. M.A., F.G.S., President elect,
delivered an address on ‘‘ Vegetable Reproduction, with Special Reference
to Embryology in Phanerogams.” He commenced by pointing out the
similarity, functionally for reproductive purposes, of the zoospores of the
lowest forms of Alge. There may be a physiological differentiation, but it
is imperceptible to us. Here is the perfectly asexual form of vegetable
reproduction. With ascent, however, to higher forms, comes the gradual
evolution of sex. First, the planogametes are similar. Then the gametangia

7

give rise to slightly differing bodies, distinguished as microzoospores (large)
and microzoospores (small). Reproduction takes place by fusion of one of
each. The characteristics are such as to warrant our regarding the smaller
as male, the larger as female. In addition to this sexual process, some
forms—as Ulothrix, Ectocarpus, Scytosiphon, &c.—have zoospores capable
of independent germination. This incomplete sexuality disappears in the
Fucacee, where the reproductive organs are distinct, and all trace of primitive
Planogamete is lost in the oosphere of Colceochete, Vaucheria, dogonium,
Volvox, Chara. This perfect manifestation of sex was then carried on
through the Muscinez, Pteridophyta, and Floridez to the Phanerogams.
The importance of alternation of generations and its continued traces in the
higher plants were then pointed out. A detailed account was then given of
the Gymnosperms and Angiosperms separately, in regard to the structure
and development of the ovule, the development and growth of embryosac,
the structure of the oospore, the process of fertilisation, the result of ferti-
lisation in the embryosac, and the development of the embryo into the seed.
In a resumé, it was pointed out that we have no choice but to start with the
simple yet enormous assumption that the reproductive capacity is a funda-
mental property of protoplasm. Whence it follows that all our knowledge
is phenomenal. The analysis of reproduction brings us no nearer to the
synthesis of life. Hence evolution as a thorough going theory has to be
received with distinct caveats. Dr. Vines was quoted—‘‘that evolution of
plants is the expression of more than fortuitous variation.” And Professor
Huxley’s description of the development of the tadpole from the spawn was
taken as applying mutatis mutandis to vegetable life also. Finally, the
inference was drawn that the marks of adaptation were so manifest and
all-pervading as to substantiate a higher teleology, which constitutes an
enhanced and intensified design argument.

' The usual vote of thanks closed the proceedings.

February 4th.—The paper of the evening was read by the Rey. H. H. Hice1ns,
M.A., upon ‘‘The Microscopical Characteristics of Birds’ Eggs.” The
lecturer alluded to the little attention which had been given to the subject
of microscopical characteristics of the shells of birds’ eggs; the valuable
article upon ‘‘Birds” in the new Encyclopaedia Britannica giving perhaps
the best information. Mr. Sorby, F.R.S., had also written on the subject
of the colours of birds’ eggs. By the help of sketches upon the black board
Mr. Hicerns pointed out the cellular structure revealed by the microscope
in a thin shell section of eggs, the shells being found to contain a remark-
able form of crystalisation, or more properly concretion, as well as a number
of calcareous triangular masses distributed throughout, known as calcified

Illustrative of the Paper.

8

blastema. These were very plainly seen in a number of sections exhibited
under the microscope by various members of the society at the subsequent
conversazione, including the eggs of the common fowl, guinea fowl, emeu,
ostrich, goose, turkey, guillemot, and swan. It was shown that a well-
defined type of shell structure belongs to certain families of birds, and is
easily recognised under the microscope ; as witnessed in the colourless and
transparent shell of the woodpecker’s egg and the highly coloured shell of
the emeu’s. It is a well-known fact that the size of eggs is dependent upon
the time spent in the nest by the birds after being hatched, thus, although
the guillemot and the raven are birds of equal size, their respective eggs
vary in size as ten to one. Mr. Hiccrns warmly commended the further
study of the subject to the attention of the members, there being in it
much room for original research of a most interesting kind.

Mr. T. J. Moore and others made some further remarks on the subject.

At the Conversazione the following subjects were illustrated :—

Crystals of Carbonate of Lime in Egg of Fowl ......... J. M. Witirams.
: Section of Egg Shell of Common Fow] .................. Wa. OELRICHS.
Do. do. (cuinea ; WOwigeece acne: sesteveness ALFRED LEICESTER.
Do. do. Himeti <. <:. ssceigteses cunt eareres Isaac C, THOMPSON.
4 Do. do. Ostrich | s..cseaentesses kono THomas C. RYLEY.
| Do. do. Goose) :isteseeernctaswecesceseaaes Henry M. BENNETT.
Do. do. Turkey: qconereansteecssctsr toes CHARLES BOTTERILL.
| eo; do. Guillemot ficese cro ceses ses snes A. T. Smiru, Jun.
ie Do. do. Sivan. «|::.,cenmewarspareonscoseeaeon JoHN VICARS.
Carapace of Crab, horizontal section ..................... Robert NICHOLSON.
Crystals in abdomen of Formica rufa ..................... Henry KENDALL, B.A.
Diatoms, new forms, from Oamaru...................0.05- T. W. Bruce.
Wes iOh LOUSEHE LY) cc. occas vt «a +o dessemenpreee Seuevesieees T. Musxkert.
Moist Chambers for culture of Micro-organisms ...... A. Norman TATE.
Section of Pitchstone, from Saxony ...................+. The PRESIDENT.
Shelltof Shuimips; polarized) +... .cavessuancuaevataste maa T. OLIVER.

March 4th.—Mr. JoHN Mayatt, Jun., F.Z.S., Vice-President of the Royal

Microscopical Society, read a paper on ‘‘ Recent Improvements of the
Microscope: A Visit to Jena.”

Mr. J. Maya. said that upon the last occasion he had the honour to —
address the society—six years ago—he had to bring to their special notice
certain improvements in the microscope—the introduction of the homo- —
geneous-immersion system—the practical development of which had had
the good fortune to attract the attention of Dr. E. Abbe, of Jena University.

— i

7

ee

9

The path of progress in microscopy indicated by the homogeneous-immersion
system was clearly in the direction of higher and still higher apertures, till
the limit should be reached—the limit imposed by the refractive index of
the front lens, the immersion medium, or the cover glass. It was gratify-
ing to reflect that our leading microscope opticians, Messrs. Powell and
Lealand, had fully realised the importance of this progress, and had steadily
extended the apertures of their high powers until about three years ago
they arrived very approximately at the limit imposed by the plane surface
of the cover glass. When that point was reached, which might fairly be
said to obtain when the apertures of microscopic objectives were extended
to within 24 per cent. of the transmitting power of the plane surface of the
cover glass, it seemed that the only further progress to be made would con-
sist of slight changes in the formule -whence minute reductions in the
residuals of aberration might be effected, and these improvements, com-
bined with higher quality of technical execution of the lenses, centering,
&e., would lead to somewhat greater perfection of images seen in the
microscope. But, happily, the ultimate progress of microscopy, so far as
the perfection of the microscope itself was concerned, was not really so
restricted by the nature of things ; and this conception got possession of
Dr. Abbe’s thoughts to such purpose that he was induced to make large
sacrifices of time and means to fairly test the matter, for he had reasoned
himself into the conviction that by an exhaustive series of experiments it
might be possible to discover new compouns of glass by which a higher
degree of achromatism might be obtained, thus furnishing a new basis or
starting-point for improvements in all optical instruments. With the
assistance of Dr. Otto Schott, an able chemist who had had much ex-
perience in the manufacture of glass, Dr. Abbe carried out a long and
earefully-classified series of experiments, resulting in the discovery of new
kinds of glass, by which higher achromatisation than any previously
reached was plainly demonstrated in practical constructions. These new
kinds of glass formed the basis of the new microscope-objectives termed
** Apochromatic,” and for the ‘‘ compensating” eyepieces recently issued
by Messrs. Zeiss, the well-known opticians of Jena, and since taken up
with important modifications by Messrs. Powell and Lealand, of London,
Mr. MAYALL explained in detail the aim of the new apochromatic objectives
and the points of difference when compared with the older objectives, in
the course of which he described the circumstances that led him to visit
Dr. Abbe at Jena, with whom he had examined a large number of microscope
objectives that might be regarded as representative of the highest points of
technical excellence reached in England and Germany. He mentioned with
special pleasure the fact that when he informed Dr, Dallinger, the President

10

of the Royal Microscopical Society, of his intended visit to Jena, he (Dr.
Dallinger) at once expressed his earnest desire that every objective in his
collection that might enable Dr. Abbe to correctly estimate the quality
of English optical workmanship should be placed at his disposal. Mr.
Frank Crisp, Secretary of the Royal Microscopical Society, also desired that
his collection of objectives should be examined by Dr. Abbe, and similarly
with Mr. E. M. Nelson, who had spared no efforts to collect examples of
the best known objectives. Referring to his visit to Messrs. Zeiss’s Optical
Works at Jena, Mr. Mayaut said upwards of 300 persons were there em-
ployed, and the organisation appeared to him excellent throughout. He
had witnessed the various technical processes of manufacturing microscopes.
In the mechanical departments he had examined everything from the brass-
casting in the foundry to the final adjustment through which every micro-
scope stand went before being sent away from the workshops. In the
optical departments he had watched the process of glass-slitting, cutting
into squares, &c., grinding, polishing, gauging of thicknesses, testing the
accuracy of the sphericity of the surfaces, centering, cementing into com-
binations, mounting in cells—in fact, the building up of objectives on a
very large scale, where the system of manufacture passed them successively
through the hands of more and more highly-trained workmen until they
reached the final stage of testing to standard before being regarded as
finished. For testing the sphericity of the surface, Fraunhofer’s contact
method was employed, which consisted in utilising for each curvature a
corresponding gauge or test surface, finely and accurately worked in
rock-crystal, the contact of the two surfaces in various positions displaying
Newton’s rings more or less symmetrically, according to the accuracy of
the surface under trial. The accuracy of the rock-crystal gauge itself was
in every case assured by its own corresponding gauge, also of rock-crystal,
the contact of which showed perfect symmetry in the formation of Newton’s
rings. In practice the surfaces of the lenses were polished and tested with
the rock-erystal gauges until the requisite degree of accuracy was attained.
He had observed with particular attention the manufacture and mounting
of the front lens of an apochromatic one-eighth homogeneous immersion
where the spherical curve was somewhat greater than a hemisphere. The
skill with which that delicate piece of work had been executed had given
him a high opinion of the system of training in vogue in Messrs. Zeiss’s
establishment, for it should be noted that even such high-class work was
not limited to one pair of hands, several experts being wholly engaged upon
similar work. With regard to the Jena Optical Glass Works, Mr. MAYALL
said they were under the direction of Dr. Schott, and appeared to him
planned with admirable practical aims, He understood the installation was

sai

now on a commercial basis. Prior to the establishment of the present
glass works, the German Government had made special grants of money to
Dr. Schott and Dr. Abbe, in furtherance of a large series of experiments
in the manufacture of optical glass, with the distinct purpose of promoting
scientific improvements in optical instruments. One of the principal aims
of the experiments had been to determine precisely within what range it
was possible to control the ratios of refraction and dispersion, utilising the
whole known series of substances capable of vitrification. Upwards of 1000
different samples of glass had been made, of which the chemical composition
and other technical data, as also the optical analysis, had been systematically
tabulated, and the experience thus gained was now available to meet the
demands for optical glass of any required refractive and dispersive powers
within the limits under control. The importance of the aims in view could
hardly be overrated, for telescopes, field glasses, &c., microscopes and photo-
graphic lenses, all stood in need of a greater range of media to not only
lessen the difficulties of construction, but to further their advancement to
higher standards of excellence. The first important practical outcome of
Dr. Schott’s experiments had been the production of the apochromatic
objectives, by Messrs. Zeiss, on computations made by Dr. Abbe. It was
also known that telescope object-glasses were in progress in which the higher
achromatism due to the new glass, was the essential aim. The progress
shown in the new microscope objectives clearly pointed to the possibility
of analogous improvement in photographic lenses, where an increased
facility of obtaining achromatism would certainly lead to larger and flatter
field with a given linear aperture and focal length—qualities of the highest
importance, which would not fail to be appreciated by every one interested
in photography.

A cordial vote of thanks was conveyed to Mr. MayaAL.t for his paper,
this being moved by the President, and seconded by Mr. A. Norman TATE.

April ist.—The Rev. H. H. Hiccins alluded to the discovery of a new Marine
Medusa, by a member of the Chester Society of Natural Science, as an
illustration of the value of early dredging work, the probability being that
the Marine Fauna of winter and early spring may materially differ from that
of the summer.

The paper of the evening was read by Mr, C. Grorcr Leg, M.R.C.S.,
on the ‘‘ Development, Structure, and Functions of the Ear.” The
lecturer described the structure of the human ear, fully explaining all its
parts, and illustrated the same on the screen by means of the oxy-hydrogen
lantern, prepared specimens and models, After some discussion, in which

12

the Rey. H. H. Hicerns and several others joined, a hearty vote of thanks
was given to the lecturer.

At the Conversazione the following subjects were illustrated :—

# (Section of Ear of Mouse............sssscsseeeseeeseserseseeees JOHN VICARS.

2 Do. a teeba of Haman Bar......ctegsc-+s2n0cn02ser< J. M. Wiis.

2 Do. Human Ear through the Auditory Meatus

Ae Dos internal Wariot Bis .-2, 2 .ccseseece-<e-<-- sees js Norman TATE.

Pai eMoc lian Waa hate 0 v.sn...--1, cde ee ee

| Otoliths from Mar'of Fish «......-.0sc-srerceesess-eeeeute THe PRESIDENT.

= Do. Os | casenes rcrecaanetteesna hieent eee W. H. Reap.

Ser B} impatierat « MrGee TURE once cveno++snnsunternenemeanarss ar emners Isaac C. THompson.

ne Eye-lash of Whale, transverse section ..................4. Wm. OELRICHS.
Mot hols TAC DOLE tvecsensyec- wo watered paatone+sae as eteety ALFRED LEICESTER.

May 6th.—Mr. J. Harvey Gipson, M.A., F.R.S.E., read the paper of the
evening, entitled ‘‘ The Comparative Anatomy of the Reproductive organs
of the Plants viewed as a basis for a Phylogenetic Classification.”

After some remarks from the PRESIDENT, a vote of thanks to the lecturer
was moved by Mr. A. Norman TaTeE, seconded by Mr. C. BorreriLt, and
carried.

At the Conversazione the following subjects were illustrated :—

Anther of Lily, transverse section ..............2:0000008+ A. JOHNSON,
Anther and Pollen of Lavetera..............:cc0cc0se0ees Cuas. Borreritt.
Apothecium of Tichen, vertical section ....... ....... THE PRESIDENT.
GlabiOnaDTEVIPCRN (carr. coxes swan ence eNete Ne anaes T. Muskerr.
1D} 1Y ed GeV Se Sc seoeceac eee REPRO RoE co us. x coi eee J. GouLD.
Grain‘ofh Wheat, embryo. |..2.<.-...<.scdseesasnecmeness sre Gro. F. HEaty.
Indian Corn, transverse section through embryo....../ A. NorMAN TATE,
Ovules of Poppy, transverse section, fertilised and }
MINAEMIDLISCD 25.6 choc 5.0002: <0 eeeeeee anerlene > Do.

DoymemlateplernlBedinc.. -.... <<. uadaeeemetsrr seo )
New Slides from Cabinet ...............--:eceeeeeserenees A. LEICESTER.
Lophopus crystallinus................. eae mmiaay ce Saceraen H. M. BENNETT.
Ovary of Cncumber space ssecs-.o.ceacaeendeetenwecreceasces W. H. Reap.

Do Purple oxplove...0ccse.soe- atest crt aesaneee P. H. ScHOFIELD.

Dox” “Dalip;-tonr-celled ’.....5-sccccesenec sen eacee se H. Kenpatt, B.A.
PANGOVING MOU Heese. eosc aos -> <td reeeneee eer enes J. T. Norman Tuomas.
Pollen Grains, SechiOns* 2.0.2, ..:.c0sre-eenel Bodweweee eee J. M. Wituiams.
Pollen of Polyanthus narcissus............... .:seseeeees E. F. Sreap.

Propialltis ob *Wernicss-carecss.+ ac ccscsecteeteeneeeteeaneee T. OLIVER.

Section of Fucus VeS ......s::seceeeeeneeeceeseeceeeeen teers W. H. Reapb.

Seeds, VaTIOUS .......ccceeeee ceeeeeeeeceeeeseeeetseenttensess T. C. RYLEY.
Spores and Sori ........--eeseeeesseeceeseesesseesteeeeseress Joun J. HOWELL.
Sporocarp of Pilularia globulifera.......-..-+-+++++++ Ropert NICHOLSON.
Vaucheria sessilis and v. terrestris..........2++-++esee0 Wn. NARRAMORE.
Fertilised Ovules of Malva moschata.........--+--++++++ Wma. OELRICHS.

October 7th.—The paper of the evening was read by Mr. A. Norman TATE,

Illustrative of the Paper.

F.1.C., F.C.S., on the “‘ Microscopical Examination of Commercial Fibres.”
After referring to the large number of fibres now imported for textile
purposes, rope and twine making, and the manufacture of paper, brushes,
mats, &c., he spoke of the great value of microscopical examination in
noting the minute structure and many other characters of these fibres, and
urged the desirability of more extended investigation by means of the
microscope. Subsequently, with the aid of drawings and diagrams shown
by the lime-light lantern, he described in detail the character of several
varieties of sheep’s wool, mohair, alpaca, the hair and fur of other animals,
silk, cotton, hemp, flax, jute and numerous other fibres, some of which
have only lately been introduced into commerce.

After some discussion, in which Mr. J. M. WILLIAMS and others took
part, a vote of thanks was accorded to the lecturer for his interesting paper.

At the Conversazione the following subjects were illustrated :—

(Fibres, various ..........-s2sssseeseeesbessenssesesereceeeeens H. M. BENNETT.
Hemp fibre ............:2seeeeeseceeeeseeseneneeeseeesenreessnees W. H. Reap.
Mexican fibre, Jute, Flax ..........-:2:+:seeeeeeeeeeseerese es TAPLEY BACON.
Mixed fibres prepared for analysis ..........+++++++2+000+- A. Norman TATE.
Vegetable fibres used for ropes, &C. -....--+++.s0+0++ \ Do
Collection of many commercial fibres..........--....++ :

Sea Island Cotton fibres (various) ..........-..-sssses+e+ J. M. WILLIAMs.
Spun Silk .........seseeeeeeeseeeesesenseeeersescesterseeeeeees ALFRED LEICESTER.
Varieties of Wool, showing effects of chemical treat-

U BTLENLG icc 2 «cai ccets st corcteeeheaaregaeseesvntnesanrasers see te W. NARRAMORE.
Drosera rotundifolia (Sundew) .........-.--++ = eden Ww. OELRICHS.
Larva in situ in bud of Black Currant Tree ............ T. OLIVER.

Larval stage of Star Fish, from Puffin Island ......... Isaac C. THOMPSON.
Protella phasma........-..:s:ss0-seseee seeeeetesersesseeaeeces Henry KEenDAtt, B.A.
Section of Cocoon of Silk Worm ...........::ssesseeeereees G. W. Gray.

Do. Elder twig in balsam ..........:.00-seeeeeseees Percy RosLine.
Stained vegetable sections............:.sssseeeereerseeeere ees E. DAVIEs.
Sting of Wasp.......ccsccccecceseesssseesserenenenennanseneeess A, JOHNSON.

Triceratium morlandii, new diatom..,..,....ssseseererrees Tuomas W. BRUCE.

14

November 4th.—The Rey. H. H. Hicerns, M.A. read a very interesting paper
on ‘‘ The Radiolarian Protozoa, collected in the ‘Challenger’ Explorations,”
beautifully illustrated on the screen by means of photographs.

The lecturer explained that these curious animals, made up almost
entirely of protoplasms, are found floating on all seas, swimming near the
surface of the water. In some species skeletral structures are developed in
the form of radiating silicious spines. The individuals cohere in compound
masses or colonies, which assume various shapes, cylindrical, spheroidal, or
like a chain or circlet of beads. They delight in a smooth sea and pure
transparent water at a moderately warm temperature. The voyage of the
“‘Challenger” resulted in finding these organisms at all depths in the ocean,
though specimens taken from near the surface appeared to be generally of
greater size and development. Very wonderful and beautiful are the forms
of these lowly creatures, as seen in the reproductions of Murray’s fine plates.

Some further remarks on the subject were made by Messrs. E. Davies
and A. NorMAN Tare, and a vote of thanks was accorded to the lecturer
for his paper.

At the Conversazione the following subjects were illustrated :—

A STROTH IR SATISLOUCLISHad ree rise 025.0 22s eae ree ere yeee rates J. M. WiIbvrams.
ATA ACODISCHS. qq ANISCHU tess. on.cs acu depeetenen sete ies Tuomas W. Bruce.
Foraminifera from Post Pliocene Silt .................. W. OELRICHS.

Hind Leg of Honey Bee, showing Pollen Basket...J. J. Howrit.

Lig PONaSCUATHORA! rcss.500c0. tbo: uy acceeeeenaa menos tere

Vernouilina polystroplia ..:..:..:..0msssieuheesstt: a

IDOLy Cy SIN ave rccemees cs et +. os we, @1 ont meen eM aeem ee eam « TAPLEY Bacon.

DOSS ee eee ste ca ith ospcciads is gsttaateeeeemetee peenaee A. JOHNSON,

Dor girompbarbadoes)........cccasdenareerssstse ALFRED LEICESTER.
Salicornaria farciminoides (Bugle Coralline) ........W. H. Reap.
Secttonsor Cats MOnOUe’ 40... «00.2 0eeseeeseens sees saceee CHARLES BoTreRILL,
SOM OLS CalysSPlEEMWOLL <0... ....edvereedettenaaceeraeee E. F. Strap.
Stigonema mammilosa ....... we bbe Maiataptesete aes als aurea J. Harsorp Lewis.

Tail of young Newt, stained with Chloride of Gold.. Henry Kenpatt, B.A.

December 2nd.—Mr. A. NorMAN Tare, F.I.C., F.C.S., brought under the notice
of the members the very beautiful designs which can be obtained from
micro-crystals, and exhibited some designs taken from them.

There being no paper, the Conversazione was largely attended, and the
following subjects were illustrated ;—

15

Aneura pinguis (Hepatice jungermanniz) ...... The PRESIDENT.
ee odiscus ORCA VALS 6 2d.5..s5.0esdoesantvanen de } ae
LOSUD els escxnca thee crihe reas be ns eslassoveuawaoreeases
Chemical Crystals (polarized) ...........csccceeeeaees G. WATSON GRAY.
Crystals of Pyrogallic and Citric acids ............ H. M. BENNETT.
BIEN sts ve telsy telah wad ves oacuiecbaaemeemberanares WILLIAM OELRICHS.
Eggs of Tetranychus lapidum...................0..05 J. GouLD.
Head of Saw Fly, showing mouth organs......
Head of Mlcdene ; do. bas eae UD Te ais
SHI TISUMN LVN tesa od cedar denies ails ves accacametomaaemanens A, JOHNSON.
Formica rufa, showing muscular structure ...... J. M. WILLIAMs.
Gonium pectorale, showing method of repro-

duction ' 3/5 shel: HOR RECRERE RS PRC etc che OPT W. NARRAMORE.
Lichen, Physica stellaris .................:ccecsseeeees E. DAvIzs.
1s Eo Sse Rar Me Tie
Paper-making Fibre ..............cscsessesssecesenes
Miscellaneous Slides .................:eeeeeeeeeceeee eens CHARLES BOTTERILL.

Motion of Zoospores in Gasteromycetous Fungi...Rev. H. H. Hiccins, M.A.
Polycistina from Barbadoes ...............ce0cccees
Red Sea Soundings by H.M.S. ‘‘Unicorn.” ...

Recent Cabinet Slides ......... .....c.csteecnveseeeees ALFRED LEICESTER.
Ribes nigrum, transverse section of Stem ......... Tuomas C. RYLEY.
Salivary Glands of Blatta orientalis ............... W. H. Reap.

Several specimens of stained Blood Corpuscles ...F. C. LARKIN, M.R.C.S.
Skin of Negro, transverse section ................05 P. H. ScHOFIELD.
Spores Aiuviatilis ol.ue ses yehs-escceenecceceutenaness J.T. Norman THOMAs.
Stellate Hairs from Fern (polarized) ............... JosEPH WALL.

BUEN S raee og tac hrea eto aeentee Seah’. swansea nhac etgaetccsses H. KEnDALL, B.A.

Wing Scales of Small White Butterfly (Pieris :
RADIO) ores scacsascse ccaeeaeee ch adwencass couteteeners sss WILLOUGHBY GARDNER.

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LIVERPOOL MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY.

LIST OF MEMBERS,

JANUARY, 1888.

HONORARY MEMBERS.

Wirnam M. Bywater, 5, Hanover-square, London.

Artuur C. Cour, 171, Ladbroke Grove-road, Notting Hill, London W.

W. G. CorTHELL, Tremont Temple, Boston, U.S.A.

Rev. Dr. Datiincer, F.R.S. V.P.R.M.S. Wesley College, Sheffield.

W. H. Grarrany, 1, Weston Cottage, Torquay.

Professor THomas Taytor, Chief of the Microscopical Staff, Agricultural
Department, Washington, U.S.A.

WasHineTon TEASDALE, Headingley, Leeds.

Turren West, F.L.S. F.R.M.S. Furnell House, Frensham, Farnham, Surrey.

ORDINARY MEMBERS.

* Members of Council.
Elected.

1881 Abraham, Alfred Clay, 3, Lancaster-avenue, Sefton Park.
1881 Abraham, Miss Emma C. Grassendale Park.
1880 Allen, Francis Birkbeck, 33, Newsham-drive.
1869 Archer, Francis, B.A. Boundary Cottage, Great Crosby.
~ 1878 Bacon, Tapley, Cuckoo-lane, Gateacre.
1879 Baird, James, 3, Windsor-road, Tue Brook.
1883 Baker, Arthur, 7, Mill-lane, Liscard.
1882 *Ballard, Rev. Frank, M.A. F.G.S. Newby-street, Walton-lane.
1868 Banister, Rev. W. B.A. St. James’s-mount.
1883 Barron, Alexander, M.B. M.R.C.S. 31, Rodney-street.
1880 *Bennett, Henry M. 173, Lodge-lane, Prince’s Park.
1883 Berey, T. Bickesteth, 21, Edge-lane.
1878 *Botterill, Charles, F.R.M.S. 52, Fern-grove, Sefton Park.
1874 Brown, J. Campbell, D.Sc. F.C.S. 27, Abercromby-square.
1872 = * Browne, George Mansfield, 15, South Hill-road.

18

Elected.
1875 *Bruce, Thomas W. 27, Wapping.

1883 Cameron, John, M.D. 4, Rodney-street.

1881 Capon, Robert M. L.D.S. 1, Mount-street.

1868 *Carter, William, M.D. F.R.C.P. 78, Rodney-street.

1869 Chadburn, William, 71, Lord-street.

1882 Clayton, John H. Oak Hill Park, Old Swan.

1885 Clinch, John William, Douglas, Isle of Man.

1884 Cooper, Mrs. James T. 24, Shrewsbury-road, Oxton.

1886 Councell, Edward A. L.D.S. 49, Rodney-street.

1885 Cradock, Miss Lucy E. L.K.Q.C.P.I. 29, Catharine-street.

1887 Dalby, Miss, Talbot House, Mather-road, Birkenhead.

1874 Davies, Edward, F.C.S. Royal Institution, 88, Seel-street.

1885 Davies, Thomas J. M.R.C.V.S. 2, St. Alban’s-road, Bootle.

1884 Davies, Walter E, Egerton Park, Rock Ferry.

1887 *Day, John H., 2, Carlton Mount, Allerton-road, Tranmere.

1879 Deacon, H. Wade, Appleton House, Widnes.

1869 Drysdale, John J. M.D. F.R.M.S. 36, Rodney-street.

1871 Edmonds, William, 69, The Albany, Oldhall-street.

1885 Eskrigge, Robert Brockbank, New Brighton.

1881 Evans, John H. M.R,C.P. Broomfield, Crosby-road, N. Waterloo.
1871 Evans, W. H. Wyllisholm, Huyton Hey-road, Huyton.

1879 Faulkner, Frank, Crosswells Brewery, Oldbury.

1881 Fryer, Miss Helen, 11, Rockfield-road, Anfield.

1882 Fullerton, James, 67, Demesne-street, Seacombe.

1880 Gardner, Joseph K. Jun. Greenbank, Piercefield-road, Freshfield.
1882 Gardner, Willoughby, C18, Exchange Buildings. :
1879 Gatehouse, Charles, c/o Messrs. Gatehouse & Yates, Birkenhead.
1870 Gill, E. C. Belmont Villa, 7, Strathmore-road, Newsham Park.
1868 Glynn, T. R. M.D. M.R.C.P. 62, Rodney-street.

1879 Goodwin, Gilbert Smith, Rockville, 23, Anfield-road,

1884 Gould, Joseph, Cunard-road, Litherland.

1885 Gray, George Watson, 12, Argyle-road, Garston.

1882 Grisewood, William, Westminster-road, Liscard Park, Egremont.
1882 Guest, George Seller, 54, Canning-street.

1873 Harpin, Edward, c/o Messrs. Bates, Stokes & Co. 14, Water-street.
1868 Hayward, E. K. National Steam Ship Company, Water-street.
1869 Healey, George F. Oakfield, Gateacre.

1868 Higgin, Thomas, Ethersall, Roby.

1873 *Higgins, Rev. H. H. M.A. 29, Falkner-square.

1880 Higgins, Henry A. 3, Alfred-road, Birkenhead.

1887 Hornel, James, 105s, Grove-street.

19
Elected.
1887 Houlgrave, Henry, Crosby-road, South, Seaforth.

1880 Howell, John Job, Branksome, Cearns-road, Birkenhead.

1882 Johnson, Alfred, Stainborne Villa, Westminster-road, Liscard.
1874 Jones, C. W. Field House, Prince Alfred-road, Wavertree.
1881 Kendall, Henry, B.A. 17, Marmion-road.

1882 Lahy, James, 23, Lilly-road, Fairfield.

1868 Lambert, James, M.D. 80, Price-street, Birkenhead.

1886 “Larkin, Frederick Charles, M.R.C.S. 2, Fitzclarence-street, Everton.
1883 Lee, Charles George, M.R.C.S. 73, Rodney-street.

1875 *Leicester, Alfred, Enfield-place, 24, Aughton-road, Birkdale.
1884 Lewis, J. Harbord, F.L.S. 145, Windsor-street.

1887 Lewis, Edward, 2a, Tiber-street, Prince’s Park.

1885 Lloyd, Thomas Isaac, L.D.S. 36, Bold-street.

1887 Mahon, George, 86, Anfield-road, Anfield.

1884 Maples, Arthur, 51, The Elms, Peel-street.

1868 Masters, F. H. Fairfield-terrace, Tranmere.

1879 McClelland, Joseph, M.D. 7, Sefton-drive, Sefton Park.

1868 Moore, Thomas J. Cor. Mem. Z.S. Museum, William Brown-stroet.
1883 Mossop, Thomas, 18, Coltart-road, Kingsley-road.

1883 Muskett, Thompson, F.C.S. 75, Newby-street, Stanley Park.
1885 Muskett, Mrs. Thompson, 75, Newby-street, Stanley Park.
1880 _ *Narramore, William, 5, Geneva-read, Elm Park.

1884 Newall, Edward, 14, Elm-grove, Tranmere.

1880 Newton, J. Banner, Sunnyside, Prince’s Park.

1878 Nicholson, Robert, 11, Harrington-street.

1879 *Oelrichs, William, F.R.Met. Soc. Sunnyside, Wexford-road, Oxton.
1883 Oliver, Thomas, Tarbuck-road, Huyton.

1868 Owen, Peter, The Elms, Capenhurst, near Chester.

1883 Padley, Fred. 15, Church-street.

1879 Parkinson, John Charles, Alexandra-road, Waterloo.

1879 *Paul, Frank T. F.R.C.S. 44, Rodney-street.

1880 Pendlebury, William Martin, 17, Tithebarn-street,

1881 Pennock, John, 21, Victoria-street.

1876 Quayle, Alfred, 182, Regent-road.

1883 Quinby, Henry C. L.D.S. 3, Prince's Gate West, Prince’s Park.
1885 Raleigh, Miss Isabel, 13, Catharine-street.

1886 Read, William H. Fern-grove, Lodge-lane. *

1868 Roberts, Edward, Wilbraham Cottage, Melling.

1872 Roberts, Isaac, F.G.S. Kennessee, Maghull.

1885 Robertson, Helenus R. Glendaragh, Livingstone-drive South.
1886 Routledge, Tom, Stanley Park, Litherland.

Elected.

1879
1868
1875
1879
1882
1884
1879
1884
1886
1873
1874
1875
1882
1868
1879
1883
1872
1873
1879
1878
1879
1886
1877
1883
1868
1887
1884
1871
1887
1886
1887
1879
1869
1868
1872
1884

20

Rowlandson, William, South-lawn, Breeze-Lill, Bootle.
Ryland, William, 5, Eldon-terrace, Rock Ferry.
*Ryley, Thomas Cropper, 31, Alexandra-drive.

Scholefield, Joshua William, J.P. 33, Pembroke-road, Bootle.
Schofield, Philip H. 27, Slatey-road, Claughton.

Shillinglaw, William, L.D.S. Hamilton-square, Birkenhead.
Smith, Andrew T. Jun. 13, Bentley-road, Prince’s Park.
Stead, Edward F. Park-hill, Victoria Park, Aintree.

Stewart, W. H. L.D.S. 37, Rodney-street.

Stone, John, Archway-road, Huyton.

Stuart, Peter, Jun. M.D. Elm House, Seaforth.

Symes, Charles, Ph.D. Ellerslie, Town-row, West Derby. -
*Tate, Alex. Norman, F.I.C. 9, Hackins-hey.

Thomas, George, 1, Chatham-road, Bedford-road, Rock Ferry.
*Thomas, J. T. Norman, Crosby-road, Waterloo.

Thomas, Mrs. J. T. Norman, Crosby-road, Waterloo.
Thompson, Edward P. Thingwall Hall, Broad Green.

*Thompson, Isaac Cooke, F.L.S. F.R.M.S. Woodstock, Waverley-road.

Tooker, E. G. Castletown, Isle of Man.

Turner, James, Hafod Wen, Minera, near Wrexham.
Vicars, John, 8, St. Alban’s-square, Bootle

Walker, George E. F.R.C.S. 43, Rodney-street.

Wall, Joseph, 424, Everton-brow. :
Wallace, Arthur John, 1, Gambier-terrace.

Walmsley, G. G. 50, Lord-street.

Westby, George, M.K.Q.C.P.I. Farmleigh, Lodge-lane,
Williams, David, 156, Chatham-street.
*Williams, J. Michael, F.R.M.S. 156, Chatham-street.
Williams, P. P., 69, Chatham-street.

Williams, Thomas, F.C.S. 4, York Buildings, Dale-street.

Willmer, Miss Laura, Fernlea, 94, Westbourne-road, Birkenhead.

Wilson, Henry, M.R.C.S. 22, High-street, Wavertree.
Wood, J. J. 20, Lord-street.

Woolloxall, Thomas, 21, Houghton-street.

Wyllie, Andrew, 1, Leicester-street, Southport.

Young, Thos. Fred. M.R.C.S. &c. 12, Merton-road, Bootle.

ASSOCIATE MEMBER.

Mortimer, Captain (care of Mr. T. J. Moore, Free Museum).

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[TWENTIETH ANNUAL REPORT

LIVERPOOL

MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY.

ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS 9h
AND LIST OF MEMBERS
JANUARY, 1889,

bm Vol. a

LIVERPOOL
TURNER, ROUTLEDGE AND CO. PRINTERS.

MDCCCLXXXIX. \ Sa es

TWENTIETH ANNUAL REPORT

z OF ‘THI

LIVERPOOL

MIGROSCOPICAL SOCIETY.

ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS,
AND LIST OF MEMBERS.
JANUARY, 1889.

LIVERPOOL:
TURNER, ROUTLEDGE AND CO. PRINTERS.

MDCCCLXXXIX.

—Kiberpool Microscopical Rociety.

SESSION XXIl.

1889.

Past Fresitents:

JOHN BIRKBECK NEVINS, M.D.

Rey. WM. BANISTER, B.A.

Rey. Dr. DALLINGER, F.R.S.,
V.P.R.M.S.

JOHN ABRAHAM.

J. J. DRYSDALE, M.D., F.R.MS.

JOHN NEWTON, M.R.C.S.

Rey. HENRY H. HIGGINS, M.A.

GEORGE F. CHANTRELL.

J. 8. HICKS, F.B.C.S., F.LS.
WILLIAM CARTER, M.D., F.B.C.P.
W. H. WEIGHTMAN, F.R.M.S.
FRANK T. PAUL, F.R.C.S.
CHARLES BOTTERILL, F.R.M.S.
Rey. F. BALLARD, M.A., BSc.,
F.G.S., F.B.M.S.
A. NORMAN TATE, F.LC.,
F.C.S., F.R.MS.

OFFICERS AND COUNCIL ELECTED 20th JANUARY, 1889.

Zrvsident :
ISAAC C. THOMPSON, F.L.S., F.R.M.S.

Vire~ Presidents :
A. NORMAN TATE, F.LC., F.C.S., F.R.MS.
ALEXANDER BARRON, M.B., M.R.C.S.

Hon. Greasurer:
J. MICHAEL WILLIAMS, F.R.M.S.

Hon. Secretary:
THOMAS W. BRUCE.

: Hun. Curator:
7 ALFRED LEICESTER.

Cuuril:

ny. F. BALLARD, M.A., B.Sc.,

tia

_HARLES BOTTERILL, F.R.M.S.
_ 'TLLIAM CARTER, M.D.,F.R.C.P.
HN H. DAY.
ww. H. H. HIGGINS, M.A.

AMES HORNELL.

F.G.S., F.R.M.S.

FREDERICK C. LARKIN, M.R.C.S.
WILLIAM NARRAMORE.
J. BANNER NEWTON.
WILLIAM OELRICHS,

F.R. MeEr.Soc.
WILLIAM H. READ.
THOMAS C. RYLEY.

*

TWENTIETH ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

LIVERPOOL MICROSCOPICAL SOCLETY.

In presenting the Twentieth Annual Report, the Council are
able to state that the Meetings during the session have been well
attended, and that the papers read have been more than previously
illustrated by exhibits during the Conversaziones. This the Council
look upon as a gratifying and hopeful feature.

During the year 2 new Members have been enrolled, 11 have

i! left or resigned, and the number on the list now stands—124 Ordinary
_ Members, 8 Honorary Members and 1 Associate Member.

The Council express their obligation to the Members who have

read papers and exhibited objects at the Meetings, and also to the

donors to the Library and Cabinet.

The Council have recently had under their consideration how

best to further the usefulness of the Society, and have issued recom-

mendations which they trust will result in greater activity among
the Members generally; and they especially call attention to the
~ appointment of referees in several departments of Microscopical
_ Science.

The following Papers have been read during the session :—

“The Application of the Microscope to Technological Purposes.”
By the PresipEnT,

6

“On Making Permanent Microscopical Specimens of Blood.”
By Freperick C. Larkin, M.R.C.8.

“Wing Scales of Butterflies.” By WimLoucHBy GARDNER.

“Some New and Rare Species of Copepoda, recently found in
Liverpool Bay.” By Isaac C. Tuompson, F.L.S., F.R.M.S.

“Types of the Anoplura compared with Menopon Cucullare.”
By James HorneELL.

‘Notes on the Desmids.” By J. Harsorp Lewis, F.L.S.

‘Some Remarks on the Diseases associated with the Parasite
Bilharzia hzmatobia.” By ALEXANDER Barron, M.B.,
M.R.CSS.

Abstract of Papers read and Communications made during the
year 1888 :—

January 20th.—Mr. A. Norman Tare, F.I.C., F.C.S., F.R.M.S., President
elect, delivered an inaugural address on ‘‘The Application of the Microscope
to Technological Purposes,” in the course of which he said: The microscope
is no longer what it was a comparatively short time since, an instrument
employed more especially for recreative purposes, for a few researches in
natural history, and an occasional test by medical men and chemists. It
has of late years proved itself not only valuable in scientific research, but
also of great service in very many of the practical applications of science.
It has afforded to the physician and surgeon information of the greatest
value, and during the last few years it has been especially serviceable in the
study of micro-organisms in connection with health and disease, and in the
examination of the minute structure of the tissues of the body. The work
done by its aid in relation to bacteriology has been immense, and the results
are being rapidly systematised and put to useful purposes; but, great as has
been the progress of bacteriology, there is still a very wide field for further
work, and room for very many new workers.

Its study has already been made useful in examinations of the air for
micro-organisms, but the work yet done in this direction is a mere trifle
compared to the importance of the investigation in relation to health.
Although a subject that can well be worked at with advantage by individual
microscopists, it is highly desirable that it should be taken up by Govern-
ment departments and sanitary authorities.

7

In the examination of water the microscope has also been of great service
of late years; and here, again, whilst there is much to afford individual
microscopists interesting and useful work, still it is so absolutely necessary
that our water supplies should be systematically examined regularly by the
most refined methods known, that the use of these methods by sanitary
authorities should be far more general than it is at present. (Examples of
work done by Dr. Percy Frankland with London water and by Government
sanitary departments in America were given.) The examination of the
water of any locality shows at different times much variation in the character
of its microscopic inhabitants, and, as has been shown by researches by
Sir T. Leone and others, important changes are induced in water by the
development of bacteria. Some investigations have been made on the
vitality and multiplication of pathogenic organisms present in or purposely
introduced into various waters, but the results are not sufficiently concordant
to draw conclusions from, and these very important investigations require
much further careful study and work. Amongst other results recently
reported are some bearing upon the turbidity of some waters owing to the
presence of micro-organisms, and a very interesting case is mentioned by
Dr. C. 0. Harz, who, in examining the waters of the Schliersee, in Bavaria,
when it was covered with ice, noted a dense turbidity, at first of a green or
blue tinge, but becoming yellowish-red or a peach colour before finally
disappearing, and this was chiefly due to enormous quantities of a palmetta,
which was attacked and finally completely destroyed by a peach-coloured
micrococcus.

Another practical purpose to which the microscope may be put is in the
examination of foods, and especially in connection with the preparation,
transit and storage of preserved and other foodstuffs now so largely imported

from abroad. Also, it is serviceable in detecting sophistications of foods

and drinks, and continually is the microscope adding new means of detecting
adulteration. (Some new results in detection of mixed fats in butter, &c.
were shown),

Microscopy is again useful in noting the characters of fibres used in
textile manufactures, and for cordage, paper-making, &c. and so important
has this been considered in America that there was formed there in 1885 a
National Textile Microscopical Association. Not only can the microscope
give useful information respecting the natural characters of fibres and the
changes they undergo during treatment, but it can also give much valuable
aid in connection with the dyeing and colouring operations they are
subjected to.

In agriculture, also, the microscope is of great use. Even as regards the
soil it has, by studying micro-organisms, taught much respecting the

8

nitrification of the soil and changes taking place in the carbon constituents;
but it is especially valuable in noting some of the diseases of plants, such as
those caused by the ravages of fungi and minute insects. (Many examples
of diseases occurring amongst corn, grass, fruit, potato and other vegetable
crops, were mentioned). With respect to agricultural and gardening
operations, further aid may be given by microscopy in the study of fertili-
sation and germination, and also in the examination of many animal
organisms injurious to plant life. To the timber merchant, joiner, carpenter,
cabinet maker, and builder the microscope is of use in noting unhealthy
conditions due to fungoid growths, &e. (Dry rot attacking the timber of
buildings and fungoid growths injurious to growing trees were described).

The microscope may be a still further guide to builders in the examination
of the mineralogical constituents of building stones, and in the same way it
may be often serviceable in examining materials used for road making,
paving, &c. As shown by elaborate experiments on the devitrification of
glass made by Messrs. Douglas Herman and Frank Rutley, and communi-
cated to the Royal Society, microscopy can throw much light upon changes
taking place in glass owing to different circumstances of treatment, and the
same experiments have an important bearing on the study of the formation
of some minerals. Microscopy is also serviceable in practical mineralogy,
and capable of detecting mineralogical constitution where chemistry fails.

It is also serviceable to the brewer in noting the purity of the air in the
fermenting room, the nature of the water, the quality of the ferment,
including the presence or absence of organisms that cause unhealthy
fermentations; and in the same way it is useful to the distiller, and others
who have to work with saccharine liquids, such as the sugar refiner. In
the mechanical arts, microscopes have been employed with advantage in
making delicate levelling operations; also in noting causes of difference in
the efficiency of tools, consequent on the character of the materials of which
they are made. (Examples of comparators, levelling instruments and
callipers were shown; and also of good and faulty tools, and the work done
by them). Dr. Sorby has shown the importance of the microscope in noting
the characters of iron and steel; and Dr. H. Wedding has described the
microscopical examination of a compound armour-plate, and states that the
different varieties of iron and steel used in its construction could be
recognised without difficulty. And I have myself found microscopical
examination very useful in noting the character of the metal used for
shafting, bearings, coatings, &c.

One other use may be mentioned, viz: in connection with the legal
profession in the examination in doubtful cases of handwriting, ink, and

9

paper of documents, &c. Microscopical appearances have also been suggested
as the basis of ornamental designs, as, for example, the appearances, noted
under the microscope, of chemical crystals, mentioned in the ‘‘Scientific
American” in connection with designs for wall-papers, dados, &c. In the
study of microscopy a knowledge of drawing and the practice of photo-
micrography can be of much service, and excellent progress in the latter
art has been made of late years, but further developments should be sought
for, especially in connection with observations with high power objectives.

As the microscope is of so much value for practical purposes, it should be
studied more than it is in science schools and in connection with trades and
industrial occupations. Even in ordinary school teaching it might be made
available for exciting greater interest in the lessons than is often given now,
and in giving a training in habits of thorough and careful investigation ;
but in trade and technical schools a training in its use should form an
important part of the curriculum. In many such schools on the continent,
practice with the microscope is insisted on, and the value of such study has
been testified to, not only by the professors under whose auspices the
instruction has been given, but by a large number of manufacturers and
others in whose service the students have subsequently worked.

In short, the practical applications of the microscope are so many and so
varied, that a more extended study of microscopy cannot fail.to be
productive of great advantages, not only in scientific research, but also to
manufactures and commerce, and the health and comfort of the community.

The lecture was illustrated by many diagrams shown by Mr. Knorr with
the oxy-hydrogen lantern. A vote of thanks to the President for his
address concluded the proceedings.

February 3rd.—Dr. FRepErick C. LARKIN, M.R.C.S. read a paper ‘‘On
Making Permanent Microscopical Specimens of Blood,” in which he
described in detail the methods most suitable for mounting specimens of
the blood of different animals. In the short discussion which followed,
Mr. Epwarp Davis, F.I.C. and the President spoke of the practical
difficulty often experienced in medico-legal inquiries in detecting with
certainty the nature of blood found in bloodstains, &c. and Messrs. W.
NARRAMORE and KENDAL detailed special methods they had employed in
preparing blood specimens. Mr. WiLLoucHBy GARDNER then read an
interesting paper on ‘‘ Wing Scales of Butterflies,” in which he described
the many beautiful forms and colours of the scales, and the usual modes of
arrangement, and illustrated his remarks with many drawings and a
collection of butterflies,

Illustrative of Papers
——

10

At the Conversazione the following subjects were illustrated :—

. (Blood dises Of Wroge’ 2.2......-..s0cccccntccessseccceeneers JosEPH DAVIES .

Do. Typical examples.......0s...-.0eessee2-
Butterfly scales, artistically arranged............... The PRESIDENT.
Scales of White Cabhage Butterfly ..................
Scales of Meadow Brown Butterfly (Hipparchia

JAMIA) 00.22... 20eeeeeeececereceseeecssennenessensccesens G. Watson GRay.
Wing scales of Butterflies.............ssessseseeeeseeeeees WILLOUGHBY GARDNER.
Do. TIME Reeperpeeerrey << oscterl caterer WILLIAM OELRICHS.
Cartilaginous ring from the sucker of Squid......... WiLitiaM NARRAMORE.

Cat’s Tongue, transverse SeCtiONn ..........-sseseeseeeees CHARLES BOTTERILL.
Crystals (polarized) ...... .-.-----seseeseeeeeesseceeansees R. NICHOLSON.
Foraminifera from West Indies ..........s.cseceeeeeees W. H. Reap.
Hair-follicles, cross Sections .........ssseseseeeseeeseneees F. C. Larxin, M.R.C.S.
Myrica cerifera, section Of..........ccsserecssscersreeseoes J. M. WILLIAMS.
Oak-apple Fly (Andricus terminalis) ................6. A. JOHNSON.

Spirillremigy olUtans,..sccacmaoccessavancaueeesvsesad¥sssvecnes JOSEPH WALL.
Triceratium septangulatum .........ccsccceeceee eeeeceee T. W. Bruce.

March 2nd.—A communication from Mr. GrorcE Tuomas, entitled ‘A few

Notes on Microscope Eye-Pieces,” was read by the Secretary. The paper
of the evening was read by Mr. Isaac C. THompson, F.L.S., F.R.M.S.
upon ‘‘Some New and Rare Species of Copepoda recently found in Liverpool
Bay.” Since the establishment of the Liverpool Marine Biology Committee
by Professor Herdman, some three years ago, a vast amount of work has
been done towards investigating and tabulating the marine life of our neigh-
bourhood. Mr. THompson has worked chiefly at the Copepoda, a large
class of microscopic Crustacea—animals somewhat resembling very minute
shrimps; and in this paper described some of the new and rarer species
recently found. Until the L.M.B.C. was established, only six species of
marine Copepoda had been recorded in this district, the number having
since reached over fifty. Of these, four species are new to Britain, and
three are altogether new to science. Two of the other species have not been
before recorded in Britain for fifty and thirty years respectively. Some of
the new and rarer forms Mr. THompson described by the aid of wall
illustrations, the animals themselves being all shown under microscopes by

Members at the subsequent Conversazione. The Biological Station recently

opened on Puffin Island, under the directorship of Professor Herdman, had
proved a great success, and was the means of furnishing much new and
valuable information respecting the lowly organisms constituting the surface
life of our seas. Mr. THompson described the mode of capturing the
Copepoda in a fine long tow-net from the stern of a boat or steamer. The

Illustrative of the Paper,

11

Curator at Puffin Island. goes out-collecting whenever weather permits, the
results being at once placed in a preservative fluid, and forwarded to Mr.
Tompson for examination, The recent cold temperature has appeared to
favour the presence of species not found in warmer water, and other forms
have been found only on dark winter nights. The regular series of obser-
vations now béing undertaken will probably prove of great interest and of
value in many ways. One of these was as to food supply. It is well
known that the Copepoda live upon refuse matters from our shores and
rivers, thus preventing pollution, and showing that the question of the
disposal of sewage is biological rather than chemical. And as Copepoda are
allowed to increase and multiply not only are our rivers purified, but
furnishing as they do the chief if not entire food of fishes and even whales,
they are of the greatest benefit to mankind both as efficient scavengers and
as valuable food producers. Mr. THompson concluded by recommending the
microscopical study not less of the fresh water forms of Copepoda than the
marine. He believed there was still much original work to be done regarding
them, and they were to be found in every pond.

At the Conversazione the following subjects were illustrated :—

Cymbasoma herdmani, Thompson, Cyclops puffin,

Thompson, and other new species of Copepoda,

found about Puffin Island .............ccceseeeeeeees Isaac CU. THOMPSON.
Eurytemora hirundo, Giesbrecht, a Copepod new

to Britain, found in Crosby Channel ............ The PRESIDENT.
Euterpe gracilis, Claus (Copepoda), a very rare

species, found about Puffin Island.................. T. W. Bruce.
Isias clavipes, Boeck (Copepoda), occasionally taken

MABORVOED IMO MEAT tact cnt tat oei> ws'edveseie taleun eases sheen ALFRED LEICESTER.
Liichomolgus sabelle, Thompson, a new semi-

parasitic Copepod, recently found at Beaumaris. CHARLES BoTTERILL.
Longipedia coronata, Claus (Copepoda), common

HPOUL Lut [SPAN sok Mes oa. dooceecadvenex+sexa A. JOHNSON.
Parapontella brevicornis, Lubbock (Copepoda),

occasionally taken about Puffin Island............ E. F. Sreap.
Peltidium interruptum, Goodsir (Copepoda), often

found in rock pools at Hilbre, &c................. G. Watson Gray.
Pontella wollastoni, Lubbock (Copepoda), hitherto

very scarce, recently plentiful about PuffinIsland.THomAs C. RYLEY.
Temora velox, Lilljeborg (Copepoda), a brackish

water species, found at Leasowe, &¢............... WILLIAM OELRICHS.
Thorellia brunnea, Boeck (Copepoda), occasionally
halen of, othe sland!) cc. . ic. ccesddacueteeceeneccs A. T. Smita, Jun.

Trebius caudatus, Kroyer, a parasitic Copepod,
recently taken by night tow-net off Puffin Island. Henry M. BENNETT.

12

Asterina gibbosa........csscccecerseeeeees eo ateaaekee e. eee T. OLIVER.
Copepoda, various Slides from the Cabinet ... .....W. H. Reap.
Cyclops (various stages) ......sssscen sescerees tere ....JOSEPH WALL.
Hair follicles from Human Scalp, transverse and
Long. SCCHIONS ....00..eeedeveceaceenneneneeseedooeccenes F, C. Larkin, M.R.C.S.
Mussel (fresh water), showing Ciliary action ...... W. NARRAMORE.
Spiracle of Larva of Dytiscus ...........::ssscese eeeeee J. M. WILLIAMs.
Sugar Cane, long. section..........-s-scscereee-seeeeneee R. NicHoson.
Monee Of Cricket ‘sce. .eess.se>+0+ccnuayacene sven aeesenee TAPLEY Bacon.

April 6th.—The paper of the evening, entitled ‘‘ Types of the Anoplura compared
with Menopon Cucullare,” was read by Mr. J ames Hornet. The debatable
question of their position in the insect scale was first noticed. The view
that they are not degenerate Hemiptera, but rather a less modified and
distinct branch of a common stock was favoured. ‘he features of the great
types were then described and compared with Menopon cucullare—a parasite
found upon the common starling, and not described by Mr. Denny in his
great monography of these insects. The importance of an accurate know-
ledge of the physiological conditions favouring undue increase of these
too often undesirable guests, as well as the present narrowness of our
information, were dwelt upon. Diagrams and numerous microscopical slides
illustrative of the subject were exhibited.

At the Conversazione the following subjects were illustrated :—

(Docophorus leontodon ..........-...ssecceeseeeeennreeeees W. NARRAMORE.
5 Heematopinus eurysternus ..........sesseseesseeeeceeees G. Watson GRAY.
2 Menopon cucullare (Parasitic upon the common
s Surly i rsmnetaterssasss. aecese oe vetseamamresans dt gscs J. HORNELL,
Be Menopon cucullare, showing adhesive discon thefoot.The PRusIDENT.
© | Nirmus argulus .............ccccececceeccensseensesveveveees W. OELRICHS.
3 1 Peanastitie Obs PLOTS Bans 0c. 240- chars. Acexeseeeityees toons te W. H. Reap.
% (PE GHIMS MOTI AIS ser. cnee.-o+vavecreueimsneveyscietsiens T. W. Bruce.
=

Pteropus vespertilionis (Parasitic upon the Bat) ...A. JoHNnson.
LTrichodectes scalaris (Parasitic upon the Cow)......J. M. WILLIAMs.

Dodder’on Heath ess .p nec swcouernnceatuvewessesssncesnns T. C, RYLEY.

Retina) (Se@tiou Of) acc cvc.....ns ocuaenesaseuansonyensns F. C. Larkin, M.R.C.S.
May 4th.—Mr. J. T. Norman Tuomas called the attention of the Society to a
very interesting old microscope he exhibited, and the President made some
remarks on a microscope fitted with ‘‘Electric Light” apparatus.

At the Conversazione the following subjects were illustrated :—
Adapter for Micro-Photographic work.............+++++
Microscope fitted with Mawson and Swan’s arrange- }The PRESIDENT,
ment for using Electric Light ...........::ssese

——

13

~ Crustacean from Mid-Atlantic ..........ccssecseeseeseneeees T. W. Bruce.

Deep Sea Soundings, illuminated by Dr. Smith’s

RABULGM rc teadvnsb ruse tedebareestedes+s «aeaeteerdesssiesices ext & CHARLES BOTTERILL.
Witeroscope, Ol fOIMl.... scsi. csesce. sass svccdmessuansesnenasoese R. NicHoxson.
Micro-fangi. (VarIOUS).2.5..sncsseessceseeevesenescusensoneveees J. M. WILLIAMS.
Mounting and section cutting apparatus of old and

OWA CESIOIN ocicpicccsiicuiran sa vsiss> <sivgeemmemtle las eaasees F. C. Larkin, M.R.C.S.
Mucous membrane of Human Stomach .................. W. H. Reap.
Mew Cabinet SLES, 26 cisorsss+.o2s.cesneduapedvedarssece ess ALFRED LEICESTER.
Ocelli and Stemmata of living insects.................. JOSEPH WALL.
Parasite of the Capercailzie- ............cecossenser srecsses J. J. HOWELL.
Pollen of Gnothera biennis .................ccceceeeeeaenens Rey. F. BALLARD, M.A.
Mearns TCU OST cs crt sentir s'sss sedeisss ipasraceslenseaennsts' F. PADLEY.
Pree OLS NLOTISE DY) vain dae f oth ca theca snasws ose caetasnsaeserpcenas sss A. JOHNSON,
ROME NGTON SYEPNUS Es... coccdscsecerssseescbscaddconesavccasss F. NELSON PIERCE.

October 5th.—The Rev. H. H. Hicerns mentioned that last Monday was the
first time the Free Museum, William Brown Street, was reopened to the
public in the evenings, and that it would continue to be open every Monday
evening.

Mr. I. C. THompson exhibited under the microscope, and made some
remarks upon, some remarkable and little-known Cladocera, a branch of the
Crustacea, which he had recently found at various depths in the Cumberland
and Westmoreland lakes. One of these—the Leptodora hyalina—is an ex-
quisitely transparent creature about a quarter to half an inch in length, and
has the appearance when alive of a minute fragile glass canoe rapidly beating
its way through the water. He had found it in Grasmere, Easedale, and
Thirlmere lakes, its presence in the latter possibly possessing some interest
in the near future to Manchester water-drinkers. The other forms
Mr. THomrson exhibited were Bythostrephes cederstromii, Bosmina longi-
rostris, an animal not uncommon in London drinking water, and
Hyalodaphnia kahlbergensis, a most eccentric-looking microscopic crustacean,
with an immense eye surmounted by a long-pointed head, comically re-
sembling a dunce’s cap. Mr. Tuompson strongly recommended to the
members the study of the minute animal life of our lakes and ponds as
affording a rich field for research, and one in which a large amount of
original work is yet to be done.

An interesting discussion followed, in which the PRESIDENT, the Rev.
H. H. Hiccrns, Dr. Carrer, and others took part.

The PRESIDENT made some remarks on ‘‘ Microscopy as a special branch
of scientific study,” in the course of which he said that Microscopy was
now more especially employed either for amusement, recreative study, or as

+

14

an adjunct to other scientific studies, and there was not usually a sufficient
preliminary training in the knowledge of the principles on which the micro-
scope was constructed or in its manipulations, whereas there are so many
details to be considered and worked out carefully before the microscope
could be used with advantage, that a special training in Microscopy is
highly desirable, and he advocated courses of such study in scientific
colleges and schools, and for all who took up the microscope for the purpose
of research.
The Rev. H. H. Hicerns and Mr. E. Daviss also spoke on the subject.
At the Conversazione the following subjects were illustrated :—

Diatomacez from Cuxhaven...........cescscssencsncseeee W. H. READ.

Endings of Nerve in Muscle............:ssccsseceeeeneees F, C. LARKIN, M.R.C.S
Mieptoddratiyalinales::..: ccczgoesdeuapeestaspes) os+eee<7 I. C. THompson.

Viiyane Wa pOMneasaen-s <<. /200css -oaendberesercmrebet. vp tes T. W. Bruce.

Recent CabinebiSudes': -..ccc0:icoccetatpnseccsnsassesvesen A. LEICESTER.

Sections of Oliva peruviana and Cyprea moneta ...J. M. WILLIAMS.

Slides illustrating Mycro-Petrology...... . RGtrasneare A. Norman TATE.
Taste bud in a Rabbit’s Tongue ............c:seeeeeees Epwarp DaAvIEs.
Monpde Of (Crickeb:,..c.sccaceccnadsacecossdasecdssrneenes

Section through Gizzard of ditto..........:..seeeeee

November 2nd.—Mr. J. HAnporp Lewis, F.L.S., read the paper of the evening

Illustrative of the Paper

entitled ‘‘ Notes on the Desmids.”

Messrs. I.'C. THompson and W. NARRAMORE made some further remarks
on the subject.

At the Conversazione the following subjects were illustrated :—

eee tis oe
| Closterium lunula, exhibiting cyclosis, also mole-
cular motion of terminal granules ..............0008 Isaac C. THOMPSON.
GosMIATIU NUN ENN cesses <s-- denne saeeeeeaccs ese casas G. Watson GRAY.
J BAS ECU, VELRUCOSHDL' 6.0.0 c0cesccsscoeateovestdsss: cos JOSEPH WALL.
MACRASLERIAS SLOECALA ssh .ck: +2... itneacedeeerateressarccesd ALFRED LEICESTER.
Do. TOGA ous cade? vols ve soee coceaeneaies seay sean ores W. OELRICHS.
Do. Genticnlats’ .2...csc.ssdateeres as, e cecaenant The PRESIDENT.
l SEAUTASERUME ANCHISCOM “2... .cccuotsccpeeeenesenes, Ueelwe ss J. HArporp J.Ewis.
Do. DYSSTMIBNISG wc ss. sr/cc8 omy eeeenereor acne ees T. W. BRUcE.
Nanthidinm’ armatiwm \.....c-.1;.secedesesteeeeoseeers A. JOHNSON.
Cycloid and Ctenoid Scales ....... 202. sc eeceecceeceees J. HORNELL.
Human Nail (transverse section of) ...... ....se..00 F, C. Larkin, M.R.C.S.
PGR ZA) PANACEA en tastin ss cs. 0'n> se .areomedmecmesseenes

Sporéstof Asser Hungis se0s.0 0 ci sees See roecene tee } Rev. te

15

Ong anay MUCSH WiabOL Ney asco. sm0 erases ovttantenerrarsens J. GOULD.
IPEOLOCOCCUS, PULVIAlIS. ...5...5....c6sesccecereevecsasesceess W. Hz. Reap.
Sheep’s Kidney (section of) .............cseeeseeeeeens

Human do. Og teers dos 5's. 0 States «

December 7th.—The paper of the evening, by A. Barron, M.B., M.R.C.S.,
entitled ‘‘Some Remarks on the Disease associated with the Parasite
Bilharzia hematobia,” was read by Dr. LArxkin, M.R.C.S.

The lecturer gave a short account of the parasitic worm Bilharzia
hematobia, so prevalent in Egypt, Abyssinia and other parts.of Africa. He
' alluded to its discovery in the mature condition in the blood vessels of the
portal system by Dr. Bilharz, of Cairo, in 1887, giving subsequently a short
account of the life history of the parasite so far as known, and ascribed its
presence in man to the drinking of stagnant water containing the embryos
of the animal. He subsequently alluded shortly to the commoner diseases
in man due to the presence of the parasite, viz: Egyptian dysentery and
Egyptian hematuria, and stated in conclusion that out of five specimens
received by him from Egypt of the bladders of men dying from hematuria,
four showed cancer as well as Bilharzia ova, adding another cause to those
already known, where long continued irritation has been found to eventuate
in the development of cancers in the locality where the irritation is present.
Dr. Barron considered that during the presence of our troops in Egypt,
where the disease appears to be more prevalent than in any other part of
Africa, soldiers ought to be supplied with some simple form of pocket filter
for use when drinking water from ponds and canals.
At the Conversazione the following subjects were illustrated :—

Foraminifera from Hilbre Island.................00.00+ ALFRED LEICESTER.

TES AES GR ar F. N. Prerce.

Leaf of Sundew (Drosera rotundiflora) with insects

“IESE Sc hiccoGee Bap eeOeeGRELe sou: gor iRaebpepeeen ns: cece

ES 2 CS } gol: Hopes

Lung of Serpent, showing capillaries injected ...... W. H. Reap.

Lung and Tongue of a Rabbit (section of)............ E. F. Sreap.

Micrasterias americana (Desmid)...............cseeeeees J. Harsorpd LEwIis.

Ova of Bilharzia hematobia.............scceesecneeeee ees A. Barron, M.B.,M.R.C.S.
Do. te DOI Ree BC ast ccon: . chbcsces W. OELRICHS.

Salt from the minesof Wielsckra, Poland, containing
hollow cubes filled with brine, and a free air cell

HAIRS sais ise cesetich nica e sway ssnqusse ssa ccdvaememmeteare ss Isaac C. THompson.
- Shell, spicules, &c. of Echinus (section of) ......... J. M. WiLtiams.
BLGLOI DENS), sie. ccecacvocdieyeocre ong sumueemtar sere F. C. Larkin, M.R.C.S.

Triceratium favus ........ deoeaccaedoenereeee sekiseeivayece Lo Wy BRUGES

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LIVERPOOL MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY.

—— — ——

LIST OF MEMBERS,
JANUARY, 1889.

—_——_

HONORARY MEMBERS.

Wirnam M. Bywater, 5, Hanover-square, London.

Arruur C. Coxz, 171, Ladbroke Grove-road, Notting Hill, London W.

W. G. CorrHE.t, Tremont Temple, Boston, U.S.A.

Rev. Dr. DatiincEr, F.R.S. V.P.R.M.S. London.

W. H. Gratrann, 10, Geneva Cottages, Torquay.

Professor Tuomas Taytor, Chief of the Microscopical Staff, Agricultural
Department, Washington, U.S.A.

WaAsHINGTON TEASDALE, Headingley, Leeds.

_ Turren WEST, F.L.S. F.B.M.S. Furnell House, Frensham, Farnham, Surrey.

OST a ae ee

ORDINARY MEMBERS.

* Members of Council.
Elected.
1881 Abraham, Alfred Clay, Jersey Cottage, Oxton.

1881 Abraham, Miss Emma C. Grassendale Park.

1880 Allen, Francis Birkbeck, 33, Newsham-drive.

1869 Archer, Francis, B.A. 14, Cook-street.

1878 Bacon, Lapley, Cuckoo-lane, Gateacre.

1879 Baird, James, 3, Windsor-road, Tue Brook.

1883 Baker, Arthur, 7, Mill-lane, Liscard.

1882 *Ballard, Rev. Frank, M.A. B.Sc. F.G.S. F.R.M.S. Crosby.
1868 Banister, Rev. W. B.A. St. James’s-mount.

1883 *Barron, Alexander, M.B. M.R.C.S. 31, Rodney-street.
1883 Berey, T. Bickesteth, 21, Edge-lane.

1878 *Botterill, Charles, F.R.M.S. 52, Fern-grove, Sefton Park.
1872 Browne, George Mansfield, 19, South Hill-road.

1875 *Bruce, Thomas W. 27, Wapping.

18

Elected.

1883 Cameron, John, M.D. 4, Rodney-street.

1881 Capon, Robert M. L.D.S. 1, Mount-street.

1868 *Carter, William, M.D. F.R.C.P. 78, Rodney-street.

1869 Chadburn, William, 71, Lord-street.

1882 Clayton, John H. Oak Hill Park, Old Swan.

1885 Clinch, John William, Douglas, Isle of Man.

1884. Cooper, Mrs. James T. 24, Shrewsbury-road, Oxton.

1886 Councell, Edward A. L.D.S. 49, Rodney-street.

1885 Cradock, Miss Lucy E. L.K.Q.C.P.I. 29, Catharine-street.
1887 Dalby, Miss, Talbot House, Mather-road, Birkenhead.

1874 Davies, Edward, F.C.S. Royal Institution, 88, Seel-street.
1888 Davies, J. 69, Adelaide-street.

1885 Davies, Thomas J. M.R.C.V.S. 2, St. Alban’s-road, Bootle.
1884 Davies, Walter E, Egerton Park, Rock Ferry.

1887 *Day, John H., 2, Carlton Mount, Allerton-road, Tranmere.
1879 Deacon, H. Wade, Appleton House, Widnes.

1869 Drysdale, John J. M.D. F.R.M.S. 36, Rodney-street.

1871 Edmonds, William, 69, The Albany, Oldhall-street.

1881 Evans, John H. M.R.C.P. Broomfield, Crosby-road, N. Waterloo.
1871 Evans, W. H. Wyllisholm, Huyton Hey-road, Huyton.

1879 Faulkner, Frank, Crosswells Brewery, Oldbury.

1881 Fryer, Miss Helen, 11, Rockfield-road, Anfield.

1882 Fullerton, James, 67, Demesne-street, Seacombe.

1880 Gardner, Joseph K. Jun. Greenbank, Piercefield-road, Freshfield.
1882 Gardner, Willoughby, C18, Exchange Buildings.

1879 Gatehouse, Charles, Westwood, Noctorum, Birkenhead.

1870 Gill, E. C. Belmont Villa, 7, Strathmore-road, Newsham Park.
1868 Glynn, T. R. M.D. M.R.C.P. 62, Rodney-street.

1879 Goodwin, Gilbert Smith, Rockville, 23, Anfield-road.

1884 Gould, Joseph, Littledale-road, Egremont.

1885 Gray, George Watson, 12, Argyle-road, Garston.

1882 Grisewood, William, 8 Fairholme-road, Crosby.

1873 Harpin, Edward, c/o Messrs. Bates, Stokes & Co. 14, Water-street.
1868 Hayward, E. K. National Steam Ship Company, Water-street.
1869 Healey, George F. Oakfield, Gateacre.

1868 Higgin, Thomas, Ethersall, Roby.

1873 *Higgins, Rev. H. H. M.A. 29, Falkner-square.

1887 *Hornell, James, 105A, Grove-street.

1887 Houlgrave, Henry, Crosby-road, South, Seaforth.

1880 Howell, John Job, Branksome, Cearns-road, Birkenhead.

1882 Johnson, Alfred, Stainborne Villa, Westminster-road, Liscard.

Elected.

1874
1881
1882
1868
1886
1883
1875
1884
1887
1885
1887
1884
1868
1868
1883
1883
1855
1880

— «:1884

1880
1878
1879
1883
1868

1883
— 1879

1882
1879
1880
1888
1876
1886
1868
1872
1885
1886
1879

1868

1875
1879
1882

19

Jones, C. W. Field House, Prince Alfred-road, Wavertree.
Kendall, Henry, B.A. 17, Marmion-road.
Lahy, James, 23, Lilly-road, Fairfield.
Lambert, James, M.D. 80, Price-street, Birkenhead.
*Larkin, Frederick Charles, M.R.C.S. 29, Bedford-street North.
Lee, Charles George, M.R.C.S. 73, Rodney-street.
*Leicester, Alfred, Enfield-place, 24, Aughton-road, Birkdale.
Lewis, J. Harbord, F.L.S. 145, Windsor-street.
Lewis, Edward, 24, Tiber-street, Prince’s Park.
Lloyd, Thomas Isaac, L.D.S. 36, Bold-street.
Mahon, George, 86, Anfield-road, Anfield.
Maples, Arthur, 51, The Elms, Peel-street.
Masters, F. H. Fairfield-terrace, Tranmere.
Moore, Thomas J. Cor. Mem. Z.S. Museum, William Brown-street.
Mossop, Thomas, 7, Westmorland-road, Liscard, Cheshire.
Muskett, Thompson, F.C.S. 75, Newby-street, Stanley Park.
Muskett, Mrs. Thompson, 75, Newby-street, Stanley Park.
*Narramore, William, 5, Geneva-road, Elm Park.
Newall, Edward, 14, Elm-grove, Tranmere.
*Newton, J. Banner, Sunnyside, Prince’s Park.
Nicholson, Robert, 11, Harrington-street,
*Oelrichs, William, F.R.Met. Soc. Sunnyside, Wexford-road, Oxton.
Oliver, Thomas, Tarbuck-road, Huyton.
Owen, Peter, The Elms, Capenhurst, near Chester.
Padley, Fred. 15, Church-street.
Parkinson, John Charles, Alexandra-road, Waterloo.
Patterson, C. S. M.B.C.M. 16, Devonshire-road.
Paul, Frank T. F.R.C.S. 44, Rodney-street.
Pendlebury, William Martin, 17, Tithebarn-street.
Pierce, F. N. 143, Smithdown-lane.
Quayle, Alfred, 182, Regent-road.
*Read, William H. 6, Dingle-lane.
Roberts, Edward, Wilbraham Cottage, Melling.
Roberts, Isaac, F.G.S. Kennessee, Maghull,
Robertson, Helenus R. Glendaragh, Livingstone-drive South.
Routledge, Tom, Stanley Park, Litherland.
Rowlandson, William, Parkfield, Spital.
Ryland, William, 5, Eldon-terrace, Rock Ferry.
*Ryley, Thomas Cropper, 31, Alexandra-drive.
Scholefield, Joshua William, J.P. 33, Pembroke-road, Bootle.
Schofield, Philip H. 1, Shrewsbury-road, Birkenhead.

20
Elected.
1884 Shillinglaw, William, L.D.S. Hamilton-square, Birkenhead.
1879 Smith, Andrew T. Jun. 13, Bentley-road, Prince’s Park.
1884 Stead, Edward F. Park-hill, Victoria Park, Aintree. “4
1886 Stewart, W. H. L.D.S. 37, Rodney-street.
1873 Stone, John, Archway-road, Huyton.
1874 Stuart, Peter, Jun. M.D. Elm House, Seaforth.
1882 *Tate, Alex. Norman, F.I.C. F.LS. F.R.M.S. 9, Hackins-hey. :
~ 1868 Thomas, George, 30, King-street, Rock Ferry.
1873 *Thompson, Isaac Cooke, F.L.S. F.R.M.S. Woodstock, Waverley-road.
1879 Tooker, E. G. Castletown, Isle of Man. |
1879 Vicars, John, 8, St. Alban’s-square, Bootle.
1886 Walker, George E. F.R.C.S. 43, Rodney-street.
1877 _ Wall, Joseph, 424, Everton-brow.
1868 Walmsley, G. G. 50, Lord-street.
1887 Westby, George, M.K.Q.C.P.I. Farmleigh, Lodge-lane.
1884 Williams, David, 156, Chatham-street.
1871 *Williams, J. Michael, F.R.M.S. 156, Chatham-street.
1887 Williams, P. P., 143, Grove-street.
1886 Williams, Thomas, F.C.S. 4, York Buildings, Dale-street.
1887 Wiilmer, Miss Laura, Fernlea, 94, Westbourne-road, Birkenhead.
1879 Wilson, Henry, M.R.C.S. 22, High-street, Wavertree.
1869 Wood, J. J. 20, Lord-street.
1868 Woolloxall, Thomas, 21, Houghton-street.
1872 Wyllie, Andrew, 1, Leicester-street, Southport.
1884 Young, Thos. Fred. M.R.C.S. &c. 12, Merton-road, Bootle.

ASSOCIATE MEMBER.

Mortimer, Captain (care of Mr. T. J. Moore, Free Museum).

N ATURAL

BIST

-

——<- <— F a vg VwEewo*.*

Lees S28 og : ;

3 wes — NATURAL I a= a
_@>

ar P—<O) Nu
aN Y

) GG QP
TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

LIVERPOOL

a

- MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY,

ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS,
AND LIST OF MEMBERS.
JANUARY, 1891.

LIVERPOOL:
TURNER, ROUTLEDGE AND CO, PRINTERS.

MDCCCXCI. & ;

TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT

LIVERPOOL

MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY.

ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS,
AND LIST OF MEMBERS.
JANUARY, 1891.

LIVERPOOL:
TURNER, ROUTLEDGE AND CO, PRINTERS.

MDCCCXCI.

Liverpool Microscopical Rocicty.

SESSION XXIII. 1891.

Past Presilents:

BIRKBECK NEVINS, M.D. | WILLIAM CARTER, M.D.,F.R.C.P.

WM. BANISTER, B.A. W. H. WEIGHTMAN, F.R.M.S.

. Dr. DALLINGER, F.R.S., FRANK T. PAUL, F.R.C.S.
V.P.R.M.S. | CHARLES BOTTERILL, F.R.M.S.

ABRAHAM.
eon worms | P-% SAAR oS. ee a

NEWTON, M.R.C.S. A. NORMAN TATE, F.I. De F.C.S..
. HENRY H. HIGGINS, M.A. F.R.MS.
RGE F. CHANTRELL. ISAAC C. THOMPSON, aie a

OFFICERS AND COUNCIL ELECTED 16th JANUARY, 1891.

Presitent :
WILLIAM CARTER, M.D., F.R.C.P.

Vire-Presidents :
ISAAC OC. THOMPSON, F.L.S., F.R.M.S.
A. NORMAN TATE, F.I.C., F.C.S., F.R.M.S.

Qon. Ureasurer: Bun. Serretarn:
. MICHAEL WILLIAMS, F.R.M.S. WM. OELRICHS, F.R.Met.Soc., F.R.M.S.

Hun. Curator:
ALFRED LEICESTER.
: Cnuuril:

HOMAS BIRKS. FREDERICK (©. LARKIN, F.R.C.S.
RLES BOTTERILL, F.R.M.S. | WILLIAM NARRAMORE, F.L.S.
OUGHBY GARDNER. JOHN NEWTON, M.R.C.S.

SEPH GOULD. WILLIAM H. READ.

H. H. HIGGINS, M.A. THOMAS C. RYLEY.

HORNELL. ANDREW T. SMITH, Jun.

TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

LIVERPOOL MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY.

N presenting their Twenty-second Annual Report the Council
e much pleasure in stating that the Society's work during
past session has been throughout successful and gratifying.
Meetings have been well attended, and lively interest has
een shown by the Members in the proceedings, while at the
ersaziones the number of interesting and novel exhibits
been fully up to the average of previous years. The Notes
Papers read during the session have been much appreciated,
pear testimony to the earnest desire of the Society to
ribute its share to the furtherance of Microscopical Science.

: 1 he Council embrace this opportunity to tender their thanks
e Members who have read Papers and exhibited at the

‘The Society's Library and Cabinet have been augmented by
4 number of valuable donations, for which the Council heartily
ank the donors.

During the year sixteen new Members have joined the Society,
hile five have resigned, thus showing an increase of ten, and
e total numbers now stand at one hundred and twenty-five
, eight Honorary, and one Associate Members.

vi.

~The third number of the Journal was issued to Members early
in the year, and it is contemplated to publish another volume
shortly.

In conclusion the Council express the hope that all Members
will endeavour to contribute their share towards the prosperity
and usefulness of the Society, and that a full measure of success
will crown its future work. ‘

The following is a summary of the proceedings of the Society
during the year 1890:—

January 17th. —The President elect, Mr. Isaac C. THompeson, F.L.S., F.R.M.S.,
delivered his inaugural address, the subject being :—‘‘ Types of Meta-
morphosis in the Development of the Crustacea.”

February 7th.—The President exhibited and read some notes upon ‘‘ Halobates
Wiillerstorffi,” a Pelagic Insect found on the surface of the Southern and
Indian Oceans, far from any land ; the specimens exhibited having been
found amongst surface material taken in the Bay of Bengal.

Mr. J. M. Wriitams, F.R.M.S., made some remarks on the subject of
“« Colour Markings on Shells,” illustrated by diagrams and drawings.

Mr. James HornELL communicated his investigation of the ‘‘ Tube-
dwelling Marine Worm, ‘ Dasychone lucullana.’ ”

Mr. W. H. Reap exhibited and explained by means of various diagrams
a Dividing Engine for ruling Micrometers.

At the Conversazione the following subjects were illustrated :—

Chlamydococcus pluvialis, free swimming Algz......... ALFRED LEICESTER.
Colour markings on the smaller Mollusca ............... J. M. WILLIAMs.
Dany pode Weirtipes: ce.<s.cvse- snase-dpaverssdeensa~scehauueuees Wo. OELRICHS.
Dasychone lucullana (a rare Tube forming Annelid)

illustrated by a series of Slides ................s:0seeeeees JAMES HORNELL.

Euglena Sanguinea and Astasia, Flagellate Infusoria... WM. NARRAMORE.
Entire Sponges: Sycon ciliatum and Grantia com-
ECSSRL. caceckscues cokes caer cca tevsqcoteeeds Same tar onr'aeseateny
Improved Micrometer Guage, for measuring thickness
OF ‘SOCMONS GG: - wet x naccetee at Vekemeteenencs ress Deccyes
Foraminifera from Barbadoes ............ssesssccecee soeee
Deep Soundings from Red Sea..............085 Redestvesveyt J. J. Howe,

C. H. H. WALKER. 7

i). Fungi : Xenodochus carbonarius, Phragmidium viola-

i ceum, Peziza scutellata, &C. ........sesescereeeeeeeeeeesee THOS. BIRKS,
Hair of Polar Hare, showing cells containing air

making the hair white .............:.cccssseesceeeeseesers R. NICHOLSON.
Halobates Wiillerstorffi, a Pelagic Insect found in the

Pete OCOD Sade g 28a ar caprseedcanecckecueeconecocvtss tees The PRESIDENT.
Micro-Chemical Crystals............cscccsecsssesssceeseeeeeees A. Norman TATE.
Nais EG OSCIUEY Peceicto sect Jatas'as<b. osetcrocuctentdelsss+easWemes J. GCULD.
Scales from Moth and other Insects..........5..:sceeeeeees JosEPH WALL.
Urticating Hair from the larva of Cnethocampa pro-

ERRIONGH pc chccchecedgadesssssece Us Faphbcce ction cnecenpeeeee eas F. N. PIERcE.

March 7th.—Mr. Wu. Narramore, F.L.S. communicated some interesting
notes on the Fission of Vorticella, which were illustrated with numerous
___ slides, shown by the lantern.

Rev. F. Battarp, M.A. read a Paper on ‘‘Life in Death, as shown
in Falling Leaves,” illustrated by lantern slides. é
Mr. A. T. Samira, Jun. exhibited a slide of the Proboscis of the Breeze Fly,

Mr. C. H. H. Waker followed with notes on the Spiracles of Insects,
illustrated with drawings on the board.

____ At the Conversazione the following subjects were illustrated :—

___ Acarus of Humble Bee, 259 taken from one Bee ......... The PRESIDENT.

_ Fungi: Trichia chrysosperma, Stemonitis fusca, Coma-
5 trichia, and other Myxomycetes ...........ceeeeeeeeeees Tuomas Birks.
_ Hair of Egyptian Mummy Cat ..........csceessessseseeseens Roser NICHOLSON.
Hemionitis palmata, Fructification............c00000- cee T. C. Ryney.
SANPIRRNE ICTE) ADI [GCLOW Sterene «+52... .2rc0sneccectancsecnsnts ses W. H. Reap.
_ Nyeteribia Hopei, Parasite of Indian Flying Fox ...... Wm. OELRICHS.

__ Palates of Mollusca, various.....1......0- sesceeceeeee screenees J. M. WILLIAMs.
Plumose Hairs of Liparis auriflua ..........cscceeeseeeeees F. N. Prerce.
__ Proboscis of Breeze Fly (Tabanus), mounted without
RINNRINLE on coi sc, jo cs tke Cpe Reon yceectecens axeeav a c3 A. T. Suiru, Jun.
_ Section of Sponge: Tethya Schmidtii .....................F, PADLEY.

_ Spiracles of Insects and Corophium longicorne, ova,

larvae and adults (20 slides) .............sssseecseeeseeeees C. H. H. WALKER.
MM HEX TIVULOTUM. ...25....--..-a0esescceacencussvconedssoecocene J. GouLp.

‘Various Slides to illustrate Paper .............ccc0esceeeeees Rev. F BALLarp.
BOVOUCENG y..-ccepevecsecesneessscessecsnccasecsersensseseanssensnes Wm. NARRAMORE.

Vili.
March 28th.—Mr. J. J, Howe. exhibited and explained a New Lamp for

burning Wax in lieu of Oil.

’

Mr. Tuos. Brrxs read a Paper on some ‘‘Myxomycetes,” which was

illustrated by Lantern Slides,

Mr. F. C. Larkin, F.R.C.S., read a Paper on “‘ Epithelium,” profusely
illustrated by Lantern Slides and numerous Microscopical specimens.

At the Converzazione the following subjects were illustrated :—

Brachyura and Echinii, various specimens, mounted

BULLD Pay sareredse cake vests eoses coetetn recone vere ase C. H. H. WALkKeEr.
OH AGLORASLEN. toa clesstdnats dese derieoter scone aneotc ets ccteg ceo eren ss J. GouLp.
(Cristal ACOMSbICR. seccre sects. ae aye rars oeceutannienseeeay verse W. H. Reap.
Crystalline lense ‘of Mra gis ac. wrens secsepe crewsveunloa ene ALFRED LEICESTER.
Wpithelenm Ob Sia ec. sears-naseaseacassseeesevt ss edeaessees

Do. TMPGSHNG vans cas ctceseeccoaecesastesdaveserpaes }5. M. WInLTsae

Epithelial cells of Salivary Glands ... .............ss0e00 R. S. SANDFORD.
Epithelial cells of Liver, Pancreas, &¢. ...... ce.sseeeee F, C, LARKIN.
Extyituni; Of Mt yi pod: )3;. ccssades' «apeaconont @esasconsas ons A. JOHNSON.
Fungi—Diderma globosum. &¢+ ......scceseesesseceeeeeere THoMAS Birks.
Tleum of Cat (transverse section).. ..........cscseseeeenees T. C. RYLEY.
TSAtIN—LOF LPOLATISCOPC, «cisccetandseneiete vice «cderecsys aes J. HArzBorD LEWIs.
New Lamp for burning Wax ..... ... sete n= 22 Ane J. J. HOWELL.
Ova and Embryos of Scoloplos armiger, an Annelid

ME WatOue CISWICec: ars wacversueneees parses esi sa) cageda> d= JAMES HORNELL.
Pinna of Cow’s Ear (transverse section) ...........0fe0e08 Rosert NIcHOLson.
Retina and Retinal Pigment Epithelium ............... Wm. NARRAMORE.
Sections of Tongue—Man, Sheep and Cat.............. The PRESIDENT.
Spiracles of Dytiscus marginalis .........scesseseeeeeeeenes Rev. F. BALLARD.
Dasber Ua meecciateraects cake sek spacmmcvbeavaty es Sans seas Wo. OELRICHS.

May 2nd.—Mr, WiLtLouGHBY GARDNER read some notes on “The Hair of
Mammoth,” which he exhibited, and gave an account of the life history of
this extinct animal.

Mr. ALEXANDER BArron, M.D. followed with a Paper on ‘‘Phagocytosis,”
which was illustrated with a number of diagrams, and in which he princi-
pally referred Anthrax, Rabies, Leprosy, &c.

At the Conversazione the following subjects were illustrated :—

Amphipoda, various, found on Alge attached to
ship’s bottom after a voyage from Iquique ...... I. C. THompson.
Fresh Water Alge, Chaetophora tuberculosa ...... THos. Birks,

aX,

Hair of the Mammoth, Elephas primigenius from

BETIS dig dea scebaxressenses os.ccascsecs¥ntas ere WILLoucHBy GARDNER.
Hormospora transversalis and other fresh water
PME Mreaeead.Warclssetntusv-ccasscvahtsceersecnsnvNsetaseses Wm. NARRAMORE.
; BETHUPN KLIN, jceedtvenaaceoscacatncnaesees stecuscccesvaatas T. C. Ryry.
| Lumbricus terrestris (transverse sections) ........ J. GOULD.
PRNPPIE OT TEGS LC ee. es des veice¥ ssacae csnoshesccccenaceaecneanose R. NicHoLson.
MIRED ice ree odtcc tar --o< «<sesdascenceeseetarcecs R. S. SANDFORD.
Ean cee Sein afore sins sises'u ta cdeleSoamatdnatee ens ca Jos. WALL.
Section of fossil Shark’s tooth .........cccceeeceeeeoes W. H. Reap.
Section of compound Ascidian and free swimming
Me Pete va) OF SAMIC facc..-cshoccis-s.e00essenens seaperaaaies F, PApLey.
“oD feb) aeoccnedde GUAC6: | See etree oa ee DEBE EES eer oEoe .. ©, H. H. WALKER.
Various, to illustrate Paper ...........ssseeeeeeene ees ALEXANDER BARRON.
Do. OMIM WN. c).oe vacsoccsaseodcaens J. M. WIAs.
Do. CRIN IE Tes so ccnce x soe eemeteaneian’s Wm. OELRICHS.

October Srd.—Wri.1aM Carter, M.D. F.R.C.P. was unanimously elected
President of the Society for the year 1891. j

Mr. T. C. Ryuey referred to the Conversazione of the Chester Society as
a very successful gathering.

Mr. C. H. H. WALKER read a Paper on ‘‘ Differentiation of the Sexes in
Insecta,” illustrated with diagrams and drawings.

At the Conversazione the following subjects were illustrated :—

’
4
q
i
a
‘a
*
}

Caligus Miilleri, parasite of Cod, pair of lunules or
sucking discs on the lower surface of frontal

PEE etsee cue esos conurticenvaomnreh ss actressrtneantat ri'ss2 I. C. THompson.
Eggs of Limnaea stagnalis ............cccceeeee eeeeneee Jos. WALL.
Pern Of OULCUIIO:.,..-<maddatosdsepscsyaatvecarewaien es W. H. Reap.
Male Genital Armature of the genus Hepialus

BRP IOOPEEDA) |. ssaccuccdee tees niet se vvsuseeersaceeeanes F. N. PIerce.
Ovipositor of Ichneumon ......... ........ss008 cones ane A. JOHNSON.
Parts of Water Boatman, Notonecta glauca ......... ALFD. LEICESTER.
Specimens to illustrate Paper ...........-ssecseseeneeene Wo. OELRICHS.

Do. GOm i Piensa son ser cudesese ietehes C. H. H. WALKER.
Do. GOs) Pe atiten, ay cease eaeeenneeere J. M. WILLraMs.
Spinal Cord of Calf (transverse section)..... ...... .. J. GovuLp.

. Wing of Polyommatus Alexis, peculiar to male
GMECUM ayes sms osaest sesicusessiaeks«s (cba veeuseneuempainos J, HORNELL.

;

November 7th.—Myr. Toomas Comper, F.L.S., read a paper on ‘‘ Photomicro-
graphy,” in which he gave a full explanation of the working of the Camera —
and Microscope: he also exhibited a series of photographs of Diatomacex
and other objects, made by him.

There was no Conversazione on this evening.

December 5th —Mr. Wiu1AM Oetricus, F.R.M.S., exhibited photographs of
various Bacilli taken and published by Dr. Robert Koch of Berlin.

Mr. James Horne tt referred to and described with drawings his exhibit,
‘‘Northia conchylega,”’ an Annelid new to the district.

Mr. Tuomas Brrks read a paper ‘‘On Some of the Smaller Fungi,” illus-
trated by drawings and numerous well prepared specimens.

At the Conversazione the following subjects were illustrated :—

FAicidium Ranunculacearum ..........-cseeceseceeeceeeeeseecaes W. H. Reap.
Eurotium Aspergillus glaucus, &e. .........::eceeeeeeeeeee eee Wm. NARRAMORE,
Hungus off & Banana.....206..cecscctas cc seeerosscressssedeass F, N. PIeRce.
Opktlient MUNDUS. c.y.. 2h .ssvcureporegeciéal-asxereavatyestsenine J. GOULD.
POZIZANACTILALINEAT, -/.3\cocedosSeathescasaesnescauslscnescnatdaessa6y Tuos. Brrxs.

Phra SmidiUM PTACIUE... vrsdecesseevenveresanodavvesssvuesssannas T. C. Ryney.
Phragmidium violaceum, XC. .......:scccssseeeeeeseseeeceeees A. N. TATE.
RGesieliaiacoratan Sc0: jecccsde os phdceekcdarvisares dans ssessaces Wo. OELRICHSs.
Stemonitis fusca, Craterium pyriforme ..............0000+ A. LEICESTER.
Xenodochus carbonarius, KC. .........cscscessccecerecsoeseces J. M. WituraMs.
Feather of young Starling in its follicle..............2.000+ A, JOHNSON.
Gloeocapsa sanguinea (Confervoid Alga) ..,............++

Cluster Cups (Acidium from leaf of Coltsfoot) ......... }1. C, Tao
Ne wallathe Aman. seo tiocers «vmgasicevactes ony cntten tte sin nsieDia ec ;
Deep Cell Mounts of some British Sponges............... }o. ey

Northia conchylega (an Annelid new to the district) ... JAs. HORNELL.

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I 0

LIVERPOOL MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY.

LIST OF MEMBERS,

JANUARY, 1891.

HONORARY MEMBERS.

Wiruam M. Bywater, 5, Hanover-square, London.

Artuur C. Coir, 171, Ladbroke Grove-road, Notting Hill, London, W.

W. G. CorrHELL, Tremont Temple, Boston, U.S.A.

Rev. Dr. Datiincer, F.R.S., V.P.R.M.S., London.

W. H. Gratrany, 10, Geneva Cottages, Torquay.

Professor THomAs Taytor, Chief of the Microscopical Staff, Agricultural
Department, Washington, U.S.A.

WASHINGTON TEASDALE, Headingley, Leeds.

Turren West, F.L.S., F.R.M.S., Furnell House, Frensham, Farnham, Surrey.

ORDINARY MEMBERS.

* Members of Council.
Elected.
1881 Abraham, Alfred Clay, Stanley Rock, St. George’s Mount, New Brighton.

1881 Abraham, Miss Emma C., Grassendale Park.

1880 Allen, Francis Birkbeck, 53, Newsham-drive.

1869 Archer, Francis, B.A., 14, Cook-street.

1878 Bacon, Tapley, The Slopes, Gateacre.

1883 Baker, Arthur, 7, Mill-lane, Liscard.

1882 Ballard, Rev. Frank, M.A., B.Sc., F.G.S., F.R.M.S., Eshe-road,
Great Crosby.

1868 Banister, Rev. W., B.A., St. James’s-mount.

1883 Barron, Alexander, M.B., M.R.C.S., 31, Rodney-street.

1883 Berey, T'. Bickesteth, 21, Edge-lane.

1889 *Birks, Thomas, 25, High Park-street.

1878 *Botterill, Charles, F.R.M.S., 46, Fern-grove, Sefton Park.

1890 Brocklehurst, Henry, Aigburth-drive, Sefton Park.

1890 Brocklehurst, Septimus, 305, Edge-lane,

1872 Browne, George Mansfield, 15, South Hill-road.

1875 Bruce, Thomas W., 27, Wapping.

“xii.

Chadburn, William, 71, Lord- fase
Clayton, John H., Adlington, Livingstone-drive.
Clinch, John William, Douglas, Isle of Man.
Comber, Thos., F.L.S., Leighton, Parkgate.
Cooper, Mrs. James T., 24, Shrewsbury-road, Oxton.
Cradock, Miss Lucy E., L.K.Q.C.P.1., 29, Catharine-street.
Dalby, Miss, Talbot House, Mather-road, Birkenhead.
Davies, Edward, F.C.S., Royal Institution, 88, Seel-street.
Davies, J., 69, Adelaide-street.
Davies, Thomas J., M.R.C.V.S., 2, St. Alban’s-road, Bootle.
Day, John H., 2, Carlton Mount, Allerton-road, Tranmere.
Deacon, H. Wade, Appleton House, Widnes.
Drysdale, John J., M.D., F.R.M.S., 36, Rodney-street.
Dumergue, A. F., 79, Salisbury-road, Wavertree.
Dwerryhouse, Arthur R., Hale, nr. Liverpool.
Edmonds, William, 69, The Albany, Oldhall-street.
Edwards, W. H., 59, Olney-street.
Evans, W. H., Wyllisholm, Huyton Hey-road, Huyton.
Faulkner, Frank, Langley, Oldbury.
Fryer, Miss Helen, 11, Rockfield-road, Anfield.
Fullerton, James, 67, Demesne-street, Seacombe.
Gardner, Joseph K., Jun., Trefoil, Freshfield-road, Freshfield.
2 *Gardner, Willoughby, C18, Exchange Buildings.
0 Gill, E. C., Belmont Villa, 7, Strathmore-road, Newsham Park.
8 Glynn, T. R., M.D., M.R.C.P., 62, Rodney-street.
79 Goodwin, Gilbert Smith, Rockville, 23, Anfield-road.
884 *Gould, Joseph, Littledale-road, Egremont.
885 Gray, George Watson, 14, Argyle-road, Garston,
Grisewood, William, 8, Fairholme-road, Crosby.
Harpin, Edward, c/o Messrs. Bates, Stokes and Co. 14, Water-street.
Hayward, E. K., National Steam Ship Company, Water-street.
9 Healey, George r, Oakfield, Gateacre.
3 *Higgins, Rev. H. HL, M.A., 29, Falkner-square.
“Hornell, James, 38, Church-street, Egremont.
Houlgrave, Henry, Crosby-road, South, Seaforth.
Howell, John Job, Branksome, Cearns-road, Birkenhead.
Johnson, Alfred, Stainborne Villa, Westminster-road, Liscard.
Jones, C. W., Field House, Prince Alfred-road, Wavertree.
l Lahy, James, 4, Oak-terrace, Beech-street.

86 “Larkin, Frederick Charles, F.R.C.S., 29, Bedford-street North.

Xlv.

Elected.

1883
1875
1884
1885
1890
1887
1899
1868
1889
1865
1890
1883
1883
1855
1880
1889
1878
1890
1879
1883
1868
1883
1879
1882
1879
1880
1888
1876
1886
1868
1885
1886
1879
1868
1875
1890
1879
1882
1889
1884
1890
1879

Lee, Charles George, M.R.C.S., 73; -Rodney-street.

*Leicester, Alfred, Enfield-place, 24, Aughton-road, Birkdale.
Lewis, J. Harbord, F.L.S., 145, Windsor-street.

Lloyd, Thomas Isaac, L.D.S., 36, Bold-street.

Lorimer, George, 31, Bank-road, Pootle.

Mahon, George, 86, Anfield-road, Anfield.

Marsh, Peter W., 1, Courtney-road, Waterloo.

Masters, F. H., Fairfield-terrace, Tranmere.

Monks, F. W., Brooklands, Warrington.

Moore, Thomas J., Cor. Mem. Z.8., Museum, William Brown-street.
Morgan, Joseph B., F.R.M.S., Stand House, Childwall.
Mossop, Thomas, 7, Westmorland-road, Liscard, Cheshire.
Muskett, Thompson, F.C.S., 75, Newby-street, Stanley Park.
Muskett, Mrs. Thompson, 75, Newby-street, Stanley Park.

*Narramore, William, F.L.S., 5, Geneva-read, Elm Park.

*Newton, John, M.R.C.S8., 44, Rodney-street.

Nicholson, Robert, 11, Harrington-street,

Nickels, W. L., 16, Forrest-road, Claughton.

*Oelrichs, Wm., F.R.Met.Soc., F.R.M.S., Sunnyside, Wexford-road, Oxton.
Oliver, Thomas, Tarbuck-road, Huyton.

Owen, Peter, The Elms, Capenhurst, near Chester.
Padley, Fred., 15, Church-street.

Parkinson, John Charles, Alexandra-road, Waterloo.
Patterson, C. S., M.B.C.M., 16, Devonshire-road.
Paul, Frank T., F.R.C.S., 38, Rodney-street.
Pendlebury, William Martin, 17, Tithebarn-street,
Pierce, F. N., 143, Smithdown-lane.

Quayle, Alfred, 182, Regent-road.

*Read, William H., Eden Cottage, Holland-road, Liscard.
Roberts, Edward, Clifton Villa, Halewood-road, Gateacre.
Robertson, Helenus R., Glendaragh, Livingstone-drive South.
Routledge, Tom, Stanley Park, Litherland.

Rowlandson, William, Parkfield, Spital.
Ryland, William, 5, Eldon-terrace, Rock Ferry.

*Ryley, Thomas Cropper, 10, Waverley-road, Sefton Park.
Sandford, R. S., 28, Bidston-road, Oxton.

Scholefield, Joshua William, J.P., 33, Pembroke-road, Bootle.
Schofield, Philip H., 1, Shrewsbury-road, Birkenhead.

Shaw, W. G., 48, Bidston-road, Oxton.

Shillinglaw, William, L.D.S., Hamilton-square, Birkenhead.
Shilston, Miss Bessie, 1, Saltoun-terrace, Seacombe.

*Smith, Andrew T., Jun., 13, Bentley-road, Prince’s Park.

— eS

XV.

4 Stuart, Peter, Jun., M.D.. Elm House, Seaforth.
*Tate, Alex. Norman, F.I.C., F.LS., F.R.M.S., 9, Hackins-hey.

é *Thompson, Isaac Cooke, F.L.S., F.R.M.S., Woodstock, Waverley-road.
Vicars, John, 8, St. Alban’s-square, Bootle.

Walker, Charles H. H., Mossy Bank, Egremont,

Walker, George E., F.R.C.S., 438, Rodney-street.

Wall, Joseph, 424, Everton-brow.

Walmsley, G. G., 50, Lord-street.

¢ Wardleworth, Theo. H., 56, Hanover-strect.

09 Warriner, J. Brack, 414, North John-street.

9 Watson, C.S., 50, Bidston-road, Oxton.

1 *Williams, J. Michael, F.R.M.S., 156, Chatham-street.

7 Williams, P. P., 143, Grove-street.

6 Williams, Thomas, F.C.S., 4, York Buildings, Dale-street.
Willmer, Miss Laura, Fernlea, 94, Westbourne-road, Birkenhead.
Wilson, Henry, M.R.C.S., 22, High-street, Wavertree.

9 Wood, J. J., 20, Lord-street.

Wyllie, Andrew, 1, Leicester-street, Southport.

34 Young, Thos. Fred., M.R.C.S., &c. 12, Merton-road, Bootle.

ASSOCIATE MEMBER.
Mortimer, Captain (care of Mr. T. J. Moore, Free Museum).

BRITISH
MUSEUM
5 DEC 21
NATURAL
HISTORY.

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OF THE

a LIVERPOOL

_ MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY.

ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS,
AND LIST OF MEMBERS.
JANUARY, 1893.
o> LIVERPOOL:
d TURNER, ROUTLEDGE AND CO, PRINTERS,
: MDCOOXCIll. &
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:

TWENTY-FOURTH ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

LIVERPOOL

MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY.

ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS,
AND LIST OF MEMBERS.
JANUARY, 1893.

LIVERPOOL:
TURNER, ROUTLEDGE AND CO. PRINTERS.

MDCCCXCIll.

SESSION XXV.

1893.

Hast Presitents:

JOHN BIRKBECK NEVINS, M.D.
Rev. WM. BANISTER, B.A.
Rev. Dr. DALLINGER, F.RB.S.,

Hon.Sec. R.M.S.
JOHN ABRAHAM.
J. J. DRYSDALE, M.D., F.R.M.S.
JOHN NEWTON, M.R.C.S.
Rev. HENRY H. HIGGINS, M.A.
GEORGE F. CHANTRELL.
J. S. HICKS, F.R.C.S., F.L.S.

WILLIAM CARTER, M.D., F.R.C.P.
W. H. WEIGHTMAN, F.R.M.S.
FRANK T. PAUL, F.R.C.S.
CHARLES BOTTERILL.

Rev. F. BALLARD, M.A., B.Sc.,
F.G.8., RMS.
A. NORMAN TATE, F.LC., F.G.S.,
F.R.M.S.
ISAAC C. THOMPSON, F.LS.,
F.R.MS.

OFFICERS AND COUNCIL ELECTED 20th JANUARY, 1893.

President :
F. CHARLES LARKIN, F.R.C.S.

Pirr~ Presidents :
WILLIAM CARTER, M.D., F.R.C.P.
JOHN NEWTON, M.R.C.S.

Gon. Oreasurer:
ROBERT NICHOLSON.

Hou. Secretary:
A. T, SMITH, Jun.

Han. Curator:
ALFRED LEICESTER.

Euuaril:

THOMAS BIRKS.

HERBERT E. DAVIES, B.A.
JOSEPH GOULD.

G. H. MORTON, F.G.S.
WILLIAM NARRAMORE, F.L.S.
WM. OELRICHS, F.R.M.S.

F.N. PIERCE, F.E.S.

WILLIAM H. READ.

EDWARD ROBERTS.

I. C. THOMPSON, F.L.S., F.R.M.S.
C. H. H. WALKER.

J. M. WILLIAMS, F.R.M.S.

TWENTY-FOURTH ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

LIVERPOOL MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY.

Turn Council have the honour to present the Twenty-fourth
Annual Report, and are able to state that the Meetings have

been well attended, and that the Session has been productive of

ee CCC

good work in furtherance of the objects of the Society.

The Papers read and Demonstration Lecture given during
the year have been highly interesting, and much appreciated,
and the thanks of the Society are due to the various Lecturers.

The number of exhibits at the Monthly Conversaziones,

_ although of great excellence, does not show the increase which
the Council had expected, and it is hoped that Members will
bear in mind that the success of the meetings depends in a

_ large measure on ample and interesting exhibitions at the

‘. Conyersaziones. To those Members who have exhibited at the

meetings during the past session, as well as to the donors to
the Cabinet and Library, the Council express their warmest
thanks.

The Society has to mourn the loss by death of several of its

oldest and most valued Members, and the Council desire to

lV.

record their deep gratitude for and appreciation of the services
rendered to the Society by the late Francis Arcuer, T. J.
Moore, Dr. Dryspate and A. Norman Tate, the two latter
having filled the Presidential chair with great distinction.
During the past Session nine new Members have been
enrolled, while the loss through resignation and death amounts
to twenty. The total numbers at present are—one hundred and
four Ordinary, seven Honorary and one Associate Members.
The following is a summary of the proceedings of the Society

during the year 1892:—

January 15th.—The President elect, Mr. Witt1AM Carter, M.D., F.R.C.P.,
delivered his Inaugural Address, subject—‘‘ Some Facts and Fallacies of the

Microscope.”

February 19th.—In consequence of the continued illness of Mr. C. H. H.
WALKER, the reading of his Paper, originally fixed for the 5th, was again
postponed.

Mr. I. C. Toompson, F.L.S., F.R.M.S., kindly took his place, and read
a Paper on ‘‘ Diffraction and Aperture as affecting Microscopical Vision,”

with Illustrations.

March 4th.—The following Paper was read by Mr. Josepn DAvies :—‘“ Pedesis,
or the Brownian Movement of Particles.”

At the Conversazione the following subjects were illustrated :—

ChalkswatheNamiiniltes | eeseccs.;>.ccdderesacesorsscarenrencees J. M. WILirAMs.
Fresh Water Alge, Characium Sieboldii, &c. ............ Tuos. Brrks.
Hisperia Linea and Lineola, and their distinction ...... F. N. PIEnce.
Pterodina Patina and Variety) ....-.atsessossrcassaceeeccncesos Wa. NARRAMORE.
Section of Rhinoceros! Horn. .......sgkassscsscsesetecsscnsnee W. H. Reap.
Pedetic motion of Pumice Stone particles suspended in

PULTE WALGER Sete otse ss cetasetes.o<dRmEnIvce so ecccntaxunnne A. N. Tare.
Pedetic motion of Gamboge particles suspended in sap

EPOTN A NCE ROC pocdeaenetesnsns SMR arses noe encoun tees JosEPH DAVIES.
Pedetic motion of Indigo particles suspended in ordinary

WALCL MC! scescqctunscasascurescvee Rye ccscteccvesstosPuss G. W. Gray.

Vv.

_Aprit 1st.—The following Paper was read by Mr. Wu. Narramone, F.L.S. :-—
**Notes on Fresh Water Alege.”

At the Conversazione the following subjects were illustrated :—

Apiocystis Brauniana, with cilia............cessseceeeeeees F. C. LARKIN,
Batrachospermum moniliforme ..........sseeeeeeeseceeees F, B. ALLEN.
@hetophora Cle@ans .......00.2sceescesescsecseuresereeesenes W. H. Epwarps.
Chlamydococeus nivalis ....... 1.66 teeeeseneeecseeeeeee ees P. W. Marsa.
Closterium Jenneri, showing pedesis .............s0see008 JosErH DAVIES.

DE GBCH ta SCUOLA «2. \seare-os-ca.00-sscnilenbacersseessnceses T. C. RyLeEy.
Cosmarium premorsum, showing pedesis ..........+06+ A, Norman Tare.
Cylindrocystic V. Conferva ............ssseccssscoescreeenes A, LEICESTER.
PPA pATMAlia, PYUMOSA!,..:22.00000--+.0.cWasenaardacswevacese F. PApLEY.
MinteromMorpha TAMULOSA ......2..0..0sccaecsecaserecenscnses A. T. SMITH.
Hildenbrandtiacce: rivularis - .............cescceesseevesees Miss J. H. WILLMER.
Hormospora transversalis ...........:ssccsecceesesseceeceaees J. M. WittiaMs.
Microspora floccosa............sescsecssccoseeves eosaCe Rea W. H. Reap.
Microthamnion Kuetzingianum ...............ssecceeeeees Miss LAvRA WILLMER.
Mischococcus confervicola.............:ssecssccsecsseseeneces C. H. H. WALKER.
SSH SPPEN CUNT Gd, watts Suisvevesuos cops cptieseoenalwyscesormsc JOSEPH WALL.
eres ACEI secR tet he -ec cacao +. «- -veaecbas eacceacnece F. N. Pierce.
Spirogyra bellis, stained ...........-..sesesvosssssonveccenss A. JOHNSON.
Berrotyie OLLNOSPIGA|susettesss+co.<s+-oesedensesvenvasceussese Hersert Davies.
PRP CDELOMINIA GENUG ec apasess cos sc++ssscbuatardavenscoseseres W. H. Reap.
Wetraspora Pelatinosa...........3........scesecessccceswessvass THos. OLIVER.
Ulothrix and Schizogonium................4. ebaisucescavace’ Tuos. BIRKs.
Vaucheria sessilis, with parasite ...........ssccsseseeseeees Wm. NARRAMORE.

Ze Vaucheria terrestris in reproduction ............ssecesees J. GOULD.

&

May 6th.—The following Paper was read by Mr. Herzerr E. Davis, B.A.

pi!
é

(Camb ) B.Sc. (Lond.):—‘‘ The Aldehyde-Theory of Protoplasm.”’

At the Conversazione the following subjects were illustrated :—

Spirogyra, showing silver reduction .........scesseeeeees Hersert E. DAviEs.
: Ey Mescogysa, natural stata: fepnag se0+-..-cueecsperesvenessoness Wa. NarRaMoreE.
& | Spirogyra poisoned with Strychnine, showing silver
MGAMCIAOIN-< 0 <ccannanacvase¥avae+a+. ./dueenenactessactaresos THos. Birks.
Acronycta Psi and Tridens ...........ss00..ssssccsvsecccoee F. N. Pierce.
PAMIMTICNS HELMINAlS ~. 2.5. sccs2.s-.. +c feenerntwaneans -sees A, JOHNSON.
@archesium, Epistylis, &c. ..........cdsscessosadasaneesase J. WALL.
Closterium striolatum ...........cssccessecessseesecesecens Miss J. H. WILLMER.

Eggs of Noctua baja .......ccseeseeeseeeee. eesenennereenenees Louis LIVERSEDGE.

vi.

HOLA Meter) (LOCAL) ceseceessncnssss-oeeeueaserscoacePonecc¥nns A. LEICESTER.
Fossil Bryozoa, &c. from the Miocene................0006 C. H. H. WALKER.
Manubrium of Nitella opaca .....ccsscceseeseeeeeeeateeens Miss LAURA WILLMER
Pinus Sylvestris, trams. Section .........-c0sseeeesserneeee W. H. Epwarps.
Plomintes ofsereridee (ale) ...0.scccceeresssacbseseseberase W. GARDNER.
Pollenvoh, Sa ALIS AUDA oecc.0s:.cbssncesnutepaescoestadeceets A. Norman TATE.
Pollen of Asparagus officinalis............cccsseeeeeeeeeeeee JOSEPH DAVIES.
Pollen of Lagerstromia Indica ...............sseeeeeeeeeeees Wm. Woo.corr.
Pro-embryo of Chara fragilis ...........sssesessssesceseees T. C. RyLzEy.
Section of Ulmus campestis .........sscs0sssscesssasccssenses J. M. WitiiaMs,

Do; . che Whygod Ody... s<cdeeseonrsssvecssconvucse F. C. LARKIN.

Do. Pollen grains, Marvel of Peru .............45 Tuos, OLIVER.

DO; UMS VILLA) cadpaedesupmenadecs«soscoraaecnes J. GOULD.

October 7th.—Demonstration Lecture :—‘‘Celloidin Embedding and Section
Cutting, with Special Reference to the Preparation of Serial Sections,”
by Mr. C. H. HeskeTH- WALKER.

At the Conversazione the following subjects were illustrated :—

Section of Sponge, Tethyra schmidtii.............:0000eee.ee F. C. LARKIN.
Do. through gills of Tench..........cscecccosssnenesseeeees J. C. THompson.
Wo. of Sapartia Parasitic ..-..descredrevecoc-veevseresnne J. M. WILLIAMs.
Sections of Aleyonium digitatum............cssecseeeseecewees Wm. OELRICHS.
Do. Sponge, Pachymatisma johnstonii (2 slides). ALFRED LEICESTER,
Do. Sponge, Halichondria panicea (2 slides)...... TuHos. Birks.
Serial Sections of Sponge (2 slides)..........:ssceseeseeeenees A. J. SMiru.
Do. Sponge, Sycandra compressa (2 slides) W. H. READ.
Do. Sponge, Leucandra johnstonii ......... ALFRED JOHNSON.
Do. Caterpillar, Picris brassicz (2 slides).. Jos. GouLD.
Do. Musca vomitoria, abdomen (4 slides).. Wo. NARRAMORE.
Do. Musca vomitoria, thorax (4 slides) ... F. N. Prerce.
Do. Musca vomitoria, head (2 slides) ...... C. H. H. WALKER.
Do. Syrphus, abdomen .1.........cssscsseseres

November 4th.—The following Paper was read by Mr. F. N. Prrrce, F.E.S, :—
‘*Notes on the Genitalia of Lepidoptera.” [Illustrations by the Oxy-
Hydrogen Lantern, by Mr. C. H. H. WALKER,

At the Conversazione the following subjects were illustrated :—

Genitalia of Anchocelis rufina ............sssssescecesccectecce I. C. THompson.
Do. Teeniocampa stablis ....2.c.0.cccesdecsesecseeness Wma. OELRICHS.
Do. Xanthia citrago ......... Pace rcecssccvcesss¥aers Jos, GOULD.

.
—

es

a - Genitalia of Miana fasciuncula...............4. sialinagha¥icke 8 a4 C. H. H. WALKER.
Ss Do. Xylina petrificata ............::seceseeeeeeeesseeee ROBT. NICHOLSON.
Do. WierteantaliGbOralis. .....ccentiscctersse aes seers Tuos. Brrks.
Do. PAPAMIGH, MCTNINGs.. .....:0dccneccceascecnesesnsssaes J. M. WiniiAMs.
Do, Teeniocampa gothica............ccoessecseseceeees ALFRED JOHNSON.
Do. Dianthecia cucubali...........sssccsesesssesseees Wma. NARRAMORE.
Do. Neuria saponarie..... ......csccceeeeeees isevade . A. T. Smiru.
Do. Mamestra ANCEPS ......-ccessccescensctscstoodeons W. H. Reap.
Do. Teeniocampa gracilis... ......s.ceeceeseeseeees . C. H. H. WALKER.
Do. Apamea oculea liste rattan AD LESTER,
Do. Tuperina [csespitis’.......cccaaccorscasccssccessenss Dr. LARKIN.
Do. Epunda lutulenta............. Wenner dseotsnagens . A, F. DUMERGUE.

ber 2nd.—The following Papers were read :—‘‘Notes on the Eyes of
Trilobites,” by Mr. G. H. Morton, F.G.S., and ‘‘ Notes on a Few of the
Recent Foraminifera,” by Mr. W. H. Reap. Illustrated by the Oxy-
- Hydrogen Lantern.

At the Conversazione the following subjects were illustrated :—

Amoeba difflugia, Nematocysts of Hydra ........ cc... Wm. NARRAMORE.
_ Arrangement of scales on the wing of Zygaena minos... F. N. Pierce.
__ Raphides and ducts in vegetable tissue ................00++. Rost. NicHOLson.
_ Eyes of Phacops caudatus, Oxygia Buchii. Asaphus
, FYTADNUS, ANG GUAGTS iy .i-s00-:2.csccetecedastessceesetatecs G. H. Morton.
WERAGHIDS <0. scuenssasantecsde 5n0) « SCORER _ se Jago CoDEEOHROROREE A. JOHNSON.
Recent Foraminifera—
Soundings of Red Sea ..........4002. BEN AER sce sho see W. H. Reap.
Do. In@inny Ocean ....:ekeeesescs casesetes see J. M. WILLIAMS.

Do. AtTartacsOCcan. .inegesusesces, sUsssaccsaet A. LEICESTER.

,

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a A a

LIVERPOOL MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY.

LIST OF MEMBERS,

JANUARY, 1893.

HONORARY MEMBERS.

Wirnam M. Bywater, 5, Hanover-square, London.

Artuur C. Coz, 171, Ladbroke Grove-road, Notting Hill, London, W.

W. G. CorrHEtt, Tremont Temple, Boston, U.S.A.

Rey. Dr. Dattincer, F.R.S., Hon.Sec.R.M.S., London.

W. H. Grarrann, 7, Scarborough-terrace, Torquay.

Professor THomas Taytor, Chief of the Microscopical Staff, Agricultural
Department, Washington, U.S.A.

WasHINGTON TEASDALE, Headingley, Leeds.

ORDINARY MEMBERS.

* Members of Council.
Elected.

1881 Abraham, Alfred Clay, Stanley Rock, St. George’s Mount, New Brighton.
1881 Abraham, Miss Emma C., Grassendale Park.

1880 Allen, Francis Birkbeck, 53, Newsham-drive.

1883 Baker, Arthur, 7, Mill-lane, Liscard.

1883 Barron, Alexander, M.B., M.R.C.S., 31, Rodney-street.
1883 Berey, T. Bickesteth, 145, Edge-lane.

1889 *Birks, Thomas, 25, High Park-street. :
1892 Blake, W. H., 15, Park-road.

1878 Botterill, Charles, 55, Upper Parliament-street.

1890 Brocklehurst, Henry, Aigburth-drive, Sefton Park.
1890 Brocklehurst, Septimus, 305, Edge-lane.

1875 Bruce, Thomas W., 27, Wapping.

x.

Elected.

1868
1882
1885
1899
1892
1884
1887
1874
1891
1888
1887
1879
1890
1889
1871
1871
1892
1882
1882
1868
1879
1884
1885
1882
1873
1892
1868
1869
1873
1887
1882
1874
1892
1892
1886
1892
1875
1891
1885
1887
189)
1868

*Carter, William, M.D., F.R.C.P., 78, Rodney-street.
Clayton, John H., Adlington, Livingstone-drive.
Clinch, John William, Douglas, Isle of Man.
Comber, Thos., F.L.S., Leighton, Parkgate.
Cooke, Miss Amy, Gorsey-hey, Liscard.
Cooper, Mrs. James T., 24, Shrewsbury-road, Oxton.
Dalby, Miss, Talbot House, Mather-road, Birkenhead.
Davies, Edward, F.C.S., Royal Institution, 88, Seel-street.
*Davies, Herbert E., B.A., 88, Seel-street.
Davies, J., 28, Robarts-road, Anfield.
Day, John H., Crosfield, Allerton-road, Tranmere.
Deacon, H. Wade, Appleton House, Widnes.
Dumergue, A. F., 7, Montpelier-terrace, Upper Parliament-street.
Dwerryhouse, Arthur R., Hale, nr. Liverpool.
Edmonds, William, 69, The Albany, Oldhall-street.
Evans, W. H., Wyllisholm, Huyton Hey-road, Huyton.
Forshaw, J. H., 89, Merton-road, Bootle.
Fullerton, James, 67, Demesne-street, Seacombe.
Gardner, Willoughby, C18, Exchange Buildings.
Glynn, T. R., M.D., M.R.C.P., 62, Rodney-street.
Goodwin, Gilbert Smith, Rockville, 23, Anfield-road,
*Gould, Joseph, Littledale-road, Egremont.
Gray, George Watson, 14, Argyle-road, Garston,
Grisewood, William, 40, Falkland-road, Egremont.
Harpin, Edward, c/o Messrs. Bates, Stokes and Co. 14, Water-street.
Haydon, W. T., 15, Great George-square.
Hayward, E. K., National Steam Ship Company, Water-street.
Healey, George F., Oakfield, Gateacre.
Higgins, Rev. H. H., M.A., 29, Falkner-square.
Houlgrave, Henry, Crosby-road South, Seaforth.
Johnson, Alfred, 6, Sea Bank-road, Egremont.
Jones, C. W., Field House, Prince Alfred-road, Wavertree.
Jones, Hugh R, M.D., 58a, Grove-street.
Knight, Charles, 105, Newsham-drive.
*Larkin, Frederick Charles, F.R.C.S., 54, Rodney-street.
Lee, H. P., Queen’s-road, Great Crosby.
*Leicester, Alfred, 1, Priory-gardens, Weld-road, Birkdale.
Liversedge, Louis, Crosby.
Lloyd, Thomas Isaac, L,D.S., 36, Bold-street.
Mahon, George, 2, St. Ambrose-road, Anfield.
Marsh, Peter W., 1, Courtney-road, Waterloo.
Masters, F. H., Fairfield-terrace, Tranmere.

oi

ected.
1890 Morgan, Joseph B., F.R.M.S., Stand House, Childwall.

1 *Morton, G. H., 209, Edge-lane.

3 Mossop, Thomas, 7, Westmorland-road, Liscard, Cheshire,
0 *Narramore, William, F.L.S., 5, Geneva-read, Elm Park.
9 *Newton, John, M.R.C.S., 44, Rodney-street.

1878 *Nicholson, Robert, 11, Harrington-street.

1890 Nickels, W. L., 16, Forrest-road, Claughton.

1879 *Oelrichs, Wm., F.R.Met.Soc., F.R.M.S., Sunnyside, Wexford-road, Oxton.

Oliver, Thomas, Woodland Cottage, Roby.

Owen, Peter, The Elms, Capenhurst, near Chester.

_ Padley, Fred., 15, Church-street.

f Parkinson, John Charles, Alexandra-road, Waterloo.
-1882 Patterson, C. S., M.B.C.M., 16, Devonshire-road.

fe 1879 Paul, Frank T., F.R.C.S., 38, Rodney-street.
1880 Pendlebury, William Martin, 17, Tithebarn-street.
1891 Philpots, H., M.D., 56, Shrewsbury-road, Oxton.
1888 *Pierce, F. N., F.E.S., 143, Smithdown-lane.

1876 Quayle, Alfred, 182, Regent-road.

1886 *Read, William H., Eden Cottage, Holland-road, Liscard.

1868 *Roberts, Edward, Clifton Villa, Halewood-road, Gateacre.
Robertson, Helenus R., Springhill, Wavertree.
Routledge, Tom, Crosby-road South, Seaforth.

Rowlandson, William, Parkfield, Spital.

Ryland, William, 5, Eldon-terrace, Rock Ferry.

Ryley, Thomas Cropper, 10, Waverley-road, Sefton Park.
Scholefield, Joshua William, J.P., 33, Pembroke-road, Bootle.
Schofield, Philip H., 1, Shrewsbury-road, Birkenhead.
Shillinglaw, William, L.D.S., Hamilton-square, Birkenhead.

9 *Smith, Andrew T., Jun., 13, Bentley-road, Prince’s Park.

Smith, J. Forrester, Newstead, Wavertree.

Smith, Rev. Wm. Hodson, 29, Hope-street.

Stead, Edward F., 10, Adelaide-terrace, Waterloo.

Stewart, W. H., L.D.S., 37, Rodney-street.

Stone, John, Huyton.

Thomas, George, 30, King-street, Rock Ferry.
*Thompson, Isaac Cooke, F.L.S., F.R.M.S., Woodstock, Waverley-road.
9 Vicars, John, 8, St. Alban’s-square, Bootle.

*Walker, Charles H. H., Mossy Bank, Egremont,

Walker, George E., F.R.C.S., 43, Rodney-street.

Wall, Joseph, 424, Everton-brow.
Walmsley, G. G., 50, Lord-street.
Wardleworth, Theo. H., 56, Hanover-street.

Xl.
Eiected.
1871 *Williams, J. Michael, F.R.M.S., 156, Chatham-street.
1886 Williams, Thomas, F.C.S., A, Queen Insurance Buildings.
1891 Willmer, Miss J. H., Fernleigh, Westbourne-road, Birkenhead.
1887 Willmer, Miss Laura, Fernleigh, Westbourne-road, Birkenhead.
1879 Wilson, Henry, M.D., M.R.C.S., 22, High-street, Wavertree.
1869 Wood, J. J., 20, Lord-street.
1892 Woolcott, William, 166, Grove-street.
1872 Wyllie, Andrew, 1, Leicester-street, Southport.

ASSOCIATE MEMBER.

Mortimer, Captain (care of Mr. T. J. Moore, Free Museum).

BRI DISH
MUSEUM

5 DEC 21

ATURAL
NiStO RY.

LIVERPOOL

MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY.

ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS,
AND LIST OF MEMBERS.
JANUARY, 1894.

LIVERPOOL:
TURNER, ROUTLEDGE AND 00. PRINTERS.

MDCCCXCIV.

TWENTY-FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT

LIVERPOOL

MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY.

ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS,
AND LIST OF MEMBERS.
JANUARY, 1894.

LIVERPOOL:
TURNER, ROUTLEDGE AND CO, PRINTERS.

MDCCCXCIV.

oF a7, es) KOSS
beal Y HIStS

Hlicroscopical Society.

Liverpool
SESSION XAVI. loge.

Past Presidents:

JOHN BIRKBECK NEVINS, M.D.
Rev. WM. BANISTER, B.A.

Rev. Dr. DALLINGER, F.R.S
Hon.Sec. R. M.S.
JOHN ABRAHAM.

J. J. DRYSDALE, M.D., F.R.MLS.
JOHN NEWTON, M.R.C.S.

Rev. HENRY H. HIGGINS, M.A.
GEORGE F. CHANTRELL.

J. S. HICKS, F.R.C.S., F.L.S,

WILLIAM CARTER, M.D., F.R.C.P.
W. H. WEIGHTMAN, F.R.M.S.
FRANK T. PAUL, F.B.C.S.
CHARLES BOTTERILL.
Rey. F. BALLARD, M.A.,
F.G.S.

A. NORMAN TATE, F.I.
ISAAC C. THOMPSON, F.
F. CHARLES LARKIN, F.R.

OFFICERS AND COUNCIL ELECTED 19th JANUARY, 1894.

President :
JOHN NEWTON, M.R.C.S.

Vire~ Presidents :

F, CHARLES LARKIN, F.R.C.S.
J. M. WILLIAMS, F.R.M.S.

Hon. Ureasurer:
ROBERT NICHOLSON.

Hun. Curator:
ALFRED LEICESTER.

Enunril:

WM. CARTER, M.D., F.R.C.P.
THOS. COMBER, F.L.S.
EDWARD DAVIES, F.C.S.

H. E. DAVIES, M.A., B.Sc.

A. R. DWERRYHOUSE.
JOSEPH GOULD.

’ WILLIAM NARRAMORE, F.L.S.

Gon. Serretary:
ANDREW T. SMITH, Jun.

G. H. MORTON, F.G.8.

W.OELRICHS, F.R. Met.Soc.,F.R.M.S.
WILLIAM H. READ. :
EDWARD ROBERTS.

C. H. HESKETH WALKER.

TWENTY-FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

LIVERPOOL MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY.

Tue President and Council are pleased to be in a position to
report that the work of the Society has been carried on satis-
factorily during the year just closed.

The ordinary meetings have been well attended, and the

_ papers presented have maintained the usual high standard of

excellence, and have been much appreciated.

The Council would like to see an increase in the number of
microscopes exhibited at the ordinary meetings, in view of the
fact that the conversazione forms an important feature of the
meeting and if well supported tends to considerably advance
the interests of the Society by bringing Members together and
promoting a free interchange of ideas, to their mutual advantage.

With this in view, the Council will be glad if Members

wishing to exhibit will intimate their desire to the Hon. Secretary,

_ who will send them exhibition cards regularly.

To increase the interest of Members in the work of the

Society, it was resolved in the early part of the year to hold

a series of field meetings during the Summer months, and

iv.
in accordance with this resolution three field meetings were
held, viz.—
1st, on Saturday, 29th April, at Formby.

2nd, on Saturday, 3rd June, at Bromborough.
3rd, on Saturday, 9th September, at Parkgate and Heswall.

It is hoped that in the coming session, Members joining in
these excursions will forward to the Secretary lists of the various
objects found in their gatherings, so that a reliable record may
be compiled of the microscopical fauna and flora of the neigh-
bourhood.

The Council allude with deep regret to the death of the Rev.
H. H. Hiearns, a past President of the Society, and one of our
oldest and most respected Members, whose kindly disposition,
extensive knowledge, and deep interest in everything pertaining
to Natural History endeared him to all.

During the Session the Society has lost fifteen Members, and
eight new Members have been elected. The membership roll
now stands as follows—97 Ordinary, 7 Honorary and 1 Associate
Member.

The Council take this opportunity of thanking those gentle-
men who have read papers, exhibited at the conversaziones, and
otherwise contributed to the success of the meetings, and they
also have pleasure in recording their thanks to the donors of
books to the library and of slides to the cabinet.

The following is a precis of the proceedings at the meetings.
January 20th.—The President, Dr. F. C. Larkry, delivered his Inaugural

Address, subject, ‘‘ Microscopical Facts and Theories, Past and Present, and

the Value of Microscopical Observation.” The lecture was copiously illus- _

trated with the aid of magic-lantern slides, and the thanks of the Society
were tendered to Dr. LARKIN for his address,

= «ye

We

February 3rd.—A Paper, ‘‘ Notes on the Eyes of Trilobites,” was read by Mr.
G. H. Morton, F.G.S. At the Conversazione the following objects were

exhibited :—
Eyes of Aeglina vinodosa, Asaphus tyrannus, Ogygia
OS Se 2a, SUMED satan tonnes sua ceeavenenncvessbas G. H. Morton.
: WAVEIOL PRACOPS COUAAEUS (yr. ..2-5oce.0.2cceveectnencanesccnssees A. T. SMITH, Jun.
ead Of Blatt OTENiGlts ccs..0.0s-escccevacseveees Pe et W. H. Reap.

MMNIMESETED E00 5.2, 522. Re mertetot can cs occevdencssraacuerantats RosertT NICHOLSON.
Palate of Garden Snail (Helix pomatia) .............10cc008 A. F. DUMERGUE.
Starfish (Amphiura sqUamatd)..........cecceeeeeeeceeeeeeee eee Cuas. H. H. WALKER.
MEIIELINIE TUYELUULS.. .. ereteecssccenccc-vneeseseaecssscerasnenees LES NARRAMORE.
Bection MRAM OT MOUSE ° Seodacccee sonce-odssacduces - sesaneeae adie J. M. WILLIAMs.

March 3rd.—Mr. Ropert NIcHOLson read an interesting Paper on ‘‘ Polarised
Light,” which he illustrated by diagrams and models; at its conclusion
a discussion took place, in which Mr. Epwarnp Davies, F.C.S., Mr.
ArtTHUR DWERRYHOUSE, and others took part. At the Conversazione the
following objects were exhibited :—

Cuticle of Equisetum ............ wees eee J. M. WILLIAMS.
Bren CUATIOUS)\ <2. 232. seats fe em) Wikekee. FRANK TATE.
Biemeironeeoney ts. see NW cabesadas RoBERT NICHOLSON.
Do. Sulphate of Copper ... 7 Polariscope % ......... Epwarp DavVIEs.
Platinocyanide-of Yttrium ......) = = = | ..-...... F. N. Prerce.
Section Solanwm tuberosum ...} = Nee W. H. Reap.
Pie SPINE OF Mcnymusies....2 2 9b) ON sdeece ce F. B. ALLEN.
Seater CAT POTatus ./ickeee ts cv..d-sccccavesceacedqaacewese cess A. T. Smirx, Jun.
Do. oo ie. Cae eee Cuas. H. H. WALKER.
Cornea of Beetle’s Eye, showing snipes anes eh eaeen Dr. NEwTon.
Head ot Hive Bee... sacl Saebteetan dean acaeea As K. DUMERGUE,
Spores of Xenodochus cATbONATIUS 2.2.00. v+.-0se-00+---+-- THOMAS BIRKS.

April 7th.—The Members were informed that the Committee had decided to
ie held a Field Meeting at Formby, on Saturday, the 29th instant. Dr. Jonn ©
NeEwrTon read the Paper of the evening, on ‘‘The Later Researches of the
Rey. Dr. Dallinger, and their Relation to the Germ Theory of Fermentation
and Disease.” The subject was treated in a very able manner, and was well
illustrated by diagrams. The lecturer drew attention to the extreme value
which the researches of Drs. DALLINGER and DryspALE had assumed in
connection with the now famous discoveries of PAstruR and Kocu, and
pointed out that these researches, carried on in Liverpool principally, had
paved the way for the discoveries which promise to be of such signal service
to humanity in the ceaseless battle against disease. At the close of the
paper a discussion took place, in which Messrs. ALFRED LEICESTER, A. T.
Smiru, Jun., W. Grisewoop, and Herserr E. Davies took part. The
meeting terminated with the customary Conversazione, at which the

Vi.

following objects were exhibited :—

PA TNOLUO arenas cccdas ves cevavnss cos sa oguseaeaesp chinaed ovis co's «caer Wm. NARRAMORE.
Bacillus omihrdeis 1 WAVER <..12dec.<-sesecscoveesenssecceuease FRANK TATE.

Disease Germs, Tubercle, &C......50secccscocasss. « scescsesonrs Dr. NEwWTon.

ENG CAN se) BARLOW ces ge bee cascade oennwns osatvaees Cuas. H. H. WALKER,
tiga Renrcled WCerObths snes. ccwcncassdes is: soveensesecgostune THoMAS BIRKs.

Me pidDterOu sins CAVES we. sours accowsoeee etesutce thes eos sv'esorenten F. N. PIERCE.

MTN Pe IRSMER be nes benset octet ocean an ccna ecpnieesadcvess ss +27 0Seteee RoBerT NICHOLSON.
MIZOFOSVAT US HETHICIIONG, ava. teqcdeoreatence+ sates ivan einsceee T. C. RyLey.
Odostomia spiralis (Testaceous Mollusca) ... .... A, LEICESTER.
Polycystine from Barbadoes .................. .... A. F. DUMERGUE.
Trichina spiralis in Cat's tongue..............ccseseeeceeeeeee H. E. Daviess.
DOChIGHS/ OME ANCNERRE 2. o:-stsseavereeertetceaecccssco<.0c.a0e F. C. LARKIN.
Transverse Section Eye of Pecten islandicus ...........0.-+ A. K. DWERRYHOUSE.

May 5th.—The President, Dr. F. C. Larxry, made reference to the field

meeting which was held at Formby on Saturday, the 29th ultimo, which,
he informed the meeting, was well attended, and had resulted in some very
satisfactory captures, in the shape of Rotifere, Desmidie, Alge, &c. which
would be exhibited at the Conversazione, at the end of the meeting. He
intimated that the Committee had decided to hold two more Field Meetings
during the summer, viz. on Saturday, the 3rd June, and on Saturday, the
2nd September, which he hoped would be well attended. Mr. J. Davizs,
F.C.S., then read the Paper of the evening, entitled, ‘‘Some Further Notes
on Pedesis.” After giving a short resumé of the facts laid before the Society
in his last paper on the subject, Mr. DAvies described some further experi-
ments which he had been making in connection with the retarding action
of mineral acids and salts on sulphate of barium, mercuric sulphide, and
other solutions in which this extraordinary phenomenon of motion without
life is vigorously apparent. He also drew attention to the fact that the
detergent properties of soaps and alkaline solutions is in a large measure
due to the power which these substances have of accelerating this peculiarly
vigorous oscillating motion of exeedingly minute particles suspended in
fluids. He concluded a very interesting communication by drawing a
parallel between this pedetic motion and the theoretical vibration of molecules
of matter; and after some friendly criticism by the PRESIDENT and Mr.
Epwarp Davies, F C.S., of the views set forth, the meeting concluded with
the usual Conversazione, at which the following objects were exhibited :—

Cuscuta europea attached to Trifoliwm ..........e00.. W. J. HAYDON,

Eyes of Nauplius Cyclops quadricornts......ccccecsseeenee Cuas. KNIGHT.
Pedesisaie feu esa) (23) we! (Jecstenteeseniecveeces «30. ieee FRANK TATE.

Do. \ Ilustrating Paper '<. .cccevtesstacccsxcsciassacseees J. DAVIES.

DOs Bnet PERRIN Meee ecitcseccss teers W. Wootcor.
Section (stained) Rosa caNINa .....cccccesceeeeecceceeeveceeees J. M. WILLIAMS.

O. Elman sen pis..casuneeasvte ancasss-.0.0etace A. F. DuMERGUE.
Living objects—

Eggs, Larva and Imago of Culex pipiens ........0. siewers JOSEPH WALL.
Granular movement in Desmidiae ...............06- oaccdeeng W. NARRAMORE.

VOUWGG QLODULOT. sedtetes <tccccustoss ccenteataer tree sss >:c0+caceet A. 'T. Smirg, Jun.

vii.

The PRESIDENT, ALFRED LEICESTER, Rost. NicHotson, W. H. READ,
F. N. Prercr, HErBert Davies, and other Members exhibited living objects
collected at the Formby meeting.

October 6th. —This being the first meeting of the Society since the Summer recess,
the PresrpENT referred in a few well-chosen words to the great loss the
Society had sustained through the death of the Rev. H. H. Hicarns, a past

. President of the Society, and one of its oldest and most respected Members,

and he intimated that a letter of condolence had been sent by the Secretary,

acting under the instructions of the Council, to the members of Mr.

Hieeins’s family. Dr. Joun Newron was elected President for the

ensuing Session, to take office in January. Mr. Roperr NicHoLson made

a short communication in reference to an article on a micro-telescope in the

Scientific American, and Mr, A. T. SmirH, Jun., gave a short report on the

field meetings which had been held during the Summer; after which Mr.

NarraAmoreE, F.L.S., read the Paper of the evening, entitled, ‘‘ Notes on

Starch,” at the conclusion of which a discussion took place, and the meeting

concluded with the. usual Conversazione, at which the following objects

were exhibited :—

|

aah from Pea pe Ppaieereisaph a ter erage
0. o. treated with Chromic acid ............
Do. APENIS LEVNOIN perceet ya550r0sscvssteseneiiorcneychearee Wm, NARRAMORE.
>. * Scan ; ave BCHONscssseoueeecees
0. uphorbia splendens............0++.
Do. - do stained . \ Tuos. Brexs.
Do. Iris Germanica, with amyloplasts . aS A T. Sarru, Jun.
Do. Tee Re) c SERMe Se eS ain he Re A. LEICESTER.
Do. IPEAGLAIIREEND: ot! 0). <z teva soteasrinoaenscescae ace J. M. WILLIAMs.
Do. THOT Pee ce clous noice ctcasenececotcesh egeue ss C. H. H. WaLKer.
aa — (polarised) ...... Baie caiheeeninteancd alaraiheic ich W. H. Reap.
0. 1CO* /.... Memes slioe ven sc sen ss cacteasecevecucoess
Do. ats. |. SPR son seeca crete seu teeter nese nceeee ; F. Tare.
Do. Barley,)~ Smear sees cic Bae cousstcaceescvaneiascuees A. F. DuMrERGUE.
Do. ATUM MACULALUM......6.cccerccceeccereecersoerences Epwp. DAvVIEs.
Do. TWpecheuanleeraicets. 8 -cecntsss vocencescctancesedcseess F, N. Prerce.
ne ah ean sate en Geetaamlg F. C. LARKIN.
0. ermuda Arrowroot (polarised) ............... \ ‘
Do. St. Vincent do. © Ste ego eee ee if R. NICHOLSON.
Transverse section Spruce Fir... .......00..:..ssssssssessesseeeees Miss L. WILLMER.
Plumatella jugalis (living) .........66 decasuwsss Lieetspeiesss A. T. Smita, Jun.

.

November 3rd.—Mr. Isaac C. THompson, F.L.S., F.R.M.S.. called attention to

= an interesting series of studies in Marine Zoology, now being issued from

- the laboratory of the Jersey Biological Station, prepared by Mr. JAMES
HorNELL, a former Member of the Society, and he referred in complimentary

terms to the general excellence of these preparations. Mr. THomAs Birks
made a short communication on a rare species of micro fungus, Roestelia
cornuta, from Norway, which he had received from Mr. A. F, DumErcur.
‘The Paper of the evening was contributed by Mr, A. R. Dwerrynovss,

vill.

and was entitled, ‘‘The Microscope in Petrology.” The lecturer dealt
skilfully with this very difficult subject, and dwelt upon the value of
polarised light as a means of distinguishing between and identifying different
classes of minerals, and as an aid in arriving at correct opinions as to the
methods of formation of the igneous rocks. A short discussion ensued, in
which Messrs. THompsoN, WALKER and BEASLEY took part, and the
meeting then resolved itself into a Conversazione, at which the following
objects were exhibited :—

Rock Sections—Mica plates, showing interference figures... A.R. DWERRYHOUSE.

Obsidian, showing Perlitic | a oe A. F. DUMERGUE.
Altered Rhyolite, showing Spherulitic structure............ F. C, LARKIN.
Corriegills Ditchstone ..... Aedes sos soseaeeeehe Jt AO BAe
Microclinie Graphic Granite (polarised) Boe sss. +nncemeees C. H. H. WaLKER.
Hornblende Granite Cfilomee).-- A. T. SmitH, Jun.
Microcline ie Lilie) Tee F. N. Prerce.
Jasper and Amethyst (TRORRIEID c2-<.<-<cconeeeecse Wm. OELRICcHS.
Agate and Chalcedony CPiigeee) | :........ccnasees . JOHN NEWTON.
Jasper GP ess. 2 saxercemmecctss J. M. WILLIAMs.
Coal Sections (iameashire) <.co 2 sceccjaceso-<>--- cnc csecqsacenes FRANK TATE.
BGs Wt Peesee ice stesccvencee eee t sn soncecescedereesee, Wa WWODECEIE

POM AGE Soipes accuse snucs dena cogssvegenanepestuetes ees +sauvoqayach 2 W. H. Reap.

TR OESEELMECONTOUOML | ge ceca sud.ca te seaasne ere ern seea 5 0008<=havaeeaers THOMAS Birks.

Tradescantia virginica (Staminal Hairs) ............s0000 Wma. NARRAMORE.

IVES UIT OD OSOLOE 7 acade os paceeatensee sere eemianennc ons aos segiewe a nosc F . GOULD.

Heads of Taenia saginata and Taenia mediocanallata... H. E. Davies.

December 1st. —Mr. Hersert E. Davies, M.A., B.Sc., read a Paper on ‘‘ The
Cholera Bacillus.” The subject was thoughtfully discussed from various
points of view, the discoveries of PAsrzur, Kocu, and other scientists,
being brought into evidence, with, however, the general result of showing
that, though much has become known regarding the habits and developing
capabilities under varying conditions of the organism which causes the
dreaded scourge of Cholera, a good deal has yet to be learned. After the
reading of the Paper, for which Mr. DAvies was cordially thanked, a
Conversazione was held, at which the following objects were exhibited :—

Bacillus Anthracis in DlO0G'...000...5....c0c0ccocsscsscToes | esunde
Bacillus from Maize infusion.. : W. NARRAMORE.
Rinkles Comma, Bacitlan, :....c¢s.ccecseccundevcsesssevees Giana ccs HERBERT E. DAVIEs.
Koch’s Cholera Bacillus ...............8 seswesncceteacdwa Ciecbel OmmmSS
Rochi’s| Comma Bacula.” tc, <.occantvcncscaantesexs=0sencoseeecencs Wm. OELRICHS.
Gholersa) Baebes 0.2 2icc.ccrctescecechoncaacensusehnces aa: <«sscbeepenees Wo. M. REAp.
Porphyritic Basalt (polarised) «........2-.20s-<.c00e..ceseseesee Rost. NICHOLSON,
SGing Of (Orme his. oncesncn chats cata gcecanetien, baeemensss « <aseeeeven A. F. DUMERGUE.
Section Of Hnealy pws’ --<..c5. os-scsxcocawenee-rcce<nses.-+-Jectenper J. M. WILLIAMS,
BSeaweedlt Ste. eo rsec ces Se ace secs as da vecseetee nes encadecen --s eat F. N. Prerce.
Living objects—
VP GUG050 QIBDGLON one co ccctas s«/ocnsav saguanapetentansanaides+«chedunchin= JOHN NEWTON.

A CURODNTUS SOR carte ttdedei oc =c0h ween Gutecetee eects oy + +0-naceeeeeven A. T. Smira, Jun.

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LIVERPOOL MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY.

LIST OF MEMBERS,

JANUARY, 1894.

HONORARY MEMBERS.

Wiruam M. Bywater, 5, Hanover-square, London, W.

ArtHuR C, Coxz, 171, Ladbroke Grove-road, Notting Hill, London, W.
W. G. CortHELL, Tremont Temple, Boston, U.S.A.

Rev. Dr. DALLINGER, F.R.S., Hon.Sec.R.M.S., London.

W. H. Grarrann, 1, Park-mount, Torquay.

Professor Tuomas Taytor, Chief of the Microscopical Staff, Agricultural
Department, Washington, U.S.A.

WASHINGTON TEASDALE, Headingley, Leeds.

ORDINARY MEMBERS.

* Members of Council. :
Elected. .
1881 Abraham, Miss Emma C., Grassendale Park.

1880 Allen, Francis Birkbeck, 53, Newsham-drive.

1883 Barron, Alexander, M.B., M.R.C.S., 31, Rodney-street.
1883 Berey, T'. Bickesteth, 145, Edge-lane.

1889 Birks, Thomas, 25, High Park-street.

1892 Blake, W. H., 15, Park-road.

1878 Botterill, Charles, 168, Bedford-street South.

1890 Brocklehurst, Henry, Aigburth-drive, Sefton Park.

1890 Brocklehurst, Septimus, 305, Edge-lane.

1868 *Carter, William, M.D., F.R.C.P., 78, Rodney-street.
1885 Clinch, John William, Douglas, Isle of Man.

1899 *Comber, Thos., F.L.S., Leighton, Parkgate.

1884 Cooper, Mrs. James T., 24, Shrewsbury-road, Oxton.

1887 Dalby, Miss, Talbot House, Mather-road, Birkenhead.
1874 *Davies, Edward, F.C.S., Chapel Chambers, Chapel-street.
1891 *Davies, Herbert E., M.A., B.Se., Chapel Chambers, Chapel-street.

ES

Xl.
Elected.
1888 Davies, J., F.C.S., 28, Robarts-road, Anfield.
1887 Day, John H., Crosfield, Allerton-road, Tranmere.
1879 Deacon, H. Wade, Appleton House, Widnes.
1890 Dumergue, A. F., 7, Montpelier-terrace, Upper Parliament-street.
1889 *Dwerryhouse, Arthur R., 19, Seaton Buildings, Water-street.
1871 Edmonds, William, 69, The Albany, Oldhall-street.
1871 Evans, W. H., Wyllisholm, Huyton Hey-road, Huyton.

F 1892 Forshaw, F. H., 64, Merton-road, Bootle.

1882 Fullerton, James, 87, Brighton-street, Seacombe.

Gardner, Willoughby, C18, Exchange Buildings.

Glynn, T. R., M.D., M.R.C.P., 62, Rodney-street.

Goodwin, Gilbert Smith, Rockville, 23, Anfield-road.
*Gould, Joseph, Littledale-road, Egremont.

Gray, George Watson, 14, Argyle-road, Garston.

Grisewood, William, 40, Falkland-road, Egremont.

Harpin, Edward, c/o Messrs. Bates, Stokes and Co. 14, Water-street.
Haydon, W. T., 15, Great George-square.

Hayward, E. K, National Steam Ship Dompeny; Water-street.
Healey, George F., Oakfield, Gateacre.

Houlgrave, Hresiey. Crosby-road South, Seaforth.

Howell, John Job, Branksome, Cearns-road, Birkenhead.
Hughes, Peter, 31, Brownlow-road, New Ferry.

Johnson, Alfred, 3, Melrose-terrace, Rake-lane, Liscard.
Jones, C. W., Field House, Prince Alfred-road, Wavertree.
Jones, Hugh R., M.D., 58a, Grove-street.

Jones, Robert, Birkdale.

Knight, Charles, 45, Bury New-road, Manchester.

Lloyd, Thomas Isaac, L.D.S., 36, Bold-street.
Mahon, George, 14, Newsham-drive, Newsham Park.
Marsh, Peter W., 1, Courtney-road, Waterloo.
Mason, Wm., Jun., Liverpool-road, Formby.

| Masters, F. H., Fairfield-terrace, Tranmere.

Morgan, Joseph B., F.R.M.S., Stand House, Childwall.
*Morton, G. H., 209, Edge-lane.

Mossop, Thomas, 7, Westmorland-road, Liscard, Cheshire.-
*Narramore, William, F.L.S., 5, Geneva-road, Elm Park.
*Newton, John, M.R.C.S., 44, Rodney-street.

1878 *Nicholson, Robert, 11, Harrington-street,

ma
A

Xl.
Elected.
1893 Nuttall, F. R. Dixon, F.R.M.S., Queen’s Park, St. Helens.
1879 *Oelrichs, Wm., F.R.Met.Soc., F.R.M.S., Sunnyside, Wexford-road, Oxton.
1883 Oliver, Thomas, Woodland Cottage, Roby.
1883 Padley, Fred., 15, Church-street.
1879 Paul, Frank T., F.R.C.S., 38, Rodney-street.
1880 Pendlebury, William Martin, 17, Tithebarn-street.
1891 Philpots, H., M-D., 56, Shrewsbury-road, Oxton.
1888 Pierce, F. N., F.E.S., 143, Smithdown-lane.
1886 *Read, William H., Eden Cottage, Holland-road, Liscard.
1868 *Roberts, Edward, Clifton Villa, Halewood-road, Gateacre.
1885 Robertson, Helenus R., Springhill, Wavertree.
1886 Routledge, Tom, Crosby-road South, Seaforth.
1868 Ryland, William, 5, Eldon-terrace, Rock Ferry.
1879 Scholefield, Joshua William, J.P., 33, Pembroke-road, Bootle.
1884 Shillinglaw, William, L.D.S., Hamilton-square, Birkenhead.
1879 *Smith, Andrew T., Jun., 13, Bentley-road, Prince’s Park.
1889 Smith, J. Forrester, Newstead, Wavertree.
1891 Smith, Rev. Wm. Hodson, 29, Hope-street.
1884 Stead, Edward F., 10, Adelaide-terrace, Waterloo.
1886 Stewart, W. H., L.D.S., 37, Rodney-street.
1893 Stone, Fred. R., F.C.S., 58, Upper Parliament-street.
1873 Stone, John, Huyton.
1893 Tate, Francis Henry, 9, Hackins-hey.
1868 Thomas, George, 30, King-street, Rock Ferry.
1873 Thompson, Isaac Cooke, F.L.S., F.R.M.S., Woodstock, Waverley-road.
1879 Vicars, John, 8, St. Alban’s-square, Bootle.
1889 *Walker, Charles H. Hesketh, 5, Church-lane.
1886 Walker, George E., F.R.C.S., 43, Rodney-street.
1868 Walmsley, G. G., 50, Lord-street.
189G Wardleworth, Theo. H., 56, Hanover-street.
1871 *Williams, J. Michael, F.R.M.S., 156, Chatham-street.
1886 Williams, Thomas, F.C.S., A, Queen Insurance Buildings.
1891 Willmer, Miss J. H., Fernleigh, Westbourne-road, Birkenhead.
1887 Willmer, Miss Laura, Fernleigh, Westbourne-read, Birkenhead.
1879 Wilson, Henry, M.D., M.R.C.S., 22, High-street, Wavertree.
1893 Wilson, Joseph, 4, Dryden-road.
1869 Wood, J. J., 20, Lord-street.
1892 Woolcott, William, 166, Grove-street.
1872 Wyllie, Andrew, 1, Leicester-street, Southport.

ASSOCIATE MEMBER.

Mortimer, Captain (care of the Curator, Free Museum).

OE

5 DEC 21

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~TWENTY-SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT

rh
ae OF THE

LIVERPOOL

MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY.

5

¢

ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS,
AND LIST OF MEMBERS.
JANUARY, 1895.

LIVERPOOL:
TURNER, ROUTLEDGE AND CO. PRIN'TERS.

MDCCCXCV.

TWENTY-SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

LIVERPOOL

“MICROSCOPICGAL SOCIETY.

ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS,
AND LIST OF MEMBERS.
JANUARY, 1895.

LIVERPOOL:
TURNER, ROUTLEDGE AND CO. PRINTERS

MDCCCXCV.

Liverpool Microscopy

SESSION XXVII.

Past Presidents:

JOHN BIRKBECK NEVINS, M.D.
Rev. WM. BANISTER, B.A.
Rev. Dr. sens a E.R.S.

Hon.Sec. R. M.S.
JOHN ABRAHAM.
J. J. DRYSDALE, M.D., F.R.M.S.
JOHN NEWTON, M.R.C.S.
Rev. HENRY H. HIGGINS, M.A.
GEORGE F. CHANTRELL.
J. 8. HICKS, F.R.C.S., F.L.S.

ical Rociely.

1895.

WILLIAM CARTER, M.D., F.R.C.P.
W. H. WEIGHTMAN, F.R.M.S.
FRANK T. PAUL, F.R.C.S.
CHARLES BOTTERILL.
Rev. F. BALLARD, M.A.,
F.G.S.

A. NORMAN TATE, F.1.
ISAAC C. THOMPSON, F.
F, CHARLES LARKIN, F.R.

OFFICERS AND COUNCIL ELECTED 25th JANUARY, 1899.

President :
JOHN NEWTON, M.R.C.S.

Pire~ Presidents :
EDWARD DAVIES, F.C.S.
J. M. WILLIAMS, F.R.M.LS.

Gon. Creasurer:
ROBERT NICHOLSON.

Gun. Curator:
ALFRED LEICESTER.

Caunril:

WM. CARTER, M.D., F.R.C.P.
H. E. DAVIES, M.A., B.Sc.

A. R. DWERRYHOUSE.
JOSEPH GOULD.

W. T, HAYDON.

H. BR. JONES, M.D.

Han. Secretary:
ANDREW T. SMITH, Jun.

F. CHARLES LARKIN, F.RB.C.S8.
G. H. MORTON, F.G.S.
WILLIAM NARRAMORE, F.L.S.
F. R. DIXON NUTTALL, F.R.M.S.
WILLIAM H. READ.

C. H. HESKETH WALKER.

TWENTY-SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

LIVERPOOL MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY.

_ In presenting their Twenty-sixth Annual Report the President

and Council are glad to be in a position to say that during the

_ past year the Society’s work has been satisfactorily carried on.
The papers presented have not fallen short of their usual
“standard, and were much appreciated by the Members who
attended the various meetings.
With the view of increasing the popularity of the Society
the Council decided to have a special meeting last February in
the shape of a Soirée, which should take the place of the ordinary
m eeting. Many objects of interest were kindly lent for the
oceasion by Members and others. A musical programme was
ar anged, and two special popular lectures were delivered.
Phere was also an exhibition of interesting objects under nearly
50 microscopes, as per list in synopsis of proceedings attached.
The Soirée was well attended, and the innovation seemed to be
much appreciated.

_ Three field meetings have been held during the year.
Ist, 28th April, at Knowsley Park.
2nd, 16th June, at Bromborough and Eastham.
3rd, 8th September, at Hooton.

iv.
The attendance at these meetings was as follows :—Knowsley
30, Bromborough and Eastham 6, Hooton 13.

During the year one new Member has been elected, whilst
the Society has lost through deaths and resignations twelve
members. The list now stands at 6 Honorary and 85 Ordinary
Members.

It is with deep regret the Council again has to record the
loss through death of two old and highly esteemed Members of
the Society, viz. Mr. Cuartes BorrEerint, who was twice
President of the Society, and Mr. Grorcz THomas, whose
figure was at one time so well known at our meetings.

Members are reminded that an invitation from Liverpool
and the University and Learned Societies of Liverpool has been
accepted by the British Association to visit the City in 1896,
and as our Society is on the list of Corresponding Societies of
that Association it is hoped that during the coming Session
each Member will make an effort to increase the strength of
the Society, and so bring its membership roll up to figures
more worthy of its antecedents.

The Council desires to take this opportunity of thanking
those Members and friends who have added to the interest of
the meetings by contributions of papers and other communi-
cations of value and by exhibiting at the conversaziones.

They also desire to record their thanks to donors of Books
to the Library and Slides to the Cabinet.

The following is a precis of the proceedings at the meetings.
January 19th.—The President, Dr. Joun Newron, delivered his Inaugural

Address, subject, ‘‘ The Life History of some of our Common Insects,” and

at its conclusion a vote of thanks was accorded to the President for his
address :

Vv.

February 2nd.—Soirée. The following is a Synopsis of Proceedings :—

. 7 p.m. Reception in Old Bird Room by the PresrpENT and Mrs. Newron.
3 7.30 p.m. in the Upper Lecture Room, Exhibition of Fresh water Living
Objects under a Lantern Projection Microscope, with short description by

Messrs. A. T. Smiru, Jun. and W. Narramorg, F.L.S.

8 p.m. Concert—

‘ RIG rat sts axeape sexes © Out on the deep.” .........ceee0e Lohr.
, Mr. CHARLES WILLIAMS.
Song...... .... ... “‘Beauty’s Eyes.” .........2. Paolo Tostt.
Miss Leicester.
Bes Sip host ureduroneaes Selected. ......; aaauapmemeeettsatoscsanse
Mrs. W. Dopp, Jun.
Song ........ ss The Coming of the King.” ......... Roeckel.

Mr. J. A. CHADWICK.

”

8.45 p.m. Mr. Epwarp Davies, F.C.S. delivered a lecture on “‘ Glass,

9.30 p.m. Concert-—

Duaet.....02..:.. “The moon hath raised.”’............ Benedict.
Messrs. C. WILLIAMS and J. A. CHADWICK.
DOD: ccteaccess- ~..°* When Love is kind.”............00.++ A.D.
Miss LEICESTER.
Song.........00 ‘*The Arrow and the Song.”............ Balfe.
Mr. CHARLES WILLIAMS,
SONG) hescsesess¥accsacess ** Margarita.”. Be soee Olen

Mr. J. A. CHADWICK.
Accompanists—Miss Hupson and Mr. W. Dopp, Jun.

‘Short intervals were allowed for promenade in the Bird Room and
inspection of Microscopes and Curios.
Refreshments were scrved in the Library during the evening.

In Old Bird Room were exhibited the following Minerals, Shells, Books,
Old Prints, Drawings, Curios, &¢. kindly lent for the occasion by the
gentlemen against whose names they stand :—

A covllection of old Mezzotints and Prints, illustrating social life in the last
century, after Collett, Morland, Cruikshank, &c. Some old Miniatures and
Illuminated 1 Manuscripts and an ancient German Bible, with pictures, 1483.
The PRESIDENT (Dr. John Newton).

Sketch Book of Sir Christopher Wren. Specimen of Shorthand 150 years ago.
Mr. WM. GrisEwoop.

- Old Black Letter Bible (French), and a Universal Sundial —Mr. W. H. Reap.

Old fashioned Microscope and params. .—Mr, C. H. HEskETH WALKER, Mr.
Wa. NARRAMORE and Mr. Gro. RAE ANDERSON.

British Lepidoptera.—Messrs. F. N. Prerce and C. H. HESKETH WALKER.

- Collection of Minerals.—Mr. Hrerzert E. DavVIEs, M.A., B.Se.

“Specimens of Rocks occurring as Boulders in this neighbourhood: —Mr. A. R.

DWERRYHOUSE.

Two cases of Shells, illustrating Genera Cyprea and Oliva.—Mr. J. M.

~ WititaMs, F.B.M.S.

_ Shells from the Boulder Clay around Liverpool and their recent representatives,

Mr. G. H. Mortoy, F.G.S :

Collection of Ori er Drawings of Rotiferaa—Mr. F. R. Drxon Nurratt,
F.R.M.S., St. Helens.

Vi.
Cultivation of Micrococcus prodigiosus on Bread (the Bleeding Host of the
Middle Ages).— Dr. H R. Jonss.
List of objects exhibited under microscopes :—

Vorticetla nebulifera; also, Cyclosis in Nitella trans-

VUEPTOR tions cag 2: «x MERRY Seduce ove sti ssnevecoovevdses¥est Dr. PHILPoTs.
Foraniaifera, front Hil beet esses corsep- dees obeecp ovxevoresovaeos J. GOULD.
Moramuniiera, cron), W AlGilO! wes cce-scsecssorssasacecas cossaeaoe EK, F. STEAD.
phe soba -salealigi hana ceeheee rename Mrs. J. T. CooPER.

LYCUDN AGUS DUUMIGET Sheasradsscaprusccvesenusavicscccessnvcese
Nagas AIUD... .-nagemacrenaun sdansaenssdumsasaanser<ieseies \ Rosr. JONES.
poem Calle of pmprold Ciinman Tye) <........c0sscesreneaee Hucu R. Jones,
OSTEPUUIAUUNUULE » «<20scckvade ececereonpscnsccosesenncess) sechias 7
CORMAFVUNT COUFYOIS - -o1scsttacesesesvnce seeveseccusse cdsaeuneess i FRANK TATE.
Shite OfsLRv ECG .o.cc-ssaenacsnronss darcwar bh odasenatnpmenesanpics F, H. ForsHaw.
Head of Fly (Matsca domestic) -...0...cveccesucacseecsasstersece Wm. Mason, Jun.
DEIN ONO LGELOUNEt a >. cess 5 vPanter «pups shibwtepevacsapaiepussd) osncns
ep Of HOnGy SEP. ......caeepepens repped satuscdeusl-ben saevouesces A. F. DUMERGUE.
eg ih ees TEMES Sak NTRcen Ope ames
mtire Diamoniy Beetle» cvccsct.. caocatecssoatsoceesoneecapansdsss
The Sound-producing organ of the Cricket.................. ho. H. H. WALKER.
Yeast (Saccharomyces Cerevisr) ....s0.ssssesesnsesesvescsenencee F. R. STONE.
Stem of Hucalyptus qlobulus ....00-eccceeceneerencsecowasssesecs Miss M. E. DALBY.
OTH EE coe a aia on ub igsecus sass saniine <nexseaasvant ei tpees
CilidfedprieMnnnt s.. 1: .osaeecmaureste<acsevesecensesngeaspese es Wm. NARRAMORE.
Lipa oY OE RG etree. ons sis's ott ce-caeconcvoutedinesecensosstcacapes
Stem of Oak (transverse Section) .............ccsseeseceeseeseees Miss L. WILLMER.

Leaf of Cycas revoluta (transverse section)

Miss J. H. WILLMER.
British Mosses, typical specimens

J. WILSON.

Microscope and Projection Microscope W. H. Reap.

Crystallization of Stearine (Polariscope)...............0ses++00 W. GrisEWwoop.

Secon h POO tex «52+ .<:aeecescpead-weual fo sseay ¢ssnoeSedusenaxe HeErsert E. DAvIEs.

HLOG SOChIONS,(DOIATISG) ecacanades <sseutecsnacseveseucensensesees A. R. DWERRYHOUSE.

DMEIRCEV ED TINIOTIS!: . discy «nsnaepPambin ads «cs sbexseaindescavsesiiieiveces Wm. OELRICHS,

Headinnd) Tongue of Horsdtige: 22... -scccesrsccsapessessonaenssene P. HuGHEs.

Multiplied Images seen through the Eye of a Fly............ Dr. NEWTON.

Eyes of a Jumping Spider ...........0+0..0nsesse-secsecooeeeses ...J. M. WILLIAMS,

Circulation in Frog’s Foot, and Pathological Specimens. ...Dr. LARKIN.

Under side of Wing of Butterfly (Orange tip) ............... F. N. Preece.

Drag ortiy Marva lake ae-. -0stted Seataeaka sc cuansactncccaveap¥evscees R. NICHOLSON.

Testaceous Mollusca, Cecwm glabrum, Homalogyra

: oes ft SRP CaaS -cmpmmiemunaiet Geacens y ALFRED LEICESTER.
UE ETUBSCRP LUIS. cs cinta de coke den evcssanceznavelarce’ -f:

Sitatle Of Dytiscus Marginalts ...........0sccsroees cosssees ba. T. Sarre, Jun.

VOUUGT UOMO. 20es tana), comes ceeincuawusenes sioeetbnacecorece W. Wootcor.

Stellate Hairs of Croton stenophylla ........cccesceseeeeeeeeeee T. H. WARDLEWORTH.

Reticulated Veins in Leaf . ..............+-secsssersee soneseoee seeds DAVIES.

Scale of Sole under Microscope of 1800-5 .............ccc00ees G. RAE ANDERSON.

March 2nd.—Mr. Hucu R. Jones, M.D. read a Paper, ‘‘The Architecture of

Bone.” At the Conversazione the following objects were exhibited :—
Section of HiumronCarinlace ice... ccsecxccioms seceescceceresdceeane J. GOULD.
Longitudinal Section of Human Femur ..............0..00000+ Wm. Wootcort.
Transverse do. do. 2) eee = Ser eee epee F. H. Tare.
Do. do. do. POMBE os cies adcacyeusbasnevaies R. NICHOLSON.
Do. do. Spinal Gord OfiO xX. 2 .c.cckswcees < sous Miss J. H. WILLMER.
Section of Foot of Foetal Kitten (Development of Bone)...C. H. H. WALKER.
Do: “one:of Goose; \W alris, 86. cc...<c-.0ascetecsoass Wm. NARRAMORE,
Do. BONG ae rans c<t.s00<.0 setae beopeo tenses .A. F. DUMERGUE.

Human Bone and Whalebone J. M. WILLIAMS.
Embryonic Bone ....... .W. T. Haypon.

Floscule ornata 12.66.00 ae Le aeeey A. T. Smitu, Jun.

Vil.

April 6th.—Mr. F, C. Larxtn, F.R.C.S. read a Paper on “‘Functionless Organs.”
At the Conversazione the following objects were exhibited :—

Development of Tooth.............c:ssecssessceeeee eres H, EK. DAvIEs.
Alga, Ptilata plumosa aE, N, TATE.
RE RIOL TONEY: DCC. Acc ccs rersectcascnosedencash, soencoeescnduppundcas A. F. DUMERGUE,
Lung of Frog (injected)
PAP OOE DUPUSUT CLUE ~ ... 22s 0cn-ccwnan--orasasisccucecoeevssessngnesmaenn R. JONEs.
Amphioxus—the lowest vertebrate .......:.:::..:sssseseeteeees W. GRISEWooD.
IESE AN Mir eard «2 -nc cscernacesaccesseaes -caceese nnansc sae soummmmaeites J. NEWTON.
Parasite Of Seagull .4...ccacssecosiscavsascnsednc coe sesoocasunmal see Miss J. H. WILLMER.
SO PARUIMTISE EONS Suds fees codeansesistbnan veseeasec ne as0casaeiiaedens Jos GouLp.
Section of Thyroid gland...............cssccesenseneceeseeeeessevees Rost. NICHOLSON.
Do. Mh ymnusspland,, \scbevvccew:': hcsescvaceese+-ss epepemneebe A. T. SmirH, Jun.
Do. Pineal CV GS si) aesccsnes suc |socescne ces ssissss-0caneeevennes F, C. LARKIN,

May 4th.--Mr. W. H. Reap read a Paper, entitled, ‘‘ A Note on the Sea Lilies
(Encrenites) and their Allies.” At the Conversazione the following objects
were exhibited :—

SPER YET 7 710 RO ee
Ophiocoma neglecta
ASteTind GIDDOSH ...cceecccccseecccsecesenseesenes asec eteners oes F. PADLEY.
i Holothurian Spicules in Situ oo... ccccceccsseeseeceeeceeeeeeeees R. NicHoLson.
= Wheel plates of Chirodota violaced .........:.c.secceneneeeseeeee J. M. WILLIAMS.
Transverse and Longitudinal Section of Sunflower ......... J. GouLD.
PNECEIECE EI UURIILCERS: fcc vac¥ do noaes sassncsinsasiesey cas vaccom@iehadeaevs A. F. DUMERGUE.
Melicerta ringens (living) ...........2ceecccssecnesceeeeecneeennsees JOHN NEWTON.
Meliceria ringems (mounted)..........s6ccccseeeeceesseeseseesesaes A. T. Smiru, Jun.
Recent Cabinet Slides .,...........scssccssvsssseeecensassocseaenses A, LEICESTER.

October 5th.— Mr. Jounn Newton, M.R.C.S. was re-elected President of the
Society. Short communications were made by the PRESIDENT and Messrs.
ALFRED LEICESTER, W. NARRAMORE, FRANK Tate and A. T. SmiruH, Jun.
in reference to the objects found at the Hooton Field Meeting on the 8th of
September. At the Conversazione the following objects were exhibited :—

DPBIPCCTUO TUNGENS.......cccvavcee ic (| ['ecasesscoatneensesccanss JOHN NEWTON.

ee macaros CLCROT UT Paecasee Ne. 1 ell | eine sos+ oojnetatnenanese oc NARRAMORE.
olystomella crisp ........00+ =e | Neaneeeee ccc Eaperane OULD

Planorbis nautileus (Lin)... Eerie Cok hap + « seen -..... ALF. LEICESTER.

4 Plumatella repens .......00.0 Syscee-cbdeteseieere: ss Ae Ls SMXTH, du
PREM TEG A voce c ss oc 2 wcgdtcantet? 7 Way Ah> Navi'eseonpeeweeeeess eve FRANK TATE,
Haematopinus curysternus ..ccreccerssscccsscsesccveveceseeeeeses R. JONES.

Various Spicules (polarised )...c.0scsseseeccevesceerersscceeeveses A, DWERRYHOUSE.
Stigma and ovary of Geranium................:.seesseeeeeeeene eee W. H. READ.
PRERATIUS TNQUsMalis ... ..crescoverceceeessevsarsessensecacescesvees C. H. H. WALKER.
Larva of a Dipteron............. PE RSEtn ab oats cnndn 2 aEeresv eves se R. NICHOLSON.

q November 2Ind.—Mr. W. T. Haypon read a Paper on ‘ Plant Parasitism, with
Special Reference to Lathrea squamaria.” At the Conversazione the

following objects were exhibited :—
Aphis pierced by Ichnewmon fly ...sececceccessseeecceccesnnees F. PAapLey.
Insect Structure ..........0.64. " : pista ctersunca+s semmeeeeee oases F. N. Prerce.
ue” oer JoHN NEWTON.

Noctilwca miliaris (living).......s00ccsseeccsscsssesesessseseeeeeD«e GOULD,

Vili.

ILLUSTRATING PAPER,
Rootlet of Pedicularis sylvatica attached to Grass Root...R. NICHOLSON.
Orobanche caryophyllacea attached to Gallium ............ W. H. Reap.
Orobanche major attached to Broom ...............00.00 ...FRANK TATE.
Cuscuta europea attached to Clover............... ...WM. Woo.cort.
Cystinus hypocistus attached to Cistus vulgare .........
Rootlet of Lathrea squamaria attached to Rootlet lw, T. Haypon.

Hazel, and other specimens of Parasitic Plants,
ATEN ANC ANMAPIMILS” .ceapicaetesss<accetscssnenscstee-ae sebeoe

December 7th.—Mr. THEO. H. WARDLEWORTH read a Paper on ‘‘ Vegetable

Hairs, Stellate and Otherwise.
were exhibited :—

At the Conversazione the following objects

Stellate Hairs of Deutzia gracilis ......c100 ccscceeceeeeeseees J. GOULD.
0. ORDO UUMTICO .. cosevacteveso «svete vasccuxecsre T. H. WARDLEWORTH.

Do. Croton stenOpRylla ....ccccocccecorccvevecsece Rost. NICHOLSON.
Hairs of Elegans reflexus and Khododendron ciliatum ...W. H. READ.
Hairs from surface of a leaf of Lavender (stained) ......... F. TATE.
Pairs Of CerimmHeagspery «ioc. ccccdeareveene ¢\ctasccenumacexeeeo A. T. Situ, Jun,
Higeaot Ghee Onin ys: icc voctnecs ccsdeeses eave tcncsuotatenwteea dea G. H. H. WALKER.
Mnyatig Obyepta we aresarey si.c:saeecscrecateaccenabas cescensccettuesoes JOHN NEWTON.

THE LIVERPOOL MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY

IN ACCOUNT WITH
ROBERT NICHOLSON, Hon. TREASURER,

Soirée, 2nd February, 1894.

Paid Advoriise ments ac: creece..,. dmmadteeabaasregsdeesc 79a ¢okahs aus cncchincenaceds £1 TA. ol
», Piano, Messrs. James Smith and Son ..........ccsceccssesceeeeevereeeees 015 0
>, Music, “p es 239 ee PRR aes ee err sce nec 0 4 6
5) PONY eran, Messts; ANChEr ANG PON se. .ccocs-cse-cenacessessscvcstuachteeees 06 8
3, Decorations, Messrs. G. H. Morton and Son..........ccssseesseeseeees 210 0
gs ERNIE per eID aeons cenaaacien$c' svsinwe>saacvebaavaecoaenenacenteeren 010 0
53) eines MENtSy We Wor ELOMMGS ss ose ent acyast or cner! tacdees Mucnnsssceecee (pet heats:
», Messrs. Copplestone and Co., Men moving Tables ..............006 04 0
gy Atbamdamessicosells, Dohlin pein... asp sncuesestesaeccueescqetseennveneeiee 015 0

Circulars, Programmes and Tickets, &c. included in Messrs.
Turner, Routledge and Co.’s General Account.

£138 19 5
Cr.
By Sale of Tickets at.18............ssscccssesersescrcsrsoaesees emdeactsnatiaedoss 513 0
Debit carried to General Account........... Loalcerkwegncesdeaemeetes £8 6 5
Audited and found correct.
J. GOULD.

W. H. READ,

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LIVERPOOL MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY.

LIST OF MEMBERS,

JANUARY, 1895.

HONORARY MEMBERS.

Wiruam M. Bywater, 5, Hanover-square, London, W.
W. G. CorTHELL, Tremont Temple, Boston, U.S.A.
Rev. Dr. Datiincer, F.R.S., Hon.Sec.R.M.S., London.
W. H. Grarrann, 32, Torwood-street, Torquay.

Professor THomas Taytor, Chief of the Microscopical Staff, Agricultural
Department, Washington, U.S.A.

WASHINGTON TEASDALE, Headingley, Leeds.

ORDINARY MEMBERS
* Members of Council.

Elected.
1881 Abraham, Miss Emma C., Grassendale Park.
1880 Allen, Francis Birkbeck, 53, Newsham-drive.
1883 Barron, Alexander, M.B., M.R.C.S., 31, Rodney-street.
1883 Berey, T. Bickesteth, 145, Edge-lane.
1889 Birks, Thomas, Moss Lodge, King’s-road, Rochdale.
1892 Blake, W. H., 15, Park-road.
1890 Brocklehurst, Henry, Aigburth-drive, Sefton Park.
1890 Brocklehurst, Septimus, 305, Edge-lane.
1868 *Carter, William, M.D., F.R.C.P., 78, Rodney-street.
1885 Clinch, John William, Douglas, Isle of Man.
1899 Comber, Thos., F.L.S., Leighton, Parkgate.
1884 Cooper, Mrs. James T., 24, Shrewsbury-road, Oxton.
1887 Dalby, Miss, Talbot House, Mather-road, Birkenhead.
1874 *Davies, Edward, F.C.S., Chapel Chambers, Chapel-street.
1891 *Davies, Herbert E., M.A., B.Sc., Chapel Chambers, Chapel-street.

1875
1885
1887
1893
1890
1891
1883
1880
1889
1878
1893
1879
1883

1883
1879
1891

.
n
‘

Xi,

Day, John H., Crosfield, Allerton-road, Tranmere.

Deacon, H. Wade, Appleton House, Widnes.

Dumergue, A. F., 7, Montpelier-terrace, Upper Parliament-street.
*Dwerryhouse, Arthur R., 49, Islington.

Edmonds, William, 69, The Albany, Oldhall-street.

Evans, W. H., Wyllisholm, Huyton Hey-road, Huyton.

Forshaw, F. H., 64, Merton-road, Bootle.

Fullerton, James, 87, Brighton-street, Seacombe.

Glynn, T. R., M.D., M.R.C.P., 62, Rodney-street.

Goodwin, Gilbert Smith, Rockville, 23, Anfield-road,
*Gould, Joseph, Littledale-road, Egremont.

Gray, George Watson, 14, Argyle-road, Garston.

Grisewood, William, 40, Falkland-road, Egremont.

Harpin, Edward, 119, Moscow-drive, Tuebrook.

*Haydon, W. T., 15, Great George-square.

Hayward, E. K., National Steam Ship Company, Water-street.

Healey, George F., 32, Croxteth-grove, Sefton Park.

Houlgrave, Henry, Crosby-road South, Seaforth.

Hughes, Peter, 31, Brownlow-road, New Ferry.

Johnson, Alfred, 3, Melrose-terrace, Rake-lane, Liscard.

Jones, C. W., Field House, Prince Alfred-road, Wavertree.
*Jones, Hugh R., M.D., 584, Grove-street.

Jones, Robert, 9, Westbourne-road, Birkdale.

Jones, W. B., Jun., Luxmore, Penkett-road, Liscard.
*Larkin, Frederick Charles, F.R.C.S., 54, Rodney-street.

Lee, H. P., Queen’s-road, Great Crosby.

*Leicester, Alfred, 30, Weld-road, Birkdale.

Lloyd, Thomas Isaac, L.D.S., 36, Bold-street,

Mahon, George, 14, Newsham-drive, Newsham Park.

Mason, Wm., Jun., Liverpool-road, Formby.

Morgan, Joseph B., F.R.M.S., Stand House, Childwall.
*Morton, G. H., 209, Edge-lane.

Mossop, Thomas, 7, Westmoreland-road, Liscard, Cheshire.
*Narramore, William, F.L.S., 5, Geneva-read, Elm Park.
*Newton, John, M.R.C.S., 44, Rodney-street,

*Nicholson, Robert, 11, Harrington-street.

*Nuttall, F. R. Dixon, F.R.M.S., Queen’s Park, St. Helens.
Oelrichs, Wm., F.R.Met.Soc., F.R.M.S., Sunnyside, Wexford-road, Oxton.
Oliver, Thomas, Woodland Cottage, Roby.

Padley, Fred., 15, Church-street.

Paul, Frank T., F.R.C.S., 38, Rodney-street.

Philpots, H., M.D., 56, Shrewsbury-road, Oxton.

Xii.

Elected.

1888

Pierce, F. N., F.E.S., 7, The Elms, Dingle,

1886 *Read, William H., Sunnyside, Withins-lane, Liscard.

1868
1885
1886
1868
1879
1884
1879
1889
1891
1884
1886
1893
1873
1893
1879
1889
1886
1868
1896
1871
1886
1891
1887
1879
1892
1872

Roberts, Edward, Clifton Villa, Halewood-road, Gateacre.
Robertson, Helenus R., Springhill, Wavertree.
Routledge, Tom, Crosby-road South, Seaforth.
Ryland, William, 5, Eldon-terrace, Rock Ferry.

Scholefield, Joshua William, J.P., 33, Pembroke-road, Bootle.

Shillinglaw, William, L.D.S., Hamilton-square, Birkenhead.

*Smith, Andrew T., Jun., 13, Bentley-road, Prince’s Park.
Smith, J. Forrester, Newstead, Wavertree.

Smith, Rev. Wm. Hodson, 29, Hope-street.

Stead, Edward F., 10, Adelaide-terrace, Waterloo.
Stewart, W. H., L.D.S., 37, Rodney-street.

Stone, Fred. R., F.C.S., 58, Upper Parliament-street.
Stone, John, Huyton.

Tate, Francis Henry, 9, Hackins-hey.

Vicars, John, 8, St. Alban’s-square, Bootle.

*Walker, Charles H. Hesketh, 5, Church-lane.

Walker, George E., F.R.C.S., 43, Rodney-street.
Walmsley, G. G., 50, Lord-street.
Wardleworth, Theo. H., 56, Hanover-street.

*Williams, J. Michael, F.R.M.S., 156, Chatham-street.
Williams, Thomas, F.C.S., A, Queen Insurance Buildings.
Willmer, Miss J. H., 20, Lorne-road, Oxton.

Willmer, Miss Laura, 20, Lorne-road, Oxton.

Wilson, Henry, M.D., M.R.C.S., 22, High-street, Wavertree.

Woolcott, William, 166, Grove-street.
Wyllie, Andrew, 1, Leicester-street, Southport.

MUSEUM

5 DEC 21
ATURAL
: iSTORY.

‘THIRTY-SEVENTH

ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

LIVERPOOL

| Microscopical Society.

>
>

ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS.

3 Paper, entitled:
--“COMMERCIALISM AND SCIENCE,’’

_ Being the PrREsIDENT’s AppREss, January, 1906.

Pete - Paper:
NORMAL VARIATIONS IN THE CORPUSCULAR
: ELEMENTS OP THE BLOOD,”

By Joun Hay, M.D., Ch.B. (Vic.)
a. _ Paper :
GERM- CELLS, witH SpecIAL REFERENCE TO THE
- Recent ReseARCHES OF Dr. JoHN BEARD,”
re By W. T. Haypon.

List OF MEMBERS.

4 BEQZS
JANUARY, 190697, &
RAL HIS

? “LIVERPOOL :
_ WILLIAM H. SPELMAN, PRINTER, 36 TO 44 THOMAS STREET.

1906.

as = ‘ Price to Non-Members - 1/-

=.

ye
are
Sins

THIRTY-SEVENTH

ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

LIVERPOOL

Microscopical Society.

+
°

ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS.

Paper, entitled:
COMMERCIALISM AND SCIENCE,”’’
Being the PREsIDENT’s ADDRESS, January, 1906.
Paper :
*“ ABNORMAL VARIATIONS IN THE CORPUSCULAR
ELEMENTS OF THE BLOOD,”
By JoHN Hay, M.D., Ch.B. (Vic.)
Paper:
“GERM-CELLS, wirn Special REFERENCE TO THE
RECENT RESEARCHES OF Dk. JOHN BEARD,”

By W. T. Haypon.

LIST OF MEMBERS.

t
TAN OAR YS. “reos, Tn,
RA

Tg Qa

ry
L Hiss?

LIVERPOOL:

WILLIAM H. SPELMAN, PRINTER, 36 TO 44 THOMAS STREET.

1906.

Price to Non-Members - 1/-

Liverpool Microscopical Society.

SESSION XXXVIII., 1906.

Past Presidents.

JOHN BIRKBECK NEVINS, M.D.
Rev. WM. BANISTER, B.A.
Rev. Dr. DALLINGER, F.R.S.
JOHN ABRAHAM.
J. J. DRYSDALE, M.D., F.R.M.S.
JOHN NEWTON, M.R.C.S.
Rev. HENRY H. HIGGINS, M.A.
GEORGE F. CHANTRELL
J. S. HICKS, F.R.C.S., F.L.S.
WILLIAM CARTER, M.D.,
F.R.C.P.

Rev. F. BALLARD, M.A., B.Sc.
F.G.S., F.R.M.S.

A. NORMAN TATE, F.I.C.,
F.C.S., F.R.M.S.

ISAAC C. THOMPSON, F.L.S.,

F.R.M.S.

F. CHARLES LARKIN, F.R.C.S.

EDWARD DAVIES, F.C.S., F.1.C.

WM. NARRAMORE, F.L.S.

W. T. HAYDON

HERBERT E. DAVIES, M.A.,

W. H. WEIGHTMAN, F.R.M.S. B.Sc., F.1.C.
FRANK T. PAUL, F.R.C.S. R. J. M. BUCHANAN, M.D.,
CHARLES BOTTERILL M.R.C.P.

— oe —_—_——_

Officers and Council Elected 19th January, 1906.
President.
JAMES D. MACPHAIL.
Wice=Presidents.

WM. GRISEWOOD.

JOHN. HAY,

thon. Treasurer.
A. H. DUDLEY.

Ch.B. (Vic:):

on. Secretary.
W. T. HAYDON.

fbon. Curator.
C. F. BURNE.

Council.

. J. M. BUCHANAN, M.D.,

R

M.R.C.P.
R. CROSTON.
H

. E. DAVIES, M.A., B.Sc.
J. R. HAYDON.
A. G. HAYWOOD, Lt.-Cot., V.D.
T. A. JONES.

A. E.. LEWIS,, B:AeEor.G:
WM. OELRICHS, F.R. Mer. Soc.
F. N. PIERCE, F.E.S.
WILLIAM H. READ.

J. E. TURNER.

J. M. WILLIAMS.

Lantern Committee.
F, N, PIERCE, J, R, HAYDON, C. F. BURNE, C. E. GRISEWOOD,

THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

LIVERPOOL MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY.

(N presenting their Thirty-Seventh Annual Report, the
President and Council have much pleasure in recording
that during the past year the work of the Society has
been continued in a gratifying manner.

The meetings have been well attended; great interest
having been taken in the papers read, as also in the numerous
objects exhibited.

The papers in several instances, have been the outcome of
original work. :

The objects shown, have been in the majority of cases,
prepared by the exhibitors, many of the slides being of con-
siderable beauty and excellence. This essential feature in the
Society’s work, indicates that there is sustained interest in the
various methods of preparation now available.

4

A Field Meeting was held at Barnston, on June 24th, 1905.
The meeting was well attended, and many good specimens
were secured.

The Lantern Sub-Committee have rendered excellent
service to the Society by making all necessary arrangements
connected therewith.

A Sub-Committee has been appointed to revise the
Society’s collection of slides, and they are at present busy
with the work, which, when completed, will, it is hoped, make
the collection more readily available and more useful.

With a view to affording visitors increased facilities of
attendance at the ordinary meetings Rule 18 was altered at a
specially convened meeting, to read as follows:—‘* Members
shall have the privilege of introducing visitors at the ordinary
meetings and are requested to enter their names in the
visitors’ book.”

The number of slides that may be taken at one time
from the cabinet is now twenty-four, instead of twelve as
heretofore.

Hoping to increase the value of the Annual Report, the
Council have decided to publish therein all such papers
prepared by the members as shall be deemed of sufficient
general interest. Two Papers, in addition to the Presidential
address, have been chosen—one by Dr. JouNn Hay, entitled
‘““ ABNORMAL VARIATIONS IN THE CORPUSCULAR ELEMENTS OF
THE BLoop;” the other by Mr. W. T. Haypon, entitled “ Germ-
CELLS, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE RECENT RESEARCHES
or Dr. Jonn Bearp.” The Presidential address, entitled
“THe DRAUGHTSMAN’S ART) IN RELATION TO BIOLOGICAL
ScIENCE,” was printed in the last Annual Report; the other two
papers are printed herewith.

The following additions have been made to the Library.
By Presentation :---Publications from the Royal Microscopical
Society, the Quekett Club, and the Manchester Microscopical
Society. These have been duly acknowledged.

5

By purchase :—‘ The Annals of Botany.” Set of the
Manchester Microscopical Society’s Proceedings. Ray Society’s
Publications.

During the past session, one Honorary Member, Mr.
R. Newsrteap, F.Z.S., Liverpool University, and four ordinary
Members Messrs. F. ArmstronG, A. DearsLey, W. J. Bowman,
and R. StoprortH have been elected, while the loss through
resignation is three. There were at the close of the year, four
Honorary Members and sixty-one Ordinary Members.

The following is a brief account of the meetings :—

January 13th—The President (Mr. J. D. Macpuai) delivered
his inaugural address, on “The Draughtsman’s Art in
Relation to Biological Science.” The address was printed
with the last report.

February 3rd—A Paper, entitled “ What is a Diatom,” was
read by Mr. Herenus R. Ropertson, F.R.M.S.. By
means of some most beautifully executed lantern slides, and
a brief but interesting paper, Mr. Robertson gave a very
clear conception of the Diatomacez.

A large number of Diatoms, mostly from the Society’s
own cabinet were shown at the Conversazione held at the
close.

Dr. R. J. M. Bucuanan exhibited a very beautiful
preparation of Human Leucocytes, in which centroromes
were demonstrated.

March 3rd—A Paper, entitled ‘ NitroceN-Frxinc Micro-
Orcanisms,” by Mr. A. E. Lewis. The life history of
Bacillus radicicola was admirably described, and some
excellent photo-micrographs exhibited in illustration. At
the Conversazione, various pr eparations of root nodules
and bacteria were shown. °

6

April 7th—A Paper, entitled “ABNORMAL VARIATIONS IN THE
CorPUSCULAR ELEMENTS OF THE BLOoop,” was read by
Dr. Joun Hay. A series of hand-drawn, coloured lantern
slides, made by Dr. R. J. M. BucHanan, were shown in
illustration of the subject. The paper is printed with the
present report.

May 5th—-This meeting was held jointly with the members of
the Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society, and
was chiefly devoted to the exhibition and study of living
organisms. Mr. H. E. Davies gave an interesting account
of a remarkable organism growing in a 10% solution of
sulphuric acid, and this he had had under observation
eight months.

The meeting proved most interesting, and many were
the expressions signifying a desire for more gatherings of
a like nature.

The exhibits (too numerous to record) were well chosen
and admirably displayed.

The following members of the Lancashire and Cheshire
Entomological Society were exhibitors: Miss Bircu,
Dr. Bett, Dr. Tinne, Mr. EH. B.. Prince, Mr. H. B.
Score, Mr. R. Wicpine, and Mr. E. J. B. Sopp.

October 6th—A Paper, entitled ‘‘ Germ-CELLS, witH SPECIAL
REFERENCE TO THE RECENT RESEARCHES OF DR. JOHN
BEARD,” was read by Mr. W. T. Haypon. The lantern
slides and the preparations shown at the conversazione
in illustration of the Paper were kindly lent for the
purpose by Dr. Beard. The paper is printed with the
present report.

November 3rd—A Paper, entitled “‘ PLAanT Hairs AND THEIR
Function,” was read by Mr. R. Croston, in which he
described in a lucid and interesting manner the numerous
forms and varied functions of plant hairs. A number of
well-chosen photo-micrographs were shown in illustration.

At the conversazione a large number of preparations of
plant hairs were exhibited.

7

December 1st—This meeting was devoted to a Demonstration
of Methods of Preparation. Dr. R. J. M. BucHANnan
described his method of preparing Sections of Blood, and
Dr. F. C. Larkin gave a demonstration of the preparation
of tissue, detailing the various processes from fixing to
straining. Mr. Outton Harrison, of the Lancashire
and Cheshire Entomological Society, exhibited and des-
cribed a series of photographs of living Lepidoptera, taken
by Hucu Main, Esq,, B.Sc., F.E.S. These demonstrations
were appreciated by a large audience.

At this meeting, Mr. F. Armstronec exhibited some new
Microscopes and a quantity of useful apparatus.

Mr. J. B. Garnett, of Manchester, also exhibited
specimens of the various stains and appliances necessary
for the production of finished sections.

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COMMERCIALISM AND SCIENCE.
By JAMES D. MACPHAIL,

Being the Presidential Address, delivered on the

19th January, 1906.

“Ttis almost as presumptious to think you can do nothing as

to think you can do everything.”"—Lorp Acton.

“T hold every man a debtor to his profession.”—Lorp
Bacon.

‘SPECIAL privilege attaches to the occupant of this
presidential chair, inasmuch as he is freed from the fetters

of a specialized address, and left to his will to survey and
criticise the whole realm of scientific inquiry that usually finds
utterance in the meetings of the Society over which he is
called upon to preside. And this “ fancy-free ” position has its
advantages if wisely used. One is impressed repeatedly by the
fact that it is so easy and so natural for a gentleman bent upon
one set line of investigation to lead his hearers quickly beyond

10

their ken, and to impress upon them the conviction that they
have been invited to explore cavernous depths and mysterious
passages and galleries, the end and _ safety of which are
subjects of grave doubt, to say nothing of the feelings
of considerable trepidation that arise as a necessary conse-
quence. The annual address from the chair, however, has
the advantage of taking you out, as it were, into the fresh air
and the mountain side, and showing you the whole domain—
in other words, presenting to you a landscape. In this age of
specializing one runs the danger of burrowing in a small hole,
forgetful of the fact that, knowing everything about a part,
and otherwise being profoundly ignorant of the whole, is not
true knowledge. In our researches, as in every sphere of
inquiry, there is need to keep in mind the necessity of balance.
Lack of perspective is apt to render a man as unquestionably
stupid as he is dogmatic.

I would, therefore, invite your attention to a survey of the
difficulties attaching to scientific inquiry amongst non-
professional men; keeping in view the advantage of a life
devoted to more than one pursuit, and freed from the bias,
prejudice, and jealousy that are apt to be engendered amongst
those whose career is one of severe professional competition,
stimulated by personal ambition. In the cases of both profes-
sional and non-professional men, brain, resolution, dauntless
courage and untiring industry are factors immeasurably more
important than either title or social status, or even the set
routine of acertain type of university education. There is
no place to-day in any department worthy of the name
‘‘honourable,” for the weak or lazy man. The democratic
element is entering into every phase of life—I mean life in its
higher and nobler forms—and more and more it is becoming
evident that the ranks of all professions are being filled with
men keen to run the race and to win the crown upon the
merits of their personal intellectual endowments.

It is to be admitted that there is a latent contempt, felt
if not expressed, amongst professional and commercial men
when either side ventures to intrude upon the domain

I

11

of the other. There is an irony and bite in the allusion
to “the scientific young man” when it falls from the
lips of a leading physician. There is equal commiseration
experienced by the business man when he beholds the chaotic
muddle in simple ordinary commercial routine resulting from
the efforts of his professional fellow-citizens. The fact is we
appear as children to one another; and only good manners
prevent us from calling each other names, until we find our-

_ selves in an atmosphere of kindred interests, and then, in all

probability, we give full vocal rein to our thoughts. And it
must be admitted that both sides have justification for the
attitude they take up. Half-knowledge is a curse tothe human
family, and men have a right to condemn it. The science
odium and the ‘“odium theologicum” are cases in point.
Both owe their existence to the ignorance each one labours
under of the true position of the other side. A resolution to
seek truth at any cost, and to admit truth when once it is
found, would save men many stupidities, to say nothing of bad
temper.

Notwithstanding all this there is a territory of
scientific inquiry, a middle-land so to speak, which is the
common pasturage of both sides. A land of mountain chains
and verdant valleys where professional and commercial men
may meet as upon their native soil. And it is to offer facilities
for mutual intercourse and friendly rivalry, for discussion and
research, that a Society like ours exists, situated as it is in one
of the greatest trading centres ever known in the history of the
world. Liverpool, as many of you know, up to the last two
or three decades gave nearly the whole of its attention to
commercial pursuits—in plain parlance, to money-making.
Education and scientific inquiry had (to my own knowledge) a
feeble, flickering existence thirty years ago, and yet outside
the markets there foregathered small coteries of men whose
souls could not be satisfied by accumulating wealth or by
labouring solely for creature comforts. Yea, many of them
were poor men, as the world counts poor; but life to them was
more than eating and drinking. Their-path truly was one of
plain living; but who shall gauge the joy of their high

12

thinking, the delights, the unalloyed happiness’ they
experienced! It was men such as these that formed the
bone and muscle of our Society long years ago, and, I would
venture to say, still form an equally important element in its
present-day constitution. Zoology, botany, geology, ento-
mology, history, natural physics, these were and still are the
common meeting grounds of professional and non-professional
men; and no small part of the intellectual advancement of the
past century may be traced, in our own city at anyrate, to
those men who, in their spare time, explored further and further
into the realms of the sciences to which I have just made
reference. These pioneers were not greedy of their
acquisitions, for with lavish hand have they shared their
treasures of knowledge with those who have come after them,
their sheer love of getting being only equalled by their delight
in giving.

Within well-defined limits the non-professional worker has
a distinct place in scientific investigation, and what he lacks
in depth, due to want of time and opportunity, he in great
measure makes up in breadth, freshness and enthusiasm. But
he must never forget his limitations. He would do well to be
strong on one side —his commercial side. A man who is only
half-and-half, who would try and make his science studies a
kind of semi-commercial pursuit, and his business projects an
effete form of science, will never succeed—and he does not
deserve to do. A man cannot be master in both worlds, and
it is as well, first as last, to recognise the fact. On the one
hand he works for money, his daily bread; on the other hand
he studies for the sheer love of his subject; and each of these
spheres will be best engaged in when the least friction is
occasioned as a result of honest observance of boundary lines.

More than most men, then, has the non-professional
worker need to show a profound spirit of humility.
Conceit is a foe to all sound work. We know so little and
there is so much to be known that we run the danger of falling
into an opposite extréme, and allowing our hearts to fail us by
reason of despair. Even a prince of scientists like Lord Kelvin

13

deplores the failures that have marked his efforts! G. F. Watts,
lately in the first rank of living English artists, was continually
belittling self by reason of his high ideals, the haunting sense
ever clinging to him of never having reached the heights of the
masterly exposition his soul longed after. And with this
constant self-depreciation he was found frequently eulogising
others. Yes, this sense of failure tended to plunge him into
an egoism that was neither healthy nor honest—I mean honest
to himself. And if this sense of failure is observable in
science and art on the part of those who have given all their
lives to one pursuit, how much more should we who have only
“the stolen hours” for our studies observe an attitude of strict
reserve. The late Lord Salisbury devoted his leisure time to
the study of electrical energy; the late Mr. Gladstone to
Homeric Greek, yet neither of them was ever found placing his
knowledge in these directions above a modest, and may I say,
apologetic position. One of Charles Darwin’s greatest charms,
as revealed in his biography, was his child-like eagerness to
learn. In like manner have | found a similar spirit manifested
in the ranks of this Society —not once or twice, but frequently.
And how refreshing has this absence of superiority been to
some of us!—I mean to those of us who were receivers, not
givers.

Again, we non-professional men have the pleasure, and it
is a real one, of “ ganging our ain gait,” doing our own work
in our own fashion (frequently a very poor fashion, | admit),
feeling ourselves free to follow new paths, and_ being equally
at liberty to abandon old traditions. But one thing we are
never freed from, and that is the need to study nature at first
hand. No amount of reading will compensate us for lack of
experimental knowledge: for that deftness of touch, steadiness
of hand, quickness of perception, sensibility to surrounding
circumstances, which are begotten by handling and seeing.
As much might you expect a commercial man to become
an anatomist by simply reading— perhaps doggedly and
_ intelligently enough—through Gray’s “ Anatomy,” as you
would expect a surgeon to become an efficient banker by
_ ploughing through a work on foreign exchanges. The great

14

thing is in the doing of it. And it is this sense of the absence of
practical experience that males one shun to assume a
knowledge which is only backed by reading. Speaking for
myself I hesitate when necessity compels me to consult a
member of the medical profession even to make use of
technical terms, although they may by long study have
become familiar to me. It is assuming a knowledge I do not
possess; for is not the position plainly this—he knows the
goods, | know the labels? And, besides, it is nothing short
of nonsense to rattle about big words, when it is only too
evident you have nothing solid behind them.

But on the other hand it is a mistake to suppose that a
professional man knows everything. Were they living to-day,
a cobbler like Thomas Edward and a stonemason like Hugh
Miller could put many a professional scientist through his
facings. A business man can have his native heath even in the
scientific world. In pond, in hedgerow, in field, in quarry, by
the sea shore and in the quietness of his own home, he—the
non-professional man—can claim the mastery of his position.
He knows, not simply because he reads but because he works.
How great, for instance, are the mysteries contained in the
study of “ the cell’; and yet how frequently do our discussions
reveal a knowledge of the subject—the outcome of long patient
investigation-—on the part of members whose days are spent in
the bustle of commercial life. These men are workers ; and
their words are listened to with respect by one and all
who are not fettered by the traditions of professional
exclusiveness.

A good deal, of course, depends upon what view we take
of life, and more especially what estimate we place upon life’s
enjoyments. That life is meant to be enjoyed, and is capable
of being enjoyed by every sane man I have no hesitation in
affirming. But it must not be an enjoyment of mere self-
gratification, of accumulation, of ruthless ambition. | Enjoy-
ment of this type brings with it surfeit and stagnation. On
the other hand we have had given to us the whole realm of
nature to enjoy: and who shall exhaust its treasures or fully

15

gauge its delights! One of the first duties of every man—
apart from his pursuit in life—is to know something of where
he is as well as what he is; and this in plain words defines (in
its terrestrial relations), the whole realm of science. Students
of Ruskin will remember a pregnant passage on modern educa-
tion in one of the appendices to ‘The Stones of Venice.”
Here are the words :—

“Our present European system of so-called education

“ignores, or despises, not one, or the other, but all the

“three, of these great branches of human knowledge.

‘“‘ First, it despises natural history. Until within the last

“year or two, the instruction in the physical sciences given

“at Oxford consisted of a course of twelve or fourteen

“lectures on the elements of mechanics or pneumatics, and

“ permission to ride out to Shotover with the Professor

“of Geology. I do not know the specialities of the system

“pursued in the academies of the Continent, but their

“ practical result is, that unless a man’s natural instincts

“urge him to the pursuit of the physical sciences too

“strongly to be resisted, he enters into life utterly igno-

“rant of them. I cannot, within my present limits, even

“so much as count the various directions in which this

“ignorance does evil. But the main mischief of it is, that

: “it leaves the greater number of men without the natural

“food which God intended for their intellects. For one

“man who is fitted for the study of words, fifty are fitted

“for the study of things, and were intended to have a

“perpetual, simple and religious delight in watching the

“ processes, or admiring the creatures of the natural

“universe. Deprived of this source of pleasure nothing is

“left to them but ambition or dissipation; and the vices

“of the upper classes of Europe are, I believe, chiefly to
“be attributed to this single cause.”’

(“S. of V,,” vol. III., appendix 7).
| The study of God’s creation in very truth is man’s natural

food; and no instrument to further this much-desired end
has ever been devised equal in importance to the compound

16

microscope. As we all know, the instrument is not the device
of one man or one age, but it is the outcome of numberless
inventors and improvers, commencing, say, with Galileo, who,
Viviani informs us, sent a microscope to Sigismund, King of
Poland, in 1612.

The possession of a microscope, not as a plaything but as
a companion— I mean as an instrument to be used for honest
and continuous investigation—places within the power of a
non-professional man a means of investigating nature’s secrets
otherwise utterly unknown to him, and indicates lines of
inquiry which the professional man has neither the time
nor inclination to pursue. One has only to commence his
researches in order to find out the superabundant riches
that lie on all sides of him; and to lament, too, the shortness
of life—so much to be attained, so little acquired! It would
be well if the spirit of pure commercialism could be controlled
by a power truly cognisant of man’s place and destiny, could
be made to understand that existence and life, animal and
man, accumulation and wisdom, idolatry and lawful pursuit,
are not terms of equal value or have any relation whatsoever.
Thousands of scholars, not, say, of Oxford or Cambridge, but
of the University of Experience, qualified by reason of pinched
means, clear heads, and dogged wills, men who have been
forced to know the value of things, are to-day quietly pursuing
the study of the great mysteries that surround them, and more
especially that chief of mysteries, the phenomenon of vital
existence. It makes them none the less good servants,
considerate masters, successful traders, keen competitors.
The layman claims scientific inquiry as his legitimate field,
simply because he himself is part of nature (although above
it), and he has a right to know himself and what is akin to
him. It keeps, doubtless, many a man from despair, and I am
confident it cheers and ennobles many a life. Allow me to
illustrate this to you : —

It is, say, early summer time. The day has been an
arduous one. Business relations have proved awkward; or
the markets have been depressed; or rates have proved pro-
hibitive. Perhaps on the contrary one has lived at high

17

pressure from breakfast time, and there is the sense of fag, so
well-known to many of us. Under circumstances like these
what is the best method of obtaining rest? It will be recog-
nised at once that the “rest’’ needed is not passivity, but
changed activity; an absolute reversal of occupation. Toa
man possessed with a love of nature, the all-needful channel of
recuperation is entered upon at once. Through country lane,
over stile and ditch, by river side or by the shore, he wends
his way, all eyes and ears for flower and bird; for every
glorious experience that prodigal nature is never slow to
reveal to every seeker after her hid treasures. And who shall
tell of all the wonders of her treasure house! Here in this
wayside pond is a wealth of life—of indescribable beauty and
activity—so prolific that it forms in itself a veritable little
world. Daphnia and Floscule, Rotifer and Polyzoén—so
common as, | fear, to be despised by some of us. And
yet the humblest of these living creatures, hidden to
natural sight, is “‘a thing of beauty and a joy for ever.”
The same may be said of aquatic microscopic plants,
which to the tyro appear as so much filthy slime until their
structure and action have been revealed to him. Similar
attention is devoted to the wayside flower—its form, its classi-
fication, its place in the economy of nature, its method of pro-
pagation. A bank of wild flowers to the passer by may have a
temporary attraction, but to a ootanist (to the student who
knows something of function and structure) it offers a delight
almost beyond words. If the bent of mind be not in the
direction of plant and animal, there remains the whole realm
of entomology to be explored, or failing this, geology. Nor
does the profit end with the walking or the ingathering.
Somewhere in the man’s house is a place, tidy or untidy, it
matters not, which for all practical purposes is regarded as
sacred. It contains instruments and apparatus and seemingly

4 countless odds and ends which are all needed. Housewife
and housemaid stand in awe of that spot; if they see

it at all it is on sufferance, and they are made to realize

their profound ignorance. But it is in that spot that our

business man takes the second step in his study of nature.

18

If | mistake not, Ruskin in one of his wayward moods
declared that what could not be seen with healthy unaided
sight was not meant to be seenat all! But no wise man could
be guilty of a more unwarranted assertion. Be it under 2 inch
objective or under 1-15th inch oil immersion objective, a revela-
tion of hitherto unseen wonders is made manifest. It is
amusing to experienced students to observe the faces and listen
to the exclamations of man or woman who watches, for instance,
the movements of Melicerta ringens, or the graceful action of
Lophopus Crystallinus. Equally delightful to any student,
even the most “hardened” in these investigations, is the
streaming of protoplasm in Tradescantia or Anacharis. No
surprise then need be experienced at work so detached from
the routine of commercial life, affording, not alone rest of brain,
but absolute fitness for the sterner and more prosaic duties that
call for our attention day by day.*

My words are addressed to those who participate in no
small degree in the phase of studious pleasure I have just
referred to. We know of one gentleman who has devoted
so much time to the Radiolaria that he is gradually
submerging himself in micro-slides. Another is, hyberbolically
speaking, already “lost to sight” in the preparation of Conifer
sections, to say nothing of other branches of biological study,
that send some of us into a condition of despair. A third
devotes all his spare time to the Diatomace and the production
of marvellous photo-micrographs. And yet these three cases
are not alone actual in their existence, but typical, too, of |
many gentlemen (I may safely say thousands throughout
Great Britain and Ireland) who are first and foremost
commercial men, and students afterwards. Should you care
to question any of them as to the utility or otherwise of their
studies they will quickly respond that the study of science
has been to them a source of unending joy and mental
refreshment.

Nor should we, in speaking of science, be forgetful of
departments other than those already referred to. Take,

* **A fellow and his business should be bosom friends i the office and sworn
enemies out of it.""—George Horace Lorimer.

19

for instance, physics, chemistry, philology, archzology,
mechanics, political economy, mathematics—any one of these
is sufficient to call forth the most vigorous mental powers; and
yet these sciences possess an alluring attraction and offer a
rich feast to the jaded business man, who may be only able to
devote to them what he is pleased to call his “ play time.”

In these remarks sole reference has been made to scientific
studies as distinguished from those which are purely literary ;
not that the former is one whit of more importance than the
latter, or that the one should be studied to the exclusion of the
other. Charles Darwin made a confession of regret of how his
mind had become blunted to nearly every literary pursuit by
reason of his long continued effort in the direction of
scientific investigation. The love of letters forms one of the
joys of existence. History, Poetry, Philosophy, Belles-
Lettres, who shall tell sufficiently of the solace and joy to be
found in them ; of the love of books, as well as of the love of
nature! One pities the man to whom both these avenues of
delight offer no attraction; to whom the mere love of accumula-
tion and the exercise of commercial power is the first and last
consideration of the daily routine.

No excuse is offered for laying emphasis upon what is still
the need of more attention being paid by the business men of
Liverpool to the higher educational life of their city. If our
country is to keep in the van of the nations it will have to do
so by means other than mere material prosperity; it will have
to remember that brains count for much; and that it is not
the mental development of the few—the so-called learned
classes—but the development of the many, and not least the
commercial classes, that will place our beloved land in the
position we would have her occupy, a position not attained
_by the spoils of war but by the victories of peace. Ame ica
to-day is presenting a spectacle of how the sordid love of gain
is hurrying the nation to a crisis. I am well aware of the
huge endowments for educational purposes that come from the
hands of her millionaire magnates, but the broad fact remains
that the higher and better qualities of her business men are

20

being blunted by reason of being wholly absorbed in the one
sole exercise of money-getting. The medieval alchemist, in
his vain search for the secret of the transmutation of metals
was no more a visionary then (I would not say the same
to-day) than your modern “ hustler,” whose one aim in
life is to end it, and that by smothering himself in a pile of
dollars. To him and to those like him nothing is “ immune
from the menace of destruction under the Juggernaut wheels
of a Mammonish commerce.”

Before closing, | would like to emphasize a special feature
in our methods of scientific research relative to the study of
the human subject. It is a mistake to suppose that the most
fruitful results of the recondite investigation of man, considered
purely on his physical side, will ever fully account for the whole
man. Man is allied to nature we all know, but even with
this admission a vast sphere has yet to be accounted for.
The mysteries of vital phenomena (which I hold form a
legitimate field of scientific inquiry of the most careful
and unbiassed character) must be approached by and
through the channel of microscopic research. But,
supposing that the secret of life is eventually discovered,
man in his social and moral aspects remains a complex being,
beyond and apart from physical nature. The older School of
Economists failed to see this; but I have good reason to believe
that modern scientists are not blind to the fact. Biology and
Philosophy, Physiology and Ethics, may at first sight present
the appearance of ill-assorted couples, most absurd unions ; but
the apparent absurdity lies in the novelty, not the fact. Human
nature is a factor in the world’s history that cannot be too often
insisted upon, man being not a mere mathematical conundrum,
fit only for the sport of those theorists, who, possessed
with small knowledge, proceed upon the plan of guessing half
and then multiplying by two. The scientific spirit to-day
(extravagant doubtless in some quarters), is on the whole
sound and sane. The spirit of empiricism, too, is abroad, but
never was it more hated ; and the same may be said of scientific
dogmatism. Emmanuel Kant’s dictum remains true-—“ On

earth there is nothing great but man, in man there is nothing

21

great but mind.” Philosophy has a right to a voice in the
world of science, and upon no theme more rightful than in
relation to him who is its earthly temple.

The right position of the layman in the sphere of science
is to patiently work and wait. Only a portion of his life is
devoted to investigation, and while it engenders a spirit of
detachment it should also produce a profound sense of shy
level-headedness. The professional world is engaged in a
severe conflict ; and it is not for us less favoured in experience
to sneer at its failures and laugh at its frequent ephemeral
successes.

Truth has been often gained by means of countless
blunders, success by repeated failures; but I doubt if sucha
thing as failure, in a good and honest cause, can be said to
exist at all. It is for every man, according to his means and
opportunities, to keep in the great work of discovering nature’s
secrets, in adapting human requirements and shaping human
aspirations to the great and beneficent end of a strenuous and
noble career.

:, ; BET acer t
ie ace il +e se
' 7 stadt ow Hire
atk Tee ORM Ati LN EN
a. & 7 ‘ ai i <, F

. F od ‘ ees or
é tah A Ses cpa ‘ mre hes Pore . ‘
Byes Somes oe ‘ne

Fe,

Abnormal Variations in the Corpuscular

Elements of the Blood:

By JOHN HAY, M.D., Ch.B. (Vic.), M.R.C.P.

Read Fanuary 7th, 1905.

Mr. PRESIDENT, LADIES AND GENTLEMEN,

HE study of the blood has advanced very considerably
x during the last 10 or 15 years, and when Mr. Haydon, our
worthy secretary, asked me to read a paper before this Society
I thought that possibly it would be of interest to you to hear
something of the more recent progress.

I approach the subject with considerable trepidation
in presence of our. vice-president—one well known as a
hoematologist of the first rank. To him I am much indebted
for some beautiful lantern slides which enable me to cover the
ground more rapidly and efficiently.

I need hardly say that I refer to Dr. Buchanan.

24

The special point to which I wish to draw your attention
this evening is that of ‘ abnormal variations in the corpuscular
elements of the blood.”

It is one that, perhaps, interests me more than some
others, because these variations, which are constantly taking
place, have often very great significance, and, from a careful
observation of them, one is frequently enabled to draw
inferences of great value, both in diagnosis and also in the
treatment of disease.

The blood, as we know, is a tissue whose constitution is
constantly fluctuating and changing, not only in its corpuscular
elements but also in its every constituent.

I propose, first, to describe the normal corpuscular
elements of the blood, and then-to refer to some of the more
marked variations.

There are two large ‘classes of corpuscules, the red and
the white. .

The red are to be counted by billions, 5,000,000 being
found normally to the cubic millimetre. Each corpuscle
appears in a specimen of fresh normal blood as a “ homo-
geneous biconcave disc-shaped body, with opaque, yellowish
rim and nearly transparent centre.”

They are elastic, and capable of being folded and indented
without rupture. After infancy they are invariably non-
nucleated.

Their usual size is 7:5 micro millimetre, and in fresh
specimens tend to form rouleaux.

Each cell contains a substance called hemoglobin, which
has the power of combining loosely with oxygen, and acts as
an oxygen carrier to the tissues.

The variations to which the red cells are liable are :—

1. A change in the relative amount of hemoglobin,

2. A change in shape—poikilocytosis.

3. The appearance of nuclei. Normoblasts—
signifying an attempt at rapid new formation,
megoloblasts—signifying degeneration.

4, Variation in number,

—

25

So much for the red corpuscles. What of the white ?

They are of even more interest than the red. Of the
leucocytes there are six varieties to be briefly described, it
is most essential to have these clearly in our minds before we
proceed to discuss the variations in their number and _ relative
proportions.

1. Lymphocyte, small or large, usually small and of
the size of a red corpuscle. Rounded nucleus; no
granules. 22-25 %.

2. Large mononuclear leucocyte with no granules,
also called a hyaline cell. Twice or thrice the size of
a red corpuscle. These have nothing to do with lympho-
cytes. 1 %.

3. Transitional cell. A cell intermediate between
the hyaline cell and the ‘“ polymorphonuclear cells.”
The nucleus tends to become somewhat irregular and
there are fine granules (oxyphile) in the protoplasm.
2-3 %.

4, “Polymorphonuclear cells.” The “ neutrophile ”
cells of Ehrlich. Finely granular eosinophil leucocytes
with a divided or multiform nucleus, consisting of several
oval or round nuclei connected by thin threads of
chromatin. The fine granules stain with acid dyes ; these
cells are actively amoeboid and have the power of
phagocytosis. 70-72 %.

5. Eosinophil cells characterised by the presence of
coarse granules staining with acid dyes. Nucleus
usually irregular, may appear double. They are amoeboid
but not phagocytic; they are a little larger than red
corpuscles. 2-4 %.

6. Basophil cells. Leucocytes containing granules
of an unequal size and irregular distribution, staining
with basic dyes. ‘5 %.

Sometimes the granules are very large. The “ mast cells”
of Ehrlich,

26

Two other cells may with advantage be described here.
They occur in the blood under abnormal conditions, and are
of great importance in the normal development of the finely
and coarsely granular eosinophil cells.

I refer to the myelocyte or marrow cell of which there are
two important varieties :

1. A large mononuclear cell with fine oxyphil
granules—the nucleus frequently centrally placed.

There is little or no amceboed movement on the
warm stage.

2. A similar cell in which the granules are large
and coarse.

At this point I think it would be well to emphasize that
there are two large groups of leucocytes in the normal blood.

First. Mononuclear lymphocytes, large and small,
free from granules, they have not the power of
contraction.

Seconp. Polymorphonuclear cells with either fine or
coarse eosinophil granules.

The origin of these two groups is entirely different, and a
few words may with advantage be said on this subject before
proceeding to the matter of the paper.

Many different views are held as to the genesis of the
leucocytes. I shall not attempt to discuss them, but
briefly state one, that held by Ehrlich, the great master in
hzematology.

He holds that the lymphocytes of the blood originate in
the lymphatic system. Any increase in their number is
probably due to the local stimulation of certain glandular
areas.

Lymphocytosis—that is an increase of the lymphocytes
in the blood—is due to a raised lymph circulation occurring in a
more or less extended area of lymphatic glands. It must be
regarded, therefore, as the result of a mechanical process.

27

The common leucocyte or polymorphonuclear cell has
nothing to do with the lymphocyte or lymph gland in its
development, but has two sources of origin, the first and most
important being the myelocyte, containing the fine eosinophil
granules. :

These myelocytes change in the marrow into the poly-
morphonuclear cells, and the marrow is, therefore, a reserve
store as well as factory of the polymorphonuclear cells, which
can be called on to supply a leucocytosis at a moment’s notice.

In normal conditions only the ripe or fully developed forms
of polymorphonuclear cells are found in the blood—the mono-
nuclear and transitional forms remaining in the marrow.

The other and disputed source of the common leucocyte
is the large mononuclear cell. It is said that a small proportion
of the polymorphonuclears arise by transitional stages from this
hyaline cell.

The coarsely granular eosinophil cells of the normal blood
are derived from the coarsely granular myelocyte.

Looking at the matter broadly we have therefore the
lymphocytes arising in the lymph structures, and the ordinary
polymorphonuclear cells arising in the bone marrow,

Having thus briefly described the character and origin of
the cells of the blood, let us turn to the question of the
_ variations, both in total number of white cells and also in the
relative proportion of the cells.

Normally there are 7,000 to 10,000 leucocytes in the cubic
millimetre of blood, giving a proportion of one white to 500 or
600 red cells.

If there is a definite increase of these cells the condition
is termed “ leucocytosis ;” if a diminution, ‘“ leucopaenia ”’ or
hypoleucocytosis.

Where it happens that the leucocytosis is chiefly due to
an increase in the number of the lymphocytes, the term
lymphocytosis is employed.

This fact of leucocytosis is one of the most interesting in
all hematology. From the time when Virchow first described
it up to the present numberless workers hvve been engaged
upon it.

28

Following Virchow, Metschnikoff stimulated many to
renewed efforts by his discovery of phagocytosis. He taught
us to regard the leucocyte as a digestive cell This view has
been greatly modified in recent years ; but Metschnikoff's view
that the leucocyte is a protective agent still holds the field,
though it is recognised now that it does much more than
simply gorge itself on bacteria. Leucocytosis may be termed a
protective reflex of a marvellous kind.

Certain poisons, bacterial or chemical, and some bodies
other than poisons, are able, when circulating in the blood, to
attract the leucocytes from the marrow, their home of origin,
into the blood stream. These bodies may also stimulate the
marrow to a rapid formation of new leucocytes.

This is the fundamental factor in leucocytosis and in
infective disease this knowledge can be utilized to enable us to
form an opinion as to the power of the body to re-act favourably
or otherwise to a specific bacterial poison.

Metschnikoff as you all know believed that phagocytosis
is the essential feature of inflammation and the chief mechanism
in immunity and gave exclusively to the leucocytes and the
endothetial and other phagocytic cells a function of vast
importance.

This view has been modified in one important particular
by more recent research which has demonstrated that an extra
cellular influence is exerted upon bacteria which is sometimes
a necessary preliminary to phagocytosis.

The phagocytes have themselves the power of elaborating
in a large degree the bactericidal principles which assist and on
some occasions act as the precursor to the phagocytosis.

Leucocytosis therefore represents Nature’s attempt to rid
the blood and the system by means of the leucocytes and
their products of the bacterial and toxic causes of disease.

In the majority of instances a leucocytosis is an abnormal
condition, a response to some foreign body, poisonous or other-
wise. In a few instances however a leucocytosis occurs as a
normal physiological process. To these | will briefly refer.

28

Firstly, there is a digestive leucocytosis. It is found that,
as a rule, within one hour of a meal, more especially a meat
meal, the number of leucocytes begins to increase. This
continues for several hours, reaches its maximum in three or
four hours, and then gradually declines.

This leucocytosis rarely reaches a higher figure than 15,000
or 16,000 per cubic millimetre.

In its character it is a mixed leucocytosis. Both the
lymphocytes and the polynuclear cells are increased, more
especially the lymphocytes.

The explanation of this phenomenon is that, with the
process of digestion the lymph tissues of the intestinal tract,
and they are extensive, become stimulated, and a raised lymph

circulation occurs. ‘In consequence of this increased flow
more elements are mechanically washed out of the lymph
glands.”

The increase of the polynuclears, on the other hand, is
due to a positive chemiotaxis, the assimilated products of
metabolism, stimulate the marrow and cause an outpouring of
the polynuclear cells into the blood stream.

I need only mention in passing a few other well-organised
forms of physiological leucocytes, for example that occurring
during the later months of pregnancy and that found during the
first year of life. In neither is the leucocytosis at all marked.
A leucocytosis is also found to occur after bodily exertion and
following cold baths.

Apart from these few exceptions leucocytosis is an
abnormal condition, and as previously suggested is probably of
the nature of a protective reflex.

Two forms are described—(1) A passive leucocytosis, in
which the cells are simply washed-into the blood stream by
mechanical forces. Of this class are the different kinds of
lymphocytosis.

In direct contrast there is the ‘“ active leucocytosis,” in
which the cells involved are capable of spontaneous movement
and activity, and emigrate into the blood in response to a
stimulus.

30

The “active” form of leucocytosis is divided by Ehrlich
into the following groups :-—

A. Polynuclear leucocytosis.
1. Polynuclear neutrophil.

2. Polynuclear eosinophil.

B. Mixed leucocytosis, ‘ myelzemia.”

The subject of leucocytes covers too large an area for one
to attempt, even in the most sketchy way, to deal with it
adequately. I shall, therefore, give one or two examples of
each of the above divisions.

First, the polynuclear ‘ neutrophil” leucocytosis. This
is called by some, Ewing, for example, an ‘“ inflammatory
leucocytosis,’” and is present in the majority of febrile
infectious diseases, typhoid fever and measles being two
notable exceptions.

When a _ patient is attacked by pneumonia the
pneumococcus or microorganism, which is the ultimate cause
of the disease, pours out a toxin into the blood. This toxin
acts on the marrow in a_ specific manner. The marrow
responds to this stimulus by an increased outflow and
production of the polynuclear “ neutrophil” cells.

It is the duty of these cells to meet and counteract the
poison of the pneumoécoccus by producing an antitoxin, and
also, possibly, to digest the cocci themselves. In favourable
cases the leucocytosis reaches 20,000 or 30,000 per cubic
millimeter. If, however, the poison is very virulent the marrow
may fail to respond, and there is no increase in the number of
the white cells in the blood. It is then said that the patient has
re-acted badly and the outlook is grave. Shortly before the
crisis the leucocytosis begins to diminish, and during the drop
in the number of the polynuclear “ neutrophils” there is an
increase in the number of the coarsely granular eosinophil cells.
This contrast in the response of the two forms of polynuclear
cells is most interesting and is noted in many of the
inflammatory leucocytoses.

31

The second form of active leucocytosis is that of an
increase of the coarsely granular eosinophil cells with a
polynucleus. It is termed an Eosinophilia.

Last year I had the pleasure of showing this Society a
portion of the human diaphragm, studded with small opaque
bodies. These were formed of small worms, coiled up and
surrounded by a thickened capsule. The worm was the
immature form of the “ trichina spiralis.”

The musculature of that man was dotted throughout with
these worms—which had probably been lying there for some
five years.

Some weeks ago I had the opportunity of examining the
blood of a patient who was recovering from an attack of
trichinosis—the small worms were then all settling down for
their long quiet rest in his muscles.

The blood showed a very marked eosinophilia of 24%.

It is truly marvellous that the presence of these small
- worms in the muscular tissue should be able to produce such a
specific change in the blood.

Either the worms themselves or the inflamed muscles
produce a foreign body of some kind, which, when present in
the blood, acts specifically on the coarsely granular cells of the
marrow to the exclusion of the other form of cells.

Eosinophilia is one of the most interesting of the forms of
leucocytosis. It occurs under the most varied conditions—
in bronchial asthma, in many skin diseases, in postfebrile
conditions, and, perhaps, most interesting of all, in patients
who have certain varieties of parasite in their intestinal canal,
such as the round and threadworms.

Here the parasite is in reality outside of the body, and
yet this eosinophilia demonstrates conclusively that some
toxic substance is being produced by it and absorbed and
acting in a specific manner on the marrow. According to
Ehrlich the direct cause of most forms of eosinophilia seems

_ actually to lie in a destruction of tissue and the products thus
produced.

32

Leukaemia: Mixed leucocytosis. Ttis is probably the most
interesting of all the changes in the blood.

Here we have a profound alteration in the number and
quality of the corpuscular elements. The blood is so charged
with white cells that, on allowing it to stand a few minutes, a
thick, white scum rises to the surface, having the appearance
of matter or pus. In fact, at one time it was looked upon as
pus in the blood.

The number of the red cells is greatly diminished, there
being sometimes only 1 or 2 millions instead of 5 to the
cubic millimeter.

One finds many red cells with nuclei deeply stained by
methylene blue or hematoxylin. Some of these show mitosis.

On the other hand, the leucocytes are enormously
increased, the number reaching 400,000 to 800,000. In fact, they
are sometimes as numerous as the reds instead of the normal
ratio of 1 to 500 or 700. This leucocytosis is of the mixed
type and, moreover, contains other elements not normally
found in the blood.

There are certain specific changes in the composition of
the white cells which make it possible to give a definite
diagnosis from the examination of a blood film, irrespective of
the leucocytosis.

First—all three types of granulated cells—the finely
granular and coarsely granular eosinophil and the mast cells
are increased.

Second, in addition to the polynuclear cells, their early
stage, the large mononuclear granular corpuscle or myelocyte
is found in the blood.

Third, atypical cell forms appear, e.g., dwarf forms of all
kinds of white corpuscles.

Fourth, numerous nucleated red corpuscles.

I have placed several slides under the microscopes,
showing these points.

I wish to emphasise that in these cases we are not simply
dealing with a very marked leucocytosis of the ordinary type,
such as is found in pneumonia, &c., and made up of the
polymorphonuclear cells.

33

This condition of leukzmia is a specific reaction of the
blood and marrow. Formerly it was held that leukzemia was
nothing more than a leucocytosis, in which the proportion of
the whites to the reds was greater than | white to 50 reds.
It is possible, however, to recognise this specific condition of
leukzemia in bloods where the proportion is far less than 1 to
50—say | to 100, or 1 to 200. That is where the leucocytosis
does not amount to more than 20,000 or 30,000. I will not
press this matter, but will now refer to the important question
as to the origin of this myelzemia, the flooding of the blood with
marrow cells.

It is suggested by some that there is a passive inflow of
bone marrow elements into the blood stream, by others that
there is some specific leukemic agent which attracts these
elements in the blood, and that really this condition of
leukzemia should be classed with the active leucocytoses.
There is, however, a form of leukemia in which the
leucocytosis is in all probability of the passive type, namely,
that called lymphatic. Here there is a great preponderance
of lymph cells, both of the small and large varieties, more
especially the large.

In these cases the number of whites is rarely so great as
in the marrow form of leukemia. One interesting point about
them is that they sometimes begin quite suddenly. The blood
is examined to-day and found normal to-morrow. Instead of
7,000 leucocytes per cubic millimeter there may be 50,000, and
those nearly all lymph cells. ;

There is one most interesting point to be referred to in
conclusion. The wonderful effect of the X rays on the blood of
these leukzmic patients.

I have up to now carefully observed seven or eight
patients suffering from this disease, in whom the treatment by
the X rays was employed. The result is very striking.

The X rays are applied tu the thickened ends of the long
bones, to the knees and shoulders and thigh bones, and also

over the stern and ribs. That is to those regions in which the

marrow is found in great abundance, The spleen is also rayed.

34

The condition of the patient improves, he puts on weight,
looses his breathlessness, and feels a new man. '
Marked changes occur in the blood. A leucocytosis of
perhaps 400,000 to 800,000 is slowly and steadily reduced, till
I have seen the blood practically normal. Let me give one
example :—
Mr. P., July 17, 04. R. C. 3,000,000
W. C. 320,000

Oct. 10.
Polymorphonuclear cells ............ 374% Tae
WA CLOG Yee n sere mevs cess sah raniay ones 36%...) 99 eee
Epa tel a 2 ee a ae a ea Ore)
Large miononucleat »./....23.-.--..:-. io ae Ren ees
Postponi GOatse, « «0.0.5. s2-005-na5>* 5 eee mr EL
EASON Biles aig thant ack + che ooresstea 4% ... None.
incre Te) Oi a a ey eee 6%. -.<, Nemes

9% of all reds nucleated.
In Oct. 10. R. C. 3,050,000
W. C. 7,188

The X rays in this case produced a blood to all intents
and purposes normal, but still a little anemic. The patient
felt quite well. The action of the Rontgen rays is to alter the
condition of the marrow and bring it back more or less to its
normal condition, As a consequence of this, those cells in the
blood, due to excessive production by the marrow, tend to
disappear from the general blood stream.

The myelocytes, both finely and coarsely granular,
together with the mast cells (with their basophil granules),
cease to be present in the systemic circulation.

In leukzmia we have a specific response of the marrow
to a specific stimulus. The X rays in some occult manner
remove this specific stimulus and permit the marrow to return

* to its normal.

I have noticed also that, after the application of the
X rays to the long bones, there is much greater difficulty in
staining the cells of the blood. Dr. Buchanan has made some
interesting observations on this point, which, | hope, he will
give in detail to this meeting.

35

Ladies and gentlemen, to me the blood is one of the
most interesting of all tissues. The more one works at it the
more numerous are the paths it opens out, full of the
possibilities of pleasure and reward. I have only touched on
the fringe of a very large subject.

I realise that I have been somewhat disjointed, and
possibly here and there too technical. 1 sincerely hope not,
and if I have unwittingly been guilty of such offences I must
rely on your kindly forbearance and trust to your generous
forgiveness,

36

DIAGRAM OF THE WHITE CORPUSCLES FOUND
IN THE BLOOD.

1--6 in normal blood, numbered as in the text.

1. Myelocyte.
Fine Gran

GERM -CELLS :

WITH SPECIAL REFERFNCE TO THE RECENT RESEARCHES OF

Dr. JOHN BEARD,

University Lecturer in Comparative Embryology, Edinburgh.

This paper is an attempt to summarize the recent
researches of Dr. Beard on Germ-cells, and the many problems
related thereto. Although of necessity brief, it may be
regarded—so far as it goes—as representing his views.

The paper when read was illustrated by means of a number
of lantern - slides—diagrams and photographs; and at the
conversazione afterwards a number of micro- preparations
showing germ-cells in various phases of wandering were
exhibited. Both lantern and micro-slides were kindly lent for
the purpose by Dr. Beard.

I am indebted to Dr. Beard for his great kindness in
revising and correcting the proof-sheets, and for the loan of

‘the plates of illustrations; and I wish here most heartily to

thank him for his very kind and generous help.

W. T. HAYDON.

38

GERM-CELLS.

N order that full significance be attached to the discoveries
made by Dr. John Beard in the course of his embryological
researches, it will be necessary—or at least convenient—to
review briefly some of the generally accepted views regarding
the subjects treated ; it would of course be quite impossible in
one brief paper to refer to them all, neither, indeed, is it
necessary; it will be sufficient in many cases simply to
note in passing the new light thrown upon them by Beard’s
work.

Let us first get a clear idea of what is understood by the
term germ-cells.

Germ-cells are unicellular bodies borne by the gametophyte
of plants and the gametozoon of animals, and borne for the
most part in specially adapted receptacles.

Germ-cells are of two forms, viz., eggs or germs, and
sperms; their function is reproduction, one sperm uniting with
one germ setting in motion that wonderful and mysterious
development that eventually culminates in the reproduction of
a plant or animal similar to that which gave rise directly or
indirectly to the germs and sperms. Thus it follows that all
the cells of any multicellular organism must have arisen from
the body of the united germ and sperm—fertilized egg—known
as a zygote.

It is generally considered that the most important part of
the zygote is the chromatic material of the nucleoplasm. This
chromatic material is of course derived from the germ and
sperm.

Here, note must be taken of the phenomena of mitosis;
all cells are derived from other cells by division. Cell division
is effected by one of two methods: (a) direct division, known
as fission; (b) indirect division, or mitosis.

It is the indirect method only that claims our present
attention. During mitosis the chromatic material of the

—

39

nucleus—chromatin—breaks up into a number of thread-like
bodies, known as chromosomes ; and the cells of every species of
plant or animal has a definitely fixed number of these bodies.
This number is always even in the cells of the sporophyte and
in the somatic cells of animals. In the cells of the gametophyte
and gametes of plants and animals it is frequently uneven,
where the number may be as low as one. When a cell is about
to divide each chromosome splits longitudinally, the cell thus
for a brief period containing double the normal number ; when
division ensues the doubled number of chromosomes is equally
divided between the d.ughter cells, reducing the number once
again to the normal. This brief and obviously incomplete
description of mitosis applies to soma— body—cells only. Germ-
cells—eggs and sperms—are multiplied in the same way,
i.e., by mitosis, but with this essential difference, excepting in
parthenogenesis they contain but half the normal number of
chromosomes, for at a certain period of their history the
number of chromosomes normal to the soma cells is halved,
the products—daughter cells—germ-cells—thus containing only
half the original number; this is the reduction division, to
which reference will be made later. Cells possessing this
reduced number are generally regarded as incapable of further
division, and eggs and sperms alike degenerate and die, unless
one of each are brought together, thus providing the full
complement of chromosomes in the zygote.

The chromatic material of the nucleus is now generally
regarded as the material basis of heredity, the substance
bearing the characteristics of the race, and at the same time
apparently carrying also the peculiarities of the parents. If,
however, the results of the experiments of Boveri and Delage
must be accepted as conclusive, the importance of the nucleus
and its contents have been somewhat over-rated; for they
have shown that denucleated eggs of the sea-urchin can be
fertilized, and that normal larve are the result. Further, that
if spermatozoa of a different sub-species be used, the
characteristics of the larve are those of the male. This
must suffice as to the nature of the germ-cells.

40

Now, as to their origin, whence are they? Referring to
any recent text book on the subject, we shall learn that eggs
and sperms are derived from certain cells known as primordial
germ-cells. That these primordial germ-cells have their origin
in a germinal epithelium, which in the higher animals is a
specialized region of the peritoneal epithelium, and consists of
two more or less pronounced ridges. These ridges ultimately
form part of the genitalia.

We shall learn further that the primordial germ-cells are
sexually indifferent, z.c., neither male nor female, and that the
chief factor in the determination of sex is the external stimulus
provided by nutrition, high feeding producing females for the
most part, while spare diet tends to the production of males.
There are also many other causes regarded as determining sex.

We shall also learn that from the zygote—fertilized
egg —is developed an embryo. With regard to the method of
this development, two rival theories at the moment hold the
field—Epigenesis and Evolution.

Epigenesis regards the development as “a new formation
of complexity,” receiving its control from without, 7e., the
development of its various organs, tissues, etc,, is due to
environment. This view is championed by Oscar Hertwig and
other eminent biologists.

The other, Evolution, an unfolding, or as its opponents are
pleased to miscall it, preformation, contemplates the develop-
ment as being controlled from within, z.e., it regards the zygote
as containing the potencies of the adult, and is in a sense “ the
becoming visible of complexity previously invisible to us.”
This invisible complexity must not, however, be regarded as a
miniature organism as did the preformationists of old, but
rather as of organized material bearing the latent potencies of
the adult, which is a very different thing.

This view Weismann has elaborated into a very complete
and fascinating theory; he recognizes in his Germ-plasm theory
all the forces necessary for the explanation of ‘“‘ Heredity,” and
in its wider sense.

’

“ Evolution ’

4]

This germ-plasm according to Weismann, constitutes the
chromatin of the nucleus of the sexual cells; it is an exceedingly
complex living substance, capable of growth, and is of a very
high degree of stability, i.e., it is little liable to change.

The chromosomes formed during the process of cell
division from the chromatic substance Weismann designates
idants. Idants are made up of a number, varying for each
species, of ids.

Ids are capable of growth and multiplication. — Theoreti-
cally, one id would suffice for the development of one individual.
These ids are made up of determinants, and these again are
divided into biophores, the whole combination forming a defi-
nite and complex architecture. Of determinants there exists
one for every different organ and parts of organs contained in
the adult; their function is, therefore, to determine the char-
acter and structure of the organism. The biophores are the
ultimate particles of living matter, endowed with the vital force,
whatever that may be.

This brief sketch, incomplete as it is, will enable us the
better to understand that which is to follow.

The first question naturally asked in connection with this
theory is: What then is the history of the germ-cells from one
generation to the next? Weismann’s teaching seems to be
_ capable of, at least, two answers; at any rate, two different
conclusions may be assumed. One aspect—method (a)—

represents the zygote dividing into two exactly similar daughter

cells, (a) and (b); one of these (a) grows and divides, this

repeatedly, but the products remain unaltered, i.e., they are

all similar to the zygote from which they were produced. In

other words, at each division all the characteristics of the
_ zygote are doubled.

The cell (b) also divides; here, however, doubling does not
take place, but exactly the opposite, for the characteristics
Yepresented by the determinants are halved in number, and
_ this continually until all the determinants have been distributed,

42

DIAGRAM No. 1.

ap
| as —— ss
ap ap*
— | ———
ah ipt
ap ap aS eee pay: ae
pase i) iethe gee, ad eh il mpt

se ee a ab. cod - ‘ef. gh’ ly. « Bae op

etc: pares a ee aly a —

a ede fF ght yl eee

— =F as — — /

Germ-plasm. Idioplasm.

and so on:

————
a

Idioplasm + Germ-plasm = Embryo.

Diagram of a developing embryo according to Weismann. Method (a).
The ids functioning are supposed to consist of 16 determinants: a.-p.

DIAGRAM No. 2.
ap

1
| ——

ab cd ef gh iy: kl mn op
Pp ao Mee Pr ee eee

— —— —

Germ-plasm is here represented as equivalent to a determinant.

Diagram of a developing embryo according to Weismann. Method (b).
The ids functioning are supposed to consist of 16 determinants: a.-p.

Diagram No. 1 illustrates this method ; the ids functioning
are supposed to consist of sixteen determinants, represented by
the letters a. to p. It will be seen that the zygote a.p. divides
into cells, a.p. and a.p'; a.p. gives rise to cells exactly similar,
and are therefore represented by the letters a.p.; this series
contains Weismann’s germ-plasm. Cell a.p* in the first division

43

becomes cells a.h. and i.pt, each containing but half the
characteristics—determinants—of a.p., and so on, until the
determinants are all distributed. The products of a.pt are
known to Weismann as idioplasm. The germ-plasm and
idioplasm combined constitute the embryo. In course of
development the germ-plasm ultimately reaches the germinal
epithelium, and there initiates the primordial germ-cells.

The other aspect—method (b)—of the history of the
germ-cells from one generation to another is set forth in
diagram No. 2. It is here supposed that no doubling
division whatever takes place, but that qualitative halving—
differentation—commences with the first division. In this
method it must be assumed that the primordial germ-cells
are provided for by certain determinants, in exactly the same
way as for eyes, lung tissue, etc.

It matters little which of these views we accept—both
may be assumed—for in each case continuity of germ-plasm
is provided for. Really, however, neither of these views has
any support in the actually observed facts.

Weismann writes:—‘ The transmission of the . germ-
“plasm from the ovum to the place of origin of the
“ reproductive cells takes place in a regular manner, through
“perfectly definite series of cells which I call germ tracks
“These are not actually recognisable, but if the pedigree of
“the cells in the embryogeny is known they may be traced
“from their termination to the germ-cells backwards to the
“ovum.

4

“This assumption is supported by the fact that a direct
“or, at any rate, very close connection can be proved to exist,
“although only in rare instances, between the germ-cells of
“two consecutive generations. In the Diptera the first
“division of the egg-cell separates the nuclear material of the
“subsequent germ-cells of the embryo from that of the
“somatic cells, so that in this case a direct continuity can
‘be traced between the germ-plasm in the germ-cells of the
* parent and offspring.” *

* Weismann: “ The Germ-plasm,”’ p. 184.

44

You will learn further that the segmenting egg gives rise,
first, to a layer of cells known as epiblast, to which is in
due course added another layer, the hypoblast ; and later still
a third is added, the mesoblast, these three forming together
the germinal layers, so called because they are regarded as
containing the germs from which all parts of the embryo will
be developed. For instance, the epiblast gives rise to the
nervous system, etc.; the mesoblast to the skeleton, etc.; and
the hypoblast to the lungs, etc., each layer giving rise to
definite structures. These germinal layers must not, however,
be confounded with the germ-cells, notwithstanding the fact
that it is the mesoblast which is regarded as giving rise to the
peritoneum, from which in turn arises the germinal ridges and
the primordial germ-cells. Further, you will find reference to
certain stages in the development known as blastula, gastrula, etc.

This text-book teaching many of us have proved for our-
selves, for have we not made macro-dissections and micro-
sections galore, in which we have found the confirmation we
sought ?

From this brief sketch of text-book teaching, and our own
studies, we will turn to Beard’s researches.

In 1888 Beard commenced the researches described in his
own words “as undertaken solely with a view of determining
‘by observation the apparently simple question of the mode of
** development of a vertebrate animal. They had not proceeded
“very far before it came to be recognized that whether or not
“a ‘direct development’ was possible, that presently carried
“out in the higher animals had every appearance of being
‘anything but_direct ; indeed, of being based in an antithetic
“ alternation of generations. This was of such a kind that the
“fertilized egg gave rise to an asexual foundation or larva,
““termed by me the phorozoon or bearing-animal, and that in
““some way or other upon the latter there arose an organism,
“termed the embryo, which by reason of its endowment with
“sexual organs may be described as the sexual form or
* generation.”’*

+ John Beard, ** A Morphological Continuity of Germ-cells as the Basis of Heredity
and Variation.”"—Review of Neurology and Psychiatry. Jan., 1904; p.1.

45

This unexpected discovery of Beard’s was but the fore-
runner of many others, for in quick succession following the
demonstration that the embryo was not the direct product of the
egg, it was demonstrated that germ-cells are not derived from
soma-cells; that there is a morphological continuity of germ-
cells from one generation to another; that a law exists under-
lying the number of primary germ-cells; that sex is determined
before the embryo commences its growth, and that it is there-
fore beyond the control of its environment; that no such
process as that known as metamorphosis ever takes place. That
this so-called metamorphosis which professes to explain the
changes which take place during embryonic development, and
which endeavours to account for the changes by a process
known as a substitution of organs, is in fact a substitution of
organisms.

Further as a result of Dr. Beard’s work we may at once
put aside Darwin’s provisional hypothesis of Pangenesis,
Galton’s theory of Stirp, Spencer’s theory of Physiological
units, Haeckel’s Perigenesis of the Plastidule, de Vries’s Pang-
enes, and Weismann’s Continuity of Germ-plasm, and substitute
the demonstrated fact of the Continuity of germ-cells from one
generation to another, and therewith accept the solution of the
problem of heredity. It includes also the demonstration of the
source of like-twins; throws new light upon the problems
involved in parthenogenesis; and explains the course of
_ oogenesis and spermatogenesis in hermaphroditism. Further as
a result of his work it may be assumed that the probability of
Epigenesis is reduced to at best a mere possibility.

It may in brief be- stated that Beard’s discoveries will
prove to be as revolutionary to biology as was the teaching of
Darwin fifty years ago.

Now, what evidence does Dr. Beard offer in proof of the
results just set forth ?

Beard’s published work on germ-cells refers chiefly to his
researches in the embryogeny of the smooth skate (Raja

46

batis ). He has, however, studied the two dog-fishes
(Scyllium canicula and Pristiurus melanostoma), the spiny
dog-fish (Acanthias vulgaris), the torpedo fish (Torpedo
ocellata), the chick, etc., etc. His work on Pristiurus is
ready for the press.

For the past twenty years Beard has been a most
energetic student of the structure and development of the
Elasmobranch fishes. He may thus elaim to write with an
authority derived from actual first-hand knowledge. As
already stated, Beard commenced his researches with a view
of determining by observation the “ apparently simple question
“of the mode of development of a vertebrate animal.” His
object was to trace the entire course of development, from
the egg of one generation to the egg of the following
generation. This had never previously been done. Its
accomplishment would solve many outstanding problems,
and, as the sequel proves, many unforseen results have been
attained. It must be particularly noted that Beard worked
for years holding the generally accepted view of direct
development. We have already noted the text book teaching
on this, that eggs give rise to embryos which are but phases
in the development of the individuals, that the individuals
give rise to germ-cells, and so on.

The study—by Beard-—of serial sections of a very large
number of embryonic skates revealed the fact that germ-cells
were not confined to the germinal ridge alone, but were to be
met with in almost every organ of the body, ‘‘ Sometimes they
“‘ may be found in the head, head-somites, brain, the gill-region,
“the skin of the trunk or head, the pericardium, the liver, even
“‘ occasionally in the blood, the kidney-tubules, the body-cavity,
“‘ myotomes, spinal-cord, gut-epithelium, especially of the yolk-
“ stalk and of the rectum, etc., etc.—in fine, there is hardly a
“place in the whole trunk or head in which such aberrant
“‘germ-cells have not been observed.’’* If then these abnormally
placed germ-cells are the products of the peritoneal epithelium
they have evidently migrated from their place of origin; they

* John Beard, Morph. Con, Rev. Neur. and Psych., Jan., 1904; p. 19~

47

may, however, not be the exclusive products of the peritoneal
epithelium, but the products of a variety of soma cells; or not
being products of soma cells at all, they must have had their
origin elsewhere, and have wandered into the various positions
_ they finally come to occupy.

This latter Beard regards as being the true explanation.
If this be so, it must follow that the germ-cells have their
origin outside the embryo, and that at some period they
migrate into it.

What then, are the observed facts leading to such a
conclusion ?

Now, the germ-cells of the skate are easy of identification,
for they possess very distinctive features. They are glassy,
contain a number of yolk-plates, their nuclei are of a bilobed
type, and they are considerably larger than the largest somatic
cells. These peculiarities are shared by the other elasmo-
branch fish embryos in some degree. These distinctive
characiers enable them to be counted, and Beard has found
that there is a constant number of primary germ-cells for
each species that he has up to the present studied.

In the skate, the number found in all females approxi-
mates to 512.

If the primary germ-cells are the products of the germinal
epithelium and they migrate thence, it follows that the
younger the embryo is the greater will be the number of
germ-cells normally placed. But what are the facts? Beard
has not only counted the germ-cells in a number of embryos,
but he has also tabulated the positions they occupy. Briefly,
the results are as follow :—In embryos about 30 m.m. in
length nearly 30% of the germ-cells are abnormally placed, in
those about 25 m.m. long nearly 40%, those only 20 m.m. long
have quite 50% of their germ-cells misplaced, while very young
embryos only 2°5 m.m. long are entirely without germ-cells.
Beard describes one embryo 2°66 m.m. long very exhaustively.
It is, however, but a representative example. It is shown
diagrammatically in figs. A and B,

48

Somewhat diagrammatic sections of an embryo of raja batis, 2°66 m.m. in length.
a, Fig. A is a germ-cell near the site of the future germinal nidus ; c, lying betw een the
epiblast and hypoblast is in migration

a, Fig. B, is a germ-cell lying within the mesoblast.

The blastoderm is seen crowded with germ-cells (After John Beard).

This embryo contained but two germ-cells within the
“embryonic foundation,” one of these shown at a, Fig. A
occupies the site of the future “ germinal nidus.” The upper
part of the blastoderm just outside the embryo is crowded. with
germ-cells. From this crowd germ-cell a. has evidently
migrated, while germ-cell c. has evidently commenced
migration. Further, at the close of the segmentation, before
there is any embryo at all, the germ-cells are represented by
cells 0°02 m.m., or 0'036 m.m. diameter. Normal germ-cells
have a diameter of 0:02 m.m.

To give emphasis to the fact that germ-cells cannot
possibly be the products of the embryo, Beard makes the
following statement with regard to embryos 2 or 3 m.m. in
length. “Inthe growing zone of the developing embryo there
“are no cells at any time large enough to be the progenitors of
“ the germ-cells.” * :

The presence of misplaced germ-cells in the embryo has
long been known. Little note, however, has been taken of the
knowledge. The cells referred to by Beard as germ-cells in
pre-embryonic and early embryonic development have also
long been known. They have not, however, been recognised
as such, but have been regarded as pertaining to other
structures. Beard, however, in his published papers deals satis-
factorily with these. For instance, Riickert in his work on
Torpedo embryos, makes reference to certain large yolk-laden

* John Beard, ‘* The Germ-cells, Part I,"" Journal of Anatomy and Physiology.
Jan,, 1904, p, 218,

—

PLATE 1.

ee

2 8BHeE00'

Q@oqHo®

aS?

-@@
: 2 6e
ae ii — a
Ss

S

ate
Sy
=

Fic. 3.

Fic. 1.—Primary germ-cell of Pristiurus melanostomus. The cytoplasm is glassy in
character and contains a large number of (blackened) yolk-plates. The nucleus

exhibits duplication, 7.e., autonomy of paternal and maternal portions.

Fic. 2.—Primary germ-cell of the skate, Raja batis.

Fic. 3.—The conditions seen in two transverse sections (the 39th and 41st sections of a
row) of a 44 mm. embryo of Pristiurus. The lettering is as follows: sp. c. =
spinal cord, n. = notochord, my. = myotome, g. n. = germinal nidus, me. = meso-
blast, e.p. = epiblast, hy. = hypoblast, y. s. = yolk-sac, g. c. = germ-cell.

Fic. 4.—A diagrammatic section of an early skate-embryo. To illustrate the migrations
of the germ-cells along the germinal path, g. p., and showing germ-cells in various
abnormal situations. The lettering is as in Fig. 3, excepting so. m. = somatic

mesobDlast, sp. m. = splanchnic mesoblast, ao. — aorta. (After John Beard).

TIS
Ga Fe
17 Mi)

PLATE 2.

Fic. 2.

Transverse sections of an embryo of Acanthias vulgaris,
21 m.m. in length. Fic. 1 shows one germinal nidus (ridge) with
secondary germ-cells ; these are in the normal position. There
is a “nest "’ of secondary germ-cells at the base of the mesentery,
these are abnormally placed.

Fic. 2 shows two (?) secondary germ-cells attached (‘* stuck
on”’) to the peritoneum of the gut; such abnormally placed
germ-cells are of frequent occurrence (Photos by W. T. H.)

49

cells, termed by him megaspheres; these he identifies as
merocytes, budded off from the yolk. Beard proves them to be
in raja—germ-cells, or, if large, as the forerunners of such.
He writes: “Apart from the resemblance between these
““« Megaspheres’ and germ-cells, there are also the facts of
“similar features in their degeneration. We cannot account
“for the small number of germ-cells in early embryos, or their
“absence from the mesentery, where later on, they are so
“abundant, without the inclusion of the wandering ‘ mega-
“spheres’ among the germ-cells. Moreover, there is such an
“unbroken transition from the ordinary germ-cells of my embryos
“to the largest of the ‘megaspheres,’ and so many of the latter
‘agree so absolutely with ordinary germ-cells in every respect
“except in position, that it is quite impossible to draw any line
“‘ between them. In the normal position, in the germinal nidus,
“one also encounters abnormally large germ-cells or ‘ mega-
“spheres.’”* In the paper referred to, Beard at considerable
length establishes the identity. Accepting Beard’s observations
as correct, it is certain that germ-cells precede the existence of the
embryo, and that they wander into the embryo later.

Pirate 1: Illustrates the migration of the primary germ-
cells in a young embryo of Pristiurus, 4°5 m.m. in length.

Pirate 2: Shows secondary germ-cells in normal and
abnormal situations in an embryo of Acanthias, 21 m.m. in
length. Migration has ceased.

Here it will be well to note that Beard has discovered an
important period in the development of the embryo which he
designates the “critical period.” ‘It is that time in the develop-
ment of the embryo when all the various organs are fully laid
down, but as yet are far from being complete.---Of which, more
presently.—In the smooth skate this period is reached when the
embryo is about 70 m.m. in length; the wanderings of the
germ-cells have ceased, and their division into secondary germ-
cells has commenced. In such embryos vagrant germ-cells are
rarely found ; they have probably for the most part degenerated.

* John Beard, ‘‘ The Germ-cells, Part 1,"" Journal of Anatomy and Physiology.
Jan., 1904; p. 222,

50

If, then, our old idea with regard to the origin of germ-
cells must be given up, may not the generally accepted view
concerning the origin of the embryo itself have to be modified ?
Assuredly, yes! We have already noted the view taken by
Weismann—that generally accepted—that from the fertilized
egg an embryo is formed direct, as shown in diagrams
1 and 2.

It is just this direct development which Beard’s work
proves cannot take place, as we_ shall soon note.
Seeing that the germ-cells exist before there is any embryo,
they cannot possibly be its products. They must, therefore,
be direct products of the zygote ; whence then the embryo ?

Before proceeding to answer this last question, it will
be well to ascertain, as clearly as may be, what Beard
understands by his “ critical period’’ and his “ larval forms.”
He has written a very lengthy and exhaustive description of
the “critical stage” in Scyllium canicula. From it I will
take a few extracts which will serve to give a rough idea
of what is to be understood; time would fail for more
lengthy detail. Beard writes :—

“All the organs of the fish were laid down, and
‘‘ histological differentation had beguninall. . . . . The
“embryo is rapidly acquiring the adult form of body.
“ Finally, apart from many minor details, there remains one
“event of far-reaching and fundamental importance to be
“recorded. In stating this, | should like to be permitted to lay
“ unwonted emphasis upon its gravity. At this period the embryo
“annexes the contents of the external yolk-sac, an internal
“ yolk-sac is formed, and the yolk is gradually drawn into it and
“ thence into the gut, where, during the rest of the development
“within the egg case, and for some time afterwards, it serves for
“ the nourishment of the young fish and is digested by the cells of
“the gut. Prior to this stage the embryo only obtained
“nourishment from the yolk-sac by means of the yolk-sac
‘* circulation, and not even directly through this, but indirectly,
“by the intermediation of the ‘yolk-hypoblast’ and the

51

“specialized parts of this, the merocytes. Taking the whole
“of their characters into account, the embryo is now for
“the first time a young fish, and it is independent of its
“transitory, or larval, or asexual foundation. It can set about
“feeding itself, and is powerful enough to begin the task of
“suppressing the transient foundation, including the transient
“nervous apparatus, the merocytes and yolk-hypoblast, and
“ other evanescent structures.” *

This “critical period” holds good for mammals also, so
far as they have been studied. In certain Marsupials it is
coincident with the epoch of birth—the then immature con-
dition being the epoch referred to.

In the higher animals—sheep, rabbit, man, etc.—it is
certain that the allantoic placenta is an embryonic organ formed
just prior to the “ critical period’ and which now commences to
supersede or replace the ectoplacenta, or trophoblast, or in the
words of Heisler: ‘‘ The development of the allantois and its
“accompanying system of blood vessels is simultaneous with
““the decline of the yolk-sac and the vitelline circulation.”**
This in man begins to take place during the sixth week of
gestation, in the rabbit on the 15th day, and in the sheep at
the 30th day.

The point to notice here is that this ectoplacenta or
trophoblast which is replaced by the allantoic placenta is
regarded by Beard as the larval structure—phorozoon——asexual
generation. This larval form must not, however, be re-
garded as the equivalent of the caterpillar or the tadpole;
these must not be regarded as larval forms at all, for
as Professor Miall first pointed out—these are really adult
forms, and their transformation into imago and frog is a
secondary transformation, connected with the development and
maturation of the sexual organs. .

* John Beard, ‘* On Certain Problems of Vertebrate Anatomy."’ Published by

Gustav Fischer. Jena, 1896.

** Heisler, ‘‘ Text-Book of Embryology," p. 148,

52

This larval form—phorozoon—referred to by Beard isa
far more simple structure, it consists essentially of the
blastoderm and yolk-sac. Beard writes: ‘The blastoderm
“‘ grows over and encloses the yolk, and this may be interpreted
“as the annexation of the yolk by the phorozoon or larva.
“Thence, until the critical period the gametozoon or future
“ vertebrate is only nourished through the intermediation of
“the phorozoon from the yolk.”’*

At the critical period, as we have already seen, the game-
tozoon commences to suppress the phorozoon, “ the parts of the
“ larva atrophy and are either absorbed, starved to nothingness,
“or digested.

“In those cases where there is no proper yolk-sac, and only
“ yolk-cells (parts of the phorozoon or larva), these latter from
“the critical period onwards break down and degenerate, and
“are digested, while in the same instances other parts of the
“ phorozoon atrophy.’’**

The asexual generation of the vertebrates, like the game-
tophytic generation of the higher plants, has been reduced
during the process of evolution to comparative insignificance,
for, as in the higher plants, the gametophyte is reduced in
most instances to but a few cells, so in the vertebrates the
asexual form, according to Beard, is represented by many of
the cells of the cleaved egg of the amphibian, by the blastoderm
of the fish and the bird, and by the trophoblast of the mammal,
for these various structures he regards as being in the main
homologous.

Having now got some idea of what is meant by the
“critical period,” and what is to be understood by “ larval
“forms,” we will proceed to consider the origin of the embryo.
We have already noted that it is of direct descent from the
zygote; and here too, it may be noted, so also is the larva or
phorozoon. The origin of both will be best understood by
reference to a diagram drawn up by Beard, bearing in mind
his warning that it is a diagram only.

* John Beard, ‘ On Certain Prob. Vert. Embryology"’; fp. 51,
**# Thid. P, 52,

a

53

In this diagram (3) the zygote Z is, of course, the product
of the united egg and sperm E.S. and the line onwards to
the primitive germ-cell U.K.Z. marks the germinal track in
Weismann’s sense. The whole of the products of the zygote,
including those to the left of the line, are assumed by
Weismann to be cells of the embryo.

As we have already seen, the germ-cells are in existence
prior to the formation of an embryo, the diagram so far is
evidently incomplete. The diagram to U.K.Z. only takes us
sufficiently far to account for the asexual generation and the
primitive germ-cell. In the case of the female skate 512
primary germ-cells have to be provided. and these before there
is any embryo at all. The primitive germ-cell U.K.Z. is
probably one cell of the tenth cleavage. Only five divisions
are shown in the diagram. After its origin it passes through
nine further divisions— for convenience only seven are shown
in the diagram—2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512. ~These last
are 512 primary germ-cells, and are potential female skates.

Thus far Beard’s diagram accounts for a larval—asexual
form, viz., the cells to the left of the line Z.,U.K.Z. and the
primary germ-cells.

We are now in a position to answer: the question:
Whence the embryo? The embryo is the product of one of
the primary germ-cells. ‘“ The remainder become the ‘ sexual
“ products’ of this same embryo. They may be obliged, as in
“the skate, to wander into the embryo, or, owing to the mode
“of growth and evolution of the embryo, they may become
“ enclosed by it.” If two or more primary germ-cells develop, as
occasionally happens, the result is identical twins, triplets, etc.

The primary germ-cells which do not give rise to embryos
or degenerate are for future generations. After a resting
phase, during which the embryo develops, they divide and
become secondary germ-cells. With this division ‘“ the
“beginning of the determination of sex for the following
“generation is bound up. After a certain, usually limited,
“number of divisions these germ-cells become. oocytes or

54

“‘ spermatocytes, in which the final step in the determination
“of sex is taken at the reduction of chromosomes. When
“this has been effected there remains nothing more to
“complete the cycle of the germ-cells than that they should
“form gametes, and this they usually do by two divisions.” *

Although it has long been known that some animals
possess two kinds of eggs, and that others possess two kinds
of spermatozoa, the second form in each—except in a very few
instances—has been regarded merely as a curiosity, or at most
as but a survival from some ancient and ancestral form. The
facts have, therefore, received but scant notice.

The accepted view that there is but one kind of egg and
one kind of sperm finds its sanction and proof in their being
the products respectively of the female and male organisms.
Beard has shown, however, that the eggs and sperms are not
the products of the organisms bearing them, thus sanction and
proof both fail us and other facts must be sought. We have
already noted the fact that if two or more primary germ-
cells devolop normally their products are identical twins,
triplets, etc., including not only identity of form and feature,
but sex also. This in itself is significant.

If it be true that there is but one kind of egg and one
kind of sperm, what is it that determines sex? It has been
estimated that during the past two hundred years some five
hundred different theories have been formulated to supply the
answer, every one of them, be it observed, based upon the
assumption of there being but one kind of egg and one kind of
sperm. Starting, as Beard has now shown, from a wrong base,
it is no wonder the solution sought gave rise to the legion of
theories.

What, then, are the facts supplied by Beard which throw
new light upon this important subject? Very briefly, then,
and of necessity ignoring very much that is pertinent and of
great interest, ignoring facts concerning hermaphroditism and
parthenogenesis, which under the newer light find clear and

reasonable explanation.
* John Beard, ** The Determination of Sex in Animal Development." Published
by Gustav Fischer, Jena, 1902. P. 707.

55

In the course of his researches upon the embryos of raja,
and as the result of his painstaking labour of enumerating the
primary germ-cells, he found that in every instance where it
was possible to make an approximately correct count, the
number was always either close upon 256 or 512. Further
research resulted in the discovery that embryos containing
about 256 primary germ-cells invariably gave rise to male
skates, while those containing about 512 gave rise to female
skates. Here, then, was demonstrated the existence of two
kinds of eggs, eggs producing males, and eggs producing females.
At first sight it would naturally be assumed that, in the event
of the 256 primary germ-cells—potential males—undergoing a
further division, they would give rise to potential female germ-
cells, seeing that the number 512 is that which Beard found
gave rise to female skates; or to reverse the order, if instead of
512 germ-cells—potential females—the division had stopped
short at 256, then potential male germ-cells would have
resulted. In other words it might be assumed that sex was
determined by the division or otherwise of the 256 primary
germ-cells. This, however, is not so; it is the egg prior to
fertilization which bears the characteristics of sex, and is either
male or female. It must therefore follow that the sex of the
embryo is determined at fertilization: not by the act as a
cause, but by the kind of egg—mate or female—which has been |
fertilized, male-eggs giving rise to male organisms and female-
eggs giving rise to female organisms. It must, of course,
follow that when once the egg is fertilized nothing whatever
can influence the sex of the offspring.

It must further be noted that the primary germ-cells of
the skate, whether they belong to the 256 or the 512 series,
are exactly alike in size, each being 0°02 m.m. in diameter,
thus pointing to the probability of there being a difference in
the dimensions of the germinal disc from which they arise.
This is an established fact, for the segmented hemisphere
giving rise to the 512 primary germ-cells has a diameter of
1-2 m.m., and that giving rise to the 256 has but a diameter of
0:95 m.m.

56

It must not be forgotten that the numbers 256 and 512
are not absolutely correct, for, in addition to the one used in
the formation of the embryo containing them, a certain
number degenerate.

Although it is demonstrated that the primary germ-cell
giving rise to the male skate is one of the definite number of
256, and the female from one of 512, it would be unsafe to
generalize and assume that the number of germ-cells from
which arise females is always double the number giving rise to
males, for in Scyllium canicula the number giving rise to
males and females is the same, namely, 128.

Moreover, the number of primary germ-cells varies with
the genera and species. Without definite knowledge as to
the sex the following numbers of primary germ-cells are
recorded: — Rana esculenta, 8; Petromyzon Planeri, 32;
Acanthias vulgaris (64 & 128?) ; Pristiurus melanostomus, 128 ;
Cyclops, 2; Ascaris, 2; Cecydomyia, 4; and Chironomus, 4.

Time will not permit me to pursue this interesting subject
further, it must suffice to indicate in a few words from Beard,
where, in the course of development, sex is determined.

He writes :—‘‘ From the facts concerning the number of
“ primary germ-cells, and from certain other factors,
“it may be concluded that sex is actually differentiated
“and decided during oogenesis. The facts point to the last
“ division of the oogonia, and the formation of oocytes, as the
“‘ particular epoch at which this happens. That is, the oocytes
“are differentiated into two categories, destined to become male
“and female eggs respectively.”

Beard is of opinion that the initiation of the process
with the change from primary to secondary germ-cells, accounts
for the inability of the secondary germ-cells to undergo
independent development.

+ John Beard, ‘* The Determination of Sex, etc.,"' p. 713.

FEMALE
ECC

MALE EGG

Ooge nests.

: Spermatogenesis eg. Paludina

esis
3 of

Phorogoon or larva

Fic. 3.—Diagram of the life-cycle of the skate, Raji batis, or of Scyllium or Pristiurus,

illustrating the union of the egg and sperm, E. and S., to form the zygote, Z., the
origin of the phorozoon or asexual generation, the germinal track from Z. to
U.K.Z., the latter being the primitive germ-cell. The divisions of the latter are
carried to seven mitoses, as in Scyllium or Pristiurus, giving 128 primary germ-
cells at P.G.C., instead of the full number of nine divisions in a potentially female
skate, yielding 512 primary germ-cells. Diagrammatically the unfolding of one
primary germ-cell, the 66th, is depicted as forming an embryo or gametozoon. To
complete the track of heredity from generation to generation through the morpho-
logical continuity of the germ-cells a diagram of oogenesis has been appended to
the 96th germ-cell, one of spermatogenesis to the 32nd. In the former, the
formation of a male-egg and of a female-egg is shown, in the latter the two forms of
sperms (in Paludina after the statements of Meves), i.e., the hair-like or functional,
and the worm-like or functionless spermatozoa, (After John Beard).

16

!

——¥46
— 3 Sfe

Reductsun

®
4
3 FEMALE
« Ecc
ca
MALE EGG

Ooge nests

~~

- Spermatogenesis eg Paludina

57

Reductioné

806 Bh final phases of determination

egg 2209. | | | [ [ [ i

Fic. 4.—Oogenesis and determination of sex in

Raja batis.

Fic. 5.—Probable course of spermatogenesis

in Paludina (after the statements of

F. Meves).

Diagram 4 will help to make clear the determination:
P.G.C. is a primary germ-cell, it divides and becomes two
secondary germ-cells; the products. of-the secondary germ-cell
destined to be male eggs pass through one division more than
those producing female eggs, as indicated on the lines marked
O.C. The lower part of the diagram refers to the ripening of
the egg, preparing it for the reception of the spermatozoon. At
the first division half its chromatin is cast out as a polar body
—the small round circle; the chromatin again divides and casts
out the second polar body, at the same time the first polar
body divides, thus giving one functional egg and three function-
less ones.

I must here point out that Beard’s research only refers to
the morphological determination of sex, and in no way attempts
to explain its origin.

Diagram 5 indicates, according to Beard, the probable
course of spermatogenesis and the determination of the two
sorts of spermatozoa in Paludina and other organisms known
to possess two sorts of male gametes.

58

Diagram 6 shows the
course of oogenesis and sper-
matogenesis in hermaphro-
ditism.

Here it will be seen
“that instead of the produc-
“tion and maturation of two
“kinds of eggs, male and
“female in destination, we

1 = “witness the maturation of

909 ‘‘one kind only, the female

| “egg, The germ-cells, which

Fic. 6.—Supposed course of oogenesis and anere shots ae

spermatogenesis in hermaphroditism. 45 male-eggs, are converted

“into spermatogonia, and from these spermatozoa are ultimately
“ produced.” *

According to Beard, any one or more of the four
gametes may be suppressed at any period of the life history.
This faculty supplies the explanation of the phenomena of
hermaphroditism and parthenogenesis. In hermaphroditism
there is the partial or complete suppression of the male-egg,
or rather its conversion into spermatogonia and (ultimately),
sperms. In parthenogenesis there is the occasional or cyclical
arrestment of one or other of the gametes of the female.

“ A comparison of parthenogenesis and hermaphroditism
‘‘demonstrates that in the former there is what may be
“termed a precocious development of an embryo, male or
“female. In the latter, the precocious development of male-
“eggs or their forerunners to form male gametes or sperma-
“tozoa without the intermediation of the otherwise necessary
“male embryo or sexual person. In hermaphroditism the
“males tend to disappear, because the male-eggs, which
“should have gone to form them, have been used in the
“development of spermatozoa. In parthenogenesis the males
‘“‘ disappear for another reason, because their production may

“become unnecessary.” **
* John Beard, ‘‘ The Determination of Sex, etc.,”’ p. 715.
** John Beard, ‘t The Determination of Sex, etc.,’’ p. 716.

59

That there are difficulties to be removed from many
minds if Beard’s teaching is to be accepted, no one knows
better than Beard himself. They are, however, more apparent
than real, they must be.

‘There are the wonderfully exhaustive experiments of
Mendel and of de Vries, and more recently those of the Royal
Society’s Evolution Committee on Variation. These presented
a difficulty to Beard that for a time appeared insurmountable.
But when it was recognised that the environment was constant,
it was seen that each of the characters dealt with was equally
suitable and adapted to it, and no one character could be
selected to the exclusion of the other. ‘“‘ Therefore, each would
“be equally favoured, and the results would come about
“according to the mathematical laws of probability, which
** Mendel and his successors found to be the case.’’*

The equally complete experiments of Véchting on regenera-
tion, and the explaining of the well-known secondary sexual
characters are other difficulties that will present themselves ;
they will, however, vanish with further knowledge.

Any sketch, however brief, of Beard’s work would be very
incomplete without reference to its bearing upon the great
cancer problem.

Briefly, it is as follows :— We have already noted the fact
that many primary germ-cells are found in places where they
really have no business; that these, however, as a rule
degenerate and disappear, but occasionally here and there one
becomes encapsulated and escapes degeneration. It is in these
encapsulated primary germ-cells Beard discovers the origin of
most—if not all—neoplasms, whether bearing the name of
dermoid cyst, teratoma, sarcoma, or carcinoma. Although the
primary germ-cells of any given organism should be—they have
been in past ages—identical germ-cells, they have fallen on evil
times; if normal development took place they would produce
identical normal embryos, this occasionally happens, as in the
case of the armadillo, where in one recorded instance seven
identical embryos were found.** More often, however, cases

* John Beard, ‘‘ Morph. Cont., etc.,’’ Rev. Neu. and Psy., March, 1904, p, 209.

** Dr. Beard has at present one such example in his possession, viz.: Seven identical
foetuses in one chorion of the armadillo, Praopus hybridus.

60

occur in which one normal embryo is accompanied by, or bears
one or more abnormal embryos—embryomata; these are
incomplete “‘embryos”’ or individuals and may occur in almost
any part of the body. One such instance is on record where
three embryos hung as more or less incomplete parasites from
the palate of a fourth. According to Beard, germ-cells which
develop neoplasms have undergone some modification—they
have lost their ‘‘ memories.”

These ‘‘ memories ’’ must not, however, be considered as
the equivalents of Weismann’s determinants. Beard does not
believe in these supposed entities; he holds “life and its
“phenomena to be due to the ‘memories’ of what we call
“living matter. What living matter really is no one knows.”

This loss of ‘memory ”’ is shared in degree by a certain
unknown number of the germ-cells, constituting them “ retro-
grade or rudimentary embryonic cells.” It is these retrograde
embryonic cells (these must not be confoun fed with the “lost
germs” of the pathologists) that give rise to neoplasms, whether
benign or malignant. ‘This,’ according to Beard, “ explains
‘“‘why in one development a certain germ-cell will produce an
“identical twin, while the corresponding germ-cell in another
“instance develops into a monster, or into an embryoma, or
“into such with a malignant tumour, or into a mixed and
“malignant neoplasm, or, lastly, into a simple sarcoma or car-
“cinoma. All depends upon the amount of unconscious memory
“retained by those retrogressive germ-cells, which formerly
“ gave birth to normal embryos, identical twins, triplets, etc.”*

In other words, a germ-cell which ultimately gives rise to
a tumour is an “ embryonic cell,” identical sister of that which
became an embryo. It should have developed when the
embryo arose. A germ-cell can only do one of two things and
live. (1) It can develop. (2) If it should not have done so
but gets encapsulated, it can ultimately only develop (Beard
doubts if it ever does) or go on with the cycle of germ-cells.
If it cannot form gametes, it may skip this part and go on to
the next stage—trophoblast, with its unlimited power of

malignant growth.
* John Beard, ‘‘ The Problems of Cancer."’ The Lancet, Oct,, 29th, 1904,

— —_

61

All malignant neoplasms are, therefore, the abortive
attempts of germ-cells to develop anew a life cycle. They
are for the most part incapable, however, of producing anything
other than trophoblastic tissue. Such neoplasms Beard
“regards as irresponsible trophoblasts.”

If all this be true, what light, if any, does it shed upon
the cancer problem in regard to curative treatment ?

When during the normal development of an embryo the
critical period is reached, as we have already noticed, the
trophoblast commences to degenerate. If the cause of this
degeneration were known, Beard was (1902) of opinion we
should be in possession of the key by which to solve the
problem of curative treatment. Now, what are the facts
bearing upon this momentous question? It appears to be
fully proved that up to the “critical period” digestion has
been the result of what is known as an intracellular (acid)
digestion, the digestive ferment of which in fishes is the product
of the merocytes of the yolk. The “ critical period ” witnesses
the advent of a new organ in the embryo, the pancreas, and with
it pancreatic function. In reference to this, in 1905, Beard
writes :—‘“ At this epoch, the critical period, the fish com-
“mences to feed itself on yolk, not by an (intracellular) acid
“ peptic digestion but by an alkaline pancreatic one.

“ The commencing activities of the pancreas during foetal life
‘initiate an alkaline digestion by means of the most powerful
“and important of all the digestive juices, the pancreatic. To
“which of its ferments the observed results be due does not
“concern us. If the secretion be absent, neither the asexual
“structures of a fish development nor the cells of chorio-
‘“‘epithelioma do or can degenerate. . . . . The solution
“of the problem of the functional relation of embryo and
“trophoblast, how the latter nourishes itself by an (in-
“tracellular) acid digestion and degenerates slowly by
“a pancreatic digestion, becomes at the same time the
“ embryological, if not the medical, resolution of the problems of
“ malignant neoplasms, as well as of chorio-epithelioma.”

* John Beard, ‘‘ The Cancer Problem."" The Lancet, Feb, 4th, 1905,

62

If ultimately all this be proved to be true, and by its
obviously suggested method of treatment a ferment, trypsin,
have been discovered capable of effectively dealing with cancer
in its many appalling forms, the name of Dr. John Beard will
be handed on to posterity with reverence and gratitude as one
who, scorning ridicule and ignoring opposition, pursued the
even tenor of his way, seeking truth for its own sake, and
thereby leading the way to the discovery of that which, in its
results for the good of mankind, will prove to te beyond
estimation.

Nore.——Since this paper was read, my attention has been
directed to the work of Dr. John A. Shaw-Mackenzie (“ The
Nature and Treatment of Cancer,’’ London, 1905). From this
it would appear that in trypsin has been discovered the fer-
ment required for the suppression of cancer, and in this work he
gives some account of his method of treatment with trypsin.
At the close of 1904, and thus at the same time as Dr. Beard,
Dr. Shaw-Mackenzie had independently, and for different
reasons, arrived at the same conclusions as to the import of
trypsin in the medical treatment of cancer; and Dr. Beard
informs me “ that Dr. Shaw-Mackenzie and he have agreed to
share equally the credit or discredit of the discovery.” Let us
hope the latter may find no place.

63

List oF MEMOIRS UPON THE METAZOAN Lirr-CyYcLe,
By Dr. JOHN BEARD, 1889-1905.

1. The Early Development of Lepidosteus osseus, in Proc. Roy. Soc.,
London, Vol. 46, p. 108-118, 1889.

2. The Transient Ganglion-Cells and their Nerves, in Anat. Anz.,
Vol. 7, p. 91-206, 1892.

3. On a Supposed Law of Metazoan Development, in 7bib., Vol. 8,
p. 22-29, 1892.

4. Onthe Phenomena of Reproduction in Animals and Plants, on
Antithetic Alternation of Generations, etc. (with J. A. Murray), in Anu.
Botany, Vol. 9, p. 441-468, 1895; also in Anat. Anz., Vol. 11, p. 234-255, 1895.

5. The History of a Transient Nervous Apparatus in certain
Ichthyopsida: An Account of the Development and Degeneration of
Ganglion-Cells and Nerve-Fibres, Pt. 1, Raji batis, in Zool. fahrb. Morph.
Abteil., Vol. 8, p. 1-106, 8 plates, 1896.

6. Further Remarks upon the Phenomena of Reproduction in

Animals and Plants, Anat. Anz., Vol. 11, p. 634-641, 1896.

7. On Certain Problems of Vertebrate Embryology (The Critical
Period, etc.), p. 1-77, Jena, Gustav Fischer, 1896.

8. The Yolk-Sac, Yolk, and Merocytes in Scyllium and Lepidosteus, in
Anat.-Anz., Vol. 14, p. 334-347, 1896.

9. On the Disappearance of the Transient Nervous Apparatus in the
series: Scyllium, Acanthias, Mustelus, and Torpedo, in ibib., Vol. 12, p.
371-374, 1896.

10. The Span of Gestation and the Cause of Birth, p. vii. and 132,
Jena, Gustav Fischer, 1897. (Abstract of the foregoing in Anat. Anz.,
Vol. 14, p. 97-102, 1897, under the title: ‘‘The Rhythm of Reproduction
in Mammalia ’’).

* 11. The Birth-Period of Trichosurus vulpecula, in Zool. fahrb. Morph.
Abteil., Vol. 11, p. 77-96, 1897, 1 plate.

12. The Morphological Continuity of the Germ-Cells in Raja batis,
in Anat. Anz., Vol. 21, p. 465-485, 1900.

13. The Germ-Cells of Pristiurus in ibib., Vol. 21; p. 50-61, 1902.

14. The Numerical Law of the Germ-Cells, in 2bib., Vol. 21, p.
189-200, 1902.

15. The Germ-Cells, Pt. 1, Raja batis, in Zool. Jahrb. Morph. Abteil.,
Vol. 16, p. 615-702, 2 plates, 1902. Re-published in Yourn. Anat. & Physiol.,
Vol. 38, 1903-04. ,

16. Heredity and the Epicycle of the Germ-Cells in Biol. Ctrlbl.,
Vol. 22, p. 321-328, 353-360, 398-408. Also in Trans. Bot. Soc., Edin-
burgh, 1902.

17. The Determination of Sex in Animal Development, in Zool, ¥ahrb,
Morph, Abteil., Vol. 16, p. 703-764, 1 plate and 3 text figures, 1902. Like
Nos. 7 and 10 this has been separately published by Herrn Gustav Fischer,
Jena. Abstract of the above in Anat., Anz., Vol. 20, p. 556-561, 1902.

18. Embryological Aspects and Etiology of Carcinoma in Lancet,
June 15th, 1902.

19. The Embryology of Tumours, in Anat. Anz., Vol. 23, p. 487-494,
1903. Also in ¥ourn. Anat. & Physiol., 1904.

20. A Morphological Continuity of Germ-Cells, as the Basis of
Heredity and Variation, in Rev. Neur. Psych., 1904. Also with sundry
alterations and corrections in the Bulletin of lowa Institutions, 1905.

21. The Problems of Cancer, in Laicet, Oct. 29th, 1904.

22. The Cancer Problem, in Lancet, Feb. 4, 1905.

23. The Germ-Cells, Pt. 11, Pristiurus melanostomus, with 1 plate
and 14 figures in text. (Ready for the Press).

Liverpool Microscopical Society.

LIST OF MEMBERS.

JANUARY, 1906.

HONORARY MEMBERS.

WirHam M. Bywater, 5 Hanover Square, London, W.

Rev. Dr. DALiincER, F.R.S., Ingleside, Lee, London, S.E.

Proressor THomas Taytor, Chief of the Microscopical Staff,
Agricultural Department, Washington, U.S.A.

R. Newsteap, F.Z.S., Liverpool University.

= See

ORDINARY MEMBERS.

*Members of Council.
Elected
1881 Abraham, Miss Emma C., Grassendale Park.
1900 Aman, F. T., Assoc. Mem. Inst. C.E., City Engineer’s
Office, Municipal Buildings, Dale Street.
1905 Armstrong, Frank, 112 Bold Street.

ns

———

1901
1897
1903

1868
1896
1901
1904

1874
1891
1879
1902
1905
1892
1882
1889

1879
1885

1882
1889
1901
1900
1892
1869
1893

1904

65

Bridger, Robert, 55 Seabank Road, Liscard.
*Buchanan, R. J. M., M.D., M.R.C.P., 6 Rodney Street.
*Burne, Charles F., 30 North Road, Devonshire Park,

Birkenhead.

Carter, William, J.P., M.D., F.R.C.P., 78 Rodney Street.
Chapman, W. H., Junr., 90 Green Lane, Egremont.
Cairns, W. Murray, M.B., 67 Catherine Street.
*Croston, R., 33 Dryden Road.

Davies, Edward. F.C.S., F.1.C., Chapel Chambers,
Chapel Street.
*Davies, Herbert E., M.A., B.Sc., F.I.C., Chapel
Chambers, Chapel Street.
Deacon, H. Wade, J.P., 8 Ullet Road.
“Dudley, A. H., 62 Selborne Street.
Dearsley, A. H., 112 Bold Street.

Forshaw, F. H., 64 Merton Road, Bootle.
Fullerton, James, 44 Clarendon Road, Seacombe.
Fox, A. R., 20 Chapel Street.

Goodwin, Gilbert Smith, Rockville, 23 Anfield Road.

Gray, George Watson, F.I.C., Allendale, Clarendon
Road, Garston.

*Grisewood, William, Langdale, Rudgrave Square,
Egremont.

Grisewood, Chas. E., Langdale, Rudgrave Square,
Egremont.

*Hay, John, M.D., Ch. B. (Vict.), 12 Rodney Street.
*Haydon, James Richard, 93 Upper Huskisson Street.
*Haydon, W. T., 135 Bedford Street South.
Healey, George F., 40 Beresford Road, Oxton.
Hughes, Peter, 7 Holly Bank Road, Clifton Park,
Birkenhead.
“Haywood, Lieut.-Colonel Arthur Grimshaw-, V.D.,
Reasby, Blundellsands.

66

1897 Jones, C. W., J.P., Allerton Beeches, Allerton Road,
Allerton.
1904 *Jones, T. A., 20 Lothair Road, Anfield.

1898 Kewley, Miss, 19 Victoria Road, Tranmere Park,
Birkenhead.

1905 Langley, Bertram, 51 North John Street.

1886 Larkin, Frederick Charles, F.R.C.S.,54 Rodney Street.
1900 Lee, Alfred Wm. H., L.R.C.P., L.R.C.S., Edin.,
227 High Street, Erdington, nr. Birmingham.

1892 Lee, H. P., Queen’s Road, Great Crosby.

° 1875 Leicester, Alfred, 30 Brunswick Street.

1901 Littleton, Frederick Wm., 88 Whetstone Lane,
Birkenhead.

1903 *Lewis, Arthur E., B.A., F.I.C., 20 Seymour Road,
Broad Green,

1893 Mossop, Thomas, 15 Cambridge Road, Liscard,
Cheshire.
1898 “Macphail, James D., 40 Moss Lane, Walton.

1880 Narramore, Wm., F.L.S., Mem. San. Inst., 32 Hougou-
mont Avenue, Waterloo.

1889 Newton, John, M.R.C.S., 2 Princes Gate, W.

1893 Nuttall, F. R. Dixon-, F.R.M.S., Ingleholme, Eccleston
Park, near Prescot.

1879 *Oelrichs, Wm., F.R. Met. Soc., 22 Hackins Hey.

1888 *Pierce, F. N., F.E.S., 1 The Elms, Dingle.
1897 Powell, W. H., 2 Lord Nelson Street.

1886 “Read, W. H., Lisadel, Caithness Drive, Liscard.

1900 Rhodes, E., Brackendene, Frodsham.

1885 Robertson, Helenus R., F.R.M.S., Upton Grange,
Chester.

1902 Rappart, D. B., Mere Bank, Promenade, Liscard.

1897
1879

1884
1896

1903

1905

1893
1902

1871
1897

67

Saxby, F. W., 91 Penny Lane, Sefton Park.

Scholefield, Joshua William, J.P., 33 Pembroke Road,
Bootle.

Stead, Edward F., 10 Adelaide Terrace, Waterloo.

Stott, Walter, 4 Grasmere Drive, Seaview Road,
Liscard

Smith, T. J. Forrester, Newstead, Olive Mount,
Wavertree.

Stopforth, Richard, 71 Vauxhall Road.

Tate, Frank, 9 Hackins Hey.

*Turner, J. E., 17 Tancred Road, Anfield.

“Williams, J. Michael, 31 Grove Park.

Williams, W. Collingwood, B.Sc., 68 Grove Street.

Tranefel. 4 OAD

Printed TSEei Cra

ict).

| ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS,
- PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS on “ FLORAL» DEVELOPMENT
AND 'EMBRYOGENY IN WHEAT,”

- AND LIST OF MEMBERS,

JANUARY, 1908.

LIVERPOOL:

| ©. TINLING & CO., LTD., PRINTERS, 58, VICTORIA STREET

ESTABLISHED 1825. :
Telegraphic Address:

Teléphone Sse Royal, Liverpool. Specular, Liverpool.
{<5 5 643 SIRRENERECT. Specular, Manchester.

THOS. ARMSTRONG & BROTHER, |

Manufacturing Opticians,

112, BOLD STREET, LIVERPOOL,
‘And at 88 & 90, DEANSGATE, MANCHESTER.

Contractors to the Admiralty, War Office, India Office, &c.

OPTICIANS TO THE ROYAL~ INFIRMARY.
Scientific Instrument Makers to H.M. Science and Art Department, South Kensington.

STUDENTS’ TRIPOD STAND MICROSCOPE

With rack sub-stage and Iris diaphragm, adapted to use 4
objective as achromatic illuminator, and micrometer screw ~
fine adjustment, with draw tube; a highly finished and ~
thoroughly improved instrument; one eye-piece, in cabinet. -

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THIRTY-NINTH

ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

LIVERPOOL

Microscopical Society.

ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS,
PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS oN “FLORAL DEVELOPMENT
AND EMBRYOGENY IN WHEAT,”

AND LIST OF MEMBERS.

JANUARY, 1908.

LIVERPOOL :

C. TINLING & CO., LTD., PRINTERS, 53, VICTORIA STREET.

1908.

Sa,
Lal

Liverpool Microscopical Society.

SESSION XL., 1908.

Past Presidents.

JOHN BIRKBECK NEVINS, M.D.
Rev. WM. BANISTER, B.A.

Rev. Dr. DALLINGER, F.R.S.
JOHN ABRAHAM.

J. J. DRYSDALE, M.D., F.R.M.S.
JOHN NEWTON, M.R.C.S.

Rev. HENRY H. HIGGINS, M.A.
GEORGE F. CHANTRELL.

J. S. HICKS, pF -RSCS,, BLS.

WILLIAM CARTER, M_D.,
FRC CIE:

W. H. WEIGHTMAN, F.R.M.S.
FRANK T.. PAUL, F.R.C.S.
CHARLES BOTTERILL.

Rev. F. BALLARD, M.A., B.Sc.,
F.G.S., F.R:M.S.

A, NORMAN TATE, F.I.C.,
F.C.S., F.R.M.S.

ISAAC C. THOMPSON, F.ES.,
F.R.M.S.

F. CHARLES LARKIN, F.R.C:S.
EDWARD DAVIES, F.C.S., F.1.C.
WM. NARRAMORE, F.L.S.

W. T. HAYDON.

HERBERT E. DAVIES, M.A.,
Be LLC.

R. J. M. BUCHANAN, M.D.,
M.R.C.P.
J. D. MACPHAIL.

JOHN HAY, M.D\, MR CLP?

Officers and Council Elected 24th January, 1908.

President.
ASP Hy DUDLEY:

Vice-President.

JOHN HAY, M.D., M.R.C.P.
BON. PIERCE, E.E:s.

Treasurer.
A. H. DUDLEY.

Hon.

Hon. Secretary.
W. i, HAYDON

Hon. Curator.

zak,

BURNE.

Council.

W. D. BROWN.
R. CROSTON.

H. E. DAVIES, M.A., B.Sc., F.1.C.

W. GRISEWOOD.
J. R. HAYDON.
J. D. MACPHAIL.

le
Py os
P.

T. A, JONES.
E. LEONARD.

W. H. READ.

M. WILLIAMS.

C. LARKIN, F.R.C.S.

F, TINNE, M.A., M.R,C;S,

ore - Fa.

s
-_

i se tala

THIRTY-NINTH ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

LIVERPOOL MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY.

The President and Council in presenting the thirty-
ninth Annual Report have pleasure in being able again
to give a satisfactory statement as to the work of the
Society.

The Meetings during the Session have been well
attended, a keen interest taken in the Papers read, and
the exhibits shown at the Conversaziones were much
appreciated.

Five excellent Papers have been given, every one of
them being the outcome of original research. All were
elaborately illustrated by original drawings and_photo-
graphs. To these gentlemen the Council hereby tender
their hearty thanks.

In March Mr. A. H. Dudley gave some very useful
and excellent demonstrations, showing how to prepare
temporary mounts; to avoid plasmolysis, and to exhibit
cell contents ; also how to cut “ hand sections,” &c., &c.

Mr. W.'H. Read described and demonstrated a useful
method of making drawings and diagrams for lantern
illustrations.

The Annual Conversazione was held in May. The
members of ten kindred Societies co-operating helped to
make this meeting a great success. In addition to the
numerous living organisms shown by members, a large
number of miscellaneous objects of scientific and artistic
interest were exhibited by the visitors. Instruments,
apparatus, &c., were shown by Messrs. Thomas Armstrong
and Brother, Messrs. Flatters & Garnett, Messrs. Ross
Ltd., and Messrs. W. Watson & Sons.

6

The Meeting in November also took the form of a
Conversazione, a number of visitors being present.
Numerous preparations of a specially interesting character
were exhibited.

The Council note with pleasure the increased interest
taken in the preparation of material for histological study.
No longer is the art of preparation confined to the hands
of the professional, it being within the reach of everyone
having the desire to learn.

Four new members have been enrolled during the
past year.

By death the Society has lost two members: Mr.
William Oelrichs and Mr. Arthur E. Lewis. Mr. Oelrichs
had been a member for nearly 30 years, during a portion
of which time he served the Society as its Honorary
Secretary, and for a lengthened period was a most useful
and energetic member of the Council. His genial
helpfulness was always at the disposal of his friends, and
his loss to the Society is felt to be a great one. Mr.
Lewis, although a member of but a few years’ standing,
had won the esteem and regard of those members with
whom he came into contact.

Three members have resigned, among them Dr.
William Carter, who is leaving Liverpool. From the
formation of the Society in 18608 Dr. Carter has been a
member, and has more than once occupied the Presidential
Chair. The Council feel that such honour as 1s at the
Society’s disposal should be conferred upon him, and they
cordially recommend his election to the list of Honorary
Members.

There were at the close of the year four Honorary
Members and fifty-four Ordinary Members.

oi at —

7

The following additions have been made to the
Library :—

By presentation: Publications of the Quekett Club,
Manchester Microscopical Society, Royal Microscopical
Society.

By purchase: Annals of Botany, and the Ray
Society’s issue.

To Mr. F. N. Pierce and the inembers of the Lantern
Committee the Council hereby express their thanks for
their ready assistance and helpfulness.

The following is a brief account of the various
meetings :

January 18th—The President, JOHN Hay, M.D., M.R.C.P.,
delivered his Inaugural Address, entitled “The more
recent views as to the manner of the Heart’s
Activity.” The address was printed with the last
Report.

February tst—-A Paper, entitled “Steel Tramway Rails,

an Unsolved Problem in its Microscopic Aspects,”
was read by Mr. F. T. AMAN. Mr. Aman discussed
the nature and causes of the corrugations formed in
the Tramway Rails. A number of preparations,
showing the microscopic structure of the rails were cf
great interest.

March tst--Mr. H. E. Davies described a mechanical
method of producing Homogenised fat globules. The
fat globules of milk so treated were exhibited.

Mr. A. H. DUDLEY gave a demonstration in the
preparation of Temporary Mounts; and Mr. W. H.
READ described and demonstrated the making of
Diagrams and Drawings for the Lantern.

8

April 5th—-Dr. P. F. TINNE read a Paper entitled
“Nerves.” The structure and function of nerves was
admirably treated, and a number of excellent lantern
slides were used in illustration.

May 3rd—This meeting, as usual, was devoted for the
most part to the Exhibition of Living Organisms.
Ten other Societies co-operated, and exhibited a large
number of objects of scientific and general interest.
_In point of numbers and in interest shown the meet-
ing was a great success.

October 4th-—Mr. W. D. BROWN read a most interesting
and useful Paper, entitled “Some Wind-etched, and
other Stones from the Boulder Clay at Burscough.”
Mr. Brown illustrated his paper by a number of wind-
etched stones and a series of rock sections. These
were very kindly shown by Mr. F. N. Pierce by means
of his Micro-Lantern.

November ist—The meeting took the form of a
Conversazione. The Rev. CHs. DOWDING gave a
short sketch of his experiences on a Whaling Ship,
and briefly described one of the Parasites infesting
the intestines of the Whale. Mr. DUDLEY described
the Apical Cell of a Fern Root. The exhibits were
numerous and excellent. A new Engineering Micro-
scope, made by Messrs. T. Armstrong and Brother,
was exhibited by Mr. A. H. Dearsley.

December 6th—A Paper entitled “ Further Thoughts on
Plant Hairs” was read by Mr. R. Croston. The
Paper was illustrated by numerous Micro preparations
and lantern slides.

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10

PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS.

Floral Development and Embryogeny
in Wheat,

BY

ARTHUR H. DUDLEY.

“For nature also, cold and warm,
And moist and dry, devising long,
Thro’ many agents making strong,
Matures the individual form.”
—Tennyson.

AT this Annual Meeting we congratulate our Society on
the attainment of its Fortieth Birthday. Its past shows a
continuous record of good work, the present, instinct with
living interest in all branches of microscopical science,
inspires confidence in a future of great usefulness.

I am proud that at this special juncture in its history
you have conferred upon me the honour of being
president. I thank you heartily, and it will be my aim
to maintain, so far as I may be able, its honourable
traditions.

The address it is my privilege to submit to you to-
night is far from complete, through limited time for
preparation and lack of suitable material to illustrate
important stages of development.

For the lantern slides and many useful suggestions

{ am indebted to our good friend the Secretary.

The slides are from micro-preparations of material
gathered at various times and places, fixed in the field in
chrom-acetic acid solutions, embedded in _ paraffin,

1!

sectioned serially, and stained in Heidenhain’s Iron-alum
haematoxylin and safranin; brazilin and safranin; or
safranin, gentian violet and orange G. The first gave the
best results. At some stages, especially after the stiff
hairs on the ovary and the dehiscing layer of the anther
had appeared, it was extremely difficult to cut even
tolerable sections.

INFLORESCENCE AND FLOWER.

Wheat flowers are found in spicate inflorescences
arranged on the axis in two or more rows of 3-5 flowered
spikelets. The flowers are sessile, borne alternately upon
rachillaz, and two large glumes enclose the whole of the
flowers in a spikelet. Each flower is inserted in the axil
of the outer palea or flowering glume, and is subtended
by the inner or superior palea (Figs. 1-2). Of the
palez, one or both may terminate in a long pointed awn
giving the characteristic feature to “bearded wheat.”
The inner palea is succeeded by two small bracts, or
lodicules, generally looked upon as constituting the
perianth of the flower, three such members being found
in some grasses, as S¢zpa, the feather grass, and larger
grass-like plants, as bamboo:.

The bases of the lodicules become enlarged by the
development of masses of parenchyma, and at the time of
flowering become much swollen, press open the glumes,
and the stamens being extruded, often with considerable

force, hang outside the flower by their long slender
filaments.

Of the three stamens inserted at the base of the
ovary, two are placed in the postero-lateral plane, the third
is median. Opposite to this is inserted the single carpel,
the body of which constitutes the one-celled ovary; its
upper portion being prolonged into the style bears two

12

lateral, much-branched, feather-like stigmas. The single
ovule is slightly ascending from the placenta-like suture
and becomes later more or less inverted into the campylo-
tropous form.

The grain or ripe fruit is termed a Caryopsis (Fig. 3).
The ovary wall and shrivelled remains of the two ovular
integuments adhere closely around the floury endosperm
of the seed—they constitute the familiar bran removed
during milling operations. The highly differentiated
embryo has a slightly curved axis, with its root and shoot
portions separated by the hypocotyl, several primordial
leaves sheathing the plumule, and often the primordia of
several rootlets. It is set obliquely at the lower end of
the grain and encased in a membranous sheath formed
by the scutellum and coleorhiza. The epiblast, a small
cellular outgrowth inserted opposite to the cotyledon, is
supposed to represent a second cotyledon, but its
homology has not been determined.

Post-embryonic developments, those following
germination of the grain, show the now more conspicuous
coleorhiza pierced by the growing rootlets (Fig. 4). The
pointed apical end of the cotyledon appears above the
soil, and the first foliage leaf pushes its way through the
cotyledonary sheath, followed by the plumule, which
develops into the stem or main axis, and finally bears the
terminal head or spike of flowers.

THE MICROSPORANGIUM.

The primordia of the three stamens arise as minute
papilla upon the rachilla of a spikelet beneath the carpel,
and are extensions of its dermatogen and periblem cells.
The part destined to form the anther, or sorus of Micro-
sporangia (Fig. 5), takes an oblong, slightly hour-glass

18

form with rounded corners indicating the positions of the
. four microsporangia. It shows in longitudinal section some
to-12 rows of periblem cells, and in transverse section 6-8,
with a central plerome initial of the connective. Beneath
the epidermis at each of the four corners the archesporial
cells are now mapped out, and differentiation of the
sporangia proper begins from these specialised hypodermal
cells. A cross-section gives one archesporial cell only for
each sporangium, as Cannon! found in Avena fatua, the
wild oat; in vertical section three or more are shown.
ach archesporial cell enlarges and divides (Fig. 6) into
an outer primary parietal or wall cell and an inner
primary sporogenous cell. The parietal cells undergo
two successive divisions (Fig. 7), resulting in the formation
of the sporangium wall, consisting of three distinct layers
of cells, endothecium, middle layer, and the innermost
tapetum—-a jacket of nourishing cells filled with dense
granular cytoplasm in which 1-2 nuclei are embedded.

Meanwhile the primary sporogenous cells become
. -deep- seated and active; their nuclei, passing through two
_ or three mitoses, form a central rounded mass of poly-
hedral sporogenous cells, radially arranged and surrounded
by the wall layers, the whole being covered by the
_ exothecium or epidermis.

Movements within the nuclei of the sporogenous cells
indicate their transformation directly into the so-called
microspore mother-cells. By the rounding off and separa-
_ tion of their walls, the mother-cells come to lie free-in the
_ loculus of the Microsporangium (Fig. 8) as large rounded
or oval cells, each having a central vacuole containing the
now free nucleus. This mother-cell condition may be
retained for some time, and has been termed the “ resting ”
Stage. It is reached about the time the archesporium
_ makes its appearance in the megasporangium ; synapsis

14

of their nuclei is about coincident with the megaspore
tetrad, and the spireme stage may be found as late as the
first division of the embryo-sac mother-cell. However, if
may be stated generally that the mitoses of the megaspore
and microspore nuclei run nearly concurrently, so that
when the embryo-sac is mature the unshed pollen grains
are complete, and contain the tube nucleus and the two
generative or male nuclei (Figs. g-11a). It is thus observed
that the early microspore mother-cell stages are prolonged
during the passage of the archesporial cell of the mega-
sporangium through its tetrad-forming divisions up to the
differentiation of the functioning megaspore or embryo-sac
cell.

Let us for a moment revert to the significance of the
mysterious transition of the sporogenous cells dzrectly
into spore mother-cells without apparent changes observ-
able microscopically. The cells they now produce become
altogether different in character and function from
sporogenous cells, phenomena comparable with the equally
remarkable changes that take place in the development of
the sporophyte embryo from the fertilised egg. Just what
happens in them, and when the change actually occurs, are,
as yet, beyond our ken. These problems, closely
associated with the phenomenon of alternation of genera-
tions, are largely physiological; and Dr. John Beard, in
his most recent pamphlet “On the Asymmetry of Life,”?
has some cogent suggestions as to the part the asymmetric
carbon atom may play in the stereo-chemical aspects of
the constitution of their saccharine, amyloid and
albuminous food substances. There is work here for the
bio-chemist to confirm or disprove the contention that the
dextro-sugars, dextro-starch and levo-albumins of the
sporophyte are replaced by their opposites, levo-sugars,
levo-starch and dextro-albumin, in the gametophyte.

J

15
»

His comparative table is as follows :—

PLANT.
Asexual Generation (flowering Sexual Generation (fern
plant or fern). prothallus).
Levo-albumins. ‘ Dextro-albumin.
Dextro-starch. Levo-starch.
Dextro-sugars. Levo-sugars.

That there are also biological considerations is patent.

“Why the life-energy of these sporogenous cells should at

this particular period in their history be diverted to the
formation of highly specialised reproductive cells, instead
of continuing to produce the simpler sporogenous ones, 1s
the more staggering question, of which the chemical aspect
would appear to be the complement. The fact of their
transformation is undoubted, and facts are stubborn
things. A later reference to this feature of alternation
will be made when considering the endosperm.

THE MEGASPORANGIUM

Is first observed as a primordial extension of the super-
ficial layer of dermatogen lining the ovary cavity, a little
to one side of the base. It is followed by hypodermal
periblem cells, and the nucellus thus differentiated (Fig.
12) is usually some 7-9 rows of cells across, including
the epidermis, each row being made up of six or more
cells. The median row soon bears evidence of archesporial
features in the activity and enlargement of its cells; the
uppermost hypodermal cell broadens out at the top and
also elongates downwards, at the expense of surrounding
nucellus tissue, into a large wedge-shaped cell, the
archesporium or forerunner of the embryo-sac. In
numerous plants the archesporium develops directly into
the embryo-sac; here, it divides twice, four cells being
derived from it, one of these, the lowest, becoming the
sac (Figs. 13-15).

16

The archesporium is stated by some observers to give
off at its apex a parietal cell similar to that described for
the micro-sporangium archesporial cells. Coulter and
Chamberlain? state that a parietal’ cell is very generally
cut off in grasses, and that Koernicke and others find this
to be the case with wheat. My preparations do not
confirm this in the varieties examined, the nearest
approach thereto being the upper part of the apical
non-nucleate archesporial cytoplasm (Fig. 16), but no
dividing wall can be seen. Cannon describes Avena fatua
as being without a parietal cell. Further, Koernicke is
said to find a large development of “ parietal” tissue
around the deep-seated embryo-sac; this tissue, however,
appears to be derived from active division of the
surrounding nucellus cells. In all stages from the first
division of the archesporium to the mature embryo-sac,
median sections always show the apex abutting directly
on to the epidermis of the nucellus. Outside, the four
layers of the two integuments closely press upon the
nucellus, practically closing the micropyle, and might
easily be mistaken for parietal tissue (Fig. 17). Transverse
sections of the ovule may be particularly misleading in
this respect.

The transition of the archesporial cells into megaspore
mother-cells corresponds to the transition of micro-
sporogenous cells into microspore mother-cells. By two
successive mitoses the archesporium first becomes two
celled (Fig. 13), and then gives rise to a tetrad row of four
megaspore mother-cells separated from one another by
distinct walls (Fig. 14), as figured also by Koernicke* in
his thesis on the sexual organs in wheat. No sooner does
the tetrad become evident than its upper three cells begin
to disintegrate and disappear, whilst the fourth, lowest and
innermost, nourished by their substance, enlarges greatly

17

and becomes, as already stated, the embryo-sac cell. At
this stage it is observed (Fig. 15) deeply embedded in the
nucellus, lying at the bottom of a channel formed by the
decay of the three overlying cells of the tetrad. The top
of this funnel-shaped tube is capped by a disorganised
mass of cytoplasm derived from the deleted tetrad cells.

During these changes the integuments of the ovule
or megasporangium become differentiated, and by the
time the tetrad stage is reached the inner one is
some 0-8 cells long, the outer 2-4 cells; each is two rows
of cells wide, and remains so throughout the whole course
of development up to the time of fertilisation.

MEGASPORE OR EMBRYO-SAC.

The first mitosis of this large cell appears to be
Koernicke’s reduction-division, 2.c., the mitosis in which the
number of chromosomes in the nuclei of each of the two
resulting cells is reduced by one-half, and indicates the
inception of the gametophyte or sexual generation.* The
number of chromosomes found by him in the nuclei of the
sporophyte or asexual generation, was generally 16, that in
the gametophyte nuclei 8. Unfortunately my preparations
have not shown the chromosomes clearly enough to count.
In the first division of the microspore mother-cell nucleus
he gives the same number (8), and this I have found to
be the case (Fig. 10). Golinsky> gives for Secale cereale,
the rye, 16 and 8 chromosomes for the respective
generations.

Germination of the embryo-sac follows the usual
course in the first three divisions of its nuclei. The
daughter nuclei of the first mitosis (Fig. 18) take up

_ _*Meiotic is now being somewhat generally applied to the reduction
division in either a megaspore or microspore mother-cell ; pre-meiotic
post-meiotic denoting the mitoses preceding and succeeding that
phase.

18

positions at the opposite — micropylar and antipodal—ends
of the sac. Each now passes through two simultaneous
divisions (Figs. 19 and 20), resulting first in two nuclei
being formed at each pole, then two groups of four. The
upper or micropylar series differentiates into an egg-
apparatus consisting of two pear-shaped synergids and a
rounded, more centrally placed egg, the fourth nucleus
remaining free. Three cells of the antipodal group take
walls and become arranged in inverted pyramid form, the
fourth nucleus here also remaining free. The two free
extra-polar nuclei by slow movements gradually come
together and fuse. At the time of fertilisation they are
probably joined by one of the generative nuclei from the
pollen tube, the complex of three forming the endosperm

nucleus.
ANTIPODAL CELLS.

Up to the eight-celled stage the course of development
in the sac is normal. Afterwards an unusual number of
antipodal cells appear, probably, as Koernicke* seems to
think, by amitosis or direct division of their nuclei; at
least in the many hundreds of antipodal nuclei examined
he did not observe a single spindle stage. On the other
hand, he failed to see a “typical” direct-division nucleus.
Hofmeister found 6-12 antipodals, Koernicke 36 or more,
in a mature embryo-sac, and Cannon reports like numbers
for Avena fatua. The antipodal cells enlarge enormously
and form an arched plate of tissue at the chalazal end of
the sac. They “serve to transform the foodstuffs brought
to the embryo-sac.” The chromatin of their nuclei is very
irregular, and the peculiar plate-like bodies (Fig. 21) have
been figured and described as nucleoli+. They stain light
brown with Flemming’s triple-combination. This vigorous
development of antipodal tissue is said to be common in

19

the graminee, and if the cells be regarded as of prothallial
nature, support is given to the modern view that the grasses
should be considered primary rather than reduced forms,
the higher angiosperms having normally only three
antipodals.

POLLINATION.

Although the graminez have highly specialised organs
(Fig. 1) well suited to wind-pollination, and it has been
generally held that wind-borne pollen is the fertilising
medium, there have ever been those who have contended
that cereal grasses, as wheat and barley, are pollinated
with pollen from their own flower, ie, they are self-
pollinated, and, as a consequence, also self-fertilised. Some
of these investigators have not sufficiently discriminated
between these two distinct phenomena, and rendered much
of their work vain.

In the “Gardeners’ Chronicle” of 14th and 2I!Ist
March, 1874, A. S. Wilson gives a series of interesting
field and other experiments to show that the flowers of
wheat and barley in particular rarely fully open, some not
at all, and usually only a stamen or two with an occasional
stigma protrude. He found that barley plants removed
before their flowers were open or pollinated, afterwards
set seed as freely in the still air of a room as those in the
field; a difference of about 2 per cent. being probably due
to neglect in watering the plants. Rye flowers open much
more fully, and by him considered to be less adapted to
_ self-pollination, under similar conditions yielded 20 per
cent. of seed, against 78 per cent. given by those in the

field.

Others, as Gartons of Warrington, 1880 forward, have
remarked on the absence of new varieties occurring

20

naturally, but freely appearing under artificial §cross-
pollination. They found stigmas of unopened flowers with
pollen tubes freely developing upon them. Abraham
Platters, in a paper on “ Microscopical Research,” read in
1900 before the Manchester Microscopical Society, likewise
maintained, and illustrated this point with micro-prépara-
tions from unopened flowers.

ifs

Rendle (1904), Vol. I. “ Classification of Flowering
Plants,” pp. 230-1, states—-‘ Grasses are self- or wind-

pollinated. . . . The species of wheat are generally self-
pollinated, and in some cultivated races of barley the
flowers never open.” But evidence is not advanced in

support. I have seen notes of lectures given in February,
1901, by Professor M. C. Potter, Newcastle-on-Tyne, in
which self-fertilisation is recorded for barley.

The number of flowers and their arrangement in the
spikelet make it difficult to devise means for field experi-
ments whereby all error in observation may be prevented.
It has been readily assumed that the self-received pollen
is also that which effects fertilisation, but I have not seen
any micro-preparations the history of which can be called
conclusive on the matter. The fertilisation process is quite
normal, and there is no evidence of parthenogenetic or
other adventitious conditions of embryogeny.

The pollen grains in wheat before being shed from
the anther contain the vegetative or tube nucleus and the
two generative or male nuclei (Figs. 11 and I1a),”. not
unlike the antherozoids of a fern or of chara,” as Golinsky
suggests and figures for rye. This stage appears about
20th to 30th June, fertilisation becoming general about the
latter date; on the 3rd July, 19060, young embryos of six
or more cells were freely developing ; those in material of
July 14th, 1900, were much further advanced (Figs. 28-29).

.

21

Shortly after deposition of self- or wind-borne pollen
upon the stigma, a tube is protruded through a specialised
germ pore in the extine or outer wall of the pollen grain.
It grows down an intercellular space between the
four rows of cells composing one of the feathery branches
to the inner conducting tissue of the style as in rye (Fig.
22). On reaching the ovary cavity the tube bends round
and takes a course between the inner wall and outer
integument of the ovule till it reaches and enters the
micropyle, which has already been forced open by the
adjacent egg-apparatus nuclei (Figs. 24 and 23).

FERTILISATION.

The pollen-tube passes into one of the synergids and
discharges its contents (Fig. 25). Although double
fertilisation could not be demonstrated, there is
undoubtedly the suggestion that it does take place in the
prompt appearance of the endosperm. Guignard®
described Zea, Indian corn, as being “double” fertilised
and remarked that he was unable to follow the course of
division in the endosperm nucleus, as this took place so
rapidly. The foremost generative nucleus probably unites
with the two extra-polay nuclei to form the nucleus that
initiates this formation of endosperm. Its simultaneous
mitoses soon produce a layer of nuclei embedded in dense
granular cytoplasm, and this lines the sac wall on all sides.

The second generative nucleus effects fertilisation
with the egg, and their fusion seems to be very quickly
consummated, for the zygote produced soon shows a single
central nucleus lying in a dense reticulum of deeply
staining cytoplasm (Fig. 26).

EMBRYOGENY.

The fertilised egg occupies a cup-shaped depression
in the apical part of the endosperm. Its divisions to form

22

the embryo do not begin until a large number of endosperm
nucle: have been produced. The first segmentation is
transverse, and the resulting cells become separated by a
marked basal wall (Fig. 27). The lower or hypobasal cell
lies next to the micropyle, and simply grows into a large
suspensor cell. The epibasal or apical cell gives rise to
all the members of the embryo. The order of its divisions
appears to follow the course described by Cannon for the
development of the embry» in Avena fatua,! as given by
Coulter and Chamberlain.* “ In this species the cotyledon
and stem-tip are both derived from the apical cell, the
entire root-tip (including root-cap) from the adjacent cell,
and the coleorhiza from the third cell, the suspensor con-
sisting of only the primary basal cell.” | Whilst these
features may he illustrated in wheat by reference to an
embryo plate of six cells, it must not be concluded that the
course has been actually traced and demonstrated, the
gaps in my material having prevented this from being
accomplished (Fig. 28).

sy is the large suspensor cell, the separating line 1—-1
is the original basal wall ; of the complex mass of five cells
above that line, cz represents the cotyledon initial, s the
stem, 7 the root, whilst co probably gives rise to the
coleorhiza or root sheath; 2-2 is the first transverse wall
of the embryo cell, 3—3 its first longitudinal one.

This order of segmentation does not appear to be
always followed; other embryos may have longitudinal
walls succeeding each other at right angles giving rise
to a solid mass of cells.

Figure 29, taken from an embryo of 14th July, 1900,
shows not only the different parts much more clearly
marked off, but the primary tissues, dermatogen, periblem
and plerome, being differentiated.

eer
+¥%

23

THE FRUIT.

The husk or shell, composed of the ovary wall and the
remains of the two ovular integuments, is closely adherent
to the endosperm, which becomes differentiated into two
distinct portions (Fig. 3). The outer consists of a single
layer of large, somewhat brick-shaped cells arranged end
on to the lining of the seed. They contain large numbers
of minute rounded aleurone grains, the nitrogenous food
material. The aleurone layer encloses on all sides, except
that occupied by the adjacent surface of the scutellum, the
great mass of starchy endosperm, the flour of domestic
use. The latter is contained in large thin-walled paren-
chyma cells and within the vacuoles of their now scanty
cytoplasm. The nucleus is still usually present. The
starch grains of the endosperm are spherical with a central
hilum, and the concentric arrangement of their body
substance around that point gives them the characteristic
cereal-starch form.

The scutellum surrounding the embryo is formed of
the basal part of the cotyledon, and that portion lying

q against the floury endosperm functions in breaking down,

_ absorbing, and transferring its contents to the seedling

plant on germination. It acts in like manner on the single
layer of aleurone endosperm where they come into contact.

The morphology of the endosperm is a_ difficult
question, but its functions are closely connected with the
nutritive aspects of the alternation of generations, in which

the sporophyte or asexual form of the plant and the

gametophyte or sexual form succeed each other in the
life-cycle. The endosperm is at first accompanied by the
unusual development of antipodal cells, which are separated —

from all other contents of the embryo-sac by the formation
_ of walls around them. Outside the sac in numerous plants

other reserves of food material derived from the nucellus,

24

and known as perisperm, are found. D. S. Johnson’ has
investigated the functions of the endosperm in many such
perisperm-yielding plants, in its relation to the nourish-
ment of their sporophyte generations, and the following
extract from his work given in the “ Morphology of
Angiosperms ” is of interest and importance :— -

“ Observations thus far made lead me to believe that
in the perisperm-containing seeds mentioned the embryo
sporophyte of the second generation is never nourished by
the parent sporophyte directly, but always through the
intermediate gametophyte. In general, then, we find that
the food substance supplied to the embryo by the nucellus
may pass through the endosperm and be stored in the
embryo during the ripening of the seed, as in Cucurdzta
and Phascolus ; or, secondly, the food may be stopped in
transit between the nucellus and the embryo and stored in
the endosperm, there to be held during the resting period
of the seed and delivered over to the embryo only at the
time of sprouting, as in Azcimus, Zea, and apparently all
Gymnosperms; or, finally, the food supply for the
developing embryo may be stored in the nucellus itself
until the time of germination, when it is passed on to the
embryo through the endosperm, as in Sauvrurus,
Peperomia, Phytolacca, Canna, and others.”

SUMMARY.

1. The Microsporangia show but one primary
sporogenous cell in transverse section; the tapetum is
derived from the parietal cells; the sporogenous cells
undergo 2-3 divisions before merging into spore mother-
cells; the significance of the transition.

2. The Megasporangium is of 7-9 rows of cells; the
hypodermal cell of the central row is the archesporium ; it

25

does not cut off a parietal cell; a tetrad row of megaspore
mother-cells separated by walls is produced; the lowest
one of the four functions as the embryo-sac.

3. The Embryo-sac divisions are normal up to the
8-celled stage ; number of chromosomes in the reduction
division, 8; there is a large development of antipodal
tissue.

4. Evidence in favour of self-pollination and self-
fertilisation ; the pollen-tube grows down an intercellular
canal of a stigma branch ; passes through stylar-conducting
tissue ; enters the ovary cavity and takes a course between
the lining layer and the outer integument ; strikes through
the micropyle already forced open by the egg-apparatus.

5. Pollen-tube passes into a synergid and discharges

contents ; the foremost generative nucleus probably unites
with the two extra-polar nuclei to form the endosperm

nucleus—“ vegetative fertilisation.” The second sperm
nucleus combines with the egg nucleus — “sexual
fertilisation.”

6. Divisions of the fertilised egg seem to follow
Cannon’s description given for Avena fatua; the embryo
is derived from the apical cell only ; the suspensor is the
original primary basal cell.

7. The antipodal tissue and endosperm act as
conveyors of food material to the embryo; their physio-

logical connection with the question of alternation of

generations ; the chemical nature of the carbonaceous and

nitrogenous reserves.

CONCLUSION.

If apology be needed for emphasising physiological

considerations of nutrition and reproduction in their

relations to the question of alternation of generations, it

is the vast importance attaching to those phenomena in

26

the interpretation of life-histories in both plants and
animals. The subject is fraught with far-reaching conse-
quences to biological science, and in the future is likely to
take a prominent part in the solution of difficult problems.
And every fresh conquest is an inspiration and call to
higher service.

LITERATURE CITED.

1. Cannon, W. A. <A Morphological Study of the Flower and
Embryo of the Wild Oat, Avena fatua. Proc. Calif. Acad.
Sei. III. 1: 329-364. pls. 49-53. 1900.

Brearp, Joun, D.Sc. Eure, © On the Asymmetry of the Cycle of
Life. Being “The End of the Thread.” Medical Record,
New York, 1rgth October, 1907.

tw

Do. do. The General Practitioner, London, 21st December, 1907,
Cancer Special Number.

3. COULTER AN) CHAMBERLAIN. Morphology of Angiosperms. 1904.

4. KKOERNICKE, MAx. Untersuchungen tiber die Entstehung uni
Entwickelung der Sexualorgane von Triticum mit besonderer
Berticksichtigung der Kerntheiiung. Verhandl. Naturhist. Ver.

Preussen Rheinl. 53: 149-185. 1896. (Thesis.)

5. Goxinski1, St. J. Ein Beitrag zur Entwicklungsgeschichte des
Androeceums und des Gynaecums des Graser. Bot. Centralbl.
552-p4s. 7-3. 1893. (Thesis).

6. GtuiGNarp, L. La double fécondation dans le mais. Jour.

Botanique. 15: 37-50. 1go1.

Jounsox, D. S. On the Development of Certain Piperaceae.

Bot. Gazette. 34: 321-340. Pls. 9-70. 1902.

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= 27

; EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

i

. a Antipodal; ac antipodal cells; a/ aleurone layer; as archesporium ;

ax axis; c carpel; ca cotyledon; cv coleorhiza; cr chromosomes;

ct conducting tissue; d dyad; dm dermatogen; da definitive nucleus ;

¢ egg; ea egg apparatus; ez embryo; ex endosperm; ef epiblast ;

es embryo-sac; efendothecium ; fm functioning megaspore; fz female

nucleus; 97 generative nucleus; ¢f germ pore; / hypocotyl; / integu-
h ment; 2p inner palea; / lodicule; /f leaf; ™ microsporangium ; mc
___- microspore mother-cell; zd megaspore dyad; me megasporangium ;
yum megaspore mother-cell; mt megaspore tetrad; mp micropyle ;
a nucleus; xc nucellus; #s nuclear spindle; vf outer palea; ow ovary
wall; / pollen grain; fd periblem; // plerome; #/ primary parietal-
cell; gs primary sporogenous cell; ¢ pollen-tube; 7+ root; s stem;
Sg synergid; sv suspensor; s¢ stigma; ¢ tetrad; ¢2z tube nucleus;
_ tp tapetum.

PLATE I.

_Fig.1. Sketch of a wheat flower.
; 2. Floral diagram sketch.
3- Longitudinal section of a grain, showing embryo and endosperm.
4. Developing seedling.
5. Sorus of young Microsporangia in transverse section. x 445.
6. Dividing archesporial cells. x 445.
7. Transverse section of a Microsporangium showing wall layers.
x 445.
8. Microspore mother-cells free in the loculus, synapsis.
9. Microspore mother-cells dividing.
10. Dividing Microspore mother-cells showing chromosomes. 687.
11. Pollen grain of wheat showing vegetative nucleus and two
generative nuclei. x 445.
Ita. Do. do. of Secale cereale rye (after Golinski).
12. Section of nucellus showing archesporium. x 533.
13. Dyad archesporium. x 553.
14. Tetrad of megaspore mother-cells. x 533.
15. Inner functioning megaspore.
16. Archesporium with apical non-nucleated cytoplasm.

PEATEs If:

17. Transverse section of Ovule showing closly appressed integu-
ment layers.

18. Spindle (x 1125) and Telophase (x 445) Mitoses in first
division of embryo-sac cell.

19. Four-celled embryo-sac. x 445.

20. Ten-celled embryo-sac. x 300.

21. Antipodal cells (x 183) with plate-like contents, x 687.

22. Germinating pollen grain on a stigma branch. x 183.

23. Egg apparatus pressing open the micropyle to admit pollen-
tube. x 183.

24. Course of pollen-tube in the ovary

25. Pollen-tube lying within a synergid. x 183.

26, Fertilised egg.

27. First segmentation of the fertilised egg.

28. Longitudinal section of an embryo-plate of six cells. x 445.

29. Older embryo showing differentiation of parts. x 183.

28

Liverpool Microscopical Society,

LIST OF MEMBERS.
JANUARY, 1907.

HONORARY MEMBERS.

WITHAM M. BywATER, 5 Hanover Square, London, W.

WILLIAM CARTER, J.P., M.D., F.R.C.P., Talavon, Deganwy,
N. Wales.

REV. Dr. DALLINGER. F.R.S., Ingleside, Lee, London, S.E.

R. NEWSTEAD, ALS, F.E.S., Hon. F.R.H.S,, Liverpool
University.

PROFESSOR THOMAS TAYLOR, Chief of the Microscopical
Staff, Agricultural Department, Washington, U.S.A.

J. T. NorRMAN-THomas, F.L.S, 6 and 7 Trafford
Chambers, South John Street.

ORDINARY MEMBERS.

*Members of Council.
ELECTED
1881 Abraham, Miss Emma C., Grassendale Park.
1900 Aman, F. T., Assoc. Mem. Inst. C.E., City Engineer's
Office, Municipal Buildings, Dale Street.
1g05 Armstrong, Frank, 112 Bold Street.
1907. Astbury, E, 72 Athol Street.
1908 Atkinson, Raymond F. M., 9 Esplanade, Waterloo.
1901 Bridger, Robert, 55 Seabank Road, Liscard.

29

Buchanan R. J. M, M.D, M.R.C.P., 6 Rodney
Street.
3 “Burne, Charles F., “Culver,” Sunningdale Road,
New Brighton.
F sBrown, W. D., “ Holmleigh,” Burscough.
*Croston, R., 13 Derby Lane, Stonycroft.
Davies, Edward, F.C.S., F.LC., C hapel Chambers,
Chapel Street.
Dames, HerbertiE,,. M.A., B.Sci,) F:1.C.,, Chapel
Chambers, Chapel Street.
Deacon, H. Wade, J.P., 8 Ullet Road.
Dearsley, A. H., 112 Bold Street.
Dowding, Rev. Charles, 45 Rossett Road, Blundell-
sands,

*Dudley, A. H., 62 Selborne Street.
Forshaw, F. H., Riverside, Halebank, nr. Widnes.
Fullerton, James, 44 Clarendon Road, Seacombe.
Foxcroft, C., 9g Lathom Avenue, Liscard.
Goodwin, Gilbert Smith, 23 Anfield Road.
Gray, George Watson, F.I.C., “ Allendale,” Claren-
don Road, Garston.
Greenwood, H. W., 16 Longland Road, Liscard.
*Grisewood, William, “ Langdale,” Rudgrave Square,
Egremont. |
Guy, Robert, 30 Eversley Street.
“Hay, John, M.D., M.R.C.P., 12 Rodney Street.
“Haydon, James Richard, 91 Ampthill Road.
-*Haydon, W. T., 135 Bedford Street South.
9 Healey, George F., 40 Beresford Road, Oxton.
1904 Haywood, Lieut.-Colonel Arthur Grimshaw-, V.D.,
f “Reasby,” Blundellsands.
1904 *Jones, T. A., 20 Lothair Road, Anfield.
1898 Kewley, Miss, 14, Beech Road, Birkenhead.
05 Langley, Bertram, 51 North John Street.

20

*Larkin, Frederick Charles, F.R.C.S., 54 Rodney
Street.
Leicester, Alfred, 30 Brunswick Street.
*Leonard, Edward, “ Cranbrook,’ Waterloo Park,
Waterloo.

*Macphail, James D., 40 Moss Lane, Walton.
Narramore, Wm, F.L.S, Mem. San. Inst.
“Devonia,” Cambridge Avenue, Great Crosby.

Newton, John, M.R.C.S., 2 Princes Gate, W.
Nuttall, F. R. Dixon-, F.R.M.S., “ Ingleholme,”
Eccleston Park, near Prescot.
*Pierce, F. N., F.E.S.,.1 The Elms, Dingle.
Powell, W. H., 2 Lord Nelson Street.
Rappart, D. B., Mere Bank, Promenade, Liscard.
*Read, W. H., Lisadel, Caithness Drive, Liscard.
Robertson, Helenus R., F.R.M.S., Upton Grange,
Chester.
Robertson, T. W., Burnton, North Mount Vernon,

Glasgow.
Scholefield, Joshua Wilham, J.P., 33 Pembroke
Road, Bootle. 3

Stopforth, Richard, 71 Vauxhall Road.
Tate, Frank, 9 Hackins Hey.
*Tinne, Philip F., M.A. (Oxon), M.R.C.S,, 4 Mayfield ©
Road, Cressington.
Turner, J. E., 60 Arkles Lane, Anfield.
*Williams, J. Michael, 31 Grove Park.
Williams, W. Collingwood, B.Sc., 68 Grove Street.

|

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4 PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS ON ‘‘ THE NUCLEUS IN
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AND LIST OF MEMBERS.

JANUARY, 1909.

L'VERPOOL:

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1909,

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Past Presidents.

JOHN BIRKBECK NEVINS, M.D.
Rev, WM. BANISTER, B.A.

Rev. Dr. DALLINGER, F.R.S.
JOHN ABRAHAM.

J. J. DRYSDALE, M.D., F.R.M.S.
JOHN NEWTON, M.R.C.S.

Rev, HENRY H. HIGGINS, M.A.
GEORGE F, CHANTRELL.

7. S) HIGKS;) B.S. FLS. HERBERT Soe eee
WILLIAM CARTER, M.D., ; a
EREC?P. mess
: Ri ie at HANAN, M.D.
W. H, WEIGHTMAN, F.R.MS. J ae ” MR
FRANK Tf. PAUL, F.B.C.S: J. D. MAGPHAIL.
CHARLES BOTTERILL. JOHN HAY,’ M.D: MUR Cx
Officers and Council Elected 22nd January, 1909.
President.
Aha eDUDLEY,:
Vice=Presidents.
W. D. BROWN.
P, F. TINNE, M.A., ‘M.R.C.S:

Hon. Treasurer.
At Daley

Hon. Curator.

C. F. BURNE.
Council.

JOHN HAY, MiD:, M.R.C-P. T. A. JONES.
SN. PEERCE. de E.S. E. LEONARD,
H. E. DAVIES, M.A., B.Sc., F.I.C. | W. H. READ,
W. GRISEWOOD. J. M. WILLIAMS,
J. R. HAYDON. W. IT-“HAYDON 2:
pees MACPHAIL, H, W, GREENWOOD.

5

SESSION XLT. 1909;

copical Society

Rev. F. BALLARD, D.D., B.Se@
EGS, KES

A. NORMAN TATE, F.I.C.,
F.C.S., F.R.Mi

ISAAC C. THOMPSON, F:L-Si
F.R.M

F. CHARLES LARKIN, F.R.Ch
EDWARD DAVIES, F.C.S., Fil
WM. NARRAMORE, F.L.S.
WwW. T. HAYDON;, F-L:S.

Hon. Secretary.
R, CROSTON.

hee J eee

FORTIETH ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

LIVERPOOL MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY.

————

The President and Council in presenting the Fortieth
Annual Report are pleased to record satisfactory progress
of the Society.

The Meetings have been well attended, and the papers
read were followed with close attention and appreciation,
a pleasing feature being the greater interest taken in the
exhibits. The five papers read during the session were
excellent, and each maintained the character of
originality. Most of them were illustrated by numerous
photographic slides. ‘The Council hereby express to these
gentlemen their hearty thanks.

Two interesting and instructive demonstrations were
closely followed by a large number of members—one by
Mr. J. B. Garnett, of the Manchester Microscopical Society,
on the use of the hand microtome, and the other by
Mr. W. T. Haydon on serial section cutting. Both
gentlemen showed themselves masters of the manipulation
of the instruments, and the practical hints given by them
were of great value to the members, many of whom
received very useful information in reply to queries on
points of difficulty.

At the Annual Conversazione, held in May, many
members of kindred societies were present and contributed
to the success of the meeting by exhibiting microscopic
and photographic slides of scientific and general interest.
Our Society was well represented in the number and in the

_useful and varied character of exhibits by the members.

4

A number of instruments and a variety of apparatus were
also shown by Messrs. Thomas Armstrong and Brother
and Messrs. Flatters and Garnett.

The October Meeting was also devoted to the
exhibition of objects under the microscopes, several of the
members giving a brief explanation of their exhibits, which
were much appreciated by the members and a number of
visitors.

There were two Field Meetings held in conjunction
with the Science Students’ and Geological Associations,
one on May 16th to Hilbre, and the other on June 20th to
Formby.

It is very gratifying to note the disposition of the
younger members to avail themselves of the experience
of the older ones with regard to difficulties they have in
the preparation of material and mounting of slides, also in
the manipulation of the microscope, focussing, lighting,
ete. ‘

Two Honorary and two Ordinary Members have been
enrolled during the past year.

The Society has lost two members by death, and the
present membership consists of six Honorary Members
and forty-nine Ordinary Members.

Mr. W. T. Haydon having retired from the position
of Honorary Secretary, after serving the Society in that
capacity for eight years, the Council desire to place on
record their sense of deep appreciation of his valuable
services rendered so ungrudgingly and with such far-
reaching results. His enthusiasm and personal assistance
to the members generally have placed the Society under a
debt of gratitude, and the thanks of the Council are
warmly accorded to him.

By death the Society has lost two members—Mr.
Alfred Leicester and Dr. John Newton. Mr. Leicester

i 1a. eee

hee

3)

joined the Society 33 years ago, and was its only life
member. For a period of 18 years he rendered valuable
service as Curator and Librarian. Though of late years
he has not been so frequently with us, his loss is much
felt. Dr. Newton had been associated with the Society
from the first, and occupied the Presidential Chair in 1875
and in 1894-5. He was a most active member, and
remained a member of the Council until a few years ago.

The following additions have been made to the
Library :—

By presentation: Two Minute Books of the Liverpool
Natural History and Microscopical Society, formed in 1853,
which ran concurrently with our Society (founded in 1868)
until its dissolution in 1888. The books are of peculiar
interest, and the Council is deeply indebted to the kindness
of Messrs. J. T. Norman-Thomas and J. M. Williams for
presenting such a valuable memento connected with the
early life of our Society.

Also by presentation: Publications of the Royal
Microscopical Society, Queckett Club, and Manchester
Microscopical Society.

By purchase: Annals of Botany, and the Ray
Society’s issue.

To Mr. F. N. Pierce and the members of the Lantern
Committee the Council again acknowledge with thanks
their ready assistance and helpfulness.

The following is a brief account of the various
meetings : —

January 24th—The President, Mr. A. H. DUDLEY,
delivered his Inaugural Address, on “ Floral Develop-
ment and Embryogeny in Wheat,” with lantern
illustrations. The address was printed with the last
Report.

6

February 7th—Mr. J. B. GARNETT, of the Manchester
Microscopical Society, gave a demonstration on the
use of the hand microtome, and this was followed by
a demonstration by Mr. W. T. HAYDON in serial
section cutting.

March 6th—A paper, entitled “The Morphology of the
Radiolaria,’ was read by Mr. J. D. Macphail, and was
illustrated by a series of beautiful lantern slides,
kindly lent by Mr. J. T. Norman-Thomas, from whose
preparations they had been photographed.

April 3rd—Mr. W. T. HAYDON read a paper, entitled “ The
Life Story of a Pine Tree, as told by itself,” and a
number of excellent lantern slides were shown in

“illustration.

May tst—The Annual Conversazione was held. The
exhibits of members were, as usual, chiefly living
microscopic organisms ; other objects of more general
scientific interest shown by members of kindred
societies added greatly to the success of the gathering.

October .2nd—This meeting was devoted entirely to
microscopic exhibits, and several members _ briefly
described the objects they were showing.

November 6th—Mr. C. F. BURNE read a digest of
Professor Francis Darwin’s Presidential Address to
the British Association at their Annual Meeting this
year. A discussion followed.

December 4th—Mr. H. W. GREENWOOD delivered an
address on “Some Developments in Modern
Petrology,” which was illustrated by a number of
lantern slides. A lantern slide photographed in
colours by the “ Lumiere” process from a micro. slide
under polarised light was shown on the screen. This
was prepared by Mr. DRIVER.

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‘ALAININOS TIWOIGOOSONDIN

“ The Nucleus in Plant Cells,”

PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS

Delivered to the Liverpool Microscopical Society
on 22nd January, 1909,

BY

ARTHUR H. DUDLEY.

THE greatest incentive to microscopic investigation, and
attended by such splendid results during the latter half
of last century, is to be found in those researches
which established the “CELL” to be the structural and
physiological unit of the organism—plant or animal
(Fig. 1).

Interest first centered around the wall as the essential
part of the cell, later, when some cells (“globules”) were
found which never formed walls, it was transferred to the
viscid contents of the cell, and finally to the nucleus as its
functions came to be understood.

The discovery of the nucleus in plant cells is ascribed
to Robert Brown, an eminent English botanist, in 1833,
although it seems to have been observed by Fontana in
1781. He first found it in the epidermal cells of some
orchids, then in their pollen cells and in cells of numerous
other plants, both Monocotyledons and Dicotyledons.
His investigations, together with those of Schleiden and
Schwann,! the founders of the cell-theory, and other

9

observers, quickly demonstrated that the nucleus was a
normal organ in both plant and animal cells—at least, all
in a young state. It was supposed to originate within, and
from the viscid plasmic cell contents, named protoplasm by
Von Mohl in 1846. The protoplasm, in the form of a very
fine network enclosing cell sap between the meshes, is now
distinctively known as cytoplasm, which term also
distinguishes it from the similar network of nucleoplasm
(linin) in the nucleus. Out of the cytoplasm first arose
the nucleolus, a minute more or less spherical body, around
which the nucleoplasm was “‘ precipitated,’ somewhat as
crystals might be from a mother-lye, the outer portion
consolidating into the nuclear membrane, and this in turn
was surrounded by the protoplasm of the cell. Closer
observations failed to show that any such apparent
spontaneous formation of nuclei ever took place, rather
the reverse, that every nucleus was derived from a parent
nucleus, hence the formula omnis nucleus e nucleo became
established. This was later extended to cover the fact
that in all plants with normal sexual reproduction every
nucleus produced during the ontogeny or development of
the individual is primarily descended from the nucleus of
the fertilised egg, z.e.,a nucleus formed by the union of egg
and sperm nuclei. Attempts to further apply this dictum
to the origin of the nucleolus have so far not been
successful, its functions are still imperfectly understood
and the subject of various interpretations.?

Concentration of research upon the nucleus brought
into relief its composite nature and complex construction ;
its physical characters and varying chemical composition at
different stages of its history. With improved instruments
and methods of fixing and staining material, the parts
played by the nucleus are seen to be of the first
importance in every aspect of development, nutrition and

10

reproduction in the organism. Our present concern being
with the microscopic features of the nucleus, its detailed
structure will now be considered.

STRUCTURAL FEATURES.

The nucleus, typically spherical, may take a form
corresponding somewhat to the contour of the cell,
elliptically or otherwise lengthened in elongated cells, &c.,
or may even show amceboid characters (Fig. 4). Its
position is usually central in egg and other reproductive
cells, also in young tissue cells, as well as in those of mid-
life, being maintained in position by connecting proto-
plasmic threads. Finally, in mature cells it lies alongside
the cell wall imbedded in the lining layer of cytoplasm.

THE NUCLEOPLASM.

The basis of nuclear construction is a fine network of
nucleoplasm termed linin, like the meshwork found in the
cytoplasm of the cell, and from which it is said to differ
but slightly, either in chemical or staining properties. Some
investigators believe them to consist of the same material,
and have found evidence of their connection by means of
filaments that pass from both into the nuclear membrane.
And when the membrane disappears, as during the course
of nuclear division, the nucleoplasm and cytoplasm are
brought into direct contact (Fig. 17). At the close of the
division the cytoplasm of each daughter cell undoubtedly
receives a portion of the dispersed nucleoplasm shut out
from their nuclei, and this, as some have pointed out, may
have a bearing upon the question of inheritance by the
cytoplasm.§

In well-fixed and typically-stained preparations the
nuclear reticulum is seen to consist of linin filaments
studded with minute granules, microsomes, the intervening

————

ll

cavities being filled with nuclear sap or nutrient material
(Fig. 2-3). Biitschlit considered this net-like appearance
to be due to the section of minute globules—alveoli—of
protoplasm enclosed in another substance of different
consistency, as in an emulsion, and which formed the walls
of the net. Both of these and other forms have been
described.

THE CHROMATIN

is so named because of its strong affinity for taking up
stains, haematoxylin and certain basic stains as methyl
green, safranin, &c. It occurs in the form of minute
granular bands lying across linin threads (Fig. 5), and both
constitute in the nucleus the fine more or less deeply-
staining reticulum, the movements of which are such
prominent features in the early stages of the complex
processes of mitotic or indirect nuclear division. During
these changes it becomes deposited at different points in
much larger masses, karyosomes or net-knots, eventually
it is located in the chromosomes, and sometimes appears to
be homogeneous.

THE NUCLEOLUS.

Enclosed within vacuolar spaces of the nucleus are one
or more rounded bodies with a dense central part
surrounded by a hyaline ring and bounded by a wall of
‘nuclear substance—these are the nucleoli (Fig. 5). In
active young cells they are comparatively large, taking up
a great portion of the nucleus. They undergo dissolution,
‘partial or complete, during the first stages of nuclear
division; others appear during the later phases, and
‘become the nucleoli of the daughter nuclei (Fig. 17).

In certain stages of development in pollen mother-
cells and embryo-sac mother-cells, a single, very large

12

nucleolus-like mass alone occupies the nuclear cavity, and
is probably an extreme phase of synaptic contraction
(Fig. 6). This stains deeply, and seems to correspond to
the nucleolus-like features presented by the densely
concentrated nuclei of a spermatozoid or spirogyra. Some-
times the nucleolus becomes vacuolated.

MITOSIS.

It will here be convenient to enter into a brief
description of the intricate phenomena of nuclear division,
and trace the varying phases that the chromatin and other
substances pass through in the process.

There are two forms of mitosis, known respectively
as heterotype, dealing with the first or reduction division
of a spore mother-cell, z.e., the division which ushers in the
gametophyte—sexual forms of the plant, whose nuclei
contain only one-half the number of chromosomes found in
those of the sporophyte or asexual form ; and the homotype,
which takes place in sporogenous cells preceding the
mother-cell stages and those (sporogenetic) immediately
succeeding to form the spores, also in vegetative or tissue
cells generally. Four stages of mitosis are usually
described, namely :—Prophase, metaphase, anaphase and
telophase.

HETEROTYPE MITOSIS.

In order to trace this form of nuclear division, which
may conveniently be done in pollen mother-cells, it will be
necessary to briefly describe their origin. Certain cells
(Fig. 7) lying just beneath the epidermis of a very young
anther—hypodermal cells—enlarge as archesporia, 2¢.,
cells marked off for the ultimate production of reproductive
cells or spores. They divide into a layer of outer cells, the
primary parietal or wall layer of the anther, and an inner
primary sporogenous layer, whose cells after several

13

divisions produce a mass of sporogenous cells, each of
which apparently without further division developes into a
pollen mother-cell (Fig. 8).

PROPHASES.—Selecting a sporogenous cell to illustrate
the heterotype form of mitosis, we find a state of more or
less constant duration reached after division of a mother-
nucleus and the starting point of the succeeding division in
the daughter-nuclei (Fig. 9). This, the so-called resting
stage of the nucleus is characterised by a fine reticulum of
linin, upon which the chromatin is deposited in the form of
minute granules termed chromomeres—Weismann’s Ids.
These are considered to be aggregations of still smaller and
ultra-microscopic particles variously named. The network
gradually becomes more prominent, increases in staining
power, and larger irregular masses of chromatin known as
karyosomes or net-knots (Fig. 10) appear at intervals along
the linin strands. These chromatin depositing centres
when found to equal in number the specific number of
chromosomes characteristic of the plant, have sometimes
been termed “ prochromosomes.”!?

The chromosome is a thickened segment of the
nucleus spirem, and consists of a linin basis in which the
chromatin lies imbedded (Fig. 15). One or more nucleoli
are present, usually free from the network, the thickening
walls of the net lose their reticulate appearance and change
into a more or less continuous thread or spirem (Fig. ro),
at least ends of the spirem are very difficult to find if
present.®

Some observers ® describe for some pollen mother-
cells two spirem threads lying side by side, supposed to
represent the male and female parts of the chromatin ;
others? that the thread is single but undergoes a longi-
tudinal split, which, however, closes up, and later segmen-

14

tation into chromosomes takes place. Gates’ investigations
on CEnothera?!? incline him to the latter view rather than
that of the presence and lateral approximation of two
separate spirems. Probably single or double threads may
characterise different plants (Fig. 11). Contraction and
consequent thickening bring the thread or threads into a
tangled skein or ball, which takes up a position at one side
of the wall surrounding the nuclear cavity (Fig. 12). .The
nucleolus is usually caught and held within the thread, a
little later it becomes free and finally disappears. In this
first contraction of the spirem, known as the synapsis stage,
one is always sure of dealing with the cell as a spore
mother-cell, and not with its earlier form of a sporogenous
cell.

Coming out of synapsis the convoluted thread loosens
into a shorter and thicker hollow spirem (Fig. 13), and
about this time the first or second longitudinal splitting, as
the case may be, takes place. Preceding this division of
the thread a bipartation and pairing of the chromatin
granules is described, resulting in a double row of chromo-
meres running along the linin strands (Fig. 14). The
thread now breaks up into segments representing the
reduced number of chromosomes characteristic of
the gametophyte forms of the plant. At first the
chromosomes may be variously twisted and looped,
and each such segment seems to consist of two
somatic chromosomes of the sporogenous cell that were
arranged end to end along the spirem (Fig. 15). These are
cut off in pairs, which bend round, or otherwise come to lie
side by side and form double or “ bivalent ” chromosomes,
thus by their union reducing the number to one-half of that
contained in the sporogenous cell. They gradually pass
into typically V-shaped forms, move towards the equator of
the cell, and there constitute the nuclear plate (Fig. 16).

——

15

This breaking up of the nucleus is accompanied by
the dissolution of its membrane, thereby permitting of
direct contact taking place between the nucleoplasm and
cytoplasm of the cell. Series of fine’ granulated
threads appear diverging from one polar centre towards
the median circumference of the cell, then converging at a
similar point in the opposite pole to form the we!!-known
achromatic nucleus spindle. In general several such
“polar” points are described as first appearing, giving a
multipolar spindle, which later becomes bipolar (Figs.
17-18). The origin of these spindle filaments is the
subject of various explanations. Strasburger thought they
were derived from the nucleolus, others that they were
threads of nuclear linin or possibly came from the cyto-
plasm. To these threads the chromosomes are attached,
and their movements appear to be regulated by them.

METAPHASE.—Whilst the chromosomes form the
nuclear-plate of the spindle they divide and the halves
separate ; of these one is drawn towards one pole, the other
to the opposite pole to form the chromosomes of the
daughter nuclei. This division really appears to be a
re separation of the end-to-end chromosome pairs that
united to form the “ reduced ” bivalent chromosomes of the
mother-cell. If so, the next—“homotype ”—mitosis will
divide each of these single or univalent chromosomes and
distribute their respective halves to the grand-daughter
nuclei of the four pollen cells (Fig. 20).

ANAPHASES.—These stages may be viewed as the
reverse of the later prophases. They have to do with the
movements of the separated chromosomes from the equator
towards opposite poles of the cell, there to be utilised in

the formation of a chromatin thread in each daughter
nucleus (Fig. 18). The spindle threads attached to the

chromosomes draw them apart and to the respective poles.

16

A longitudinal split is described as occurring in them earlier
or later in this period. Mottier is convinced that this is
the longitudinal split observed in the earlier prophase,
and Miss Nichols in Sarracenia!? looks upon it as the
dividing line that separates the daughter chromosomes of
the next or homotype division.

TELOPHASES are stages dealing with the movements
of the chromosomes within the daughter nuclei. The
chromosomes apparently join ends® and form a new
temporary spirem, but in this heterotype mitosis nothing
approaching an ordinary resting nucleus is reached (Fig. 19)
A membrane now covers in each daughter nucleus and the
division is completed. Allen did not find a nucleolus in
the daughter cells of Lilium at this stage.

The heterotype form of mitosis is sometimes viewed
as a qualitative division, z.e., that there are differences in
the construction of the chromosomes, which may be of
physical, chemical or other nature, but to what extent is an
open question. Mottier thinks that as all the chromomeres
in a spirem are not always paired, especially the smaller
ones (Fig. 14), the probabilities are that these may
‘become part of one chromosome or another, and “if we
are in anyway justified in ascribing some individual quality
or qualities to these apparently unpaired granules, then we
are justified in concluding that some chromosome or
chrcmosomes are to that extent hereditarily different from
others.”?

In Monocotyledons coincident with the telophase
stages, an equatorial plate of minute granules, microsomes,
appears generally ; this develops into a wall separating the
two daughter cells—successive division—each of which
therefore receives one-half of the divided spindle threads.
These fibrils remain outside the nucleus, and merge with
the cytoplasm of the cell (Fig. 20).

17

In Dicotyledons the rule is for the four pollen nuclei
to be formed before they are divided by cell walls—
simultaneous division (Fig. 21).

HOMOTYPE MITOSIS.

In this form of nuclear division applicable to tissue or
somatic cells, z.e, the ordinary or body cells of the plant
and those cells immediately preceding and succeeding the
spore mother-cells, and in which there is no stage com-
parable to synapsis so characteristic of the prophase in
mother-cells. The number of chromosomes is always alike
in parent and daughter nucleus; in cells of the gameto-

phyte the reduced number obtains, in the sporophyte cells
twice as many.!4 For Lilium the numbers given are

respectively 12 and 24.*

Immediately following the telophase of the previous
heterotype mitosis in the mother-cell, the spirem of the
daughter cell breaks across (Fig. 22) the prior points of
union into chromosomes corresponding in external features
with those from which the spirem originated, and are
believed to be identical by Allen in Lilium, Gates in
Qénothera, also by others. Spindle threads appear
attached to the chromosomes, which move to the equator
of the cell and form the nuclear plate, both together
constitute the spindle ending the prophase (Fig. 23). __

Each chromosome now splits longitudinally into two
equal halves—equation division (Fig 24).. The line of
separation is considered to be the same as that seen in the
anaphase of the previous mitosis.7,12_ The chromosomes
are now drawn apart and towards the respective poles by or
along the spindle fibrils, there they become closely pressed
together (Fig. 25) and enter upon the telophase.

* For numbers in many other plants, see Morphology of Angiosperms,
Pt. 2, 1904, pp. 81-2.

18

The massed chromosomes quickly begin to show
vacuolisation (Fig. 26), and their chromatin thus broken up
into irregular portions is arranged along the linin reticulum,
a nuclear membrane is formed and the resting stage of the
daughter nucleus is reached. One or more nucleoli which
appeared during the anaphases enter each new nucleus. In
some instances nucleoli may remain outside the nucleus in
the cytoplasm (Figs. 17 and 19), where they soon disappear
altogether.

MITOSIS IN VEGETATIVE CELLS.

The resting nucleus, as already described, contains one
or more nucleoli and the characteristic reticulum, which
gradually passes into a thickened convoluted spirem. This
splits longitudinally and into elongated, more or less bent
chromosomes with spindle fibrils attached to the ends,
which point towards the respective poles of the cell where
they converge in a cap of kinoplasm, and from which they
were probably derived. In Sarracenia!? the spindle
filaments probably come from the nuclear linin, no break
in the membrane taking place until they have begun to
appear (Fig. 27).

The chromosomes lying side by side in the nuclear-
plate are, in the anaphase, drawn by spindle fibrils end-on
towards the poles, their free bent ends pointing towards the
equator, or to the sides of the cell (Fig. 28): They
shorten, thicken and unite more or less compactly into the
daughter spirem. After vacuolisation has taken place and
the chromatin has been distributed, the linin thread takes
on the net-like appearance and constitutes the reticulum
of the daughter nucleus. Spindle threads stretching
across the equator of the cell connect the two groups of
chromosomes.

he 24. -

19

Minute granulated microsomes appear at points along
these fibrils in the mid-region of the cell forming the ceil-
plate, and are gradually formed into a partition wall which
divides the two daughter cells (Fig. 29). Nucleoli reappear
usually in the polar regions of the daughter cells, a nuclear
membrane is formed, and the resting nucleus is completed

This brief account of mitosis is of general import only
and not descriptive of what may take place in any
particular plant, but includes phases observed in several.

AMITOSIS

is another form of nuclear division known as direct, where
the nucleus separates into two parts, each of which either
goes to form the nucleus of a new cell or the old cell
becomes binucleate, and if the process be repeated, multi-
nucleate (Fig. 30). This mode, at first thought to be of
almost universal occurrence, was, after the discovery of
mitosis, first described by Anton Schneider in 1873, found
to be of limited application, at least in cells of the higher
plants. It is chiefly observed in cells in apparently
abnormal physiological conditions and others too old for the
ordinary stages of mitosis to take place as many large cells
of vegetative tissues, and is also commonly seen in the
large cells surrounding developing sporogenous cells and
spores, ¢.g., the tapetum of anthers and sporangia of higher
cryptogams (Fig. 31).

The process begins with a median constriction
in the nucleus, which gradually deepens until
the division is complete, and the daughter nuclei
usually remain in close proximity to each other.
There is no division of the cytoplasm, except in
those cases where walls are formed, the cells simply
becoming multinucleate. In some instances there may be

20

stages suggestive of mitosis, where attempts appear to be
made to first break up the thread into chromosomes. And
experiments with cultures of spirogyra showed that either
mode of division might be induced in the nuclei by altering
the medium of growth. When's to I per cent. of ether was
added to water containing the plants they began to divide
amitotically, and mitosis was resumed on replacing them in
water under normal conditions.!4

Amitosis “is characteristic of highly-specialised or
degenerating cells in which development is approaching its
end.” It appears to be a process needing quick accom-
plishment, due in a measure in degenerating cells to their
lower vitality and probable lack of food supplies (Fig. 30).
On the other hand, where these supplies are abundant and
rich, they may possibly incite to very rapid growth and
attendant direct division of the nuclei, e¢.g., tapetum cells
(Fig. 31). Here also the physiological conditions surround-
ing the sporogenous cells are unique, initiating, as they do,
those remarkably striking phenomena, which result in the
biological transition of cells with sporophyte characters
into those of the gametophyte. The change results as a
consequence of the inter-relations between the physio-
logical and biological conditions in the cells accompanying
this aspect of the alternation of generations. The contra-
aspect attendant upon the phenomena of fertilisation, by
which the sporophyte characters are restored in the
fertilised egg, has also its equally complex nutritive and
biological changes.

THE CENTROSOME
is an extremely minute body with dark centre, usually lying
in a hyaline matrix; it is situated just outside the nuclear
membrane of animal cells, and is freely described also in
those of many cellular plants. It is very active in connec-

21

tion with the earliest stages of mitosis, appearing often to
start the process, particularly in reference to certain fibrils,
astral and spindle, and has itself characteristic division
figures (Figs. 32). Some observers have described its
occurrence in the higher vascular plants, but its presence in
their cells is generally discredited.

In form it is like a very small nucleolus, and sugges-
tions of possible relationships between them have been
made. The nucleolus is intra-, the centrosome extra-
nuclear. :

Ikeno", according to Yamanouchi, finds a centrosome
developed within the nucleus of sporogenous cells in

“Marchantia polymorpha, but passes outside where it
functions in mitosis.

FUNCTION AND INHERITANCE.

Nuclear studies have, in the main, tended to invest the
nucleus with the kinetic energy, which not only originates,
but also largely controls the physiological activities of
nutrition and reproduction within the cell; and, as a
morphological contribution, to locate the characters of
inheritance in the chromatin. Both of these aspects are
still the subject of diligent research, and are far from settle-
ment. The special physiological relations that exist
between ceils of the asexual and the sexual generations
must be of importance in understanding their biological
significance, as already indicated and also considered in my
paper on “Adoxa” read in April, 1906, and last year's
address on “ Wheat.”

Investigations into the uses and parts played by the
cytoplasm have had varying modifying effects upon the all-
controlling powers ascribed to the nucleus. The inter-
actions between them, both in regard to development and
_ inheritance, according to numerous observers, show that the

29

cytoplasm has still a large share in the interpretation of
these problems. The acquirement of new characters and
the vexed questions of their inheritance, or non-inheritance,
with the Mendelian and many other considerations, all
centre around the nucleus for solution.

SUMMARY.

The cell-theory of Schleiden and Schwann gave
the greatest impetus to microscopic investigations, particu-
larly those centering around. the nucleus; discovery of
the nucleus and further research established it to be the
essential factor of the cell; it was supposed to originate
within and from the cytoplasm, the nucleolus first appearing
and the nucleoplasm precipitating around it; proof
accumulated that there was no de novo formation of nuclei,
and that every nucleus in the organism descended from the
fertilised-egg nucleus.

THE NUCLEUS is of diverse shapes, complex structure,
and shows different physical and chemical characters during
stages of its history and development. |

THE NUCLEOPLASM.—Its structural basis is in the
form of a linin reticulum, similar to the network found in
the cytoplasm; both are supposed to be of the same
material, and commingle during division of the nucleus.
The nuclear-sap, or nutrient material, is enclosed within the
meshes, and may show the alveolar appearance of Biitschli.

CHROMATIN.—The staining material of the nucleus is
deposited along the specialised linin walls of the reticulum
of the resting nucleus, the spirem thread in mitosis and in
the chromosomes. It is usually in the form of fine
granules—chromomeres or ids, karyosomes, &c., or it may
appear homogeneous. The granules lie in bars or bands
across the fibrils, and are separated into more or less equal
pairs, with the longitudinal split in the spirem.

23

THe NUCLEOLUS, a granular body enclosed in a
hyaline matrix and surrounded by a wall of nucleoplasm, is
comparatively large in young cells, and undergoes partial
or complete dissolution during early mitosis. It is réplaced
in later stages by new ones, which become the nucleoli of
the daughter nuclei, or some may be dispersed in the cyto-
plasm and disappear. An extreme form, probably of
nuclear synapsis, in pollen mother-cells and embryo-sac
mother-cells gives condensed nucleolus-like nuclei, similar
to those observed in spirogyra or spermatozoids.

MiTosIs, or indirect nuclear division, is of two
kinds :—Heterotype, characteristic of spore mother-cells ;
and homotype, of all other cell nuclei. The leading
features are described under four stages. PROPHASE:
dealing with changes in the nuclear reticulum, spirem (and
synapsis—heterotype or reduction division), chromosome
formation, spindle and nuclear-plate ; METAPHASE: the
longitudinal splitting of each chromosome in the nuclear-
plate; ANAPHASE: separation of the daughter chromo-
somes, and their movements from the equatorial region of
the cell to its opposite poles; TELOPHASE: massing of the
chromosomes at the poles, their union into a temporary
spirem (heterotype process) or into the network of a resting
nucleus (homotype). The heterotype division is reducing,
the daughter nuclei containing half the somatic number of
chromosomes, and characterises the change from sporo-
phyte to gametophyte in the alternation of generations.
It may be a qualitative division, the homotype is
equational. In Monocotyledons the pollen mother-cells are
separated by a wall after each mitosis—successive division ;
in Dicotyledons the four pollen cells are formed before they
_are parted by walls—simultaneous division.

AmITosISs, direct division of the nucleus, is shown in
“cells dividing under exceptional conditions. It occurs im

24

many large tissue and other cells too old for ordinary
mitosis to take place. There are probably graded stages
in attempts of some nuclei to form chromosomes ;
binucleate or multinucleate cells usually result. The
process characterises cells with impoverished food supplies ;
and on the other hand by the copious and rich nutritive
material connected with those nuclear changes in the
alternation of generations,as tapetum cells, some endosperm
cells, &c.

THE CENTROSOME is a minute granular extra-nuclear
body of common occurrence in animal cells and those of
many lower plants. It appears to initiate the mitotic
phenomena, and has itself characteristic astral and spindle
figures ; an intra-nuclear origin has been described for the
centrosome of Marchantia. The possible connection
between nucleoli and centrosomes has been discussed.

FUNCTION AND INHERITANCE.—Nuclear studies are
of the first importance in the interpretation of the
physiology and biology of the cell. The heterotype nuclear
changes are directly concerned with the transition from
sporophyte to gametophyte cell. There are probably
modifying influences in the cytoplasm to be taken into
account in the modern problems of inheritance, &c..
gathered around the nucleus.

LITERATURE CITED.

SCHLEIDEN. M. J. Contributions to Phytogenesis.

SCHWANN, TH. Microscopical Researches, &c., Translations,
Sydenham Society, XII., London, 1847.

WaGeER, H. The Nucleolus and Nuclear Division in the Root Apex
of Phaseolus. Ann. Bot., 18, 30-40, p/. 5, 1904.

Witson, E. B. The Cell in Development and Inheritance
2nd Ed., pp. 302-4, 1902.

BUrscHi, O. Protoplasm and Microscopic Foams. ‘Translation
by E. A. Minchin, London, 1894.

Hickson, SIpNEY J. Presidential Address to the Manchester
Microscopical Society, on ‘* The Physical Basis of Hereditary
Characters.’? Annual Report and Transactions, 1907.

YAMANOUCHI, SHIGEO. Sporogenesis in Nephrodium, 1-29, pés. 7-4.
Spermatogenesis, Oogenesis and Fertilisation in Nephro-
dium. 145-175, pls. 6-8.
Apogamy in Nephrodium. 289-318, ls. g-r0. Bot.
Gazette, 45.

Morrier, Davib M. The Development of the MHeterotype
Chromosomes in Pollen Mother-cells. Ann. Bot. 21: 309-347,
pl. 27-28, 1907.

ALLEN, CHAS. E. Nuclear Division in the Polien Mother-cells of
Lilium canadense. Ann. Bot. 19: 189-252, pls. 6-9, 1905.

Pack, Luta. Fertilisation in Cypripedium. Bot. Gazette, 44:
353-74. Dl. 4-

GatEs, R. R. A Study of Reduction in CEnothera rubrinervis.
Bot. Gazette, 46: 1-31. pls. 7-3, 1908.

COULTER AND CHAMBERLAIN. Morphology of Angiosperms.
pt. II. 1904.

Nicuors, M. Louise. The Development of the Pollen of
Sarracenia. Bot. Gazette 45: 31-37. pl. 5. 1908.

OvEeRron, J. B. Ueber Reduktionsteilung in den Pollen-
mutterzellen einiger Dikotylen. Jahrb. Wiss. Bot. 42:

121-153. fils. 6-7. 1905.

NATHANSON, ALEXANDER. Physiologische Untersuchungen iiber
amitotische Kerntheilung. Jahrb. Wiss. Bot. 35: 48-80,
pis. 2-3, 1900.

Ikeno, S. Die Spermatogenese von Marchantia polymorpha.
Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 15: 65-88, A/. 3, 1903.

Fic.
16

23.
24.

26

EXPLANATION OF DIAGRAMS.

PLATE I.
A plant cell. «a, Cytoplasm; 46, nucleus; c, centrosomes;
d, nucleolus; e, linin.
Alveolar Cytoplasm, after Wilson,
Tissue Cells, with variously-shaped nuclei,

Vegetative cell, with resting nucleus, «@, chromatin threads ;
6, nucleus of Spirogyra.

Condensed nuclei in pollen mother-cells of wheat. 1-3, nuclei,
z, Tapetum; a, Nucleus (Spirogyra).

Transverse section of a young Anther, 1-4, Archesporial stages,
Sporogenous cells in Anther loculus, surrounded by the Tapetum, /
Resting Nucleus in Pollen mother-cell.

Spirem and net-knots in Pollen mother-cell nucleus.

Double spirem.

Pollen mother-cell in synapsis. a, nucleolus.

Contraction after synapsis, shorter and thicker thread

Linin strands, with single and double rows of chromomeres,
Spirem, with end-to-end Chromosomes.

Mitotic spindle of a mother-cell. a@, spindle threads; 64, nuclear-
plate of V-shaped chromosomes.

Multipolar Spindle. a, outside Nucleoli,
Anaphase : Movement of Chromosomes towards the poles.

PLATE II.

Telophase. a, Nucleoli.
Successive division in Pollen mother-cells—Monocotyledon,
Simultaneous division in Pollen mother-cells—Dicotyledon.

Telophase: Chromosomes forming into Spirem of daughter-cells.
a, cell-plate.

Nuclear-plate of Homotype mitosis. a, nucleoli.
Anaphase: Separated Chromosomes receding towards opposite poles.

25-26 Late telophase: Vacuolisation of chromosomes in daughterecells.

27.
28,
29.
30.
31.
32

a, cell-plate; 5, spindle fibrils.
Spindle threads formed from linin, after Nichols.
Vegetative-cell Nucleus in Anaphase mitosis.
Cells showing later stages of division.
Binucleate and Multinucleate cells showing Amitosis.
Amitosis in Tapetum cells of Adoxa—surface view.

Cells showing Centrosomes. a, resting nucleus; 4, metaphase
spindle; c, daughter nuclei; @, centrosomes,

.

NATURAL
HISTORY.

Flate 1

Plate /

BRITISH
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NATURAL
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Liverpool Microscopical Society.

LIST OF MEMBERS.

JANUARY, 1909.

7

HONORARY MEMBERS.

WITHAM M. BYWATER, 5 Hanover Square, London, W.

WILLIAM CARTER, J.P., M.D., F.R.C.P., Talavon, Deganwy,
N. Wales.

REv. DR. DALLINGER. F.R.5., Ingleside, Lee, London, S.E.

R. NEWSTEAD, A.L.S., F.E.S.,. Hon.. F.R.H.S., Liverpool
University.

PROFESSOR THOMAS TAYLOR. Chief of the Microscopical
Staff, Agricultural Department, Washington, U.S.A.

J. T. NorMaAn-THomas, F.LS, 6 and 7 Trafford

Chambers, South John Street.

ORDINARY MEMBERS.

*Members of Council.

Abraham, Miss Emma C., Grassendale Park.

Aman, F. T., Assoc. Mem. Inst. C.E., City Engineer's
Office, Municipal Buildings, Dale Street.

Armstrong, Frank, 112 Bold Street.

Astbury, E., 72 Athol Street.

Atkinson, Raymond F. M., 9 Esplanade, Waterloo.

Bridger, Robert, 55 Seabank Road, Liscard.

1897
1903

1907
1904
1874

1891

1879
1905
1908
1902
1892

1882:

1879
1885

1908
1882

1QOI
1Q00
1892
1869
1904

1904

1905
1886

1907

28

Buchanan R. J. M, M.D, MRCP. 6 Rodney
Street.
*Burne, Charles F., “Culver,” Sunningdale Road,
New Brighton.
*Brown, W. D., “ Holmleigh,” Burscough.
*Croston, R., 13 Derby Lane, Stoneycroft.
Davies, Edward, F.C.S., F.1.C., Chapel Chambers,
Chapel Street.
*Davies, Herbert E. M.A., BSc, F.C) athagel
Chambers, Chapel Street.
Deacon, H. Wade, J.P., 8 Ullet Road.
Dearsley, A. H., 112 Bold Street.
Dowding, Rev. Charles, 8 Frog Lane, Wigan.

*Dudley, A. H., 62 Selborne Street.
Forshaw, F. H., Riverside, Halebank, nr. Widnes.
Fullerton, James, 44 Clarendon Road, Seacombe.
Goodwin, Gilbert Smith, 23 Anfield Road.
Gray, George Watson, F.I.C., “ Allendale,” Claren-
don Road, Garston.
*Greenwood, H. W., 16 Longland Road, Liscard. -
*Grisewood, William, “ Langdale,” Rudgrave Square,
Egremont.
*Hay, John, M.D., M.R.C.P., 12 Rodney Street.
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*Haydon, W. T., F.L.S., 135 Bedford Street South.
Healey, George F., ‘‘ Oaklyn,” 27 Cearns Road,
Haywood, Lieut.-Colonel Arthur Grimshaw-, V.D.,
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*Jones, T. A., 20 Lothair Road, Anfield.
Langley, Bertram, 51 North John Street.
Larkin, Frederick Charles, F.R.C.S. 54 Rodney
Stree:
*TLeonard, Edward, “ Cranbrook,’ Waterloo Park,
Waterloo.

_ 1909
1880

1893

1888
18097
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#909
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9

1898 “Macphail, James D., 40 Moss Lane, Walton.

T. D. Mason, 37 Handfield Road, Waterloo.
Narramore, Wm. F.L.S, Mem. San. Inst,
“ Devonia,” Cambridge Avenue, Great Crosby.
Nuttall, F. R. Dixon-, F.R.M.S., “ Ingleholme,”

Eccleston Park, near Prescot.
*Pierce, F. N., F.E.S.,.1 The Elms, Dingle.
Powell, W. H., 2 Lord Nelson Street.
Rappart, D. B., Mere Bank, Promenade, Liscard.
*Read, W. H., Lisadel, Caithness Drive, Liscard.
Robertson, Helenus R., F.R.M.S., Upton Grange,
Chester.
Robertson, T. W., Burnton, North Mount Vernon,
Glasgow.
Scholefield, Joshua William, J.P., 33 Pembroke
Road, Bootle.
Stopforth, Richard, 71 Vauxhall Road.
F. W. Strumpel, 16, The Temple, Dale Street.
Tate, Frank, 9 Hackins Hey.
*Tinne, Philip F., M.A. (Oxon), M.R.C.S., 4 Mayfield
Road, Cressington.
Wall, Joseph, 21 Norwood Grove.
*Williams, J. Michael, 31 Grove Park.

1897 Williams, W. Collingwood, B.Sc., Beechfield, Roby.

30

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Past Presidents.

JOHN BIRKBECK NEVINS, M.D.
Rev. WM. BANISTER, B.A.

Rey. Dr. DALLINGER, F.RB.S.
JOHN ABRAHAM.

J. J. DRYSDALE, M.D., F.R.M.S.
JOHN NEWTON, M.R.C.S.

Rey. HENRY H. HIGGINS, M.A.
GEORGE F. CHANTRELL.

J. 8S. HICKS, F.R.C.S., F.L.S.
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FRANK T. PAUL, F.R.C.S.
CHARLES BOTTERILL,

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F. CHARLES LARKIN, F.R.C.S.
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A. H. DUDLEY.

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A. H. DUDLEY.

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Council,
W. D. BROWN. T. A. JONES.
H. E. DAVIES, M.A., B.Sc., F.I.C. E. LEONARD. .
A. H. DEARSLEY. JAMES D. MACPHAIL.
Rey. C. DOWDING. W. H. READ.

W. GRISEWOOD.
J. R. HAYDON.

F. W. STRUMPEL.
J. M. WILLIAMS.

a a i

FORTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

LIVERPOOL MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY.

The President and Council in presenting their Forty-first
Annual Report are pleased to record that the progress cf

the Society continues satisfactory.

The attendance at the Meetings has been very gratifying,

and the new arrangement, affording an extended period for

the examination of exhibits, has been much appreciated.
The members have freely availed themselves of the
‘opportunities to show slides of their own preparation, thus
furnishing favourable opportunities for mutual criticism and
discussion. It is the Council’s sincere desire that this spirit

of inquiry should be fostered in every way possible.

The variety of subjects treated on in the papers and
demonstrations has added considerably to the pleasure and
instruction afforded. The papers read were all good, the
illustrations by lantern slides being much enjoyed and of
considerable merit. _The Council hereby express to the
various gentlemen who have read papers or given

demonstrations their hearty thanks.

At the Annual Conversazione, held in May, members

of kindred societies were present, some of whom exhibited

4

objects of interest. A large number of our members
exhibited under the microscopes slides of a varied and useful

character.

A number of instruments and a variety of apparatus
were shown by Messrs. Thos. Armstrong & Brother and
Flatters & Garnett, Ltd.

A very successful and enjoyable Field Meeting was held
on June 12th. Under the able leadership of Mr. Wm.
Narramore, F.L.S., a large number of members visited
several ponds at Bromborough, and numerous interesting

objects were collected.

The evenings devoted to demonstrations continue to be
very popular, and much useful information on preparation

of material and mounting of specimens is derived from them.

During the past year four new members have been

enrolled, and three have resigned.

The present membership consists of five Honorary and

fifty Ordinary Members.

The Society has sustained a great loss by the death
of the Rev. Dr. Dallinger, F.R.S., who was one of our
earliest Presidents and for a long period took a very active
interest in the Society. After his removal from this district
he was made an Honorary Member, and remained so until

his death.

The entrance fee has been abolished, and the Council

hope that this will encourage the proposal of new members.

o

The following additions have been made to the

Library :—

By presentation: Dr. Buchanan’s work on the blood,
by the author; also three numbers of Donkin’s British

Diatomace, by Messrs. F. N. Pierce and E. Leonard.

Also by presentation: Publications of the Royal
Microscopical Society, Queckett Club, and Manchester

Microscopical Society.

By purchase: Annals of Botany and the Ray Society’s

issue.

To Mr. F. N. Pierce and the members of the Lantern
Committee the Council again acknowledge with thanks their

ready and efficient helpfulness.

The following is a _ brief account of the various

meetings :—

January 22nd—-The President, Mr. A. H. Duprey, delivered

his inaugural address, on “ The Nucleus in Plant Cells,”
with lantern illustrations. The address was printed with
' the last Report.

February 5th—A paper was read by Mr. F. N. Pierce,
F.E.S., on “Scales of Butterflies,” illustrated by
numerous lantern slides, followed by a demonstration of

the method of preparation and mounting.

March 5th—Mr. T. A. Jones read a paper on “ Natural

Glass,” illustrated by lantern slides.

April 2nd—Mr. J. D. MacpHam delivered an interesting

address on Diatoms, illustrated by a number of very

6

beautiful lantern slides (kindly lent by Mr. Helenus R.
Robertson). This was followed by a demonstration of

“dark ground” illumination by Mr. Macphail.

May 7th—The Annual Conversazione was held. A number
of living objects and others of general interest were shown

by the members and visitors.

October Ist—Mr. E. Leonarp gave a demonstration on the
“Mounting of Diatoms,’ which was much appreciated
by the members present, and he explained many practical

difficulties.

November 5th—Mr. W. H. Reap read a paper entitled
“Meduse and Family,” illustrated by a large number
of very beautiful lantern slides, most of which were

hand drawn.

December 3rd—Mr. A. H. Duprey gave an interesting
demonstration on ‘Preparation and Staining of
Botanical Sections,’ a number of slides being shown

under the microscopes in illustration of the subject.

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“Old Entomological Literature,”

BEING THE
PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS

Delivered at the Royal Institution, Liverpool, to the Members
of the
LIVERPOOL MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY,

On Friday, the 2Ist day of January, 1910,
BY

I, Nz FIERCE? BES.

Ir was not without considerable hesitancy that I consented
to occupy the highly honoured position of President of the
Liverpool Microscopical Society, a position which, in the
past, has been filled by many men of learning, whose names
I hold with bated breath. Among them are those whose
works live after them, though they have passed to their long
rest; and others who have climbed the ladder of fame and
are looked upon as experts in their several studies: whereas
in my own case I have remained stationary, a mere student,
learning but slowly the great mysteries of nature, lost in
wonder, and grasping but dimly all the marvels revealed by
the nuicroscope. ;

In the twenty-one years that I have been a member of
this Society it is natural to conclude I have arrived at man’s
estate. On the contrary, I still feel to be but a child in
science, realising the littleness of my knowledge and the vast
field open for investigation. It is this feeling of weakness that
makes me hesitate to address you upon any microscopical
branch of study. I choose rather as my subject “ Old
Entomological Literature,’ and desire to speak of books
written on my favourite pursuit, which, so far as our Society

9

‘
}

is concerned, has few followers. Possibly the hope may be
fulfilled that some of our members will be induced to enter
the ranks of Entomology, which offer so many unique
opportunities of studying the great Mendelian question of
variation, inasmuch as it is possible to produce many
generations of a species in a comparatively short period.

The metamorphosis of insects seems to have attracted
the attention of authors from the earliest times.
Allusion is oftentimes made in the Bible to insects of
almost every one of the modern known orders. The
locust, fly, bee, lice, moth, are all mentioned, but not
butterflies. This is probably accounted for by its being a
more recent name. Even Swammerdam, in 1735, speaks of
them as “day moths.” Aristotle appears to have accumulated
a number of facts relative to the science, and it is to be
regretted we have but an imperfect account of his studies.
Several centuries later, Pliny gives us what was then known
of insects, and mentions Apollodorus as the first monographer
of insects, and it is from A#lian we learn that artificial flies
were used by the Grecian anglers.

From that time for nearly 1,500 years we have an almost
absolute blank in Entomological literature. About the
middle of the 15th century, some attention appears to have
been paid to insects, notably by one Ulysses Aldromandus,
who died in 1605. He wrote a great Zoological work, which
death prevented him from finishing, and he made probably the
first attempt at a systematical arrangement since the days of
Aristotle. From this time onward great activity was shewn
in Entomology. Though Mouffet’s “ Theatrum insectorum ”
was only published in the 17th century, it may be regarded
as the pioneer of English works, having had a long and
chequered career previous to reaching the public. It was
commenced by Dr. Edward Wotton, of whom we know but
little. The next we hear of it is that the manuscripts fell
into the hands of Dr. Thomas Penery, an eminent physician
and botanist in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, who seems to
have devoted a good deal of time to the study of insects,

10

but in 1589 he was snatched away by an untimely death-
His unfinished manuscripts were purchased at a considerable
price by Thomas Mouffet, who reduced them to order, and
added about 150 additional figures; but here again he died
before he was able to send his material to the press. The
work remained buried in dust and obscurity until it fell
into the hands of Sir Theodore Mayerne, a Court physician
in the time of Charles the First, who at length published it
in 1634, in Latin, and it was so well received that in 1658
an English translation was published. One part treats of
De Papilionilibus, and occupies about 20 pages, in the
margins of which are inserted 112 woodeuts of the rudest
execution imaginable, yet for the most part perfectly
intelligible to the present-day entomologist.

In 1662 Goedart published in Middleburg a work on
insects, which was translated into English in 1685. Goedart
in stated to have spent 40 years in the study of insects, and
his drawings are far superior to those of his predecessors.

John Ray, son of a blacksmith, born at Black Netley,
in 1628, began his work on insects at the advanced age of 75,
but died two years afterwards, when his work was nearly
ready for the press. He enumerates 50 species of butterflies,
and in a letter to Dr. Derham, who subsequently published
it, he gives a list of books available on the subject at that
time.

One of Ray’s friends, James Petiver, published an
entirely entomological work, in which he enumerates about
80 British butterflies, the figures being (for these times) well
executed. Fifty of them are undoubted British species, the
remaining 30 figures are varieties, or the opposite sex to
those figured. This was a common fault in those days.
depicting and describing the male and female as two distinct
species.

The next work that arrests our attention is that of
Eleazar Albin, a painter of no small ability, who in the
year 1720 published a “ Natural History of English Insects,”
illustrated with 100 copper plates, engraven from the life.

11

A copy of this book I exhibit this evening. It is the first
work with coloured illustrations of English insects, and
contains such Lepidopterous insects as the author and his
friends reared from caterpillars, exhibiting them picturesquely
on the proper food plants. They are highly coloured by hand,
and show what good colours were obtainable in those days.

ee - ey ee” oe

Albin dedicated the plates to various persons, who bore
the expense of the plates, and the entire work to Her Royal
Highness the Princess of Wales.

In the preface he informs the reader that Mr. Dandridge
employed him in painting caterpillars; and that he had
painted “a lot of these and flys for Mr. How, and likewise
several things relating to Natural History for Sir Hans
Sloane,”’ and that the Duchess Dowager of Beaufort was the
first to persuade him to undertake the work. This excellent
lady encouraged him by procuring subscriptions from persons of
the first quality. He pathetically adds:—“ Whilst this good —
lady lived it went on apace, and I am persuaded had been
finished long since, if it had pleased God to have spared her,
but after the loss of my patroness, subscriptions coming in
slowly, and my circumstances (having a great family to
provide for) not being able to carry it on without, retarded
it.” He criticises his predecessors as follows:—‘‘ All my
drawings I have copied exactly after the life, having observed
it a great fault in those who have gone before me in this way,
that they either did not look often enough at their pattern,
or effected to make the picture outdo nature.” He seems
to have used the microscope, for in his concluding remarks he
-says—“ The colours of moths and butterflies which to our
eyes seem as dust, if they be examined by the microscope
every particle of them is a perfect feather. From the whole
we cannot but conclude that they are the work of Infinite
Power, and not the effect of mere chance, or the product of
corruption.”

This peculiar term “ product of corruption ” is due to a

theory prevalent at that time, that insects were spontaneously
generated from decaying vegetable matter.

12

He publishes a long list of subscribers, which shows the
influence of his friend the Duchess, or the interest taken in
the work by the aristocracy, as it includes Dukes, Duchesses,
Earls, Lords, &c., His Grace the Duke of Westminster and
the Right Honourable the Earl of Derby figuring side by
side; several gardeners, apothecaries, chymists, members of
the Bar, and “Mr. John Marshall, maker of optick glasses
to his Majesty, at the Archemides in Ludgate Street.” I take
this to mean spectacles, or is it possible that His Majesty
was a microscopist !

Contemporary with Albin, John Swammerdam appears to
have been ‘working in Holland, diving deeply into the
mysteries of the science, his strong point being dissection
and anatomy. He was evidently the first to have studied the
anatomy of insects, and to have used a microscope for their
dissection. That he was a keen observer, and a systematist of
the most advanced ideas, is evident by his argument on the
metamorphosis of insects, in which he was able to trace the
perfect insect throughout all its mutations. His biographer,
Herman Boerhaave, says :—“ His singular sagacity in stripping
off the skin of caterpillars deserves particular notice. This
he effected by letting them drop by their threads into scalding
water, and suddenly withdrawing them, for by this means
the epidermis peeled off very easily, and when this was done,
he put them into distilled vinegar and spirit of wine, mixed
together in equal parts, which, by giving firmness to the
parts, gave an opportunity of separating them without any
damage to the viscera, so that, by this contrivance, the nymph
could be shewn wrapped up in the caterpillar, and the butterfly
in the nymph.”

Previous to this, Mouffet, following Aristotle and all
previous writers, had written :—‘‘It is very remarkable that
in this metamorphosis, which is performed by means of an
aurelia, the silkworm’s head becomes the butterfly’s tail, and
the head of this last the tail of the former, and the same
thing happens in all other caterpillars that become Aurelie.”
Swammerdam seems to have grasped one of the great

13

' Darwinian truths, that animals are largely built after the
same plan, and devotes some chapters to show that there is
little difference in the anatomical construction of a frog, a
man, and an insect.

John Swammerdam was born at Amsterdam in 1637, and
he inherited the love of natural history from his father James,
who is spoken of as a great naturalist, and the possessor of an
extensive private museum.

John was intended for the Church, but after a serious
examination of his own dispositions and talents, thought
himself unequal to so important a work, and decided to apply
himself to Physic. His relations with his father appear to
have been far from happy, and this, coupled with the fact that
he suffered a great deal from ague, seems to have had such an
2 effect upon his constitution that, after devoting the best years
of his life to collecting material for his great work, he suddenly
took so violent a dislike to natural history that he could not

bear even the sight of his most treasured specimens and

preparations. Boerhaave says:—‘‘ The last day of September
of this year 1673, our author finished his treatise on Bees,
which proved so fatiguing a performance that he never after
recovered even the appearance of his former health and vigour,
and, indeed, it was an undertaking too great for the strongest
constitution, to be continually employed by day in making
observations, and almost constantly engaged by night
recording them by drawings and suitable explanations.”
After entirely giving up the study of nature, “the remaining
portion of his life was devoted to that of serving God, which
alone he delighted in.”

Boerhaave’s description of his microscopes and method of
_ manipulation is interesting. He says:—‘‘ For dissecting of
very small subjects he had a brass table made on purpose. To
that table were fastened two brass arms, movable at pleasure
to any part of it, and the upper portions of these arms were
likewise so contrived as to be susceptible of a very slow
vertical motion, by which means the operator could readily
ter their heighth, as he saw most convenient to his purpose.

14

The office of one of these arms was to hold the little corpuscle,
and that of the other to apply the microscope. His
microscopes were of various sizes and curvatures, his
microscopical glasses being of various diameters and focuses,
and, from the least to the greatest, the best that could be
procured, in regard to the exactness of the workmanship and
the transparency of the substance. He was so incomparably
dexterous in the management of these useful instruments
that he made every observation subservient to the next, and
all tend to confirm each other, and complete the description.
But the constructing of very fine scissors, and giving them
an extreme sharpness, seems to have been his chief secret.
These he made use of to cut minute objects, because they
dissected them equably, whereas knives and lancers are apt to
disorder delicate substances. His knives, lancets, and styles
were so very fine that he could not see to sharpen them
without the assistance of the microscope; but with them he
could dissect the intestines of bees with the same accuracy and
distinctness that others do those of large animals.”

There is little doubt Swammerdam mounted mueroscopic
slides. Boerhaave says:—‘ He discovered that the fat of all
insects was perfectly dissolvable in oil of turpentine, and
that they could not be preserved in balsam, and this discovery
he always made the greatest secret of, because the fat of
insects, when melted and then dried, looks like lime scattered
over the parts, so as to obscure the viscera, and make it
impossible to examine them. Thus he began, carried forward,
and perfected without any assistance, in a private and
middling station of life, more discoveries than all the writers
The book is profusely illustrated

’

of all the preceding ages.’
with beautiful copper-plate engravings.

Shortly after, in 1758, Moses Harris published ‘ Zhe
Aurelian or Natural History of English Insects, namely,
Butterflies and Moths, Together with the Plants on which
they feed. <A faithful account of their respective changes :
‘their usual Haunts, when in the winged state; and their
Standard names as given and established by the worthy and
ingenious Society of Aurelians.” The name of Moses Harris

15

is memorable in the annals of British Entomology. He was
one of the first who endeavoured to form an Aurelian Society
in this country, and was their first secretary. Like other
works of this age, many of the plates are dedicated to some
titled person. The insects are beautifully drawn, and some
of them are well coloured; others are very crude and
fancifully painted. The smaller species especially seem to
have had very little care bestowed upon them. He was
undoubtedly a careful observer. In describing the change of
butterfly larve to the chrysalis, he says:—“ The caterpillars,
_ when ripe for their transformation, some hang up by the tail,
with their heads perpendicularly downward, which are those
of the thorny or spiked kind; the others fix themselves hy
the tail with their heads perpendicular upward, a silken string
going round the middle, to support them. It may be observed
that should the caterpillars of the branched kind fasten
themselves to change, with a thread round the middle like
the smooth class, they would never get their skin off them,
being interrupted by the silk thread; therefore nature, to
avoid that inconvenience, directs them to hang themselves
_ perpendicular by the tail, that they may be free from every-
thing which might obstruct them in their time of
transformation.”

ee a ee ee ee

His description of the various kinds of nets used in
collecting is quaint. He gives a description of the clap net,
or, as he calls it, “the bat folding net,” as follows:—“ The
method of using the bat folding net is thus:—On seeing the
insect coming toward you, you must endeavour to meet it,
or lay yourself in its way, so that it may come rather to the
_vight side of you, as if you intended to let it pass; then,
having the net in your hands, incline it down to your right
side, turning yourself a little to the right ready for the
stroke, not unlike the attitude in which a batsman in the
“game of cricket stands when he is ready to strike the ball.
‘When the fly is within your reach, strike at it forcibly,
receiving the fly in the middle of your net, as it were between
the two sockets of the benders, that being the part of the
net which best receives the insect; and not only so, but

16

should the fly strike against the wider part of the net, the
course of air caused by the motion of the net would carry the
fly with it, out of the net, between your hands, which I have
often experienced. The motion of your hands in catching
must be from your right hip to your left shoulder, not at all
retarding the motion, till it is as it were spent, closing the
net in the motion.” I have no doubt these instructions were
necessary for using the clumsy two-handled net. Nowadays,
of course, only the ring net is used.

The descriptions of the insects are fair, and for the most:
part generally accurate, though in some cases he has fallen
into error, notably in the Bedstraw Hawk. He says:—“ It
has been long in dispute whether the spotted elephant was
a native of this Island, but it is now past doubt, as I had
the good fortune to find a caterpillar of this moth, in marshy.
ground, at Barnscray, in Kent. I tried various herbs to
bring it to feed, but my attempts were fruitless, and it died
for want. The chrysalis on the plate was sent me from France,
and the moth is produced.’’ He correctly draws the larva he
had found, but figures the Spurge Hawk which emerged from
his French pupa. In plate XI., for some unaccountable
reason, he introduces a variety of odds and ends, a broken
clay pipe, a fragment of a decorated cup, a steel buckle, and
a mussel shell !

He records the story of Lady Glanville. Speaking of
the Glanville Fritillary, he says:—‘“ This fly took its name
from the ingenious Lady Glanville, whose memory had like
to have suffered for her curiosity. Some relations that were
disappointed by her will, attempted to set it aside by acts
of lunacy, for they suggested that none but those who were
deprived of their senses would go in pursuit of butterflies.
Her legatees cited Sir Hans Sloan and Mr. Ray to support
her character: the last gentleman went to Exeter: and on the
trial satisfied the judge and jury of the lady’s laudable inquiry
into the wonderful works of the Creator: and established her
will.” The Death’s Head Hawk he calls the Bee Tiger, from
which it is evident that its propensity to visit bee hives for

the purpose of stealing honey was then known. He uses the
Linnean names, but does not appear to follow any distinct
order.

And here it will be necessary to introduce the greatest
: naturalist the world has ever been graced with, the immortal
Karl Linne Linneus. This illustrious philosopher came into
: the world on the 24th of May, 1707, in Sweden, and was a
_ born naturalist. To him we owe the arrangement of the
animal kingdom, which has been preserved ever since. His
first edition of “Systema Nature” was published in 1735,
which quickly ran through a number of editions, the twelfth
_ being published in 1766. Before his time names were given
indiscriminately, and it was no uncommon thing to call a
butterfly by its description, the Black-veined White Butterfly
: being styled Papilio albus venis nigris. Linnzeus devised a
system of nomenclature that needed but two words for each
species, the generic and specific names. The twelfth edition
: of this great work was decided upon for the starting point of
nomenclature, which is upheld by the laws of Priority.

In 1781 James Barbut published “The — (lenera
Insectorum of Linnwus, exemplified by various specimens of
English Insects, drawn from Nature.” This book appears to
be but little known. I am indebted to the Rev. Charles
Dowding for drawing my attention to it, and lending me the
copy exhibited to-night. The work is written in parallel
columns of English and French. There is a long list of
subscribers, which include names from both nations. Besides
several titled people, there is also “Joseph Banks, Esq.,
President of the Royal Society.”” The plates are hand
‘coloured, and the illustrations of the so-called neglected
_ orders are, as far as I can judge, really good, but the single
_ plate devoted to Lepidoptera is poor in the extreme, the
colouring being wretchedly bad. The author, in a quaint
preface, in which he occasionally breaks off into ecstasies
. over some point, seems to have been firmly convinced
that insects are endowed with the same senses as mankind,
and goes to great lengths to prove his theory. He states it

18

is a long-established and received opinion that hearing is
denied to insects, because certain insects utter sounds
of buzzing, and “the Death’s Head, which squeaks when
hurt in a most plaintive tone, naturally shocks the human
heart, and makes it shudder at the thought of destroying
inoffensive animals,’ and further quotes Shakespeare,
“The poor beetle, crushed beneath the foot, feels the
pangs of death as great as when a monarch falls’’ [sic],
then adds: “Gentle reader, pardon this digression; my
feelings commanded my pen.” He proceeds to prove that these
cries are heard by their fellow insects, which either come to
their assistance, as wasps and bees, or are warned to keep
away from danger.

He gives a most graphic description of watching a
spider, with an elaborate web, entangling a fly, which
made a considerable buzzing noise in its efforts to
escape, and argues that the noise must have been heard
by the spider, which quickly advanced and bit off one of
the diptrons haltera; “ but,’’ he says, “suppose the spider
to be alarmed only by the vibration of the web, the wind
having continual power upon so small and so light a thread
as the web is composed of, the spider would be in continual
alarm without procuring any subsistence,” therefore it must
have been the noise of the fly in distress that alarmed the
spider. Ele next apportions the parts of the insect’s head
to the various organs of sense, the antenne being those of
hearing, and the palpi those of smell. “As to form,
that matters not: nature, far superior to the utmost
soaring of human wisdom, sports luxuriant with her celestial
fancy, and locks up the most delicate organs in invisible.
meandering membranes, the outer parts or extremities of
which organs, appear only as an ornament to the form of
the animal, the least deficiency in which deforms the
creature. O nature! heaven-created! thy works declare
thy origin! All holiness, knowledge supreme, wisdom
inexplicable! permit me, only a fashioned atom of thy
animated matter, to wish for knowledge sufficient to explain
thy wondrous works!”

19

In 1773, Benjamin Wilkes published one hundred and
twenty plates of “ Lnglish Moths and Butterflies.” This work
I have not seen. Previous to this, in 1742, he published some
twelve plates which I exhibit to-night. They are dedicated
to the worthy members of the Aurelian Society. He writes :—
“Permit me the honour of laying before you twelve new
designs of English Butterflies, creatures whose elegance and
variety of beauty demand our admiration. Ignorance long
imagined them spontaneous production of putrifying matter
and undesigned chance, causes as little able to form an
animal as to create a world ; but your discoveries have rectified
that mistake, and proved them to proceed from parents like
themselves, after a constant though wonderful order of
generation.”

The figures on the plates are arranged in geometrical
patterns, known as “ Picture-making,” a practice in vogue
among working men until quite recently, and still adopted
by the soldiers in India. The figures are beautifully and
accurately engraved. His advertisement states: ‘Sets, plain
and coloured from the real flyes, sold by B. Wilkes, against
the Horn Tavern in Fleet Street, where any gentleman or lady
may see his collection of insects.”’

In 1839 was published the celebrated “ Inder
Entomotogicus,” by William Wood, F.R.S., F.E.S. This
book served as the great popular guide to the entomologists.
of the early part of the 19th century. The author conceived
the idea of delineating all the British species in a uniform
size, reducing the larger ones, and enlarging the smaller
species. By this means he was able to figure 1,755 species,
which, in many cases containing both sexes, increased the
number to some 3,000 figures, in a small 8vo book. The
_ plates are hand coloured, and accurately done, though in some
cases the white lead of the yellow pigments has oxidised
and become discoloured with age. The letterpress consists
of the Linnean names of the species, as well as the English
“names, with synonyms, and about half a dozen words of
description of the habitat and date of appearance. The

20

number of known species is greatly increased owing to his
including many local varieties as distinct species. In speaking
of the great expense attending works on natural history,
the author claims that “in this work, this obiection is
removed, since the figures, though drawn and coloured with
the greatest possible care, do not exceed one penny each.”
At the end of the volume he enumerates seventy-two doubtful
species, of which eight species are still included in the British
lists, though only four of them are generally obtainable.

Following Wood, it is to Henry Tibbatts Stainton, born
in 1822, that we owe the great stimulus given to Entomology
in the 19th century. Stainton was a man possessed of ample
means, and he devoted himself to popularising his favourite
study. In 1856 he originated the “/ntomologists’ Intelligencer,”
a penny weekly periodical, which he conducted for ten years,
at the same time bringing out a manual of British Butterflies
and Moths, a model of ingenuity for compressing into tavo
small 12mo volumes a full account of all that was then known
in the classification of our British Fauna. This work is still
largely used, and some workers even yet regret that a
re-issue is not made, bringing the information up to date
in the same style. His acumen for minute distinctions is un-
surpassed, and he is still a court of appeal for deciding knotty
points. Ile also produced the yellow-backed “ Hntomologists’
Annual,” which, besides supplying all the latest information
on the science, served as an Entomological Directory. An
obituary notice at the time of his death in 1892 graphically
describes the man. It says:—‘‘ He had essentially the mind
of a true scientist, industrious, exact, and scrupulous in
publishing nothing he was not prepared to support by the
strictest rules of evidence: it is most remarkable that scarcely
anything he ever wrote has been controverted. Dealing as
he did with no speculative views, he was singularly freed

from the necessity of dissipating his energies in mere wordy ~

contests.” For many years he had monthly meetings at his

house, to which all workers in Entomological Science were —

welcomed.

21

The natural result of so much energy was the publication
ef many handbooks relating to Lepidoptera. The wood
engravings in the first edition of Edward Newman’s work
assisted the less scientific workers, whilst the Rev. J. @.
Wood catered for the populace in many readable books, such as
“Insects at Home” and “ Insects Abroad.” Tn 1893 my friend
Charles Golding Barrett commenced his large and expensive
work on the “ Lepidoptera of the British Isles.” This work,
which is contained in eleven volumes, consists of full
descriptions of the British Insects (excluding the Zinew), with
beautifully drawn and hand coloured plates of the species,
including many varieties. As a natural history for reference
it is of the greatest use, but. its price naturally precludes its
coming into general use. Unfortunately, he did not live long
enough to see it finished, but left sufficient material to enable

_ Mr. Richard South to complete it as far as the end of the
Tortrices.

In 1895 Edward Meyrick published “4 Handbook of
British Lepidoptera.” This work is a masterly attempt to
_ classify Lepidoptera by the structure of the wings, and there
is no doubt that in time Entomologists will appreciate its
value. A criticism in the “ Entomologists’ Record” shows
to what an extent this book was meant to revolutionise
old ideas. It reads:—‘“ We have nothing but praise
for the man who can step straight out of the old ruts.
and produce a book which entirely uproots the treasured
shibboleths of a school of Entomologists who were suckled on
Newman and _ Stainton in their entomological babyhood, fed
on Newman and Stainton in their youth, starved on Newman
and Stainton in their manhood, and are still striving
manfully to obtain nutriment from them in their old age.”

__ The last complete work published is Richard South’s
“ Butterflies and Moths,” for which he has used the very
est methods of photo-printing in colours. The insects are
photographed direct, and are then coloured with the three-
colour process, with wonderfully natural results. The work
is good, and has the advantage of being of moderate price.

29

The most recent book, now in course of publication, is
J. W. Tutt’s “ Vatural History of British Lepidoptera,” which
he commenced in 1899. It is a veritable encyclopedia of —
Lepidopterology, and contains a collection of nearly everything
that has been written about the various species. It also
includes the original descriptions of the authors of the species,
with descriptions of all the known named varieties, besides
descriptions of new forms. Up to the present time this
indefatigable writer has produced seven volumes, containing
nearly 500 pages apiece, but he has only treated of a
comparatively few species in each volume. The latest issue,
published last year, dealing with seven species, will give some
idea of the extent of the work. Presuming, at a moderate
computation, that there are 3,000 species, we can reasonably
hope to see the work, at the present rate of publication,
completed in about 400 years!

Such is a brief outline of some of the more prominent
works dealing with Lepidoptera. In addition to these, all
the other orders of Entomology have had their votaries. It
is difficult to find any branch of natural history that has
had more attention paid to it than the numerous family
of insects; their easy mode of collecting, the simplicity of
setting and preserving, and the great diversity of form and
colour has no doubt drawn into the field many students.
And we may reasonably ask after all this work:—What do
we know? It is a question that is easily answered by two
small words—Very little. Each year some new point is added
to our existing store of knowledge: but the great bulk of the
work has still to be done. Who can truthfully assert that an
insect can hear? That it possesses senses of a highly organised
nature is evident, but what they are is yet uncertain; and
when we look back to our old authors, with their primitive
instruments, we are amazed at their having been able to
accomplish so much. Our modern improvements in lenses, the
greater accuracy of mechanical movements, and the wonderful
contrivances for manipulation, point to a time when greater
discoveries shall yet be made; but do we find this to be so? I ;
fear not. If our present-day naturalists were weighed in the

23

balance, I am afraid we should be found wanting. Golf, late
dinners, social functions, and other hundred and one excuses
_. are made. Only here and there do we find the real student.
working quietly at his particular branch of study. He is
not content to show the ordinary stereotyped slide that has
been exhibited thousands of times before; he wants to dive
deeper into the wonders of nature. The superficial view
has little interest for him. His aims are higher; always
J

probing here and sifting there to add another link to our
chain of knowledge. And the reward? Money could not
buy it. What cared our ancestors for money? Can we
imagine such master-minds as Linneus, Swammerdam, Albin,
or Stainton taking this into consideration for one moment?
No. They gave of their best. No need to mark their last
resting-place with a block of granite; their work lives on.
We have only to open one of their books, and the great
master is by our side guiding us through the woods: while
he points out the glittering gems as they flit from flower
_ to flower-—the same insects, the same flowers, that he knew.
Modern science may have changed their names: but Nature,
that good old dame, still continues to produce the same
colours, the same forms. Her work is perfect, and perfection
cannot be improved.

24

Liverpool Microscopical Society.

LIST OF MEMBERS.

JAaNvARY, 1910

HONORARY MEMBERS.

Witham M. Bywater, “ Invicta,’ 33, Telford Avenue,
Streatham Hill, London, S.W.

Wittiam Carter, J.P., M.D., F.R.C.P., Talavon, Deganwy,
N. Wales. .

R. Newstead, A.L.S., F.E.S., Hon. F.R.H.S., Liverpool
University.

J. T. Norman-Tuomas, F.L.S., 15 Fenwick Street.

Wm. Narramore, F.L.S., M.R.S.Inst., “‘ Devonia,” Cambridge
Avenue, Great Crosby, Liverpool.

ORDINARY MEMBERS.

*Members of Council.

ELECTED

1881 Abraham, Miss Emma C., Grassendale Park.

1900 Aman, F. T., Assoc. Mem. Inst. C.E., City Engineer’s
Office, Municipal Buildings, Dale Street.

1905 Armstrong, Frank, 112 Bold Street.

1907 Astbury, E., 72 Athol Street.

1908 Atkinson, Raymond F. M., 9 Esplanade, Waterloo.

1901 Bridger, Robert, 55 Seabank Road, Liscard.

1897 Buchanan, R. J. M., M.D., M.R.C.P., 6 Rodney
Street.

1903 *Burne, Charles F., “ Culver,” Sunningdale Road, New
Brighton.

25

*Brown, W. D., ‘‘ Holmleigh,” Burscough.
Bustard, Ralph, 25 Broughton Drive, Grassendale.
*Croston, R., 13 Derby Lane, Stoneycroft.
Davies, Edward, F.C.S., F.1.C., Chapel Chambers,
Chapel Street.
*Davies, Herbert E., M.A., B.Sc., F.1.C., Chapel
Chambers, Chapel Street.
Deacon, H. Wade, J.P., 8 Ullet Road.
*Dearsley, A. H., 112 Bold Street.
*Dowding, Rev. Charles, Fairholme Road, Great Crosby.
*Dudley, A. H., 62 Selborne Street.
Forshaw, F. H., Riverside, Halebank, nr. Widnes.
Fullerton, James, 44 Clarendon Road, Egremont.
Goodwin, Gilbert Smith, 23 Anfield Road.
Gray, George Watson, F.I-C., “‘ Allendale,” Clarendon
Road, Garston.
*Grisewood, William, ‘“ Langdale,’ Rudgrave Square,
Egremont.
*Haydon, James Richard, 91 Ampthill Road.
Healey, George F., “ Oaklyn,” 27 Cearns Road, Oxton.
Haywood, Lieut.-Colonel Arthur Grimshaw-, V.D.,
“ Rearsby,”’ Blundellsands.
*Jones, T. A., 27 Rockfield Road, Anfield.
Kenworthy, A. B., “ Avondale,” Durning Road.
Langley, Bertram, 51 North John Street.
Larkin, Frederick Charles, F.R.C.S., 54 Rodney
Street. ;
*Leonard, Edward, 2 Cannon Mount, Claughton,
Cheshire.
Lunt, George, “ Cropton,” Formby.
*Macphail, James D., 40 Moss Lane, Walton.
Mason, T. D., 37 Handfield Road, Waterloo.
Nuttall, F. R. Dixon-, F.R.M.S., “ Ingleholme,”
Eccleston Park, near Prescot.
*Pierce, F. N., F.E.S., 1 The Elms, Dingle.
Powell, W. H., 2 Lord Nelson Street.
Pryce, George, 75 Seymour Street, Birkenhead.

26

1902 Rappart, D. B., Mere Bank, Promenade, Liscard.
1881 *Read, W. H., ‘ Lisadel,’’ Caithness Drive, Liscard.
1885 Robertson, Helenus R., F.R.M.S., Upton Grange,

Chester.

1908 Robertson, T. W., Burnton, North Mount Vernon,
Glasgow.

1879 Scholefield, Joshua William, J.P., 33 Pembroke Road,
Bootle.

1905 Stopforth, Richard, 71 Vauxhall Road.

1908 *Strumpel, F. W., 16 The Temple, Dale Street.

1893 Tate, Frank, 9 Hackins Hey.

1907 *Tinne, Philip F., M.A. (Oxon), M.R.C.S., 4 Mayfield
Road, Cressington.

1909 Wall, Joseph, 21 Norwood Grove.

1871 *Williams, J. Michael, 31 Grove Park.

1897 Williams, W. Collingwood, B.Sc., Beechfield, Reby.

1909 Young, Muriel Evelyn, 18 Abercromby Square.

1909 Young, Col. T. F., M.D., 18 Abercromby Square.

BOOKS!

Books on Fiction, Educational, Scientific,

All other Subjects, and for Examinations.

SECOND-HAND at HALF PRICES.

NEW, at 25 per cent. Discount.
Catalogue No. 17 Post Free. State Wants. Books sent on approval.

BOOKS BOUGHT. BEST PRICES GIVEN.

W. G G. FOYLE,

135, Charing Cross Rd., LONDON, W.C.

icroscopical Slides Prepared with the greatest care.

Send 7d. for Sample and Catalogue.
7: D E For 25/= payable in advance, a Series of
irculating System. Twelve Boxes of Slides sent, each Box

containing Twelve Slides. Four Slides
Write for further particulars. may be retained Free from each Box.

Photo-micographic Lantern Slides, 1/- each. Suitable subjects
Photographed by brilliant ‘Dark Ground” liluminations.

tains, Re-agents, Mounting media, Sealing Solution, Black Enamel for ringing
Slides—One Shilling per Bottle. I take all Postal Risks

i. W. H. DARLASTON, * ‘Sicnisencan""*

Living Specimens for the Microscope.

Volvox, Spirogyra, Desmids, Diatoms, Amceba, Arcella, Actinospherium,

orticella, Stentor, Hydra, Vloscularia, Stephanoceros, Melicerta, and
many other specimens of Pond Life. Price 1s. per Tube: Post Free.
x pomatia, Astacus, Amphioxus, Rana, Anodon, &c., for Dissection
poses.

THOMAS BOLTON, 25, Balsall Heath Road, BIRMINGHAM.

+

The Liverpool Microscopical Society

was founded in the year 1869, having for its object the

cultivation and advancement of Microscopy.

The ordinary Meetings are held at the Royal Institution,
Colquitt Street, on the first Friday evening in every month,
at Seven o'clock, except in the months of June, July, August,

and September.

Candidates for Membership must be proposed by three or
more Members, one of the proposers from personal knowledge

of the candidate.

The Society possesses a useful Library, and numerous

Microscopical preparations.

Further information may be had from the Hon. Secretary.

5 DEC 21
ATURAL
N iISTORY.

LEITZ’ NEW MICROSCOPES

, possess many advantages over the older type, and
embody several important features not to be found
in any others.

The modified horse-shoe base gives greater, rigidity,
and the larger stage and curved limb additional working
space, allowing large size Petri dishes, &c., to

be examined with convenience.

The new fine adjustment, with an endless
motion, is stronger and more durable than
the micrometer screw adjustment, and in the
hands of the novice renders breakage of cover
glasses and injury to the front lenses of
objectives impossible. It: cnables the expert
worker to attain greater speed in focussing,
especially with oil immersion objectives.

The mechanical features in the new models,
combined with the Ingh quality of the
recently-improved objectives, place the Leitz
Microscopes in an

UNRIVALLED POSITION.

Prices, with Optical Equipment, from

£6 10s.
cia: NEW MICRO-OBJECTIVES.
: Apochromatic. : Semi-Apochromatic.

a

16 mm.

-A. 0.30...°-... £3 O 0 | }in. NA. 0.82 4. £2 0 0

8 mm. N.A. 0.65...-... 4 0 0 hin, N.A. 0.85 see Ee Qh OY O
-4 mm. N.A. 0.95.... .... 6 O O07} yin. N.A. 0.87 20 0
>3 mm. N.A. 0.95.... ... 610 0O| sin. N.A. 0.87 310 0
2mm. N.A. 1.32... ... 12 10 0 | yin. Oil. Imm. N. A. 1.32 610 0
mez mm. N.A. 1.40... .:. 16 5 O01 yin. Oil. Imm. N.A. 1.82 7.10 0

_ * Considering its very large aperture, the front lens of this objective is substantially mounted.

New Achromatic Condenser, N. A. 140; es ES 0 6 0

ARK GROUND ILLUMINATION

_ LEITZ’ NEW REFLECTING CONDENSER

the most satisfactory method to adopt for the observation of
Bie LIVING AND UNSTAINED MICRO-ORCANISMS.

t is is

a %

ade for either the Sub-stage or the Stage, and—owing to its
ique construction—a strong source of light is not necessary.
Pattern A, for Sub-stage, £2. Pattern B, for Stage, £2.

> NEW UNIVERSAL PROJECTION APPARATUS.

Pa Diascopic. Episcopic. Spectroscopic.)
. mbined in one le apparatus, or separately, as desired. SIMPLE yet EFFICIENT.

iso MICROTOMES, _PHOTO-MICROGRAPBIC APPARATUS, Ete.

i, Leitz, Oxford House, 9 Oxford St., LONDON, W.

Agents in all University Centres.

FLATTERS & GAR ETT,

LIMITED,

32, DOVER STRE ET

(CLOSE TO THE UNIVERSIEY),

EIR

A| /D\

. |

The “GARNETT”
IMROV ED
Microscope
Slide Cabinet,
Holding 720 Slides.
In Pine - - 42/6
In Mahogany - 50/-

Larger Sizes to Order.

Collecting Apparatus of all

SEE CATALOGUE C.

FLATTERS & GARNETT, 4

MAKERS OF

Lantern & Microscope 3 Slide
32, DOVER ST., MANCHESTER,

(NOTE ONLY ADDRESS.)

5 DEC 21

as RAL
AREY | y

ss FORTY-SECOND
| ANNUAL REPORT

LIVERPOOL.
Microscopical Society.

= 4

_ ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS,
Bee PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS
= ON

“THE STUDY OF THE STRUCTURE OF THE
HEAD AND THORAX OF LEPIDOPTERA,”

AND LIST OF MEMBERS.

JANUARY, 1911.

LIVERPOOL ;
Dalby Post and MERCURY” PrintiING Works, Furrr Stren.

ESTABLISHED 1825.

Telephone 1625 Royal, Liverpool. Telegraphic Address:
3 643 City, Man hester. Specular, Liverp ol
Spe ular, Mancheste

Thos. Armstrong & Brothe

Manufacturing Opticians,
112, BOLD STREBT, LIVERPOOL,

Ana at 78, DEANSGATE, MANCHESTER.

Contractors to the Admiralty, War Office, India Office,
OPTICIANS TU THE ROYAL INFIRMARY. :
Scientific Instrument Makers to H.M. Science and Art Department, South Kensington.

STUDENTS’ TRIPOD STAND MICROSCO

With rack sub-stage and Iris diaphragm, adapted to uf
objective as achromatic illuminator, and micromet™
screw fine adjustment, with draw tube ; a highly-finishe
aud thoroughly-improved instrument; one eye-pl

in cabinet.
£6 17s. Gd. q
LABORATORY STAND, itt’ ulsini2°top stm

. suitable for large trough, Continental body extendiy
\ to English length by draw tube divided in m/ms, 2

and pinion focus
siding out sub-stage |
centring adjustm
Fine adjustment rea
to 1-2000ths inch.
highly-finished soum
made stand with
eye-piece in

£10 10s.

STAND, as above,
rack adjustment to
tube and mechanical
stage, as illustra

£13 15s.
Metallurgical Stam

Specially constrt
for Engineers. Sp
cation on applic

REPAIRS A SPECI

Prepared Specime
creat variety:
Mounting materia
Microscopic glass]
great variet,

a GATALOCUES FREE |
APPLICATION:

FORTY-SECOND

ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

LIVERPOOL
Microscopical Society.

ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDI NGS,

PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS
ON
“THE STUDY OF THE STRUCTURE OF THE
HEAD AND THORAX OF LEPIDOPTERA,”

AND LIST OF MEMBERS,

_

JANUARY, 1911.
SSS.

LIVERPOOL:
Daty Post anp Mercury” Printing Works, FLEET STREET.

1911.

LIVERPOOL MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY.

SESSION

ALL IS:

Past Presidents.

JOHN BIRKBECK NEVINS, M.D. |

Rev. WM. BANISTER, B.A.
Rev. Dr. DALLINGER, F.R.S.
JOHN ABRAHAM.

J. J. DRYSDALE, M.D., F.R.M.S.

JOHN NEWTON, M.R.C:S.

Rev. HENRY H. HIGGINS, M.A.
GEORGE F. CHANTRELL.

J. S. HICKS, F.R.C.S., F.L.S.

WILLIAM CARTER, M.D.,
F.R.C.P.

W. H. WEIGHTMAN, F.R.M.S.
FRANK T. PAUL, F.R.C.S.
CHARLES BOTTERILL.

Rev. F. BALLARD, D.D.,
B.Se. EGS: F.R.M.S.

Officers and Council

President.
F. N. PIERCE, F.E.S.

Vice-Presidents,

F. TINNE, M.A., M.R.C.S.

Hon. Treasurer.
A. H. DUDLEY.

Hon.
Crone

Council,

T. AMAN.
ASTBURY..
D. BROWN.

libs
K.
W.
isle
Rev. C. DOWDING.
W. GRISEWOOD.

Elected 20th January, 1911.

E. DAVIES, M.A., B.Sc., F.1.C.

A. NORMAN TATE, F.L.C.,
F.C.S., F.R.M.S.

| ISAAC C. THOMPSON,
| L.S., F.R.M.S.

. CHARLES Aree ¥.R.C.S. |
peek DAVIES, F.C.S., F.L.C.

| WM. NARRAMORE, F.L.S., :
) M.R.S. Inst.

| W. T. HAYDON, F.L.S.

| HERBERT E. aca M.A.,
3. 9C., Hb: @8

| R. J. M. SUCH Ania ae

LR.C.P.
JAMES D. MACPHAIL.
JOHN HAY, M.D., M.R.C.P.
A. H. DUDLEY.
| F. N. PIERCE, F.E.S.

J. M. WILLIAMS.

Hon. Secretary.
R. CROSTON.

Curator.
BURNE.

J. R. HAYDON.
JAMES D. MACPHAIL.
W. H. POWELL.
GEORGE PRYCE, B.A.
W. H. READ.

F. W. STRUMPEL.

FORTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT
OF THE

LIVERPOOL MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY.

The President and Council, in presenting their Forty-
Second Annual Report, are pleased to note that the satis-
factory progress of the Society continues.

The Meetings have been well attended, and the papers
read during the year have been very good and varied in
character, and often illustrated by capital lantern slides.
The ‘Coumcil hereby express their hearty thanks to the
gentlemen who have given demonstrations and read papers.
An experiment has been made of devoting the entire
evening occasionally to the illustration of exhibits under
the microscopes, with satisfactory results, the members
having entered heartily into the spirit of the arrangement,
and made the meetings very enjoyable; and as members
were encouraged to say a few words about their own
exhibits, it has been advantageous in affording opportuni-
ties of bringing before the members many interesting
exhibits, which would ordinarily not have been brought to
the meetings, as they would usually not be considered to
bear upon the subject of the paper. As this encourages
individual observation and experiment, it is very desirable.

The evenings devoted to demonstrations continue to be
well attended, and the special opportunities of acquiring
technical knowledge of processes not familiar to many

_ members are appreciated, and encourage the Council to
continue them.

At the Annual Conversazione, held in May, members
of kindred societies were invited, and many attended,

4

contributing to the success of the meeting by exhibiting
objects of interest.

Messrs. Thos. Armstrong & Brother and Flatters &
Garnett, Ltd., showed a variety of apparatus.

Owing to the unfavourable weather during the summer
no Field Meeting has been held, although it had been the
intention of the Council to hold at least one.

During the year two new members have been enrolled
and two have resigned.

The present membership consists of five Honorary and
fifty-one Ordinary Members.

The following additions have been made to the
Library :—

By presentation: “ Marine Zoology of Okhamandal
(India),” Part L, 1909, James Hornell, F.L.S. .

Mr. W. Narramore, F.L.S., presented a copy of his
work on “ Preliminary Physiology.”

By purchase: “Annals of Botany” and the Ray
Society’s issue.

The Council again acknowledge with thanks the ready

and efficient services of Mr. F. N. Pierce and the members
of the Lantern Committee.

The Council and Members showed their appreciation
of the long connection and services of Mr. W. Narramore,

F.L.S., M.R.S.Inst., by electing him an Honorary Member
of the Society.

The following is a brief account of the various
meetings :—
January 21st—The President, Mr. F. N. PIERCE, F.E.S,,
delivered his inaugural address on “ Old Entomo-

logical Literature.” The address was printed in the
last Report.

February 4th—A paper was read by Mr. C. E. WALKER,
M.Sc., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., &c., on “ Mendelism,” with
lantern illustrations.

5

March 4th—<A paper was read by Mr. F. W. STRUMPEL
on “ Bacteriology,” illustrated by lantern slides, and
also by cinematograph of Dr. Comandon’s films of
living bacteria, the films being exhibited by permission
of Messrs. Pathe Freres.

April 1st—Demonstration of the Tongue of the Blow Fly,
by Mr. F. N. PIERCE, F.E.S.; demonstration of the
preparing and mounting of botanical sections, by Mr.
A. H. DUDLEY; demonstration of “ Slide Finishing,”
by Mr. C. F. BURNE.

May Oth—The Annual Conversazione was held. Many
living objects and others of general interest were
shown by the members and visitors.

October 7th—A paper was read by Mr. R. NEWSTEAD,
M.S., A.k.S., &c., on “ Tsetse-Flies (Glosstne): Their
Structural Characters and Bionomics,” illustrated by
lantern slides, diagrams, and specimens.

November 4th—The meeting was devoted to the exhibition
of objects under the microscopes.

December 2nd—Mr. F. R. DIXON-NUTTALL, F.R.M.S.,
delivered an address entitled “A Talk about
Rotifers,” illustrated by drawings.

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“The Study of the Structure of the Head
and Thorax of Lepidoptera, ’

BEING THE

PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS

Delivered at the Royal Institution, Liverpool, to the Members
of the
LIVERPOOL MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY,

On Friday, the 20th day of January, 1911,
BY

F. N. PIERCE, F.ES.

IT is gratifying to me to feel that you are able to place
such confidence in me as to elect me to preside over our
meetings for another year. And I must admit that I accept
the honour with less reluctance than I did a year ago. This
is entirely due to the loyal way in which you have rallied
round me, overlooking my shortcomings, and ignoring my
errors of omission and commission, that, while being so
palpable to me, are probably no less observable to you.
Still, with all this, uppermost comes the feeling that there
is a harmonious chord of sympathy between us all, that the
‘tide of our thoughts is swimming in the same channel, and
that all are working for the common weal of our Society,
therefore, with your continual help, I trust the coming year
may see us wiser for the ideas we have exchanged,
strengthened by an increased membership, and encouraged
to prosecute our studies, knowing that we shall find an

8

appreciative audience in the members of the Liverpool
Microscopical Society.

The subject I have chosen to speak about in my address
to you this evening, is “ The Study of the Structure of the
Head and Thorax of Lepidoptera ”—a field of observation
of wide and varied character, much of which has been
entirely untrodden. I had hoped to have confined myself
to the wing structure alone, but the amount of original work
that was necessary was too large an undertaking for the
short time I have had for the preparation of the address,
and to-night I must be content to merely touch upon the
ground in the most superficial way.

Lepidoptera have been classified as:—Insects with
four sealed wings, Mandibles absent in the image, very
rarely present in the pupa, first maxillz with galez much
lengthened and grooved, forming when united a perfect
sucking tube, complete metamorphosis. The larve are
eruciform (caterpillars), with three pairs of thoracic legs,
and two to five pairs of abdominal prolegs. The eggs are
of various shapes, some beautifully sculptured, others
shining smooth, like mother o’ pearl; the time of hatching
varies according to species, some producing young larve in
a few days, others lying over the winter before the eggs
hatch. Experiments have been made which show that
cold retards and heat accelerates the hatching; eggs that
have been frozen have kept for a long period without
affecting the larva. Unlike some other orders of insects, I
know of no instance of a lepidopteron being vivparous.

The young larva on hatching is fully developed, and
has its body segmented; these segments are observable
during the different transformations, but owing to the
segments sometimes being fused together, the division if
not always apparent. In the larval state certain segments
have spiracles, and others have not; this system is fairly
constant throughout the whole order. The head is usually
spoken of as the first segment, although in reality it is
composed of several sclerites, fused together. Attached

9

to this are the three thoracic segments, which carry on the
upper tergite the wings, and on the lower sternite the three
pairs of legs, as seen in the Jarva. Then there are the eight
abdominal segments, each of which usually bears a pair of
spiracles, concluding with the two genital segments. The
head has a number of appendages. At either side is a
large eye, the size apparently being regulated by the speed
at which the insect travels, the swiftest having the largest
eyes. The eye is built on a strong chitinous ring, and is
covered with the facets so well known to microscopists, and
present the appearance of honeycomb; sometimes the eyes
are naked, sometimes clothed with hairs which project
between the sutures of the hexagons. The eyes of insects
have been the subject of much investigation, but I do not
remember seeing a record of the chitinous ring. In some
species the eyes are beautifully coloured, in shades of grey
and black on part of the surface; the eye is largely loose,
and can be turned round to expose a surface that is not
ornamented. The markings do not appear to be constant,
but vary in individuals as much as do the markings on
birds’ eggs. Between the eyes are the antenne, which are

so diverse in form that they alone would form a life-long
study. They are undoubtedly an organ of sense, but
whether analogous to one of our five known senses is still

a mystery. There is one significant point that is worth
noting, that wherever variation exists in the sexes the

- antenne of the male are always more elaborate than those
of the female. We now come to the mouth organs, which
| consist of a long tongue composed of two halves of a
cylinder, which together form a complete sucking tube, at
the tip of which are usually a number of papilla; the
tongue curves up vertically, and is protected at either side
by a palpus. The palpi are often pointed, and generally
possess an organ that, so far, I have not seen noticed. In
the lepidoptera we are so constantly on the look-out for
scent organs and scent glands that it is quite customary to
put down any ornamentation confined to one sex as a scent
organ; as this organ in the palpi is not confined to either

10

sex. I think we can safely conclude it is not a scent organ,
though it may prove to be an organ.of smell. This, I think,
disposes of the appendages of the head, the mandibles, so
prominent a feature of the caterpillar state, entirely
disappearing in that of the imago.

We now come to the thorax. The three segments are
joined by a series of joints, which are wonderfully complex
in their structure, many partaking of. a crescent, with a
central footstalk. To each of the sternites are attached a
pair of legs; the forelegs are the most variable, and are
in other orders often of great physical value—for
instance, the comb and brush joint in the bees, which are
used for cleaning the antenna. This in the lepidoptera is
replaced by a hinged spur, the use of which is so far
unknown ; the legs are jointed, terminating in a pair of hooks
or claws. In some families of butterflies the forelegs have
become atrophid, and are apparently useless; the toe claws
have disappeared, the entire leg being flattened and covered
with scales, and are pressed tightly against the forepart of
the thorax.

At the junction of the tergite and sternite of the
first segment project the wings.

The wings of lepidoptera are mostly unfolded, except
the hind wings of the Noctuid group and some of the
smalier groups, but in no instance do they assimilate the
beautiful fan-like arrangement of the earwig’s hindwing,
which not only closes like a fan, but folds over with two
opposite joints. The folding is alleged to be done by the
callipers at the tail of the insect, but whether this is so
or not I have never had an opportunity of judging. To
return to lepidoptera wings. These on first emerging from
the pupa are small and crumpled, soft and flabby, but in a
few minutes they rapidly extend, and a further few minutes
serves to stiffen the secretion, and leave them perfectly
rigid. For this process the newly-emerged insect crawls
to a place that will enable :t to obtaii a frm grasp, some-
times with only the forelegs, sometimes with the first two

a

II

pairs, where its wings can hang straight down, giving thera
an occasional shake, until they are fully expanded. This
expansion has interested many entomologists, and was dealt
with at some length by my friend, and a former member of
our Society, Mr. Charles Walker. | He paid considerable
attention to it microscopically, and came to the conclusion
that the expansion was due to air and fluid. “ The
nervures,” he says, “ are pierced in innumerable places by
filaments and branched trachee, spreading all over the
adjacent membrane. When expansion takes place, the
enclosed trachew serve for the passage of the air while the
fluid is pumped through the unoccupied space between the
boundary walls,and the trachez.” Thus it will be observed
that Mr. Walker’s theory is that the growth depends on
fluid being pumped, that is, forced through the membrane.
I cannot agree with him. Nature does not use mechanism
when natural laws will suffice, and in this case the whole
trend of the operation appears to me to point to the natural
law of gravity. The position taken by the insect iS
significant : the lavish amount of fluid would be unnecessary
unless it was there for weight. Then again, what becomes
of the pumping apparatus? which, apparently, would only
be used for the few moments of development, afterwards
to become utterly useless. It was these difficulties, so hard
to understand and believe, that made me interested to
confirm or refute by experiment ; but the work is great, and
I have only touched upon the fringe of this wonder ful
subject, but sufficient to show that we must not take all that
has been written as authentic. Much must be unlearned
and much discovered before we can say how a moth’s
wings grow.

To quote Mr. Walker again, he says: “ The general
structure of the wings is very similar throughout all orders.
They consist of two membranes, united at their edges, and
traversed by a series of horny rays which run between them,
the upper of which is more strongly attached to them than
the lower. These wing rays, or nervures, as we are

12

accustomed to call them, are hollow tubes, convex on the
upper surface, flat, and of a slighter texture on their under-
side.”

All authorities seemed to agree that the wings were in
the shape of a bug which had been flattened. And the
question arose in my mind as to whether the two surfaces
were quite separate, or whether they were joined along the
nervures. Prolonged masceration in potash, I found
separated the upper from the under surface, except a slight
attachment at the margin, and by gently pulling I was able
to divide the wing completely in half, and by floating the
two halves on a slip was able to mount them. The next
question was to decide as to the formation of the nervures.
Three solutions presented themselves to me as being likely:
First, that they were tuburlar, being an attachment of one
surface, the other surface being merely a covering ; second,
that they were tubular, but on both surfaces superimposed ;
third, that they were half tubes on each surface but joined,
forming a tube when united together. This latter I found
to be the correct solution in certain cases, but so far I have
failed to satisfy myself that the open part of the tube is
not covered with an exceedingly fine transparent membrane.
But in other cases the tube is confined to the under surface,
the upper one being merely covered with a slight thickening
where it comes in contact with the true nervure.

There also appears to be two methods of expansion of
the wings. I find in Pavonia carpini, the emperor moth,
there are valves at irregular intervals, similar to those in our
veins, the nervures may be telescoped or introverted, as is
so often found in insects. In Sesza bomblyleformis, the
bee clearwing moth, I found a different construction. No
valves are visible, but in place there is a straited tube
running inside the hollow nervure, which is evidently elastic
and capable of stretching. In either of these structures
the weight of a fluid running into the wings would be
sufficient to expand them to their full capacity, the super-
fluity finding its way into the tubes, where it would congeal.

13

The wings always start drying nearest the body, finishing at
the tip. It would be as well to mention here if the insect
is disturbed during the developing process, or if it is unable
to get a foothold where the wings can hang down, crumpled,
deformed wings will result.

The hind wings are attached to the forewings in the
male only by a strong spine of various length, called the
frenulum, which fits into the retinaculum, a long curled loop,
which arises from the under surface of the base of the fore-
wing, which varies a good deal in shape, and is often
densely clothed with long, strong scales. This attachment
is peculiar to certain families of moths, and, I believe, does
not occur in the butterflies. In other orders different
methods of attachment are adopted, suitable for their flight.
For instance, the well-known row of hooks on the central
margin of the hind wings of the hymenopter, which fit into
a fold of the forewings, that of the wasp and bee being an
example well-known to microscopists. It is a general rule
among lepidoptera that the male frenulum consists of one
strong spine, made up of several fine spines aglutinated
together. In the female these spines are separate, and
consist of three to five or six, in the form of a brush, and
in this sex the retinaculum is absent. A notable exception
to this rule occurs in the Pterophoride, or plume moths,
where the wings are so deeply cleft as to make the insect
appear to have five or more distinct wings or plumes; in
this family the male frenulum is not confined to a single
spine.

We must now consider the marvellous joints of the
wing at its junction with the thorax, that enables the moth
to vibrate its wings with so much velocity as to permit of
its flight. The hard chitinous joints seem to be as nearly
as possible like the vertebrate bones in animals. In order
to obtain a satisfactory view of these, it is necessary to
render the whole thorax transparent; any attempt to
remove the wings first would of course destroy the
mechanism. The costa, that is the strong upper edge of

14

the wings, ends in a tongued ball and socket joint, which
acts on a short joint, which in turn acts on another short
and curiously-shaped joint, and so on, often for five or six
joints ; to these, no doubt, are attached strong muscles. It
must be evident, with this large number of small joints, that
the wings are capable of very complicated movements.
Here is no simple up and down movement, but a series of
gyrations and reflex actions that propel the body with such
surprising speed, and at the same time enables the insect to
remain hovering over a flower with such precision and
balance that, as in the case of the convolvulus hawk moth, it
can unfurl its two-inch tongue and drive it into a flower, in
order that it may sip the sweet nectars with the same ease
and stability as if it were standing on its solid edge, whilst
at the least interruption it is away like a flash of lightning.
At either side of the thorax, attached to the first tergite,
is a loose shoulder-piece densely clothed with scale hairs that
cover and protect the joints.

This is a short description of the head and thorax of
lepidoptera, and offers an immense field of study im any
one part, as each species will show a certain amount of
variation best fitted for the insect’s requirements, and I am
sure would form the subject of great interest to anyone who
would specialise on a particular part, and would yield a
valuable contribution to science to any microscopist who
can afford the time for investigation.

OE

15

Diverpool Microscopical Society.

LIST OF MEMBERS.
JANUARY, 1911

HONORARY MEMBERS.
WITHAM M. BYWATER, “ Invicta,” 33, Telford Avenue,
“ Streatham Hill, London, S.W.

WILLIAM CARTER, J.P., M.D., F-R.C.P., Talavon, Deganwy,
N. Wales.

R. NEWSTEAD, M.Sc. 4A.L.S,° F.E.S, Hon. F.R.H.S,,
Liverpool University.
J. T. NorMAN-THoMas, F.L.S., 15, Fenwick Street.

WILLIAM. NARRAMORE, F.L.S., M.R.S.Inst., “ Devonia,”
Cambridge Avenue, Great Crosby, Liverpool.

ORDINARY MEMBERS.

*Members of Council.
ELECTED.

1881 Abraham, Miss Emma C., Grassendale Park.

1900 *Aman, F. T., Assoc. Mem. Inst. C.E., City Engineer’s
Office, Municipal Buildings, Dale Street.

1905 Armstrong, Frank, 112, Bold Street.
1907 *Astbury, E., 72, Athol Street.
igo1 Bridger, Robert, 1, Sea Road, Wallasey.

1897 Buchanan, R. J. M, MD, MR.CP., 6, Rodney
Street.

1903 *Burne, Charles F., “Culver,” Sunningdale Road, -
New Brighton.

1907 *Brown, W. D., “ Holmleigh,” Burscough.

:
:

1904.
1874

18QI

1879
1905
1908

1902
1QIO
1892
1882
1879
1885

1882

1900
1892
1869

1904

1910

1905
1886

1907

1Q10
1898
1909

16

*Croston, R., 13, Derby Lane, Stoneycroft.

Davies, Edward, F.C.S., F.LC., Chapel Chambers,
Chapel Street.

*Daviés, Herbert) E..; MA. B.Se,, PGs
Chambers, Chapel Street.

Deacon, H. Wade, J.P., 8, Ullet Road.
Dearsley, A. H., 112,.Bold Street.

*Dowding, Rev. Charles, Fairholme Road, Great
Crosby.

*Dudley, A. H., 62, Selborne Street.
Firth, Wm. A., 348, Ravenhill Road, Belfast.
Forshaw, F. H., Riverside, Halebank, near Widnes.
Fullerton, James, 44, Clarendon Road, Egremont.
Goodwin, Gilbert Smith, 23, Anfield Road.
Gray, George Watson, F.I.C., “ Allendale,” Clarendon
Road, Garston.
*Grisewood, William, “ Langdale,” Rudgrave Square,
Egremont.
*Haydon, James Richard, 91, Ampthill Road.
Haydon, W. J., 55, Grey Road, Walton.
Healey, George F., “Oaklyn,” 27, Cearns Road,
Oxton.
Haywood, Lieut.-Colonel Arthur Grimshaw-, V.D.,
“Rearsby,” Blundellsands.
Kenworthy, A. B., “ Avondale,” Durning Road.
Langley, Bertram, 51, North John Street.
Larkin, Frederick Charles, F.R.C.S. 54, Rodney
Street.

Leonard, Edward, 2, Cannon Mount, Claughton,
Cheshire.

Lunt, George, “ Lincluden,” Formby.
*Macphail, James D., 40, Moss Lane, Walton.
Mason, T. D., 37, Handfield Road, Waterloo.

1893

1888
1897
1909
1902
1881
1885

1879

1905
1908
1893
1907

1909
1871
1897
1909
1909

17
Nuttall, F. R. Dixon-, F.R.M.S., “Ingleholme,”
Egcleston Park, near Prescot. :
*Pierce, F. N., F.E.S, 1, The Elms, Dingle.
*Powell, W. H., 2, Lord Nelson Street.
*Pryce, George, B.A., 75, Seymour Street, Birkenhead.
Rappart, D. B., Mere Bank, Promenade, Liscard.
*Read, W. H., “ Lisadel,” Caithness Drive, Liscard.

Robertson, Helenus R., F.R.M.S., Upton Grange,
Chester.

Scholefield, Joshua William, J.P., 33, Pembroke
Road, Bootle.

Stopforth, Richardy 71, Vauxhall Road.

*Strumpel, F. W., 16, The Temple, Dale Street.

Tate, Frank, 9, Hackins Hey.

*Tinne, Philip F., M.A. (Oxon.), M.R.C.S., 4, Mayfield
Road, Cressington.

Wall, Joseph, 21, Norwood Grove.

*Wilhams, J. Michael, 31, Grove Park.

Wilhams, W. Collingwood, B.Sc., Beechfield, Reby.
Young, Muriel Evelyn, 18, Abercromby Square.
Young, Coi. T. F., M.D., 18, Abercromby Square.

18

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' LIVERPOOL
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SESSION XLIV.;

Past Presidents.
JOHN BIRKBECK NEVINS, M.D.

Rev. WM. BANISTER, B.A.

Rev. Dr. DALLINGER, F.RS.

JOHN ABRAHAM.

J. J. DRYSDALE. M.D., F.R.MS.

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1912.

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M.R.C.P.
JAMES D. MACPHAIL.
JOHN HAY, M.D,, M.R.C.P.
Aw be DUDEEY:
rE N: PIERCE, EES

Officers and Council Elected 20th January, 1912.

Vice-Presidents.

E. LEONARD. F. W. STRUMPEL.
Hon. Greasurer. Hon. Secretary.
A. H. DUDLEY. R. CROSTON.
Hon. Curater.
Cc. F. BURNE.
Council.
F. T. AMAN. JAMES D. MACPHAIL.
E. ASTBURY. F. N.- PIERCE; “EeEes:

W. D. BROWN.
W. GRISEWOOD.
J. R. HAYDON.
GEORGE LUNT.

President.
P. F. TINNE, M.A., M.B.

W. H. POWELL.

W. H. READ.

W. C. WILLIAMS, B.Sc., F.LC
J. M. WILLIAMS.

—eEE~ ses

FORTY-THIRD ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

LIVERPOOL MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY

The President and Council, in presenting their Forty-
third Annual Report, are pleased to record continued
Satisfactory progress of the Society.

The attendance at the meetings has been unusually
good throughout the Past year, indicating greater interest
in the papers and exhibits. The demonstrations also are
still very popular, and a continuation of them appears io
be desired by the members generally, who appreciate
the opportunities afforded of acquainting themselves with
the practical side of microscopy and of becoming familiar
with the advantages and defects of various makes of
microscopes and apparatus, also of best utilizing such
apparatus as they possess and recognizing its possibilities
and its limitations. Very useful hints are sometimes
given on how to improvise simple home-made substitutes
for expensive apparatus, which, although not intended to
rival the usual appliances, often save the cost of pur-
chasing an instrument which may hardly ever be required.

Another pleasing feature is the growing desire of
members to take up with observation and experiment on
original lines, and this is deserving of encouragement.
The Council desire to assure the less experienced members
of their wish to help them as far as possible in pursuing
their studies and in overcoming their difficulties.

The evenings devoted exclusively to the exhibition
of objects under the microscopes are still much enjoyed,

4

and are very interesting and instructive. The Council
would like to see more of the younger members exhibiting
at the meetings.

The Hon. Curator would like to call attention to the
valuable collection of books and periodicals and of
microscopical slides which are not nearly so much used
as they might be to the advantage of the members.

The Council hereby express their hearty thanks to
the gentlemen who have read papers and given demonstra-
tions during the year.

Social or ‘‘open” meetings, to which kindred societies
are invited, have proved very enjoyable, and itis hoped
that opportunities may arise of holding them more
frequently.

The Annual Conversazione, held in May, was well
attended, and, as usual, very interesting exhibits were
kindly shown by members of our own and of kindred
societies.

A variety of new microscopes and apparatus have
been shown at some of the meetings by Messrs. Thos.
Armstrong & Bro., and by Messrs. Flatters & Garnett.

A very successful Field Meeting was held at Maghull
on August 12th, 1911, under the leadership of Mr. W.
Grisewood.

During the year four new members have been enrolled,
and three have resigned.

The Society has sustained the loss of an Honorary
Member, of many years standing, by the death of Mr.
Witham M. Bywater.

The present membership consists of four Honorary
and fifty-three ordinary Members.

5

The following additions have been made to the
Library :—

By presentation: Publications of the Quekett Club,
Manchester Microscopical Society and Royal Micro-
scopical Society.

By purchase: “Annals of Botany,” and the Ray
Society’s issue.

The Council again acknowledge with thanks the ready
and efficient services of Mr. F. N. Pierce and the
members of the Lantern Committee.

With a view to giving an opportunity to the young
people of becoming acquainted with, and possibly
interested in, microscopy, the Council have invited the
attendance at our meetings of a limited number of pupils
from schools in Liverpool and district, and there has been
a very fair response, a number of the pupils attending
having come from considerable distance.

The following is a brief account of the various
meetings :—.,

January 20th — The President, Mr. F. N. PIERCE,
F.E.S., delivered his inaugural address on ‘“‘ The
Study of the Structure of the Head and Thorax of
Lepidoptera.” The address was printed in the last
Report.

February 3rd—A paper was read by Mr. W. D. BROWN
on “ The Examination of Rocks by the Microscope,”
with lantern illustrations. Mr. Brown also exhibited
two Petrological Microscopes and a large number of
specimens of rocks.

March 8rd—A paper was read by Mr. F.W. STRUMPEL
on “ Bacteria in Air, Soil and Water,” with lantern
illustrations.

6

April 7th—There was no paper read, the evening being
devoted to exhibits by the members.

April 21st—A paper was read by Dr. P. F. TINNE,
M.A., M.B., on ‘‘Colour Photography,” illustrated by
lantern slides and transparencies in colour.

May 5th—The Annual Conversazione was held. The
exhibits by our own members and by visitors were
very numerous and interesting, and the attendance
was large.

October 6th—-The winter session, commenced with the
“Opening Conversazione,” at which refreshments were
kindly provided by the invitation of the President.
The exhibits were numerous, and the attendance was
good.

November 3rd——A paper was read by Mr. F. N.
PIERCE, F.E.S., on ‘‘Viviparity of Butterflies,”
illustrated with the micro-lantern.

December 1st—A number of Demonstrations were given
by several members on “ The Microscope and its
Accessories.’ Mr. C. F. Burne organized the
Demonstrations.

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“IX Short History of the Microscope,

and what it has done for us,”

BEING THE
PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS
By P. F. TINNE, M.A., MB.
Delivered on the 19th January, 1912.

Ladies and Gentlemen,—

It is my privilege to-night to deliver an address’ to
you as president of the Liverpool Microscopical Society,
the traditions of which have been so ably upheld during
the past two years by the retiring president.

I have not chosen to read you an address on what
may be termed a specialist’s subject, but rather on a
subject which should prove of interest to all here present,
and in which all may find some entertainment.

I thank you for the honour you have conferred upon
me by electing me as your president, and welcome you
at this opening meeting of our new session, a session which
we all hope will add to the prosperity of the Society.

I feel most flattered that so many members and friends
have turned out on this inclement night to give me a

9

hearing, and hope that I shall say something to interest
you on the “ History of the Microscope, and what it has
done for us.”

‘The Microscope” is a comparatively modern inven-
tion. Magnifying lenses were unknown to the Ancients.
Aristophanes (500 B.C.) speaks of a “burning sphere.”
Seneca, about the time of Christianity, makes mention of
objects appearing of larger size when viewed through a
globe of glass filled with water. Pliny, the elder, mentiong
these same globes being used for producing fire.

In no case were these refracting globes considered as
magnifying instruments. Spectacles, as improvements to
poor eyesight, have their earliest reference in a manuscript
dated 1299 from Florence. The writer says “I find
myself so pressed by age that I can neither read nor write
without those glasses they call spectacles, lately invented,
to the great advantage of poor old men when their sight
grows weak.”

Roger Bacon, of Ilchester, a Franciscan monk, first
used lenses to improve failing eye-sight in 1276, but true
spectacles were the invention of Salvino d’Armato degli
Armati, a Florentine.

These indispensable aids to nature were at first with-
held from the public until one, Alexander Spina, in a
spirit which, I am happy to say, permeates all medical
society of the present day, divulged the secret of their
construction and use to his own glory and the good of
his fellow men.

Roger Bacon hardly had a fair chance, for his genius
brought upon him the hatred of his contemporaries, who
kept him for many years in prison. Finally, they shut
him up in a convent of his order to the end of his long
life of nearly eighty years.

Be)

The invention of spectacles, then, or the simplest form
of microscope, may be divided between Roger Bacon and
the Florentine.

Once the spectacles lens became an established fact,
it was an easy transition to lenses of shorter and shorter
focus, and eventually to the combination of lenses which
go to form the compound microscope as we know it
to-day.

It was between 1590 and 1609 that the first
microscope as distinguished from a mere magnifying lens
was invented.

Robin, of Paris, member of the Academy of Science,
sums up the claim of the various inventors. He remarks:
“The invention of the compound microscope goes back to
the year 1590.” It is to the Dutchmen, Hans and
Zacharias Janssen—father and son, that the honour of it
is due (qu’en revient l’honneur). Janssen offered one to
the Archduke Charles Albert of Austria, who made a
present of it to Cornelius Drebell, a Dutch Alchemist,
mathematician to James Ist, who died in 1664. Drebell
brought the instrument to England, showed it to Borelli
and many professors, constructed microscopes in London
in the year 1621, and passed himself off as their inventor,
which was believed fora long time. (Ce dont la croyance
dura longtemps. )

Cornelius Drebell’s microscope was a copper tube,
six feet long, and one inch in diameter, supported by
three brass pillars in the shape of Dolphins; these were
fixed to a base of ebony, on which objects to be viewed
were placed.

Personally, I do not think that Cornelius Drebell has
been fairly treated. He was a man of great genius, and
even though he obtained his ideas from Holland, he made

II

such use of his knowledge that he evolved some of the
first compound microscopes in England.

Without his stimulating enthusiasm in this country, we
should never have been able to keep pace with the Italian
schools, schools which up to this time had been fully
one hundred years ahead of us in scientific research.

England was given up to Charlatanism of every kind,
Magic, black or otherwise, the transmutation of metals,
the search for the philosopher’s stone and elixir of life.
Our science, in fact, was a compound of grey beards,
skinny fingers, and ill-lit rooms, littered with the dust
of ages, and retorts and vessels of quaint and curious
shapes.

There was some excuse for secrecy in matters
scientific. Roger Bacon, as I have already mentioned,
spent most of his life in prison as a result of his labours,
and even at a later period in history (1794) Lavoisier,
in France, had his head removed by the guillotine.

Nearly all the English professors in the 16th century
felt it incumbent on them to go to Padua for their
scientific training. It was in this famous Italian school
that such men as Vesalius studied anatomy on the bodies
of criminals, whom he had killed as he required them.
In this school Harvey studied the circulation of the blood,
and owing to his discoveries, enabled us later to use the
hypodermic needle, and to venture on the administration
of anesthetics, both dependent on the circulation of the
blood, both the outcome of his work.

It is interesting to read that Sir Christopher Wren,
the famous architect, was one of the first to use a
hypodermic needle upon himself.

Before passing from the subject of simple lenses to
microscopes proper, I should mention that in 1600 Kepler

Iz

put forward the theory of the crystalline lens of the eye
throwing an image on the back of the eye, the retina.
He supposed that the lens moved backwards and forwards
in focussing.

The earliest illustration of a simple microscope is
given by Descartes, 1637, and is similar to one devised
by Lieberkuhn a century later. This consists of a lens
set In a concave polished metal reflector. It was shown
at the last meeting of our Society. I now come to one
who has aptly been described as the father of histology.

ANTONIUS LEEUWENHOEK (1632-1723). He
had no title to be called doctor, nor did he claim one.

Dr. Carpenter, in the Ency. Brit., thought he was
an optician, or maker of lenses. Dr. Benjamin W.
Richardson proves this theory to be wrong, for his com-
mission as Beadle or Chamberlain to the Sheriff at Delft
is still in existence. The salary was £26 a year. The
duties were “‘to open and shut the door of the chamber,
to show honour and respect to the Councillors, to keep
the chamber clean, to make the fires, and to do all that
a good and faithful chamberlain should do.” He held
the post thirty-nine years.

Not the sort of man to make original discoveries ;
yet Peter the Great, Boerhaave and Bidloo called upon
him to inspect his microscopes.

These instruments were all made with his own hands,
even to the grinding of the lenses. An illustration of his
microscope is figured in his opera. He bequeathed:
twenty-six microscopes, in a small cabinet, to the Royal
Society. These are now lost.

He demonstrated the circulation of the blood in the
rabbit’s ear, the bat’s wing, the tadpole and the frog;
described the structure of bone, and explained the fibrous

13

structure of the white matter of the brain. From his
own teeth he extracted a white substance which, mixed
with pure rain-water, showed some kind of small animal-
cules, the motions of which were “very pleasing to
behold.” He examined the spermatozoa from whales
to spiders, and contested the theory of spontaneous
generation.

The Royal Society of London, during a period of
fifty years, received from him three hundred and seventy-
five letters and papers. (from notes by Mr. Jones, of
the Liverpool Medical Jnstitute).

His lenses had a focus of } inch, and it is wonderful
how much he accomplished, and how minute the objects
he observed.

The construction of the single microscope is so simple
that it is susceptible of but little improvement, and has
therefore undergone but few alterations.

Quoting again from the French, with reference to the
compound microscope. The Neapolitan, Francois Fontana,
was the first in 1646 who described the instrument in
his ‘New Observations Terrestrial and Celestial.” He
pretended also to have discovered it in 1618, one year
before Cornelius Drebell had brought it to England.

Several authors say that it was about this time that
this instrument received from Demisiano the name of
microscope, and that the name telescope is equally due to
him. Professor Carpenter, however, ascribes the inven-
tion of the name to Giovanni Faber, 1625.

Amongst the first compound microscopes, one refers
to those of Hooke (1656), Eustachio Divini (1668),

14

Francois Grindelius (1687), and Philippe Bonani
(1688).

In spite of the Dutch claiming the invention of the
compound microscope, Carpenter states that there is
plenty of evidence that Galileo either was the first or
else simultaneously invented it.

Viviani, an Italian mathematician, states that “This
great man was led to the discovery of the microscope
from that of the telescope.” In a letter of 1624, it was
remarked that Galileo explained the use of Cornelius
Drebell’s microscope sent to the Cardinal of St. Susanna,
who did not know how to use them. The writer, one
Aleandro, further adds: ‘Galileo told me that he had
invented an occhiale which magnifies things as much as
50,000 times, so that one sees a fly as large as a hen.”
As a matter of fact, this magnification reduced to our
methods of mensuration, would have been an enlarge-
ment of 36 diameters, about the relative size of a fly and
a hen. In any case, Galileo’s familiarity with Drebell’s
instruments showed ‘clearly a previous familiarity with
the compound microscope as such.

In these days when so much is done by fixing tissues
and cutting sections, I would put in a plea for the older
methods, and encourage students of the microscope to
view objects in the natural state before cutting them’ up.

The anatomy of a spider, and the web of a spider
provide us with objects whose structure compels our
interest; but we must not forget first to watch the spider
itself, its habits, its strength of purpose; even, as Robert
Bruce, we may learn of something to our advantage. The
same applies to bacteria, whose movements and natural
history are often of far greater importance than their
staining reactions.

15

The use of the ultra-microscope and dark ground
illumination, have of late made things so much easier for
us in this respect.

I have with me this evening some very old books,
whose illustrations give proof of the most painstaking and
accurate observation. One book, dated 1741, was written
by Wm. Cheselden, one of the foremost surgeons of the
day in England. He lived 1688-1752, and this book is
the sixth edition of his famous text-book. In it are figured’
arteries and veins, living sperm cells, and an admirable
drawing of ‘‘the circulation of the blood in the fish’s
tail, as it appeared in a microscope.”

The Liverpool Medical Institution has very kindly
permitted me to show you Leeuwenhoek’s works in four
volumes. Leeuwenhoek, with his simple microscopes,
taught us the value of minute observation, and upon his
discoveries, Malpighi (1653) in England completed the
proof of ‘Harvey’s circulation of the blood, showing
how it flowed from the arteries to the veins. We hardly
realize in these days the importance of this observation.
Up till then the veins were known to be filled with blood,
but the arteries were supposed to be filled with air,simply
because they were empty after death. To-day the
surgeon operates in comparative safety, and hardly a drop
of blood is lost, but in those days post-operative
hemorrhage was a doctor’s terror, and now all thisis a
thing of the past, just because we tie a ligature and stop
the flow, which was so beautifully shown in the newt’s
tail, the frog’s lung, or the bat’s wing.

Another old book which will interest you is a volume
of an Encyclopedia, dated 1797, in which are two
admirable articles, one on medicine, the other on the
microscope. The latter article shows illustrations of
nearly all the microscopes, both single and compound, as:
used at that time in England.

16

With insular prejudice, however, the only continental
names mentioned are Leeuwenhoek and Lieberkuhn.

Condensers placed so as to concentrate light upon the
object were not thought of before 1691, when Bonnanus
first used a condenser below the stage, so as to illuminate
transparent objects. Up till this time compound instru-
ments had to be used vertically, or else directed at the
sky. Looking up to the heavens for any length of time
through a microscope, especially Cornelius Drebell’s 6ft.
one, must have been most tiring.

The next notable advance in mechanism was the fine
adjustment screw. This can be credited to Marshall,
1704. Previous to this, Hooke’s microscope rotated in
a screw socket, whereas Divini’s and Cherubin’s worked by
sliding cylinders. In some cases the object was raised
or lowered, to suit the focus of lens. In Marshall’s
instrument the condenser was on the swing-out principle,
being fixed to a jointed arm. One bad feature was the
illumination by candle under the stage, which must have
been bad for the observer’s face; almost as bad as our
oil lamps are in the matter of igniting ladies’ hats.

The use of a mirror does not seem to have come in
till 1716, when Hertel used this valuable adjunct both
above and below the stage. He also used the bull’s-eye
pattern of condenser. He was responsible for the
“mechanical stage” also, by means of which an object
could be moved to and fro, and rotated on the stage by
screws.

Still later, 1738, Lieberkuhn revived the single
microscope, which still has a considerable range of utility,
as shown by our president at the last meeting. His lenses!
were fixed in concave mirrors.

Wilson, 1746, was a good example of the age of

at ia

17

pocket microscopes. In these the reflecting substage
mirror is regularly employed.

(Martin, 1780, shows a good example of the tripod
stand.

Adams, 1871, introduced diaphragms, and also the
button system of combining objectives to increase magnifi-
cation. To increase the magnifying power, the objective
has an extra lens screwed on. He also used a nose piece
for carrying three objectives.

The next improvement of note was in the quality of
objectives. Achromatism was studied, 1759, by Martin,
but no really good results eventuated till 1823, when
Chevalier produced Selligues’ achromatic objectives. Six
years later J. J. Lister read a paper on this subject to
the Royal Society, which profoundly influenced the study
of achromatism in England.

Improvements now began, one after the other, both
optical and mechanical, too numerous to mention, but
important enough to remind us of such men as Pritchard,
Ross, Powell, James Smith, Swift, Watson, Baker, and
Professors Quekett and Carpenter, in this country, of
Zeiss and Leitz, on the continent.

America, too, has not been behindhand in adding to
constructive excellence.

I now come to the wonders revealed by the
microscope, and their value to the sum of human
knowledge. The field is almost too vast and the ad-
vantages too numerous to particularize in every branch.
The earliest observers were chiefly concerned with the
wonder of seeing flies as large as hens. Poor men, such
as Leeuwenhoek, it is true, ground their own lenses and

made their own apparatus, but for many years the
microscope was regarded (in the words of Hogg) more in

18

the light of a costly toy; it is now the inseparable
companion of the man of science.

To the chemist new certainties have been added in the
testing of fluids and solids, in the minute observation of
the form and deposition of crystals, and in the identifica-
tion of substances by the nature of their particles.
Polarization enables the chemist on a large sugar estate
to estimate beforehand how many tons of sugar per acre
can be obtained from the juice of a few sugar canes
chosen haphazard from the miles of waving reeds.

To the study of botany has been added the power to
differentiate the structure and uses of the different tissues
in the plant.

Theory is reduced to certainty, classification is made
easier. Foodstuffs are analysed, and impurities can be
detected; so that the rascally purveyor of adulterated
foods can no longer impose upon the public. One starch
ss like another, but under the microscope how different!
It is now so easy to see the change in the single cell, and
as we watch the protoplasm streaming in the hairs about
the stamen of Tradescantia, we have almost unravelled
the mystery of life itself.

How different from the days when Malpighi first
described the plant as made up of “utricles.” His utricle,
our cell, but unlike our cell, the wall alone mattered to!
him. To-day we are more concerned about its contents,
which, early in 1800, Robert Brown observed. To him
may be accorded the honour of noticing the nucleus,
though the protoplasm which surrounded it he thought
no more of than to call it gum.

From 1810-1882 Schleiden and Theodore Schwann
worked hard at the theory of cells, and the latter’s book
has been published by the Sydenham Society. He was a
pupil of | Johannes Miiller, a famous professor of

19

physiology, from 1801-1858, first at Bonn and then at
Berlin, and Schwann’s attention to the cell was directed
by this eminent professor, who began life as a shoe-maker.

To the Zoologist the microscope is indispensable, and
in this branch of study held an honoured place from its
earliest origin, fathered by such men as Leeuwenhoek and
Galileo.

In this branch our Society has lately achieved a notable.
success, and Mr. Pierce’s book is not unknown to Ento-
mologists on the continent and elsewhere.

To the Geologist the microscope reveals (in the words
of Hogg) ‘‘ That our large coal-beds are the ruins of a
gigantic vegetation, and the vast lime-stone rocks, which
are so abundant on the earth’s surface, are the catacombs‘
of myriads of animal tribes.”

The engineer can teach us something, too, and points
with no uncertain finger to the flaw where careless work-.
manship forged the faulty metal. A slice of steel and his
microscope shows the reason why a bridge collapsed, or
a ship broke loose from its moorings.

In medico-legal investigations the fate of a human
being may tremble in the balance whilst the microscope
tenders its unshakable evidence. Is the stain on the
prisoner’s coat blood? Yes! A little glacial acetic acid
mixed with the sodden cloth crystallizes under the micro-
scope, and the dark hemin needles defy dispute. Here is a
spot where the blood is still wet. A little smear on the
glass slide. Stain it, and look. Is it human blood?
No! _ The corpuscles have nuclei. Not guilty. The
prisoner is acquitted, a stain on his coat, but none on his
character.

And what can I say of the calling to which I have
apprenticed myself? The study of medicine.

20

Here indeed some of the grandest results have been
achieved. Who now believes that Scrofula, the King’s
Evil, is due to ‘bad water, or crude indigestible food,”
as my ancient Encyclopedia has it? or that the Royal
touch will cause the swollen glands to vanish. Koch
and Pasteur have altered all that, and the microscopic
tubercle bacillus is to-day, under the supervision of the
microscope, hunted and slaughtered by fresh air, Finsen
light, vaccines, and even the Chancellor of the Exchequer.
Slowly, but surely, consumption is growing less, sanitation
and the microscope are winning a victory over one of
mankind’s most deadly and insidious foes.

No longer the surgeon goes his daily round in the
hospital, knife in hand, letting out the laudable pus from
the wounds which he treated with such ineffeciual skill.
Pasteur, again, and Lister have shown us how carbolic
acid clears the microscopic field of germs, and have paved
the pathway with prevention which anticipates cure.

The day is past when a compound fracture meant
almost certainly the loss of a limb, and an operation was
synonymous with a lengthy and tedious convalescence.
The bacteria that vitiated our dressings have been dis-
covered and defeated by the microscope.

With what amazement would Ambroise Paré, the fore-
most military surgeon of his day (1580), regard the
surgical methods of a Japanese ambulance officer on a
Manchurian battlefield. The latter might be no match
for the great master in either dexterity or boldness, but
his results, based on microscopic discovery, would astound
no less than they would shame so gfeat a surgeon.
Anatomical knowledge and surgical procedure may not
have changed so much, but many a wounded soldier has
emerged :from the valley of the shadow of death
unconscious of the thanks due to the microscope, and the
providence that has taught us how to fight the enemy
that lurks within the camp.

21

These microbes, most of which we can see, some of
which are still to be seen, have largely been enslaved by
means of the microscope. The sewage that fostered
their growth, and bred the seeds of typhoid and diptheria,
is used to grow our cabbages and lettuces on the sewage)
farm. The patch of land which yielded its increase in
hundreds, is watered with nitrifying bacteria, and there-
after yields its thousands.

The Black Death that swept the land, and especially
London, in the middle ages, which altered the rates of
wages and the conditions of labour far more effectually
than any strike—that is stopped on the threshold.

The Port Sanitary Authority and his ally, ‘‘the Micro-
scope,” allow no case of plague to enter this country.
Smallpox, which used to ravage the country, by the simple
expedient of vaccination, is almost a forgotten fear. True,
its life history is not yet revealed by the microscope,
but by analogy we guess the story of its origin, and the
results of our treatment bear out the accuracy of our
surmise. Recent events have turned our thoughts to the
tropics, and there again the microscope has done a noble
work. India, Africa, America, even in their scorching
and pestilent areas, have been conquered by the
microscope. Ismalia, a few years ago one of the most
malarious districts on the earth’s surface, is now a safe
and healthy spot. Sir Patrick Manson and Professor
Ross, of our tropical school of medicine, have used’ their
microscopes to some purpose. The malaria parasite has
been identified, ‘and its life history made plain. Sir
Rubert Boyce, so recently an honoured citizen, has done
noble work in teaching us the source of yellow fever.
At the present time hopes are held of controlling the
sleeping sickness ‘of Africa. All this research work would
have been impossible without the microscope. In L&ndon
Sir Almroth Wright has shown us how to identify a
special disease by its bacteria, how to prepare a vaccine

22

from those bacteria, and with it to antidote the
poison of the disease by successive injections into the
patient from whom they were obtained. This is a remark-
able piece of work, and has profoundly influenced medical
treatment. :

Much yet remains to be done; both at home and
abroad there are problems for our microscopes to solve.

The living things that Leeuwenhoek saw in the tartar
extracted from his teeth are as great a marvel to the
dentist of to-day as they were to him.

_ When some dental altruist prevents their growth,
our suffering molars will rival in whiteness and hardness
those of the beasts of the field.

Last year’s copy of Punch, which we read upside
down whilst we waited our summons to the torture-chair,
will moulder in a forgotten past. Ignorance is no excuse
for breaking the jaw.

From America we have perhaps the most wonderful
example of the value of the microscope to the surgeon.

At Rochester, the brothers Mayo have during their
operations a special pathologist always present. Sup-
posing a patient has a tumour, whose malignancy is
doubtful; the pathologist pounces upon a small portion
of it, which is removed under the anesthetic, rushes into
an adjoining room, freezes it, cuts a section, floods it with
stain, and in four minutes by the clock (as I am
informed), comes back to the operating room with a
certain diagnosis. Upon this depends the extent of the
operation, simple removal, or removal with a wide margin
for safety, as in the case of cancer. What a truly
marvellous application of the uses of the microscope.

Lastly, I would recall to you the entrancing Kine-
matograph Exhibition of Dr. Commandon’s micro-

—

23

photographs, as shown us by Mr. Strunpel, in this room.
Galileo and his friend may have marvelled at the fly
“as large as a hen,” what would their thoughts be, could
they have seen, as we have, the antics of organisms
appearing the size of dogs, in reality, but 1,000th of an
inch in length.

A French writer remarks: “In a general way, one
gives the name of microscope to any instrument which,
interposed between the eye and the objects brought near,
has the property of making them appear greater than
they are.’ To-night I have endeavoured to trace the
history of the microscope and some of the things it has
shown to us. I do not think I have made them appear
greater than they are, but they are greater in importance
than they appeared to our ancestors. Nevertheless, I
would rescue from partial oblivion the names of some,
who in their day were often subjected to ridicule, but
who are still landmarks in the microscopist’s world long
after their critics have been forgotten.

At school it is easy to win a prize amongst the
duffers in the lowest forms, but amongst the picked
scholars, who strive for the honoured positions at the
top, it is no small matter to have one’s name: mentioned
in the list of honours.

In this Society of ours are men and women endowed
with education and attainments, from whom we hope to
learn much of value to usin our pursuit of microscopical
science. Some of us may attain pre-eminence and become
the picked scholars of the great School of Scientific
Research, names deserving honourable mention. Others,
who can only dabble in the subject during their moments
of leisure, may not achieve renown; but they are none
the worse for having passed an evening or two in dis-
tinguished company. Delicacy of touch, quickness of
perception, accuracy of observation, all these may be

24

learnt from some of those whom I see about me to-night.
My one regret is that our Society is not larger in numbers,
for no one who joins us need fear unkindly criticism,
welcome and generous help is assured to the veriest
beginner.

We can none of us set up to be a ‘“‘Know all,” but the
next best thing is to know a great deal about one subject,
and make it our own, and to know a little about every-
thing else that we can fit in to our scheme of life.
Cleverness has been defined as ‘‘the power of paying atten-
tion,”” but I would go even further and call it the power of!
paying attention to details. Everything to the minutest
particular should find a place in the orderly mind of the
man who will achieve success, and who would speak with
authority; the skipped page as often as not contains
the answer to our examination question. In this our
Society can be seen the evidences of painstaking atten-
tion to details, beautiful preparations, beautifully finished.

The butterfly, the wayside flower, the shell upon the
sea shore, the grain of sand—they are all the more
beautiful to us in that the microscope has made them our
daily companions; nay, more than that, our intimate
friends. .

Amidst the grey surroundings of our daily work
the commonest objects may be found to be things of
interest and beauty, when viewed as we view them in this
room.

The microscope is no longer a mere toy, it has
become the inseparable companion of the man of science.

25

Liverpool Dyicroscopical Society.

LIST GF MEMBERS.

JANUARY, 1912.

HONORARY MEMBERS.

WILLIAM CARTER, J.P., M.D., F.R.C.P., Talavon,
Deganwy, N. Wales.

me NEWSTEAD; M.Sc., A.L.S., F.E.S., Hon F.R.H.S.,
Liverpool University.

J. T. NORMAN-THOMAS, F.L.S., 15 Fenwick Street.

WILLIAM NARRAMORE, ELS: .,.MR.S. Insts
‘““Devonia,” Cambridge Avenue, Great Crosby,
Liverpool.

ORDINARY MEMBERS.

*Members of Council.
ELEcTED.

1881 Abraham, Miss Emma C., Grassendale Park.

fe00 *Aman, F. T.. Assac. Mem. Inst.,.-C:E., City
Engineer’s Office, Municipal Buildings, Dale
Street.

1905 Armstrong, Frank, 112 Bold Street.
£907 *Astbury, E., 72 Athol Street.
1901 Bridger, Robert, 1 Sea Road, Wallasey.

26

1903 *Burne, Charles F., “Culver,” Sunningdale Road,
New Brighton.

1907 *Brown, W. D., “ Holmleigh,” Burscough.
1904 *Croston, R., 69 Marlborough Road, Tuebrook.

1874. Davies,, Edward, Tf :C.S., Pees Chapel
Chambers, Chapel Street.

1891 Davies, Herbert E., M.A., B.Sc., F.1.C., Chapel
Chambers, Chapel Street.

1879 Deacon, H. |Wade, J.P., 8 Ullet Road.

1905 Dearsley, A. H., 112 Bold Street.

1902 *Dudley, A. H., 62 Selborne Street.

1910 Firth, Wm. A., 348 Ravenhill Road, Belfast.
1892 Forshaw, F.H., Riverside, Halebank, nr. Widnes.

1882 Fullerton, James, 106 St. MHelen’s Road,
Pennington, Leigh, Lancs.

1879 Goodwin, Gilbert Smith, 23 Anfield Road.

1885 Gray, George. Watson, H.1.C:, “ Allendale,
Clarendon Road, Garston.

1882 *Grisewood, Wm., ‘“ Langdale,” Rudgrave Square,
Egremont.

1900 *Haydon, James Richard, 91 Ampthill Road.
1892 Haydon, W.T., F.L.S.,.55 Grey Road, Walton.

1869 Healey, George ae “Oaklyn,” 27 Cearns Road,
Oxton.

1904

1911
1910
1905

1886

1907

1910
1898
1909

1893

1888
1897

1909

1902

1881

1885

1879

27

Haywood, Lieut.-Colonel Arthur Grimshaw— V.D.,
“ Rearsby,” Blundellsands.

Hutton, F. W., 53 Greenway Road, Runcorn.
Kenworthy, A. B., ‘‘Avondale,” Durning Road.
Langley, Bertram, 51 North John Street.

Larkin, Frederick Charles, F.R.C,S., 54 Rodney
Street.

Leonard, Edward, 2 Cannon Mount, Claughton,
Cheshire.

”

*Lunt, George, ‘‘ Lincluden,” Formby, Lancs.
*Macphail, James D., 40 Moss Lane, Walton.
Mason, T. D., 37 Handfield Road, Waterloo.

Nuttall, F. R. Dixon-, F.R.M.S., ‘‘ Ingleholme,”
Eccleston Park, near Prescot.

eierce, F:-NG PLE.S:, 1 TPhe*Elms, Dingle.
*Powell, W. H., 2 Lord Nelson Street.

Pryce, George, B.A., 16 Bentley Road, Oxton,
Birkenhead. :

Rappart, D. B., West Lodge, Caldy, near West
Kirby.

*Read, W. H., “‘Lisadel,’’ Caithness Drive, Liscard.

Robertson, Helenus R., F.R.M.S., Upton Grange,
Chester.

Scholefield, Joshua William, J.P., 33 Pembroke
Road, Bootle.

POL
1905
1908
1893

IEG MEA

1907

1909

1911

1871

1897

Toke

28

Smith, Frank J., B.Sc., 36 Brelade Road.
Stopforth, Richard, 71 Vauxhall Road.
*Strumpel, F. W., 16 The Temple, Dale Street.
Tate, Frank, 9 Hackins Hey.

Thomas, Alfred, 69 Garmoyle Road, Wavertree.

*Tinne, Philip F., M.A., M.B., Oak €:Cottage,
The Serpentine, Grassendale.

Wall, Joseph, 21 Norwood Grove.

White, Henry T., 14 Princess Terrace, Oxton.

*Williams, J. Michael, 31 Grove Park.

*Williams, W. Collingwood, B.Sc., F.1.C., Beech-
field, Roby.

Wood, Norman W., 147 Kensington.

be

EE z fiSH
MUSEUM

& DEC 20

NATURAL
utST ORY.

peaee

29

THE
LIVERPOOL MIGROSGOPIGAL SOGIETY

was founded in the year 1869, having for its object the
cultivation and advancement of Microscopy.

The ordinary Meetings are held at the Royal
Institution, Colquitt Street, on the first Friday evening

{ in every month, at Seven o’clock, except in the months
: of June, July, August, and September.
f

Candidates for Membership must be proposed by
three or more Members, one of the proposers from personal
knowledge of the candidate.

The Society possesses a useful Library, and numerous
Microscopical preparations.

Further information may be had from the Hon.
Secretary.

STABLISHED 1848.

ARCHER’S oezicxe
The “IDEAL”

will show to perfection any distance
from 1 to 100 feet from Screen.

ic 1,000 Slides in Stock for Sale or Hire.
First-class Operators provided.
LISTS FREE.

ARCHER & SONS, 73, Lord Street.
LIVERPOOL. “oP tie TRerpoo.

MICROSCOPICAL SLIDES

VOLVOX GLOBATOR, CRISTATELLA MUCEDO, NOcTILUCA MILIARIS,

[EAD OF MALE GNAt, HEAD OF CRANE FLy, POLYXENUS LAGURUS,

ECTION OF MARRAM GRASS, WILD CLEMATIS STEM, HAIR OF PECCARY,

' Wine oF GNat, SHOWING SCALES, ANTENNA OF MALE GNAT,
CoRNEA OF BEETLE, TO SHEW MULTIPLIED IMAGES.

Any or all of the above slides sent on receipt of Sevenpence each.

EVERY SLIDE PERFECT.

W.H. DARLASTON artes"

MINGHAM.

5 DEC 21

J, POOLE & CO.

104, Charing Cross Road,
London, W.C., E:tatishea 1354

SUPPLY

New and
Second-Hand
for every

Write to us for
QUOTATION BEFORE

ot BUYING ELSEWHERE.
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Educational G& Scientific Books

|

| ON EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC, FICTION, ALL OTHER SUBJECTS, AND FOR EXAMINATIONS.

‘Second-hand at Half Prices |

NEW, at 25 per cent. Discount.

Catalogue No. 298 Post Free. State wants. Books sent on approval.

BOOKS BOUGHT. BEST PRICES GIVEN.

W. & G. FOYLE,

135, Charing Cross Rd., LONDON, W.C. |

MIC

British made at Barnet, Herts.
(With Five Years’ Guarantee.)

ON a CROSCOPES.

WATSON’S 168-page Catalogue is the most comprehensive
on Microscopes and their Accessorigs that is published.

Whether you use a WATSON'S MICROSCOPE or not
you should read their Catalogue. It will be
found invaluable. Post free on request.

TWO OF WATSON’S

TYPICAL MODELs.

The “H” Edinburgh Student's
is well known and appreciated for its many
working qualities. It is the best size for
amateur’s use and is provided with a mechanical
stage and compound substage.

PRICES:
Stand only as figured ... ... .. $9 12 6
m : Stand fitted with 2 Eye-pieces,
ee, Motmnonce l-inch and 1/6-inch Objectives, Abbe

Illuminator, and Mahogany Case £15 O OQ

The Van Heurck Model.

Facile princeps for critical high-power re-
search and photo-micrography. It combines
every mechanical convenience that is necessary.

__ The man who uses his Microscope as a magni-
j fying tool does not want this, but he who is
intent on getting the best out of his lenses will
find this instrument a constant sdvantage.
_ Price £18 10s.

WATSON ’S incomparable series of Holoscopic
Condensers, Objectives, and Eye-pieces.
WATSONS new ' inch (Semi-apochromatic),

with 1 millimetre of working distance, is
unequalled for general purposes. Price 30/-

WATSON’S new jo inch (1:30 N.A.) Oil
Immersion is a superb lens, £5.

Watson’s Catalogue of Microscopic
Objects is the most comprehensive in the
world. Every microscopist should obtain one
free. It contains particulars of Micro-Speci-
_ Mens illustrating every branch of Science, and
hundreds of subjects of general interest,

DO NOT FORGET that WATSON’'S 168-page Catalogue of
MICROSCOPES is sent Post Free on request.

. WATSON & SONS, LTD,, *2.22."s%~

Watson's Van HEuRcK Microscope,

?

C ae 4

Pes oat

FLATTERS & GARNETT, i
32, DOVER STREET (Close to the University), ;
MANCHESTER, SE

M ICROSCOPE GAS LAMP.

Adjustable in all directions, metal
shade—takes usual “Gem” inverted
mantles, 14/6.

CASES OF SPECIMEN TUBES

as Figure, 4/Q, other sizes Qd., 2/9,
15/=:

BOTANICAL VASCULA.

11 by 54 2/9 Shoulder
13 by 63 3/6 Straps
15 by 74 4/6 4/= each,

Black Japanned In and Out.

Postage Extra in all cases.

The fullewing Catalogues ure issued, any ot which will be sent post free of
oe 4

A— Microscope Slices. - Specimens.

B=Microscopes & PE RS * hsaes and Diagrams (out of print)

Mounting Requisites. E—Lantern Slides:
Dissecting Instruments. £1. £2 Supplements to Catalogue I

C—Coiliecting Apparatus.
Nature Study Appliance, Cabinets, F—Lanterns & Accessories:

Glass Top Boxes, &e. Projection Apparatus.

FLATTERS & GARNETT tro.

32, DOVER STREET (Close to the University),
MANCHESTER, S.E

‘te

FORTY-NINTH

| ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

LIVERPOOL

| Microscopical Society. |

ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS.

JANUARY, 1918.

LIVERPOOL:
peEIRS & GLEDSDALE Ltp,, PRINTERS, 15
1918,

ESTABLISHED 1825.

Telephones: Telegraphic Address:
1625 Royal, Liverpool. Specular, Liverpool.
643 City, Manchester. Specular, Manchester.

=
3
|
:
}

THOS. ARMSTRONG & BROTHER,

Manufacturing Opticians,
112 BOLD STREET,

LIVERPOOL.

Also at 78 DEANSGATE, MANCHESTER.

Contractors to the Admiralty, War Office, India Office, &c.
OPTICIANS TO THE ROYAL’ INFIRMARY.

Scientific Instrument Makers to H.M. Science and Art Department, South Kensington.

ee ee SS a

STUDENTS’ TRIPOD STAND MICROSCOPE

With rack, sub-stage and Iris diaphragnt, adapted to use objective as achromatic
illuminator, and micrometer screw fine adjustment, with draw tube; a highly-
finished and thoroughly improved instrument. one eye piece in cabinet.

LABORATORY STAND

Similar to above, with large vulcanite top stage suitable for large trough, Con-
tinental body extending to English length by draw tube divided into m/ms.,
rack and pinion focussing swing out sub stage with centreing adjustment. Fine
adjustment reading to 1-2000ths inch. A highly-finished, soundly made stand,

with one eye-piece in cabinet.
STAND

As above, with rack adjustment to draw tube and mechanical top stage.

METALLURGICAL STANDS,
Specially constructed for Engineers. Specification on application

Prepared Specimens in great variety.
Mounting Material and Microscopic Glass in great variety.

Repairs a Speciality. Catalogues Free on Application.

FORTY-NINTH

ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

LIVERPOOL

Microscopical Society.

ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS.

JANUARY, 1918, =:

LIVERPOOL:
Speirs & GLEDSDALE Lrtp., PRINTER

s, 18 CABLE STREET
"1918, *

Liverpool Microscopical

SESSION L,

Past Presidents :

JOHN BIRBECK NEVINS, M.D.
Rev. WM. BANISTER, B.A.

Rev. Dr. DALLINGER, F.R.S.
JOHN ABRAHAM ...

J..J. DRYSDALE, M.D., RMS.
JOHN NEWTON, M.R.C.S.

‘Rev. HENRY H. HIGGINS, M.A. ...
GEORGE F. CHANTRELL

J. S. HICKS, F.R.C.S., F.LS,
WILLIAM CARTER, M.D., F.R.C.P.
W. H. WEIGHTMAN, F.R.M.S.
FRANK T. PAUL, F.R.CS.
CHARLES BOTTERILL

Rev. F. BALLARD, D.D., B.Sc., F.G.S, F.R.M.S.

1918.

A. NORMAN TATE, F.LC., F.C.S., F.R.M.S.
ISAAC C. THOMPSON, F.L.S., F.R.M.S.

F. CHARLES LARKIN, F.R.C.S.
EDWARD DAVIES, F.C.S., F.I.C.

WM. NARRAMORE, F.L.S., M.R.S.Inst.

W. T. HAYDON, F.L.S.

HERBERT E. DAVIES, M.A., B.Sc., F.LC..

R. J. M. BUCHANAN, M.D., M.R.C.P.

JAMES D. MACPHAIL.
JOHN HAY, M.D., M.R.C.P.

A. H. DUDLEY

F. N. PIERCE F.E.S.

P. F. TINNE, M.A, M.B.
THEODORE GARNETT, MA.
J. T. NORMAN-THOMAS, F.LS.

Society.

Year :
1869, 1870
--. 1871
1872, 1879
1873

1874 —

1875, 1894, 1895
1876, 1877, 1886
1878

oe ... 1880
1881, 1891, 1892
1882

... 1883

1884, 1885

1887

... 1888

1889, 1890

1893

a OOO

1897, 1898
1899, 1900
1901, 1902
1903, 1904

1905, 1906, 1914, 1915

ese sss, 1907
1908, 1909

1910, IQII

1912, 1913

1916

1917

OFFICERS and COUNCIL

Elected 18th January, 1918.

President:

J. T. NOKMAN-THOMAS, F.LS.

Vice-Presidents :

F, J. SMITH, B.Sc. A.I.C. C. H. HESKETH WALKER.

Hon. Treasurer:

J. R. HAYDON.

Hon, Secretary:

R. CROSTON.

Hon. Librarian and Curator:

E. LEONARD.
Council :
FRANK BERTRAND. JAMES D. MACPHAIL.
EDWARD FRY. A: PALEIS, J-P:
THEODORE GARNETT, M.A. F. N. PIERCE, F.E.S.
W. FE. HARPER. W. H. READ.
J. A. HENDERSON. W. BOOTHMAN ROBERTS.

'F, W. HUTTON, P. F, TINNE, M.A., M.B,

AF 7 Fis Nerves Spica ae

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a 4 ; a it

FORTY-NINTH ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

Liverpool Microscopical Society.

T is very gratifying to the President and Council that
| in presenting this, the Forty-ninth Annual Report,
they are again able to report steady, continuous
progress. The membership is increasing rapidly and
there is every indication of further advance. Although
we have entered upon the fourth year of this great war
and the number of young men is being more and more
reduced in the country, the awakening of our nation to
the need of more intimate connection with and knowledge
of scientific matters is evidenced by the greater desire of
people generally to join the scientific and learned Societies.
It is well that this should be so, in order that we may
be able to make a better fight in the economic and com-
mercial war which will inevitably follow the cessation of
hostilities. The need is great, and it behoves the members
of such societies to use every effort to encourage the
advent of new members and to facilitate the development
of the new attitude towards scientific thought. This is
all the more necessary at the present time, so that when
our young men return to peaceful pursuits they will find
the way paved for their youthful energy and lines of
thought laid out and prepared for them to explore and
develop. It is unfair to permit them to make such

6

sacrifices as they are doing, if we who are at home
neglect anything that we can do to minimise the
unfortunate result of the interrupted course of their
education.

There has again been considerable increase in our
membership.

The Council record with regret the death of Mr.
James Fullerton who had been a member for 35 years.

One Honorary Corresponding Member, or Associate,
has been elected.

During the year one Ordinary member has resigned,
and 16 Ordinary members have been elected. The present
membership is 6 Honorary and 77 Ordinary members.

There have been five successful Field Meetings, the
attendance being very fair.

Seven papers were read.

To the gentlemen who have read papers and given
demonstrations, also to Mr. F. N. Pierce and the members
of the Lantern Committee, the Council tender their sincere
thanks.

The following is a brief account of the meetings:—

JANUARY 19th, 1917.

The President, J. T. Norman-Thomas, Esq., F.L.S.,
delivered his inaugural address, entitled:—“ RECOLLECTIONS”
with special reference to some of our old-time worthies,—
William Banister,—G. Mansfield Browne,— William Carter,—
Arthur C. Cole,—William H. Dallinger,—J. Sibley Hicks,—
H. H. Higgins,—J. Birdsall Jones, mae Thomas,—
William H. Weightman,

7

* Though death, we dare contend, is not the all,
And naught that dies but blooms again serene,
Fain would we linger o’er this closing scene,
And when, perforce, we answer to the call,
And younger players fill our vacant parts,

Fain would we live awhile within your hearts,

Like lingering leaves.”
(Arthur Scott Craven.)

MEMBERS’ EXHIBITS—

Gold Leaf . aa oe.
Sections of ‘Spine of Echinus ...
i » Shell—Alveolina

Pond Life from beneath the Ice.—
(Melicerta ringens and Stephan- | Theodore Garnett
oceros Eichornii, etc.) . =

Edward Fry

Antenna of Male Gnat ..,, 3 ... J. A. Henderson
Diatoms from Celebes ... ue ... E. Leonard
Radiolaria ... - Ee ... J. T. Norman-Thomas
Section of Jaw of Mole, showing teeth

Seek | W. H. Read
Herapathite Crpatats Sex sf 2b gy Sinith

FEBRUARY 2nd, 1917.

A paper was read by Mr. William Doran, on “ Aniline
Dyes and their use in Microscopical Work.”
MEMBERS’ EXHIBITS—

Radiolaria ... Le ms bad ... Frank Bertrand
Plant Sections... ie sete PEERY
Pond Life-——Free swimming Rotifera j
from Sefton Park Lake ... ee a ae
| Diatoms—“ Orthosira arenaria” ... J. A. Henderson
is from Celebes ... a ... E. Leonard

Minute Porcellanous shells (foreign)... J. D. Macphail

Spines of Moth Catocala from West

Africa’. ... a : 4 gas ee
Radiolaria ... oe es ut ... J. T. Norman-Thomas
Crystals and Cuticles ... ss vs) ddenry, 1. Winite

“MARCH 2nd, 1917,

Mr. E. Leonard read a paper on “The Distribution of
Diatoms,” communicated by Mr. F. W. Mills, F.R.M.S.

8

Sir Helenus R. Robertson, F.R.M.S., kindly lent a
number of Lantern Slides of Diatoms which were shown
on the screen.

MEMBERS’ EXHIBITS—

Diatoms—Navicula Rhomboides Ac |
+ Pleurosigma Angulatum ...}E. Fry
y Heliopelta J

a from Egypt ... = .. J. A. Henderson
A form of Granite (Felspar, Mica,

Quartz) largely used in the manu-

facture of Pottery and commercially } F. W. Hutton

known as “China Stone” (Polari-

scope) pes : eer #.
Diatoms from Bay of Naples ... ... E, Leonard
Diatomaceze—Barbados and Oamaru } 5
deposits... ie ae Ss tae D. Macphail
Isthmia enervis and Living Te W. H. Read
Hydroquinone, dissolved in Apéione :
(Polariscope) ... ive ae. J, aaa
Diatoms—Oamaru—selected ...
Young Trout—showing blood circulation | IJ. T. Norman-Thomas
Diatoms _... aes Ys ee .. C. H. Hesketh-Walker
Diatoms... 3 +n ahs ... Henry T. White

APRIL 13th, 1917.

P. F. Tinne, Esq., M.A., M.B., read a paper entitled
“War Bread” (illustrated by Lantern Slides).

Synopsis:—-Historical; Breadmaking; Cereals; Starches
of Various Flowers; Our dependance on Corn from abroad;
Legitimate or illegitimate Adulteration of Foodstuffs; Bread
and War Bread; Waste and Economy.

MEMBERS’ EXHIBITS—
Potato Starch : eee J ee
Section of Bean ... Ss 55 ae | E. Fry
Starch (tous-les-mois)

Pond Life (Rhinops vitrea, Syncheetadee Theodore Garnett
and other Rotifera) ,

Embryo Shell of Oyster... : ... J. A. Henderson

Starch—Various ..,.
Sections of Indian Corn and Wheat.. LW, Narramore

i)

The Rings of the sae. are

they? ; bee F. N. Pierce
Starch—Various ae got ae
Radiolaria .., ay es es .. J. T. Normam-Thomas
Starch of Rice—Oryza dative sg

» » Oat—Avena ,,

Wheat—Triticum zestivum ...
* : Potato—Solanum tuberosum W. H. Read
» » Sweet Potato— Convolvulus
batatus

Starch of Arrowroot aA ies .. Dr. Tinne
Diatoms trom Kamchatka oes ... EE. Leonard

MAY 4th, 1917.

There was not any paper read, but the evening was
devoted to exhibiting under the microscopes ‘Living
Organisms.”

MEMBERS’ EXHIBITS—

Tenants of the Oak Apple... .. James Brown
Living Organisms 4 ek .. C. F. Burne

Living Organisms—Melicerta ringens, |x. Fr
Floscularia ornata, Hydra fusca. “

Pond Life—Brachionus pala, Sacculus
viridis, Microcodon clavus, etc. i | Theodore Garnett

Pond Life ... ee nae cfr ... J. A. Henderson
Living Organisms ... Wm. E. Harper

Actinosphaerium, closely related to

Actinophrys Sol but larger ... i E W., Hutton
Living Organisms ete oH .. E. Leonard

” 1 ae aes ... Jas. D. Macphail
Hydra Viridis, budding ... Mes ... .Wm. Narramore
Living Organisms ee EAA .. F. N. Pierce
Lemon scale insect ne ae .. W. H. Read
ue Alecia... a }I. T. Norman-Thomas
Living Organisms “0 a .. C. H. Hesketh Walker

RRR | ae tee. ang HY, De, White
SEPTEMBER 7th, 1917.

There was no paper read, but the evening was
devoted to exhibiting under the microscopes “Living
Organisms.”

10
MEMBERS’ EXHIBITS—
Species of Cynipidce

James Brown

Living Organisms C. F. Burne

9 ;, E. Fry,
Pond ria eae é W. E. Harper
Cyclosis in Tiddewceitia J. D. Macphail
Insect Structure F. N. Pierce

Wifes 16, |
Radiolaria ae a \y. , Norman-Thomas
Daphnia and Romulties bs W. H. Read
Living Organisms Hy. T. White
OCTOBER 5th, 1917.
A paper was read, entitled: —‘“Some Notes on Fungi,”

by Wm. Narramore, Esq., F.L.S., M.R.S. Inst., with Lantern

Illustrations.

MEMBERS’ EXHIBITS—
Radiolaria
Fungi : role
Transverse Scetibn —Copriuus

F. Bertrand
Jas. Brown

Spiral Fungus—“Trichia chrysosperma”
Spores—Meadowsweet Fungus
= Periwinkle ‘ij

Fungus—Teleutospores from Fiatiahle
Pond Life (Brachionus Bakeri and other Theodore Garnett

ie Fry

Rotifera) pi Phy
Wing of White Plume Moth sae ... J. A. Henderson
Fungus E. Leonard

Peziza—ascus ike spores
Pythium—Seedling : disease
Insect Structure
Radiolaria =

Rose leaf Fungus.

NOVEMBER 2nd, 1917.

J. D. Macphail
W. Narramore
F. N. Pierce

a \y. T. Norman-Thomas

Mr. R. Croston read a paper on “ Sphagnum as a
Dressing for War Wounds.”
MEMBERS’ EXHIBITS —

Radiolaria ...
Pupal spiracle ot Smerinthus populi..,

F, Bertrand
| Jas. Brown’

11

Plant Sections—Helianthus Annuus ... E. Fry.

Pond Life (Oecistes stygis, Oecistes
pillula, Stephanops chlzna, Tar- | Theodore Garnett
digrada, Ophridium sessile, etc.) ..

-Radiolaria ... = ae 2A ... J. A. Henderson
Platino cyanide of Magnesinta,.. ... W. Larkin

ee inctiing rocking mpores | W- H. Rep

Insect Structure ... oa te ~ FN. Pierce
Radiolaria ... A, co oe .. J. IT. Norman-Thomas
Sphagnum ... 25 a at .. J. D. Macphail

DECEMBER 7th, 1917.

Mr. W. T. Haydon read a paper on “Henry David
Thoreau, an old time Naturalist,” illustrated by Lantern

Slides.
MEMBERS’. EXHIBITS—

Dipteral halteres ... F gt —— Brown

Rock Sections under nae light : _
Syenite ... : seg eas oe
Quartz Diorite
Olivine Gabbro
Olivine Dolorite F

Pond Life (Philodina Ligeia lepenelen
Brachionus _ brevispina, Limnias
myriophylli, Stephanops muticus,
Rixicolo affinis, etc. ... ame Bs

-Radiolaria ...

Head of Spidet aeaieged sathant
"pressure

Pe eeet ils ot —Catipadua Biticd Hisck
and Hydra viridis we

Radiolaria ... ae a. T. Norman-Thomas
Diatoms in Ae) cael of Sradpale C. H. Hesketh Walker

Theodore Garnett

J. A. Henderson

Thompson Muskett —

. H. Read

are following Field Meetings were held:—

May 26th, 1917—At Bromborough — Leader—Mr. C. F. Burne |

June_ 30th, 5, -,, Runcorn a Mr. F. W. Hutton
July 28th, ,, ,, Allerton, etc. - ;, | -Mr.-Theodore Garnett :
mepept.. ist, ,, = Mollington-

:

| Sept. 29th, _,, Allerton i Mr. Theodore Garnett

12

=

Librarian's Report, Ist January, 1918.
——EE—————— EE

During the past year the Library has been increased
by the following works :—

By Presentation :—

Journals of the Royal Microscopical Society. Quekett
Microscopical Club and The Manchester Microscopical Society.

By Purchase :—
Popular Handbook to the Microscope.
By Lewis Wright, 1910 Edition (making 2 copies).
Name this Flower, by Gaston Bonnier.

Principals of Plant Teratology, vol. 2, by W. C. Worsdell
(Ray Society publication).

Optic projection, by S. H. and H. P. Gage.
Life of the Caterpillar, by J. Fabre.
Making a total of 321 volumes in the Library.

I am glad to be able to report that members evince
an increasing interest in the Library, and that during 1917
69 works were taken out as against 50 in 1916 and 7 in 1915.

This is of course very gratifying to me and I hope
the interest may continue, and even increase, in 1918. I
shall be most happy to advise new members as to any
works they may require, and if the latter are not already
in the Library to try and obtain same should they appear
likely to be of general interest.

As to slides I can only repeat what I said on this
occasion a year ago, namely that very little use is being
made of our extensive collection.

E. LEONARD,
Hon. Librarian.

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LIVERPOOL MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY.

LIST OF MEMBERS.
JANUARY, 1918.

HONORARY MEMBERS.

R. NEWSIJEAD, M.Sc,, IRS. A.L.S., FES; Liversock
University.

*J. T. NORMAN-THOMAS, F.L.S., The Serpentine
South, Blundellsands.

WILLIAM NARRAMORE, ELS. M.R.S., Inst.,
‘‘Devonia,” Cambridge Avenue, Great Crosby,
Liverpool.

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS.

Miss Jane Weightman, M.A., Principal, “Mary Vaughan”
High School, Hang Chow, Chekiang, China.

J. L. K. Pedder, Heywood’s, St. Peter, Barbados.

Seabury Edwardes, Excise Dept., Bhamo, Upper Burma.

ORDINARY MEMBERS.

* Members of Council.
ELECTED

1881 Abraham, Miss Emma C., Grassendale Park.

1917 Ahlborn, Miss Jane, 23 Ramilies Road, Sefton Park.

1900

1905
1907
1915
1914
1901

1916

i 1917

1917

1903

1917

1904

1918

1913

1891

1879

1905 .

1916

15

Aman, F. Y.,' Assoc. Mem. Inst., C.E., City
Engineer’s Office, Municipal Buildings, Dale Street.

Armstrong, Frank, 112 Bold Street.
Astbury, E., ‘‘Merok,” 3 Belvidere Park, Great ei
Wena Thomas, 70 Bold Street.
*Bertrand, Frank, 34a Bold Street.
Bridger, Robert, 1 Sea Road, Wallasey.

Broadbridge, W. R., Central Buildings, 41-North John
Street.

Brodie., W., M.Inst., C.E., Dock, Office, Liverpool.
Brown, James, 7 Eltham Street, Fairfield.

Burne, Charles F., 2 Park House, Nelson Street, New
Brighton.

Cook, Arthur, 50 Arnold Street.

*Croston, R., 69 Marlborough Road, Tuebrook.
Cunliffe, R. Foster, 28 Princes Avenue.
Cunningham, W. J., Norman Road, Runcorn.

Davies, Herbert E., M.A., B.Sc, F.I.C, Chapel
Chambers, Chapel Street.

Deacon, H. Wade, J.P., 8 Ullet Road.
Dearsley, A. H., 112 Bold Street.

Doran, William, 32 Rufford Road, Fairfield.

1913
1918
1892
1913
1913

1912

1916

1916

1917

1885

1918
1916
1917
1912

1900

1892

1917

16
Driver, W. R., 3 Mulgrave Street.

Evans, John, 5 Parkbridge Road, Birkenhead.

Forshaw, F. H., Riverside, Halebank, nr. Widnes.
*Fry, Edward, 89 Penny Lane, Sefton Park.

Garnett, Miss Amy, South Bank Road, Grassendale.

*Garnett, Theodore, M.A., South Bank Road,
Grassendale.

Gladstone, Ernest S., Sandown Lodge, Olive Lane,
Wavertree.

Glover, Samuel, F.R.M.S., Olive Mount, St. Anns,
St. Helens.

Gould, Joseph, 73 Littledale Road, Egremont.

Gray, George Watson, F.I.C., ‘ Allendale,”
Clarendon Road, Garston.

Greenough, James, 81 Byrom Street.

Guest, Cecil F., 272, Westminster Road.

Harrison, Miss J. Bertha, 78 Huskisson Street.
*Harper, William E., 3 The Elms, Dingle.

*Haydon, James Richard, Highbury, Ranelagh Drive,
Grassendale.

Haydon, W. T., F.L.S., 55 Grey Road, Walton.

Headey, Rey. Walter A., 4 Slyne Road, Lancaster,

—

1869
1917
1915

1917

1918

1911
1910

1912

1915
1907
1913
1910

1916

1916

1898
1913

1915

17
Healey, George F., ‘‘ Oaklyn,” 27 Cearns Road, Oxton.

Hepton, J. Cussons, M.R.C.S., Springfields, Waterloo.
*Henderson, J. A., 18 Elm Hall Drive, Mossley Hill.

Hilton, Miss Irene, “Montrose,” Thingwall Road,
Wavertree.

Hughes, Miss Isabel, “Lisburn,” Wavertree Nook
Road, Wavertree.

*Hutton, F. W., 53 Greenway Road, Runcorn.
Kenworthy, A. B., 38 Egerton Road, Wavertree.

Larkin, Wm., 29 The Moorings, Banks Road, West
Kirby

Leeson, Herbert Sefton, 2 Elm Bank, Everton.
*Leonard, Edward, 14 Fairview Road, Oxton.

Leonard, Mrs. F. E., 14 Fairview Road, Oxton.

Lunt, George, “ Lincluden,” Formby, Lancs.

McDonald, Archie W., L.RC.P. and S. (Edin.),
L.R.F.P.S. (Glas.), ‘‘Glencoe,” 55 St. Mary’s Road.
Huyton.

McDonald, Mrs., ‘‘Glencoe,” 55 St. Mary’s Road,
Huyton.

*Macphail, James D., 40 Moss Lane, Walton.
Marples, Joseph, 25 Ball’s Road, Birkenhead.

Muskett, Thompson, 101 Gwladys Street, Walton,

1914

1917

1893

. 1916
1917
1888
1897

1909
1917

1881
1918
1913

1916
1885

1917

1879

18

Mussalli, A. J., ‘‘Clifton,” St. Anthony’s Road,
Blundellsands.

- Newell, Alfred V., 28 Meadway, Garden Suburb.

Nuttall, F. R. Dixon-, F.R.M.S.,‘‘Ingleholme,” Eccleston
Park, near Prescot.

*Pallis, Alexander, J.P., ‘‘Tatoi,” Aigburth Drive.
Papamosco, Miss A., 78 Huskisson Street.

*Pierce, F. N., F.E.S., 1 The Elms, Dingle,

**Powell, W. H., 2 Lord Nelson Street:

Pryce, George, B.A. 19 Fairview Road, Oxton,

Birkenhead.

Pritchard, E. O., 1 Banks Avenue, Great Meols,
Cheshire.

*Read, W. H., ‘ Lisadel,” Caithness Drive, Liscard.
Rigbey, J. H., 47 Westbank Road, Birkenhead.
Rimmer, C. Percy, 5 Devonshire Road.

*Roberts, R. W. Boothman, Waverley, Kinross Road,
Waterloo.

Robertson, Sir Helenus R., F.R.M.S., Upton Grange,
Chester.

Rogers, David A., 113 Woodchurch Road, Birkenhead.

Scholefield, Joshua William, J.P., 33 Pembroke Road,
Bootle.

1916
1916
1911

1913
1907
1917

1913
1917
1917
1911
1871

1897

19
Simpson, Thomas, M.D., fiat Reform Club.
Sloan, eben A, 40 Village Road, Oxton.
*Smith, Frank J., B.Sc., 36 Bielage Road,

_Tinne, Mrs. E. M., Oak Cottage, The Serpentine,
Grassendale.

*Tinne, Philip F., M.A., M.B., Oak Cottage, The
Serpentine, Grassendale.

Tryhorn, Frederick G., M.Sc., 45 Hallville Road,
Mossley Hill.

*Walker, C. H. Hesketh, 41 South Castle Street.
Ward, Edward H., 85 Victoria Road, Tranmere.
Weightman, Miss F., Alexandra Road, Waterloo. |

*White, Henry T., 2 Reedville, Oxton.

Williams, J. Michael, 31 Grove Park.

Williams, W. Collingwood, B.Sc., F.I.C., Beechfield,
Roby.

20
THE
LIVERPOOL MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY

was founded in the year 1868, having for its object the
cultivation and advancement of Microscopy.

The ordinary meetings are held at the Royal Institution,
Colquitt Street, at 7-30 o’clock on the first Friday evening:
in every month, except January, June, July and August.

The Annual General Meeting is held on the third Friday
in January.

During the summer a number of Field Meetings are
arranged, to which members are invited to bring their friends.

Candidates for Membership must be proposed by three
or more. members, one of the proposers from personal:
knowledge of the candidate,

The Society possesses a usetul Library, and numerous
Microscopical preparations.

Further information may be had from the Hon, Secretary.

ESTABLISHED 1848.

ARCHER’S eezics
The “IDEAL”

will show to perfection any distance
from 1 to 100 feet from screen.

100,000 Slides in stock for Sale or hire.
First-class Operators provided.

LISTS FREE.
ARCHER & SONS, 73, Lord Street,
4927 Bank, LIVERPOOL, «of 18 Livexpoot.
fS PRESENTED

WATSON’S MICROSCOPES

AND ACCESSORIES

Watson’s Microscopes are appreciated by all who use them,
because of their accuracy and comfort in working. Every detail of construction
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SPECIAL FEATURES OF
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Stands are designed to give a maximum of
rigidity.

“Built-in ’”’ mechanical stage, giving maximum
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Large diameter body tube, for photo-
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Compound focussing and centring substage.

BRITISH MADE

Watson’s ‘“‘Versalic”’ 1/12 inch oil immersion objective
combines many advantages, including an unusually flat field, an exceptionally
long working distance, and an immovable front lens.

War Price £6: 5: 0, including oil bottle and immersion oil.

Watson’s 1/6 inch semi-apochromatic objective, like the
Versalic, combines a very flat field with a long working distance (1 mm.).
It is highly recommended by the leading authorities. War Price £2:0:0.

Watson’s BRITISH MADE HAMACYTOMETERS, with
Thoma rulings and two pipettes, can be supplied from _ stock.
Price £2:2:

Microscopic Objects. Catalogue No. 3 gives full details of
_ Watson’s stock, which is the largest in the world. Post free on request.

W. WATSON & SONS, LTD.

[ESTABLISHED 1837]

313 High Holborn, London, W.C.1.

Optical Works: HIGH BARNET, HERTS.

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104, Charing Cross Road,
: ONdON, W.C. Estosiishea 1854.

Write to us for 5
QUOTATIONS BEFORE
. BUYING ELSEWHERE.

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WE SPECIALISE IN

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COLLECTING APPARATUS

We can still supply most of our speci
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Our stock in all branches is extensive
and now includes a much larger selectio
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Modern Microscopes and Accessories
good prices given.

FLATTERS & GARNETT, LTD

309 Oxford Road,
Opposite the) MANCHESTER.

ANNUAL REPORTS

LIVERPOOL

Microscopical Society.

ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS.

JANUARY, 1921.

LIVERPOOL :
SPEIRS AND GLEDSDALE, LTD., PRINTERS, 18, CABLE STREET.

1921.

FIFTY-FIRST AND FIFTY-SECOND

ANNUAL REPORTS

OF THE

LIVERPOOL

Microscopical Society.

ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS.

JANUARY, 1921.

LIVERPOOL :
SPEIRS AND GLEDSDALE, LTD., PRINTERS, 18, CABLE STREET.

1g21.

COMMEMORATION
OF THE
FIFTIETH ANNIVERSARY

3

Liverpool Microscopical Society.

SESSION LIII, 1921.

Past Presidents: Year:
JOHN BIRBECK NEVINS, M_D. ... ... 1869, 1870
Rev. WM. BANISTER, B.A. = ats BAM 7
Rev. Dr. DALLINGER, F.R.S._... 1 tOy an, Rael
JOHN ABRAHAM oe: : oe scot, eee
fj}. “DRYSDALE; M.D, F.R.M.S. vi say Deed
JOHN NEWTON, M.R.C.S. i 1875, 1894, 1895
Rev. HENRY H. HIGGINS, M.A. ... 1876, 1877, 1886
GEORGE F. CHANTRELL ... bee ae NOS
fs, CRICKS,: P-R.C.S:) °F L.8.0%.2: ie @ OOO
WILLIAM CARTER, M.D., F.R.C.P. 1881, 1891, 1892
W. H. WEIGHTMAN, F.R.M.S. ee sie 4 EOS?
SRANK (T: > PAUL, F.R.C.S. br REGS
CHARLES BOTTERILL se) ee 1884, 1885
Rev. F. BALLARD, D.D., B.Sc., F.G.S., F.R.M.S. 1887
A. NORMAN TATE, F.I.C., F. ‘sf S20 Re M.S-: ..... 1838
ISAAC C. THOMPSON, EES, F.R.M.S. 1889, 1890
F. CHARLES LARKIN, F.R.C.S. : Msn) ULSOZ
EDWARD DAVIES, F.C.S., F.I.C. - <0 1896
WM. NARRAMORE, F.L.S., M.R.S.Inst. .... 1897, 1898
W.< T. HAYDON, BeLS.... 1899, 1900
HERBERT E. DAVIES, M.A., B. Sih a2 x C. IgOI, 1902
R. J. M. BUCHANAN, M.D.., M.R.C.P. iis), 4903, J190%.
JAMES D. MACPHAIL sven QO5, 1900, -TOT4,19L5
JOHN HAY, M.D., M.R.C.P. i a see's OR
AL 7H. DUDLEY % an os ... 1908, 1909
BP. N. . PIERCE, F-E\S. ee sg ssc). LG1O, TG#E
P. F. TINNE, M.A., NEB, ::. a. .ry (Moma, bEgig
THEODORE GARNETT, MAS, Sas. ~ sad (L900
J. T. NORMAN-THOMAS, F.L.S.... -«s'» LQUZ gy IGES
C. H. HESKETH-WALKER ae ees y QLQst 1GeG

OFFICERS and COUNCIL

Elected 16th January, 1920.

President:
C. H. HESKETH-WALKER.

Vice-Presidents:
THEODORE GARNETT, M.A.
EDWARD FRY.

Hon. Treasurer:

W. E. HARPER.

Hon. Secretary:
R. CROSTON.

Hon. Librarian and Curator:

THOMPSON MUSKETT.

Council :
JAMES BROWN. JAMES D. MACPHAIL.
"ARTHUR COOK. E. O. PRITCHARD.
W. DORAN, B.Sc., A.I.C. W. H. READ. As
JOS. GOULD. ROBERT A. SLOAN.
J. R. HAYDON. F. J. SMITH, B.Sc., A.1.C.
J. A. HENDERSON, J. T. NORMAN-THOMAS

’

E. LEONARD. ELS:

OFFICERS AND COUNCIL,

Elected January, 1921.

President :
EDWARD FRY.

: Vice-Presidents:
THEODORE GARNETT.

C. H. HESKETH-WALKER.

Hon. Treasurer:
W. E. HARPER.

Joint Hon. Secretaries:
R. CROSTON.
THOMPSON MUSKETT.

Hon. Librarian:
STANLEY LOWELL.

Hon. Curator:
ARTHUR COOK.

Council:
WM. HORTON. J. R. HAYDON.
J. M. LAMB. J. A. HENDERSON.
fonts. |.. LURNER. J. D. MACPHAIL.
W. H. WHITE. E. QO. PRITCHARD.
J. T. NORMAN-THOMAS

m7
aks
nN
fe
fe)
>
Z

JOS. GOULD.

FIFTY-FIRST ANNUAL REPORT
OF THE

LIVERPOOL MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY.

January, 1920.

past year. The number of members has increased,

and there is every reason for hoping that as soon as
the nation becomes more settled, and reconstruction schemes
begin to have the effect of removing many of the causes of
unrest, there will be a still greater influx of candidates for
membership. Although the number of resignations has been
greater during the year, there is a probable explanation
forthcoming in the difficulty of many members getting to
the meetings owing to restricted train service. As this is
not likely to continue long, we may expect that the
improved facilities will be followed by increased attendances.
Considering the inconvenience to the members who come
from a distance, the attendance has been very good.

i: progress has been made during the

A large number of the medals struck to commemorate
the Jubilee of the Society have been sold, and the Council
would like those members who have not already applied for
one to do so early, as it is contemplated destroying the dies,
and reproductions will then be impossible.

Three Silver Medals have been struck, of which one
has been présented to Mr. C. H. Hesketh-Walker and one
to Mr. J. T. Norman-Thomas, in recognition of their services
to the Society.

The remaining one has been placed in the Society
Cabinet.

Z,
It is with deep regret that the Council have to report

the death of Sir Helenus R. Robertson, who had been a
member of the Society 34 years.

During the year 18 ordinary members have been elected
and 10 have resigned. The present membership is 8
honorary members and 106 ordinary members.

There have been six Field Meetings during the year,
the attendance: being fair, but an increase in the number
of members attending is desirable. The Council would like
to see more of the members bringing their microscopes
on meeting nights. The exhibits contribute so much to the
interest of members and visitors.

JANUARY 17th, 1919.
The following Exhibits were shown at the meeting :—

Ova cocoon of Lumbricus terrestris. JAMES BROWN.

Embryo of the Pig _... F A. COOK
Transverse, Radial and ra peta
longitudinal sections of Pine Loe PES RY

Boxwood Model showing Transverse,
Radial and Paha aaa cies

surfaces do.
The living is of Glow. -“worm—

Lampyris Noctiluca ... ie 2a do.
Pond Life.. “Ss ae aoe ... THEODORE GARNETT.
Radiolaria.. ae a, ... J. A. HENDERSON.
Crystals of Hiponee Acid a .... W. LARKIN.
Diatom, Lepidodiscus elegans from

Simbirsk, Russias ee: E. LEONARD.
Dalton’s rhamgieie s aides of Butterfly

Scales ... Jas. D. MacpuHatt.
Wood sections ... ... E. O. PRITCHARD.
Teeth, in sections and oitieewize ... W.H. Reap.
Radiolaria - and sears paniects of

interest . : J. T. NoRMAN-THOMAS.
Curious an rare Tee Eom. Brazil. C. H. HESKETH-WALKER.
Nest of Trap Door Spider ... an do.
The Structure of Steel.. eae a do.

Ornamental Panel—Apple Blossom
and Butterfly ... ASS £2 do.

8

Section of Pitchstone, Arran, showing
early arborescent forms of Crystal-
lisation ... w: vat She 2h DWE:

Various Steels showing structure ... JOSEPH M. LAMBE.

Demonstrations of difference in hard-
ness of Metals by means of the
Scleroscope ... oe ay . do.

And also a number of other eo objects. Refresh-
ments were also provided.

FEBRUARY 7th, 1919.

Mr. J. T. Norman-Thomas and Mr. C. H. Hesketh-
Walker were presented with a copy of the Jubilee medal
struck in silver.

The medals struck to commemorate the Jubilee of the
Society were on exhibition, and issued to the members.

The President delivered a lecture entitled ‘‘ The
Fairyland of Science,’’ illustrated by Lantern Slides, Colour
Drawings on the Blackboard, and Chemical Experiments.

THE FOLLOWING WERE THE EXHIBITS—

Palpal mandible of Wild Bee ...
Posterior spiracles of the larva of the

JAMES BROWN.

house fly nak an ay ... A. COOK.
Pond Life... ae oe Bee ... THEODORE GARNETT.
Sections of Ivy Stems ... a. ... E. A. GIBSON.
Mitosis in root of Water Lily... ee GOULD:
Electrolytic action BS Pe: ... J. A. HENDERSON.
Hydrachna $s Pi. i. ... W. LARKIN.
Diatoms ... oe ae nee ... FE. LEONARD.
Foraminifera (opaque)... We See ele VEUS Robi tsee
Coremata of Diasemia Ramburialis... F. N. PIERCE.

Section of Granite (Polariscope) ... W. H. READ.

MARCH 7th, 1919.

Mr. Geo. F. Healey presented to the Society a number
of books, and also a cheque for £10, as an acknowledgment
of pleasure he has received at our meetings through a
number of years.

Mr. Leonard read a communication from Mr. Albert
Mann (Corresponding Member) on the presence. of Diatoms
in Snow from a storm at Madison, Wisconsin.

Mr. Jos. Marples exhibited by means of lantern slides
methods of demonstrating Acoustic Curves.

THE FOLLOWING WERE THE EXHIBITS—

Vacated Ova of Vapourer Moth ... JAMES BROWN.
Transverse section, Leaf of Holly ... CHAS. F. BURNE.
* Pond Life.. 5: dee JS ... THEODORE GARNETT.

Pesctinpidisens Jeponiets in situ on

Coralline ei se aie ... J. GOULD.
Chemical ane es ae ... J. A. HENDERSON.
Sphzrozoum Punctatum ae ... W. LARKIN.
Various Parasites ae Jas. D. MAcPHAIL.
Shells recently sent by a a K.

Pedder, Esq., Barbadoes ... do.
Insect Structure.. es ... EF. N. PIERCE
Intestine of ecpea hance ... W.H. READ.
Radiolaria ine He ... J. T. NORMAN-THOMAS.
Insect Structure : ... C. H. HESKETH-WALKER.
Insects, and detached dancers oe SHY ES WHITE:

And also a number of others.

APRIL 4th, 1919.

Mr. W. T. Haydon, F.L.S., delivered an address on
Reproduction in Pinus Sylvestris, with lantern illustrations.

MEMBERS’ EXHIBITS—

eee en phoneme! Cemimatum,
with photos ... = ... H. R. BOULTON.

Fragment of Flustra foliadés ... JAMES BROWN.
Fertile Spike of Selaginella ... ... A. COOK,

10

Medusa of Obelia geniculata ... ae 42 GOULD:

Pond sliife.2° sts: ae F ... THEODORE GARNETT.
Eyes of Spider ... a: Bey ‘.. G. F. HEALEY.
Electrolysis of Lead Acetate ... ... J. A. HENDERSON.

Metal specimens—Steel, Brass, Copper J. M. LAs.
Pinus Sylvestris—Transverse section

of. eeaft . ms Mp are ... W. LARKIN.
Pinus Sylvestris—Transverse section

of Seed ... ae if san oe do.
Diopsis apicalis ... Me): See ... JAS. D. MACPHAIL.
Liver (injected) ... ret ee 50 W. EL READ:
Radiolaria 2, re nye ... J. T. NORMAN-THOMAS.
Insect Structure ... be ... C. H. HESKETH-WALKER.

Asparagin and others (polariscope)... Ep. H. WARD.
Fresh Water Diatoms, Melosira,
Synedra, Fragillaria... a ... E, G. WILLIAMS.

And others. :

MAY and, 1919.

Gossip meeting.

THE FOLLOWING WERE THE EXHIBITS—
Diatoms—Gomphonema Germinatum H. R. BOULTON.

Protococci ~ ae fe eg ... JAMES BROWN.
Eggs of House Fly ... SAS ... G. N. COOMBS.
Eyes of do. =o a bb do.
Pond liters: a 50 oh .... THEODORE GARNETT.
do. he ee he se 7 HEGULD:

Living Organisms aw aan ... _W. E. HARPER.

; do. Pe ahs ... J. A. HENDERSON.
Diatoms ... ois aie Se ... E, LEONARD.
Pond Life..: oe ae 2 ... JAS. D. MACPHAIL.
Life... & Bs oe Acs ... J. T. NORMAN-THOMAS.
Radiolaria hy “ do.

Some Dissections of the Flea, Pulex
irritans ... ts Cs Bt ... C, H. HESKETH-WALKER.

_

Il

SEPTEMBER sth, 1919.

The President gave a short address welcoming the
members to the opening of the winter session 1919/20, after

_which the meeting was thrown open.

MEMBERS’ EXHIBITS—

Desmids—Closterium ... 3 ... JAMES BROWN.
Pond Life... ae in ae ... THEODORE GARNETT.
Living objects ... Ne aS dis GOULD:
Pond Life... a Ras 25 ... , J. A. HENDERSON,
aaitom s: wheh07F ea. ony ae ... E. LEONARD.
Pond Life.. it Jas. D. MACPHAIL.
ae Pplfehantl, ae. Gi ssndes W. H. READ.
Insects .:. mi ras ...: ... C. H. HESKETH-WALKER.
Various... ae hs: a ... H. T. WHITE.

And others.

OCTOBER ata IQIQ.

Mr. R. A. Sloan gave an address upon the methods of
finding the focal length of lenses, illustrated with numerous
diagrams on the blackboard.

MEMBERS’ EXHIBITS—

Snakeshead Coralline (Adeta anguina) G. N. COOMBS.

Pond Life.. At ... THEODORE GARNETT.
Leaf Bee danas of various ibaiew A. E. A. GIBSON.
Fredericella sultana.... 62 GOULD:
West Indian Sponges, &c., sent by
. L. Pedder, Barbadoes ... Jas. D. MACPHAIL. ~
ving Diatoms—Bacillaria Fie doxa. T. MUSKETT.
Lophopus crystallinum—mounted ... J. T. NORMAN-THOMAS.
Plumatella repens do. “38 do.
Radiolaria Fh do.
Tongue and Ugeers: of Cleese or
Horse Fly Se E. GARDINER WILLIAMS.

pS Pere.

12
NOVEMBER th, ro10.

Mr. F. W. Hutton read his paper (postponed from
October meeting) on the History and Development of The
Polyzoa, and illustrated same by lantern slides and specimens.

EXHIBITS IN ILLUSTRATION OF THE SUBJECT :—

Gemellaria loricata

J. A. HENDERSON.

Bowerbankia imbricata... do.
Pedicellina cernua F. H. EccLes.
Cellepora sp. THEODORE GARNETT.
Flustra foliacea ... do.
Flustra carbasea W. H. READ.
Flustrella hispida do.
Membranipora pilosa ... J. T. NORMAN-THOMAS.
Crisia eburnea do.
Bugula Flabellata Hy. T. WHITE.
Bugula turbinata do.
Flustra foliacea (section) C. H. HESKETH-WALKER.
Statoblasts—Cristatella mucedo do.
do. Plumattela repens do.
OTHER MEMBERS’ EXHIBITS—

Inorganic structure of Bone ...

JAMES BROWN.

Moss showing gemme... A. COOK.
Infusoria from Infusion of hay do.
Australian Zoophyte E. A. GIBSON.
Proboscis of Blow Fly... J. GOULD.

Radiolaria ase ay. ... J. T. NORMAN-THOMAS.
Bugula Flustra, &c., fresh cast up on
shore ~ ae W. H. READ.

And others.
DECEMBER sth, 19109.

Gossip meeting.

MEMBERS’ EXHIBITS—
Torula hae - JAMES BROWN.
Paramoecia in conjugation A. COOK.
Eggs of Lepidoptera and Diptera do.
Stinging Hairs of Nettle F. H. Eccles.

Pond Life...

THEODORE GARNETT.

13
Lungs and Ovipositor of Spider
(Epeira diadema) ‘ =f at
Pond Life... in a0
Electrolysis of Stannous chloride
Aulacodiscus grandis ...
Fern Sori...
Radiolaria x Be LS
Crystals under polarised light
Gorgonia spicules
Insect structure ... ay. oft ee
And others.

J. GOULD.

W. E. HARPER.

J. A. HENDERSON.

E. LEONARD.

Jas. D. MAgPHAIL.

J. T. NORMAN-THOMAS.
E. O. PRITCHARD.

W.. H. READ.

C. H. HESKETH-WALKER.

FIFTY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT
OF THE

LIVERPOOL MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY.

January, 1921.

T is with gratification your Council submits their report
for the past year, and in again placing on record the
continued prosperity of the Society.

The membership continues in a growing condition, and
while the increase in the roll has not been large, yet the
enthusiasm of the members in regard to microscopical
research remains unabated. It is the constant ideal of your
Council to encourage vitality and original work, rather than
aim at mere popularity and large attendances.

It is with special regret that the death of Mr. W. H.
Read has to be reported. In addition to being one of the
Society’s oldest members, he rendered over a long period
of years most valuable help, both at the Council meetings
and the members’ meeting. A man of marked originality
and thoroughly unconventional, he was a diligent student of
nature, a clever draughtsman and expert demonstrator, and
a genial friend. His absence is much deplored.

A promising member in the person of Mr. W. R.
Broadbridge has to be added to the obituary.

15

Mr. F. N. Pierce, who occupied the presidential chair
in 1910 and 1911, and who was a member of the Council
for many years, having removed from Liverpool, has been
elected to our roll of honorary members.

Commencing the year with a membership of 114, there
has been added 11 new members, while 4 members have
resigned, three being due to removals.

The membership now is 4 honorary and 5 corresponding
and 111 ordinary members, making a total of 120, being a
net increase of 6.

The general meetings of the Society have been well
attended. Six interesting papers have been read, and the
exhibits have been of a high standard. A special feature at
some of the meetings has been the exhibition of new
apparatus and demonstrations of methods of working.

Six field meetings were held during the summer months
and were well attended, the results adding to the enjoyment
and instruction of the ordinary members. The younger
members are specially invited to join these out-of-door
gatherings.

The Council are arranging for an exchange of lecturers
with other Societies during 1921, and it is confidently hoped
that this mutual co-operation may be productive of the

highest benefits.

A series of papers has been arranged for the second
portion of 1920/1921 session, and your Council looks
forward to a continuance of the enthusiasm, diligence, and
good-fellowship that has characterised the Society’s
gatherings for a considerable period.

16
LIBRARIAN’S REPORT, ist January, 1920.

During the past year the Library has been increased by
the following works :—
By PRESENTATION—

Journals of the Royal Microscopical Society and the
Quekett Microscopical Club.

PRESENTED BY Mr. GEORGE F. HEALEY—

28 quarterly and 12 monthly parts, in 8 cases, Journals of
Microscopy and Natural Science, 1890-7.

24 monthly parts, in 4 cases, Microscopical Journal and
Transactions of Royal Microscopical Society.

12 Parts Microscopic Objects, figured and described by

J. H. Martin.
7 vols. Journal Transactions of Victoria Institute,
1867-74.
17 loose parts, Transactions of Victoria Institute,
. 1895-1899.

‘* The Microscope.’’ Dr. Hogg.

Evenings at the Microscope. Gosse.

British Beetles. E. C. Rye.

Entomology. Kirby and Spence.

10 vols., Proceedings of Liverpool Biological Society.
Guide to Exhibition of Galleries at the British Museum.
Life Histories and their Lessons. Dallinger.

PRESENTED BY Mr. GEORGE FRY—
‘* Jungle Peace.’’ Beibe.

By PuRCHASE—

Life of Grasshopper. Fabre.
The Sacred Beetle. Fabre.

Making a total of 361 Volumes in the Library.

The issue of Books to Members is still increasing.
During 1919 94 works were taken out, as against 85 the
previous year.

The issue of Slides has more than doubled. 32 lots,
comprising 372 slides, were issued to Members during the
year 1919, as compared with 15 lots (179 slides) for the year
1918. E. FRY, Hon. LIBRARIAN.

17
LIBRARY REPORT, 1920.

The books in the Library have been in good demand
during the past year. One hundred and four books were
issued, against 94 in 1919.

The following new books have been added to the
library :—

1 Vol. and 1 Set Plates from the Ray Society—British
Fresh Water Rhizapods.

1 Vol. Life in Inland Waters, from the Publishers.

1 Set Journal R.M.S. for 1920.

I < Quekett Club for 1920.

_ Making 375 volumes.

CURATOR’S REPORT, 1920.

The slides in the cabinet have been in greater demand,
some 20 members taking out 474 slides, as against 372 in
1919 and 179 during 10918. ,

The increased work in this department makes it
desirable to appoint a Curator in addition to the Librarian.

The following are the details of the meetings :—

JANUARY.
President’s address, entitled ‘‘ The Little Things that
peount.’’

THE FOLLOWING WERE THE EXHIBITS—
Crystallisation of Coumarin (Polari-

scope) ... Ase Bs a ... G.M. BEAUMONT.
Red and White Corpuscles (Man) ... JAMES BROWN.
Section of Potato—Starch grains in

situ ae ae me eee ... CHAS. F. BURNE.
Eggs of Odenata from France Am GOOK
Pond Life... ~h Be a ... THEO. GARNETT.
Hippuric Acid (Polariscope) ... a: J GOULD.

Australian Gold Dust ... ai ... J. A. HENDERSON.

Radiolaria
Yeast

Sandy residue oe ae curranis
Sections from head of young mouse...
Circulation in sap in Valisneria

Spiralis...

FEBRUARY.

Paper by W. H. Read.
Lamellibrancha.’’

EXHIBITS—

Apex of palpus Mitylus edulis
Algae
SAREE 224 SS dori
Pond Life..
Anchors ana plates of ‘Sy ce
Crystalline Silver
Cristatella mucedo raga!
Lophopus Crystallinus do.
Section of foot of mussel

do. gill do.

do. liver do.
Miscellaneous Objects ...

Transverse sections from head ari

throat of mouse

MARCH.
Gossip meeting.

EXHIBITS—

Polychzeta (mounted)
Ova of Crangon vulgaris

Section of flower bud of Dandelion...

Drosera 3
Nerve and nerve Gelie ee
Pond Life..

Peristome se Moss runisayes

Living Organisms
Ruby Copper Ore

J. T. NorRMAN-THOMAS.
C. H. H. WALKER.

H. T. WHITE.

W. H. WHITE.

S. BLANCHFLOWER.

‘“ An Introduction to the

JAMES BROWN.
ARTHUR COOK.

‘E. FRv.

THEO. GARNETT.
J. GOULD.
J. A. HENDERSON.
T. MUSKETT.
do.
W. H. READ.
do.
do.
C. H. HESKETH-WALKER.

W. H. WHITE.

S. BLANCHFLOWER.
JAMES BROWN.
ARTHUR COOK.

F. H. EcCLeEs.

E. FRY.

THEO. GARNETT.
J. GOULD.

W. E. HARPER.
daa HENDERSON.

EXHIBITS (continued )—
Various
Radiolaria—T he cithert Cinse
Photomicrographical slides
Grouped Diatoms
Various stem sections ...
Miscellaneous

APRIL.

STANLEY LOWELL.

T. MUSKETT.

J. T. F. SMITH.

H. T. WHITE.

W. H. WHITE.

C. H. HESKETH-WALKER.

Paper by Mr. Arthur Cook. ‘‘ A Few Notes on the
Comparative Anatomy and Physiology of some common

Invertebrates.”’

EXHIBITS—
Muscle in leg of Oniscus
Miscellaneous Objects ...
Polycistina
Pond Life..
Pond Life..

Head of banat spider (Eaciaaiadeina)

Pond Life..
Radiolaria Pe
Miscellaneous ee

Colorado Beetle Doryphoradecom-
lineata ... a

Hydrozoa Obelia Pr nichlats ne
Crustacea Mysis...
Miscellaneous
Rock sections
Oxalate of Chromium Ber Ppoinsh
(polar) , ce “a
MAY.
Gossip meeting.

EXHIBITS—
Living organisms 3 ;
Antheridia and Oogonis of Nitella..
Pond Life...
Pond Life...
Pond Life...
Living organisms
Living organisms

JAMES BROWN.
ARTHUR COOK.
F. H. ECCLEs.

E. FRY.

THEO. GARNETT.
J. GOULD.

W. E. HARPER.

J. A. HENDERSON.
STANLEY LOWELL.

J. D. MACPHAIL.
T. MUSKETT.
do.
C. H. HESKETH-WALKER.
E. H. WARD.

“ H. T. WHITE.

JAMES BROWN.
ARTHUR COOK.
C. F. BURNE.

E. FRY.

THEO. GARNETT.
J. GOULD.

W. E. HARPER.

MEMBERS’

20

EXHIBITS (continued )—
Living organisms
Pond Life..
aicealieniaae

Cotton, Wool, and Flax

SEPTEMBER.

Diatome vulgare...

Living organisms

Pond Life...

Pond Life...

Pond Life...

Melicerta Ringens

Living organisms ae
Volvox Globator (mounted) ...
Radiolaria

Plant Hairs

Living Fresh

water
Ephemera <

Larve

OCTOBER.

of

. A. HENDERSON.

. D. MACPHAIL.

. H. HESKETH-WALKER.
T. WHITE.

EXHIBITS OF LIVING ORGANISMS—

JAMES BROWN.

ARTHUR COOK.

F. H. Eccles.

EER

THEO. GARNETT.

J. GOULD.

J. A. HENDERSON.

T. MUSKETT.

J. T. NORMAN-THOMAS.
W. H. READ.

C. H. HESKETH-WALKER.

A paper by Mr. James Brown on ‘‘ Mounting Media.’”’
Exhibition of deep cell mounting by Mr. C. H. Hesketh-

Walker.

Exhibition of new Turn-table by Mr. R. A. Sloan.

EXHIBITS—
Various mounts ...

Living organisms

Pond Life...

Living organisms in water
Pond Life...

Cornuspira involvens
Miscellaneous

Electrolysis of he oes
Cristatella mucedo (mounted)
Radiolaria

Deep cell mounts

Rock sections

Foraminifera

JAMES BROWN.

ARTHUR COOK.

F. H. EccLeEs.

E. FRY.

THEO. GARNETT.

J. GOULD.

W. E. HARPER.

J. A. HENDERSON.

T. MUSKETT.

J. T. NoRMAN-THOMAS.
C. H. HESKETH-WALKER.

. E. H. WARD.

H. T. WHITE.

MEMBERS’

NOVEMBER.

A paper by Dr. Alfred Holt

Microscopy.”’

EXHIBITS—

Pond Life...

Down ia
Ichneumoned ane ae
Various Diatoms a
Crystals by polarised light
Pond Life...

Miliolina pulchella
Miscellaneous Ba
Electro-chemical aidéniposman
Berberine, sent by W. Larkin

Archegonia of eee; sent by
axrkiny -... bi

’ Isotoma Grisea (Collembola Degee-
ridea) se

Slides showing structure a Tsetse Fly
Radiolaria ;

Amygdaline by plated light
Brownian movement o. :
Chemical slides by polarised beutc..
Various

W.

DECEMBER.

Exhibition of new Objective Changer by Mr.
Sloan, with practical Demonstrations.

EXHIBITS—
Chelifers (living) ...

Cornea of Gad Fly

Fish scales

Pond Life...

Polystomella Crispa

Living organisms wo
Electrolysis of Lead Nitrate ...
Crystals

Radiolaria

Miscellaneous

on ‘‘ Chemistry and

S. BLANCHFLOWER.
JAMES BROWN.
ARTHUR COOK.

F. H. ECcCLEs.

E. FRY.

THEO. GARNETT.
J. GOULD.

W. E. HARPER.

J. A. HENDERSON.
T. MUSKETT.

do.

J. D. MAcPHAIL.

J. T. NorMAn-THOMAS.
W. H.
J Palits
Ebel,
Gri:

R. A.

ARTHUR COOK.

F. H. Eccles.

E. FRY.

THEO. GARNETT.

J. GOULD.

W. E. HARPER.

J. A. HENDERSON.

T. MUSKETT.

J. T. NORMAN-THOMAS.
C. H. HESKETH-WALKER.

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24

LIVERPOOL MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY.

LIST OF MEMBERS.
January, 1919.

HONORARY MEMBERS.
R. NEWSTEAD, M.Sc., F.R.S., A.L.S., F.E.S., Liverpool

University.

*J]. T. NORMAN-THOMAS, F.L.S., The Serpentine South,
Blundellsands.

WILLIAM NARRAMORE, F.L.S., M.R.S., Inst., 33 Milton
Road, Waterloo, Liverpool.

F. N. PIERCE, F.E.S., The Old Rectory, Warmington,
Oundle, North Hants.

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS.

”

Miss Jane Weightman, M.A., Principal, “‘ Mary Vaughan
High School, Hang Chow, Chekiang, China.

J. L. K. Pedder, Heywood’s, St. Peter, Barbados.

Seabury Edwards, F.R.M.S., Supt. of Excise, Moulmein,
Lower Burmah.

W. H. Harrison, Imperial Agricultural Research Institute,
Pusa (Behar), N. India.

Albert Mann, Bureau of Plant Industry, Washington, U.S.A.

ORDINARY MEMBERS.

* Members of Council.

ELECTED

1881

£017

1900

1905
1915

1920

1919
1919
IQOI
1917
1917
1919

$993

1920

Abraham, Miss Emma C., Grassendale Park.
Ahlborn, Miss Jane, 23 Ramilies Road, Sefton Park.

Aman, F. T., A.M.Inst.C.E., City Engineer’s Office,
Municipal Buildings, Dale Street.

Armstrong, Frank, 112 Bold Street.

Atkinson, Thomas, 70 Bold Street.

Beadle, Miss Margaret, 177 Clifton Street, Old
Trafford.

Beaumont, G. M., Bariviesdale, nat Cross.
Blanchflower, S., 66 Garmoyle Road, Sefton Park.
Bridger, Robert, 1 Sea Road, Wallasey.

Brodie, W., M.Inst.C.E., Dock Office, Liverpool.
Brown, James, 7 Eltham Street, Fairfield.
Bullen, David, The Glade, Aughton.

Burne, Charles F., 2 Park House, Nelson Street,
New Brighton.

Campbell, J. H., 20 Tatton Road, Orrell Park,
Liverpool.

Birkenhead.
1917 *Cook, Arthur, 50 Arnold Street.
1918 Coombs, G. N., 95 Romer Road.
1920 Cross, George, 20 Fieldway, Wavertree.

26 .
ELECTED
1918 Clark, Rev. E., 67 Salisbury Road, Wavertree.
1918 Collie, C. Holmes, Yew Tree Farm, Moreton, near
1904 *Croston, R., 69 Marlborough Road, Tuebrook.

:

1918 Cunliffe, R. Foster, 28 Princes Avenue.

1891 Davies, Herbert E., M.A., B.Sc., F.EC., Chapel
Chambers, Chapel Street.

1913 Cunningham, W. J., Norman Road, Runcorn.
1879 Deacon, H. Wade, J.P., 8 Ullet Road.

:
1905 Dearsley, A. H., 112 Bold Street.

1916 Doran, William, B.Sc., A.I.C., 32 Rufford Road,
Fairfield.

1913. Driver, W. R., 3 Mulgrave Street.

1918 Drury, James D., 5 Suffolk Street, Hawthorne Road,
Bootle.

1919 Eccles, F. H., 16 Abergele Road, Stanley.

1919 Ellison, George, 52 Serpentine Road, Liscard.

ta ice a i i, i se id

27

ELECTED

1920 Elledge, Harold M., 38 St. Nicholas Road, Wallasey.

1918

1920

1892

zor3

1913

IQI2

1920

1918

EOT9

1916
1918
BOL]

1885

1916

Evans, John, 5 Parkbridge Road, Birkenhead.

Ewart, F. J., 71 Bold Street.
Forshaw, F. H., Riverside, Halebank, near Widnes.

*Fry, Edward, 89 Penny Lane, Sefton Park.

Garnett, Miss Amy, South Bank Road, Grassendale.

*Garnett, Theodore, M.A., South Bank Road,
Grassendale.

Gauld, James, 1 Thackeray Street.

Gibson, E. A., 1 Sandon Road, Egremont.

Gilbert, Miss M., Public Library, Chiswick.
Gladstone, Ernest S., Woolton Vale, Woolton.
Gleave, Miss E. L., 19 Meadowcroft Road, Wallasey.
*Gould, Joseph, 73 Littledale Road, Egremont.

Gray, George Watson, F-.I.C., ‘‘ Allendale,”’
Clarendon Road, Garston.

Guest, Cecil F., 272 Westminster Road.

28
ELECTED

1918 Guttridge, J. Mason, Trafford House, Serpentine
South, Blundellsands.

1918 Harley, George K., 25 Park View, Waterloo.
1912 *Harper, William E., 3 The Elms, Dingle.

1900 “Haydon, James Richard, Highbury, Ranelagh Drive,
Grassendale.

1892 Haydon, W. T., F.L.S., 55 Grey Road, Walton.
1919 Hayes, James, 109 Botanic Road.
1917 Heady, Rev. Walter A.

1869 Healey, George F., ‘‘ Oaklyn,’’ 27 Cearns Road,
Oxton.

1915 *Henderson, J. A., 18 Elm Hall Drive, Mossley Hill.

1917 Hilton, Miss Irene, ‘‘ Montrose,’’ Thingwall Road,
Wavertree.

1918 Horton, Wm., 17 Grove Park.

ate Hutchison, H. A., 139 Priory Road, Anfield.

1911 Hutton, F. W., 53 Greenway Road, Runcorn.
1920 Joscelyne, Stanley G., 95 Botanic Road.

1910 Kenworthy, A. B., 38 Egerton Road, Wavertree.

1920 Kerr, C. H., Hayfield, Thingwall Road, Wavertree.

29
ELECTED

1918 *Lamb, J. Mundle, West View, Moor Park,
Fazakerley.

1919 Lamb, Mrs., West View, Moor Park, Fazakerley.
1912 Larkin, Wm., Wingtrim, Slade, Ilfracombe.

1915 Leeson, Herbert Sefton, 2 Elm Bank, Everton.

1907 Leonard, Edward, 93 Shrewsbury Road N., B’head.
1919 *Lowell, Stanley, 18 Queens Drive, Stoneycroft.

1920 McCullagh, Rev. C. B., B.A., 38 Marmion Road,
Sefton Park.

1916 McDonald, Archie W., L.R.C.P. and S. (Edin.),
L.R.F.P.S. (Glas.), ‘‘ Glencoe,’’ 55 St. Mary’s
Road, Huyton.

1916 McDonald, Mrs., ‘‘ Glencoe,’’ 55 St. Mary’s Road,
Huyton.

1898 *Macphail, James D., 40 Moss Lane, Walton.

1920 Manson, S. J. D., 18 Great George Street, Waterloo.
1919 Mapplebeck, W., L.D.S., 50 Rodney Street.

1913 Marples, Joseph, 25 Ball’s Road, Birkenhead.
1919 Mossman, E. H., 46 Stanley Street, Fairfield.

1915 *Muskett, Thompson, ror Gwladys Street, Walton.

30
ELECTED
1917 Newell, Alfred V., 28 Nook Rise, Wavertree.

1893 Nuttall, F. R. Dixon-, F.R.M.S., ‘‘ Ingleholme,”’
Eccleston Park, near Prescot.

1916 Pallis, Alexander, ‘‘ Tatoi,’’ Aigburth Drive.
1921 Peel, Albert, 6 Ronald Road, Waterloo Park.

1919 Perry, Hanson, 16 Frogmore Road, Market Drayton,
Shropshire.

1920 Pierce, Dr. K. R., M.D., 34 Prince’s Avenue.

1918 Porter, Charles, Holly Bank, Greenhill Road,
Allerton.

1919 Potts, Donald, J.P., Borrowdale, Warren Road,
Blundellsands.

1909 Pryce, George, B.A., 19 Fairview Road, Oxton,
Birkenhead.

1917 *Pritchard, E. O., 1 Banks Avenue, Great Meols,
Cheshire.

1913 Rimmer, C. Percy, 5 Devonshire Road.

1916 Roberts, R. W. Boothman, Waverley, Kinross Road,
Waterloo.

1916 Simpson, Thomas, M.D., Junior Reform Club.
1916 *Sloan, Robert A., 40 Village Road, Oxton.
1911 *Smith, Frank J., B.Sc., A.I.C., 36 Brelade Road.

1918 Smith, T. J. Forrester, Dublin Street.

VX

a

31

_ ELECTED

1919 Thornton, John R. V., 122 Conway Street, B’head.

1913 Tinne, Mrs. E. M., Oak Cottage, The Serpentine,
Grassendale.

1907 Tinne, Philip F., M.A., M.B., Oak Cottage, The
Serpentine, Grassendale.

1919 Tharratt, George R., 17, Sydenham Avenue.

1919 *Turner, J. R. J., 33 Station Road, Liscard.

1913 *Walker, C. H. Hesketh, 41 South Castle Street.

1918 Wallace, R. W., Wyndcote, Elton Avenue, Crosby.

1917 Ward, Edward H., 85 Victoria Road, Tranmere.

1917 Weightman, Miss F., Alexandra Road, Waterloo.

1918 Weightman, H. H., Alexandra Road, Waterloo.

1911 White, Henry T., 2 Reedville, Oxton.

1918 *White, W. H., 1 Anfield Road, Stanley Park,
Liverpool.

1919 Wilkinson, C. H., 58 Tunstall Street, Wavertree.

1919 Williams, E. Gardner, Fairmead, Formby.

1871 Williams, J. Michael, 31, Grove Park.

1897 Williams, W. Collingwood, B.Sc., F.1.C., Beechfield,

Roby.
1920 West, David, 82 Woodcroft Road, Wavertree.

1920

Watkin, Harold G., 95 Durning Road.

THE

LIVERPOOL MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY
was founded in the year 1868, having for its object the
cultivation and advancement of Microscopy.
The ordinary meetings are held at the Royat InstiTuTION,
CoLguitrt STREET, at 7 o’clock on the first Friday evening
in every month, except January, June, July and August.

The Annual General Meeting is held on the third Friday

in January.

During the summer a number of Field Meetings are
arranged, to which members are invited to bring their

friends.

Candidates for membership must be proposed by three
or more members, one of the proposers from personal

knowledge of the candidate.

The Society possesses a useful Library, and numerous

Microscopical preparations.
Subscription 10/6 per annum.

Further inormation may be had from the Hon. Secretary.

a enemies Bae <~ Sora web vesiee Wneune 03 Aushny ip-Piny We bWs Radws eaRbeeurbnband daasaWaigisiakns aabhbpupassb uk pipite-uhreeeort err sedoceentakavncagsaszameeeed ttn tee

|| ANNUAL REPORTS

OF THE

LIVERPOOL

FOR 1921-22-23.

ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS.

JANUARY 1924.

LIVERPOOL :

J. C. McMILLAN, PRINTER, 22 DAULBY STREET.

1924,

Vacee ESAS: TREES asta eae + Sateen emne een ae ESE A AIT SIS STS,

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ANNUAL REPORTS

5 aed aS

LIVERPOOL

Microscopical Society,

FOR 1921-22-23.

ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS.

JANUARY, 1924.

LIVERPOOL :

J. C. McMILLAN, PRINTER, 22 DAULBY STREET,

1924.

FHL AO
NOLLWUOWAMIWOD

LIVERPOOL MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY.

SESSION LVI., 1924.

;

Past Presidents : Year :

JOHN BIRBECK NEVINS, M.D. _.... ... 1869, 1870
Rev. WM. BANISTER, B.A. .... ey ei eee teva
Rev. Dr. DALLINGER, F.R.S. ae ... 1872, 1879
JOHN ABRAHAM ae a: as ae Lo Ste
ce DRYSDALE,’ MD. ER MCS: =..; pt = a ST4
JOHN NEWTON, M. RCS. ee as 1875, 1894, 1895
Rev. HENRY H. HIGGINS, M.A._.... 1876, 1877, 1886
GEORGE F. CHANTRELL.... ... Bee ae ‘2 LSS
es. HICKS, FOR.CS+72-L.S.... a ae ... 1880
WILLIAM CARTER, M_D., F.R.C.P. .... 1881, 1891, 1892
W. H. WEIGHTMAN, F.R.M:S. Me ane ... 1882
PRANK T. PAUL, FE.R.G.S9) \.... te ee ... 1883
CHARLES BOTTERILL.... 2 ee ... 1884, 1885
Rev. F. BALLARD, D.D., BSc., RES. F.R.M.S. ..... 1887
A. NORMAN TATE, BEC: F.C.S., F.R.M.S. ... 1888
ISAAC C. THOMPSON, BS: F.R.M.S. 1889, 1890
F. CHARLES LARKIN, F.RCS. oe ae ... 1893
EDWARD DAVIES, FCS., REG... Ps: ... 1896
WM. NARRAMORE, F.L.S., M.R.S.Inst. ... 1897, 1898
W. T. HAYDON, Ba, .... 1899, 1900
HERBERT E. DAVIES, M.A., BSc., BEG. .. 1901, 1902
R. J. M. BUCHANAN, M_D., M.R.CP. : 1903, 1904.
JAMES D. MACPHAIL... wen “OOS 1906, 1914, 1915
JOHN HAY, M_D., MRCP. ite" ... 1907
etd DUDLEY p55 =~ es ue ... 1908, 1909
fo NOPIERCE, F.IGSa 4. iy eee ... 1910, 1911
P. F. TINNE, M.A., MB. 2a ree .... 1912, 1913
THEODORE GARNETT, M.A. ee ... 1916, 1923
J. T. NORMAN-THOMAS, F.L.S. ho ... 1917, 1918
C. H. HESKETH-WALKER _.... nes .... 1919, 1920
EDWARD FRY _.... 1921, 1922

FRANCIS J. BRISLEE, DSc., eG. “F.R.MS. .... 1924

2

OFFICERS and COUNCIL

Elected January; 1922.

President :
EDWARD FRY.
Vice Presidents -
THEODORE GARNETT, M.A.
RICHARD CROSTON.

Hon. Treasurer :
W.. gb: HARPER.

Hon. Secretary ¢

THOMPSON MUSKETT.

Hon. Librarian :
GaraN. COOMBS.

Hon. Curator:

ARTHUR COOK.

Council :
R. A. SLOAN

F. J. BRISLEE, D.Sc.,
F. J. SMITH, BSc., A.LC.

F.C. F.R.MS.
jas. GAULD. J. R. J. TURNER.
jos. GOULD. Cc. H. HESKETH WALKER.
J. A. HENDERSON. Ww. H. WHITE.
J. M. LAMB. H. G. S. WRIGHT.

JAS. D. MACPHAIL

)
‘

3
OFFICERS and COUNCIL
Elected, January, 1923.

President :
THEODORE GARNETT, M.A.

Vice-Presidents :
F. J. BRISLEE, D.Sc., F.C, F.R.M.S.
RICHARD CROSTON.

Hon. Treasurer :

W. E. HARPER.

_ Hon. Secretary :

THOMPSON MUSKETT.

Hon. Librarian :

G- N. COOMBS.

Hon. Curator :

ARTHUR COOK.

Council -
Po ECCLES. F. J. SMITH. BSc., ALC. _
ED. FRY. | R. A. SLOAN.
JAS.“GAULD C. H. HESKETH WALKER
JOS. GOULD
J. A. HENDERSON W. COLLINGWOOD
JAS. D. MACPHAIL. WILLIAMS, B.Sc. F.L.C.

C. HAY MURRAY. D.Sc. H. G. S. WRIGHT.

4

OFFICERS AND COUNCIL,

Elected January, 1924.

Presideut :
FP. _ISe Er. 20 Ses Ge, Se. S

Vice-Presidents :
THEODORE GARNETT, M.A.
C. HAY MURRAY, D. Sc.

Hon Treasurer.

W. E. HARPER.

Hon Secretary :
Hoo. 5 WRIGHT.

Hon Librarian -:
G. N. COOMBS.

Hon Curator :
ARTHUR COOK.

Council :
G. M. BEAUMONT. O. A. MORCH.
€.-H. COLLIE. R. A. SLOAN.
fe BCCLES PF. oj. SMITE. BSc Ae
Ed. FRY. C. H. HESKETH WALKER.
JAS, GAULD. A. V. WILKINSON.
JOS. GOULD. W. COLLINGWOOD

WILLIAMS, BSc. tebe

5
FIFTY-THIROD ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

LIVERPOOL MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY.

JANUARY, 1922.

The Council of the Society is gratified to report that’ the past
year has been marked by continued prosperity, the attendance
and ‘interest’ at? the winter meetings leaving nothing to be desired.

The membership at the. beginning of 1921 stood at 120. In
the course of the year 16 new names were added ‘to the roll, 12
were removed owing to death and resignation, leaving a total of
124, made up as follows :—116 ordinary, 3 honorary, and 5 corres-
ponding members.

The Society has suffered severely by the death of three of
its most active members, viz :—

(1) Mr. Joseph Marples, who had‘ long. been.connected with.
the Society and was a frequent exhibitor. A man of wide culture
and-exact seientific attainments, his retiring disposition could not
conceal his manitest.worth.

(2) Mr. J. T. Norman Thomas, F.L.S., one of the “ fathers ”’
of the Society, having been connected with it since its inception
over 50 years ago. During all that period his enthusiasm never
flagged, and it’ was always a delight to him to aid all who came
to him for material and help, or to gain benefit from his unique
experience as a naturalist. His speciality was the study of
Radiolaria, and his large stock of slides prepared:and mounted ‘by
himself proved him to be an expert of an exceptional order. He
was’ Presilent during the years 1917-18, and- held. the Society’s
Silver Medal. He occupied quite a special position in the Society,
and his presence will be sorely missed.

(3) Mr. Stanley Lowell’s: membership covered only a short
period. He acted as the Society's Librarian with acceptance,
and did good work on the Lantern Committee. His early death
is much deplored.

6

The papers read at the winter meetings, and the work exhibited,
have been of the highest excellence, and the Society has lived up
to its standard of combining efficiency with living interest. It has
been the constant policy of your Council to promote a practical
and modern application of all the subjects relating to microscopical
research, and to exclude pedantry on the one hand and mere idle
curiosity on the other.

Among the varied engagements of the year were the following:-—

January.—The Presidential Address by Mr. Edward Fry on
“Cells and their development’ with lantern illustrations.

FEeprvaRY.—Dr. Tinne gave a lucid and humorous address
on “ Glands,”’ with lantern illustrations.

Marcu.—-Mr. F. N. Pierce, F.E.S., an honorary member,
contributed a paper on ‘“‘ The Legs of Insects”’ illustrated with
well-executed drawings.

Apri..— Mr. T. Muskett gave a resumé of the Field Meetings
of the previous summer, with lantern illustrations.

May.—Mr. F. Davidson, of London, gave a lecture and
demonstration of his Micro-Telescope and Super-Microscope, which
were much appreciated and discussed among the members.

SEPTPMBER.—Miss A. Evans, of the School of Tropical Medicine,
gave an address on “ The Classification of Insects,” with mounted
specimens illustrating the various classes.

OctroBeR.—The Manchester Microscopical Society gave us a
return lecture in the person of Mr. R. A. Wardle, lecturer in zoology
at Manchester University, who gave a very humorous and inter-
esting lecture on ‘‘ The Romance of Scientific Discovery,’’ with
lantern illustrations.

NovEMBER.—Mr. W. Narramore, F.1.S., gave an interesting
account of “‘ Reproduction in Simple Green Plants,” with lantern
illustrations.

DECEMBER.—This was an open meeting, and was devoted to
exhibitions under the microscopes and to general microscopical

gossip.

a

7

The attendance at these meetings averaged 50 per cent of the
membership. The Society has been laid under a deep obligation
to Mr. R. A. Sloan for supplying a complete outfit of electric lamps,
specially designed by himself, and furnished entirely at his expense.
The warm thanks of the members are accorded to him for his
generosity.

The six Field Meetings held during the summer months did
not receive the support they deserved, although some were decided
successes. It is hoped that this branch of the Society’s activity
may attract more attention during the forthcoming year.

CURATOR’S REPORT.

During the year 205 slides have been issued to 19 members,
as against 474 and 572 in 1920 and 1919 respectively.

The slides in the cabinet have heen enriched by the following
welcome additions :--4 Slides of Polyzoa, presented by Mr. F. W.
Hutton ; 35 Slides of Physiology and Pathology, presented by
Mr. H. T. White.

The Society now possesses a large stock of slides, which repre-
sent practically every branch of microscopical science, and the:
members would be well advised to make as much use of them
as possible.

It is hoped that the coming year will show a record in the
demand for slides.

LIBRARY.

Owing to the sudden demise of the Hon. Librarian, we regret
that no report can be prepared.

8
FIFTY-FOURTH ANNUAL REPORT
Ol Wels
Liverpool Microscopical Society.

JANUARY, 1923.
The Council of the Society, in submitting their report for the
past year, have again to congratulate the members of the Society
upon a very successful year.

The interest in the monthly meetings has been attested by
the increased attendance, and by the high class of the. exhibits.

We commenced the year with a total membership of 124,
viz: 116 ordinary, 3 honorary, and 5 corresponding members.

During the year, 2 members have died, 10 members have
tesigned, and 1 ordinary member has been elected an honorary
member. Twelve new members have been elected, leaving the
membership as 115 ordinary, 4 honorary, and 5 corresponding
members, a total of 124.

The Society has to mourn the loss by death of one member
of the Council, Mr. J. R. J. Turner, which occurred on July 22nd
last. He had been a very useful member of the Society and
Council, having been actively engaged in the installation and
operation of the electric lantern.

We have also to record the death by accident of Dr. W. R.
Pierce.

The papers read at the meetings have all been of a very high
standard. They were as follow:

JANUARY.—The meeting was devoted to a general re-union
of the members, at which there was a very interesting exhibition
of microscopes, apparatus, and objects.

FEBRUARY.—A very valuable lecture was given by Dr. George
Tate, on ‘“ Micro-Fungi in Relation to Industry.” A number of
drawings and mounted objects illustrating the lecture were among
the exhibits.

Marcu.—Dr. Alfred Holt gave a lecture upon “ The Ultra-
Microscope and its Uses in Chemica! and Botanical Investigations,’
with numerous experiments. At the close many objects of general
interest were exhibited.

9
Aprit.—A paper by Dr. C. Hay Murray on ‘“‘ The Bed-bug
considered as a Microscopical Object ’’ aroused much interest.

May.—The Society was visited by Professor J. McLean
Thompson, of Liverpool University (Botanical Department) who
gave a lecture on “ The Conductive System of Ferns,” illustrated
by splendid lantern slides. The paper was followed with keén
interest and pleasure, and the lecturer was warmly thanked.

SEPTEMBER.—The meeting was devoted to microscopical
exhibits and a conversazione, at which many noteworthy objects
were shown.

OctoBER.—Dr. F. J. Brislee, F.R.M.S., gave a very instructive
paper on “ The Microscope as a Technical, Scientific, and Edu-
cational Instrument,” dwelling upon the researches of the older
amateurs, and advocating special tuition in the use of the instrument.

NOVEMBER.—Miss Annie Dixon, F.R.M.S., of the Manchester
Microscopical Society, paid a return visit, and read a paper on
her researches on the Protozoa, illustrating by lantern slides a
large number of the lesser-known organisms and contrasting them
with more familiar forms.

DEcEMBER.---Dr. J. R. Logan entertained the Society with a
paper 01 Buds, devoting chief attention to the appearance and
disappearance of visible nutritive materials, and pointing out that
oil is to be found in many buds, some containing large quantities.

The Field Meetings were fairly well attended, but the Council
would like to see greater interest taken in these very instructive
and enjoyable outings.

On March 16th and June 22nd, the members of the Society
were entertained by Messrs. Pathé Fréres with exhibitions of
cinematograph films showing microscopic organisms and various
methods of scientific manipulation.

On November 4th, the Society took part, with other Scientific
Societies of Liverpool and District, in an Associated Soirée, held
_ in the Liverpool Public Museums, which was a very great social
success. About 30 members of our Society exhibited objects
under their microscopes.

CURATOR’S REPORT.

Daring the vear, an excellent set of 164 slides, consisting
mainly of Diatoms, has, by the generosity of the widow of Mr.
J. T. Norman Thomas, been addel to the cabinets. The quality
of these slides is of a very high order, and members of the Society
will probably need no recommendation to make use of them.

10

In the present year 239 slides have been issued to 18 members,
as compared with 205 slides and 19 members for the year 1921.

It is gratifying to note the slight increase in the number of
slides loaned, and it is hoped that the year 1923 will show an
improvement even on this.

——— i SL

eee

11

FIFTY-FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT
OF THE

Liverpoo!t Microscopical Society.

JANUARY, 1924

The Council of the Society begs to report that the past year
has been marked by a series of lectures of great interest and value
during the Winter Session, and by a gratifying increase in the
attendance at the Field Meetings, in spite of the fact that bad
weather marred several of the latter.

At the beginning of the year we had a membership of 124,
viz: 115 ordinary, 4 honorary, and 5 corresponding members.
During the year under review 12 ordinary members have resigned,
2 ordinary members have been elected honorary members, and 17
new members have joined the Society. There are now 6 honorary,
5 corresponding, and 118 ordinary members, a total of 129.

The honorary members elected during the year are: Mr.
George F. Healey, who had been a member of the Society since
1896; and Mr. Thompson Muskett, who had acted as honorary
secretary of the Society from 1921 to 1923 inclusive, andy: as
assistant hon. secretarv for some time prior to that.

At the January meeting, Professor R. Newstead, F.R.S.,
F.E.S., of the School of Tropical Medicine (University of Liverpool),
gave a lecture on the Tse-tse Fly considered in relation to sleeping
sickness. His remarks, based on personal observation and research,
and illustrated by many striking lantern slides, were followed with
the greatest interest. The subject of the lecture was demonstrated
under numerous instruments.

The feature of the February meeting was an engrossing paper
by Professor W. J. Dakin, D.Sc., F.Z.S. (University of Liverpool)
on the visual organs of invertebrates, with special reference to
insects’ eyes. He imparted a great deal of out-of-the-way inform-
ation, and employed a large number of lantern slides, the beauty
of which exci‘ed general admiration.

In March, Mr. F. Davidson, of London, paid a return visit,
and gave a lecture on ‘‘ The Davon Super-Microscope,”’ explaining
the various refinements of this instrument effected since his previous
lecture to the Society.

12

A paper on “ Micro-Chemistry ’’ was read at the April meeting
by Mr. E. Gardner Williams, who covered much ground and showed
a large number of singularly fine lantern slides.

The May meeting was of special interest. Dr. C. Hay Murray
gave an account of the dehydrating and mounting of entomological
objects, and this was followed by an informative and entertaining
discussion in the course of which various members outlined the
methods favoured by them. Questions submitted with reference
to critical illumination and the image produced by the Super-
microscope were answered by Mr. E. Fry, Dr. F. J. Brislee, and
others.

In September the evening was devoted to the exhibition of
objects shown under the microscopes, of which ‘there was an
excellent display, including very beautiful examples of pond and
canal life taken by members at the last Iield Meeting.

Sir William A. Herdman, F.R.S., was the lecturer at the
October meeting, and gave a notable account of the work of
Oceanographers in the waters round our coasts. Sir William paid
special attention to the microscopic life of the Plankton, but his
account gave an outline which embraced all the main features
of the research in which he is so distinguished a pioneer.

A joint meeting of this Society and the Liverpool Botanical
Society, was held in November, when Mr. J. A. Wheldon, M.Sc.,
President of the Botanical Society, gave a paper on Mosses and
Hepatics, illustrated with lantern slides, and also by numerous
exhibits under the microscopes. Subsequently, this body was
represented at a meeting of the Botanical Society at the Hartley
Laboratories, when Mr. Wheldon read Part II of his paper.

At the last meeting, in December, Mr. R. A. Sloan lectured
on the determination of the focal length and magnifying power
of microscope objectives. He gave a masterly account of the
principles involved, and, with the aid of several diagrams drawn
to scale, simplified many difficulties.

The vear closed with interest in the Society maintained to
the full, and with the prospect of continued increase in its member-
ship and usefulness.

13

CURATORS’ REPORT.

During the year 114 slides were issued to 10 members, as
against 239 slides and 18 members for the previous year, and 205
slides and 19 members for the year 1921.

We are indebted to Mr. F. W. Hutton for the gift of the
following two slides:—Marine Polyzoa: Idmonia _ serpens.
Entomology :—(Symphyta) : Ovipositor of Rhadinoceraea micans.
The total number of slides in the cabinets is now 1,311.

LIBRARIAN’S REPORT.

During the past year 45 books were issued on loan to members,
these being distributed among approximately 25 readers. These
figures, as compared with 1922, show a decrease in the number
of books issued, viz., 45 as against 83 in 1922.

The following books and periodicals have been added to the
Library since the last report was read before the Society :—
Quarterly Journals of the Royal Microscopical Society, Quekett
Club, Lancashire and Cheshire Naturalists’ Club, and the Queensland
Naturalist. Six volumes from the Ray Society, viz., “ British
Freshwater Rhizopoda and Heliozoa’’ (Vols. IV and V) by Cash
and Wailes; “ British Charophyta,’’ by Graves and Bullock
Webster; “ British Orthoptera,” by Lucas; “ British Marine
Annelids ”’ (Vol. IV, Parts 1 and 2) by McIntosh ; and “ Elements
of Insect Anatomy,” by Comstock and Kellog. Presented by Dr.
C. Hay Murray: “Monograph on the Bed-bug”’; ‘English Mechanic”’
11 vols.; “ Chart on Object-mounting ”; “ Transactions of
the Linnean Society,’’ Vol. VI (Part 10); “‘ Transactions of the
Royal Society of Edinburgh,’”’ Vol. XLVI (Part 1). Presented
by Mr. James Gauld: ‘‘ Handbook of British Hepaticae,’’ by
Cooke; ‘“‘ Mosses and Liverworts,’’ by Russell. Presented by
Mr. I’. N. Pierce, F.E.S.: “ The Genitalia of the Tortricidae,”
by Pierce and Metcalf. Presented by?Mr. R. A. Sloan: ‘“ Charts
on Optics.’ Thus there is a total of 414 volumes and pamphlets

in the Library.

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17

LIVERPOOL MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY.

LIST OF MEMBERS,
JANUARY, 1924.

HONORARY MEMBERS.

R. Croston, 69, Marlborough Road, Tuebrook
G. F. Healey, 13, Charlesville, Claughton
Thompson Muskett, 101, Gwladys Street, Walton.

William Narramore, F.L.S., M.R.S., 33, Milton Road, Water-
loo.

R. Newstead, M.Sc., F.R.S., A.L.S., F.E.S., School of Tropical
Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool.

F. N. Pierce, F.E.S., The Old Rectory, Warmington, Oundle
North Hants. ;

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS.

Seabury Edwards, F.R.M.S., Supt. of Excise, Prome, Burmah

W. H. Harrison, Imperial Agricultural Res2arch Institute,
Pusa (Behar), North India.

Albert Mann, Bureau of Plant Industry, Washington,
U.S.A.

18
J. L. K. Pedder, Heywood’s, St. Peter, Barbadoes.
Miss Jane Weightman, M.A., Principal, “‘ Mary Vaughan *:
High School, Hang Chow, Chekiang, China.

ORDINARY MEMBERS.
Elected * Members of Council.

1917 Ahlborn, Miss Jane, 23, Ramilies Road, Sefton Park.
1881 Abraham, Miss Emma C., Grassendale Park.

1900 Aman, F. T., A.M. Inst.C.E., City Engineer’s Office, Munici-

pal Buildings, Dale Street.
1905 Armstrong, Frank, 112, Bold Street.

1922. Ashby Thomas, C., Westmount, Cornwallis Road, Maidstone

Kent.

1915 Atkinson, Thomas, 70, Bold Street.

1922 Banks, John H. L., 15, Victoria Road, Tuebrook.

1920 Beadie, Miss Margaret, 54, The Grove, Thorne Road, Don-
caster.

1923 ; Best, John J., The Ferns, Little Neston.
*1919 Beamront, G. M., Bann:sdale, Hunt’s Cross.

1924 Bowyer, Geo., 3, Quarry Bank Terrace, Weston, near

Runcorn.

*1921

1922

1917
1923

1903

1920
1923
#1918
#1917
1922
*1918

1918

1913 ©

1922,

19

Brislee, Francis J., D.Sc., F.I.C., F.R.M.S., Holmfield
Church Road, Roby.

Brislee, Miss Frances Winifred, Holmfield, Church Road,
Roby.

Brown, James, 7, Eltham Street, Fairfield.
Bryant, Edward Arthur, 8, Groes Road, Grassendale.

Burne, Chas. F., Buena Vista, East Alexandra Road,
New Brighton.

Campbell, J. H., 20, Tatton Road, Orrell Park, Liverpool.
Coffey, T. A., 24, Carrington Street, Liverpool.

Collie, C. Holmes, Braywood Villa, Moreton, nr. Birkenhead.
Cook, Arthur, 16, Clarendon Road, Blackburn.

Cook, A. Slater Carpenter’s Lane, West Kirby.

Coombs, G. N., 95, Romer Road, Liverpool.

Cunliffe, R. Foster, 28, Prince’s Avenue, Liverpool.
Cunningham, W. J., Norman Road, Runcorn.

Dance, Miss Margaret, D.Sc., The Parsonage, Leamington
Spa.

1891,

1905
1923
1913

1918

*1919

1919
1921
1918
1892
*1913
*1912
*1920

1918

1916.

1918

20

Davies; Herbert E., M:A.,.B-Sc., F.1.C., Chapel Chambers:

Chapel Street, Liverpool.
Dearsley, A. H., 112; Bold Street; Liverpool.
Doig, H., 16, Croxteth Avenue, Liscard.
Driver, W. R., 3, Mulgrave Street, Liverpool.

Drury, Jas. D., 2, Park Grove, Bootle.
Eccles, F. H., 16, Abergele Road, Stanley.

Ellison, George, 52; Serpentine Road, Liscard.

Evans, Miss Alwen M., School of Tropical Medicine, L’pcol
Evans, John, 5, Parkbridge Road, Birkenhead.
Forshaw, F. H., Riverside, Halebank, nr. Widnes.

Fry, Edward, 89, Penny Lane, Sefton Park, Liverpool.
Garnett, Theodore, M.A., South Bank Road, Grassendale.
Gauld, James, 1, Thackeray Street, Liverpool.

Gibson, F. A., 1, Sandon Road, Egremont.

Gladstone, Ernest S., 5, Mossley Hill Drive, Liverpool.

Gleave, Miss E. L., 19, Meadowcroft Road, Wallasey.

21

Gould, Joseph, 73, Littledale Road, Egremont.

Gudgeon, Thomas W., 4, Briardale Road, Rock Ferry.
Guest, Cecil F., 272, Westminster Road, Liverpool.
Gunning, Edward H., 39, Stamford Street, Holt Rd., L’pooi.
Halsall, Cyril H., Belvidere Road, Princes Park, Liverpool.
Harley, George K., 25, Park View, Waterloo.

Harper, William E., 35, Ivanhoe Road, Liverpool.
Harris, Miss Dorothy, 40, Yew Tree Road, Walton.
Harris, Charles, 3, Edenhurst, Atherton Street, N. Brighton.

Haydon, James R., Highbury, Ranelagh Drive, Grassendale.

Haydon, W. T., F.L.S., 55, Grey Road, Walton.
Hayes, James, 109, Botanic Road, Liverpool.

Henderson, James A., 18, Elm Hall Drive, Mossley Hill,

Liverpool.
Hilton, Miss Irene, ‘“‘ Montrose,”” Thingwall Road, W’ tree.

Horsburgh, D., 27, Princes Avenue, Liverpool.

Hutchison, H. A., 139, Priory Road, Anfield.

22
Hutton, F. W., 53, Greenway Road, Runcorn.
Hutton, J. T. D’Arcy, 1, Hayman’s Green, West Derby.

Johnstone, C. H., Southesk, Dowhill Road, Crosby.

Jones, Trevor Hughes, 108, Liverpool Road, Crosby.
Kefalas, Andrew, 21, Berkley Street, Liverpool.
Kenworthy, A. B., 38, Egerton Road, Wavertree.

Kerr, C. H., Hayfield, Thingwall Road, Wavertree.

Lamb, J. Mundle, Avondale, Moor Park, Fazakerley.
Larkin, William, Rushmere, Bigglescombe Park, Ilfracombe
Leonard, Edward, 93, Sirewsbury Road, N., Birkenhead.

Lipkin, R., M.P.S., 28, Lark Lane, Liverpool.

Logan, Dr. J. R., 81, Hartington Road, Liverpool.
Macphail, James ])., 40, Moss Lane, Walton.
Macphail, Mrs. G. M., 40, Moss Lane, Walton.
Manson, S. J. D., 18, Great George Road, Waterloo.
Nbeast tes W., Church Road, Wavertree.

Mapplebeck, W., L.D.S., 50, Rodney Street, Liverpool.

Mossman, E. H., 46, Stanley Street, Fairfield. -

Moore, P. A., 63, Milton Road, Waterloo.
Morch, O. A., 522, Old Chester Road, Rock Ferry. a

Murray, Dr. C. Hay, 38, Grosvenor Road, Birkenhead.
Newall, Alfred V., 28, Nook Rise, Wavertree.

Nuttall, F. R. Dixon, F.R.M.S., “ Ingleholme,” Ecclestcn

Park, near Prescot.

Pallis, Alexander, “‘ Tatoi,’’ Aigburth Drive, Liverpool.

Paton, George A., 31, Trevor Road, Orrell Park, Liverpool

Pearson, Harold S., Dental Hospital, Pembroke Place,

Liverpool.
Peel, Albert, 6, Ronald Road, Waterloo Park.

Perry, Hanson, 16, Frogmore Road, Market Drayton,
- Shropshire.

Pilgram, Stanley S., 1, Cowley Street, Runcorn.
Polson, Sidney, 83, Manor Road, Wallasey.

Potts, Donald, J.P., Borrowdale, Warren Road, Blundell-

sands.

Pritchard, E. O., 1, Dexter Street, Park Place, Liverpooi.

24
Pryce, George, B.A., 19, Fairview Road, Oxton.

Purkiss, R. E., 209, Warbreck Moor, Aintree.
Pye, Henry E., 6, Elm Terrace, Beech Street.
Rimmer, C. Percy, 5, Devonshire Road, Liverpool.

Roberts, Herbert Harper, 24, Falkner Street, Liverpool.

Roberts, R. W. Boothman, Waverley, ‘Kinross Road,
Waterloo.

Robertson, Mrs. M. E. C., 42, Rosslyn Street, St. Michael’s.

Sloan, Robert A., 40, Village Road, Oxton.
Smith, H. W., 13, Blenheim Road, Sefton Park.

Smith, F., 71, Bold Street (Lizars, Ltd.).

Smith, Frank J., B.Sc., A.I.C., 36, Brelade Road, Liverpool.

Smith, T. J. Forrester, Dublin Street, Liverpool.
Spencer, George, 539, West Derby Road, Liverpool.
Stephenson, Miss Elsie, 106, Grant Avenue, Liverpool.
Tharratt, G. R., 17, Sydenham Avenue, Liverpool.

Tinne, Philip F., M.A., M.B., Clayton Lodge, Aigburtli
Road, Liverpool.

. /
———

*1921

1922

Tinne, Mrs. E., M., Clayton Lodge, Aigburth Road, L’pool.

Travis, Ernest, 15, Alexander Road, West Derby.

Turner, Charles F., 27, Elsmere Avenue, Aigburth.

Turner, P., 50, Clarendon Road, Wallasey.
Walker, C. H. Hesketh, 41, South Castle Street, Liverpool.

Watkin, Harold G., 95, Durning Road, Liverpool.

Weightman, H. H., 13, Alexandra Road, Waterloo.

White, Henry T., 2, Reedville, Oxton.
White, W. H., 1, Anfield Road, Stanley Park, Liverpool.
Wilkinson, A. V., 31, Leominster Road, Liscard, Wallasey.

Wilkinson, C. H., 58, Tunstall Street, Wavertree.
Williams, E. Gardner, Fairmead, Formby.

Williams, J. Michael, 31, Grove Park, Liverpool.

Williams, W. Collingwood, B.Sc., F.I.C., Lynter, Eaton
Road, Cressington Park.

Wright, Harold G. S., 174, Stamfordham Drive, Springwood
Estate, Allerton.

Young, Gerald J. F., 3, Pengwern Terrace, Wallasey.

THE
LIVERPOOL MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY

was founded in the year 1868, having for its object the

cultivation and advancement of Microscopy.

The ordinary meetings are held at the Royal Institution,
Colquitt Street, at 7-30 o’clock on the first Friday evening in

every month, except January, June, July and August.

The Annual General Meeting is held on the third Friday

in January.

During the summer a number of Field Meetings are
arranged, to which members are invited to bring their
friends.

Candidates for membership must be proposed by three
or more members, one of the proposers from personal

knowledge of the candidate.

The Society possesses a useful Library, and a large

collection of Microscopical preparations.
’ Subscription 10/6 per annum.

Further information may. ad from the Hon. Secretary.

PRESENTED

1 7MAY 1955

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