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FIEST REPORT

OP THE

MICHIGAN STATE

POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

BY AUTHORITY.

LANSING:
W. S. GEORGE & CO., STATE PRINTERS AND BINDERS.

1872.

XA ^

LIBRARY
NEW YORK

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY BOTANICAL

GARDEN

OP TEB

Michigan State Pomological Society.

Geakd Rapids, Dec. 31, 1871.
To THE Secretary of State:

Sir, — lu compliance with legal requisitions, the accom-
panying Reports for the year 1870 and 1871, with sup-
plementary papers, are respectfully submitted for publication,

A. T. LINDERMAN,

Secretary of the Michigan Stat^ Pomological Society.

Note.— A portion of the matter contained in the Report for 1870 is also printed In
the Report of the Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture for the same year.
But in order to give a complete record of the Pomological Society, this repetition
wag unavoidable.

SECRETARY'S ANNUAL REPORT.

1 8 7 O

I

REPORT.

THE ORGANIZATION OF THE SOCIETY.

To the Mjmbsrs aiii OJi:^ers of tJia Michigan State Pomological Society :

The soil, climate, and geographical position of the State of
Michigan have shown that she is a favored region, and well
adapted to the cultivation and growth of ail fruits suitable to
a Northern and temperate clime. For this, tlie State is now
attracting the attention of thousands throughout the country,
and her own horticulturists seem to be awaking to a realiza-
tion of their location. Within the recollection of many in
mature life, there were but few varieties of large or small
fruits cultivated in the State ; but, to-day, as we look over a
vast country, from lake to lake, we see large and flourishing
orchards of apple, pear, peach, and cherry, besides thousands
of acres devoted to the growing of strawberries, grapes, and
other small fruits. This new industry is rapidly assuming
important proportions, and it is desirable that those engaged
in fruit culture should seek a closer connection with each
other, and should establish an organization which should
directly represent their common interests.

THE INFORMAL MEETING.

Such was the growing importance of this interest in the
State, and particularly in that portion bordering upon Lake
Michigan, that it was thought best by leading horticulturists
to call a public meeting with a view to the organization of a

8 REPOET OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

permanent State Society. Consequently, notices were issued
by A. T. Liuderman and others, and a meeting was called at
Sweet's Hotel, Grand Kapids, Feb. 11, 1870. This meeting
was attended by gentlemen from different portions of the
State, and S. L. Fuller of Grand Rupids was elected Presi-
dent, Sluman S. Bailey and L. S. Scranton, were elected Vice-
Presidents, A. T. Linderman was chosen Secretary, and E. U.
Knapp, Treasurer. Henry S. Clubb, S. L. Fuller, and L. S.
Scranton were appointed a committee to draft articles of asso-
ciation, and Jacob Ganzhorn, Wm. Voorhis, and James Ham-
ilton were appointed an Executive Committee.

THE FIRST REGULAR MEETING.

An adjourned meeting of the Society was held in Luce's
Hall, on Saturday, February 26, 1870, S. L. Fuller in the
chair. At this meeting, Articles of Association were intro-
duced by H. S. Clubb, which were discussedy- amended and
adopted.

ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION OF THE STATE POMOLOGICAL
SOCIETY OF MICHIGAN.

The undersigned, at the city of Grand Rapids, this 26th day of Feb-
ruary, 1870, hereby associate themselves under the name and style of the
State Pomological Society of Michigan, and agree to b'e^egulated by the
following articles of association, until proper legislation is obtained for
a legal organization :

Article I. — The object of the Society is to develop facts, and pro-
mulgate information, as to the best varieties of fruit for cultivation,
in the fruit regions of the State of Michigan, and the best methods of
cultivation.

Abticle II. — The officers of the Society shall consist of a President,
Treasurer, and Secretary, who, together, shall consti:ute an Executive
Committee, with full power to call meetings and transact busiuess under

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 9

the direction of the Society. [Note. — This article was amended at the
December meeting.]

Article III. — The office of the Society shall be in the city of Grand
Rapids.

Article IV. — The annual meeting for the election of officers shall be
on the first Tuesday in December, in each year ; the officers elected at
such meeting to commence service on the first of January following.

Article V. — The officers shall remain and perform their respective
duties until their successors are appointed or elected by the Society; but
the regular term of office shall expire on the 31st of December in each
year.

Article VI. — The Society shall hold a meeting on the first Tuesday
of eveiy month, at such place as the Executive Committee shall desig-
nate, under the direction of the Society.

Article VII. — Every person who subscribes, or who may subscribe,
to these articles, and pay to the Treasurer the sum of one dollar per
annum, shall be entitled to membership unless otherwise voted at a
regular meeting of the Society.

Article VIII. — No money shall be disbursed except on an order
signed by the Secretary and by direction of the Executive Committee.

Article IX. — These articles may be amended at any regular meeting
of the Society, by a majority vote of such meeting.

Article X. — By-laws may be passed at any regular meeting.

Article XI. — The Executive Committee shall require of the Treas-
urer such security as they may deem necessary for the safe keeping and
proper disbursement of the funds of the Society in his hands.

These articles of association were signed by a goodly num-
ber of gentlemen present, who congratulated themselves that
the Society was thus formally organized.

The following gentlemen were elected honorary members :
Wm. Adair of Detroit, J. G. Eamsdell of Grand Traverse,
Townsend E. Gidley of Grand Haven, Daniel Uj^ton of
Black Lake.

On motion of Mr. Jacob Ganzhorn of Spring Lake, the
following officers were elected by ballot ; President, H. G.
Saunders of Grand Eapids ; Treasurer, S. L. Fuller ; Secre-
tary, A. T. Linderman.

A Corresponding Committee was elected, composed of
Henry S. Clubb, James Hamilton, and Daniel Upton.
2

10 EEPORT OF THE SECEETAET OF THE

THE APRIL MEETING.

The first display of fruit made at a meeting of this Society
was on Tuesday, April 5. Presideut Saunders brought in a
basket of beautiful fruit, among others very fine and rich
specimens of the Eusset, and large, bright-looking Baldwins.
Mr. Holt of Cascade offered fine samples of the Swaar and
Peck's Pleasant. Mr. Houghtaling of Grand Rapids town
exhibited large, healthy, brown-looking Baldwins, and a fevr
genuine Roxbury Eussets. Mr. Erastus Hall of Grand
Rapids sent in a basket of bright, red-looking Baldwins. Mr.
J. H. Ford of Paris brought a basket of brotherly-looking
Jonathans and some hardy English Eussets. Rev. H. E.
• Waring of Grand Rapids town sent specimens of the Bald-
win, Roxbury Russet, and Tallman Sweeting. Mr. Noah P.
Husted of Lowell presented a basket of splendid Wageners,
attractive to the eye and delicious to the taste.

THE IMPOETANCE OF THE SOCIETY — THE STATE OUGHT TO

AID IT.

At the afternoon session, a letter addressed to the Treasurer,
from Mr. George Parmelee of Grand Traverse county, wae
read :

Old Mission, Mich., March 28, 1870.

Dear Sir : — From a notice in the Western Rural of March 10, 1 learn
that a State Pomological Society has been organized at Grand Rapids,
and not knowing the postoffice address of the President, I send a line to
you as a resident of the city, and likely to be present at the next meet-
in 'i;. But for the bad traveling just as our sleighing is leaving us, I
would be present at the meeting on the first Tuesday in April.

If the first "articles of association," copied in the notice referred to,
set forth mainly the objects of the Society, I will, if this reaches you in
season and meets your views, ask you to suggest to the Society at its next
meeting, the propriety of including among its objects the taking of
measures to secure the aid of the State, more effectually than is now
given, to the interests of Pomology. While we feel, and take pleasure
in acknowledging, that the State has, through its Board of A.griculture
done, and well done, much in the interests of knowledge in several
branches, it must be apparent to all who understand the resources of the

MICniGAlSr STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 11

Peninsular State, that Pomology, as a branch of airriculturc, has not had
that prominence given to it which its value and importance, both present
and prospective, in justice require. "While anything that may add to
our taxes will, and should, be closely scrutinized, the intelligence of our
citizens is certainly equal to appreciating the value and economy of reas-
onable expenditures in that direction, if practically applied. Just what
steps will best accomplish the desired ends;, the united wisdom of the
Society can best point out.

The selection of Grand Rapids as a point to initiate a State organiza-
tion seems eminently fit, for, while being nearly in the center of that
interest, the more distant southeastern portions of the State enjoy facili-
ties which render a few miles more of travel of little objection; and we
in this other extreme section recognize the fact that we could not expect
a selection that would be more convenient.

Yours truly,

GEORGE PARMELEE.
EEMAKKS ON THE CULTIVATION AND VARIETIES OF APPLES.

Members were solicited to describe their specimens of fruit
in brief speeches. Mr. Ford said he had brought scions of
English and G-olden Eussets. These apples were often con-
founded, when they were entirely different, as any one could
Bee by looking at the scions. The Golden Russet limb is slim
and light colored. Mr. F. also presented scions of the English
Eusset, which has a green and russet color. His English Eas-
gets were very hardy, — had kept them a year and a half. The
English and Golden Eussets were as different as the Baldwin
and Spitzenburg. The English Eusset grows upright and
spreads; his soil was lightish. The value of the Eussets was
in their hardy keeping qualities. His Jonathans kept well ;
the chief value of this apple was that it was an annual and
abundant bearer; there v/ere always apples where there were
Jonathan apple trees.

Eev. H. E. Waring made a statement of his fruit experience.
He resides two miles east of the city, on elevated table land,
possessing the naturally drained loamy elements most favora-
ble to successful orcharding, and makes fruit a prominent
feature of farming. Mr. W. ranks Steele's Eed Winter, and
Ehode Island Greening, among his most profitable sorts in full

12 EEPOIIT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

bearing, but has a more extensive collection of varieties that
have not yet borne in sufficient quantity to judge of their
comparative merits. He also makes peaches a specialty, and
says he has not failed of a crop for fifteen years, although
there have been a few seasons when the yield v.'as not more
than one-half or one-third of a full one. He places the early
and late Crawford, and Barnard, at the head. Finds yellow
peaches sought after v/hen the white-fleshed are a drug. Of
the latter, the Large Early York, Stump the World, and
Crockett's White, are favorites, — the latter was brought from
New Jersey and matures the latest of the three. He has also
paid some attention to both standard and dwarf pears. Among
the latter, he says, the Louise Bonne de Jersey has paid twice
as much as any other.

THE BALDWIN.

Mr. Thompson suggested that the difference in the color of
the Baldwins upon the table was occasioned by a difference in
soil.

Mr. Husted said the distinction was important. A variation
in soil produces not only a diflerence in color, but also a cor-
responding variation in size, quality, and flavor. The Baldwin
is one of the peculiar varieties which are materially changed
by the variations of soil. There are low places that are rich
and black, very cold in winter and very hot in summer ; this
soil produces a very inferior Baldwin. This apple does best on
elevated situations, where the temperature is mostly uniform.
He had watched the Baldwin for years in this State. There
was an unusual variety of soil in Michigan, and the Baldwin
succeeds remarkably well in some places, while in others it has
been discarded. Hence a 'New England man coming here is
often disappointed in the Baldwin.

Mr. Holt said the Baldwin did well with him until the
severe winter of '56-'57, when they were all killed, though
other varieties survived. Since then he had had no luck in
raising young trees, but had done well in grafting the Baldwin

MICHIGAX STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 13

r
upon old stock. He had concluded that the Baldwin was not

a hardy tree in all parts of Michigan. The Baldwin grafted

on mature stocks will be the hardiest.

Mr. Cougdon of Lowell asked wherein the superiority of the

Baldwin was so apparent ? A member suggested that it was

in its size, color, good keeping and cooking qualities ; it would

always sell.

THE SWAAE.

Mr. Holt said the Swaar was a good keeper and good pro-
ducer. He had always cultivated his orchard, and raised crops
therefrom. He thought the Swaar did well on a gravelly soil.

Mr. Husted said his experience was that the Swaar was well
adapted to gravelly and sandy soil; but on a clay soil he would
discard it. On dry, light soil the Swaar will rival the Baldwin
in beauty. The variation in soil produces a corresponding
variation in flavor and keeping qualities of apples.

THE WAGENER.

Mr. Holt had the Wagener in his orchard, and was in favor
of that apple. They bore at an early age, and he considered
them one of the best of apples.

Mr. Husted confessed that he was enthusiastic on the subject
of the Wagener. It had been suggested that it lacked con-
stitution,— that it was an ovcrbearcr, and would soon wear
out or use itself up. On the contrary, he knew of trees twelve
or fourteen years old, and they bear annually, and good crops;
there were no signs of decay; considered them a marvel of
hardihood. He considered its cooking qualities as good as
those of the Khode Island Greening, and in this part of Mich-
igan it is a hardier tree than the Baldwin or Greening.

THE SPITZENBURG AND EUSSET.

President Saunders said he had Spitzenburg trees, and they
had prospered, and he considered it a very fine fruit, — not
often excelled. His soil was a clay-loam. The specimens of
Russet which he exhibited, and which were so generally

14 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

admired, were taken from trees bought for the Eoxbury
Eusset.

Mr. Husted did not recommend the Spitzenburg for general
culture, because, after bearing a few years, it fails to perfect
the fruit on most of the soils of Michigan.

Mr. Holt said his Spitzenburg apples bore heavily every
other year, and scattering alternate years, for the past twelve
years. He thought well of them.

Mr. Houghtaling then proceeded to detail his experience in
relation to the various fruits, as follows :

PEACHES.

In regard to raising peaches, I depend mainly upon seed-
lings, and have shipped from SoOO to $700 worth in one season,
from about 200 trees. The latter sum was realized two years
ago. The last year, although the crop was good, there were
too many in market, and the profits were very small. I have
a good many varieties, and some that are excellent in quality.
I have none as early as the Crawford, nor as showy as the
Melancthon, but they are a nice yellow peach, and as good for
all useful purposes. They are far more hardy than most
budded peaches, and will yield many more to the tree as a
rule.

PEARS.

Pear trees, with me, have proved a dead failnre, having
planted over one hundred and lost nearly all of them with
the pear blight, and those trees that live do not grow nor
flourish very well.

APPLES.

In reference to the best variety of apples, the speaker
regarded the Baldwin as one of the very best, both as a good
bearer, good keeper, and salable in market. The Eed Canada
and Spitzenburg come next. The Jonathan is also a very
choice apple, but is rather small in size ; but it is a good
keeper, very showy, and of an excellent quality, as you will see
by the specimens shown to-day. In regard to the keeping of

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. J 5

apples, I find that burying them out, like potatoes, is a good
plan. Have about ten bushels this year buried out-doors that
seem to be as fresh as when they came from the trees.

QUINCES.

Of quinces I have but few, and they do first rate for the
chance they have. They bore well last year, aud the fruit was
large aud nice. I give them a mulching of half-rotten straw
occasionally, and once a year a good dose of salt, or old brine,
about the roots ; this keeps them healthy and free from blight,
and makes the fruit large and sound. I think it is a very
profitable fruit. I shipped one barrel last year over the lake
and realized $10 for it.

Henry S. Clubb inquired — Was the soil in which your pears
failed rich or poor ? Do you manure your pear trees ?

Mr. Houghtaling replied — It was good strong, heavy soil,
Buch as wheat and corn would grow well in, and pretty well
manured.

Mr. Holt said that was the cause of the blight.

PRUNING.

Mr. Houghtaling said — May is the worst time for pruning.
March is the best month, or June is good. The month of
April is a good month in late seasons.

Mr. Holt liked pruning in March best. Mr. Houghtaling
said, wax or gum shellac should be used to prevent bleeding.

The fruit on exhibition was referred to a committee, to
report thereupon at the next meeting. The meeting then
adjourned till the first Monday in May.

16 REPOKT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

ADDRESS OF THE CORRESPONDING COMMITTEE.

Grand Haven, April 9, 1870.

To the PoTnologists of Michigan :

The State Pomological Society has been organized with a
yiew to promote your interests.

In order to accomplish all its beneficent objects, the co-oper-
ation with the Society of fruit-growers in all parts of the State,
either by personal attendance at its monthly meetings, or by
correspondence, is absolutely necessary.

The Society desire to collect and publish such information
in reference to every locality in the State, as may give to the
outside world a correct idea of the extent and importance of
the fruit interest, as well as a scientific view of the effects of
locality, aspect, soil, water, and protection, on the varieties of
fruit in improving or deteriorating certain kinds. For
instance, at the favored locality of Spring Lake, in Ottawa
county, it is believed that the Delaware grape is grown to
greater perfection than in the Easter^i States, being larger in
berry and of superior flavor. There may be losations where
the Baldwin apple attains greater perfection than at others,
and other locations where it is inferior. Such information,
carefully collected and published, will be of immense value to
Pomology, and furnish scientific men of other States an oppor-
tunity of judging of the relative merits of Michigan as a fruit-
producing State.

Fruit-growers of Michigan, co-operation and union will
accomplish your interests far more than can ever be achieved
by isolation. We have a Peninsula which stands unrivaled by
any State in the Union for the production of choice, hardy

MICniGAN STATE FOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 17

fruits to the greatest perfection. Not even California can
compete with Michigan, in the quality of those fruits suited
to this climate. We have, therefore, the basis of success, and
if we take steps to avail ourselves of the advantages within
our reach, Michigan, even when stripped of her wealth of
lumber, vv^ill become a hundred fold more wealthy in her pro-
duction of fruit.

In order to develop the fruit resources of our State, the first
thing to do is to make known what has been accomplished.
The experience of those who have been pioneers in fruit-grow-
ing is of the most importance, and to secure the publication
of the results of that experience is one of the principal objects
of the Society. The Committee, therefore, respectfully but
earnestly invite the co-operation of every fruit-grower in the
State.

Signed by the Corresponding Committee.

HENRY S. CLUBB, Grand Haven.
JAMES HAMILTON, Newaygo.
DANIEL UPTON, Muskegon.

MAY MEETING.

An important and interesting meeting of the Society was
held on Tuesday, May 3, at the Circuit Court Eoom, at Grand
Rapids. A valuable list of apples was adopted and recom-
mended for the use and cultivation of orchardists and pomol-
ogists.

THE DISPLAY OF FRUIT.

Considering the advanced season of the year, the exhibition
of apples was very creditable. Mr. Walter G. Sinclair of
Spring Lake, Ottawa county, presented some bright specimens
3

18 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

of the Baldwin. They were placed on the shelves of his
cellar when gathered, with all his other varieties, and no other
care was bestowed upon them. Large, brown, sound-looking
Baldwins were presentsd by Mr. Joshua Bradish of Grand
Eapids town ; grown on clay soil. Ionia county was repre-
sented by bright-looking Baldwins, sent by George N. Jack-
son of the township of Keene ; raised on gravelly loam.
When gathered they were buried under straw and covered
with soil. The town of Cascade, Kent county, was represented
by bright red Baldwins, from the farm of President Saunders.
Other specimens were presented by H. Holt of Cascade. A
plate of large, fresh-looking Rhode Island Greenings v/as
exhibited by Noah P. Husted of Lowell. The Russet family
were gathered together in friendly accord and rivalry. The
smallest was the American Golden Russet, or Bullock's Pippin,
sometimes called the Sheepnose; the largest and finest were
those presented by Dr. Saunders. Samples of the Golden
Russet, the Roxbury Russet, and the English Russet were
presented by Mr. Husted, Mr. Van Buren, Mr. Holt, and
others. Mr. Holt's samples of the SAvaar were very large,
handsome, and sound. His Wagener, Holt's Seedling, Esopus
Spitzenburg, Jonathan, Yellow Bellflower, Green Winter
Sweet, and Rambo all attracted attention.

The Corresponding Secretary read a number of letters from
gentlemen residing in different parts of the State — among
others was one from Mr. Goodwin of Ionia :

LETTER FROM H. n. GOODWIN OF lOXIA.

Ionia, April 30, 1870.

Deak Sir : — Feeling a deep interest in the fruit culture of our great
fruit State, I inclose the membership fee, and instruct you to put my
name to the constitution of the Society. I have an orchard of 400 apple
trees just coming into bearing; the soil is mostly of clayey loam, and
the trees are promising well, but the Wagener has gone beyond the
promising point, and for two years has been paying down for all it
received, and canceling the old score of purchase price and care which I
had charged against it. From the 35 Wageners that I have, I expect to
pick more fruit for the next five years, than from all the other varieties

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 19

m the orchard. The long season of use, and the peffect satisfaction ren-
dered when used either as a dessert fruit or a cooking apple, make it the
most desirable of any with which I am acquainted.

Success to the Society, and continued advancement to the great
interests that called it into being.

H. H. GOODWIN.

GKAFTING..

Mr. Honglitaliiig said the subject of grafting is a thing very
little understood, and very many people know nothing at all
how it should be done. There are thousands of trees in the
country that need to be grafted over to make them worth the
ground they occupy, or profitable to their owners. It is just
as easy to raise the best fruit as it is the poorest. I have found
by experience that it is very easy to put a new top on an apple
^tree even after it is fifteen or twenty years old. I have some
in my orchard that were large enough to bear ten bushels of
apples before they were grafted, and now have a new top and
as handsome as any tree in the orchard. There is a right way
to do it ; it is very easy to spoil the shape and beauty of the
tree. For this reason I have brought along a few specimens
for illustration, that I may show you something of the right
and wrong way to success in the art of grafting.

First. We should cut the limbs out as far from the tree as
we can, to keep the top open and well spread out. Second. It
should all be done at one time, that the top may make an even
growth and be well balanced. Third. They should be watched
and attended to, keeping away all tlie suckers that take the
growth away from the graft, and sometimes kill them out
entirely, as here shown by specimen.

Mr. Houghtaling here exhibited the modus operandi of
grafting, in a very interesting manner.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON APPLES.

The committee to whom was referred the apples on exhibi-
tion at the April meeting, reported by their Chairman, William
Voorhies of Frankfort, Grand Traverse county :

20 EEPORT OF THE SECEETART OF THE

Mr. President and Gentlemen:

We ■will make two classes of apples, those planted for iridi-
vidual use and those planted for market or shipping purposes.
For the grower's own use we recommend the following vari-
eties :

For Summer Use — Early Harvest, Early Strawberry, Wil-
liams' Favorite, Eed Astrachan.

For Autumn — Porter, Jersey Sweet, Maiden's Blush,
Gravenstein, Eambo.

For Winter — Baldwin, Steele's Red Winter, Yf agener, Rhode
Island Greening, Swaar, Esopus Spitzenburg, Peck's Pleasant,
Tall man Sweeting.

For Market Purposes — Steele's Red, Baldwin, Rhode Island
Greening, and Wagener, the red predominating, as they gen-
erally sell the best, though the Greening sells full as well.
The Wagener is a comparatively new apple, and is not very
well known, but receives high commendation from all quar-
ters. The best apple for market should combine the following
qualities: The tree should be hardy, — do well on any moder-
ately fertile soil, and should be long-lived, free from disease,
and an annual bearer. The fruit should be of good size, not
too large or too small, skin thick (to bear handling), red or
bright, lively color, flesh fine grained, tender, crisp, sub-acid
in flavor. The apple should hang well on the tree, bear early,
fruit without spots. Fruit should be in good condition for
eating from December until May. An apple with all the
above qualifications can hardly be found. Get one as nearly
like it as possible. Such an apple will pay the best.

In regard to the Wagener apple presented by Mr. Husted,
the sample before us is light red, indistinctly striped and
splashed with dark red, stem inserted in a deep cavity, calyx
nearly closed and set in a rather shallow basin, juicy, sound to
the core (April 12th), flesh white, somewhat tough, skin
tough, mild sub-acid flavor. Judging by this sample the
Wagener is certainly a good keeper.

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOQICAL SOCIETY. 21

Holt's Seedling, presented by Mr. Holt, very much resembles
the Swaar in appearance, is mild, sub-acid bordering on
sweetness ; rather dry and very fine-grained ; at this season
(April 12th), is in a partial state of decay at the core. On
account of the flavor, we do not anticipate this seedling will
be valuable for cooking purposes ; yet its hardiness and prolific
bearing are valuable characteristics, and would undoubtedly
be conveyed to the next generation of seedlings, which, if
some conld be obtained that had a more decided flavor com-
bined with the good qualities already possessed by the parent,
would undoubtedly prove an acquisition. Will Mr. Holt try
again ?

DISCUSSION OF THE REPORT.

The report was accepted and the question was on its
adoption. Mr. Holt, one of the committee, said he did not
agree with all there was in the report; thought the Swaar
should be placed on the list of shipping apples, — it always sells
well. Mr. Linderman, another of the committee, thought the
report recommended too many varieties.

SUMMER APPLES.

Mr. Husted agreed that there were too many varieties, and
he had often felt the annoyance and vexation in filling the
long lists of customers. Mr. Holt could not help but recom-
mend the Williams' Favorite as a summer variety, — it was the
earliest and very thrifty. That and the Red Astrachan could
not be ignored. A member suggested that the Early Harvest
be added. Rev. Mr. Hamilton said the Early Harvest would
Bcab and crack. The Red Astrachan was his favorite summer
variety the world over.

Mr. Husted would add the Duchess of Oldenberg as the
coming summer variety. Its superiority was unquestioned.
It was tough, hardy, and is coming on at a great rate. By
vote it was added to the list. So was the Sweet Bough. Mr.
Holt thought the Red Astrachan was a little tender, and the

22 KEPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

Duchess of Oldenberg was an autumn apple. Mr. Hnsted
said they covered the summer season, — were good for all pur-
poses, for dessert, cooking, and market. It was now moved
that all summer varieties recommended be stricken from the
list except the Red Astrachan, Duchess of Oldenberg, and
Sweet Bough. Carried.

AUTUMN APPLES.

Rev. Mr. Hamilton of Newaygo highly commended the
Maiden's Blush; it could not be dispensed with. It headed
the list for autumn, as the Red Astrachan did for summer.
He spoke highly of the Gravenstein.

Mr. Hasted said the Maiden's Blush was a beautiful apple,
always sold readily, saw it retailed last season, in Chicago, at
five cents an apple. The Gravenstein was beautiful, a fine
grower, but in its place he would substitute the Cayuga Red
Streak. It was a splendid apple. Mr. Holt had the Maiden's
Blush in his orchard ; it was a great producer.

Mr. Linderman felt a little delicate about recommending
the Snow] he had known it to crack.

Mr. Schermerhorn suggested that the Fall Pippin be added
to the list. It was an old variety and very popular. People
would be surprised to see it left out.

Major Light of Greenville said he should strongly indorse
the Snow ; had known it from his youth ; it was a great success
in Ionia, Kent, and Montcalm counties. Never knew a man to
reject it. One good characteristic of the Maiden's Blush was
that it would dry well ; so would the Snow; this is a valuable
qualification for a fall variety. Every list should have a sweet
apple ; the Jersey Sweet was not excelled. The Cayuga Red
Streak, Maiden's Blush, and Snow would keep to spring.

Mr. Holt didn't know how to leave out the Porter. On
motion, all the varieties recommended by the committee were
stricken out, and the following substituted for autumn varie-
ties: Maiden's Blush, Snow, Jersey Sweet, Cayuga Red
Streak, Fall Pippin.

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 23

WliJTER APPLES.

Mr. Holt said that Peck's Pleasant, in liis experience, was
not a long keeper. Mr. Liuderman said it was his favorite.

Mr. Hamilton said he had the Northern Spy in all its
perfection.

Major Light said the Tompkins County King does not suc-
ceed in a sandy-loam soil ; on a clay loam it was a success and
a splendid apple. ^

Mr. Carrier said his Baldwins had not ripened the last
season.

Mr. Hamilton — To throw out the Baldwin would put the
State in an uproar.

Mr. Husted — The Baldwin and Greening cannot be dropped.

Mr. Hamilton — As this was a list for general cultivation as
well as for the market, they had better enlarge it. He sug-
gested the Golden Kusset, the Baldwin, Greening, Wagener,
Hubbardston Nonsuch, Northern Spy, and Tompkins County
King.

Mr. Light — I have a list of seven apples. The Baldwin can-
not be stricken out ; the Wagener is a coming apple, — uniform
good bearer and a valuable variety. The Greening was one of
the best cooking apples. The Northern Spy does not mature
early, but when it comes it sells, and is a great bearer. The
Hubbardston Nonsuch was a great favorite. We have a great
yariety of soil in Michigan. He recognized Steele's Eed as
valuable in certain localities; nothing could be said against
the fruit, but the tree was hard to start. We can substitute
the Wagener in its place and get a better apple. Some very
fine things could be said in favor of the Swaar, but it is not a
constimt bearer. The Spitzenburg of fine flavor was liable to
fail ; Peck's Pleasant, so fine, was too large, but a good grower ;
the Jonathan was too small. On his motion, this list was
adopted for winter varieties : Baldwin, Wagener, Rhode Island
Greening, Golden Russet, Tallman Sweeting, Northern Spy,
and Hubbardston Nonsuch.

The report of the committee, as amended, was then adopted.

24 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OE THE

THE APPLES RECOMMENDED BY THE SOCIETY.

It will thus be seen that the Society, by their action, recom-
mend the followincf varieties :

For Summer : — The Red Astrachau, Duchess of Oldenberg,
and Sweet Bough.

For Autumn: — The Maiden's Blush, Snow or Fameuse,
Jersey Sweet, Cayuga Red Streak, and Fall Pippin.

For Winter: — The Baldwin, Wagener, Rhode Island Green-
ing, Golden Russet, Tallman Sweeting, Northern Spy, and
Hubbardston Nonsuch.

After listening to an address by J. P. Thompson, the Society
adjourned.

MICHIGAK STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 25

OUR ORCHARD SYSTEM.

THE NEED OF CONCEifTRATION — "WANTED, FEWEE KIND3 AND
SORTS — THE LEATHER-JACKET CLASS.

ADDRESS BY J. P. THOMPSON.

Mr. Prmdent and Gsntlemen of tlie State Pomologkal Society :

111 contemplating tlis Apple Culture of the famous Fruit
Belt of Western Michigan, the characteristics are so well
defined that they will not escape the attention of the most
casual observer, and these are :

1. The total absence of system ;

2. The want of a correct and authoritative nomenclaUire ;
and,

3. The lack of a well defined purpose.

The system appears to be to plant a great variety of trees
without regard to soil or climate, or intended use ; the nomen-
clature comes from provincial traditions, and is derived from
Northern, Southern, Eastern, and Western associations ; and
the purpose seems to be undefined and vague, partly experi-
mental, but mainly to raise as many as possible of all kinds
and sorts. Every apple culturist, in a certain sense, appears
to be an amateur; he goes into the business hap-hazard to
suit himself, without due regiird to the demands of the
market, aud with no well conceived calculations about profit
or utility. Now amateurs are well enough in their places;
they serve oftentimes a valuable purpose; are useful as well as
ornamental ; but to be a successful amateur requires leisure
and capital, as well as taste and cultivation. Men who settle
a new country and lay deep tha foundations of a profitable
4

26 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

and intelligent fruit husbandry, have little time to waste in
experiments ; they need most to come directly to the utility
and profit of the business in hand.

Calculate, if you can, the value of the time and the amount
of money foolishly expended in tree culture, for the last
twenty years, in Western Michigan ! It would amount to
tens of thousands of dollars ; and where, to-day, we have a few
valuable orchards, we ought to have the land covered with
productive, fruit-bearing varieties, sufficient to support every
man, woman, and child in the section alluded to. There
has been a great lack of skill and knowledge — a want of a
well matured purpose. But let us not be too harsh in our
judgments.

WHY THIS GREAT DIVERSITY?

It is very easy to account for this great diversity and indi-
rectness in our fruit culture. Men have come from Northern
and Southern Ohio, totally unlike our latitude ; many have
come from the hardy clime of Canada; a large swarm are
here from New England, who, true to their nature, brought
with them all their New England prejudices ; a great mass
are from Northern and Southern New York; Pennsylvania
and New Jersey have sent their share, and other sections
theirs ; so that we are a mixed multitude, and every man has
sought to bring his old favorite apple tree with him ! Every
one has fondly desired to transplant from his old homestead
the apple tree of his boyhood days, and has endeavored to per-
petuate those sorts and kinds that gave a glow and cheer to
the hearthstone of his sires. It is not a weakness, and is no
disgrace, to love the fruits, the trees, the flowers, the birds,
that blossomed, bloomed, and sung on the old homesteads. It
could not be expected that men would know in advance ; it
was all they could do to bring the knowledge of their sections
with them. Certain it is, however, that every clime, every
latitude, has its own peculiar favorite fruit; certain it is that
Northern and Southern Ohio are unlike in their productions;

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOQICAL SOCIETY. 27

bnt few of the apples of New England flourisli in New Jersey
or Pennsylvania; while it is also certain that there are species
in Western New York, under the lee of the lakes, which suc-
ceed well in Western Michigan under the protective influences
of our inland seas.

TOO MANY VARIETIES.

So that it is true, as I have said, that the misfortune with
which we are most afflicted is the misfortune of too many
kinds. We are smothered, overburdened, crushed, with apples,
such as they are! Practical men need to go to pruning with
the axe. Let the amateur have all he wants, but let the pom-
ologists, who have homes, schools, and churches to provide
for, get down to business ! With peaches we are doing better,
— we have a repertoire, a system, and a nomenclature.

There are three kinds of peaches — the Early Hale and the
two Orawfords — that are bound to add thousands of dollars
to the productive wealth of the fruit belt. What if, ten or
fifteen years ago, our peach orchards could have been planted
with those kinds ? Men who are toiling could now have lived
at their ease with their Crawfords. " Yes," say this and that
neighbor, "it would have been dollars in our pockets, and
wealth to these counties and towns." But six hundred different
kinds of peaches are recommended, and we have only three
leading varieties, — not over six at most, — and are doing well.
Let the amateur have his six hundred kinds, and we will stick
to the three kinds, and have orchards. We cannot all be
amateurs. Here is the lesson the peach teaches the apple.
We want this system introduced into our apple-culture, — we
want our six kinds of best market varieties.

DECLINE OF ORCHARD CROPS IN OHIO.

In Ohio they are talking about the decline of orchard crops.
The apple crops in Ohio and the adjoining States have very
materially declined, in quantity and quality, for some years
past, especially where the orchards are in considerable age,

28 EEPOKT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

but the evil is not attributed to the age of the trees nor the
exhaustion of the soil, so much as to the increase of injurious
insects and diseases affecting fruits and fruit trees. Tiiis is a
doleful sound to come from that grand pomological State.

Not to weary your patience, I wish to read from the report
of their State Horticultural Society.

The Ohio Horticultural Society have given much attention
to this matter for the past two years, and have called the atten-
tion of the State Legislature to the subject in the following
memorial :

" To the Legislature of Ohio:

"The undersigned. Executive Committee of the Ohio Hor-
ticultural Society, respectfully invite the attention of the
members of the Legislature to the following facts and consid-
erations relating to the orchard crop of the State for 18G8 :

Bushels of apples produced 11,687,515

Bushels of peaches produced _ 599.499

Bushels cf pears produced 66,713

Total 12,800,728

If the apples were of fair average quality, they might be estimated as worth

50 cents per bnshel $5,818,757

The peaches $1.50 per bushel 899,248

The pears same price 100.068

Total value of orchard crop §6,818,073

"If we add a moderate estimate for the thousands of gar-
dens and door-yards partly occupied with fruit trees and omit-
ted by the assessors, it will swell the aggregate of orchards to
nearly 500,000 acres, and the value of the products to over
87,000,000 — saying nothing of the cherries, grapes, and smaller
fruits.

"Large as this sum appears, we are convinced, by much
observation and inquiry, that the amount and value of the
orchard products of the State have diminished very greatly
within the past ten or fifteen years.

" The report also shows that while part of the evil may be

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 29

attributed to neglect or bad mauagement, the chief causes are
injurious insects and fungus diseases. Both of these have
increased greatly in variety and extent within the past ten or
fifteen years, and seem likely to increase still more in the
future, as our orchards and gardens increase in age, unless
measures are taken to prevent such result."

THE REASON OF THIS DECLINE.

My own opinion about this decline is that they hare too
many kinds and sorts in Ohio. If they would thin out one-
half, the deterioration v/ould itself decline. There is nothing
like useless varieties to breed poisonous insects, — pestiferous
bugs and destructive borers. A tree of but little value
attracts but little attention, and it is very likely to draw on
these pests and communicate them to more valuable kinds.
Thin out your orchards ; revise your catalogues ; reduce the
number of your kinds one-half; is our humble advice to the
orchardists of Ohio.

This, it appears to us, is the lesson for "Western Michigan.
One-half of the trees in this section should be grafted. A
useless tree cumbereth the ground. It costs just as much to
feed it ; it exhausts the earth and the air just as much as does
a good tree. Time, precious time, — half a lifetime, — is lost.
The loss is not only to the soil, but to the pockets of the
producer. For what is an apple vrorth that won't sell ?

THE BEST KINDS.

Now comes the question, what are the best market varieties
for this section, for our soil and climate ? The market gives
this answer; the marlcet affords the best test. If a bushel of
Northern Spys will bring a dollar, that is a test of value.
"Steele's Red" is quoted in the Western ^wm?, April 28, at
$3 50fl3 75 per barrel in Detroit. That's a good criterion
of its value in that market. The Country Gentleman reports
the Rhode Island Greening worth 84 50 per barrel in Albany,
and recently barrels of them sold quick at $2 50 in this city.

30 EEPORI 0? THE SECRETAKY OF THE

Here it is, in the market ve fiud the test of value. There are
S.dOO varieties of apples. — Avanted, six of the best varieties !
That is the question, and this is the policy. In Western 'New
York they have paitly learned to do the business better than
■R-e do. Their orchards are not filled "with unsalable varieties.
There they have established the kinds most profitable for the
markets, and they raise and sell those kinds — tens of thousands
of bushels.

THE QUESTION IX A XUT33ELL.

To sum it up : In looking over this vast field spread before
us by a bountiful Providence, it has seemed to me that the one
great mistake that has been made by those who raise fruit for
the market, is the planting of too many sorts. If this Pomo-
logical Society could give to this people a small and carefully
considered list, sanctioned by trial and experience, it would
confer a benefit that would well repay for its institution. In
looking for a few of the best varieties my attention was drawn
to the

RUSSET FAMILY.

I know, practically, little about the Eusset Family, but from
the numerous names of its members, it must be a decidedly
mixed family.

THE BUSSET XOHEXCLATUEE.

We have the Pumpkin Eusset, which is distinct from the
Sweet Eusset and more worthless; American Golden Eusset,
or Bullock's Pippin, or Sheepnose — too small to be popular or
useful ; English or Poughkeepsie Eusset — a profuse bearer —
will keep twelve months ; Golden Eusset, known favorably as
the Golden Eusset of Western Xew York — distinct from the
American Golden Eusset or Bullock's Pippin — valuable ; Eed
Eusset, somewhat resembling the Baldwin, described by C.
Downing, but not recommended; the Eoxbury Eusset or Bos-
ton Eusset — sometimes caEed the Putnam Eusset in Ohio —
keeps late in spring — valuable; Bagby Eusset or Egyptian
Eusset — in use in Illinois but not in Michigan; Cheseborough

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOQICAL SOCIETY. 3]

Eusset, an autumn variety of little value ; Darlington Russet,
very moderate quality ; Fay's Russet, known in Vermont ;
Goble Russet, an autumn variety of no value ; Howe's Russet,
closely resembling the Roxbury; Hunt's Russet, another Mas-
sachusetts Russet ; Kingsbury Russet, identical with the Chese-
borough ; Spice Russet, no account; Sweet Golden Russet, no
account ; AYhituey's Russet, a Canada variety ; Winn's Russet,
a Maine sort; York Russet, similar to the Pumpkin Russet;
the Perry Russet and the Pommcgrise or Gray Russet — not
recommended. Downing has an English Golden Russet, infe-
rior. Of all these sorts, but three are worth talking about —
the Golden, the English, and the Roxbury. If all others were
discarded, the pomological world would not know the loss. It
cannot be said that this family lacks for a nomenclature, — it
has any quantity of it. But hereafter let us be particular and
not talk about the English Golden Russet or the American
Golden Russet, but let us call the apple we mean, the Golden
Russet — its proper name.

THE EESPECTABLE RUSSETS.

The Roxbury Russet was a prominent apple before the
Baldwin was known in New England. Roxbury, now a part
of Boston, was its birthplace, and it is consequently also cor-
rectly known as the Boston Russet. President Wilder of
Massachusetts savs : '•' It is a singular fact, that the three most
popular Eastern apples — the Baldwin, the Roxbury Russet,
and the Rhode Island Greening — are the three most popular
apples in the West, where they grow so many millions of
bushels. At many of the AYestern fruit conventions, votes
have been taken as to what were the best varieties, and they
have always resulted in favor of the Baldwin, the Roxbury
Russet, and the Rhode Island Greening."

President J. F. C. Hyde of Massachusetts says: "If we
were asked to name varieties for market use, we should give
the Williams, if a summer variety is desired; the Dutch
Codlin, for cooking, the Gravenstein, Hubbardston Nonsuch,

32 REPOllT OF THE SECRETxVRY OF THE

Ehode Island Greening, Baldwin, and for late keeping, the
Roxbury Russet, which, though not a great, yet is a regular or
annual bearer."

It is a somewhat curious incident in pomological literature,
that the late Mr. Downing, in his " Fruits and Fruit Trees of
America," — edition of 1852, — recommended, as particularly
favorable, what he called the " Putnam Russet." He says :
"For a knowledge of this celebrated Western apple we are
indebted to that zealous pomologist, our friend. Professor
Kirtland of Cleveland. It is considered decidedly the most
valuable late-keeping apple in the West — not inferior to the
Newtown Pippin, and the growth of the tree is very luxuriant.
It originated at ]\Iarielta, Ohio, and is largely grown for the
New Orleans and West India markets." This apple was
recognized and ascertained to be identical with the Roxbury
Russet, and in later editions Downing so refers to it. It came
to be called the Putnam Russet from the fact that it was taken
to the Ohio Valley in 179G, by Rufus Putnam, and from
thence it was distributed over the Southwest.

A vote of the Fruit-growers' Society of Western New York
gave the following as the best six varieties for that section :
Baldwin, Tompkins County King, Golden Russet of Western
New York, Roxbury Russet, Rhode Island Greening, and the
Northern Spy. It will be seen that the Russet family occupies
one-third of* this vote. It will also be seen that this apple
(the Roxbury) has the preference in the East, in Ohio, and in
Western New York, as one of the best of long-keepers.

Gentlemen, I suppose you will expect a more minute
description, and I do not wish to exhaust your patience. I
submit the following, which has been Avell matured, but yet
may fail in accuracy. The varieties are very similar. It
requires a close observer, in this section, to distinguish them*
Oftentimes it is only by the shoots that they can be classified.
As has been said, the Roxbury Russet originated in New
England, and has been extensively distributed throughout the

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 33

West. It is a good annual bearer, best on heavy soils, and in
many localities the most popular of this species, attributable
to its thick skin, and keeping qualities, enabling it to be taken
long distances, often to New Orleans and other Southern mar-
kets, but is hardly above second rate in quality. The tree is
of spreading growth, with rather downy shoots. Fruit,
medium to large, roundish, flattened, dull green, overspread
with brownish, yellow russet, occasionally a faint blush on the
sunny side ; flesh greenish white, moderately juicy, mild sub-
acid, good for market from January to June. Has been known
to keep a year.

The English Eusset is supposed to be an American seedling,
was first disseminated on the Hudson River, is equally as long
a keeper as the above, of less acid and more pleasant flavor.
The growth of the tree is upright, with shoots of a lively
brown color. Fruit medium size, roundish, conical, or ovate,
light greenish yellow', mostly overspread with brownish russet,
in large exposed specimens wholly russeted, flesh yellowish,
white fine texture, rather firm, aromatic. Its profuse bearing,
and quality of keeping over a year, render it very profitable.

The Golden Russet, an apple of foreign origin, and is exten-
sively planted in "Western New York, and resembles the English
Russet in size and general appearance, but is more tender and
crisp, and is not so long a keeper. Growth, spreading and
irregular, with many slender weeping branches ; has light-
colored, speckled shoots, by which it is easily known ; fruit
medium sized, roundish, usually a little oblong, sometimes
slightly flattened; surface at times wholly a thick russet, at
others a thin, broken russet on a greenish yellow skin, some-
times a tinge of red on the exposed side ; flesh greenish, flne-
grained, high-flavored, nearly " best, " keeps through winter.

The English is distinguished from the Golden and Roxbury
by its straight, upright shoots, and from the Roxbury by its
less flat form, and less acid flavor, while the Golden may be
5

34 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

most readily known from its peculiar light slioots and its brisk
rich flavor.

CONCLUSION.

Gentlemen" — I have thus given you my opinion about the
apple orcharding in this section. I have not aimed to be sen-
timental, learned, or nice, but have endeavored to present a
practical question in a practical manner. I am convinced that
nntil some of these suggestions are adopted, our apple orchard-
ing will not amount to much. We want concentration of
varieties. I want to hear of and see an orchard of one thou-
sand Wagener apples ; another one of five hundred Baldwins ;
another one of five hundred Ehode Island Greenings ; another
one of two hundred Eed Astrachans; one of two hundred
Eed Canada, or Steele's Red; one of three hundred Maiden's
Blush, or an equal number of the Fall Pippin ; another one
of two hundred Tompkins County King; another one of a
thousand of the Roxbury, or Golden or English Eusset, and
one of five hundred Snow. When such orchards are estab-
lished, fruit buyers will be attracted here, and it will not be
necessary for any man to "' peddle " apples from his orchard.
I would not advise that over ten varieties be cultivated in the
Fruit Belt, and would not recommend any one man to culti-
vate more than two summer varieties, two fall or autumn
kinds, and not over three winter sorts. Indeed, I am con-
vinced that three varieties would be better for one orchard
than a larger number. The demand is for marketable apples,
apples that will bear transport, and apples that will keep.
What is known as the Fruit Belt ought very soon to produce
and market half a milllion bushels of apples per annum. It
can be done by systematized orcharding.

MICHIGAN" STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 35

POPULAR VARIETIES OF HxiRDY APPLES.

DESCRIPTION AND REVIEW OP THE FIFTEEN VARIETIES OP APPLES
RECOMMENDED BY THE STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY, BY W. L.
WARING; READ BEFORE THE SOCIETY, JUNE 7th, 1870.

In preparing the following descriptions of popular hardy
apples, comprising the sorts recommended for general orchard
culture in the State, at a late session of the State Pomological
Society, the writer has been guided by personal experience,
observation, and the suggestions and views of practical fruit-
growers and intelligent i)omologists. It is designed to furnish
an outline of the most prominent distinguishing features of
these leading market fruits, with brief notes that may be use-
ful or interesting. A minute description of old, well-known
kinds is not deemed necessary, as reference can always be made
to standard works. The following terms used in describing *
apples, oblate — flat; ovate — egg-shaped; round — globular;
conical, oblong, ribbed, etc., are such as are commonly accepted
and generally understood.

SUMMER APPLES.

Red Astrachan. — Rather large, sometimes quite large,
roundish-flattened, slightly approaching conical, nearly whole
surface brilliant deep crimson, overspread with a thick white
bloom; flesh white, crisp, juicy, rather acid. Excellent for
cooking, and, when fully ripe, an agreeable dessert fruit.
Ripens from the 20th of July to the middle of August, — a
few days after the early harvest, — and should be picked before
fully mature. Shoots stout, clear reddish chestnut, with many
white specks ; leaves broad. The tree is a vigorous, upright,
regular grower, forming a very handsome head, and apparently
adapting itself to all soils and locations.

It comes early into bearing, and bears annually a fruit

36 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

always fair, good for eating, and of excellent culinary quali-
ties ; so beautiful, and bearing carriage so well, as to make it
worthy for general cultivation, and especially desirable for
marketing purposes. Hardy north and west. First imported
into England from Sweden in 1816.

Sweet Bough. — Large, roundish, remotely conical-ovate ;
sometimes distinctly conical ; skin smooth, pale greenish
yellow, becoming yellow when fully ripe; flesh white, tender,
crisp, sprightly, with an excellent sweet flavor. Eipeus from
the middle of July to the tenth of August. The Sweet
Bough, or Yellow Bough as it is often called, is a native apple,
and a popular sort everywhere, highly valued for dessert and
much esteemed for baking. Shoots yellowish; tree hardy, a
somewhat irregular, upright, spreading, moderate, compact
grower, forming a good round head, and an abundant annual
bearer. It is not as desirable for the kitchen as the Eed
Astrachan, but is generally greatly admired for the table ;
very valuable for market purposes, and should be in every
collection.

Duchess of Oldenherg. — Rather large, roundish, a little flat-
tened at the ends, skin smooth, finely washed with light red
in broad broken stripes and splashes on a golden or yellow
ground, with a faint blue bloom ; very handsome ; flesh
yellowish white, tender, juicy, sub-acid, with an excellent
flavor ; first-rate for cooking, and a pleasant dessert fruit.
Ripens early in September. Very hardy, and a young and
abundant bearer. The strong growth of the tree, its early
bearing, and endurance of severe winters, and the fair and
showy appearance of fruit, render it one of the most valuable
sorts for the West.

So much is it prized by many who have grown it, that they
think it surpasses most all early autumn apples. Of Russian
origin.

REMARKS.

These three varieties are all hardy, and, according to general
experience, are among the best and most profitable for the

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 37

Northwest, covering nearly the whole period of summer, keep-
ing np a supjily of good apples from about the time of wheat
harvest to early September, and some practical fruit-growers
plant nine of them to any other early sorts.

The Duchess of Oldenberg, however, is more properly an
autumn variety, and I would suggest as a substitute the
Carolina Red June as the most valuable. Very early market
apple; above medium in size; ripens among the earliest in
July, and keeps long after ripe; is hardy, vigorous, and a
young, abundant, regular bearer.

The Williams, a rather large, handsome, good fruit, in
season for several weeks late in summer, would be preferred
but for its later ripening. Or the Keswick Oodlin for cook-
ing, and tolerable for eating, if quantity of fair fruit is more
desired than a high standard of quality.

AUTUMN" APPLES.

Maicleyi's Blush. — Eather large, oblate or flat, skin thin,
smooth and fair, clear lemon yellow, with red cheeks, varying
from a delicately tinted flush to a rich, brilliant crimson ;
remarkably beautiful ; flesh white, fine grained, tender,
sprightly, pleasant, rather sharp sub-acid unless fully ripened;
begins to ripen at the end of August and until the last of
October ; will keep through winter.

It is much admired as a dessert fruit, and is also highly
esteemed for cooking or drying.

The tree is a rapid grower, forming a fine round, spreading
head, and bears annually large crops. Hardy, valuable at the
West.

Although not highly flavored, it is greatly valued for its
fair, tender, and beautiful fruit, and uniform productiveness,
A native of New Jersey, first described by Coxe.

Snoiv Apple. — Medium in size, round, often oblate, or some-
what flattened ; surface even, handsomely striped and blotched
with fine deep red on whitish ground; where much exposed
to the sun, becoming nearly a uniform rich dark crimson

38 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

Flesh very white, tender, juicy, sub-acid, slightly perfumed,
delicious.

Late autumn, at the North in use from October to February.
Not very rich, but much admired as a dessert fruit, for its
handsome appearance and exceedingly pleasant, refreshing
flavor, and is regarded as excellent for drying. Shoots, dark,
diverging. Tree a vigorous grower and regular bearer. A
celebrated, hardy, productive apple, especially valuable far
north.

Originated in Canada, and has its name, Pomme de Neige,
or Snow Apple, from the snow-white color of its flesh.

Jersey Sioeet. — Fruit medium size, round-ovate, often
oblong-ovate, thickly washed and striped with fine red on
greenish yellow, sometimes entirely covered with pale or deep
red ; flesh whitish, fine grained, exceedingly juicy, tender,
sweet, and sprightly. Its good flavor and remarkably rich
sweet make it popular for table use, and especially suited for
baking. Owing to its saccharine quality, it is largely planted
throughout the Middle States for the fattening of stock.
Commences maturing the end of August, and continues
ripening till mid-autumn. Young shoots, stout and short
jointed ; tree a strong, fine grower, and a profuse annual
bearer; are incorrectly said to bear themselves out early. A
very valuable sort, succeeding in all localities, and highly
esteemed in almost all parts of the country, both for market
and for uses about the homestead. First disseminated in
New Jersey.

Cayuga Red iStreaJc. — Very large, roundisli, remotely coni-
cal, surface slightly uneven, sometimes smooth ; splashed with
stripes of rich purplisli red, on greenish-yellow or yellowish-
white ground; flesh coarse grained, with a sprightly, sub-acid,
pleasant, but not rich flavor ; of fair eating quality, and excel-
lent for baking. Late autumn and early winter. An upright,
compact grower; a fine, regular, annual bearer, growth in
large trees becoming straggling. One of the best very large
apples, — showy, fair, productive, and profitable.

MICHIGAX STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 39

Though not high flavorecl, its reiiiarkably handsome appear-
ance and large size render it one of the most popular fruits in
market. Origin, "Western "New York.

Fall Pijjjjui. — Fruit very large, roundish, approaching
oblong-conical, flattened at the ends, sometimes with obscure
ribs ; color greenish, becoming a high, rich yellow when ripe,
with often a tinge of brownish blush on one side when grown
in good soil and well exposed to the sun. Flesh yellowish-
white, quite tender and juicy, with a rich, sub- acid, aromatic
flavor. Is esteemed everywhere as the first of autumn apples,
from its beauty, large size, and delicious flavor, for the table
or cooking. Season, October to January.

Shoots, dark; tree vigorous, spreading, becoming large. In
strong clay loams it is one of the very best, hardy, and a good
bearer. Fine in nearly all localities. Origin uncertain, sup-
posed to 'be an American seedling, raised from the Holland
Pi]3pin, from which it differs most strongly in its later
keeping.

REMARKS.

The list of autumn apples embraces a sufficient variety that
have been well tested and approved throughout the State for
general gOod qualities, and such as are commonly admitted to
rank among the most hardy and profitable.

It would be a larger number than necessary, if grown
strictly for market, were it not for the fact that they not only
supply the whole fall season, but a majority of them continue
in use nearly through winter.

There are some who would substitute for one of these, the
Lowell, here called Greasy Pippin, a rival of the Fall Pippin,
which, although hardly as good in quality, excels that variety
in its uniform fair surfiice, and great and early productiveness.

WINTER APPLES.

Baldwin. — Large, roundish, tapering a little toward the eye,
nearly covered and striped with crimson, red, and orange, on
yellow ground : on light loams well exposed to the sun, a

40 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

beautiful bright red; a few russet dots and russet streaks
about the stem ; flesh yellowish white, crisp, with a rich sub-
acid flavor, not very fine grained. A first-rate winter apple in
all resj^ects. Ripens through winter, but keeps well later.
Shoots, reddish, stout, slightly downy, long jointed, with white
specks; tree a vigorous, rapid grower, with curved erect
branches ; forms a regular open head in the orchard ; comes
early to maturity and bears abundantly ; in strong soils sup-
plied with lime and potash, produces very even, perfect, and
uniform-sized fruit. It is the most popular Avinter sort
throughout New England, New York, and Michigan, and as a
profitable market variety, stands among the very first. Origi-
nated in Massachusetts.

Wagener — Above medium to large, round-ovate, sometimes
oblate, flattened at the ends, outline somewhat irregular,
slightly ribbed, skin smooth, mostly overspread with indistinct
stripes of two shades of red; full deep red in the sun, pale
light red on the shady side, on w^arm yellow ground ; often
streaked with russet; flesh whitish, fine grained, compact,
mild sub-acid, vinous, aromatic, excellent. A celebrated vari-
ety, and one of the finest for dessert, cooking, or market.
Eipens through winter, but a late keeper, retaining its fresh-
ness of flavor and appearance till May, and superior for culi-
nary uses at the beginning of autumn.

Tree a stout, upright, rapid grower, becoming spreading ;
very hardy; exceedingly productive when quite young; a
heavy annual bearer, and esteemed by many intelligent mar-
ket-growers, especially in Western Michigan, as the most
valuable winter apple yet introduced. In quality, as a table
apple, marked as best. A native of Yates County, New York.
First brought into notice in 1848.

Rliodc Island Greening — Large, roundish, flattened, some-
times angular, always fair, green, yellowish when fully matured,
a brownish blush on sun-grown specimens, many rough russet
dots and patches ; flesh yellow'isb, tender, slightly aromatic,

MICHIGAN 8TATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 41

with a lively acid juice; as excellent for dessert as for cooking,
and its presence in orchard or garden, for kitchen or table use,
cannot be dispensed Avith. Keeps well till March or April,
Growth strong, of a broad-spreading habit, healthy, medium-
sized shoots, broad leaves ; a great and constant annual bearer
in nearly all soils and situations, and is more generally known
and esteemed than any other winter sort ; single trees yield-
ing forty bushels of fair fruit in favorable years, and neglected
orchards 200 bushels per acre. Like the Fall Pippin, which it
resemVjles in wood and leaves, and all trees of the same vigor-
ous habit, it is a gross feeder, and should be supplied with
fertilizers by turning in heavy crops of clover or dressings of
compost, where there is any deficiency in the soil.

Fine throughout the Northern States. Is said to be a native
of New Jersey, once known as the Jersey Greening ; was first
widely distributed in Rhode Island and adjacent region.

Golden Rnsset — Medium size, roundish-conical, a little
oblong, flattened at stem end, nearly regular; skin rough and
thick, sometimes wholly a dull russet, and at others a thiu
broken russet on a greenish-yellow ground, rarely with a tinge
of red on the exposed side ; flesh greenish, fine grained, firm,
crisp, juicy and high-flavored, nearly "best." Season, Novem-
ber to May. Popular and extensively grown in the Genesee
Valley, where it is known as the Golden Eusset of Western
New York, and considered here, from its productiveness and
superior keeping and eating qualities, the most valuable of all
the Russets.

Tree hardy, a fine grower, spreading and irregular, with
many slender weeping branches ; has light-colored, speckled
shoots, by which it is easily known ; bears large crops, and
ranks among the first as a ])rofitable market variety. Of
English origin.

Northern Spy — Large, roundish-conical, often flattened,
sometimes ribbed, smooth, pale yellow mostly covered with
glossy red, and distinct stripes of purplish crimson, some
6

42 REPORT OF TITE SECRETARY OF THE

russet around the stem, and coated with a fine bloom; flesh
yellowish white, very tender, crisp, jaicy, sprightly, sab-acid.
Keeps through winter and late into spring, preserving its
flavor remarkablv fresh. One of the largest, most beautiful,
and excellent long-keeping apples yet known. Shoots, dark
reddish, spotted, stout : the tree forms a very handsome
upright head, requiring pretty severe pruning and thinning
out until it comes into bearing, after which it requires little
or no pruning.

The flowers open late and thus sometimes escape spring
frosts ; it does not come early into bearing, but once in l)earing
it is Aery productive. A fruit of the highest keeping and eat-
ing qualities, and with good culture, and care in picking and
packing, profitable for market. Hardy: succeeds throughout
the north. Originated in Ontario County. Xew York, about
25 years ago.

TaUman Sweet — Size above medium, roundish, slightly con-
ical, pale, whitish-yellow, faintly tinged with red on one side,
with a brownish line from stem to eye : flesh white, firm, rich,
and very sweet ; hardly first-rate as a dessert fruit, but from
its exceedingly rich sweet, and great productiveness, is espe-
cially valuable for winter baking, and as food for stock. Keeps
late into spring. Quite hardy; has dark colored wood, of an
upright, strong, rapid growth, becoming spreading ; vigorous
and healthy when young, and one of the handsomest in the
orchard, where it makes a round, regular, open head, and
forms a rather large tree, bearing annually great crops of fiiir.
even-sized fruit.

A popular, profitable sort, and from its firm texture and late
keeping suited for shipment to distant markets. Originated
on the grounds of Mr. TaUman, in Maine.

Huhbardston Xonsuch — Large, round-ovate, largest at the
middle, nearly regular, smooth, glossy, rich yellow, nearly cov-
ered with deep, warm red, with small, broken strij^s, and
numerous dots of light crimson ; russeted next the stem, and

MICniGAX STATE POMOLOGICAL BOCIETT. 43

sparsely dotted on the surface with large russet specks. Flesh
yellowish, very rich, slightly sub-acid, with a strong mixture
of a rich, sweet flavor; excellent. A famous New England
sort, that for ordinary family uses has few equals. Season^^
early winter ; loses flavor by late keeping.

Wood, brownish chestnut, with whitish specks ; annual
shoots slender, downy at ends ; leaves large, deep green above,
whitish beneath; tree very regular, upright, becoming spread-
ing; more hardy than the Baldwin, when grown in very rich,
heavy soils ; a strong grower and great bearer.

Sells Avell in the market. Extensively planted and succeeds
well throughout the Xorthwest. Originated in the town of
Hubbardston, Mass.

CONCLUDING REMARKS.

So far as I can learn, the apples adopted in tliis list are those
most generally popular tliroughout the State. There are a few
prominent in other sections, not fully tested in Michigan, that
mav yet rank among the most profitable here, but the shrewder
class of orchardists prefer to raise the few leading sorts of
decided excellence, well known in the markets, rather than
plant for the sake of variety, — such as produce well in most
seasons, and especially those that are found to suit our soils
and latitude.

The Northern Spy, although a tardy bearer, preserves late
into spring, when there are but few good fruits, and therefore
holds a high rank among market sorts.

There are many who would be unwilling to omit the Rox-
bury Eusset, which, from its very long keeping properties, is
in season after the others have gone by, and commands u high
price. Or Steele's Red, a rather slow grower, but much
esteemed as a very reliable sort in most parts of the State.

I should name Tompkins County King in place of Hub-
bardston Xonsuch, as a more valuable variety. It is a splendid
apple; a strong grower, good bearer, and keeps through
winter.

44 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

The Ladies' Sweet, also, is larger and better than the Tall-
man Sweet ; is one of the best and most profitable winter
sweet apples; hardy, a fair grower, bears young and abund-
antly, keeps well, bears carriage to market well, and is one of
the best for table, cooking, or stock purposes.

A SMALL SELECTION.

For a small list, to be planted solely with a view of obtain-
ing the largest income from 1,000 trees, it is believed that 50
each. Red Astrachan, Duchess of Oldenberg, Cayuga Red
Streak, Maiden's Blush, and 200 each, Baldwin, Wagener,
Golden Russet, and Rhode Island Greening, would make a
selection that would be found the most productive, reliable,
and profitable.

It is a matter of the first importance to those engaged in
raising fruit, to be assured the sorts they cultivate are true to
name, and they should look to them closely at the season of
ripening, compare them with the descriptions, and better,
when practicable, bring or send in specimens at the regular
monthly meetings of this Society, for exhibition, examination,
and testing.

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOQICAL SOCIETY. 45

JUNE MEETING.

STRAWBERRIES ANI> CHERRIES.

AN ADDRESS DELIVERED AT THE FIRST ANNUAL STRAWBERRY EXHI-
BITION OP TQE MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY, GRAND
RAPIDS, THURSDAY, JUNE 16, 1870, BY HENRY S. CLUBB.

On Thursday afternoon, June IG, there was a jileasant meet-
ing of the Society, though not a large atteudance. The exhi-
bition of strawberries and cherries included tlie following
standard and excellent varieties : A plate of Wilson's Albany,
presented by 0. R. Wilmarth, won general approbation ; the
samples of Hovey's Seedlings and Russell's Prolific, sent in by
E. Carrier, were grci^tly admired ; specimens of the Agricult-
urist and Green's Prolific, from the garden of S. S. Bailey,
were superb; while the Boston Pine, from D. Schermerhorn,
were amongst the finest on exhibition. Mr. C. C. Rood pre-
sented specimens of Black Tartarian Cherries, which were
represented to be prolific bearers. Mr. A. T. Linderman
brought samples of the White Ox-Heart Cherry. Mr. James
D. Husted was tendered a vote of thanks for beautiful and
large bouquets. The flowers and fruits were referred to a com-
mittee. After a discussion of the merits of the best varieties,
Mr. H. S. Clubb, editor and publisher of the Grand Haven
Herald, was invited to address the Society, and he proceeded
as follows :

3Ir. President, and Fellow Members of the Pomological
Society — In compliance with your resolution, I appear before
you to discuss a subject of my own selection. I have selected
" Strawberries and Cherries," not only because these are the
first fruits of our gardens and orchards, and are now in season.

46 REPORT OF THE" SECRETARY OF THE

but because there are some considerations in regard to them
that I have long desired to present to you. I therefore thank
you for this opportunity, and hasten to improve it.

A UNIVERSAL FRUIT.

The strawberry is as nearly as possible a universal fruit.
The question is not, "Where does it grow naturally ? but, Where
does it not grow ? In its wild, uncultivated form, the straw-
berry can be found in all parts of the globe we inhabit, where
the foot of man has trod. In its cultivated and improved
form, it has become the favorite fruit of every civilized coun-
try, so far as heard from. It is therefore a subject of vast
extent and absorbing interest.

Whether regarded for its beauty or its use, its rich, luxu-
rious flavor, its medicinal, health-producing qualities, the
strawberry has no peer, and at this season ol the year it has
no competitor.

As soon as the snows of winter disappear from the surface
of the earth, the beautiful, fresh, green eye of the strawberry
exhibits its vitality, and every ray of sunshine seems to expand
the tiny plant into opening leaves. The plant has not grown
large before a cluster of buds appears, and a few weeks of sun-
shine develop these bunches of buds into flowers, rivaling the
daisy in its modest beauty, and excelling it in delicacy and
profuseness. Rapidly the season advances ; the blossom, like
all things delicate and beautiful, soon falls off, giving place to
a small green berry. Sunshine and shower succeed, and in a
very few weeks we have before us an object not only "exceed-
ingly pleasant to the sight," but " good for food."

Few, perhaps, of the thousands who purchase strawberries
in our city markets ever contemplate this gradual unfolding,
this process, step by step, which results in the perfection of
this most perfect of all fruits ; and yet it is a study replete
with interest and fraught with delight at every stage, the
climax of which is the enjoyment which the perfected fruit
contributes to the sum of human pleasure.

MICHIGAX STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 47

But who their virtues can declare? Who pierce
With vision pure, into their secret stores
Of health, and life, and joy?

See how eagerly the children watch the first rij)e strawberry,
and how indiistrionsly they fill the basket with this most
beautiful of all the berry family. See how the burning fever
is assuaged and the parched lips refreshed by this cool and
luscious fruit, infusing as it does new vigor and new hope to
the heart of the desponding invalid. 'Nor is the hope falla-
cious in many cases, for in the whole catalogue of simple,
direct, and efficacious remedies, what is there more potent to
temper and purify the blood and infuse healthful exhilaration ?
Linnaeus was himself cured of the gout by this fruit, and how
many have been cured since can never be told.

To jsroduce strawberries in abundance, so that they can be
enjoyed by all, is a philanthropic ambition worthy of a How-
ard, and we are sure it would be applauded by Florence Night-
ingale, with all the enthusiasm of her generous and sympa-
thetic nature. The mission of the fruit-grower is as much one
of blessing to mankind as if he confined his labors to fine-spun
theories of metaphysics, or advanced the most abstruse theolo-
gies. And the man who masters the art of strawberry culture
and practically overcomes the obstacles to its success, is worthy
of high consideration, and will long be remembered by coming
generations. The names of Linnaeus, Downing, Wilson, Hovey,
Longworth, "Wilder, and Knox are already household words,
and their hold on the gratitude of mankind is renewed every
returning spring, when the strawberries which bear these
names contribute their life-restoring nectar to millions of
homes. These men, for their labors in perfecting seedlings and
hybrids, cannot be overestimated. They have marked out a
career which renders the road to fame and fortune much easier
to their successors.

48 REPOET OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

THE POOR man's fruit.

The strawberry is emphatically the poor man's fruit. It
does not require the new beginner in fruit culture to wait five,
ten, or fifteen years for a croj) that shall repay him for his out-
lay and labor. While the apple, peach, pear, and other promi-
nent fruits are coming into bearing, the strawberry, with its
rapid growth and early maturity, is furnishing the support
necessary for a beginner with no other capital. Plants put
into the ground this year become productive next, and with
proper cultivation a large crop may be secured every season
with as much certainty as can a crop of corn.

THE SOIL.

The soil for strawberries should be rich and well drained.
Bottom lands, where the water can be got rid of quickly,
answer well for the strawberry. Under-drainage is undoubt-
edly the best, but where this cannot be readily attained, the
land should be laid as nearly as possible like a well graded
street, highest in the centre, and very gradually sloping oS to
a ditch or gutter on each side. Summer fallow with repeated
plowing is a good preparation of the soil. It should be thor-
oughly mixed and pulverized by cultivators or drags, and the
condition known as " mellow " should be attained. All the
weeds should, if possible, be destroyed. If fall planting be
adopted, as is most convenient after a summer fallow, cool,
moist days should, if possible, be secured for putting out the
plants. Eather than wait too long, however, for such weather,
where a large amount of planting is to be done, artificial water-
ing should be resorted to. The roots of the plants should be
kept moist, in thick mud, and sufficient water poured into the
hole before putting in the j)lant to secure a firm hold in press-
ing the earth around the root.

PROCESS OF planting.

I have sometimes seen elaborate instructions for spreading
out the roots of the strawberry plant and placing it on a con-

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 49

ical form of earth, covering the root with a trowel, etc. This
may be very well where a small patch of a few yards only is
to be planted, but is too slow a process where a large number
of plants must be inserted in a short time. A dibble that
will make a hole the size of a fifty-cent piece, is the best
instrument to use in planting. If the soil be dry, some one
should go ahead of the planter, making holes and filling them
with water. The planter should follow with another dibble,
putting in the plants and pressing the earth quickly around
the root by another insertion of the dibble after the plant is in,
care being taken not to cover the eye, which, in strawberries, is
very near the root. None but strong young plants should be
used. My observation is that it is not the old root of the plant
that grows. This is useful to hold the plant to the ground,
but it is the new roots which strike out all around the plaut
soon after planting, which become the main support of the
growing vine. This is why we claim the spreading of the old
root unnecessary. Having the plants firmly set is of much
more consequence than any theoretical arrangement of the
old roots, and this can be secured most readily by one stroke
of the dibble on one side of the plant, pressing the earth
towards it. By this process a large number of plants can be
put in in a day, and if the ground be moist and fine, as it
should be, the new roots which strike out just above the old
ones will spread in their natural form and sustain the plant
in its future growth. August planting can be made success-
ful in this manner, no matter how dry the season, if careful
hoeing and cultivation be attended to.

If, in extending a strawberry plantation, a suflBcient number
of plants cannot be secured, or if the beds from which the
young plants are to be obtained are required to bear fruit, a
large number of good plants can be raised by commencing a
nursery bed for plants early in the season, say in May, in some
shady place where water is at hand. The method is to prepare
a small bed by digging, and then thoroughly drench it with
7

50 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

water, or liquid manure, pulverizing it and making it level.
Sometimes I have used boxes for this purpose. Little girls will
soon learn to do the work which follows, and enjoy it very
ranch. As you cut th^ runners from the fruit-beariug vines,
reduce each eye to a convenient length and prick out in this
nursery-bed, two inches apart, keeping the whole shady until
the plants have well struck. These eyes will strike whether
they have roots when pricked out or not. In this way we can
obtain both plants and fruit from the same vines ; the fruit
will be larger and the plants more abundant than if you had
allowed the runners to strike in their native beds, and the
plants thus nursed will be strong and vigorous for planting
as soon as the ground can be prepared, — some of them as early
as July.

BEST TIME FOR PLANTIN^G.

Of course, in speaking of summer or fall planting, I do not
recommend it as the best. But when the ground has to be got
ready the same season, it is better to plant in the fall, in
ground that has been well prepared by summer-fallowing, than
it is to plant in the spring, on ground rank with grass and
weeds, it being much less labor to destroy these before planting
than after.

Mr. Peabody prefers the first of July for planting strawber-
ries, and with the method of having nursery-beds as just
described, the operation of transplanting can be performed at
any convenient time, commencing when the runners first
pricked out in the nursery-bed become good strong plants.
They can, and if the weather be very dry when transplanted,
had better be removed with the soil about them from the
nursery-bed to the row'S, without checking their growth,
making planting in summer almost as good as in the spring,
so far as the next year's crop is concerned. The convenience
of this method consists in having a ready and abundant sup-
ply of plants whenever opportunity occurs to use them, and
without damaging the bearing vines by digging around them
for new plants.

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 5J.

CULTURE.

If the ground was well prepared, the work of keeping the
growing plants clean will be comparatively easy. Hoeing
should be carefully performed, and if any of the plants become
loose in the ground, as is frequently the case in light soils, the
earth should be pressed around them. The benefit of early
planting will be seen in the vigorous character of each plant
for standing the trials of winter.

MULCHING.

Mulching is greatly recommended, and if done carefully
with some light material, is beneficial, but in a breezy country
like Western Michigan, it is not easy to find a light mulch
that will remain where it is placed. A heavy mulch of barn-
yard manure is more likely to destroy the plant than is frost,
and of the two I prefer to risk the severest winter, depending
on the natural covering of snow, to any mulching I have tried.
Last winter, while one of my neighbors destroyed a magnifi-
cent bed of Agriculturists, planted last spring, by mulching
with manure, my young plants of Wilson's Albany, planted in
August and September, were uninjured, and are now produc-
ing a crop of berries, of which a sample is now before you.

BEST VARIETIES — WILSON'S ALBANY.

With regard to the varieties to be cultivated, I regard this
as a matter of taste for amateur culture. For profit, as a
market berry, the Wilson's Albany has long stood at the head
of the list, and maintains that position throughout the entire
western country. As a bearer it is very prolific. It stands
transportation well, and it is a good selling color. Its strong
acid flavor is considered by some a strong objection to it. I
think this its chief recommendation. It gives it character.
For what is the lemon so highly esteemed in all cases of fever ?
It certainly is not its sweetness. It is its fine acidity. Your
sweet strawberry, to my taste, lacks character and is insipid.
Not so with the Wilson's Albany. Whatever may be said of

52 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

it, no berry has done so much to establish strawberry culture
as a profitable business pursuit, as this much-abused variety,
and no berry is so universally cultivated for market. On
suitable soil and with good culture, Wilson's Albany can be
relied on for a good crop every season. It is hardy, early,
prolific, and when ripe, a delicious berry. It is sometimes
gathered before it is ripe, and this has, in most cases, given it
a bad reputation for flavor, which it does not deserve.

The Triomphe de Gand is a favorite variety for amateurs,
and so is the Agriculturist, but neither is as hardy as the
Wilson. The more recent varieties, although possessing many
good qualities, have not shown themselves remunerative mar-
ket berries, in the West, and have been generally discarded by
growers. The varieties will, however, be a proper subject for
discussion.

For market purposes even, I would not use the horse culti-
vator. The small hand cultivator is much better adapted to
the purpose, and can be so adjusted as not to injure the roots,
while, keeping the ground stirred during the growing season,
will prevent injury from drought. The rows need not be more
than thirty inches apart, for using this implement, and the
plants can be a foot apart in the rows. Any closer than this
would be detrimental.

EXTENT OF CULTURE.

With regard to the extent of strawberry culture in the
United States, some idea can be arrived at from the fact that
on the 2d of this month a train on the Illinois Central Rail-
road arrived in Chicago with twenty-three cars, all filled with
Btrawberries, the aggregate weight of which was one hundred
tons! This was only one train on one railroad! The idea
that the business can be overdone here is a great mistake.
Steamers from the mouth of Grand River could just as well
take a similar cargo every day from the middle of June to
the middle of July, as to take the moderate shipments now
exported. Instead of here and there a patch of two or three
acres along the banks of Grand River, at Bass River, at East-

MICHIGAN" STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 53

manville, at Lament and Grandville, every landing should
have hundreds of acres from which strawberries are gath-
ered. Our crop here arrives in Chicago and Milwaukee in
much better condition than the crop of South Illinois, because
our water transportation is so much better for this delicate
fruit, and, being later, the strawberry season would be greatly
prolonged in the cities across the lake, by the more extensive
culture which the future will undoubtedly develop. Small
shipments are always unprofitable; large shipments are alone
productive to both grower and dealer.

As a society, we should endeavor to so extend the culture of
each fruit adapted to our climate, as will give Michigan prom-
inence, not only in the quality of the fruit produced, but
likewise in the quantity, so that the eastern shore of our noble
lake shall become the resort of ambitious buyers who will find
it profitable to come hither to purchase our products. To this
end a large quantity as well as a good quality of fruit must be
produced. A small shipment attracts no attention and can
scarcely find a purchaser. A large cargo commands the market
and secures the competition of buyers for the prize.

Much has been said about the profits of strawberry growing.
When well attended to, the strawberry interest is a good one,
and no business is profitable that is not looked after.

My aim has not been to give full directions in strawberry
culture, — this is done in many useful little manuals, — but to
throw out such suggestions as have occurred in the course of
a few years' experience, and to awaken an ambition among our
fruit-growers to excel in the production of what Mr. A. J.
Downing describes as "Arcadian dainties" * * "the most
wholesome of all fruits."

CONCLUDING SUGGESTIONS.

The principal objection to the very extensive production of
strawberries, the perishable character of the fruit, seems likely
soon to be overcome. At a recent meeting of the Horticult-
ural Society of Black Lake, Captain Walker stated that by

54 EEPORT OF THE BECRETARY OF THE

inclosing strawberries in a dry closed box, and placing the
box in an ice-house, he succeeded, last year, in keeping straw-
berries fresh three weeks, and he had good reason to believe
the same plan would have kept them good twelve months.
This plan should be fully tested, as ripe fresh strawberries at
seasons of the year not now provided with them, would be a
luxury for which many would be Avilling to pay handsomely ;
and with proper facilities provided,^strawberry-dealers need
never crowd the fruit into the city markets so as to bring down
the price below what is profitable to the producer and dealer.
Safes will undoubtedly be constructed for this purpose, and
our favorite berry may become an article of every-day con-
sumption, instead of a luxury of a few summer weeks. Should
this be accomplished, the production of strawberries will
become as extensive as that of any stajile article, and much
more profitable.

I have only time to say that the cherry (the other fruit on
our programme) is gradually coming into favor among grow-
ers. I know of one fruit-grower who is planting 3,000 cherry
trees, and others who are intending to increase their planta-
tions. Although the improved varieties of cherries are very
fine, as a general thing they are not good bearers, whereas the
common Duke Morrello — the sour red cherry — are very prolific
bearers. For throat diseases, the cherry appears to be a
specific of great value. The sour cherry is but little liable to
the ravages of either birds or insects, and will bear, year after
year, most abundantly. As a canned fruit, the sour cherry
preserves its natural flavor and color better than any other
fruit, and dried cherries (stoned as they can be by a new
patent invention) always command a very high price in the
market, — much higher than our best imported fruits. The
Morrello cherry will grow vigorously and bear abundantly on
the north side of a hill, or in many positions where other trees
would fail and become unproductive. For these reasons, I
think we should be safe in recommending the extensive culture
of the Morrello cherry.

MICHIGAN" STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 65

ADDRESS OP HON. FLAVIUS J. LITTLEJOHN,

BEFORE THE MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL AND THE KENT COUNTY

AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES. AT THE FAIR GROUNDS, GRAND

RAPIDS, SEPTEMBER 28th, 1S70.

Ladies and Gentlemen : — If I shall presume to deviate
somewhat from the beaten track of addresses at annual fairs,
I trust that you will pardon the digression.

The spontaneous productions of the earth in their primal
condition are seldom adapted to meet the varied wants of
man. In the system of providential economy, both mental
and physical labor are essential prerequisites for the attain-
ment of many things alike desirable and. necessary for human
use. The seasons may wheel their accustomed rounds, the
sun may pour forth his effulgent beams — fertilizing rains may
descend upon the lap of the earth, genial breezes may con-
tinue to fan the luxuriant verdure mantling the hills and
carpeting the valleys, and yet man, without a constant draft
upon his own resources, would perish from alternate heat and
•cold, or starve in the vestibule of nature's granary. The stern
decree, "In the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat bread," still
rests in pristine vigor upon the whole brotherhood of
humanity. The fearful lesson has been written a thousand
times upon the page of human suffering, — meagre famine,
induced by want of proper forecast, by indolence, or by crime,
has often exacted the most appalling tribute of life.

Even mental and physical activity, strenuous and continued,
cannot alone purchase immunity from want. The noblest
conceptions of genius have been penciled on canvas and
chiseled on marble, whilst the pangs of hunger were consum-
ing the artist. At the very time when myriads of husbandmen
were compelled to labor in rearing useless pyramids, men died

66 REPOET OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

of starvation within their shadow. Impelled by ambition or
revenge, intellect has schemed, and men have strenuously
labored, to make desolate the fairest portions of the globe,
trampling to dust the bounties of nature garnered up by care
and prudent forethought, and crushing out the image of God
from the face of humanity. Generally, as a direct result, the
recoil of pinching famine has proved more fearful than the
sword.

Intellect, then, must operate in useful channels, and labor
must be skillfully directed and dilligently applied to the legiti-
mate pursuits of industry.

In the midst of gratulations for the eminent success which
lias so fully crowned your past efforts, it is natural for you to
indulge in comparison and retrospection. You instinctively
glance over other communities, nations, and countries, for the
proper measure of your own attainments and true position in
the scale of civilized being. The result to you must be highly
gratifying, when tried by every rational standard of morality,
of social happiness, general intelligence, or public prosperity.
As it regards matters of practical utility, you may safely con-
clude that in mechanic arts, inventions, and scientific
discovery, our country has no superior.

In the line of agricultural production, whether of stock or
cereals, grains, grasses, vegetables, or fruits, with proper allow-
ances for soil and climate, you have abundant cause for an
honest pride in your community efforts.

Upon occasions like the present, we are also inclined to
glance away backward over past ages, and to mark the progress
made, at successive eras, in human affairs. We become curious
in observing by what advancing steps the physical wants of
man have pushed his intellect into investigation, research,
invention, and discovery, until the actual circle of human
power over elemental nature has become immensely enlarged.

Ill-shapen and rude as must have been the first tools of
trade, still Tubal Cain, the primal artificer in brass and iron,

MICHIGAN" STATE POMOLOQICAL SOCIETY. 57

unquestionably furnished the crude models from which sue
cessive improvements have finally wrought out the innumerable
variety of useful, elegant, and ornamental implements and
utausils. Men were first clad in skins, and then with garments
made of more flexible materials, elaborated by intellect for the
occasion. But the twirling distaff and spindle, with the spool
and shuttle of ancient matrons, have been entirely eclipsed by
the modern spinning-jenny and power loom, performing the
labor of myriads of hands, and daily throwing off incredible
amounts in textile fabrics of surpassing beauty and of gossa-
mer fineness.

Nor are these the only changes compassed by science and
skill. Who, whilst viewing the glorious models of naval archi-
tecture, in this our age, would dream of tracing out their
archetypes in the dug-out or frail canoe once creeping along
the coast of Tyre, or in the more recent but clumsy Trireme
of Grecian pirates in the Levant ? Who, as he now in fancy
contemplates the rude huts and cabins erected by Adam and
his sons, would think it possible that genius, from such a
starting point, could ever reach the proportion, style, and
finish, much less the grand architectural design of St. Paul's,
the Pantheon, or of St. Peter's at Kome ?

What modern astronomer, standing in yonder observatory,
as he traces with matchless accuracy field after field of the
starry vault, measuring the planets in their orbits, and assign-
ing to each its law of motion, does not forget to remember that
his first lessons were derived from the nightly watchings of
shepherds on the plains of Chaldea ?

Who now detects in the mystic stone-wrought hieroglyphics,
of some Coptic priest of Egypt, the germ of the printers art,
or the embryo of the power press, daily throwing oflF to mil-
lions the free-born thoughts of cultivated minds? Or,
stranger still, deems it true, that in such mystic groupings
and durable stamping of thought are shadowed forth captive
lightning, laden with telegrams and racing with light ?
8

58 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

These are by no means the only inroads made by intellect
upon the silent domain of nature. Geology, mineralogy, and
chemistry are daily presenting us with astounding develop-
ments. I have time simply to point your attention to the
steam engine, flying in mighty power with its lengthened
train across kingdoms and continents, or driving leviathan
ships vath sure direction and resistless force over the storm-
crested billows of the ocean.

Time and space have thus, for the purpose of travel and
transit, been practically annihilated. Differences in soil and
climate have been adjusted on a scale more nearly approaching
equality. By a rational division of labor, far greater excellence
has been attained in the several branches of industrial pur-
suits. The facilities of land and water communication now
open the world as a market for the producer, whilst the pro-
ducts of every climate may be easily reached by the consumer.

Measured thus by the standard of present attainment and
progressive improvement in the various arts, we are fain to
conclude that civilization is now in advance of any former
period.

We have thus reached a point of view whence we may still
more closely inspect the three grand departments of human
industry: Agriculture, Manufactures, and Commerce. In
this general division, agriculture includes all the products of
the soil, resulting from skill and labor, together with the
avails of flocks and herds. By manufactures Ave understand
all the products of the mechanic arts, whatever material may
be used, or means employed by the artificer; whilst by com-
merce we mean the export and import, the sale, exchange, or
other domestic disposition of all marketable commodities.

As thus defined, each of these general departments has chal-
lenged the attention of our race from its earliest foothold on
earth; and yet, although each originated in the necessity or
convenience of men, still there has ever existed, not only a
percepible, but marked difference in their public estimation

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOQICAL SOCIETY. 59

and progress. Despotic power, national pride, and aspirations
for personal renown, have contributed to swell the amount of
the distinctive difference thus created.

Commercial enterprise has ever been cherished, both as a
source of profit to the merchant, and for the articles of taste
and comfort it has been wont to furnish alike to palate and
person. We now speak of the extent and variety of trafic,
and not of the facilities for land and water transit. Beasts of
burden, overland, and clumsy craft for the water, were the
principal means employed for ages. As recently as the time
when Venice, through her merchant princes, controlled the
commerce of Southern Europe and the Mediterranean, very
slight improvements had been made in naval architecture,
always excepting the high-beaked, elegant, scull-driven gon-
dolas of her own canals.

Mechanic art, in its extended sense, was early pressed to its
utmost tension for supplying not only the wants and con-
veniences of men, but to meet the large demands of taste,
whether ostentatious, voluptuous, or refined. Genius and
talent were alike subsidized, whilst invention, discovery, and
improvement were, at times, rewarded with the contents of
public treasuries, to be replenished again by cruel exactions
from agricultural classes.

When viewed with an understanding eye, a popular error
seems to have prevailed in regard to the genius and attain-
ments of the old Roman world. As a race, they could imi.'.ate,
but not invent. The could furnish hand-pattern artisans, but
they borrowed from Greece, Egypt, and fr:m Assyria, their
exquisite designs and models, and imported their principal
architects. With a few noble exceptions, they were neither a
literary nor scientific people. They were servile copyists.
.Even their, system of jurisprudence, down to their Emperors,
was derived from Greece, and compiled by an Ephesian.
Their refinements were ostentatious, their pleasures were sen-
sual, and their amusements often brutal. Their genius was
for war, and their principal progress was in human slaughter.

60 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OP THE

Pardon this digression. It was wrung from me by reading
upon their gilded palaces, their majestic temples, their tri-
umphal columns, and their eighty thousand seated amphithea-
ters, the thrilling record of blood and famine in their impover-
ished provinces. Why should it then be deemed incredible
that the Etrurian plow of Cincinnatus, composed of a wooden
crotch, and harnessed by thongs of rawhide to the horns of
the oxen, should have continued the Roman plow for many
ages? Why should their uncouth reaping-hook, with its still
more crooked left-hand accompaniments, have been super-
seded by a more improved utensil ? Why should agricultur-
ists have taken delight in extended fields of waving grain ; in
eleek, well-fed flocks and herds ; or in spacious barns and well-
filled granaries ? Such possessions would have proved the
certain signal for rapine and plunder ; for personal violence,
and perchance for murder. No! their only shield was appar-
ent destitution ; their only granaries were hidden excavations
in the earth, whilst the forest or the mountain-steeps furnished
a hiding place for their sheep and cattle. The imperial tax
upon all their known possessions, in itself onerous, was usually
doubled by the rapacity of their governors and their numerous
officials.

With slight modification, agriculture has labored under
similar embarrassments the world over, until modern times.
Wherever the relation of lord and vassal exists, whether as
serfs of the crown, or by any of the forms of feudal tenure,
there you will never find either agricultural prosperity or
progress. True, small parcels of land may be farmed out by
the lord of the manor, to his retainers and dependents, and be,
by them, kept in productiveness by hand-trenching tillage.
But this is not what we, in America, call farming. When
we speak of a farmer, we mean both the owner and cultivator
of broad acres. Five hundred farms in portions of France
would hardly equal in extent the possessions and inclosures
of individual farms in our Northwestern States.

MICHIGAN BTATE POMOLOQICAL SOCIETY. 61

We have thus endeavored, in a cursory manner, to point out
the wide difference in attainment and progress heretofore
existing between the three great departments of industry.
We have also endeavored to exhibit the leading causes for this
essential difference.

Agriculture is, emphatically, a peaceful occupation. It
demands social order, with effective and stable laws for pro-
tection from aggressive inroads. It requires science to direct,
intelligence to guide, industry to accomplish, and a fee simple
in the soil for its successful management. And, then, in the
wide range of human effort, there is no field of human enter-
prise more useful, move honorable, or more promising in
results than American farming. The first settlers of the
Union were mainly agriculturists, and land tillage has all
along been nominally regarded as taking a high rank in the
pursuits of our citizens. And yet, until within a few years,
what marked improvements were introduced into this system ?
What useful inventions to fiicilitate cultivation and to lessen
the burden of labor for man and beast, had been regarded by
our husbandmen ? What discoveries of science had been
generally adopted ? What associations for an interchange of
views and a comparison of products were in active operation ?
What newspaper, sheet, or periodical, laden with the gleanings
of experience and scattering agricultural intelligence, was
ever either circulated or read ? What careful examination
into the properties of different soils, and their adaptation to
the various kinds of grasses and cereals, had ever been prose-
cuted to any satisfactory results ? And what intelligent system
of rotating crops and recuperating the exhausted energies of
the soil by rest and fertilizing ingredients, was received as the
basis of operations by any considerable number of our farmers ?

The truth is, that agriculture, for more than a century, was
conducted negligently, shiftlessly, without system, and with-
out the requisite amount of intelligence, in every part of our
country. The unavoidable result was everywhere experienced.

62 REPOET OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

Farmers became impoverished ; the average yield was lessened
in quantity, and depreciated in quality ; labor was but poorly
requited, and the vocation (for it was not then deemed a pro-
fession) fell into disrepute. What wonder, then, that the son,
forced to toil in the treadmill routine of his father's unthriffc,
should have acquired a thorough disrelish of all that pertained
to the business, and have sought for himself some more con-
genial employment ? But, thanks to the persevering energy,
skill, and science of a few large-hearted and philanthropic
individuals, agriculture has been rescued from opprobrium,
aud resurrected into activity and productiveness throughout
the country. The series of spectacles like the one of to-day,
now annually exhibited in every part of the land, are evidences
of progress made and of triumphs achieved, and are also the
harbingers of still higher attainments.

The hitherto dormant energies of our agricnltural classes
have been successfully aroused, and the broad and deep furrow
will not only render earth's surface beautiful and productive,
but will in turn penetrate far downward into the hitherto
sterile domain of uncultivated mind. There are but few
branches of human learning that will not ere long be drafted
into the ranks, and render effective aid in the field operation
of practical, scientific farming. Men will no longer, as the
poet writes, follow the plow, " whistling for want of thought."

Competition will force into use all the valuable improved
implements in husbandry. As the rich furrow yields to the
patent share, and takes its place with but trivial effort, the
physical science and mental faculties of the operator will have
a wide, margin for studying the broad volume of nature thus
being opened up before him. The experimental tests previ-
ously established by combination, comparison, and analysis,
will be diligently applied. Geological indicia will be
observed ; chemical affinities detected, and the elemental
ingredients, and fertilizing properties of the upturned soil
will be fully arranged for the class-table of seeds. Skillful

MICHIGAN STATE I'OMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 63

manuring will go far towards supplying deficiencies and pre-
venting exhaustion.

Judicious management in rotating and maturing crops will
relieve the soil by skillful drafts of gaseous nutriment from
the atmosphere. The aftermath of dry meadows will be kept
sacred from scythe, hoof, or tooth. To tillable land a season's
rest in clover will be frequently awarded.

A corresponding improvement will be visible in the condi-
tion, breed, and blood of all domestic animals, whether reared
for home use, or market abroad. Color, shape, size, attitude,
activity, muscular strength, beauty in proportion, and graceful
movement, weight, ' early maturing in taking on fatty matter
and fleshy fibres — all these will be severally considered and
the respective .properties wanted will be made the basis of
judicious selection.

No gaunt, long-nosed, apron-eared, large-jointed, crooked-
back specimen of swine will longer offend the eye in the
street, or at two years of age, with a clear live weight of 125
pounds, be thrust into a sty, to wallow in filth, and be reduced
in six weeks to killing order upon flint corn in the ear.

Bald-headed, hairy-limbed, light-quartered sheep, with a
scanty covering of coarse wool iipou back and sides, will be
entirely displaced by Leicesters, Southdowns, Saxons, and
Merinos.

Neat cattle of high breeds and pure blood will range in
green pastures, — well fenced, shaded, and watered in summer;
and in winter, will no longer shiver over their scanty allowance
of refuse fodder, in open yards, or wend their way 200 rods
along slippery paths ia search of water, and then, like a
Mohammedan at his devotions, be compelled to take it
kneeling.

Horses of approved varieties, by close breeding, keep, and
proper training in position, step, gait, and general movement,
will become what nature designed them to be, the most actire,
useful, and beautiful of all domestic animals. We shall no

<J4 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

longer behold them, with head and tail projecting toward the
ground at an angle of 45 deg., creeping along with a ludicrous
mixture of all kinds of gait, upon a couple of legs and a pair
of setting poles, galled upon back and breast, troubled with
thistletoe, glanders and heaves, and limping with pin-hip,
ringbone, curb, and spavin.

Should the truth be honestly spoken, there can be no doubt
that our domestic animals have too often been stinted by
cruelty and dwarfed by neglect, until all beauty, size, and
proportion have nearly disappeared. Let the sin and shame
rest where they belong.

The change of which we have thus far spoken, is already
extending itself to the conveniences and comforts of rural
life. Taste, neatness, and methodical arrangement are already
evinced in the buildings, fixtures, fences, orcliards, and gardens
of the farmer. Shade and ornamental trees are taking their
proper position in the yards, along the highways, around the
dwellings, and at judicious points in every field. Flowering
shrubs, and fruit-bearing vines, are now being clustered and
trained over trellises, delighting the eye and gratifying the
taste. The choicest varieties of fruit from vine, shrub, and
tree, each in its season, now add to the pleasures of the family
and give a zest to toil itself.

At this precise point of my address, I am reminded by the
public call for this meeting, by the splendid specimen varieties
of fruit put on exhibition here, and by the attendance of rep-
resentative gentlemen from various parts of the State, that a
distinct branch of our main theme now presses itself upon
our attention, and demands more than a passing notice. The
Michigan State Pomological Society are entitled to have their
specialties considerately treated.

Fruit culture, in proper localities, is a pleasant field for
human care and effort, full of taste and beauty, and not only
richly remunerating labor, but largely contributing to the
comfort and luxury of living. It is a field of operation where

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOQICAL SOCIETY. 65

a good degree of intelligence, sound skill, observation, and
experience must be combined to achieve excellence or to insure
success.

In prosecuting fruit culture, men must have reference to the
elemental condition of the proximate natural world. They
must not ignore the immutable laws which govern locality and
latitude. They must ascertain and recognize the normal con-
dition and aptitudes of soil and climate; the appropriate
degree of heat and moisture, and the length and general
adaptability of the seasons requisite for the proper development
and maturity of any given variety of fruit

Our observation and human experience alike confirm the
fact, that by the economy of natural law, a zone has been
assigned to different species of fowls, fish, and animals. To
each, in its appropriate sphere, all the appliances are at hand
for its highest development.

But, as in the animal, so in the vegetable and fruit king-
doms, many varieties of the latter are susceptible of being
transplanted and reared to fair perfection in zones and cli-
mates, and even soils, where they are not indigenous. This
process, however, demands additional care, skill, and knowl-
edge of all their peculiar properties and requirements, on the
part of the grower.

In glancing over the map of earth's indigenous productions,
we readily discover that ours is not a favorable portion of the
globe for ravishing displays of nature in the floral kingdom,
and that we are also debarred the pleasure of witnessing the
expanding loveliness or maturing richness of the spices and
luscious fruits of the lower latitudes. Our conception of equa-
torial landscapes, where nature is draped in her heaviest ver-
dure and her most gorgeous floral attire, must fall almost infin-
itely short of the beautiful reality. So also of the fruits, of
plants, shrubs, and trees of those regions, exotics here, and
never reaching us without being denuded of their freshness
9

66 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

and bloom and tint, their exquisite odor, and their luscious
taste.

But whilst frankly jiilinitting our inferiority to the tropical
climes in the particulars thus alluded to, we may readily ascer-
tain that we enjoy countervailing advantages incident to onr
position, and fully compensating us for the deprivation of those
exquisite though simple pleasures of taste. We may also have
fruits of our own planting, handling, and maturing, in great
abundance and variety, and fully adequate to supply our sub-
stantial wants, and at the same time both satisfy and gratify
the palate of the fastidious epicure.

Whilst fruit-growing in Michigan, generally, may.. be pro-
nounced a success, yet we of the western portion of the State
shall not be deemed arrogant if we affirm that the pecular fruit
zone of the Northwest is limited to a belt of country ranging
in breadth from fifteen to forty miles, and stretching along the
eastern shore of Lake Michigan. Outside of this especial
region, however, various kinds of fruit may be grown and
matured in diflferent sections of our lower peninsula. The
various small fruits indigenous here, and even growing spon-
taneously, are the strawberry, the raspberry, the currant, the
gooseberry, the blue and whortleberry. You all recognize the
fruits. All these are susceptible of improvement by skillful
cultivation, and may be made a source of large profit as basket
fruits, as well as by conversion into jellies, wines, canned fruits,
etc. Of the large fruits growing on climbing vines and trees,
we have a large and increasing variety, many of them taking
as kindly to our soil and climate as if indigenous to this region.

Through the economy of natural laws, as well as by our
judicious selection and training, our distinct varieties may be
again subdivided into classes.

As general standard varieties we would designate apples,
pears, peaches, plums, apricots, nectarines, quinces, Siberian
crab, cherries, and grapes.

MICHIGAJT STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 67

Of these, as sub-varieties, which may be classed to mature
in gradation, aud thus adapted to meet the wants of successive
seasons of the year, and possessing excellent properties, and
sufficiently prolific to warrant cultivation, we name of apples,
the Astrachan, Sweet Bough, Duchess of Oldenburg, Straw-
berry, Fall Pippin, Cayuga Co. Red Streak, Snow, Jersey Sweet,
and Maiden's Blush, and then the Baldwin, "Wagener, Golden
Russet, Rhode Island Greening, Wine Sap, Tallman Sweet,
Hubbardston Nonsuch, and Northern Spy. Of peaches. Early
and Late Crawford, Early Barnard, Smock Free, Stump the
World, and Hill's Chili. Of pears, Bartlett, Flemish Beauty,
Louise Bonne de Jersey, Duchesse d'Angouleme, and Whito
Doyenne ; and of grapes, the Concord, Delaware, Clinton, lona,
Isabella, Diana, Northern Muscatine, Ives' Seedling, and
Rogers' Hj'brid. Other equally excellent sub-varieties may
have been overlooked, or are unknown to the public.

From the remarks already submitted, we must all admit that
fruit culture, as a science and a branch of human industry, is
entitled to high rank, not only as a source of profit to the pro-
ducer, but as a regulator of the blood and stomach, largely
contributing to the health and comfort of the consumer,
Without its presence, in some of the myriad forms of its
preparation for our use, what refreshment table would bo pro-
nounced fully set ?

But to achieve success in fruit culture requires unwearied
oversight, skill, and persistent efibrt. The ground must be
selected with due regard to the requsite amount of light, heat,
and air. Then comes mulching at the root, staking, training,
pruning, foreshortening, and for vines, trellising and cutting
back. Preventives against blight and mildew must be sought
for, and a constant warfare waged against the army of fruit and
tree destroying insects. The borer, grub, caterpillar, and the
root-worm will assault root, bark, body, branch, and foliage,
whilst the curculio, with its numerous allies, will sting, and
plant its fatal larvae in the tender germs and incipient fruit.

68 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

It thus becomes apparent that protracted care and labor are
imperiously demanded for successful fruit culture. A detailed
statement of the mode and manner of practically applying this
labor, we must decline to enter upon, and for two cogent rea-
sons: First, because our masters in the art are present before
us ; and second, because our personal knowledge and experi-
ence have been far more exclusively devoted to the consumption
than to the growing of fruit.

In concluding our remarks upon this special topic, it is
peculiarly gratifying to be able to say that the measure of your
past success in fruit culture is full of hope and promise for the
future. For these auspicious results furnish a sure guaranty
that intelligence, skill, and energy have been already embarked
in the enterprise ; and that the Michigan State Pomological
Society will make this, their first anniversary, a bow of prom-
ise, spanning our whole peninsula, flooding it with brilliant
beams from its parti-colored ground-work, and pledging to us
a renewal of the Garden of Eden, on the eastern shore of Lake
Michigan.

From the slight glances we have been able to take of the
various fields of labor in the great department of agriculture,
we may glean the great lesson of the hour, that both excel-
lence and progress must depend upon intelligence and effort,
abiding in, and springing from, a well-developed manhood.

That this lesson should have a peculiar force and signifi-
cance with our rural classes, may be demonstrated in a few
words. First, because the precious deposit of our national
prosperity, glory, and honor; the prevalence of intelligence
and virtue; the maintenance of social order; the perpetuity
of our free institutions, and the hopes of our race, are largely
in the keeping of our agricultural classes.

And second, there is far less of trust and stability in other
departments. With them, wealth is more emphatically power,
and that power is liable to be abused. In our larger towns
and cities, *with their mixed population and heavy influx of

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 69

foreign elements, a wide departure from the republican sym-
plicity of our forefathers is clearly perceptible.

In the earlier history of our country, and down to a recent
period, it has been an acknowledged fact that our people have
Btood foremost in the leading qualities and essential elements
of a well-developed manhood. The reason is obvious. In the
rapid opening and settlement of the country; in the activity,
thrift, and economy necessary with many to keep want from
the fireside ; in the surging tide of advancing trade and com-
merce, and the bustle and activity at business centers ; and in
the ceaseless struggle to furnish marketable products, amply
eupplyiug the demand; the constant strain on body, brain,
and muscle was calculated to round out and ripen up in full
development our American manhood.

But now, in the widening and shifting fields of human
efibrt, and the changing aspect of business affairs, new
motives operate, and new incentives are brought to bear. In
the ambitious yearnings for power and place, and the selfish
cupidity for pecuniary accumulation and family aggrandize-
ment ; in the ostentatious and fashionable displays of opulent
parve7ius, and the graspings and revelings of those below to
attain some higher grade or more exclusive circle, the tax and
strain upon the brain and muscle, with the forced and unna-
tural direction of these new competing efforts, have become
intense and exhaustive, whilst the average moral nature of
society is being warped and coerced by design, or dwarfed by
neglect.

Who, then, shall longer maintain the doctrines of our
ancient republican simplicity, or practice the stern virtues of
our forefathers, if the agricultural classes fail us ? Where
shall we look for mature judgment, for enlarged views, and
integrity of heart and life, if not to them ? In the hour of
the nation's peril where shall we search for the man, with
head to plan, with heart to brave and hand to execute, if not
to them ? How immensely important, then, that the youth,

70 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

in all rural districts, should be physically, mentally, and mor-
ally trained and schooled into a round and ripe development!

But grant that the flag of our Union shall continue to wave
over the length and breadth of our country, and that our
institutions shall continue to afford protection to all beneatk
the shelter of that flag, until the valley of the Mississippi, the
steeps of the mountains, and the far-off shores of the Pacific,
shall teem alike with a dense population. The vast preponder-
ance of commercial wealth and power will still unquestionably
be centered in the cities, along the seaboard east and west and
south. Manufacturing enterprise is wont to seek out particu-
lar localities, and its wealth and power might remain concen-
trated in one extremity of the Union.

Where, tlien, shall be found an all-pervading interest, per-
meating the grand masses of society, and imparting freshness
and vigor to the arterial tides of life, pulsating from the great
heart of the Republic to its extremities ? Agriculture, with
its varied productions and diftusive interests, must solve the
problem.

Ay! practically, scientific agriculture will ever be found
adequate to supply the wants of all, still binding the extremi-
ties to the center, and that center to freedom, as anatomical
ligatures unite the bones in healthful articulation.

Like, as among the aborigines, the belt of wampum passing
from tribe to tribe, was the precursor and herald of the pipe
of peace, so shall the sheaf of wheat remain, from ocean to
ocean, and from the Lakes to the Gulf, the symbol of amity
and the token of brotherbood.

MICHIQA>f STATE POMOLOGIOAL 8001ETT. 71

AMONG THE ORCHARDS AND VINEYARDS.

The following report, made by Messrs. Clubb and Fasset,
Oommittee on Orchards, September 29, 1870, addressed and
submitted to the President of the Western Michigan Agricult-
ural and Horticultural Society, whicli has its headquarters at
Spring Lake, in Ottawa county, is inserted in this place to
give information respecting the system of orcharding now
being introduced and established in that county. It is espe-
cially the object of the State Pomological Society to encourage
and promote the growth of orchards and vineyards, and
• demonstrate the feasibility and profitableness of broad and
extended culture. The officers of local agricultural and hor-
ticultural societies throughout the State are earnestly invited
to furnish information respecting the orchards and vineyards
of their several counties ; and information and statistics of
this kind, from reliable and intelligent sources, will be given
publication and wide circulation.

The committee to whom was entrusted the inspection of
such orchards and vineyards as were entered for competition,
respectfully report that they have performed the duty assigned
them, and recommend the following

AWARDS.

The best three-year-old apple orchard — First premium, Jas.
B. Soule; second premium, Charles E. Soule.

Best one-year-old pear orchard — First premium, Mr. Job
Sessions.

Beet three-year-old quince orchard — First premium. Rev. H.
Beck with.

72 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

Best bearing peach orchard — First premium, Chas. E. Soule ;
second premium, Geo. Seagrove.

Best four-year-old peach orchard — First premium, Thomas
Petty.

Best three-year-old peach orchard — First premium, Walter
G. Sinclair; second premium, Ambrose L. Soule.

Best two-year-old peach orchard — First premium, E. L.
Tread way; second premium, Thomas Petty.

Best one-year-old peach orchard — First premium, Frank
Hall ; second premium, Orrin Douglass.

Best bearing vineyard — First premium, Messrs. Cutler &
Savidge ; second premium, Thomas Petty.

Best five-year-old vineyard — First premium, Jas.B. Soule;
second premium, A. L. Soule.

Best four-year-old vineyard — First premium, Thos. Petty.

Best three-year-old vineyard — First premium, Thos. Petty.

Best two-year-old vineyard — First premium, Chas. E. Soule.

Best one-year-old vineyard — First premium, Timothy Hall ;
second premium, Job Sessions.

REMARK8.

As is customary in a report of this character, your commit-
tee also submit remarks in reference to the several orchards
and vineyards entered for competition, some of which will
indicate the reasons which actuated the committee in recom-
mending the above awards.

Mr. James B. Soule's three-year-old apple orchard has made
good promising limbs. Mr. Soule's system of pruning encour-
.ageg several good branches, which are led out in different
•directions so as to form a well balanced tree. We prefer this
method to heading in short, and producing numerous shoots.

Mr. Chas. E. Soule's apple orchard of 350 trees, planted in

1867. These trees, which have not been cut back, but simply

thinned out, have made good limbs, and are doing finely^

'Those which have been headed in, makvj bushy growth of

MICHIQAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 73

small wood, which wo deem objectionable. The orchard is
thrifty and promising.

Mr. Job Sessions enters his pear orchard, planted with 50
pear trees this spring. His pears appear to be all alive and
doing remarkably well for the first season. This orchard well
deserves the first premium awarded it.

Rev. Hiram Beckwith, residing between Spring Lake and
Crockery, has the best quince orchard we have seen, and being
the only one entered, is properly awarded the first premiam.
It contains 200 quince trees, planted three years ago. Those
pruned by Mr. Ganzhorn are doing well, the plan being to
encourage the growth of several limbs rather than numerous
slender shoots.

Mr. Chas. E. Soule's peach-bearing orchard, planted in 1863,
has done admirably. It contains 300 trees. His Barnard trees
averaged him $10 a tree this year; his Old Mixon, $5; hia
Seedlings, $2; his Early York, $1, and his Orawfords, nothing.
This little orchard yielded $700 in 1868 ; $100 in 1869, and
$400 last year. It is a miscellaneous orchard with regard to
varieties, but its bearing qualities must be regarded as yery
superior.

Mr. George Seagrove has sold a considerable quantity of
peaches from his orchard, even this year, but so far as we could
ascertain it was less than the amount sold by Mr. C. B. Soule.
Both are good bearing orchards.

Mr. Thomas Petty's peach orchard, planted in 1867, contains
about 700 trees. It is located on the south side of a hill, and
its fine, even rows of trees contrast with the white sand upon
which they grow so luxuriantly, presenting a scene from the
lake of surpassing beauty, being washed by the water below
and tipped with clear blue sky above. The trees have per-
fected their growth, and the wood is ripened to the tips. The
growth has been ample, and the show of double buds indicatea
a heavy crop for next season.

Mr. Walter Sinclair, the zealous Secretary of the Western
10

74 ItEPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

Michigan Horticultural and Agricultural Society, enters his
peach orchard, planted in 18G8. For healthy growth and
uniformity, except where trees were replanted, it is difficult to
find the superior of this three-year-old orchard. It is on the
north side of the railroad, and with a slightly northern slope
toward Spring Lake, — a very favorahle aspect for peaches,
especially with ample water protection as this has.

Mr. A. L. Soule's peach orchard, planted in 1868, contains
1,000 very handsome trees, with a long and gradual slope to
the southwest. It is one of the most promising orchards on
Spring Lake, and cannot be easily surpassed of its age.

Mr. Charles E. Soule's peach orchard of 300 trees, planted
in 1868, is on a fine elevation, and located on a peninsula,
giving it water protection in almost every direction. The land
is rolling, and the growth this year has been all that is desir-
able. The wood is ripening rapidly to the tips.

The peach orchard of J. B. Soule contains 2,000 trees, — 800
Eai'ly Crawfords, and the balance miscellaneous. It has made
as much growth as is safe, even on this favored location, and
begins to look like a bearing orchard. Show for fruit next
year, excellent.

Mr. Elmore A. Treadway enters his splendid peach orchard,
planted in 1869. The growth of these trees is surprising, and
yet it is ripening up rapidly, and the terminal buds have formed.
The double buds are quite numerous, and the prospect of a
crop, even in 1870, is good.

Mr. Thomas Petty's peach orchard, planted in 1869, contains
500 trees. For regularity of growth, and uniformity of size
and trimming, this orchard stands high in our estimation. Its
aspect, sloping to the south, gives it a fine appearance, although
it is probable a northern aspect would be better for the fruit.
The fine elevation of most of the trees, however, renders their
chance for avoiding frost excellent.

Mr. Frank Hall has a peach orchard of 500 trees, planted
last spring. Not one of the 500 failed to grow, and all appear

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 75

to have made a healthy and vigorous growth. The long rows
of uniform trees give high promise of future productiveness.
It can scarcely fail to become one of the best orchards in the
township. The varieties planted are 160 Mountain Rose, 75
Smock, 25 Crawford's Late, 25 Crawford's Early, 25 Hales, and
75 Old Mixon.

Mr. Orrin Douglass, StahFs Bay, near Fruitport, enters a
peach orchard j^lanted last spring. It is at present surrounded
by timber, being a new clearing. It contains 1,200 trees,
mostly branching very low. They are very vigorous trees.
Buckwheat, sown between, grew almost as high as the trees.
This, probably, was a good precaution to prevent an over-
growth. The trees liave now completed their terminal buds,
and the wood is ripened to the tips, although the leaves remain
perfectly green. The varieties are good : COO Early Crawford,
250 Early Barnard, 250 Smock, 50 Early Hale, 100 Stump the
World, etc. Mr. Douglass, with but little help, has cleared 18
acres this season, and has raised an abundance of corn and
buckwheat, besides planting the orchard. Such industry and
perseverance deserve the highest commendation, and but for
the fact that 300 out of 1,500 trees died, and the newness and
consequent imperfect preparation of the land, we should have
accorded this the first premium. Soil, sandy with clay subsoil.

Messrs. Cutler & Savidge and Mr. Geo. Seagrove entered
their orchards, but when your committee called, Mr. Seagrove
was absent at the State Pomological Exhibition, so that we
could not ascertain tlie particulars as to the amount borne by
their orchards and vineyards this year, and nnist therefore pass
them by with the remark that these are the best cultivated
orchards on Spring Lake. Especially is this the case with
those of Messrs. Cutler & Savidge, Mr. Seagrove evidently
devoting his chief attention to them, somewhat at the expense
of his own.

Mr. Jas. B. Souie's Concord vineyard was planted in 186G.
It has borne a good crop this year, and has made very long
growth, one vine measuring 19 feet

76 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

Mr. Ambrose L. Soule's is a fine Delaware vineyard of about
300 vines, planted in 1866-7-8. These vines have made
immense growth from the roots this year, and bid fair to bear
a large crop next year.

The vineyard of Mr. Thomas Petty has produced this, ita
fourth season, 3,500 pounds of grapes. It contains 1,100 Con-
cords, 100 Catawbas, 50 Isabellas, and 300 Dela wares. It is on
a hill rising some sixty feet above the lake. The trellis is
formed by posts with light rails top and below, with lath about
ten inches apart, running perpendicularly like pickets. The
vines, although bearing the above crop, have made a good
growth this season, and the prospect is favorable for a heavy
crop next year. Sandy soil.

Mr. Thomas Petty's vineyard of 500 Ives' Seedlings, is of
three seasons' growth. It has similar advantages of aspect and
elevation of the other vineyards, has made a good growth, and
indicates that the Ives' Seedling will be a successful grape in
this region. Soil, sandy.

Mr. Chas. Soule's Delaware vineyard of 100 vines was planted
in 1869. It has made surprising growth for the Delaware in
its early stages.

Mr. Timothy Hall enters his vineyard of 500 vines, mostly
Concord, planted this spring. It has made good substantial
growth, although the soil looks like a pure fine gravel. His
plan is to keep the ground stirring while the plants are grow-
ing, as preferable to manuring. The healthy growth is a good
recommendation of this theory. When the season of warm
weather is protracted as this year, there is probably nO danger
from over cultivation in a soil of this character. Mr. Hall's
vineyard has this advantage over that of Mr. Session: the land
was prepared the year before planting, and the soil is naturally
warmer on account of its gravelly character.

Job Sessions' vineyard of 200 vines was planted this spring.
It contains 60 Delaware, and 140 Concord vines. The growth
is good, especially as this land is new, and Mr. S. only com-

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOQICAL 80CIETT. 77

menoed this year. Mr. Session is a careful and zealous culti-
vator. Hie place is a credit both to his judgment and industry.

Your committee conclude with the assurance that the pres-
ent condition of all the orchards visited is highly satisfactory
and promising. Never was wood better ripened, or buds more
promising of an abundance of peaches next year, and nothing
but the most excessively severe winter can affect the buds or
wood produced this year.

The vineyards have also done well, both in bearing fruit and
maturing wood for next season, and although the grape crop
is large this year, the prospect is good for a much larger pro-
duce next year, oh account of young vineyards coming into
bearing that have not hitherto borne fruit.

78 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY 0? THE

DECEMBER MEETING

The Society met at its rooms in Fuller's Bank, Grand Kap-
idfl, Tuesday, December 6, being the annual meeting for the
election of officers, etc. In the absence of the President, Mr.
J. P. Thompson was, on motion of Henry S. Clubb, elected
President j5ro tern.

Mr. A. T. Linderman, the Secretary, stated that he had
received communications from Dr. E. Ware Sylvester of
Lyons, N. Y., promising valuable contributions of varieties
for test by the Society.

Also, a letter from Mr. Geo. E. Waring, Jr., of Ogdeu Farm,
enclosing Trophy tomato seed for that purpose.

SEEDLING APPLES.

Prof. Whitney of Muskegon presented samples of seedling
apples from trees twenty years old, in Macomb county. They
have been grafted from, and are extensively known as the
Whitney apple. They have been kept till February, although
this year they are like all other apples, not keeping as well as
usual. The apple is a j)ale yellow, with a slightly strawberry
flavor.

Mr. Pearsoll of Alpine also presented some fine seedling
apples, raised from seed sown by Mr. J. L. Tuxbury of Caseno-
via, some eighteen years since. It is a large rich apple, similar
to the Spitzenburg, This apjile was very highly spoken of by
the members present.

OLD VARIETIES.

Mr. Holt presented several varieties of apples and pears,
including Fall Pippin, Cayuga County Ked Streak, Peek's

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 79

Pleasant, Esopus Spitzenburg, Jouathan, Buerre Diel pear.
All of these have kept well for this season.

HOTTING OF APPLES THIS SEASON — GAN'N'IN'G APPLES.

Prof. Whitney said, in reply to a question by the President
pro tern., that it was conceded that the cause of the rotting of
apples was the ripening of the fi'uit much earlier than usual.
Another reason is, the fruit ripened under a dense mass of
foliage this year, and had consequently been brought on by a
sort of hot-house maturity. Another reason is, the fruit was
picked too late.

The best way to remedy the evil is to take the choice apples,
such as the Northern Spy, cut. them up as for sauce, and can
them. The cans, being emptied now of other fruit, could be
refilled with apples with decided advantage. It could be done
either with or without sugar.

Mr. Pearsoll said : For keeping winter apples in the cellar,
I would rather not pick until the first frost; but for packing
in barrels, I would pick a little earlier. If you pick winter
apples too early they will wilt.

BAREELING APPLES.

Mr. Whitney said : East we always barrel, even apples for
our own use, and they keep better than in any other way.
They are kept in a cool cellar, and, being well barreled, are
kept in the dark and from the air. It is like canning fruit.

Mr. Pearsoll : I do not like moving and jarring applet. It
injures them worse than freezing.

FROZEN APPLES.

Mr. Knapp said: With frozen apples it is best to let them
remain till the frost draws out of them, and then you would
not know they had been frozen. If you move them and make
them thaw suddenly, they will rot. One reason the fruit rots
this year is the fact that apples are more wormy than usual.

Mr. Pearsoll — When gathered wet ?

80 REPORT OP THE SECRETARY OP THE

Mr. Knapp — Yes. If you gather apples when they are wet,
they will not keep so well.

Mr. G. H. Liuderman — The best way to keep apples is, after
they are picked, heap them up to sweat, then pack them in
buckwheat, chaff, or bran.

Mr. Fuller was always in the habit of picking apples on the
lOtb of October. It is not natural for an apple to rot. It is
in the careless handling of apples that the apples are made to
rot. The apples should be gathered in a small basket, and
then carefully packed in barrels, and headed in. In this way
I never lost any apples. But I never could find a man that
would handle the fruit with sufficient care.

Mr. Holt : A person may not drop an apple, and yet the
apples may be injured by pulling out the stem. I believe, with
Prof. Whitney, that we ought to gather apples earlier. You
take a juicy apple like the Spy, and it is much harder to keep
than the Eusset, which is dryer. The difficulty of apples
wintering by being picked green will be overcome by packing
well in barrels.

Mr. Knapp mentioned an instance where the earliest
gathered apples rotted worse than those gathered later.

It was stated that the Commissioner of Agriculture had just
received from the Imperial Botanical Gardens of St. Peters-
burg, a collection of Russian apples, embracing about 100
varieties. These have come in perfect condition, and are well
provided with grafts, of which the Society will receive a few
specimens. It will be recollected that the Russian apples
flourish exceedingly well in Michigan, to prove which it is
only necessary to mention the Astrachan and Duchess of
Oldenburg.

A. T. Linderman then read a paper upon the subject of
establishing a Test Garden in connection with the Society,
which was ordered printed.

On motion of Henry S. Clubb,

Resolved, That the Society hereby heartily indorse the
action of the Secretary in issuing the circular to disseminators.

MICHIGAK STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 81

Resolved, That the Secretary be and is hereby further
instructed to procure the services of competent horticulturists
to conduct the tests of such new varieties as may be sent for
that purpose.

Resolved, That a committee of five be appointed to prepare
a petition to the Legislature for a special charter, under which
the Society can be incorporated.

Resolved, That Article II of the Constitution be so amended
as to read as follows :

11. The officers of the Society shall consist of a President,
eight Vice Presidents, a Treasurer, a Secretary, and such Local
Secretaries as may be elected by the Society.

On motion of S. L. Fuller,

Resolved, That the Society now proceed to the election of
officers.

The following persons were then elected officers of the
Society for the ensuing year:

Presideyit — Jonathan P. Thompson, Grand Eapids.

Vice Presidents — Henry S. Clubb, Grand Haven ; George
Parmelee, Old Mission, Traverse Co.; Henry Holt, Cascade,
Kent Co.; T. T. Lyon, Plymouth, Wayne Co.; George Taylor,
Kalamazoo; William Bort, Niles; Payne K. Leach, Utica,
Macomb Co.; S. B. Peck, Muskegon.

Secretary — A. T. Linderman, Grand Eapids,

Treasurer — S. L. Fuller, Grand Eapids.

Executive Committee — J. P. Thompson, A. T. Linderman,
N. P. Husted, C. L. Whitney, George H. Linderman.

Local Secretaries — B. Hathaway, Little Prairie Eonde ;
Thomas Archer, St. Joseph; Joseph Chapel, Eastman ville;
E. Bradfield, Ada; James Hamilton, Big Eapids; Judge
Eamsdell, Grand Traverse.

On motion of Henry S. Clubb,

Resolved, That the Executive Committee be and is hereby
instructed to add to the list of Local Secretaries such names
as it shall select.
11

82 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

Resolved, That the thanks of the Society be and are hereby
tendered to President Saunders, Secretary A. T. Linderman,
and Treasurer Fuller, for their efficient services during the
past year.

Resolved, That a special committee of three be appointed to
compile the proceedings of the Society during the past year,
for publication in pamphlet form.

Ou motion of C. L. Whitney, J. P. Thompson, H. S. Clubb,
and A. T. Linderman were appointed said committee, to report
at the next meeting. The Society then adjourned to meet on
the first Tuesday in January, 1871.

The subject for discussion will be, ''Does the stock upon
which a graft is set influence the fruit ?" This question arises
from the statement made by Prof. Whitney, relative to the
Wagener, — facts which he has learned from Mr. M. S. Wagener
of Muskegon, the grandson of the progenitor of that apple.
Mr. W^agener brought the scions from Philadelphia, about the
year 1800, and grafted them upon a wild apple stock on his
farm, in Penn Yan, Ontario County, New York. From this
tree, which ten years ago was still vigorous and fruit-bearing
in "Penn Yan, has been disseminated this popular apple. Prof.
Whitney and other members of the Society hold that the
original stock has a vital influence over the future character
of the graft. Mr. Pearsoll and others believe the strictly
opposite. The Society expect to hear from its Local Secre-
taries upon this subject.

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 83

A STATE TEST GARDEN.

A PAPER READ BY A. T. LINDERMAN, SECRETARY, AT THE DECEMBER

MEETING.

Mr. President, and Gentlemen of the Society :

Whether or not it is practicable or possible to establish a
Test Garden in connection with the Michigan State Pomolog-
ical Society, for the purpose of assisting it to furnish to its
members more reliable and authentic information than could
otherwise be easily obtained, is a question which, to say the
least, has two sides; and to impartially present these two sides
to your notice is my object, resting assured that the intelli-
gence of those present to-day, as well as those absent, into
whose hands this little waif may fall, will furnish the correct
answer.

THE BENEFITS.

The benefits of a Test Garden are many; in fact, so
numerous that to attempt a notice of but a small portion
is consistent with your time or my space. The first thing to
be considered when a person has decided to plaut fruit of any
kind for sale, is, what variety pays the most money, and to the
intelligent fruit-grower this is a matter of no little import-
ance, for right well he knows that it costs just as much land,
labor, and money to grow a second, third, or fourth grade fruit,
as it does to grow a first grade ; and an error committed in
planting other than the best kinds is a mistake that can never
be repaired, and one that costs him a loss every year of the
difference between the grade he plants and the best.

84 ' REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

LACK OF INFORMATION.

A very large proportion of those planting orchards have not
experience enough to enable them to decide which sorts belong
to the first grade, and which to the lower grades. Knowing
this, they are naturally led to apply for thie information to
some source which they deem authentic. There are but few
experienced fruit-growers to whom a person in need of such
information might apply, but that would have a favorite list
to recommend. There are, perhaps, as few who would furnish
a list that might correspond with another list from another
source. In consequence, the matter, to say the least, becomes
somewhat mixed in the mind of the planter, who oftentimes,
in despair, makes a list composed of each kind that has been
recommended, feeling reasonably sure that some of it will be
right at all events, and sends this order to the nurseryman to
fill. The damage arising from this method of commencing —
which is not by any means unusual — is much greater than
would appear, at the first glance, possible, and an evil, gentle-
men, which needs your earnest efforts to overcome; and I shall
occupy a brief space upon the magnitude of this point, as I
believe it has great force in this connection.

Allowing that four-fifths of the list that is furnished the
nurseryman to fill, is composed of the second, third, or fourth
grade fruits, then we find, when the orchard bears, that tho
owner has a great variety of fruit which never attracts the
market-man, in consequence of which his fruit obliges him to
find a home market by peddling it out from his wagon by the
bushel or peck, or in some equally perplexing manner dispose
of it for the best price offered, until, instead of the anticipated
pleasure in handling the products of his orchard, it becomes a
dread and a perplexity. What wonder is it, then, that so
many orchards are neglected, and, by that neglect, what won-
der that so many trees are diseased, and become the rendezvous
of the thousand and one beetles, bugs, and borers ? But not
here does the result of this wrong commencement stop. The

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 85

nurseryman, compelled by this demand for variety, must prop-
agate many kinds, — must keep a great variety of sorts, or
Bhut up shop. And so long as the nurserymen of Michigan
are obliged, in order to supply the popular demand, to grow
fifty varieties of apples, forty of which are of second grade,
just so long will the fruit-growers of Michigan plant fifty
varieties, forty of which are of second grade to say the least ;
for the nurserymen do not grow their trees to throw them
away. Somebody plants them. To strike, then, at the root
of this evil, the purchaser must know that such atid such are
the best and only kinds to jjlant. This knowledge must be
widespread, and accepted by unanimous consent. Such kinds
only will then be propagated to any extent. To make any
knowledge widespread and unanimous, it must be convincing.
To make people generally convinced that a list of the kinds
of fruit to be planted, furnished by this Society, for instance,
is correct in every particular, is not so easy a matter, where
that list is made up from members' opinions, for it is classed
by many as simply an opinion, which is not necessarily any
more nearly correct than their own, and consequently loses a
great degree of its force. But if, in giving to the world our
opinion as to the best and most prolific varieties to plant, that
opinion is backed by the figures obtained from our tests, which
show that such is the case, the matter assumes a difierant
asjject at once, and, although this Society possibly might
furnish a list to-day that the test of five years might not
change in any particular, yet if it was not unanimously
accepted it Avould lose a great share of its value, as I think
has been clearly shown.

But to proceed. New varieties of all kinds of fruit are con-
stantly being produced by people all over the State, some of
them, without doubt, excelling in quality, productiveness, etc.,
anything heretofore known, while many, very many, are worse
than useless, perhaps, while others, again, are of medium
worth. Now we must test them all, or a greater portion of

86 REPOET OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

them, before we can know what claims each one has to our
favor. It certainly needs no demonstration to show that it is
much cheaper aad better to unite together in making this test
do for all, especially where the subject to be tested will cost
us, when united, nothing, but when procured for an individual
trial will cost a large price. It may not be out of place in
this connection to state that, under your direction, I have
recently issued a circular to those who were sending out varie-
ties,— as far as I have been able to secure their names, — statinof
that this Society would like samples of any new variety they
were disseminating, for the purpose of testing the same, and
promising a full report of the hardiness, quality, and probable
value of the subject for this section. In reply to which I have
received and am still receiving prompt responses from a large
number, who state that when the proper time arrives, — next
spring, — they will gladly forward samples for trial. From
some, on the other hand, I receive no response, which,
although not conclusive, is an intimation that they do not
care to have a test of their introductions made public; and
there is no doubt in my mind that if this Society had a Test
Garden, and it became well known throughout the States that
such was the case, that every new variety of worth in the
country would be furnished for testing, and as the great
object of the disseminator would be to embody the report of
this Society, — should it be favorable, — in the first offer of his
plant to the public, it w^ould be necessary for him to furnish
the sample for test of the first stock, in order that it might
have time to fruit and be reported upon by the time his stock
was sufiicieutly large to offer.

This arrangement will not only be useful to the producer of
new sorts, but it will also be of great benefit to the purchaser,
for he will be kept informed of the value of all the new vari-
eties offered, and in purchasing can rest assured that he is not
getting a worthless article. And in order that nothing should
in the least hinder the full working of this plan, all scions

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 87

or cuttings are reserved subject to the order of the douator of
the plant. The end of this must be, if followed up, that any
one oflFering, in future years, any new variety of fruit, without
the favorable report of this test eonnected therewith, will give
reasonable cause, especially to the members of this body, to
beware; for it will be reasonable to suppose that, knowing the
faihngs of their new sort, they refused to submit it to our
test, or, having subjected it to the test, it was found wanting.
But, aside from the uses before alluded to, there should be a
department devoted to growing seedlings, fruiting only those
which, as seedlings, possess marked characteristics. Another
department should be devoted to hybridization. All this can
be carried on at the same time, and with but little extra
expense, and, beyond doubt, will result in producing new
varieties of which the Society, and the State at large, may
well feel proud.

So much for a rough outline of the general benefits to be
derived from such an institution. On the other hand, it might
be said that a test in one portion of the State would not be
reliable for another portion. This might have some bearing
in testing new kinds, for, owing to climatic differences, a
variety which would prove hardy at one point miglit not
be sufficiently so in some other section. In consequence, it
has been deemed necessary to establish four points, in as many
different sections, at which to couduct the tests already begun,
but it does not become essentially necessary that any other
part of the benefits arising from a Test Garden would be
deprived of their usefulness on account of the locality at
which it was placed, provided that location was central.

The last and great difficulty to be overcome, is to secure the
means sufficient to carry the work to a successful issue, a
portion of which must be furnished by the members of the
Society. For, although there are several towns which will
undoubtedly bid liberally to secure the location of this garden,
v/ith its monthly gatherings and its annual crowds, yet there

88 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

will need to be some funds raised by the Society to erect build-
ings, etc. It is thought by many that the best method to
adopt in this case to supply the funds, would be to divide the
amount needed into shares of stock, which would at once give
to the purchaser an equivalent for his money, and at the same
time be the means of founding what to me seems to be one of
the enterprises of the age. The shares would be probably
about ten dollars each, and as it is very desirable to obtain the
expression of fruit-growers throughout the State upon this
subject, I would respectfully request all who may read this
article, to notify the Secretary of this Society as soon as prac-
ticable, whether the enterprise meets with their approbation or
not, and if so, whether they will assist more or less, if a move
is made to establish a State Test Garden.

MICniOAK STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 88"

FRUIT LANDS OF WESTERN MICHIGAN.

From the Report of the U. S. Commissioner of Agricultnre, 1869.

The "Michigan Fruit Eegion," popularly so called, is now
known to extend the whole length of the eastern shore of Lake
Michigan. The peach belt may be said to vary from five to
twenty-five miles in width, and its length is about two hun-
dred and twenty-five miles. With an average width of ten
miles, the area comprised amounts to two thousand tv,o hun-
dred and fifty square miles. It is estimated that the proportion
of this area actually suited by circumstances of elevation, etc.,
to the successful culture of the peach and the grape, amounts
to one-third, or 480,000 acres, of which about 10,000 acres are
already planted in peaches, and probably 2,00(> acres in grapes,
only a small percentage being yet in full bearing condition^
Throughout the entire fruit region the rise of real estate has
been remarkable, especially in the neighborhood of the prin-
cipal shipping points and harbors. There are also numerous
small piers and second-rate harbors, where fruit is shipped to
some extent; and in the vicinity of these points, land which
formerly was considered valuable only for ties and wood, is
now salable at $10 to $50 an acre, when all the valuable tim-
ber is stripped off", and before it is cleared for cultivation. The
increase in the price of real estate has kept even pace with the
confidence which each succeeding season inspires in the suc-
cess of peach culture. The location of Grand Haven being
central with regard to north and south, perhaps the increase
here maybe regarded as a fair average of the whole region^
It is greater at St. Joseph, on account of tlie longer time the
business has been in operation there ; while the increase north
12

90 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

is proportionate to the time since it was discovered to be prac-
ticable to grow peaches at Manistee and Grand Traverse.

Planting peaches and grapes for market commenced in the
vicinity of Grand Haven and Spring Lake in 1859-60. At
that time only four or five orchards were commenced. They
were planted on land which had been stripped of the pine,
and was regarded as of very little value, commanding not
more than ten or fifteen dollars per acre, notwithstanding the
favorable locality. In 1867 one of these orchards, then con-
taining sixteen acres planted to fruit, together with twenty-five
acres of scrubby oak land, full of "grubs," sold for $10,000
cash. A portion of another orchard, at Ferrysburg, sold in
1869 at $500 per acre. The wild land in the vicinity of these
orchards now varies in price from $50 to $200 per acre, as
shown by actual sales. There is an abundance of land, how-
ever, equally good for the production of peaches, situated two
and three miles from navigation, which can be bought at $5
to $10 per acre. This laud could not be sold at any price two
or three years ago, and on account of taxes was considered a
burden to owners.

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGIOAL SOCIETY. 91

LIST OF PREMIUMS, AND RULES AND REGULATIONS

Oy THE

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGIOAL SOCIETY,

FOR ITS FIRST ANNUAL FAIR. HELD AT GRAND RAPIDS (IN CONNEC-
TION WITH THE FAIR OF THE KENT COUNTY AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY),
TUESDAY, WEDNESDAY, THURSDAY, AND FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 27, 28,
29, AND SO. 1870.

RULES AND REGULATIONS.

This Fair will be held upon the grounds of the Kent County
Agricultural Society, and on the same days that the Fair of
that Society is held. One admission ticket will admit the pur-
chaser to all the exhibitions of both Fairs. There will be
but one ticket office, and tickets must be purchased at that
office. Prices of admission : Single admission, adults, 25 cents;
children under 12 years of age, 10 cents ; teams, 25 cents ;
saddle-horses, 15 cents.

Individuals who wish to join the Society can do so by the
payment of one dollar. Life memberships, ten dollars. It is
desirable that all persons interested in its objects should join
the Society, and it is expected that all exhibitors of articles
will become members, though this rule will not be enforced
with persons under 21 years of age.

Fruit-growers, and persons interested in fruit culture, are
earnestly invited to become exhibitors, and use their influence
to establish the Society upon a sound and prosperous basis.

All entries of all articles for exhibition must be made at the
office of the Secretary, at Pomulogical Hall, on the Fair
Ground, and should be made on the first day of the Fair, or
by 12 o'clock M. of the second day.

92 REPORT OP THE SECRETARY OF THE

Entries may be made for the exhibition without competi-
tion ; and awarding committees in the several classes may
notice such as they shall deem worthy, in their reports. But
all such entries must be made by a member of the Society.

There will be a Superintendent of the Pomological Depart-
ment, who will have the general charge and arrangement of
the fruits exhibited, and to whom, with the fruits, must be
delivered correct lists of the specimens and varieties entered
by each exhibitor.

The several specimens and varieties shown by any exhibitor
should be labeled with the name by which they are known to
such person.

All doubtful cases which any special viewing committee
either may not or cannot decide, may be referred to the Pomo-
logical Committee for final adjudication.

Exhibitors entitled to first premiums will be allowed to take
in place thereof the diploma of the Society.

Members of awarding committees are requested to inform
the Secretary of their acceptance as soon as they are notified
of their appointment. Upon their arrival at the fair grounds
they will report to the Secretary on or before 12 o'clock M. on
the second day. A vacancy on any committee shall be reported
to the Executive Committee, who shall fill such vacancies in
the usual manner.

Members of awarding committees are requested to report
promptly for duty, on Wednesday, at 1 o'clock P. M., and their
reports, in writing, must be handed to the Secretary by 12
o'clock M., on Thursday. "

No person who is an exhibitor can act as a judge on the
class in which he exhibits.

Exhibitors, when requested, are expected to make written
or verbal statements respecting their contributions.

As one great object of the Society is to collect valuable
information upon Pomology, the several committees are
requested to gather all the information possible from the

MICHIGA.X STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 93

exhibitors in their classes, and to make their reports as trill as
time and circumstances will permit.

In case there should be deficiency in the funds of the
Society, the premiums awarded will be liable to a pro-rata
reduction.

When articles are not deemed w^orthy of a premium, tho
judges will, in all cases, withhold it.

Any article entered for exhibition in one class shall not
compete for premiums in any other.

Under no circumstances will the name of exhibitor appear
on the entry card.

When the judges have made their decisions, premium badges
will be attached to the fruit. First premium, a blue ribbon ;
second premium, a red ribbon.

Fruit will be marked with cards furnished by the Secretary,
designating the class and number of entry; and during the
exhibition, all articles must be placed entirely under the man-
agement of the officers of the Society.

, All articles entered for exhibition will be required to remain
on the grounds during the days of exhibition, under penalty
of forfeiture of the right to premium, unless permitted by the
Superintendent to take them off the ground.

When a majority of the viewing committee are present, they
shall constitute a quorum, and be authorized to award premi-
ums; and the first on the list of those present shall be
chairman.

No persons will be allowed to sell the articles they have on
exhibition until special permission is granted by the Superin-
tendent.

94 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

LIST OP PREMIUMS.

DIVISION A— COLLECTION OP PEUITg.

Committee— Hon. Flaviue J. Littlejohn, Allegan; Mariin Walch, Spring Lake;
J. M. Harwood, Jackson ; A. S. Stanuard, South Boston ; J. P. Thompson, city.

Best. 2d Best.
For collection of fruits from any one township in the State §20 00 $10 00

Rule.— These collections shall not include fruits shown individually in any other
class, and the committee of judges shall be composed of not more than one member
from any one township.
For the best collection of the varieties recommended by the Michigan

State Pomological Society for general cultivation $10 00 $5 00

Note.— The varieties recommended by this Society, referred to above, include tha
following: For summer use— the Red Astrachau, Sweet Bough, and Duchess of
Oldenburg. For autumn use— Fall Pippin, Cayuga County Redstreak. Snow, Jersey
Sweet, Maiden's Blush. For winter use— Baldwin, Wagener, Golden Russet, Rhode
Island Greening, Tallman Sweet, Hubbardston Nonsuch, Northern Spy.

Exhibitors, to obtain the above premiums, must exhibit at least twelve of the above
varieties.

For the best collection of fruits exhibited by any individual $5 00

Forthe second best 2 00

For the third best 1 00

DIVISION B— APPLES.

Committee— Rev. James Hamilton, Newaygo, H. E. Light, Greenville ; Noah P.
Hnsted, Lowell ; Jacob Ganzhorn, Spring Lake ; E. U. Knapp, Grand Rapids.

Best. 2d Best.

For peck, any one variety summer apples $2 00 Jl 00

For peck, any one variety autumn apples 2 00 1 00

For peck, any one variety winter apples.. 2 00 1 00

For the best single variety of summer apples, not less than six spec. 1 00 50

For the best single variety of autumn apples, not less than six spec. 1 00 60

For the best single variety of winter apples, not less than six spec 1 00 50

For the best peck Sweet Bough 1 00 50

For the best peck Red Astrachan 1 00 50

For the best peck Duchess of Oldenburg 1 00 50

For the best peck Fall Pippin 1 00 50

For the best peck Cayuga Co. Red Streak 1 00 50

For the best peck Maiden's Blush 1 00 50

For the best peck Snow 1 00 50

Forthe best peck Jersey Sweet 1 00 50

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOQICAL SOCIETY. 95

Best. 2cl Best.

For the best peck Wagener $1 00 $0 5(f

For the best peck Baldwin 1 00 59

For the best peck Greening 1 00 50

For the best peck Northern Spy 1 00 50

For the best peck Golden Russet 1 00 60

For the best peck Hubbardston Nonsuch 1 00 50

For the best peck Taleraan Sweet 100 60

For the best peck of any other variety 1 00 50

For best collection of apples grown by exhibitor 5 00 2 00

For best collection of Siberian Crab Apples 2 00 100

For best single variety Siberian Crab, not less than 20 specimens 1 00 60

For twenty specimens Transcendent Crab 1 00 50

For twenty specimens large Red Crab 1 00 60

DIVISION C— PEARS.

Committee— Judge J. G. Ramsdell, Grand Traverse; T. T. Lyon, Plymouth ; Dr. A.
Peck, Lowell ; Wm. Davis, Kalamazoo ; Asa W. Slayton, Grattan.

Best. 2d Best.

For collection of pears, not less than six varieties $2 00 $1 00

For peck summer pears, one variety 1 00 50

For peck autumn pears, one variety 100 50

For peck winter pears, one variety 1 00 50

For single variety summer pears, not less than six specimens 1 00 60

For single variety autumn pears, not less than six specimens 1 00 50

For single variety winter pears, not less than six specimens 1 00 50

Plate Bartletts 50 25

Plate Flemish Beauty 50 25

Plate Louise Bonne de Jersey 50 25

Plate White Doyenne 50 25

Plate Duchess d' Angouleme 50 25

DIVISION D— PEACHES.

Committee— Hon. Louis S. Lovell, Ionia ; Hon. Henry Pennoyer, Crockery ; S. D.
Peck, Muskegon ; Hon. Stephen Rossman, Greenville; Jacob Barnes, Grand Rapids.

Best. 2d Beat.

For collection of peaches, not less than six varieties $2 00 $1 00

For half peck of early peaches - 1 00 60

For half peck of late peaches 1 00 50

For half peck of clingstones 1 00 60

For dish single variety of peaches, not less than six specimens 1 00 50

For plate Early Crawford 1 00 60

Forplate Early Barnard ..- 1 00 60

For plate Smock Free 1 00 50

Forplate Late Crawford 1 00 50

For plate Stump the World.. 1 00 50

For plate Hill'a Chili 1 00 60

96 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

DinSION E— GRAPE a.

Oommittee— Jacob Quintui?, Grand Rapids; Wm. Bort, Niles; George Taylor,
Kalamazoo; George Seagrove, Spring Lake; E. Bradfleld, Ada.

Best. 3d Boat.

For collection of native grapes, not less than four varieties $2 00 $1 00

For ten pounds of native varieties 1 00 59

For five pounds of Concord 1 00 E*

For five pounds of Clinton 1 00 50

For five pounds of Isabella 1 00 50

For five pounds of Delaware 1 00 50

For five pounds of lona 1 00 50

For five pounds of Diana 1 00 50

For five ponnds of Ives' Seedling 1 00 60

For six clusters of Rogers Hybrids, Nos. 3, 14, 19, and 83 1 00 50

For plate of any valuable variety, not mentioned above 1 00 50

DIVISION r— PLUMS, APRICOTS, AND NECTARINES.

Committee — T. J. Ramsdell, Manistee; H. H. Goodwin, Ionia; W. O. Houghtallng:,
Grand Rapids ; Joseph Bray, Middleville ; J. P. Chapel, Owosso.

Best. 2d Best.

For collection of plums $2 00 $1 00

For one-half peck of plums, single variety 1 00 50

For collection of apricots 2 00 1 00

For one-half peck of apricots, single variety 1 00 50

For collection of nectarines.. 2 00 3 00

For one-half peck, single variety 1 00 50

DITISIOX G.— SEEDLING FRUITS.

Committee— A. T. Lindermau, City; J. N. Keeler, Middleville; Fletcher Fowler,
Black Lake ; W. H. Gregory, Pine Grove ; Hunter Savidge, Spring Lake.

Best. 2d Best.

For seedling apple $1 00 50

For seedling peach 1 00 50

For seedling pear 1 00 50

For seedling plum 1 00 50

For seedling grape 1 00 50

For seedling quince 1 00 50

For seedling Siberian crab 1 00 SO

Note.— Specimens of the above seedling fruits, it is expected, will be accompanied
with history, origin, and such other information as may be useful to characterize the
frnit.

Premiums for seedlings may be awarded to others besides the original producer,
when it is shown that the originator does not compete.

Exhibitors of seedlings must not expect a premium because the fruit exhibited is &
"seedling." It must have merit equal to well-known varieties, the object being not
to encourage inferior sorts.

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 97

DIVIBION H.— qtaNCES, CRANBBRB1K3, AND SMALL FBU1T8.

Committee— H. 8. Clubb, Grand Haven ; G. S. Linderman, Grand Rapids township ;
Warren Hale, North Brownville; Thomas J. Slayton, Lowell; Allen Thompson.

Otisco.

Best. 2d Best,

For collection of quinces J2 00 $1 00

For best single varieties ^ 1 00 60

For peck, single varieties 1 00 50

For peck cranberries - 1 00 50

NoTB.— Discretionary premiums will be allowed on all small fruit exhibited.

For one quart of American chestnuts 1 00 60

For one quart of Spanish chestnuts 60 28

Forhalf peck butternuts 50

For half peck walnuts 50

DIVIBIOH I.— DRIED FKUITS AND PICKLED rBUITS.

Committee— Mrs. Hunter Savidge, Spring Lake ; Mrs. E. L. Craw, Fraitport; Prof.
C. L. Whitney, Muskegon ; Mr. and MrB. O. R. Wilmarth, city.

Best. 2d Best.

Forhalf peck dried apples $1 00 $0 60

For quart dried pears 1 00 60

For quart dried peaches 100 50

For quart dried cherries 1 00 50

For quart dried currants 1 00 50

For quart dried raspberries 1 00 50

For quart dried blackberries 100 50

For quart dried quinces 1 00 50

For quart dried strawberries 1 00 50

For quart dried whortleberries 1 00 50

For collection of pickled fruit 2 00 1 00

For sample of pickled pears 1 00 50

For sample of pickled peaches 1 00 50

For sample of pickled apples 1 00 60

DITISION K. — CAKHED AND PRE8ERVBD FRUITS.

Committee— Mrs. 8. L. Fuller, City ; Mrs. Henry Holt, Cascade ; Mrs. N. P. Husted,
Lowell ; Mrs. Solomon L. Withey, Dity ; Hon. P. R. L. Pierce, City.

Best. 2d Best.

For collection canned fruits $2 00 gl 00

For sample canned apples 1 00 60

For sample canned pears 1 00 60

For sample canned peaches 1 00 60

For sample canned plums 100 50

Best sample canned cherries 1 00 60

Best sample canned Siberian apples 1 00 60

Beet sample canned strawberries 1 00 50

Best sample canned raspberries 1 00 50

Best sample canned blackberries 1 00 60

Best sample canned whortleberries 100 50

Best sample canned quinces 1 00 50

Best collection preserved fruits 2 00 1 00

Best sample cider apple sauce 1 00 60

13

98 REPORT OF THK SECRETARY OF THE

Best, ad Best.

Best sample preserved pears S' 00 8^ 50

Best sample preserved peaches 1 00 50

Best sample preserved plums 1 00 BO

Best sample preserved cherries.- - 1 00 50

Best sample preserved strawherrries 1 00 50

Beat sample preser\'ed raspberries 1 00 50

Best sample preserved blackberries 1 00 50

Best sample preserved whortleberries 1 00 50

Best sample preserved quinces 1 00 60

DIVISION L.— WINES, BOILED CIDEK, AND CIDER VINEGAR.

Committee— Dr. Charles J. Hempel, City; L. H. Randall, City ; John W. Pierce,
City ; E. P. Fuller, City ; Dr. Q. K. Johnson, City.

Best. 2d Beet.

Best collection domestic wluca $2 00 $1 00

Best sample currant wine 1 00 50

Best sample blackberry vrine 1 00 50

Best sample grape wine 1 00 50

Best sample Clinton wine 1 00 60

Best sample Concord wine 1 00 50

Best sample Ives' Seedling wine 1 00 50

Best sample Delaware wine 1 00 50

Sample native grape wine of any other variety 1 00 SO

Galloncider 1 00 50

Specimen bottled cider, not less than six bottles 1 00

Gallon boiled cider 1 00

Gallon cider vinegar 1 00

DIVISION M.— JELLIES.

Committee— Mrs. J. Morgan Smith. City ; Mrs. James Hamilton, Newaygo ; Mrs. W.
W. Hatch, Lowell; Mrs. J. Mason Reynolds, Plainfleld ; Mrs. Spencer L. Shaw,

Saranac.

Best. 2d Best.

Collection of jellios $3 00 $1 00

Specimen currant jelly 1 00 50

Specimen apple jelly 1 00 60

Specimen Siberian crab jelly 1 00 60

Specimen grape jelly 1 00 60

Specimen raspberry jelly 1 00 50

Best specimen blackberry jelly 1 00 60

Best specimen any other variety 1^ 00 6©

THE PRESS.

For the convenience of editors and reporters of the press, accommodations will bo
provided, and every facility will be afforded them to obtain and transmit intelligence,
A committee of reception from the press will receive their brethren from abroad on
the field, and further the purposes of their coming. They are requested to announce
themselves on arrival, and to present their names or credentials at the Secretary's
office on the grounds, when they will be furnished with cards of admission.

Committee on reception of representatives of the press.- A. B. Turner, City; C. B.
Smith, City ; M. M. Clark, City ; E. F. Harrington, City ; C. C. Sexton, City.

Committee on reception of invited guests.— Moses V. Aldrich, City; Wilder D.
Foster, City; S. L. Fuller, City; Ransom E. Wood, City; Charles H. Taylor, City.

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 99

POMOLOGICAL COMMITTEE.

There will be a pomological committee appointed, to whom will be given the charge
of the nomenclature of the fruits exhibited, and before any examination shall be made
by the viewing committees, the pomological committee will examine all specimens,
and correct the names of varieties which may be wrongly named by the exhibitors,
affixing a doubtful mark in cases where the name of the variety shown may be
uncertain.

Pomological committee— Henry Holt, Cascade ; Townsend E. Gidley, Grand Haven ;
J. D. Husted, Lowell; A. Pannelee, Old Mission; Thomas Archer, St. Joseph.

SUFEBINTEyDBNTS OF POMOLOGlCiLL HALL.

Prof. C. H. "Whitney, Muskegon ; George S. Linderman, City.

THB ACDBKSS.

An address will be delivered before the Society on Thursday afternoon, by Hott.
Flavins J. Littlejohn of AUegan.

H. a. 9AU>T)EE3, President.
A. T. LiNDXBXAX, Stcrttaty.

100 REPORT OF THE BECEETjLRY OP THE

THE FIRST ANOTJAL FAIR.

After much consideration it was decided to hold the First
Fair of the Pomological Society on the fair grounds of the
Kent County Agricultural Society, and in union ai»d connec-
tion with that Society. Consequently a premium list was
prepared and issued, and all the necessary preliminary steps
were taken preparatory to an exhibition of fruit. The old
" Agricultural Hall " was enlarged and inclosed for the occa-
sion, and the second story of the building, 100 feet in length
by 30 feet in width, semi-circular in form, was devoted to the
Pomologists. This first effort proved a perfect success, and
established the fact that the fruit-growers intend to make the
State Pomological Society a permanent and successful insti-
tution, and the Society will undoubtedly provide, next year,
the largest building that can be obtained, for the purpose of
giving all a good chance to exhibit their productions under
the most favorable circumstances.

THE BEST TOWNSHIP COLLECTION.

We intend only to note a few of the most prominent features
of this most interesting occasion. There was but one entry
for the j3remium, $20, for the best collection of fruits from
any one township in the State, and this was made by one of
the best fruit towns in Kent county, the township of Grattan.
The committee, consisting of Judge Littlejohn, Judge Tracy,
A. S. Stannard, and J. P. Thompson, had but little difficulty
in making their award. The collection embraced G4 varieties
of apples, 5 of pears, 6 of grapes, and 6 of peaches, and the
following were some of the varieties :

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOOICAL SOCIETY. 101

APPLES.

Eustis, Disharoon, Fall Orauge, Jersey Sweet, Gabriel, Green
Pippin, Winter Sweet, Seedling, Green Seek-no-further, Red
Canada, Twenty Ounce, Rambo, Black Detroit, Rhode Island
Greening, Snow, King, Peck's Pleasant, Baldwin, Black Gilli-
flower, Compo Sweet, Tinifbate, Green Spitzenburg, Slug
Sweet, "Winter Pippin, Sweet Bough. Flushing Spitzenburg,
Blue Pearmain, Pennock's Red Winter, Fall Sweet, Dwarf
Bearer, Esopus Spitzenburg, Evening Party, Fall Jenneting,
Winter Pippin of Vermont, Autumn Pearmain, Wagener,
Ridge Pippin, Autumn Swaar, Jeffries, Weatfield Seek-no-
further, Holland Pippin, Duchess d'Oldenburg, Tallman
Sweet, Mother, Summer Sweet, Paradise, Western Red Strejik,
Fall Pippin, Maiden's Blush, Surprise, Black Apple, Hill's
Pie Apple, Northern Spy, Golden Sweet, Rod Siberian Crab,
Giant Apple (sealing).

PEARS.

Flemish Beauty, Seckel, White Doyenne, Winter Nellie,
Beurre Bosc

PEACHES.

Purdy's Seedling, Lemon, Late Yellow, Jersey Cling, Duga's
Seedling.

GRAPES.

Concord, Black Cluster, Clinton, Delaware, Isabella, Catawba.

The two best autumn varieties in this collection were the
Maiden's Blush and Fall Pippin, apples which have no superior
for culinary and dessert uses, and which are always welcome
in the markets. The leading winter sorts of the collection
"were the Rhode Island Greening, Golden Russet, Wagener, and
Northern Spy, and these were prime, sound, healthy, and gave
every indication of good keeping qualities. Very many of the
apples in this collection were partially useless when compared
with the few standard sorts, and the committee did not award

102 KEPOKT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

the premium to encourage the growing of a large number of
varieties.

GRATTAN.

The township which won this sweepstakes is 22 miles north-
east of Grand Rapids — north of Vergennes — and joins Ionia
county on the east. Its soil is a heavy loam, excellent for
fruit and wheat. The orchards of the town are just coming
forward and beginning to bear. Whenever there is fruit any-
where it can be found in Orattan, and one resident of the
town has had peaches on his farm for 18 years past without a
failure. The inhabitants are intelligent and forehanded, and
the soil, water, rolling land, all combine to make it a town
desirable for settlement. The committee urged upon the
people of that town to be cautious in their selections of fruit;
make a few good selections and set out larger orchards, and in
this way buyers will come to the town and take the fruit fron\
the trees. Messrs. Slay ton and Duga, the gentlemen who had
the collection in charge, are entitled to an honorable mention
for their enterprise and labors.

THE BEST INDIVIDUAL COLLECTION.

One of the largest and finest exhibitions of fruit ever made
in the State was presented by Noah P. Husted, from his nur-
sery at Lowell, but it was not entered for a premium. This
collection embraced the following varieties, and those marked
by a * are esteemed the best and m(^st valuable sorts by Mr.
Husted :

■WINTER APPLES.

*Baldwin, *Wageuer (among the very best), *Northern Spy,
*Hnbbardston Nonsuch, *R. I. Greening, *Golden Russet, *Tal-
man Sweet, *Peck's Pleasant, Seek-uo-further, *Red Canada
(for top graft), Swaar, Spitzenburg, Rambo, King of Tomp-
kins Co., Roxbury Russet, Yellow Bellflower, Jonathan (good
but slow grower). Wine Sap, Winter Pearmain, Pennock,
American Pippin, Ben Davis, White Pippin, Minister, Tv.enty-

MICHIGAN STATE TOMOLOGICAL 80CIETT. 103

ounce Pippin, Old King, Neverfail, Pomme Grise, Black Gilli-
flower, Ladies' Sweet.

AUTUMN" APPLES.

♦Maiden's Blusb, *Snow, *Cayuga Red Streak, *Autumn
Strawberry, Tallow Pippin, *Hawley, *Jersey Sweet, Fall
Orange, Ladies' Blush, *Fall Pippin, *Gravenstein, Cabbasha,
Gloria Mundi, Black Detroit, Scolloped Gilliflower, Fall Jen-
netting, Pumpkin Russet.

SUMMEK APPLES.

♦Duchess of Oldenburg, Summer BeJle.

CRAB APPLES.

♦Trascendent Crab, best; Montreal Beauty, excellent for
dessert; Hyslop — season November; Soulard, long keeper;
Cherry, small size.

PEARS.

Louise Bonne de Jersey, Duchess d'Augouleme, White
Doyenne, Winkfield, Deurre Diel.

GRAPES.

♦Concord, Isabella, Ives' Seedling, Rogers' Hybrids Nos. 15
and 4, Allen's Hybrid.

CANNED FRUIT.

♦Transcendent Crab, Montreal Beauty, Concord Grape,
Hartford Grape, Cherry, Gov. Wood, Whortleberries.

JELLIES.

Made from Concord Grape, Hartford Grape, Oporto Grape,
Clinton Grape, Delaware Grape, Common Crab, Transcendent
Crab, Cherry Crab, Hyslop Crab, Montreal Beauty.

Also, Orange Quince, English Sage, Sweet Chestnut.

This collection received complimentary notices from all the

104 REPOBT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

committees. The Wagener apple appeared in all its perfec-
tions ; five Cayuga County Red Streaks weighed five pounds
and two ounces ; six samples of the Maiden's Blush averaged
twelve ounces each ; while the Hubbardston Nonsuch and
Northern Spy were beautiful beyond comparison. A peck of
beautiful Orange Quinces, a neglected but most valuable fruit,
attracted universal attention, while the samples of the Ameri-
can Sweet Chestnut, a tree invaluable for its timber, soade,
ornament, fruit, and beauty, were much admired. The show
of Crab Apples, and of canned fruit and jellies, was large and
very creditable.

THE MOST VARIED COLLECTION OF GRAPES.

Although the exhibition was overflowing with apples, it was
apparent, also, that the grape was to fill a large space. Mr.
Edward Bradfield of Ada, a veteran grape amateur, made a
remarkable exhibition, but not entered for a premium, ot
twenty-seven varieties of grapes.

Mr. Bradfield gave valuable information to the people on
his favorite subject of grapes. He had great confidence in the
lona, and his really fine specimens of complete bunches of
that delicious grape indicated that he has the secret of success
in its cultivation. His Isabellas were also very fine. A seed-
ling originated by his brother, known as " Bradfield's Seed-
ling," is a very early grape, a little larger than the Delaware,
and similar in flavor. Although it blossoms as late as the
middle of June, it ripens in the middle of August.

The following list contains the names of the twenty-seven
varieties of grapes exhibited by Mr. Bradfield, for the general
advancement of the interest in grape cultivation, with his
opinion and experience of their quality and fruitfulness, and
the time of their ripening this season :

inCHIOAN" STATE POMOLOOICAL SOCIETY.

106

NAME OF FRUTT.

lona

Delaware

Crevling

Israella

Diana

Adirondac

Union Village

Catawba

Clinton

Early Jnly

Blood's Black

Anna

Allen'e Hybrid

Rogers' Hybrid No. 19

Lenoir... J

Lincoln

Alvey

Rebecca

Pauline

Hartford Prolific

N. Mnscadiuc

Concord

Isabella

Black Cluster

Elsingbnrg

Taylor's Bullitt

Bradfleld'6 Seedling, fiowera Juno 15.

Qnallty.

1
1
2

3
1
8
3
8
4
8

«
8
S
8
2
3
0
4
i
i
4

r,

0
0

Fraitfnl-
nees.

Time of
Ripening.

1

1

2
2

1
«

S

4

8
4
2
8
0
1
2

3
0
0

September 19
September 1
September 1
September 1
September 20
August 20
September 25
September 36
September 25
August 85
August 85
October 1
September 10
September 10
8epteml>cr 20
September 20
September 20
September 20
September 20
August 24
Aug oat 26
September 10
September 25
September 1
September 23
August 25
August So

Note by Compiler. — This list is undoubtedly correct with
Mr. Bradfield's location, but it does not correspond with the
experience of Ottawa county vine-growers, who would put the
Concord, Isabella, and Hartford Prolific, and even the Clinton,
much higher on the list in regard to quality and fruitfulness,
while the lona and Israella would have a much lower position
than that assigned them by Mr. Bradfield. This ILsrt, however,
14

106 REPORT OP THE 8ECRETARY OF THE

is very encouraging in regard to new and important varieties,
as indicating what careful culture will do for them,

THE SPRING LAKE GRAPES.

Messrs. Savidge, Seagrove, and Petty desired the world
should learn that Spring Lake had other attractions besides
her magnetic waters, and that the day was near at hand when
the hanks of their lovely lake would be literally vine-clad, and
that the grape is to be as common there as on the islands of
Lake Erie. Their exhibition consisted of about twenty boxes
of different varieties, the whole weighing about two hundred
pounds, and it was a tempting and luscious show. All were
pleased to notice, by the blue ribbon, that this collection had
won the sweepstakes premium.

The Committee on Grapes — Mr. Quintus of Grand Kapids,
Mr. Taylor of Kalamazoo, and Mr. Bradfield of Ada — made
the following awards : Best collection of grapes, first pre-
mium, Hunter Savidge of Spring Lake ; best Delav/are, first
premium, G. W. Dickinson of Grand Eapids town ; best Clin-
ton, first premium, Charles Alford of Ottawa county ; second
best, Henry Allen of Paris ; best Concord, first premium.
Hunter Savidge of Spring Lake; second best, President Griggs
of Paris; best Isabella, first premium, G. W. Dickinson; sec-
ond best, Thomas Petty of Spring Lake ; best Rogers' Hybrid,
George Seagrove of Spring Lake; best foreign variety, — the
Black Hamburg, — Geo. Kendall, Grand Eapids ; best Catawba,
TV. I. Blakely, Grand Eapids ; second best, G. W. Dickinson.
Mr. Quintus, in his report, made a valuable suggestion that
hereafter all exhibitors of grapes should be required to place
their samples upon plates, in order that they might be exam-
ined the more closely.

OTHER EXHIBITORS.

One of the largest exhibitors was Mr. Charles Alford of
Talmadge, who has an orchard on the highest solid land of
Ottawa county, containing over 100 varieties of apples, over

MICHIGAN 6TATB POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 107

60 of which he had on exhibition at the fair. They were a
Yery attractive feature, and deserve special mention. His
Cayuga County Red Streak apples were a marvel of size for
apples of their superior quality. lie has, on his farm, a tree
on which sixteen varieties of apples are growing. Mr. Alford
received a number of premiums, among others, one for his
Maiden's Blush, being the best single variety of autumn
apples.

Another gentlemen who took a good share of premiums
was G. W. Dickinson of Grand Rapids town. He had twenty
varieties of apples, and Catawba, Delaware, and Isabella grapes ;
while Mrs. Dickinson was represented by dried peaches, cur-
rants, raspberries, whortleberries, and canned peaches and
crab-apple jelly.

Mr. Henry Allen of Paris exhibited twenty-four varieties of
apples, making a very beautiful display. They consisted prin-
cipally of the varieties recommended by the Society, and fully
sustained the recommendation by their appearance. He
received the premium for the best collection grown by exhib-
itors ; also, for the best peck of Fall Pippins.

C. J. Dietrich of Grand Rapids town had twenty-three
varieties of apples, among which was the Minister, which
Mr. D. esteems to be his best for culinary purposes, but inferior
for dessert. The Scollop Gilliflower is another fine tasting
apple, but a scraggy grower. Mr. D. brought his apples to the
Fair in order to have them baptized Avith names — a commend-
able object, and one worthy of imitation by his brother
orchardists. His Greenings were honored with the blue
ribbon.

Geo. Kendall, Grand Rapids exliibited a small but superior
collection of grapes, all of foreign varieties, including two
bunches of the Black Hamburg, each bunch weighing near
two pounds; two bunches of White Fontainebleau, the market
grape of Paris ; two bunches of the Dutch Sweetwater, very
delicate and choice; two bunches of the Chasselos Musque,

108 REPOET OF THE SECRETAET OF THE

and one bnnch of Child's Superb. These yarieties only thrive
in this country under hot-house treatraeat.

Henry Holt & Son of Cascade entered twenty-eight yarie-
ties of apples. Their Flemish Beauty pear received a premium
as the best autumn pear; best winter pear, the V^icar of Wiuk-
field; among other varietes of pears was the Buffum, the
Passe Colmar, Buerre Diel, and Louise Bonne c1e Jersey. The
Messrs. Holt had splendid Swaar apples; the Porter they
esteem as one of the best autumn varieties; the Jonathan and
Snow excel, while the Eoxbury Russet looked as if it would
keep a year.

Rev. H. C. Waring, Grand Rapids town, received premiums
for Late Crawford and Smock Free peaches; his thirteen varie-
ties of apples embraced the most worthy and useful sorts.

A. W. Slayton of Grattan made a splendid exhibition of
apples, pears, peaches, etc., and won several premiums. J. A.
Duga, also of Grattan, had the best plate of Clingstone
peaches.

S. Pierce, city, sent in the best single variety of winter
apple, — the Northern Spy ; second best, Stoeles' Red "Winter,
was shown by Chas. Waterman.

The Wageuer apple was well represented from the orchards
of Jacob and David Yeiter of Lowell; also, of H. E. Light,
Greenville; of Prof. Whitney of Muskegon; and this apple
secured the premium as the best winter apple. The Northern
Spy, exhibited by Chas. Waterman, was favored by the second
premium.

F. M. Rosenkrans, CaKcade, brought twenty-six yarieties of
apples ; quite a curiosity was a sprig from a Hubbardston Non-
such tree, bearing a cluster of six samples, weighing over three
pounds. Miss Ellen D. Rosenkrans received premiums for a
large variety of dried and preserved fruits and jellies.

Mrs. William Gunn, city, had excellent jellies, and Mrs. C.
C Rood, city, won a premium with her Clinton grape wine.

John Ashley of Oakfield made an entry of thirty-three

MICHIGAN 8TATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 109

varieties of apples, among which were summer sorts that were
not excelled. The Duchess of Oldenburg was noticeable ; also
the Sweet Bough and a plate of Golden Sweet.

John W. Newhall of Wyoming brought eight varieties of
apples, embracing five samples of the Northern Spy, Greening,
Twenty Ounce, Baldwin, Tallman Sweet, Ramsdell's Red
Sweet, and Seek-no-further.

Mr. Wm. Rowe of Walker entered samples of Wagener and
Spitzenburg apples.

G. W. Griggs, President of the Agricultural Society, sent
fine Concord grapes, and took a premium.

John Suttle, florist, city, sent bouquets and plants of various
kinds to decorate Pomological Hall.

J. R. Renwick, city, florist, also sent flowers and plants.

Mrs. T. R. Williams, Paris, exhibited a splendid plate of
Duchess de'Angouleme pears.

Mrs. D. Schermerhorn, W^alker, had dried currants, apples,
peaches, cherries, as all good housewives should have.

Among other exhibitors who were honored with premiums,
were Mrs. J. J. Watson, Mrs. A. F. Linderman, Mrs. G. S. Lin-
derman, Mrs. Elihu Smith, D. K. Emans, S. Pelton, Charles
Blaine, A. C. Barkey, 0. W. Blaine, A. C. White, J. S. Davis,
Geo. Van Nest, W. I. Blakely, C. L. Shoemaker, J. H. Ford,
R. J. Stowe, E. TJ. Knapp, N. L. Crocker, S. Pierce.

Asa W. Slayton was awarded a premium for the best seed-
ling apple, which was named " Grattan ;" Henry Holt & Son
the second premium for a seedling apple named '-Cascade;'
Chas. Alford a premium for a seedling peach named '•' Alford's
Late Yellow."

Among the active chairmen of committees were Judge
Lovell of Ionia, Judge Ramsdell of Grand Traverse, T. J.
Ramsdell of Manistee, Hon. P. R. L. Peirce of Grand Rapids,
George Parmelee of Old Mission, Jacob Quintus of Grand
Rapids, Geo. Taylor of Kalamazoo, Rev. Mr. Hamilton of
Newaygo.

110 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

PROF, WHITNEY'S PLOWERS.

One of the most attractive features of the Fair was the
exhibition of flowers by Prof. C. L. Whitney of Muskegon,
who made an entry of 300 varieties, the product of his garden
and hot-house. The inconvenience of bringing flowers in
pots was obviated in this case by bringing them out in baskets
and phicing each one in a small vial of water. In this way
they were kept fresh during the entire exhibition. Tho
arrangement of 200 varieties, embracing some fifteen genera
of plants, in this way, was exceedingly tasteful, and displayed
the flowers to a great advantage.

The foliage plants were peculiarly attractive, owing to their
vegetation and beautiful tints.

The Japan pinks, the pausies, the verbenas, the dwarf chrys-
anthemums or asters, the zenias, the phloxes, the gladiolas, and
the odoriferous tuberose, all manifested respective charms to
the senses, and the ladies were especially interested in this part
of the display.

Nothing is so refining and ennobling as the love of these
most beautiful developments of Nature, and all felt grateful
to Prof. Whitney for the opportunity he afi'orded of seeing so
many perfect specimens.

PLENTY OF FRUIT.

One feature of this exhibition was worthy of commendation.
It was not a thin show, and there was no effort to make a few
samples cover a good deal of space, but the fruit was abundant,
and lay in heaps around the Hall. There must have been one
hundred and fifty varieties of apples, of all sizes, shapes, color,
and quality, and each variety was represented by duplicates and
triplicates, while the more popular sorts occupied as many as
twenty plates eaeli. Gentlemen who have attended like fairs
in this and other States were free to acknowledge that the
display of apples surpassed anything they ever saw before, and
not a voice spoke otherwise than in terms of praise and sur-

MICHIGAN 3TATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Ill

prise. Old residents were especially gratified, and the old
settlers who have borne the toil and broke the ground, were
thankful to see, this day, the fruition of their hopes. Here was
the result of their labor, and here was the pledge of the bounty
for the future. It was estimated that twenty thousand [xn*son3
entered the grounda during the exhibition.

113 REPORT OP THE SECRETARY OP THE

THE ADDRESSES.

Jtjdge Littlejohn delivered a very elaborate address at the
fair on Thursday, September 29th, and was followed by Grover-
Dor Baldwin, who expressed his delight at the progress made
in Western Michigan, as follows :

GOV. Baldwin's address.

Ladies and Gentlemen : — I did not come here either for
the purpose, or with the expectation, of being called upon to
say a single word, and if I had come here with that purpose,
I should feel that it was necessary to forego it for the reason
as yon have already perceived, I am suffering from a severe
hoarseness and cold, which renders it utterly impossible for
me to speak on this occasion. But, ladies and gentlemen,
while I shall not inflict upon you, or detain you hero with any
extended remarks of mine, I feel it a pleasure that I have the
privilege of being with you on an occasion of this kind, in
this lovely portion of our beautiful and fertile State. [Cheers.]
I congratulate you, my fellow citizens, on the improvement
manifested, and the increasing improvement felt and witnessed,
throughout the length and breadth of our land, in everything
pertaining to agricultural pursuits. [Applause.]

Fifty years ago, or a little more, what did we know, what
was known, and, less still, what was thought of the doctrine
and practice of rotation in crops ? What improvements, what
wonderful improvements have been made in agricultural im-
plements! It has been said — I have somewhere read it — that
fifty yfars ago, a good strong man could carry upon his shoul-
ders the entire implements of a faxm, except the cart and that

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 113

old-fashioned, clumsy harrow. To-day we see not only improve-
ments in agricultural implements, but in the cultivation of
the soil, as a consequence, and in the quantity and quality of
everything that is grown upon the farm. While we live in a
day of progress, in no other branch, in no other pursuit of life,
has this progress been more marked, more telling, than in that
great and noble calling, the cultivation of tlie soil.

The knowledge Ave possess, the larger part of the knowledge
■we possess or that is practiced by us all, has been obtained in
our intercourse with one another. Now, fellow citizens, in
every brancli of agriculture progress has marked the day, but
in no one branch has this improvement, perhaps, been more
marked than in that of the cultivation of fruit.

If I remember aright, Mr. President, it is about twenty
years since the formation of the American Pomological Soci-
ety. But look to-day throughout the length and breadth of
our land, at the agricultural, horticultural and pomological
societies existing from north to south, and from east to west.
The object of these societies is to bring together the people,
especially those who are engaged, — I will not say who are
interested, because I trust every man and every woman within
the sound of my voice is interested, whether they are pursuing
the calling of agriculture or not, — but it is to bring together
the people, and those who are so engaged, that they may com-
pare together the practice of farm, orchard, and garden, for
the purpose of showing improvements.

If there is any one calling, if there is any pursuit in-
tended by the Creator of ail things for the special benefit of
mankind ; if there is any one pursuit more ennobling to man
than any other, that pursuit is the cultivation of the soil.
[Applause.]

Now, fellow citizens, I shall not detain you or v/eary you
with any remarks of mine, but I do most heartily congratu-
late you upon the evidence I have seen to-day, of the improve
ment of this portion of our noble Peninsula State. I have
15

114 REPOKT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

never seen in any part of our noble State — I have never seen
anywhere — any more beautiful or more creditable exhibition of
apples, than I have seen here to-clay. I say I congratulate you
upon this, your first exhibition of the Pomological Society. I
congratulate you, my fellow citizens in this part of the State,
upon these evidences of thought; these evidences of mind;
these evidences that you intend to make use of thought, of
mind, of intelligence ; that you intend these to bear upon this
noble calling. If there is any calling that requires thought,
or any calling that is deserving of mind and thought, of edu-
cation, of intelligence, it is that of the agriculturist. [Cheers.]

Again, fellow citizens, I congratulate you upon this exhibi-
tion. I congratulate you upon the growing importance of
this section of our beautiful State, not only in this branch,
but in everything that is for the well-being of society. [Loud
applause.]

Judge Eamsdell of Grand Traverse spoke earnestly in sup-
port of the Pomological Society, urging the people to subscrbe
liberally, and sustain a society which is doing so much to pro-
mote the vital interests of the State.

Rev. James Hamilton of Newaygo made an eloquent
address, showing that the pursuits of horticulture are identi-
fied with the highest and best interests of mankind, and pro-
motive of moral and religious improvement.

SECRETARY'S ANNUAL REPORT.

18 7 1.

INTRODUCTORY.

To the Members of the Michigan State Pomoloffical Society :

It is but just to say that the preparation for this volume was
conducted under circumstances very unfavorable to success.

As will be seen by reference to the Constitution, the Society
was only incorporated the 5th day of July, 1871, under the
special act provided by the Legislature in April, 1871, for such
organizations.

Up to that time no effort had been made to secure matter
for the report, as the finances of the Society would only per-
mit the publication of such matter as would naturally and
necessarily find its way on my record through the usual
addresses, discussions, and essays brought out by the monthly
meetings and Annual Fair.

B.y the conditions of the act referred to, the transactions of
the Society are to be published by the State. It seemed clear
that this step was taken for the purpose of giving Michigan's
great and fast increasing fruit-growing interests a proper place
in her literature.

To occupy this broad field, thus suddenly opened in so short
a time, in such a manner as should do justice to the cause, has
been the problem. N'ot but that there was sufficient talent in
our State to fill volumes like this, and creditably too, — there
the difficulty did not lie, — but to find all this talent and secure
its work in'a new channel, has been the impossibility.

To all those who have so cordially responded to solicitations
for articles for insertion in this volume, are gratefully tendered
the thanks of

THE SEORETAKY.

Gband Rapids, Mich., December, 1871.

OFFICERS FOR 1871,

PRESIDENT.

JONATHAN P. THOMPSON, . . Grand Rapids, Kent County.

VICE PRESIDENTS.

HENRY S. CLUBB, . . . Grand Hayen, Ottawa County.

GEORGE PARMELEE, . . Old Mission, Traverse County.

HENRY HOLT, .... Cascade, Kent County.

T.T.LYON, . . . . Plymouth, Wayne County.

GEORGE TAYLOR, . . . Kalamazoo, Kalamazoo County.

WILLIAM BART, . . . Niles, Berrien County.

PAYNE K. LEACH, . . Utica, Macosib County.

S. B. PECK, .... Muskegon, Muskegon County.

TREASURER.

SAMUEL L. FULLER, . . . Grand Rapids, Kent Coujtty.

SECRETARY.

ALBERT T. LINDERMAN, . Grand Rapids, Kent County.

LOCAL SECRETARIES.

Benj. Hathaway, Little Prairie Ronde, Cass County; Thos. Archer,

St. Joseph, St. Joseph County ; Jos. Chapel, Eastmanville, Ottawa

County ; Edward Bradfield, Ada, Kent County ; James

Hamilton, Big Rapids, Montcalm County.

EXECUTIVE committee.

Jonathan P. Thompson, A. T. Linderman, N. P. Husted, C. L.

Whitney, George S, Linderman, George Seagrove,

James Hamilton, H. E. Light.

pomological committee.

James D. Husted, Lowell, Kent County; Henry Holt, Cascade, Kent

County; Townsend E. Gidley, Grand Haven, Ottawa County ;

T. J. Ramsdell, Manistee, Manistee County; W. I.

Blakely, Grand Rapids, Kent County.

120

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

LIF

•E MEMBERS.

Namk.

PosTorncB.

Edward Bradfleld,

. Ada, Kent County.

J. W. Humphrey, .

Plymouth, Wayne County

Flavius J. Littlejolin,

. Allegan,

Allegan County.

E. H. Reynolds,

Monroe,

Monroe County.

H. G. Reynolds,

. Lansing

Asa W. Slayton,

G rattan.

Kent County,

William W. Tracy, .

. Lansing.

LIST

OF MEMBERS.

Name.

POSTOFFICE.

County.

Archer, Thos.,

St. Joseph,

. St. Joseph.

Alford, Charles,

Lamont,

Ottawa.

Allen, Henry,

Grand Rapids,

. Kent.

Alger, J. D., . .

Grand Rapids,

Kent.

Antisdel, J. F

Grand Rapids,

. Kent.

Allen, Wm. W.,

Grand Rapids, .

Kent.

Alger, J. P.,

Coldwater,

. Branch.

Abrams,D. W.,

Paw Paw, .

Van Buren.

Abell, 0. C,

Wayne, .

. Wayne.

Allen, John,

Plymouth, .

Wayne.

Adams, H. D., .

Kalamazoo, .

. Kalamazoo.

Ashley, Wm., .

Grand Rapids,

Kent.

Bradish, Joshua,

Grand Rapids,

. Kent.

Barkley, A. C, .

Ada, .

Kent.

Blaine, Chas.

Grand Rapids,

. Kent.

Bradfield, Ed., .

Ada, .

Kent.

Blaine, 0. W

Gainesville,

. Kent.

Ball,E.M.,

Grand Rapids,

Kent.

Blakely, Wm. I., .

Grand Rapids,

. Kent.

Ball, John, . '.

Grand Rapids, .

Kent.

Ball, Mary T.W.,

Grand Rapids,

. Kent.

Baldwin, S. L., .

Grand Rapids, .

Kent.

Baldwin, H. P. Gov., .

Detroit, ,

. Wayne.

Budlong, W. H.,

Grand Rapids,

Kent.

Buck, S. S., .

Grand Rapids,

. Kent.

Brown, Elisha T., .

Grand Rapids, .

Kent.

Butterfield, J. N.,

Grand Rapids,

. Kent.

Burlingame, E. A., .

Grand Rapids,

Kent.

Bailey, S. S., . . .

Grand Rapids,

. Kent.

Blaine, W.H., .

Grand Rapids,

Kent.

Barker, Geo. M., .

Grand Rapids,

. Kent.

Bement, Judge,

Grand Rapids,

Kent.

MICHIGAIS' STATE POMOLOOICAL SOCIETY.

121

Name.

POSTOFPICE.

C'OUNTT.

Bates, M. W.,

. Grand Rapids,

■ Kent.

Bryan, D. W., .

Grand Rapids,

Kent.

Bottsford, Dr. A. H., .

. Grand Rapids,

. Kent.

Bowman, J. C, .

Caledonia Station

, . Kent.

Bevier, J. D.,

. Grand Rapids,

. Kent.

Butterficld, Roger, .

Grand Rapids,

Kent.

Blair, J.,

. Grand Rapids,

Kent,

Bates, J. H.,

Kalamazoo,

. Kalamazoo.

Berkley, J., .

. Grand Rapids,

Kent.

Benham, L. Spencer,

. Olivet, ,

. Eaton.

Brown, Jeremiah,

Battle Creek,

Calhoun.

Bixby, Lorenzo, .

. Kalamazoo, .

. Kalamazoo.

Briggs, E. L., . .

Grand Rapids,

Kent.

Beckwith, W. G.,

. Grand Rapids,

. Kent.

Bissell, 0. J., .

Grand Rapids,

Kent.

Briggs, G. G.,

. Grand Rapids,

. Kent.

Beitses, John, .

Grand Rapids,

Kent.

Bointon, D.,

. Bentou Harbor,

. St. Joseph.

Clubb, Henry S.,

Grand Haven,

Ottawa.

Congdon, Giles S.,

. Lowell, .

. Kent.

Carrief, Edmund,

Grand Rapids,

Kent.

Crosby, J. S.,

. Grand Rapids,

. Kent.

Crosby, M.S., .

Grand Rapids, .

Kent.

Cornell, Robt. B.,

. Bostwick,

. Lake.

Chesebro, A. D.,

Grand Rapids,

Kent.

Cummins, K,

. English ville, .

. Ottawa.

Cobb, T. M., .

1015 Grand Rapic

Is, . Kent.

Clement, J. L.,

. Ada,

. Kent.

Carrier, H. S., .

Grand Rapids,

Kent.

Close, Converse, .

Grattan, ,

. Kent.

Clavel, John,

Grand Rapids,

Kent.

Currier, Arthur 0.,

. Grand Rapids,

. Kent.

Cady, W. R., .

Grand Rapids,

Kent.

Cummins,

Coit, Chas. W.,

Grand Rapids,

Kent.

Cook, N

. Grand Rapids,

. Kent.

Chapel, J.,

Eastmanville,

Ottawa.

Chadwick, Geo., .

. Grand Rapids,

. Kent.

Carr, J. W.,

Grand Rapids,

Kent.

Crosby, M. S.,

. Grand Rapids,

. Kent.

Craw, Mrs. E. L.,

Fruitport, .

Muskegon.

Chubb, A. L.,

. Grand Rapids,

. Kent.

16

122

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

Name.

POSTOFFICE.

COTINTT.

Clark, M. H., .

Grand Rapids,

Kent.

Clay, D. P., . .

. Grand Rapids,

, Kent.

CoUer, Peter, .

Adrian,

Lenawee.

Crane, Jonathan,

. Kalamazoo, .

. Kalamazoo.

Comstock, CO.,

Grand Rapids,

Kent.

Collar, S. W.,

. Ada,

. Kent.

Carrington, Geo.,

Trent, .

Muskegon.

Chilson,N., .

. Battle Creek, .

. Calhoun.

Corbett, D. E., .

Grand Rapids,

Kent.

Chandler, Chas., .

. Grand Rapids,

. Kent.

Coffinbery, W. L., .

Grand Rapids,

Kent.

Champlain, John,

. Grand Rapids,

. Kent.

Carver, D. L., .

Hart, .

Oceana.

Calden, Jnc,

. Grand Rapids,

. Kent.

Colins, R. M., .

Grand Rapids, .

Kent.

Deitrich, C. Jos.,

. Grand Rapids,

. Kent.

Dickinson, G. W.,

Grand Rapids,

Kent.

Duga, J. A.,

. Lowell, .

, Kent.

Davies, John , .

Grand Rapids, .

Kent.

Dean, J. M.,

. Grand Rapids,

. Kent.

Dias, James,

Gaines,

Kent.

Davis, Erasmus, .

. Kalamazoo, .

. Kalamazoo

Danforth, M. W., .

Cascade,

Kent.

Dyckman, B. H.,

. South Haven,

. Van Buren.

Dean, Isaac S.,

Kalamazoo, 450,

Kalamazoo

Douglass, Orin, .

. Fruitport,

. Muskegon.

Daniels, A. J., .

Grand Rapids,

Kent.

Duncan, M. S.,

. Shepardsville,

Emans, D. K.,

Grand Rapids,

Kent.

Elliott, J. F. ,

. Grand Rapids,

. Kent.

Eggleston, E. S.,

Grand Rapids,

Kent.

Engle, Columbus,

. Paw Paw,

. Van Buren

Elms, George, .

Kendall,

Van Buren

Ehrenstrasser, Rev. I. G.

. Grand Rapids,

. Kent.

Fuller, Samuel L., .

Grand Rapids, .

Kent.

Fralick, Henry, .

. Grand Rapids,

. Kent.

Farmer, Thomas,

Grand Rapids, .

Kent

Fuller, E. P.,

. Grand Rapids,

. Kent.

Ferry, W. M., .

Grand Haven,

Ottawa.

Fitch, Geo. C, .

. Grand Rapids,

. Kent.

Fitch, James 0.,

Grand Rapids,

Kent.

Fuller, S. C,

. Grand Rapids,

. Kent.

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

123

Name.
FuUer, E. P., .
Foote, P. S.,
Foster, W. D., .
Ferry, T. W.,
Fox, P. v.,
Fowler, Fletcher,
Fowler, S.W., .
Ford, J. H., .
Fay.L., .
Famham, H. C, .
French, George,
Fox, George,
Fuller, W.D., .
Ganzhom, Jacob,
Goodwin, H. H.,
Gillam, John,
Gregory, W. H.,
Gunn, Mrs. William,
Garfield, Chas. W., .
Griggs, Geo. W., .
Grove, Dr. James, .
Gilbert, Frank B.,
Gidley, Joseph,
Gass, John P.,
Godfrey, S. F., .
Gilbert, John,
Gunn, F. A.,
Green, Fitz W., .
Gallup, James, .
Graham, E., .
Goodend, O. R.,
Houghtaling, W. O.,
Holt, Henry, .
Hamilton, James,
Husted, Noah P.,
Husted, James D.,
Hart & Amberg,
Hughes, G. W., .
Hurd, C. W., .
Haldane, William,
Headly, Mrs. John, .
Hosford, George, .

POSTOFFICE.

Grand Rapids,
Grand Rapids,
Grand Rapids,
Grand Haven,
Grand Rapids,
Black Lake, .
Manistee,
Grand Rapids,
Portland,
South Haven,
Rockford, .
Alaska, .
Newaygo, .
Grand Haven,
Ionia, .
Sparta Center,
Kendall,
Grand Rapids,
Grand Rapids,
Grand Rapids,
Grand Rapids,
Grand Rapids,
Kalamo,
South Boston,
Grand Rapids,
Ovid,

Grand Rapids,
Grand Rapids,
Grand Rapids,
Grand Rapids,
Montague, .
Grand Rapids,
Ada, .
Big Rapids,
Lowell,
Lowell, .
Grand Rapids,
Grand Rapids,
Grand Rapids,
Grand Rapids,
Ada, .
Ionia,

COUNTT.

Kent.

Kent.

Kent.

Ottawa.

Kent.

Muskegon.

Manistee.

Kent.

New York.

Van Buren.

Kent.

Kent.

Newaygo.

Ottawa.

Ionia.

Kent.

Van Buren.

Kent.

Kent.

Kent.

Kent.

Kent.

Eaton.

Ionia.

Kent.

Clinton.

Kent.

Kent.

Kent.

Kent.

Oceana..

Kent.

Kent.

Mecosta.

Kent.

Kent.

Kent.

Kent.

Kent.

Kent.

Kent.

Ionia.

134

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

Name.

PoaTomcK.

COUNTT.

Holt, H. Gaylord,

Cascade,

Kent.

Hogadone, John B.,

Grand Rapids,

. Kent.

Hatch, Damon,

Grand Rapids, .

Kent.

Hannah, J. C,

. Irving, .

. Barry.

Hooper, Edward,

Grand Haven,

Kent.

Holden, E. G. D.,

. Grand Rapids,

. Kent.

Howell, H.,

Grand Rapids,

Kent.

Henry, G., .

. Marshall,

. Kalamazoo.

Hand, Charles IL, .

Hart, ....

Oceana.

Hatheway, Benjamin, .

. Little Prairie Ronde,

. Cass.

IHayle, R., Jr., .

Lansing,

Ingham.

Hale, M. H.,

. Alaska, .

. Kent.

.Hay ward, E., .

Casnovia, .

Kent.

Heart, B., .

. Grand Rapids,

. Kent.

Houseman, Julius,. .

Grand Rapids,

Kent.

Harland, B. A., .

. Grand Rapids,

Kent.

Humphrey, J. W., .

Plymouth, .

Wayne.

Harris, I. V.,

. Grand Haven,

. Ottawa.

Hovey, William,

Grand Rapids,

Kent.

Hollister, H. J., .

. Grand Rapids,

. Kent.

Hilton, Robert,

Grand Rapids, .

Kent.

Imes, Willie P., .

. Grand Rapids,

. Kent.

Isted, Henry, .

Augusta,

Kalamazoo.

Johnson, Wm. W.,

. Lowell, .

. Kent.

Johnson, P. W.,

Indian Creek,

Kent.

Judd, Albert H., .

. Hart,

. Oceana.

.Jones, C. W., .

Richland, .

Kalamazoo

Jackson,

. Alaska, .

. Kent.

Kniffln, C. A., .

Lowell,

Kent.

Kendall, George .

. Grand Rapids,

. Kent.

Knapp, E. U., .

Grand Rapids, .

Kent.

Kipp, Charles,

. St. Johns,

. Clinton.

Kusterer, C,

Grand Rapids, .

Kent.

Kingsbury, S. 0.,

. Grand Rapids,

. Kent.

Kingsley, Moses,

Kalamazoo,

Kalamazoo

Linderman, A. T.,

. Grand Rapids,

. Kent.

Linderman, George S.,

Grand Rapids,

Kent.

Linderman, Isaac S., .

. South Haven,

. St. Joseph.

Light, H. E., .

Greenville, .

Montcalm.

Levi Bros., .

. Grand Rapids,

. Kent.

Luce, B., .

Grand Rapids, .

Kent.

Littlejohn, F. J., .

. Allegan, .

Allegan.

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

125

Name.

POSTOFFICE.

County

Luce, K. C,

Grand Rapids, .

Kent.

Long, W. J.,

. Grand Rapids,

. Kent.

Ledyard, W. B.,

Grand Rapids, .

Kent.

Lovell, Louis S., .

Ionia,

. Ionia.

Luther, George,

Lamont,

Ottawa.

Lyon, S. W.,

. Grand Rapids Town,

. Kent.

Leitelt, A.,

Grand Rapids, .

Kent.

Ledyard, H. T , .

. Grand Rapids,

. Kent.

Laraway, William, .

Grand Rapids, .

Kent.

Lamoraux, James,

, Grand Rapids,

. Kent.

Mathewson, J. M., .

Lowell,

Kent.

Minor, S. 0.,

. Louisiana,

. Pike Co. , M

Moore, G. I.,

Walker,

Kent.

McManus, Father,

. Cannonsburg,

. Kent.

Miller, J. A., .

Grand Rapids, .

Kent.

Myers, William H.,

. Courtland Centre, .

. Kent.

McConnell, John,

Grand Rapids, .

Kent.

Merrill, L. A.,

. Grand Rapids, .

Kent.

McWhorter, F. M., .

Grand Rapids,

. Kent.

Mott, Isaac C,

. Battle Creek, .

Calhoun.

Millham, William, .

Kalamazoo,

Kalamazoo.

McClary, Andrew,

. Galesburg,

. Kalamazoo.

Merriman, Charles N.,

Hartford,

Van Buren.

Mason, W. R., .

. Grant,

. Kent.

McDonalt, S. D.,

Toledo, 0., .

Manning, F. M., .

. Paw Paw,

. Van Buren.

Manley, S. N. .

Lisbon,

Ottawa.

Newhall, John,

. Grandville,

. Kent.

Nelson, Ezra T.,

Grand Rapids, .

Kent.

Northrop, A. W., .

. Grand Rapids,

. Kent.

Newton, Isaac, .

Grand Rapids,

Kent.

Naysmith, H. R., .

. Grand Rapids,

. Kent.

Norris, S. D.,

Grand Rapids,

Kent.

Nelson, J. M.,

. Grand Rapids,

. . Kent.

Noble, Mrs. A. D., .

Grand Rapids, .

Kent.

Norton, M. H.,

. Otisco,

. Ionia.

Nelson, C. D., .

Muskegon, .

3Iuskcgon.

Nelson, N. W., .

. Manistee,

. Manistee.

Osborn, Rev. Mr.,

Ada,

Kent.

Perry, George,

. Grand Rapids,

. Kent.

Plumb, A. D., .

Grand Rapids,

Kent.

Purdy, Thomas S.,

. Grand Haven,

. Ottawa.

126

REPOKT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

Name.
Pelton, S.,
Pierce, S.,
Pearson, S. M., .
Pennell, J. W.,
Peck, S. B.,
Pierce, H. R.,
Pratt, J. M.,
Patten, Lyman,
Pierce, P. R. L.,
Pulcher, Father,
Pierce, J. W., .
Perry, Ed. W.,
Perrin, W. P., .
Pierce, E. S.,
Powers, W. H.,
Peet, George,
Parry & Piatt, .
Parks, Foster J.,
Perry, M. M., .
Peck, H. W.,
Putnam, B. W.,
Perkins, Cliarles,
Palmeeter, J.,
Quintus, Jacob,
Quimby, I. L., .
Rowe, William,
Rosenkrans, F. M
Rood, C. C,
Ramsdell, J. G.,
Ramsdell, T. J., .
Remington, Mark,
Robertson, David,
Renwick, Thomas,
Rathbone,
Ramsej', W. H.,
Robinson, J. R., .
Rathbone, G. B.,
Reynolds, J. M., .
Rossman, Stephen,
Rider, Mirva,
Roberts, W. D.,
Rumery, S., .

POSTOFPICE.

County.

Gainsville, .

Kent.

Grand Rapids,

Kent.

Grand Rapids,

Kent.

Grand Rapids,

Kent.

Muskegon, .

Muskegon.

309 Grand Rapids, .

Kent.

Ionia, ....

Ionia.

Grand Rapids,

. Kent.

Grand Rapids, .

Kent.

Grand Rapids,

Kent.

Grand Rapids, .

Kent.

Saugatuck,

. Allegan.

Lowell,

Kent. .

Grand Rapids,

. Kent.

Grand Rapids, .

Kent.

Allegan, .

Allegan.

Lagrange,

Indiana.

South Haven, .

. Van Buren

Lowell,

Kent.

Grand Rapids,

. Kent.

Grand Rapids, .

Kent.

Grand Rapids,

. Kent.

Hart, ....

Oceana.

Grand Rapids,

. Kent.

Grand Rapids, .

Kent.

Grand Rapids,

Kent.

Box 45 Grand Rapids,

Kent.

Grand Rapids,

Kent.

Traverse City,

Traverse.

Manistee,

Manistee.

Ada, ....

Kent.

Grand Rapids,

. Kent.

Grand Rapids,

Kent.

Grand Rapids,

. Kent.

Grand Rapids,

Kent.

Ada, ■,

Kent.

Grand Rapids, .

Kent.

Austerlitz,

Kent.

Greenville, .

Montcalm.

Greenville,

Montcalm.

Grand Rapids,

Kent.

Allegan, .

. Allegan.

MICHIGAN" STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

127

Name.

POSTOFFICE.

County.

Reynolds, E. H.,

Monroe,

Monroe.

Reynolds, H. G., .

. Lansing,

. Ingham.

Robinson, Rix,

Ada, . . . .

Kent.

Robinson, Wm., .

. Fruitport,

. Muskegon

Rowland, O. A.,

Muskegon, .

Muskegon

Saunders, Dr. H. G., .

. Grand Rapids,

. Kent.

Schermerhoon, Daniel,

Grand Rapids, .

Kent.

Suttle, John,

. Grand Rapids,

. Kent.

Smith, Mrs. Elihu, .

Grand Rapids, .

Kent.

Shumaker, C. L.,

. Grand Rapids,

. Kent.

Seagrove, .

Spring Lake,

Ottawa.

Savidge, Hunter,

, Spring Lake, ,

. Ottawa.

Scran ton, L. S.,

Grand Rapids,

Kent.

Slayton, Asa W., .

. Grattan, .

. Kent.

Simonds, Joel A.,

Grand Rapids, .

Kent.

Shafer, M. L.,

. 628 Grand Rapids, .

. Kent.

Smith, George,

1343 Grand Rapids, .

Kent.

Simonds, 0. H., ,

. Grand Rapids,

. Kent.

Stanton, Geo. W.,

Grand Rapids, .

Kent.

Stout, Andrew, .

. St. Johns,

. Clinton.

Scott, James H.,

Grand Rapids,

Kent.

Sweet, Martin L.,

. Grand Rapids,

. Kent.

Stowe, B. M., .

Grand Rapids, .

Kent.

Sinclair, R. I., .

. Grand Rapids,

. Kent.

Smith, Thomas,

Grand Rapids, .

Kent.

Shirk, Levi, .

. Middleville, .

Barry.

Slayton, A. W.,

Grattan,

Kent.

Snow, James,

. Muskegon,

. Muskegon

Shepherd, Dr., .

Grand Rapids, .

Kent.

Sanders, Dr.,

. Grand Rapids,

. Kent.

Stelletee, George,

Grand Rapids,

Kent.

Strickland, Hon. R., .

. St. Johns,

. Clinton.

Stockbridge, F. B., .

Saugatuck, .

Allegan.

Shirk, A. B.,

. Caledonia,

. Kent.

Seymour, Henry,

Grand Rapids, .

Kent.

Sawyer, J. O.,

. Grand Rapids,

. Kent.

Smith, Martin P., .

Hopkins,

Allegan.

Soule, A. L.,

. Spring Lake, .

. Muskegon

Smith, Mortimer,

Grand Rapids, .

Kent.

Shepherd, C. L., .

. Muskegon,

. Muskegon

Sinclair, W. G.,

Spring Lake,

Ottawa.

Stone, H. G.,

. 201 Grand Rapids, .

. Kent.

128

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

Name.

PosTorncE. .

COUHTT.

Struble, J. C, .

White Pigeon, .

St. Joseph.

Strigler, Artemus,

. Adrian, .

. Lenawee.

Struble, Daniel,

Brady,

Kalamazoo.

Spring, Harry,

. Grand Rapids,

. Kent,

Slocum, H. W.,

Grand Rapids, .

Kent.

Soule, Charles E.,

. Fruitport,

. Ottawa.

Soule, J. B., .

Fruitport, .

Ottawa.

Sanford, S. R., .

. iluskegon.

. Muskegon.

Sessions, R. C,

Gaines,

Kent.

Stivens, D. L.,

. Grand Rapids,

. Kent.

Smith, A. G., .

Muskegon, .

Muskegon.

Sliter, B. F.,

, Grand Rapids,

. Kent.

Shearer, Jonathan, .

Plymouth, .

Wayne.

Stanton, F. L., .

. Borches,

. Kent.

Sayles, J. T., .

Lowell,

Kent.

Thompson, Jonathan P.,

. Grand Rapids,

. Kent.

Turner, Aaron B., .

Grand Rapids, .

Kent.

Tracy, Judge,

. Grand Rapids,

. Kent.

Tucker, Foster,

Grand Rapids,

Kent.

Taylor, Theodore,

. Hesperia,

. Oceana.

Taylor, George,

Kalamazoo,

Kalamazoo.

Thompson, Allen,

. Otisco, .

. Allegan.

Tompkins, J. H. ,

Grand Rapids,

Kent.

Tolford, W. D., .

. Grand Rapids,

. Kent.

Trask, L. H., .

Kalamazoo,

Kalamazoo.

Thorp Alfred,

. Oregon, .

. Ogle Co., Ill

Tafft, William,

Plymouth, .

Wayne.

Taylor, C.H.,

. Grand Rapids,

. Kent.

Tucker, A. J., .

Grand Rapids,

Kent.

Tin, J. M., .

. Grand Rapids,

. Kent. •

Taylor, D.I. , .

Ionia, .

Ionia.

Taylor, T., .

. Greenwood, .

. Oceana.

Tracy, Will. W.,

Lansing,

Ingham.

Voorheis, Wm. G. ,

. Frankfort,

. Benzie.

Van Buren, 0.,

Grand Rapids,

Kent.

Verdier, J. A. S.,

. Grand Rapids,

. Kent.

Waring, H. E., .

Grand Rapids,

Kent.

Whitney, C. L., .

. Muskegon,

. Kent.

Waterman, Charles, .

Grand Rapids, .

Kent.

White, A. C. ,

. Grand Rapids,

. Kent.

Wallace, William,

Ada, .

Kent.

Woo<l, Ransom E.,

. Grand Rapids,

. Kent.

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

139

Name.

POSTOPFICE.

County.

Watson, J. J., .

296 Grand Rapids,

Kent.

Wyckoff, Jesse F.,

. Grand Rapids,

Kent.

Withey, S. L., .

Grand Rapids, .

Kent.

Winsor, J. W., .

. Grand Rapids,

. Kent.

Withey, L H., .

Grand Rapids,

Kent.

Weatherly, W. W.,

. Grand Rapids,

. Kent.

Williams, John,

South Haven,

Van Buren

Windows, J.,

. Kalamazoo,

. Kalamazoo

Wilmartb, O. R.,

Grand Rapids, .

Kent.

Winsor, L. G.,

Grand Haven,

Ottawa.

Young, George,

Grand Rapids, .

Kent.

Total number of members for the years 1870 and 1871
From Missouri

" Ohio,

" Indiana,

" New York, . . . ,^ . . .

" Illinois,

" Michigan,

431

416

421

The Michigan members represent twenty-four counties, of which

Kent has 256

Ottawa, . 17

Kalamazoo, 15

Muskegon, 13

Van Buren, . . . . ~ 10

Oceana, 7

Ionia, 7

Allegan, 6

Wayne, 6

St. Joseph, 4

Manistee, 3

Clinton, 3

Montcalm, 3

Calhoun, 2

Barry, 2

Eaton, 2

Branch 1

Lake. 1

17

130 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

Lenawee,

Newaygo,

Mecosta,

Traverse,

Monroe,

Benzie

364

The reason that the summary of the members representing counties is
less than the total number of members, is that this list comprises both
the years 1870 and 1871. Many of the members of 1870 are members
now, thus representmg two members and but one county.

Number of members for the year 1871 , 306

Number of members for the year 1870, 198

Increase in 1871, 198

Number of life members for the year 1871, 6

Number of life members for the year 1870, 1

Increase in 1871 5

■4

MICniQAX STATE POMOLOOICAL SOCIETY. 131

LAWS AFFECTING HORTICULTURE.

Session Laws of 1871, page 19S.

AN ACT to provide for the incorporation of societies for the
promotion of pomology, horticulture, and the kindred
sciences and arts, in the State of Michigan.

Section 1. The People of the State of Michigan enact, That
any five or more persons, and their successors, that may here-
after associate together for the purpose of promoting the
interests of pomology, horticulture, agriculture, and kindred
sciences and arts, may become a body corporate by complying
with the requirements of this act.

Sec. 2. The persons intending to become a body corporate
for the above named purpose, shall publish a notice of their
intention to meet for organization, three successive weeks, in
the newspaper publisheci next nearest to the place where such
meeting is to be held, said notice to state the object of the
meeting, and when and where it will be held, and to be signed
by at least three of the persons interested in establishing such
organization, said meeting to be open to the public.

Sec. 3. The articles of association adopted at the meeting
provided for in the preceding section shall specify : First, the
names, offices, and objects of association ; second, the limit of
property ; third, the limit of subscription of members ; fourth,
the town, city, village, county, district, or extent of the terri-
tory in which the operation of the society may be carried on,
or to which they are limited.

Sec. 4. The articles of association, duly acknowledged by
each stockholder, together with a certificate signed by the
secretary, stating the amount of subscription paid in, must be
registered in the oflSce where the association is located, in a

132 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

book kept for that purpose, and a copy of the same must be
forwarded to the Secretary of State.

Sec. 5. On complying with the requirements of this act, as
above specified, associations so organized shall be a body cor-
porate, and shall be capable of buying and selliug real estate
in the same manner as the agricultural societies, of suing and
being sued in any court of this State; may have a common
seal, and may alter or amend the same at pleasure, and be
subject to the laws of the State applicable to agricultural
societies ; may make such by-laws and regulations, not incon-
sistent with its articles or with this act, as may be found
desirable to promote the efBciency of the organization : Pro-
vided, That the by-laws shall not exclude any citizen of
Michigan from membership of the association, attending the
exhibitions, or participating in its discussions, who shall sub-
scribe and pay to the funds of the society such sum or sums
annually as the by-laws of the association shall prescribe.

Sec. 6. Should a State association for the promotion of
pomology, horticulture, agriculture, and kindred sciences and
arts be organized under this act, it shall be the duty of the
secretary of said State society to nAke and transmit to the
Secretary of State a report of the transactions of said society,
including copies of papers read at its meetings, reports of
exhibitions held, and of facts collected by correspondence or
otherwise, at the end of the month of December of each year,
said report of transactions to be printed in similar form and
number of copies as the reports and transactions of the State
Board of Agriculture and State Agricultural Society, under
the direction of the Secretary of State.

Sec. 7. District or county, town, city, or village associations
organized under this act, are hereby required to report through
their secretary, in the month of November in each year, to
the secretary of the State association, the proceedings of
said society during the year, give a statement of the facts
elicited, and of the experience gained during the preceding

MICHIGAIS" STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 133

year, such reports from district, county, town, city, or village
societies to be used as correspondence in compiling the reports
of the State association provided for in section sis.

Sec. 8. Associations incorporated under this act shall, on
compliance with the requirements thereof, be entitled to all
the immunities, emoluments, and privileges accorded by law
to the agricultural societies of this State.

Sec. 9. This act shall take immediate effect.

Approved April 15, 1871.

AN ACT to regulate the size of peach baskets.

Section 1. The People of the State of Michigan oiact, That
the quantity known as a box or basket of peaches shall contain
seven hundred and sixteen and four-fifths cubic inches, or one-
third of a bushel, strict measure.

Sec. 2. This act shall take immediate effect.

Approved April 13, 1871.

AN ACT to amend section one of act number thirty-one of
session laws of eighteen hundred and sixty-nine, entitled
"An act to regulate the size of dry or packing barrels for
fruit, roots, and vegetables," approved March eighth, eighteen
hundred and sixty-nine, be and hereby is amended so as to
read as follows :

Section 1. The People of the State of Michigan enact. That
the quantity known as a barrel of fruit, roots, or vegetables,
shall be that quantity contained in a barrel made from staves
twenty-seven inches in length, and each head sixteen and one-
half inches in diameter, or ordinary flour barrel size.

Approved April 13, 1871.

134 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

Session Laios 1867, page 183,

AN ACT relating to the planting of trees or shrubs in the
highway, being a bill to amend section (1111) eleven hun-
dred and eleven, being section two of chapter twenty-five of
the compiled laws, and to add two new sections thereto.

Section 1. The People of the State of Michigan enact. That
section two of chapter twenty-five of compiled laws be
amended so as to read as follows :

(1111). Sec. 2. Any person or persons owning or occupying
land adjoining any highway not less than eleven rods wide,
may plant or set out trees or shrubs on each side of said high-
way contiguous to his land, which trees or shrubs shall be set
in regular rows at a distance not less than six feet from each
other, and within eight feet of the margin of the highway:
Provided, That in incorporated villages or cities the common
council of such cities or villages may fix and determine the
distance that such tree shall be set from the margin of the
highways therein, and any such person owning or occupying
land contiguous to any highway, and who is assessed any high-
way or poll-tax, may cause to be paid of such tax a sum not
exceeding twenty-five per cent for any year, by planting trees
or shrubs in the margin of the highway, in a space not exceed-
ing eight feet in width from the margin of the highway, which
sum, when so paid, shall be credited upon his highway or poll-
tax for that year ; and any overseer of the highway may cause
a portion, not exceeding ten per cent of the highway tax in
his road district, to be expended in setting out trees or shrubs,
in a space not exceeding eight feet in width from the margin
of the highway.

Sec. 2. Any person who shall (except as hereinafter pro-
vided) willfully injure, deface, tear or destroy any tree or
shrub thus planted along the margin of the highway, or pur-
posely left there for shade or ornament, shall forfeit a sum not
less than five nor more than one hundred dollars for each
ofience, which sum may be recovered in any court of compe-
ent jurisdiction : Provided, That whenever it shall appear to

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOQICAL SOCIETY. 135

the board of commissioners of highways in any town in this
State, that any shade or ornamental trees or shrubs, are an
obstruction or an injury to any highw^ay, said trees or shrubs
may be cut down and removed by order of the aforesaid board
of commissioners of highways.

Sec. 3. Any person who shall negligently or carelessly snfifer
any horse or other beast driven by or for him, or any beast
belonging to him, and lawfully in highway, to break down,
destroy, or injure any tree or shrub not his own, standing for
use or ornament in any highway, or negligently or willfully, by
any other means, shall break down, destroy or injure any such
tree or shrub, shall be subject to an action for damages in a
sum not less than one, nor more than twenty-five dollars, for
each offence, to be recovered at the suit of the owner or tenant
of the land in front of which such tree or shrub stands, or of
the overseer of the highway in whose road district such tree
or shrub may be situated.

Sec. 4. This act shall take immediate effect.

Approved March 27, 1867.

Section 1069 Compiled Laws. — No public or private road
shall be laid out through any orchard or garden without the
consent of the owner thereof, if such have been set out four
years or more, or if such garden have been cultivated as such
four years or more.

Section 5796 Compiled Laws. — Every person who shall
willfully commit any trespass by entering upon the garden,
orchard, or other improved lands of another, without permis-
sion of the owner thereof, and with intent to cut, take, carry
away, destroy or injure the trees, grain, grass, hay, fruit or

136 REPORT -OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

vegetables there growing or being, shall be punisbed by im-
prisonment in the county jail not more than thirty days, or
by fine not exceeding twenty dollars; and if any of the
offenses mentioned in this, or in the preceding section, shall
be committed on the first day of the week, or in disguise, or
secretly in the night-time, between sun-setting and sun-rising,
the imprisonment shall not be less than five days, nor the fine
less than five dollars.

Section 5800 Compiled Laws. — The People of the State of
Michigan enact, That every person who shall willfully and
maliciously, or wantonly and without cause, cut down or
destroy, or otherwise injure any fruit tree or trees, or any
other tree or trees not his own, standing or growing for shade
or ornament on the land of another, the damage for which
said cutting down, destruction or injury to the owner or own-
ers of said tree or trees shall amount to the sum of twenty-
five dollars, shall be punished by imprisonment in the State
Prison not exceeding five years, or by imprisonment in the
county jail not exceeding one year, or by fine not exceeding
five hundred dollars, in the discretion of the Court.

Section 5801 Compiled Laws. — The People of the State
of Michigan enact, That any person who shall wrongfully
take and carry away from any place, any fruit tree, ornamental
tree, shade tree, ornamental shrub, or any plant, vine, bush or
vegetable there growing, standing or being, with intent to
deprive the owner thereof, or who shall without right and
with wrongful intent, detach from the ground, or injure any
fruit tree, ornamental tree, shade tree, ornamental shrub, or
any plant, vine, bush or vegetable, shall be guilty of a misde-

MICniGAK STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 137

meanor, and on conviction- thereof, be punished by imprison-
ment in the county jail not more than six months, or by fine
not exceeding two hundred and fifty dollars, or by both such
fine and imprisonment, in the discretion of the Court.

Section 7, laws of Michigan, 1869, of an act to revise and
consolidate the several acts relating to the protection of game,
and for the better preservation of ellc, deer, birds, and wild
fowl, — page 213, — provides :

No person shall at any time, within this State, kill any
robin, nighthawk, whippowill, finch, thrush, lark, sparrow,
cherrybird, swallow, yellowbird, bluebird, brow nth rasher,
wren, martin, oriole, woodpecker, bobalink, or any song-bird,
nor rob the nests of such birds, under a penalty of five dollars
for each bird so killed, and for each nest so robbed.
18

138 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION OF THE MICHIGAN STATE
P03I0L0GICAL SOCIETY.

In compliance with the requirements of an act of Legisla-
ture, entitled "An act to provide for the incorporation of
societies for the promotion of pomology, horticulture, and the
kindred arts and sciences in the State of Michigan," said act
approved April 15th, 1871,

We, the nadersigned, at the city of Grand Rapids, this the
fifth (5th) day of July, in the year of our Lord one thousand
eight hundred and seventy-one, do hereby associate ourselves
under the name and style of the Michigan State Pomological
Society, and agree to be regulated by the following articles of
association :

OBJECT.

Article 1. The object of the Society is to develop facts,
and promulgate information as to the best varieties of fruit
for culture in the State of Michigan, and the best methods of
cultivation.

OFFICERS.

Art. 2. The officers of the Society shall consist of a Presi-
dent, eight Vice Presidents, a Secretary, and as many local
secretaries as may be deemed necessary, a Treasurer, and an
Executive Committee of nine members, including the Presi-
dent, Secretary, and Treasurer ; of which committee four shall
constitute a quorum for the transaction of business at any
raeetiijg of said committee, provided each member shall have
been notified in the usual manner of such meeting. All the
above officers to be annually elected by ballot.

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 139

OFFICE.

Art. 3. The office of the Society shall be in the city of
Grand Rapids, Kent County, Mich.

ANNUAL MEETING.

Art. 4. The annnal meeting for the election of officers, shall
be on the first Tuesday in December in each year; the officers
elected at such meeting, to commence service on the first of
January following.

EXPIRATION OF TERM OF OFFICE.

Art. 5. The officers shall remain and perform their respect-
ive duties until their successors are elected and have accepted,
but the regular term of office shall expire on the 31st of
December, in each year.

TIME OF HOLDING MEETINGS.

Art. 6. The Society may hold a meeting on the first Tues-
day of each month, at such place as the Executive Committee
shall designate.

MEMBERSHIP FEE.

Art. 7. Every person who subscribes, or who may subscribe
to these articles, and pay to the Treasurer the sum of one
dollar per annum in advance, shall be entitled to membership
unless otherwise voted at a regular meeting of the Society.

disbursement.

Art. 8. No money shall be disbursed except on an order
signed by the President, and countersigned by the Secretary,
by direction of the Executive Committee.

OF amendments.

Art. 9. These articles may be amended at any regular meet-
ing of the Society, by a majority vote of such meeting: Pro-
vided, One month's notice shall have been given of such
amendment.

140 MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGTCAL SOCIETY.

AMOUNT OF PROPERTY.

Art. 10. This Society may bold personal and real estate to
the amount of twenty thousand dollars.

BY-LAWS.

Art. 11. By-laws may be passed at any regular meeting, but
a month's notice may be required.

treasurer's bond.

Art. 12. The Executive Committee shall require of the
Treasurer such security as they may deem necessary for the
safe keeping, and proper disbursement of the funds of the
Society in his hands.

A. T. LINDERMAN, HENRY HOLT,

G. S. LINDERMAN, EDWARD BRADFIELD,

JOHN SUTTLE, G. W. DICKINSON,

A. C. BARKLEY, J. P. THOMPSON,

GEORGE PERRY, C. L. WHITNEY.

STATE OF MICHIGAN, g^
County of Kent,

Subscribed and acknowledged before me, a Notary Public,
this fifth day of July, A. D. 1871, in the city of Grand Eapid*

HENEY S. CLUBB,
Notary Public in and for the County of Ottawa.
James F. Geoyb.

MINUTES OF THE MEETINGS

OF THE

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

r-oit the: YEA.it isri.

JANUARY MEETING.

The January meeting was held at the Society's rooms, iu
Fuller's Bank, January 3d, 1871.
Vice President Holt, in the chair.
Minutes of last meeting read and approved.

THE FRUIT EXHIBITION".

Mr, James H. Martin of Grand Rapids town, had a fine dis-
play of apples, including splendid samples of the Cayuga Red-
streak, Steele's Red, Yellow Bellflower, Jonathan, Swaar,
Northern Spy, Esopus Spitzenburg, Rhode Island Greeniiig,
and Gloria Mundi.

Mr. Holt brought the Redstreak, Swaar, Greening, Jona-
than, Wagener, and Buerre Diel pear.

Mr. Houghtaling presented a seedling resembling the
Greening, represented to be a good keeper, Yellow Belleflower,
Spitzenburg, and a small apple which Mr. H. called the Lady
Apple.

PROSPECT OF FRUIT.

Mr. Husted said he was sorry to say that he had fears that
the extreme cold had injured the peach buds. In many sec-
tions the thermometer had fallen to twenty degrees below zero,
and it was held that at fifteen degrees below zero, peach trees
are in danger. He represented, however, that if half of the
buds produced, there would be plenty of peaches, as the trees
were uuusually full of buds. He had had a long experience,
but he never knew fruit trees so well ripened, and so well pre-
pared to resist the cold of winter.

A communication was read from George Parmalee of Old
Mission, Grand Traverse County, dated December 12, 1870, in

144 EEPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

which he said : " "We have about two inches of snow — sod
ground not frozen. The mercury has been only a very few
degrees below freezing point, so far this fall. Everybody has
been plowing here, up to the 9th inst. In my trip to St. Jo-
seph and Benton Harbor, I found peach buds very much
swollen. If we get a severe winter, the loss on fruit in that
section will be very great. Here, the swelling is not enough
to seriously endanger anything."

The Publishing Committee reported that they were com-
piling a history of the Society, with its proceedings, account
of the fair, including debates, addresses, etc., and that the same
would be issued in two weeks.

On motion of C. L. Whitney,

Resolved, That the Secretary furnish each member of the
Society with a copy of the Secretary's Report about to be
issued, and that he use such copies as are necessary in ex-
changes, and for use before the Legislature.

C. J. Deitrich, Chairman Auditing Committee, reported
account of the Treasurer correct.

On motion, the discussion of the question, "Does the stock
influence the Graft," be postponed until the February meeting.

On motion of Mr. Hamilton, the committee appointed to
prepare articles of association, etc., preparatory to applying to
the Legislature for an act of incorporation, were granted more
time, and were instructed to report on Saturdaj^ January 14.

A letter was read from 0. C. Dustin & Co., of the Mt. Ver-
non nurseries. New Jersey, who promised to send varieties of
fruit for testing.

Mr. Geo. S. Linderman stated that ex-President Saimders
had received from the Commissioner of Agriculture, scions of
Russian apple trees, for the disposal of the Society.

Mr. Bradfield of Ada, at the request of the members present,
said he would if his health permitted, favor the Society at its
next regular meeting, in February, with his experience, views,
etc., on grape culture.

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 145

The President said that the Kent County Agricultural Soci-
ety had, hy a recent vote, added 150 to the $200 already
donated this Society, for holding its fair in connection with
that Society, and he would respectfully tender them thanks
for the same.

Mr. G. W. Griggs, President of the Kent County Agricul-
tural Society, said in reply : '• We would have been pleased to
have given you not only fifty, but five hundred dollars; and I
assure you that had our finances been such as to warrant it,
we should have presented you with the last named sum, for we
do not wish to conceal tbe fact that a large proportion of our
extraordinary success at the last fair was owing to the efforts
made by, and our connection with, the Michigan State Pomo-
logical Society; and I would further state, that although I
have attended many exhibitions of fruit, I never yet have
seen equaled, especially in the apple department, the show
made by your Society at our last fair."

Mr. Griggs, in reply to a question, said Mr. Scranton, a
member of the Executive Board of the State Agricultural
Society, was in correspondence with the other members, and
he was in hopes to secure the location of the State Fair at
Grand Eapids, for 1871 and 1872.

Mr. J. P. Thompson, President elect, read an address which
was ordered printed, and will be found in another column.

An able and interesting paper was received from Benjamin
Hathaway of Little Prairie Eonde, which was read and ordered
printed, and will also be found on another page.
19

146 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

NEW INDUSTRIES.

THE COMPETITION IN WHEAT CULTURE — THE NECESSITY OF A DIVBB-

SIFIED INDUSTRY — FRUIT CULTURE NECESSARY TO RELIEVE

THE OVER PRODUCTION OF GRAIN.

ADDRESS BY J. P. THOMPSON.

Gentlemen and Members of the State Pomologkal Society :

I accept the position of President of jour Society with grat-
itude for the undeserved compliment, and with a pledge that
so far as my humble abilities permit, there shall not be want-
ing on my part, attention to the objects of the Society.

THE WANT OF MICHIGAN AGRICULTURE.

My chief delight in fruit culture arises from the fact that
it promises to become a distinct, and a new industry in our
midst. Just now the great and paramount want of the West
is diversified labor, and diversified production. We want more
new husbandries, new ways of getting a living, new methods
of procuring competencies, new manufactures, new branches
of agriculture; in a word, we need, and must have diversified
industry. All men cannot be grain-growers, and prosper. It
was natural for men when just stepping into the unbroken
wilderness, to first sow the seed for bread, or to cultivate that
which would soonest return an income.

The western pioneer is always necessarily first a grain pro-
ducer. He generally is poor, and a beginner, and grain
production promises to bring him quickest the necessaries of
life. But grain production is a business of world-wide com-
petition, and but few men have made fortunes at it, A

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 147

majority of the tillers of the soil, the world over — the sturdy
yeomanry of the human race — a:e grain growers.

THE AVHEAT RAISIXG NATIONS.

It is a fact that but one commercial nation of the world, —
Great Britain,— needs to look abroad for bread for its people.
The 40,000,000 people of France ; the 40,000,000 of the now
united Germany ; the 40,000,000 of the United States, grow
their own breadstuffs, and oftentimes have a surplus to spare.
It is a remarkable fact that these three controlling nations,
each with about the same population, are the chief grain-
growing nations of Christendom. East of these are the val-
leys of the Danube, and the plains of Southern Eussia,
producing the cereals in all their perfection and in wonderful
abundance, so that the ports of the Black Sea have long been
held as the unfailing granaries of Europe. It is this world-
wide and crushing competition which renders wheat-growing
a precarious and unprofitable business.

THE AVERAGE PRICE OF WHEAT FOR TWENTY YEARS.

Twenty-one years ago, when I first became acquainted with
the heavy timbered lands of wheat-growing Michigan, that
grain was selling in her interior towns at 75 cents per bushel ;
in 1852 it brought 90 cents ; in 1853, $1.25, and in 1854 it
receded to 80 cents; in 1858 it reached a dollar, and in 1861
it went to $1.10. During the civil war, prices ruled at higher
rates, but it may be truthfully affirmed that the average nor-
mal price of wheat for the last twenty years, has not been over
one dollar per bushel. This is not a rapid money-making
rate, though it affords a slight profit. At that price, if wheat-
growing was the only branch of western husbandry, the
country would be poverty-stricken. It is for this reason that
we should take a deep interest in every project which promises
a new industry for western agriculturists.

THE INCREASING COMPETITION.

This deadly and oppressive competition is annually increas-
ing by the addition of vast territories of arable and richly

148 REPOKT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

productive land. Twenty years ago California was niiknowa
as a wheat-growing and wheat-exporting State. Contemplate
that immense wheat belt now just looming up on the western
horizon, which is west of the Mississippi and north of th&
Missouri. Leave out all of the States east of the Mississippi;
say nothing of AVisconsin, with her 24,000,000 bushels of
wheat; say nothing of Illinois, with her 29,000,000 bushels;
say nothing of Indiana, Ohio, and Michigan ; do not mention
Kansas or Missouri south of the Missouri river; but confine
your attention to Minnesota, Iowa, northern Missouri, Ne-
braska, and the territories west of those States, and you will
find a coming country rich enough and large enough to raise
all the surplus wheat needed to supply the foreign demand.
It is this expanding growth of the country which threatens ta
ruin the older wheat sections bordering upon the lakes. New
England, New York, New Jersey, Maryland, and West Vir-
ginia produced 24,000,000 bushels of wheat in 1869 ; Pennsyl-
vania and Virginia, 25,000,000; the whole Union raised
260,146,000 bushels in 1869.

FRUIT IN CALIFORNIA.

Attention has been called to an article publisl^ed in Sau
Francisco, which complains of the competition in grain pro-
duction, and as it discusses for California the same remedy
which I wish to point out for Michigan, its insertion here will
be excused:

From the San Francisco Alta, December 23.

"We have learned by experience, and we might have known
by reasoning without experience, that the production of wheat
for exportation, not only cannot enrich our State, but, as con-
ducted at present, cannot be permanent. The soil is being
exhausted for the sake of a small and brief profit. Our agri-
culture depends mainly upon a staple which commands a low
and unstable price, and brings us into competition with many
other countries, and most of them comparatively poor. Call-

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 149

fornia ought to be above the necessity of competing with the
inhospitable and half-wild plains of Russia and Minnesota.

" But we must have some exports with which to meet our
exchanges, and wheat is, so far, the most available, and so it is
the main item in our agricultural statistics. California is bet-
ter fitted for producing wine, silk, fresh and dried fruits, nuts,
olive oil, and other articles of the semi-tropical class, which
command a much higher price per pound than wheat, with a
greater yield, and little more expense to the acre. Our soil
and climate gives us a natural monopoly of these things on
the North American Continent, and it is questionable whether
any part of any other continent can show advantages equal to
ours, for growing the semi-tropical fruits.

"But we have not yet been able to change our agricultural
base. Our farmers know more about wheat than about fruit,
and can get returns from it much sooner; and, as many of
them live from hand to mouth, they must grow wheat. Grad-
ually, however, we are swinging round ; the vine and mul-
berry, almond, olive, and orange trees are multiplying more
rapidly than the wheatfields. As nearly every year sees a
decided increase in the quantity, and an improvement in the
quality of our still and sparkling wines, and of our raisins
and dried figs and prunes, we are justified in expecting con-
tinued progress, which must give to the future a success
higher than that which the present is able to attain."

THE LESSON TAUGHT US BY THE OLDER STATES.

There seems to be an absolute and imperative necessity for
new industries. The old agriculture of Michigan, to save
itself from ruin, must turn to new sources of wealth ; must
seek new branches of husbandry : must learn lessons of political
economy from her more immediate and elder neighbors, Ohio,
Indiana, and Illinois. The State of New York relinquished
wheat production because she found it profitable and necessary
to do so. The production of butter and cheese — the dairy
products of that great State — have greatly grown in import-

150 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

ance. There has been the same change in Ohio. Illinois and
Indiana are the successful producers of stock, and the history
of Michigan, for the last year, shows that the production of
wool, and the export of beef and pork now going on, and the
product of her dairies have brought more money to her farm-
ers than her wheat crops, valuable though they have been. It
is this diversified husbandry which will prove her wealth and
salvation, that we wish to encourage; and as a permanent
industry, a perpetual source of revenue, a business which will
employ thousands of honest hands, we take an interest in
fruit culture. Not as an adornment or embellishment do we so
highly recommend Pomology. If this was all, my limited
knowledge of the art would keep me from the public view as
an officer of a Pomological Society. But States must study
their opportunity. If they have mineral resources, they must
develop them and stand by them. Salt wells, magnetic
springs, gypsum beds, forests of pine, are fruitless and useless
when undeveloped.

No doubt the prairies of Iowa, tilled by labor-saving
machinery, can outstrip the wheat fields of Michigan, but
Michigan can beat Iowa in wool, and can ship her grain to
market quicker and cheaper, in the shape of pork and beef,
than can Minnesota.

These are the advantages to be cultivated and prosecuted
with zeal and energy.

BENEFITS OF A VARIETY OF PROFESSIONS.

A new form of industry is a boon to the laboring millions.
Fruit culture, as an industrial resource, ought to be hailed
with pleasure and gratification. The advantages of any new-
production are manifold. A crowded occupation or profession
begets competition, which brings on reduction of the prices of
labor, and consequent want and poverty. If all men were
farmers, there would be but few farms. Manufacturers,
mechanics, commercial men, afford markets and consumers
for the tillers of the soil, and they that manufacture do not

MICHIGAK- STATE POMOLOGICAL. SOCIETY. 151

crowd the ranks of the agriculturalists. If all manufacturers
should make one kind of fabric there would be no profit to
encourage or market to beguile. In agriculture the same rule
holds good, and mixed husbandry is best for all. Sheep, wool^
and mutton for some ; stock, beef, and pork for others ; dairy,
butter, and cheese for those whose lands are adapted to it;
grass and grain for all, sufficient to some for home consump-
tion, to others to supply the markets at home and abroad.

This, it appears, is the character of the agricl^lture of Mich-
igan— best adapted to her soil, climate and location. In addi-
tion to these, it is the object of the State Pomological Society
to encourage and develop a new husbandry, — a new industry, —
fruit culture. Not merely as an amusement or recreation;
not only to beautify our homes and ornament our landscape;
but as a food-producing, labor-employing, honorable occupa-
tion and business, and source of wealth. We seek to bring it
forward as adding to the other industrial agencies which ena-
ble a people to procure food, to provide homes, to educate the
youth, to erect charitable institutions, and otherwise buiW up
a commonwealth of law and order, justice and morality,
intelligence and refinement.

That statesmanship is the best and truest that furnishes for
a people opportunities to earn an honest livelihood by multi-
plying the number of industries.

THE TKUE POLICY.

New England is great to-day, because her industries are
great and manifold, and cover the wants as well as the luxuries
of mankind. Even her agriculture is progressing, rapidly
and hopefully, because she is surrounding it with kindred
though separate and distinct husbandries. Her labor is varied,
and therefore is not pauper labor. There is something for
every hand to do, and consumer and producer are brotherly
neighbors. Even in horticulture, New England sends us the
best of apples, the best of grapes, the best of strawberries, and
the best of pears.

152 REPOKT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

The same policy which has made New England rich and
influential, is just the policy for the West — for Michigan. We
must study our own peculiarities, our own advantages, and
work at them and bring them out. If wheat culture will not
pay, alone, by itself, let us add something else to it.

THE MARKET ADVANTAGES OF A PEN-IKSULA STATE.

There are many things to encourage the fruit culturists of
Michigan, but chiefly I wish to note her market facilities. A
State surrounded with lake ports and harbors, she offers
peculiar advantages for the shipment of fruit. Across her
borders there will soon be five gigantic through trunk lines
of railroad, connecting the east and west lakes, and traversing
the finest fruit sections of the State. These will be cut and
crossed, very soon, by as many north and south lines of rail-
road, so that for inland facilities for transporting all kinds of
produce, fruit included, no State can boast superior advantages.
But her advantages for water transportation are also unex-
celled. Very soon each and all of her lake towns will be con-
nected with the great centres of western trade by regular daily
lines of steam craft, especially adapted to the transport of
fruit, which can best be carried on the water. For all time to
come, Chiicago will get a supply of fruit from St. Joseph and
Grand Haven. The markets for Michigan fruit, strange as it
may seem, are to be in the West and North and Northwest.
Milwaukee is a growing market centre for Michigan fruit, and
one of her local papers, the Sentinel, recently noticed this
trade as follows :

" The Milwaukee Fruit Trade. — It is surprising to con-
sider the enormous quantities of fruits, both green and dried,
which are annually consumed in the United States. Of late
years, the imports of oranges, lemons, raisins, tigs, and nuts,
have increased so rapidly that the New York and Boston press
have repeatedly commented on the consumption of such large
quantities of " tropical delicacies," which find a remunerative

MICHIQASr STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 153

market in our coimtry. Our domestic fruit trade is of far
greater importance to Milwaukee than that of foreign climes,
for already our domestic fruits are becoming more popular, not
only on account of such delicacies as straAvberries, peaches,
and apples being more palatable, and as medical tonics not to
be excelled ; but the cost of American fruits will eventually
exclude the importation of fruits to any extent.

" The receipts of green apples at this port during the present
year have exceeded double that of any previous year, and has
been a source of surprise to many.

" One fruit-house of this city has received during the present
year, the unprecedented number of 22,314 barrels of apples,
principally from Michigan and New York States, all of which
were forwarded on orders to Iowa, Minnesota, and Wisconsin.
The location of Milwaukee, and her facilities for the transit of
fruit from Michigan, should warrant the larger portion reach-
ing our port as a distributing point. Michigan and New York
State packers are beginning to realize that Milwaukee is not
only the nearest point, but that the prices to be obtained, and
the expense of handling are all in favor of this point. Beside,
our communications west are superior to those of Chicago. If
fruit-growers were generally aware of the facilities which Mil-
waukee warrants in the way of selling green and dried fruits,
our city would become the principal fruit mart in the West.
Another year will bring increased trade in this line of goods."

CONCLUDING EEMARKS.

It will thus be seen that Michigan fruit has a wide field in
which to seek its markets, and this consideration is of great
importance, because fruit culture, as well as grain culture,
needs for its success and support consumers as well as pro-
ducers.

Especially does fruit culture need domestic consumers, and
in this connection the increase of the home consumption of
fruit deserves comment. The cheapness and plenty of Ameri-
can breadstuflFs have made the Americans a bread-eating peo-
20

164 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

pie, it is said, to the detriment of the natioual health. The
annual consumption of fruits, of late years, is estimated to be
on the increase, and no one can contemplate the fact without
satisfaction, for health and morals are involved in this change
of diet.

At a recent meeting of the State Agricultural Society ot
Massachusetts, it was asserted that, in 1864, the value of but
three other crops in that State equaled in value the general
fruit crop, and those were hay, corn, and potatoes ; and one
of the speakers at that meeting declared that fruit, once
regarded by many merely as a luxury, will hereafter be looked
on more as a necessary, healthful, and palatahle article of food.

Let fruit become the cheap dessert and food of the millions,
adding a glow of beauty to the humblest as well as to the
richest spread board of the land. For this and kindred humane
objects the Michigan Pomological Society was instituted, and
for this unselfish and humanitarian end its members have
engaged to unite together.

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOQICAL SOCIETY. 155

FREE PROPAGATION.

DOBS THE STOCK UPON WHICH A GRAFT TS SET, INFLUENCE THE

GRAFT?

BY BENJAMIN HATHAWAY,
Of Little Prairie Ronde. Read before the Pomological Society, January 2, 18T1.

Of the ruth of the general propositiou that the stock influ-
ences the graft, there can be no question to a mind trained to
close observatian ujoon this subject.

To what extent in any given case this influence is exerted,
and how far it may be made practically available in horticult-
ural operations, may not be so easily determined.

That the vigor of the graft is greatly dependent upon the
vigor of the stock, can hardly be a matter of controversy.
That a vigorous, strong growiug variety, like the Northern
Spy apple, will infuse something of its own vital force into
a weaker growing sort, like the Red Canada, is not a matter of
conjecture, but has been abundantly demonstrated.

This class of facts has been recognized and acted upon by
all intelligent cultivators from time immemorial. The prac-
tice of dwarfing trees, as by putting the pear on the quince or
thorn, or the apple on a less vigorous stock, as the Docain, are
examples. In these cases stocks of less vigor than the graft
are used for the purpose of retarding growth, as it has been
observed that this condition induces fruitfulness, though no
doubt at the expense of health and longevity.

Whether the size, color, and flavor of fruit may be aS'ected
by the character of the stock upon which it is grown, further

156 REPOET OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

than results from increased or diminished vigor, is, perhaps,
the main question at issue in this discussion. 1 am not aware
that there have been experiments instituted for the purpose of
definitely settling this point, though it would not be a difficult
thing to do.

The results of my own observations and experience go
clearly to show that the stock has an influence in determining
every characteristic of the fruit. Although it is not always
appreciable, it is often so manifest as to leave no room for
doubt. Indeed, I do not see how it can be otherwise. Could
we measure the vital forces of the stock and graft respectively,
exerted under the changed conditions of a united instead of a
separate growth, the question would be a simple problem in
mathematics. As it is, we can only determine approximately
the relative force of any two varieties in union, from observing
carefully the results.

Probably some kinds of fruit, like the Rhode Island Green-
ing apple, have so strongly marked an individuality, are of so
positive and marked a type, that the variation from the influ-
ence of stock would seldom be appreciable ; while in another
variety, like the Rambo, for instance, that is easily varied by
conditions, it would always be more or less apparent, and often
very strikingly manifest ; and I have not observed any other
sort that exhibits so great variation from the influence of
stock as this variety, in all the characteristics of size, color,
and flavor.

In order to secure a positive and marked variation, the
grafts must be set on trees of such age as to have established
a character and individuality of some potency, and the stocks
for experiment must discover strongly marked contrasts.

Yet this variety is not alone. I find those of a more pos-
itive character giving every evidence of variation from the
influence of stock. The Northern Spy is one of these.

I have ten trees of root-graft Northern Spy, on which the
fruit is always very nearly alike as to size and color, except

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 157

what results from the amount of fruit on a tree ; while on
forty trees of this kind, put on large seedling stocks, the vari-
ation is marked and constant. That is, some trees give more
highly colored fruit than others, and do so from year to year
without regard to amount of crop, and the same variation is
found in size and quality.

I have one Northern Spy on Rhode Island Greening, that
always gives me my largest specimens for the fairs, though of
a pale color. Two trees, close by, grown on Esopus Spitzen-
berg, always give fruit highly colored, but not so large. These
are only a few of the most noticeable examples that have
fallen under my observation, in which marked differences in
the fruit may be justly attributed, as I think, to the influence
exerted by the stock.

The practical teachings of such facts as these are obvious.
They point unerringly to the propriety and advantage of
propagating a uniform class of stocks, to be grown from some
one of our most hardy varieties, and of quality that is unex-
ceptionable, upon which to work all our desirable kinds, and
from my own experience I doubt if we have anything supe-
rior, if equal to the Spy for this purpose.

It may not be out of place to call attention to another agent
that acts an important part, often, if not always, in determin-
ing the quality of our fruits. It is conceded that the char-
acter of the seed in which resides the germ of the future tree,
is dependent mostly, if not wholly, upon those subtle aromal
influences that are instrumental in the fructification of the
blossoms. But few, however, have thought to attribute to this
cause any portion of difference observable in the size, color,
and flavor of different specimens of the same fruit grown on
the same tree, and under apparently the same conditions.

The very existence of the fruit itself is dependent upon this
agent, and that which is able to determine existence, must be
all-powerful in shaping its character. I cannot doubt that
many of the variations met with in our fruits are to be attrib-
uted to this cause.

158 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

I this year gathered a half-dozen apples from a Rambo tree,
that were as completely riisseted as any apple can be, and those
were more crisp and firm than the ordinary Eambo apples —
very like the Pomme Grise in quality, and no one would sus-
pect from their appearance that they were not that apple.
And I have seen many kindred facts that go to show that the
subtle influence that effects fructification does not stop with
that act, but is traceable in every stage of development of the
fruit from the quickened germ to the ripened pulp.

And does not this view accord with all the known laws of
generation in every department of nature? And while we
may not doubt that the stock exerts often a very marked mod-
ifying influence in determining the character of the fruit, we
must not overlook in our estimate the less obvious, but no
less powerful principle of inflorescence.

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOQICAL SOCIETY. 159

FEBRUARY MEETING.

The February meeting was held at the Society's rooms,
Fuller's Bank, Tuesday, February 7th, 1871 ;

The President in the chair.

The Secretary read the minutes of last meeting, which were
approved.

THE DISPLAY OF FRUIT.

Very fine specimens of the Wagener, Northern Spy, Newton
Pippin, Swaar, Jonathan, Cayuga Eedstreak, Peck's Pleasant,
Lady's Apple, Red Canada, etc., were shown by Messrs. Husted,
Knapp, and other earnest, enthusiastic and intelligent fruit

growers.

Opportunity was afforded members to test, in the most
approved style, samples of Concord grape jelly, Transcendent
Crab apple jelly, offered by Mr. Husted. Samples of the lona
and Diana grape, etc., presented by Mr. Bradfield, were rich
and exquisite in taste ; and Mr. Wm. Haldane, with a liber-
ality which was fully appreciated, dispensed his celebrated
Isabella wine, both sweet and sour, three years old, and pro-
nounced by good judges to be equal to any native wine in the
market. This was high commendation for the Isabella, which
has not ranked at the head of the list of wine grapes.

COMMU^ IC ATIONS.

The following letter from Dr. Nelson, addressed to the Sec-
retary, was read :

NoRTHPORT, Leelanaw Co., Mich., |
January 2, 1871. f

Dear Sir: — I am in receipt of your circular from the

Pomological Society, a society very much approved. I hope

in the course of another year to submit to the Society speci-

160 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

mens or cuttings of figs, raised in our northern country by
oui-door culture. I obtained a cutting from Ohio in October,
1869. It stood the test of a very severe winter, and so far has
done exceedingly "vvell. I am also testing Allen's White
Hybrid Grape, for out-door culture. Whatever may be the
result of my experiments, I hope to report to you next season.

W. H. Nelson.

The Secretary exhibited a package of scions of Russian
apples, which unfortunately were badly dried, received from
Mr. Capron, Commissioner of Agriculture, and they were
referred to the care and charge of the Secretary until grafting
time.*

INCORPORATION.

Mr. Clubb, from the committee on an Act of Incorporation,
reported that under the constitution of Michigan a special
act of incorporation was not recognized, but the formation of
all corporations must be under general laws; and the com-
mittee reported the following :

A BILL to provide for the incorporation of societies for the
promotion of pomology, horticulture, and kindred sciences
and arts in the State of Michigan.

Section 1. Tlie People of the State of Micliigan enact,
That any seven or more persons, and their successors, that do
noAV, or may hereafter associate together for the purpose of
promoting the interests of pomology, horticulture, and kindred
sciences and arts, may become a body corporate by complying
with the requirements of this act.

Sec. 2. The persons intending to become a body corporate
for the above named purpose, shall publish a notice of their
intention to meet for organization, three successive weeks, in
the newspaper published next nearest to the place where such
meeting is to be held ; said notice to stste the object of the
meeting, and when and where it will be held, and to be signed

* These Bcions were carefully kept in damp moss and earth, but were so badly
ehriveled that they were of no use when grafting time c&me.— Secretary.

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 161

by at least three of the persons interested in establishing said
organization ; said meeting to be open to the public.

Sec. 3. The articles of Association adopted at the meeting
provided for in the preceding section, shall specify : 1st. The
name, officers, and objects of the Association, 2d. The limit
of property. 3d. The limit of subscription of members. 4th.
The name of the town, city, or village, and county, where the
office of the Association shall be located. 5th. The town,
city, village, county, district, or extent of the territory in
which the operation of the society may be carried on, or to
which they are limited.

Sec. 4. The articles of Association, duly acknowledged by
each stockholder, together with a certificate signed by the
Secretary, stating the amount of subscription paid in, must be
registered in the office where the Association is located, in a
book kept for that jjurpose, and a copy of the same must be
forwarded to the Secretary of State.

Sec. 5. On complying with the requirements of this act, as
above specified, the association so organized shall be a body
corporate, and shall be capable of buying and selling real
estate, in the same manner as the Agricultural societies
[Chap. 54, § 6, C. L. of 1857] ; of suing and being sued in any
court of this State ; may have a common seal, and may alter
or amend the same at pleasure ; shall be subject to the laws of
the State applicable to Agricultural societies ; may make such
by-laws and regulations, not inconsistent with its articles or
with this act, as may be found desirable to promote the
efficiency of the organization: Provided, That the by-laws
shall not exclude any citizen of Michigan from membership
of the association, attending the exhibitions, or participating
in its discussions, who shall subscribe and pay % a year to
the funds of the society.

Sec. 6. Should an association for the promotion of pom-
ology, horticulture and kindred sciences and arts in the whole
State, be organized under this act, it shall be the duty of the
21

163 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

secretary of said State society to make atd transmit a report
of the transactions of said society, including copies of papers
read at its meetings, reports of exhibitions held, and of facts
collected by correspondence or otherwise, at the end of the
month of December of each year; said report of transactions
to be printed in similar form and number of copies as the
reports and transactions of the State Board of Agriculture
and State Agricultural Society, under the direction of the
Secretary of State.

Sec. 7. District or county, town, city, or village associations
organized under this act, are hereby required to report through
their secretary, during the month of November in each year,
to the Secretary of the State association, tiie proceedings of
said society during the year, giving a statement of the facts
elicited, and of the experience gained during the preceding
year. Such reports from district, county, town, city, or village
societies to be used as correspondence in compiling the report
of the State association, provided for in section six.

Sec. 8. Associations incorporated under this act shall, on
compliance with the requirements thereof, be entitled to all
the immunities, emoluments and privileges accorded by law to
the Agricultural societies of the State.

The report of the committee was accepted and adopted, and
the committee was instructed to send the above draft to the
Legislature, and respectfully ask its consideration by that
honorable body.

DISCUSSION UPON" GRAPE CULTURE.

Mr. Bradfield occupied about two hours in reading a most
exhaustive and valuable paper upon grape culture, an abstract
of which will be found in another column.

Mr. Mason L, Shafer of Paris, said :

"Mr. President — The interest which is now manifested in
the cultivation of the grape ought not to be allowed to flag
through the non-success of our people in planting varieties
unsuited to ordinary outdoor cultivation. Your society can

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 163

do much — all, in fact — to prevent this, by insisting that none
but old, reliable varieties should be ])lanted, and warring
against all others, especially the much advertised kinds. I
came near being led astray by the high-sounded praises of an
advertised sort. But, thanks to its inferior appearance, and
the high price asked for a quantity offered for sale, I escaped
the harrowing aggravation which would surely have followed
an investment in them.

"Without claiming to be authority, I unhesitatingly assert
that the Concord, Delaware, and Clinton are the only varieties
that should be recommended for general cultivation in this
latitude. I am willing to risk any amount of discussion or
criticism on the above assertion, well knowing that it will give
rise to no little of both. Not that I would discard all others
as worthless; on the contrary, for the sake of variety, as well
as to secure some of the early ripening sorts, I would that
every yard contained one or more of all the approved kinds.
But we are speaking now for the masses who desire to possess
themselves of the luxury of this delicious fruit, and who want
those kinds that will pay, with the care that the ordinary cul-
tivator is willing to give them. For the benefit of such, I
would respectfully ask this society that it make all the dif-
ferent varieties a subject of general discussion, and after a
thorough digest, vote on the question, viz : What three varie-
ties of grapes are hest for general cultivation ? The standard
of excellence to embrace the following requisites: 1st — Hard-
iness; 2d — Quality; 3d — Productiveness.

"Open the door to success by giving the people a knowledge
of what to plant, and all will be rewarded in the rich harvest
of substantial blessings that will continue to delight and
benefit."

164 EEPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

GRAPE CULTURE.

now A PERSON M\Y SECURE A SUPPLY OP THE BEST AMERICAN

GRAPES IX TWO YEARS.

AN ADDRESS BY EDWARD BRADPIELD.

When I agreed to read a paper on grape culture at this
meeting of the Society, I did not realize the fact until too late
to retreat, that I was placing myself in the position of a min-
ister, urging upon a congregation the necessity of repentance,
when ninety-nine out of every hundred of his hearers were
just persons who needed no repentance, and would only toler-
ate his remarks in the charitable hope that the one-hundredth
poor sinner would be benefited. If that one-hundreth person
is present to-day, and as badly afflicted with " Grape on the
Brain," and as ignorant with regard to a remedy as I was six
years ago, and the ninety-nine will tolerate my remarks upon
the same principle, I propose to begin at the beginning, and
show that person how he may in two years from next summer
secure a supply of the best American grapes for himself and
family, in proportion to the number of vines he may plant the
coming spring, and double the amount afterwards.

I have no new theories to present, and shall only make such
statements relative to propagating, planting, pruning, training,
etc., as can be supported by my own experience and observa-
tion, showing where I have failed, and where succeeded, how I
have succeeded, and why others, with equal facilities, have not
succeeded.

TO COMMENCE OX A SMALL SCALE.

Avoiding all places where water is found within two or
three feet of the surface, select a strip of ground from two to

MICHIGAN STATE I'OilOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 1G5

four feet wide, aud of any length, on the side of your dwelling,
barn, fence, or garden walk, not shaded, and having, if con-
venient, a south-eastern aspect, as one hour of early morning
sun seems to be better than two hours in the afternoon.

The evidence of this is that on the south-eastern side of my
house, grapes ripen one week earlier, and are better flavored
than the same variety on the south-western side, although the
latter have several hours more sun through the day. To
secure the best results, this strip of gi'ound should be trenched
to the depth of eighteen inches, or two feet. This is easily
done by excavating a hole two or three feet square to the
required depth at one end, and filling this up with the next
three feet, thoroughly mixing in with the earth as it is thus
inverted, enough well-rotied manure to make it rich, and so
on to the end, filling up the last space with the earth taken
out at the commencement. If the subsoil is clay or hard-pan,
it would be better to remove entirely six or eight inches of
the bottom. This would leave the surface of the border (as
we will now call it), the right depth when settled, for planting
the vines ; the subsoil to be replaced with surface soil put on
top of the border late in the fall. This trenching secures for
the roots a supply of food, aud immunity from the effects of
excessive drouth.

In the spring of 1868, I planted some one and two-years-old
vines, in sandy soil on a steep hill-side, previously trenched
eighteen inches deep with the plow, assisted by three or four
men with shovels. A coating of well-rotted manure was first
spread evenly over the surface, and the trenching done by
turning all the furrows one way, commencing at the top of
the hill on the nght hand side of the piece and striking a
deep furrow from top to bottom, returning empty to go down
again in the same furrow. The men are stationed at intervals,
and as the plow passes each man the second time, he steps
into the trench and throws up the loose soil left by the plow.
We have now a trench eighteen inches deep, ready to receive

166 REPORT OF THE SECRETART OF THE

the next surface furrow, and it will be readily seen that a con-
tinuance of the operation described will invert the soil of the
whole piece to that depth, — we never watered, — yet in spite
of the excessive drought and scorching heat of that season,
their growth was all that could have been desired. Some of
the best bunches of the lona, Isabella, and Adirondack grapes,
I had the pleasure of exhibiting at the Pomological Fair in
1870, were taken from those vines thus planted in 1868, — four
feet apart in the row, and the rows six feet apart, with clean
culture.

QUALITY.

Plants produced from single buds are better than those from
cuttings, for the following reasons, if for no other : The
former being started in houses, with proper appliances, have
from eight to nine months to mature, and the necessary trans-
planting secures a better supply of fibrous roots ; while the
latter, planted in the open air, and seldom starting before June,
have only five months, and no benefit from transplanting.

In taking up some single buds to set out, five or six weeks
after starting, I found most of them with two or three thread-
like roots four or five inches long. These were pinched back
to two inches before setting. Three or four of the best were
left in the bed until fall ; at that time the former had produced
a mass of fibrous roots and canes from twelve to fifteen inches
long, while the canes of the latter were twice that length ; but
the roots two and three feet long, were only enlarged continu'-
ations of the thread-like roots. All were root-pruned to about
seven inches, and planted in the vineyard. If I am asked,
"Would not the larger vines have done better without severe
root-pruning?" I answer, "No." Five years ago I planted a
three-years-old Delaware, with plenty of pipe-stem roots three
or four feet long. One-year-old vines, planted at the same
time, were far ahead of it in two years. The long roots not
only die, but produce disease.

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 167

EARLY-BEARING.

Nfet to the best layers for early or immediate bearing, are
two-years-old single-eye plants, that have been transplanted and
root-pruned. After these, those of the same age, not trans-
planted ; but for general planting, none are better than best
eingle-eye one-year-old. After these, the best from cuttings
that were root-pruned at the end of the first season.

CHARACTER OF THE VINES.

As success in grape culture depends very much on the
character as well as the quality of the vines, the best are the
cheapest, and can only be procured of reliable propagators,
(who may not know whether the stock affects the graft or not,
but who, realizing the fact that the health, vigor, and produc-
tiveness of the future vine depends on the character of the
parent, act accordingly).

In 1865, several layers were taken from as many Isabella
vines in a neighbor's lot. The portion of the wood laid in
the ground was well covered in the fall with fibrous roots, and
to all appearance the layers were A 1. They were carefully
planted and grew vigorously, but not one of them have yet
produced a good bunch of grapes. Their parents had been
utterly neglected, and perhaps their grandparents ; if so, how
long will it take their offspring to recuperate ? Will some
one answer ?

Other things being equal, it will be best to buy of propaga-
tors at home, patronizing those who have acquired a reputation,
but avoid as a rule, vine and fruit-tree peddlers, who professedly
represent eastern nurseries, by procuring at a very low price
their refuse plants and seedling fruit trees, deceitfully labeling
them to correspond with the varieties they had previously sold.

Mistakes as to varieties will sometimes occur, and are excus-
able, but what excuse is there for a person selling a dozen
vines, marking three Delaware, three Diana, two Rebecca, two
Concord, and two Clinton, when he knew he has nothing but
Clintons in his nursery ; or for selling two hundred early and

168 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

late Crawfords, knowing at the time (what the purchaser to
his sorrow learned, after waiting three or four years), that
with the exception of two or three, all were worthless seed-
lings. Men have been imprisoned for lesser crimes. If I am
severe, it is because I have suffered, but not from any member
of this society, and none need take offense. Millers, you know,
are proverbially dishonest, but there are exceptions to all rules,
and I claim to be an exception. Friend Husted, and all other
honest propagators can do the same.

PLANTING.

Having obtained good vines in perfect order, the next step
is to plant them in a proper manner. We will first plant one,
having in view a single tier of arms, with vines eight feet
apart in the row. As the planting and pruning of this will,
with some slight modifications, be a guide for the rest, we
will, for reference, call it No. 1. Supposing the border to
have been filled up level with the surrounding surface, dig a
hole four feet from the end, eight or ten inches deep, and
about eighteen inches in width, leaving the bottom convex, or
about two inches highest at the center ; the earth taken out
should be left convenient for filling up the cavity in the fall.
As we propose getting grapes in two years, we shall have to
trench the border and plant the vines this spring, and as the
subsoil will not have become fertilized, it will be necessary to
use a peck or so of rich surface soil to each plant. Spread
half of it over the bottom of the hole, set a stake five feet
long an inch or so back of the centre, take out one vine, and
no matter how long the roots are, cut them back with a sharp
knife to six or eight inches, and the stem to two buds, place it
in front of the stake, spread the roots out evenly in every
direction, and cover them with surface soil. This should be
done quick as possible, for one minute's exposure of tender
roots is a drawback to the vine of a week or month. Enough
of the soil first taken out should now be put in to level up the
hole two inches above the crown of the roots, and moderately

MICHIGAN' STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 169

pressed down. If an inch of Avell-rotted manure is spread
oyer this it will be beneficial, especially if it should become
necessary to water the plants. This coyering will keep the
surface from baking.

TRAINING AND PRUNING.

Only one shoot should be allowed to grow the first season.
This should be kept tied to the stake ; the side-shoots, or lat-
terals, after making four or fiye leayes, pinched back to within
one bud of the main stem, and repeated as often as the bud
left has made a like number of leayes, always leaying one
beyond or forward of the last stopping, the object being to
develop one well-ripened cane four to six feet long. If you
succeed in doing this by next fall, you haye laid the founda-
tion of success; and it cayi be done every time with good two-
years-old vines. Pinch off the top of the cane early in Sep-
tember; this will check the upward growth and mature the
wood, and soon as the leaves fall fill up the hole with the earth
taken out in the spring. The roots are now, while tender,
protected from frost by a covering of eight or ten inches of
Boil, — one of the advantages of originally planting below the
surface ; another, the protection the sides give the young
shoot ; and another, the additional tier of roots produced next
season between the original ones and the surface of the
ground.

Cut the cane back to within about fifteen inches of the
ground, bend the stem carefully down and cover with a few
inches of soil, for vines that can withstand the severity of our
winters after becoming mature, are often seriously injured
while young ; hence, it is better thus to protect them, at least
for two or three years after planting, and where practicable, its
continuance would be beneficial both to vine and fruit.

If from any cause the first cane produced is a feeble one,

and not more than two or three feet long, it should be cut

back to two well-developed buds, and the earth that is put in

to fill up the hole in the fall should be taken out again in the

23

170 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

spring. We must grow one good cane before attempting to
grow two.

We will suppose all our vines have made a good growth,
were planted eight feet apart for one tier of arms, each cane
cut back to five inches, the stocks bent down and covered with
earth like No. 1. The stocks are to be straightened up in the
spring, tied to the stakes, and only the two upper buds should
be allowed to grow. The two canes produced from these buds
will likely set three bunches of grapes each, but for the good
of the vine, better remove all but two. The canes are to be
treated in every respect like the one of the preceding season
until the leaves fall, when they are to be shortened to two or
four feet, as their strength may warrant, — we will say four
feet* The stocks should now be bent down and the canes
covered with a few inches of earth.

Soon as the frost is out of the ground the following spring
make the trellis. This may be done by driving or setting
posts four inches square and four and a half feet long, eight
feet apart, with their tops three feet above the ground. To
these posts nail two bars or strips of wood three inches wide,
one at the top, the other near the bottom, with the under side
about twelve inches from the ground. Some advise horizontal
wires, but having tried both, I prefer the former, with small
perpendicular wires twisted round the upper and lower bars to
support the canes.

The stock should now be fastened to the lower bar, the two
canes bent down in opposite directions and secured to its upper
edge. The buds on short-jointed varieties will be three or
four inches apart. All the lower ones may be rubbed off,
retaining the upper ones, twelve or fourteen in number, to
produce as many canes, each one bearing three bunches of
grapes. The upright canes should be kept loosely tied to the
wires, and their ends pinched off when they have made two or
three leaves beyond the last bunch of fruit, and the laterals
stopped as in young vines. We are now in the second year

MICHIGAN STATE- POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 171

from planting, and our two-years-old vines produced about
forty bunches of grapes each. At the end of the season the
bearing canes are to be cut back to two buds, the arms and
stock cut loose from the trellis, laid down, and the arms cov-
ered with earth. The two buds are allowed to grow next
season, producing two canes, bearing three bunches each.
Our vines are now complete, each one having from twenty-
four to twenty-eight canes, and bearing from seventy-two to
eighty-four bunches of fruit. To prune for next season, cut
the spur off just below the base of the upper cane, and the
lower cane back to two buds.

For two tier of arms, plant as No. 1, giving the vines same
treatment as for one tier, with the following exceptions :
They are to be planted four feet apart in the row, and if more
than one row is contemplated, the rows should be seven or
eight feet apart; and, instead of cutting all the first canes
produced, back to fifteen inches, every alternate one is left
three feet long, the two upper buds of which are to produce
canes for the upper tier of arms. The posts of the trellis
should be set six inches deeper, and stand eighteen inches
higher above ground, with a third bar at the top.

If the intention is to cover a trellis eight or ten feet high,
on the side of a building, with foliage and fruit, the vines
should be planted two feet apart in the row, and far enough
in advance to allow at least six inches between the trellis and
building. But why plant so many vines, when one will cover
the side of a building ? We will answer that question
presently. Commence by planting No. 1 in front of the post
at one end of the trellis, which we will suppose is twenty feet
long, with five bars, and to be occupied by ten vines, to be
treated as those previously described, until the first strong
canes are produced, when numbers 1, 5, and 9 are to be cut
back to twelve or fourteen inches, and numbers 4 and 8 to
three feet. Only the two upper buds of these are allowed to
grow next season, to produce canes for the two lower tiers of

172 REPORT 0¥ THE SECRETARY OF THE

arms. Tlie remaining canes not being long enongh to take
arms for the two upper tiers, must be cnt back to within two
or three feet of the ground, and in order to produce a good
strong cane eight or ten feet long, only the upper bud on each
should be allowed to grow. To prune for the next season, the
canes for the lower courses having all grown strong, are to
be cut back to within four feet of their base, to be laid down
for arms, the left hand cane of No. 1 fastened to the post
opposite the second bar, the remaining two feet bent down to
meet the arm of No. 4. Of the single canes for the upper
courses, Nos. 3 and 7 are to be cut back to within five feet of
the ground, and Nos. 2, 6, and 10 within seven feet. The two
upper buds are to produce canes to be laid down for arms. It
will be seen that the arms of 7 and 8 do not fill up the trellis.
The deficiency of No. 8 may be supplied by laying down two
feet of the fruit-bearing cane at the end of that arm, and of
No. 7 by allowing No. 10 to produce four canes ; two of them
about two feet below the upper ones, to be cut back to two
feet and laid down on the third bar.

No superfluous shoots should be permitted to grow on any
part of the vine. The laterals and bearing canes are to be
stopped, and the subsequent pruning done as before advised;
and if all the requirements have been complied with, we shall
have, when in full bearing, a trellis of vines bearing in round
numbers eight hundred bushels of grapes, — not 7i2ibbins, but
BUNCHES, — and it is claimed by those who ought to know, that
vines treated in this manner will continue in bearing fifty or
one hundred years, — a partial answer to the question, " Why
do you plant so many vines ?" A further answer is, that
vines are now comparatively cheap, and six will furnish a
supply of grapes of better quality and several years sooner,
than one will. Still further, I venture the assertion that there
is not in Michigan a grape vine ten years old (and I doubt if
five), covering an area of perpendicular trellis, ten feet square,
that bore a crop of fruit from bottom to top last season.

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGTCAL SOCIETY. 173

There are several methods of training and pruning. I know
of but one more simple, and none productive of better results
than the one we have been considering, unless we make an
exception in favor of laying down only two feet of an arm in
one season, to be continued the next by cherishing the cane
at the end of each arm, pruning to two feet, and laying them
down horizontally, at the end of the season. It is claimed
that this method will insure permanency. I have generally
practiced it, and from my limited experience am inclined to
favor it, unless the arm cane is very vigorous.

Sometimes two tiers of arms are formed from one vine, the
single cane being cut back ; three of the upper buds are allowed
to grow, producing three canes, two of which are cut back to
four feet and laid down for the first tier; the other is cut back
to two or three feet, the two upper buds producing canes, to
be laid down next season for the other tier. This is objection-
able, for the reason that the sap passes more freely into the
upper branches, supplying these at the expense of those below.
The fan system is still more objectionable for the same reason,
and the renewal system, if there was no other objection, is,
with one exception, too complicated.

For that exception, the vines are planted ten feet apart in
the rows, and the rows from ten to twelve feet apart. To
prune for this system, we will take vines that have produced
their two upright canes; the right hand canes are all cut back
to five or six feet, laid down and fastened obliquely to the
trellis, every bud being allowed to grow ; the left hand canes
are all cut back to the two lowest wpll-developed buds ; only
the lower one is permitted to grow in the spring ; the laterals
are all to grow unchecked except to keep them within bounds,
and the shoot is encouraged to produce all the wood possible,
the object being to cover five feet of the trellis with bearing
wood for next season; the alternate pruning is done by cut-
ting back the right hand portion of the vine to one bud, or
better, to the first cane, and that to two buds, allowing only

174 EEPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

the lower one to grow. The reaaon for pruning to two buda,
when only one is to grow, is to secure the safety of that one,
as the bud next the end is often destroyed by the wood chang-
ing bark. And here, let me remark, that the instructions
previously given were in view of protecting the vines in the
winter. If they are not so protected, one or two buds should
in all cases be left above those we wish to grow. If the others
start, they are easily rubbed off, and the surplus wood removed
in June.

The renewal system above described has simplicity of
pruning to recommend it, if nothing more, one or two strokes
of the knife being sufficient ; but for every twenty-five feet of
trellis occupied by bearing wood, we require one hundred feet
of ground, while only thirty-five feet are required for arms
and spurs. I am testing it with a few vines, not anticipating
any great results.

There is a system of oblique arms, recommended by Mr.
Fuller, as being more convenient for laying down in the
winter. The vines are planted three feet apart in the row and
the rows six feet apart. One strong single cane is first pro-
duced, trained obliquely to the trellis at an angle of forty-five
degrees, cnt back in the full to five feet, laid down by the side
of the trellis and covered with earth, to be taken up again in
the spring and tied to the trellis at the same angle as before.
Five or six buds are selected for the bearing canes, and fastened
to the perpendicular wires in the same manner as with hori-
zontal arms. But the following modification of the above
system is better, being quite as convenient for laying down,
and better adapted for equalizing the flow of sap. The vines
are planted from four to eight feet apart in the rows. For the
slower-growing varieties, with my present experience, I prefer
four feet, or if planted at a greater distance, I would take two
seasons to complete the arm, by first laying down three or four
feet, cherishing the end shoot on it for a cane, enough of which
is to be laid down the next season to extend the arm to the

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 175

required length. Only one cane is allowed to grow from each
vine, and as these will not be strong enough for our purpose
the first season, they should be cut back to within two feet of
the ground for stalks, or perhaps better, to within two buds of
the old wood near the ground. Each vine should produce one
strong cane from eight to ten feet long the next season. These
are shortened to about six feet in the fall, laid down by the
side trellis, and covered with earth. In tlie spring raise up
the cane to an angle of about thirty degrees, and tie it to the
lower bar of the trellis, which should be about one foot from
the ground ; this with the angle will take nearly two feet of
the cane, leaving about four feet above; this is to be bent
down (not too abruptly) and fastened to the bar, so that the
end of the arm will be a few inches the lowest. When from
the nature of the ground the line of the trellis is not horizon-
tal, the arms should all be laid in the descending direction.

Uniform productiveness to a great age, uniform bearing
canes, uniform bunches, and uniform fruit of the most deli-
cate flavor it is possible for the variety to produce, are char-
acteristic of the best vines, and that system of pruning and
training which effectually secures these in the most simple
manner, must be the best, whether with one or two arms, long
or short. It should always be borne in mind that the tend-
ency of the sap is upward, and to the end of the horizontal
arms ; that to check this tendency and equalize the flow of
sap so as to produce uniform canes, it is necessary to elevate
one portion of the arm and depress another; and if from any
local cause one shoot, or more, should get much ahead of the
others, it will continue the race with accelerated speed, unless
checked by pinching off the top after it has made five or six
leaves. The sap will be flowing past the weak to the support
of the strong.

Through my ignorance of the above facts, the pruning and
training of the first two hundred vines planted in my vineyard
was a decided failure. The ground descended two ways, and the

176 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

line of the trellis was of necessity up and down the hill. I had
succeeded finely with two arms in my garden, and soon as the
vines in question had produced two canes they were cut back,
laid down in oftposite directions, and fastened to the lower bar
of the trellis, one arm forming an acute, and the other an
obtuse angle. The result was, the former, or ascending arms,
produced strong canes, while those produced by the latter, or
descending arms, were very feeble. To remedy this, the
ascending arms were all cut away, and the descending arms
extended to fill the vacant space. The lesson taught me by
the failure was this : Unless the shape of the ground is such
that the trellis bars are nearly horizontal, vines with only one
arm are more easily controlled than vines with two.

The reason why some persons don't succeed in growing
grapes, is not so much a want of knowledge on the subject, as
neglecting " to j^ractice what they know." They see them at
their neighbors, eat of them, declare grapes are the best fruit
ever grown, will have them growing on their own premises ;
— yes, next spring they will plant a dozen vines. They are told
how to do it, and they do it well; examine them in a week or
two ; yes, the buds are starting, the vines are all alive, and we
shall soon have grapes of our own ; but, alas for the poor
vines! This is the last thought given them, until ripe grapes
in the fall hanging on our neighbors vines remind us of the
neglect of our own. We examine them, and instead of find-
ing a good cane four or five feet long, as we ought to, we dis-
cover on the ground, covered up with weeds, two or three
shoots and as many suckers, none of them being more than a
few inches in length. AVe are discouraged ; give it up ; and
whenever the subject is afterwards introduced, say we are very
fond of grapes, but don't know how to raise them ! This is
not a fancy sketch; but founded upon facts that have come
under my own observation. I will give one or two, among
manv, in corroboration :

MICHIGAK STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 177

HOW SMITH RAISED GRAPES.

About five years ago, amoug those who joined in a club to
procure Grant's seedlings and other vines, was a man we will
call Smith. This Smith got a half dozen extra vines, had a
border made on the side of his dwelling, and employed a friend
to do the planting. This friend gave him instructions relative
to pinching, pruning, etc., and knowing Smith was very fond
of grapes, and quite energetic, had no doubt of the result.

The next season, when other vines procured at the same
time were ripening their first crop, the planter called to see
Smith's. Smith very reluctantly led the way to the side of
the house where the border was, and began kicking the weeds
and grass in search of something. Presently he looked up
and very innocently asked: "Was it not somewhere about
here they were planted ?" It is needless to add, Smith did not
get a supply of grapes in two years from planting, nor has he
to this day, and never will until he gives as much care to a
grape vine as to a hill of corn. He can do almost anything
else, but he can't grow grapes.

" Jones " planted some at the same time, but for the same
reason, there is not the vestige of a vine left to show where he
planted them.

THE BEST VARIETIES.

It strikes me that in recommending varieties of any fruit
for cultivation, we should give the facts on which we base our
recommendation. The Society can then collate those facts,
and advise the culture of those varieties best suited for difier-
ent soils and localities. In view of this I submit the following :

First. Hardiness. The best varieties of grapes will do
better if protected in winter. lona, Delaware, Catawba, and
Concord vines, not protected, have never born half as much
fruit in four years as those of the same variety laid down every
Avinter.

Second. Productiveness. By this, I mean the vine that
most uniformly sets and perfects its quota of bunches, whether
23

178 EEPOET OF THE 8ECEETAEY OF THE

it be the smaller varieties, as Clinton and Delaware, or the
larger varieties, as Concord, Hartford, lona, etc. In this
respect I place Delaware, lona, Union Village, and Hartford
at the top of my list, and estimating the product by weight,
my experience with the lona for the past four years, on the
flats of Ada, with prairie soil, and on the hill with sandy-
loam and clay soils, compels me to place it above all, not
excepting the Clinton or Concord. This success of the lona
in one locality does not prove it to be the most productive
variety. The Concord and many others may far exc^l it in
this respect under other circumstances.

Before planting, a light coating of manure was spread over
the surface and cultivated in. The vines were planted about
the middle of May.

GOODNESS OR FLAVOR.

While there are a great variety of tastes, nearly all pronounce
the flavor of the Delaware perfect. Still there are some who
prefer the foxy flavor. Such can gratify their taste by plant-
ing Hartford, Concord, Blood's Black, Northern Muscadine,
Quinabog, and a host of the same sort, while those who, like
the speaker, detest that foxiness, will find gratification in
planting lona, Isabella, Delaware, Adirondack, Diana, Eumelan,
Rebecca, Allen's Hybrid, and the earliest of Rogers, and in
some place where they could'nt rob other vines, I would plant
Clinton's. These are all sufficiently early, and good as the
best, but I would lay them down in winter. But for a high
trellis, where this is not practicable, I would (in view of the
fact that many large Isabella vines were killed last winter)
plant Martha for white and Concord for black. Delaware and
lona might do for the lower two tiers, but the rampant growers
above would starve them.

MR. HALDANE's ISABELLA.

The " foundation of the city" and the march of civilization
are sometimes reckoned by the age of Mr. Halden's grapevine,
located on the corner of Justice and Fountain streets. Its

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIBTT. 179

growth, quality, and productiyeness are kuovm in all the
regions roundabout, and the appearance of Mr. Haldane, with
a suspicious-looking package, at this meeting, was taken as an
eyidence that he was going to talk " Isabella." Consequently
Mr. Haldane was asked to give the merits of that grape. He
said he procured the root of his large yine, twentj-fiye years
ago, in Ada, of Esquire Khodes, and it has been in bearing
twenty years. His soil was a clay soil. Had cultiyated other
sorts — the Delaware, the Concord, the Hartford Prolific, the
Israella, the lona, the Sweetwater, and others — but preferred
the Isabella to all. It requires less care, and is not subject to
the diseases that afQict other kinds in this locality. "With
him, as a wine grape, the Isabella had been a great success,
and to connoisseurs, either for flattery or from some other
cause, had pronounced his wine as good as any domestic or
foreign wine of the same age. The yines occupy one-third of
his lot, which is sixty-six by one hundred and ten feet in size,
and now by the grading of the street, is quite altitudinous.
The ayerage yield has been worth from $250 to $300 per
annum. This included the amount sold, the amount consumed
at home, the amount giyen away, and the amount of wine
annually made. He had kept no account of the income, for
he valued it most for the use of family and friends. But for
the last ten years it had never failed of an annual crop — mak-
ing the income for that time $3,000, saying nothing of the
interest. He did not hesitate to recommend the Isabella for
this section in preference to any other kind — but always with
this proviso — that it should be protected from north and west
winds, both summer and winter, and with full exposure to the
sun, without obstruction from trees and shrubbery. He had
but one hobby, and that was in planting the grape. Planting
was of the first importance. Dig deep but plant shallow ; fill
the trench with grass, sods, chip-manure, bones, horns, and
hoofs, within one foot of the surface, then plant good roots on
the top with good, but not extra rich garden soil ; mulch in

180 REPOKT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

the fall with cow-stable manure and rake off in the spring,
and if the vine does not make a good growth the first year, it
better be thrown away than to occupy the ground to the
exclusion of a better one.

Trimming and pruning was done in the winter and spring,
and he thought a part of it should be done when the sap
flows. The reason why grapes do not perfect themselves, hav-
ing many green bunches, is that too many bunches are allowed
— and they should be thinned out. If we do not attempt to
grow too many bunches we should have what we do gi'ow fully
ripe.

Mr. Husted — It is in the nature of the Isabella not to per-
fect some of the grapes on a cluster — and Mr. Bradfield said
this was common with other varieties. When asked how deep
a trench should be dug for planting the grape, Mr. Haldane
replied, " seven feet "' — an answer which created some sensa-
tion. But planting was his hobby ; he was convinced that
success was in planting. He would not thank a man to set
more than one and a half vines in a day ! You set shallow
and the vine may produce a few years, but dig deep and fill
with turf, and the vines will last and bear for a century. He
should make the greatest expense of grape culture in the
planting. Grapes planted on deeply prepared soil would do
better in a dry season. He would not throw very rich soil
over the sod.

Mr. Bradfield — Is not sod the richest soil you can get,-
anyway ?

Mr. Haldane — It is a great deal better than manure. In
trimming do not be afraid to thin out. Thin out the
bunches; the fruit will grow larger and ripen quicker. I
would have the vines bear from six to eight or ten feet from
the ground. My experience shows that grapes grown too near
the ground are more liable to mildew, and that grapes grown
on roofs, etc., are hard to pick as we grow old.

Mr. Fuller — Does the Isabella ripen every year ?

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 181

Mr. Haldane — Yes, mine lias with one exception, — in 1869
the season was bad. A grape is thoroughly ripe when the
stem begins to shrivel. To keep well, grapes must be
thoroughly ripe.

Mr. Fuller — It has been stated that we seldom eat a ripe
grape. Eipe grapes are seldom seen in the market, — they are
picked before the stem shrivels.

Mr. Haldane — The earliest grape is the Hartford Prolific.
The Delaware is no earlier than the Isabella with me.

Mr. Bradfield — The Adirondack is the earliest with me.

Mr. James D. Husted — We regard the Hartford Prolific the
earliest. The Ives' Seedling is the next. This is a very prom-
ising early grape. They remain on the stems and keep remark-
ably well. The Delaware with us usually ripens a little "after
the Hartford Prolific. I think the Delaware a valuable vine
where you want a first-class grape for your own use. It should
be thinned out oftentimes, at least two-thirds. It requires
more vitality to produce seeds than pulp, and by reducing the
number of bunches you get much larger fruit. This holds
good with all fruit. Grapes, when about half grown, remain
the same size for several weeks, — they are then perfecting their
seeds. Vines when laid down in the winter will bud out much
more rapidly. Those not covered will be very tardy in their
growth and more scattering. I think it pays well to lay down
young vines in the winter. Our young vines are trimmed to
stakes, and in the fall we pull out the stakes and lay the vines
on the ground. They get much protection from the snow.
We prune closely, but not quite so severely as some recom-
mend. I think it better to use the trellis, for general culture.
Vines should be planted eight feet apart, and be allowed to
grow from six to eight feet high. There should be a good
share of leaves left to perfect the fruit. Destroy the leaves
and the grape will not ripen. The Concord is the most valu-
able, reliable, and profitable grape for this section. In dry
weather the Delaware fails. The Isabella we regard as very

183 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

Taluable, but for field culture we cannot recommend it. Where
it gets the protection of walls, and gets extra heat of the snn,
it does well. It is an excellent keeper.

Mr. Clubb inquired whether unripe grapes would not make
good jelly.

Mr. Husted — Yes, it is so with all other fruits ; they make
jelly best when a little green, and grapes are no exception. In
regard to the lona, — it is a very fine grape, — its quality is
superior, — but our experience is sadly against its value as a
producer. "We purchased sixty vines at $3.00 per vine, and
we found them very tender. The sun scorched the leaves
around the edges, and the wood was green and unripened.
They grew beside the Clinton, the Hartford Prolific, and
Isabella, and they have always failed. We have spent $200 for
vines of the lona, and have had only two good bunches and
about a dozen inferior ones.

Secretary Linderman — From my experience in growing the
lona vines, I am satisfied that the future hardiness, thriftiness,
and, of course, the prolificness of the future vine, depends to a
very great extent upon the quality of the wood used in its
propagation. I bought, when lona vines were very high, a
few which I knew were grown from forced and immature hot-
house wood. Some vines I have myself propagated from strong
ripe wood, are, although two years younger, with no better
care, the best of the two. I think this reason, if applied,
would explain the failure of so many vines and the success of
others of this sort. For a long time vines of this variety were
very high priced and the wood scarce.

The President asked if any one would recommend the
Catawba for general culture in Western Michigan.

Mr. Husted and Mr. Bradfield — We do not; the Catawba
will not ripen in this section except in such seasons as that of
1869, which was an extraordinary one. The Catawba is the
Kelly Island grape.

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 183

MARCH MEETING.

The March meeting was held at the Society's rooms, Fuller's
Bank. The President in the chair.

The Secretary read minutes, which were approved.

Many were in attendance both from home and abroad, and
several new members admitted.

PROSPECTS OF THE PEACH.

Mr. Husted — The prospects on high grounds in the vicinity
of Lowell is fair for a good crop of peaches. On low, soft
lands the crop is not promising.

Mr. Bradfield confirmed Mr. Husted's statement in regard to
high land, and that it was the same near Ada.

Mr. Barclay — In Ada, on high land, peaches are doing good.
About one-half the buds are killed, but there will be a good
crop.

Mr. Scott — On bluffs west of the river the buds were very
much swollen in the fall, the germ being visible with the
naked eye. They appear good and sound now.

A. T. Linderman — I examined early in winter, and peach
buds east of the city were mostly destroyed.

Mr. Hugh of Adrian — On high lands buds have perfected
sufficiently to warrant a crop.

H. S. Clubb read the report of the condition of peach buds
from the report of the Spring Lake convention, already pub-
lished in the Herald.

A letter was read from L S. Linderman of South Haven,
stating that fruit buds are all right so far for a heavy crop.

184 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

DEATH OF HOJST. SANFORD HOWARD.

The President read a letter from Hon. Sanford Howard,
written the previous week, and said : I am pained to have to
announce the death of Hon Sanford Howard, which occurred
at Lansing on Friday, the 10th inst. Mr. Howard had prom-
ised to deliver an address to the State Pomological Society,
but now he has left, I trust, for a still better land.

The President read extracts from Prof. Winchell's pamphlet
on the

CLIMATOLOGY OF MICHIGAN.

The January cold of both peninsulas — the upper and lower
of Michigan — especially in the vicinity of the lakes, is much
less than that of Wisconsin, Iowa, and Minnesota, in the same
latitudes, at a distance from the lakes. Muskegon, for instance,
has a January temperature four degrees higher than Prairie
du Chien, both being on nearly the same parallel. Grand
Haven and Port Huron are five degrees above Milwaukee, all
being on the same parallel, while Detroit is six degrees above
Dubuque in winter temperature, and ten degrees above Fort
Dodge, the diflPerence in latitude between the three places being
very little.

These advantages are great. Farmers and economists will
readily perceive them without any enumeration. But, after
all, the most striking differences are shown in the record of
extreme cold, which prominently attests the beneficent
influences of the surrounding bodies of lake water. Extreme
cold at Milwaukee is fourteen degrees below extreme cold at
Grand Haven ! This is the difference that distinguish between
a fruit-bearing region and one in which fruit fails.

There is another fact which intending settlers would do well
to bear in mind, and which Michigan people, corresponding
with friends in other States, should make a point of: "The
growing season begins at Grand Haven three to six days
earlier than it does at Milwaukee, and continues five to eight
days later in the autumn. A still greater contrast exists

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 185

between Grand Haven and localities farther removed in the
interior of Wisconsin."

On motion of Mr. Fuller, Senator Ball was requested to
furnish additional copies of the pamphlet for the Society.

SMALL FRFIT BASKET.

J. A. Watson, of Grand Eapids, showed samples of the
berry basket he is manufacturing. The basket is square, and
largest at the bottom. It is made of elm yeneer and black
ash hoops. The cost, $9 €D $10, was considered an objection.

EXHIBITION" OF APPLES.

G. W. Dickinson, Grand Eapids, exhibited a fine assortment
of apples, and made the following remarks in relation to them :
The Fall Pippins are perfectly souud. The Yanderveer is not
a long keeper, but this year it has kept well. Not a very com-
mon apple. It is a constant bearer. Tart, like the Greening.
The original Rhode Island Greening cuts w^iite and is tart.
The Holland Pippin is sometimes called a Greening, but the
tree is different, being higher and more upright. They do
better with me than the Greening. The Baldwin is somewhat
yellow flesh. An apple for name was referred the committee.

The President — Tell us the best for general cultivation.

G. W. Dickinson — The Baldwin, the Ehode Island Green-
ing, the Holland Pippin, the Vanderveer, and Peck's Pleasant.

Mr. Husted also exhibited a fine assortment of winter
apples, and made some remarks.

A. T. Linderman — What, if any, is the difference between
the Eed Canada and Steele's Eed ?

Mr. Husted — They are identical. The Swaar is a very desir-
able table apple, but it is slow in bearing, and is apt to blow
over. The Cayuga County Eedstreak is a very fine apple, but
has objections. Eawl's Jennette is a great bearer; blossoms
late. The Jonathan is also a great bearer; but the fruit of
both is too small for a profitable market fruit. The Eoxbury
Eusset is good. The Yellow Belleflower is good as a fine
24

186 REPOET OF THE 8ECBETARY OF THE

fruit, but it is not profitable for market. It does best on light
soil. The Baldwin we retain amoug the varieties we recom-
mend. It yaries in character more than any other fruit,
according to the soil in which it is planted. Peck's Pleasant
is a desirable apple. The Esopus Spitzenburg is a valuable
apple, but the tree is tender, and on the whole not to be
recommended as a market apple. The Golden Russet is a
good winter apple. This apple does well buried. It keeps it
from wilting. The Northern Spy is a great favorite, and is
increasing in favor. It is tardy in coming into bearing. The
best fine market varieties are the Rhode Island Greening,
Northern Spy, Golden Russet, Baldwin, and Wagener. The
Wagener is higher colored on light soil than on heavy soils.
The Wagener will keep sound till August.

CRAB JELLIES.

Mr. Husted — I have gome jellies from the Transcendent
Crab. It is quite an ornamental tree for fruit yards. Here is
jelly from the old red crab; makes a thick jelly, although not
as good a flavor, perhaps, as the Hyslop.

E. Johnson, from Walker, exhibited some Dominie, Red
Canada, and Swaar apples, and asked for a name for one kind.

GRAPES — WINE-MAKING.

The President said : It is expected that we take a vote in
relation to the grapes we recommend for growth in Western
Michigan, but I doubt the propriety of this, except in one or
two varieties. The Eumelan, the Hartford Prolific, and lona,
and even the Isabella, I doubt if we can recommend them.
I could vote for the Concord and the Delaware, and that
would exhaust my voting to-day. Prof. Agassiz made the
following remarks in reference to wine-making :

Professor Agassiz — I was born and have lived two-thirds of
my life in a grape-growing country, and I feel deeply interested
in the question, how the gi-ape shall be grown here successfully.
But I think it cannot be grown with perfect success until a prej-

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOQICAL SOCIETY. 187

udice which exists throughout the whole country is overcome.
It is because I know that it is a prejudice that I would openly
speak about it. Wine-growing countries are the regions where
temperance prevails, — where there is no drunkenness. There
are countries where the traveler is helped to a glass of wine to
warm and strengthen him ; they are countries where the
clergyman holds it to be an act of charity to give a glass of
wine to him who needs comfort. That is the character of
wine-growing countries. Here, the use of wine is considered
a sin, and men who use it are considered men not deserving to
be in the company of gentlemen. Now, I will say, that before
I came to this country, now twenty years ago, I had never
taken a glass of water over a meal in my life ; and I will say
another thing, that as long as I have lived (and I am sixty) I
have never been flushed by the use of wine ; I will not speak
of drunkenness. I know that my mother gave her children
(myself among the rest) wine as soon as they were weaned,
and I know that I have done the same with my own children.
But, gentlemen, until you have overcome the prejudice which
exists throughout the country against the use of the pure
juice of the grape as a daily beverage, you will never bring the
cultivation of the grape to its right foundation, and you will
not receive from that crop the return you are entitled to obtain.
In countries where the grape is cultivated as the principal crop,
the product from the sale of the grape is not the chief reward
for the culture ; it is the wine. And you will not be thoroughly
successful; you will not have that variety of grapes; you will
not have those diversified modes of cultivation, which will
secure its production on a large scale, until you have intro-
duced the use of wine as a daily beverage in every household,
and as the most wholesome beverage that can be added to any
other manufactured article of food. I wish not to be under-
stood as saying that the use of liquor is a thing uncommon in
wine-growing countries. It is only in those places where wine
cannot be had cheap that brandy or alcohol in various shapes

188 REPORT OF THE SECRETxVRY OF THE

is taken as a substitute. That is not what I advocate. The
evil results of the use of distilled liquors I know as well as
any other man. I do not suppose that I need to insist upon
that in order to justify the remarks I have made in reference
to the use of the unadulterated product of the grape in the
shaj)e of pure wine.

I am a temperance man ; I believe in it and practice it. It
is a question to which we have got to look. If we grow the
grape we have got to come to the wine question.

Mr. Bull says : "You have had testimony to that effect from
gentlemen who must be accepted as authority in this matter.
In the work I have quoted, Denman's work on " The Vine and
its Uses," there are abundant quotations from eminent trav-
elers, physicians, and others, in wine-growing countries, all
going to prove that where the vine is found in most abund-
ance, there is no Intemperance ; that the people are healthy,
temperate, thrifty, and cheerful. A clergyman of this State,
who passed two years in France for his health, going all over
it, for the most part on foot, told me that in all the wine dis-
tricts he found temperance, but the moment he got in those
-districts where the grape could not be grown, where they drank
beer, and brandy distilled from the potato and from beet-waste,
there he found intemperance immediately. And that is the
universal testimony. Now, all the world will have stimulants
for necessity; for debility arising from sickness, or age, or
that form of disease — if it is a disease — dyspepsia, where you
cannot digest your food. Physicians prescribe stimulants, and
until an abundant supply of wine is made, these noxious drinks
will be used. It seems to me that it is not only better for us
to use wine, but better for the cause of temperance. I believe
that, and I have acted upon it. My cellar is full of wine. I
will not sell it against the law. If the law never permits me
to sell it, it will stay there until ray friends help me to drink
it. I might have received as much money, perhaps more, for
my fruit upon the spot, but I thought I would Avork out the

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 189

problem for the benefit of the State, and for the benefit of
temperance. I was once an ardent temperance man, and
believed and said that spirits should never be used by anybody,
sick or well. I believed it, honestly, and I urged it upon our
people. By-and-by I fell sick myself, and my physician said,
" You must take spirits with your dinner." I objected ; said
I could not do it; that I did not believe in it; that I had
always preached the other doctrine, and I would not do it. I
did not do it ; for a whole year I suffered, until I was finally
driven to it, and I began to think that possibly I might be
mistaken. Now, since it is certain that stimulants must be
had, it would seem to be wise to supplant those which we have
which lead to intoxication, and have a wholly different effect
upon the system from pure domestic wines, by wines made in
our own land. They will be light. Wine cannot be trans-
ported unless it is strong, and therefore the foreign wines are
strong."
Mr. Haldane read the following on

WINE-MAKING.

" It would give me pleasure, were I competent to interest
you on so important and interesting a subject as wine-making.
For a business, it is assuming large proportions in our own
country, and as it is properly an appendage to this society, we
may well investigate the methods of success in that as well
as success in fruit culture ; for it requires, in my opinion, all
the qualifications to succeed in making the better quality of
wine, that it does to produce superior fruit, namely: the
highest cultivation of the intellect as well as of the soil, and
even more, the highest state of cultivation as well. The
inquiry is often made, why France and Germany, with the
disadvantage of soil and climate, produce the best wine in the
world, as compared with Spain, Portugal, and the islands of
higher latitudes ? The answer to me is plain : No semi-cul-
tivation ever produced superior qualities of wine. Wine is like
fruit : any slovenly farmer can raise frnit of some kind. And so

190 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

with wine : anybody can make wine ; anything will make wine,
that is sweet or sour ; but the quality is what you are after,
and for the best wine it requires the best grapes, fully ripe.
The longer they remain on the vines, without freezing, the
better. They should be gathered in pleasant weather.

The general principles of wine-making and cider-making, as
I understand them, are the same ; and as all are more or less
familiar with the process, let me call your attention to some
of the peculiarities in the process of making a better quality
of wine.

First of all, cleanliness, — neatness in everything. There is
that delicacy in the flavor of good wine that cannot be tam-
pered with.

In making cider, perhaps the grinding up of worms and
spiders, rotten apples, and the like, will not injure the cider,
but it will certainly not improve wine.

We are not to expect that wine-making on a small scale, as
we begin in a country like this, where we take it into our
houses to make, can be as perfect as where, on a large scale,
all the conveniences are complete. But in the house let
woman's right prevail. The good housewife will look after
the little matters of neatness that men think unnecessary and
frivolous. "Were I to mention the extreme neatness in particu-
lars and detail, you would think them foolish; but they are
essential, nevertheless. Care is necessary in gathering the
grapes not to break or mash the berries ; carry into a cool and
airy room; spread paper on the floor and empty baskets of
about a bushel, in piles, over the floor. Then assort or pick
them over, taking care to pick out all unripe and imperfect
berries. They should be left on the stems as much as may be,
and when the weather is suflBciently cool the thermometer
should range as low as 50"^ or lower. If the grapes are well
taken care of, let them remain till cool weather, but do not
allow them to freeze. The next thing is the grinding or
mashing the grapes. That should be done as rapidly as pos-

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 191

sible after beginning, until put in an open cask or tub to
ferment. The cask to be used should be particularly attended
to. A new cask is not fit for that use ; the best thing is one
newly emptied of alcohol or of any pure liquor. But do not
take a gin cask, as so slight a thing as the taste or smell of the
juniper, in a cask that has had gin in, although emptied and
dry, will spoil a cask of wine.

If necessary to use casks the second time, they should be
scalded, or a brimstone match burned in them; and always
iron-bound as the most durable, for it takes time for wine to
make or mature, and a caBk of wine, in the process of matur-
ing, should never be handled for the setting of hoops or the
like.

The ground or mashed grapes take the name of must in
the place of pumice in cider-making. Four days is the usual
time to ferment before pressing them. Add from one and a
half to three pounds best white sugar to the gallon ; hare the
casks all ready, with the faucet set in, in position in the cellar,
not to be moved until the wine is drawn. The cask should
remain with a syphon in the bung, and always full ; the syphon
should remain in the following winter. Then after two, three
or five years, draw off and bottle. Then bury with sand ia
the cellar till wanted for use. The cellar should be of good
quality, equal or even temperature. It should be retired from
the street, so as not to be subjected to jars ; if near the pave-
ment, where loaded teams are passing, it will keep agitated so
as not to settle good.

The President — Can you give us an idea of the profits of
wine-making ?

Mr. Haldane — I have made forty gallons a year. If I sold
any I sold it for $4 a gallon, at four to six years of age. Wine
will increase ten per cent a year.

Mr. Suttle — What grapes do you use ?

Mr. Haldane — I use the Isabella. I should not like to treat
my temperance friends to wine made without sugar. When

192 REPOET OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

people are used to wine it is preferred without the sugar.
Wine, to keep well, must have spirit, and wine of a good
quality must be a stimulant, and sugar produces it. Here,
grapes are more sour, and require more sugar than those from
hotter climates.

Mr. Bradfield — Is not the wine made without sugar of the
most temperate character ?

Mr. Haldane — I claim to be a temperance man, and if I
thought wine would injure the temperance cause I would plug
up my wine.

The President — AVould it not be safer to pull the plugs out ?
(Laughter).

After recess, in which the wines of Mr. Haldane Avere
debated in comparison with Khine wine, and the apples on
exhibition were examined by the committee, the following
paper was read by Mr. Husted :

THE INFLUENCE OF THE STOCK ON THE GRAFT.

In considering the influence of the stock upon the graft
growing thereon, or vice versa, we must not lose sight of the
fact that either vegetables or fruits grow on soils adapted to
their wants, and being fully supplied with the elements of
fertility, will yield vastly more in quantity, and of superior
quality, than when grown on unfavorable soils, and unskillful
or deficient cultivation.

Fruit groAvn on good soil, where every attending circum-
stance is favorable to its fullest development, and aided with
good cultivation, is so greatly superior in flavor, texture, size,
coloring, and productiveness, as to be often regarded as a new
variety, and a great acquisition to our list of fruits; while
another tree of the same variety, and growing perhaps in the
same orchard, but on a poor or unfavorable location, with poor
cultivation, will produce fruit so much below the average
standard of excellence for that variety as to be recognized with
difficulty.

This variation in the growth of the tree, in its productive-

MICHIGAX STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 193

ness, and in the appearance and quality of its fruit, often pre-
sents the idea that in consequence of some particular method
of propagation its character has been changed, and that this
changed condition is permanently becoming an inferior variety
of the original sort, or an improvement thereon, while the real
cause of this variation should be attributed to intelligent cul-
tivation on the one hand, or neglected culture on the other.
The permanency of its improved condition is entirely depend-
ent upon the circumstances of its growth and the manner of
the cultivation it will hereafter receive.

It is thought by many that the difierent varieties of fruit
trees may be caused to become more hardy from being worked
on particular stocks, or that a permanent improvement may
be effected by careful cultivation of scions from the trees that
produce the finest fruit in the greatest abundance, and that by
a faithful observance of these particulars, great and permanent
changes may be effected, producing distinct sub-varieties of
the original fruits.

A careful, candid reference to the mode of multiplying
improved varieties, and to the laws that govern vegetable
growth, will, I think, defeat this view of the case. A bud or
graft inserted on a growing stock bears the same relation to
the stock it is growing upon, as a hill of corn bears to the soil
in which it grows. The corn strikes its root in the ground on
which it stands and draws from it the plant food it needs for
its growth.

The graft or bud attaches itself to the stock on which it is
inserted, and receives through it (the stock) from the soil the
rude plant food it needs for its growth also.

The elements of fertility drawn from the soil in either case
is in a crude, bulky condition, wholly unfit to form vegetable
growth until received by the leaves and by them prepared for
use.

But the corn in the ground and the graft on the stock com-
mence their growth under entirely different circumstances.
25

194 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

The grain of corn is a seed containing the germ of a distinct
plant, and so long as this corn plant grows, or is propagated
by cuttings or offshoots, just so long it will maintain its
identity. But its seed may be fertilized from another plant,
and its character become very much changed in the succeed-
ing crop. But the graft or bud is simply a detached or divided
part of a tree ; the seed from which it grew having been fer-
tilized perhaps hundreds of years ago, its individuality then
stamped upon it, and it has grown ever since without losing
one distinctive feature.

Every seed may contain the germ of a distinct variety of the
same species, because it may have been fertilized by pollen from
a different individual. But in multiplying plants or trees by
a division of their parts (as in grafting, budding, cuttings, or
by a division of tubers,) we are merely increasing the parts of
a tree whose embryo was fertilized in the seed that produced
it; its distinctive character was then impressed upon it, and
all the arts or appliances of man cannot change it. Besides*
it is an admitted principle in vegetable growth, that trees or
plants, propagated by a division of their parts, will remain the
same identical varieties, and retain all the qualities and habits
of the tree or plant from Avhich they were taken. They are
in fact parts of the same plant or tree.

The stock, base or trunk of a growing tree is only a medium
through which it receives crude sap for its growth from the
soil. The ascending sap of the different varieties of any
species of plants is nearly if not identically alike. This sap
food is carried to the leaves, where its excess of water and
oxygen are thrown off by evaporation ; carbon is absorbed
from the air, and the proper food for the growth of the par-
ticular variety of wood and fruit is elaborated and supplied
to the tree for its growth in the form of a thin layer between
the inner bark and the sap wood. The upward flow of sap
from the roots through the sap wood to the leaves, being of
one general character, ic follows that a dozen or even more

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 195

varieties of fruit may be grafted on a single tree. Each variety
receives its crude sap from the same source, and all through
the same trunk or stock, and then each variety, through the
oflBce of its leaves, buds and bark, manufactures proper food
for the growth and perfection of its own particular fruit and
wood, and also buds for the continuance of these identical
varieties.

Thus we may grow summer and winter fruits, sweet and
sour, all sorts of colors, etc., quinces, pears, and apples, or
peaches, plums, and apricots upon the same tree.

The entire lateral growth of a tree is from its leaves or
top downwards, and not upwards; even the smallest rooted
receives its food from the leaves.

Every tree and shrub is the protector and propagator of its
own self, as it were, forming each and every bud for its future
growth, after the identical type the Almighty first imposed
upon it.

It might be inferred from the peculiar manner of the
growth of a tree, that the stock might in some way become
changed in character to correspond with the growing top, but
the only effect produced is to control its vigor and the size of
its growth. This is easily explained, from the fact that the
trunk and roots of the stock received all their food for growth
from the growing top, and if the supply of food be deficient,
the growth of the roots and stock will be correspondingly
diminished. We are in possession of ample proof that the
stock, under all circumstances, maintains its exact identity.

Although the pabulum for the growth of the entire tree,
root, trunk, and top, is prepared by the leaves, and is distribu-
ted from the top downwards; yet the moment this wood-form-
ing substance reaches the point of union between the stock
and graft in its progress to the stock and roots, its descent is
there impeded or checked to a greater or less extent, depend-
ing upon the similarity or affinity of the stock and graft.
This prepared plant food is now about to enter a new domin-

196 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

ion, and its individuality must be entirely changed before it
can proceed farther or add to the growth of the stock and
roots. Two branches on opposite sides of the point of union
between the stock and graft, and so near together as to crowd
upon each other, will maintain their individual characters.
One branch may produce a sour apple, while the other will
produce sweet fruit ; one may produce early and the other
winter fruit; one branch may grow a quince, and the other a
pear, or the stock may produce a peach, while the graft may
bear a cherry. In no case is there any mixing of blood nor
any mingling of parts, and trees multiplied from the buds of
either will produce after their original type, without any
apparent variation.

There is, however, one very marked effect produced by the
graft upon the stock which should not pass unnoticed, and
that is the ability of the graft or bud to cause the roots of the
stock upon which it is growing to conform to its own peculiar
habits of growth. "We find in digging up nursery trees, where
all the different varieties have been worked on the same stock
and have been cultivated alike, that each variety of trees have
caused the stocks to assume many of its own peculiar habits
of growth. Examples : The Greening and Talman's Sweet-
ing are found to grow upon a few very strong and straggling
roots ; the Spy and Bellflower will be provided with an abund-
ance of roots, penetrating deep in the soil, similar to a standard
Pear. The Swaar will have feeble roots, mostly growing on
one side, corresponding to the growth of the tree itself, while
the Crab apple will be found to grow upon very strong roots
reaching out in all directions from the trunks. As a rule the
growth of the roots is found to correspond with the growth of
the top. In grafting a grown-up tree with another variety of
fruit, the roots of the stock in this ccse have become estab-
lished according to its particular habits of growth, and they
cannot be changed so far as they have already grown, but when
the new top commences to grow the roots will assume much

MICHIGAN" STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 197

of the habits of the growing top. In the case of grafting slow
growing varieties upon a very strong growing stock, or upon a
full grown tree, the large supply of sap food will stimulate the
grafts to put on a much more vigorous growth than when
undar ordinary circumstances, but in such cases the top will
in a few years return to its natural habit of slow growth ;
slender or crooked branches, as the original habits of the vari-
eties may have been.

The greater the dissimilarity between the stock and graft,
the more difficult and slow will be the passage of the prepared
material for the formation of new wood, from the graft to the
stock, and as a consequence an excess of this wood-forming
substance is retained in the graft, and is there formed into
woody growth and fruit buds, while the stock itself receives
only a limited supply of material for new growth.

This principle is employed in the production of Dwarfs.
The excess of nourishment partly retained above the stock,
expends its forces in forming fruit buds and in bearing fruit,
when, had there been no disagreement between the stock and
graft this prepared plant food would have passed into the stock
and its roots, thereby enlarging and invigorating them, and
they, in turn, would have been able to furnish the top with a
full supply of crude material to be prepared for the formation
of new wood.

These facts are known and made use of in the production
of dwarf trees.

Grafting and budding on dissimilar stocks causes an obstruc-
tion in the flow of matured sap from the graft to the stock.
This excess of nourishment expends its forces in developing
the young trees, in forming fruit buds, and in the early bearing
of fruit ; but the stock, not receiving an adequate supply of
food for the full formation and extension of its roots, is
checked in its own growth, and, as a consequence, can furnish
only a moderate supply of crude sap for the leaves to digest,
which is again largely devoted to the production of fruit

198 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

instead of wood, until finally both stock and graft become
dwarfed in growth, and expend their energies in the produc-
tion of fruit instead of wood.
Mr. Houghtaling read the following

ESSAY ON GRAFTING.

I regard it as a subject of vast and untold importance, in
which all lovers of good fruit have an interest; but especially
60 to the orchardist and fruit-grower, because he is thereby
enabled to propagate such varieties as he may choose, and
multiply them at will, and if he is not satisfied with his first
choice, it is very easy to replace new tops on old bearing trees
of any kind that may be found desirable.

I think it is something that every farmer and fruit-grower
should know how to do for themselves, as it is very easily
learned. Any one of ordinary genius can do it after once
seeing it done.

There are a good many modes by which this work can be
performed successfnlly, but only some three or four in common
use.

W^HIP OR SPLICE GRAFTING.

This mode is used principally by nurserymen on small
stocks and root grafts in propagating young trees. This is
done by cutting both the scion and stock with a slope of an
inch or more, then make a slit in the middle of each, forming
a tongue ; then insert the tongue of one into the slit of the
other, taking care to have the inner bark as close in contact as
may be, then tying fast with a woolen string or basswood bark,
and cover with wax, or what is still better, a strip of cloth
covered with composition or grafting wax.

CLEFT GRAFTING.

This is the usual mode among orchardists, and is thought
to be the best on stocks of from one to two inches in diameter.
It is thus performed : The head of the stock is carefully sawed
ofi* in a smooth place and the top pared smooth, and then split

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL 80CIETT. 199

down two or three inches, inserting a wedge of hard wood to
keep it open. The scion is cut in the form of a wedge, about
one inch or more, with one side a little the thickest, and with
a bud if possible on that side, as this bud will often grow when
others will not, though we always cut the scion with from
three to four buds. The scion is now carefully inserted so as
to have the inner bark of both scion and stock come in con-
tact. We commonly insert two scions, sometimes in a very
large stock we split crosswise and set in four, but if they all
grow they are likely to be too close together, and a part of
them should be cut out soon after they get a fair start. The
whole of the wounded parts are now to be carefully cov-
ered with wax to keep out both air and water. Put it on so
thick that it will not grow off until the wound is healed over.
Right here I beg leave to call in question the directions
given by all the anthers that I have read on this point of
inserting scions to have them grow. Barry's Fruit Garden,
page 81, says: "place in perfect contact the inner barks of
scion and stock and the whole cut surface." The American
Orchardist says, "the inner bark of the scion and stock must
both exactly meet." Other writers both in books and papers
have expressed the same idea, and this seems to be the prevail-
ing opinion everywhere. Now I take issue with all these wri-
ters, simply because the directions cannot be followed with
sufficient ease to be practical, and this is the reason no doubt
that so many fail to make their scions grow. It requires too
nice an adjustment to make sure of getting "the rim of the
wood of both scion and stock exactly together" every time,
and besides this nice adjustment is not necessary as is shown
by those who make grafting a business, and whose income
depends upon the speed they can insert them, and who will set
from 200 to 500 in a day and warrant them to grow. They
scarcely look at the "rim of the wood," or "the inner bark"
but always set them with a little slant outward to make sure
that the sap lines cross each other somewhere and that is suf-

200 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

ficient. Nature, in lier healing progress, will very soon enlarge
the junction. In this way we find that a crooked scion is
better than a straight one, as with them we can make the sap
lines cross twice, but with a straight one only once.

SIDE OR BARK GRAFTING.

This mode has been very successful. It is done in tv/o or
three ways, sometimes cutting oif the stock and sometimes
without. By this method a new limb can be started on the
side of a tree where it seems desirable to bring the top in good
shape. Make a cross cut in the side of the tree, then slit
down an inch or so; pare the bark above the cross down
slanting to the wood; have the scion cut sloping as in whip
grafting ; now raise the bark carefully each side of the slit,
insert the scion, bind it fast and cover with wax. But the
stock may be cut off, as in cleft grafting, and the scion
inserted under the bark in the same manner as above. Some
experienced grafters think they have the best success by this
method. The greatest objection to it is, if the grafts grow
thrifty they are more likely to be blown out with the wind
before they get a strong hold of the stock.

TIME OF GRAFTING.

The month of April I think the best time for grafting on
large trees by other modes, but with the last mentioned
method we are obliged to wait until the bark will peel on the
stock. I find by experience that it is best to cut every limb
that needs to be grafted on large trees all at one time, so as to
keep the top even and well balanced, leaving a few brush to
hold the life of the tree until the grafts are well started. But
these should all be cut away as soon as the second year.

Cut the limbs with as long arms as possible, so as to bring
the grafts wide apart and the top well spread, as like all young
sprouts they always shoot straight upward from their starting
point. Scions may be cut any time between the first of
November and the swelling of buds in spring, though it is

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 201

always best to cut them in mild weather. Bury them either
in sawdust or saud, away from frost, but in a cool place,
neither too wet nor too dry ; but where they will keep fresh as
in their natural state. But I prefer, when I can do so, to
graft early in spring, before the buds swell, and take the scious
fresh from the tree, as I think they are more sure to get an
early start.

GRAFTING-WAX.

Permit me uow to give you one or two choice receipts for a
composition for grafting-wax: Take 2 pounds of rosin, 1^
pounds of beeswax, and three-quarters of a pound of tallow
Melt the wax and tallow together, then slowly add the rosin,
pulverised. When thoroughly melted and mixed, pour the
whole into a pail of cold water. Then work it well with the
hands, using a little soft grease to prevent sticking. This I
have used and know to be good, though some prefer to add a
small quantity of linseed oil with less tallow — think it holds
its place better and not so liable to crack oflf.

A late writer in the Western Rural gives this for a compo-
sition : 6 pounds rosin, 1 pound beeswax and one pint linseed
oil ; apply hot with a brush, one-eighth of an inch thick over
all the joints, and he says it never fails.

TRIMMING OFF SPROUTS.

One idea farther, I should have mentioned before, which is
very important, and that is to keep the sprouts well pruned
away from around the grafts. This is very essential to suc-
cess, as on a healthy stock the sprouts are sure to make a vigo-
rous start, and having all the advantage in strengtli, they draw
the sap, rob the grafts of their sustenance, and often cause them
to wither and die after they have leaved out.

Thus we find by actual experience that with healthy stocks
fresh scions, and good care in performing our work, we may
change the variety of our fruit at will ; multiply them as we
may desire, and supply ourselves, our friends, and the market

36

202 EEPOKT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

with the best and choicest fruits that seem to luxuriate so
bouutifuUy throughout our beautiful Peninsular State.

REPORT OJSr APPLES.

Mr. Blukely reported, from committee, inability to find a
name for a variety of apple introduced by Mr. Dickinson. He
thought it might be the Bacon apple, introduced by Mr. Bacon
of this State, a very fine apple and good keeper.

Mr. Dickinson said the apple was very hardy and green when
gathered in the fall.

MR. HALDANE'S ISABELLA.

Mr. Haldane explained the qualities of his wine: one was
without sugar and a pale wine, the other a red wine, made from
the same grape — the Isabella — but pressed more, so as to get the
coloring matter from the skin of the grape. The best wine is
that which comes first from the grape, without much pressure,
and nearly colorless. I would rather have our own wine than
the Ehine wine. I believe our grapes will make a better wine
than the California grapes will. The sugar does not affect the
color. The best wine requires the best grapes and the best
Bugar. Everything must be good that is used for it. I have
designed to prove how good a wine could be made, and I think
I have succeeded pretty well. The Delaware is a good grape
for wine. The Isabella is not a wine grape. The Clinton
would make a good wine, but it is subject to mildew in this
climate. I should not want to make wine with brown sugar.

Mr. Knapp — I have made wine with both white and brown
sugar and I prefer the brown sugar.

VARIETIES OF GRAPES.

The President — The question is the varieties of grapes we
can recommend.

- Mr. Bradfield — I think it is premature to recommend the
varieties. I do not think we are sufiiciently experienced to do
this. If we raise hundreds of acres of the Concord, the time
will come when it will be a drug in the market. The question

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOaiCAL SOCIETY. 203

is, when we get more than a supply of table grapes what shall
we do with the surplus ? Is the Concord a proper wine grape ?
The Clinton is a better wine grape. The Ives Seedling is a
good wine grape. Wine should be made without sugar. There
are some varieties of grapes that will make good wine without
sugar. It is a fact that the grape sugar does not produce as
intoxicating effect as common sugar. I should not hesitate to
recommend the Concord as the best grape for the million
to-day, but when that is produced by the million pounds, what
are we going to do then ? The Delaware I should not hesitate
to recommend. The lona is a favorite grape with me, but I
could not recommend it to plant in large quantities. I would
not recommend the Isabella. Mr. Haldane has succeeded with
it, there's no doubt. The Martha is a fancy grape. The diffi-
culty with the Clinton is, the berry does not set well, and the
bunches do not ripen regularly, and they are liable to rot.

A. T. Linderman introduced a preamble and resolution rec-
ommending the Delaware, which was discussed at length.

Mr. Blakely — I have succeeded with the Catawba on the
south side of the house, but where it gets away from the wall
it is 10 or 12 days later in ripening.

Mr. Bradfield — The Catawba has succeeded twice with me
in six years. I would not have a thousand Catawbas if a per-
son would give them to me and plant them,

Mr. Carrier offered as a substitute to the resolutions of Mr.
Linderman :

Resolved, That the Delaware and Concord are the two best
varieties of grapes for general culture, but we do not recom-
mend the Concord for wine.

Mr. Carrier — I have never raised but two bunches of the
Concord, but it is the general report that it is the mos' hardy
and the best for table use.

Mr. A. T. Linderman — I think the Concord is a hardy, pro-
lific, and healthy grape. I think this, however, that with the
amount of grapes that are to be planted, and for the people

204 KEPOllT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

who look to US for a decision, although at the present time,
the Concord brings as much as the Delaware, we should in
view of the future recommend a grape that will make wine.
I differ with gentlemen as to the ease with which we can make
a change of varieties by grafting. The Concord is a grape for
the million, and if the 20,000 that are to be planted this year
are to be Concords, and it produces a quantity that cannot be
marketed profitably, it is important that we should look ahead.
You give people a Concord grape alone, and it is all right; but
place beside them the lona or Delaware, and people will prefer
them to the Concord and the Concord will then be a drug in
the market. This year Catawbas sold at a good price. I saw
crates of Concords thrown into the river, having rotted for
want of a demand for them.

Mr. Suttle — I was offered 25 cents for my Concords last year.
The Delaware is the best native grape we have, and it can be
grown as many tons to the acre as the Concord, but it will be
years before it will be as good as the Concord in our markets,
Mr. Husted — The million need grapes, and the Concord is
the only one we are certain of. I have found even ladies that
prefer the Concord to the Delaware as a table grape. The
Concord is good for canning, and also for jelly. We can use
up thousands and millions of bushels. The Concord makes a
fair wine. We can raise 4 pounds of Concords to one of
Delaware.

Mr. A. T. Lindermann— The price that the Concord brings
is on account of its fair exterior, and because people are not
well posted upon the interior of the two grapes. The best
quality will win in the end in the market of the future.

Mr. Husted— We should make grapes abundant for the mil-
lion before we fix on fancy kinds.

Mr. Linderman— I have lived where they raise grapes by
the ton. The Clinton, and Concord, and Isabella were not
new grapes, and they went begging for a market, while those
who had quantities of Delawares sold none for less than 15
cents, while the others were down to four and six cents a

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGTCAL SOCIETY. 20'5

pound. This was in northeast Ohio. The Delaware is a hardy
vine, and easily grown.

H. S. Clubb — The fear of overstocking the market arises
from the fact that grapes are not yet produced with sufficient
abundance to have arrangements by forwarding agents and
others, for shipping to points where required. "When the crop
becomes large, new markets will be opened and grapes will be
more extensively used. Besides, there will be facilities for
canning, making jellies, syrups and wine, wliich will vastly
increase the demand.

Mr. G. S. Linderman — I agree as to there being no danger
of glutting the market when the proper facilities are acquired
for shipping, canning, etc.

Mr. Bradfield — People will prefer the Concord because of
its being larger. But it is perfectly easy to graft any new
variety on to the old stock, if found desirable.

Substitute adopted — ayes 16, nays 3.

On motion of Henry S. Clubb, the vote was reconsidered^
and the following resolution was adopted in lieu thereof:

Resolved, That this Society regard the Delaware and the
Concord as the two best grapes for general cultivation : the
former being adapted for both the table and for wine, and the
latter for common use.

Adopted — yeas 16, nays 1.

SUBJECTS FOR NEXT MEETING.

On motion of Mr. Husted,

Resolved, That the subjects to be discussed at the next
meeting be I " The transplanting of fruit trees and care of
them during the next year."

Mr. Bradfield was also requested, and promised to prepare a
report as to the best varieties of grapes for amateur cultiva-
tion, for next meeting.

On motion of Mr. Bradfield, each member pledged himself
to introduce a new member at the next meeting, or pay the $t
fee to the Society.

20G REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

APRIL MEETING.

The April meeting was held at the Societys' rooms, Puller's
Bank, Tuesday, April 4, 1871.
Vice President Holt in the chair.
Minutes of last meeting read by the Secretary, and approved.

APPLES.

There was, for this season of the year, a good display of
apples on the tables, presented by Mr. Holt of Cascade ; Mr.
Jacob Armdt of Walker; Measrs. Clements, Dickinson, and
Carrier.

CATAWBA GRAPES.

Henry S. Clubb exhibited two bunches of Catawba grapes,
raised, and kept in cork sawdust, by Mr. Stokes, gardener to
Hon. T. W. Ferry.

The President, Mr. Holt, asked if there was any advantage
in cork over common sawdust.

Mr. Clubb — I should think there is, owing to the fact that
cork is perfectly dry, and is much lighter than ordinary wood
sawdust.

Mr. Bradford — Another advantage is that the moisture from
any of the grapes that may decay will be more readily
absorbed. Pine sawdu&t is apt to flavor the grape unpleas-
antly, while cork will not.

Mr. Clubb — Mr. Stokes considered that temperature, being
kept in a cool, dry cellar, was the main cause of the grapes
keeping so well.

Mr. Bradfield — They certainly have kept spendidly.

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 207

The Secretary read the following essay by Hon. J. G.
Ramsdell, of Grand Traverse, on the

CULTIVATION OF THE GRAPE.

In 1863 I sent to a Michigan nnrsery for six vines, leaving
the selection to the nnrseryman, and received two Dianas, two
Delawares, and two Isabellas. These I set in the spring of
1863. I succeeded in kilhng one of each kind; the others
lived. It is nnuecessary to state how I set them or tended
them, — any one can do as well, and few can do worse. The
Diana made a good growth, and bore a few clusters the second
year. The third year the Diana gave a good crop, and the
Isabella bore a few clusters, but did not ripen them well. The
fourth year the Delaware, which was a very feeble vine, bore
a few compact clusters, and the others bore full, and all
ripened well. The fifth year, 1869, the Delaware came forward
rapidly, and gave about ten pounds of very superior fruit, and
ripened it fully. The Diana and Isabella were both heavily
loaded with fruit, but not a grape ripened upon either. That
winter the Diana was injured so that it bore no fruit in 1870.
The Isabella was moved in the spring and died. The Dela-
ware bore a heavy crop. These vines were tied to trellises,
but were pruned but little, and never manured.

In 1866 I read some articles in the New York Tribune on the
culture of the grape, written by Dr. Grant, of lona Island,
and became satisfied from those articles, and the success of
my Diana vine, that with proper culture, we could raise our
own grapes, notwithstanding we were marked on the map as
being in latitude 44.

That fall I sent to River Bank nursery, Adrain, for six Del-
awares, two Dianas, two Isabellas, two Israellas, two lonas, two
Concords and two Hartford Prolifics ; and to Dr. Grant for his
Manual of the Vine. In the spring of 1867 I prepared a bor-
der or bed, eleven feet broad, running east and west, on a gentle
slope facing the east. This bed was trenched eighteen inches
deep and manured heavily with stable manure. I then set the

208 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

vines as directed by Dr. Grant in liis Manual of the Vine.
That is, I dug a trench one foot deep and three feet wide, on
the north side of the border, and once in six feet drove a stake,
then raised a mound about four inches high in the bottom of
the trench opposite each stake, and placing the vine upon that
close to the stake, spread the roots out evenly and carefully in
every direction toward the border, and then filled the trench
about half full of the soil thrown out. I let but one cane
grow to the vine, and kept them well tied, and at each hoeing
filled the trench a little, and in the fall filled it up even with
the surface.

They all lived, but after all my care and minute following
of directions, this border is not a success. AVhether the fault
was in the vines, which were not No. 1, or in the manner of
planting, or in mixing the subsoil, which is dark ferviginous
sand, or from pure cussedness, I am unable to say. Not one
of them has ever blossomed, and until last season not one ever
ripened any wood. At that time, however, I was so ignorant
of what a vine ought to do the first year, that I regarded the
three to four feet of growth to the vine that year a pretty good
success, and determined to set a small vineyard that fall. So
I wrote for catalogues to all the nurserymen whose business I
saw advertised in the papers, and from them selected F. L.
Perry, of Canandaigna, N. Y., as the proper man to deal with,
and from him ordered 100 Delawares, 100 Concords, 100 louas,
and 50 Isabellas, " all to be No. 1, one year old, grown from
single eyes under or by his patent process." These I received
in excellent condition and set them at once that fall (1867) in
the following manner : holes were dug one foot deep and three
feet in diameter, in each of these a mound was raised to within
three inches of the surface, comi^osed of one-half surface soil,
one-fourth swamp muck, and one-fourth well rotted stable
manure, all well mixed together. Upon this was sifted a thin
coat of surface soil, just enough to prevent the roots, placed
upon them, from coming in contact with any fermenting sub-

MICHIGAN STATE POilOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 209

stance during their dormant state through the winter. Upon
these mounds the roots were placed and spread out evenly in
every direction, first having been cut back to 18 inches ; then
soil was sifted on to cover the roots; this done, the hole was
filed up even with the surface with the same mixture of soil,
muck and manure. When this was done the crown of the vine
was three inches from the surface, and the ends of the roots
one foot.

The 350 vines were set in three different plats. One plat of
125 vines are on the same slope and adjoining the border
already mentioned. This slope is on the east side, and at the
base of a hill that rises to an elevation of 254 feet above it.
The soil is sand, lime, gravel, and vegetable mould, dry and
porous. In this plat are 07 Delawares, 40 lonas, and 18
Israellas. Above this plat on the side of the main hill, a spur
juts out which is composed of clay, sand, limestone, clay-slate,
and lime-gravel, all thoroughly mixed together. This is
terraced up in six foot terraces running north and south, slop-
ing SDuth on the east end of the spur, except one broad
terrace running on the south side of the spur near its upper
end. This terrace raises about one foot in ten, running west.
Upon these terraces are 104 vines : GO lonas on the lower ones,
11 Israellas on the upper one, running north and south, and
33 Delawares on the upper broad terrace running east and
west. South of this terrace plat, on the main side-hill, and
facing directly east, is the third plat, containing 100 Concords
and 21 Israellas. The soil on this plat is the same as plat No.
1, but the hill is quite steep, raising about one foot in six, and
is not terraced. The vines set on the terraces had no manure
except swamp muck, mixed with the soil. I have been thus
explicit in describing the soil, surface, and elevation, because
of the peculiar results which followed.

All the vines started nicely in the spring, and some on the
lower plat had grown two feet by the 6th of June. Then
came a frost which cut back every vine on this plat, but did
27

210 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

not reach as high as either of the other plats, so they escaped
untouched. A severe drouth of eight weeks following imme-
diately, the vines on the lower plat made no ripe wood that
year, and a few died. Just before the rain came, and in my
absence, the two upper j)lats were hoed. Upon the terraces
the soil was so arranged around the vines as to form shallow
basins to catch the water, while the other plat was left even
and smooth. When the rain came it all ran off from the
unterraced side-hill like water from a duck. This fault in
hoeing was corrected, but it was some time before another
rain. Some of the vines died, and all were so stunted that
they did not do well that year. The next spring these and
the lower plat all started from the root. Of the 33 Delawares,
12 were so injured by cut-worms that they formed no ripe
wood that year, and started from the roots next sirring. At
the close of that season I had GO lonas, 21 Delawares, and 11
Israellas uninjured from any cause, with canes from 7 to 14
feet long, of well-ripened wood. The next spring, 1869, all
kinds started vigorously, as did 650 more, obtained of Mr.
Perry, and set that spring, composed of Delawares, lonas,
Hartfords, Adirondacks, Sogers' Hybrids Nos. 4, 15, and 19,
with some others sent to me for trial.

The lonas, Israellas and Delawares on the terraces bore some
fruit that year. The Delawares and Israellas ripened fully, and
lona nearly so. About the 20th of October winter came upon
us without previous notice. The leaves upon the lonas were
as green as in midsummer, and they were all so injured that
they were late in starting in the spring of 1870, and conse-
quently bore but little fruit.

The lower plat gave about the same amount of fruit in '70
that the terraces did in '69. The Concords did better than the
lower plat in fruit, but not in growth. The 11 Israellas on
the terrace gave 25 pounds, and the 21 Delawares gave 102
pounds.

The 650 vines set in the spring of 1869 were set in the same

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 211

manner as the 350 before mentioned, except that the holes
were made but ten inches deep and the crown placed within
two inches of the surface. 649 lived, and nearly all made ripe
wood that season, so that all the Rogers (35 of each kind), and
nearly all the Delawares (250), bore and ripened fruit in '70 —
from one to six clusters to the vine, and some of them, espec-
ially the No. 15, were very fine clusters. My vines, except on
the terraces and Dr. Grant's border, are eight feet apart each
way.

In the spring of '70 I changed stakes for trellis. The trellis
is made by driving posts 2^- feet into the ground, half way
between the vines north and south, and a little above them
east and west. Upon these are nailed bars 16 feet long, 1x1^
size, and 4 feet apart, and laths upon these, 20 to the vine. I
found it more convenient and expeditious to nail the lath on
to the bars first and then put them up. The sudden snow of
1869 having prevented my pruning that fall, I waited until
the leaves were well started in June, then pruned them as they
were tied upon the trellis. In training I aim to adopt the
arm system ; but while growing and training the arms, I allow
from one to three other canes to grow, and spread them upon
the trellis in the shape of a fan, intending to cut them entirely
away as soon as the arms are strong enough to cover the trellis.

All of my yines made a vigorous growth last season and
ripened their wood fully. All those that bore little or no fruit
have apparently caught up with the others, and bid fair to
equal them in this season's crop. The 649 set in the spring of
1869 have met with no accident, and are much larger than the
others even at their age. Of this lot the Delawares were from
layers, the others from single buds, and all one year old. The
Rogers' Hybrids have made the strongest growth, and the
Adirondacks the weakest. I leave my vines tied to the stakes
and trellis all winter.

From my experience, so far, I am of the opinion :

1st. That strong, healthy one-year-old vines are the best to
plant.

213 KEPOKT OF THE SECKETAEY OF THE

2d. That here, where the ground does not freeze in winter,
it is better to set the crown of the roots near the surface.

3d. That when the vine is young one or more is often lost
by very slight mistakes.

4th. That where the vines are what they should be when
received from the grower, and are carefully and properly
attended, an abundance of fruit may be had the tliird year
after planting.

5th. That when trellis is used, varieties should be planted
not less than 12 feet apart in the row.

As to the kinds, it would be unjust, from the experience here
given, to condemn any of the four varieties planted in the fall
of 1866.

The 21 Delawares and the 11 Israellas were all that came
through to three years old without any accident, and they have
made a good record, while the Delawares on the lower plat,
that were cut by frost the first spring, have done no better
than the Concords that were injured by the drouth, or the
lonas that were overtaken and injured by the sudden winter of
1869 ; and the Israellas, in the Concord plat, have not done as
well as the Concords.

Had I set the lower plat entirely to lonas, the Concord plat
entirely to Concords and Israellas, and the terraces entirely to
DelaAvares, I should, undoubtedly, have condemned all but the
Delawares, and would have been as enthusiastic in praise of
the lona or Concord; and I fear it is some such unfavorable
comparisons that makes such a wide difference in individual
opinions.

One person, perhaps, commences his first investigation of
the subject by reading Dr. Grant's Manual of the Vine, and
closes the volume with the impression that the lona, Delaware,
and Diana are about the only grapes fit to cultivate. He next
gets a copy of Peter B. Meall's partisan work on the vines, and
by the time he gets through with that, he is thoroughly con-
vinced that the lona and Delaware are the grapes, and that

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOQICAL SOCIETY. 213

the Concord is unfit for man or beast. He then sends to lona
Island for six " A " No. 1 Delawares, and six " A " No. 1 lonas,
then trenches a border, paves the bottom with bones, and fills
up with rich soil and manure, and then sets his vines. At the
same time, in order to test the matter, he procures a few Con-
cord cuttings and sticks them into the ground ; but is very
careful not to stick them where they will interfere with his
favorites. At the end of the second year he has a good show
of Delawares and a fair one of lonas, but no Concords. The
third y^ar his Delawares and lonas cover the trellis with
fruit, while his Concords have a few imperfect bunches. He
is now able to compare the quality of the grapes. Thus he
has demonstrated that the lona and Delaware are all that
grapes can be, and that ttte Concord is worthless. Another
person, who reads the agricultural papers, procures some
Concord and Delaware cuttings, and takes great pains in
setting them. Three-quarters of his Concords grow and do
well ; three-quarters of his Delawares die, and the others for
he first four years maintain a sickly existence, and by that
time his Concords are loaded with fruit. He has demonstrated
that the Concord is the grape for the million, and in this
opinion he is sustained by every nurseryman who grows his
stock from cuttings in the open ground.

How much of this wordy war abont the hardiness, thrifti-
ness, and bearing qualities of the difierent varieties results
from such experiments and early prejudice, it is difficult to
say. I find much less difference in this respect than my
previous reading had led me to believe.

In the matter of quality, nine-tenths of all who visited my
vineyard last fall preferred the Delaware. A few, myself
among them, preferred the lona ; and one, a lady who
appeared to be perfectly sane upon every other subject, pre-
ferred the Concord.

You ask if we can raise grapes certainly and profitably at
Grand Traverse.

214 EEPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

We can raise them certainly, but wlietlier we cau raise them
profitally or not is yet to be determined. No disease or insect
has yet troubled my vines.

On motion, the meeting adjourned.

MICHIGAN STATE rOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 215

MA.Y MEETING.

Held at Fullers Bank, May 2d, 1871. President in the
chair.

Minutes of last meeting read by Secretary, and approved.

C. L. Whitney, from committee on procuring the passage
of the act of incorporation, reported that the bill had passed
with an amendment, consisting of the placing under one head
of the agricultural, horticultural, and mechanical associations.

On motion of 0. H. Simonds, the matter of incorporation be
referred back to same committee, the same to report at next
meeting.

On motion of C. L. Whitney,

Resolved, That the Michigan State Pomological Society hold
its second annual fair on the days of September, 1871.

On motion of 0. II. Simonds,

Resolved, That the time when and place where the second
annual fair of this society shall be held be referred to the
Executive Committee, with instructions and full authority to
fix the same, and the said committee are also instructed to
prepare and publish the premium list for said fair, arrange
programme, appoint superintendent and viewing committees,
and take all steps, and do all acts, necessary and proper to bo
done in and about the holding of said fair.

On motion of 0. L. Whitney,

Resolved, That when we adjourn it be to the 10th of May.

Messrs. Bnidfield, Husted, and Whitney spoke upon the
subject of transplanting, and care of trees the first year. A
letter was read from S. B. Peck, stating that all kinds of fruit
trees are filled with sound blossoms.

216 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

Mr. Husted — About prnuing apples, cut in late winter or
early spring for growth ; for fruit buds, cut in August.

President favored pruning, as a rule, in March.

Mr. Dickinson — I believe pruning during blossoming time
is preferable, as the wound heals better. About the codling
moth I have a word to say. I know a person who kept vessels
filled with sweetened water, and caught four bnshels of the
codling moth in one season. That year's crop of apples in his
neighbor's orchard was very wormy ; his apples were free from
worms.

On motion of C. L. Whitney, meeting adjourned.

Special meeting held pursuant to adjournment, May 16, 1871.
Vice President Clubb in the chair.

Minutes read and approved.

The chairman stated the object of the meeting was to con-
eider the report of the committee of incorporation, and to
organize under the act.

C. L. Whitney, from committee on incorporation, reported
the act as passed the Legislature, but that by its conditions
three weeks time was necessary to complete the preliminaries
previous to organization.

On motion a committee, consisting of C. L. Whitney, 0. H.
Simonds, and A. T. Linderman, were appointed to take the
necessary steps to organize.

E. F. Johnstone luade some remarks regarding the care and
package of the fruit for Richmond, and the meeting adjourned.

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 217

J ONE MEETING.

Ilekl at society's rooms, Fuller's Bank, June 5th, 1871. Vice
President Holt in the chair.

Minutes of last meeting read and approved.

On motion, 0. L. Whitney, 0. H. Simonds^ A. T. Linderman,
S. L. Fuller, Ed. Bradfield, were appointed a committee to draft
and report a constitution and by-laws at the regular meeting
in July.

Mr. Suttlc of the Valley City Greenhouses, Grand Rapids,
brought before the meeting a luscious show of strawberries,
among which was Bayden's Green's Prolific, considered by him
worthy all the praises ever bestowed upon thenij he having
vines of this variety set last fall that he was sure would pro-
duce one quart of berries to the single plant. A discuesion
arose about which was the best variety to plant for general cul-
tivation. Wilson's Albany seemed to retain its old standing aa
king.

Mr. Husted exhibited several varieties of peonies, also some
twenty kinds of roses.

Mr. Suttle also had a fine collection of peonies and roses.

Chairman Holt exhibited a seedling, grown by him, which
was in a perfect state of preservation, also English Russett.

WHAT SHALL WE DO WITH THE CUKCULIO ?

Being the question brought up informally, for discussion,
and sulphur being spoken of as a preventive,

Mr. Bradfield said — I knew a person in my vicinity that
tried the efiicacy of putting sulphur around the plum tree,
without any degree of success.

Mr. Suttle — I had a friend who tried a compound, composed
28

318 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

of sulphur and lime, which worked admirably the first season
it was tried, but afterward it did not prove efficacious.

Mr. Husted — I have tried several methods, but have only
had success with the old method of jarring off and destroying
the pest.

Chairman Holt — I have a small orchard of plum trees, and
make a practice of keeping the surface of the ground smooth
and hard as possible, and by sweeping up the injured plums
and burning them, manage to secure a good crop every year.

Meeting adjourned.

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 219

JULY MEETING.

The July meeting was held July 4, 1871.

This meeting, occurring on Independence Day, was not very
largely attended. In the absence of the President and Vice
Presidents, Mr. Geo. S. Linderman was elected President pro
tem.f and stated the meeting was in accordance with the follow-
ing call, which, under the new act, it was necessary should be
published in a newspaper for three consecutive weeks prior to
this meeting, which had been done :

Notice — There will be a meeting of the IMichigau State
Pomological Society at Fuller's Bank, Grand Rapids, Mich.,
on the tirst Tuesday in July, for the purpose of organizing
under the statute. A general attendance is desired.

(Signed) C. L. WHITNEY,

0. H. 8IM0NDS,
A. T. LINDERMAN,

And others.

On motion, the meeting adjourned until next day, at same
place.

220 BEPORT OF THE 8ECEETARY OF THE

ADJOURNED MEETING, HELD JULY 5th.

An adjonmed meeting was held on the above day at Fuller's
Bank. President Thompson in the chair.

Secretary Linderman read minutes, which were approved.

C. L. Whitney, from committee on constitution and by-laws,
reported Articles of Association, which, on motion of S. L.
Fuller, were accepted.

On motion of S. L. Fuller, they were considered by articles,
amended, and adopted. (See articles of association.) *

On motion of Mr. Bradfleld,

Resolved, That we proceed to the election of officers by
ballot.

A. T. Linderman acted as teller.

For President, Jonathan P. Thompson, unanimous.

On motion of Mr. Bradfield,

The balance of the officers to be elected, with the exception
of the Executive Committee, be the same as have served in
their respective positions since the last annual election.

The President instructed those favoring the entire re-election
to vote — yes; those not favoring the entire re-election to vote
— no. Upon examination of the ballots, eleven votes were
cast, all — yes.

The President declared the same officers re-elected.

On motion of Mr. G. S. Linderman, that we proceed to the
election of the Executive Committee, which resulted in the
unanimous election of J. P. Thompson, S. L. Fuller, A. T.
Linderman, N. P. Husted, C. L. Whitney, G. S. Linderman,
Geo. Seagrove, James Hamilton, and H. E. Light.

On motion of Mr. Holt,

Resolved, That the matter of sending a delegation to the
Richmond fair be referred to the Executive Committee.

On motion, meeting adjourned.

MICHIGAN" STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 281

AUGUST MEETING.

Vice President Clubb in the chair.

Minutes of last three meetings read and approved.

Communication from Albert Junger, Chief Signal Officer
U. S. A., was read, and, on motion of C. L. Whitney, it was
referred to a committee of three, to report at next meeting.

The chair appointed C. L. Whitney, S. B. Peck of Muske-
gon, and Edward Bradfield of Ada, as such committee.

J. P. Thompson reported from Executive Committee, that
no action had been taken by that committee about sending a
delegation to the Richmond fair.

On motion of C. L. Whitney, report was accepted.

On moiion of C. J. Deitrich,

Resolved, That this society proceed to collect fruit from
various parts of the State, and to send to the Richmond fair,
with a delegation.

On motion of S. L. Fuller, the question was divided, that of
sending a delegation of five to the said fair coming first.
Carried.

On motion of C. J. Deitrich,

Resolved, That we proceed to an informal ballot for such
delegation.

On motion of J. P. Thompson, the five having the largest
number of votes were declared unanimously elected.

H. S. Clubb, A. T. Linderman, C. L. Whitney, S. L. Fuller,
and T. T. Lyon were accordingly declared unanimously
elected as such delegation.

On motion of S. L. Fuller, the delegation have power to fill
vacancy.

On motion of C L. Whitney,

222 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

Resolved, Thac G. S. Linderman be requested to superintend
the construction of the interior of Pomological Hall.

A communication was read by President Thompson from
A. Thompson, of Otisco, which, on motion of A. T. Linder-
man, was requested for file.

Mr. Henry Holt of Cascade presented a pear for name.

On motion of A. T. Linderman, J. P. Thompson, E. Brad-
field, and S. L. Fuller were appointed a special committee to
whom said pear was referred for name.

On motion of President Thompson, H. P. Husted and Sec-
retary Linderman Avere appointed a special committee to
exhibit the specimens of fruit at Sweet's Hotel, in the evening.
It was exhibited, however, by mutual consent, in Messrs-
Fuller's Bank.

On motion of C. L. Whitney

Resolved, That when this meeting adjourned it be to the
third Friday of August.

On motion of A. T. Linderman, the committee on constitu-
tion and by-laws be requested to report at the next meeting.

On motion of C. L. Whitney, meeting adjourned.

A. T. LINDERMAN,
Secretary.

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 223

SEPTEMBER MEETING.

Pursuant to previous announcement and standing rule, the
Society met at Pomological Hall, on the ground of the Kent
County Agricultural Society, and was called to order by the
President, J. P. Thompson, in the chair.

The subject of county entries at the coming fair was fully
discussed, and decided to be left open and free to any combi-
nation or individuals.

On motion of H. S. Clubb, a committee of five be appointed
to correspond with the Board of the State Agricultural Society,
and make arrangements to take a collection of fruit from this
to the State Fair at Kalamazoo.

Seconded by Mr. C. L. Whitney, with amendment accepted,
that decayed varieties might be supplied by solicitations.

Carried, and G. "W. Dickinson was appointed such com-
mittee.

It was decided that hereafter all yearly memberships shall
expire upon the day previous to the first day of the annual
fair.

A communication from the Secretary, A. T. Linderman,
referring to the California fair, was read, and C. J. Dietrich,
Wm. I. Blakesly, and Geo. W. Dickinson were appointed to
attend to the collecting and shipping of fruit and grain, to
the State Agricultural Fair, at Sacramento, California.

It was declared that the Secretary would be on the fair
ground, at Pomological Hall, on Monday next, for the purpose
of receiving entries, to lessen the pressure of the following
days.

Mr. E. Bradfield exhibited some fine samples of grapes.

224 EEPOET OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

Mr. C. J. Dietrich exhibited some fine samples of pears.

Mr. G. S. Linderman exhibited some fiue samples of Trophy
Tomato.

Mr. John M. Pratt was appointed a committee of one to act
in Division A, special premiums offered by N. P. Husted, the
original committee not being able to act.

There being no further business, meeting adjourned, to meet
at Porno] ogical Hall, on this ground, at 1 o'clock next Monday.

C. J. DIETEICH,

Secretary pro tern.

MICHIGAX STATE POMOLOGIOAL SOCIETY. i'^O

OCTOBER MEETING.

■ An invitation having been extended to the Society by the
citizens of Spring Lake and vicinity, to hold its October
meeting at Horticultural Hall, Spring Lake, a special car
was furnished and half-fare granted the members from Grand
Rapids for the trip, by Superintendent Bell, of the Detroit &
Milwaukee Railroad.

A delegation met the excursionists at the Spring Lake
depot, and, after escorting them throngh the substantial
attractions of their magnificent hotel, conducted them to
Horticultural Hall, a spacious room provided and used, as its
name implies, solely for gatherings of this kind,— a hall of
which the citizens have reason to be proud, but which is only
representative of the strong interest and earnest enterprise
evinced by the whole-souled inhabitants of this section in
everything pertaining to Horticulture.

The President called the meeting to order, and delivered an
address, in which allusion was made to the origin and career
of the Society; to the great success which had attended its
efforts to promote the interests of Pomology throughout the
State; to the grand success of the last annual fair; to the
size, pleasantness, beauty, and adaptability of " Pomological
Hall" as compared with any other building of its kind in the
West, if not in the United States; to the pertinacity of the
Secretary in urging and working at the plan of exchanging
our fruits for those of other States, and also with the Ameri-
can Pomological Society at Richmond, Va.; of his fear of its
practicability at the time; of its final success; and of his
desire to see the plan carried into operation to its utmost
29

226 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

extent the coming year; to the staunch friends of the Society
along the lake shore in general; and to the beauty and fertility
of the orchards around him, and the impossibility of over-
stocking the market demand for their luscious fruits.

Messrs. Gidley, Husted, Fussett, Hall, and Holt were
appointed a committee to examine and report on the fruit
on exhibition, of which quite a collection was formed by the
united contribution of nearly every member.

The committee, having made an examination, reported
through their Chairman, Mr. T. E. Gidley :

Mr. President and Members — Your committee, ai^pointed
to examine this fruit, find it to be fine indeed ; the most pop-
ular the Wagener, Baldwin, Rhode Island Greening, and Peck's
Pleasant. The Yellow Bellflower is only objectionable
because it does not succeed well on heavy soils, and does not
handle well, and the committee would recommend the fonr
first and Golden Russet.

Thos. Wilde— How about the Red Canada ?

Mr. Gidley — As a fruit it is very fine, its great objection
being the difiicuUy to secure good healthy young trees for
planting.

Mr. Thompson — How about the Northern Spy ?

Mr. Gidley — The committee decline recommending it on
account of its coming so late into bearing. When it does
bear it is superb.

About sweet apples: tho Tallman here is very fine, but I
prefer the Baileys.

Mr. Wilde — I have seen a Northern Spy that last year bore-
until its limbs reached the ground. This year it does nearly
as well.

Mr. Gidley — Would you recommend it for general culti-
vation ?

Mr. Wilde — Not on light sand ; but on all heavy soils.

Mr. Beckwith — I think the Spy valuable.

MICHIGAif STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

227

Mr. Fuller — I have lived within a few miles of the original
tree, and I know of no apple I like better.

Mr. Wilde — Mr. President, if this discussion is to recom-
mend a list of varieties to plant, I, for one, object to the
Wagener apple heading the list. I have had ten years' experi-
ence with the Wagener ; it bore well for the first six years, and
then it was knotty, scabby, and diseased, and the limbs
blighted. I would recommend it only as a dwarf; not for a
place in the bearing orchard.

On motion, the report of the committee was accepted, and
the committee discharged.

Mr. Chas. Soule — Mr. President, I have a statement pre-
pared, partly from estirr.ates and what I have seen, but largely
from my own experience, showing the relative profit of plant-
ing an orchard to peaches or apples. This statement com-
prises a term of 20 years from time of planting, and I think
clearly shows that we cannot afibrd to grow apples in the
Peach Belt.

The following is the statement :

PEACHES AND APPLES COMPARED.

FIKST TEN YEARS.

PEACHES.

APPLES.

Dr.

Db.

To 1 acre land, cleared

$-250 00

To 1 acre lard, cleared

$250 00

160 peach trees, @l5c

24 00

40 apple trees. @ 25c

10 00

tillage of acre, 10 yrt;, $10...

100 00

tillage of acre. 10 yrs, $10...

100 00

10 iP ct. interest on land and

10 ^ ct. interest on land and

trees, lOyrs

274 00

trees, 10 yrs

260 00

$618 00

$620 00

Cr.

Cr.

By 4 crops peaches, $100 to 2500

By perhaps $50 worth of apples.

50 CO

as per experience of writer.

$1,500 00

Balance Dr., 10 yrs

$570 00

852 00

Balance Cr., 10 years

$852 00

Balance in favor of acre of peach

;s

$1,422 00

228

REPORT OF THE SECllETART OF THE

SECOND TEISr YEARS.

Dr.

To cost of land, etc., and int..
interest on same 10 years.,
tillage 10 yr8.,®S10

S648 00
64S 00
100 00

$1,39G 00

. $1,500 00
1,500 00
2,000 00

S5,000 00
1,396 00

. $8,604 00

Dr.

To cost of land, int., etc.
10 vears

Ist

$020 00

int. on same 1 0 yrs

C20 00

tillage 10 yrs., @ $10 ...

100 00

Cr.

Bv Drofits 1st 10 vrs.

Cb.

By profits of acre 1st 10 yrs...
int. on profits Ist 10 yrs....

81,340 00

50 00

int. on acre 2d 10 yrs

profits 2d 10 yrs

Balance Dr

600 00

Peaches Cr. end 20 yrs

S550 00
1,840 00

$T90 00

Mr. Gidlej — I am happy to have Mr. Soule give figures that
deny the statements of the article in the Detroit Tribune, to
the effect that peach growing does not pay. "We know it does,
and had I the time I could demonstrate that our best peach
lands, set to the right kinds, and fairly cultivated, will make
more money from every ten acres than any one hundred acre
farm pays in the State. There is, without question, more
money in growing peaches, on suitable soil, in our "peach
belt," than in any other legitimate business open to the public.

It being stated that it was the desire of the citizens that the
Society join in an excursion up Spring Lake, the meeting was
adjourned until evening.

Two tugs were found to have been chartered for the occasion,
and a pleasant trip made up to Fruitport, calling on the way
at the vineyard of Mr. Hunter Savidge, and at the residence of
Mr. J. B. Soule; each visit adding considerably to the ton-
nage of the crafts, in luscious Delaware and Concord Orapes.

A short call at the Pomona House, and back to the

EVENING SESSION.

Mr. Lyman Ilall — Mr. Gidley, what would be your list of
peaches for six hundred, if a person wanted no Crawfords?

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 229

Mr. Gidley — Well, there is the Barnard, I find it bears three
bushels of peaches to the Crawford's two. I like the Barnard ;
it is the old Alberge. I would set 250 Barnards, 200 Reeve's
Favorite, 100 Jacques Rareripe, 50 Susquehanna, 100 Old
Mixon.

Mr. "Wilde exhibited a seedling known as the Marvin Seed-
ling, of fine size and flavor, and said to reproduce itself from
the pit.

The time having arrived for departure, the sincere thanks of
the Society were returned to the people of Spring Lake, for
their magnificient entertainment, and the meeting adjourned.

230 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

NOVEMBER MEETING.

The November meeting was held at the Society's rooms,
Fuller's Bank, November 7, 1871.

The Executive Committee were notified by letter that there
would be a meeting of that committee in the forenoon of the
7th of November.

The President called the members to order, and made a few
remarks relative to the business of the society and the success
of the late exhibitions made at the Union Fair of Grand
Eapids, and at the fair of the State Agricultural Society at
Kalamazoo. He said that many members of the society had
taken such an interest in its efforts to promote fruit-growing,
that they had donated their premiums to it. It was also a
question whether money premiums might not be dispensed
with to a great degree, and articles substituted of equal value,
which would serve as honorary testimonials, to be preserved in
families, of the success which exhibitors had obtained. In
Berkshire, Massachusetts, he had seen such awards highly
valued as mementoes of the work done by one of the earliest
established agricultural societies in the United States. He
thought, also, that agricultural periodicals and journals would
prove much more useful premiums than small sums of money,
which disappeared and left no trace behind them.

Diplomas, also, were useful as testimonials of the success
which had attended the efforts of members to grow certain
kinds of fruit, and to show what were the capabilities of a
farm, and its soil or location. It was time for the society to
adopt a diploma, or some testimonial equivalent to it. He had
been much gratified by a visit which he had made to the

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL 80CIBTT. 231

Lowell Fair, where he had seen some collectiona of fruits that
would have done honor to any exhibition. He considered
Boston township one of the best apple-growing districts in the
State, and was particularly pleased with the orchard of Mr.
Joseph Stannard, an old settler. In the orchard he had six
varieties of grapes, growing very luxuriantly, and among them
were the Concord, Isabella, Delaware, and Catawba. Mr. Goss
also had one of the finest exhibitions of apples he had ever
seen ; the specimens of Cayuga Redstreak, Maiden Blush,
Baldwin, Wagener, being grown to a perfection that was admi-
rable. He recommended that the premiums for collections of
grapes, especially of the best grown Concords and Delawares,
be included in future premium lists, and also that measures be
taken to get out a diploma that would be adapted in its design
to render it the first and most highly esteemed prize ofiered by
the society.

Major H. E. Light of Greenville ako seconded the recom-
mendation.

Mr. Light offered the following resolution, which was
adopted :

Resolved, That a committee of three be appointed to present
a form or forms suitable for a diploma of the State Pomologi-
cal Society, with a proposition for the printing of the same,
and to report as soon as possible to the Executive Committee.

The President appointed A. T. Liuderman, C. L. Whitney,
and S. L. Fuller the committee.

Mr. Light also offered the following resolution :

Resolved, That at all future exhibitions of the society, the
name and residence of the exhibitor, the name of the article
exhibited, and other facts which will tend to throw light upon
the exposition, be inserted upon the entry card attached to the
article entered.

Secretary Llnderman thought it was hardly advisable to
determine upon such an important question at the present
time. He felt sure that it was a change that the Executive

^53 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

Committee had not power to act upon, and should be settled
at a full meeting of the members.

The Committee on By-laws, consisting of Messrs. Whitney,
Linderman, and Bradfield, were requested to report in the
afternoon.

In the afternooo, Mr. P. B. King of Colorado was intro-
duced to the members, and delivered an address upon the
climate, soil, and agricultural resources of that Territory.

Mr. Pratt of Ionia, from the committee on orchards, which
had been appointed to award certain premiums offered by Mr.
Husted of Lowell, in connection with the Wagener apple,
reported verbally. He said he had examined the orchards
and fruit-growing capacities of the various counties and
districts through which he had passed, and had come to the
conclusion that the more eastern counties could not compete
with the counties lying on the shores of the lake in the grow-
ing of the softer fruits, such as the berries, the plum, the
cherry, and the peach. The facilities for handling and trans-
portation afforded by the nearness to Avater carriage to such
markets as Chicago and Milwaukee, are advantages for render-
ing this kind of fruit-growing profltable, and with Avhich the
interior counties cannot compete. About eight miles north
of White Ilall, there was a small orchard where the fruit was
very perfect and free from worms ; in fifty apples he found not
more than four that had worms in them. Here was some
grand farming land, although pine bearing. Eight miles south
of Hart, in Oceana county, and near Pentwater, there was a
grand tract of land, about 250 feet above the lake level, where
he found the vineyard of Mr. Eussell. He had never seen
grapes grown in such profusion. No care had been given
them, and they were allowed to run wild. Vines live yeara
from the graft bore at the rate of a bushel to a bushel and a
half of grapes. One variety particularly attracted his atten-
tion, but the name was unknown; others were the lona,
Concord, and Isabella.

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 333

Messrs. Judcl and Hand's orchard of Wao-eners was in a
very perfect state of cnltivation. Trees low trimmed, and
they bore largely. Trees were planted carefully in holes dug
two feet deep and four feet wide, and filled with surface earth.
Of 100 trees planted, all were alive. Cherries also Avere all
alive and healthy. The orchard had grown a crop of potatoes.
The first premium on apples and cherries was awarded to this
orchard. The next orchard examined was that of George
Smith of Walker, set out in usual form, but the trees were
carefully planted. To this orchard the second premium on
peaches and cherries was awarded.

J. S. Woolston was awarded the second premium on Wage-
ners. His orchard is two miles south of Middleville. The
soil was a clay loam, and the cultivation was good.

The next orchard was that of Martin Cook, in Gaines town-
ship. This section is remarkable for its rich, deep soil of
black loam and gravel, and its heavy growth of timber, com-
prising bass, whitewood, maple, and other kinds. It is a high,
rolling land, never afiected by frost for the past eighteen years
He had fifteen acres of jieaches, from which he sold one to
two thousand dollars' worth of peaches. First premium was
awarded'for his orchard of Baldwin apples.

Next was the peach orchard of Mr. Close of Grattan. This
was an orchard that it would do the eyes of any one good to
see. He set out his trees from the 5th to the 10th of June, a
period so late in the season we could not approve of as a
general practice. Some of the trees had grown ()8 inches in a
year. He ran the cultivator through the trees every other
week. The smallest growth was 38 inches. This orchard was
the most clean and perfect in the county, and it was free from
the peach worm. It was awarded the first premium' as a peach
orchard.

It is claimed that the AVagener orchards are more free from
the apple worm than others; but it must be taken into

30

"234 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

account that the orcliards are younger in this section than in
many portions of the State.

The President then read the following letters :

'• Newburg, Orange Co., N. Y., Oct 30.

"Our visit to Michigan was a pleasant and instructive one,
and the portion of the State we visited seemed well adapted
to fruit-growing, and, from all that I could learn, is one of the
most profitable to the land-owner. The apples especially were
fine, of good size and color, fiiir, and abundant. I observed,
however, the codling moth beginning to show itself consider-
ably, and it would be well for your fruit-growers to be on the
alert and destroy them before they become too numerous.
The best remedy I have seen is the shingle invention of D.
B. Wier of Lacou, Illinois. Swine and cattle are also a help
where they can be allowed to run in the orchard, and where
not, the fruit should be picked up and given to them. This
codling moth is becoming a serious drawback to fruit-growing,
and if not checked will prove a great loss to the community,
in a commercial point of view, as well as of a useful and
healthful luxury in the family.

" The peach orchards around Spring Lake and other sec-
tions seemed vigorous and healthy, and appeared to be at
home in the light sandy soil of that region; but while going
through the orchards I was impressed with the notion that
they were planting too largely for the demand, and of course
would not be remunerated for their labor, unless they adopted
some other modes to dispose of their surplus stock.

" When I was visiting the peach orchards of Delaware and
Maryland, last August, I found at one place one of Alden's
Fruit Preserving Machines, where they dried eight bushels of
peaches in an hour, keeping two sets of hands working day
and night. It requires four hours to dry them. It is simply
taking out the water, leaving all the fine flavor in the fruit;
and when the fruit is wanted for use, add water and sut^ar
auEBcient to be palatable. The fruit, when so dried, can be

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 235

packed in a very small compass, — say strawberries and toma-
toes in the space of five inches square, — which renders it easily
and cheaply transported; and the demand for this kind of
fruit, and also for canned fruit, will be great for many years
to come. I have no private interest in this, nor in any other
process ; but, from what I saw, I think it will prove valuable
where there is an extra quantity of fruit. Also, at one of the
orchards, containing over a thousand acres, all the fruits were
canned on the place, employing between five and six hundred
hands, who were boarded and lodged on the premises, and all
the work was there done, even to making the cans. Four
thousand basketis were canned daily, requiring six teams to
bring them to the house. I merely mention these modes of
disposing of surplus fruit, that growers may know what to do
if necessary.

"The Grapes. — I must say a word about Michigan grapes,
which appeared healthy and productive, and in most localities
I saw — even in the light, sandy soil around Spring Lake and
the neighborhood — they were vigorous, healthy, and produc-
tive,— too productive, so I thought, for the good of vines the
coming season. If the growers would get into the habit of
thinning their fruit, taking out one-third, or even more, in
unfavorable seasons, they would find it to their advantage in
having earlier and better fruit, which would command better
prices.

"I cannot close without again expressing my cordial thanks
for the kind attentions I everywhere received during my visit
in your State, the second week of October, and if my health
is spared, I hope to visit you again some time earlier in the
season, when it is not so cold and windy, and there is more
variety of fruit to be seen.

"Chaeles Downing."

236 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

THE KALAMAZOO GRAPE.

"Kalamazoo, Oct. 28, 1871.

"A request has been made that I answer inquiries which
have been made in reference to a grape exhibited this present
fall at the exhibition of the Pomological Society at Grand
Eapids, and also at the State Fair, hpld at Kalamazoo.

" This grape, named here by Mr. Davis the ' Kalamazoo,' I
brought to this village come ten years since, from the city of
Stenbenville, in the county of Jefferson, and State of Ohio.
There I found it in possession of Mr. Dixon, an Englishman,
who informed me that he had grown the parent vine from
seed that he knew had been taken from the Catawba. This
vine I saw growing on a brick wall in the rear of his dwelling-
house, and bearing at the time a large crop of well-matured
fruit ; this was in the early part of the month of September.
"Within a few years of this time, as I was advised, the dwelling-
house on which this vine was growing was destroyed by fire,
and with it the vine. This grape is a strong and rapid grower,
generally maturing its wood well ; the fruit is larger than the
Catawba, and grows in bunches larger than those of that vari-
ety, and more marked in the peculiar richness of its deep blue
bloom. I am informed by persons here who have experimented
with the 'Kalamazoo,' that it is readily reproduced from cut-
tings, in soil with a proper mixture of clay. From my own
observation, I should deem its season for ripening some ten
days later than the Delaware. We had the 'Kalamazoo,'
this year, grown here, and thoroughly ripe on the 15th of
September. "When I saw them at this date, the vines were
growing on the grounds of Mr. Erasmus Davis, on soil nicely
adapted to tlie cultivation of the grape, and the management
skillful, and the grounds having the advantage of an abrupt
slope to the east. Considering the prompt and vigorous
growth of this vine, its hardiness, the faciUty of reproducing
it in the open air from cuttings, its bearing qualities, and the

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGTCAL SOCIETY. 237

appearance aud peculiarities of the fruit, I should deem it

worthy to receive the careful attention of. fruit culturists

generally.

.'ai. G. Wells."

There was some discussion on the best means of preventing
the injury effected by the apple-worm.

Mr. Whitney referred to the plan adopted by some, who use
vessels of sweetened water hung on the trees.

Mr. J. W. Dickerson related how an orchardist had caught
by this method four bushels of the moth in a single season,
gathering the insects each day by straining the water through
a cullender, aud using it over and over again.

The Allen shingle process was explained, but it was pat-
ented. Pieces of shingles were fastened together with a
screw, and screwed upon the stem of the tree. Here the
insect sought protection through the winter in its chrysalis
state, and was easily caught aud destroyed by separating the
shingles and killing the insects that had lodged between them.

A letter was read from Professor Cook of the Agricultural
College, stating thas he would visit the society at some of its
meetings during the winter, and deliver a lecture on ento-
mology.

A letter was read from Professor Tracy of the Agricultural
College, stating that he would deliver a lecture on horticulture
before the society at some future day.

The society then took up the subject of \VaSps and bees, and
their destruction of grapes.

Mr. Bradtield had found the wasps tearing the Delaware
grapes open, and thus destroying the berries, but he had never
seen the bees attack the grape.

Mr. Slocum exhibited some grapes raised on the bank of tho
river, with lime rock within eighteen inches of the surface.
The location was not favorable on account of the frost. Had
found the Delaware the hardiest. The lona was uncertain,

238 EEPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

and froze easily. Docs not ripen well, and is not productive
with him. Does not compare with the Delaware or Concord.

Mr. Linderman moved that the Concord be stricken from
the list of the society as a grape recommended for general
cnltivation.

Mr. Schermerhorn said he had two hives of bees close by his
grapes, but they never had been injured by them yet.

Mr. Glenn said that the prices of grapes in Chicago were in
favor of the Delaware.

Mr. Whitney moved that the motion of Mr. Linderman be
laid on the table for the present, and referred to a committee
of three to report at the next meeting.

Mr. Holt of Cascade exhibited some very fine specimens of
the Cayuga Redstreak, and some Beurre Diel and Vicar of
Winkfield pears, and a Sweet Bough apple that had been kept
till the present time.

The President then introduced the resolution relative to
changing the entry cards at fairs, and called on Mr. John-
stone, Secretary of the State Agricultural Society, to give his
opinion on the propriety of the change.

Mr. Johnstone said that he had visited several county fairs
this year, and had found nothing in the entry cards save the
number of the entry and the name of the class upon them,
and that under the circumstances it was almost impossible to
gain any information that was at all satisfactory. The agricult-
ural and horticultural exhibitions were held for two purposes.
One of these was for giving information to the public, in
relation to what was being done in the district over which the
society extended, and there were two methods of giving this
information. The first of these was by the personal inspection
of visitors, who were expected to come to such exhibitions,
and whose contributions aid the societies in bearing their
expenses and in paying their premiums. The other was
through the press, which printed reports and gave such infor-

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 239

mation as ■was aflforded to it. The entry cards were not to be
considered alone for the instruction of the viewing com-
mittees, nor could they be considered as regulators that would
control the judgment or decisions of the members of such
committees. On the contrary, they should be explicit in giv-
ing all the information possible. If a member exhibited fruit
in a certain class, the entry card, when it is placed on a collec-
tion or a single variety, should contain, first, the class in which
the article was placed, second, the name of the exhibitor, who
had grown the fruit, his place or residence, and the number of
varieties in the collection. The exhibitors should be required
to name, and place upon the fruits themselves the name of each
fruit shown. This would prove satisfectory. lu cases of
single fruits, the name of the variety should be on the entry
card. In its fruit exhibitions, the State society has a pomolog-
ical committee, whose duty it is to go over, with the superin-
tendent of the department, the frnits and correct their names,
and see that they are correct, before they are submitted to the
viewing committees. When fruit is thus exhibited, the visitors
gain some knowledge of what the best fruits are like when
they are grown to perfection, as it is supposed the exhibitors
only show their best samples. In this way fruit-growers who
look over the exhibition gain information ; they also know,
without any inquiry, where varieties are to be found which
they may desire to possess. With regard to the press, it is not
every reporter that is skilled enough in fruit to name at a
glance the varieties which he sees, and it is most unsatisfac-
tory to have to report that some No. 12 or No. 15 were fine
collections of apples, or peaches, or pears, as the entry may
be, but not to be able to give the least information as to what
varieties composed them, who exhibited them, or where they
were grown. Hence an entry card containing nothing but the
number was of no earthly use to any one but the secretary
and the viewing committee.

;340 IlEPOKT OF THE SECEETARY OF THE

The second use of the entry card was to instruct the View-
ing Committees in regard to what they were examining, and to
enable them to know whether the article exhibited came under
their jurisdiction. It was feared that if the members of the
committee should know the names of the exhibitors their
minds might be biased and their judgment perrerted, on the
principle that men were excluded from juries when they were
able or intelligent enough to read. Just so it was thought
that if the entry cards gave to the members of committees
information which, as a general rule, they already possessed,
their minds would be perverted, and their judgments and
decisions corruptly rendered. In the experience of the Secre-
tary, generally the committees made decisions liable to sharp
criticism, more from not having information enough than from
having too much. There were at all fairs decisions made that
an expert would criticize severely, but in general they are
made fairly and honestly and in accord wdth the views of the
judges, and with their acquaintance with the subject.

It was here Avhere the second principle for which fairs were
established was to be considered. Fairs or exhibitions were
institutions at which producers came forward for competition.
The competition was for the purpose of deciding, as far as
possible, which article of similar kinds was the best. The
concealment effected by the blind entry card did not affect the
competition one particle. Each of the competitors knew who
was entered against him, and what the merits of the article
were. No good, therefore, was gained by this attempted con-
cealment, Avhile, so far as the public v/as concerned, who came
there to gain practical information, the affected concealment
was really a hindrance of one of its most important aims
and ends.

Mr. Johnstone cited several instances, as in the case of man-
ufactured articles which were brought to fairs for the purpose
of advertisement and publicity, and of making the people
fully acquainted with their merits and the places where they

MICHIGAlf STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 241

could be obtained. Of what use was a blind entry card in
such cases to a committee in keeping their minds unbiased?
No one who had given the subject a thought had any idea that
a committee man who was for sale was hindered in the least
by the blindness of the entry card. In fact, it rather helped
to cover him up and hide his goiugs on. That, at least, was
the opinion of the Secretary of the State Agricultural Society.
After gome further discussion, the resolution was referred to
the next meeting of the members, and the society adjourned
to the first Tuesday in December.

31

2i2 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OP THE

DECEMBER MEETING.

The December meeting was held at the society's rooms,
Fuller's Bank.

President Thompson in the chair.

The reading of the minutes of last meeting was postponed.

There was a very line display of fruit from the Grand
Traverse region. Mr. Geo. S. Parmelee of Old Mission, who
moved from St. Joseph county to Grand Traverse some twenty
years ago, has an orchard of about one hundred acres, on
which he grows a large variety of fruits, and the apples
and pears he sent were specimens of what well-established
trees will do in that region. The sorts shown included the
Fall Pippin, Baldwin, Rhode Island Greening, Maiden's Blush,
Jonathan, Eoxbury Russet, Golden Russet, Cayuga Redstreak,
Ben Davis, and Golden Sweet. There were also some White
Doyenne and Vicar of Winkfield pears. The Vicars were in
good condition, but the others were much dried up. Nearly
all of these were fine specimens of the various sorts, but tho
Rhode Island Greenings were remarkable as large, well colored,
and handsome. The Cayuga Redstreaks were high colored
and showy. The Roxbury Russets were noticed as being a
smaller size than usual, but free from all russet on the skin,
and some seemed inclined to doubt their genuineness. The
Ben Davis was a medium-sized, longish, conical-shai^ed apple,
a native of the Southern States, where it is much grown.
There was also some discusion as to the apple shown as the
Golden Svveet, a medium-sized apple, roundish, of a clear
yellowish green, with a bright red blush on one side. Mr. "W.
V. Blakely of Grand Rapids pronounced it the Michael Henry

MICHIGAJT STATE POMOLOQICAL SOCIETY. 243

Pippin, of Thomas' Fruit Book. He was well acquainted
with its introduction into Cass county, by an uncle of his,
who lived at Portage, who presented him with some of them
twenty-live years ago. Mr. Harrison of Painesville thought
it was the Wells Sweeting, and generally there was an opinion
that it was not the Golden Sweet, which is ripe, according to
Downing, in August and September, while the Michael Henry
Pippin is good from November to March, which this apple
shown was evidently good for.

Mr. Jefferson Johnson of Cascade exhibited some macfaifi-
cent Cayuga Redstreaks, grafted on seedlings, and the grafts
only two years old. This he represents as one of his best
bearing kinds, and as a fair and productive sort, highly
recommended by the State Pomological Committee. At the
East it is known as the " Twenty Ounce," and is so called by
Downing and Thomas, who give our western name as a
synonym, and state it a variety long grown in Connecticut,
and its synonyms are "Morgan's Favorite," "Eighteen Ounce
Apple," "Aurora," "Coleman," "Lima," "Wine of Connec-
ticut." It is a variety that is growing popular in Western
Michigan. Mr. Johnson says that its true origin is in Western
New York, and that Downing is incorrect in calling it the
"Wine of Connecticut;" nevertheless we incline, in the case
of an apple that has such marked characteristics as this one,
to lean to the opinion of Thomas and of Downing, while we
prefer the name of Cayuga Eadstreak as the best.

Mr. Johnson also presented a number of Red Canada winter
apples, known also, as the Steel's Red Winter. These apples
were small, but brilliant in color, and not the size of the
Steel's Red, as grown in Wayne county. With these apples
there was presented the following note by Mr. Johnson:
" Grafred on seedlings. Graft four years old. A long keeper.
Highly recommended by T. T. Lyon as the best winter market
Bort for Michigan. Elliott says it is probably a native of
Massachusetts. Thomas calls it the Old Nonsuch of Massa-

244 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

chiisetts, but Red Canada is preferred. Downing says *it was
formerly much grown in Massachugetls and Connecticut, but
it is not much planted on account of its small size and poor
fruit. But it has done well in Western New York and in this
State.'" As these apples shown by Mr. Johnson were grown
on very young trees, it may be well to wait and see whether
future crops will not equal the fine first-class fruit produced
by the orchards of Wayne county.

Mr. Bradfield presented three bottles of wine one year old,
made from the Delaware, the lona, and the Concord grapes.
The Delaware was the most vinous in its flavor; that made
from the lona had betn strongly sweetened, and was more of
a cordial than a wine. Both of these were light in color, with
just a trace of the pink of the grapes. The Concord was
dark, and resembled the sour thin wines of the Moselle.

Mr. Haldine presented a bottle of wine made from the Isa-
bella grape seven years ago ; a very pleasant beverage ; rather
sweet, but evidently ripened by age.

Mr. Ren wick, who has lately made an improvement in the
economical heating of conservatories and greenhouses, pre-
sented a fine bouquet from his conservatory, composed of the
flowers and foliage of rare plants.

The President called the meeting to order, and stated that
the first business for the morning session would be the consid-
eration of the resolution to discard the Concord grape from
th« list of fruits recommended by the society for general cul-
tivation.

Mr. Ganzhorn read his report on the sul)ject, as follows :

To the President, Executke Commiltee, and Members of the Slate Pom-
ologkal Society:

In glancing over this subject, I perceived at once that in
order to properly present it, the whole subjecc of grape culture
would have to be considered. In this, I shall be as brief as
possible. It is well known to the intelligent grape cultivator,
that grape culture in its earliest sbages in this country was a

MICniGAJf STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 245

failure, owing to the planting of foreign varieties. The great
mistake was not learned until several generations had passed.
And not until the present century was American grape culture
developed to a success. As the foreign grape would not suc-
ceed in out-door culture, it had lo be finally discarded, and
grape culture came to a stand still.

If, therefore, the grape was to be cultivated here in the open
air, the only dependence was upon the native grapes. If these
could be improved so as to be worth cultivation, grape culture
could be successful here, otherwise it was hopeless. Somewhat
early in the present century the Isabella, said to have been
found growing wild in South Carolina, was introduced in the
Northern States. From this period, the grape culture in this
country took new life.

THE ISABELLA

grape was widely planted, but still something better was looked
for by those who desired a finer grape. About the year 1840
the Catawba grape was introduced by Major Adlum. This is
a grape of higher character than the Isabella, but, except in
favored locations, it does not ripen as far north by nearly a
degree of latitude. So much value was placed upon this grape
by its introducer, that he thought it worth more to the country
than if he had paid the National debt. The Catawba spread
itself rapidly over the country, and was the most popular
grape in America for a number of years.

After thousands of acres had been planted, and the vine-
yards were apparently in a prosperous condition, having
realized to their cultivators millions of dollars, a disease was
developed known as the grape rot, which raged the severest
where the Catawba was most extensively planted. This proved
fatal and destructive. As speedily as the Catawba was once
planted, so quickly it was again rooted out and replaced with
varieties thought less liable to disease. At about this time the
American grape-growers were greatly encouraged by their
success in producing seedlings of improved quality from the

246 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

yarietieg of our native grapes that were first cultivated.
Grape culture again rose with great spirit and enthusiasm.

The public invested millions of dollars annually in these
new varieties. That the money spent on most of the new
seedlings was lost, is a sad fact of the records.

Many of the new grapes that were of high quality either
proved entirely worthless for general vineyard culture, or
became popular only in certain localities. With the failure of
these new candidates in the different jsarts of the country,
heavy losses in time and money occurred. But all was not
lost, for experimenting with new grapes was the means of
educating the American grape-grower in the science of grape
culture. Especially has it taught that a vine, to successfully
mature its fruit, must have power in the leaf to withstand the
rough weather and extreme changes to which the American
climate is subject. We have made this step, — that by the leaf
of a new grape vine we can judge to some extent of its adapt-
ibility to the climate and of the probable quality of the fruit.
Now, when a promising new grape is introduced to us, we
desire first to test its vigor and hardiness before planting it
largely. And it was not until the origin of the Concord and
its dissemination, that American grape culture became a
substantial success.

THE CONCORD

was originated by E. W. Bull of Concord, Massachusetts, and
its fruit was first exhibited at the fair of the Massachusetts
Horticultural Society in 1853. The grape is so well known
that a lengthy description is unnecessary here. Suffice it to
say, that it sustains the reputation of being one of the largest
and most showy of the black grapes. Its quality is very good.
So hardy and vigorous is the vine, that it has stood the
severest test known to American grapes. None surpasses it in
productivenf^ss. It stands at the head of the most reliable and
uniform bearers. As a market grape it is the most profitable.
No grape is known that brings so good results to the inexperi-

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 247

enced cultivator. More money is realized from it with the
same outlay than any other grape. This is a faithful record
fiince its introduction. Its progress and acceptance by the
people have been steadily onward, until now it is claimed that
more Concord vines are growing over the broad surface of our
country than of all the other varieties put together ; and the
game fact seems to be substantiated of it as a fruit in the
market.

In 1855, the Concord was started at Herman, Missouri. A
few eyes of its wood were received, which were grafted on the
Catawba. One of these grew, and after it bore, the fruit at
once attracted attention, and vines were propagated as fast aa
possible. In 18G3, that State, celebrated for grape culture,
through its State Horticultural Association, unanimously
voted the Concord at the head of the list of grapes for general
cultivation. It sustains that place to this day. The Horti-
cultural Society of Eastern Pennsylvania, the same year, voted
it the same place. In 1864 it was reported from the State of
Illinois that the whole peach crop was lost by the cold, the
Catawba vines killed to the ground, and that the Concord was
the only grape that bore a'crop.

In the same year the Concord was reported, from Virginia,
to surpass the Catawba in that State.

In 1865, Mr. William Saunders, the Superintendent of the
Government Experimental Garden, at Washington, reported to
the Pomological Society, that most visitors to his grapes gave
the preference to the Concord.

In 1866, the Horticultural Society of the American Insti-
tute awarded $100 premium to the Concord as the best grape
for general cultivation, being the premium of Hon. Horace
Greeley, the President of the Institute. This decision was
made after a deliberation of two years, by the committee and
after having all the leading varieties of grapes brought before
them.

In 1867, the American Pomological Society, representing all

248 REPOKT OF THE 8ECRETAKY OF THE

the United States and Canada, placed the Concord grape at
the head for general cultivation, and thus far has not recalled
its decision.

The societies of every State in the Union in which grape
culture has become a prominent branch of industry have
recommended the Concord as the most profitable grape for
cultivation. The Concord succeeds in a greater area of terri-
tory than ivny other variety. It is known to be at home
everywhere between the Gulf of Mexico and British America,
and from the Atlantic to the Rocky Mountains. No grape
has won for itself so glorious a representation in American
grape culture. It has well deserved its name as the "grape
for the million." v

Since the grape as a table fruit is acknowledged to be con-
ducive to health, as well as a luxury, it becomes important to
the nation that a grape of good quality be cultivated, that can
be placed within the reach of every man, woman and child,
whether rich or poor. This requisite is fully viet by the
Concord grape.

Mr, C. L. Whitney of Muskegon read a report on the same
subject, in which he agreed in sustaining this fruit as the
grape for the people, until some variety was grown superior to
it in all respects, as a strong grower, free from diseases, and
able to withstand the climate, and also eminently productive
of a fruit that was acceptable to every one.

Mr. J. P. Husted expressed his approval of the several
reports, but there were some other considerations and facts
which he would like to present, after having time to collate
them, and at his request the consideration of the resolution
was laid over until the next meeting.

The President introduced Mr. Harrison of Painesvillc, Ohio,
who had made a tour in Europe dunng"^the past summer, and
requested him to state what he had observed in connection
with fruit-growing.

Mr. Harrison said in reply that so far as he had opportnni-

MICHIGAN" STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 24^

ties of seeing, the fruit crop of the past season in Europe had
been a failure, and there, was a general complaint of loss in
the vineyards. Pears were a failure, so much so that the crop'
of seed was scarce. He had seen no pears there which would
compare Avith those grown here. But fruit he considered
cheaper there than here. In New York he had to pay twenty-
five cents for a pear which he would have bought in the
London market for two pence, or four cents. In regard to
grape growing, the system was different, and a number of
the vineyards which he had seen were composed of terraces
built with stonework, sometimes six and eight feet in height,
against the steep side hills. Vines were set close and severely
pruned, and not permitted to grow the quantities of fruit
which are grown in America. The plants stood only three feet
apart, and sometimes not more than two and a half feet. Not
having had the advantage of being familiar with the French
language, he could not make the inquiries he would, and
therefore he could only state his observations.

The President then read the report on the awards on
orchards, made by Mr. T. T. Lyon, the chairman of the com-
mittee on orchards and gardens, which may bo found in tlie
list of premiums a^rarded at the fair.

A letter from J. Chapel of Eastmauville was read, relative
to grapes, in which he says : " In regard to the grape question
I will say that tlie Concord, Delaware, and Kogers No. 4 are
the grapes for this part of the country. I liave sixteen varie-
ties in cultivation, and the three above named are all I would
plant for general cultivation. The names of the other varieties
I grow are Creveling, Hartford Prolific, lona, Israella, Ives*
Seedling, Miles, Rebecca, Salem, Rogers No. 15, Union Village,
Diana, Northern Muscadine, and Catawba. These are all
either poor bearers, or tender with me. I have fifteen varieties
of raspberries in cultivation, and hope to be present and give
you my experience with them at the January meeting."

A dispatch was received from W. H. Schuyler of Niles, stat-

32

350 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

ing that he could not arrive with his samples of preserved
fruits, by the Alden process, before night.

The meeting was adjourned till after dinner. At 2 o'clock
the members convened, and immediately proceeded to the
election of olBcers for the ensuing year.

On motion, the ballot was taken for President, and J. P.
Thompson, Esq., of Grand Eapids, was unanimously re-elected.

Mr. Thompson returned his thanks for this signal mark of
the approval of the society of his action during the past year.
This young and energetic society was exerting a most stimu-
lating and useful influence in the State, and it had been his
endeavor to promote that influence to the uttermost of hia
ability. He did not believe in being a mere figure-head. On
the contrary, it was necessary that whoever was made the chief
official of this society should lend it his whole influence and
strength, and direct its efibrts in such a practical way as would
be felt throughout the State. The position of Michigan as a
fruit-growing State, and the development of her resources in
that direction, could not be overestimated. At present fruit-
growing, though adding much to the wealth of the State,
could only be considered in its nursery stage. This society
was designed to protect it, and direct it while being developed
to its full increase. Hence it was necessary that its action
should be carefully weighed, aud that as few mistakes as possi-
ble should be made. In this work he should esteem it his
duty to work with both heart and hand, aud if sometimes he
overstepped the limits prescribed by the organization of the
society, it should be regarded as prompted only by the zealous
and enthusiastic regard he had to promote aud advance the
interests they all had at stake. The highly complimentary
vote which had just been announced, he regarded as a mark of
approval, which it should be his ambition to deserve as much
in the future as it seemed he had in the past.

On motion, the society then proceeded to ballot for Treas-
urer, and S. L. Fuller of Grand Eapids was unanimoualy
chosen.

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOOICAL SOCIETY. 251

On motion, a ballot was then taken for Secretary, and C. J.
Dietrich of Grand Eapids was chosen.

On motion, a committee of three was appointed to nominate
members of the Executive Committee and Vice Presidents of
the Society. The committee, consisting of Messrs. G. W-
Griggs, W. J. Blakesley, and Henry Gaylord Holt, reported the
following names for members of the Executive Committee,
which were duly elected :

N. P. Husted, Lowell ; H. G. Light, Greenville ; E. Bradfield,
Ada; G. W. Dickerson, Grand Rapids; Charles S. Fassett,
Spring Lake ; W. J. Blakesley, Grand Rapids.

The committee reported that, in presenting these names,
they were well aware it might seem as if they were all taken
from one locality ; but to make an executive committee
effi'^ient it was necessary that the officers should be within
reasonable call. This society was obliged to hold monthly
meetings, to promote the objects of the organization, and the
Executive Board should be so situated that it would not bo
considered an onerous task or heavy expense to devote the
time requisite to attend to its business. An executive com-
mittee scattered all over the State would not be such a board
as could be relied upon to convene as often as the interests of
the society required; and it had been found by experience that
when the members were located together, and could meet fre-
quently for consultation, it promoted a more healthy and
yigorous action.

The committee then nominated the following Vice Presi-
dents, who were duly elected :

Henry Holt, Cascade, Kent county ; Hunter Savidge, Spring
Lake, Ottawa county ; George S. Parmelee, Old Mission, Grand
Traverse county; T. T. Lyon, Plymouth, Wayne county; E.
P. Kelsey, Ionia, Ionia county ; Joseph Bray, Middleville, Barry
county; B. Hathaway, Little Prairie Ronde, Cass county; I.
E. Ilgenfritz, Monroe, Monroe county.

The following resolutions were adopted :

253 KEPORT OF THE SECRETARY OP THE

Resolved, That the thanks of the Michigan State Pomolog-
ical Society are liereby tendered to T. H. Lyon, Jr., the propri-
etor of Sweet's Hotel, for the generous attentions accorded the
society during its annual exhibitions of 1871, and for the use
of his parlors in which its meetings were held.

Resolved, That the thanlis of this society are due, and are
hereby tendered, to the officers of the several railroad compa-
nies of the State, and especially to those of the Michigan
Central Railroad, the Michigan Southern Railroad, the Detroit
and Milwaukee Railway, and the Grand Rapids and Indiana
Railroad, for their courtesies to the orchard committee, and
for their reduction of railroad prices to our annual exhibitions.

The resolution relative to directing the Secretary to place
the names and residences of exhibitors on the entry cards at
the annual exhibitions, was brought up for consideration.

On motion of Mr. Bradfield, the resolution was amended so
as to read as follows, and adopted :

Resolved, That at all future exhibitions of this society the
name of the article exhibited, with the name of the exhibitor,
and his place of residence, with the name of the grower of the
fruit, be displayed upon the entry card : Provided, That when
the entry is of a collection, the name of the exhibitor be given
as that of the collector, while the name of the grower shall
be upon each of the samples of fruits that make up such col-
lection.

On motion, it was

Resolved, That this society accept the invitation to hold its
annual exhibition in connection with the Northern Michigan
Agricultural Society, on the same terms as were agreed upon
last year.

The Committee on Financial Affairs made tlic following
report, which was accepted :
To tJw President and Members of tJie Slate Pomol)fjlcal Society :

Gents — Your committee appointed to audit the account of
your Treasurer beg leave to report as follows, viz :

After a careful examination we find the receipts to be :

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 353

For Annual Membership $319 00

For Life Membership 00 00

For Northern Agricultural and Mechanical Society 1,033 00

Prom miscellaneous sources 22 00

Total receipts _ $1,139 00

We find vouchers for the following expenditures:

ForpoBtace $18 00

For Printing 213 54

For Expenses, incidental 173 95

For premiums 657 6S

Total amount expended $1,0<>3 IT

Leaving balance in hands of Treasurer - $375 88

In the course of the examination we find a voucher of
$43 30, accompanied by a conditional note made by A. T.
Lindermao, to the effect that should the society not allow the
account (which was for his expenses to Eichraond), that the
amount should be reported. Your committee would recom-
mend the society to take up this matter and decide so that the
conditional paper may be taken up.

Your committee also find some SiO 00 paid into the hands
of G. S. Linderman, which we had not the slightest doubt
but that it had been properly expended, — but yet there was no
account or statement as to how the amount had been expended,
nor for what. Your committee would recommend that in
future all parties handling the society's money should bo
required to render a complete detailed account of the disposi-
tion of the same ; which account should accompany the
voucher, thus enabling the committee to report to the society
the^jropsr expenditures.

Your committee find the Treasurer's accounts all plain and
correct, aud have closed his accounts with the society up to
December 1st inst.

Since making up the above report, Mr. G. S. Linderman has
put into the hands of your committee a detailed account of

254 MICHIOA>T STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

the amount of money above referred to, and shows a balance
of $7 60 in his hands. His account rendered is found correct.
All of which is respectfully submitted.

C. J. DIETRICH,
A. T. LINDERMAN.

Dated, December 5th, 1871.

On motion it was

Resolved, That the account of Mr. Linderman be settled, it
having been examined and found correct.

The publication of the annual report being considered, on
motion of Mr. Bradfield, it was

Resolved, That Mr. A. T. Linderman be appointed to super-
intend the publication of the annual reports, as prepared by .
him.

The society then adjourned to meet on the first Tuesday of
January, 1873.

OFFICERS, RULES AND REGULATIONS, AND PREMIUM LIST

or THE

SECOND ANNUAL FAIR

OP THB

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY,

HELD IN COKNECTIOM WITH THB

Northern Michigan Agricultural and Mechanical Society as a

Union Fair, at the City of Grand Rapids, on Tuesday,

"Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday, September

12, 13, 14, and 18, 1871.

OFFICERS OF THE DAT.

GENERAL SUPERINTENDENT.

GEORGE S. LINDERMAN, Grand Rapids.

ASSISTANT.

H. GAYLORD HOLT Cascade.

SUPERINTENDENT OF FRUIT DEPARTMENT.

NOAH P. HUSTED, Lowell.

ASSISTANTS.

OMAR H. SIMONS, Grand Rapids.

H. E. LIGHT Greenville.

SUPERINTENDENT OF FLORAL DEPARTMENT.

OHAUNCEY L. WHITNEY, Muskegon.

ASSISTANTS.

MRS. E. T. NELSON Grand Rapids.

MRS. W. B. PARSONS, Paris.

POMOLOGICAL COMMITTEE.*

JAMES D. HUSTED, Lowell.

HENTRY HOLT, Cascade.

TOWNSEND E. GIDLEY, Grand Haven.

T. J. RAMSDELL Manistee.

W. I. BLAKELY, Grand Rapids.

♦This committee will be given the charge of the nomenclature of the fruits exhib-
itefi, and before any examination shall be made by the viewing committees, the
pomological committee will examine all specimens, and correct the names of varieties
which may be wrongly named by the exhibitors, affixing a doubtful mark in cases
where the name of the variety shown may be uncertain.

33

258 IlEPORT OF THE SECHETAKY OF THE

RULE3 AND RESULATIOXS.

This Fair will be held on the grounds of the Kent County
Agricultural Society, and on the 12th, 13th, 14ih, and 15th of
September, 1871, in connection with the Fair of the Northern
Michigan Agricultural and Mechanical Society.

Individuals who wish to join the society can do so by the
payment of one dollar. Life membership, ten dollars. It is
desirable that all persons interested in its objects should join
the society, and it is expected that all exhibitors of articles
will become members.

Fruit-growers, aud persons interested in fruit culture, are
earnestly invited to become exhibitors.

All entries of all articles for exhibition must be made at the
office of the Secretary, at Pomological Hall, on the Fair
Ground, on the first day of the Fair, or by 12 o'clock M. of
the second day.

Entries may be made for exhibition without competition;
and awarding committees in the several classes may notice
such as they shall deem worthy, in their reports. But all such
entries must be made by a member of the society.

There will be a Superintendent of each Department, who
will have the general charge and arrangement of the articles
exhibited, and to whom, with the articles, must be delivered
correct lists of the specimens and varieties entered by each
exhibitor.

The several specimens and varieties shovvn by any exhibitor
should be labeled with the name by which they are known to
such person.

All doubtful cases which any special viewing committee

MICHIGAH STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 259

either may not or caunofc decide, may be referred to the pom-
ological committee for final adjudication.

Exhibitors entitled to first premiums will be allowed to take
in place thereof the diploma of the society.

Members of awarding committees are requested to inform
the Secretary of their acceptance as soon as they are notified
of their appointment. Upon their arrival at the Fair Grounds
they will report to the Secretary on or before 13 o'clock M. on
the second day. A vacancy on any committee may be reported
to the Executive Committee, who shall fill such vacancies in
the usual manner.

Members of awarding committees are requested to report
promptly for duty on Wednesday, at 1 o'clock P. M., and their
reports, in writing, must be handed to the Secretary by 12 M.,
on Thursday.

No person who is an exhibitor can act as a judge on the
class in which he exhibits.

Exhibitors, when requested, are expected to make written
or verbal statements respecting their contributions.

As one great object of the Society is to collect valuable
information, upon pomology, the several committees are
requested to gather all the information possible from the
exhibitors in their classes, and to make their reports as full as
time and circumstances will permit.

When articles are not deemed worthy of a premium, the
judges will, in all cases, withhold it.

Any article entered for exhibition in one class shall not
compete for a premium in any other.

Under no circumstances will the name of exhibitor appear
on the entry card.

When the judges have made their decisions, premium badges
will be attached to the fruit. First premium, a blue ribbon;
second premium, a red ribbon; also elegant blue and red
cards will be attached to the successful entry, bearing the name
of the exhibitor.

260 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OP THE

Exhibitors are requested, as far as possible, to famish to the
Secretary a list of the entries they wish to make, with the
division and class under which they desire each article to
compete, noted thereon. Attention to this matter will facili-
tate the entries very much. All entries in Division A must be
made before August 1st, 1871. (See note in Division A).

Fruit will be marked with cards furnished by the Secretary,
designating the class and number of entry; and during the
exhibition all articles must be placed entirely under the
management of the ofEcers of the society.

All articles entered for exhibition will be required to remain
on the grounds during the days of exhibition, under penalty
of forfeiture of the right to premium, unless permitted by the
Superintendents to take them off the grounds.

When a majority of the viewing committee are present,
they shall constitute a quorum, and be authorized to award
premiums ; and the first on the list of those present shall be
chairman.

No person will be allowed to sell the articles they have on
exhibition until special permission is granted by the Superin-
tendent.

Short addresses will be delivered at Pomological Hall, on
Thursday afternoon, by prominent gentlemen who are expected
to be present.

THE PRESS.

For the convenience of editors and reporters of the press,
accommodations will be provided, and every facility will be
afforded them to obtain and transmit information. A com-
mittee of reception from the press will receive their brethren
from abroad, on the field, and further the purpose of their
coming. They are requested to announce themselves on
arrival, and to present their names or credentials at the Secre-
tary's oSice on the grounds, when they will be furnished with
cards of admission.

MICniGAlSr STATE POJIOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 261

Committee on Reception of Eeprcse7itatives of the Press. — A.

B. Turner, C. B. Smith, M. H. Clark, E. F. Harrington, and

C. C. Sexton, Grand Eapids.

INVITED GUESTS.

Committee on Reception of Invited Guests. — L. H. Kandall,
Wilder D. Foster, S. L. Fuller, Ransom E. Wood, Charles H.
Taylor, Moses V. Aldrich, Wm. A. Iloward, P. E. L. Pierce, E.
P. Fuller, Martin L. Sweet, Robert P. Sinclair, John W.
Pierce, R. C. Luce, S. L. Withey, C. C. Comstock, James
Miller, John T. Holmes, C. C. Rood, W. S. Gunn, Harvey J.
Hollister, and John Clancy, all of Grand Rapids.

TRANSPORTATIOX.

The following railroad and steamboat companies have
agreed to reduced rates of transportation for passengers and
freight to the Union Fair at Grand Rapids:

Railroads. — Michigan Central and branches, Michigan
Southern and branches, Detroit and Milwaukee, Grand Rapids
and Indiana, Michigan Lake Shore, Chicago and Michigan
Lake Shore.

Steamboat Lines. — Engelmann Line, from Milwaukee and
lake shore harbors, Goodrich Line, from Chicago and other
lake ports, Grand River Steamboat Line.

262 EEPOKT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

LIST OF PREMIUMS.— OPEN TO ALL C'JUNTISS AND TOWNSaiPS, AND

CITIZENS OF THE BTATE.

DITISION A— rRtriTS, ORCHAEDS. AND aARD2:C8.

All entries in tliis Division must be made on or before Anjnst 1st, by letters
addressed to the Secretary, A. T. Lindcrman, Drawer 2626, Grand Rapids, Mich.,
which should state first, the location ; second, the best route by which the committee
can reach the place from Grand Rapids; third, a full description of the entry as to
number, age. variety, etc.; fourth, under v.'hich class it is desired that the entry shall
compete ; fifth, the postofllce address of the exhibitor. It is expected that, upon
notification, the exhibitor will meet the committee upon arrival at the nearest railroad
station, and conduct them to the place where the examination is to be made.

Committee— T. T. Lyon, Plymouth ; .Henry S. Clobb, Grand Haven ; Chancy L.
Whitney, Muskegon ; A. T. Linderman, Grand Rapids ; Kenry Holt, Cascade.

Class 1— Best apple orchard, not less than two acres, in full bearing,... Diploma or $30
Second best apple orchard, not less than two acres, in full

bearing 10

Class 2— Best apple orchard, planted not over five years Diploma.

Class 3— Best apple orchard, planted not over two years Diploma.

Class 4 — Best pear orchard, not less than one-quarter acre, in full bear-
ing - Diploma or 20

Becond best pear orchard, not less than one-quarter acre, in

full bearing 10

Class 5— Best young pear orchard, planted not more than five years Diploma.

Class 6— Best peach orchard, not less than one acre, in bearing Diploraa or f,20

Second best peach orchard, not less than one acre, in bearing. 19

Class 7— Best young peach orchard, planted not over five years Diploma.

Class 8 — Best young peach orchard, not less than ten acres, and not

planted more than two years Diploma

Class 9— Best plum orchard Diploma-
Class 10— Best cherry orchard Diploma.

Class 11 — Best quince orchard, not less than one-eighth of an acre, in

bearing _ Diploma,

Class 12— Beet vineyard in bearing, not less than one acre Diploma or|20

Second best vineyard in bearing, not less than one acre 10

Class— IS— Best young vineyard, not planted over three years, nor less

than one acre Eip'oma.

Clnes 14 — Best Delaware vineyard Diploma.

Clasi! 15— Best Concord vineyard DixJoma.

MICniGAX STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 263

Class 1&— Best gmall frait garden, including strawberries, blackberries,

raspberries, and currants Diploma.

Second best small fruit garden, including strawberries, black-
berries, raspberries, and cnrr4nts J5

Class IT— Best plat of stravrber-'ic-', not less than one acre Diploma.

Class IS — Best plat of raspberries, not less than one-half acre Diploma.

Class 19— Best plat of blackberries, not less than one-half acre.. Diploma.

Class 20— Best platof currants, not less than cne-half acre Diploma.

Class 21 — Best plat of gooseberries, not less than one-half acre Diplcma.

Class 22— Best suburban ornamental grounds Diploma.

Class 23— Best ornamental grounds belonging to a farm residence Diploma.

Class 24 — Best cultivated and ornamented city or village lot Diploma.

Class 25 — Best and most tastefully arranged flower garden Diploma.

Class 26— Best general nursery Diploma.

Class 27— Best private conservatory Diploma.

Class 28 — Best general greenhouse Diploma.

EPrC-'AL PREMIUMS OFrZP.ED BT N. P. HOSTED.

For the bert peach crcliard. not less than 300 trees, selected from the following
varieties: Early Crawfords, Late Crawfords, Hale's Early, Stump the World, and
8mock Free ; ;J15 for the first, flO for the second, and $5 for the third.

For the best cherry orchard, not less than 50 trees, from the following varieties :
Early Richmond, BsWe Magnilique, Governor Wood, May Duke, Napoleon, Bigarreau,
Yellow Spanish, and Knight's Early Black; $\5 for the first, $10 for the second, and
JS for the third.

PREMIUMS ON APPLE or.CHABDS.

For tb.e best War-er-cr orchard set from trees two years eld from the nursery, not less
tban 100 trcefe, first $15. second $10. and tbird $5.

For the best Golden Russet orchard, trees two years old from the nursery, not less
tban 100 trees, first §15, second §10, and third JS.

For the best Baldwin orchard, iree« two years old from the nursery, not less than
100 trees, first §15, second SIO, and thiid J5.

5100 sweepstakes premium. f'jO for the second, $25 for the third— for the best orchard
to contain not less t!?an 500 apple trees, two years from the nursery, of the following
varieties : Wagencr, Golden Russet, and Baldwin. Not less than 500 peach trees of
the fo'lowing varieties : Crawford's Early, Crawford's Late. Hale's Early, Stnmp-the-
Worlc!, and Smock Free. Not less than 100 cherry trees of the following varieties:
Early Richmond. Belle Magnifique. Governor Wood, May Duke, Napoleon, Bigarreau,
Yellow Spanish; and Knight's Early Black.

The above premiums to be paid to our customers who purchase their trees from us
this spring, and exhibit the best orchard this fall, as decided by the committee.

NOAH P. nUSTED.

OClce of the Grand River Nnrseries,
LOTVJCLi., Mich., March 13, 1S71.

DIVISION E— STATE, COUr.'TT, AXD TOWNSHIP COLLECTIONS.

Conm'ttee- r,. L. Fuller, Grand Rapids; .John 8. Gage, Dowagiac ; Fletcher Fow-
ler, Black Lake ; George Parmelce. Cld Mission : S. O. Enapp. Jackson.

Note.— There will be a grand display of collections of fruits from most of the States
rnd Teriitoiies of the United States, at the Fair of this Society. This display alone
will be worth many times t'.ic price of admissiou. The merits of these collections
vtIiI te kft to the discretioi: of this committee.

264 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

Class 1— Best Stats collection of fruits

Class 2— Best collection from any one county in the State $109

Second best 60

Class 3— Best collection from any one township in the State 50

Second best 25

Cla88 4— For thebest collection of the varieties recommended by the

MichijanStatePomologicalSocietyfor general cultivation* $10 and 5

Class 5— Best collection of fruits grown by exhibitor Diploma or $20

Second best 10

Class e— Best collection of fruits exhibited by any individual t 20

* Note. —The varieties recommended by this society, referred to above, include the
following: For summer use— The Bed Astrachan, Sweet Bough, and Duchess of
Oldenburg. For autumn use— Fall Pippin, Cayuga County Kedstrcak. Snow, Jersey
Sweet, Maiden's Blush. For winter use— Baldwin, Wagener, Golden Russet, Rhode
Ibland Greening, Tallman Sweet, Hubbardston Nonsuch, Northern Spy.

Exhibitors to obtain the above premiums must exhibit at least twelve of the above
varieties.

tNoTE. -This premium is offered in order that any person desiring to exhibit a fine
collection of fruits, procured from any and all sources, may have the opportunity.
But in all other cases it is to be strictly insisted upon that the exhibi lion from any
State, county, township, or individual shall be the production of the State, county,
township, or individual exhibiting the same.

DIVISION C— APPLES.

Committee— Judge J. G. Ramsdell, Grand Traverse ; A. S. Stannard, South Boston ;
G. W. Dickinson, Grand Eapids ; Geo. Taylor, Kalamazoo ; Myron H. Norton,
Smyrna.

l8t. 2d.

Class 1— Best peck, any one variety, summerapples $2 00 .$1 CO

Class 2— Best peck, any one variety, autumn apples 2 00 100

Class 3— Best peck, any one variety, winter apples 2 00 100

ClauB 4— Best single variety summerapples, not less than 6 specimens 100 M
Class 5— Best single variety of autumn apples, not less than six spec-
imens 1 00 CO

Class 6- -Best single variety of winter apples, not less than six spec-
imens 1 00 60

Class 7— Best peck Sweet Bongh 100 50

Class 8— Best peck Red Astrachans 100 CO

Class 9— Best peck Duchess of Oldenburg 100 60

Class 10— Best peck Fall Pippin 1 00 60

Classll-Best peck Cayuga County Redstreak 1 00 CO

Class 12— Best peck Maiden's Blush 1 00 60

Class 13— Best peck Snow 1 00 60

Class 14— Best peck Jersey Sweet 1 00 50

Class 15— Best peck Wagener 1 00 60

Class 16— Best peck Baldwin 1 00 60

Class 17— Best peck Greenings 1 00 60

Class 18— Best peck Northern Spy 1 00 50

Class 19— Best peck Golden Russet 1 00 60

Class 20— Best peck Hubbardston Nonsuch 1 00 W

Class 21— Best peck Tallman Sweet 1 00

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 365

1st. 2d.

Class 22— Best peck Early Harvest gl 00 $0 50

Class -iSa— Best peck RedJune 1 CO 50

Class W— Best peck Golden Sweet 1 00 60

Class 25— Best peck William's Favorite 1 00 50

Class 26— Best peck Summer Pearmaiu 1 00 50

Cass 27— Best peck Early Strawberry 1 00 50

Class 2S— Best peck Primate 1 00 50

Class 29— Best peck Keswick Codling 1 00 50

Class 30— Best peck Porter 1 00 50

Class 31— Best peck Hawley 1 00 50

Cla83 32— Best peck Gravenstein 1 00 50

Class 33— Best peck St. Lawrence 1 90 50

Class34 — Best peck Autumn Strawberry 1 00 50

Class 85— Best peck Fall Orange 1 00 50

Class 86— Best peck Eambo 1 0« 50

Class 37— Best peck Autumn Swaar 1 00 50

Class 33— Best peck Peck's Pleasant 1 00 50

Class 39- Best peck Steele's Red 1 00 50

Class 40— Best peck Swaar 1 00 50

Classil— Best peck Jonathan 1 00 50

Class 42— Best peck Esopu^ Spitzenburg 1 00 50

Class 43— Best peck King of Tompkins County 1 00 60

Class 44— Best peck Grimes' Golden 100 50

Class 45— Best peek Roxbury Russet 1 00 60

Class 46— Best peck Rome Beauty 1 00 50

Class 47— Best peck Fallwater 1 00 50

Class 43— Best peck Rawles' Janet 1 00 50

Class 49—Bes^t peck Wine Sap _ 1 00 50

Class 50— Best peck Ben Davis 1 00 50

Class 51— Best peck Willow Twig 100 60

Class 52— Best peck Yellow Bellflower 1 00 50

Class 53— Best peck Seek-no-further 1 00 60

Clas» 54 — Best peck White Winter Pearmain 1 00 60

ClassSS — Best peck any other variety 1 00 60

Class 56— Best collection of apples, gro\vn by exhibitor 10 CO 6 00

Class 57— Best collection of Siberian Crab apples 1 00 50

Class 53— Best single variety Siberian Crab, not less than 20 specimens 1 00 60

Class 59— Best 20 specimens Transcendent Grab 1 00 50

Class 60— Best 20 specimens large Red Crab 1 00 60

Class 61— Best 20 specimens Montreal Beauty 1 00 W

Class 62— Best 20 specimens Ilyslop 1 00 50

DmaiON D— PEABS.

Committee— Judge Louis 3. Lovell, Ionia ; C. Davis, Kalamazoo ; Darius Boynton,
Benton Harbor ; H. E. Light, Greenville ; J. N. Smith, St. Johns.

Ist. 2d.

Class 1— Best collection pears, not less than six varieties $2 00 $1 CO

Class 2— Best peck summer pears, one variety 100 50

Class 3— Best peck autumn pears, one variety 100 50

Class 4— Best peck winter pears, one variety 100 SO

Class 5 — Best single variety summer pears, not less than six speci-
mens 1 00 60

26C EEPORT OF THE SECEETAEY OF THE

let. 2d.

Class 6— Best single variety of autnmn pears, not less than eis speci-
mens ?1 00 $0 £0

Class 7— Best single variety of winter pears, not less than sis spcci

raens - I 00 50

Class 8— Best plate Bartletts f>0 25

Class 9— Best plate Flemish Bean ty M 25

Class 10— Best plate Louise Bonne de Jersey 50 25

Class It— Best plate White Doyenne 50 25

Class 13— Best plate Duciiess d' Angonleme 50 25

Class 13— Best plate Seckel...., 50 25

Class 14— Best plate Vicar 50 25

Class 15— Best plate BnerreDiel 50 £5

Class 16— Best plate Sheldon 50 25

Class 17— Best plate Buffam 60 . 25

DIVISION E — PEACBES.

Committee- S. B. Peck, Muskegon : James Hamilton, Big Rapids ; George Sea-
grove. Spring Lake : Isaac S. Linderman, South Eaven ; Asa W. Slayton, Grattan.

1st. 2d.

Class 1— Best collection cf peaches, not less than sis varieties $2 00 $1 00

Class 2— Best half-peck of early peaches t 100 50

Class 3— Best hall-peck late peaches 100 50

Class 4— Best half-peck Clingstones 100 50

Class 5— Best dish single variety of peaches, cot less than r-is speci-
mens - 1 CO 60

Class &— Best plate Early Crawford 100 CO

Class 7— Best plate Early Barnard 100 50

Class 8— Best plate Smock Free 100 50

Class 9— Best plate Late Crawford ICO 50

Class 10— Best plate Stnmp-thc-World 1 00 50

Cla.ssll-Best plate Hill's Chili 1 00 50

Class 12— Best plate Newcombs Seedling 1 00 CO

Class 13— Best plate Hale's Early 1 00 50

Class 14— Best plate Mountain Rose 1 00 50

Class 15— Beet plate Early York 1 00 50

Clas? 16— Best plate George IV 1 00 50

Class 17— Best plats of any variety not mentioned above 1 00 50

DtVISIO;; F— GRAPES.

Committee— E. Bradfield. Ada ; Hujter Savidge, Spring Lake ; V7a. Haldane,
Grand Rapids; J. P. Nixon, St. Johns; J. G. RamsdcU, Manlsiec

let. 2d.

Class 1— Best collection of native grapes, not less than focr varieties ..$10 00 JG 00

Class 2— Best ten pounds native varieties 100 59

Class 8— Best five pounds of Concord 100 50

Clans 4 — Best five pounds of Clinton 100 50

Class 5— Best five pounds of Isabella 100 50

Class 6 — Beet five pounds of Delaware 100 50

Class 7— Best five pounds of lona i 00 50

Class 8 — Best five pounds of Diana t 00 50

Class 9— Best five ponnti* of Ives' Seedling ICO BO

MICHIGAX STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 267

Ist. 2d

ClasF! 10- Beet five pounds Martha $1 00 $0 50

Class 11— Best five pounds Hartford Prolific 1 CO 60

Class 12— Best five pounds Eumclan 1 00 50

Class LS— Best five pounds Adirondac 1 00 50

Class 14— Best five pounds Catawba 1 00 CO

Class 15 — Best collection of forci^ grajies 1 00 60

Class 16— Best single variety of foreign grapes 1 00 50

Class IT- Best clusters of Rogers' Hybrids, Nos. S. 14, 19, &3 1 00 50

Class 1&— Best six clusters of any other numbers of Rogers' Hybrids

not mentioned 1 00 60

C!a8sl9— Best plate of any valuable variety not mentioned above 1 00 50

Class 20— Greatest number of varieties of native grapes grown by

exhibitor - 5 00

DIVISION G— PLUMS, APRICOTS. AND NECTARINES.

CoTntnittae— C. L. Shepherd, Muskegon : Charles Alford, Lamont ; J. L. Tuxbury,
Cascnovia ; Milo Rowe, Black Lake; W. S. Farmer, Berrien.

l8t. 2d.

Class 1— Best plate Yellow Egg plum SI 00 50

Class 2— Best plate Red Egg plum 100 60

Class 3— Best plate Washington plum 100 60

Class 4— Best plate Lombard plum 100 50

Class 5— Best plate Columbia plum 100 50

Class 6— Best collection of plums 2 00 100

Class 7— Best one-half peck plutns, single variety 100 50

Claas 8— Best collection of Apricots - 2 00 100

Class 9— Best one-half peck of Apricots, Pingle variety ICO 50

Class 10— Best collection of Nectarines 2 00 1 00

Class 11— Best one-half peck Nectarines, single variety 1 00 5«

CLASS n— SEEDLING FRUITS.

Committee— B. Hathaway. Little Prairie Ronde; E. U. Knapp, Grand Rapids ; S. O.
Pearsall, Alpine; Jacob Ganzhorn, Spring Lake ; Stephen Rossman, Greenville.

1st. 2d.

Class 1— Best collection of seedling fruits $5 00

Class 2— Best seedlinc; summer apple --- 100 JO 50

Clase 8— Best seedling autumn apple ICO 60

Class 4— Best seedling winter apple 100 50

Class 5— Best seediing strawberry 100 50

Class C — Best eeedlinj: grape - 100 60

Class 7— Best seedling apple 100 50

Class 8— Best seedling peach 100 oO

Class ;1— Best seedling pear -- 100 60

Class 10— Best seedling plum 1 00 50

Clsssll— Best seedling quince 1 00 60

Clas9l2— Best seedling Siberian Crab 1 00 50

Note.— Specimens of the above seedling fruits, it is expected, will be accompanied
witj history, origin, and such other information as may be useful to characterize the

ftnit.

Premiums for seadlings may be awarded to others beside the original producer,
■^hen it Is ehov,-n that the originator does not compete.
ExUititorf of sce-Iiings must not expect a premium because the fruit exhibited is

268 REPOET OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

a " seedling." It must have merit equal to well-known varieties, the object being not
to encourage inferior sorts.

DITISIOK I— QUINCES, CRANBEKP.IE8, NUTS, AND SMALL FRUITS.

Committee— S. R. Sanford, Muskegon ; C. J. Dietrich, Grand Rapids ; Geo. M. Dowey,
Hastings ; D. C. Henderson, Allegan ; Henry Allen, Paris.

Ist. 2d.

Class 1— Best collection of quinces. S2 00 Jl 00

Class !i— Best peck quinces, single variety ,. 100 50

Class 3— Best peck cranberries 100 50

Class 4— Best collection of native nuts 3 00 2 00

Class 5— Best collection of foreign nuts 8 00 2 00

Class e— Best half-peck hazel nuts 100 50

Class 7— Best half-peck hickory nuts 100 50

Class 8— Best quart of American chestnuts 100 50

Class 9— Best quart Spanish chestnuts 50 25

Cllss 10— Best half-peck butternuts 1 00 50

Class 11— Best half-peck black walnuts 1 00 50

Note.— Discretionary premiums will be allowed on all small fruit exhibited.

DIVISION J— DRIED FHUITS AND PICKLES.

CDmmlttee— Mi-3. S. L. Fuller. Grand Rapids ; Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Beech, Battl*
Creek; Mrs. C. C. Rood, Grand Rapids ; Mrs. W. F. Wood, Muskegon.

1st. 2d.

Class 1— Beet collection of dried fruits $2 00 $1 00

Class 2— Best half-peck dried apples 100 60

Class 3— Best quart dried pears 100 50

Class 4— Best quart dried peaches 100 50

Class 5— Best quart dried plums 100 50

Class 6— Best quart dried cherries 100 60

Class 7— Best quart dried currants 100 60

Class 8— Best quart dried raspberries 100 50

Class 9— Best quart dried blackberries 100 60

Class 10— Best quart dried quinces 100 60

Classll-Best quart dried strawberries 1 00 50

Class 12— Best quart dried whortleberries 1 00 50

Classia — Best quart dried elderberries 1 00 CO

Class 14— Best sample dried pumpkin 1 00 50

Class 15 — Best sample dried citron 1 00 50

Class 16— Best collection of pickled fruit 2 00 1 00

Class 17— Best sample pickled pears 1 00 60

Class 18— Best sample pickled peaches 1 09 60

Class 19— Best sample pickled apples 1 00 60

Class 20 — Best sample pickled cherries 1 00 CO

Class 21— Best display of pickled vegetables 2 00 1 00

Class 2*— Best sample of catsup 1 00 60

Class 23— Best sample of pickled tomatoes 1.. 1 00 60

Class24 — Best sample of pickled cucumbers 1 00 60

Clas3 25— Best sample of pickadilly 1 00 6«

Class 20— Best sample of pickled beans 1 00 88

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGTCAL SOCIETY. 269

DIVISION K— CAKNED FKPITS.

Cormmitte&— Mrg. S. L. Withey, Grand Rapids ; Mrs. J. Heald, Whitehall; Mrs. J.
Davies, Maskegon ; Mrs. Hunter Savidge, Spring Lake ; Jacob Quintne, Grand
Rapids.

1st. 2d.

Class 1— Best collection of canned fruits $2 00 $100

Class 2 — Best sample canned apples 100 BO

Class 8 — Best sample canned pears 100 60

Class 4 — Best sample canned pared peaches 100 60

Class 5 — Best sample canned whole peaches 100 BO-

Ciass 6 — Best sample canned plums 100 60

Class 7— Best sample canned cherries 100 60

Class 8— Best sample canned Siberian apples 100 60

Class 9— Beet sample canned strawberries 100 60

Classic — Best sample canned raspberries 1 00 60-

Class 11— Best sample canned blackberries 1 00 60

Class 12— Best sample canned whortleberries 1 00 60

Class 13 — Best sample canned quinces 1 00 60

Class 14— Best pample canned gooseberries 1 00 60^

Class 15 — Best sample canned currants 1 00 50

Class 16— Best fa-nple canned pie-plant 1 00 60

Class It— Best sample canned grapes 1 00 60

Class 18 — Best sample canned tomatoes 1 00 50'

Class 19 — Best sample canned corn 1 00 50

Class 20— Best sample canned peas 1 00 50

Class 21— Best sample canned pumpkin 1 00 60

Class 22— Be&t sample canned asparagus 1 00 tO

DITISION L— PRESERVED TRUITS AND JELLIES.

Committee— T. U. Lyon, Jr.. Grand Rapids ; Mrs. Chas. Hempcl, Grand Rapids ;
Miss Millie Peck, Muskegon ; Mrs. H. G. Holt, Cascade ; Miss Sarah Cook, Marshall.

1st. 2d.

Class 1— Best collection of preserved fruits $2 00 $1 00

Class 2 — Best sample cider apple sauce 100 50

Class 8 — Best sample preserved pears 100 60

Class 4— Best sample preserved peaches 100 SO'

Class 5 — Best sample preserved plums 1 00 50

Class 6— Best sample preserved cherries 100 60

Class 7 — Best sample preserved strawberries. 100 50

Class 8 — Best sample preserved raspberries 100 50^

Class 9 — Best sample preserved blackberries 100 60

Class '.0 — Best sample preserved whortleberries 1 00 60

Class It— Best sample preserved quinces 1 00 60

Class 12— Best sample preserved currants 1 00 50

Class 13 — Best sample preserved gooseberries 1 00 50

Class 14 — Best sample preserved grapes 1 00 50

Class 15— Best sample preserved 'crab apples 1 00 60

Class 16— Best sample preserved tomatoes 1 00 60

Class 17— Best sample preserved citron .' 1 00 50

Class 18— Best collection of jellies 1 CO 60

Class 19— Best specimen of currant jelly 1 00 50

Classao— Best specimen of apple jelly. 1 00 60

270 REPOET OF THE SECRETAllT OF THE

l8t. 2d.

Class 21— Best specimen of Siberian crab jelly $1 00 JO 50

Class 22— Beat specimen Rrape jelly - 1 00 50

Class 23— Best specimen raspberry jelly - 1 00 50

Class 24— Best specimen blackberry jelly 1 00 50

Class 25— Best specimen of auy othiT variety 1 00 50

Class 2i>— Best sample quince jelly 1 00 50

Class 27— Best sample tomato jelly 1 00 50

Class 23— Best sample apple butterr 1 00 50

DIVISION M— WINSS, CIDER, VINEOAH, CORDIALS, ETC.

Committer— E. P. Fuller, Grand Rapids ; Dr. Chas. A. Eempel, Grand Rapids ; Dr.
Wooster, Muskegon ; Elias Pardee, Dowagiac; Charles Gay, Big Rapids.

let. 2d.

Class 1— Best collection of foreign wines S2 00 SI 00

Class 2 — Best collection of domestic wines 2 00 1 00

Class 3— Bsst sample currant wine 100 50

Class 4 — Best sample blackberry wine 100 SO

Class 5 — Best sample grape wine 100 50

Class 6 — Best sample Clinton wine 100 50

Class 7— Best sample Concord wine 100 50

Class 8 — Best sample Ives' Seedling wine 100 50

Class 9 — Best sam (lie Delaware wine 100 50

Classic — Best sample Isabella wine 1 00 60

Class 11— Best sample Catawba wine 1 00 60

Class 12— Best sample wild grape wine 1 00 50

Class liJ— Best sample native grape wine, any other variety 1 00 50

Class 1-1—Best sample elderberry wine 1 00 50

Class 15 — Best sample raspberry wine 1 00 50

Class 16— Best sample strawberry wine 1 00 50

Class 17— Best sample cherry wine 1 00 50

Class 13— Bost sample rhubarb wine 1 00 50

Class 19— Best gallon cider 100 50

Class 20— Best specimen bottled cider, not less than six bottles 1 00 60

Class 21— Best gallon boiled cider 1 00 50

Class 22 — Best gallon cider vinegar 1 00 50

DIVISION N— NURSEKT STOCK.

Committee— James Hamilton, Big Rapids ; George Seagrove. Spring Lake ; E. U.
Knapp, Grand Rapids; Fred Russell, Hart, Oceana county ; Henry Holt, Cascade.

1st. 2d.

Class 1— Best ten apple trees. 3 years old, not less than 5 varieties g3 00 $2 00

Class 2— Best ten apple trees, 2 years old, not less than 5 varieties 3 00 2 00

Class 3— Best six budded peach trees, 1 year old 3 00 2 00

Class 4— Best six dv/arf pear trees, 2 years old S 00 2 00

Class 5— Best six standard pears, 2 years old 8 00 2 00

Class 6— Best six cherry trees, 2 years old, Dukes. Morellos 3 00 3 00

Class 7— Best six cherry trees, 2 years old, Bigarreau 3 00 2 00

Class 8— Best ten Concord grape vines 8 00 2 00

Class 9— Best ten Delaware grape vines 8 00 2 00

MICHIGAIT STATE POMOLOGICAL 80CIETY. 271

Division O— FLOWERS— CONSSRVATOST AND PAELCylJ PLANTS.

(To be shown in pots.)
Committee— Br. C. P. Prindlc, Dowagiac; Mrs. Jas. Nelson, Grand Sapids ; Mrs.

Frank Beach, Marshall; Mrs. J. M. Dudley, Sprinc; Lake; Misa Anna Wilson,
Montague.

let. 2d-.

Class 1 — For the finest collection of conservatory and parlor plants,

not less than 20 varieties $5 00 $3 00

Class 2 — Best collection of AbutiloDs, uot less than throe varieties... 2 00

ClasB £— Finest single Abntilon 1 00

Class 4— Best collection of Zonale Garaniums, not leas than five

kinds 1 00

Class 5— B2st single Zonale Geraninm 50

Class 6— Finest collection of double-flowering Geraniums, not less

than three kinds 1 00

Class 7— Best double Geranium 50

Class 8 — B3St and largest collection of scented Geraniums, not less

than four varieties 1 00

Class 9— Finest single scented Geranium 50

Class 10 — Finest collection of gold, silver, and bronze leaved Gerani-
ums, not less than five kinds 1 00

Class 11 — Best single variegated leaved Geranium 50

Class 12 — Best collection of ivy-leaved Geraniums, four or Biore vari-
eties 1 00

Class 13 — Bast single ivy Geranium 50

Class 14— B.'st collection of Pelargonium Geraniums, of five kinds 1 00

Class 15— Best single Pelargonium 50

Class 16— Lai-geatand best collection of Geraniums of all kinds 2 00 1 00

Class 17— Best collection of Fnschias, of sis or more varieties 1 00

Class IS— Best single Fuschia 50

Class 19— Best double Fuschia 50

Class 20— Best collection of monthly roses, of five kinds or more 1 00

Clas8 21— Best monthly rose.. 50

Class 22— Best Oleander 50

Class 23— Best Calla 50

Class '2i — Best collection of Begonias, not less than five kinds 1 CO

Class 25— Best single Begonia ^ 50

Class 26 — Best collection of winter blooming plants, sis or more vari-
eties 1 00

Class 27— Best collection of ornamental folinge plants 1 00

Class 28— Best single ornamental foliage plant 50

Class 29— Best collection parlor climbers, three or more kinds 1 00

Class 30— Best parlor climber 50

Class 31 —Best collection of C'acii, four or more kinds 1 00

Class 32— Bjst single Cactus 50

ClassSS- Best collection of Ferns 1 00

Class 3i— Best single Fern 50

Class 3a— Best collection of Mosses 1 00

Class 85— Bast Orange tre3 1 00

Class 37— Best Lemon U-eo 1 00

Class 85— Best collection of basket plants _ 1 00

272 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

iBt.

Class 89— Best hanging basket, filled $0 50

Class 40— Best Wardian case, filled 1 00

Class 41 -Best collection of parlor plants, not enumerated in the pre-
ceding classes 1 00

Class 42— Best parlor plant, other than the preceding classes 50

DinSION P— BEDDinO PLANTS, NOT HARDY.

(To be shown in pots, or by cut fiowers.)
Committee— D. D. Hughes, Marshall ; Mrs. James Lyman, Grand Rapids; Mrs. S.
H. Wagner, Muskegon; Mrs. Clarence Wilbur, Three Rivers; Mrs. P. K. Leach.
Utica.

Class 1— Best collection of bedding plants, not less than 12 varieties $8 00

Second best ditto 2 Oft

Class 2 — Best collection of Verbenas, of ten or more varieties 1 00

Class 3 — Best collection nelliotropes, five or more varieties 1 09

Class 4 — Best collection of Lantanas, of five or more kinds 1 00

Cla.-is 5— Best collection of Pansies, of five or more varieties 1 00

Class 6— Best collection of Argeratum, of three or more kinds 1 00

Class 7 — Best collection of Antirrhinums, five or more kinds 1 00

Class &— Best collection of Petunias, single or double 1 00

Class 9— Best collection of Mimmnlns, of three or more kinds 1 00

Class 10 — Best collection of Carnation Pinks, of three or more sorts 1 00

Class tl— Best collection Tropceolums, not less than five kinds 1 00

Class 12 — Best collection ornamental foliage plants, for bedding 2 00

Class 13 — Best collection of Coleus, of five or more kinds 1 00

Class 14 — Best collection of Achryanthns, of three or more kinds 1 00

Class 15— For tke finest Pyrethrum 60

Class 16— For the finest Verbena 60

Class 17— For the finest seedling Verbena of 1871 60

Class 18— For the finest Pansy _ 60

Class 19— For the finest Heliotrope 60

Class 20— For the finest Lantana 60

Class 21— For the finest Antirrhinum 60

Class 22— For the finest single Petunia 60

Class 23— For the finest double Petunia 60

Class 24— For the finest Colens - 60

Class 25— For the finest Achryan thus 60

Class 2&— For the finest Centaurea - 50

Class 27— For the finest Cuphea 60

Class 28- For the finest Salvia 60

Class 29— For the finest Aloysia (Lemon Verbena) 60

Class 30— For the finest Mimmulus 60

Clas8 31—For the finest Carnation Pink - 50

Class 32 — For the finest Argeratum 50

DIVISION R— SHRUBBEET, HERBACEOUS PLANTS, AND ANNUALS, HARDT.

(Shovrn by plants in pots, or by cut flowers).
Commit! 69— Dr. J. H. Montgomery, Marshall; Mrs. Dr. Mizaer, Whitehall ; Mrs.
W. A. Howard, Grand Rapids; Mrs, W. Robinson, Fruitport; Mrs. R. P. Eastman,
Muskegon.

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

01a&9 1— Largest and best collection of flowers of shrubs, herbaceous planta,

and annuals

Second best collection of flovverfi of shrubs, herbaceous plants

and annuals

Class 2— Finest collection of Altheas

©lass 3— Best Hybrid Perpetual Koses

©lass 4 — Best Hj'brid single Rose

Class 5— Best collection of Perrenial Phlox of five sorts

Glass 6 — Best Perrenial Phlox

Class 7— Best Seedling Phlox

Class 8 — Best collection Japan Pinks of five or more varieties

Class 9— Best Pink

Glass 10 — Largest and best collection of annuals, of seven or more kinds

Class 11 — Best collection of Phlox Drummondi, of eight or more varieties...

Class 12 — Best single variety of Phlox Drummondi

Class 13 — Best collection of Asters, of eight or more varieties

Class 14— Best Asters of any kind

Class 15— Best collection of Ten-Week Stock, five or more kinds

Glass 16 — Best single stock

Glass 17— Best collection of Zinnias

Class IS— Besi single Zinnia

Class 19— Best collection of Coxcombs of not less than six kinds

Class 20 — Best single Coxcomb

Glass 21— Best collection of Delphinum or Larkspurs

Class 22 — Best collection of Mignonette

Class 23— Best collection of everlasting flowers of five or more kinds

Class 24 — Be/t collection of any species of everlasting flowers

CHass 25 — Best collection of ornamental grasses of three kinds

Glass 2G — Best collection of native or wild flowers, appropriately classified,
not less than eight kinds.

DITISION S— BUXBOUS, ETC., PLANTS AND BXJLBS.

(Shown by plants in pots, or cut flowers.

Committee— S. II. White, Ludington ; Mrs. Wm. S. Gunn, Grand Rapids ;
Q. Prink, Marshal ; Mrs. J. C. Clark, Dowagiac ; Mrs. Geo. Arms, Muskegon.
Class 1— Largest and best collection of flowers in this Division, of not less

than eight kinds

Second best

Class 2— Largest and best of Dahlias, not less than ten kinds

Glass 8— Best twelve dissimilar Dahlia blooms

Class 4— Best Dahlia _

Class 5— Best seedling Dahlia of '70-71

glass 6— Best prepared bouquet of Dahlias

Glass 7 — Best of Gladioli of six or more varieties

Class 8 — Best single Gladiolus

Glass 9— Best three Cannas of five or more varieties

Class 10— Best Canna

eiass 11— Best three Tritomas

Class 12— Best Tritomi cluster

Class 13 — Best Maderia, vine in pot

Class 14 — Best three Calladiums

Class 15— Best Calladium

45

$3 04

2 00

1 00

1 00

50

1 00

50

50

1 00
50

2 00
1 00

50
1 00

50
1 00

50
1 00

50
1 00

50

50
1 00
1 00

50

50

1 00

Mrs. J.

$8 00

2 00

8 00

1 00

50

50

50

1 00

50

1 00

50

1 00

50

DO

1 00

50

374 KEPOKT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

Class 16— Best of Lilies - $1 09

ClasslT— Best Lily of any kind.. 60

Class IS— Best show of Tuberoses I 00

Class 19— Beet of any other family oi' bulbous plants 1 00

Class 20— Best plant of any other family 60

Classil— Best of Hyacinth bulbs grown by the exhibitor 1 00

Class 22 — Best of Tulip bulbs, of five or more kinds 1 06

Class 28— Best of Crocus bulbs 66

DIVISION T.— BOUQUETS, FLORAL ORNAMENTS, ETC.

Committee— I. Ransom Sandford, Muskegon ; Miss Maggie Barr, Marshall ; Mra.
Ellen Comstock, Grand Rapids ; Mrs. D. Erwin, Muskegon ; Mrs. D. M. Benjamin,
Big Rapids.

Class 1— Largest and best display of cut flowers by one exhibitor $2 CO

Second best 1 00

Class 2 — Best floral mound or pyramid 1 0^

Class 3— Best floral wreath 1 0*

Class 4— Best basket of flowers 1 00

Class 5— Best other floral design 1 OO

Class 6— Best round bouquet. 1 09

Class 7— Best flat bouquet.. 1 00

Class 8 — Best display of bouquets by one exhibitor 2 00

Class 9— Best bouquet of native or wild flowers 1 00

Class 10— Best bouquet of dried or everlasting flowers skillfully arranged 1 00

Class 11— Best basket everlasting flowers skillfully arranged 1 00

Class 12 — Best aquarium with fish and plants 1 00

Ciass 18— Best vase or globe with gold fish 1 00

Class 14 — Best cage of canary birds 2 00

Class 15 — Best canary bird 1 00

Class 16 — Best bird of any other variety 1 00

DIVISION U — FRUIT AND FLOWER ILLUSTRATIONS.

Committee— Peter R. L. Pierce, Grand Rapids; Mrs. Luther Moulton, Muskegon;
Mrs. Dr. Prindle, Dowagiac ; Mrs. E. H. Whitney, Lansing ; W. W. Owen, Lowell.

1st. 2d.

Class 1— Best fruit piece in oil $2 00 $100

Class 2 — Best flower piece in oil 2 00 100

Class 8 — Best fruit piece in water colors 2 00 100

Class 4— Best flower piece in water colors 2 00 100

Class 5— Best flower chromo 2 00 100

Class 6— Best fruit chromo 2 00 I (A

Class 7— Best show of fruit and floral paintings 8 00 3 00

Class 8— Best painting? and illustrations of single fruits 2 00 109

Class 9— Best drawing of a flower garden 2 00 100

Class 10— Best album or bound volume of fruit and flower illustrations 2 00 1 00

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 275

REPORT OF PREMIUMS AWARDED BY THE STATE POMO-
LOGICAL SOCIETY. AT THE UNION FAIR.

DIVISION A — ORCHARDS AND GARDENS.

Plymouth, November 22, 1871.
Hon. J. P. Thompson, President Michigan State Pamological Society :

Dear Sir: — The undersigned, committee on orchards and
gardens, respectfully submit the following report :

With the large number of classes with entries submitted to
their examination, scattered oyer the entire State, so much
time was required for the examinations that it was found
impossible to keep the committee together for that purpose.
This proved so serious a difficulty that an assignment of a por-
tion of the Avork to sub-committees was found indispensable.

This was found to be especially necessary with the entries
for the premiums oflFered by N. P. Husted of Lowell, which
were found to be scattered over a territory somewhat difficult
of access ; hence, as we are informed, the board have relieved
us of these cases, by placing them in charge of another
committee.

A large number of the entries, particularly of peaches and
grapes, were found to be in the vicinity of Spring Lake and
Fruitport, upon lands but newly cleared, and we can hardly
speak too highly of the thoroughness and energy of those who
have, mainly within the last three or four years, reduced these
lands from a state of nature to their present admirable state
of cultivation. Indeed, with very rare exceptions, the culture
seems to be of the most thorough and satisfactory character.

The crops of most varieties of fruits were quite satisfactory,
if we consider the age of the plantations; indeed, the crop

876 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

of grapes must be considered excessive, so much so iis to
endanger the ability of the plants to sustain future crops,
unless the capacity of tlie soil shall prove decidedly greater
than its appearance would indicate.

Your committee take pleasure in excepting from these
remarks the vineyard of Mr. David Robertson, of Grand
Eapids, who, by means of a thorough system of summer
pruning, is enabled to produce results of a highly satisfactory
character, especially so far as the size of both berry and bunch
are concerned. This, to be sure, is done at the expense of
quantity ; but it is believed by your committee that such
deficiency will be found to be more than compensated, even in
the pecuniary results, by the improved size and quality of the
crop, to say nothing of the vigor of the plants thus husbanded
for the benefit of succeeding crops. Your committee, how-
ever, take occasion to remark upon the possibility, not to say
danger, of carrying this process of summer pruning to such an
excess as to compromise the ultimate vigor and health of the
plants, — a remark ventured the more freely since vineyardists
of experience and standing seem to be arriving at the conclu-
sion that our rampant American varieties do not bear the close
cutting so i^erfectly adapted to the habit of the European
eorts.

Your committee were also highly gratified with the condi-
tion in which the peach orchards entered for competition were
generally found. In a few cases, a purpose was manifest to
keep the heads well up for the purpose of facilitating culture
with the plow, — a mistake which, we apprehend, no planter
will be likely to repeat after experience with one plantation.

With the large number of entries of plantations of the
grape and peach, widely separated from each other in many
cases, and often on widely difierent soils, your committee have
found it difficult to discriminate with certainty between oases
often almost equally meritorious, and they deeply regret their
inability, under the rules of the society, to award premiums
in many cases that command their unqualified admiration.

MTCniGAX STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 377

In the pear orchards entered there are also several very close
competitors, and in their awards the committee are influenced
to a considerable extent by the adaptation of the varieties
selected and planted, to the market, also to some extent by the
system of pruning.

Your committee have made the following awards, viz :

Clase 1— Best and second best apple orchard, not less than two acres, in fnll bearing.

This matter was referred to Mr. II. 8. Clubb of Grand Haven, who, as a

sub-committee, it was agreed should examine entries and report, but who

unfortunately has not been heard from.
Class '2— Best apple orchard, planted not over five years. To Hunter Savidgo, of

Spring Lake.
Olase 3— Best apple orchard, planted not over two years. No entry.
Class 4— Best pear orchard, not less than one-quarter acre, in full bearing. To J. Vf .

Humphrey, Plymouth.
Second best pear orchard, not less than one-quarter acre, in fall bs&iing.

To C. Engle, Paw Paw.
Class 5 — Best young pear orchard, planted not more tlian five years. To C. En^e,

Paw Paw.
Class 0 — Best peach orchard, not less than one acre, in bearing. To Lyman Hall,

Fruitport.
Class 7 — Best young peach orchard, planted not over five years. To W. B. MaeoD,

P'ruitport.
Class 8— Best young peach orchard, not less than ten acres, and not planted more

than two years. To A. L. Soule, Fruitport.
Class 9— Best plum orchard. To N. P. Husted, Lowell.
Class 10 — Best cherry orchard. To A. L. Soule, Fruitport.
Class 11 — Best quince orchard, not less than one-eighth of an acre, in bearing. To 0.

Engle, Paw Paw.
Class 1'2— Best vineyard, in bearing, not less than one acre. To Thomas Petty,

Fruitport.
Second best ditto. To George Hosford, Ionia.
Class If!— Best young vineyard, not over three years planted, nor !e?3 than ono acre.

To M. P. Smith, Hopkins, Allegan county.
Class 14 — Best Delaware vineyard. To David Robertson, Grand Rapids,
Class 15— Best Concord vineyard. To Thomas Petty, Fruitport.
Class 16 — Best small-fruit garden, including strawberries, blackberries, raspberries,

and currants. No entry.
Class 17— Best plat strawberries, not less than one acre. To C. S. Shepherd, Mub-

kcgon.
Class 18— Best plat of raspberries, not less than one-half acre. To Geo. S. Lindermac,

Grand Rapids.
Class 19- Best plat of blackberries, not less than one-half acre. To Geo. S. Linder-

man, Grand Rapids,
Class 20 — Best plat of currants, not less than one-half acre. No entry.
Class 21— Best plat of gooseberries, not less than one-half acre. No entry.
Class 22— Best suburban ornamental grounds. No entry.
Cla88 23— Best ornamental grounds, belonging to a farm residence. To Benjemin

Uatheway, Little Prairie Ronde.

278 KEPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

ClasF 24— Best caltivated and ornamental city lot. No entry.

Class 25— Best and most tastefully arranged flower garden. To C. L. Whitney, Mua-

kegon.
Class 26— Best general nursery. To Reynolds, Lewis & Co., Monroe.
Class 27- Best private conservatory. To Mrs. E. T. Nelson, Grand Kapida.
Class 28— Best general greenhouse. To John Suttle, Grand Rapids.

The observations of your committee would seem to indicate
that generally there is a disposition among planters to confine
their operations to only a portion of the circle of fruits; and
tnis seems to be especially the case with planters for commer-
cial purposes. This being the case, your committee may be
indulged in a recommendation, that in view of the large num-
ber of classes covered by these entries, and the fact that in
reaching them by rail when isolated as they usually are, seldom
more than one entry can be examined each day, they be sub-
divided, and assigned to two, three or more committees, each
composed of experts in such classes as shall be assigned to
them.

A natural subdivision would seem to be : 1st, classes 1 to
5, including apple and pear orchards ; ,3d, classes 6 to 15,
including peach, plum, cherry, quince, and grape ; 3d, classes
16 to 21, including berries in all their varieties; and 4th,
classes 22 to 28, including the entire ornamental interest.

We greatly regret that this report could not have been laid
before you at an earlier period, but inability to secure a portion
•of the requisite facts has compelled the delay.

All of which is respectfully submitted.

T. T LYON,

A. T. LINDERMAN,

HENRY HOLT,

Committee.

DIVISION B — COLLECTIONS OF PIIUIT.

Committee— S. L. Fuller, Fletcher Fowler, H. Gaylord Holt, T. J. Ramsdell.

Claea 1— State collection.
Claee 2 — County collections :

Wayne county, first premium, $100.

Kent county, second premium, $50.

Clinton county, third premium, $25.

Eaton county, fourth premium, $15.

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 279

Class 3— Township collection:

Spring Lake, first premium, $50. (Donated to the gociety by Messrs.
Savidge, Hall, Soule, and others.)

Grattan, second premium, £25.

Grand Rapids, third premium. $15.

Ovid, fourth premium, SIO.

Hart, fifth premium, $5.
Cla&fl 4— For the best collection of the varieties recommended by the Michigan State

Pomological Society for general cultivation, * $10 and $5. Joseph Gridley,

Kalamazoo, first premium, $10: L. S. Dickinson, Grand Rapids, second

premium, $5.
Class 6— Best collection of fruits, grown by exhibitor. X. P. Huated, Lowell, first

premium, S'-O.
Glass 6— Best collection of fruit exhibited by any individual. N. P. Husted, Lowell,

first premium. $20.t

SPECIAL PRSUIUIIS AWARDED.

To collection from South Haven Pomological Society of |;10. K-fhlbited by T. S.
Linderman and Jno. Bidwell of South Haven.

To collection from the Agricultural and Pomological Society at Douglass. Allegan
county, of $10. Exhibited by E. W. Perry of Douglass.

DIVISION C— APPLKS.

Committee— J. G. Ramsdell, G. W". Dickinson, George Taylor, H. E. Light, Myron

H. Norton.

Class 1 — Best peck any one variety summer apples. Henry Allen, Paris, first pre-
mium, $2 ; variety— Bacon's Best.

Class 2— Best peck any one variety autumn apples. Henry Allen, Paris, first pre-
mium, S2; variety--Fa!l Janetting. Charles Alford, Lamont, second
premium, $1 ; variety— Goodenough.

Class 8 — Best peck any one variety winter apples. Norman Cummins, Englishrille.
first premium, $2 ; variety— Wagener. Chas. Alford, Lamont, second
premium, |1 ; King of Tompkins County.

Class 4— Best single variety summer apples. Chas. Alford, first premium, $1 ; Sweet
Bough. Henry Holt, Cascade, second premium. 50 cents ; Sweet Bongb.

Class a — Best single variety autumn apples. H. Allen, Paris, first premium, $1 ;
variety — Fall Janetting. Henry Holt, Cascade, second premium, 50 cents ;
variety — Gravenstein.

Cflass 6— Best single variety winter apples. N. P. Husted, Lowell, first premium, $1 ;
variety — Wagener. Henry Holt, Cascade, second premium, 50 cents ;
variety— Peck's Pleasant.

♦Note. — The varieties recommended by this society, refen-ed to above, include tfio
following: For summer use — The Red Astrachan, Sweet Bough, and Duchess of
Oldenburg. For autumn use— Fall Pippin, C.iyuga County Redstreak, Snow, Jersey
Sweet, Maiden's Blush. For winter use— Baldwin, Wagener, Golden Russet, Rhode
Island Greening, Tallman Sweet. Hubbardston Nonsuch, Northern Spy. Exhibitoi-s
to obtain the above premiums must exhibit at least twelve of the above varieties.

tNoTE. —This premium is ofi"ered in order that any person desiring to exhibit a fine
collection of fruits, procured from any and all sources, may have the opportunity.
But in all other cases it is to be strictly insisted upon that the exhibition from any
State, county, township, or iudividual shall be the production of the State, county,
township, or individual exhibiting the same.

;i80 REPORT OJ" THE SECRETARY OF THE

Clans "— Best peck SwcotCougli. C'has. Alford, first premium, $1. II. AJleu, second

premium. 50 cents.
Class 30— Best peck Fall Pippin. Wm. Rowc, Walker, first premium, $1.
Class 11— Best peck Caynga County Red Streak. G. I. Moore, Walker, first premium,

$1. C. S. Randall, Lament, second premium, 60 cents.
Class 12— Best peck Maiden's Blush. H. Allen, Paris, first premium, $1. Chas, Alford,

Lament, second preminui, 50 cents.
Class 13— Best peck Snow apples. O. Van Bnren, Grand Rapids city, first premium,

$1. S. M. Pearsoll, Alpine, second premium, 50 cents.
Class 14— Best peck Jersey Sweet. Chas. Alford, Lamont, first premium, .$1. R. C.

Sessions, Gaines, second premium, 50 cents.
Class 15— Best peck Wagener. N. Cummins, Englishville, first premium, $1. Asa W.

Slayton, Grattan, second premium, 50 cents.
•Class 16— Best peck Baldwins. J. H. Ford, Paris, first premium. G. I. Moore,

Walker, second premium.
Class IT— Best peck Rhode Island Greeuings. R. C. Sessions, Gaines, first premium.

S. M. Pearsoll, Alpine, second premium.
•C^lass 18— Best peck Northern Spy. R. C. Sessions, Gaines, first premium. Asa W.

Slayton, Grattan, second premium.
Class 19— Best peck Golden Russet. J. H. Ford, Paris, first premium. M. Norton,

city, second premium.
Class 21— Best peck Tallman Sweet, C. S. Randall, Lamont, first premium.
Class W— Best peck Golden Sweet. Chas. Alford, Lamont, first premium.
Class 84 — Best peck Autumn Strawberry. S. M. Pearsoll, Alpine, first premium.
ClassSS— Best peck Fall Orange. Henry Allen, Paris, first premium. S. M. Pearsoll,

Alpine, second premium.
Class 86— Best peck Rambo. O. Van Burcu, city, first premium.
Class 87 — Best peck Autumn Swaar. U. Allen, Paris, first premium.
Class 89— Best peck Steele's Red Winter. G. I. Moore, Walker, first premium.
Class 40— Best peck Swaar. Chas. Alford, Lamont, first premium.
Class 41 — Best peck Jonathan. G. I. Moore, Walker, first premium.
Class 42 — Best peck Esopns Spitzenbnrg. S. M. Pearsoll, Alpine, first premium. Wm.

Rowe, Walker, second premium.
Class 43— Best peck King of Tompkius County. Chas. Alford, Lamont, first premium.

G. I. Moore, Walker, second premium.
Class 45— Best peck Peck's Pleasant. J. U. Ford, Paris, first premium.
Class 47— Best peck Fallwater. C. J. Deitrich, Grand Rapids, first premium.
Class 48— Best peck Rawles' Janet. Wm. Rowe, Walker, first premium.
Class 51— Best peck Willow Twig. Wm. Rowe, Walker, first premium.
Class 52— Best peck Yellow Bellflower. Wm. Rowe, first premium.
Class 55— Best peck any other variety. Wm. Rowe, Walker ; variety— Twenty Ounce.
Class 50 — Best collection of apples, grown by exhibitor. Chas. Alford, Lamont, first

premium, J10. Henry Allen, Paris, second premium, $5.
Class 57— Best collection of Siberian Crab apples. N. P. Husted, Lowell, first pre-
mium.
Class 53— Best single variety Siberian Crab, not lees than 20 specimens. N. P. Husted,

Lowell, first premium.
Class 59— Best 20 specimens Transcendent Crab. N. P. Husted, Lowell, first premium-
Class 60— Best 20 specimens large Red Crab. N. P. Husted, Lowell, first premium.
Class 61— Best 20 specimens Montreal Beauty. N. P. Husted, first premium.
Class e^Best 20 specimens Hyslop. N. P. Husted, first premium.

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 281

Kemakks by Committee. — Many oi" the uumbers conld
not be found by the committee. The different classes in this
•division were mingled together in such crowded space that xvc
found it ver}' difficult to separate and compare them. To
avoid this, the committee would recommend that in the future
the classes be kept separate, as well as the divisions.

DinSIOX D— PEAKS.

Committee— Louis S. Lovell, C. Davie, Darius Boynton, II. E. Light, J. M. Smith,
tnaes 1 — Best collection pears. Sanford Snow, Muskegon, first premium, $2.
•Claes 6 — Best single variety autumn pears. H. Holt, Cascade, first premium, fl.

Variety— Beurre Diel.
Wm. Rowe, Walker, second premium, 50 cents.
■Class 7— Best single variety winter pears. J. D. Alger. Paris, first premium, $1.

Wm. Rowe, Walker, second premium, 50 cents.
Oass &— Best plate Bartletts. J. G. Ramsdell, Manistee, first premium ; donated.

II. Holt, Cascade, second premium.
•Class 9— Best plate Flemish Beauty. Jno. Gilbert, Ovid, first premium. II. Holt,

Cascade, second premium.
■OlasB 10 — Best plate Louise Bonne do Jersey. .John Ciilbcrt, Ovid, first premium. J.

D. Alger, Paris, second premium.
Class 12— Best plate Duchess d' Angoulemc. A. L. Soule, Spring Lake, first prtmlnm.
•Class 13— Best plate Seckcl. Jno. Gilbert, Ovid, first premium. Ilenry Allen, Paris,

'Second premium.
Claes 14— Best plate Vicar. IT. Holt, Cascade, first premium. Henry Allen. Paris,

second premium.
•Class 16— Best plate Sheldon. J. H. Ford, Pari«, first premium.

Remarks by Committee. — The committee would state that
a number of entries are not found; that the collection of
Messrs. Sanford and Snow is very choice, each variety being
perfect ; that Mr. Boynton of Benton Harbor — one of the
•committee, — has upon exhibition some eight or ten varieties
of pears, which are very fine and deserving a favorable notice.

DIVISION E— PEACHES.

Committee— S. B. Peck. J. S. Linderman, Asa W. Slayton, Geo. Seagrove, A. O.
Winchester.
Class 5— Best dish single variety. A. L. Soule, Spring Lake, first premium, $1.

Variety— Early Crawford. W. B. Mason, Spring Lake, second premium,

50 cents. Variety— Early Crawford,
flaes 0— Best plate Early Crawford. W. B. Mason, Spring Lake, first premium. A.

L. Soule, Spring Lake, second premium.
(Daee 7— Best plate Barnard. W. B. Mason, Spring Lake, first premium. E.Graham,

Walker, second premium.
Class 8— Best plate Smock Free. A. L. Soule, Spring Lake, first premium.
daee 9— Best plate Late Crawford. N. Fisk, Grand Rapids township, first premiam.

46

282 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

Class 11— Best plato Hill's Chili. Joseph Chapel, Eastmanville, first premiam.

Class 16— Best plate George IV. E. Graham, Walker, first premium.

Class IT— Beet plate any other variety. Joseph Chapel, Eastmanville, first premium;
variety— Old Mixon Free. Joseph Chapel, Eastmanville, second pre-
mium ; variety — Princess Rareripe.

DIVISION y — GRAPHS.

Committee— Ed. Bradfield, J. G. Ramsdell, William Haldane.
Class 1— Best collection native grapes, not less than four varieties. Benj. Hatheway,

Little Prairie Konde, first premium, $10. W. Slocum, Grand Rapids city,

second premium, $6.
Class 2— Best ten pounds native varieties. Hunter Savidge, Spring Lake, first pre-
mium, SI.
Class S— Best five pounds Concord. Hunter Savidge, Spring Lake, first premium, $1.

George Hosford, Ionia, second premium, 50 cents.
Class 4 — Best five pounds Clinton. W. I. Blakely, Grand Rapids city, first premium,

$1. Chas. Alford, Lamont, second premium, 50 cents.
Class 5— Best five pounds Isabella. Hunter Savidge, Spring Lake, first premium, $1.
Class 6 — Best five pounds Delavpare. Hunter Savidge, Spring Lake, first premium,

$1. Joseph Chapel, Eastmanville, second premium, .')0 cents.
Class 7— Best five pounds lona. Thos. Archer. St. Joseph, first premium, gl. Jos

Chapel. Eastmanville, second premium, 50 cents.
Glass 8 — Best five pounds of Diana. W. I. Blakely, Grand Rapids city, first premium,

|1.

Class 9- Best five pounds Ives' Seedling. Hunter Savidge, Spring Lake, first pre-
mium, SI,

Class 10 — Beet five pounds Hartford Prolific. Hunter Savidge, Spring Lake, first pre-
mium, $1. Joseph Chapel, Eastmanville, second premium, 50 cents.

Class 14 — Beet five pounds Catiwba. W. I. Blakely, Grand Rapids citv, first premium,
$1. Hunter Savidge, Spring Lake, second premium, 50 cents.

Class IS— Best six clusters Rogers' Hybrids. Hunter Savidge, Spring Lake, first pre-
mium, $1 ; variety— No. 15. Joseph Chapel, Eastmanville, second pre-
mium, 50 cents ; variety— No. 4.

Class 19— Best plate any variety not mentioned above. Joseph Chapel, Eastmanville,
first premium, $1 ; variety— Union Village. Joseph Chapel, Eastmanville,
second premium, 50 cents ; variety— Rebecca.

Class 20 — Greatest number varieties of native grapes grown by exhibitor. Benjamin
Hatheway, Little Praiiie Rondo, first premium, $o. Hunter Savidge,
Spring Lake, second premium.

Kemarks by Committee. — We would respectfully urge the
granting of a special second premium for very fine collection
of twenty-eight varieties (from Hunter Savidge), of a very
good quality, and well deserving notice ; also, a special pre-
mium for a very fine plate of grapes named Kalamazoo, exhib-
ited by Erasmus Davis, which was so classed we could not
award a premium ; also, a special premium for a raisin grape,
exhibited by a Mr. Smith of Detroit. We would also notice

MICHIGAN" STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 283

two very fine collections of hot-house grapes, grown by Mrs.
Morris and George Kendall of Grand Rapids city. Several par-
ties entered varieties for best collection of native grape (among
whom was W. Slocum, city), supposing they could compete
for best five-pound premiums, to which they would have
been entitled but for this mistake in entering. We cannot
conclude without noticing the most attractive specimens of
all, — the justly celebrated California grapes, which eclipsed
everything else by far ; and we hope to be able to return the
compliment at some future time to the State of California. *

E. BRADFIELD,
J. G. RAMSDELL,
Wm. HALDANE,

Committee.

DIVISION Q— PLtrM8,ArEI0OTS. AND UECTARINES.

Tellow Egg— First premium, N. P. Busted, Lowell, Kent county.

Lombard— First premium, Sanford & Snow, Muskegon. Second premium, T. J.
Eamsdell, Manistee.

Single variety plums — ^First premium, N. P. Ilusted ; variety— Canada Egg. Second
premium, J. U. Ramsdell, Manistee ; variety— Duane's Purple.

A branch of Imperial grape, from Manistee, is entitled to

favorable mention ; also, two plates of Coe's Golden Drop,

wrongly entered as Yellow Egg. It being past the season for

most varieties of plums, the show is meager, but the specimens

exhibited furnish convincing proof that the sandy soils of the

Michigan Fruit Belt, as well as the heavier soils of the interior,

are well adapted to the growth of this delicious fruit, and the

committee would recommend every owner of a rod of ground

to plant at least one plum tree, and thereby in a few years

gratify the laudable ambition of becoming " worth a plum."

It being past the season for apricots and nectarines, no entries

were made.

C. L. SHEPHERD,

CHAS. ALFORD,

Committee.

* Note.— The committee do not mention the very fine exhibition of many varieties
of grapes made by Mr. E. Bradfleld, nor Mr. Haldane's noted Isabella, probably on
account of these gentlemen being members of the committee. — Seceetaey.

•>84 IlEPOET OP THE SECRBTAEY OF THE

DirrSION n— SEEDLING FRTHTS.

Class 1— Best collection of seedling frnits. James Dias, Gaines, first premium, J5,

The committee appointed to examine seedling fruits awarded
no premiums, but returned the following rei^ort:

Your committee beg leave to report, that though thej find
nothing among the seedling fruits that, under the rules of the
society, seem to them clearly entitled to a premium, there are
several varieties worthy of note, and that may at a future
time, when presented accompanied with a history of origin,
statement of habit of tree, keeping qualities, etc., be entitled
to an award.

Mr. James Dias of Gaines presented several seedling apples,
among which Ave find one of some apparent marked character.
It is evidently a long-keeping winter sort,— ^something of the
Newtown Pippin type, but oblong in form. We recommend
that this apple be presented at some future wiiiter meeting of
the society. Mr. D. presented other fine specimens of winter
apples, but the season precludes the possibility of judging of
their value.

S. M. Pearsoll of Alpine had on exhibition a number of.
varieties of apples, the most promising of which, in our esti-
mation, is an autumn variety, resembling very much the Clyde
Beauty, but somewhat larger. While its fairness and product-
iveness may recommend it for market, it was thought not so
high in quality as our instructions require.

A fine looking seedling entitled Florida elicited some com-
mendation ; a light conical apple, with a blush. It was said
to have originated with W. H. Hurlbut of South Haven, and
to have grown from the seed of apples washed ashore from
the wreck of the schooner Florida, l!s^ovember, 1841. The
tree is of luxuriant growth, with spreading head, and a good
annual bearer. Season — October.

We find of seedling grapes four entries, three of which are
of the wild Labrusca type. One is a green grape, not ripe,
and thought to be one of the named varieties, but too late for
value.

MICHIGAX STATE POMOLOGICAI. SOCIETY. 285

Pearly W. Jolinsou of Walker presented a seedling peacli
of very fine quality, but unaccompanied with history.

D. Boynton, Benton Harbor, presented a peach known as
Boynton's Seedling; a yellow flush peach, with little red ; culti-
yated to some extent in the region of its origin ; may be found
worthy of further attention.

A. W. Slayton of Grattan brought forward a seedling peach
of some apparent merit. This is not ripe, and, though prom-
ising, is without a history.

Mr. S. also had on exhibition a seedling autumn apple of
more than usual promise. In size it is medium to large ; in
form, roundish, slightly conical, some specimens a little flat-
tened ; color, light yellow, with occasionally a blush. It is
not yet fully ripe, its season being from October to December.
Though not of very high quality, its large size, fairness, and
good keeping qualities may make it worthy of further atten-
tion. The fact that it is being grafted to some extent in the
Ticinity^of Grattan — the name by which the apple is known —
is some indication of value. It is certainly a beautiful apple,
and it is quite probable it will be heard from hereafter.

There were entered nine seedling pears, but the committee
could only find two varieties. These were neither of them
ripe, and therefore no conclusion as to their value could be
arrived at. ,

There was a seedling quince and a seedling crab apple
entered, but neither possessed any apparent value over the
standard sort.

N. P. Husted of Lowell presented a plum that is evidently
worthy of extensive culture. It is not known to be a seedling,
though there is some reason to think it may be. It is a large
blue plum, with full bloom, and of excellent quality. The
oommittee would not have hesitated to award it a premium
had they felt assured of its seedling character.

In conclusion, while we feel constrained to withhold a
premium from all articles in this class, we would commend

286 EEPOET OF THE SECKETART OF THE

the enterprise in the production of new fruits, and do not
doubt that ultimately they will be crowned with valuable
attainments.

B. HATHEWAY,
S. M. PEAKSOLL,
JACOB GANZHORN".

DITISiojJ I — QtJINCBS, NUTS, AOT) SBIALI. FRUITS.

Best collection quinces— U. B. Rathbnn, city.
Best peck quinces, single variety— G. W. Chadwick, city.
Best collection native nuts— A. W. Slayton, Grattan.
Best half-peck hazel nuts— Henry Seymour, Jr., Paris.
Beet half-peck hickory nuts — Willie Dietrich, Grand Eapids.

Best half-peck butternuts- P. Hall, Ada, first premium; Chas. Alvord, Lament,
second premium.

The committee would report the collection in this division

small, but the samples that are exhibited are very fine, and

well merit awards.

0. J. DIETRICH, Chairman.

DIVISION J— DRIED PRUIT3 AND PICKLES.

Collection dried fruits — First premium, John Gilbert, Ovid, Clinton county.

Dried apples— First premium, Chas. Alford, Lamont, Ottawa county ; second pre-
mium, Mrs. G. W. Dickinson, Grand Rapids tovrn.

Dried pears— First premium. Mrs. Daniel Schermerhom, Walker; second premium,
Mrs. G. W. Dickinson.

Dried peaches— First premium, N. Cumings, Englishville ; second premium, Cbaa.
Alford.

Dried plums — First premium, Mrs. G. W. Dickinson.

Dried cherries— First premium, Mrs. G. W. Dickinson ; second premium, Mrp.
Schermerhom.

Dried carrants— First premium, Mrs. Wm. Rowe, Walker; second premium, Mrs.
Daniel Schermerhom.

Dried raspberries— First premium, Mrs Schermerhom ; second premium, Mrs. O.
W. Dickinson.

Dried blackberries— First premium, Mrs. Schermerhom.

Dried whortleberries— First premium, Mrs. D. K. Emmons, city ; second premiam,
Mrs. Schermerhom.

Dried pumpkin— First premium, Mrs. G. W. Dickinson ; second premium, Mrs. D.
Schermerhom.

Pickled peaches— First premium, Mrs. G. W. Dickinson.

Catsup— First premium, Mrs. D. Schermerhom ; second premium, Mrs. G. W.
Dickinson.

Pickled cucumbers— First premium, Mrs. G, W. Dickinson ; second premium, Mrs.
D. Schermerhom.

Pickled beans— First premium, Mrs. D. Schermerhom.

Committee— Mrs. S. L. Fuller, Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Be.ach, Mrs. C. C. Rood, Mrs.
Wesley P. Wood.

MICHIOAX STATE PO.MOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 287

DIVISIOJJ K— CAXNED FRUITS.

Canned pears— First premium. Mrs. J. P. Goss, Boston. Ionia county; second
premium, Mrs. Daniel Scliermcrhorn, Walker, Kent cotinty,

Canned pared peaches— First premium, Mrs. G. W. Dickinson, Grand Eapids town;
second premium, Mrs. D. Schcrmerhorn,

Canned whole peaches— First premium, N. Cumingg, Englishville. Kent county;
eecond premium, Mrs. Wm. Rowe, Walker.

Canned plums — First premium, Mrs. W. N. Cook, city ; second premium, Mrs. J. P.
GosB, Boston.

Canned cherries— First premium, Mrs, G. W. Dickinson; Bccond prcminm, N.
Cnmings.

Canned Siberian apples— First premium, Mrs. Wm. Kowe.

Canned raspberries— First premium, Mrs. D. Schermerhom.

Canned blackberries— First premium, Mrs. G. W. Dickinson.

Canned whortleberries— First pramium, Mrs. G. W. Dickinson ; scoond premiom,
Mrs. Wm. Rowe.

Canned gooseberries— First premium, Mrs. Wm. Rowe; second premium, Mrs. D.
Schcrmerhorn.

Canned currants-First premium, Mrs. Wm. Rowe; second premium, Mrs. Schcr-
merhorn.

Canned pie-plant— First premium, Mrs. Wm. Rowe; second premium, Mrs. D.
Schermerhom.

Canned tomato— First premium, Mrs. Wm. Rowe ; second premium, Mrs. G. W.
Dickinson.

Canned com — First premium, Mrs. G. W. Dickinson.

There were no entries for canned grapes, strawberries,
quinces, apples, pumpkin, or asparagus. The acting committee,
Mrs. S. L. Withey and Mrs. 0. A. Hortou, remark as follows:
" The committee report a large collection of canned fruit of
fine quality, and in many cases we found it difficult to decide
which was best. Several collections not entered for premiums
attracted special attention. That of Mr. Husted was especially
fine; also, that entered in the Kent county collection. These
collections were all of home manufacture, and exhibited well
the good housewifery of this part of the State."

DIVISION L— rRESERVED rRUIT AND -TELLIES.

Siberian Crab jelly— First premium, Mrs. George Smith, Walker.
Pie-plant jelly— First premium, lion. Stephen Rossman, Greenrille, Montcalm
county.
Tomato jelly— First premium, lion. Stephen Rossman.
Apple butter— First premium, Mrs. D. Schermerhorm, Walker.

There were many beautiful specimens of jelly on exhibition,
but they were included in the larger collections. It was not
at all creditable to the ladies, however, that the exhibition of
preserved fruit was so meager and unsatisfactory.

Mrs. H. G. HOLT, and others,

Committer.

*^8 BEPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

DIVIfllON W — WINES, CIDER, VINEGAR, CORDIALS, KT-C.

Collection foreign wines — First premium, Hart & Amber, city.
Collection domestic wines— First premium, Hart & Amberg.
Cnrrant wine — Firstjprcmiam, J. D. Davis, city.
Blackberry wine — First premium. Hart & Amberp;.
Clinton wine— First premium. Hunter Savidge, Spring Lake.
Concord wine — First premium, Geo. Hosford, Ionia.
Isabella wine^First premium, Wm. Haldane, city.
Catawba wine— First premium, Hart & Amberg.
Elderberry wine — First premium, Mrs. Wm. Rowe, Walker.
Boiled cider — First premium, Mrs. D. Schermerhorn, Walker.
Cider vinegar— First premium, Mrs. D. Schermerhorm.

The committee, composed of E. P. Fuller, city, cliairmau ;
Charles Gay, Big Rapids ; A. W. Tyrrell, Detroit ; Erasmus
Davis, Kalamazoo ; and D. B. Dennis, Coldwater, in their
report, remark as follows: "The Isabella wine of Mr. Ilal-
dane's is a very choice and superior article. Edward Bradfield
of Ada exhibits a sample of ten months' old lona wine,
which is of exquisite quality; also, a sample of Delaware wine
which is worthy of special premium. The article entered by
Hart & Amberg as raspberry wine is raspberry syrup, and as
such is entitled to a premium. A sample of raspberry vinegar
is excellent and deserves notice.''

DIVISION N— NtlKSEET STOCK.

Apple trees two years old— First premium, N. P. Husted, Lowell. Second premium,
Lake Shore Horticultural Society, Douglass, Allegan county.

Cherry trees, Dukes and Morellos, two years old — First premium, N. P. Husted.

Cherry trees, Bigarreau — First premium, N. P. Husted.

Peach trees, one year old — Fli'st premium, Thomas Archer, St. Joseph.

Wegener apple trees two years old— Special premium, A. T. Linderman, city.

ERASMUS DAVIS,
D. BOYNTON,
H. E. LIGHT.

Committee.

DIVISION O — OONSKRVATORT ASD PARLOR rLANT.*?.

Collection conservatory and parlor plants — First premium, John Suttle, city.

Abutilon (single)- First premium, T. R. Renwick, city.

Collection double flowering Geraniums — John Snttle, city.

Geranium (double)— First premium, John Suttle.

Collection gold, silver, ana bronze-leaved Geranium— First premium, Jotm Suttlo

Geranium, variegated and single — First premium, John Suttle.

Collection ivy-leaved Geraniums- First premium, John Suttle.

Pelargonium (single)— First premium, John Suttle.

Collection Fnschias- First premium, John Snttle,

Fnschia (single) — First premium, T. R. Renwick.

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. ;389

Fnschia (doable)— First premium, John Sattle.

Oollection Monthly Roses— First premium, John Sattle.

Rose, Monthly— First premium, John Suttle.

Calla— First premium, T. R. Renwick.

Collection Begonias— First premium, John Suttle,

Begonia (single) — First premium, T. R. Renwick.

Collection ornamental foliage plants— First premium, John Suttle.

Ornamental foliage plant (single)— First premium, T. R. Renwick.

Collection parlor climbers— First premium, John Suttle.

Ornamental climber (single)- First premium, T. R. Renwick.

Collection Ferns— First premium, John Suttle.

Fern (single)- First premium, John Sattle.

Collection mosses— First premium, John Suttle.

Hanging basket filled- First premium, T. R. Renwick.

The show of flowers in this class was very fine, and elicited
hearty praise from all spectators.

Mrs. MINA MORMAN.
Mrs. WM. ROWE,
Mr. N. R. MORMAN,

Committee.

DIVISION P— BEDDING PLANTS, NOT HARDT.

Class 2— Best collection Verbenas, ten or more varieties. John Sattle, Grand Rapids
city, first premium, $1.

Glass 5— Best collection Pansies. Mrs. Wm. Rowe, Grand Rapids, first premium, $1.

Class 7— Best collection Antirrhinums. Mrs. Wm. Rowe, Grand Rapids, first pre-
mium, $1.

Class 8 — Best collection Petunias. John Suttle, Grand Rapids, first premium, $1.

CHasa 10— Best collection Carnation Pinks. John Suttle, first premium, $1.

Class 12- Best collection ornamental foliage plants. John Suttle, first premium, $2,

dass 18 — Best collection Coleus. T. E. Renwick, Grand Rapids city, first premium, $1.

Glass 14 — Best collection Achryanthus. John Suttle, first premium, $1.

Class 15 — Best Pyrethrum. John Suttle, first premium, 50 cents.

Class 22 — Best single Petunia. John Suttle, first premium, 50 cents.

Class 23 — Best double Petunia. John Suttle, first premium, 50 cents.

\Jlas8 24 — Best Coleus. John Suttle, first premium, 50 cents.

Glass 26 — Best Centaurea. John Suttle, first premium, 50 cents.

Class 31— Best Carnation Pink. John Suttle, first premium, $1.

C. O. ROCKWELL,
Mrs. M. shepherd,

Committee.

DIVISION R — SHEUBBKRr, HERBACEOUS PLANTS, AND ANNUALS, HARDT.

Oollection of fiowers and shrubs— First premium, Mrs. Geo. Smith, Walker ; second
premium, Mrs. Wm. Rowe, Walker.
Hybrid Perpetual Roses — First premium, John Suttle, city.
Hybrid single Rose — First premium, John Suttle.
Collection of Phlox -First premium, John Suttle.
Collection of Japan Pinks— First premium, Mrs. Geo. Smith.
Collection of Annuals — First premium, Mrs. Wm. Rowe.
Collection of Phlos Drummondi— First premium, Mrs. George Smith.

47

290 KEPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

Collection of Asters— First premium, Mrs. Win. Rowe.

Collection of Ten Weeks' Stalk— First premium, Mrs. Wm. Rowe.

Collection of Zinnias— First premium, Mrs. Wm. Rowe.

Collection of Larkspurs— First pr'-iiiam, Mrs. Wm. Rowe.

Collection of everlasting flowers— "."irst premium, Mrs. Wm. Rowe.

Collection of ornamental grasses— i'"irst premium, Mrs. Wm. Rowe.

I. RANSOM SANFORD.
JULIA RENWICK,
Mrs. a. 8. STANNARD,
CommMee.

DmSION a— PLAHT3 AXB BULBS.

Collection Dahlias— First premium, John Suttle, city.

Dahlia blooms— First premium, John Suttlo.

Dahlia, single— First premium, John Suttle.

Collection Gladioli— First premium, JoTin Suttle.

Gladiolus, single— First premium, John Suttle.

Canna— First premium, T. R. Renwick, city.

Calladiums, three— First premium, John Suttle.

Calladium, single- First premium, John Suttle.

Wm. rowe.

Mrs. a. S. STANNARD,

Mrs. C. p. PRINGLE,

Committee.

DITISION T— BOUQUETS AND TLOEAL ORNAMENTS.

Floral mound or pyramid— First premium, Mrs. Wm. Rowe. Walker.

Floral design— First premium, Mrs. A. D. Noble. Walker.

Round bouquet— First premium, John Suttle.

Flat bouquet — First premium, John Suttle.

Bouquet of dried or everlasting flowers — First premium, Mrs. Wm. Rowe.

Cage of canary birds— First premium, T. R. Renwick. city.

I. R. SANFORD,
JULIA RENWICK,
C. O. ROCKWELL,

Committ^f.

DIVISION U— FRUIT AND FLOWTER ILLUSTRATIONS.

Flower Chromo— First premium, Lyman Patten, city; second premium, Mrs. C.J.
Deltrich, Grand Rapids town.

Fruit Chromo — First premium. Lyman Patten, city ; second premium. Van Ilouten,
Goebel & Co., city.

Album or bound volume of fruit and flower illastrations- First premium, Lyman
Patten, city.

Crayon fruit piece— Special premium, $2, Master Willie A. Innis, city.

Much credit is due to Mrs. Gray for her pictures which she
placed on exhibition. Among them were choice pieces by the
favorite artist of Grand Eapids, L. C. Earle. Mr. Patten's
display of pictures added greatly to the attractiveness of the
Hall. Mr. Geo. Kendall's contributions from his private col-
lection were greatly admired, especially the one by Mr. Earle.

MICniGAlS" STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 291

GRAND DISPLAY OF FRUIT IN POMOLOGICAL HALL— SIX
HUNDRED AND FOUR ENTRIES.

HOME FRUITS.

Perhaps the easiest way to describe the hall will be to tell
first of our home fruits, beginning with the county collections,
for they were certainly very important features, and the fact
that the State Pomological Society, in its infancy as yet, has
been so signally seconded by fruit-growers, even from the far
off counties, is worthy of first mention. One thing is certain,
the people of Michigan may well feel assured that their State
is the fruit region of the West, and our home fruits are not
absorbed in the company of specimens grown abroad.

The first in the county collections, and that which took the
first premium, was the one from Wayne county.

It came some distance, and may well cause those who sent
it a real pride in thus getting the first premium, for it was
carefully selected, well arranged, and contained the largest
collection of apples in the hall, there being one hundred and
fifty-eight varieties. There were also twenty-seven varieties of
native grapes, and a fine display of fifteen varieties of foreign
grapes from Capt E. B. Ward's greenhouse.

Kent county took the second premium for county collec-
tions, which is by no means a bad proof of the motto hanging
over its display: "Kent county claims a place in the Fruit
Belt." There were one-hundred and twenty-five varieties of
apples, sixteen of pears, fourteen of peaches, and a fine collec-
tion of canned fruits, some very large specimens of Black
Hamburg and White Fontainebleau (foreign) grapes, from the
•grapery of Mrs. Morris, in the city.

293 REPOKT OF THE SECRETARY OP THE

Among the principal contributors of fruit were Peter Beck-
with of Grand Kapids township, and 'N. Peck of the same
township, of apples ; W. 0. Houghtaling of the same town-
ship, of pears ; J. Dias of Gaines, of peaches and apples ;
Thomas Blain, Gaines, of apples and pears; Mr. BradBeld,
Ada, of native, and Geo. Kendall, city, of foreign grapes.

Clinton county sent in a fine collection, which obtained the
third premium, and demonstrated the truth of its motto :
"Clinton County salutes the Union Fair with the King of
Fruits."

There were one hundred and ten varieties of apples, thirty
varieties of other fruit, eleven of canned fruit, and a fine col-
lection of apples, which made good, in every sense, its claim
to kingly position and homage.

Eaton county obtained the fourth premium, and its collec-
tion was fine enough to have deserved a motto like its neigh-
bors. The good people of that section of onr State certainly
have their share of good things to eat.

The township collections were very fine and their mottoes
yery appropriate. Each one is worthy a column of space, had
we it to give, but others must be mentioned and the descrip-
tion must be brief.

Grand Eapids presented a large collection of apples ; there
were one hundred and thirty-four varieties of different kinds
of fruits. Some very large Delaware grapes, splendid Onondaga
pears, Golden Seedling strawberries, in fruit, a Gloria Mundi
apple fourteen inches in circumference, were especially noticed.

Alpine Town had its corner, and most truly was its motto
verified, for she certainly did " Welcome her friends with fruit
and flowers."

The fruit was contributed by fourteen individuals, and con-
tained one hundred varieties of apples and pears and peaches,
some of which wore " the blue."

Grattan town "prays give us this day our daily bread, fruit
without end, amen," and, judging from the display, has had

MICHIGAN^ STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 393

her prayer ubundantly answered this year. There were eighty-
one varieties of apples, sixty-five of other fruits, and a seedling
apple of real merit, called " Grattan." Some very fine Wage-
uers, Northern Spys, and Red Canadas were seen in this
collection. j

Greenwood town, fully seventy miles off, in Oceana county,
in fact where some have supposed that nothing grew but pines
and wild animals, had : " Greenwood comes seventy miles to
show what the pine woods can do." Those who examined the
collection are well satisfied that the largest kind of Bartlett
pears and Northern Spy apples can be raised there. One of '

the Northern Spys measured fourteen inches in circumference.

Spring Lake town did as was said, and sent her fruits and ,

mineral waters. ' i

There were some fine varieties, and quite a number of " bits ;

of blue" might be seen scattered about in the collection. ■

There were forty-six varieties of apples, eight of pears, sixteen
of peaches, twenty-seven of grapes, eight of canned fruits,
and two of wine. They grow big apples in that country. A
Cayuga Eed Streak thirteen inches, an Autumn Strawberry
neatly thirteen inches, a Tompkins County King thirteen
inches, and a Fall Pippin twelve and one-half inches in cir- ,

cumference, are fruits no to be despised, especially as their i

flavor is only equaled by their size.

Hart town, another from Oceana county, says, she '•' makes j

a beginning, and here it is; " and truly it is a good beginning. |

There were nice apples, and those '•' sand barrens " Avere j

demonstrated to be able to raise Red Streaks thirteen inches i

around. I

Kalamo town, in Eaton county, was, like the county collec-
tion from Eaton, without a motto, but its fruit spoke for itself,
and the display showed how far east and south from the lake
the fruit-belt extends.

These collections have not been reported yet by the commit- i

tees, but when the " blue" is given them, it shall be told which I

obta,ins it.

294 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

The Grand River Nurseries, whose large evergreen wreaths
were distinctly visible from all parts of the hall, were well rep-
resented, and the Messrs. Husted may well be prond of the
notice their fruits attracted. The collection was the largest
one in the hall, embracing eighty varieties of apples, twenty of
pears, six of peaches, twelve of plums, fifteen of grapes, six of
the new varieties of crab apples, and seventy-five of canned
fruits and jellies. The collection also contained splendid
samples of Wagener apples, Canada egg plums, Transcendent
crab apples, and other fruits. There were also some fine speci-
mens of trees, which are now well covered with blue.

The South Haven Pomological^Society's " First efibrt to the
State Pomological Society *' was well worthy a place in a Mich-
igan State collection, or in any other State, for that matter.

There were ninety varieties of apples, thirty-two of pears,
forty-one of grapes, thirty one of peaches, and twelve other
collections embracing quinces, nectarines, almonds, and figs.
There were some very fine pears, and among these a Seckel
17i inches, and a Flemish Beauty 11:^ inches in circumference,
and also a Col vert apple 1 4^ inches around.

The Lake Shore Pomological Society of Douglas, Allegan
county, exhibited some fine fruits and trees, some of the trees
winning the red favors.

There were twenty-seven varieties of fruit, containing speci-
mens of Crawford peaches, Bartlett pears, and a new variety
of grapes called the Perkins.

There were many very fine individual collections, though
want of space forbids special mention. However, a few men-
tions will be excused.

The collection of Charles Alford of Lamont, Ottawa county,
was very fine. It included sixty-eight varieties of apples,
among them a Virginia Sweet 13^ inches in circumference, a
very large Tompkins County King, and also some nice Peck's
Pleasant and Sweet Bough.

Mr. B. Hathaway of Little Prairie Ronde offered a fine col-
lection of Hybrid grapes, including thirty-one varieties.

MICHIGAN" STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 395

Mr. Davis of Kalamazoo also sent fifteen varieties of grapes-

Mr. Howard of Allegan sent fifteen varieties of grapes.

D. Boynton of Benton Harbor sent a premium collection of
peaches.

A. L. Soule of Spring Lake had first premiums on some of
his peaches.

Sanford & Snow of Muskegon obtained the blue for their
pears.

J. G. Eamsdell of Maniste?, H. Holt o( Cascade, Wm.
Rowe of Walker, and many others, whose uamns will be found
in the premium list, exhibited private collections that were
particularly nice.

The individual collections of varieties of ap[)k',s, peaches,
pears, grapes, quinces, canned fruits, jellies, jams, and wines,
numbered in all many hundred specimens.

FOREIGN FRUITS.

The California State Agricultural Society added to her fame
largely by sending us a fine collection of her choice fruits.

There were twenty-six varieties of apples, very large, being
the leading choice fruit of the State, which included Rhode
Island Greenings, 14 inches ; Fall Pippins, 13i inches ; Yellow
Bellflowers, 13 inches ; English Russets, 10 inches ; Baldwins,
13 inches; Rambos, 13 inches in circumference, which were
grown by Mr. Greenlaw of the State Society. There were also
seven kinds of pears, some of them 13 inches around, and
others weighing one pound each.

The collection included seventeen kinds of grapes. Tlie
Muscat was represented by a bunch containing single grapes
over one inch in diameter ; also single clusters of Flaun Tokay
weighing four pounds, and of Black Lombardy five and a half
pounds each.

The State Pomological Society certainly is very grateful for
the good will expressed by .the Californians in thus remember-
ing it, and the amicable relations thus commenced will doubt-
less continue ever.

296 REPORT OP THE SECRETARY OF THE

There was a very fine collection, sent by the National Pomo-
logical Society, opened and arranged.

FLOWERS.

The display of flowers made by Mr. John P. Suttle, the Ful-
ton street florist, was the largest, and, in some respects, the
finest, in the hall. The conservatory and parlor plants, vari-
eties of Stocks and Colei, masses of ferns and foliage. Dahlia
blooms and — well, when one sees so much of beauty, so much
to attract the eye and dis-tract the brain, special description
fails, and all that can be said is, go and see it yourselves,
especially the blue displayed with it.

Mr. T. 0. Eenwick had a very fine display of ferns and
mosses, the foliage attracting large numbers, who stopped,
when they came nearer, to admire the fine cage of canary birds
which formed a part of the exhibition. He was also well
remembered by the viewing committee, who deemed the blue
to be an oppropriate adornment for parts of his collection.

Mrs. William Eowe, a lady living about three miles from the
city, in the town of Walker, who devotes many of her leisure
moments to the cultivation of floAvers and fruits, made a most
beautiful display in the department. The pyramid was one of
the distinguishing features of this department, as were also
the Everlastings, ornamental grasses, etc. Mrs. Eouse had due
attention at the hands of the viewing committee, as the pres-
ence of the blue ribbon will testify. Some fine wax flowers
and birds, owners' names unknown, and a beautiful vase of
ferns, sent merely for exhibition, from the conservatory of
Mrs. James M. Nelson, and a beautiful cross, built by fair
hands too modest to tell of it, were among the more noticeable
articles of this beautiful department.

A GRAJS^D SUCCESS.

The exhibition of our State Pomological Society is a com-
plete success, and its oSicers and managers are to be congrat-
ulated. The opinions of the people at large are unanimous in

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 39?

saying that, although the otlicr portions are very fine, '' Pomo-
logical" is the feature of the Fair. All who go in are struck
with the beautiful evergreens and fine paintings (many of
them from Patten's Art Emporium), which materially aid in
making it a scene of unrivaled beauty. Crowds, the densest on
the grounds, continually throng the hall, yet all are pervaded
with a feeling of respect, — of kindness toAvard everybody,
which leads to perfect decorum in manners, and the best of
behavior. The officers return their thanks most sincerely, for
this manifestation on the part of the people.

The State Pomological Society will be one of the educational
powers in it, and all who arc interested (and who is not ?) in
the production of the finest kinds of fruit should sustain it,
both by their aid during its Fairs, and by becoming members,
•either life or annual, and then taking an active part in its
graver labors.
48

298 REPORT OF THE SECEETAEY OF THE

SNOUT BEETLES INJURIOUS TO FRUITS.

BY CHAS. V. RILEY, STATE ENTOMOLOGIST OF MISSOUEL
READ BEFORE THE ILLINOIS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Insects, like other animals, derive their nourishment from
the vegetable and animal kingdoms; but a glance is sufficient
to show that they possess a far greater field of operations than
all the other animals combined. Indeed, the food of insects
is a theme so large that I might occupy your entire time by
dwelling upon it alone. The other animals use as food but a
very small portion of the inexhaustible treasures of the vege-
table kingdon, and the remainder is unpalatable or even
poisonous to them. Not so with insects, for, from the gigantic
Banyan which covers acres with its shade, or the majestic Oak
to the invisible fungus, the vegetable creation is one vast ban-
quet, to which they sit down as guests. The larger plant-
feeding animals are also generally confined, in their diet, to
the leaves, seeds, or stalks, being either foliaceous or farina-
ceous ; but insects make every possible part of a plant yield
them valuable provender. We have an excellent illustration
of this omnipresent character of insects in those species
which are well known to attack the common apple tree. Thus,
beginning at the root, we find it rendered knotty and unhealthy
on the outside by the common Eoot-louse {Eriosoma pyri,
Fitch), while the heart is often entirely destroyed by one or
the other of two gigantic Root-borers {Prionis imbricornis,
Linn., and P. laticollis, Drury). The trunk is riddled by
the larva? of several Long-horn beetles, and pre-eminently by
the Two-striped Saperda {Saperda Mvittata, Say), as well as
by other smaller beetles; the liber and alburnum are destroyed

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 299

by the Flat-headed Borer {Chrysohotliris femorata, Fabe.,)
the outer bark eaten by bark beetles {Scolytus family) and
sucked by Bark-lice peculiar to it. The branches and twigs
are bored along the center and pruned by the larvse of the'
common Pruner {Elaphidion villosum, Fabr.), and by that
of the Parallel Pruner {E. paralleluni, Leg.), girdled by the
Twig-girdler, Oncideros cingulatus, Say*), sawed and rasped
by the Periodical Cicadas, {Cicada septemdecim, Linn., and
C. tredecim, Riley), otherwise known as Seventeen-year
Locusts, by tree-hoppers and a dozen other Homopterous
insects ; bored into from the side by the Twig-borer {Bostri-
clius hicaudatus, Say), wounded by the bites of such beetles
as the New York Weevil, Ithycerus novwioracensis, Forster),
or pierced as by a red-hot wire by small boring beetles
{ScolytidcB).

The buds before they expand are infested with the larvae of
the Apple Bud-moth {Grapliolitha oculana, Hare.), or entirely
devoured by voracious climbing cut-worms {Agrotis scandens,
Riley, etc.). The blossom has no sooner unfolded its delicate
and beautiful petals than it is devoured entire either by the
Brazen Blister Beetle {Lytta mnea, Say), the Striped Cucum-
ber Beetle {Dialrotica vittata, Fabr.), the Rose bug, or by a
great many other insects that might be mentioned, some, as
the different bees, confining themselves to the pollen or honey
from the nectaries, while others again prefer other parts. The
young fruit is either eaten partly or entirely by Snapping'
beetles {Melanotus coinmujiis and M. incertus), or punctured
by either the Plum or the Apple Curculios, and afterwards
bored through and through by their larva? or by the ubiqui-
tous Apple-worm {Carpocapsa pomonella) ; as it matures it is
eaten into by the larva? of the Plum Moth f {Semasia 'pmni-
vora, Walsh), rendered putrid by the Apple Maggot {Trypeta
pomonella, Walsh), and by the Apple Midge {Moloh'us mali,
Fitch) ; ^as it ripens it is gouged by the Flower Beetles,

* I have bred specimens of this insect from apple twigs.

+ Inappropriately so-called by Mr. Walsh, as I shall presently show.

300 REPORT OF THE SECRET ART OF THE

(Eur 1/0)17 fa inda and E. mela7ic1iolica), aud disfigured by a
variety of other insects, while the skin is often gnawed off
and corroded by the larva) of the Eose Leaf-roller {Loxoicenia
rosaceana, Harr.) ; and even the seed, if it should be pre-
served, will be attacked by the Grain Silvanus {Silvanus
surinamensis, Linx.), the Dwarf Trogosita {T. nana, Melsh),
and the larvfc of one or two small moths. And, as to the
leaves, they are not only sapped and curled by the Apple
Plant-louse [Ajjhis w?«7<', Fabr.), and by leaf-hoppers; rolled
by several leaf-rollers ; folded at the edges by a small, pale,
undescribed Avorm which I shall soon describe ; blistered by
the Eosy Hispa ( Uroplata rosea, Weber) ; crumpled by the
Leaf Grumpier {Phycita neiula, Walsh), mined by the Apple
Micropteryx {Micropteryx ptomivorella, Pack.) : skeletonized
and tied together by another undescribed worm, which I shall
some day name Acrohasis Hammondii, in honor of one of
your members, — but they are greedily devoured by a whole
horde of caterpillars, from the tiny Micropteryx to the
immense Gecropia Worm, some of which confine themselves
to the parenchyma, some to the ej)idermis, some to the tender
parts, without touching the veins, while others bodily devour
the whole leaf The sap forms the sole food of some insects,
aud even when the poor apple tree dies, a host of dififerent
insects revel in its dead and decaying parts, aud hasten its
dissolution, so that it may the more quickly be resolved into
the mold from Avhich it had, while living, derived most of its
support, and through Avhich it is to give nourishment for the
young trees which are to take its place.

Thus we perceive that there is not a single part of the apple
tree which is not made to cradle or to give nourishment to
some particular insect, aud the same might be said of almost
every plant that grows on the face of the earth, even those
which produce resinous or gummy substances, or which are
pithy in the center, having special insects which feed upon
these parts and on nothing else. There are insects — the gall

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 301

makers for iustance — which, uot satisfied with any existing
part of the plants, as such, cause abnormal growths in which
their young are reared.

Nor are insects confined to vegetables in their recent state.
The block of hickory wood, fifty years after it is made up into
wagon wheels, is as palatable to the Banded Borer {Ceras-
phorus cinctiis, Drury), which causes "powder-post," as it
was to the Painted Borer {Clytus pidus, Drury), while
green and growing ; and a beam of oak, when it has supported
the roof of a building for centuries, is as much to the taste of
sm Anobiuni as the same tree was, while growing, to the Ameri-
can Timber Beetle {Hylecoetus Ajnericanus, Harr). Some,
to use the words of Spence, "would sooner feast on the her-
barium of Brunfelsius, than on the greenest herbs that grow,*'
and others " to whom

' A river and a sea

Are a dish of tea,

And a kingdom bread and butter,'

would prefer the geographical treasures of Saxton or Speed, in
spite of their ink and alum, to the freshest rind of the flax
plant."

Indeed, it would be difficult to mention a substance, whether
animal or vegetable, on which insects do not subsist. They
revel and grow fat on such inuutritious substances as cork,
hair, wool, and feathers ; and with powers of stomach which
the dyspeptic sufi'erer may envy, will live luxuriously on horn ;
they insinuate themselves into the dead carcases of their own
class ; they are at home in the hottest and strongest spices, in
the foulest filth, in the most putrid carrion ; they can live and
thrive upon or within the living bodies of the larger animals, or
those of their own class ; they are at home in the intestinal
heat of many large animals, reveling in the horse's stomach,
in a bath of chyme 102 degrees Fahr., or in the bowels of man,
in an equally high temperature. Some have even been sup-
posed to feed on minerals, and, not to dwell upon Barche-
witz's tale of East India ants, Avhich eat iron, certain it is that

302 REPOET OF THE SECRETAllY OF THE

the larvas of our May-flies (Ephemera?) do eat earth, aud I
have known the larTse of the common May Beetle to feed for
three months upon nothing hut pure soil ; but in both these
cases the insects undoubtedly derive nourishment from the
vegetable matter which is extracted from the earth by the
action of the stomach.

These facts will serve to show you that, seek where you may,
you cannot find a place or a substance in which, or on which,
some insect does not feed. They people the skyey vast above,
swim at ease in the water, and penetrate the solid earth
beneath our feet; while some of them inhabit indifferently all
three of the elements at different epochs of their lives.

Now when we reflect that there are at least half a million —
if not a full million — distinct species of insects in this sub-
lunary world of ours, and that their habits and habitations
are so diversifiedj it Avould really seem as though entomology
was a subject too vast for any one man to shoulder; and
indeed it is in all conscience extensive enough. The science
of entomology is, however, so perfect in itself, and its classifi-
cation is so beautiful and simple, that a particular species is
referred to its Order, its Family, its Genus, and finally separ-
ated from the other species of that genus, with the greatest
ease, and with a feeling of true satisfaction aud triumph, by
those who have mastered the rudiments of the science. And,
very fortunately, it is not necessary for the practical fruit-
grower to enter into the minutiae of species, or even of genera,
in order to learn the habits of the insects which interest him
in one way or another. These minutire must be left to the
professed entomologist.

There is not an insect on the face of the globe which can
not be placed in one or the other of seven, or, more properly
speaking, eight great Orders ; so that, unlike the Botanist, the
Entomologist is not bewildered by an innumerable array of
' these Orders, though he has five times as many species to deal
with. These Orders comprise about two hundred families,

MICHIGAN" STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 303

many of which may, for j)ractical purposes, be grouped into
one family — as, for instance, the seven families of Digger-
wasps, and the five large Families which have all the same
habits as the true or genuine Ichneumon-flies. Many more
may be neglected as small, rare, or unimportant ; so that prac-
tically there will remain about a hundred family types to be
learned. Each family, as Agassiz has well remarked, may,
with a little practice, be distinguished at a glance by its
general appearance, just as every child, with a little practice,
learns to distinguish the family of A's from the family of B's,
and these from the family of C's in the alphabet. There is
the Old English A, the German text A, and a host of orna-
mental A's, both in the capital letter and the small or '•' lower-
case" letter, as the printers call it; but the family likeness
runs through them all, and it is astonishing how quick a child
learns to distinguish each family type. It is true there are a
few abnormal or eccentric insects — there were some which
deceived even Linnajus — which put on the habit of strange
families, just as an eel, which is a true fish with fins, puts on
the habit of a snake, — a reptile without fins. But these are
the exceptions and not the rule.

Now it is wisely ordained that every family, as a general
rule, has not only a distinctive family appearance, but also
distinct family manners. For example, nobody ever saw an
Ichneumon-fly construct a nest and provision it with insects,
as does a Digger-wasj) ; and nobody ever saw a Digger-wasp
desposit its eggs in the body of a living insect at large in the
woods, as an Ichneumon Fly does. But each family maintains
its peculiar family habits, and cannot be induced to deviate
from them.

So universally is this the case, that if you bring me an
insect which I never saw in my life, I will tell you half its
history at a glance. It is this '•' unity of habits,'' this beauti-
ful provision of nature, definite family likeness, accompanied
by definite family habits, which so simplifies the task of the

304 KEPOKT OF THE SECEETARY OF THE

practical man ; for, instead of having to study the diversified
habits of half a million species, he has hut to acquaint him-
self with the appearance and characteristics of one hnndi'ed
families; and if the rudiments of entomology had been taught
you, gentlemen, at school, so that you had become familiar
with these hundred family types, you would now be much
better able to cope Avith your insect enemies. When I think
that it would take a child no longer to learn these one hundred
family types than it does to learn the one hundred different
types which compose the four alphabets — the Eoman capital
and small alphabet and the writing capital and small alphabet
— I fully expect, and sincerely hope, that in the joublic schools
of this country we shall soon have text-books introduced
which will cover the ground as well, and occupy the same
place as do those useful Avorks of Leunis, and Troschel &
Ruthe, in the public schools of Germany.

With these few remarks, which are intended to show that
the practical man may easily obtain a general knoAvledge of
his insect friends and enemies, notwithstanding the wide field
of their operations and the immense number of species which
exist, we will noAv dwell for a while on one of these families,
which deeply interest you as fruit-growers, namely:

THE CURCULIOJSJID^ OR SNOUT-BEETLES.

This is one of the very largest and most conspicuous Fami-
lies in the order of beetles {Coleoptera), comprising, as it does,
over 10,000 distinct and described species. It is at once dis-
tinguished from all the other families of beetles by the front
of the head being produced into a more or less elongated snout
or rostrum, at the extremity of which the mouth is situated.
The snout is sometimes very long and as fine as a hair (genus
Balaninus), and sometimes as broad as the head (genus Bron-
thus) J but it always forms part and parcel of the head, and
does not articulate on it as does the snout or proboscis of the
true Bugs {Heniiptera), or the tongue of moths and butterflies.
The other chief characteristics of the family are an apparently

MICHIGAif STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 305

four-jointed tarsus or foot (though in reality there are more
generally five joints), an ovoid form, narrowing in front, the
sides pressed by the convex elytra or wing-covers, the antennae
or feelers attached to the snout, and either elbowed or straight,
and composed of nine, ten, eleven, or twelve joints, — the first
of which is always long, and the terminal three generally
united in a club or knob ; and finally, stout legs with swollen
thighs, sometimes bearing spines.

The larvas of these snout-beetles are wliitish or yellowish,
and fleshy grubs, always without legs, or having only in the
place of them fleshy tubercles, which in a measure perform
the functions of legs ; the body is oblong, with the back gen-
erally arched, but sometimes straight. With these character-
istics in your mind you cannot fail to recognize a snout-beetle
when you see one. Now there is hardly one of the one
hundred families that I have referred to from which so many
injurious species can be enumerated, for with the exception of
an European species {Anthrihus varius), whose larva was
found l)y Ratzeburg to destroy bark-lice, they are all vegeta-
rians, the larvse inhabiting either the roots, stems, leaves, or
fruits of plants, and the beetles feeding on the same. So,
whenever you find an insect with the characters just given,,
you may rest morally certain that it is injurious, and should
be destroyed without mercy. This family is not only one of
the most injurious, but, on account of the secretive habits of
the larva?, the insects comprising it are the most difficult to
control. When a worm is openly and above board denuding
our trees, we at least readily become aware of the fact, and
can, if we choose, apply the remedy ; but when it surrejiti-
tiously, and always under cover, gnaws away at the heart of
our grains and fruits, we become in a measure helpless to
defend ourselves. But even Jiere, where the enemy is so well
ambushed and hidden, the proper tactics, based on thorough
knowledge, will frequently enable us to penetrate the defenses
and conquer the foe.
49

306 KEPOKT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

Before leaving this subject of Families, let me impress upon
jour minds another important fact, namely, that the Family is
not peculiar to any one c nntry, and that while species vary,
the Family has the same habits and characteristics all over the
world. Thus in Europe we find the snout-beetles as injurious,
and as difficult to manage, — if not more so, — than they are in
this country. One species {RhyncMtes conicus, Hbst.),
■deposits eggs in the twigs of pear, plum, cherry, and apricot,
and girdles the twig to make it fall ; another {RhyncMtes
hacchus, Schcen), infests the fruit, and still another {Anthon-
omus pyri, Schcen), the flower bud of the pear. One,
{RhyncMtes hetuleti), rolls up grape leaves and partly cuts
their stems, so that they perish, while another {Anthonomus
pomorum, Sen.), infests the blossom bud of the apple, and
renders it unfertile. Still another inhabits the blossom bud
of the cherry. Balanmus nucum is found in the common
hazel-nut, and B. cerasorum in cherry pits ; Apion apricans
devours the seed of clover; Otiorhynchus sulcatiis, Sch.,
infests the crown of strawberries, and two different species,
{Baris chlorizans, Schcek, and Ceutorhynchus napi, Schceis"),
infests the stems of cabbages and turnips.

But after all, a single species — the "Little Turk," for instance
— sometimes causes more loss of fruit in this country than all
the above enumerated species do to the European cultivator;
and though much of this comparative incapacity for harm, on
the part of their insects, may be in a measure due to the
better knowledge of his foes, which the transatlantic cultivator
possesses, to the more careful culture which he pursues, and
the usually limited extent of his orchard, compared with ours;
jet it greatly depends on other causes, which the time allowed
will not permit me to dwell upon. So I will at once proceed
to say a few words about those of our own Suout-beetleg,
which more particularly interest you.

MICHIGAN" STATE POMOLOQICAL SOCIETY.

307

THE COMMON PLUM CURCULIO.

(ConotracJieitia nenuphar, Herbst.)
IT IS SINGLE-BROODED, AND HIBERNATES AS A BEETLE.

At your last annual meeting, at Ottawa, I read an essay on
this insect, giving the established facts in its history, the artifi-
cial remedies to be employed in fighting it, some account of
the natural remedies, and concluded by referring to such
points in its history as were then unsettled, or upon which
there were difierent opinions expressed. It would be needless
to repeat anything that was there said, for any new members
who may not have heard the reading of that essay will find it
in the Transactions ; so we will confine ourselves to some of
the mooted points. I am glad to be able to inform you that I
have forever settled the principal question, namely, as to its
being single or double-brooded.

(a) larva; (6) pnpa ; (c) beetle— all magnified; (cO beetle, natural size,
showing how it punctures fruit.

You will recollect that authors have, from the beginning,
held different views on this subject, and this fact should not
surprise us when Ave bear in mind that they reasoned simply
from conjecture ; nor will it surprise us when we understand
the facts in the case.

The facts that fresh and soft curculios are found in this
latitude as early as the beginning of July, and that they still
come out of the ground in August, or as late as September

308 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

and even October, in more northerly latitudes, are well calcu-
lated to mislead ; while it was difficult to imagine an insect
living ten months before ovipositing, without its dwindling
away through the action of its enemies. But in the beetle
state the curculio has few, if any, enemies, and in my former
writings on this subject I have shown that the other facts do
not in the least prove the insect to be double-brooded. Among
those whose opinions commanded respect, from their profound
entomological knowledge and general accuracy, was Mr.
Walsh, Avho, during his last years strenuously contended that
this insect was double-brooded. For several years I have
entertained a different opinion, believing that it was single-
brooded as a rule, and only exceptionally double-brooded ; and
the facts so fully bear me out in this opinion, that, were my
late associate here with us, to-day, I should bring forth the
testimony with a feeling of triumph, for he was not often in
the wrong ! It is worthy of remark, however, that Mr. Walsh's
first impression, as given by him in the year 18G7,* was that
this insect is single-brooded ; his first opinion thus coinciding
with what I have now proved to be the facts in the case.

In the First Missouri Entomological Report, I have reviewed
the experiments which led him to change his opinion, and
have shown that they did not warrant his final conclusion.

The many words that have been penned in the discussion of
this question would fill a volume ; but one stern fact, one
thorough experiment, is worth more than all the theories that
were ever conceived, or the phrases that were ever written on
the subject.

At first it seems to be a very simple question to settle, but
the fact that it remained unsettled so long would indicate the
reverse. One of your Avorthy ex-presidents. Judge A. M.
Brown of Villa Kidge, at my suggestion endeavored, in the
summer of 1869, to solve the problem by imprisoning the first
bred beetles and furnishing them with plucked fruit. Dr.

* Practical Eniomoiogist, Vol. 1, Ko. 1.

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 309

Hull partially performed a like experiraeufc, and I did the same
myself; but we were met by the adyocates of the double-
brooded theory with the objection that such a test was of no
value, as the curculio would not deposit on plucked fruit, or
in confinement ; and to add weight to their argument they
would cite us to numerous instances among butterflies, to
prove that many insects really will not deposit in confinement.
But, as we shall see, they placed too much confidence in the
instinct of Mrs. Turk when, from such premises, they made
these deductions apply to her. As I proved over and over
again, the question could not be solved, with any more cer-
tainty, by confining beetles to living boughs containing fruit,
as the boughs could not well be covered with any substance
through which the beetles would not gnaw their way out. So
I determined lp«t spring to build a frame over a large tree
and entirely enclose it in stout gauze, that would neither let a
flea in or out, — much less a curculio. Having accomplished
this before the blossoms had fallen off the tree, I awaited with
pleasurable interest the result from day to day, from week to
week, and from month to month, engaging a competent person
to watch when, from necessity, I was obliged to be away. It
were worse than waste of time to detail here the many interest-
ing observations made on this tree which I liad under control,
or to enumerate the many other experiments which I con-
ducted in other ways, or the innumerable facts obtained ; and
it will sutTice to give in a summary manner the results, premis-
ing only that every precaution was taken, and no expense
spared, to prevent failure; that the experiments were satisfac-
tory beyond my expectations, the results conclusive beyond all
peradventure, and that I can prove every statement I make.
To sum up, then : The Plum (Jurculio is single-brooded, and I
have with me a number alive and kicking which wei'e bred
during the latter part of June from the first stung peaches-
[These beetles, warmed by the artificial temperature of the
hall, were quite active, and were feeding ravenously on a piece

310 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

of apple which I had placed in the bottle.] But, as there
seem to be exceptions to all rules, so there are to this ; yet the
exceptions are only just about sufficient to prove the rule,
for as far south as St. Louis, not more than one per cent of
the beetles lay any eggs at all, until they have lived through
one winter ; or, in other words, where one female will pair and
deposit a few eggs the same summer she was bred, ninety -nine
will live on for nearly ten months and not deposit till the
following spring. In more northern latitudes I doubt if any
exceptions to the rule will be found.

As to the other mooted point, namely, whether this. insect
ever hibernates under ground in the larvae state, I am perfectly
satisfied that it never does, but that it passes the winter invari-
ably as a beetle, under all sorts of shelter in the woods;
generally, however, near the surface of the ground. Indeed,
it often makes for itself a hole in the ground, seldom however
deeper than its own body. In short, there is very little to alter
or modify in the established facts in its natural history which
I gave you last year. The egg instead of being " oval " as
there stated, would be better described as " oblong-oval," meas-
uring exactly 0.03 inch in length, and being nearly three times
as long as wide. It should also be remarked here that when
deposiiing her eggs in apples, the female often neglects the
usual symbol of Mohammedanism which she so invariably
inscribes on stone fruit; and that where this mark is made on
apples, it more easily becomes obliterated.

During their beetle life these insects feed continually jnst as
long as the weather is mild enough to make them active.
While fruits last they gouge holes in it, and after peaches have
gone, apples are badly attacked. They also gnaw large holes
in the leaves, and, when n'^thing else presents, will feed on the
bark of the tender twigs.

Let us be thankful, therefore, that there can no longer
reasonably be difference of opinion, or discussion on these
questions which, though of no very great practical importance
were yet of great interest to us all.

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 311

IT IS NOCTURNAL RATHER THAN DIURNAL,

Before leaving this little Turk, howerer, I have some other
facts to mention which were first brought to light the present
year, and which have a most important practical bearing. You
have been repeatedly told, and you no doubt have all come to
believe it, that Curculios fly only during the heat of the day,
and that it is useless to endeavor to catch them after, say, ten
o'clock in the morning. Well, gentlemen, what I am about to-
utter will no doubt astonish you, but I know Avhereof I speak.
The CurcuUo is a noclurnal rather than a diurnal insect ; is
far more active at night than at dnii, and flies readily at night,
into the bargain. If any one doubts this assertion, let him go
into his peach or plum orchard ac midaigb.r, -.vi-h a lantera
and sheet, and he will catch more than he could during the
day, and will also find, to his sorrow, that they are then much
more nimble and much bolder, — scarcely feigning death at all.
Indeed, with the exception of such females as are busily occu-
pied in depositing eggs, most of the Curculios rest during the
day, sheltered either by the foliage or branches of the tree, cr
by any extraneous substance on the ground near by. They
are also more active in the evening than in the morning, and
these facts lead us to the important question, whether the
morning or the evening is the best time to jar the trees. My
experiments so far are not conclusive, for I have some days
caught more in the morning, and at other times more in the
evening. All other things being equal, the evening will prove-
preferable to the morning, from there being less dew at that
time ; and I particularly draw your attention to this matter
now, that you may institute the proper experiments during
the coming year.

THE RANSOM CHIP-TRAP PROCESS.

Another grand and successful mode of fighting the little
Turk was also brought to light again, and to a great extent
practiced the past summer. I allude to the Ransom chip-pro-
cess for entrapping this insect. About the middle of May the

■^12 HEPOET OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

horticultural world was startled by a somewhat seusatioual
article which was the burden of an extra to the St. Joseph
(Mich.) Herald, headed "Great Discovery — Curculio Exter-
mination Possible." The process consists in laying close around
the butt of the tree, pieces of chips or bark, under which,
according to their instinct, a great many of the Curculios
secrete themselves during the day and may thus be easily
destroyed. Now that we better understand this insect's habits,
we also better comprehend the philosophy of this process.
Being nocturnal in their habits, the beetles naturally seek
shelter during the day, and especially is this the case early in
the season, when the days are chilly, and before the females
are too much engaged in egg-depositing. You are perhaps all
familiar with the numerous opinions expressed as to the value
and efficiency of this method; but I will here repeat my own
• as given to the readers of the American Entomologist and
Botanist, first, because I endeavored to be candid and truthful,
and, secondly, because the opinions expressed have been so
ifully corroborated by subsequent experience:

■" We are really sorry to damp the ardor and enthusiasm of
any person or persons, when enlisted in such a good cause; but
truth obliges us to do so, nevertheless. Of course, Curculio
extermination is possible ! but not by the above method alone,
as our Michigan friends will find to their sorrow. For a short
time, early in the season, when the days are sometimes warm
and the nights cold, and before the peach blossoms have
withered away, we have succeeded in capturing Curculios
under chips of wood and other such sheltered situations; but
we have never been able to do so after the fruit was as large as
a hazel-nut, and the little Turk had got fairly to work. Our
Michigan friends will, we fear, find this to be too truly the
case.

" This process, furthermore, cannot well be called a discovery,
because it was discovered several years ago, as the following item
from Moore's Rural Neiv Yorker, of January 28th, 1865,
will show :

MICHIGAN STATE TOMOLOaiCAL SOCIETY. 313

"How TO Catcu Curculto. — 111 May last we had occasion to use
some lumber. It was laid down in the vicinity of the plum-yard, and
on taking up a piece of it one cold morning, we discovered a number of
Carculios huddled together on the under side. On examining other
boards, we found more ; so we spread it out to see if we could catch
more, and we continued to find more or less every day, for two weeks.
We caught in all one hundred and sixty-one. So I think if people
would take a little pains they might destroy a great many such pests.
These were caught before the plum trees were in flower. What is most
singular is, that we never found a Curculio on a piece of old lumber,
although we put several pieces down to try them. They seemed to come
out of the ground, as we could find them several times a day by turning
over the boards.

" JOHNSOKVILLE, N. Y. " MrS. II. WiER."

" But though Mr. Ransom caunot properly claim to have
made a new discovery, and though this mode of fighting will
not prove sufficient to exterminate the Curculio, yet we
greatly admire the earnestness and perseverance which he has
exhibited. In demonstrating that so great a number of the
little pests can be entrapped in the manner described, Mr. R,
b;is laid the fruit- fro vrers of the country under lasting obliga-
tions to him. It is a grand movement towards the defeat of
the foe, and one which, from its simplicity, should be univer-
sally adopted early in the season. But we must not relinquisJi
the other methods of jarring during the summer, and of
destroying the fallen fruit ; for we repeat that the Plum
Curculio will breed in the forest.

" I subsequently visited St. Joseph for the express jjurpose
of examining more closely into Mr. Ransom's Curculio remedy.
I found that so few Curculios had been caught under the chips
after the first week in June, that nearly everybody, except Mr.
Ransom, had for some time abandoned the method and were
jarring their trees by one process or another.

" Mr. Ransom himself, by dint of unusual perseverance and

great care in setting his traps, has had much better success

than I had expected he would. On the 15th of June he caught

78; on the 16th, 97, and on the 17th, 71. For about a week

50

314 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

after this lie scarcely cauglit any, but from the 24th to the
27th inclusive, he caught about 300. On the 6tli of July I
accompanied him around the outside rows of his orchard, and
caught five under the traps. We had no opportunity to use
the sheet, but I am satisfied that more could have been jarred
down. Mr. E. had a very fair crop of peaches, and — forget-
ting that crops have often been grown before with very little
care, and that others around him who did not bug so persist-
ently had fruit also this year — is very sanguine of his new
method, and too much inclined, perhaps, to attribute his crop
solely to this remedy. Nevertheless, contrary to the impres-
sions made by his published views, he was candid enough to
admit that it might be found necessary to resort to the jarring
process, after a certain season of the year ; and indeed the
number of stung peaches on the ground showed too plainly
that there is no hope of extermi>hATIO]s;" by the chip plan
alone. The soil around St. Joseph is, for the most part, a
light sandy loam, never packing, and very easily kept in good
cultivation. To this character of the soil must be attributed
much of the success with the Ransom method ; for I am satis-
fied after full experiment, that in the warmer climate and
heavier soil of St. Louis it is of no practical use after the
middle of May, or, at the farthest, after the first of June. Ths
few specimens that I have captured by this method at St.
Louis were found under small pieces of new shingle; and
Mr.W. T. Durry, who has 2,300 trees in his orchard at St. Joe.,
also found this the best kind of trap. Mr. Ransom, however,
prefers small pieces of oak-bark, which he places close around
the tree, with the inner or concave side pressed to the ground.
Stones do not answer well, and corn-cobs are objectionable
because it requires so much time to discover and destroy the
Curculios, which hide in their deep cavities."

The best time of day to take them from under the chips is
undoubtedly in the afternoon ; but it must not be left too
long, as they begin to leave and scatter over the trees as soon.

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 315

as the sun approaches the horizon. The chips should be laid
around the trees as soon as the frost is out of the ground, for
more beetles will be caught under them during a few weeks
thus early in the season than throughout the rest of the year.

KEEPIJfG IT IN CHECK BY TEE OFFER OF PREMIUMS.

After visiting St, Joseph and vicinity, I passed into Ontario,
where I found the trees overloaded with fine unblemished
fruit. I found my friend, Mr. Wm. Saunders of London, also
much occupied with, and interested in, the Curculio question.
He was, in fact, carefully counting different lots of this insect
which had been received from different parts of the Dominion ;
for be it known, that the enterprising Fruit-Growers' Associa-
tion of Ontario, in its praiseworthy efforts to check the
increase of the Curculio, offered a cent jyer head for every one
which should be sent to our friend, who happens to be Secre-
tary of that body. What would you think, gentlemen, if the
Legislature of IlHnois, or if this society should offer an equally
liberal premium per capita for every little Turk captured ?
Wouldn't you set about capturing them in earnest, though !
The Legislature might stand it, and I am not sure but that
some such inducement, held out by the State to its fruit-grow-
ing citizens, would pay, and prove the most effective way of
subduing the enemy. But the horticultural society that
should undertake it, Avould have to be pretty liberally endowed.
Just think of it ; ye who catch from three to five thousand
per day I The bugs would pay a good deal better than the
peaches. However, very fortunately for the Ontario Fruit-
Growers' Association, their good offer did not get noised
abroad as much as it might have been, and the little Turk
occurs in such comparatively small numbers, that up to the
time I left, only 10,731 had been received.

JARRING BY MACHINERY.

Of course there is no more expeditious way of jarring down
the Curculio than by the Hull Curculio-catcher. Yet I con-
fess that after extensive operations in many different parts of

316

REPOKT OF THE BECRETAKY OK THE

the coiintry, I nm forced to tlie conclusion that this machine
does not give the satisfaction one could wish. In my paper
last year I showed that where it was constantly used, the trees
suffered serious injury from bruising, and it is a rather signifi-
cant fact that in most orchards where it has been introduced
some modification has soon followed, or else it has been entirely
abandoned ; while in the East they still adhere to the improved
stretchers and mallet. It seems to me that the machine, as
made by your State Horticulturist two years ago, was not only
too heavy and unwieldy, but incapable of giving the requisite
sharp jarring rap to the branches of a large tree, without
causing too much injury to the trunk, and that if a modifica-
tion of it could be made to satisfy the peach-grower, there
would soon be a greater demand for such a machine.

[Figure 2.]

Back view of Ward's Cnrcullo-catcher.

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 317

As a step in the right direction, I will briefly describe a
machine which I have herewith ilhistrated, and which I found
in quite general use around St. Joseph and Benton Harbor,
Mich. It was gotten [up by L. M. "Ward of the latter place,
and proves, in the orchard, to have decided advantage over the
Hull machine, of Avhich it is a modification. It is a much
lighter machine, and, as the diagrams indicate, instead of run-
ning on a single wheel, it is carried and balanced by two (Fig.
3, cc), and supported with legs on the handles (Fig. 2, b b),
when not running. The Curculios and stung fruit are brushed
through a hole in the center (Fig. 2, d), and as the operator
passes from one tree to another, he closes this hole, to prevent
the beetles from escaping, by means of a slide (Fig. 2, a) which
he has under control. Bags previously prepared, by being
fastened on a square piece of wood with a hole in the center
corresponding to a hole in the side of the bag. are snugly
buttoned below (Fig. 2, e and /) so as to secure everything
that falls through from above ; and when one bag, is full it is
easily replaced by another, and its contents destroyed by scald-
ing or otherwise, and emptied out. In most of the orchards
where this machine was being used, the jarring was performed
by a separate mallet, which is easily hung, as is also the brush,
on the shafts, when the machine is being operated by one
person ; or, which I think a better way where help is not
scarce, it can, with the brush, be carried by a second person
(an intelligent boy will answer), who performs the jarring and
brushing while the first person wheels the machine.

318

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

[Figure 8.]

Front view of Ward's Curculio-catchor.

The machine is simple in construction and any one with
ordinary mechanical ability can build it ; modifying, of course,
the diameter of the wheels and the inclination of the sheet to
suit the character of his trees, or of his ground. Mr. Ward
has taken no patent out for it, and the machine is, therefore,
public property. It has been argued in favor of the one-wheel
machine, that it can be more easily run on rough ground, and
more easily turned, which in a great measure is true ; but the
Ward machine is so light that it can easily be tilted on one
wheel in turning, and our Benton Harbor friends have so far
found no difficulty in operating it. Either machine can be
used with a bumper, or with a mallet, and there are certain
rules which should be adopted in jarring for the Curculio, no
matter whether a one-wheel or a two-wheel machine is used.
These rules are : first, in jarring with a mallet it is best to
' prepare each tree by squarely sawing off some particular limb,
or else the mallet must be well protected with rubber to prevent

MICHIGAX STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

319

bruisiBg of the tender bark. The former custom is by far the
best, as we are enabled to give the tree a sharp, vibrating rap
with the bare, hard wood. Secondly, if the mallet is dispensed
with and the tree is bumped with the machine, — a method
which certainly has the advantage of expedition, — it will be
found altogether more profitable to drive a shouldered spike
in the trunk at the right distance from the ground, and the
jarring can then always be done on this spike, without injury
to the tree.

f Figure 4.]

Sigalphus Cnrcniio Parasite ; (a) male ; (6) female; (c) antenna.
TWO TRUE PARASITES OF THE PLUM CURCULIO.

Just ten years ago, in his *'•' Address on the Curculio,'' deliv-
ered at the annual meeting of the N. Y. State Agricultural
Society, Dr. Fitch gave an account, accompanied with a figure,
of a small Ichneumon-fly which he named Sigalphus Curcu-
lionis, and which he believed was parasitic on the Curculio.
Before that time no parasite had ever been known to attack
this pestilent little weevil, and even up to the present time it
is currently believed that no such parasite exists, for unfortu-
nately the evidence given by Dr. Fitch was not sufficient to
satisfy some of our most eminent entomologists. These para-
sites were in fact received by him from Mr. D. W. Beadle of
St. Catharines, C. W., who had bred them from Black-knot,
from which he bred at the same time a certain number of
Curculios ; but as other worms besides those of the Curculio
are likewise found in Black-knot, we had no absolute proof

320

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

that this lly Avas parasitic on the insect in question. Conse-
quently we find that our late Walsh, in his report as Acting
State Entomologist, rather ridicules the idea of its being a
Curculio parasite, and endeavors to prove that it is parasitic
instead on the larva of his Plum-moth {Seniasia priinivora).
But I have this year not only proved that poor Walsh was
himself Avrong in this particular iuference, but that he was
equally wrong in supposing his little Plum-moth, so-called, to
be confined to plums ; for I bred it from galls {Querciis fron-
dofisa, Bassett); from haws, from crab apples, and abundantly
from tame apples.

To be brief, Dr. Fitch's tSigaljjJins is a true parasite on the
Plum Curculio, and I have bred hundi'eds of the flies from
Curculio larva?. The first bred specimens gave me much
pleasure, for as soon as I saw they belonged to the same genus
as Dr. Fitch's fly, I felt assured that another disputed question
was settled. But, to make assurance doubly sure, I repeatedly
half filled large jars with pure earth, finely sifted so that no
living animal remained in it. Into these jars I placed Curculio
larva3 from day to day as they issued from peaches that were
thrown into another vessel, and in due time the parasitic flies
began to issue from the ground along with the perfect Cur-
culios. Nay, more than this, I soon learned to distinguish
such Curculio larva3 as were parasitised, and after they had
worried themselves under the ground — seldom more than half
an inch — I would uncover them, and on several occasions had
the satisfaction of watching the gnawing worm within reduce
its victim until finally nothing was left of him. As soon as
the Curculio larvas is destroyed by the parasite, the latter (Fig.

[ Figure 0.]

fiigalphas (/UrcuUo Parasite ; («) larva ; (b) cocoon ; (c) pupa.

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 321

5, a) incloses itself in a tough little yellowish cocoon of silk
(Fig. 5, b), then gradually assumes the pupa state (Fig. 5, c),
and at the end of about the same length of time that the Cur-
culio requires to undergo its transformations and issue as a
beetle, this, its deadly foe, gnaws a hole through its cocoon
and issues to the light of day as a black four-winged fly (Fig.
4, a, male ; b, female). In the vicinity of St. Louis, this fly
was so common the past season that, after very careful esti-
mates, I am satisfied three-fourths of all the more early
developed Curculio larva) were destroyed by it. On the 17th
and 18th of April, in that locality, a severe frost killed the
peach buds on all but a few of the young and most vigorous
trees of Hale's Early and Crawford, so that instead of a large
and abundant crop of peaches to depredate on, the little Turk
had to concentrate its attacks on the few peaches that were
left ; and no one expected that any fruit would be saved. Yet
the work of this little parasite was so efiectual that, wherever
fruit set, n fair crop was gathered even by those who made no
effort at all to protect their trees !

While visiting Dr. Fitch last August, at his house in Salem,
N. Y., I compared my bred specimens with his sj)ecies, and
found them identically the same ; but I shall, in this reading,
omit the description which follows and which may be read, by
those interested, when this essay is published.

As Mr. Walsh bred this same parasite from the larvse of his
little Plum Moth, it doubtless attacks other soft-bodied larva)
and does not confine itself to the Plum Curculio. This is the
more likely, as it would scarcely pass the winter in the fly
state. The female, with that wonderful instinct which is
exhibited in such a surpassing degree in the insect world,
knows as well as we great Lords of Creation what the little
crescent mark upon a peach or plum indicates; and can doubt-
less tell with more surety, though she never received a lesson
from her parents, whether or not a Curculio larva is drilling
its way through the fruit. When she has once ascertained the
51

322 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

presence of such a larva by aid of her autennse — which she
deftly applies to different ]>arts of the fruit, and which doubt-
less possess some occult aii'I delicate sense of perception which,
with our comparative dull senses, we are unable to compre-
hend— then she pierces the fruit, and, with unerring precision,
deposits a single egg in her victim, by means of her ovipositor.

Now there is, as I shall show in the description, a variety
(fusca) of this parasite with the ovipositor nearly one-fifth of
an inch long, but in the normal form the ovipositor is only
twelve-hundredth s of an inch long, and the Curculio larvae
must therefore be reached soon after it hatches, or while yet
very young. Consequently, we find that the earliest Curculio
larvae, or those which hatch while the fruit is yet small, are
the most subject to be parasitised, and while from larva3
obtained early in the season I bred more parasites than Curcu-
lios, this order of things was reversed a little later in the year.
Some persons will no doubt wonder how such a large fly can
be developed from a Curculio larva? which is stung while so
young ; but we do not know how long the parasitic egg
remains unhatched, and it must be remembered that it is a
rule, wisely ordained and long known to exist in insect life,
that the parasitic larvas does not at first kill outright, but sub-
sists, without retarding growth, upon the fatty portions of its
victim, until its own growth is attained. Thus the first worm
derives its nourishment from the juicy fruit, and grows on,
regardless of the parasite which is consuming its adipose sub-
stance, until the latter is suflSciently developed, and the
appointed time arrives for it to destroy its prey by attacking
those parts more vital.

This parasite which I will now proceed to describe belongs
to the second sub-family {Braconides) of the Ichneumon-flies
{IcTineumondice), and the venation of its wings, and 3-jointed
abdomen, place it in the genus Sigalplms. Westwood (Synop-
sis, p. 63) gives three cubital panes or areolets in the front
wing as characteristic of the genus ; but Brulle (p. 510) and.

MICniGAX STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 333

as Mr. Cresson informs me, Westmael in his Braconides de
Belgiquc give ouly two, which is the number in our insect.

SiGALPHTJs CuRCULiOKis, Fitch— //ttfl^ro— (Fig. 4, « male ; b female)
Head black, sub-polished and sparsely covered on the face with short
whitish hairs ; ocelli touching each other ; labrum and jaws brown ;
palpi pale yellow : antennae (Fig. 4,c) 27-jointed, filiform, reaching, when
turned back, to middle joint of abdomen or beyond, the bulbus and
small second joint rufous and glabrous, the rest black or dark brown,
though 3-10 in many specimens, are more or less tinged with rufous ; 3-14
very gradually diminishing in size ; 14-37 sub-equal. Thorax black,
polished, the metathorax distinctly and broadly punctate, and the rest
more or less distinctly punctate or rugose, with the sides sparsely pubes-
cent. Abdomen pitchy-black, flattened, the dorsum convex, the venter
concave, and the sides narrow-edged and slightly carinated ; the three
joints distinctly separated and of about equal length ; the first joint hav-
ing two dorsal longitudinal carina? down the middle ; all densely marked
with very fine longitudinal impressed lines, and sparsely pubescent.
(Dr. Fitch in his description published in the Country Gentleman, under
date of September, 1859, state, that these lines leave " a smooth stripe
along the middle of its second segment, and a large smooth space on the
base of the third ;" which is true of a few specimens, but not of the
majority, in which the impressed lines generally cover the whole abdo-
men.) Ovipositor longer than abdomen, but when stretched in a liae
with it, projecting backwards about the same length beyond ; rufous,
with the sheaths black. Legs pale rufous with the upper part of hind
tibiai and tarsi, and sometimes the hind femora, dusky. Wings subhya-
line and iridescent, the veins pale rufous, and the stigma black. Length
female 0.15-0.16 inch, expanse 0.30 ; male diifers only in his somewhat
smaller size and in lacking the ovipositor. In many specimens the
mesothorax and the eyes are more or less distinctly rufous.

Described from 50 females, 10 males bred June 23d-July 29th, 1870,
from larvae of Conotrachelus nenuphar, and two females obtained from
Dr. Fitch.

Larva (Fig. 5, a) — white, with translucent yellowish mottlings.

Papa (Fig. 5, c) — female — 9.17 inch long; whitish, the members all
distinct, the antennae touching hind tarsi, the ovipositor curved round
behind, reaching and touching with its tip the third abdominal joint,
which afterwards forms the apical joint of imago; five ventral joints,
which in the imago become much absorbed and hidden, being strongly
developed.

Cocoon (Fig. 5, b) — Composed of one layer of closely woven yellowish
silk.

334

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

Vakiety Rufus — Head, thorax and most of first abdominal joint
entirely rufous, with the middle and hind tibiae dusky, and the ovipositor
three times as long as abdomen, and projecting more than twice its
length beyond its tip.

Described from three females bred promiscuously with the others.
This variety is slightly larger and differs so remarkably from the normal
form that, were it not for the absolute correspondence in all the sculptvu:-
ing of the thorax and body, and in the venation of the wings, it might
be considered distinct. The greater length of the ovipositor is very
characteristic and accompanies the other variations in all three of the
specimens.

[FlQURB 6.]

Porizon Curcullo Parasite : (a) female, (6) male, (>') antenna.

The other parasite works in very much the same manner,
hut instead of issuing the same summer as a fly, it remains in
its somewhat tougher and more yellowish cocoon all through
the fall and winter, and does not issue in the winged state till
the following spring. This parasite was first discovered by
Dr. Trimble, who sent me the cocoons from which I subse-
quently bred the perfect fly. It belongs to the first sub-family
{IcJinewnonides) of the Ichneumon-flies, and apparently to the
genus Porizon^ of which it forms a new species. But I shall
here also, in this reading, omit the technical descrijition which
follows, and will only state that it differs from the other species
in its reddish-brown abdomen, as well as in form, as may be
readily seen by referring to the figures (Fig. G, a, female ; h,
male ; c antenna).

* As I am informed by Mr. E. T. Creeson of Philadelphia, who pays especial atten-
tion to the classification of the Ichneumonidae, it mifjht more properly be referred to
Holmgren's genus Thersilochus, which differs from Porizon in the greater distance
between the antennae at base, and in the venation of the wing.

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 335

PoRTzoN coNOTRVCHELi, IS". Sp. Head pitchy-black, opaque, the
ocelli triangularly placed and close together; eyes oval, polished, and
hlack ; llxce covered -with a silvery-white pubescence ; rabrum rufous,
with yellowish hairs ; mandibles and palpi pale yellowish-brown ;
aatennic inserted in depressions between the eyes, reaching to mctatho-
rax when turned back, filiform, 24-jointed ; black with basal joints, 6-1
becoming more and more rufous, the bulbus always distinctly rufous ;
bulbus rather longer and twice as thick as joint 3 ; joint 3 about one-
third as long. Tltorax pitcy-black, opaque, the sides slightly pubescent
with whitish hairs, the mesothorax rounded and bulging anteriorly, the
scutellum slightly excavated and sharply defined by a carina each side ;
metathorax with the elevated lines well defined and running parallel and
close together from scutellum to about one-fourth their length, then sud-
denly diverging and each forking about the middle. Abdomen glabrous,
polished, very slender at base, gradually broader and much compressed
from the sides at the apex, which is truncated ; peduncle uniform in
diameter and as long as joints 3 and 3 together; joints 3-5 subequal in
length ; color rufous with the peduncle wholl}-, dorsum of joint 3, a lat-
eral shade on joint 3, and more or less of the two apical joints superiorly,
especially at their anterior edges, black ; venter more yellowish ; ovipos-
itor about as long as abdomen, porrect when in use, curved upwards
when at rest, rulbus, with the sheaths longer and black. Legs^ including
trochanters and coxfe, uniformly pale yellowish-brown, with the tips of
tarsi dusky. Wings subhyaline and iridescent, with veins and stigma
dark brown, the stigma quite large, and the two discoidal cells subequal
and, as usual in this genus, joining end to end, but with the upper veins
which separate them from the radial cell, slightly elbowed instead of
being straight, thus giving the radial cell a quadrangular rather than a
triangular appearance. Male differs from female only in his somewhat
smaller size and unarmed abdomen. Expanse female 0.33 inch, length
of body exclusive of ovipositor 0.33 ; expanse male 0.38, length 0.18.

Described from 3 females, 1 male bred May 36th-38th, 1870, from
cocoons received from Dr. I. P. Trimble, and 1 female subsequently
received from the same gentleman, — all obtained from larva; of Conoira-
chdus nenuphar.

" But of what use are these parasites ?'' say you ! Well, they
cannot, it is true, be turned to very great practical account,
because they are not sufficiently under our control ; but it is a
source of great satisfaction to those "who have been looking for
many years for some natural aid to help them in the artificial
warfare waged against the Curcnlio, to know that besides its

326 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

several cannibal foes, there are at least two true parasites
which attack it. Indeed, "with the knowledge of the Curculio-
enemies figured and described two years ago in the American
Entomologist, and of the egg-destroying Thrips which I
described to you last year, and these two parasites, the grower
of our luscious stone-fruits may with good reason begin to
hope for better days, for the prospect brightens. There is no
philosophy in the statement of Mr. Eansom,* that we can
never hope for assistance from parasites, because, as he confi-
dently expresses it, " there are none at present but what have
always existed ! " Such argument will do for the believers in
the old-school doctrine, that everything was created just as we
find it; but not for those who rightly comprehend the Dar-
winian hypothesis of development, and who believe that life is
slowly undergoing change and modification to-day, just as i£
ever has since it had an existence on this earth. For my own
part, nothing has ever appeared more absurd than the direct
creation of something out of nothing, and I would as soon
believe that we all dropped full grown from the clouds, just as
we are here to-day, — instead of being brought into the world
by natural means and gradually developing into manhood and
womanhood, — or that we have the same habits as our barbarous
ancestors had, as to believe that the animal life about us is
now as it was in the beginning! Therefore, though these
Curculio parasites may have existed in this country long ere
the white man first beheld its shores, yet they may only have
acquired the habit of preying upon the Curculio within the
last comparatively few years. Moreover, much benefit may be
derived from their artificial pro^^agation and disemiuation, and
— Utopian as the scheme may appear to you — I intend next
year, Deo volente, to breed enough of the first mentioned
species to send at least a dozen to every county seat in Missouri,
and have them liberated in some one's peach orchard. By
this means I hope to spread them all over the State, and if in

* Prairie Farmer, June 4th, 1870.

MICHIGAN" STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 327

future years you Suckers should find that our peach growers
are, by its aid, able to get a fair crop of peaches every year,
while yours are constantly destroyed by Mrs. Turk, our State
Government may condescend to send across the Mississippi a
few thousand pairs of the little Sigalplms for the trifling con-
sideration of $1.00 per pair ! If the money derived from this
Aew branch of industry should be safely set aside in the vaults
at Jefferson City, untij sufficient has accumulated to erect in
St. Louis a fire-proof building for a museum of Natural His-
tory, and Agricultural and Geological rooms, there would be
at least as much prospect of getting such a building as there
seems to be now !

THE APPLE CURCULIO.

{^Anthonomus quadrigibbus. Say.)

"Prove all things ; hold fast that which is good !"

This injunction of St. Paul applies with just as much force
to us to-day, as it did in centuries past to the Thessalonians.
In what has been said above about the Plum Curculio, we have
had abundant opportunity of testing the soundness of the old
proverb ; and in ascertaining the history of the Apple Curculio,
which I am about to give you, it was very necessary to bear
the advice in mind. It often takes years to undo the assertions
of men who are in the habit of talking. glibly of that Avhich
they really know nothing about, and I ought to comment
severely on what has been said about this insect ; but I refrain
from doing so, in this case, lest it be said that my words are
prompted from personal considerations. I shall therefore
content myself with a plain narative of this insect's habits.

First, then, let us explain the difi*erences between the perfect
states of this insect and the Plum Curculio, that any one of
you may distinguish between them.

The snout of the Plum Curculio hangs down like the trunk
of an elephant ; it is short, stout, and does not admit of being

338 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

stretched out horizontally forwards; and as may be seen by
referring to the figure (Fig. 1, c) is scarcely as long as the head
and thorax together, and can be folded back between the legs,
where there is a groove to receive it. The Plum Curculio is
broadest across the shoulders and narrows behind, and more-
over, the black sealing-wax-like, knife-edged elevations on the
back, with the pale band behind them, characterize it at once
from all our other fruit-boring snout-beetles.

[ FiGUKB T. ]

Apple Curculio— (a) natural size ; (b) side view ; {c) back yiew.

The Apple, or Four-humped Curculio (Fig. 7) is a smaller
insect, with a snout that sticks out more or less horizontallv,
and cannot be folded under, and which in the male is about
half as long, and in the female is fully as long as the whole
body. This insect has narrow shoulders and broadens behind,
where it is furnished with four vei-y conspicuous humps, from
which it takes its name. It has neither the polished black
elevations nor the pale band of the Plum Curculio. In short,
it differs general]}', and never attacks stone fruit.

The size varies, as you will see from the specimens in the
lecturing-box, from less thau l-20th to nearly l-13tli of an
inch, but the colors are quite uniform, the body being ferru-
ginous or rusty-broAVu, often with the thorax and anterior
third of the wing-covers ash-gray. — the thorax having three
more or less distinct pale lines.

MICHIGAX STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 339

ITS XATUKAL HISTORY.

This beetle, like the Plum- weevil, is a native American
insect, and has from time immemorial fed on, and bred in, our
wild crabs. It eventually learned to like our cultivated apples
and pears, and is also found on ([uinces. At present it does
considerable damage to the crop in some localities, though it
yet prefers the wild to the cultivated fruit. Like the Plum-
weevil also, it is single-brooded, and winters over in the beetle
state, though I was led to believe differently a year ago. With
its long thin snout it drills holes into the fruit, much resem-
bling the puncture of a hot needle, the hole being round, with
a more or less intense black annulation, and an ash-gray
center. Those holes made for food are about one-tenth of an
inch deep, and generally scooped out broadly at the bottom, in
the shape of a gourd. Those which the female makes for her
eggs are scooped out still more broadly, and the egg at the
bottom is often found larger than the puncture at the orifice, —
thus indicating that it swells from absorption, by a sort of
endosmosis, of nutritive fluid from the surrounding fruit, just
as the eggs of many saw-flies and of some other snout-beetles
are known to do.

The egs; is fully 0.04 of an inch long, nearly oval, not quite
three times as long as wide, and of a yellowish color, with one
end dark and empty when the embryo larva is well formed.
The egg-shell is so very fine that the larva seems to gradually
develop from it instead of crawling out of it ; and by taking a
matured egg and gently rolling it between the thumb and
finger, the young larva presents itself, and at this early age its
two little light brown mandibles show distinctly on the head.
As soon as this larva hatches, it generally goes right to the
heart of the fruit and it feeds there around the core, producing
much rust-red excrement, and acquiring a tint of the same
color. It feeds for nearly a month, and when full grown
presents the appearance of Figure 8, b.

330 EEPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

[FiGURK S.]

1 O/

Apple Curculio— (a) pupa ; (6) larva.

It differs so remarkably from that of the Plum Curculio
that the two insects can be distinguished at a glance, even in
this masked form. It is softer, the chitinous covering being
thinner and much whiter. It cannot stretch straight and travel
fast, as can that of the Plum Curculio, but curls round with
an arched back, joints 4-7 being larger than the preceding.
It is more crinkled, each joint being divided into three princi-
pal folds, much as in the common White Grub. The space
between the folds is frequently bluish-black, and there is a
very distinct, continuous, vascular, dorsal line of a bluish
color. It has no bristles like nenu'phar except a few weak ones
on the first joint, arising from some ventral tubercles which
remind one of feet. The head is yellowish-brown, with the
jaws somewhat darker, and the breathing pores, except that in
fold of first joint, are not easily seen. ,

IT TRANSFORMS IN THE FRUIT.

The fruit of the wild crab containing this larva never falls,
and the fruit of our cultivated apples seldom; and in this
respect the effect of its work differs remarkably from that of
the Plum Curculio, or even of the Codling Moth. Why such
is the case it would be difficult to explain. It is one of those
incomprehensible facts which at every turn confront the
student of Nature's works. We might with equal reason ask
why it is that of the two stone fruits, the plum and the cherry,
the larger falls and perishes and tiie smaller hangs on and
lives, when infested with the Plum Curculio ; and of the two

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 331

pomaceous fruits, the apple and the haw, the larger likewise
falls and perishes and the smaller hangs on and lives, when
infested with similar larva?. Most persons would naturally
infer that the larger instead of the smaller fruits would best
resist the injurious gnawings of the worm within ; and though
we may explain away the paradox by supposing that the
longer stem of the smaller fruits prevents the injury from
reaching its juncture with the branch, so readily as it does
through the shorter stem of the larger fruits; or that the
greater weight of the larger fruit causes it to fall so readily ;
yet this is only assuming, and I doubt whether the vegetable
pathologist will ever be able to show the peculiarities of the
fruits which cause the different effects.

The larva of the Apple Curculio has no legs, and is so
hump-backed that it cannot stretch out, and would cut a sorry
figure in attempting to descend the tree. Therefore, as the
fruit containing it mostly hangs on the tree, the insect is
effectually imprisoned. But Nature's ways are always ways of
wisdom, and her resources are inexhaustible ! Consequently
we find that instead of having to go under ground to trans-
form, as does the Plum Curculio, the normal habit of our
Apple Curculio is to transform within the fruit. The larva
after becoming full fed settles down in a neat cavity, and soon
throws off its skin and assumes the i)upa state, when it
appears as at Figure 8, a. After remaining in this state from
two to three weeks, it undergoes another moult, and the
perfect beetle state is assumed. We thus see that the Apple
Curculio is cradled in the fruit in which it was born, till it is a
perfect beetle, fully fledged, and ready to carry out the different
functions and objects of its life. In other words, it never
leaves the fruit, after hatching, till it has become a perfect
beetle. This fact I have fully tested by breeding a number
myself, both from infested crabs which I collected, and from
cultivated apples, also infested, that were kindly forwarded to
me by Mr. J. B. Miller of Anna, 111. I learn also from Mr.

332 REPOKT OF THE SECEETAET OF THE

Geo. Parmelee of Old Mission. Mich., that he has satisfied
himself of the same trait in the natural history of this insect;
and I fully convinced myself that such was the normal habit,
by repeatedly removing the full grown larva from the fruit and
placing it on the surface of the ground, when, in every instance,
it would make no attempt to bury itself, but would always
transform on the surface.

THE AMOUNT OF DAMAGE IT DOES.

The observations that I have been able to make on this
insect's Avork in our cultivated orchards are limited, but I
think that it attacks with equal relish both summer and
winter apples. Whenever a beetle has perfected in the fruit,
it cuts quite a large hole for its escape., and these holes are
sufficiently characteristic to enable one who has paid attention
to the matter to tell with tolerable certainty whether an apple
has been infested with the Apple-worm, Plum Curculio, or
Apple Curculio, — even after the depredator has left.

In the southern portion of Illinois and in some parts of
Missouri, this insect is very abundant and does much damage
to the apple crop ; it occurs in greater or less numbers in most
States of the Union; but in other localities again its work is
scarcely ever seen, and I am satisfied that the damage it does
has been much overrated. AVe can only judge of the future
by the past, and though we may expect this insect to increase
somewhat with the increase of our orchards, it is folly to sup-
pose that it can go on increasing in geometrical ratio ; and the
pretty mathematical calculations which are intended to alarm
the cultivator at the gloomy prospects of the future, are never
made by those who understand the complicated net-work in
which every animal organism is entangled, or who rightly
understand the numerous influences at work to keep each
species Avithin due bounds. Such figures look well on paper
but, like air-castles, there is nothing real about them.

Our apples suffer much more, in many localities, from the
gougings of the perfect beetle and the burrowings of the larva

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGTCAL SOCIETY. 333

of the Plum Ciirculio, than they do from the work of this
Apple Curculio ; and this was so much the case in my own
locality the past summer, that I found a dozen larva? of the
former in apples, where I found one of the latter.

[ At the meeting of the Society, Mr. E. Daggy of Tuscola,
Ills., had on exhibition some pears that were very much
deformed and gnarled. After the reading of this paper he
informed me that this injury had been caused by the Apple
Curculio, which he recognized from my figure and from the
specimens in the lecturing box. Upon examining the pears I
found a little dark circular spot, which indicated distinctly
where the snout of the beetle had been inserted. This spot
was the center of a hard and irregular but generally rounded
knot or swelling, which was sunk in a depression of the softer
parts of the pear, thus indicating that the growth, by some
property of the puncture, was checked and hardened, while the
other parts went on growing and swelling. Some of the fruit
was so badly disfigured that it could no longer be recognized,
and Mr. Daggy informed me that his Vicar of Winkfield, and
" Sugar Pear " were most affected in this way, and that his
Duchesse pears were unblemished.]

THE SEASON OF THE YEAR DURING WHICH IT WORKS.

The beetles come from their winter quarters and begia to
work on the fruit about the same time as does the Plum Cur-
culio,— if anything, a little later. They have generally got
fully to work, and larvse may be found already hatched, by the
first of June, and they may be found in the fruit in one stage
or another all along through the months of June and July,
and the greater part of August.

REMEDIES AND PREVENTIVE MEASURES.

Notwithstanding we have had reports published, in the
columns of our agricultural i3apers, of the relative number of
Apple and of Plum Curculios captured from peach trees by
jarring with the Curculio-catcher, I am fully convinced that

334 EEPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

such reports were not based on facts, and that we may never
expect to subdue this insect by the jarring process. It is not
as timid or as much inclined to drop as the Plum Curculio,
and, though it can occasionally be brought down, it generally
remains defiantly on the fruit or on the bough, through the
gentlest as well as the severest jarring of the tree. Indeed, its
habit of transforming in the fruit, places it in a great measure
beyond our control, and I fear that this is one of the few
insects with which we can do but little by artificial means.
But we have only just commenced to understand this foe, and
there is much yet to learn about it. I sincerely hope that the
few facts which have been here given, will increase your
interest in this insect, and enable you to carry on future
observations and experiments with a better understanding; so
that they will at last result in making us masters of this
rather difficult situation. Mr. H. Lewelling of High Hill,
Montgomery county. Mo., who has had much of his fruit
injured by this insect, informs me that Tallman's Sweet is
preferred by it to all other varieties, and our observations
should, as much as possible, tend in the direction of deciding
which varieties are most subject to, and which most exempt
from its attacks ; and which varieties fall most readily when
infested by it. For it is obvious that with our present knowl-
edge, the only real remedy which yet exists, is the destruction
of the infested fruit, whether upon or ofi" the tree ; and it may
turn out that although we cannot jar down the beetles we can
jar down much of the infested fruit, which would, without
jarring, remain on the trees.

Anthonomus quadrigibbus, Say — Larva (Fig. 8, h) — Average dorsal
length when full grown 0.45 inch ; soft and white, with a very few
sparse soft hairs ; arched and wrinkled Lamellicorn-fashion, the space
between the wrinkles, and a distinct dorsal vascular line, bluish-black.
Head free and almost perpendicular, yellowish-brown with the mandibles
darker. A pair of polished ventral tubercles on each of the three thor-
acle joints, and each bearing a distinct bristle.

Pupa (Fig. 8, a) — Average length 0.40 inch. Whitish ; the snout of

MICniGAN' STATE I'OMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 33o

female reaching beyond the tip of wing-cases ; that of male not much
beyond the elbow of middle femora and tibia?. Thorax with a few sliort
stiff hairs springing from slight conical elevations. Wing-cases showing
the striae and humps of future beetle, the tip of the upper case usually
terminating in a thorn. The nine abdominal joints deeply and distinctly
separated, the first showing a rounded scuttellar tubercle ; the sides
angular, conically ridged, and armed on each joint with two brown
thorns or bristles, which become stouter towards apex; a transverse
dorsal row of about eight similar bristles on the posterior sub-margin of
each joint, also becoming larger towards apex; terminal sub-segment
ending in one stout, slightly curved thorn.

THE QUINCE CURCULIO.
{Conolrachelhis cratcegi, Walsh.)

HOW IT DIFFERS FROM THE OTHE^RS.

This insect has been called the Quince Curculio by Dr.
Trimble, and, though it breeds in other fruits, the name is a
good one as it will enable us to distinguish it at once from our
other fruit snout-bectles. I have had the beetle in my cabinet
for several years, but knew nothing of its larval history until a
year ago last fall. It breeds very abundantly in our common
haws, and I raised a number of them the present season from
the fruit of the Pear or Black Thorn {Cratcegus tomentosa),
obtained from Mr. Walsh.

[Figure 9.]

Quince Curculio— (a) side view ; (6) back view.

Though belonging to the same genus as our Plum Curculio,
and having very much the same form, as may be seen by
referring to the figure (Figure 9), yet it differs remarkably in
its habits fi'om both of the preceding weevils. It is, like

336 KBPOET OF THE SECEETARY OF THE

them, an indigenous species, and its original fruit was evidently
the wild Haw, which in the West it yet seems to prefer to the
cultivated fruits. But in the East it has become very injurious
to the Quince and, as we might naturally expect, also attacks
the Pear, and especially the Lawrence and other late varieties.
In September, 1868, I received specimens from TV". W. Swett of
Hightstown, N. J., with the statement that they were found
on pears, and Dr. Trimble at a late meeting of the New York
Farmers' Club (Oct. 22, 'vO), gave the following account of its
injuries in New Jersey the present year:

" Yesterday five or six hundred were taken from the bottoms
of two barrels of quinces, although those quinces had only
been gathered four days before. A friend of mine has a quince
orchard of 286 trees. These trees this season should average
seventy or eighty quinces to a tree, making more than twenty
thousand. Upon a most careful search I was unable to find
one specimen perfect, or clear of one or more blemishes caused
by the puncture of this insect. Frequently four, five, or six
grubs will be found in a single quince. Mr. Goldsmith, the
owner, keeps this orchard in first-rate order ; he has faithfully
kept out the borers, so fatal to the quince trees ; has fertilized
very freely, and the cultivation is perfect. He told me yestei--
day, that his crop this year is thirty barrels, which will yield
him about $125. Had this insect let him alone, he should
have had at least 100 barrels, worth from $800 to 11,000.
Many of his later j^ears, including the Seckel and Lawrence,
have suffered greatly, though not to the same extent as his
quinces. A few days ago he emptied a barrel of cuUings,
chiefly Lawrence pears, and in and near the bottom of that
barrel were found at least 400 of these grubs. A month asfo
I visited the orchards attached to one of the best nurseries in
Pennsylvania, and I found the sad evidence of the presence of
this enemy. Even the Seckel pears, though very abundant,
were almost worthless ; later varieties still worse. Mr. Fuller
tells me that he has seen this season, in Western New York,

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 337

the same condition of fruit at a well known nursery; even the
Duchesse pears almost totally destroyed. This fruit enemy
seems yet confined to localities, but is spreading rapidly."

This beetle was first briefly described by Mr. Walsh in a note
in the Prairie Farmer for July 18th, 1863, p. 37, from speci-
mens found by him on the hawthorn, but until I bred it this
spring nothing was known of its larval history. It is a some-
what larger insect than the Plum Curculio, has a compara-
tively longer snout, and is very broad shouldered; thus
tapering just the opposite way to the Apple Curculio. Its
general color is a tolerably uniform ash-gray, mottled more or
less with ochre-yellow, dusky and whitish, and it has a dusky
somewhat triangular spot at the base of the thorax above, and
seven distinct narrow longitudinal elevations on the wing-
oovers, with two rows of punctures between each.

This beetle differs further from the others, in the fact that
it does not appear, even in the latitude of St. Louis, till about
the first of June, and I have had its larvae of the previous
year in the gi'ound in May, when the newly hatched larvae of
the Plum Curculio were already Avorking destruction in the
fruit. In some of the more Northern States it would not
appear till the middle of July.

ITS TEANSFORMATIONS AND HABITS.

This snout-beetle does not make a crescent like the Plum
Curculio ; but, like the Apple Curculio, makes a direct punc-
ture for the reception of its Qg^, the hole being somewhat
larger than that of the latter, and the bottom of the cavity
similarly enlarged and gnawed, so as to form a neat bed for
the Qgg. The egg is very similar to that of the Plum Curcu-
lio, and hatches in a few days after being deposited. In all
probability it also swells and enlarges somewhat before hatch-
ing. The larva works for the most part near the surface of
the fruit and does not enter to the heart. It is of the general
form of that of the Plum Curculio, and differs principally in
53

338 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

being somewhat larger, m^-" opaque-white, and in having a
narrow dusky dorsal line ;;:rl a distinct lateral tubercle on
each joint. When full grown, which is in a month or more
from the time of hatching, it leaves the fruit through a smooth
cylindrical hole and burrows two or three inches into the
ground. Here, singularly enough, it remains all through the
fall, winter, and spring months without changing, — no matter
whether it left the fruit as early as the first of August or
as late as the first of October. This is the peculiar feature- of
the insect, namely, that it invariably passes the winter in the
larva state, and does not even assume the pupa state till the
forepart of May, or a few days before issuing as a beetle. In
this respect it resembles the nut-weevils which infest our
hickory- nuts, hazel-nuts, and acorns. In higher latitudes
than that of St. Louis, there is evidence that some of the late-
hatched larvae do not leave the haws they infest till frost over-
takes them, but pass the winter within the fruit as it lies on
the frozen ground. The pupa differs only from that of the
Plum Curculio in the greater length of the proboscis.

It will be remembered, perhaps, by many members of this
Society, and I have before referred to the fact, that Dr. Fitch
supposed the Plum Curculio was two-brooded, and those who
have read his " Address " on this insect will readily perceive
that he based this opinion on finding what he took to be its
larvae in the tender bark of a pear twig late in the fall, and on
finding what he similarly mistook for such larvae in haws in
winter. Of course we knoAv positively now that the Plum
Curculio does not so breed in pear twigs, and it is very evident
that what Dr. Fitch took to be Plum Curculio larvae in such a
twig, were the young of some other insect, or perhaps even
the eggs of some leaf-hopper {Tettigonia) which are generally
placed in the position described by him. But though this
first error of Dr. Fitch's has been explained away, the second
never has till now, when we may assume, with great reason,
that the larvae which misled the Doctor, and Avhich were found

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 339

in haws in winter time, were in reality the larvas of our Quince
Curculio. How easily are fallacies exploded and errors cor-
rected, even years after they are committed, by a few well
tested facts!

The two former Curculios which we have been considering
have a beetle existence of between nine and ten months, dur-
ing most of which time, or as long as the weather is sufficiently
mild, they feed in the manner described. The present species
has a beetle existence of not more than two months, and, as
though aware of the short term allotted to it for enjoyment,
it endeavors to make the best use of its time. Consequently,
we find it more ravenous than either of the other species, and
jt is really astonishing how much this insect eats. It excavates
immense holes for food, often burying itself in them com-
pletely; and I have known apples furnished to these beetles
in confinement, to have their substance so completely devoured
that nothing but the rind was left. Two years ago this fall
there was' scarcely a quince that came into the St. Louis
market, that was not marred by numbers of large gougiugs,
and though I was then inclined to attribute such holes to the
gnawiugs of grasshoppers, I feel pretty well convinced at
present, that the work might with more justice have been
attributed to the Quince Curculio.

The question will naturally arise, since this insect breeds in
the haw, the quince, and the pear, whether it will also breed
in the closely allied apple ? So far as my experimants go, they
indicate clearly that it will not; for although the beetle will
eat and greatly disfigure apples, when no other nourishment
is at hand, yet a number which I confined to a large branch of
an apple tree on the 14th of June last, absolutely refused to
deposit eggs, and died three weeks afterwards.

KEMEDIES.

Very fortunately this insects drops as readily when alarmed
as does the Plum Curculio, and the jarring process will be
found just as effectual in catching it, with the additional

340 KEPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THM

advantage that the jarring need only be carried on for about
ten weeks of the year, namely, from about the first of June to
the middle of August in this latitude. Moreover, in accord-
ance with its late appearance we find that, according to Dr.
Trimble, whenever it attacks pears, it prefers the late-ripening
varieties. Again, it is, like the Plum Curculio, nocturnal in
its habits, and secretive during the day ; so that the Ransom
process will undoubtedly prove efiectual with it if used at
the right season. All fruit that falls should be destroyed,
and as we know that the larva hibernates in the ground,
many of them will be injured and destroyed by late stirring
of the soil.

CoKOTRACHELUB CRAT^Gi, Walsli — Larva — Average length when
fall grown, 0.32 inch; 4| times as long as wide, and straight. Opaque
whitish, with a narrow dusky dorsal line, generally obsolete on thorax,
and a few very short hairs. Distinct lateral tubercles on all the joints.
Head rufous with mandibles black, except at base, and distinctly two-
toothed at tip.

Pupa — Average length 0.28 inch. Snout reaching a little beyond
elbow of middle tibiae and tarsi, with two stout rufous thorns near the
origin of antennce, two more at base, and sometimes others more toward
the tip. Head and thorax also armed with such thorns, and also two to
each elbow of the femora and tibia?. Wing cases with rows of short
rufous bristles along the elevations between the striae. Abdomen cylin-
drical, the basal joint with a central scutellar bristleless tubercle and
two others, one each side of it, each bearing a bristle ; the other joints
conically tubercled laterally, each tubercle bearing a stout bristle, and
each joint bearing dorsally about four other bristles on its posterior sub-
margin. Terminal sub-segment squarely cut oflF and bearing two stout
inwardly-curved brown thorns.

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 341

THE PLUM GOUGER.

(Anthonomus prunicida, Walsh.)

ITS CHARACTER, DISTRIBUTION, AND FOOD.

[ FlOUKE 10.]

The Plum Gonger.

This name was given by Mr. Walsh to another indigenous
weevil which is represented enlarged in the accompanying
illustration (Fig. 10). It is easily distinguished from either of
the preceding weevils — as you will see at a glance by refer-
ring to the figures and to the specimens in the lecture-box —
by its ochre-yellow thorax and legs and its darker wing-covers,
which are dun-colored, or brown with a leaden-gray tint, and
have no humps at all. Its snout is not much longer than the
thorax, but as in the Apple Curculio, projects forwards, or
downwards, but can not be bent under as in the Plum Cur-
culio. This insect was first described in the Prairie Farmer
for June 13th, 1863, and the description was afterwards rej)ub-
iished in the Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural
History for February, 1864.

31r. Walsh gave such a good account of it in his Report as
Acting State Entomologist that it is unnecessary for me to go
into detail, and I will therefore only briefly allude to those
traits in its history which are well established.

The Plum Gouger seems to be unknown in the Eastern
States, but is very generally distributed throughout the valley
of the Mississippi. As a rule it is much less common and
does much less injury than the little Turk, though in some
few districts it is found equally abundant, and I received spec-

342 EEPOET OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

imens on the first of June last, from my esteemed correspond-
ent, Mr. Huron Burt of Williamsburg, Callaway Co., Mo., witli
the statement that it was doing great damage to the plums in,
that locality, though the little Turk was scarcely met with.
There is a plum known there as ''Missouri Nonsuch" which,
though said to be Curculio proof, is worked upon very badly
by the Gouger.

The Plum Gouger is often found on wild crab trees, and
may, like the Plum Curculio, occasionally deposit and breed
in pip fruit; but it is partial to smooth-skinned stone fruity
such as prunes, plums, and nectarines, and it does not even
seem to relish the rougher-skinned peach.

OFTEN MISTAKEN" FOR THE PLUM CURCULIO.

It has often been confounded with the Plum Curculio, and
was once supposed by our triend, L. C. Francis of Springfield,
Ills., to be the male of that specit s. We all have a right to
suppose what we please, and as long as our suppositions are not
thrust on the public for ascertained facts, they can do no pos-
sible harm. But Mr. J. P. Williamson of Des Moines county,
Iowa, is not satisfied with supposing this or some other
straight-snouted weevil, to be the female of the Plum Curcu-
lio, but, in a last summer's issue of the Prairie Farmer, not
only emphatically speaks of it as such, Imt, finding that these
supposed females frequent tht^ trees tw) weeks earlier than the
males (?), he concludes, lor some unexplained reason, that the
sole object of visiting the fruit is for the deposition of eggs;
and straightway hatches Che theory th:'-t the Plum Curculio
can do Ho harm till the males appear! Consequently, instead
of jarring our trees as long as fruit; remains on them, we are
informed by Mr. Wiliiainsjn that it is only necessary to jar
them about six weeks.

And thus it always is with men who do not sufficiently
understand the absolute ira|)ortance of cira and caution in
reading Nature's secr.-ts : from supposition to assumption;

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 343

from assumption to theory ; from theory to advice, which — it
is unnecessary here to say — is of a most pernicious character.

ITS TIME OP APPEARANCE.

This beetle appears in the spring about the same time as the
Plum Curculio, but as no eggs are deposited after the stone of
the fruit becomes hard, and as its larva requires a longer
period to mature than that of the latter, its time of depositing
is shorter, and the old beetles generally die off and disappear
before the new ones eat their way out of the "fruit, which they
do during August, September, and October, according to the
latitude.

ITS NATURAL HISTORY.

Though we have no absolute proof of the fact, analogy
would lead us to believe, and in my own mind there is no
doubt, that this insect passes the winter in the beetle state,
and that it is, like the other species, single-brooded. Both
sexes bore cylindrical holes in the fruit for food, and these
holes are of the exact diameter of the snout, and consequently
somewhat larger than those of the Apple Curculio. These
holes are broadened at the bottom, or gouged out in the shape
of a gourd; and especially is this the case with those intended
by the female for the reception of an egg. The egg, in this
case also, enlarges from eudosmosis, and it is probable that all
weevils that make a puncture for the reception of their eggs,
gnaw and enlarge the bottom, not only to give the egg room
to swell, but to deaden the surrounding fruit, and prevent its
crushing such egg, — the same object being attained by the-
deadened flap made by the crescent of the little Turk
Wherever this insect abounds, plums will be found covered
with its holes, the great majority of them, however, made for
feeding purposes. The gum exudes from each puncture, and
the fruit either drops or becomes knotty and worthless.

The young larva which hatches from the egg, instead of
rioting in the flesh of the plum, or remaining around the

344 KEPORT OF THK SHCKETAEY OF THE

outside of the kernel, makes au almost straight course for that
kernel, through the yet soft shell of which it penetrates. Here
it remains until it has become full-fed, when by a wise instinct
it cuts a round hole through the now hard stone, and retires
inside again to change to the pupa and finally to the beetle
state. "When once the several parts of the beetle are suffi-
ciently hard and strong, it ventures through the hole which it
had already providently prepared for exit with its stronger
larval jaws, and then easily bores its way through the flesh
-and escapes.

REMEDIES.

This Plum Gouger is about as hard to deal with as the
Apple Curculio. It drops almost as reluctantly, and we there-
fore cannot do much by the jarring process to diminish its
numbers. Moreover it takes wing much more readily than
the other weevils we have mentioned; and though fruit that
is badly punctured for food, often falls prematurely to the
ground, yet, according to Mr. "Walsh, that infested with the
larva generally hangs on the tree until the stone is hard
and prematiire ripening sets in. In all probability the stunted
and prematurely rij)eued fruit containing this insect will iar
down much more readily than the healthy fruit, but I have so
far had no opportunity of making any practical observations
myself, and must conclude by hoj)ing that our plum-growing
members will make the proper experiments and give us the
results.

THE STRiVWBEKRY CROWN BORER.

(Analcii fragarice A'', sp.)

This is another indigenous insect, which seems to be con-
fined to our Mississippi Valley, for I have heard no complaints
in any of the Atlantic States, of injuries that could be attrib-
uted to this weevil. In the Maine Farmer for July SStli,

MICHIGATSr STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

345

1867, wc find a brief reference, made by Mr. G. E. Bracketfc of
Belfast, Me., in answer to a certain " E. B./' of a '•' -worm that
eats into the crown of the plant and kills it." The worm
referred to was, in all probability, the Crown Borer under
consideration, but as no postoffice address of the questioner is
given, the paragraph might just as well never hare been
written, for any light that it throws on the distribution of the
insect However, no such insect has ever been mentioned by
our Eastern writers on the Strawberry, and we must necessarily
conclude that it does not exist in the Atlantic States.

[FlGUBH 11.]

> cc h

Stra-wbcrry Crown Borer— (fl) larva ; (6) beetle, eldo yiew ; (c) same, bade view.

This insect has done considerable damage to the strawberry
•crop in the Southern portion of your own State, especially
along the line of the Illinois Central R. R. ; and I have seen
evidence of its work in St. Louis county, Mo. At the meeting
of the Southern Illinois Fruit Growers' Association, held at
South Pass in November, 1807, several complaints were made
by parties from Anna and Makanda, of a white worm which
worked in the roots of their strawberries; and in 1868, the
greater portion of the plants of a ten-acre field at Anna,
belonging to Mr. Parker Earle, was destroyed by it.

In the fall of 1869 I had some correspondence with Mr.
Walsh on this insect, and learned that he had succeeded in
breeding it to the perfect state ; and had it not been for his
untimely death, its history would no doubt have been pub-
lished a year ago. Through the kindness of Jos. M. Wilson
of Sterling, Whiteside county, and of J. B. Miller of Anna,
54

346 REPOKT OF THE SECRETAEY OP THB

Union couuty, I received during the past year specimens of
the larvae, from which I succeeded in rearing the perfect
beetle. It is therefore by the aid of these gentlemen, and
especially from the experience of Mr. Miller, that I am enabled
to give you the above illustrations (Fig. 11) of the Strawberry
Crown Borer, and the following necessarily imperfect account
of its mode of working. I give them in the hope that thej
will prompt further investigation, and serve as a clue to enable
our excellent friend Dr. Le Baron to increase our knowledge of
this pest; for there is much yet to learn of its habits, and
consequently of the best means of fighting it.

From the middle of June to the middle of July in Southern
Illinois, and later further north, the larva hatches from an egg
which, in all probability, is deposited in the crown of the
plant, and it immediately commences to bore its way down-
wards, into the pith. Here it remains till it has acquired its
full size, working in the thick bulbous root and often eating
through the more woody portions, so that when frost sets in,
the plant easily breaks off and is heaved out of the ground.
When full grown it presents the appearance of Figure 11, a,
being a white grub with arched back and tawny-yellow head,
and measuring about l-5th of an inch when stretched out.
It undergoes its transformations to the pupa and perfect beetle
states within the root, and the latter makes its appearance
above ground during the month of August.

The beetle (Fig. \1, b side view ; c back view) is about l-6tli
of an inch in length, of a chestnut- brown color, and marked
and punctured as in the figure.

From analogy we may infer that the beetle feeds on the
leaves of the strawberry, for it is a very general rule with
snout-beetles, that the perfect insects fe^d on the leaves of such
plants as they infest in the larva state. But whether it lives
on through the winter as a beetle and does not commence
depositing eggs again till the following June ; or whether it is
double-brooded and produces a second lot of larvae which pass

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 347

the winter in the roots, are questions which are not yet
decided; and until we get a more comprehensive knowledge of
this insect's ways and doings, we shall be in a measure power-
less before it. From all the facts that can be obtained, the
first hypothesis is the correct one, and in that event we can, in
an emergency, easily get rid of this pest by plowing up and
destroying the plants soon after they have done bearing, or say
about the latter part of June in the southern part of the
State. By doing this the whole brood of borers will perish
with the plants. Most strawberry growers renew their plants,
in some way or another, about every three years, and where
this insect abounds, it will be best subdued by destroying the
whole bed at the time already suggested, and afterwards plant-
ing a neAV one, rather than by annually thinning out the old
and leaving the new plants in the same bed. Here we have
an effectual means of extirpating the little pest, if, as I believe,
the first hypothesis is the correct one ; but if the second hypo-
thesis'be correct, — i. e., if the insect be double-brooded, — then
it will avail nothing to carry out the above suggestions, and
we thus see how important it is to thoroughly understand an
insect's habits, in order to properly cope with it. Though we
may occasionally hit upon some plan of remedying or prevent-
ing an insect's injuries without knowing its habits, yet as a
general rule we but grope in the dark until we have learned
its natural history !

According to Mr. Miller, all plants infested with this larva
are sure to perish, and he has also noticed that old beds are
more apt to be injured by it than new ones.

In one of the roots received from him, I found a parasitic
cocoon, so that there is every reason to believe that, as is so
very generally the case with insects, this noxious species has at
least one natural enemy which will aid us in keeping it in due
bounds. Indeed, Mr. Miller so often found this parasitic
cocoon, that he at first surmised that the Crown Borer spun
it. But no snout-beetle larvae spin cocoons.

348 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

This Crown Borer must not be confounded with another
white "worm of about the same size whicii lives in the ground
and subsists on the roots by devouring them from the outside-
This last may always be distinguished by having six distinct
legs near the head, and its habits are quite different. It occurs
earlier in the season, and, as I have proved the past summer, is
the larva of the little clay-yellow beetle, known as the Grape-
vine Colaspis {Colaspis flavida, Say). A full account of this
last insect, wuth illustrations, will be given in the forthcoming
Third Entomological Report of Missouri.

This weevil belongs to the genus ^;!a7c/s, which is distinguished by its
sub-cylindrical oblong-oval body, its short robust snout which fits into a
deep grove, its 10-jointed antennae, and its simple or unarmed thighs.
As our strawberry insect is a new species, I subjoin a description of it
for the scientific reader :

Analcts fragaele, X. Sp. — Imago, Fig. 11, c — Color deep, sub-pol-
ished, chestnut-brown, the elytra somewhat lighter. Head and rostrum
dark, finely and densely punctate, and with short, coarse, fulvous hairs,
longest at tip of rostrum ; antennae rather lighter towards base, 10-jointed,
the scape much thickened at apex, joint 2 longest and robust, 3 moder-
ately long, 4-7 short, 8-10 connate and forming a stout club. Thorax
dark, cylindrical, slightly swollen across the middle, and uniformly
covered with large thimble-like punctures, and with a few short coarse
fulvous hairs, unusually arranged in three more or less distinct longitud-
inal lines ; pectoral groove ending between front legs. Abdomen with
small remote punctures and hairs, which are denser towards apex. Legs
of equal stoutness, and with shallow dilated punctures and uniform very
short hairs. Elytra more yellowish-brown, dilated at the lower sides
anteriorly, and with about 9 deeply-punctured striae, the strieo
sometimes obsolete; more or less covered with coarse and short pale
yellow hairs, which form, by their greater density, three more or less
conspicuous transverse bands, the first of which is at base ; between the
second and third band, in the middle of the elytron, is a smooth dark-
brown or black spot, with a less distinct spot of the same color below
the third, and a still less distinct one above the second band. Length
0.16 inch.

Described from four specimens bred of strawberry-boring larvae. The
black spots on the elytra arc quite distinct and conspicuous on two spec-
imens, less so on one, and entirely obsolete on the other.

Larva, Fig. 11, a — White with hack arched Laraellicorn-fashion.

MICHIGAN" 8TATK POMOLOGIGAL SOCIETY. 349

Head gamboge-yellow, glabrous with some faint transverse striations
above the mouth ; mandibles rufous tipped with black ; labrum emargin-
ate, and with palpi, pale. A faint narrow dorsal vascular line. Legs
replaced by fleshy tubercles. Length 0.20 inch when stretched out.

I had intended to say something of the Grape Cnrculio and
the Grape Cane Curculio; of the Hickory-nut and Hazel-nut
weevils; of the Pea and Bean weevils; of the Corn-weevil,
Grain-weevil and some other destructive weevils, but have
already occupied more than the allotted time, and must close.

CONCLUSION.

In conclusion, ladies and gentlemen, I beg leave to assure
you that this paper has been written in the true interest of
Bcience. If a single word has seemed to animadvert against
any one of you, I hope you will believe me when I tell you
that no reflections were intended, and that my sole object is
the dissemination of truth and facts. If these facts hit with
force and shatter some of the beautiful and visionary theories
that have been jireached to you as gospel, it is not my fault.
No one.should smother truth on personal grounds, or because
it conflicts with the expressed opinions of another. We are
all liable to make mistakes, and perhaps no man ever yet lived
who did not at some time of his life commit a blunder. But
the difierence between the man who writes for truth and the
man who writes for victory is, that the former frankly confesses
his errors as soon as he is made aware of them, and even courts
true criticism, while the latter never will allow that he is
wrong, but having once made a false statement, will never go
back on his word.

You are engaged in a most glorious work, namely, tbe
advancement of the beautiful art and science of Horticulture.
You are each of you doing what you can, in the first place, to
promote the aesthetic influences of your calling, so as to elevate

350 REPOKT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

and render it attractive to the young who are constantly seek-
ing occupation in the numerous walks of life ; and in the
second place, to make your business more profitable. To
further either or both of these objects, true science — knowl-
edge— must be applied to all your daily operations. I say
true science, because we want none of the bogus article. We
must recollect that while man is the interpreter of nature,
science is its right interpretation, and that it is the wrong
interpretation of Nature's truths that has brought true science
into such disrepute among many practical men. We cannot
each of us become proficient in all departments, and must, to
attain the greatest good, confine ourselves in a great measure
to specialties. Professor Gould has truly said that " an equal
culture in many directions is synonymous with superficiality
in all, and an 'Admirable Crichton' is to-day simply a ridicu-
lous object."

Science means knowledge, and knowledge means power, and
to promote and advance the incipient Science of Horticulture
which we are engaged in, we must each of us bring the knowl-
edge gained in our several departments, and ofier it upon one
common altar for the common good. The man who receives
an apple tree from the nursery, and who plants and cultiyates
it without knowing anything of the insect enemies that are
likely to ruin it, will not stand the same chance of raising fine
fruit from that tree, as that man will, who, with the requisite
knowledge guards against catastrophe, by first examining the
young tree so as to destroy bark-lice, root-lice, or the eggs of
caterpillars that may be upon it ; who afterwards soaps it care-
fully, to prevent the borers, and eventually, when it comes into
bearing, properly sui-rounds its trunk with rags to entrap the
Apple- worm ; and the same argument applies to all other
kinds of knowledge necessary to the proper cultivation of such
a tree.

" A little fire is quickly trodden out,
Which, being suffered, rivers cannot quench,"

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 351

and we must always bear in miud in dealincf with insects that
it is far easier to prevent than to cure.

You are no doubt all of you familiar with the quotation
from Dean SAAaft's account of what the King of Brobdignag
said to Lemuel Gulliver: "And he gave it for his opinion, that
whoever could make two ears of corn, or two blades of grass,
to grow upon a spot of ground where only one grew before,
would deserve better of mankind, and do more essential ser-
vice to his country, than the whole race of politicians put
together."

I take it that avc are each of us doing our utmost to carry
out King Brobdignag's idea, and in these annual reunions,
when by interchange of the experience of the out-going year,
we hope to benefit each other, let the past be forgotten in the
kindly feelings of the present, and the hopes of the future.
Let us, in Tennyson's beautiful language,

"Ring'out the old,
Ring In the new.
Ring out the false.
King in the trnc."

R,EP O IIT

OF THB DBLEGATIOK TO THE

AMEEICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY'S

MEETING.

THIRTEENTH EXHIBITION OF THE AMERICAN POMOLO-

GICAL SOCIETY.

To the President and Members of the Michigan State Pomological Society:

Gentlemen: — Your delegation elected to attend the thir-
teenth session of the American Pomological Society, respect-
fully offer the following report of the observations and results
of the journey :

FIRST day's PEOGEEDINGS.

The first day of the joint exhibition of the American Pom-
ological and Virginia State Horticultural and Pomological
Societies 'must have been sufficient to convince the most scep-
tical and desponding of its success. Men largely engaged in
fruit culture, and who have attended the annual meetings of
the national society for years, concur in expressing the opinion
that no more varied and attractive assortment of fine fruits
has ever been collected under one roof in this country. Cer-
tainly no exhibition of the American Pomological Society has
been more successful in this respect. And we may add that it
is also an unparalleled success in the large attendance of mem-
bers of the society, and other intelligent gentlemen from all
parts of the Union, a majority of whom evidently come full of
the spirit of professional or amateur pomologists, and with an
unmistakable desire to see all that is to be seen, and to obtain
as well as to impart information.

ASSEMBLY HALL,

in which the exhibition is held, has been well fitted up for the
purpose. The front of the building is prettily festooned with
cedar, and a large lantern suspended over the main entrance

356 REPORT OF THE SECRETASY OF THE

is lit at night to show that something imiisual is going ou
within, The interior is also tastefully decorated with ever-
greens, and well-selected chromo pictures add not a little to
the beauty of the scene. Long tables around the walls and in
other places, judiciously arranged, are laden with fruits of
every description placed on exhibition. In the center of the
room, Morton, the florist, has erected a splendid pyramid of
gay flowers and plants of a variegated foliage, while Leckenby
& Laird and J. W. Turner, also Richmond florists, have beau-
tified the west end of the hall in like manner with flowers
carefully selected and tastefully arranged. These all combine
to make the spectacle as the visitor enters the hall one of rare
beauty.

THE EXHIBITIOJf.

Without further introductory or descriptive remarks, we
proceed to note the features of the exhibition most worthy of
mention, classifying the collections according to the States
which they represent.

NEW YORK.

EUwanger & Barry of the Mount Hope Nursery, liochester,
N. Y., display 150 varieties of superior apples.

Smith, Clark & Powell of Syracuse contribute a good assort-
ment of pears, which arrived last evening.

MARYLAND.

W. D. Brackinridge of Govanstown, near Baltimore, is the
only exhibitor from this State. He sends a pretty assortment
of pears, embracing forty varieties.

IOWA.

Iowa, we think, takes the lead in the apple department.
She has two exhibitors, — Mark Miller, editor of the Des Moines
Westerti Pomologist, and H. Leonard of Burlington, Iowa-
Mr. Miller has 118 varieties of apples, scientifically classified.
They were raised in the vicinity of Des Moines, where 33
years ago there was not an apple tree of any kind whatever.

MICHIGAX STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 857

Mr. Leonard shoAvs 115 Tiirieties of apples. and 35 of pears.
This Iowa fruit is beautiful to look upon, and has been remark-
ably well preserved. It was shipped about a week ago, and
arrived on Tuesday, by express. Not more than a dozen apples
were lost to the exhibitors, and very few are at all specked.

]S"EW JERSEY.

The Pomona N^iirseries of Cinnaniinson, New Jersey, Wm.
Parry, proprietor, is represented by twenty-six varieties of
pears and three of apples. This collection is unusually fine.

PEXXSYLVAJsIA.

1). W. llerstine of Philadelphia exhibits several varieties of
beautiful new seedling raspberries preserved in spirits.

Engle Brothers of Marietta, Lancaster county, send some
splendid apples.

TEXAS.

Texas ^contributes ajar of dried figs, exhibited by Mrs. S. E.
B3^ers of Clear Creek, Galveston county.

MASSACHUSETTS.

Hon. Marshall P. Wilder of Boston, President of the Amer-
ican Pomological Society, displays a beautiful and varied
assortment of pears, raised by himself. It embraces no less
than 230 varieties. Mr. Wilder has offered a premium of $50
for the largest and best collection of jiears.

F. & L. Clapp, also of Boston, exhibit a fine collection of
beautiful pears, the result of intelligent hybridizing.

GEORGIA.

Southern Ceorgia contributes a number of varieties of
tempting apples.

WASHINGTON, D. C.

John Saul of Washington, representing the Potomac Fruit-
Growers' Association, sends an attractive assortment of apples
aiid pears.

The Agricultural Department of the United States Goyera-

358 REPORT OP THE SECRETARY OF THE

ment contributes fine specimens of pears and wine grapes.
This contribution is not so large as might have been expected,
but it may be enlarged before the exhibition closes.

OHIO.

George W. Campbell, Vice-President of the Ohio Elorticult-
ural Society, is here, and has brought with him some fine
grapes.

NEBRASKA.

One long table is occupied almost entirely by fruit from this
great Northwestern State. We noted here 146 varieties of
apples, 15 of peaches, 13 of pears, 1 of plums, and 1 of grapes.
They come from Nemeha and Otoe county, Nebraska City
being located in the last named. The exhibitors are J. H.
Masters, President, and E. W. Furnas, Secretary of the
Nebraska State Horticultural and Pomological Society. Their
fruit is not in such good order as that from California, Kansas,
and Iowa, which is probably owing to the inexperience of the
packers. Mr. Masters tells us that all except the peaches was
packed in paper, and shipped about a week ago. Specimens
of several varieties of early fruit were lost on the way. But it
will be seen from what has been said above, that Nebraska is
ahead of many States. The peaches from this State are very
fine.

KANSAS.

No State is ahead of Kansas in the quality and quantity of
its contributions. She sends apples, pears, and grapes, princi-
pally from Douglass, Leavenworth, and Donnavan counties.
The collection was made and contributed by the Kansas Hor-
ticultural Society, and is under the supervision of Drs. Haws-
ley and Stayman, and F. Welhouse. Their assortment of
apples is about the largest in the hall, embracing 200 varieties.
They have also 20 varieties of pears and 20 of grapes. Dr.
Stayman exhibits fifty varieties of apples of his own raising.
The Kansas fruit is generally fine in color and good sized, but
a good deal of it has been more or less bruised in transporta-

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 359

tion. It was packed in paper and shipped on the 31st of
August.

MICHIGAN

ehows herself as great in fruit as in minerals. Mr. A. T.
Linderman, who presides over this department, shows 108
Tarieties of apples of a superior quality, and 10 of pears, which
are from the orchard of T. T. Lyon, Plymouth, Wayne county;
some large late peaches and 5 varieties of grapes, from the
Tineyards of Ed. Bradfield of Ada, Kent county. This fruit
is in excellent condition, owing to the care taken in packing
it, and the improved apparatus used for its transportation.
The case of peaches is from the town of Spring Lake, in the
western portion of the State, already so famous for the pro-
duction of the peach, apple, pear, cherry, and grape, while all
the small fruits find in its marvelously tempered climate their
perfect home. And with their unsurpassed marketing facili-
ties—several boats daily ploughing across the lake from their
very doors to Chicago and Milwaukee — we see no reason why
these people should not enjoy life, if wealth and health — one
of the famous magnetic mineral wells is at Spring Lake — is
conducive to its enjoyment.

MINNESOTA

is also well represented, the consignment from that distant
Northwestern State having arrived last night, after being ten
days on the way. The localities represented are Minneapolis,
Winona, Lake City, and Lake Crescent, and P. A. Jewell of
Lake City is the exhibitor. He displays fifty varieties of
apples, several of pears, three of native plums, and one lot of
seedling grapes. His assortment of Siberian crab apples is
probably the finest ever shown at a national exhibition. Some
of these apples are of the finest flavor, notwithstanding the
proverbial bitterness of their species.

Note.— Modesty compels ns to take the deecription of Michigan's contribution,
given above, from Richmond Daily Dispatch.— Sb^o^t.

360 IlEPORT OF THE 8ECEETAEY OF THE

ILLINOIS.

The southern part of Illinois, whicli is a famous fruit
country, contributes about 200 varieties of apples, whicli can-
not easily be surpassed. There are also in this collection some
splendid pears. The collection is in charge of Parker Earle,
Esq., of Oobham, 111.

SOUTH CAROLINA.

This State sends — varieties of seedling grapes, exhibited
■by Dr. Wiley of .

XORTH CAROLINA.

The representative of the old North State is John Hopkins,
an old citizen of Wilmington, who brings with him some
bunches of Muscadine and Scuppernong grapes, which attract-
ed much attention. Mr. Hopkins raised them in his own
.garden* They are very large, and of a delightful flavor.

CALIFORKIA.

The collection from this State embraces a great variety, and
almost every specimen is remarkable for its superior quality.
Having been carefully packed in plaster, and by experienced
hands, the fruit was all in excellent preservation. We noticed
fine apples, mammoth pears, figs, grapes, plums, and oranges
on this table. The pears are beautiful to the eye and luscious
to the taste. Dr. Curtis is in chai'gc of the California table.

VIRGINIA

has reason to be proud of her fine display of fruits, even by
the side of the varied collections and mammoth specimens of
the East and Korthwest.

Captain H. B. Jones, the veteran pomologist of Eockbridge
county, is on hand with his fine display of fruit, raised in his
own orchards. He exhibits this year 110 varieties of applet
including 14 native seedlings ; 11 of pears, 8 of grapes, and 10
of peaches.

Franklin Davis & Co. of Kichmond, have of apples 100

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 361

varieties ; of pears, :ib ; of peaches, 15 ; besides several kinds
of grapes.

Richard Irby of Ivichmond sends several plates of mam-
moth Gloria Mundi apples.

H. It. Robey of Fredericksburg, 5 varieties of grapes, 23 of
apples, and 22 of pears. Pretty assortment.

Wm. 0. Hurt of Bedford county, 51 varieties of native
.apples, — making a most creditable display.

H. C. Williams of Fairfax, 6 varieties of pears, 36 of apples,
and 6 of new native grapes.

Gillingham & Co. of Acootink, Va., display a fine lot of
apples and pears.

Albemarle county sends a splendid assortment of apples,
-exhibited by Tyree Dollins & Bro. of Batesville. They have
catalogued 200 varieties, many of which are superior native
seedlings.

Xorfolk takes the lead in big pears. Those exhibited by Mr,
■G. F. B. Leigh ton attracted a great deal of attention by reason
-of their unusual size, and the committee pronounced them
delicious in flavor. One of them weighs within an ounce of a
pound. The varieties contributed by Mr. Leighton are the
Duchess d'Angouleme, Secke], Bartlett, Beurre, 8angeheur,
Louise Bonne de Jersey, Beurre Diel, and Beurre Superfine.
Hon. J. B. Whitehead of the same city sends fine Seckels, and
from J. 8. Taggart come pretty specimens of tlie same variety,
raised in his garden.

Dr. S. E. Dove of Richmond displays a good many plates of
fine apples and pears, not classified.

Col. J. Havenscroft Jones of Brunswick sends 11 varieties
of superior apples.

From the Munson Hill nurseries there are many fine pears
and apples, exhibited by D. 0. Munson of Falls Church, Va.

Manfred Call of Henrico county, Va., also contributes some
pears hard to l^eat, though they are in an orchard in its second
yc«r.

56

£62 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

The Virginia Nursery and Wine Company (Allan & John-
son, general agents) show eleven bottles of Virginia wines,
including samples each of Norfolk, Herremont, and Concord,
and one each of Clinton, Catawba, and To Kalon.

J. W. Porter of Albemarle came in last evening with several
superior varieties of apples and grapes. Among the latter
were line specimens of the wild grape of the mountains.

George W. Purvis of Nelson county contributes a small but
excellent assortment of apples, peaches, and grapes. The
latter are particularly good.

Mr. J. G. Beattie of Henrico county displays the finest wine-
sap apples ou exhibition, and it is to be noted that they were
raised, as in the case of Mr. Call, noted above, by an amateur.

F. W. Lemosey, one of the pioneer pomologists of Virginia,
sends several bottles of wine of his own manufacture.

BrSINESS MEETING OF THE SOCIETY.

The biennial session of the American Pomological Society
convened in the dining-room of the Exchange Hotel yesterday
morning at 9 o'clock.

Mr. John M. Allan, President of the Virginia Horticultural
and Pomological Society, addressed the assembly, and said that
no more pleasant duty could have devolved upon him than
that of welcoming them to Kichmond. Two years ago the
Society of Virginia Pomologists had thanked the American
Society for the promise to come, and to-day he had to thank
them in behalf of his society for coming here. He was aware
of the pressing business which awaited the attention of the
national body thus convened, and it was not his desire further
to detain them than to extend a cordial welcome. He hoped
that their sessions would prove harmonious, prosperous, and
pleasant, and, again welcoming his friends from all parts of the
country, took his seat.

Marshall P. Wilder, Esq., President of the American Pomo-
logical Society, replied, thanking Mr. Allan for his cordial
reception and welcome, and, on behalf of the Society, accepted

MICHIGA:Sr STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 363

it with equal warmth and feeling. He was glad to see so many
representatives of this great country, mea from the '"'ever-
glades of Florida" to the cold country of the far North. It
was a pleasure to him to be in the midst of such an assem-
blage ; and from whatever clime they came, he welcomed them
from his heart. He appreciated the hospitality already shown
the American Pomological Society, and was assured that its
sessions would not only prove harmonious and pleasant, but
when ended, and each member at his home, he would have
something to remember which would ever prove agreeable.

The Convention was then called to order by the President,
and the Vice-Presidents and others were invited to seats upon
the platform, preparatory to business.

The first business in order was the appointment of com-
mittees for the dispatch of business, which committees were
announced as follows:

On Credentials — Wm. Saunders of the District of Colum-
bia, John C. Hovey of Massachusetts, Henry EUwanger of
New York, John Morton of Virginia.

On Business — Parker Earle of Illinois, P. T. Quinn of
New Jersey, R. Buist of Pennsylvania, Hon. TV. Schley of
Georgia, and Dr. Wm. H'lwsley of Kansas.

On Nominations of Officers — J. M. Allan of Virginia, W.
C. Barry of New York, John Saul of the District of Columbia,
Hon. Joel Parker of Massachusetts, Joshua Lindsey of North
Carolina, John L. Mcintosh of Ohio, W. C. Flagg of Illinois,
Thos. Meehan of Pennsylvania, J. S. Downward of Kenfueky,
Wm. Parry of New Jersey, Dr. Wjlie of South Carolina, Wm.
Heaver of Tennessee, P. J. Berckrnans of Georgia, Edwin Hoyt
of Connecticut, Mark Miller of Iowa, R. W. Furnas of
Nebraska, Dr. J. S. Curtiss of California, Col. Hardee of
Florida, Silas Moore of Rhode Island, Col. Langdon of
Alabama.

On Fruits Exhibited — J. E. M. Gillery of Massachusetts,
B. K. Bliss of New York, Dr. Jas. F. Johnson of Virginia.

;}64 EEPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

Permanent Committee on Native Frnits — P. J. Beckmaus
of Georgia, Chas. Downing of New York, Ro. Manning of
Massachusetts, Thos. Meehan of Peunsylyania, W. C. Flagg of
Illinois, P. T. Qniun of Kew Jersey, John M. Allan of
Virginia.

MEMBERSHIP FEES.

During the absence of the Business Committee, a resolution
was presented fixing the membership fee for active members at
$3 biennially, and $20 for life members. This resolution
elicited quite a lengthy discussion, which was engaged in by
representatives from many States ; and after the defeat of
several proposed amendments, the biennial fee was fixed at $4,
and after tbis session at ^20 for life membership.

THE ORDER OF BUSINESS.

The committee to prepare business for the meeting having
returned, presented the following as the order, which was
adopted by the Society :

Hours of Meeting — Wednesday, 0 A. M. and 3 P. M. ; Thurs-
day 10 A. M. and 3 P. M. ; Friday, 9 A. M. and 3 P. M.

Rules for Speahing — Five minutes ; and no person to
speak more than twice on the same subject without leave.

Essays — All essays to be referred to committees, but not
read before the Convention.

WEDISTESDAT.

At 3 P. M., address of the President, at the close of which
election of officers. Then reading of the Treasurer's report.

THURSDAY.

Ten A. M., discussion in regard to place of holding
next meeting, and in regard to the form of a permanent
catalogue. •

Discussion on apples suited to general cultivation in the
>Southern States. The discussion to be opened by Southern
members, and they requested to speak only of yarieties well

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 365

known and tested. Apples to be followed by pears, peaches,
plums, grapes, _apricots, nectarines, etc., etc.

Three P. M. — Reports of committees. Introduction of
subjects by members, relating to pruning, diseases, etc., all
of which to be transferred to committees for report; after
which discussion continued.

FRIDAY.

Nine A. M. — Reports of committees, resolutions, incidental
remarks and suggestions, discussion of fruits continued.
P. M. — Resolutions, discussions continued, adjournment.

A WELCOME TO THE SOCIETY.

A communication Avas received from W. B. Isaacs, Esq.,
Chairman of the Reception Committee, proffering an address of
welcome from the Mayor, to be delivered in the hall of the
House of Delegates at 12^ o'clock P. M.

On behalf of the City Council and the Committee of Recep-
tion, Mr. Isaacs also extended to the Society an invitation to
participate in an excursion down James river on the steamer
Palisade this afternoon at 4^ o'clock. The invitations were
unanimously accepted.

After some desultory discussion, at 11 o'clock the Society
adjourned to meet again at 13, and then proceed in a body to
the Capitol to be welcomed by the Mayor.

FORMAL WELCOME.

After the adjournment of the Society, the members in the
hall, to the number of one hundred or more, formed in proces-
sion and marched in couples, arm in arm, to the hall of the
House of Delegates, in the Capitol, where many persons had
already assembled to witness the formal welcome of guests to
Richmond. All being seated, Mr. John M. Allan, of the Vir-
ginia Horticultural and Pomological Society, in a few words
introduced the Hon. Marshall P. Wilder, President of the
American Pomological Society, to the Hon. A. M. Keiley,

366 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

Mayor of Richmond. We give Mr. Keiley's most felicitoua
address of welcome in full. It is as follows :

ADDRESS OF MAYOR KEILEY.

Mr. President and Gentlemen : — It is a pleasant service
to be charged with extending you, as I am happy to do, a very
cordial welcome to our city, on behalf of tne authorities and
people of Richmond, and I embrace the occasion also to con-
gratulate my fellow citizens on the presence among them of
so large and intelligent a body of gentlemen from all parts of
our common country, engaged in a duty so beneficent that
their deliberations will provoke hostile criticism in no quarter.

The union of science with labor is among the most charac-
teristic peculiarities of our age. The time was when philoso-
phy marched along the highways of the earth, wrapped in a
lordly pride which disdained all association with labor, and if
it deigned to cast a look across the hedge that divided it from
the field and the garden, it was to vent its scorn on the dusty
hand and less intelligent brain there engaged. From this, two
great evils resulted. First, agriculture and every other form of
fruitful labor lost the important aid of philosophy, and, sec-
ondly, philosophy itself lost the powerful stimulus which profit
lends to every development of human efibrt.

Almost within our memories all this has been changed ; the
white hand has clasped the brown, the teeming brain
has grasped the plow, the pruning-hook, and the sickle,
and those great agencies for the betterment of our race
whom God hath joined are no longer by man to be sundered.
And with what splendid results on every hand ! Surely if he
may be claimed to be a benefactor of his race who makes two
blades of grass grow where only one grew before, your praise
should be a thousand-fold greater who have taken the bitter
fruit of a thorny tree in the wilds of Eastern Europe, unfitted
for food for man or beast, and therefrom have developed the
most delicious fruit of our day in more than five hundred vari-
eties. [Applause.] And lastly, gentlemen, I welcome you with

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 367

peculiar pleasure, as this is your first assembliug iu a Southern
city. Let me indulge the hope that you have not only brought
hither your persons and the superb results of your skill, but
that you have come among us bringing your hearts likewise.
[Great applause.]

When the late unhappy strife Avas ended, the first act of
reconstruction was passed by Nature. Our brother-blood was
still boiling in hostile veins ; the clenched hand was still unre-
laxed, and the passions of war were still rife, when from a
thousand skies and hillsides, and athwart a thousand plains,
came the generous sunlight, the gentle rain, and the tempering
winds, filling up the gaping rifle-pits, battering down the sharp
escarpments of frowning forts, blotting out with waving grain
the fierce scar of shot and shell, crowning battlements with
fragrant flowers, and weaving a beautiful carpet of green over
the scenes and sites of wars worst devastations. [Applause.]
May it be your happy fortune and high privilege, gentlemen, —
you who labor with Nature in so many pleasant and profitable
fields, — to lend her a helping hand and a willing heart in this,
the noblest field of all ! [Loud and continued applause.]

COL. wilder's reply.

Col. Wilder then stepped forward and spoke as follows :
"Mr. Mayor. — In behalf of the American Pomological
Society, and in my own behalf, I tender to you my grateful
acknowledgments for your gracious welcome and most eloquent
words in which you have addressed us. I am happy to be here
— we are happy to be here — in the capital of the Old Domin-
ion, a State so distinguished for the production of illustrious
men, — of Washington, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, Harrison,
and Tyler, — all of whom have filled the highest station in the
gift of the people ; John Marshall, Patrick Henry, and Henry
Clay, names that will ever constitute a galaxy of talent to fill
the brightest page in the annals of American history. We
come from different and widely distant sections of our country.
I come from the cold and sterile soil of New England, where

368 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

we liave not the luxuriant soil of the "West, nor the warm,
genial, sunny clime of the South. But, sir, Ave have hearts as
warm as yours; and although granite and ice enter largely
into our exports, they are no evidence of the hardness of our
hearts or the coldness of our affections. I assure you, sir, we
are most happy to be here to meet our Southern brethren on
Southern soil, to concert measures for the promotion of the
object of our Society, — the extension of fruit culture through-
out the length and breadth of our land. With the natural
advantages which the South possesses, and especially your own
Virginia, upon which the North depends so largely for early
fruits, the time is not far distant when fruit culture will con-
stitute a source of revenue scarcely second to any product of
the soil. Our Society is now in session ; our time is very
precious, and with the hope that you and your Board will
honor us with your presence at our meetings, I beg you will
allow us to retire."

Colonel Wilder was frequently interrupted by applause.
When he concluded, he shook hands with Mayor Keiley, and
Mr. Gilley of Boston arose and proposed " Three cheers for
Massachusetts and Virginia shaking hands." The cheers were
given with a vim. An enthusiastic delegate then demanded a
"tiger," and that was given likewise.

The delegates then dispersed, and spent an hour or two in
strolling over the Capitol and park, and viewing other points
of interest in the city.

BIEN"25"IAL ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT.

At 3 o'clock p. M., the Society being in session at the
Exchange Hotel, President Wilder delivered his biennial
address.

MICHIGAN- STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 369

ADDRESS DELIVERED AT THE THIRTEENTH SESSION OF

THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY, BY

MARSHALL P. WILDER.

Gentlemen and Friends of tits American Pomologkal Society :

Twenty-three years have nearly elapsed since the organiza-
tion of this Society, in the city of New York. Held, as our
meetings have been, in different and Avidely distant parts of
our country, I deem it proper very briefly to allude to its his-
tory, objects, and progress. Especially is this desirable as a
means of information to such southern portions of our Union
ag may not have been conversant with the proceedings of the
Society. Its object is to advance that most interesting and
delightful pursuit, the cultivation of fruits; to promote and
perpetuate a cordial spirit of intercourse between pomologists;
to compare fruits, and opinions concerning them ; to settle
doubtful points in pomology, and to establish a standard for
every section of this great Western Continent. How well this
has been done, the Society need no better testimonial than is
furnished by its published Transactions, the widespread influ-
ence it has exerted, not only in our own, but other portions of
the world, and especially by this grand assemblage of American
fruits and American men. Many of the noble men who aided
in the establishment of this Society have ceased from their
labors, — Downing, Prince, Saul, Hodge, Bergen, Underhill, of
New York; Brinckle of Pennsylvania; Walker, French,
Crapo, and Lovett, of Massachusetts; Monson of Connecti-
cut; Ernst, of Ohio; Hancock and Eeid of New Jersey;
Kennicott of Illinois; Eaton of Rhode Island; White of
Georgia; Pierce of the District of Columbia. These, and
other associates of fair fame, have gone to their reward; but
we rejoice that some still live who, from the earlier years of
our histoid, have distinguished themselves as the untiring
57

370 KEPOKT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

friends of our institution; who, by their efficient services and
wise counsels, have contributed to its prosperity, some of
•whom are here to-day to rejoice with us in the progress of
our science and the perpetuity of our institution.

Nor would we forget the eminent services and devotion of
others of later days, to whom we are under equal obligations
for the extension and influence of our Society, whose efforts
have brought together the cultivators of fruits from the most
distant portions of our country, thus making our institution
■what it was designed by its founders to be, — a truly national
association, where the knowledge of one becomes the property
of all; an association that should constitute a compendium of
experience, and where, without regard to religious creed or
sectional prejudice, a community of interest, enterprise, and
action might be established for the promotion of a great source
of national wealth and human happiness.

In order to promote the convenience of all, to distribute its
favors, and increase its influence, the Society has wisely held its
sessions in different and distant States of the Union, New-
York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Massachusetts, and Missouri have
extended hospitalities to the Society, and some of these States
have been repeatedly favored with the presence of its members,
and the privilege of listening to their discussions. And now I
congratulate yon most sincerely upon the auspicious circum-
stances which enable us to meet in this city, among our South-
ern brethren, who have honored us with so cordial a welcome,
and so large a representation of her men and her resources,
here, in the capital of Virginia, — a State so renowned as the
mother of Presidents, and the home of some of the most dis-
tinguished patrons of American agriculture, among whom may
be named Washington, Jefferson, and others, who will ever be
remembered as benefactors of their race.

I have so often addaessed you on topics connected with the
practical labors of our calling, that it can scarcely be anti-
cipated that I should have anything new to offer for your con-
sideration, especially in the presence of so many whose research

MICniGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 371

and experience are fully equal to my own. I know, too, how
precious our time is, and I should not attempt it were it not a
duty enjoined by the constitution of our Society. This duty
will be performed in as brief a manner as its importance will
permit.

I would therefore suggest that it is desirable for us to gather
up for future use the lessons which have been acquired by the
experience of the past. We have been so busy in accumulating
knowledge in the various branches of our culture, that we
have had no time to look back and to systematize the inferences
and deductions to be drawn from our operations. But we
believe the time has now come when we should pause, and sur-
vey the field, and make a review of the lessons which science
has taught ; for science is but a statement of these lessons, —
experience systematized and trained for progress. It is the
grains of sand that roll up the mountain, the drops of water
that make the ocean, and it is lesson upon lesson, fact upon
fact, which must build up the science we wish to create-
Nothing in the present age astonishes us more than the won-
derful power of association, — the centralization of thought
and action for the promotion of particular objects, thus collect-
ing the experience of individuals, and diffusing this knowledge
for the benefit of the world. How clearly is this seen in the
operations of our own Society. How great the changes and
how rapid the progress since its formation ! Then its list of
members was 107 ; now its roll contains the name? of 311
persons. Then its sphere of operations was limited by the
boundaries of a few States; now its field extends from ocean to
ocean, from the Provinces to the Gulf, and wherever the foot
of civilization rests in our broad domain. Nor is it too much
to say, that in this space of time more progress has been made
in the science of pomology than in the whole period since
the settlement of our country. Never before was the interest
80 engrossing, or so widely extended. By publications, cor-
respondence, and the remarkable facilities for interchange and

373 EEPOKT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

intercourse, the enterprise of cultivators is kept constantly on
the alert ; and instead of useless discussions of other subjects,
the pomologist iinds all his time occupied in efforts for
improTement.

How surprising the changes which have taken place during
the existence of this Society ! States and sections of the Union
which were scarcely known by name, now contribute noble
fruits to grace our exhibitions, and noble men to join us in
efforts for the promotion of the public good; and by the
wonderful achievements of science and the golden chain of
commerce, a reciprocal exchange is made of our fruits, dis-
tances are almost annihilated, and where fruits were only to
be seen in our markets at their peculiar season, they ai*e now
found throughout the entire circle of the year. And by the
arts of preservation, the seasons of our fruits are further pro-
longed, until those of winter even linger in the lap of summer..
Thus our choicest varieties are successively matured; thus
distant markets are brought near together, so that the apple,
the pear, and the grape, from the South and West, meet in the
Northern clime of New England iu midsummer ; and Cali-
fornia, Kansas, Nebraska, and Illinois compete at the same
time with Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia, in our Northern
markets.

LESSONS OF EXPERIENCE.
I. THE INFLUENCE OF WARM, DRY SEASONS.

Among the lessons which we have learned, we may mentioii
as settled and acknowledged principles the following :

The observations of the last few years, under the influence
of warm, dry seasons, would appear to have established the
principle that such weather (without excessive drought)
especially in the earlier part of the summer, is more favorable
to the perfection and ripening of fruits, particularly grapes,
than cold, wet seasons. The fact is prominently shown in
California, as we have witnessed by personal observation j and

MICniGAX STATE I'OilOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 373

is especially to be seen iu the cultivation of the grape there,
and also in Europe, and in our Northern States, where, under
the influence of snch seasons, neither the vine nor its fruit is
affected by disease of any kind. These conditions we have
noticed are also peculiarly advantageous for the formation of
fruit-buds, and the storing up of the necessary perfected food
for a future crop, and for the ripening of the wood, so neces-
sary that it may endure the winter with safety.

II. DRAINING OF FRUIT LANDS.

In conformity with the foregoing remarks, we see the im-
portance of thorough draining of our fruit lands, which pro-
duces in soils not naturally possessing them, the conditions
of warmth and dryness which we have named, thus rendering
the condition of the earth, in respect to warmth and dryness,
analogous to that of the air, of the importance of which we
have before spoken. Besides these advantages, is the thorough
aeration of the soil, wherebv it is enabled to absorb fertilizing
matter from the atmosphere, rain, and snow, and the moisture
evaporated from the springs below. Thus, paradoxical as it
may seem, the same means which guard against excessive wet
also serve to supply moisture in excessive droughts. How
aptly does the poet describe this condition :

"In grounds by art made dry, the watery bane
Which mars the wholesome fruit is turned to use,
And drains, while drawing noxious vapors off,
Ser\-e also to diffuiie a full supply."

III. PREPARATION AND CULTIVATION OF THE SOIL.

Ic seems scarcely necessary, in this presence, to say that
thorough preparation and enrichment, of such soils as are not
already rich, is essential. Ordinary farm culture will not
produce the highest class of fruits; they must have garden cul-
ture, and with this they never fail. After this thorough prep-
aration, the cleaner the culture the better, at least iu our older
States, where the soils have been depleted by cropping. But

374 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

one of the lessons which experience has taught us most
impressively is that, contrary to our former views, this after-
cultivation should be shallow, so as not to injure the roots,- but
to preserve them near the surface.

IV. MA]SUR£S AND THEIR APPLICATION.

The subject of manures is a most important one, and every
year becoming more so. The supply of manure, in the older
part of our country, is unequal to the demand, and every year
increases the disparity. What would be our feelings if the
supply of wheat, on which we depend for our daily bread, were
inadequate to the demand ? Yet men are not more dependent
for life, upon their daily bread, than are our fruit crops upon
the food which is supplied to them in the form of manure of
one kind or another. To supply this want, we shall be com-
pelled to rely, in great measure, upon artificial fertilizers ; and
chemistry has not yet tauglit us, as it will doubtless in the
future, how to supply the wants of our fruit crops with cer-
tainty and abundance. But we cannot too often or too forci-
bly impress upon the minds of all cultivators, the sacred duty
of saving every particle of fertilizing material, and applying it
in such manner as will produce the utmost effect. And, on
this last point, the lesson which experience has taught us is,
that manure applied to fruit trees should be either in the form
of a top-dressing, or as near the surface as is consistent with
the composition of the soil and the preservation of its fertil-
izing elements.

V. MULCHING.

While on this subject we will add, as another of the lessons
of experience which may be said to be fixed, the advantage of
mulching for dry seasons and soils, whereby the temperature
and moisture of the soils are kept uniform, and the fertilizing
elements in a soluble state, an essential condition for the pro-
duction of perfect fruit.

MICHIGAN" STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 375

VI. THIN^NING OF PKUIT.

This is another lesson which we have learned, and the neces-
sity of which we have often endeavored to impress upon culti-
vators, and which every successive season teaches with stronger
emphasis. It is absolutely necessary for all who send fruit to
market, to send large fruit, and the markets are constantly and
progressively requiring large and fine fruit. Even the Seckel
pear, which once commanded, in Boston market, the highest
price, will not novr, unless of extra size, sell for any more
than, if as much as, common varieties of larger size. A
medium-sized fruit, or even one of smaller size, may be more
economical for use; but until some decided change, in tiie
preferences of the majority of purchasers, shall take place,
large fruit will sell better than small. To produce this, the
fruit must not only have good cultivation, but must be thinned ;
and we agree with Mr. Meehan that "one-half the trees which
bear fruit every year, would ba benefited by having one-half
the fruit taken off as soon as it is well set ; and that the over-
bearing of a tree will, in a few years, destroy it." We may lay
it down as a certain rule, that excessive production is always
at the expense of both quantity and quality, if not in the same
season, then in succeeding ones; for when branch is contend-
ing with branch, leaf with leaf, and fruit with fruit, for its
supply of light and food, it would be indeed an anomaly in
nature, if this should not result in permanent injury to the
trees as well as to the annual crop.

VII. INSECTS AND DISEASES.

The subject of insects and diseases is daily attracting more
attention, for their depredations are daily becoming a greater
evil, and the importance of entomological investigations is
every day more plainly seen. It is less than fifty years since
Dr. Harris first published his work on " Insects Injurious to
Vegetation," and great is the debt of gratitude which we owe
to him and to the succeeding investigators who have given

•"376 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

their lives to studying the habits of these I'ttle "creeping
things which be upon the earth," that they may teach us how
to destroy those which prey upon our trees, and to distinguish
our friends from our foes. Every plant imported from abroad
brings with it a new insect or disease, and the dissemination of
new plants and varieties, without which there can be no prog-
ress in horticulture, insvitably disseminates their insect ene-
mies. On this subject the words of Edmund Burke are appro-
priate : '•' The most vigilant superintendence, the most prompt
activity, which has no such day as to-morrow in its calendar,
are necessary to the farmer ;" and, we may add, .still more to
the fruit-grower, and tenfold more necessary in combating our
insect enemies. The neglect of battling with these vile crea-
tures is the great bane to successful cultivation ; but as long
-as moral evil exists in the world, so long may Ave expect there
Vill be evil in the natural world, and he who is not willing to
contend against both is not worthy of the name either of cul-
tivator or of Christian.

We belong to that class who have faith in the ultimate tri-
umph of good over evil in the moral world, and our faith is
not less strong that the insect plagues shall, if not extermin-
ated, at least be subdued, so that the labor of keeping them so
far in check that no material harm shall be caused by them
will be comparatively easy. We have discovered means for
preventing the ravages of the currant-worm, curculio, canker-
Avorm, caterpillar, melon-bug, and aphis, and the mildew and
other diseases of our vines. If we can do this, is it not rea-
sonable to suppose that we can discover remedies for, or the
means of preventing, all the diseases and depredations that
vegetation is liable to ? Is it consistent with that Divine econ-
omy, so benevolent in all its ways and works, to believe that
this fair creation has been spread out only to be destroyed ;
that seed-time should be promised and the harvest Avithheld ;
and from year to year our hopes deferred and our hearts made
sick? Is it in harmony with that Divine Providence which
>created all things and pronounced them very good ?

MICiriGAjSr STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 377

If any one sa}' it is of no use to contend with these hordes
of A'ile creatures, or the disappointments npon which all cul-
ture is incident, let him remember that it is the mission of
iife to struggle against and overcome them. Instead of fret-
ting and groaning over these evils, let us battle with them and
conquer them. Thus shall we gather the rich fruits of onr
industry, and.

"Where some would find thonis but to torture the fiesh.
We'll pluck the ripe clusters our souls to refresh.' '

But some one replies. Let Kature do all this, let Nature per-
form her perfect work. True, but Nature brings us weeds,
thistles, and thorns, insects injurious to vegetation as well as
those that are useful ; and we were placed in this world,
not merely to assist Nature, but to meet with and overcome
the obstacles Avhich she sometimes places in our path, — to ele-
vate her to the highest and noblest purposes of her creation.

Many of the difficulties and privations we endure, if met
and conquered, will prove blessings in disguise. It is labor of
mind as well as body, it is work, Avork, work, that makes men
strong. Work is the great engine that moulds and moves the
intellect, enterprise, and destiny of the world; work is the
greatest temporal boon bestowed on man ; work is the heaven-
appointed means of advancement to a higher state qf perfec-
tion ; and in no profession is this more apparent than in the
calling of the pomologist. This idea is well expressed in the
following lines, illustrative of the blessings of labor:

"The first man and the first of men
Were tillers of the soil ;
And that was Mercy's mandate then
Which destined man to toil."

If a man can seize the lightning in his hand and make ir,
work for him in earth, air, or water; if he can descend into
the secret laboratory of Natnre, and learn the constituents oi'
ooiJs and manures, and their adaptation to each other; it he
can learn how she prepares th? appropriate food for all vegeta-
ns

378 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

ble life, from the humblest plant clinging close to the bosom of
earth, only blooming to die. to the lofty Sequoia rearing its head
to heaven and braving the tempests for thousands of years; if
the physician can discover the agents which generate disease
in the animal kingdom, and prescribe antidotes and remedies
for each,— may not the cultivator acquire a knowledge of the
diseases which affect his trees and plants, and how to cure

them ?

Is there any element in nature which man cannot make
subservient to his use ? Is there any disease for which Nature
has not provided a remedy ? Is there any enemy to vegetation
that cannot be overcome? True, there are many things of
which we know but little, and which require long and careful
study, but there are others which are well established, and
which one fact may demonstrate as well as a thousand.

VIII. SHELTER.

The necessity of shelter was not as soon perceived as some
of the other lessons which I have named; yet, with perhaps
the exception of a few favored spots, its importance is year by
year lecoming more generally appreciated, especially on our
open piairies and in the northern and northwestern portions
of our country. The fact is established, that the removal of
forests diminishes the quantity of rain, increases the evapora-
tion of moisture, reduces the temperature, and subjects our
fruits to greater vicissitudes, so that the peach and many of
our finest pears can be no longer cultivate-d at the North, except
in gardens or sheltered places. The importance of shelter
was well understood as long ago as the time of Quintinye,
who, in his work on gardening, gives full directions for plant-
ing ti-ees for shelter. This was in a country long settled and
denuded of its forests ; and though our ancestors, planting
fruit-trees in a virgin soil thickly covered with wood, failed to
perceive its necessity, we in our older States, who have come
to much the same conditions as existed in the time of Quin-
tinye, experience the same want.

MICHIOAIS" STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 379

There may be exceptions to this rule, as in the South, where
the fruit season is warm and dry, producing similar conditions
I'D those afforded by shelter under glass. "We may find varie-
ties, and probably shall, adapted to exposed situations ; but at
present the larger majority of our finer fruits will be benefited
by the shelter of belts of forest trees. We are glad, therefore,
to see the recognition of the advantages of forest trees on the
part of the managers of our Pacific railways, not only as afford-
ing shelter, but as collecting moisture from the atmosphere,
and so rendering available vast regions previously uninhabitable
from drought. This good work has already been commenced
on the line of tbe Kansas Pacific Railroad.

IX. METEOROLOGY.

Besides tlie lessons which experience has already taught us,
permit me to mention one which pomologists ought to learn,
and which, from present indications, I have no doubt they will
learn. The pomologist should have a better knowledge of the
science of meteorology than we now possess. The action of
light and heat, the influence of the winds, of frost, fog, water,
and the electrical condition of the air and earth, have a most
important bearing, and we believe that when our science shall
have attained to its greatest perfection, there will be a discreet
classification of our fruits, assigning to each its proper soil,
location, and aspect. We must not expect to alter the laws of
nature, but to conform to them. We do not expect to restore
the lost Pleiad, nor do we expect to find any supernatural
means whereby improvement and progress can be attained,
without mental or physical exertion, but we should endeavor
to understand some of the workings of that mysterious ma-
chine which generates and perpetuates all vegetable life. True,
"the wind bloweth where it listeth," as of old, but it seems
probable, if not certain, from the investigations made at Wash-
ington, that man can not only tell from whence it will come
and where it will blow, but where the sun will shed its rays
and the clouds diffuse their showers, and the time may come

380 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

when the laws which govern the weather may be settled with
nearly as much certainty as those which now govern the cal-
culations of the astronomer.

AVhat wonders has science wrought in modern times ! But
these are only the rudiments of that great plan which Provi-
dence has established for the happiness of mankind. "These
are'but parts of His ways " which we now see, — glimmerings of
that boundless exhibition of power, wisdom, and goodness which
shall culminate in the perfection of all created things.

X. ORIGIXATING XEAV VARIETIES.

I commend to you again, as I have done in my former
addresses, and shall continue to do while I live, the important
and benevolent work of originating new varieties of fruit, both
as a means of improvement, and as a substitute for those which
have experienced the decline incident to all things of human
origin. Our country, and in fact the whole world, has been so
thoroughly explored, that we can scarcely expect to discover
any very important addition to accidental varieties. Our main
source of improvement, therefore, is to be found in the produc-
tion of new kinds from seed, and I again urge upon you the
great importance of continuing your efforts in this most inter-
esting and hopeful department of labor. The acquisitions
already made give promise of still richer rewards to him who
will work with Nature in compelling her to yield to his solicit-
ations for still greater improvement. Much has already been
done, but this branch of science is still in its infancy, and
opens to the pomologist a broad field for enterprise. It may
require time, and patience, and care to produce a superior
variety, but we have the most cheering assurance of the time
when every section of our country shall possess fruits adapted
to its own locality. There is no better illustration of what can
be accomplished, than what has been done, in the production of
the various and excellent American fruits, which have been
raised since the establishment of our Society. If each member
•should originate one good variety, adapted to a wide extent of

MICHIGAN" STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 38L

territory, or even to his own section, he would become ii public
benefactor. Think of the number of persons in the United
States who are now engaged in the growth of fruits. Should
each one produce one good variety, a not impossible thing, we
should have varieties enough to endure for centuries, adapted
to every soil and location in our vast territory.

Let any one visit the nurseries established by Mr. Clapp, in
Massachusetts, the originator of the Clapp's Favorite pear, and
see the many seedling trees now just coming into bearing, and
he cannot but be delighted, as we have been, Avith vritnessing
these trees in their youthful vigor, and studying the various
forms into which the Bartlett, the Flemish Beauty, the Beurre
d'Anjou, the Urbaniste, the Beurre Clairgeau, the Beurre Bosc,
and other standard varieties have been changed, and he cannot
but admit that the daily opportunity for such study would be
an ample recompense for all the trouble and expense of raising
such trees. But, besides this gratiiication, is the probability of
raising a new variety, which, in one point or another, shall be
superior to any before acquired, and which shall be a blessing
to the nation. Does any one object, that fruits adapted to cul-
tivation through the country are few and far between ? Let
him raise a variety which shall be better adapted to his own
locality than any before known. Let us have Favorites for
Virginia and Georgia, and for all and every State in our nation.
If I could feel that I had been the means of inducing our mem-
bers, or other cultivators, to raise new fruits worthy to bear
their names, I should feel that I had lived for a useful purpose.

The importance of producing new varieties from seed is no
loinger questioned. The fact, that the seed of good varieties
will generally produce good offspring, is now well established.
These are, however, the natural results which have been de-
rived from fruits already improved; and we can offer no better
proofs of the advantages of artificial impregnation than the
multitude of improved varieties which have been produced in
the vegetable kingdom by this process.

382 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

We have learned many of the laws which govern hybridiza-
tion, and the more we become acquainted with this most inter-
esting art, the more we work with Nature in these eftorts for
her improvement, the more we shall admire this most perfect
and beautiful illustration of the great fundamental law, which
has been established from the beginning of time, for the im-
]3rovement of men, animals, and plants. Well did Linnasus
exclaim, when overwhelmed with the discovery of an unknown
principle in this most interesting study, " I have seen God pass-
ing by ;" and well may the contemplation of this law inspire us
with the same reyerence and delight, and,

" — like conductors, raise
Our spirits upward on their flight sublime
Up to the dread Invisible, to pour
Our grateful homage out in silent praise."

Let us go on, then, developing the wonderful resources of this
art. Go on, persevere, and you will leave a rich inheritance to
your heirs. Go on, and the time will come when every man
shall sit under his vine and fruit-tree, when all our hillsides
shall rejoice in the burden of the vintage, our valleys teem with
the golden fruits of the orchard, and the passing breeze become
vocal with songs of gratitude and praise for these benefactions
to posterity.

The increasing interest in the cultiration of fruit at the
South induces me to ofier a few suggestions in regard to the
best means of obtaining varieties suited to that region. Of
apples and peaches a large number of superior v^arieties have
already been produced at the South perfectly adapted to that
climate; but the supply of fine varieties of the pear is yet
inadequate, especially of late-keeping varieties, as the latest
kinds grown at the North cannot, when grown in the Gulf
States, be j^reserved beyond autumn. To supply this deficienj,
we would recommend the trial of such varieties as refuse to
ripen at the North, — Chaumontelle, the Colmar and its sub-
varieties, Beurre Eance, Bergamot, Fortune, — which appear to
need a longer season than ours to arrive at maturity. These,

MICniGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 383

and seedlings from these, offer, we think, the best prospect for
a supply of late pears in the warmer parts of our country, AV^e
would also recommend a trial of the sorts used at the North
for cooking, as some of these have proved fine dessert poars in
the South. And probably some of the fine old varieties which
have decayed at the East, and show signs of the same fate at
the West, may, in more genial climates, have their existence
so far prolonged as to be among the most desirable.

THE society's CATALOGUE.

Allow me again to commend to your consideration the valiiQ
and importance of our Catalogue of Fruits. The completion
of this "work, by embodying the fruits of the Southern and
Pacific States, is yet to be accomplished. This has been
delayed from unavoidable circumstances, but we hope is now
to be done, so that the basis of American Pomology can be
established for the generations which are to succeed us. The
work is indeed great, but it is a duty that devolves on us, as
the representatives of that science which the Society has in
charge. In proceeding with it however, we find ourselves met
by a difficulty not anticipated at the beginning of our work,
arising from the unparalled expansion of our country. In the
few years since our catalogue was commenced, several new
States and Territories have been organized, and if such expan-
sion continnes, as it undoubtedly will, it will be difficult to
bring the catalogue, on its present plan, into any reasonable
limits. On this point I hope to hear from the chairman of
General Fruit Committee, to whom, more than to any one else,
we are indebted for the progress already made, and I commend
the subject to the thoughtful consideration of all the members
of the Society, and especially invite the co-operation of every
State in collecting and transmitting to him the information
necessary to the completion of our work.

THE INCREASING IMPORTANCE OF FRUIT CULTURE.

The importance and value of our calling in developing the
resources of our country, in the occupation of unimproved

384 EEPOKT OF THE SECRETAEY OF THE

lands, adorniug our homesteads, euhancing the vahie of real
estate, multiplyiug the blessings and comforts of life, and pro-
moting a great sonrce of national wealth, cannot be too highly
appreciated. The more I reflect upon the progress we have
made, the more am I confirmed in the belief that this branch of
culture will ere long become^ second only to the growth of the
bread and meat of our countr3% The enormous production of
strawberries and other small fruits, the millions upon millions of
baskets of peaches, — not to speak of the apples and pears and
other fruits that are now annually produced, — give promise that
the time is fast approaching when all classes of society may enjoy
this health-preserving condiment as a portion of their daily
food. Nor can I refrain from referring once more to the benign
influence which our employment has upon the moral and relig-
ious instincts of the heart, the refinement of taste, and the
welfare of society. Whatever pleasure may be derived from
other pursuits, there is surely none that has afforded stronger
evidence of a high and progressive state of civilization or a
more ennobling influence, than the culture of fruits. "This,"
says General Dearborn, "must have been the first step in the
march of civilization, while the method of ameliorating their
character and multiplying the varieties may be considered as
taking precedence of all human efforts in the industrial arts."
From the day when God gave our father in Eden trees,
"pleasant to the sight and good for food," down to Solomon,
who said, "I made me gardens and orchards, and I planted in
them trees of all kind of fruits," and through the successive
generations of men, the cultivation of trees and plants has
been the criterion of taste and refinement. No object of
attachment is more naturally allied to the instincts of the soul,
and truly did Emerson remark, " He who knows the most, he
who knows what sweets and virtues are in the ground, and ho.w
to come at these enchantments, is the rich and royal man."
And what greater benefactions can you leave for posterity than
these memorials which shall live and grow, which shall tell of
your love of the most beautiful work? of nature, kindred, and

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 385

home, when you are slumbering in the grave ? Far better these
for the perpetuation of your memory, and the benefit of the
advancing millions of coming time, than all the monumental
shafts and pillars of polished marble that ever graced the hero's
tomb.

DECEASED MEMBEES.

Since my last report on the decease of members, three of the
founders of this Society have been removed by death, " like
fruits fully ripened in their season." I allude to Dr. Alfred S.
Monson of New Haven, Connecticut, Dr. E. T. Underhill of
Croton Point, New York, and Dr. Eben Wight of Dedham,
Massachusetts, all three of whom were present and took part
in the proceedings of the first meeting, twenty-three years ago.

Dr. Alfred S. Monson died, May 22, 1870, at New Haven,
Connecticut, at the advanced age of seventy-four, universally
respected and beloved. He was one of the signers of the cir-
cular calling the convention which resulted in the organization
of our association ; was the first Vice-President from Connecti-
cut; and on that occasion read a most able and instructive
paper "^On the deterioration of certain fruits, and of parasitic
agents injurious to vegetation." This paper may be found in
the published Transactions of the Society, and gives evidence
of the careful investigation and research of its author. Dr.
Monson possessed a highly appreciative mind, a refined taste,
and a great capacity for enjoyment. Hence his love for fruits
and floAvers, which was a ruling passion with him through life.
He was the first President of the New Haven Horticultural
Society, established in 1831, — one of the earliest in this coun-
try,— and was a frequent writer on subjects connected with
horticulture and rural arts. His address before that Society in
1843, is full of wisdom and beautiful illustrations. His mem-
ory will ever be reverred and honored by all who knew him.

Dr. K. T. Underhill was also one of the founders of our
Society, and his name is borne on the call for its first meeting.
He commenced his poraological pursuits at Croton Point about
59

386 EEPORT OF THE SECRETAEY OF THE

forty-five years ago, the grape, of which he planted a large
■vineyard, being a specialty. His experiments commenced with
foreign varieties, but these proving a failure he turned his
attention to the cultivation of the Isabella and Catawba, then
but little known, and so great was his success that for many
years he and his brother, with whom he was associated, sent
more of these varieties to the New York market than were
received from all other sources. He also commenced the man-
ufacture of wine, and at the time of his death had about fifty
acres of vineyard, and was also very successful in the cultiva-
tion of the plum, of which he gave an account at our last
meeting. He was a leading member of the American Institute,
and was one of the founders of the Agricultural and Horticultu-
ral Society of Westchester county, of which he was the first
President. Dr. Underbill was a gentleman of the old school,
courteous in deportment and refined in his tastes, and although
his age prevented his frequent attendance at our meetings, his
interest in our pursuits never declined. As a proof of his
fidelity, he came to our last meeting in Philadelphia, and,
although at the age of about eighty years, took part in our
discussions as he had done in the beginning.

Dr. Eben Wight of Dedham, Massachusetts, another of the
signers of the call for the first meeting of this Society, died at
his home, where he had carried on his pomological researches
during his life. He had long been interested in horticultural
pursuits, being an early member of the Massachusetts Horti-
cultural Society, and for a long course of years Corresponding
Secretary and Vice-President. For many years he was chairman
of the Fruit Committee of this Society for Massachusetts, in
which capacity he made many interesting reports, which may
be found among our published TransaQtions. He paid special
attention to the apple, of which he had a large and choice col-
lection of varieties; and through his critical observation he
became remarkably well versed in the knowledge of this fruit,
and introduced several fine varieties to notice. He was a mod-

MICHIGAN" STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 387

est and uuassuming man, of the strictest integrity, and died
as he had lived, nniversally respected and beloved.

Nor can I close this sad record without adding the name of
M. S. Frierson, Columbia, Tenn., who died March 28, 1870.
Mr. Frierson Avas the Vice-President of this Society from Ten-
nesee. He attended our last meeting, and his noble bearing
and gentlemanly deportment Avill long be remembered by all
who yyere present with him. He was by profession a lawyer,
and at the time of his death was in practice as an old counsel-
or at Columbia. But what most concerns us is his interest in
pomological pursuits, which was strikingly evinced by the part
which he took in the discussions of the Society ; his remarks
being always valuable, interesting, and to the point. He was
much interested in fruit culture, and had given particular
attention to the hybridization of the nectarine and the pear,
with the special view of producing late-keeping varieties of the
latter. His experiments were evidently based upon truly scien-
tific knowledge, and at the time of his death had already been
the means of producing some valuable new fruits. In a letter
written but a few months before his death he says, in speaking
of his experiments : '• They may turn out nothing. Still, the
taste it gives my girls '' (who had aided him in conducting
them) " for such amusement is worth more than the trouble.
The seeds will be carefully planted, and we will wait and see."
Noble sentiment! But the fruition of his hopes was trans-
ferred to another world, leaving us to Avait and see the further
results which they may produce here.

These associates have gone to their reward. Their seats in
this Society are forever vacant, but their eflForts for the advance-
ment of our cause in the early history of our Society will be
appreciated more and more as time inoves on.

CONCLUSION.

With the deepest sense of gratitude do I rejoice in the pres-
ence of a few of the founders of this Society, whose lives have
been prolonged to this day. Ere long all those who were pres-

388 EEPORT OF THE SECRETAEY OF THE

ent at its first meeting, and he who, by your indulgence, has
occupied this chair so long, will vacate their seats. Others
will fill the places which we now occupy ; but our Society and
the cause it seeks to promote will live on to bless the genera-
tions which shall succeed us.

Long may the members of this Society meet together as
friends and mutual helpers, dispensing and receiving good, and
may your efforts for promoting this most beautiful of all arts,
this health-preserving and life-prolonging industry, be crowned
with continued success. May the Society go on conferring
blessings on our country, until every hearth-stone and fireside
shall be gladdened with the golden fruits of summer and
autumn, until thanksgiving and the perfume of the orchard
shall ascend together like incense from the altar of every family
in our broad land, and the whole world realize, as in the
beginning, the blissful fruition of dwelling in the " Garden of
the Lord." And when at last the chain of friendship which
has bound so many of us together in labor and in love shall be
broken ; when the last link shall be sundered and the fruits of
this world shall delight us no more ; when the culture, train-
ing, and sorrows of earlh shall culminate in the purity, perfec-
tion, and bliss of heaven, may we all sit down together at that
feast of immortal fruits,

" Where life fills the wine-cup and love makes it clear,
Where Gilead's balm in its freshness shall flow
O'er the woimds which the pruning-knife gave ns below.''

EXCURSION TO DUTCH GAP.

Many of the guests, accompanied by fifteen or twenty mem-
bers of the City Council, left the city on the steamer Palisade,
Captain Nelson, for a trip down the river. The steamer left
her wharf at Eocketts about 5 o'clock, and having on board
about one hundred persons, including a few ladies, she pro-

MICHIGAIS" STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 389

ceeded down to the Dutch Gap, where the yisitors had an
opportunity of yiewing the canal now in process of construc-
tion at that point. Other notable places of historic renown
were also pointed out, to the infinite delight of the guests, and
the war was fought over again in memory and reminiscences.
Owing to the late hour of starting, there was no opportunity
of lauding, and, having " rounded to," the steamer headed for
the city, where she arrived at 0 o'clock, nothing having
occurred to disturb the pleasure of the trip.

ARRIVAL OF DELEGATES.

H. C. Williams, Fairfax county, Va.; Dollins & Bro., Albe-
marle county, Va.; T. Shepherd Wright, Fairfax county, Va ;
G. F. B. Leigliton, Geo. K. Wilson, and L. E. Page, Norfolk,
Va.; A. P. Wylie, M. D., Chester, S. C; H. Leonard, Burling-
ton, Iowa ; C. Gillingham and J. H. P. Masore, Fairfax, Va.;
J. S. Newman, Sparta, Ga.; W. C. Barry, Rochester, N. Y.; John
Miller, M. D. Talbot, Md.; Edward Evans, York, Pa.; John D.
Long, Williamsville, N. Y.; J. B. Claggett, Washington, D. C; D^
S. Curtis, National Repuhlican, Washington ; P. A. Jewell, Lake
City, Minn.; William Parry, Cinnaminsin, N. J,; D. W. Her-
stine, Philadelphia, Pa.; Geo. W. Campbell, Delaware, Ohio; J.
H. Foster, M. D., Lancaster Court House, S. C; W. H. Brawley,
Chester, S. C; A. T. Linderman, Grand Rapids, Mich.; H. B.
Ellwanger, Rochester, N. Y.; W. H. Yeomans, Columbia, Conn.;
S. H. Evarts, Grand Rapids, Mich.; Samuel W. Noble and R.
Binst, Pennsylvania; Hiram Engle and H. M. Engle, Marietta,
Pa»; Charles Downing, Newburg, N. Y.; J. W. Manning, Read-
ing, Mass.; L. H. Felton, Arthur W. Felton, and J. E. M. Gil-
ley, Boston, Mass.; Robert Manning, Salem, Mass.; D. A. Scott,
E. H. Clark, Francis Kelly, and T. S. Force, Newburg, N. Y.;
Chas. Dubois, Fishkill Landing, N. Y.; Thomas Hogg, New
York ; Alfred Bridgeman and Walter S. Bridgeman, Newburg,

390 REPOKT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

K Y., Thos. S. Meehan, Philadelphia ; W. C. Flagg, Alton, 111.;
P. J. Brickhans, Augusta ; E. F. Washburn, Massachusetts ;
John G. Barker, Cambridge, Mass.; J. L. Mcintosh, Cleveland,
Ohio ; Francis Breill, Astoria, L. I.; Geo. Thurter, American
Agriculturist, N.^Y.; H. E. Robey, Fredericksburg, Va.; E. C.
McClure, Chester Court House, S. C; A. Cox, Pulaski, Tenn.;
Daniel Smith, J. H. Eickett, J. C. Chapman, W. D. Humphrey,
William Gingell, Alexander Young, C. Gilbert Fowler, and
Charles H. Cornell of Newburg, K Y.

SECOND DAY'S PROCEEDINGS.

At half-past 10 o'clock the President called the Convention
to order.

The reading of the record of yesterday was omitted, and the
President read the following dispatch from Mr. Barry of New
York:

Hon. Marshal P. Wilder, President American Pomologieal Society , from P.
Barry, Oreeting :

I hope your meeting is a great success. I am with you in
spirit.

In answer to which President Wilder, with the approbation
of the Convention, sent the following resijonse :

P. Barry, Eochester, JV". Y. :

Grand success. Unanimous thanks of Convention. Hopes
for speedy restoration to health.

MARSHALL P. WILDEE.

COMMITTEE Olf ^DOMINATIONS.

Mr. Flagg of Illinois presented the following report, which
was adopted and the nominees declared the officers of the Soci-
ety for the next two years. The committee recommended that
the President be empowered to fill any vacancies in the list of
Vice-Presidents for the several States :

MICHIGAX STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 391

President — Hon. Marshall P. Wilder of Massachusetts.

Treasurer — Thomas P. James, Cambridge, Mass.

Secretary— F. K. Elliot of Ohio.

Vice-President — C. C. LangdoD, Mobile, Ala. ; S. J. Mat-
thews, Arkansas; Warren Foote, Arizona; J. S. Curtiss, Cali-
fornia ; A. C. Meeker, Colorado ; F. Trowbridge, Connecticut ;
Edward Tatnall, Sr., Delaware ; W. Saunders, District of
Columbia ; Lucius J. Hardee, Florida ; William Schley, Geor-
gia; Arthur Bryant, Sr., Illinois; G. D. Nelson, Indiana;
James Smith, Iowa; J. A. Stayman, Kansas; J. S. Dawner,
Kentucky ; Eichard H. Day, Louisiana ; S. L. Gordale, Maine ;
W. D. Brackenridge, Maryland ; C. M. Hovey, Massachusetts ;
Samuel Jackson, Michigan ; D. A. Eobertson, Minnesota ; W
B. Wilkes, Mississippi ; C. W. Spaulding, Mississippi ; Nicho-
las Waugh, Massachusetts ; R. W. Furnas, Nebraska ; Charles
Downing, New York ; Fred. Smith, New Hampshire ; William
Parry, New Jersey ; Dr. Rnyther, New Mexico ; Walter L.
Steele, ' North Carolina; R. G. Haliburton, Nova Scotia;
George W. Campbell, Ohio ; Charles Arnold, Ontario ; Francis
Simeon, Oregon ; Robert Beust, Sr., Pennsylvania ; Hugh
Allen, Quebec ; Silas Moore, Rhode Island ; A. P. Wylie,
South Carolina; William Heaver, Tennessee; N. G. Mills,
Texas ; J. E. Johnson, Utah ; Richard Bradley, Vermont ; G.
F. B. Leighton, Virginia ; Dr. Strother, West Virginia ; J. C.
Plumb, Wisconsin ; Judge Carter, Wyoming.

Executive Committee — J. E. Mitchell, Pennsylvania ; George
Shurtur, New York ; J. S. 0. Hyde, Massachusetts ; R. W.
Furnas, Nebraska ; P. J. Berckmans, Georgia.

The following committees were appointed by the President :

General Fruit Comryiittee — F. Barry, Chairman, Rochester,
New York; R. R. Hundley, Alabama; Dr. Richard Thurston,
Arkansas; Dr. John Strinlyel, California: T. S. Gold, Con-
necticut ; Edward Tatnall, Delaware ; John Saul, District of
Columbia; W. S. Littlefield, Florida; P. J. Berckmans,
Georgia; 0. B. Galusha, Illinois; Dr. Allen Furnas, Indiana ;

392 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

Mark Miller, Iowa; M. M. Hawsly, Kansas; Z. R. Higgins,
Kentucky ; S. L. Goodale, Maine ; Robert Manning, Massa-
chusetts ; A. T. Linclerman, Michigan ; P. A. Jewell, Minne-
sota; Wm. Muir, Mississippi ; J. H. Masters, Nebraska; George
W. Ellwanger, New York ; John Clapp, New Hampshire ; A.
S. Fuller, New Jersy; Joshua Lindsley, North Carolina;
Robert "W. Starr, Nova Scotia, J. A. Warden, Ohio ; D. W.
Beadle, Ontario ; J. S. Houghton, Pennsylvania ; J. S. Childs,
Rhode Island ; D. H. Jacques, South Carolina ; Fred. H.
French, Tennessee; A. S. Lipscomb, Texas; Bartlett Bryant,
Vermont ; Franklin Davis, Virginia ; 0. S. Willey, Wisconsin.

Committee on Foreign Fruits — Geo. Ellwanger, New York ;
C. M. Hovey, Massachusetts ; Parker Earle, Illinois; Dr. Jno.
A. Warden, Ohio; Edwin Hoyt, Counecticutt ; J. E. Mitchell,
Pennsylvania; R. R. Henley, Alabama.

Synonpns cmd Rejected Fruits — John J. Thomas, New
York ; John A. Warder, Ohio ; W. C. Flagg, Illinois ; Robert
Manning, Massachusetts ; J. S. Dov^ner, Kentucky ; W. C.
Barry, New York.

Revision of Catalogue — President {ex officio) ; P. Barry, New
York; F. R. Elliot, Ohio ; Chas. Downing, New York; W. C.
Flagg, Illinois ; Robert Manning, Massachusetts ; Geo. Hus-
man, Missouri ; P. J. Berckmans, Georgia.

President Wilder returned his thanks for the honor con-
ferred and this new exhibition of confidence. In reply to the
suggestion that he be made President for life, which emanated
from an enthusiastic member of the Society, he said that his
advanced years might make a change in the Constitution
necessary to carry out the idea.

treasurer's REPORT.

The report of the Treasurer was read, which showed the
receipts for the last two years, — $1,003 03. Balance in trea-
sury $124 16.

PLACE OF NEXT MEETING.

Mr. Quinu of New Jersey, waiving what he deemed the

MICHIGA>' STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 393

claims of his own State, suggested Boston as the place for
holding the regular biennnial convention.

Mr. Earle of Illinois said he had come with the intention
of inviting the Society to Chicago; but yielded to Boston, and
to Boston alone, with the understanding that Chicago he con-
sidered as presenting strong claims for the honor of the next
convention.

After some few remarks, Boston was unanimously deter-
mined upon as the place for the meeting of the Society in
1873.

DlSCrSSIOI^ OF FRUITS.

Mr. Flagg of Illinois, as preliminary to this discussion, pro-
posed that some rule be adopted with reference to the placing
of varieties of fruits in the Catalogue.

Mr. Elliot, in reply, explained his agency in giving a place
on the Catalogue to fruits on the representation of others.

Mr. Flagg explained that his criticism was meant for the
Society, and not for the Secretary.

In discussing the Red Astrachan apple, Mr. Newman of
Georgia stated that it was finely adapted to the climate and
soil of Georgia.

Mr. Flagg of Illinois said that it was entirely unproductive
in his State.

Mr. Miller and Mr. Wier of Illinois supported the statement
of Mr. Flagg.

Mr. Hawsly of Kansas thought that, by grafting, the Red
Astrachan could be cultivated to-advantage in Kansas.

Mr. Jewell of Minnesota, Mr. Paul of Massachusetts, Mr.
Linderman of Michigan, thought it a hardy production.

Mr. Masters of Nebraska thought it could not be com-
mended for general cultivation.

Mr. Langdon of Alabama moved that the whole subject be
deferred until the Committee of Geographical Divisions should
make the report.

Mr. Allen of Virginia thought the order of discussion

CO

394 EEPOKT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

adopted was the most expeditious way of disposing of the
matter.

According to the regulations of the Society, the adaptive-
ness of the varieties of fruits to diflferent States and localities was
indicated by stars, two stars indicating entire favorableness of
climate aud soil. In the discussion of apples, the results of the
experience of the fruit-growers in different sections of the
country were stated as follows :

American Summer Pearmain : — District Columbia, * * ;
Kentucky, * ; Nebraska, * ; Minnesota, * ; Iowa, * ; Kansas, * * ;
South Carolina, * ; Illinois, *.

Early Harvest : — Kansas, * ; Nebraska, * ; Alabama * * ;
District Columbia, * * ; Kentucky, * * ; South Carolina, * ;
Illinois, * ; Virginia, * ;

Early Eed Market or Striped June : — Georgia, * ; South
Carolia, * * ; Iowa, * *.

Summer Queen : — Georgia, * * -, Virginia, * ; Maryland, * * ;
District Columbia, * * ; Alabama, * *. The Summer Queen
was referred to a special committee in order to discover its
synonyms.

Horse Apple : — Georgia, * *.

Carolina Red June : — Georgia, * * ; District Columbia, * * ;
Maryland, * * ; Virginia, * * ; Kentucky, * * ; South Caro-
lina, * * : Kansas, * * ; Nebraska, * * ; Illinois, * ; Iowa, *
(needs careful cultivation there) ; Alabama, * *.

Summer Sweet Bough :— Georgia, * * ; Dist. Columbia, * * ;
Maryland, * * ; Virginia, *• * ; Kansas, * ; Massachusetts, * ;
Alabama, * ; Michigan, * ; Connecticut, * *.

Autumn Sweet Bow : — Kentucky, * * ;

Red Lady Finger : — Kansas, * ; Alabama, * * ; Iowa, * ;
South Carolina, * *.

Carter's Blue : — Georgia, * * ; South Carolina, * * ; Ken-
tucky, * * ; Alabama, * * ; District Columbia, * ; Mary-
land, *.

Buckingham : — Georgia, * * ; South Carolina, * * ; District
of Columbia, * ; Maryland, * : Virginia, * *.

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 395-

Taunton : — Georgia, * * ; Kentucky, * *.

Ben. Davis: — Georgia, * *; Kentucky, * *; Alabama, *;
District of Columbia, * ; Virginia, * ; Nebraska, * * ; Kan-
sas, * * ; Illinois, * * ; Iowa, * *.

Cannon Pearmain : — District Columbia, * * ; Maryland, * * ;
Virginia, * * ; Kansas, * ; Kentucky, * * — 1,795. Introduced
by. Dr. Darnaby, of Virginia, into Kentucky.

Holly: — Georgia, *; Kansas, *; Kentucky, *.

Jimaluskee : — Georgia, * ; Kentucky, * ; Alabama, * *.

Mangum : — Kentucky, * * ; Georgia, * ; Alabama, * * ; Vir-
ginia, * ; Kansas, * *.

Nick Jack: — Virginia, * *; Georgia, *; District of Colum-
bia, * * ; Maryland, * * ; Kentucky, * ; Alabama, * * ; Southern
Illinois, *.

Press Apple: — Georgia, * *; District of Columbia, * *;
Maryland, * * ; Kansas, * ; Virginia, * ; Southern Illinois, * * ;
South Carolina, * ; Iowa, *.

Mr. Allen stated that this tree was starred for Virginia on
account of its quality, but that it was unproductive in Vir-
ginia.

Mr. Miller tliouglit it was the best tree in Iowa.

Dr. Hawsly of Kansas thought that buddiug made it a
valuable tree.

Eomanite: — Georgia, * ; Virginia, * * ; Dist. of Columbia, * ;
Maryland, * ; Kansas, * * ; Kentucky, * ; Nebraska, * ;
Illinois, * ; Minnesota, *.

Shockley : — Kentucky, * * ; Georgia, * * ; promising in
Southern Illinois ; District of Columbia, * * ; Maryland, * * ;
Iowa, * * ; Alabama, * * ; South Carolina, * *.

Stevenson's "Winter : — Georgia, * * ; Alabama, * *.

Yates: — Middle Georgia, * *.

Large Stripe Winter Pearmain : — Georgia, * * ; Ken-
tucky, * * ; Kansas, * *.

White Winter Pearmain : — Illinois, * ; Virginia, * ; Kan-
sas, * " ; South Carolina, * * ; Nebraska, *.

396 REPOKT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

Mason's Stranger:— Virginia, * *— eastern and southern.

Wine Sap :— Virginia, * * ; District Columbia, * * ; Maffy-
lana, * * ; Michigan, * ; Kansas, * * ; Northern Virginia, * * ;
Iowa, * *; Kentucky, * *; Southern Illinois, *; IlUnois, *;
Nebraska, * * ; New Jersey, *.

Eall's Janet:— Virginia, * * ; Maryland, * * ; District Colum-
bia, * * ; Illinois, * ; Kansas, * * ; Kentucky, * * ; Nebras-
ka, * * ; Iowa, * =■' ; Illinois, * ; Southern Illinois, * *.

Maiden's Blush :— Virginia, * * ; Kansas, * * ; New Jer-
sey, * * ; Massachusetts, * ; Maryland, * ; Pennsylvania, * * ;
Kentucky, *.

Fallowater:— Virginia, * *; Illinois, * *; Kansas, * *; New-
Jersey, * * ; Pennsylvania, * * ; Iowa, * * ; Michigan, * *.

Albemarle Pippin :— Virginia, * * ; Kansas, * *.

York Imperial: — Virginia, * * ; District Columbia, * ;
Maryland, * ; Pennsylvania, * * .

During the morning session Mr. Allen, President of the Vir-
ginia Horticultural and Pomological Society, invited the Amer-
ican Pomological Society to a banquet to be given in the
evening at Assembly Hall. The invitation was cordially
accepted.

AFTERNOON SESSION.

The President called the Convention to order at half-past
3 o'clock.

COMMITTEE OK PREMIUMS OK GRAPES.

The Committee on Grapes presented the following report:
We, the undersigned, appointed to award premiums on
American grapes, as per special premiums contributed by
Charles Downing, Gen. E. L. Page, Hon. John B. Whitehead,
Messrs. Downward, Anderson & Co., and Messrs. Chas. T.
Wortham & Co., respectfully submit the following report :

1. No collection of twenty varieties of American grapes
found.

MICHIGAiq- STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 397

2. No half-bushel of flowers grapes found.

3. Premium of twenty dollars awarded to John Hopkins,
Wilmington, N. C, for half-bushel of Scuppernong grapes, who
also exhibited a half- bushel of large black grapes, which he
called Muscadine Superior, which he claims as a seedling of his.

4. Premiums awarded to Michigan State Pomological Society
of ten dollars for best twelve bunches of Delaware grapes.

5. Premium of ten dollars awarded to J. W. Porter for best
twelve bunches of Norton grapes.

WILLIAM BAERY,
G. F. B. LEIGHTON.

SPECIAL PKEMIUMS.

The Committee on Special Premiums for the best collection
of apples, pears, and grapes, reported that the only entry, meet-
ing the requirements of this premium, is that from Nebraska,
and respectfully recommend the premium of $100, offered by
the Virgiiiia Agricultural Society.

W. SAUNDERS,
W. B. SMITH,
P. J. BERCKMANS,
Committee.

On the reading of the report. Col. Furnas of Nebraska arose
and stated that the Nebraska Society donated the American
Pomological Society the premium which had been awarded
them.

The donation was accepted, and three cheers proposed and
given for Nebraska.

MISCELLANEOUS BUSI]S^ESS.

The following was offered by Mr. D. B. Wier of Illinois :
Does an apple, pear, plum, peach, or other fruit tree one or
two years from bud or graft, with the head started at point
indicated by nature, or, in other words, that has never
been trimmed or pruned upon when planted in orchards, ever
require any pruning whatever (to give the best results), and, if
so, at what time of its life ?

398 REPOET OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

Referred to a committee, namely : William Saunders, Dis-
trict Columbia ; Dr. Slayman, Kansas ; D. B. Wier, Illinois ;
W. C. Flagg, Illinois ; Thomas Meehan, Pennsylvania.

The Chair appointed the following committee to report on
mildew at next biennial meeting: Thomas Meehan, Phila-
delphia; W. Saunders, District Columbia; W. C. Flagg,
Illinois.

One Pear-blight, the following committee was appointed to
report at next biennial meeting : P. J. Berckmans, Georgia ;
Thomas Meehan, Philadelphia; Eobert Manning, Mississippi;
William Saunders, District of Colambia.

On Concussion — Committee: Messrs. Bragden, New York ;
Thurber, New York; Quinn, New Jersey; Herstine, Phila-"
•delphia ; W. Schley, Georgia, — to report this morning.

Mr. Newman of Georgia offered a resolution asking that a
commi,ttee be aj)pointed to report upon the expediency of peti-
tioning Congress to repeal the tax on distillations of fruits.*
The resolution was rejected.

Mr. Elliot of Ohio moved that a committee be appointed to
petition Congress for 120,000 as a permanent fund, of which
the Society shall use nothing but the interest for twenty years.

Carried, and the President and Secretary authorized to make
appointment of committee.

DlSCUSSIOIf ox PEARS.

Bartlett Pear: — Georgia, * *; Kentucky, * * ; Alabama, * * ;
Virginia,**; Iowa, **; District Columbia, * *; Maryland,
* * ; Illinois, * * ; Nebraska, * * ; Ehode Island, * * ; Flori-
da, * * ;

Bellelucratem : — Georgia, * * ; Illinois, * *, for family use ;
Kansas, * *, for family use ; Michigan, *, for home use ; Rhode
Island, * *, for family use; Nebraska, *, for family use; Ala-
bama, * *, for family use; South Carolina, *, for family use;
Connecticut, * *, for family use.

Bloodgood : — Illinois, *; Rhode Island, * ; South Carolina, * ;
District Columbia, * ; Maryland, * ; Kentucky, * * ; Virginia, *.

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGTCAL SOCIETY. 399

Buffam : — Virginia, *, for family use; Kentucky, * ; District
Columbia, * ; Maryland, * ; Ehode Island, * ; Illinois, *.

Doyemmeitte : — Virginia, * ; Illinois, * ; Kentucky, * ; JSTew
York, * * ; Ehode Island, *.

Flemish Beauty : — South Carolina, * *, for home use ; Ne-
braska, * * ; Kansas, * *, home use ; Alabama, * ; Illinois, * * ;
District Columbia, * *; Maryland, * *; Kentucky, * *;
Virginia, * * ; Michigan, * *,

King Sessing : — District Columbia, * ; Ehode Island, * ;
Maryland, * ; Virginia, * ; Illinois, "■'.

Eastizer : — Illinois, * ; Maryland, * ; Virginia, * ; Ehode
Island, * ; Massachusets, * ; Connecticut, * ; New Jersey, ''■'.

Seckel Pear: — Michigan, *; District Columbia, * *; Massa-
chusetts, * * ; Virginia, * * ; Maryland, * * ; Illinois, * * ; Ne-
braska, * * ; Kansas, ''■' ^■'', New Jersey, * ; South Carolina, '■' *;
Pensylvania, *.

Urbanvst: — District Columbia, '•' ; Maryland,*; Ehode Isl-
and, * ; Massachusetts, * ; Virginia, ''■''.

Beurre Bosc : — District Columbia, * * ; Maryland, * * ; Mas-
sachusetts, * ; Illinois, * ; New Jersey, * ; Michigan, *.

Howell : — District Columbia, * * ; Maryland, * * : Virgin-
ia, * * ; Iowa, * * ; Illinois, * * ; Nebraska, * * ; Pennsyl-
vania, * *; Michigan, *.

Beurre d'Anjou: — Massachusetts, * *: Connecticut, * *;
Maryland, * * ; Dist. Columbia, * * ; Kansas, * " ; Iowa, * * ;
Illinois, * *; New York, *; South Carolina, * *' ; Michi-
gan, * * ; Western New York, * '•'.

Beurre Clairgeau : — District Columbia. * * ; Maryland, * * ;
Illinois, * ; Virginia, * * ; Georgia, * * ; South Carolina, * * ;
New Jersey, * ; Connecticut,*; Massachusetts, * ; Michigan,*.

Beurre Diel :— Kansas, * * ; District Columbia, * * ; Mary-
land, * *; South Carolina, *; Virginia, * *: Kentucky,*;
Nebraska, * ; Iowa, * * .

Ester Beurre : — Iowa, * * ; Northern Virginia, * ; Southern
Virginia, * * .

400 EEPOET OF THE SECKETART OF THE

Beurre Superfine : — District Columbia, * * ; Massachusetts, * ;
Georgia, * * .

Dayeme Barrock : — District ColiTmbia, * ; Maryland, * ; Illi-
nois, * ; Iowa, * .

Duchesse d'Angouleme : — Virginia, * * ; South Carolina, * * ;
Illinois, * * ; District Columbia, * * ; Maryland, * * ; Kan-
sas, * * ; New Jersey, * * ; Pennsylvania, * * ; Connecticut, * ;
Georgia, * * .

Lawrence : — Two stars for most of the States.

Onandaga : — One star for most of the States.

Louise Bonne de Jersey : — Kansas, * ; Rhode Island, * ; Ken-
tucky, * ; Iowa, * ; Connecticut, * ; Massachusetts, * ; Illinois, * ;
South Carolina, * ; District Columbia, * ; Maryland, * .

Sheldon : — Maryland, * * ; Virginia, * * ; Illinois, * * ; Ken-
tucky, * ; Alabama, * ; Massachusetts, * * .

On motion, the Convention took a recess until 8 1*. M.

NIGHT SESSION.

The Society met, pursuant to adjournment, at 8 o'clock,
Mr. Parker Earle of Illinois in the Chair, and Mr. D. B. Wier
of Illinois, Acting Secretary.

On motion of Dr. Hawsly, the subject of pear culture was
discussed, Mr. Saunders of District Columbia I'^ading oflf, and
in the course of his remarks, touching upon the pruning of
pear trees, mildew and its antidotes, — sulphur, lime, and car-
bolic acid as having been used with good results. With carbolic
acid, tbe speaker stated that he had begun his experiments by
using one drop of the acid to four hundred drops of water,
and finally using one ounce of strong carbolic acid solution.
The origin of the disease he did not know, but it frequently
attacks the branch.

This is removed by cutting away the blighted portion.
When it attasks the stem, however, the tree is gone, and this

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 401

wasli "vvas iutended for the stem aud used with great success.
He had never examined the roots of the tree, and did not know
that the disease attacked that point first. He thought, how-
ever, that the great object in all fruit culture Avas to secure
maturity in growth before the winter should set in.

Professor Taylor, of the Agricultural Department, followed
Mr. Saunders, and, in a learned and interesting address, ex-
plained the microscopic observation of the effect of water upon
fruits, their fermentation, and the formation of fungi, the ori-
gin of which he regarded to be atmospheric influence chiefly.

Dr. Hawsly of Kansas said that he had been much inter-
ested in the remarks of Professor Taylor, but what he wanted
to get at was the origin of pear blight. One theory was the
"fungi origin;" another that it was vegetable apoplexy,
and that wet seasons produced this more than anything else.
The foundation of this disease, he thought, was laid the year
before its development. In 1844, he had a young orchard, and
on one occasion there came on a heavy north wind and rain,
which was followed by snow, and finally with sleet. The next
morning the ice was an inch thick upon all the trees. When
the spring came, he went out to trim up the orchard, and on
nearly all the trees, he found a yellow ring. The cause of this
he did not know, but on every tree where the disease or ring
appeared, the graft was entirely destroyed and dead. The in-
evitable conclusion was that the intense cold had produced
this, but what the disease was he did not know. When the
spring came on and the young trees yet wet with the winter
storms were subjected to the heat of the sun, this it was, he
thought, which had done the work. But the disease was at-
tributable, he believed, equally to cold as heat. He had been
an apple and pear grower for more than forty years, and each
year his conclusions in relation to pear blight had been
strengthened, — that it originated either from intense heat or
cold.

Mr. Wier next gave his experience of the diseases to which
61

403 EEPOKT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

the trees were subjected, the attacks of the worm, the form-
ation and spread of the " fungi."

Mr. Smyth of Syracuse, N. Y., thought the trouble was in
the seedling. He had noticed the blight in the wood about
three weeks ago. But what he wanted to get at was, why the
blight seemed to spread as it did ?

After some further discussion, the convention adjourned to
meet in the morning at 9 o'clock.

THIRD DAY.

The morning session, as well as all the rest of the meetings
of the Society for this day, we were unable to attend, for the
following reasons: The exchange of Michigan fruit for col-
lections from other States, to bring home for exhibition at the
Second Annual Fair of the Michigan State Pomological Society,
was effected the evening before, and in order to arrive here in
time for our own Fair, we were obliged to forego the pleasure
of attending the sessions of the day, as before stated, and
attend to the package and shipment of these collections, of
which Marshall P. Wilder sent 230 varieties of pears, a large
number of varieties of the same kind of fruit from Smith,
Clark, and Powell of New York. Southern Illinois, which
was so well represented by Mr. D. B. Wier and others, decided
to send her collection entire. North Carolina, South Carolina,
Virginia, Connecticut, New York, Massachusetts, California,
Kansas, Nebraska, and other States contributed to the collec-
tion, which it is deeply regretted could not have been seen by
the people who visited our Fair, in the same state of perfection
as when it left Eichmond.

The delay of the express company, however, was such that
it was found upon taking the collection from the packages
that many specimens were injured so as to sadly detract from
their appearance, while a large amount was entirely destroyed,

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY-. 403

yet the interest displayed in sucli specimens as were presenta-
ble was ample proof that the efforts made to secure the repre-
sentation of foreign fruits at our Fair was in no way a failure,
and that in the future the exhibitions of our Society may be
embellished with the results of the labor of our brothers of
other States, That our fruits may in return be sent abroad,
and that the experience of this endeavor may be conduciye to
the happy consummation of these results, is the sincere wish

of your delegates,

A. T. LINDERMAN.

H. S. EVAETS.

Mr. H. S. Evai'ts, who bore his own expenses and who ren-
dered valuable aid throughout the tedious and tiresome journey,
is especially entitled to the thanks of the Society.

The expenses of the trip were :

For fare-' $46 45

Express and transfer of same 6 50

Express prepaid on collection on return 14 50

Express charges paid on collection of apples 5 95

Hotel and meals -. 19 90

$93 30
A. T. LINDEEMAIIT.

REPORTS, ESSAYS,

I
AND OTHER PAPERS.

/

COLLECTED BY THE SECRETARY !

I

I5\at not rSeacl before the Society.

REPORT OF THE SOUTH HAVEN POMOLOGICAL SOCEETY.

OFFICERS FOR 1811.

President — Normau Phillips, South Haven, Michigan.
Vice-President — C. H. Wigglesworth, Soutli Ilaveu.
Secretary — C. T. Bryant, South Haven.
Treasurer — C. J. Miinro, South Haven.
Executive Committee — I. S. Linderman, John Williams, H.
E. Bid well, J. Lannin.

South Haven, Mich., Dec, 1871.
Mr. A. T. Linderman, See'y Mich. State Pomological So. :

Dear Sir, — In compliance with yonr favor, asking us to
contribute items or thoughts in regard to fruit-growing in this
section, to be embodied in your " Annual Eeport," our Society
appointed Messrs. 0. C. Lathrop, H. E. Bidwell, A. S. Dyckman,
and the undersigned, to pr.-pare a report.

The statements of these gentlemen, on the several topics, I
transmit herewith :

By way of introduction, it falls to me, to write briefly of our
organization, and its work. Convinced that our superior
advantages, of climate and soil, for growing fruit, and facilities
for shipping to the best markets, indicated that fruit culture
was to be the principal business of this community, and justi-
fied us in striving for the highest attainments, and in expecting
the greatest possible succes:^ and profit, in this branch of agri-
culture, as a reward for w^'ll directed effort, those interested,
in December, 1870, organized the South Haven Pomological
Society ; the specific object of which, is, " to develop facts.

408 IlEPORT OF THK SECFvETART OF THE

promulgate information as to the best metliodg of grovvino- the
best varieties of fruits for our vicinity, and for our own profit
and improvement."

This 8ociety has steadily increased in members and interest.
The meetings are well attended ; the discussions are spirited ;
the expressions of opinion, and statements of experience,
candid ; the feeling harmonious ; and we are more and more
assured that our interests are mutual, and that the greatest
obstacles in the way of making fruit-growing a constantly
profitable business may be overcome by co-operation.

The first important step in this direction, was the adoption
of a trade-mark, Avhich represents the credit of the Society, as
■a wan-ant that the package of fruit to which it is attached is
■first quality of its kind, sufficiently ripe, and uniform through-
■ont, as it appears on the surface. All members of the Society
can use the mark, being responsible to the Society for its proper
use. It was used the past season, and no complaints received.
Our Society, last fall, gathered a large collection of fruit,
which was exhibited at the State Agricultural Society's Fair,
at Kalamazoo, and a portion of it at the Exposition of the
State Pomological Society at Grand Rapids, and also at our
county fair.

Whatever may have been the judgment of others in
regard to this collection, it had a marked efiect on ourselves,
in reassuring us of the capacity of our soil, and suitableness
of our atmosphere, to so many varieties of fruit, and in
strengthening oiir ambition to excel.

The collection embraced about ninety varieties of apples,
thirty varieties of pears, forty-two varieties of peaches, seven
vai-ieties of quinces, over forty varieties of grapes ; also almonds,
nectarines, figs, and cherries, and a variety of sm.all fruits
preserved.

Opinion here, however, is not in favor of planting many
varieties of each class of fruit.
.Apple orchards, for market, are set principally with from

MICHIGAN STATE P03I0L0GICAL SOCIETY. 409

three to five varieties, almost always including the largest por-
tion of Balclvrins and R. I. Greenings.

In setting a peach orchard, the judgment of the most
experienced is in favor of setting only enough varieties to
give, as nearly as possible, an oven supply, from the earliest to
the latest.

A fair proportion of pear trees are being planted, but there
arc no orchards old enough to sufi&ciently test their profitable-
ness. The fruit thus far proves to be very fine.

Quinces seem to do well here.

Plums are not much planted, although we have u great deal
of soil that is suited to them.

Cherry trees grow finely, and produce fair crops. Several
small orchards have been recently planted.

Our soil, being very much diversified, is suited to all the
small fruit.

The plantations of such, except grapes, have not been large ;
but, now that our facilities for marketing are being established,
more are being planted.

Referring you to the accompanying papers for more extended
and specific information, I am

Yours, very respectfully,

C. T. BRYA^N'T, Secretary.

CLIMATE.

In theor}^, we hold that a point, situated on the east side and
at the widest point of Lake Michigan, must have advantages
of climate ; the prevalence of -westerly winds bringing a lake
atmosphere on our shore, not subject to extremes of heat in
summer and cold in winter.

This theory is thus far sustained by facts.

The coldest point ever touched by the themometer, at our
place, within the recollection of civilized man, was in the win-
ters of 1856-7, — at nine degrees (9°) below zero ; since which
time the coldest point was seven degrees below zero, — January

02

410 REPORT OF THE SECRETAEY OF THE

1st, 1864. The summer following each of these winters brought
abundance of fruit, on all bearing trees. Ordinary winters the
themometer does not reach zero.

The wood even of the peach and all well ripened grape-wood
has not been known to winter-kill. Then, the fact of less fall
of rain along the lake border, with a certain degree of unfail-
ing moisture taken up by the air in its passage of the lake,
secures a more even supply, promoting the healthful growth
of plants, and greatly avoiding the mildew and other diseases.

As a remarkable instance of our lake protection, it is said
that when the thermometer was at seven degrees below zero
here in January, 1864, it was as low as twelve degrees below at
Corinth, Mississippi, and twenty-seven degrees below at Mil-
waukee, Wisconsin.

SOIL.

Our soil is varied through all degrees, from light sand to
heavy clay loam, with frequent admixture of gravel,-7-every-
where the surface or subsoil slightly impregnated with Iron.

These soils, in conjunction with various exposures, which
our gently undulating surface presents, have their adaptation
to the culture of various fruits.

PEACH CULTURE.

With proper management, the peach crop here seems about
as certain as the return of summer. With the encouragement
af this fact, the orchard interest is being rapidly extended.

But there are conditions essential to success.

First. Varieties to Plant. — It is important to have a regular
succession from early to late.

Hale's Early has already acquired a bad reputation in mar-
ket, which, as it has many good qualities in tree and fruit, we
have been slow to concede it deserves.

Serrate Early York is worthless for orchard.

Wheelers Early, Coolidge's Favorite, and Large Early York
have good qualities. But we have no first-class market peach
earlier than the Crawford.

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 411

Thence we have a succession of good peaches as follows :

Early Crawford, Early Barnard, Jaques Eareripe, Late Craw-
ford, Stanley's Late Smolk and Keyport White.

There are some new varieties not thoroughly proven.

Second. Where to Plant Them. — The soil must be well
drained. The best locations are elevated grounds within two
miles of Lake Michigan, although the fruit belt extends
about fifteen miles inland.

Third. Cidiivation. — Plough early, then follow with light
cultivation (especially in dry weather) until the picking of
fruit.

Fourth. Pruning. — Prune to admit air and light to all parts
of the top; this will allow the proper growth and maturity of
fruit-bearing wood.

Fifth. The Borer that infests the roots no doubt deserves
death. After the first search, if the roots of the tree are left
exposed for a day or two, it will be easy to find the Borer, on
a second examination, by the indications of new work.

Sixth. Destruction of Curculio. — This unmitigated pest —
the Little Turk — gives us a deal of trouble. Mr. Ransom'a
new method of catching with traps is a great improvement, as-
thousands are taken before we can catch them with the sheet
and jarring process.

It is important to have the ground well smoothed about the
tree a distance of three feet. Then place the pieces of bark or
chips flat on the ground and close to the trunk of the tree.

If you go not too early in the morning you will find them
adhering to the underside of the barks, or sometimes in the
dry dust underneath.

A boy, as he catches, can put them in a vial, where they
may be killed by filling the vial with hot water. Pour them
on a white sheet, let them dry, then count where you desire to
pay for catching by the hundred.

We would also advise using the sheets, that by all means we
may insure success.

412 llEPOKT OF THE SECRETAKY OF THE

On the sheets there are caught, besides the Curculio, a world
of worms, bugs, and ants, — especially a dark-colored lively
rascal among worms that eats into ends of the new growth.

Not less important than the foregoing is judicious thinning

of fruit.

A. S. DYCKMAK

OPEK-AIB FIG CULTUKE.

On account of the uniformity of heat and moisture here,
on warm, rich, dry, sandy soils, the fig gi'ows with very little
care; indeed, I have never seen a curled or yellow leaf. Even
cuttings bear fruit the first season if taken from bearing
plants. These yield, however, but one crop the first season, and
the figs ripen nearly as soon as on the old plant ; because they
root so readilv. Even the fruit buds start with the leaf buds,
yet they have not sufficient strength at the same time to
develop fruit buds for a second crop the same season, as the
stronger plants do.

The first crop ripens about the 1st of July, and the second
crop, the middle of September. Fresh figs are very rich, and
consequently perishable, but can be marketed if used the sec-
and day, or they can be dried or preserved. The foilage here
is free from insects or disease, and the w' ood ripens early. There
is no especial care necessary in their cultivation, except pro-
tection in winter. The easiest method I have found, is to take
them up in the fall and bury them in this manner: dig one
and lay it on its side in the hole where it was dug out, then
dig the next one, throwing the dirt on the first one dug, and
so on. Lift, prune, and set back in the spring. This does not
injure them nor keep them from fruiting, — even the small
green figs left on, mature the following season. The variety I
prefer, is the "White Marseilles or Fig of Commerce.

n. E. BIDWELL.

MICniGAK STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 413

GRAPE CULTURE AT SOUTH HAVEK.

On account of the width, depth, and lay of our lake and the
adjoining lakes, our average summer temperature is lower than
in any other section of our country.

The mean summer temperature of Kelly's Island, in Lake
Erie, is between 72 and 73 degrees. That of the Pleasant Val-
ley Vine region, in New York, is higher; and the Missouri river
bluffs still higher; while ours is lower than these principal
grape regions, and near 70 degrees; hence low-tempered
varieties of grapes succeed best with us.

The Vitis Bordifolia ( "Winter or Frost Grape), having the
lowest vital temperament, of which the Clinton is the most
familiar type, thrives with tlie least of care with us. The
marked characteristics of this class of grapes, which includes
Clinton, Taylor, and Alvey, arc tough skins, sour, fibrous
pulp, and large seeds ; desirable when compared to the fruit of
the wikVvine, from which they originated.

l^ow, while our siimmers are comparatively cool, not often
higher than 9G degrees, our winters are proportionately warm,
seldom ever going below zero, at this place ; therefore the Vitis
JEstiralis (or Summer Grape), of which the Delaware is the
lowest tempered variety, though less hardy as a class, succeed
alfco well with us. The characteristics of this class, which
includes Delaware, Norton's Virginia, Cynthiana, and Herbe-
mont, are thin skins, sweet, juicy, but wanting in flavor.

From these same climatic influences, to which I have pre-
viously alluded, to wit : mildness of winter and coolness of
summer, may be added uniformity of moisture, allowing us to
grow the earliest varieties of the Labrusca family, of which
the lona is the highest type. The characteristics of this class
are meaty structure and aromatic flavor. The Isabella, Con-
cord, Catawba, Diana, and lona are members of this class, all
more or less liable to mildew in other localities which are
more liable to the extremes of tempsrature and moisture.

Another class of grapes I will mention, — crosses of these

414 KEPOET OF THE SECKETA.RT OF THE

foremeutioaed classes, — of which the Walter is Nature's best
assisted effort, a cross of the Delaware with Diana, combining
the sweetness of the Delaware with the flesh and aroma of
the Diana; excellent for table, wine, or raisins.

Another new class I will briefly allude to, seedlings of the

Vitis Vinifera (or European grape), which includes Weehaw-

ken, a fine early white grape, and the so-called Allen's Hybrid,

a seedling of the foreign Chasselas, a choice early variety

which also succeeds here.

Many, no doubt, will ask, How came this great improvement
over the native varieties? One word answers the question, —
cultivation. If you plant the seed of the native grapes and
leave them with neglected care, natives are produced again;
but transplant the native parent from the thicket into your
garden and give it all the requirements of growth, and mark
the result. You will find stored in the fruit an increase in
quantity and quality of plant-food from the seedling. Planfc
the seed beside the parent vine, and give it also plenty of plant-
food, and watch for the result when it comes to fruitfulness.
You will find an improvement over the parent. Now observe
every step in advance, for quantity and quality of fruit call
upon you for an increase in quantity or quality of plant-food
or cultivation; hence the lower grade of these previous classea,
Clinton, Norton's Virginia, and Concord, will thrive with
comparative neglect, while choice Alveys, Herbemonts, and
lonas require the best of care.

There is still another class of grapes of higher excellence,
especially adapted to this climate, because, without advancing
step by step in cultivation, — at the risk of losing vitality, —
they at once combine the hardihood of our natives with the
superior richness of the foreign grape. These include Rogers',
Arnolds', and TJnderhill's Hybrids. Prominent among these
for this section are Salem of Rogers', Antuchon of Arnold's,
and Croton of Underhill's Hybrids. The best of these is the
Croton, a cross between the Delaware and Chasselaa de Fon-

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 415

tainebleau, a grape in which I have failed as yet to find a fault
Other choice varieties are being added to this class, which will
make it the most desirable for easy cultivation. But what is
cultivation, our most important means of success ? Simply
furnishing the vine with an abundance of plant-food, the
prunings of the vine, fallen leaves, and plaster, frequently stir-
ring the soil so that heat and moisture can assist the roots in.
collecting food, also pruning and training the vine to the
light to enable it to digest and assimilate the sap to the pro-
duction of healthy foliage and choice ripe grapes.

While we are exempt from late-spring and early-fall frosta
and mildew, we are some annoyed with insects, though lesa
than in other localities. The thripp, on some varieties, be-
comes quite numerous by fiill, if unmolested. A few applica-
tions of a weak solution of carbolic acid soon destroys them.
This is also destructive to the gall louse, which has made its
first appearance here this season. The steel-colored beetle,
which eats holes in the buds, and the brown spotted beetle,
which eats the leavss, are kept in check by the bluebird and
woodpecker. We have local benefits of the greatest impor-
tance. The cold of Avinter, nor heat of summer, never weak-
ens the vitality of the vine, nor kills the primary fruit buds,
though left exposed on the trellis, so that pruning can be done
during our leisure. Our open winters enable us to prepare and
set stakes, and in early spring to dig and set vines and tie the
canes in proper place, and, in our delightful summers, to cul-
tivate thoroughly ; and in our long, beautiful autumns, to
market our grapes, make wine, or raisins, to the best advantage.

The foregoing facts demonstrate that that portion of Michi-
gan contiguous to South Haven, through its superior soil and
climatical influences, is equaled by no locality in the West or
Southwest as a fruit region ; if indeed, it can be excelled by
the pomonal valleys of California, herself. But, if the Pacific
slopes can raise some varieties of fruit that Western Michigan
cannot, yet fruit culture in that country is rendered unprofit-
able, to a very great extent, for want of a remunerative market.

416 BEPOKT OF THE SECBETARY OF THE

Let US see what are the marketing advantages of South
Haven.

It will be noticed, by glancing at the map of Michigan, that
this town is located at the mouth of Black Elver. It is a vil-
lage of about two thousand inhabitants, — having increased to
that number from four hundred, within the last four years.
Four years ago she had no harbor, the shifting sands of Lake
Michigan blockading the mouth of her river, so that it was
accessible only to the smallest sailing craft. Now, by means
of piering, she has a harbor capable of accommodating the
largest vessels and steamers that ply the Great Lakes.

Until within a year or so, her nearest railway station was
thirty-two miles distant, Avhile now she has a railroad running
in almost an air line to Detroit, with four trains per day,
under the auspices of that great and wealthy corporation, the
Michigan Central E. E. Co.

It will thus be seen that the water and rail facilities are
Buch, that by tracing a line to Detroit, to Milwaukee, and Chi-
cago, from South Haven, gives her the least average distance
to those three great marts of the West of any port in the
fruit belt of Western Michigan : thus giving her the choice of
those three great fruit markets should any one of them, at
any time, become temporarily glutted.

It is of the utmost importance, in the transporting to mar-
ket of peaches, strawberries, and other perishable fruits, that
they be put down at the door of the consumer in the quickest
and gentlest manner possible. The fruit of South Haven,
placed on board the steamer in the evening, is borne, by the
undulating motion of the boat, to Chicago, in eight hours,
through the cool of the night, and arrives as fresh and firm as
when gathered the afternoon before; presenting a marked
contrast with that shipped from Southern Illinois, which has
been jolted for twenty four hours over from two hundred and
fifty to three hundred miles of railroad; and, need I add, pre-
senting as equally marked a contrast in the price of the re-
spective fruits.

MICHIGA^S' STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 417

Should the fruit-shipper of South Haveu desire to save the
commissions of Chicago men and other intermediate parties, the
railroad communications are now such that he can distribute
his fruit himself among the principal cities of Northern Illinois,
within twenty hours from time of shipment, while Sioux City,
Iowa, and St. Paul, Minn., can be reached within forty hours ;
to say nothing of the facilities of supplying Wisconsin and
Northern Michigan Peninsula.

Hence we see that an ample market is already at hand for
all the fruit that can be grown in the vicinity of South Haven,
while the vast network of railroads that is yearly extending
itself over the whole Northwest will furnish such increased
marketing facilities, that Avere every fruit-grower, for years to
come, in the great peach belt of Western Michigan, to raise
nothing but peaches alone, it would be impossible to overdo
the culture of that popular esculent, in the vicinity of South
Haven, so. varied are her marketing facilities.

0. 0. LATHROP,
H. E. BIDWELL,
A. S. DYCKMAN,

Committee.
63

418 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

PEAR TREES.

SHALL WE PLANT DWARFS, OR STANDARDS?

BY B. HATHEWAY, LITTLE PRAIRIE ROXDE, CASS CO., MICH.

Owing to the more trying character of our climate, and,
perhaps, other causes in connection, the pear does not do as
well, generally, throughout the West as at the East, especially
in the St?,tes bordering on the seaboard.

For the same reason here, any weakness of trees, whether
constitutional or produced by wrong methods of propagation,
culture, or pruning, will be more certain to manifest itself.

While in some few localities the pear as a dwarf may be
found to sncceed, its planting generally throughout the West
is being abandoned, I believe; and I am constrained to say,
from my somewhat extended experience in their propagation
and culture, and from my observations in this and other West-
ern States, that standard trees are always to be preferred ; that
dwarf trees, as such, are a failure for all this Western country.

A few of the reasons that have led to this conclusion I will
briefly give.

It has comonly been nrged in the interest of the dwarf, that
it will bear sooner than a standard, or pear on its own roots.
This, if true at all, is only to a limited extent, and is always of
doubtful practical value. Anything that will check the natural
vigor of the pear or other frnit tree, will incline it to the
formation of fruit-buds. This is a well observed and conceded
fact. And it is sometimes desirable to induce snch condition
in the pear — and other fruits no less — as will tend to fruitful-
ness, sooner than would result from the uncontrolled habit of
the tree.

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 419

Still, in the liglit of a Tvide experience, I am compelled to
believe that the nsual way of putting the pear on the quince
is not the best manner of attaining this end, even if it is,
under any circumstances, desirable or admissible.

Nor have I found that dwarfs, as a rule, have, to any extent,
borne fruit earlier than standards of same kinds.

Varieties like the Urbaniste and Glout Morceau, often stand
ten years as dwarfs — so called — before fruiting, while the Bart-
lett and some others will bear as standards in three or four
years.

It has been claimed that dwarfs are more exempt from blight
than standards, but in my experience the reverse has been true.
The proportion of dwarfs to standards that have died from
blight with me have been more than three to one. Of some
varieties that have blighted, I have only dwarfs, so I am
now unable to say what they would have done as standards.
Among these are the L. Bonne, and Duchesse. I have, how-
ever, lost only one tree with blight, that was originally a
standard. Several have been aifected, but by timely, and
thorough cutting back, I have saved them.

There is, in connection with this subject, one very signifi-
cant fact. The hundreds of dwarf pear trees that have been
set throughout this region, so far as I can learn, that have
escaped accident and blight, are either healthy bearing trees
with pear roots superinduced on the quince, or, failing to make
such roots, they have died outright, or are prolonging a most
precarious existence, for the simple purpose, as it would seem,
of rebuke to those horticulturists that, like other and possibly
no wiser men, " have sought out many inventions.''

In confirmation of the above I will give a brief summary of
my experience, and the results of my observations, and that of
others, — some of the best fruit-growers in the West.

I have a pear orchard, planted ten years or more, two hun-
dred trees, — thirty-five standards, the cest dwarfs. The soil is
a strong loam, with stiff subsoil, — counted the best for pears,

420 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

I believe. It was thoroughly underdraiued with tile, and in
addition, large holes were dug three and four feet across, and
clear through the hardpan. Standards were set twenty feet
apart, and alternated with dwarfs, and a full row of dwarfs
between standard rows and on either side, making them stand
ten feet distant, mostly set to one-year trees. Standards and
dwarfs trained alike, with low heads.

Now for the result. All the dwarfs that have done well,
that are healthy and vigorous, are, practically, to-day stand-
ards, having pear roots in abundance; while those that have
not made such roots are in a most suggestive state of decline*

This is not a matter of speculation and supposition, but of

. critical examination, and I have no doubt but the majority, if

not all the healthy productive, so-called, dwarf pear trees in

the West, at least, would give abundant evidence, if consulted,

of the truth of this statement.

A few years since I had occasion to move one row of ten
trees. They were the Beurre d'Anjou, and, when planted, on
the quince root. All of these, but one, had pear roots, and
were healthy, vigorous trees. The one had failed to make
pear roots, and remained stunted and weak. It is a very easy
matter to tell whether a tree has pear roots, or only those of
the quince, by merely taking hold of it. In the former case
it will be found firmly braced, while in the latter it will indi-
cate a manifest want of lateral support.

That my experience, if counted in any wise positive, may
not be attributed to the selection of any particular variety or
varieties, I will give a list of the leading sorts : Bsurre d'An-
jou, Louise Boune, White Doyenne, Bartlett, Beurre Diel,
Bufiam, Winter Vitis, Beurre Eastes, Lawrence, Seckel, Duch-
esse, Onondaga, Sheldon, Clapp's Favorite, etc.

I find a great difference in varieties in their tendency to root
from the pear, — some few, like the Duchesse, refusing almost
entirely to do so; consequently, not a tree out of a dozen of
this variety has been successful, — all failing to make a healthy
growth and to bear fruit to any ex tent.

MICHIGAN" STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 421

The true method, as I conceive, of drafting any tree, and
that will ultimately do away, no doubt, with the questionable
practice of using the quince, thorn, mountain ash, or any for-
eign root for the pear, is that of root-prinmig ; and a brief
statement of the way in which I have induced fruitfulness in
apple trees that were tardy in coming into bearing, will give
my idea of the proper manner of performing the operation.

The first dozen Northern Spy apple trees that I planted did
not bear a bushel to the tree until they stood thirteen years,
when they gave a crop of ten bushels each.

Later I planted twenty-five or more of this variety. After
they had stood six years, I root-pruned them thoroughly, by
digging a trench three feet from the tree, and two feet deep,
cutting off all the roots. The trench was refilled, the ground
cultivated, and the following year those trees bore a full crop,
and have borne as well, at least, as the older trees since, — some
ten years or more.

As casting some light upon this question, and affording a
possible clue to the cause of the greater measure of success
that seems to attend the cultivation of the pear on the quince
at the East than at the West, I will say that here, as a rule,
the quince does not fully endure our climate, being killed
back, more or less, almost every winter. And what facts or
analogies have we, to lead us to believe that the root of a tree
will be hardy in a climate where the top is not ? I have had
the quince on my place twenty years, but it has never borne.
There is here and there a locality where quinces are grown to
some extent, but it is a fruit not generally successful in our
soil and climate.

I find that across the lake, in the still more trying region of
Wisconsin, some fruit-growers are becoming enthusiastic over
the promise of the mountain ash as a stock for the pear^
This has the advantage of hardiness, in any situation where
any fruit will grow ; but still I have grave doubts of its being
equal to the roots native to the pear.

422 KEPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

I find the experience of the leading growers of the West
mainly conformed to my own. Some grow dwarfs, because
they are called for, but plant standards for themselves.

This subject is by no means exhausted, but enough has been
said, perhaps, to direct the attention of planters, and to call
out the views of others that have had experience with the
pear, here at the West.

The fallacy of the value of dwarf pears, like every other
fallacy, is very difficult to eradicate from the popular mind.
The more intelligent planters, however, are recognizing the
great su23eriority of standards. And the fact that pear trees,
on the quince root, may be bought to-day, in any of the large
Eastern nurseries, for one-half the price of those on pear roots,
is significant of the growing intelligence of fruit-growers, and
is our best angury for the future of this interest.

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 433

TEST GARDENS.

[The following letter, received from Mr. Parmelee in reply to au
inquiry regarding liis view of a test garden, was overlooked in my
former report. — Secretary.]

Old Mission, Mich., Oct. 17, 1870.

Dear Sir : — Your letter of lOtli inst. arriyed when I was
absent. I take first opportunity to reply. Was interested
in its contents, and feel that the end sought to be gained is
very desirable, — to protect people from wasting time and money
on kinds of no value. It should help to exalt our State into
the position which she can and should hold, — that of the first
in the production of the most important fruits.

If all our efibrts can be put forth to raise only the best, it
will be a great point gained ; and success in an enterprise, such
as you speak of, would have a great influence in that direction ;
but people must be convinced it is not in the interest of any
speculation.

A fruit-grower is not of necessity a nurseryman, and should
not be. The tendency of that interest is to the cultivation of
sorts that have habits suited to the easy production of hand-
some nursery stock. And a nurseryman's interests tend to
make his recommendations of varieties to differ, sometimes,
from the real interest of fruit-growers. It need not be so, for
when people understand that it costs more to grow a tree of
slow, crooked, or otherwise faulty habits, they will be willing
to pay for it, if the value of the fruit makes it desirable. The
influence of the State Society should be to harmonize those
interests.

When a nurseryman has a new variety, which he thinks of
value, he wishes to make something out of it, and will not like

424 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

to wait for a recommendation from the Society. Some one else
might stock up with it, and he not derive any benefit from
priority, which wonld be wrong, and against progress, as it
would remove one of the inducements to improvement.

Just how far a person, introducing a new sort, should be
protected, may not be an easy point to settle.

It is probable, the time that will be required to enable the
Society to give a valuable decision will be the greatest obstacle
in the way of rendering a valuable service to the people
generally, as ifc Avill in the way of the hearty co-operation of
nurserymen.

The occasional misleading of single tests will also be another
difficulty. These considerations, doubtless, suggest themselves
to the members of the Society, and ways may be devised by
which the difficulties will be, to a great extent, provided for.

These are matters for careful consideration, and I sincerely
hope that whatever the Society may do, they may profit by the
partial failure of some other similar bodies, and be what is
needed, — an aggregation of practical knowledge that shall be
made attainable to the ''universal million."'

There is a noble field of usefulness for the Society, if men
who can assist will drop all feelings of local or sectional jeal-
ousy and make it really a State institution, that shall be com-
prehensive in its scope, — that shall know no particular section,
except to study its peculiarities and promote its interests. If
I can do anything in the interest of such a society, I shall do
it with great satisfaction, and would rejoice to see men in all
parts of the State who have valuable expei'ience, take hold of
this matter to make it a success. The State, in its municipal
capacity, ought to do more than it is doing, and I hope the
Society, as it becomes larger and better known, will exert an
influence in that direction. Evening sessions of the Society
at time of the Fair, would have been desirable, for an inter-
change of views. I regretted that I could not stay to hear
Mr. Littlejohn's address.

MICHIGAN" STATE POMOLOGTCAL SOCIETY. 435

Shall be in south part of State in two weeks, and might pos-
sibly attend the November meeting, if I knew the day.

Will send you with this mail, a " Grand Traverse Herald," on
first page of which you will see some ideas on the subject of
fertilization.

It is not pleasant to differ with the host of men who try to
doctor agriculture. I felt compelled to do it, we get such a
sea of bosh from men who get all their knowledge in the
office.

Whatever truth there may be, theoretically, in the hobby of
restoring mineral elements to the soil, any man who lives in
the sun-light and uses his eyes, may know that it has not the
value that is claimed for it.

Yours truly,

GEORGE PARMELEE.
G4

426 REPOET OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

THE POINT DE PEAU VINEYARD AND ITS WINES.

From the Michigan Farmer.

On the shores of Lake Erie, a few miles below the mouth of
the Detroit river, there are several points jut out into the Lake,
just North and East of the mouth of Monroe harbor. One of
these is Point de Peau, its name being French, and derived
from the usage of the Indians, who used it as a high dry place
on which they could cure skins of the animals which they
caught in hunting or trapping. It is situated nine miles
northeast of the city of Monroe, between Stony Point and
Swan creek, and we drove there partly over the old road that
leads to the northward along the lake and the Detroit river.
The country, all through this section, is quite level and flat,
with a strong clay loam that is rich in calcareous matter. The
soil rests on the rock known to American geologists as the
Trenton limestone, which crops out in many places. The
timber is mostly oak, ash, black walnut, hickory, elm, cotton
wood, and there is a good business done getting out staves in
some sections. It is a magnificent land for grass, and wheat
is generally heavy, but the land, which is mostly cultivated on
the old French system by the inhabitants, does not have much
chance to show what it can do under any system that would
develop its strength and ability to grow either meat or bread-
stuffs. All along the road from Monroe to the Point are scat-
tered the log houses of the holders of small tracts of lands
mostly French, who raise their little patches of corn, and keep
a cow, and possibly a hog or two, and are occupied mostly in
the fisheries or in hunting in the marshes, when they are not
busy watching their crops grow. There is no knowing what

MICHIGA]Sr STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 427

this stroug soil would produce if fairly treated. We notice
that there are several drain-tile factories near Monroe, and
that is CAddence that the work of improvement is going on in
some portions of the county.

At Point de Peau, the company who have undertaken to es-
tablish a vineyard originally purchased the location as a place
for private residence for themselves during the summer seasoi5,
but were incited to the attempts to make a vineyard by the
success which had atttended grape-growing on the islands.
Here was a location almost insular, with the soil equally as
good, if not superior, and with all the influence of climate in
its favor. When we visited this place on the 21st of this
month, the frosts that had ripened the grapes about Monroe^
and had stripped the vines of their leaves, had not been felt;
we found tomatoes green and growing, the vines still covered
with leaves that hatl as much green as brown in their color. Even
beans that had been late planted were in flower, and had not
been touched. At Monroe and inland the grape crop had all
been gathered, and the vintage was over; and at some of the
wine-making establishments, the whole work of the season
was completed. Mr. J. M. Sterling has a small vineyard at
Monroe, and there the grapes were all gathered, and the last
of the gathering was just put in the press.

THE SOIL.

The soil here is a mellow clay loam, containing much lime.
It is from twenty to thirty inches in depth, and rests on the
limestone rock, which is much broken up and forms a natural
drainage, that renders the surface soil dry and warm. Professor
E. A. Foote, of Ann Arbor, found quantities of celestine,
strontianite, white calcite, and carbonate of lime in the speci-
mens he examined during a visit he made here last year.

THE PLANTATION

at present includes about twenty-five acres, but the whole is
not planted with grapes. The grapes have been set out from
five to six years, and are well established. The vines are set in

428 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

rows that are eight feet apart, and the vines are six feet apart
in the row. The varieties grown here are the Delaware, Con-
cord, Catawba, Ives Seedling, Norton's Virginia, and Hartford
Prolific. The system of cultivation followed is the renewal.
That is, every year at any time when the weather will permit
after frost has set in, the old wood is completely cut off, and
there are left only from two to three canes of last year's wood
for hearing. This w^ork includes a vast amount of labor, iu
the clearing oS the old wood, and the selection and tying up of
the vines that are to be depended upon for next year's crop.
This trimming and preparation of the vines, which may be
done in the winter season at any time between December and
March, is all the trimming or pruning which the grapes
receive. There is no summer pruning ; all the foliage developed
by the shoots is left as needed to ripen the grapes. No leaves,
no ripe grapes. In tying up the canes, care js taken to bend
them at sharp angles, as low down as possible, as this check to
the flow of sap tends to promote the formation of fruit buds
After the grapes are gathered in the fall, the plow is run be-
tween the rows to throw up the soil against the vines, and
leave a dead furrow in the center, between each two rows of
vines. This stirs the soil, exposes it to the frosts of winter, pro-
tects the roots, and at the same time drains the surface water
from around the vines. In the Spring the plow is used to
throw these furrows back again, and the cultivator is used to
do the weeding, and keep the soil clean in the rows ; of course
only hand-hoeing can be used to keep the ground clean around
and between the vines and the rows. The vines are supported
by trellis of wire. For the first two years a stake will serve for
the support of the vine, but after that the trellis is found
necessary. The trellis is made of posts which support three
rows of No. 9 annealed wire. The first wire next the ground
is set about twenty-two inches up in the post, and the other
wires are sixteen inches apart, which makes the trellis just four
and a half feet in height. The cost of trellises for an acre will
range from $75 to $90.

MICHIGAN STATE I'OMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 429

THE APPEAKAKCE OF THE VINES

was remarkably healthy. The leaves were turning in color,
but the foliage had not begun to drop ; there was no sign of
being affected by any frosts. The bunches of grapes were well
shaped, full, and the berries sound. There were no signs of
weakness; no dead grapes had dropped off or were lying on
the ground, and only some of the bunches were considered
mature enough to gather.

The growing of the grape for wine is a very different
business from growing the grape as a fruit to eat, and the
trouble is that a great many people think that because they
have grapes they can make wine. This is a mistake. They
make a beverage, or a pleasant drink that may be called a cor-
dial, or may be called fermented juice of the grape, or anything
else, but it is not a wine in the true meaning of the word.
One of the great mysteries in wine-making is in the growing
of the grape so that its juice will make wine. Some seasons
are very favorable in this respect, and will ripen up the grape
to the very pitch of perfection. In other seasons the grape
is never thoroughly seasoned, and the result is that the wines
of that year are inferior. Then again it is important, in a
good season such as the present, to know when the grapes are
in their greatest perfection. If they are picked too soon they
are apt to contain too much acid, and if they are picked too
late the quantity is reduced, while the saccharine matter is
increased at its expense. The great point is to make a wine
from the juice of the grape alone, that will need no addition of
any kind to reduce it to a state fit for manufacture. It is well
known that the juice of the grape must contain not less than
76° in 1,000 of saccharine substance, and must range between
42° to 8° of acid. But the higher the grape juice goes in the
saccharometer above 76° without getting outside of 7 or 8° of
acid, the better is the wine. "When the acid is in excess of 8° the
grape juice or must has to be reduced by the addition of water
till the acid is only 8° or less, but this addition of water

430 REPOKT OF THE SECEETARY OF THE

reduces the proportion of sugar at the same time, and this
substance has to be added till the scale shows 76° or over-
And this addition of sugar and water does not diminish in any
degree the strength of the wine, but it lessens the aroma or
flavor, or bouquet, as it is called, and hence the wine is deemed
inferior.

There are instruments for testing the condition of the juice,
and by which the state of the grapes for wine-making may be
found at any time by those Avho know^ how to manipulate
them. The first is the must scale, which measures the pro-
portion of sugar there is in the grape juice. Another is the
acidometer, -which, by a peculiar, simple test, ingeniously con-
trived, with certain proportions of bicarbonate of soda, gives
the proportion of acid. When the proportion of these two
elements are known, then the condition of the grape juice is
understood exactly. The other elements of the wine — its
aroma, flavor, and delicacy — depend on the flavor and quality
of the fruit, and in the care, cleanliness, and skill of the wine-
maker in the handling during the process of fermentation
and curing. When we got down to Point de Peau, Mr. Ster-
ling exj)lained to us that the season had so far advanced that
he feared his grapes were getting too ripe. This would secure
a strong wine, but less in quantity. The aim of this wine-
making establishment is to make a pure wine, that shall con-
tain nothing but what the juice of the grape furnishes. The
soil is here ; the climatic conditions are of the most favorable
kind, and all that is needed is the application of skill, experi-
ence, time, and the use of capital. There has not yet been
erected all the necessary fixtures, but they are getting ready
for them as soon as they are likely to be required.

TEST OF THE GRAPES.

When we got down there, we were first shown the vineyard
which we have described above, and were then taken througli
the building used for making the wine, and for storing the
vintage. There we had an opportunity of tasting and com-

MICHIGAN" STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 431

paring the products of the several kinds of wine, in all the
various stages of preparation. Afterwards we went to work to
test the condition of the grapes that were then on the vines,
and which were about to be gathered.

The first tried was the Catawba. As fruit, we have never
tasted the Catawba in finer perfection than we found them
here. Berries large, bunches heavy, pulp melting, aroma very
fine and delicious. The juice was expressed through a flannel
bag, and, under the test, it was found that it yielded 83'^ of
sugar and i)^ of acid, with the thermometer standing at
06'^. It was concluded that these grapes, which any ordinary
grape-grower would have pronounced perfect, would stand
with advantage a week or two longer, as the acid was yet too
heavy by fully two degrees.

The next tried was the Delaware, which exhibited 91'' of
sugar and 8f of acid. The Delaware grapes were remarkably
luscious to the taste, but they were rather high of acid, though
nearly perfect as regards sugar. At the Pleasant Valley vine-
yards of New York, the Catawba is accounted perfection when
it yields 84° of sugar, the Delaware 92°, and the Isabellas 75°.
We tested, at the same time, the Delaware must, that had been
expressed the day before, and found it yielded 92° of saccharine
matter and 7i° of acid, so that it was in the very best stage
for making wine of the highest quality.

The Ives' Seedling was the next tried. This grape, to us,
when picked off the vines, had a very pleasant, mild, rather
sweet taste, and a thin skin. It seemed to us in its most per-
fect stage of ripeness. It exhibited 78° of saccharine and 6^°
of acid, showing that it was in the true stage for wine-making.
But, of course, with this percentage of sugar, would only
make a light wine, like the Sauternes of France.

We next came to the K"orton's Virginia. This grape is high
colored, being almost a shiny black, a small berry, a compact
bunch, and is npt an agreeable table variety. It exhibited 97°
of sugar, and 13° of acid. There, it will be seen, was a must

432 EEPOET OF THE SECEETAET OF THE

that would stand a great reduction by water, and as long as
the proportion of sugar w^as kept above 76° there would be no
extra sugar required. It is, therefore, a grape that many wine-
makers would prefer, especially where quantity rather than
quality was desired. However, we do not know what a longer
exposure on the vines would do to it. A mixed must, com-
posed of one-half Concord, one-quarter Norton's Virginia, and
one-quarter Ives' Seedling, gave the elements of a first-class
wine of about the strength of ordinary Burgundy, viz: 84f°
sugar and 6f acid.

The Delaware Aviue of 1870 was placed under the acidome-
ter, and yielded 5|° of acid. The Red Concord of 1870 was
also tested, and exhibited G^ of acid. The White Concord of
the same year was also tested, and found to contain 5^ of acid.

With these exact tests, it will readily be seen that the wine-
makers wlio understand their business can readily get a fair
knowledge of the condition of their vintage, and that without
that kind of knowledge their woik must be all guesswork.

WrNE-MAKIKG.

The grapes, Avhen it is decided to gather them, are clipped
off with shears and placed in baskets, and these baskets are
gathered and carried in hand-carts to the press-room. This
room is in the upper story of a building that is constructed to
serve as a wine-cellar and store-house. It is built in the most
substantial manner, with the foundation on the limestone
rock, which serves as a floor to the cellar. The walls are built
of stone on the outside, and are lined with brick inside, with
an air-chamber between the brick and the stone, to serve as a
non-conductor. The temperature in this building is kept be-
tween 60 and 65 degrees all the year round. The upper story
to which the grapes are carried, is furnished with a press, and
with vats into which the grapes are first thrown. They are
afterwards pressed, and the musb is placed in the fermenting
vats, till it goes through the first fermentation. It is then
drawn off into casks, where it goes through the second fer-

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 433

mentation, the casks being kept filled, and the air kept out by
tin syphons, which discharge the gases through liquid, and
prevent the wine in the cask from coming in contact with the
air. When the fermentation has subsided, then the wine is
racked off into large liogsheads, which hold 500 gallons each,
and there it is allowed to remain. It is calculated that it
should remain in the wood to cure for at least three years
The wine being made in the upper story, it is drawn off by
syphons and flexible tubes, and is thus handled in the neatest
and most economical manner.

In the lower cellar there were eight hogsheads that would
contain, each, 500 gallons. These are kept full, and are ex-
amined from time to time as to the condition of their contents,
and contain several kinds of wine, each of which has it char-
acter. The White Concord, Red Concord, Golden Catawba,
and Delaware, are the principal kinds. All are made now
from the J nice of the grape alone.

The company are getting ready to erect a store-house or cel-
lar, where the vintages of the several years which it may be
desirable to retain, can be stored. To make still wines of the
high quality that is aimed at here, time is one of the elements
necessary ; and there is hardly any of these wines that can be
sold, with justice to the maker, before it has stood at least two
years in wood. Three years would be preferable. It will be
seen, therefore, that room for storage, where it can be kept at
the proper temperature, is indispensable.

The crop of 1870 was found to yield wine at the rate of a
gallon to every 1?^ pounds of grapes, and an acre averaged
about GjOOO pounds, or three hundred and fifty gallons of wine
Ten acres, therefore, would require, for storage, seven of the
large 500-gallon casks for the keeping of a single year's crop ;
room for storage that would secure a temperature of not less
than 60°.

There are many other considerations that enter into this
business of wine-making, that deserve attention by those who
65

434 REPOKT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

desire to make themselves masters of the whole art, and with-
out which they cannot make the higher kinds of wine required
by commerce. We have ondeavored to show that growing
grapes for wine-making is different from growing for fruit, and
requires an attention that all are not prepared to give it. And
then, when the grapes are grown, where is the storage and room
to keep the wine till it is ripe, and the capital to supply all its
necessities? Grape- growers may squeeze out the juice of the
the grape and ferment it, and call the stuff wine ; but it is not
the wine of commerce, nor the article that people esteem
as "winc.

WINE-MAKING AT POINT DE PEAU.

In a letter recently received from Mr. J. M. Sterling of
Monroe, he says: "We are almost through with our wine-
making for this season. When you were here on. the 23d of
October, we were then picking the Delawares. On the 8th of
November we finished picking the Catawbas. We had a slighi;
frost at the * Point ' on the first of November, but it did not
affect the grapes in any perceptible degree, or in any way that
we could appreciate it by our instruments.

" The must of the several varieties of grapes named, was
tested, and we remarked that the sugar increased, and the acid
diminished in proportion as the season advanced, and the fol-
lowing table will exhibit the difference between the first press-
ing and the last.

*' The sugar increased as follows :

Delaware must, from - --- 85 to 91

Ives' Seedling, from.. --- 79 to 82

Norton's Virginia, from 103

Concord, from 82 to 85

Oatawbas --- 82 to 86

The acidometer marked the percentage of acid in the must
as follows :

Delaware, from 6|^to8

Ives' Seedling, from 4:\ to 4*

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 435

Norton's Virginia 13i

Concord 5|- to 6^

Catawbas 6^ to 8

" These tables show that the last pressing, or the must made
from the grapes that remained longest on the vines, was in the
most perfect condition to make strong wines, of a high quality,
and which would bear much reduction to make the thin wines
equivalent to the light Rhenish wines of Germany and
France.

"The must was made from grapes at the rate of a little over
thirteen pounds to the gallon.

"The whole vintage reached 67,000 pounds of grapes, and
from this we made about 5,000 gallons of wine."

436 REPORT OF THB SECRETARY OF THE

CLEARING STUMP LANDS FOR THE PEACH.

[Tlic following letter, received from Mr. Peck, with his paper on
" Clearing Stump Land for the Peach," although of a private character,
I take the liberty to publish, with the hope that some of our St. Joseph
brothers will accept the situation, write us the book we need, which,
with Mr. Peck's assistance, should make a Michigan work for Michigan
men.]

Muskegon, Nov. 20, 1871.

A. T. Idnderman, Esq. :

Dear Sir — Yours of 16th inst, is before me. Enclosed,
please find the promised essay on the Peach. Many of the
directions and opinions may seem arbitrary without the reasons
being given for them, but to do full justice to the subject would
require a volume instead of an essay. There is a great need of
a work on the Peach, adapted to this lake shore. All lists of
varieties that I have seen, while they are full of names of varie-
ties that nobody knows or cares anything about, some choice
and popular varieties are left out or imperfectly described-
A work, I think, has been published in Delaware, but I hare
not seen it, and have little hopes of its fitting our case. We
want a list of the varieties that have been fully tested here,
their hardiness and bearing qualities, as Avell as all their pecu-
liarities, fully described, and their nomenclatures revised and
established. Such a work should come from St. Joseph, where
they have had a longer experience and tested more varieties
than anywhere else here.

I would gladly make a preface to such a work, but I lack
the experience, observation, and knowledge sufficient to fill uj)
the work. * * * Yours truly,

S. B. PECK.

MICniGAX STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 437

Muskegon, Mich., November, 1871.
To A. T. Lindermaa, Esq., Secretary of the State P&mohffical Society -.

Inaccordauce with my promise to you, I now devote a leisure
hour in describing my methods of clearing up the sandy pine
stump lands of this lake shore, of planting, pruning, and cul-
tivating the peach, and my successes and failures with the varie-
ties I have tested, adding thereto a little from my observations
of the successes and failures of others in this viciuity.

In clearing these stump lands, I have found it the most
economical way to cut off the tops of the grubs, and after
clearing the ground of logs and brush, to pull out the roots
of large size with a stout pair of oxen, hitched to a forked
hook with a wooden handle, which works very much like the
claws of a hammer, except that it is pulled forward, instead of
being turned back. The same oxen, with a narrow plow that
will cut deep, say ten to twelve inches, will then break it up.
Of course this furrow will stand nearly on its edge ; a fine-
toothed harrow then mixes the surface and subsoil, and takes
out many of the pine roots. As to the stumps, it is certainly
very desirable to have them removed, but it is not necessary to
success with the fruit. I prefer to raise a crop of potatoes the
first season, and work them thoroughly with a one-horse culti-
vator, and plant my trees the following spring. Still, if the
irronnd is broken and harrowed in the fall and re-harrowed in
the spring, it will do very well. The time of taking up and
replanting the peach or any other tree, shrub, or vine, is decid-
ly the spring, iu my estimation. As to future cropping of the
grounds there may be a question ; there can be no question of
the propriety or even necessity of continuing the summer cul-
ture as long as you tax the soil for the growth of the trees, or
the production of fruit.

As to manuring, it may be essential to future cropping, but
I prefer that peach trees should not be stimulated other than
by frequent cultivation, till about the middle of August — till
they commence bearing — as a very rapid growth seems nearly
fatal to a sound, healthy, long-lived tree.

438 REPOKT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

The age of trees for planting — whether they he two, three,
or four years from the pit, they should be only one year from
the bud ; the roots may be cut off pretty close, say six to eight
inches, depending somewhat on their age and size. There is
little danger of losing the tree from pruning, if taken up in
the spring and not injured by frost, and the roots not ex-
posed to drying winds. I am not an advocate of the slow
process of planting so often recommended. The holes, where
the ground is properly prepared, may be dug quite rapidly, and
jaot larger than the roots require, the earth loosened in the
bottom, and left in the shape of an inverted bowl ; the trees
should be set a little deeper in this sandy soil than they grew
in the nursery, and after seeing that the roots are in place, fill
up as fast as you please, packing slightly with the_ foot when
full, and throwing a little loose earth on the top ; and, when
done, cut off all the branches.

I think it best to ''shorten in," in the latter part of summer,
the first two or three years growth, the amount of which
depends much on the natural habits of the variety, the amount
of growth it has made, and the shape you wish it to assume ;
but I have no doubt that this process, especially if done in the
spring, hinders early bearing, — a thing very desirable in any
fruit tree, if not allowed to be excessive, as the tree, as well as
the animal, is affected through life by habits formed in youth.

The Barnard and the Orange Rareripe, (two varieties of w'hich
I shall hereafter speak,) require much more watchful shortening
than the Serrate Early York, or the Crawfords. Heading low
is best for the vigor and health of the tree, especially in windy
situations, but it requires much more hard labor in the culti-
vation, and it is objectionable, if you are to fight the curculio
on Dr. Hull's plan. A close observer will readily see that, in
all pruning, he must remove about twice as much from the
east side as the west, and cut to an upper bud on the east side,
and to an under one on the west. In no other way, in our soil
and climate, can he obtain a proper symmetry of the tree.

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 439

I may as well close this subject of pruning by saying, that
•when you cut a tree you should be able to give a reason for
cutting at all, and also for cutting at that particular '^oint.

OF VARIETIES.

My experience is not very extensive, especially with the
newer ones. Of the Hall's Early, my observation leads me to
conclude that the tree is hardy and productive, and the fruit
of good flavor, when ripe; but that it is only fit for home use,
as to bear any carriage it must be picked before ripe, which
renders it nearly worthless to a connoisseur.

The Yellow Rareripe is the next in ripening; with me is very
sure in bearing. Trees healthy, but rather dwarfish, flavor fair^
size medium, bears carriage, and I know of no peach, ripening
at the time, that I prefer.

I allude to the peach of this name as described by Downing.

The Serrate Early York is a beautiful fruit, of fine flavor,
but the tree, with me, liable to mildew, and consequent barren-
ness; for this reason I discard it.

I would say of George Fourth, that there is no peach of
finer flavor, but it makes a gigantic tree of great pretensions,
but little fruit. I had concluded to discard it, but it has par-
tially won my favor the past season, when some varieties have
so overborne, (the Crawford's Early in particular,) as to render
the fruit nearly worthless. My home customers have preferred
this to all others of its season, this year.

The Honest John. — By this I mean the peach known by
that name at St. Joseph, and not the one mentioned by Down-
ing,— a yellow-fleshed, medium-sized fruit, with a very small
pit, and ripening just before Crawford's Early. It has a good
bearing reputation at St. Joseph ; but my seven trees, planted
in 1862, have borne only in 18u8 and 1871 ; i)ut when they do
bear, " they bear to kill;" that is to say, no amount of propping
the trees will prevent their breaking, and they come out the
following spring like a waning consumptive. Thinning the
fruit (which I have never yet done) may remedy the partial

440 KEPOliT Oi" THE 6ECKETARY OF THE

barrenuess, and keep up its vigor. It is a desirable peach, and
M'orth the trial.

Crawford's Early ! What shall I sav of this snperb and most
popular peach ? Free, vigorous, hardy, symmetrical, — its large
golden fruit nestling among its large, thick, wavy foliage, —
proclaim it, unmistakably, the peach king; bears carriage
well, and during the ten or fifteen days of its feign, it rules
the market. The worst that can be said against it is, what the
negro said of the moon : " lie neber shine in a dark night/' it
never bears when peaches are scarce, and when it bears it gluts
the market ; but it cannot be dispensed with.

The Barnard. The reader will please make due allowance
for any excess of praise I may bestow upon this tree and fruit,
for it is my pet. Its long, sharp-pointed, deep green foliage,
in contrast with its dark deep-colored fruit, fills my eye, and I
can never pass it, while in fruit, without stopping to pay
obeisance to it ; but good as it is, in looks, size, and flavor, its
*chief beauty lies in the fact that it bears always.

Crawford's Late is a first-rate peach in size, looks, and flavor;
bears a big price because of its lateness ; is sometimes injured
by frost, but worse than all it don't bear.

Cable's Late is yellow fleshed, of good size and flavor, nearly
equal to the Crawfords — for which the trees have been sold by
nurserymen, — ripening between the Crawfords ; but my trees
have borne only two crops, while they should have borne six

Newcomb's Seedling, Yellow Rareripe, Orange Eareripe. —
I see that the State Pomological Society give this peach the
first above name, while somewhere on exhibition at its late
fair, under the second, but we know it by the last. It is a
late, lightish yellow fruit, without shade in its color, of fair
flavor and medium sized; tree, very hardy, in habit much like
the Barnard, and needs, like it, shortening in to keep the
branches off the ground. Remarkable for producing its kind
from the pit. The fruit is always wanted and never fails. I
esteem it the most desirable within my knowledge, to close up
the peach season v;ith.

michiCtAx state pomological societi. 441

There are other varieties that bear ii good name, but with
■which I am not acquainted, among which arc Cooledge's Favor-
ite and Hill's Chili, of which I have a good opinion.

THI^fN'IIs^G THE FRUIT,

I was always well aware, was good policy when a tree over-
bears; but till the past season I was never aware of the ruinous
consequences of neglecting it, several of my Crawford's Early
being utterly worthless from excess of fruit. By doubling the
size, you nearly triple the price, Avithout diminishing the
quantity in measure.

Respectfully,

S. B. PECK.
G6

442 . REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

STATEMENT OF THE SPRING LAKE VINEYARDS AND

ORCHARDS.

The enterprising people of Spring Lake have appointed a
committee to prepare a concise and correct statement for the
State Pomological Society, of the yield of fruit in and about
Spring Lake this year. The largest vineyard is that of Hun-
ter Savidge, Esq., which contains 2,000 vines. Three vine-
yards have each produced fifteen tons of grapes, mostly Con-
cords. The aggregate amount of grapes raised in the vicinity
of Spring Lake this year, will reach 140 tons. There were
18,000 baskets of peaches shipped this fall. The Horticul-
tural Society of Spring Lake has received a beantiful silver
medal and a diploma from the State Agricultural Society of
Wisconsin, for "the very fine exhibition of peaches" exhibited
at the State Fair, at Milwaukee, in September. From the
local paper of that beautiful fruit section of the State, the
Spring Lake Independent, we gather the following statements
of the yield of fruits for 1871 :

Geo. H. Lovell — 4,500 peach trees on 25 acres. Shipments,
7,000 baskets; received for same $3,500; grapes, one-half acre,
7,000 lbs., or 3^ tons ; netted 3c per lb., $200 ; apples 20 bush-
els ; net proceeds, $3,710.

Charles E. Soule, proprietor of Vineyard Point Orchards,
reports 299 bearing peach trees, mostly Early Crawfords, which
produced 2,241 baskets; gross sales $1,416.93; cost of bask-
ets, freight, etc., $434.93 ; net proceeds $982. Of grapes, Mr.
Soule has a large number of vines, all young. From his vine-
yards he realized $251.95; proceeds of farm $1,223.65.

J. B. Soule reports 2,000 peach trees three years old, mostly
Early Crawfords, from which he shipped 1,000 baskets. His

MICHIGAN" STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 413

Tineyai'd consists of 360 vines of the Concord and Delaware,
from which he shipped 4,500 lbs. Raspberries of the Doolittlo
Tariety, raised 40 bushels. Net proceeds: Peaches, 1650;
grapes, $100 ; raspberries, $70 ; total, $820.

E. A. Treadway has 15 acres under cultivation, whicli three
years ago were covered with forest trees and underbrush. He
has 100 bearing peach trees, which produced 60 baskets. His
vineyard consists of 500 young vines, from which he gathend
3,000 lbs., or one and a half tons of grapes ; also, 10 bushels
of Black-cap raspberries, and 10 bushels of Red-cap raspber-
ries. Net proceeds: Peaches, $15; grapes, $75; black rasp-
berries, $50; red raspberries, $30; total, $170.

Martin Walsh, 111 peach trees, from which he shipped 1,000
baskets of peaches, and from his little vineyard he had the
most remarkable yield on record. He has 63 rows of the
Concord, 23 vines in a row, in all 1,426 viu'^s, from which he
shipped '280,550 lbs. of grapes, or fourteen tons five hundred
and fifty pounds, for which he realized three cents per lb.,
net, or $841 65 off two acres and 36 rods. Mr. Walsh also
reports 10 bushels Siberian crab apples, 10 t)ushels raspberries,
20 bushels blackberries. The net- procet-ds of a crop grown on
a little over two acres of ground, as follows: Peacht^s, $500;
grapes, $856 50; Siberian apples, $20; raspberries, $30 ; black-
berries, $150 ; total, $1,550 50.

Chas. Allen's young vineyard and orchard of five acres pro-
duced as follows : Of grapes, 7,900 lbs., or near four tons, from
700 Concord vines; one acre of strawberries, half of which
produced 25 bushels ; and 28 bushels raspberries. Mr. Allen
has lOOyouug peach trees, and two hundred apple trees begin-
ning to bear, and 100 pears. Net proceeds: Grapes, $632;
strawberries, $180; raspberries, $84; total, $896.

H. G. Smith reports having shipped 789 baskets of peaches,
200 grape boxes, 110 bushels of apples. Net proceeds, $497 07.

T. D. Denison reports having raised from 100 young peach
trees 600 baskets. In his vineyard he has 200 vines, from
which he gathered 2,000 lbs. Net proceeds: Peaches, $360 ;
grapes, $80 ; total, $440.

444 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

From the vSpring Lake J^ursery, Johu K. Kneeland &, Co.,
proprietors, we have received the following statement : The
firm owns IGl acres of land, one-half of which is in orchard,
nnrsery, and vineyard. This firm has 1,200 peach trees be-
ginning to bear, from which 1,000 baskets were shipped this
year; 250 apple trees now bearing; 4,000 now being added to
the orchard. Their vineyard contains at present 44- acres of
yonng vines, from which 2,500 lbs. of grapes Avere shipped.
Two acres were planted in small fruits.

L. D. Bartholomew reports seven acres in peaches — orchard.
He shipped 125 baskets from one acre. He has 500 bearing
vines in his grapery, from which he had 2,000 lbs., or one ton
of grapes ; of raspberries he had 200 quarts.

Hiram Beckwitli has 40 acres ; his apple orchard contains
150 young trees which bore 60 bushels this year; 10 bushels
of pears from 2 trees. Mr. Beckwitli has 600 peach trees, and
200 beautiful quince, three years old ; also one acre in vine-
yard, one-half acre in strawberries, and one-fourth of an acre
of raspberries.

"W. G. Sinclair reports having sold 200 baskets of peaches,
40 bushels of apples, 20 bushels of raspberries, and 2,000 lbs.
of grapes.

This, with most of the above orchards and vineyards, is
within the corporate limits of Spring Lake.

Of the remarkably fertile portion of our State, known as the
'■• Fruit Belt,-' we need hardly speak, for it is familiar to all who
know of "My Michigan." AVhat natural causes have com-
bined to make this portion of the lake shore the best fruit-
producing district in the United States, we will not stop to argue.
Yet there are well-known natural and physical causes, as well
as Utopian theories, regarding this subject. But the fact that
^^ Michigan Fruit '' is recognized as the very best, and sought
after in the principal markets of the United States, retained
on the streets of New York City, and placarded on busy cor-
ners at Denver; and our apples have even been shipped to
Liverpool this season, — this means something.

Can we show the facts and figures to sustain our assertion

-MICRIOA'S STATE POMOLOGIC AL SOCIHTY.

Ub

that this is the center of the "Fruit Belt?" AYe reply by
pointinj}^ to the following tabular statement :

FRUIT GROWERS.

Allen, Charles

Alien, M

Alston, D. G

Bartholomew, L. D

Beckwith, H

Benstead, J

Benstead, W

Bell, W. H....

Brady, Thomas

Brittian, Wm

Brongersma, Cornelius

aydesdell, R

Cook, A

Cro88, J. A

Dennison, T. B

Dewitt, O

Deremo, J. L..

Eames, U. B

Bames, B. F

Hnglemann, M

Pieher, Martin

Paesett, Charles S

Fassett, T

Ferry, W. M

Pox, Jonathan

Prink, E. D

Finch, Joseph

Gee, Warren

Gee, N

Hall, Lyman

Hall, F

Hamilton, D

Eaire, R. A

No. and kinds
of Trees.**

lOOp. lOOpr. 200p.

lOOp.

lOOOp.

150a. 25pr. GOOp.

25p.

80p.

lOOp.

76a. 45p.

50p. 25a.

275p. 12a.

25a. 40p.

15p.

lOOp. 30a.
20a.

75a. 112p.
45p.

175p. 75a.
SOOOp. 45pr.
200p.
350p.

200p. 175a.

25p.

25p.

150p. 25a.

12p. 15a.

25p.

«00p.

25p.
25p.

a

>

6
'A

.O as

1^

O .

°^

■=§:

20

60

14

60
10
20
10

30
125

45
10

Cm

. »

OfQ

700
200
700
500

100

800
125

7,900
2,100
8,000
2,000

1696

200
lacr.

62

1,056

80
1,586

96

2,030
100

.'iOS

192

2^S

75

64

704

320

9C

200
175
225

100
100
25
25
200
800
100

45
115
800
250

24
84

400
90
80

SOO
40
25
25

600

850

160

562

2,160

280
400

1,000
1,200
2,5TS

900
8,000
200
200
1,500
2,000
5,000

2,495
1,730
6,000
6,000

50
500

800
500
200

75

18

1,000
80
25

125
20
45

800

20
100

0

14

1,200

2,000

6,000

500

100

200

35
5

5

o .

P-C9

$896 00

70 Oti

300 00

185 W

125 00

40 00

83 44

346 56

90 00

90 00

713 40

49 50

23 00

l.'>3 60

320 00

243 6S

340 00

16 00

4S1 85

1,874 20

276 40

570 00

60 96

700 00

22 04

39 80

1.5^3 00

21 40

105 CO

652 00

270 00

43 60

74 4(t

446

REPOET OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

FRUIT GROWERS.

Hancock, G

Eill, Charles

Hnrsenga, M

Hopkins, Mrs. II. A..

Kay, C. H

Kocher, A

Kneeland & Co..

Kniffen, E. M

Lee, Mrs

Lee, R. H

Iiovell, George G

Miller, Capt

McCarty, A

McLean, H

McMann, J

Mason, W. B

Neweomb, J. H

Orchardson,

Painter, W. H

Petty, Tliomas,

Penn, W

Railroad Farm

8avidge & Culler

Seagrove, G

Soule, Charles E

Scale, J. B

Bonle, A. L

Beasions, J

Sinclair, W.G

Spragne, Mrs. C. H

Smith, H. G

Smith, M.W

Taylor, Geo

No. and kinds
of Trees.**

16p.

15p.

12p.

50p.

600p. 60a.

25p 12a.

5200 tree*.

25p. 25a.

45p. 25a.

25p. 15a.

1500p. 75a.

700p.

TSp. 26a.

25p.

46p. 75a.

3000p. 45a.

85p. 145a. 2q. Cp.

65p. 35a.

SOOOp. 150a.

75p. 75a. 25pr. 4q,

275p.

600p. 175fl.

1200p. T5a.

297p.

2000p.

SOOOp. 1000a.

75p. 25a.
33p. 12a.
425 p, 175a.
75p.

>
o

^ a

is

o .

00 ^

12;

On

•A

OPQ

60

82

coo

25

20

soo

192

10

2

9C

40

40

128

75

40

500

3

512

900

1,000

25

100

2acr.

600

200

2,500

25

172

100

5

90

60

5

14

900

7,000

7,000

20

900

2,000

2,000

75

100

1,000

20

44

760

24
100

6tnB

100

7

800

2

160

60

20

600

12

64

256

60

100

20

225

....

2,400

1.898

15tns

800

900

SO

96

260

475

2,000

266

1,400

2,000

lOtns

200

1,200

4,000

7tnB

75

250

2,241

2,500

860

1,000

4,500

1,280

2,000

575

6,500

....

256
61

125

200

2,075

40

26

186

122

6X

125

789

2,150

110

175

175

475

....

884

8

$41 0«
41 20
19 60

70 oe

83 80

94 20

200 00

800 00

61 69

49 49

8,710 M

1,080 00

279 00

495 M

150 00

198 09

160 40

25 S»

24 00
2,010 00

647 6T
486 20
2,000 CO
2 685 W
982 eg
820 00
705 75

25 60
804 00

79 25

497 67

164 80

8 00

MICHIGAIir STATK I'OMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

M7

FRUIT GROWERS.

Treadway, E. A.

Ward, A

Waters, D.K....
Walsh, Martin..

Webster, J

Wileon, Mrs. J..
Willard, W. F...
Wooley, S

Xo. and kinds
of Trees.**

lOOp.

400p. 2oa.
25p. 25a. 5pr.
12a.
1450p.
40p. ir,a.

°m

o .

w o

>

J2 a

£g>

5 c.

^"S

. o

. a)

6

OOi

o5

o<

opq

'A

!«;

1^

!^

;?;

600

65

8,150

C30

25

150

—

3

185

2,175

1,426

1.000

14tn3

10

1,920

28

40

700

12

96

85

200

10

28S

1,200

1,400

etna

140

280

2,088

16.V

8b pr

Ph-O

$172 CO

9 95

9T8T

1,650 75

69 60

51 80

1,180 00

S45 82

Grand Totals.— 27,859 peach trees ; 7,187 apple trees ; 600 pear tree*. (H. Beck-
Wlth, Esq., has a qaince orchard of 200 trees.) 24.232 grape vines ; 88,592 baskets of
peaches; 220,308 lbs. of grapes, or 110 tons; 1,586 bushels of apples; 19,201 quarts C(
benies. Net proceeds, including pears and quinces, $31,789.83.

** "p" peaches; "a" apples; "pr" pears; "q" quinces.
* Railroad baskets.

Empty assertions can have but little influence upon the
public mind, bat "figares won't lie," and, when accompanied
by the facts, the most skeptical or prejudiced mind must
admit the justice of our claims to the honors of the "Fruit
Belt." We would add, that our report includes only the
orchards and vineyards within three miles from our postoffice.
The orchards and vineyards, with a very few excections, are
four years old, and many of them bore their first crop this
year.

Within the territory canvassed there are several small vine-
yards not reported. It was impossible to get the correct esti-
mates, and the estimates have invariably been put down at the
lowest figures, where the details were not accessible. The
Chairman of the Canvassing Committee, W. G. Sinclair, to
whom we are greatly indebted for the facts in the accompanying
report, states that the estimate of fruits is one-fifth lower than
the real crop.

448 HEPOET OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

THINNIKG GRAPES— THE GRAPE CROP.

Mr. Alston of Spring Lake states that he thinned his grapes,
and with the most satisfactory results. He removed half of
the fruit on each vine. This was done when tlie new shoots
were about a foot long. Branches were removed with the fruit
on. Mr. A. trained his vines on the ann system. Every alter-
nate shoot on the arm was taken off. Now for the result. Mr.
Alstoue says that his grapes ripened earlier than those of his
neighbors., not so thinned. The juice of his Concord gi'apes
held up an Qgq,, without adding any sugar. We have heard of
no other Concord grapes, raised in this vicinity, the juice of
which would do this without the addition of half a pound of
sugar to the gallon. The vines, Mr. Alston claims, grew very
vigorously, and are capable of bearing heavier crops the coming
season.

From live to seven tons of grapes per acre were raised in the
Spring Lake vineyards this season. What grape section can
beat this ? At a low rate per pound, say four cents, the vine-
yards paid in the neighborhood of $500 per acre. Ab high as
ten cents per pound were realized in the beginning of the
picking, and none were sold for less than three cents. Grapes
pay in Michigan. It is the experience of the Spring Lake
peach shippers, that peaches shipped in baskets sold for 25
cents more than in boxes, even when the baskets held more in
bulk.

At the State Fair, held at Kalamazoo, were the largest Seckel
pears we have ever seen. The pears were exhibited by Mr.
Charles Davis, of Kalamazoo, who is the disseminator of the
Kalamazoo Grape. They were almost as large as good-sized
White Doyennes. Time will show that Michigan is not behind
in growing pears.

Extensive preparations are being made, in the vicinity of
Grand Haven and Spring Lake, for planting peach trees next
spring. Large lots of trees are now received from various
sources, and they ai-e still coming by the car-load. Fruit-

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOQICAL SOCIETY. 449

growers, who have already large orchards in hearing, are still
going to plant extensively. Some of them are receiving trees
by the thousands.

67

450 SEPOKT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

THE CODLING MOTH.

From tlie Grand Haven Herald we leani that Mr. Brown
delivered an address at Congregational Church, Benton, on
this subject recently. A discussion followed. It was shown
that no insect was doing as much damage in this country as
the Codling Moth, and the amount of loss from its depreda-
tions, it was stated, amounted to millions of dollars annually.
The method of destroying them by use of rags placed in the
tree, and then run through a common wringing machine in
the same manner as wet clothes are wrung out after washing,
was explained fully. The larvae of the moth find shelter in the
rags — which it was stated could be of any material, though
woolen rags are best and should be a little twisted to make
hiding places for the larva — and of course are cheaply and
instantly destroyed by passing the cloths through the wringer.
The wringer can be securely attached to a small sized common
saw-horse, used by carpenters. It should be used once every
week. It was resolved that it is the duty of every grower of
apples, to use Mr. Brown's method, which is free and not pat-
ented, for the destruction of the Codling Moth, and to urge
every one who has an apple or pear orchard, to persistently
use it and every other method that is likely to secure the
destruction of the great pest. It was stated that fires burned
near the apple tree in the evenings were not of much benefit
in destroying this particular kind of miller, for the fire did not
attract this class very much, though other insects were thus
destroyed.

MICHIGAN" STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 451

DOES FRUIT-GROWING PAY ?

This question has been well answered in the Chicago Eve-
ning Journal, by its correspondent at St. Joseph, in this State:

That fruit-growing is largely remunerative is no longer a
doubt, and in proof I will cite a few instances. What is known
as "The Cincinnati Orchard,*' sixty acres of peaches, netted
117,000. Z. D. Nickerson, in 1868, from 480 trees, took 3,100
baskets; in 1869, 3,500 baskets; — on five acres, and trees six
and seven years old. Mrs. A. N. Kelly, in 1869, from 900
trees five years old, 5,000 baskets. A. E. Nowlen, in 1869,
from 3,000 trees, 10,000 baskets. Dr. Collins, in 1869, from 3i
acres, took 3,327 baskets. J. Whittlesey, from 850 trees, 4,300
"baskets. N. D. Brown, from 20 acres of fruit, all kinds, in
three years, netted $14,000. Strawberries, although cultivated
extensively elsewhere, pay well here, if properly cultivated,
netting from $200 to $400 per acre. This list might be ex-
tended indefinitely, but this will sufficiently indicate the profit
of fruit fanning. But then, of course, it requires labor and
care, and a lazy and shiftless man had better not undertake it ;
and, in any case, twenty acres are enough, and many are con-
tent with ten, if well set out to choice and well-established
varieties.

WILL APPLE CULTURE PAY t

Ftom the Miehigan Farmer.

For the benefit of those who think apple culture will not
pay, we produce Mr. P. L. Austin's statement, published in
the Detroit Tribune, respecting an eight-acre apple orchard
owned by George Hall of Decrfield, Mich.: "I have helped
to harvest applet this fall for George Hall, and the quantity of

452 EEPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

apples packed for market is worthy of notice and publication.
Mr. Hall sold from eight acres of bearing trees, eighty barrels
of fall apples, worth ten shillings a barrel, five hundred and
fifty-six barrels of winter fruit, for which he received twelve
hundred and forty-five dollars. We think this ought to be
enough to encourage every farmer to plant a few acres of land
to fruit trees. Mr. Hall will realize a clear profit of eleven
hundred and fifty dollars from these eight acres of land. His
apples were mostly Baldwins and Bellflowers. This orchard is
14 years old, but it is not yet in its prime. A farmer can
make no better investment than to set a few acres of his farm
with fruit trees."

SELECTION OF APPLES FOR ORCHARDS.

We have received the following communication, from E. W.
Coykendall, Secretary of Club, relative to the selection of apples
adapted to the wants of Michigan, from the fruit-growers near
Romeo. We hope that other localities will give us their views
on the same subject, which is one of considerable importance
to those setting out orchards :

To tlie Editor of the Michigan Farmer :

At one of the meetings of the Union Farmers' Club of

Romeo, it was

Resolved, That a committee of three be appointed to make
up a list of apples best adapted to our Western climate, and
the same be reported to the Michigan Farmer.

The following varieties were reported by the committee

chosen :

Summer. — Codling, Red Astrachau, and Sweet Bough.
Autumn. — Fameuse, Holland Pippin, and Porter.
Winter. — Rhode Island Greening, Canada Red, Baldwin,
Northern Spy, E^opus Spitzenburg.

URIEL DAY,

JAMES STEPHENS,

J. E. DAY,

Committee.

MICHIGAN' STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 453

RASPBERRIES— NEW AND OLD.*

BY BENJAMIX HATHAWAY, LITTLE PRAIRIE RON'DE, MICHIGAN.

The season just closed has been one of abundance of this
fruit at the AVest ; and having grown quite a number of the
leading sorts, with a view of testing their intrinsic and relative
value, and having noted carefully their characteristics, the
occasion is opportune for giving the results of my observations.

Doolittle's Improved. — This long-time standard sort contin-
ues to be grown, and where new plantations are being made, is
more largely planted than any other of the blackcaps, except,
perhaps, one or two of the new kinds. This fruit is of good
size, and the i)lant hardy and productive. The canes do not
have so good a habit as some others, their want of elasticity
causing them to be broken down by the wind, or by cultiva-
tion. This, on strong soils at least, is quite a serious objection
to this variety.

Seneca — This sort is distinguished from the foregoing mainly
by a different and a better habit of cane, and a few days later
ripening of the fruit. I do not find that it possesses any
advantage in size or flavor over the Doolittle, and the dull
black of the berries rather detracts, I think, from their looks'
in comparison. Still I count it one of three or four of the
best blackcaps, and it can hardly fail to give satisfaction.

Miami. — This is sometimes called the Old Miami, or Small
Miami, to distinguish it from the Collinsville Miami, or Mam-
moth Cluster, and has some points of merit. It is several
days earlier than the Doolittle, about with Davison's Thorn -

*By permission of the writer, the following valuable paper is taken from '• Tilton'.-^
•Jonmal of Uorticultnre.''— Seceetaet.

454: REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

less, not quite so large a berry as either, but a liardy and pro-
ductive plant, Willi a habit of growth that commends it to
favor.

Canada Blackcap. — This I lind quite distinct and some
days later than the Doolittle, but it possesses no advantage in
size, flavor, or productiveness over the old sort. Had we not
a more valuable kind in the Mammoth Cluster, its lateness
would make it of some value.

Damson's T/iortiless. — It has been claimed for this variety
that it is as productive as the Doolittle ; but it must be con-
ceded that, to get the same vigor of cane, it must have some
advantage of cultivation over that variety ; at least, that is my
experience.

Still, its comparative freedom from thorns, its fine, large
fruit, and early ripening, — before the Doolittle, — will well
repay some extra labor, at least for the garden ; and in field
culture it has, I believe, in some sections, proved quite satis-
factory.

Could we have a variety like this, free from thorns, with the
vigor and habit of the Mammoth Cluster, it would, indeed, be
an acquisition beyond price. Who will be the fortunate agent
in its production ?

Mammoth Cluster. — While the advocates of verbal accuracy
will object to this name, and with some valid reason, it is too
late, I fear, to displace it in the popular vocabulary with that
of the Collinsville Miami, whatever may be said of the justice
of such a procedure.

That it is the most valuable of our blackcaps, there can be
but one opinion. Coming, as it does, a week or more after the
Doolittle, with its fine large berries, vigorous canes, and most
excellent habit of growth, it leaves but little to be desired in
the way of a raspberry, except freedom from thorns.

That the great superiority of this variety was not generally
recognized by horticulturists, so long as it had been in culti-
vation, before it was brought out as th(3 Mammoth Cluster, is
not a little remarkable.

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 455

Purple Cane — This sort is, without doubt, a true hybrid
between some variety of the blackcap family, Euius occiden-
ialis, and a variety of the red raspberry, Ruius strigosus. It
propagates itself by suckers, as also by rooting the tips.

It has given me the most satisfaction, and the best returns of
any red raspberry I have grown, except the Philadelphia, and
is equally productive with that variety, and in season a week
earlier.

It is too soft for transportation, but for family use it is
exceedingly valuable. Its fine, elastic canes, that seldom get
broken either by the wiud or by cultivation, are not the least
of its merits.

Ellisdale. — This has something of the character of the fore-
going, and has been called an improved Purple Cane, though
just where the improvement comes in is not so clear. It has
a rather more vigorous growth and a similar cane, but the
fruit with me has not been so large nor so abundant, and I
fancied not so juicy and good, though possibly more firm
than the old Purple Cane.

Naomi. — This new variety is thought to be, by some, I
believe, identical with the Franconia. It is, however, different
from that variety, if my Franconia is true. The Xaomi is
more productive, a larger berry, and the cane is more hardy,
though I doubt if it will withstand our severe winters, without
protection generally, at the West.

Kirtland. — This old sort has some points of value. It is the
earliest raspberry I have, — a little earlier than Purple Cane and
Davison. It is more hardy thaa any other sort of its family
that I have tried, except Philadelphia and possibly Arnold's
Hybrids. It is quite productive, though the canes are not so
vigorous as is desirable, and it has the common fault of its
family, — excessive suckering.

Clarice. — This sort has a much stronger cane, and larger
fruit, of excellent flavor, and the plant is quite productive. It,
however, is not quite hardy at the West without protection, and
it also suckers badly. There are a few localities, like the peach

4-

450 EEPOET OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

region on Lake Micliigan, Avliere it would probably succeed,
and be safe to plant for market purposes, but generally i
sbould only find a place in the garden of the amateur.

Philadelphia. — This is the only red raspberry we have yet
that has proved hardy enough for extensive planting here, and
its value is only beginning to be understood. Several reasons
have conspired to prevent small-fruit growers from investing
in this variety: A well-grounded distrust of the hardiness of
all red raspberries, the dearness of plants, owing to their slow
propagation, — as it makes comparatively few suckers, — and for
the same reason, the longer time required to get a plantation
into full bearing. This habit of making few suckers, is, how-
'ever, one of the most valuable of its characteristics for the fruit-
grower, when a plantation is once established.

The blackcap raspberry growing has been a little overdone,
and the growers are considering the propriety of planting
something else. And the Philadeljihia is more promising of
remuneration than any ^ther red raspberry we have, and will
continue to be until we have one of better fruit that is equally
hardy.

Arnold's Hybrid {red). — This new raspberry, from Canada,
I have planted a couple of years. In hardiness it is probably
equal to the Philadelphia, while in vigor of cane and size of
fruit, it is inferior to most, and it has the objectionable habit
of innumerable suckers.

Arnold's Hybrid {white). — This has some characteristics that
give it more value. It has larger fruit, of a delicate flavor, and
is more really white than any other raspberry I have seeu. It is
more hardy than most of its class, though I doubt whether it
will prove as safe as the Purple Cane for general planting.

These are claimed to be hybrids, but I fail to see any evi-
dence of such a character. They have the excessive suckering
habit of their class, and will not root from the tips. These
facts alone are conclusive, to my mind, where they belong, in
spite of their fall-bearing tendency, which manifests itself
occasionally in varieties of the R. Striqosiis, no less than in the
R. Occidentalis,

MICniGAX STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 457

MICHIGAN VINEYARDS.

^'RAPE-GROW I>-G IX THE VICINITY OF MONROE-EXTENSR-E GRAPE-

RIES-LARGELY INCREASED BUSINESS— HOW GRAPES ARE

GROWN AND WINE MADE.

MoNiiOE, November 1G, 1871.

The business of graiic-growiug is each year attaining greater
importance in this country, and attracting general attention
by the greatly improved quality of the grapes, and the supe-
rior wines that find a ready mai'ket all over the States and
Territories. Until within a comparatively short time there
were but one or two localities which were thought adapted in
climate and soil for the cultivation of this sensitive and deli-
cate fruit. It was not considered possible to bring it to matu-
rity in a latitude so far north as Michigan, but the last four
years has demonstrated, beyond a doubt, that in no other
locality have grapes of all kinds been grown to greater perfec-
tion than upon the western shores of Lake Erie, and so suc-
cessful has been the experiment that a large number of acres
of land has been devoted to this business. As will be seen by
comparing the following brief outline of the operations this
year with that given in the Free Press in October of last year,
the production has something more than doubled.

The Point au Peau Wine Company now have about fifteen
acres of vines, most of them bearing, divided among the fol-
lowing five varieties: Concord, Delaware, Catawba, Ives' Seed-
ling, Norton's Virginia; the Concord largely predominating,
and the others about in proportion of the order given. The
yield this yeai", in pounds, was G9,570, or about the same as last

68

458 KEPORT OF THE SECRETARY OP THE

year. A cousiderable quantity was shipped away, to Saginaw,
Detroit, and other markets. In addition to this, 5,000 gallons
of wine was made. Care was taken, while making the wine, to
observe the saccharine and acidiferous properties of the differ-
ent varieties of grapes, and to grape-growers and others this
may be of interest:

Degrees as tested by CEchsere Degrees of Acid by Twit(A-

iluBt Scale. ell'B Acidometer.

Delaware 82 to 85 6 to 8

Concord .82 to 85 5f to 6i

Ives' Seeedling - - - 79 to 82 4^ to 4|-

NDrton's Virginia 103 12|-

Catawba 84 to 88 G to 8^

These grapes were picked during the two weeks between the
33d of October to the 8th of November, which accounts for
the difference in the degrees of saccharine in the grapes. The
longer they remain on the vines before the frost affects tliem,
the greater the degree of sugar that accumulates, as in the
Norton Virginia, above. They were picked last, and all at one
time, thus giving one quality of juice. S. P. Williams' vine-
yard yielded 5,500 pounds, principally the third year's bearing.
J. M. Sterling had 1G,900 pounds. The company have a very
fine cellar at the Point, and their pleasant grounds have been
a favorite place of resort during the grape season, being about
seven miles from the city, and the weather having been unusu-
ally fine and the roads good.

Diedrich & Breisacher of Detroit own about fourteen acres*
located on Plum Creek, not far from Monroe, which, for yield
of grapes and quantity of wine made, excels any of the vine-
yards. They have picked this year about 230,000 pounds of
grapes, mainly Concord and Delaware, with a small portion of
Catawaba, from which they have made over 20,000 gallons of
wine. During the past year they have built a splendid wino
cellar on their grounds, which is constructed on strictly scien-
tific principles, and furnished with all the most approved
appliances and accessories for wine-making. The wine is

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 459

stored in immense casks, and allowed to remain two years
before it is placed in market, thus attaining full maturity and
ripeness. The increasing business of this firm demands more
room, and the coming year they expect to erect more and lar-
ger buildings. The Detroit office of this firm supplies the
demand for the fine Avines made bv them.

The vineyards of the late Christopher Bruckner and George
W. Bruckner (Snake Islands, Tamarack, and Henrietta vineyard
of Plum Creek), are among the most highly cultivated of any
in the country. Mr. Bruckner devoted the last years of his
life to the improvement and development of native grapes,
bringing to this work a thorough knowledge of the European
modes of cultivation, theories of scientific men of all countries,
and the result of deep study and extended experiments of his
own. The yield this year has been over 28,000 pounds of
grapes, and about 3,000 gallons of wine.

M. Paulding's vineyard, near L:i Plaisance Bay, contains
about five acres, all of the vines having borne for the first time
this year, yielding 20,000 pounds of grapes ; 1,350 gallons of
wine were made. The fruit from these vines was very large,
plump, and remarkably uniform in size. J. W. Kusig & Bro..
have four acres of vines, from which they have received over
6,000 pounds of grapes. Joseph Weir's fine vineyard, south of
Monroe, on Plum Creek, yielded him 30,000 pounds, from
which 2,700 gallons of wine wae made of red and white Con-
cords and Delaware. Anthony Weir had about half that quan-
tity, say 16,000 pounds and 1,500 gallons of wine. Joseph
Sedlaezek has a vineyard comprising six acres of vines in the
Third Ward in this city, probably one of the most attractive
spots in Monroe. The grounds are upon the summit of a gen-
tle elevation, handsomely ornamented with fine shade trees,
and the place presents a very pleasing aspect from the street.
We understand this property is in market. His crop this year
was about 12,000 pounds.

The Goetler Brothers, from a vineyard of five acres, received

460 REPOET OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

about 20,000 pouuds of grapes. Doestler & Mimcb, C. Trost,
Christian Greening, Geo. E. Hurd, J. Van Wormer, S. G.
Clarke, and other small grape-growers, from whom no figures
Avere obtained, had fine crops, estimated, at inside figures,
G0,000 pounds, so that the aggregate yield in the vicinity of
Monroe the present year will not fall short of 600,000 pounds,
and about 50,000 gallons of wine. The manner of cultivation
differs with diff'erent men, as is generally the case, sometimes,
however, the location and soil exerting some influence upon
the mode of treatment. A limestone soil is requisite, and a
location near a large body of water is very desirable. While
some vines in the city and further inland were nipped by the
frost before the twenty-first of October, those at the Point, and
in Bruckner's vineyards, both near the lake, escaped until the
fifth of November. Still again, the vineyard of M. Paulding,
located away from any body of water, was equally fortunate in
escaping inj ury from frost, when others not far distant were
badly bitten. There seems, therefore, to be some element in
the atmosphere besides moisture, which has an effect, "for
better or worse," upon the vines.

The styles of trellis for supporting the vines are various.
Some use simply upright posts six feet high; others are com-
posed of gslvanized wires, attached, at intervals of ten or fif-
teen feet, to posts set in long rows ; others still, of long poles,
inclined at angles of forty-five degrees, meeting at the top. Of
this style we have seen but one. The favorite method is that
of wires. Trimming is another point requiring great care and
close study. The late Mr. Bruckner claimed that every \dne-
yard in or near Monroe could be as safely guarded from early
frost by proper trimming as those on the islands or lake shore.

His Henrietta vineyard was so managed, that while vine-
yards adjoining lost their leaves and fruit by frost, the vines in
this remained green, and the fruit fresh and delicious.

HOW STILL WINE IS MADE.

The grapes, when brought from the vineyard, are ground
through a grating mill, set so as to break the skin of the berry,

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGTCAL SOCIETY. 401

but not SO close as to crack the seeds. As the grape forms
the foundation of all wine, whether '• still" or "sparkling," it
is of the grertest importance that only well matured ripe grapes
be used, and then sorted as carefully as those designed for
table use. If a single green or unripe cluster be allowed to
pass the mill, no future eifort can call it back, as it mingles
with and deteriorates the finer qualities of the whole. Here,
too, it must be determined the kind of wine to be made, for if
white wine is to be made, it must be pressed immediately,
while if red wine is desired, it must stand for a time in order
to extract the coloring matter from the skins. If it is desired
to make press wine, the grapes fall directly from the mill to
the press, which is furnished with a slated curb, and the wine
is immediately pressed out; when the pulp and skins, or
husks, as the pomace is termed, is put in a tight vat or cask
and allowed to pass the first fermentation, being treated just
like wine^ and is termed brandy material. Where grapes are
pressed immediately after grinding, most varieties make a
white wine, although some have a dark-colored pulp and con-
sequently make a red wine, but this is not the case with all
black grapes. As the wine runs from the press, it is conducted
through rubber tubes to the store-casks in the cellar below.
These casks, as fast as filled, are close by small sand-bags, so
as to prevent the admission of air as far as possible, while the
gas, which the wine gives off during its fermentation, is allowed
to escape.

Another and better means of accomplishing this, is by fitting
tightly to the bung-hole a curved tube, with the open end ter-
minating in a vessel filled witli water, the gas escaping by
bubbling up through the water, the casks being perfectly air-
tight. When the bubbling ceases and the wine becomes quiet, the
tubes (or sand-bags) are removed, and the casks closely bunged,
when it is allowed to rest from one to four months, when it is
racked off, leaving all the sediment behind.

The wine, as it is drawn off, is put into clean and well fumi-

462 REPOKT OF THE SECEETAET OF THE

gated casks, and is again bunged down and allowed to rest for
an indefinite length of time. With the warm weather of spring
comes a disturbance in the wine casks; the motion is almost
as violent as at first, and the wine must be very carefully
watched, not unfrequently requiring a second drawing off ere
it settles down for a summer's rest.

The manufacture of sparkling wine has not yet been
attempted by our vintners, but doubtless before many years those
who now consider it out of reach can have as delicious cham-
pagnes on their tables as those which grace the boards of the
most opulent, only, to-day. This matter of supplanting for-
eign wines entirely with those of home manufacture, is a
question of but a short time, and the day for sending hundreds
of thousands of dollars, each year, to Europe for beverages,
will have gone by. The influence of native wines upon drunk-
enness will also be as beneficial as it has always been in the
wine districts of Germany, where drunkards, in fact, are almost
unknown.

The quality in grapes, of keeping well through the winter,
is beginning to receive attention, and certainly none other can
be more highly prized. N"ow we are almost entirely dependent
upon foreign grapes in winter.

The Malaga grapes are brought here in sawdust, and open
fresh and delicious, — yet the high prices at which they are sold
place them out of the reach of the greater portion of people.
The same process in packing, it strikes us, could be adopted
for many of our native varieties. The Catawba, lona, Isabella,
and Delaware are all quite hardy, with thick skins, and thus
far have proved good keepers. Some of Rogers' Hybrids prom-
ise to be very good in this respect. Those who tried packing
this fruit say there is nothing better than dry sawdust, which,
while it keeps them from the air, does not, like some sub-
stances, impart any flavor. Fill all the interstices with this,
store in a cool room, and keep there at about an even temper-
ature. Keuka.

MICHIGAN- STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 46

o

MICHIGAN AND ARIZONA.

[The following letter is giren space with the belief that all who
read it will be better satisfied with Michigan. — Secretary.]

St. Thomas, Akizoxa, Juno 23, 1871.
A. T. Lindsrman, Esq. :

Sir, — Your letter of May 3d, inquiring for fruits of Arizona
for your fair, i3 just at hand. Arizona is a terrible desert to
all intents and purposes, except a few narrow margins of
streams and rivers ; and no fruit is raised. My place is the
only vineyard in the Territory ; and a recent survey (which is,
however, doubtful) declares this in Nevada, All the people
who settled this valley have left it since the said survey was
made (except the Mormon people, whose desire for unapproach-
able isolation alone prompted the settlement of this forbidding
region).

I am left alone, except two or three somewhat transient
settlers; and you may have an idea of this country when I
tell you that my vineyard of ten acres (three years old) is by
all odds the best that Utah, Nevada, and Arizona afford in fruit.
My collection embraces the best varieties of European grapes
(some forty-five of them) ; and if it were possible, I would be
proud and happy to have them represented at your fair, as it
is as good fruit as grows on the shore of Spain. But I do not
see how they could be sent fresh, being 480 miles from the
nearest railroad (Salt Lake), and the heat at that time up t-o
110" to 118° Fahr. in the shade.

I could send some specimens of raisins and some figs (dry),
and pomegranates possibly fresh ; but the circumstances alluded
to above will preclude the possibility of fresh fruit reaching
you. Yours respectfully, «&c.,

D. BONELLL

4C4 EEPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

YELLOWS IN PEACHES.

[The following interesting paper, by Prof. Kedzie of the Michigan
State Agricultural College, was read before the April Session of 1872,heW
at Lansing. It was deemed by the officers of the State Pomological So-
ciety best to place it before the people as quickly as possible, and it is
accordingly given place in this Report.]

Nature has formed our State to be the fruit garden of the
West. She has thrown her arms strongly and lovingly around
our beautiful Peninsula, by the Great Lakes, which inclose ns
on three sides, to shield us alike from cold and heat ; she has
given us a soil of Avonderful fertility and variety, and a forest
growth which is the astonishment of all beholders, and which
only the stupidity and folly of man can banish. Nowhere
else in the Northwest can be found such favorable conditions
for the growth of fruit. Like the Canaan of old, it is a land of
grain and fruit, and flowing with milk and honey, and you
pomologists are invited to '•' Enter in, and possess the land,"
but like the favored people of old, if you would find yourselves
crowned with peace and plenty, you must " drive out the
Canaauites'"' — these "hewers of wood" — who, with axe in
hand, are destroying our forests with a remorseless persistency
with which the devouring fires of October, 1871, offer no
parallel.

The cultivation of fruits is not alone a question of dollars
and cents, though their value may be shown to go far up
among the millions, when the possible production of the State
is considered. Its influence in refining and elevating the
masses, if less tangible and more difficult to state in monetary
value, is nevertheless no less real or desirable. The food of a
race has much to do with determining the type of its civiliza-

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 465

tion. The beef of the Englishman, and the rice of the Brahmin,
differ not more essentially from each other than do the civil-
izations of which the Briton and Hindoo are representative
specimens. The forces now at work developing and improving
the varieties of fruits, and making them "' familiar as household
words," in all the houses of our land, will have an influence on
our national character, which the historian of the future alone
can adequately measure. Anne Boleyn, the beautiful and ill-
starred Queen of Henry VIH., in a letter to a friend, said
her breakfast that morning consisted of "half a pound
of bacon and a quart of beer.'' Suppose on that Sep-
tember morning, instead of pork and beer, she had
seated herself to a dish of Early Crawfords, smothered in
cream, a cup of Souchong with a light biscuit, and had fin-
ished her meal with a melting Bartlett or a buttery Doyenne,
how different Avould have been her sensations as Avell as senti-
ments ! Perhaps on such a diet she might have saved that
beautiful and queenly neck for some better use than to flesh
the headsman's sword.

The introduction into common life of delicious fruits — these
unbanished inhabiters of Paradise — will serve to elevate and
refine the daily life of the masses. I call them the unbanished
inhabiters of Paradise, because, though not driven out by fiery-
flaming sword, yet they have followed man in his exile ; and
wherever they are cultivated, loved, and used, our primeval
condition of innocent life is restored, and the very odors of
Eden float around the vine-clad and fruit-embowered home.

The civilization which is to bless mankind must be addressed
to man in all his capacities. Like the ministry of the
Founder of Christianity, it will find one of its offices in
" breaking of bread for the body."- In the work in which you
are engaged, you are doing something better and nobler than
gratifying the appetite, for you are adding to the forces which
are lifting human life into a higher plane, and you ennoble as
well as bless.
69

466 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

But I need not waste the hour in telling you of the import-
ance of your calling. To carry coals to Newcastle has never
been a paying business, and perhaps there is as little profit in
urging the cultivation of fruit upon the attention of the
Michigan Pomological Society. It would be more pertinent
to discuss some of the difficulties attending fruit culture, and
of these I call your attention to the subject of the Yellows in
peaches.

It is generally conceded that the peach is a native of
Persia. Its botanical name, Amygdalus Persica, or Persian
Almond, has reference to its supposed origin. It is said to be
still found growing wild in Turkey-in-Asia. Another variety,
Amygd. Esculentns, is a native of Sierra Leone. But wher-
ever found growing wild, it is a native of a warm climate, and
wherever cultivated in cold climates, some additional warmth
or protection is afforded by nature or art. Thus, in England,
it is grown under glass, or trained against a wall. In our
own country, when grown north of latitude 40'^, it suc-
ceeds well only where protected by forests or surrounded by
large bodies of non-freezing water. In such circumstances
nature affords in the forest the wall-heat, and in the water
the glass protection, elsewhere afforded by art. The happy
combination of both these influences in our State has fitted
Michigan to grow peaches in perfection, although lying mostly
north of 42°.

The fact that the peach is a native of a warm climate, and,
wherever grown in this country north of 40", is in a double
sense an exotic, — exotic in its origin, and exotic in its range of
latitude, — should not be lost sight of in considering the causes
which have produced disease.

The European cultivation of the peach is solely to afford a
luxury for the rich. As Fulton well says, " It is to our credit
that the United States is the only country in the world that,,
either in ancient or modern times, has produced peaches in
sufficient quantities to allow them to become a common mar-

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 467

ketable commodity ; so cheap that the poor as well as the rich
may regale themselves and their families with one of the most
wholesome and delicious of fruits at a very small expense and
"with every prospect that they will still be more abundant and
cheap." — Peach Culture, p. 16.

The sole agent which may defeat this alluring prophecy of
greater abundance at still less expense is the Yellows ; no other
disease, not easily remedied, threatens this crop, and if we
could devise some effectual remedy for this blight, we might
say that the millenium of the peach-eater was " nigh, even at
the doors."

HISTORY OF THE YELLOWS.

The Yellows in peaches, as known in this couutry, appears
to be confined to the United States. Some contend that the
disease in known in Europe ; thus Mr. Barry, in Country Gen-
tleman for November, 18G0, p. 302, says: ''This affection is
by no means peculiar to New Jersey, nor even to the United
States. It is known in France; there trees exhibit the
same indications ; the leaves changing to a sickly yellow hue,
with no healthy circulation of the sap.'' * * -■= * " Indeed,
this is the same condition described by European authors,
under the name of ' Chlorosis,' a well-known disease."

Chlorosis means strictly Yellows ; but the Chlorosis of
European writers is not confined to the peach tree, but afiecta
other trees also, and even grain crops. Morton, in his Cyclo-
pedia of Agriculture, speaks of the barley showing Chlorosis
in bad weather, etc., and adds, in a foot-note : " Fruit trees, in
badly drained ground, where the roots are always in a lower
temperature than is consistent with health, are often similarly
affected. Timely drainage, and improvement of the soil
where needful, is the only remedy."

The only symptom in common between European Chlorosis
and American Yellows, is the yellow discoloration of the leaf.
Any plant may exhibit yellow leaves, when its vitality is
impaired or its growth checked. The sere and yellow leaf of

468 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

autumn is oul}^ a common instance of this character, and
affecting a large number of plants at the same time. A tree
whose vitality is seriously impaired will exhibit this change
much earlier in the season, and, like the hectic flush of the
consumptive, may foreshadow its early death.

I think no one familiar with the Yellows in the peach
will confound this simple yellowing of the leaf, with "the
Yellows.'" The yellowing of the leaf is only one symptom of
this jjeach malady, and while it is a symptom which will easily
attract attention, it is not the most characteristic or important
symptom. A peach tree may have yellow leaves, but this
alone does not constitute the disease so dreaded by the fruit-
grower.

The disease seems first to have attracted attention in Dela-
ware and in the vicinity of Philadelphia. Downing says
" About 1800, or a few years before, attention was attracted, in
the neighborhood of Philadelphia, to the sudden decay and
death of the orchards without apparent cause. From Phila-
delphia and Delaware the disease gradually extended to Kew
Jersey, where, in 1814, it was so prevalent as to destroy a con-
siderable part of all the orchards. About three or four years
later it appeared on the banks of the Hudson (or from 181^
to 1815), gradually and slowly extending northward and west-
ward to the remainder of the State. Its progress to Connecti-
cut was taking place at the same time, a few trees here and
there showing the disease, until it became well known through-
out most of the warmer parts of New England.'' Fruit Trees
of America, p. GOO.

By means of young peach trees sent out from nurseries in
districts where the disease was prevalent, and from trees raised
from pits of diseased peaches, the disease has been widely dis-
seminated. The latter cause is more widely operative than
would appear at first sight. A man from some distant region
visits a fruit market, and sees peaches on sale which ripened
two or three weeks before the usual time; the peaches are

MICHIGAX STATE POMOLOOICAL SOCIETY. 4G9

highly colored, and the man flatters himself that he has found
a, new and valuable variety of the peach, buys the fruit and
carefully carries home the pits to raise like valuable varieties
for himself and friends. The early maturity and deep purplish
color which is characteristic of diseased fruit, are the very
qualities which will make a man, inexperienced in fruit, select
these kinds as especially worthy of culture. Or a man finds a
tree ripening two or three weeks earlier than usual, and hence
concludes he has a valuable variety, and he buds great num-
bers of stocks and sends over the country this new extra-
early variety. The very symptoms of disease are interpreted
as signs of superior excellence ; just as the descriptions of hero-
ines in fashionable novels, — transparent skin "where the lily
and the rose contend for mastery," the lustrous liquid eye, the
pearly teeth, the sylph-like form, — symptoms that necessitate
the heroine to early fill a consumptive's grave.

That the disease is widely spread need not, therefore, excite
our surprise.

The disease has only lately invaded our State, and it lias
taken its position in a district where of all others we least
needed or desired it, — viz., in the fruit belt along the east shore
of Lake Michigan. It was first observed in trees imported
from New Jersey. The large number of trees required to
stock the peach orchards which have been so rapidly planted
m the peach belt, made it difficult to find trees in sufficient
abundance near home, and trees have been brought from all
quarters without much inquiry as to their physical condition,
if only the varieties were such as were sought.

SYMPTOMS OF THE YELLOWS.

Downing gives the following as " infallible symptoms '' of
the disease.

*•' 1. The production upon the branches of very slender wiry
shoots, a few inches long, and bearing starved diminutive
leaves. These shoots are not protruded from the extremities,
but from latent buds on the main portions of the stem and

470 TIEPOKT OF THE SECRETAET OF THE

larger branches. The leaves are very narrow and small, quite
distinct from those of the natural size, and are either pale
yellow or destitute of color.

*■' 2. The premature ripening of the fruit. This takes plac©
from two to four weeks earlier than the proper season * * *
always marked externally (whatever may be the natural color) ,
with specks and large spots of purplish red. Internally, the
flesh is more deeply colored, especially around the stone, than
in the natural state.

" Lastly, it is the universal opinion of all orchardists that
the Yellows is a contagious disease."

He gives his own opinion that " the contagious nature of
this malady is an unsettled point."'

Another symptom not noticed by Downing is a peculiar
watery condition of the ripening peach, the taste being insipid ;
and the peach, if left upon the tree, often dries up into a
brownish mass, remaining attached to the tree ; and the branch
upon which such decayed peaches remain, invariably dies,
never leaving ont on the return of spring; whereas, if the
peaches are removed, the branch may live through part of the
succeeding season.

MODE OF PROPAGATIOX OF THE DISEASE.

Much diversity of opinion exists on this point. Some sup-
pose it is propagated by use of diseased peach pits in producing
nursery stocks, or, at least, the use of pits from trees of
enfeebled vitality. Others suppose it is the result of budding
trees for many generations of the tree life ; i. e., the dying out
of a variety from repeated propagation by budding or grafting,
instead of producing a tree by seed. Some persons believe a
variety of fruit has a limited period of life, just as any
individual tree has, and as the tree which is the origin of any
variety will grow old and die, so its offspring propagated by
budding, must, as a variety, grow old and die like its parent.

Another large class believe the disease is contagious, and
capable, like small-pox in the human subject, of spreading

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 471

from a diseased tree to healthy trees in the neighborhood, and
thus capable of indefinite extension. A modification of the
contagious theory is, that the disease is imparted to healthy
trees from diseased ones by means of the pollen carried by bees
and other insects from the flowers of diseased to the flowers of
healthy trees. A sufficient answer to this theory is the fact
that trees often exhibit the Yellows before they have ever
flowered.

CAUSE OF THE YELLOWS.

A still greater diversity of opinions exist as to the cause of
the Yellows.

Some assign as the cause, a condition of enfeebled vitality,
arising from poor cultivation, want of pruning, over-bearing,
growing on poor soil, and this soil still further impoverished
by cropping, etc. That enfeebled vitality alone is not a suffi-
cient cause is shown by the fact that other fruit trees are sub-
jected to the same agencies, and yet do not have the Yellows.
The apple, pear, and plum are often enfeebled and impover-
ished in the same way ; the pear may have the blight, and the
plum the black knot, but none of these exhibit the true
Yellows.

Others speak of this disease as a '•consumption," but the
assigning of human diseases as explanation of vegetable dis-
ease is founded upon a false analogy. If we wished to be face-
tious, we might reply that one characteristic symptom of con-
sumption is a cough ; and I think no one ever heard a Yellowed
peach tree cough !

Others give the peach borer as the cause of Yellows ; and
undoubtedly many cases of supposed Yellows have arisen from
the injuries inflicted by the borer.

Others have suggested that "the disease arose from a deficiency
of mineral matter to form the prussic acid of the peach-pit ;'*
but the prussic acid consists of carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen,
and contains no mineral matter whatever.

Finally, a fungus attacking the root or bark of the tree has
lately been brought forward as the true cause of the Yellows.

473 REPORT OF TiiE SECRMAtlt OP THK

I do not attach any great importance to mj own opinion as
to the cause of Yellows ; but if I should advance an opinion,
it would be that the Yellows was probably caused by a fungus
growth, and that liability to attack by this fungus was very
greatly increased by the fact of a tree's being in an enfeebled
condition from any cause.

INVESTIGATIONS.

By invitation of the Berrien County Horticultural Associa-
^tlon, I visited Benton Harbor last Seijtember, inspecting a large
(jmmber of orchards, and examining as far as possible all classes
•of diseased trees. Many trees exhibited the well-known symp-
toms of the Yellows : viz.: purple blotches on the prematurely
ripened and somewhat insipid fruit, small wiry branches on
'the trunk and main limbs, bearing small leaves of a sickly
yellow color, and here and there upon the tree shriveled and
'dry peaches still adhering to the boughs. In many trees having
symptoms of the Yellows, peculiar brown spots were found in
the inner bark, next the wood ; but similar spots were found
in trees apparently healthy, and this indication was, therefore,
neglected. Some trees suspected of having the Yellows proved
to be injured by the borer.

The soil occupied by peach orchards in Benton Harbor is
for the most part a gravelly loam, — what would be called a
quick and warm soil. In consequence of its porous nature,
vegetable matter or humus tends to rapidly disappear from the
soil. The liberal dressings of muck and marl which many
have applied to their soils, show an intelligent apprehension of
the nature and needs of their soil.

I obtained, for a subsequent examination, specimens of dis-
eased wood (roots and branches) leaves, fruit, and a quantity of
ashes secured by burning the wood of a tree unmistakably dis-
eased with the Yellows.

MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION.

Specimens of all the diseased structures, including the wiry
shoots, leaves, bark of root and branches, and the fruit, were sub-

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOOICAL SOCIETY. 473

initted to Prof. Beal of the Agricultural College, for microscopic
examination, Prof. Beal having very kindly offered to make this
examination to search for the presence of any fungoid growth
wliich might assist to account for the disease. Both the fresh
material and the same after it had begun to decompose, were smb-
mitted to examination under the microscope. As a comparative
test, specimens of healthy structure were submitted to the same
examination. Prof. Beal detected three or four different kinds
of fungoid growth in the diseased structures, but as the same
forms of fungus were detected in the healthy structures after
decomposition had commenced, the results thus far obtained
are simply negative. Prof. Beal does not feel satisfied with
the results of this microscopic examination, but proposes fur-
ther investigation on this point. xVt his suggestion I budded
a healthy tree with diseased buds to propagate the disease, so
that an examination may be made from time to time during
the growing season. I have also saved the pits from diseased
peaches, for a similar purpose.

The detection of fungus as an origin of disease, and sepa-
i-ation of it from other forms of fungus growth, are the more
difficult from the fact that many fungi are polymorphic, or
have two or more forms, and charge their forms according to
the nature of the substance on which they feed. Thus the
barberry rust and the wheat rust were once thought to belong
to different families; now' they are known to be the same.

A writer in the Gardener's Monthly (quoted in that wide-
awake agricultural sheet, the Michigan Farmer), speaking of
recent discoveries in cryptogamic botany, says : '•' It was soon
ascertained that a fungus, which usually grows only on dead
matter, would change its form and then attack living struc-
tures, and again change, according as it fed on various parts of
the plant. Thus dead branches in the earth will foster the
early fungi: and these, striking through the earth, will attack
a living tree, changing its form to fasten on these roots ; and
then the fungoid matter will so adapt itself as to enter into
the Avholc circulation of the tree."

474 EEPORT OP THE SBORETARY OF THE :''

It may seem that undue importance is attached to this
microscopic examination for fungus growth, but the lines of
investigation in physical science, into the nature and origin of
contagious and epidemic diseases, all converge towards this
germ theory of disease. In a recent lecture on " Haze and
Dust," Prof. Tyndall says : " Side by side with these researches
and discoveries, and fortified by them and others, has risen the
germ theory of epidemic disease. The notion was expressed
by Kircher, and favored by Linna3us, that epidemic diseases
are due to germs which float in the atmosphere, enter the body,
and produce disturbance, by the development, within the body,
of parasitic life. The streogth of this theory consists in the
perfect parallelism of the phenomena of contagious disease
with those of life. As a planted acorn gives birth to an oak,
competent to produce a whole crop of acorns, each gifted with
the power of reproducing its parent tree, and as thus from a
single seed[ing a whole forest may spring ; so these epidemic
diseases literally plant their seeds, grow, and shake abroad new
germs, which, meeting in the human body their proper food
and temperature, finally take possession of whole populations.
Thus Asiatic cholera, begining in a small way in the delta of
the Ganges, contrived, in 17 years, to spread itself over nearly
the habitable globe. The development from an infinitesimal
speck of the virus of the small-pox, of pustules, each charged
with the original poison, is another illustration.*'

By similar reasoning, persons have been led to suspect the
foreign origin of many diseases in vegetables, especially if the
disease exhibits contagious properties; but, unlike the
researches in animal disease, the vegetable physiologist has been
able, in some instances, to find the fungus origin of disease, and
hence to strongly suspect it even when it cannot be found.
The writer in the Gardener's Monthly, from which I have
already quoted, in discussing the probable fungus origin of
the Yellows, says : "And now, in regard to the Yellows in the
peach tree, we are almost prepared to abandon all we have said

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOQICAL SOCIETY. 475-

and written about the cause. We do know that in severe weather
the interior, or heart-wood, of trees will often be destroyed, while
the external layer of wood will escape injury; and that seasons
following this, the sap does not ascend freely into the damaged
structure, and that weak sprouts appear on the lower portions
of the branches, and also that the whole circulation is so ener-
vated that weaker branches and yellow leaves are the conse-
quence. Here are all the symptoms of the Yellows in the
peach, and thus we feel safe in believing that like effects
sprung from like causes. But we have since learned to
attribute precisely the same appearance in white pines, hem-
locks, maples, and some other trees, entirely to the attacks of
root fungus ; and why might it not be the same witli the peach-
tree Yellows ? On this suggestion, we have examined the only
peach tree with the Yellows that we have had a chance to see
during the past year ; and though not entirely satisfied with
this one examination, have little doubt that fungus at the root
will be found the cause of it. And if so, this will render clear
some practices that have been said to result in benefit, and yet
seemed enigmas to all of us who acted on other theories. For
instance, some have opened shallow trenches about peach trees
and poured boiling water in about the roots, and the Yellows
have disappeared. We have seen this, and know it to be true.
We have seen trees which were yellow for years, become green
in this way. Supposing the injury to result from a fungus
which fastens itself to the roots, and then works its morpho-
logical form through the bark into the structure of the tree,
hot water or a heavy dose of potash, applied as Dr. Wood ap-
plied it, would destroy the parasite, and thus produce the good
result we refer to. Now, we do not feel quite positive about
all this. But we see the effects of fungus in the yellow color
and behavior .of the tree, we have seen an isolated case in
which there was fungus at the roots, and we see in experi-
ments which have resulted successfully how well suited they
are to remedy a disease which might spring from such a cause."

476 KEPORT OF THE SECRBTAKY OF THE

A similar treatment of diseased trees in Bentor Harbor, bv
placing ashes in a shallow trench at the root of the tree, and
pouring over the ashes and around the roots boiling water, has
resulted in curing the tree.

ANALYSIS OF ASH.

The ash obtained by burning a diseased peach tree was care-
fully analyzed ; also the ash from a healthy tree growing in
ray garden. The results of the analysis are as follows :

White Healthy

Yellows. Tree.

Carbonate of Potash. 7.24 10.38

Carbonate of Soda 3.82 3.12

Chloride of Sodium 31 .13

Sulphate of Lime - 1.41 .93

Carbonate of Lime - 66.61 63.10

Phosphate of Lime 13.16 15.71

Carbonate of Magnesia. 5.05 5.31

Silicic Acid...- 1.40 1.31

Oxide of Iron 84 .92

Moisture and lo.ss .26 .30

100. 100.

Perhaps the first impression which will arise from looking
•oyer these results of analysis will be the close resemblance in
their composition. This impression will be strengthened when
"we reflect how much the composition of ashes of the same
kind of plant will vary according to the age of the plant, the
kind of soil on which it grows, and the degree of vigor in its
development. Perhaps it might with justice be said that the
results of chemical analysis, like those of microscopic examin-
ation, are merely negative.

But without at once pronouncing on the justice of this con-
clusion, let us look more carefully at the analysis and see if
any significant variation appears in the result. The most
marked difference is the excess of carbonate of potash (3.0G
per cent) and of phosphate of lime (2.55 per cent) in the ash
of a healthy tree over that of the diseased tree. Potash is the
•most characteristic clement in the ash of laud plants, just as

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 477

soda is in the ash of sea plants. It is found in large quantity
in the ash of young and vigorously growing plants,- while
it is deficient in those of feeble growth. No land plant
can grow in its entire absence, nor maintain a vigorous
growth where it is deficient. Soils which contain min-
erals rich in potash (e. g., the feldspars) are capable of
prolonged cultivation without exhaustion ; hence the strong:
agricultural capabilities of clay soils. On the other hand,
soils which are formed from materials deficient in potash com-
pounds {e. g., silicious soils) are more rapidly exhausted by
cultivation ; the vigor of trees growing on such soils is not so
great as when growing on soils more richly supplied Avith pot-
ash compounds. This is more especially seen in our hardy fruit
trees, — the apple and pear.

Now this deficiency of potash in the ash of the diseased
peach tree, as far as it indicates anything, shows impaired
vitality, — thus giving a chemical reason for the diminished
vigor observed in diseased trees. This impaired vitality does
not, in my opinion, for reasons idready given, constitute the
contagious Yellows, but it forms a condition exceedingly favor-
able for its development, and also a condition under which it
is very difficult for the tree to recover when attacked. It is
my opinion that not only is the tree enfeebled because it has
the Yellows, but it has the Yellows because it was first
enfeebled.

It is well known to physicians that an animal in an enfee-
bled condition is much more liable to be attacked by a conta-
gious disease than is a vigorous one. The difference in physi-
cal condition of a person who has taken a full meal, from that
of the same person fasting, may make all the difference between
perfect immunity from danger or certainty of attack when
exposed to a contagious disease. The same law will doubtless
hold good in vegetable as well as in animal life. The condi-
tion which will render a vegetable liable to an attack of any
contagious disease is a condition of enfeebled vitality. On

478 REPOKT OF THE SECRETAEY OF THE

the other hand, the conditiou which will best enable any liv-
ing thing to resist a contagious disease, or to rally from its
effects when attacked, is a condition of vigorous vitality.

Let us glance at the conditions which have long been at
work, tending to lower the vitality of the peach tree. In all
forms of life there are two tendencies, which, in certain respects,
are antagonistic. The one is the development of the individ-
ual, the other the reproduction of its species. The lower
we descend in the scale of life, and in proportion as the indi-
vidual sinks in importance, so does the reproductive tendency
increase. While the higher forms of life produce but one off-
spring, and at long intervals, the lower forms multiply by
thousands, and with astonishing rapidity. So also, individuals,
as they are lowered in vitality, become more productive. No class
multiplies so fast as the scrofulous or consumptive. In the
tree, the formation of woody fibre may be considered as repre-
senting this effort at the development of the individual;
while the physiological significance of the formation of fruit,
is simply an effort to reproduce its species.

Dr. Van Mons, in the cultivation of the pear, has beautifully
illustrated the law that the wood-forming and fruit-producing
tendencies in a tree, are in inverse proportion to each other.
By experiments, running through more than thirty years, he
has shown that by checking the vigor of growth, the produc-
tion of fruit was accelerated, so that seedling pears, which
naturally would not fruit before thirty years of age, were made
to fruit at four.

It seems to me, that in the peach we have pushed the fruit-
producing tendency to a dangerous excess; and we can
recover a healthy equilibrium only by favoring the wood-form-
ing tendency, at the expense of present fruitfulness.

The characteristic of the peach, as now grown in the United
States, is a rapid and precarious development. If we consider
the rapidity of its growth, as compared with other fruit trees
growing under the same circumstances, we shall see that it

MICHIGAN" STATU POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 479

must be au euormous feeder. It grows twice as fast as the
apple, and three times as fast as the pear; comes into fruitage
with corresponding speed, and bears fruit with an abundance
eeldom equaled by either apple or pear. Under such cir-
cumstaoces, it requires an abundant supply of ash elements
for the production of healthy woody fibre, and fruit.

When we remember also that the peach is naturally a pro-
duct of a warm climate, and is here out of the latitude fitted
to develop in perfection its luscious qualities; that a warm expos-
ure and heating soil are here required to ripen it to perfection
and pack its flushing cheeks full of condensed sunshine, and
as a consequence, warm (/. <?., sandy and light) soils have gen-
erally been given up to its cultivation, we can see that too
antagonistic conditions of growth have been brought together:
First. A cultivation requiring a large amount of nourishment
to sustain the rapid growth of wood and the large amount of
fruit ; 'and, second, this demand made upon a class of soils least
adapted by their composition to supply the demand. Need we
wonder that such a system of cultivation, continued genera-
tion after generation, should develop an abnormal condition in
the peach tree ?

The peach belongs to a botanical order which would, under
natural conditions, be in full vigor at twenty years, and ought to
be in comparative vigor at forty ; should begin to fruit at ten
to twelve, and be fruitful for thirty years more. But from
forced cultivation it begins to bear at four or five, — often ear-
lier still, and instead of living to two score, it has disappsared
and been forgotten before one score is reached. Hear the tes-
timony of William Reid, an eminent cultivator in New
Jersey : " All peach trees die, some sooner, some later, accord-
ing to varieties. Eight or ten years are as long as we can get
peach trees to live here. They have never lived much longer
than this for the last forty years ; and occasionally when we
have very severe winters, they do not live as long. But they
invariably die off in the same way, with small, yellow, sickly

480 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

leaves." * * * "Itinvariably puts out these small, imperfect
shoots, with yellow, sickly foliage. This is what people call
Yellows. I would like to know what other disease trees die of,
or if there is any other way. If so, I would like to know whal
the appearances were." — Horticulturist, 18G1, p. 129.

It seems, then, that the peach tree dies of premature old age
in N«w Jersey before it arrives at tlie period of puberty, and
that the peach-growers consider this the normal and proper
way to die, and wonder if any one pretends there is any other
way.

Now the condition of enfeebled vitality, which would natur-
ally result from the methods of culture pursued in many sec-
tions of the country, would give just the conditions in which
a contagious disease would most easily be contracted, and in
which it would work with the greatest virulence. Or, if the
disease is caused by a fungus growth attacking the tree, then
this enfeebled condition would itself invite the attack of
fungus, for it is upon this class of vegetable structures that
fungus growths most readily attach themselves and work with
the greatest energy. Impaired vitality invites the attack of
parasites. The stunted apple tree is most liable to the bark-
louse, and it is the starved calf that wants to scratch its back
in spring.

REMEDIAL MEASURES.

On the subject of the contagious character of the Yellows I
have but little to say, as I have had but little experience, and
many leading pomologists disagree among themselves on this
point. Mr. Eeid of New Jersey denies any contagious char-
acter in the Yellows ; Mr. Barry of New York doubts ; but
the very careful and candid statements of Mr. Thomas in the
horticultural editorials of the Country Gentleman, of Mr.
Fay in the Prairie Farmer, and of other gentlemen, go to
clearly prove the contagious character of some forms of the
Yellows. But whether contagious or not, I believe with Down-
ing, "it is much the wisest to reject the benefit of the doubt,

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 481

and act upon the principle that it is so." When trees are cer-
tainly affected with the Yellows, nnless we reserve them to try
the etfect of remedial nieasnreS, they should be destroyed, root
and branch, — not merely chopped down, bnt torn out by the
roots, and even then not left to act as possible centers of con-
tagion. Make them into firewood, and don't wait for the woo(^
to season before burning it.

As the ash elements are of prime necessity in the formation
of woody fibre, give each tree a liberal dose of unleached ashes,
— at least a peck to each tree. If the unleached ashes cannot
be obtained, use foiir times as much leached ashes. Leached
ashes are very valuable, for they still contain insoluble com-
pounds of potasli, which are slowly set free for the use of the
tree ; also all the pliosphate of lime contained in the original
ash, besides the carbonate of lime.

If ashes cannot l)e obtained, some commercial salt of potash
may be employed. Crude saltpetre can be obtained at whole-
sale in New York for $7 per hundred pounds. A half-pound
of this dissolved in water and applied to each tree would have
a very marked influence in stimulating its growth.

The chea^wst commercial salt of potash is the 8tassfurt salt
of Prussia. It contains from 23 to 30 per cent, of sulphate of
potash, and can be obtained in Baltimore at from $14.85 to-
$18.50 per ton.

The woody growth of peach trees must be encouraged, even
at the expense of present fruitfulness, if we hope for healthy
trees. The ascertained deficiency of potash in the ashes of
diseased trees would point to this element as an important
means of securing healthy growth.

If the trees show symptoms of the Yellows, the treatment
by drenching the roots with boiling water is easily applied, and
if the first treatment is not sufiicient, the dose may be fre-
quently repeated. It is done by drawing away the soil from
the root of the tree and pouring into the hole a pail of boiling
71

482 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

water. The combined treatment, used in Benton Harbor, of
ashes and boiling water should be freely tried.

The practice of some nurserymen, who are ambitious to
have large and fine-looking trees to tempt the thoughtless pur-
chaser, of stimulating the growth in the nursery rows by lib-
eral use of stimulating manure, should be discouraged. Stable
manure in the unfermented state is so freely used that the
trees are forced and pushed forward as if by hot-house culture.
When such trees are transferred to the orchard, they are un-
healthy, the growth is checked from want of the stimulating
food to which they have been accustomed, and they soon die,
or fall a prey to the Yellows.

Of course no pomologist needs to be warned to avoid using
buds from diseased trees.

Too much importance cannot be attached to the proper
selection of peach-pits to form the nursery stocks. I heartily
indorse the advice so often given, to select pits from districts .
known to be free from the Yellows. Nurserymen are too care-
less or indifferent on this point, oi' else are unable to obtain a
sufficient supply from healthy districts.

When going through the canning-house of the Excelsior
Packing Co.. in Benton Harbor, where large quantities of
peaches ai-e canned, I saw many baskets of peach-pits, and was
told that they were already sold to nurserymen, and that it was
ditficult to fill all the orders for peach-pits. Yet very many
of these peach-pits were, unquestionably, from diseased peaches,
and all of them were from trees in which the fruit-forminff
tendency was excessively developed, at the expense of the con-
stitutional vigor of the tree, and not one of these pits was fit
for use as nursery stocks. The nursery stock, like Caesar's
wife, " should be above suspicion.'" It is very important that
peach-pits, for nursery stocks, should be obtained from regions
free from the Yellows. But this is not enough : no pits should
~be used from trees where the wood-forming vigor is so far
checked that the leaves have a yellow cast. Many seedling

illCniGAN" &TX.TE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 483

yarieties, growing on the clay lands of the central portions of
our State, are almost worthless for fruit, but they have a won-
derful vigor of growth, and their leaves are dark green until
killed by the frost. Let such trees be cultivated for their pits
alone ; let these be used for nursery stocks, and let the bud be
inserted at the height at which the top should begin to form,
BO that the body of the tree shall be formed entirely of this
'vigorous wood, and I think we may soon bid farewell to the

YelloM's in peaches.

E. C. KEDZIB

l^ate AgrieuUural CoUege, Lansing, March SO , 1S7S.

484 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

CONCERNING THE METEOROLOGY OF MICHIGAN.

There was a problem in science not many years since, that
was bandied hither and thither among the learned ones of our
State, the subject of close study, careful inyestigation, fierce
discussion, and, sad to relate, the cause of much bad feeling
and bad blood among our men of science. That question, of
interest and concern to every man within our borders, was this:
Is the geology of the State of Michigan separate and distinct
from the general formation of the surrounding territory ? In
other words, in the great volume of the history of world-
building, does the chapter headed " Michigan," form a story
of its own, without necessary dependence on, or connection
with, her sister characters in this geological drama? It is
needless to state that within our own boundaries this doctrine
was received with almost universal favor. It was a matter of
self-gratulation to us all. It patted our State pride upon the
back, to think that we had been made the subject of special
anxiety and solicitude in the world's birth. But, alas ! this
petted hypothesis went the way of all untruth. Our philoso-
phers had failed to bear in mind, that matters which they had
regarded as specially characteristic of our lake-locked penin-
sula— that lake and drift — were but matters of to-day in the
calendar of geological history; that in that yesterday when
the real work of the world's building was accomplished, Mich-
igan was but a speck, undistinguished by drift or lake-barrier,
from the great and monotonous plane of the United States ;
that only till the evening of that day did the great lakes hover
around us with their protecting wings, after there had been
borne down to us the fertile drift that bears our noble forests,
and makes meadow and cornfield blossom with their abundance-

MICIIIGAlSr STATE FOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 485

Though consigned to an early grave of refiitatiou, we are
not to speak slightingly of this forgotten theory. It has
accomplished its mission. The false has its mission to fulfill,
as well as the true. It has taught us to investigate with more
..conscientious care our relations to Nature and her laws. In
the discussion attending this very fallacious theory, it was
brought out and proven, beyond the possibility of a peradveu-
ture, that Xature has surrounded us with a network of forces
and laws such as she has, perhaps, extended to no other portion
of the earth's surface. That not only has she endowed our
State with attractions that make her a peculiar and a favored
land, but she has, as it were, issued for our use alone a code of
" storm laws," under whose administration are meted out to
us the heat and cold, the winds and storms, of each successive
season. In other words, that Nature has given to Michigan a
meteorology distinctively her own. But it will be argued, As
you have but just denied to the State any geological history
peculiarly her own, on what principle can you ascribe to her
her own meteorology ? To ask the question is to answer it.
The question of Michigan's meteorology is determined by the
State as we find her to-day. It has little to do with her build-
ing or foundation in the historic past, but is marked out by
the features that now distinguish her, — her lakes and her for-
ests. Let us now spend an instant in the examination of these
features that thus mark her countenance; these controlling
agencies that distinguish her atmosphere from that of, perhaps,
any land the sun shines upon. I have mentioned her forests.
When whole volumes have been written on this one theme
alone, it were worse than folly to attempt, in a twenty-minutes
essay, to even designate the wonders accomplished by this her-
culean power. But two of its effects strike us at a glance, —
Temperature and Humidity. Upon the first head we can do
no better than to give the words of one eminent in the field of
scientific research : '• It has hardly yet been found practicable,"
gays Marsh, "to absolutely measure, sum up, and equate the
vital influence of the forest and its products upon temperature,

486 REPOKT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

and on this subject investigators differ much.'' Becquerel
declares it certain that the removal of forest is accompanied
by an elevation of temperature. Boussingault states that in
plats of the same latitude and the same elevation above tho
gea, the forest exerts an influence equal to 2° F. But the ques-
tion of temperature is affected much more powerfully by the
mechanical influence of the forest, in impeding the fierce and
destructive currents of storms. Within the range of its influ-
ence the atmosphere may be comparatively quiescent, while
beyond the blast may be raging furiously.

Now, upon the question of humidity, observes Stacht :
"As the lightning-rod abstracts the electric fluid from tho
stormy sky, so do forests attract rain from the clouds. The
forest, presenting an immense surface of evaporation, gives to
all the adjacent territory an abundance of rain and dew.
Forests, in a word, exert on the interior of a continent an
influence like that of the sea upon the climate of its islands
and coasts, watering the soil, and thereby insuring its fertility.**'
There is a pretty fable of old that gives the poetry of this phil-
osophy,— of the laurel of Ferro, that furnished sparkling
water to the inhabitants. The water flowed from its foliage,
drop by drop. Every morning the sea breeze drove a cloud
toward this wonderful tree, which attracted it to its huge top,
where it was condensed to a crystal liquid. But it is needless
to longer dwell upon the influence of so powerful an agency
as the forest growth of our State. It suflBces to remember the
fact, that by destroying the power of this agency, and counter-
acting its beneficent influence, the culture of certain fruits,
once possible over every part of our surface, is now confined to
the narrow lee of Lake Michigan. And this brings us to the
second agency already mentioned, — the great lakes that encircle
us. Upon what principle does their power depend ? Professor
Tyndall has responded to our query, by denominating it the
latent heat of water. Water is heated by the sun's rays with
exceeding slowness, but it also cools with equal deliberation ;
and in this cooling it gives out, in lowering of temperature.

MICHIGAIi STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

487

heat enough, when converted into mechanical power, to elevate
a weight of 1,390 pounds one foot. Now, in giving this great
amount of heat, what an immense influence a large body of
water must exert on the adjoining atmosphere! The heat of
the summer is stored up in the lake, and given out again in
the winter. Hence the absence of extremes. The summer of
the lake shore can never reach that scorching heat of the
inland summer, nor its winters the destructive cold of the
inland winter. Territories hundreds of miles south of us may
grow fruits that our summers cannot ripen; but at the same
time our evergreens are wholly unknown to them, — they, could
not endure the extremes of their winters. Let me illustrate
this great principle by aid of a rude chart of our State :

"7 '^

NoTB. — It la desired that these lines be regarded not as absolute curves of tempera-
tnre, but simply as illustrations of the general influence of lake bodies upon our
climatology.

Let this line (a) represent the isotherm of our summer, —
say 71°. It comes upon ns from the westward, from latitudes

488 KEPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE

far above ours, but upon approacljing Lake Michigan it receives
a wonderful downward deflection. This influence extends
many miles inward, but upon approaching the center of the
State this isotherm rises once more, giviug to the line, as it
crosses the State, an arched or convex appearance. In other
words, the body of Lake Michigan exerts a wonderful cooling
influence on the heat of our lakeside summers; and while
furnishing an abundance of warmth to bring to a luscious ma-
turity our fruit harvest, yet it is deprived of that fervid aridity
so often characteristic of our inland summers. Take, again,
the isocheim of our winters, — say 25°. It comes upon us from
latitudes far below ours; but on approaching Lake Michigan
it receives a wonderful upward inflection, the influence of the
lake extending inward some miles ; but this line, on approach-
ing the center of our State, begins to sweep downward, thus
presenting a slightly saucer-shaped or concave appearance. In
other "words, the body of Lake IMichigan exerts upon our lake-
side Avinters a powerful influence of warmth, thus depriving
them of tlie rigorous and fatal extremes which characterize
the season in Central Michigan. Many, doubtless, have wit-
nessed the phenomenon described by Judge Ramsdell, on some
of our cold and crispy winter mornings, when a dense cloud
of vai^or is seen steaming up from the lake, as far as the eye
can reach. The great lake is exerting itself, with an almost
conscious power, to temper the stinging air; and when we
remember that every foot of its 23,000 square miles of surface
is at work, we cannot Avonder at the magnitude of the result.
This same protecting blanket of watery vapor it is, that the
gardener uses on a reduced scale. Has he a choice tree that he
desires to guard from the late frosts, he places underneath it a
tub of water. Does he wish to protect his early vegetables, he
freshly stirs the earth at evening, that the watery vapor arising
may envelop each tender shoot in its protecting embrace.
This equalizing influence of the great lakes it is, that makes
the temperature of the winter, within their influence, almost

MICHIGAN" STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 489

incredible to those not thoroughly conversant with our sur-
roundings. This it is that explains that cold January of 1864;,
when at Traverse Bay the thermometer marked 14° below zero,
at Milwaukee 40°, at Chicago 34°, at St. Louis 20°, and at
Memphis, Tenu., nearly 700 miles directly south of Traverse
Bay, 10° below zero.

Now, the mighty influence for good upon the climate of our
State which these two giant agencies, lake and forest, may
exert if left untrammeled in their efibrts, we can readily con-
ceive. The great lakes, fortunately, are beyond our touch.
Each season finds them performing their mission unvaryingly,
and without the shadow of turning. They are beyond the let
•or hindrance of man.

But not so with our forests. In forcmg them aside before
the advancing tide of civilization and improvement, zeal has
■exceeded wisdom in their destruction. The great balance-
wheel of the seasons is shattered, and now, in the place of its
invariable revolution, in the place of regularity of rain-fall
and uniformity of temperature, we arc fast becoming inured
to ruinous and destructive extremes. Now a year of scorching
.-and consuming drought, in which the evaporations from our
farm's surface exceeds the rain-fall by from four to six inches,
succeeded by a year of disastrous precipitation of this excess
in floods and freshets, are no longer a subject of wonder and
remark. But above all, on our winters these changes have
wrought with twofold disaster. A Avinter in the Northwest is
now ever a matter of fear and concern, not infrequently of
deep anxiety. It comes upon us with a " nipping and eager
air," and with temper evidently soured by the changes which
it finds each year departing has left in its wake. It interests
and concerns not alone the man of science, who, snugly
ensconced in his study, traces with zeal, on his weather-map,
the courses and sweeps of some great and destructive storm,
notes the date of intensest cold, or the weather progDostics of
his morning paper, but every farmer of the State, however

7«)

490 REPORT OF THE BECEETART OF THE

great his contempt for " means and curves.'*' On his hopes for
the coming harvest each winter sets its seal, — either the prom-
ise of hopeful fruition, or the forerunner of disappointment
and defeat. But above all, to the fruit-grower the winter
approaches, a season of grave doubts and fears. There is an
unpleasant sensation of speculation In connection with his
wealth of orchards, and he is ever harrassed by the fear that
the weather gods may beget some disastrous "corner" that
shall swallow up his all in destruction and defeat. It is this
era of ruinous change that has given us the winter of '73, but
just departed, and has made it a season of marked exception
throughout the entire Northwest The learned prognostics of
the weather-wise sage, that with each recurring autumn flood
the country press, have for once been realized. Then, too,
there were other heralds of the rigor of the approaching win-
ter, that no careful observer of nature could have failed to
appreciate, — our migratory birds. Unusually early in the past
autumn they might have been seen, — robin, grakle, and lark,
— each with its separate clan, in noisy concourse over the
approaching crisis, then silently winging their way to their
winter quarters in the South. With an average season, many
of our more common species, as the robin, and, on occasions,
the crow, leave behind them in their flight a half-dozen indi-
viduals or more, who pass with us the winter, constituting as
it were a committee of general arrangement, who preserve
affairs in good order for the return of their friends with the
approacli of vernal warmth. But during the past winter, with
the exception of our regular winter residents, a quartette of
golden-winged woodpeckers {Caloptes Auratus) are all that
have been visible with us, their fair-weather friends not coming
to encounter with them the approaching inclemency.

But, without sacrificing longer your patience or attention,
let us include at a glance the lesson which the season has left
ui?. This can the better be accomplished by aid of the appended

MICHIGAliT STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

491

table, giving the prominent characteristics of our winters for
the past nine years, and applicable to Central Michigan. Each
■winter, as given in the table, includes, of course, the month of
December of the preceding year :

WINTKR OF

o

(D d

£2

is

M a,

•ss.
Si

9.2

a

is

o a

01

18«

26'.63
24°.85
23°.53
24°.67
21*.01
25'.73
25°.92
25°. 22
21°.85

55°
51°
5i°
63°
49°
60°
46'
57'
53°

-22°
—17'
—15°
-15°
—19°
-15'
-19-
-11°
—23'

18

S

7

11

11

7

6

9

18

1865

42

1866

86>6

68>;
42

1867

1868

1869

44

1-970

60

1871

5i

1672.

88

Thus it will be seen that the winter of '72 presents a mean
temperature many degrees lower than for many years known.
In fact, only once in the last decade has it been equaled in its
uniform and continued severity, — ^in the season of '68, when
the terrible cold of that long-remembered February reduced
the mercury of many a thermometer, in the northern portions
of our State, to a solid lump of glistening metal. This table pre-
sents, in addition to the temperature, some startling conclu-
sions concerning the snow-fall. The wonderful deposition of
1870, of five feet on a level, was it possible to suppose it depos-
ited in a single mass, would, of course, prove most ruinous in
its effects ; but, coming in gentle installments, it was rapidly
dissipated under the influence of a comparatively mild season.
The leading characteristics of the past winter may be inferred
from the following table :

i92

RKPOET OF THE SECRETAKT OF THE

a

as

i
5; o

s

o

tjr*-

O t.

Ct

MONTH.

9 2

.§i

.s2

a

l§

> s.

K O,

C ft

ri -V

o

«8 IE

<a

£a

S 3

a 5

n-B

rt o

f!=) O

q

a »-

iri

H

H

5

CO

K

December

21M2

41"

—23°

1.75

January

21'. 59

Jl»

S°

„

9}^

5

.43
.49

February

21°.34

53'

-16°

7

In this should be included the montli of March, in which
the records indicate the thermometer three times below zero,
and a snow-fall of twelve inches.

During the past season, the observations at the Agricultural
College have, on eighteen different occasions, recorded from 1°
to 29° below zero, and on one instance furnished an average for
the entire twenty-four hours of 10° below zero. Concerning
the rain-fall, also, the season has proved an exceptionable one.
The total amount of rain and melted snow measured at the
College the past season, is but little over three inches, or much
less than one-half of what is properly apportioned as our win-
ter's supply.

To say that to the grain-grower and to the fruit-grower alike
the rigors of the past season have been the source of grave
fears, would be but a tame rendering of the keen anxiety which
has universally prevailed. Vague and portentous rumors con-
cerning the influence on the fruit harvest have spread abroad.
But little can be positively asserted concerning the matter at
present. Though in most, if not all parts of the State, the
temperature commonly regarded as fatal to the fruit-bud of the
peach, viz., 15° below zero, has been reached, yet so much
depends on accompanying circumstances, the condition of the
tree, the degree of exposure to winds, and the elevation above
lake level, that results will probably prove as various as present
opinions.

Perhaps no better illustration of the backward condition of
the present spring can be presented, than the condition of hor-

MICHIGAN STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 493

ticultural affairs at the College the present season, compared
with their appearance in the spring of '71, at corresponding
dates. On March 13th, 1871, Prof. Tracy found the frost very
nearly out of the garden beds. On March 17th hot-beds were
in progress, roses and other delicate plants transplanted with-
out injury. On March 29th the earth was found so completely
settled that the rolling and sodding of the lawns was com-
pleted at once. Nursery stock -was transplanted, and large
evergreens removed. On April 2d, the date of to-day, the veg-
etable garden was wholly under plow, and many seeds com-
mitted to earth. During the present spring the season has
turned a decidedly cold shoulder to the Professor, and has
permitted him to accomplish but little, though he stands ready
to insert the entering wedge at the first opportunity.

And now, before closing, allow a word to be uttered concern-
ing the handful of men scattered throughout the State of
Michigan, who are endeavoring by hard study, carefal and
accurate observation, to reduce to an intelligible form the laws
which govern wind and storm, summer's heat and winter's
cold; in other words, to make a true science of Michigan's
meteorology. To the utility of their labors, no wherefore can
be raised. The era when intelligent men greeted Avith jibes
and sneers the attempt to make a practical application of the
truths of science, has long since disappeared in the shadowy
past. The question is. Shall these workers receive the sup-
port and encouragement of the practical men of this State,
for whose good they labor ? It Avould seem that the Honorable
Commissioner of Agriculture holds views of his own upon
this theme. In his last monthly report for the month of Feb-
ruary, just at hand, he announces, with that startling perspi-
cuity which poor Dr. Parry lacked so fatally, " that the publi-
cation of meteorological tables is from this date discontinued,
by order of the Hon. Commissioner." This monthly of the
Commissioner's has been, by the way, from its origin, a most
startling and unique document. Issued each month from one

494 MICIIIGAlSr STATE POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

to three weeks behind the proper time, it is sent out to our
farmers laden ■with matters of vital national importance, from
"The quantity of jute consumed per annum in the manufac-
ture of artificial hair," to " The efiect of street sewage on the
vital statistics of Calcutta." The only saving feature of the
entire document has been these same meteorological tables, and
with their expulsion its value is not worth the cost of mail
transportation.

Shall records, carried with painstaking care through a half
score of years, bo now made useless because of one man's
whim ? Eather let the matter be set right at once, that the
truths which, through years of hard study, Nature has grad-
ually unfolded to our view, shall, in our own State at least, be
placed in the hands of those whom they most interest and
most concern. Let it not be objected that the co-oiDeration of
scientific men cannot be secured. They even now stand ready
for the work, as they have ever stood, craving no other com-
pensation than the benefits they believe will accrue to the
world and to science, when the man of science and the man of
practice shall press forward in the good work together, shoul-
der to shoulder.

W. K. KEDZIE.
AgrieuUural Cdkge, Aprils, 1872.

TABLEtS OF

Feuits. Flowers. Trees. Etc.

TuK arrangement is in the boUmic-al oriU-r accoidin.o- to (rray's
"Forest, Field, and Garden Botany."

B^* The figures upon the left and right-hand margins will aid
tlie reader in tracins' th<' line of anv variety.

4m

APPENDIX.

o

NAMKS.

1
o

8
4
5

e

7
8
9
10
11
12
18
U
15
16
17
18
19

20
21
32

3S

0

'Si)

VINE FAMILY.
Labrusca {Fox Ch-ape).

Adirondac

Catawba

Concord

Creveling

Delaware

DiauH

Hartford Prolific

loiia

Ives' Seedling

Martha

Maxatawney

Nortlieru Muscadine,..

Rebecca

Rogers No 1 , Goethe ? . .
•' No3, Massas'it?
• Xo 4, Wilder?

•' .\oT, ?

Nol5, Agawain?

•' No 22, Salem?..

JSslicalis (SmrCer Grape)

Herbemont

Norton's Virginia

Rulander

CordifoliaiWint. Grape).

Clinton

ROSE FAMILY.
Prunub.
{Ami/gdalns) 2fa9ia.

Flowering Almond

"White Flower's Alm'd.

N. Y....

N. C...
Mass...
Penu...
Obio...
Masg...
Conn...
N. Y. ..
Ohio...
Penn...
Penn...
N. Y....
N. Y. ..
Mass...
Mass...
Mass. ..
Mass...
Mass..
Mass..

S. C.?.
Va. ...

N. Y.

PECULIARITIES OF

fruit .
fruit -
fruit .
fruit .
fruit .
fruit .
fruit,
fruit -
fruit .
fruit .
fruit .
fruit .
fruit -
fruit .
fruit .
fruit .
fruit .
fruit .
fruit .

fruit .
fruit .
fruit .

fruit .

vine.

Asia.
Asia .

orn.
orn.

vigorous,
vigorous.

strong

vigorous.

weak

vigorous.

strong

weak

strong

vigorous,
vigorous,
strong....

weak

vigorous..
vigorous,
vigorous,
vigorous,
vigorous.
vigorouR-

shrub .
shrub.

strong

vigorous.,
vigorous.

strong..

hardy.,
hardy.,
hardy.,
hardy.,
hardy . .
hardy . .
hardy.,
hardy . .
hardy. -
hardy.,
hardy. -
hardy . .
not h'dy
hardy. .
hardy.,
hardy.,
hardy.,
hardy . .
hardy..

>i hard
hardy . .
}4 hard

hardi'st

2-3 feel.
2-8 feet.

hardy,
hardy.

APPENDIX.

497

PLANTS, Etc.

PECULIARITIES OF FRUIT, Etc.

a'
o

a

o

m

o

.s

o

.a

o
"o

>

a

large

medium
medium
large...
medium
small...
small...
large...
medium
medium
large...
medium
m-edium
medium
V. large,
large...
large...

round

round

round

round.

round

round

round

oval

round

round

round oval.

round

oval

oval

round

round

black

red

black

black

red

red

black....

red

black

sweet

sweet

sweet

sweet —
Y. sweet.,
v. sweet..

harsh

V. sweet..

early...
late....
early...
early...
early...
medium
v. early
early...
v. early
early...
late....
early...
late-...
late....
early...
eariy...

1

mildews..

o

coarse

large

product

4

mildews..

mildews..

ft

coarse

mildev/s..

product

7

coarse

product

^

green, yel
green. wht

red

amber

yel. green
red

sweet

V. sweet..

foxy

V. sweet.,
sweet

10

v>

coarse-...

T?

mildews..

13

product

14

15

black....

sweet

1f>

17

large. . .
large...

small...
small...
small...

small...

roundish...
round

round

round

round

round

maroon.,
red

black

black —
black....

black....

foi:y

sweet

sweet —

sweet

v. sweet-
harsh

medium
early...

late....
late....
medium

medium

IS

19

smooth ..

^^

"0

smooth ..

91

round

9"^

smooth ..
narrow

rose...

product

23

narrow...

white

wo

498

APPENDIX.

NAMES.

a

0

PECULIARITIES OF

6

0

0

V:

m

0

0 .

a

01

a

a

(Amygdalus) Communis.

Hardshell Almond

{Aviygdalus) Persica.

Bergen's Yellow

Cole's Early Bed

Columbia

Asia

Asia

N. Y

America .

N.J

Mass

nuts ...
fruit...
amat'ur
market,
am. can

tree

X hard.

tree

1

bud tea

2

hardy.,
bud ten

o

4

Coolidge's Favorite

Crawford's Early

Crawford's Late

Delaware White?

hardy --
bud ten

n

N.J

N.J

market,
mar can
market.

6

bud ten

7

hardy. -

g

Druid Hill

Maryland
N. Y

vigorous

fl

Early Tillotson

Early York (serrate)...

mildews

not heal

10

bud hV

n

Galbraith

niinois ..
N. Y

France

market,
amat'ur

12

George the Fourth

Grosse Mignonne

Hale's Early

vigorous... .

hardy..

T^

14

Ohio

Maryland

Mass

mar etc.
mar etc.
mar etc.

vigorous

vigorous

bud h'y
hardy..

1^

Heath Cling

Ifi

Honest John (yellow)..

Jacques' Kareripe

Kenrick's Heath

La Grange _

Large Early York

. Late Admirable

Lemon Cling

17

18

N. E

N.J

N. Y

France. -.
S.C

market-
can etc.
mar etc.
can etc.
can etc.
can etc.

vigorous

vigorous

vigorous

vigorous

vigorous

vigorous

IQ

hardy.,
hardy.,
hardy.,
hardy.,
bud teu

"0

"1

oo

'S

Morris White

0.4

■ Mountain Rose .

"n

Oldmixon Clino^

family

"(■>

Oldmixon Free .

market,
family..

07

President

L.I

'■"R

Pullen's Seedling

99

Red Cheek Melocoton .

America .

market.

bud ten

APPENDIX.

490

PLANTS, Etc.

PECULIAEITIES OF FEUIT. Etc.

s

03

o

«r

be
«

O

o

o
N

s

a

3
o

>

6

reniform.
globose.,
reniform.
globose.,
globose..
<Tloho8e

small

small

small

small

small

small

mod'ate
fruitful,
mod'ate
fruitful,
fruitful.

large...
medium
large.. -
large...
V. large.
V. large,
medium
large...
medium
medium
medium

roundish...
roundish...

globular

roundish...

oblong

roundish...

oblong

roundish...

round

roundish...
roundish...

yellow

red

brown . . .
red&w'te

yellow

yellow

white

red. white

red

red&w'te
red&w'te

best

v. good ..

best

V. good..

good

good

good

V. good..
V. good ..
V. good . .
V. good .-

Aug

Jul Aug
Sept...
Aug....

Aug

Sept...
Sept...
Sept...
Jul Aug
Jul Aug
Jul Aug
Aug....

Aug

July...
Sep Oct

1
•2
3
4
5
♦>

globose.,
globose.,
serrate. . .
serrate...

small

small

snjall

large

small

fruitful,
fruitful,
mod'ate
product

T
3
0

10
11

small

large

mod'ate

V>

«"lobofie

large...
medium
V. large.

roundish...

round

oblong

yel. red ..
red

white

V. good .-

good

best

n

globose.,
reniform.

large

small

product
mod'ate

14
15

1()

reniform.
reniform.
reniform.
globose.,
globose.,
reniform.
reniform.

small

small

small

small

small

small

small

product
product
product
product
product
product
product

large...
V. large.
V. large,
large...
V. large.
V. large,
large...

roundish...

oblong

oblong

roundish...

oval

oblong

oval

yellow....

white

white

red&w'te
w'te&red
yellow . ..
white

good

good

best

V. good ..

best

good

V. good . .

Sept...
Sept ...
Sep Oct
Aug....
Sept ...
Sep Oct
Sept...

17
18
19

20
21
22

24

globose. -
globose.-
globose

small

large ..
large...
large...

round-oval,
roundish...
round-oval.

white- red

red..

green

best

V. good ..
V. good ..

Aug Sep
Aug Sep
Sept . . .

i.")

small

small

product

20

27

2S!

globose..

small

product

largo...

round-oval.

yellow ...

good

Aug Sep

2!»

500

APPENDIX.

NAMES.

O

PECULIARITIES OF

6

6

m

cs

o

a
•5

u
a

SO

Reeves' Favorite

Smock

N.J

N.J.

market,
market,
family .
market.

hardy..

81
32

OQ

bud ten

Snow

America .

N.J

Penn.

Stump the World

Susquehanna

''I

35

Switzerland

mar etc.
market,
market,
market,
family .

56

Troth's Early Red

Walker's Early

N.J

37

Ward's Late Free

White Imperial

America .
N.Y

France...

?0

10

Yellow Alberge

d1

Yellow Rareripe

Var. IcEvis {Sfectarine).
Boston

.America..
Mass ..

mar etc.

bud ten

1

hardy..

0

Downton..

England .
France

o

Early Violet . .

4

Elrugc

England .
England .

Afiica

[,

Fitmaston's Orange

Arm:niaca (Apricot).
Breda .....

vigorous

1

0

Early Golden

N. Y.

vigorous

9

TTempkirke

England .
Francs

4

Large Early

vigorous

•i

Moorpark

England

f,

Peach

Piedmont
England .

1

Spinosa Insititia. or Dornes-
tica {Garden Fluni}.

Coc's Golden Drop

Coe's Late Red

a

branches

0

downy.

S

Columbia

N. Y.

vigor'us

4

Damson

cook, etc

slender, etc...

Domine Dull

Duanc's Purple

N.Y

long, smooth,
very downy..

r,

N. Y

APPENDIX.

501

PLANTS, Etc.

60

globose . .
reniform.
reniform.
rjlobose ..

small

small

small w'te
small

o

product
product

PECULIARITIES OF FRUIT, Etc.

M

product

large,
large,
large,
large,
large.

A

a
'Ji

roundish.

oval

globular .
roundish,
globular .

o
O

yellow ...
yellow ...

white

white-red
yellow ...

o
>

C3

good

good

V. good .
V. good .
V. good .

m

Sept

Sept. Oct.
Aug. Sep.

Sept

Sept

30
31
32
33
31
35
36
3T
3S
39
40
41

globose. -
globose.,
globose.,
globose.,
globose.,
globose..

globose.,
reniform.
reniform.
reniform.
globose..

small ..
small ..
small -.
small ..
small ..
small ..

small ...
small . .
small ...
small ...
large

buds red.

product
product
product

mod'ate

product

product
product

mod'ate

product
V. prod,
product
product
product

medium
large...
large...
large...
medium
large. „

large...
large...
large...
medium
large...

small ..
small ..
medium
large...
large. . .
V. large.

V. large
medium
V. large
small ..
medium
V. large

roundish,
roundish,
roundish.

roundish...
roundish...

round-oval,
round-oval,
round-oval,
round-oval,
roundish...

roundish.. -
roundish...
roundish...
roundish...
roundish...
roundish...

oval

round

globular ...

oval

long, oval.,
oval

red

white-red
white-red

white

yellow...
yel. red..

yol. red.,
green-red
green -red
green-red
or. yellow

orange,
orange,
yellow.,
orange,
orange-
orange.

V. good.
V. good,
v. good.

best

good

V. good-
good

v. good,
v. good.
v. good,
best

July Aug.

Aug

Sept

Aug

Aug

Aug

Aug
Aug
Aug
Aug
Aug .

best

V. good.

best

v. good.

best

best

yellow... v. good,
purp. red- v. good-
purple good.

purple good..

purple good..

purple ... good..

July Aug,

July

July

July

July Aug.
July Aug.

Sept

Oct

Aug

.Aug. Sep,
Aug. Sep,
Aug

502

APPEXDIX.

NAMES.

a

o

PECULIARITIES OF

o

o
W

m

«

5

o .

German Prune

Green Gage

Imperial Gage

Jefferson

Large Green Drying

Lawrence's Favorite

Lombard

McLaughlin

Prince's Yellow Gage

Eed Diaper

Reine Claude de Bavay...

Smith's Orleans..

Washington

Chicasa (Chickasaw).

Chickasaw

Miner

Wild Goose

Cerasus {Garden Red
Cherry).

Kentish or Early Rich'nd

Late Kentish

Ger., etc..
France...
N. Y

dry, etc.

smooth

8

short jointed,
dark, downy.
downy . .

10

N. Y

11

England..

smooth ......

smooth

purple, glossy
smooth

vigor'ue

12

18

N. Y

N. Y

thrifty.,
hardy .

14

Maine

hardy..

16

N. Y

hardy..

Ifi

France ..

smooth

smooth

glossy, purple
downy

slow

17

France. . .

vlgor'us

IS

N. Y

vigor'us

19
"0

N. Y

America .
La

hardy. .

21

sm'th d'k red

''•?

Tenn

vigor'as

1

Belgium..

spreading

spreading

spreading

hardy..

V

hardy..

s

Morello. Common

hardy. -

4

Morello, English . .

f,

Avium (Bird Cherry).

Belle de Choisey

Belle Magnifique

France...

upright

hardv..

fi

hardy..

7

Bigarreau or Yel. Spanish
Black Eagle

market.

spreading

s

England .
Russia...
Ohio

fi

Black Tartarian

market.

upright .

in

Cleveland

11

Early Purple Guigne

spreading

r. upright

hardy..

1?

Early White Heart

13

Elton

England .

APPENDIX.

503

PLANTS, Etc.

PECULIARITIES OF FRUIT, Etc.

o
d
03

o

&
.2
o

o

u

0

-a
o

6

o

o
'A

product
product
product
mod'ate

large...
email ..
large...
large...
large...
large...
medium
large...
large...
large...
large...
large...
large...

long, oval..

round

oval

oval

round

roundish...
round-oval.

round

oval

obovate

roundish...

oval

round-oval.

blue

green

green

yellow

gr. yellow
yel. green

red

yellow . . .
yellow ...
purple ...
gr. yellow
purple....
yellow . . .

V. good..

best

best

best

good

best

good

beet

V. good ..
V. good..

beet

v. good ..
V. good ..

Sept

Aug

Aug

Aug

Sept

Aug

Aug

-^ug

July, etc.

Aug

Sept

Aug

Aug

8
9

10
11
12
13
14

product
V. prod,
product
product

IP

product
V. prod.

1 7

18
19

•20
21

medium
small

oblong

pur. red.,
purple ...

red

red

black

black

amber

red

yellow...
d. purple,
black ....

red

purple . . .
yellow...
yellow...

acid V. g"d
V. good ..
V. good ..
good

best

sub-acid .

sweet

rich

v. rich...
V. good ..
V. good ..

good

v.rich ...

Sept

July

June

July

July

July

June

July

June

June

June

June

May, etc.
May, J'ne
June

V. prod,
product
product

medium
medium
medium
large...

large.. -
V. large,
large...
large...
medium
medium
small...
large...

round

round

round

heart-sha'd.

round

roundish...
ob. h't sh...
ob. h't 8h...
heart-sha'd.
r'dh'tsh...
r'dh'tsh...
h't shape...
p'k h't sh...

1

4

mod'ate
product

e

mod'ate

c

large

0

1ft

lo'g petiols

good...

11

12

redftstks

19

504

APPENDIX.

NAMES.

.S
o

Li

PECULLIRITIES OP

•

W
n

3

"5 CO
W

TO

<U

a

05

14
15
16
17
18
19

Governor Wood

Ohio

round

Gridley

market.

Late Duke

May Duke

fasti giate

Napoleon Bigarreau

market.

Reine Hortense

Tradescants Black Heart
Mahaleb

Europe ..

market,
st'k orn
wood or
orn

Serotina (JVild Black)

Fed us (Bird Cherry)

SpiEiEA (Meadow Sweet)
Fkagaria (Strawbeert).
Agriculturist

fruit...

run. herbs .

strong

vigorous

1

0

N.J

hardy. .
hardy.,
hardy..

Austin

N. Y

3

A

Downer's Proliflc

Fillmore .

Kentucky
Maryland
N.J

nr. mar

moderate

5
C

Frencli's Seedling

Green Prolific

vigorous

vigorous

hardy..

N.J

Hovey's Seedling

Jennv Lind

Mass

Mass

market,
market.

vigorous

hardy..

8
o

La Constante

small

not h'y

10

Large Early Scarlet

11

LongwortVs Prolific

McAvoy's Extra Red

McAvoy'B Superior

Monitor

Ohio

vigorous

lo

Ohio

13
11

Ohio

vigorous

N. Y

vigorous

Ti

Necked Pine

America .

^P

Russell's Prolific

Triomphe de Gand

Wilson's Albany

RuBUS (Bramble).

Occidentalis (Black Easp-
berrv)

N. Y. . ..

strong

17

Belgium..

vigorous

IS

N. Y

vigorous

hardy. .

per herbs

curv. canes.

long

hardy..

1

American Black

America..

cook, etc

APPENDIX.

505

PLANTS, Etc.

PECULIARITIES OF FRUIT, Etc.

a

O

m
a

<u

o
a>

oT
to
c

o

CO

5

u

3
13
O

u

Pi

ft
m

J3
CO

o

o

o
'a

6

V. prod,
product

large...
large.. -
large...
medium
V. large

h't-shape..
h't-shape ..
ob. h't sh. .

ob. h't sh. .
h't shape...

yellow .. .
black....

red

red

yel. red..

best

good

sub-acid .

rich

good

June

J'ne, July

July

May, J'ne
J'ne, July

11

I'-,

IG

product
product

IT

IS

10

large...

h't shape ..

black ....

good

J'ne, July

'>0

small ..

black ....

small

red

white

May, J'ne

early

early

early

early

large, d'rk

V. large

large.. -

medium

large...

large...

V. large

V. large

large. . .

larg

medium

large...

large.. -

large...

large...

V. large
V. large
large...

conical

roundish...
roundish...

ob. con

conical

round

conical

conical

conical

oval

roundish...
roundish...
irregular...
round, con.

conical

round, con.
conical, etc.
irreg. con. .

crimson.,
b. scarlet.

scarlet

d. crims'n
d. scarlet-
scarlet...
crimson.,
b. scarlet.

red

b. scarlet-
b. crims'n
scarlet...
crimson..

V. good-.

good

good

V. good ..

good

good

good

1

mod'ate
product
mod'ate
product
product

product

rt

o

I'ge.ro'gh
medium .

pistillate.

4

5

I'ge, thick

r,

pistillate.

V. good . .

best

V. good..

May, J'ne
May, J'ne
V. early..
May, J'ne

s

burn

9

10

11

pistillate,
pistillate.

V. prod,
product
mod'ate
product
product

good

12

r^

b. scarlet,
scarlet...
d. crims'n
b. crims'n
d. crims'n

11

pistillate.

good

early

IT)

larc^o

10

V. good . .

IT

product

good

early

18

J'ne, July
early

small -.

flat

black

acid

1

506

APPENDIX.

NAMES.

3

'si

•r

o

America .
N. Y

Ohio

Ohio

PECULIARITIES OF

d

B.

m

s

"5 as

CO

a>

a

t

American White

^

Doolittle -

market,
market.

branching . .

4

McCormick, or Miami...

Ohio Everbearing

Purple Cane -

Idcrus ilted Jiasnberry)

%

ft

America .

family .

erect canes
everbearing
upright

tall

tender .

Catawissa

Clarke

Hndson River Antwerp

Penn

tender .

Conn

market,
market.

amateur
market.

V. strong

short

hardy 7.

10

Imperial

Orange

France...

Penn

Penn

canes green

11

1?

Philadelphia

Red AntwerD

hardy..

13

VUlosus (Blackberi'y)

erect

1-6 feet

slender

1

Crystal White

Ulinoia ..
Mass

amateur

not h'y

?

hardy.,
hardy. -

1

Kittntinnv

N.J

N. Y

N.J

market,
market.

<l

New Rochelle or Lawton
Wilson's Early

hardy..

f,

hardy..

Rosa (Rosb).

Sctigfra {Prairie)

Baltimore Belle

America .
America .
America .
America .
Europe

1

climber
climber
climber

tender ?

2

President

Queen of the Prairies . . .
Rubiginosa {Sweet Briar)..
Common Sweet Briar

<^

hardy.-

^

5

Sempervirem {Evergreen).
Bennett's Seedling

g

Mulliflora.
Seven Siatere

f:<

Indlca {China, etc.).
Conn d' Hebe

hybrid Chi.

APPENDIX.

507

PLA^ITS, Etc.

PECULIARITIES OF FRUIT, Etc.

0

Foliage, etc.

V

o

o

o

6

o
p.
a

CO

o
"o

o

d

12;

small ..
large...
large...

flat

flat

flat

flat

oblate

white

it

V, prod,
product

black

black

black

acid

5

sweet

late

\

5

medium

pur mar'n

sweet

early

J. Ju. etc.

g

thick

white

product

medium
large...
large ...
large...
large...
large...
large...

flat

conical

conical

roundish ..

conical

roundish ..
globular ...

d. crims'n
bri't crim
dull red.,
bright red
orange...
pur. red.,
dark red.

rather acid

sweet

pleasant .
excellent,
rich

.

large

9

product

9

10

V. prod,
product

11

^

V. good . .

1"

vinous

11

8-5

July Aug

not pro.

medium
large. . .
large...
V. large,
large...

oval

ob. con

round, con.

oval

ob. oval ...

cream wh
deep bl'ck

black

black....
black

sweet

1

high

2

product
product
product

sweet

5

sweet

sweet

early

^

^

clusters..

blush wh.
bluish

summer. .
summer.,
summer..

1

Q

large...

globular ...

rosy red .

1J

single

pink

^

pure wht.

summer..

f)

6

clus. Trge
bright

brh to cr'n
br"t pink.

summer. .
summer. .

T

large...

beautiful...

R

508

APPENDIX.

NAMES.

n
'5)

0

0

GO

PECULIARITIES OF

i

3

u

K

9

George IV

hybrid Chi.
hybrid Chi.
tea-scented
tea-scented
tea-scented
tea-scented
tea-scented
tea-scented
Bourbon...

10
11

Madam Plan tier

Aurora

JO

Bougere

18

Caroline

11

Devoniensis

15

Gloire de Dijon

Ifi

Homer

17

Appoline

IS

George Peabody

Bourbon

19

Hermosa

Bourbon...

"0

Joseph Gourdon

Bourbon...

''1

Mrs. Bosanquet

Bourbon

po

Paul Joseph

Bourbon

'>%

Queen of the Bourbons..

Bourbon...

SI

Sir Joseph Paston

Bourbon...

*")

Souvenir de la Malmaison
Imperatrice Eugenie

Bourbon...

?6

Chi or Beng

Noisette...

Noisette...

27

Moschata Hybrid.
America

D. C

very strong..

2R

Celine Forestier

OO

Lamarque

Noisette...

SO

Solfaterre

Noisette...

31

Centifolia {Provence).
Common Moss

moss

Provence . .

vigorous

30

Common Provence

R3

Dwarf Burgundy

Provence . .

R4

Luxembourg

moss

moss

luxuriant

35

White Bath

delicate

?,fi

Damascena {Damask).
Madame Hardj'

37

Liitea ?
Harrison's Yellow

APPENDIX.

509

PLANTS, Etc.

PECULIAKITIES OF FRUIT, Etc.

0

03

CO

1

3

o

I14

0
.2

0
ft

C3

0

0

p
S

V. large

dark crim
pure wh't
yel. rose.
d'p blush
rosy flesh
cream wh
yellow...
rosy pink
light pink
dark crim
I'gt blush
rosy flesh
pale flesh
violet pur
fawn

summer.,
summer.,
summer..

9

iu clust're

10

w

large...

fine

12

large -.-

perpetual
perpetual
perpetual
perpetual
perpetual
perpetual
perpetual
perpetual
perpetual

13

large

11

large...

full

fine form...
double

15

free blm

Ifi

17

IS

bl'm pro

large...

double

T)

?0

large...

double

''I

99

pro bl'm
free bl'm

perpetual
perpetual
perpetual
perpetual

perpetual
perpetual
perpetual
perpetual

summer.,
summer..

OS

deep rose
pale flesh
clear rose

cream yel
pale yel..
palelem'n
saf. yel...

04

?5

V. large

V. sweet..

T.

free bl'm
free bl'm

07

OS

V. large

?<)

fragrant..

80

bl'm pro

large...
large. . .

full

31

double

rose

V. sweet- -

82
.S8

free bl'm

pur. crim
pure wh't

white

summer.,
summer..

summer..

summer..

34

35

largo...

double

double

3fi

yellow...

3T

aio

APPENDIX.

08

39
40
41
4li
43
44
45
46
47
4S
49
50
51
52
53
M
55
50
57
58
50

NAMES.

Persian Yellow

Not Beferable ?

Arthur de Sansal

Baronue Prevost

Caroline de Sansal

Dr. Arnal

Dr. Arnold

Gen. Jacqueminot

Giant des Batailles

Gen. Washington

L'Enfant du Mont Carmel

La Keine

Lord Raglan

Lion des Combats

Madame Laffay

Madame Rivers

Madame Charles Wood..

Mrs. Elliott

Paonie

Portland Blanche

Pius IX

Prince Albert

Sydonie

Amelanchiee.
Canadensis (June-Berri/'i.

Ptrus.
Communis {Pear).

Bartlett

Belle Lucrative

BeurreBosc

Beurre Clai rgeau

Beurre d'Anjou

Beurre Diel -..

a
"St

America..

Europe ..
England .
Belgium .
Belgium .
France...
Prance...
Belgium .

or. etc..

table...
mar etc.
des. etc.
dee. etc.
market,
mar etc.
mar etc.

PECULIARITIES OF

hy. per.

fehruta or tr.

tree

shoots y. br
yel. brown,
br. olive ...

reddish

yel. brown.

°6
K

vigorous,
vigorous,
vigorous.

dwarf.

vigorous.

vigorous.

good grower.

10-30 feet ....

upright . . .
spreadiug-

vigorous..
spreading,
vigorous..

a

OS

w

hardy..

hardy f .

blights.

APPEKDIX.

511

PLANTS, Etc.

PECULIARITIES OP FRUIT, Etc.

a
g

O

p

ST

.a
en

"o

o
>
a

s

6

'A

double

gold, vel

summer. .

<?8

■V)

ab. bl'm

V. large

full..

deep rose
clear ilesh
br't crim.

best

best

best

perpetual
pei-petual
perpetual

■10

luxuriant

11

free blm

large...

double

!■>

4?,

free blm
free blm
free blm

erim. scar
fiery crim
rosy car.,
pur. red.,
rosy lilac,
fiery crim
red scar.,
rosy crim
pale flesh
brill, red.
rosy pur..

perpetual
perpetual
perpetual
perpetual
perpetual
perpetual
perpetual
perpetual
perpetual
perpetual

41

)5

V. large
V. large
V. large

full

double

sweet

ITi

IT

4.S

free blm

■10

■^0

large...

full

51

free blm

r)'>

ris

ab. bl'm
free blm

V. large

5t

cherry red
pure wh't
pur. red..

nr)

perpetual
perpetual

5f>

pro bl'm

V. large

best

57

58

:,<}

white .

ber like

large...
large...
medium
large...
large...
large...
large...

tap. to 8"k.

ob. pyr

variable ...
pyriiorm-..
pyriform...

ob. pyr

pyriform...

purplish .

green, etc
yellow....

green

russett...
blushed.,
greenish.,
yellow...

sweet

ovate

folded

white

product
V. prod,
product
regular,
product

high

vinous...

sweet

sweel. ...

svrcct

vinous...
sweet

sum. etc..
Aug. Sep.

Sept

Oct? ....
Oct. Nov.
Sept. Oct.
Sep. Dec.

1

",

a

4

5

leafbli'ts

product

0

512

APPENDIX.

I
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35

1

2

NAMES.

Bearre Easter..

Beurre Glffard

Beurre Langelier

Bloodgood

Baffum

Chaumoctel

Clapp's Favorite

Dearborn's Seedling

Doyenne Boussock

Doyenne d"Ete

Doyenne V/hite

Dnchesse^d' Angoiilcme.

Flemish Beauty

Glont Morceau

Howell.

];Kirtland

Lawrence

Louise Bonne de Jersey .

Onondaga

Osband's Summer

Rostiezer

Seckel

Sheldon

Stevens' Genesee

Tyson

Urhaniste

Vicar of Winkfield

Waterloo?

Winter Nelis

Mains (Apple)

American Gold. Russet..

American Sum. Pear

France.

Jersey .

N. y. ..

R. Island.
France...

Mass

Mass

Belgium .
Belgium -
France...
France...
Belgium .
Belgium .

Conn

Ohio

L. Island
France...

Conn

N. Y

Penn

N. T

N. Y.... .

Penn

Belgium .
France...

Belgium .
Asia

America .

des. etc.
mar. etc

tab. etc.
tab & m

market,
table...
tab & m
tab & m
table...
mar. etc
mar. etc
dessert,
mar. etc
amat'ur
mar & d
mar. etc
mar. etc
mar. etc
amat'ur
des. etc
mar. etc
amat'ur
des. etc.

mar. etc
amat'ur
des. etc
fruit . . .
des. etc
desert..

PECULIARITIES OF

red. yellow
yel. brown.
yel. brown,
red. brown.

reddish

slender

red. brown,
red. brown,
red. brown.
red. yellow,
light brown
yel. brovra.
olive brown
dark olive .
red. yellow,
olive brown
yel. brown,
olive brown
olive brown
yel. brown,
olive brown
olive brown
yel. brown,
dark gray.,
ol. yel. br..
yel. brown,
dark ol. br.
ol.br. gray,
red. brown.

tree.

red. gray br
slender

1c *="

»*- C3

tti.a
'Sec

vigorous

moderate ...

vigorous

moderate . .
vig. upright.

vig. upright.

up. spreading

upright

upright

strong

luxuriant

spreading

upright

moderate

moderate

upright

vigorous

straggling....
symmetrical .
erect

upright . .
mod. vig.
thrifty...
vigorous..

20-50 feet...

upright

slow, large.

blights.

blights.

hardy..

healthy
hardy.,
hardy..

hardy..

hardy.,
hardy.,
tender.,
hardy..

APPEKDIX.

513

PLANTS, Ero.

60

serrate. . .

earlv.

PECULLARITIE3 OP FRUIT, Etc.

white, etc
reddish...
white

75

a
c

regular,
regnlar.

V. prod,
V. prod.

product

product

product

prolific,
prolific-
prolific,
g. bear.

tardy

product
product
regular.

product
product

large ..
medium
medium
medium
medium
large...
large...
email...
large...
small...
medium
V. large,
large. . .
large. . .
large...
medium
medium
large...
large...
small...
small...
small...
medium
large...
medium
medium
large...
large. . .
medium

roundish...
pyriform...
pyriform...
turbinate . .
ob. obov...
pyriform...

ob. pyr

round pyr..

obovate

round ob..

obovate

obovate

obovate

variable

round pyr..

obovate

ob. pyr

ob. pyr

ob. pyr

obov. pyr..

ohl. pyr

obovate

round obo..
roundish....

ac. pyr

ob. pyr.....
long pyr....

ob. pyr

round obo.

small
medium

conical,
round . .

green

yellow ...
yellow...
yel. rus ..
yellow...

yellow

lem. yel..
light yel..
deep yel..

yellow

pale yel..
green yel.
pale yel..
green yel.
light yel .

russet

lem. yel..
blushed..

yellow

yellow

blushed.,
blushed..

russet

yellow...
blushed.,
pale yel..
pale yel..
blushed.,
russeted..

russet.,
striped.

sweet

vinous...
vinous...
aromatic.

sweet. -
sweet.,
sweet. .
sweet.,
sweet.,
high....
sweet..
sweet..
sweet.,
vinous.
sweet.,
sweet..

rich

vinous,
sweet.,
sweet.,
sweet..
sweet..
sweet.,
sweet..

rich

good...

vinous,
sweet..

sub-acid.,
sub-acid..

Jan. Mar.
Aug

Nov. Jan.

July

Aug. Sep.
Nov. Dec.

Aug

Aug

.Sept

July Aug.
Sep. Oct..
Sep. Oct..

Sept

Dec. Feb
Sep. Oct.
Aug. Sep..
Nov. Dec.
Sep. Oct..
Sep. Oct..
July Aug.
Aug. Sep..
Aug. Sep.
Sep. Oct..
Aug. Sep.
Aug. Sep.
Sep. Oct..
Oct. Jan..
Sep. Oct..
Nov. Jan.

Nov. Dec.
Aug. Sep.

T
8
9
10
11
12
IS
14
15
IC
IT
13
19
20
21
22
2:3
24
25
20
2T
28
29
30
31
82
33
34
85

514

APPENDIX.

o

3
4
6
C
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
83
&4

NAMES.

Autumnal Strawberry ...

Baccolinns

Bailey Sweet

Baldwin

Belmont

Ben Davis

Benoni

Broad well -

Buckingham

Garbage

Carolina Red June

Cole's Quince

Cooper -

Crain'B Spice...

Cullasaga

Danvers' Win. Sweet

Davidge

Domine

Duchess of Oldenburg...

Dyer

Early Harvest

Early Pennock.

Early Strawberry

English Golden Russet ..

Esopus Spitzenburg

Falla water

Fall Jannetin^

Fall Orange

Fall Pippin

Fall Wine

Fall Winesap

Fall Swaar of the West..

N. T.

N. T.
Mass.
Va. ..
Ky...
Mass.
Ohio.
Va. . .

N. C...

Mass ?

N. C

Mass

Illinois?.

N. T

Russia ?..
France...
N. Y

N. Y.

N. Y

Penn

Conn

Mass

America .

Illinois .

table..

table.

table...

table.

cooking
table...
tab cook
cooking

cooking

PECULIARITIES OP

dark

red. brown,
light olive,
yellowish.,
slender br..
red. brown,
red. dark...

slen. dark.,
red. brown,
red. slender

gray brown

reddish

stout br'wn
dark, erect,
red. brown,
erect, dark,
slen. olive.,
slen. olive..

slender

stout, dark,
stout, dark,
red. diverg.
stout, b'wn
stout, dark.

stout, dark.

a

upright

thrifty

vigorous

spreading

spreading

large, upright
small, upright

spreading

upright

upright

spreading

spreading

rapid growth.

symmetrical .

small

spreading

spread, small

upright

upright, large

spreading

drooping

rapid spread.

rigorous

strong, erect.

spreading

slender, mod.
drooping

W

tender.,
tender.,
hardv..

hardy.

cankers

not h'y.

short liv

tender .
short Ht

hardy.,
short liv
not h'y
hardy.,
hardy..

APPENDIX.

515

PLANTS. Etc.

bo

large

crenate.--

large

thin, long

narrow.

dark.

narrow.

crenate.

crenate.
large...

o

5.

whitish.,
white?...

reddish .
whitish .
reddish .

whitish .
reddish .

white?.,
reddish .
whitish .
white . . .

reddish . .

serrate...

O

product
product
product
product
product
product
product
product

product

V. prod,
product
product
product
product
product
not pro

whitish .
reddish .

rtebear
product
product
product
product
product
b'rs y'g

PECULIAKITIES OF FRUIT, Etc.

medium
small ...
large...
large. . .
large...
large...
small ..
large...
large...
medium
medium
large. . .
large. . .
small -.
large. . .
large. ..
large...
large...
medium
medium
medium
large...
medium
medium
medium
large...

large...
V. large
medium
medium
large...

■J2

r'dob

round.

round

flat

oblong

oblong

round

round

conical

r'ud conical

oblong

round

flat -

flat

round

round

conicai

flat

flat

round

flat?

conical

conical

round

conical

round

round

round

flat

round

roundish.

o

blushed,
striped.,
striped .
striped .
blushed,
striped .
striped .
blushed,
striped .
j'ellow..
blushed,
yellow.,
striped .
dull red.
striped .
green . . .
striped .
striped .
striped .
yellow.,
white...
striped .
striped .
russet ..
striped .
green . . .

blushed,
yellow. .
striped .
blushed,
rus. yel .

o
5

sub-acid.,
sub-acid .

sweet

sub-acid .
sub-acid .
sub-acid .
sub-acid .

sweet

sub-acid .

sweet

sub-acid .
sub-acid .
snb-acid .

spicy

sweet

sweet

sweet

acid.

acid

sub-acid .
sub-acid .

acid

acid

sub-acid .

acid

sweet? ..

acid

acid

sub-acid .

acid

sub-acid ,

o

Aug. Sep.
Dec. M'h.
Oct......

Oct. Jan.
Oct. Dec.
Dec. Jan.
July Aug.
Dec......

Oct. Dec.
Sep. Oct..
June July

Aug

Sep. Oct.
Mar. J'ne
Jan. Ap'l
Dec. Jan.
Mar. May
Oct. Dec.
July Aug.
Sep. Oct.
June July
July Aug.
July Aug.
Jan. Feb.
Dec. Feb.
Nov. Dec.

Oct Nov ?
Sep. Dec.
Sep. Oct.

Sep. Oct.

4
5
6
T
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
82
3-3
34

516

APPENDIX.

o

85
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
4^1
45
46
47
4S
49
50
51
62
53
54
55
56
57
56
69
CO
61
62
63
M
65
66

NAMES.

Famense

Father Abraham, of Ills..

Fink

Fulton

Gilpin

Golden Sweeting

Gravenstein

Grimes' Golden

Harrison

Hawley

Hawthomden,-

llewes' Virginia Crab

High-Top Sweeting

Hocking

Horse

Hnbbardston Nonsuch ..

Harlbut.

Jerrall

Jersey Black

Jersey Sweeting

Jewett'sFine Red

Jonathan

Kentucky

Keswick Codlin

King of Tompkins

Kirkbridge White

Ladies' Sweeting

Lady Apple.

Large Striped Pearmain..

Large Yellow Bough

Limber Twig

Lowell

Va

Ohio

Illinois ..

Va

Conn

Holstein.

Va

N.J

N. Y

Scotland.

Va

Maes

N. C. ..

M»es...
Conn...

N. H... .

N. Y

Kentucky
England .
N.J.?....

France...
Kentucky

N. C.?.

c"k. dry

des. etc.

mar etc.

mar etc.

mar etc.
dessert,
des. etc.

dee. etc

PECULL4.RITIES OF

red. brown.

elen. red.br
shoots dark
erect, stout
red. brown,
stout, dark,
stout, olive

red. brown.

sparse

light, red br

light, red br
gray brown
stout

small .
strong.

spreading.

upright...
vigorous,
strong

V. dark.

light green.

slender

slender

Mia

n

drooping

large

upright

large, upright
slender nied..

spreading

spreading

large

large, spread,
round, ugly.,
small, droop,
large, spread .

upright

spreading

vigorous

drooping

spreading

spreading.

vigorous.

small

large.

compact.

round head .

a

OS

X

short Mv

hardy T.

hardy..

hardy.,
hardy. -
hardy.,
thrifty..

thrif|.y_

APPENDIX.

51'

PLANTS, Etc.

PECULIARITIES OF FRUIT, Etc.

o

3

o

p

reddish ,

white

reddish . .

white

reddish .
red

whitish .
reddish .

reddish..

product
not pro
product
not pro
product
product
late b'r.
product

early b'r
early b'r

product

product
product

.a

medium
medium
small ..
large...
small ..
large...
large. . .
medium
small ..
large...
large...
small ..
medium
large...
large...
large...
medium

round . .

flat

Hat

flat

round . .
round-.

flat

flat

conical,
flat ....

flat

round.,
round . .
flat ....
round.,
round.,
flat ....

c

p

a

striped.,
striped .
wh. yel..
blushed,
striped. .
yellow ..
striped.,
yellow ..
yellow ..
yellow ..
striped.,
striped.,
yellow...
striped.,
yellow.,
striped.,
striped..

sub acid.,
sub-acid.,
sub-acid.,
eub-acid..

owcet

sweet

acid

sub-acid.,
sub-acid.,
sub-acid.,
sub-acid..

acid

sweet

sub-acid.,
sub-acid.,
sub-acid.,
(cid.

Oct. Dec.
M'y, July
Nov. Jan.
Nov. Dec.
Ap'l, May

Aug

Aug. Sep.
Dec. Mar.

.\pril

Aug. Sep.
July Aug.
Nov. Jan.
June, J'ly
Aug. Sep.
Aug. Sep.
Oct. Dec,
Dec?

80
86
37
88
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
4T
48
49
50
51
53
53
54
55
56
57
56
59
60
01
6-2
63
64
65
66

sparse..

toothed,
dark

whitish .

whitish..

product
product
product
product

whitish..

whitish.

reddish..

crenate..

whitish ..
reddish ..

product
product
product
product
product

not pro
not pro
product

medium
medium
medium
medium
large...
medium
large...
medium
large...
small ..
large...
large...
small ..
large...

flat

conical,
flat ....
oblon?.

striped,
striped,
striped -
striped.

sub-acid..

sweet

acid

sub-acid..

Dec

Aug. Sep.
Dec

Nov. Jan.

oblong.
flat ....
oblong,
round.,
flat ....

conical,
conical-
round..

yellow ..
striped.,
yellow . .
striped.,
blushed,
striped. .
yellow . .
striped.,
yellow . .

acid

sub-acid.,
sub-acid..

sweet

sub-acid..

sweet

sub-acid.,
sub acid..

June, Au.
Nov. Jan.
July, Aug

Dec

Dec. Mar.

July, Aug
Mar. Ap'l
Aug. Sep.

518

APPENDIX.

o

iz;

67

68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98

NAMES.

Maiden's Blash

May of Myer8

Melon

Michael Henry

Milam

Minkler

Mother

Newtown Pippin

Northern Spy

Northern Sweet

Nickajack

Ortley

Paradise Win. Sweet

Peck's Pleasant

Pennock

Perry Russet

Pomme Grise

Porter

Primate

Pryor'8 Red

Rambo

Ramsdell's Sweet

Rawled' Janet

Red Astrachan

Red Canada

Red Russet

Rhode Island Greening..

Richards' Graft

Roman Stem

Rome Beauty.

Roxbury Russet

Bangamon Red Streak ..

a
'Si

N.J...

N. Y.
N. J..

Illinois ?.

Mass

N. Y

N. Y

Vermont.
Georgia..

N.J

Penn

R. I

Penn

Mass.

Va

Penn ...
Conn ...

Va

Russia*.

N. H.

N.Y

N.J

Ohio

Mass

Illinois ?.

mar. etc
market.

market-

table...
tab. etc.

eating .
market,
eating .
eating
eating .
market.

mar. etc
eat. etc.
eat. etc.
eat. etc.

mar. etc
market.
mar. etc

mar. etc

eating .
market,
market,
market.

PECULIARITIES OP

spreading.

dark

reddish

dark green,
reddish

stout, red.

stout

dark

slender ...
slender ...
slender ...
reddish ...

slender ...
brownish .

dark

stout, dark.

slender, red

spreading...

small

round head,
spreading...

large,
large.

large

large

upright - . .
spreading,
large

small

stocky

large

upright...
upright ...
spreading.

slender

crooked

small

spreading.

a

W

hardy?.

hardy,
hardy.

tender .

hardy. .

hardy.,
hardy.,
hardy..

hardy.,
tender .

tender .
hardy.,
hardy..

tender .

hardy.,
tender .

APPENDIX.

519

PLANTS, Etc.

to

o

dark.

dark.

sharp .
large. .

Bcattering
light gr'n
whitish..

large,
wavy.

dark.

;ray.

o

5

red.

reddish .

white ...
V. late...

whitish-
reddish .

reddish ..

reddish . .

whitish

white ...
reddish .

whitish .
late

PECULIARITIES OP FRUIT, Etc.

o

product
product

product

product
mod'ate
product
product
product
product
product
product

product
product
product
product
product
product
product
product
shy?...
product

product
product
product
product
product

large...
medium
large.. -
medium
small...
large...
large. -.
medium
large...
largo . . .
large...
large...
large...
large...
large...
medium
small ..
large...
medium
large. . .
medium
medium
medium
large...
medium
large ..
large...
medium
medium
large...
large...
larfre...

p.

flat

round

flat

conical

conical

flat

oblong.. .

round

conical

round

flat

oblong

round

round

flat -

flat

flat

oblong. .

round

round

flat

oblong

conical

flat

conical

round

flat

flat

round

flat

flat

conical

blushed,
yellow...
striped.,
yellow - .
striped.,
striped.,
striped.,
yellow ..
striped.,
yellow . .
striped.,
yellow...

white

yellow...
striped...

russet

russet

yellow...
yellow....

russet

striped...
striped . . ,
striped.,
striped. -
striped-.

russet

green

striped.,
yellow...
striped...

russet

striped...

o
>

acid

sweet

sub-acid .

sweet

sub-acid .
sub-acid .

sweet

acid

acid

sweet

sub-acid. -

acid

sweet

sub -acid.,
ub-acid..

acid

sub-acid..

acid

sub-acid.,
sub-acid.,
sab-acid..

sweet

sub-acid..

acid

sub -acid.,
sub-acid.,
sub-acid.,
sub-acid .
sub-acid .
sub-acid .

acid

sub-acid .

Sept. Oct.
May, J'ne
Nov. Jan.
Dec. Jan
Dec. Jan
Mar. May
Oct. Jan.
Dec. Mar.
Dec. May

Sept

Mar. May
Nov. Jan.
Dec. Mar.
Dec. Jan.
Dec. Feb.
Dec. Jan.
Jan. Mar.
Aug. Oct.
July Aug.
Dec. Feb.
Oct. Dec.
Sep. Dec.
Feb. Mar.

July

Dec. Feb.
Jan. Aprl
Oct. Dec.
Sep. Oct.
Dec. Jan.
Dec. Feb.
Nov. Jan.
Nov?

6T
68
69
70
71
72
7S
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
8S
81
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92

sa

94
95
96
97

98

520

APPENDIX.

o

S9
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
J 15
116
117
118
119
190
121

las

128
124
125

126
127
128

^•AMES

Sine Qua Non .
Smith's Cider.
Smoke House .

Sops of Wine

Sparks' Late :

Stannard

Stark

Stri'd or Scol^d Gillifl'r

Striped Pippin

Summer Queen

Summer Kose

Swaar

Sweet Vandevere

Tart Bough...

Tewksbury Win. Blush

To] man's Sweeting

Transcendent Crab

Twenty Ounce Apple..

Vandevere Pippin

Wagener

Westfle'd Seek-no-furt'r

White Pippin

White Winter Pearmain

Winesap

Willow Twig

Williams' Farorite

Wine Apple, Ilavs' or
Pa. R. S ".

Yellow Bellcfleur

Yellow Ingestrie

Yellow Siberian Crab..

SiKcto.billis {Chinese Flow
Crab)

o

N. Y.

Pcnn

U>

eating .
market.

market.

N. Y mar. etc

PECULIARITIES OF

S3

c3

light gixen.
slender

N. Y. ..
N. J....
N. Y. ..

N.J.
R.I.

Conn..
Peun ?
N. Y. .
Conn..

N.J

Virginia .
Mass

N.J

England .

China.

market,
eating .
eating .

eating .
feed, etc

eating .
tab. etc
mar. etc

tab. etc.
mar. etc

co5fc,etc
eat. etc.

stout

stout

large

brown, red.
long

stout

stout, dark,
slender

— a
la'Ji

round head
vigorous...

spreading

upright ..

spreading

upright

slender

stout

stout

shoots dark
dark

slender ..

slender

yellowish ..

spreading

spreading

spreading

upright . . .
spreading.

round head .
spreading.. -

upright

spreading...

upright

spreading...
spreading...
spreading...
spreading...

upright - .
drooping.

hardy.

hardv.

hardy..

hardy T
hardy..

hardy,
hardy.

hardy..

hardy.

tender .

APPENDIX.

531

PLANTS, Etc.

o

o

white.,
whitish

whitish

PECULIAKITIES OF FRIHT, Etc.

cc

product

product
product
product
product

medium
medium
large...
medium
medium
large...
large...
large...

.a

02

conical...

round

flat

round

oblong...
roundish,
roundish,
oblong...

o
"o
C.1

white...
sti'ipcd .
striped .
striped .
yellow. .
striped .
striped .
striped .

o

>

Bub-acid .
sub-acid .
sub-acid .
sub-acid .
oub-acid .
sub-acid .
sub-acid .
sub-acid .

o

July Aug.
Dec. Jan..
Oct. Nov.
July Sep.
Dec. Jan,
Nov. Feb.
Dec. May
Sept

o

lOO
101
102
108
104
105
106
lOT
10«
lOO
110

III

112
US
lU
115

lie

in

118
119
120
121
123
128
124

125
126
12T
128

crenate..
glaucous,
large

whitish

rcdflish

waved .

large.

serrate.
large...

small

large

Ksaooth .

prod't?
product
product
product

large,
small
large,
large.

conical
round,,
round . .
flat....

whitish

red

reddish

whitish

white.,
rose etc

product
product
product
ear. b'r.
product
product
product
product
product
product
product

product
shy ?

product

small ..
medium
small . .
large...
large...
large...
medium
meeium
medium
medium
large...
medium

large...
large...
small ..
small ..

flat ....

round..

oblong.

conical.

flat ....

flat....

conical

round..

conical

conical

round..

round..

striped .
striped .
yellow. .
striped .
white...
blushed .
yellow.,
blushed,
striped .
striped .
striped .
striped .
white...
yellow.,
blushed,
striped .
striped .

sub-acid .
sub-acid .
sub-acid .

sweet

acid

acid

sweet

sub-acid .

acid

acid

snb-acid
sub-acid .

acid

sub-acid .

acid

sub-acid .
sub-acid

July Aug
July Aug.
Dec. Jan.
Dec. Jan.

flat....
conical
round.,
oblong.

striped .. acid
yellow...
yellow. -.
yellow...

acid

acid

acid

Mar. Ap'l
Sep. Jan.
Aug. Sep.
Oct. Dec..

Dec

Nov. Dec.

Dec

Dec. Jan.
Dec. Mar.
Jan. Mar.
Dec. Ap'l
Jul. Aug.

Oct. Dec.
Oct. Jan..
Sep. Oct..
Aug. Sep.

76

523

APPENDIX.

NAMRS.

g
o

PECULIARITIES OP

6

d

-♦J

a
O

o

<U 03

w

03
(A

.s

Prunifolio, {Siberian Crab)
Baccata (Berry Crab)

orn. etc
om

Coronaria (American Crab)
Americana (Mountain Ash)
Aucuparia (European Ask)

CTDONIA (QtJINCE).

Vulgaris (Common Quince)
Orange

America .
America .
Europe...

orn

small tree

orn

small tree

om

medium tree,
low trees, etc

Levant...

Portugal

Japonica (Japan Quince)..
Blush

Japan

Crimson

CALYCANTHU8 FAMILY

Caltcanthus.
Fl^ridus

America .

om

shrub

S.^XIFRAGE.

Rides (Cderant, etc.)
Grossvlaris (Eng. Qooseb^y)

Woodward's Whitesm'h.
Hirtellum?

Downing's Seedling

Houghton's Seedling

Mountain Seedling

Pale Red

fruit, or

Europe.. .

1

England .

N. Y

MasB

fruit...
family .

erect

mild'w*

1
3

slender

slender

strong

slender —

stout

upright

spreading

straggling...
upright

vigor'us
vigor'us

3
4

N.Y

vigor'as
vigor'aa

1

Evbrum (Sed Currant)
Cherry

Oondouin White

Italy

France...
France

market.

.

2

strong.

9

La Vprsaillaise

1

TjonP' Bniiched lied

.. .-

5

Red Dutch

fam. etc

erect-.

fi

Victoria

slender

spreading

1

White Dutch

APPENDIX.

523

PLANTS, Etc.

PECULIARITIES OP FRUIT, Etc.

a

0

OQ

02

o
o

.5
■3

QD

1
0

0

B

0

u

P4

0.

Ih*

_o

0

p

5

o'

white

yellowish

white . .

ovate

reddish ..

green

pointed.,
oblong ..

white

scarlet ...

white. ..

scarlet . .

OTal

large

white

white

shy

large...
V. large

round

ob. ovate...

yellow...
yellowish

mild

Sep. Oct.

oval

blush

crifuBon..

dull red..

small...
small ..

erect

green

green

uneatable

oval

product

V. prod.
V. prod,
product
V. prod.

prod't ?
product
product
V. prod.
V. prod.
V. prod,
prod't ?

large...

medium
medium
large...
small ..

V. large
large...
V. large,
large...
large. . .
large...
large...

roundish...

roundish...
roundish...

oval

oval

round

round

round

round

round

round

round

white

whitish.,
pale red.,
brown red
pale red..

deep red .
yellow...
dark red.,
deep red.
deep red.
light red.
yel. white

best

11

V. good ..
v. good ..

good

V. good ..

acid

sweet

acid

June July
June July
June July
June July

June July
June July
June July
June July
June July

late

early

1

^

8

4

thick ...

1

•^

large

R

4

rich acid.

acid

sweetish..

5

f.

534

APPENDIX.

NAMES.

Origin.

o

amafur

PECULIARITIES OP

d

m

o

a

a

White Grape

slender

spreading

Nigrum {Black Currant)..
Black Naples

Europe ..

coarse

Aureum (Missouri) -

Large Fruited Missouri..
Sangulneum

America .
Greg. etc.

fruit etc
orn

APPENDIX.

525

PLANTS, Etc.

PECULIARITIES OF FRUIT, Etc.

a

o

If

o

o

S
13
O

2

Color.

o

OS
5

d

prod't ?

V. large

round

white yel.

sweet

ft

product

V. large

black

Bweet

yellow...
rose red.-

V. large

black

I 1^ D E X.

INDEX.

REPORT FOR 1870.

Pasb.

Organizatiou of the Society 7

Informal Meeting 7

First Regular Meeting -.. 8

Articles of Association 8

April Meeting 10

Remarks on the Cultivation and Varieties of Apples. 11

Address of the Corresponding Committee 16

May Meeting 17

Grafting , 19

Report of Committee on Apples 20

Our Orchard System — Address — J P. Thompson 25

Popular Varieties of Hardy Apples — W. L. Waring 35

June Meeting— Strawberries and Cherries — H. S. Clubb 45

Address — Hon. Flavius J. Littlejohn 55

Among the Orchards and Vineyards — Messrs. Clubb and Fassett- 71

December Meeting 78

A State Test Garden— A. T. Linderman 83

Fruit Lands of Western Michigan 89

Premium List and Rules for First Fair 91

The First Annual Fair 100

Table showing Comparative Quality, Fruitfulness, and Time of

Ripening of 27 Varieties Grapes — Ed. Bradfield 105

Governor Baldwin's Address. 112

SECRETARY'S ANNUAL REPORT— 1871.

Introductory ". 116

Officers for 1871 119

List of Members 120

Laws affecting Horticulture 131

Law for the Incorporation of Pomological Societies. .-. 131

Law regulating size of Peach Baskets 133

77

530 IXDEX.

Paoe.

Law regulating size of Barrels for Fruit, etc 133

Law relating to planting Trees in the Highways 134

Law regulating Roads - 135

Law pertaining to Trespassers _ 135

Law relating to the Willful Inj ury of Trees 136

Law relating to the Removal of Trees 136

Law relative to the Destruction of Birds 137

Articles of Association 138

Minutes of Meetings 141

January Meeting 143

New Industries— Address— J. P. Thompson .-. 146

Free Propagation — Benj. Hathaway-- 155

February Meeting 159

Grapes— M. L. Shafer 162

Grape Culture — Address — Edward .Bradfi eld 164

March IMeeting --- -- 183

Death of Hon Sanford Howard 184

Climatology of Michigan 184

Wine Making 186

Wine Making — Wm. Haldane 189

Influence of the Stock on the Graft— J. D. Husted 192

Grafting— W. O. Houghtaling 198

Varieties of Grapes 202

April Meeting 206

Cultivation of the Grape— J. G. Ramsdell 207

May Meeting - - 215

June Meeting 217

July Meeting 219

Adjourned Meeting 220

August Meeting 221

September Meeting 223

October Meeting, held at Spring Lake 225

9.9.

•J I

Peaches and Apples Compared — Chas. Soule ...

November Meeting. 330

Our Visit to Michigan — Chas. Downing 234

The Kalamazoo Grape— W. G. Wells -- 236

December IMeeting - - 242

On discarding the Concord— Report— Jacob Ganzhorn 244

Report of Auditing Committee 252

Officers, Rules, and Regulations of Second Annual Fair 255

List of Premiums. 262

Report of Awarding Committees , . . 275

INDEX. 531

Page.

Home Fruits--- -. 391

Foreign Fruits 395

Flowers .-- - 396

A Grand Success - 397

Snout Beetles Injurious to Fruits — Chas. V. Riley 398

The Curculionidce, or Snout Beetles. 305

The Common Plum Curculio ( Illustrated ) 307

It is Nocturnal, rather than Diurnal - . . 311

The Ransom Chip-Trap Process - 311

Keeping in check by the offer of Premiums. - 315

Jarring by Machinery (Illustrated)-.. 315

Two True Parasites of <^he Plum Curculio ( Illustrated ). 319

The Apple Curculio (Illustrated) 337

Its Natural History 339

It Transforms in the Fruit 330

The Amount of Damage it does 338

The Season of the Year during which it Works 333

Remedies and Preventive Measures 333

The Quince' Curculio ( Illustrated ) 335

How it Differs from others 335

Its Transformations and Habits 337

Remedies 339

The Plum-Gouger (Illustrated ) 341

Its Character, Distribution, and Food 841

Often mistaken for the Plum Curculio. _- 343

Its Time of Appearance, and History- 343

Remedies 344

The Strawberry Crown Borer ( Illustrated ) 344

Conclusion __ 349

Report of Delegation to American Pomological Society 357

Address of President Wilder 369

Lessons of Experience 373

The Influence of Warm, Dry Seasons .- 373

Draining of Fruit Lands 373

Preparation and Cultivation of the Soil 373

Manures and their Application 374

Mulching 374

Thinnmg of Fruit.-- 375

Insects and Diseases 375

Shelter 378

Meteorology 379

Originating New Varieties - 380

532 INDEX. *

Page.

C^-nclusion 387

Report of the South Haven Pomological Society 407

Introduction by Secretary 407

Climate -.- 409

Soil 410

Peach Culture ^... 410

Open-air Fig Culture 412

Grape Culture at South Haven . 413

Marketing Advantages. 416

Pear Trees— B. Hathaway 418

Test Gardens — Geo. Parmelee 423

The Point de Peau Vineyard and its Wine 426

Clearing Stump Lands for the Peach — S. B. Peck 436

Varieties of Peaches— S. B. Peck 439

Statement of Spring Lake Vineyards and Orchards. 442

The Codling Moth < 450

Does Fruit-Growing Pay ? 451

Will Apple Culture Pay? 4,51

Selection of Apples for Orchards 452

Raspberries, New and Old — Benj . Hathaway . 453

Michigan Vineyards 457

Michigan tcvsuh Arizona 468

Yellows in Peaches — Prof R. C. Kedzie 464

History of the Yellows. 467

SjTnptoms of the Yellows 469

Mode of Propagation of the Disease 470

Cause of the Yellows 471

Investigation and Microscopic Examination — - 472

Analysis of Ash 476

Remedial Measures 480

Concerning the Meteorology of Michigan — Prof. Kedzie 484

Table of Fruits, Flowers, etc 495

New York Botanical Garden Librar

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