/^^5^-t^tA^ Jk nnua r ■ OF THE MINISTER OF LANDS AND OF THE PROVINCE OF ONTARIO for the fiscal year ending MARCH 31, 1965 ONTARIO THE DETAILED ANNUAL REPORT of the Minister of Lands and Forests of the PROVINCE OF ONTARIO For the Year Ending March 3 1 st, 1 965 ONTARIO DEPARTMENT OF LANDS AND FORESTS To His Honour, The Lieutenant-Governor of the Province of Ontario. May It Please Your Honour: The undersigned begs respectfully to present to your Honour, the Annual Report of the Department of Lands and Forests for the fiscal year beginning April 1st, 1964; and ending March 31st, 1965. A. Kelso Roberts, Minister CONTENTS FOREIGN AID 2 NEW POLICIES 3 ACCOUNTS BRANCH 5 FISH AND WILDLIFE BRANCH 23 Game Management 26 Wolf Bounty 5 1 Fur Management 53 Wildlife Open Seasons 65 Fur Farming 80 Field Services 83 Game Fish and Hatcheries 87 The Commercial Fishery 98 FOREST PROTECTION BRANCH 105 Forest Protection Section 107 Forest Fire Statistics 1 14 Air Service Section 125 LANDS AND SURVEYS BRANCH 135 Lands Section 137 Land Use Planning Section 139 Land Acquisition Section 140 Surveys Section 141 Engineering Section 151 LAW BRANCH 171 Legislation 173 Regulations 173 Orders-in-Council 175 Federal-Provincial Agreements 177 OPERATIONS BRANCH 179 Office Management Section 181 Central Supply Warehouse Section 182 Conservation Information Section 183 Conservation Education Section 1 87 Accident Control Section 1 89 PARKS BRANCH 195 PERSONNEL BRANCH 221 RESEARCH BRANCH 229 Wildlife Research 232 Fisheries Research 234 Forestry Research 242 Mechanical Research 253 Mensuration and Statistics 253 TIMBER BRANCH 259 Reforestation Section 262 Silviculture Section 269 Timber Section 283 Volume in Value of Timber Cut 290 Crown Timber Licences 332 Timber Sales 342 FOREIGN AID Four of the Department's professional staff have substantially assisted the resources management programmes of three countries by acting in advisory capacities under the auspices of the Canadian Federal External Aid Programme. Dr. C. H. D. Clarke, Chief of Fish and Wildlife Branch, spent the first six months of 1965 in Kenya as a consultant on wildlife to the Ministry of Natural Resources and Wildlife. He spent the greater part of his time visiting all the major Game Department and National Parks districts and installations and reporting back to the Permanent Secretary on wildlife management and organi- zational problems. R. M. Dixon, Forester in Silviculture Section, spent two years in Chile (1963-65) with a United Nations project. He was responsible for the estab- lishment and organization of a unit dealing with resources surveys and the forestry aspects of land use. D. A. Skeates, Forester in North Bay District, went to Kenya in 1963 as Forestry Advisor under the Special Commonwealth Aid Programme. He was responsible for Seed Tree Improvement and Species Trials. In 1964, he became Acting Chief Silviculturist and is presently directing forest research studies. J. Goddard, Geraldton District Biologist, is assisting the government of Tanzania, East Africa, to broaden aspects of its big game management programme. He is conducting studies into the population dynamics and ecology of the black rhinoceros herd at the Ngorongoro Crater. The Tanzania government had re- quested this assistance as they feared the herd was in danger of being reduced. NEW POLICIES The modernization of the Air Service fleet was commenced with the acquisi- tion of new DeHavilland Turbo-Beaver aircraft to replace standard Beaver aircraft. The training of Indian fire fighters and the establishment of a 300-man Indian standby fire fighting force was instituted. A new research programme is to determine a practical classification system for Ontario lakes, based on their potential for fish production. The purpose is to provide a yardstick against which biologists may measure the current production level of any lakes to determine whether that production is less than that which is to be expected over a long period of time. The possibilities of developing a programme for the analysis of various game species for pesticide residues were explored and arrangements were made to test a small sample in 1965. Propagation of captive, hardy stocks of native Bobwhite Quail was intensified, (Normandale Game Bird Farm). It is planned to distribute these among private shooting preserve operators for release and propagation. The culture of stocks of tree and shrub species beneficial to wildlife was started at provincial tree nurseries in southern Ontario. Initial plantings of these cover and food plants will be made on public hunting areas and other public lands. ORDER OF ALGONQUIN Indian dancers provided lively entertainment for thousands of interested spectators who attended the first Order of Algonquin ceremonies held at Algonquin Provincial Park's Lake of Two Rivers, July 11, 1964. Sponsor of the Order, Honourable A. Kelso Roberts, awarded certificates to 37 adults and children. Logs being loaded on to a truck in Sault Sre. Marie District. 4 ACCOUNTS BRANCH '-pHE Accounts Branch is responsible for the accounting of the entire Department, •*- the collection of revenue, the payment of expenditures, the administration of The Provincial Land Tax Act, the issuing of fish and wildlife licences (since 1947), the issuing of park permits, the compilation of payrolls, and the preparation of budgets and financial reports. During the year ended March 31st, 1965, cash receipts of the Department of Lands and Forests totalled $24,042,163.34. Total cash disbursements amounted to $30,230,050.37, representing an excess of $6,187,887.03 in disbursements over receipts. Total receipts show a nominal increase over the previous year. Sale of Crown timber, hunting licences and park permits account for the revenue increase. The decrease in disbursements is accounted for by the transfer of the Con- servation Authorities Branch to the Department of Energy and Resources Management. ACCOUNTS BRANCH Chief: R. R. Mac Bean Assistant Chief: F. M. Baker INTERNAL AUDIT Internal Audit & Field Inspections SYSTEMS & PROCEDURES Systems Improvement Program REVENUE ACCOUNTING Cash Receiving, Accounts Receivable Issue of Fish & Wildlife Licences, Park Permits, Timber Accounts, Land Sales, Land Tax, Rentals EXPENDITURE & GENERAL ACCOUNTING Payrolls, Accounts Payable Accounting Machine Operations BUDGET ACCOUNTING Budget Estimates & Forecasts. Financial Reports LAND TAX ADMINISTRATION Assessments, Appeals, Addressograph GENERAL Secretarial Department Mail Services FINANCIAL REPORT For the Year ended March 31st, 1965 1 . Cash Receipts and Disbursements The following shows the result of operations for the year: Total — Cash Disbursements $30,230,050.37 Cash Receipts 24,042,163.34 Excess of Disbursements over Receipts $6,187,887.03 2. Comparison of Receipts and Disbursements with those of the Previous Two Years (a) Receipts Branch Years Ending March 31st 1963 1984 1965 $ $ $ Main Office 1,900,718. 1,621,528. 1,582,388. Fish and Wildlife 5,324,796. 5,598,081. 5,729,078. Forest Protection 84,250. 138,809. 136,012. Lands and Surveys 1,062,874. 1,095,047. 1,024,250. Parks 1,370,563.(1) 1,254,967. 1,335,214. Timber 12,816,859. 13,515,794. 14,112,981. Conservation Authority 13,800. Forest Ranger School 122,240. (2) 22,573,860. 23,224,226. 24,042,163. (1) Includes $218,916. Federal contribution under Campgrounds and Picnic Areas Agreement. (2) Previous Years included in Main Office revenue (b) Disbursements $ $ $ Chargeable to Ordinary Account 25,579,140. 27,815,028. 28,667,274. Chargeable to Capital Disbursements 2,934,927. 3,557,125. 1,562,776. 28.514.067. 31,372,153. 30,230,050. STATEMENT OF RECEIPTS For Year Ended RECEIPTS MAIN OFFICE Provincial Land Tax $ 1,440,259.10 Sale of Maps, Publications, Etc 142,128.85 $ 1,582,387.95 FISH AND WILDLIFE BRANCH Licences, Royalties and Sundry (see Statement No. 3) 5,729,078.19 FOREST PROTECTION BRANCH Forest Protection Section Recovery of Fire Fighting Costs and Miscellaneous $ 111,656.09 Air Service Section Flying Fees 24,355.42 136,011.51 LANDS AND SURVEYS BRANCH Lands Section Land Sales (Capital) $ 512,998.03 Land Rentals Leases and Licences of Occupation 292,244.58 Perquisites — Rentals 165,990.27 Miscellaneous 19,413.08 Park Rentals Leases and Licences of Occupation Algonquin $ 13,584.03 Rondeau 15,975.22 Presqu'ile 1,314.15 Long Point 732.95 Sundry Parks 1,997.90 33,604.25 1,024,250.21 PARKS BRANCH Park Concessions Rentals $ 95,486.71 Permits (All Parks) Vehicle $591,748.50 Campsite 626,033.75 Boat 11,305.00 Guide 4,250.00 1,233,337.25 Miscellaneous 6,390.50 1,335,214.46 Carried Forward $ 9,806,942.32 Statement No. 1 AND DISBURSEMENTS March 31st, 1965 DISBURSEMENTS MAIN OFFICE Minister's Salary — Statutory $ 12,000.00 Salaries $1,145,845.06 Travelling Expenses 44,777.85 Maintenance and Operating 232,555.50 1,423,178.41 Public Information and Education 173,157.02 Damages, Other Claims, Etc 3,173.80 Workmen's Compensation 118,647.49 Annuities and Bonuses to Indians 35,328.00 Unemployment Insurance 67,510.19 Advisory Committee to Minister 188.70 Grant to Ontario Forestry Association 10,000.00 $1,843,183.61 BRANCHES FISH AND WILDLIFE Salaries $ 356,542.92 Travelling Expenses 33,509.36 Maintenance and Operating 91,698.11 $ 481,750.39 Grants Jack Miner Migratory Bird Foundation Inc $ 3,000.00 Thomas N. Jones 300.00 Ontario Fur Breeders' Association Inc. 5,000.00 Ontario Council of Commercial Fisheries 4,000.00 Ontario Trappers' Association 5,000.00 17,300.00 Wolf Bounty 59,997.00 559,047.39 FOREST PROTECTION Salaries Travelling Expenses Maintenance and Operating 13,143.42 175,343.66 Salaries $ 153,567.71 Travelling Expenses 8,632.53 LANDS AND SURVEYS Salaries $ 517,392.25 Travelling Expenses 8,805.16 Maintenance and Operating 19,796.41 $ 545,993.82 Cadastral Surveys 382,303.31 Storage Dams — Control and Maintenahce 9,218.25 Grant — Association of Ontario Land Surveyors 200.00 937,715.38 Carried Forward $3,515,290.04 RECEIPTS For Year Ended March 31st, 1965 Brought Forward $9,806,942.32 TIMBER BRANCH Timber Section (See Statement No. 2) Timber Dues, Bonus, etc $13,713,535.23 Cash Deposits 16,177.36 $13,729,712.59 Logging Roads — Recovery of Construction Costs (Capital) 255,854.28 Reforestation Section Sale of Nursery Stock 127,413.93 14,112,980.80 FOREST RANGER SCHOOL Government of Canada — Repayments under Technical and Vocational Training Agreement $113,619.22 Tuition Fees 8,621.00 122,240.22 TOTAL RECE I PTS $24,042,163.34 Excess of Disbursements over Receipts 6,187,887.03 $30,230,050.37 10 Statement No. 1 (Cont'd.) DISBURSEMENTS For Year Ended March 31st, 1965 Brought Forward $3,515,290.04 PARKS Salaries $1 10,819.84 Travelling Expenses 8,915.51 Maintenance and Operating 5,992.10 $ 125,727.45 Park Improvements 1,590,022.88 1,715,750.33 RESEARCH Salaries $598,436.34 Travelling Expenses 30,533.17 Maintenance and Operating 93,996.01 $ 722,965.52 Grant — Ontario Research Foundation 50,803.94 773,769.46 TIMBER Salaries $642,956.79 Travelling Expenses 29,504.89 Maintenance 153,755.16 $ 826,216.84 Grants to Municipalities and Conservation Authorities (See Statement No. 5) 89,122.66 915,339.50 FIELD SERVICES Brought Forward $6,920,149.33 BASIC ORGANIZATION — District Offices Salaries $14,912,506.18 Travelling Expenses 616,499.05 Maintenance and Operating 4,059,786.55 Equipment — Other than Forest Fire Suppression 1,189,476.64 Maintenance Forest Access Roads 374,254.11 $21,152,522.53 Less — Federal Contribution 1,290,874.53 $19,861,648.00 EXTRA FIRE FIGHTING Wages, etc., Maintenance and Operating $ 723,586.61 Forest Fire Suppression Equipment 172,498.29 896,084.90 FOREST RANGER SCHOOL Salaries, Travelling Expenses, Maintenance and Operating 215,194.98 JUNIOR RANGER PROGRAM Wages, Travelling Expenses, Maintenance and Operating 774,197.42 LOGGING ROADS (CAPITAL) Construction Costs (Recovered — See Receipts) 255,854.28 FOREST ACCESS ROADS (CAPITAL) Construction Costs $ 693,463.47 Less: Federal Contribution 304,027.08 389,436.39 LAND ACQUISITION (CAPITAL) Parks, Recreational Areas, Public Hunting and Fishing Areas, etc. 917,485.07 TOTAL DISBURSEMENTS $30,230,050.37 11 TIMBER TIMBER ANALYSIS OF CASH For Year Ended Crown Districts Dues Chapleau $ 556,041.69 Cochrane 1,022,740.93 Fort Frances 401,606.85 Geraldton 1,698,797.54 Gogama 184,445.30 Kapuskasing 1,531,178.50 Kenora 991,794.39 Lindsay 85,561.74 North Bay 880,923.74 Parry Sound 331,796.89 Pembroke 578,963.50 Port Arthur 1,107,794.77 Sault Ste. Marie 805,979.02 Sioux Lookout 655,241.47 Sudbury 347,130.91 Swastika 534,445.79 Tweed 222,370.31 White River 473,685.88 Other Districts 31,884.53 Interest & Fire Sealers-Wages Ground Protection Mill Licences, Rent Charges Etc. ! 2,157.00 $ 27,609.60 $ 778.78 6,985.00 89,407.70 878.33 918.00 11,750.39 281.53 14,129.00 180,851.20 126.75 1,226.00 15,692.80 130.96 7,016.00 89,743.02 836.32 10,766.00 137,804.80 1,103.78 103.00 1,318.40 704.90 3,504.00 38,682.60 2,662.49 1,477.00 18,905.60 3,182.62 4,566.00 59,354.98 1,323.43 15,321.00 196,108.80 108.00 5,309.00 68,179.74 1,638.56 1,561.00 19,980.20 2,081.32 4,426.00 61,928.20 1,129.40 2,027.00 26,759.60 130.65 720.00 8,678.14 607.51 6,355.00 82,879.20 2,943.31 3.00 17,709.14 3,320.00 $12,442,383.75 90.74% S,569.00 $1,153,344.11 $23,968.64 .65% 8.41% .16% 12 BRANCH SECTION RECEIPTS BY DISTRICTS March 31st, 1965 Statement No. 2 Percentages of Total Federal Total Cash Deposits Total Timber Timber Forestry Timber Received & Revenue & Revenue & Agreement Revenue Refunded Cash Deposits Cash Deposits 586,587.07 4,800.000. 581,787.07 4.24 1,120,011.96 25,082.80 1,145,094.76 8.34 414,556.77 800.00O. 413,756.77 3.01 1,893,904.49 1,893,904.49 13.80 201,495.06 201,495.06 1.47 1,628,773.84 1,628,773.84 11.86 1,141,468.97 12,219.74 1,153,688.71 8.40 87,688.04 600.00 88.288.04 .64 925,772.83 l,200.00Cr. 924,572.83 6.74 355,362.11 943.76Cr. 354,418.35 2.58 644,207.91 100.00 644,307.91 4.69 1,319,332.57 2,074.72 1,321,407.29 9.63 881,106.32 8,400.00 889,506.32 6.48 678,863.99 9,500.00Cr. 669,363.99 4.88 414,614.51 414,614.51 3.02 563,363.04 10,475.00Cr. 552,888.04 4.02 232,375.96 l,081.14Cr. 231,294.82 1.69 565,863.39 3,500.00Cr. 562,363.39 4.10 5,269.73 58,186.40 58,186.40 .41 5,269.73 $13,713,535.23 $16,177.36 $13,729,712.59 100.00% .04% 100% 13 14 Statement No. 3 FISH AND WILDLIFE BRANCH Analysis of Cash Receipts For Year Ended March 31st, 1965 FISHERIES Licences Angling $2,695,802.09 Commercial Fishing 97,735.00 Smelt 22,276.75 Domestic 140.00 Sale of Certain Fish 590.00 $2,816,543.84 Royalty Commercial Fishing 1,783.47 $2,818,327.31 GAME Licences Non-Resident Hunting $1,278,264.19 Bear 2,083.25 Deer 493,978.80 Moose 366,692.80 Ground Hog 32,347.06 Gun 309,060.58 Dog 24,269.30 Trappers 34,744.00 Fur Dealers 3,586.00 Fur Farmers 4,995.15 Pheasant 4,151.15 Tanners 200.00 Provincial Parks Hunting 20,868.65 $2,575,240.93 Royalty 252,379.70 2,827,620.63 GENERAL Licences and Permits Guides $ 1,204.00 Wild Rice 9.00 Hunt Camp 1,700.00 Fines 48,441.50 Sales — Confiscated Articles 22,863.05 Miscellaneous 8,329.41 Government of Canada — Resources Development Agreement 583.29 83,130.25 $5,729,078.19 15 TOTAL EXPENDITURE ALLOCATED For Year Ended Total Forest Protection Lands Ordinary Expenditure Main Office 1,843,183.61 407,509.73 95,905.68 Fish and Wildlife Branch 559,047,39 Forest Protection Branch 175,343.66 175,343.66 Lands and Surveys Branch 937,715.38 132,130.50 Parks Branch 1,715,750.33 Research Branch 773,769.46 Timber 915,339.50 Forest Ranger School 215,194.98 17,473.83 Junior Ranger Program 774,197.42 179,889.75 3,552.69 Basic Organization (before deduction of Federal contribution of $1,290,874.53) 21,152,522.53 6,284,258.58 590,730.53 Extra Fire Fighting (wages and equipment) 896,084.90 896,084.90 29,958,149.16 7,960,560.45 822,319.40 Distribution of General Expenditure and Administration Costs Over Main Services Field Administration (pro-rated) 596,656.53 73,185.61 — Percentage 26.17% 3.21% Research (as per analysis) 59,901.86 15,671.98 Surveys (pro-rated) ' 896,415.36 — Percentage 92.00% 29,958,049.16 8,617,118.84 1,807,592.35 Less: Federal Contributions Applied As Credits Forestry Agreement — Forest Inventory (as per costs) ... 214,969.13 53,742.28 — Planting 600,000.00 — Fire Fighting Equipment 392,064.32 392,064.32 Resources Development Agreement 83,841.08 32,2-15.37 TOTAL ORDINARY EXPENDITURE 28,667,274.63 8,171,312.24 1,775,346.98 Capital Disbursements Construction of Logging Roads (Recovered — see receipts) 255,854.28 Construction of Forest Access Roads (after deduction of Federal contribution of $304,027.08) 389,436.39 Acquisition of Land 917,485.07 65,071.87 TOTAL DISBURSEMENTS 30,230,050.37 8,171,312.24 i,840,4i8.85 Percentage of Total 27.04% 6.09% 16 Statement No. 4 TO MAIN SERVICES RENDERED 31st March, 1965 Timber Fish and Wildlife Parks Research Surveys Field Admin- istration 487,540.18 353,257.15 544,540.83 915,339.50 110,567.18 57,069.71 225,200.89 5,179.63 254,666.81 1,715,750.33 359,136.14 6,424,211.25 3,247,998.57 1,986,861.94 88,520.97 14,506.56 773,769.46 434,835.55 52,871.46 102,911.63 805,584.88 30,084.26 1,238.32 7,850.46 2,175,775.65 8,162,859.00 4,208,045.89 4,316,415.22 1,311,632.54 896,391.06 2,279,925.60 687,625.56 372,311.85 354,528.43 117,644.16 30.16% 16.33% 15.55% 5.16% 548,131.87 795,045.65 10,525.34 *1,429,276.70 19,487.29 9,743.65 48,718.22 2.00% 1.00% 5.00% 77,973.46 *2,279,925.60 3.42% !!974,364.52 9,418,103.72 5,385,147.04 4,730,187.21 85,987.65 42,993.83 600,000.00 83,841.08 8,732,116.07 5,258,312.13 4,730,187.21 255,854.28 389,436.39 794.95 120,817.90 730,800.35 9,378,201.69 5,379,130.03 5,460,987.56 31.02% 17.79% 18.06% ^Deductions 17 O oo id ^ rj O CO UJ x LU q: q: < ^ ro Z Q < Z LU _| CO o >■ z LU LU X I- Q Z cr LU o or "■ savnoa do snoitiivi 18 Statement No. 5 GRANTS TO MUNICIPALITIES AND CONSERVATION AUTHORITIES UNDER THE FORESTRY ACT, R.S.O. 1960 (To Aid in Acquisition of Forest Areas) For Year Ended March 31st, 1965 MUNICIPALITIES: Counties: Bruce $ 1,812.85 Carleton 27,600.00 Grey 1,024.05 Halton 3,950.00 Leeds & Grenville 588.27 Middlesex 2,791.75 Renfrew 3,827.06 Simcoe 9,705.14 York 4,137.51 Townships : Mosa 2,650.85 $58,087.48 CONSERVATION AUTHORITIES: Big Creek Region 8 7,759.56 Catfish Creek 2,321.30 Ganaraska Region 2,955.80 Grand Valley 2,438.10 Lower Thames Valley 7,167.62 Moira River 119.42 Otter Creek 3,106.07 Saugeen Valley 3,829.21 South Nation River 855.95 Upper Thames River 482.15 31,035.18 $89,122.66 19 CO UJ s O LU CO X cr o Z> IX. DO ^ CO ^■■■a .♦_ Q ro _l Q < — \ UJ Q o h- o UJ in < LU I- o Li_ suvnoa jo SNomiw 20 LU LU > UJ cr q: lu GO I- CO Z> S LU CJ> CO oO CJ> LU \~ O LO CD CT> o co cr LU < CD ^ cr < *- ° ?o O Q LU LU LI- LT CO cr < S LU cr LU >- 1- Li_ < 1 1— 2 LU > Ll. Q- LU cr o LU O LU X t- Z> o rr U_ cr CD ,? o 1 CO LU Q z> ^ LU a: o l- cr CD 3 T «d CM O HHWMHHH HHHIK^K^^HI ■HHW^/ . r'-jffl&KKKIl IHMf^ -v J;:tl^HHHMI savnoa do SNomiw 21 A pheasant- being banded in Lake Simcoe District. A Lands and Forests biologist explains how mallards are sexed by wing. 22 FISH AND WILDLIFE BRANCH THE purpose of the Fish and Wildlife Branch is to establish and maintain a maximum fish and wildlife population in the Province consistent with all other proper uses of its lands and waters. Management activities are directed towards permitting the people of Ontario to realize the greatest recreational or economic benefits from these renewable resources. This is a long term project, but all pro- posals for management programmes, legislation, or other activities are considered in the light of the following principles: (a) sustained yield; (b) full use; (c) multiple land use; and (d) public use. Sustained yield means the maintenance of stock which will continue to pro- duce a sustained annual harvest and hunting and fishing are regulated only to the extent that such activities actually limit the size of the parent stock. Legislation, management programmes and public relations programmes are directed towards encouraging the harvest of the entire annual increment of fish and game species. The provision of public access to unused surplus stocks of wildlife is essential. The production of fish and game is one form of land use and is compatible with forestry and agricultural pursuits, among others. All the aspects of land and water use in any area are considered in the planning and assessment of public benefits which may be derived from the land. Finally, fish and wildlife resources have high economic values and are the basis for universally popular forms of recreation. Accordingly, plans, programmes and legislation are generally directed towards promoting and encouraging public use rather than restricting it. It is axiomatic that the more public use is made of these resources, the better is the management. Commercial fishing is an old industry in Ontario. At one time it was the only sort of fishing to which anyone gave any serious thought, so far as administration is concerned. However, there always were anglers, and when rail- ways came, we began to get tourist anglers. The first place that got real publicity was the Nipigon River, newly crossed by the C.P.R. The Ontario Fisheries Act of 1885 was put into effect in 1887, and one of the three officers appointed to collect the new $1.00 nonresident angling fee was stationed at Nipigon. His first collection included $27.00 from anglers from "old" Ontario, reflecting a viewpoint still to be found in the north. In one statement a few years later, however, a "tourist" was defined as anyone more than five miles from home. Though we have come a long way and travel farther nowadays, our com- mercial fishery is still a valid and valuable industry. It is hard to assess the value of our sport fishery, but it is at least fifty times that of the commercial fishery, and if there were ever any question about the availability of fish, there is no doubt about the angler having first claim. Angling interests sometimes oppose commercial fishing, but we generally find that biological investigation shows no real incompatibility and often shows actual benefit. Commercial fishermen have been more than a little buffeted by the "winds of change". Time was when a box of fish could be taken from the net, iced, and shipped to market where it could be sold in the round, but not today. In the "meat" end of the supermarket everything is packaged ready for cooking. The 23 FISH AND WILDLIFE BRANCH Chief: C. H. D. CLARKE WILDLIFE SECTION Supervisor: F. A. WALDEN (Acting) Game Management Fur Management Field Services FISHERIES SECTION Supervisor: J. D. ROSEBOROUGH Game Fish and Hatcheries Commercial Fisheries Federal-Provincial Resources Development Agreement SPECIAL STAFF Chief's Clerical Staff Accounts and Staff Records Reports, Publications and Laboratory 24 housewife wants her fish clean, fresh and ready to cook, and, above all, boneless. She won't even look at a fish in the round — an attitude that some blame, perhaps justly, on generations of angling uncles. At the same time the Great Lakes have been completely altered in character, in the upper lakes by the sea lamprey, and in the lower ones by chemical changes caused basically by industrial and domestic wastes. In changed lakes we have new fish dominating the market. There are vast quantities of smelt, perch, chub and alewife, for which there either exists no market, or else a huge market for processed fish at a low price. This means that the costs of production have to be low. In far northern lakes there is also a problem of processing and quality control, and a high cost of shipping. Our fish are still excellent, but they don't sell themselves unaided as they used to. The establishment of a licence for smelt trawls in Lake Erie after some seven years of experimental trawling has established this new form of fishing firmly in Ontario. Markets for smelt have gradually been developed by the industry, and the commercial fishermen are deriving as much benefit from smelt as presently possible. At the same time, experimental fishing for perch, white bass and sheepshead is carefully being developed, using trawls. Small-mesh gill nets have been allowed in formerly prohibited areas of the Great Lakes to assess their potential in devel- oping a chub fishery. In Lake Ontario, white perch have become abundant, and experimental fishing by commercial fishermen with small-mesh gill nets has allowed the initial development of a fishery for white perch. Small markets are being established by the industry to make use of this new species in Ontario. Perhaps the present and future key to successful commercial fishing in Ontario is the ability of the fishermen to change from traditional gear and fish species, to the species available, and the most economical means of catching them. In addition, the production of fish of the highest quality is becoming most neces- sary for fish competing with other foods in the retail food market. It we look at the other food products in the Supermarket, we find that with them there is a history of new processes, new gear, large scale operations, and fewer men. The same trend in the fishery is hardly a cause for surprise. For the farmer, however, promotion and marketing has been modernized as well as production and processing. The fisherman sees himself unable to change his operation without some help at the sales end. During the year there has been a series of conferences and meetings in which the federal government, the prov- inces and the industry have attempted to deal with these problems. Most signifi- cantly, economists have given their attention to them. In a protein-deficient world fish is fine food, and, with us, good sources that should be on the market at a reasonable price are untapped, or else the fishermen are not making a stable livelihood. We must acknowledge an opportunity to bring an old industry up-to- date, and to put good food at the disposal of the housewife. During the year two senior members of our staff, who have obviously become known as sound and capable administrators, have gone into senior executive posi- tions in other areas of the Provincial services. Dr. J. K. Reynolds went to the Prime Minister's office, and Mr. D. N. Omand to the Civil Service Department. Mr. J. D. Roseborough is now Fisheries Supervisor and Mr. F. A. Walden is Wildlife and Enforcement Supervisor. Universities and other services have also been able to attract some of our experienced biologists. We would be more philosophical about accepting such changes as adjustments from which we ulti- mately benefit if we were always assured of recruiting trained men at the starting level, but there is a shortage of such men in Canada. 25 WILDLIFE SECTION Game Management 1964 Ontario offers excellent hunting opportunities. Sales of all types of resident licences total 577,771 while sales to non-residents total 24,407. Hunting licence sales for 1964 are contained in Table 1. Table 1 Resident Moose 40,188 Resident Deer 109,549 Camp 261 Dog 11,901 Farmers Deer 14,372 Regulated Hunting Camp (Lindsay) 85 Resident Bear 414 Resident ( Small Game) 361,483 Groundhog 38,038 Non-Resident Moose 7,639 Non-Resident Deer 6,562 Non-Resident Small Game 7,998 Non-Resident Spring Bear 2,169 Non-Resident Wolf 39 Non-Resident Pheasant Preserve 85 Licence sales continued to rise and with greater numbers of sportsmen afield the proper management of the game resource becomes increasingly important. In 1964, field staff comprising 229 conservation officers and 39 biologists enforced regulations made under The Game and Fish Act, obtained detailed information needed for sound management decisions and completed management projects de- signed to maintain or improve wildlife populations. The task of managing wildlife populations covers a very wide range of activities. Inventories, collection of harvest information, evaluation of habitat, law enforcement, stocking and habitat improve- ment are some of the most important functions. A wealth of information is required to provide the basis for sound regulations and to design programmes aimed at pro- viding quality hunting. For example, harvest information was obtained from a high percentage of the over 130,000 deer hunters in 1964; over 23,000 deer hunters were interviewed at highway check points and another 22,000 were asked to for- ward information by mail or telephone. Almost one third of the Province's moose hunters also forwarded information last year. Staff in northern Ontario again flew several thousand square miles of moose range censusing moose over 25 square mile sample lots. Deer yards were mapped and habitat improvement cuttings carried out in important deer yards across the eastern deer range. More adult pheasants were released; seven public hunting grounds provided both upland game and waterfowl shooting and additional important wildlife areas were purchased. These were only a few of the many activities of Lands and Forests staff in the field of game management. Although far from complete, the following resume further discusses game management activities in Ontario in 1964. White-Tailed Deer The popularity of deer hunting in Ontario continues to rise and more than 130,000 deer licences were sold in 1964; an increase of almost 10,000 over 1963 sales. In general, Ontario's deer hunters enjoyed good hunting in 1964. Across the 26 main eastern deer range, hunting was much better than in 1963 when continuous rain throughout the first week of the season dampened the spirits of many deer hunters and drastically lowered success. In northwestern Ontario deer are most abundant and success rates were still high. To the east, success rates rose, with the exception of those areas along the northernmost fringe of range in Sault Ste. Marie and Sudbury Districts. Very severe winters have plagued the north shore in recent years and winter mortality, coupled with marginal habitat, have produced much lower success than that which was enjoyed a decade or so ago. Ontario lies at the northernmost fringe of this con- tinent's deer range and white-tails are either rare or absent over much of northern Ontario. Harsh winters, with deep snow, hinder white-tails in their search for winter food and are the factors which make the north country an inhospitable area for deer. To effectively manage the Province's deer herds, good information concerning the annual harvest is essential and facts on hunter success, hunter effort required to bag a deer, and age composition of the herd are a few of the items required. Road check stations, visits to deep-freeze lockers and hunt camps, post season mail and telephone surveys and reports forwarded by hunt camp "secretaries" all are used to obtain facts for management decisions. Hunter success varied across the Province. Table 2 shows deer hunter success for those administrative districts having huntable densities of deer. Once again, the western region comprising the districts of Kenora, Fort Frances and Port Arthur enjoyed excellent hunting success and rates exceeded 40% in the first two districts. Mail surveys of deer hunters were conducted across the complete western region and these surveys indicated that over 13,000 hunters pursued deer from the Lake Head west. Western Ontario still boasts the best deer hunting the Province has to offer and over 5,000 hunters enjoyed a success rate of 49.1% in Kenora. Relatively recent timber cutting operations along with large areas of balsam which were killed Table 2 1964 DEER HUNTER SUCCESS No. No. Non- Total Residents Residents Hunters c/o District Checked Checked Checked Success Lindsay 3119 3119 18.9 Tweed 3225 26 3251 29.6 Kemptville 1844 1844 32.5 Pembroke 1431 1431 17.4 Parry Sound 7387 148 7554 20.2 North Bay 822 18 840 15.2 Sudbury 207 207 14.0 Manitoulin Is 3037 151 3188 20.2 Sault Ste. M 712 61 793 18.7 Lake Erie** 5548 5548 10.9 Bruce Peninsula 2597 2597 12.6 Lake Simcoe* 1376 1376 30.6 Kenora* 3176 1829 5005 49.1 Fort Frances* 2766 411 3177 45.7 Sioux Lookout* 893 190 1083 34.0 Port Arthur 4313 31.7 * — These districts obtained data from mail or telephone surveys and this information is not strictly comparable tvith information collected at check stations or in the field by other districts. ** — Lake Erie data obtained from field checks and noting ratio of farmer to resident licences. 27 by spruce bud worm have produced excellent deer habitat. This fact, coupled with comparatively mild winters with little snow have produced an abundance of deer. Remote from high human population densities the western region experiences low hunting pressures. A much larger harvest is desirable however, since heavy mor- tality will result if a severe winter with deep snow occurs. In the main eastern deer range, from Sault Ste. Marie east and south, deer hunters in 1964 enjoyed better success than in 1963. The main difference was weather which, unlike the heavy rains of the year previously, allowed hunters to hunt white-tails in reasonable comfort. In the central region, including Sault Ste. Marie and Sudbury mainland areas, success rates were still much lower than the levels enjoyed in the late 1950's. There was evidence that huntable popula- tions of deer were distributed more widely across the Sault Ste. Marie District in 1964, but herds are recovering very slowly from the very severe winters of the early 1960's in the Sudbury District. The north shore has been plagued by very deep snow almost every year since 1958 and prospects for a good season in Sault Ste. Marie in 1965 are not good since snowfall was very heavy during the winter of 1964-65 and surveys again have indicated starvation from malnutrition. In Sudbury there were some brighter spots and excellent hunting was enjoyed in the French River area with many camps getting their count. Very low hunter success was reported from areas such as Lake Penage, Drury and Massey which were once prime hunting areas. Manitoulin Island enjoyed a banner season and success rates rose to almost 30%; the 3037 residents and 151 non-residents interviewed at the Little Current checking station had very few complaints. Of the 958 deer inspected from Mani- toulin, 34.6% were fawns. This indicates that a bumper fawn crop was produced last year and this augurs well for the 1965 hunt. North Bay District hunter success rose slightly and to the south in Parry Sound success was also somewhat improved over 1963. At Parry Sound over 8,000 hunters were interviewed at checking stations, while 566 camps mailed in reports of their hunter success. Information received from deer hunt camp reports is contained in Table 2. Many of these camps have been in operation for many years and consistently report on their hunting success; summaries of these Crown land camp reports probably constitute the most reliable statistics pertaining to success rates which are collected. Slightly further south in Lindsay and Tweed Districts, hunters enjoyed better success than during the dismally wet season in 1963. Tweed recorded an increase in organized camp success of 6.1%, while a gain of 3.6% was indicated at Lindsay. In both districts fawns represented a good proportion of the kill which is a promising sign for 1965. An added bonus for deer hunters was the very large number of black bear taken all across the eastern range. A combination of mild weather before the hunt, a good supply of acorns on the ridges and numerous bears provided a good many hunters with opportunities to bag a bruin. Pembroke District hunters fared somewhat better than the year previously; organized hunter success improved from 13.1% to 19.4%, casual hunters from 7.7% to 12.9% and Crown land camp success increased from 20.7% to 23.5%. These success rates still are not comparable to those enjoyed during the 1950's and general habitat conditions have slowly deteriorated over the past few years. It is hoped that commercial logging combined with winter deer habitat improve- ment programs will keep success rates on a continuing upward trend. In Kemptville District camp reports for over 1 800 hunters indicated a success rate of 32.5% an improvement over the 26.7% tallied in 1963. Agricultural areas produced far more deer than most of us realize and it is not surprising that fawns comprised a very high 37.9% of the total kill. This is an indication of the 28 ability of agricultural areas to produce well nourished deer and a large healthy fawn crop which augurs well for future hunting prospects in the eastern counties. Elsewhere in agricultural southern Ontario, several counties and townships were open for a three-day deer season — some for the first time in many years. In Lake Simcoe District, the hunt was an unqualified success in the seventeen town- ships open to hunting and virtually no complaints were received from either landowners or hunters. Over 1300 hunters were either checked in the field or contacted later by mail or telephone; these surveys indicated a hunter success of 30.6% which is exceptional for such a short season. In Erie District, short deer seasons were enjoyed in four counties and district staff estimate that 5548 hunters enjoyed a success rate of about 11%. Again the hunt was most orderly and landowners constituted a high percentage of participating hunters. The Bruce Peninsula in Lake Huron District again enjoyed a six-day season and 2500 hunters checked at Wiarton had a success rate of 12.8% which was very similar to 1963. In summary, Ontario deer hunters enjoyed much better success than in 1963. Weather during the hunt was much improved and in nearly every area there was evidence that deer were available in good numbers. Except for Sault Ste. Marie and Sudbury, which have been plagued by bad weather, prospects for those hunting white-tails in 1965 are good. HABITAT IMPROVEMENT Deer in Ontario are at the northernmost fringe of this Continent's deer range. Supplies of food and cover in winter concentration areas are essential if good deer populations are to be maintained. The excellent food supplies which followed the heavy pine logging of the 1850 to 1910 period is maturing and conditions are becoming less favourable for deer. Selective conifer logging also has destroyed winter shelter values in some areas, and there are extensive stands of timber with little commercial value at the present time. For the past three years a major programme designed to improve winter habitat for deer has been under way. This programme is a co-operative one between the Timber and Fish and Wildlife Branches. Important wintering areas for deer are located by aerial surveys and inspected subsequently on the ground. Most projects are designed to provide adequate woody browse for deer during Table 3 DEER HABITAT IMPROVEMENT 1964 FISCAL YEAR No. No. Acres District Projects Treated Programme Parry Sound 7 1925 Cutting and girdling unmerchant- able trees to encourage browse production. Lindsay 2 326 Cutting pole stand hardwoods and girdling larger unmerchantable tim- ber to encourage browse production. Sault Ste. Marie 2 300 Clear cutting strips to encourage production of browse. Pembroke 9 4410 Clear cutting unmerchantable, mature hardwoods to produce deer browse. TOTAL 20 6961 29 30 periods of hardship resulting from severe winter weather. Most of the work entails the removal of mature growth to encourage browse production. In 1964 the following growth acreages of yarding areas were treated. Forest stand improvement funds of the Timber Branch have financed most deer range improvement projects to date. Results of the first few years' work have been most encouraging and deer have utilized a major proportion of the new browse which has been produced. Many foresters are interested in this type of habitat manipulation and they are now in a position to recommend specific forest treatments in the areas important to deer. Commercial timber operators have also co-operated in modifying their operations to benefit deer; hemlock stands which are exceptionally valuable as winter cover have been spared, for instance, where they occur within important deer yards. Proper timber management of all important deer yards will be essential if deer hunting of reasonable quality is to be maintained. Moose Management Moose hunters in Ontario continue to enjoy good moose hunting although success rates were slightly lower than in 1963. Average success rates for resi- dents and non-residents were 24.5% and 50.9% respectively for the Province, both exactly 2.0% lower than the previous year. It is surprising that the decline was not more severe. During October, when almost 70% of the total hunting effort takes place, extremely wet, cold weather descended over most of the north country and made hunting conditions very difficult. Moose in Ontario continued to attract a large number of hunters. Licence sales exceeded 43,000 last fall with about one-sixth of this total purchased by non-residents. For the first time since 1951 when the season re-opened following a two- year closure, licence sales declined — from 46,951 in 1963 to 43,596 in 1964. However, almost 3,000 licences were sold south of the French and Mattawa in 1963. This area was closed to moose hunting in 1964, and 1,244 fewer licences were sold. Thus the "true" decline in sales was in the order of 2,200 licences. Moose licence sales for selected years are as follows: Table 4 MOOSE LICENCE SALES IN ONTARIO 1954 1957 1960 1964 Residents Non-Residents 7,502 735 17,369 1,893 38 30,340 4,212 1,608 36,418 7,345 Resident Moose — Deer TOTAL 8,237 19,300 36,160 43,763 The total calculated kill of moose, determined from post season mail surveys, was 11,818 which was a decline from the previous year. The decrease was due in part to reduced licence sales, in part to the closure of the season south of the French and Mattawa, and in part to the slightly lower hunter success prevailing in 1964. Table V shows resident and non-resident moose harvest data taken from hunter surveys in 1964. 31 Table 5 RESIDENT & NON-RESIDENT MOOSE HARVEST DATA FROM HUNTER SURVEYS, 1964 Calculated Calculated Licei Forest District Resident Sioux Lookout 986 Kenora 1113 Fort Frances 784 Port Arthur 3902 Geraldton 2811 Kapuskasing 3717 Cochrane 3823 Swastika 4012 Gogama 2036 Chapleau 1404 White River 1837 Sault Ste. Marie 2651 Sudbury 2402 North Bay 2339 TOTAL 33,817 % es Used* Non- Resident Resident Kill Non- Resident Hunter Resident Success Non- Resident 1357 393 937 39.8 68.9 1286 515 658 46.2 51.2 — 358 — 45.7 — 724 1487 420 38.1 58.0 774 793 428 28.0 55.0 362 999 192 26.8 53.0 118 759 44 19.9 37.2 114 722 29 17.9 25.4 289 315 77 15.5 26.7 576 182 248 12.9 43.0 822 382 295 20.8 35.9 404 530 153 19.9 37.9 53 399 27 16.6 50.9 25 467 8 19.9 Avg. 24.5 34.0 6,904 8,301 3,517 Avg. 50.9 * — Total calculated licences used by residents and non-residents as indicated by the hunter survey is 2,875 lower than total licence sales. As usual, non-residents enjoyed better success than Ontario hunters. With a higher stake in licence fees, and with limited time to hunt, most visitors to the Province hunt harder and often engage the services of guides and use charter aircraft for transportation. This results naturally in better success. m Hunting effort and expense is much lower for the resident hunter who often hunts only on the weekend. Data on the moose hunt was obtained by mailing questionnaires to over 15,000 hunters. A systematic sample of names was selected from licence book covers and over 90% of the hunters contacted by mail returned the completed survey form. Essential information required for management purposes was collected at highway check points, deep freeze lockers, from hunter contacts in the field and through the co-operation of U.S. Customs officials. District staff aged over 1,500 moose, by noting the pattern of replacement and wear on the teeth of the lower jaw. This information provides the age class composition of the kill which is very useful when collected every year and compared with other harvest and inventory information. Northwestern Ontario again led the Province in hunter success and in total moose harvested. Success rates for resident hunters in Fort Frances Forest District rose from 37.8% in 1963 to 45.7% last fall. Although the total kill was not large compared with other districts, it appears that moose are both extending their range and increasing in numbers per square mile in this area. Resident hunters enjoyed somewhat better success last year in Kenora while non-resident success fell almost 8 % . This situation was reversed in Geraldton where resident success declined about 5% while the non-resident success rate rose almost 12%. Bad weather across the northern and central moose management regions de- pressed the harvest and consequently success rates dropped in most districts. Swas- tika, Gogama, Chapleau, White River and Sault Ste. Marie Districts enjoyed resi- dent success rates of between 21% and 24% since 1963. These districts had suc- 32 cess rates ranging from 12.9% to 20.8% in 1964. Non-resident success also fell in all but two of the central districts (Chapleau and Sudbury). Port Arthur and Swastika Forest Districts followed closely by Kapuskasing and Cochrane accommodate the greatest number of resident moose hunters. Sioux Lookout and Kenora Districts with 1,357 and 1,286 hunters respectively are most popular with non-residents. Hunter success is indicated graphically on the accom- panying map which shows the location of all 22 Forest Districts. October is still the preferred month for moose hunting and about 65% resi- dent and 90% of non-resident hunting is done during this month. Changes in hunt- ing practices are occurring, such as the increasing number of hunters who are using motorized snow toboggans and ski-equipped aircraft to reach othewise inacces- sible areas after freeze-up. The most difficult problem relating to moose management is getting the moose and hunter together. Lack of access is a major problem in many areas. Every effort is being made to open up as much territory to moose hunters as possible and lumber companies for the most part have been most co-operative in allowing travel on their forest access roads. Moose remain abundant across most of their range. Aerial census work during the winter of 1964-65 on standard 25 square mile plots indicated little change in moose numbers. South of the French and Mattawa in the area closed to moose hunting in 1964, Parry Sound District staff tallied the largest number of moose seen on the plots since the late 1950's and it is obvious that with some protection moose herds can recover very rapidly. Although moose were available in good numbers, the ability to harvest them was another story. Bad weather during the hunt, particularly during the first part of the season, made hunting difficult and reduced the kill. The story was much the same over a large part of the moose range. Kapuskasing staff stated that weather left much to be desired. From September 15th to October 4th, 1.75 inches of rain fell and the reported success at 26.8% for this period contrasted sharply with 45% for a similar period in 1963. Gogama staff reported the lowest success rate in seven years and commented that adverse weather in October influenced hunter success. Tourist outfitters complained that moose were not responding to calls; none sug- gested that there was a shortage of moose, however. Sault Ste. Marie officers also felt that inclement weather did much towards spoiling the entire hunting season. That was the story for 1964. Prospects for a much improved hunt this autumn are encouraging if the weatherman co-operates. Moose are abundant and prospects for a good hunt in 1965 are excellent. OTHER STUDIES Many districts utilized Beaver aircraft in searching for moose over 25 square mile blocks of range in the winter of 1964-65. In most areas a moose was observed for every one to two square miles of range, and there is no suggestion that there has been a material change in numbers of moose for the past several years. Parry Sound District staff did observe the highest number of moose yet observed on their permanent plots and it is evident that an open season for moose south of the French and Mattawa is warranted in 1965. In an effort to discover the effect of high moose populations on their range, most districts conducted moose browse surveys using a standard method. Estimates of numbers of moose per square mile were obtained by conducting pellet group counts on a large number of systematically selected plots. These estimates could then be compared with the numbers of moose observed during aerial census work in winter. 33 The Department of Lands and Forests continued studies to determine the various types of parasites and diseases and their normal occurrence in Ontario's moose herd. Knowledge of the normal incidence of disease and parasites which are now present in the generally vigorous and healthy moose herd is essential if we are to detect changes in the welfare of the herd during the next few years. Several moose specimens were collected during March on Shakespeare Island in Lake Nipi- gon where aerial surveys had indicated very high populations of moose and subse- quent browse surveys showed that the range was being badly over browsed. These moose were very carefully studied for presence of malnutrition, diseases and parasites. Because of the very high populations of moose and the danger of malnutrition and associated vulnerability to disease and parasites, the legislation creating the Nipigon Islands and the Nipigon-Onamon Crown Game Preserves was revoked in 1965. Tagging of moose from helicopters was again carried out by staff in the Geraldton District. This is one of the most spectacular activities of game workers in the Province and is designed to provide information on the annual movements of individual moose. Although much of the moose range is inaccessible and is lightly hunted, range adjacent to roads and accessible waterways bears the brunt of a large proportion of hunting pressure. It is possible that moose from inaccessible areas fill the vacuum created by the removal of animals during the open season and this possibility is being tested by marking animals usually twenty or more miles from the nearest hunting access. Return of the tags by hunters or sightings of colour- marked animals is essential. Only eighteen moose were tagged this year mainly because helicopters were required for forest suppression duties in late June and early July when tagging is most easily carried out. Metal ear tags and brightly col- oured streamers are attached to the ears of moose when they are driven into deep water by helicopters. When the animals swims, the machine is lowered so that the moose is steered by the two floats under the aircraft. A tagger then leans out on the float, grasps an ear firmly in one hand and applies the tag and streamer with tagging pliers. This type of work yields information which is most valuable in the management of Ontario's moose herd. Spring Bear Hunting Spring bear hunting remains popular in Ontario. In 1964, 2169 non-resident and 414 resident licences were sold. Bears were in good supply and success for this same species was reasonably good. Over 25% of all spring bear hunters for- warded information on their hunt and the following table compares 1964 data with the previous year's. SPRING BEAR HUNTING 1963-1964 No. Hunter No. Licenses Returns % Sold Received Hunter Success Non-Residents : 1963 1999 543 43.6 1964 2169 801 41.4 Residents: 1963 354 * * 1964 414 71 38.0 * Information not available. A total of 359 bears were reported taken during the spring bear hunt and the best success was reported from Geraldton, Cochrane, Port Arthur and Kapus- 34 kasing. The most popular areas for bear hunting were Chapleau, Kenora, Swastika and Gogama, according to the number of reports received. Americans from as far afield as Texas, Florida and Nebraska participated and two hunters from Switzer- land and Germany also reported to the Department on their hunt. The harvest of black bears in the autumn of 1964 was one of the best on record. Very mild weather during the deer season (November 2-14), across the main eastern deer range, along with an abundant acorn crop, kept bears from starting their long winter's sleep, producing excellent opportunities to bag a "bruin". It appears that black bears are nearing a peak in abundance and hunting for this species should be good in 1965. Upland Game and Waterfowl Interest in small game and waterfowl hunting continued apace in 1964. Resident hunting licence sales totalled 361,483. Non-resident small game hunting licence sales increased from 7,685 in 1963 to 7,998 this year, but resident "ground hog licence" sales dropped from 39,219 to 38,038. Most of the upland game and waterfowl hunting in Ontario takes place in that portion of the Province located south of the French and Mattawa Rivers. Of the 135 regulated townships in southern Ontario, 80 were situated in the Lake Erie Forest District. This concentration of the bulk of Ontario's hunters in the agricultural south presents special problems. Access to private lands is becoming increasingly difficult and more and more posting of land to prevent trespassing and/or hunting is encountered. Game populations remain in good supply and scarcity of game is not a consideration or problem. REGULATED TOWNSHIPS IN ONTARIO County No. Twps. County No. Twps. Brant Durham . ... 4 2 Norfolk Ontario 7 3 Elgin 6 13 Oxford 11 Essex Peel Perth Simcoe Waterloo Welland Wellington 5 Haldimand Halton Huron 10 4 2 7 3 1 Kent Lambton 10 10 7 9 8 1 Lincoln Middlesex Wentworth York Total 7 5 135 Small game hunters have a variety of species to pursue in Ontario. These include pheasants, three species of grouse, cottontail rabbits, both the European and varying hares, foxes, raccoons, bobwhite quail and squirrels. Many of these are abundant on farm lands and the agricultural "edge," attracting hunters and adding to the situation described above. High hunter densities result in some instances in restrictive municipal by-laws banning the discharge of firearms. Means must be found to retain as much available farm land as possible open to hunting and to stem the tide of often deteriorating hunter-landowner relations. Articles and timely editorials appearing in the Fish and Wildlife Review and in various Departmental news releases have advocated good manners on the part of hunters. These stories, stressing the need for mutual co-operation and under- standing between landowners and sportsmen have been widely read and circulated. Every opportunity presented by meetings, hunter training courses and lecture tours has been utilized in impressing those gathered with this vital message. 35 Eventually a system of renting the hunting or trespass rights on private lands may be required. Suitable public hunting grounds have not met the demand and progress in this endeavour has been slow. Game management programmes and hunting interests have not been able to gain universal support resulting in delayed land acquisitions and deferred programmes. Some impetus is urgently required to solve this attitude. A possible solution may be the formation of county land- owner-sportsmen councils. This approach has been used elsewhere, but notably in Idaho, and has met with great success in keeping lands open to hunting and in maintaining essential contact and good relations between landowners and sportsmen. The same pressures are not encountered in northern Ontario since much of the land here is in the Crown and because the population density is far below that of the south. The variety of small game available in the north is limited, water- fowl, the grouse species and varying hares being the chief quarry sought. Hunting pressure in this extensive area remains light. In the north, too, access is a problem, but here the problem is that of insufficient access owing to lack of road networks. Comments and observations are presented below on the main small game species and on waterfowl. Some of the major field programmes involving these are described. Pheasants This species is most abundant in the Forest Districts of Aylmer, Hespeler, Maple and Lindsay, reaching its zenith of popularity on Pelee Island in Essex County. Along with fox and rabbits, pheasants in most of agricultural southern Ontario are the subject of special regulations in the form of a regulated township licence requirement. Pheasant hunting is also offered at four Provincial public hunting grounds, (see below), and at many private shooting preserves, as well. Again in 1964, the two Provincial Game Bird Farms at Codrington and Normandale, provided pheasant chicks, poults and adults for distribution over most of the suitable pheasant range in Ontario. Birds supplied as chicks were in turn entrusted to township bodies, sportsmen's groups and interested individuals for rearing and subsequent release. Poults are either released directly or after a period of "conditioning" in gentle-release pens. Almost all the adult birds were retained for release at the Department operated public hunting grounds. The Table below shows the numbers of pheasants produced at the two game bird farms in 1964 and the allocation of these birds. CODRINGTON NORMANDALE District Chicks Poults Adults Stock Chicks Poults Adults Stock Aylmer — — — — 32,750 6,000 800 200 Hespeler 10,000 4,800 — — 1,000 — 250 600 Maple 5,500 4,500 450 400 2,000 — 350 1,300 Lindsay 7,000 — 750 1,500 — — — — Kemptville — 200 200 100 — — — — Total 22,500 9,500 1,400 2,000 35,750 6,000 1,400 2,100 Pheasants reach their greatest abundance in an association of fertile agricul- tural land with comparatively mild winters. They have declined in parts of Essex and Kent Counties which are touted as being the best as far as farming land is concerned. The probable causes are (1) more intensive farming practices which 36 have reduced pheasant cover and (2) increased use of insecticides and herbicides. Studies to ascertain the specific cause of the decline are underway. Pheasant studies conducted in the Lake Simcoe district indicated that the survival of poults is much lower than that of adults. It follows that the closer the birds are planted to the opening day of the season, the larger is the proportion taken by hunters compared with those lost to the elements, predators and accidents. More birds will be raised to the adult stage prior to release and the game bird farm production will be geared accordingly. The demand for adult and stock birds at the public hunting grounds intensifies this phase of the hatchery program. PELEE ISLAND PHEASANT SHOOT Pheasant hunting on Pelee Island in 1964 was held in two periods, October 22-23 and October 29-30. This was a departure from the former two day seasons. The aim was to reduce hunter congestion while allowing a large number of hunters to participate in the Island hunt. There were 1,321 hunters who took part in the special four-day Pelee season, an increase of 307 (or 30% ) over that of the 1963 season. In all, 10,533 birds comprised of 7,612 cocks and 2,921 hens were bagged by the hunters. The average take was 7.73 birds per hunter representing a harvest effort rate of 0.70 birds per hunter hour. More than half the hunters were success- ful in obtaining their quota of ten birds each. The crippling losses were estimated to be 2,314 birds or 20.6% of the total bag. Hence, the total mortality of pheasants at Pelee as a result of the shoot was in the neighbourhood of 12,850 birds. The increase in the number of hunters was reflected in a 24% increase in harvested birds and in a 28.5% rise in crippled losses as compared with 1963 figures. It was also reported that the water level in the ditches and canals was the lowest in 18 years and as a result the birds were concentrated in the woodlots, corn fields and rough lands adjacent to canals with a reasonable supply of water. This undoubtedly contributed to the success enjoyed by Pelee pheasant hunters. Some hunters met with difficulty in trying to flush birds out of unharvested corn fields. Although, as expected, a number of hunters did complain that they had not obtained the full limit, the fact that many filled their quota, 47% of hunters in the first shoot and 66% in the second, indicates that this is truly a quality hunt. Data collected by Lake Simcoe staff show that 5,518 township licences comprised of 2,047 "resident" and 3,471 "non-resident" licences were sold in the 13 regulated townships within their district. This represents a decrease of 10.6% compared with 1963 sales but most of this can be accounted for by the "opting out" of Albion Township from the regulated township scheme. Difficulties in other Peel County townships probably depressed licence sales, too. Almost 1,800 hunters were checked by Simcoe District officers and their harvest of 964 birds reveals an average take of 0.53 birds per hunter. This success figure repre- sents an increase of 15% over that of 1963. The effort decreased from 1963 by one hour per bird to 6.4 man hours per bird in 1964. Poor weather did depress opening day hunter success but pheasant hunters in King, Pickering and Chinga- cousy Townships averaged one to one and a half birds per hunter. In Markham Township, where no birds were released prior to the season, hunters fared reasonably well, averaging .85 birds per hunter on opening day and attaining an average of .61 birds per hunter for the entire season. The next table provides information on the Lake Simcoe Forest District 1964 pheasant hunt. 37 Opening Day Entire Season 251 712 141 427 670 1795 1941 6182 251 578 175 386 425 964 .37 .32 .26 .22 .63 .54 4.6 6.4 PHEASANT HUNT HARVEST REPORT, LAKE SIMCOE DISTRICT— 1964 No. of Parties Checked in Field No. of Parties Using Dogs No. of Hunters Checked in Field No. of Man-hours Hunted No. of Cocks Bagged No. of Hens Bagged Total Pheasants Bagged Cock Pheasants per Hunter Hen Pheasants per Hunter Total Pheasants per Hunter Man-hours expended per pheasant Ruffed Grouse Again in 1964 Department staff collected ruffed grouse inventory and harvest data required for proper management of this popular game bird. Tables following this section show summaries of ruffed grouse brood counts (Table I), sex and age ratios of grouse taken by hunters (Table II) and grouse hunter success (Table III). One of the prime objectives in gathering game inventory data is to predict hunting prospects for each species. Grouse brood production statistics are most important in this respect. June to September counts are detailed by districts in Table I. Age and sex information (Table II), was determined from analysis of wing and tail feather collections. The quality of ruffed grouse hunting may be assessed by annual comparisons of birds shot and /or seen by hunters per unit time or distance travelled, (by vehicle). In Ontario, grouse are usually hunted by one of two methods. In the south, most hunters walk through likely grouse cover flushing birds. The use of dogs increases the chances of success in this type of hunting. In the north the usual practice is that of driving the bush roads searching for birds feeding along the edges of the right-of-way. Grouse are less wary in the north hence can be shot more easily. Data on hunting success comparing birds seen and shot by the two hunting methods are presented in Table 3. 38 OO h- Z D O u Q O O CO LU CO Z> o a: e) Z> a: c — be"*3 MT3 H tO 03 m in X! £ — a. a> cq 03 3 M s be -3 - WO 09 i\ *2 - box) *2 ■ *2 <>10S©"tOtDin't>in"in"t> t|j oa c l> N N l> -* to' in" in* © OJ OS 00 t> 1> 1(5 w ri lO c a) O I £ .s .3 ,3 ,3 c^ >> 3 to c > o ■S "- s s W Oh © CO in t-; CO CO © ■* (O W Tji io iQ io -* os lO LC ■«* C- kO M M 00 ffl (O ■* M KJ N H l> tO ifl ■* lO © lO W I> »' COCO^COi-ICOOOtOOStDCOOSOO <^^•^,T-l'^floo(^lt^-Tl^(^^cot-co'^, eg oj id to" © in to io tj< id c-" to t~ i-l N CC Tf M O lO tj< t> in to in in in ■* w a o ■<* id o io to oo oo rH co i-i o t-; to in oo to © «o to" in o >n t> o o to in co in" t~ id i-H iM L- ^C 00 O S8 CQ PQ GO -3 3 3 a! CQ CQ tf • S » es w fcx « o J$ . a cq o ^ o 3 2 <: fa o M o o a} s 1 W CQ 39 QL O H < < o CL \- z < I/) < LU I Ol u LU o •-3 .as 22 y a o — be be ] TC IO l— 1 JC °1 iH «o X © ec -* OS Sm CO oo~ rjT tH i-H 3 "3 3 e - u x be be - «D (O (O t- DJ CO in C- «D OS «D o 00 00 CO © O . E i o 2 £ M Oh § P O X ?. '— u o 02 02 O * 9 o pa 40 COMMERCIAL PHEASANT FARMS A slight decline was noted in certain activities of commercial pheasant propagators. Decreases were noted in the number of farms, in the sales of dressed birds and eggs and in the purchase of adult birds as compared with 1963. On the other hand, the purchase of eggs, chicks and poults and the sale of chicks, poults and adult live birds rose considerably over that of 1963. Commercial pheasant propagators are improving both their stock and facilities and many are now on a sound financial footing. The activities of these propagators are recorded in the following table. GAME BIRD HUNTING PRESERVES The report of game bird hunting preserve owners/operators shows that opera- tions have become stabilized. Although there was a decrease in numbers of preserves from thirty-three to twenty-nine over the past year, use by hunters and game birds handled have remained nearly constant. Hunting opportunities pro- vided by the private sector are necessary to fill the void in certain areas of the Province where public hunting grounds are not readily accessible to hunters. GAME BIRD HUNTING PRESERVE OPERATORS Number of District Preserves Aylmer 12 Hespeler 5 Maple 2 Lindsay 5 Tweed 3 Sault Ste. Marie. 2 Totals 29 *Based on incomplete returns. Number of Number Total Total Birds of Stock Purchases Release Harvested Hunters Mar. 31/65 7,960 9,040 6,505 1,516 3,671 7,185 9,262 6,297 1,134 836 5,131 2,056 890 375 230 769 3,004 1,985 600 772 60 4,370 3,009 375 715 3,500 2,400 600 310 175 24,605 30,132 19,286 4,310 6,399 Hungarian Partridge Portions of Dundas, Russell, Stormont and Carleton Counties in the Kempt- ville District are the hard core of Hungarian partridge populations in Ontario but small numbers occur also in the Niagara Peninsula and in Elgin, Prince Edward, Essex, Bruce and Huron Counties. Last year "Huns" were reported as scarce in the Kemptville District and poor hunter success reflected this shortage. Few coveys of young birds were seen during the summer, though the weather from May to July was generally favour- able which should have contributed towards a successful hatch. During the 1964 hunting season, Kemptville District officers collected ninety- seven wing specimens of Hungarian partridge for age and sex determinations. These data are included in the table below. 41 HUNGARIAN PARTRIDGE EXAMINED 1961-64 KEMPTVILLE FOREST DISTRICT Adults Juveniles Year No. Birds $ $ Unsexed $ $ Unsexed 1961 631 62 56 3 185 223 1«H 1962 705 81 66 6 174 203 175 1963 129 22 16 1 40 50 — 1964 97 9 12 — 40 36 — Pertinent Hungarian partridge age and sex ratio data as provided by the Kemptville staff appear in the next Table. SEX AND AGE RATIOS OF HUNGARIAN PARTRIDGE EXAMINED — 1961 -64 Total Juv./ Adults Juveniles Year Birds Ad. 9 %S $ % $ $ %$ $ %2 2 1961 631 9.1 52.5 47.5 45.4 54.6 1962 705 8.4 55.1 44.9 46.2 53.8 1963 129 5.6 59.0 41.0 44.4 55.6 1964 97 6.3 42.9 57.1 52.6 47.4 Attempts to rear Hungarian partridge held in captivity at Codrington Game Bird Farm are continuing but some difficulties have been experienced in brood stock survival. Eventual plans involve the introduction of successfully reared progeny to suitable or likely Hungarian partridge range in other parts of the Province. Bobwhite Quail The native quail population concentrated in the five Counties of southwestern Ontario, (Essex, Kent, Lambton, Elgin and Middlesex), have continued their spread and growth in numbers from what was once a virtually extirpated remnant population. A three-day season was declared for this species in the Townships of Raleigh (Kent County), and Plympton (Lambton County), in 1964. The 1963 season was only of two days' duration in the same area. If the rebounding of quail continues in the same pattern it will be possible to embrace a larger area within the open season in future years, thus adding recreational opportunities for those who wish to try their hand at these little "gamesters". Another aspect of the bobwhite is under close surveillance in Ontario. This is the attempt to develop a hardy breeding stock in captivity at the Normandale Game Bird Farm. One of the main objectives in raising such quail is to supply game bird breeders of Ontario with a hardy native strain for release on private shooting preserves. The importation of southern quail would undoubtedly cause a weakening of the hardy Ontario strain, (dilution of the gene pool). Aylmer officers have added wild quail eggs to the Normandale nucleus in an effort to spur production of these most desirable game birds. Woodcock This little, but highly valued, game bird is taken principally by devotees who enjoy watching good bird dogs at work and who also are sufficiently skilled to shoot the bird in flight. 42 During 1964, initial steps were taken to implement a summer banding pro- gramme of woodcock. This study was aimed at complementing research already being carried out by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service on this species. Staff of southern Ontario districts were requested to find areas where the birds congre- gated in July and August to feed on insects in dry open meadows. Most districts were successful in locating such areas but to date the only banding that has taken place has been the 11 birds banded by the Tweed staff. The usual equipment in capturing woodcock is a mist-net or a strong spotlight. Tweed officers used the spotlight and dip-net approach in the capture of their eleven birds. Ontario woodcock hunters were asked to provide woodcock wing specimens for age and sex determination studies conducted by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Sharptailed Grouse The five-year programme of transplanting sharptailed grouse captured in the Fort Frances District to selected sites in the Lindsay District was set back when difficulties arose in live-trapping the birds. Although the initial planting of forty sharptails at Balsam Lake Park, (March 18, 1963), appeared to have been suc- cessful, an additional plant would have been beneficial. Observations by Lindsay staff confirm that at least part of the initial stock have survived and that probably some birds were successful in producing young. Birds have been heard by local residents of the area and a few individual grouse have been seen by the field staff. It is hoped that further transplants of the prairie sharptail in other locations in southern Ontario will materialize. Staff at Fort Frances reported the sighting of fifteen broods of prairie sharptailed grouse averaging 8.3 young per adult female. Brood counts of northern sharptailed grouse by Geraldton staff revealed an average of 7.4 young per adult female and by Cochrane staff an average of 6.0 juveniles per adult female. Spruce Grouse This species is found mainly in that portion of the province north of the French and Mattawa Rivers. Relatively few are taken by hunters who appear to show a preference for ruffed grouse. Northern districts reported a fairly high popu- lation of these birds but because they are not heavily hunted, records of their har- vest are meagre. Gogama staff reported that hunters on foot saw thirteen and shot ten spruce grouse per one hundred hours of hunting while those hunting by driving saw 2.3 birds and shot 1.8 per one hundred miles of driving. Staff of four Forest Districts observed several spruce grouse broods as follows: District Broods Seen Young Birds per Adult Female Geraldton 6 5.7 Cochrane 6 4.5 Fort Frances 8 6.7 Gogama 4 3.5 43 rsl ^ 2 go D S 3 c£ u_ O O I- Q Z < X LU go as S 2 M •< <£> o\ ■ — CO c* w LU J h- Z — Z> ► I & »■» > CD S3 0) LO Ci 00 ^ ■** °i °. *° CO OS CO «5 © iH 50 lO ■I* T|i l> M Ooo'lqoqTtfOaiic-r-jTtcoooso co^^fMOTHict-^^oqci THOOrHrH-iHi-HOi-HOO m i- ^ I oi oo 2 iH *H H 5ji-ICO©00mt-r-ICO °o co co i^> cs co © ic re c— OoCOrHfoCMOOqCSfH-^C^US ^Oqoi^H'i-l'fNr-icJiHr-ii-Hi-i ia \a m ia tji co t£> CO (M CO Tjl CO OS t- iH SO 05 ' 3,3 iCQt © 1? 0>e» -*i 3 o o HE ■a • « OS03 w t; w a m 10 © © in ih cd t-5 M ft ^ 00 H 00 © eo oi ok co © l> N M in co (et>^ft!8^Ho« ^Tfl0eCWr)lMN10M'<*H tH ID 06 06 IO ft in 00 00 Tji Tf c^i w m ooojoootoi-iftooi-iioco CO OJ 1 tOOOOO^OOt-ftMH^OlO OOlO 00©©00©00CO© 10 00 (N 'i-HCOCO'tfi-HT-lT-lfM T-jftftt--oq©Tj| dio^dmt>MMH cococo O 00 M N C" fc» ft "rf co" T-J t- N M ■* ^ ^ © © (»H'ioo6 ©COTt 1 a 5 a a> '> &c « > i - _c > 1 x E +J £ E t — X "3 0) 0) 5 0 E 03 * - - X K W pd bo = tH ft co' co 00 in co in © t- in ft 00 © t- CO CO ft co 00 in t- co 00 m i-H CO © W H N S w 2 '— cs -e *? . 3 & o rt oj 6 o § .2 W 03 W . C C8 3 ti ° 'x. .2 2 ^3 o , ►5 Cm 45 Rabbits and Hares Cottontail rabbits and European hares ("jack rabbits") are two of the main- stays of hunting along with pheasants, in the southern agricultural regions of the Province. The varying hare (snowshoe hare) is the common species throughout the Precambrian Shield country but it is not hunted heavily. The tables below show comparisons of hunting success on these species in the districts of Hespeler and Maple. RABBIT AND HARE HUNTER SUCCESS BY COUNTIES — 1964 — HESPELER DISTRICT — County No. of Hunters Total Man Hours Avge. Hours Hunted Average "Cotton- tails" take per man "Jacks" hour of "Snow- shoes" Brant 72 178 2.4 .12 — — Bruce 158 490 3.1 .003 .04 .01 Grey 400 1383 3.1 .002 .09 .09 Halton 84 153 1.7 .08 .01 — Huron 34 169 3.6 .19 .16 — Oxford 9 14 1.5 .20 — — Perth 88 390 5.0 .27 .34 — Waterloo 289 684 2.4 .06 .05 — Wellington 173 624 3.4 .13 .15 .14 Wentworth 74 201 3.1 .08 — — Totals 1381 4286 2.9 .11 .08 .02 COTTONTAIL RABBIT HUNTER SUCCESS— 1964 MAPLE DISTRICT Area 4 Area 6 Whole District Hunters Checked 144 656 800 Man-Hours Hunted 477 1925 2402 No. of Rabbits 35 347 382 Hunter Success 24% 53% 48% Man-Hours Per Rabbit 13.6 5.6 6.3 Squirrels Grey squirrels (including the black phase), are common to abundant in south- western Ontario and occur sporadically in the "shield country". Despite the very liberal open season on this species there are very few ardent squirrel hunters in Ontario. Most squirrels are apparently taken incidentally while hunters are in pur- suit of other game. Mourning Doves Department officers in the districts of Aylmer, Hespeler, Maple, Lindsay, Tweed, Kemptville and Pembroke, assisted in some instances by dedicated natural- ists, conducted the mourning dove call count survey again in the spring of 1964. This annual inventory was carried out at the request of the Canadian Wildlife Service. Some increase in dove numbers and extension in range of the species were noted by observers. Though there is no open season on this species in Ontario, it is 46 known that birds produced here contribute to the harvest in the United States. In some of the states there is particularly heavy hunting pressure exerted on doves during their southward migration flights. Waterfowl The primary jurisdictional responsibility for waterfowl rests with the Federal Government under authority of the Migratory Birds Convention Act, but Ontario does undertake a considerable degree of waterfowl management work. District Fish and Wildlife staff undertook several projects in co-operation with Canadian Wildlife Service personnel while others were co-operative efforts involving either the Atlantic or Mississippi Flyway Councils. The midwinter waterfowl inventory, an annual project, is a good example. For this extensive survey, member states and provinces of both the Atlantic and Mis- sissippi Flyway Councils carry out counts from the air and on the ground during a designated period of time. The observations are compiled and pooled and esti- mates of total populations of ducks and geese are derived. Though these figures are not absolute, they do, nevertheless, indicate general population trends which are so necessary in waterfowl management and in the setting of open seasons and bag limits for the following year. The following table presents a summary of infor- mation collected by Lands and Forests staff and private individuals in January 1964. MID-WINTER WATERFOWL INVENTORY JANUARY 10-16, 1965 Area Area Area Area Area Area Area Species I II III IV V VI VII TOTALS Mallard 801 2,296 1,223 50 285 385 5,040 Black 1,266 1 1,598 2,506 100 700 744 6,915 Redhead 41 25 1,282 10 1,358 Canvasback 8 5 1,941 1,954 Gt. Scaup 3,348 7,861 2,778 2,200 9,065 25,252 Less Scaup 2 2 Com. Goldeneye ... 562 836 1,078 2,037 250 3,265 12 8,040 Bufflehead 155 201 1,500 100 1,956 Oldsquaw 246 236 9,949 45 1,000 11,476 Com. Merganser... 283 9 30 271 100 125 1 819 Hd. Merganser ... 3 1 4 Gadwall 1 1 Ring-neck Duck .21 3 W-w. Scoter 2 2 40 44 Wood Duck 17 8 R-b. Merganser .8 8 Pintail 3 2 3 8 Am. Widgeon 17 7 24 G-w. Teal 11 2 Shoveler 1 1 Totals 6,747 1,082 23,060 13,594 3,850 13,440 1,142 62,915 Blue Goose 1 1 Canada Goose 7 108 8,300 35 8,450 Mute Swan (feral) 3 3 Whistling Swan. 1 64 65 Coot 6 100 106 Unidentified 2,148 400 139 2,687 Total Waterfowl .... 6.765 1,082 23,168 24,206 4,250 13,475 1,281 74,227 Area I — Hamilton Nat. Club. Area V — Tweed Area II — Oshawa Nat. Club. Area VI — Kemptville & J. Bayly, Area III — Toronto Om. Club. Brockville. Area IV — L. Erie. & J. Miner's Sanct. Area VII— Brantford Nature Club; W. H. Schaefer, Ont. Agricultural College. 47 Many of the districts conducted summer surveys of duck populations. In some areas counts were made of breeding pairs while other districts concentrated on post-hatching brood counts for various duck species. These studies are essential in determining the relative success of the hatch, the survival of young ducks and the limits of breeding range of the key duck species across the Province. Waterfowl banding is another important phase of management in Ontario. Cooperative banding projects are carried out largely by our own staff with some help and encouragement from the Canadian Wildlife Service, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the Flyway Councils. Since waterfowl winter in the south but spend a good portion of their life in Canada, it is logical that much knowledge can be gained by such projects as banding while the birds are here during the breeding season. Recoveries of birds banded in Ontario contribute to the general understanding of waterfowl population dynamics and assist in determining the effects and safe margins of hunting. Not only are migration patterns confirmed but also an estimate of the total kill and the varying vulnerability rates of the many species and age groups of waterfowl may be obtained from this source. During the summer and early fall of 1964, banding programs were conducted by staff and interested individuals or groups in fourteen administrative districts. The results of the cooperative waterfowl banding effort in Ontario is presented in the Table entitled, Summary of Waterfowl Banding in Ontario, 1964. The provision of quality waterfowl hunting in southern Ontario where most of the best and largest marshes are in private hands, pose acute management problems. Public areas are so few and far between and so overcrowded on opening day that they cannot accommodate all hunters. Managed public shooting areas have success- fully filled part of this void and have provided quality waterfowl hunting; the number of these units must be stepped up considerably if the needs of all hunters are to be met. Wetland sanctuaries, which hold waterfowl throughout the season, have ex- tended hunting opportunities in some areas but here again the paucity of these suggests that acquisition of suitable marshes and wetlands is of prime importance. Public Hunting Grounds Public hunting for pheasants was provided in four different Provincial parks and on the Gananoque public hunting area in recognition of the multiple use con- cept for publicly owned lands. The pheasant shooting season in the parks com- mences two days after the Thanksgiving holiday. At this time, it has been found that there is little demand on the park facilities for any recreation except hunting and there is no conflict in use. Both male and female birds which are used in this type of hunting are trans- ferred to park holding pens and released at a rate of about two birds per paid hunter. Hunting is permitted every day except Sunday, and the daily fee is $5.00 per hunter with a bag limit of three pheasants of any sex. Licences are available on a first-come-first-served basis with the hunters lining up for their licences at the park gate. A total of twenty-five hunters are allowed at one time in each area with the exception of Earl Rowe Provincial Park where thirty-five hunters are allowed. These hunting opportunities have been enthsiastically received by many upland bird hunters; many are anxious to work their dogs in cover which is known to contain birds. 48 A summary of the operations in our four public pheasant hunting areas is shown in the following table. This method of utilizing adult birds not only meets with the approval of the general shooting public but it ensures that a good return is received from birds which might otherwise be lost to other causes before they are harvested. SUMMARY OF PHEASANT PUBLIC HUNTING AREAS— 1964 Presqu'ile Darlington Sibbald Point Earl Rowe Hunting Area in Acres 415 415 250 350 Number of Hunters 240 755 510 712 Number of Birds Released 450 1150 795 1167 Number of Birds Recovered 380 1040 665 1015 Per Cent Return 84.4 90.5 83.8 86.9 Birds per Hunter 1.6 1.4 1.3 1.4 WATERFOWL There are also five waterfowl public hunting areas associated with parks adjoining marsh land. At Long Point and Rondeau parks waterfowl hunting was permitted on Mon- day, Wednesday, Thursday and Saturday, from 7 a.m. to 5 p.m. The daily licence fee was $4.00 per blind for one or two men. In the area without blinds the fee was $1.00 per day at Long Point, and $4.00 per season at Rondeau. At Holiday Beach and Presqu'ile parks no blinds were provided and hunting was permitted on Monday, Wednesday, Thursday and Saturday. The annual fee here was $4.00 with no restriction on number of licences available. At Darlington, hunting was permitted on Monday, Wednesday and Saturday, for a daily fee of $2.00 per hunter. SUMMARY OF WATERFOWL PUBLIC HUNTING AREAS— 1964 Long Holiday Point Rondeau Presqu'ile Darlington Beach Hunting Area in Acres 1700 3000 600 100 * Number of Hunters 1926 720 287 447 446 Number of Waterfowl Taken 2164 1080 * 407 * Average Kill per Hunter 1.12 1A * 0£ *_ *No data. 49 < I- z o o Q Z < m O Li_ LU H < O > < Z> 6 g a£ o » o ZQH a .3 0) o t-ooao>eo©t-a Tf M C5 N ON w t- oo t- Tf Tf O n< t- us 00 us O CO iH tH us 04 •M tH CO US CO O T— 1 o * to t N t- H o US 00 e3 ^ s ^ eS as H H -- £ £ | « d K ^ ^ i o EC a be C 3 o o O a a 00 o *c o o ^3 C « £ O O K W c (72 *3" irwo ^^^flno\0'-CMiAiriOO\^to^flO t— vo'-CMCM*-ot~-«- irir^>\ot~t— »-cr\t--'-o>vo^i-r^ieoooo\CMr\OOif\vDvoCTMrNrnir\t— i-cm^j-'^i^j-cu cm *-*-»-»-»- «- *- CO h lOi-WN »- T- 1- T- CM •>- «" 00C\JrOr0^O<^»-(— CO'-VO'- ITNCO Ov f*"tCO 0N*fr*-lT\^J-,*fP— VO p~0\p— p—ro*-KPCO ^t P— O CM *- O rOCO vo O ITV p— Tf f*"t ITV ro CM GO VO O ITV ro CM CM *- ^p~OCMirvp-ir\c^OvirNCMir\*-^CMir\CMro^oo^oocMCMOCM^ro<>p-rni*i *- cm VO yfOWOVDiO t~ 1T\ t^ t~I~- 1ACD VO l^^-lT\ o r'->CM(M O\C0 CM rOKt-ONVO ITV CO Ov ro VO VO t— p— VO roONGO ITS r— O VO ITN ^INO O O ^(^O *- O Oi^vO CMnosneOffl i-WvocO »-^t>0 ONCO i-O^O OsO rvOCMr«">Tf-O'vC000 <-ci3-voo\Tt»- ■*i-ir\CMir\rt-ir.*-ONCM (SICr\r^irn^i-^Or^t-r^ftr-u~\ttlI\t~Cyl OOO CM VO O 00 cioo o\ ^- o t— ONONOOCO fT-i-T-»-»-i-^»-^i-(M'-Ni->-i-f'-W«(vO rn t- ^ r- O OWO oncvj irwo irvcvi t» irvn '-i-CM'-CMCMCM'-'i- vo r— oo vo If) CO O CM mOSCM Or^Onp- 00 t-OvO ir\00 OOflNOir>OlAP-M)OOirMf\0 ir\OOOOOCMrf-> ovovovoaocy^-coowvocoo^tooNT-O'-ovovh-OMn'-^cyo^'NT-ONcOiri^tromi- ovco o cm vo vo int^ OOCTvP-^^CMOVO^VOCOONrovorol^T^O^C^^CfvOCM^'^Oirv^tvoO'-vO^rrnirNVOvO'f-ON^tCMirvCMvoirv irwo 0^»-u^ro^l^\lr^o^c^^ncM^OT-Ttr^voo^Ovocr^^^u^CMoocJ^r^oooo^ooo^Ol^^t--l^^lf^vo0^tTJ•rn^-T»■ ^t^J-vo Tj-l/^^t^-rO^-^J-rOCM <^,lrOor)rorO^-rO'^t^trorO',*t^-^'U^^-^-ir\^J'VOvO P— p— p~ VO VOCOVOVO p- p~C0 ON CO >-CO lAOvO (M IAV0 t-- *tf-00p— ^fOOOr-p- t— CMlAOOir>O'vtlA(^OO,- «J-a3 O O W w^t~o\vo vtov-t-a) i-i-vooo O'-vovoovOiAOO'-iAOMnflOO o oir\»tOfl o Ovr— cooo lAowo inin vovoovoovO\Cvjr-voc^c^ir\OONr^co<'roro^coo^p~cOir\^Tf0^p--0\O OCMVO O (M COP— OCV'-iOavrorovO^J-p— CMOCMP-OP-irNOvir\ir\Ovp- Tj-p— irvrOCO"-"!©*- r- ITvirN ON CM p- CO-stOC— ITvCMvoiTVCO^P-Ov^^rnrnOP— CM^CTv^T-p-p-r-p-cOCOO'Sj'CMCMCMCMVO reOO'- O *VO I^O^f-l/M^'- OvOi-TOflCOVO'-T-^tCM^fmCvl \tlf\VO t-CO dnT-oO f^vO CM'-vO^VOlA't'^CO^-OvO^''«NCvlOt-'j-0\Lr\ IPv-^J-vo irwo ITN ft "^ ITV t— VO p— VO VO IT\ -^ r<"> ro Kj- VO p— p-vo VO VO VOCOCOCO p- ITWO P-CO t^-CO IT\ irv^frOfOftroro^-CM i-i-i-T-^ T- t- i-CMrlOl'-CMCvlNCMf-'-CM i-t-1-.-r- *- v- y- oot^ ...TlTNOCMOOvCMP--roO\Osir\.CvlT-voirNir\CMONP--r-- rflOflvOh IT\t— 0"">'*">OP-OOCM^J-CM»-xJ-irSCM Ol IAVOV0 ^''-nvo '-COCMCJCJt--CvlWCOCOT-[-»-COiAONOt-0\[-000'-vOt-r-T-vo VO P— ^•ON'«tf-ir\CMO'*100 r— "^-osO'-ooir\r— CMCTvOTt-oocMoop-^tONcocMcorof— p— o cm cm vo r— co m r— irwo vo m *- ir\ o\ ^fr p- »- r— ro on cm ^^•COvO OWOVO i^ m N "N d ^t ITWO VO lATt^vOO\OCvl^lA^t^-r^(MflTtn^i«1rnni«M^^-'t^VO»t^«l« CO t- »- «- < o < z o LL o vo o irwo *ar cm tj-oo irvco t-rto^irvooovo <* r- vo CO *- »- CM CO ITNCO . CO i- ONCO O 00 >- CO 1A 't ^ i-OVVO (MP-VOCOVOVOCMOVCM1T\ONO\0 T-C—0\000'-)*-OCM*-voOOCM^t«3-COCOVOvO»-^tr— vO«-t— VOO r— oo p— o 'tf-'-vovo on O vo t^tiTMnvo on p- r— vo irv^t ^ cm ^r p— »* r- »- *- CM CM CM t- r- *-«-»- ON ON O VO irvroCMOOCMCO'OP-O •—»«»-» OVOOTti»10Mt»-0\ osvo »-cm Ol^^lrl^-cMvo «-CM'>a-'-OlAtfM^OCO CVIIACO O T-IAVO lAr-(M p-l CvrOOO t" I ' OvvOCO "t'-nO Tj-(C MOMrir^CvieO(«lCvl(0<*0\t^fnvO lAOO lAOVCO O O\0 »- p-00 rnuMfvCOCO o q-'- ^}-rO'-oo^''-^-ir\000\CMir\»-iPip-irN<^ir\o\'-CMOvvoi^icooMrMrMrvoo CMvop—voCMTtCMrop-oo 0\ONVOON^trniAlA(\tW'0^'T-0^'vlrOCOCOVOOCvlVOP-OV,vtirV(^OJir\U>Cvl *- ^i-(*lT-f^p- CO p- U^v ^-^-CvlrOirv^CVI^-T-^-T-^-CMCM^-^-*- ^-^-*-»- *- CMCMCMrOroCMrOCMrO^OCMCMmCM rOCM ITNOOVO ^J-p— CO OcO rn^-O ONVOVO •■ OvO ^J-^frOOvONCO ^-vo p— ro ^ OvCO O\0 ▼- O p~vo w 0O »-VO p--^vO ONrO^J-^OvO rOOvrOOvOO rOONrOCM OvCTWO O ^"O\vo ITVP— vfvOvo ONVO ON ^- i^p-VO <■ P— O O !-CO'-«!frOf«11Ar-0'^- cvi rrt ia CMCMCMCvlCMCMCMCMCMCM^rOr^i^r^r^rOrOi^^^^^^^^^TtTpTfrlfNirvirNinirvi/NirviT^ llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll I lllllllll OVO <- CM fO^f 1AV0 t^OO OVO <- Cvl i^TMAVO t^-CO OvO r-Cvl TtlTivO p-COOvO'-Cvlrl^-irvvor-COCNO'-Cvl^^f ^CMCMCMCMCMCMWCMWCM^^/^n^^rOr^iirvirvlAVOvOVOVOVO ON 54 average and was greater than the objective of management of a sustained yearly catch of 150,000 beaver. From field observations and district reports there are no indications of any decrease in the beaver population. With an increase in price and a better season, 1965-66 production figures could surpass those of the 1963-64 season. Fisher pelts taken increased slightly in number, but sold for an all time low of $7.04 average and with very little demand. Coloured fox figures increased slightly over last year with a fair demand, and a slight increase in price. A sharp drop of almost 50% shows in the lynx production figures for 1964-65 with a 12.1% increase in average price received. Ontario, even in peak years produces few lynx in comparison with the westerly provincs. The 1964-65 figure on marten of 10,664 pelts taken is 22.7% lower than last year, but is the second highest catch recorded in 46 years. An increase of 5.1% in price helped to offset the loss in numbers taken. Some concern is felt for the low mink production. The figure of 32,825 for this year is the second lowest recorded. Some 31,605 mink pelts were taken during the 1955-56 season. A decrease of 16.6% in production and 9.3% in price affected the trappers' livelihood by approximately $115,000.00 for the 1964-65 period over the previous season. Otter, down by 8.0% from last year still shows a better than average take over previous years. The $3.00 increase in average pelt price should offset the slight loss in number. Raccoon and small furs, skunk, squirrel and weasel showed a small variation from the previous season. Raccoon fell slightly in number, but average pelt price increased by 60 cents. Then in reverse, squirrel and weasel increased in number, but dropped a few cents in price. From the year 1920 to 1958, Ontario's muskrat production averaged 660,000 pelts per year. From 1958 to now, a period of seven years, the average has been below 350,000, or an annual deficit of 310,000. This figure multiplied by this year's average price indicates a loss of approximately half a million dollars to the trappers' income. The biggest losses were sustained in the southwestern and south- eastern regions. Areas that normally took 150,000 to 200,000 have only taken 25,000 for the past season. Low water levels plus a late spring brought about this year's new low. Through heavier fall trapping, the take could be increased, but in the above mentioned circumstances, there seems to be no practical solution. One or two of the larger marshes have dikes and pumping stations and are able to cope with the water level situation. In time to come this may be necessary on the larger muskrat areas if any crop is to be expected. The Fur Sale Service at North Bay sponsored by the Ontario Trappers' Association held five sales last year. Sales were held in December, January, March, April and June. There was a 13.8% decrease in volume of pelts shipped. Dollar volume dropped by 24.0%. In comparison with the Ontario provincial production figure for the year, there was a slight increase over the previous season in pelts shipped. Though the number of trappers in the Province dropped from 9,437 to 8,937, shipments of fur to the sale increased slightly. It can only be concluded that the Fur Sale Service by the Ontario Trappers' Association does establish a price for Ontario wild fur and that it continues to increase in trapper participation. 55 WILD FUR SEALED DURING THE 1964-65 SEASON BY FUR MANAGEMENT DISTRICTS OF ONTARIO Beaver Fisher Lynx Marten Mink Otter Chapleau 1,541 Cochrane 2,810 Fort Frances 10,156 Geraldton 9,262 Gogama 1,855 Kapuskasing 7,935 Kemptville 5,017 Kenora 10,257 Lake Erie 2 Lake Huron 51 Lake Simcoe 2,077 Lindsay 7,236 North Bay 6,037 Parry Sound 12,973 Pembroke 5,277 Port Arthur 9,534 Sault Ste. Marie 3,471 Sioux Lookout 2,927 Sudbury 8,181 Swastika 3,529 Tweed 13,935 White River 3,379 Patricia Central 12,691 Patricia East 8,674 Patricia West 12,422 Total 161,229 55 30 737 286 132 96 138 1,081 493 117 200 46 25 1,219 297 24 84 2,091 866 474 62 56 959 413 169 35 137 2,602 935 322 — — — 614 40 180 29 4 1,822 367 — — 718 — 1 — — 1,522 — 6 — — 1,602 24 248 8 57 1,311 148 239 104 12 1,504 250 136 5 143 2,761 485 243 4 239 805 164 106 148 733 690 318 61 46 505 864 228 71 31 200 504 164 150 119 7 1,878 473 181 187 48 729 132 23 12 — 1,201 200 14 33 520 527 223 57 167 142 5,617 2,006 15 110 462 1,131 858 378 196 97 2,813 866 2,581 1,690 10,664 32,825 8,457 TRENDS IN TOTAL SEALED PELTS AND VALUES Total Sealed 1963-64 Total Sealed 1964-65 % Change Volume Average Value 1963-64 Average Value 1964-65 Value % Change Beaver Fisher Lynx Marten Mink Otter 182,933 3,779 3,220 13,796 39,356 9,194 161,229 2,581 1,690 10,664 32,825 8,457 —11.8 —31.4 —47.5 —22.7 —16.6 — 8.0 14.03 13.61 14.80 6.13 11.73 30.98 10.60 7.04 16.99 6.46 10.64 32.73 —24.4 —48.3 + 12.1 + 5.1 — 9.3 + 5.3 VOLUME TREND OF O.T.A. FUR SALES Pelts Sold 1963-64 Beaver Fisher Col. Fox Lynx Marten Mink Muskrat ... Otter Raccoon .... Squirrel .... Weasel Wolf Bear Castoreum 50,291 1,733 1,233 970 5,157 10,739 97,780 2,025 5,735 1,049 2,700 149 113 1,493 # 179,674 Pelts Sold 1964-65 % Change 45,261 - 10. 1,132 - 34. 1,587 + 22. 736 - 24 4,013 - 22 10,155 - 5 77,678 - 20. 1,994 - 1. 5,198 - 9. 3,605 + 291. 3,173 + 15. 165 + 9. 151 + 25. 1,214 - 18 154,848 13.8 56 SUMMARY OF AVERAGE BEAVER PRICES BY SIZES AT JUNE 1 SALE, 1964-65 Section Size Number Offered Not Sold Sold Value Section Average Overall Average NIP XXXL 55 — 55 $ 1,026.25 $18.65 PW 49 — 49 841.00 17.16 TOTAL XXXL 104 — 104 1,867.25 $17.95 NIP XXL 283 61 222 3,097.25 13.95 MICH 25 — 25 460.50 18.42 JB 35 — 35 551.50 15.75 PW 161 — 161 2,509.00 15.58 TOTAL XXL 504 61 443 6,618.25 14.93 NIP XL 449 13 436 5,339.75 12.24 MICH 54 — 54 792.00 14.66 JB 45 — 45 614.50 13.65 PW 153 — 153 1,625.25 10.62 TOTAL XL 701 13 688 8,371.50 12.16 NIP L 472 — 472 3,912.75 8.28 MICH 38 — 38 386.00 10.15 JB 32 — 32 304.50 9.51 PW 112 — 112 844.75 7.54 TOTAL L 654 — 654 5,448.00 8.33 NIP LM 287 19 268 1,328.75 4.95 MICH 20 — 20 114.25 5.71 JB 17 — 17 96.50 5.67 PW 72 6 66 350.75 5.31 TOTAL LM 396 25 371 1,890.25 5.09 NIP M 369 — 369 1,658.75 4.49 MICH 74 — 74 302.00 4.08 JB 35 — 35 151.25 4.32 PW 55 10 45 174.00 3.86 TOTAL M 533 10 523 2,286.00 4.37 NIP MICH JB TOTAL SM SM 201 26 182 409 109 109 92 26 182 300 298.00 92.00 846.00 1,236.00 3.23 3.53 4.64 4.12 NIP KTS 15 — 15 30.00 2.00 ALL XXXL SECTIONS XXL XL L LM M SM KTS 104 504 701 654 396 533 409 15 61 13 25 10 109 104 443 688 654 371 523 300 15 1,867.25 6,618.25 8,371.50 5,448.00 1,890.25 2,286.00 1,236.00 30.00 17.95 14.93 12.16 8.33 5.09 4.37 4.12 2.00 TOTAL 3,316 218 3,098 27,747.25 8.95 % of No. on Sale % Running Total SECTIONS XXXL XXL XL L LM M SM KTS 3.2 15.3 21.3 19.9 12.1 15.3 12.4 .5 18.5 39.8 59.7 71.8 87.1 99.5 100.0 NIP MICH JB PW Nipissing Michipicoten James Bay Patricia West 57 z o h- u D (/> L\ LU O _l (Y £* -) _) LL. u_ i/> < O H < o 1- > o CO z * 1 1 o Q_ o a. "rt "o rHosoqocDosoqcqoqcqoqos ~_ c iq - - o6Mt>M^ddNoidfflH lO s d N^OWMMMNtOININM os 5 T—l CO 9 fa-o HNt-»C0lO»^00lOCCW i—i 3) o ^1> 0.2 tOMXMHUt-OlOlOt-O U5 t- (M lO CMrHlOC-OrHCDOSrHCDrHrH T-H — o x ICiHt-H 'f O t- H lO m m T- CD 4 Tf tH t- lO ■x i-H H 0) On o>i2 ffl- OSrHCOOTflOlOt-OOrHC- 3^. OS o (M00'*O)!aNO)lO00iO'<}lH lO t- »-H NlOmtO(D00t-1lNC-MiO — ' eq rHiM H Ol M lO 00 c co_ i>iaddi>^0)N'M»dio — c cd (NTfffiWMNHNfflHMN 3 iH c^a es © 5 fa-d HeoMot>aoioioaoffl CO re tr- o s OMMt-lOCOCONCO'^O'* — 0S ee —T C0t-ioi>^^doJdc c s CO NM(OHNHHHTf CM CO - S 1- 7-1 s fo-o MM^HaNoaMffl^t- u: 0C c- 0.2 t-OlOMiO^MlOffllOIXJC CN X (N CO •x cr q q a t-NH^t-DJlOOOftNO 4 CO "^ <# iH l— 1 iH CO CO H £ - > X •J > c a. p 5 -p a c = s r. 4 c c c a pt f 1 1 — a i a c a 5 CL c 4- i 0 w rJ o 58 AVERAGE BEAVER PRICES RECEIVED BY SIZE FOR SECTIONS ALL SALES — 1 964-65 SEASON Section Size Number Offered Not Sold Sold Value Section Average Overall Average NIP XXXL 1,762 136 1,626 $ 31,076.50 $19.11 MICH — — — — — JAS. B 109 — 109 2,401.00 22.02 PAT. W 152 8 144 2,715.50 18.85 PAT. E 52 — 52 1,032.25 12.85 Total XXXL 2,075 144 1,931 37,225.25 NIP XXL 5,940 380 5,560 99,310.50 17.86 MICH 120 — 120 2,212.50 18.43 JAS. B 360 — 360 7,074.25 19.65 PAT. W 355 9 346 5,768.75 16.67 PAT.E 110 — 110 1,947.25 17.70 Total XXL 6,885 389 6,496 116,313.25 NIP XL 8,262 77 8,185 119,902.00 14.64 MICH 258 — 258 4,266.00 16.53 JAS. B 464 — 464 7,401.50 15.95 PAT. W 363 — 363 4,485.50 12.35 PAT.E 180 — 180 2,517.00 13.98 Total XL 9,527 77 9,450 138,572.00 NIP L 6,597 60 6,537 67,839.00 10.37 MICH 210 — 210 2,331.00 11.10 JAS. B 333 — 333 3,673.50 11.03 PAT. W 194 — 194 1,630.00 8.40 PAT.E 153 — 153 1,488.75 9.73 Total L 7,487 60 7,427 76,962.25 NIP LM 4,076 119 3,957 28,483.50 7.19 MICH 74 — 74 675.50 8.12 JAS. B 161 — 161 1,314.75 8.16 PAT.W 185 6 179 1,074.00 5.99 PAT.E 85 — 85 589.00 6.93 Total LM 4,581 125 4,456 32,137.25 NIP M 7,983 63 7,920 40,370.50 5.09 MICH 189 — 189 941.00 4.97 JAS. B 364 — 364 1,977.50 5.43 PAT.W 179 10 169 679.00 4.01 PAT.E 176 — 176 775.75 4.40 Total M 8,891 73 8,818 44,743.75 NIP SM 4,512 320 4,192 15,818.75 3.77 MICH 144 — 144 561.00 3.89 JAS. B 408 — 408 1,710.50 4.19 PAT.W 20 — 20 70.00 3.50 PAT.E 100 — 100 287.75 2.87 Total SM 5,184 320 4,864 18,448.00 NIP KTS 643 366 277 712.75 2.57 MICH — — — — — JAS. B 15 — 15 30.00 2.00 PAT. W — — — PAT.E — — — — — Total KTS 658 366 292 742.75 ALL XXXL 2,075 144 1,931 37,225.25 19.27 SECTIONS XXL 6,885 389 6,496 116,313.25 17.90 XL 9,527 77 9,450 138,572.00 14.66 L 7,487 60 7,427 76,962.25 10.36 LM 4,581 125 4,456 32,137.25 7.21 M 8,891 73 8,818 44,743.75 5.07 SM 5,184 320 4,864 18,448.00 3.79 KTS 658 366 292 742.75 2.54 Total 45,288 1,554 43,734 465,144.50 $19.27 17.90 14.66 10.36 7.21 5.07 3.79 2.54 10.64 59 AVERAGE PRICE RECEIVED FOR BEAVER BY SIZE PER SALE 1964-65 SEASON Section Size Number Offered Not Sold Sold Value Section Average Overall Average DEC JAN MAR APR MAY XXXL 519 732 429 291 104 72 72 447 660 429 291 104 $ 8,446.75 11,526.25 8,864.25 6,520.75 1,867.25 $18.89 17.46 20.66 22.40 17.95 Total XXXL 2,075 144 1,931 37,225.25 $19.27 DEC JAN MAR APR MAY XXL 1,716 2,206 1,401 1,058 504 100 109 108 11 61 1,616 2,097 1,293 1,047 443 29,101.50 35,834.00 23,102.00 22,142.50 6,618.25 18.00 17.08 17.86 21.14 14.93 Total XXL 6,885 389 6,496 116,313.25 17.98 DEC JAN MAR APR MAY XL 2,724 2,908 1,829 1,365 701 15 15 23 11 13 2,709 2,893 1,806 1,354 688 40,999.25 39,890.50 25,378.50 23,932.25 8,371.50 15.13 13.78 14.12 17.67 12.16 Total XL 9,527 77 9,450 138,572.00 14.67 DEC JAN MAR APR MAY L 2,259 2,127 1,396 1,051 654 27 33 2,259 2,100 1,363 1,051 654 24,651.75 22,063.75 12,881.25 11,917.50 5,448.00 10.91 10.50 9.45 11.33 8.33 Total L 7,487 60 7,427 76,962.25 10.36 DEC JAN MAR APR MAY LM 1,166 1,281 969 769 396 31 17 14 38 25 1,135 1,264 955 731 371 7,957.75 8,658.25 7,481.50 6,149.50 1,890.25 7.01 6.84 7.83 8.41 5.09 Total LM 4,581 125 4,456 32,137.25 7.21 DEC JAN MAR APR MAY M 2,625 2,515 1,941 1,277 533 31 22 10 10 2,594 2,515 1,919 1,267 523 13,479.50 11,736.00 9,703.00 7,539.25 2,286.00 5.19 4.66 5.05 5.95 4.37 Total M 8,891 73 8,818 44,743.75 5.07 DEC JAN MAR APR MAY SM 1,714 1,274 1,037 750 409 39 34 70 68 109 1,675 1,240 967 682 300 6,971.00 3,928.75 3,464.00 2,848.25 1,236.00 4.16 3.16 3.58 4.17 4.12 Total SM 5,184 320 4,864 18,448.00 3.79 DEC JAN MAR APR MAY KTS 259 164 131 89 15 176 115 65 10 83 49 66 79 15 202.00 192.75 141.50 176.50 30.00 2.43 3.93 2.14 2.23 2.00 Total KTS 658 366 292 742.75 2.54 DEC JAN MAR APR MAY TOTAL SALES 12,982 13,207 9,124 6,650 3,316 464 389 335 148 218 12,518 12,818 8,789 6,502 3,098 131,809.50 133,830.25 91,016.00 81,226.50 27,747.25 10.52 10.44 10.35 12.49 8.95 Total 45,288 1,554 43,734 465,144.50 10.64 NOTE: DEC — Beaver taken in JAN— " MAR— " APR— " MAY— " October, November. October, November, December, January, January, February, Late March, April, early December, early February, early March, early May. 60 08'£$ iuiih(>i-'i: ) ZS-8I$ Si|-i | 09*01$ 1.1 M! .»}| ani«A jaddiqg or-ocM©cMc-m cccmioooiocmiooo N « tj CO CM CO CO ■i CO no U5 © lO OS CO © CO CM CO l~ lO lO CM lO H lO CO IO OS w CM CO CM lO CO lO i-l 00 CO CM CO O CO cm co as © © 00 ^H 00 o *^ CO ec O r-l as o cm as O O 00 as oo ^h oo CM n h id n co ii co co r- ti 00 Tf 00 lO rl H CM ii CM lO CO CO 00 CO •icocmii-»iicmcm©oooo cMasasojooco"£l^<-sl t-iioioast^iOii as as i~ co as io io ii i~ as I^COOOilCM^H^^ascOCN cococMoo»o©iicoasoo OSCO-^COL^OOOOOSCOCM il CM CO CM CO IC CO 00 IO CO rf CM ^H C- as ii o co co as co co io OOOSilCOilCOilCMiiCM CM 00 J" CM il as co oo ■1 O CO lC3cOCOlOt~t~C0001000t-CM .1 CO CO il n 00 t~- ii 10 ii as CO 00 CM as ITO iH iH CM cMcoascoiooi^oo 8°° as ~. w CM § 00 . «r °° CO CM as CO ■ ,1'°= Oqo 0C CO n Os l~ ■* ■* CO rt 00 CM CO 1^ •^-^■^lOCO^COCOCOt- cMiomeoas^cocococM oo cm co cm a. i^ o as oo i^- COilTfCMCOCMCMOOlCSOO iicoooascococo^H^o^HCO CM CM ii CM H coc-ic3oocMtiicoiii^ COCMlOlOt~t~CMFir- la co U3 co ii 10 co f n CM 00 as O CM I- » « ^Ht-i4ailOCISH^W COI— CM00CMCOr~OSt-CM ascMio^fas^Hioascococo co us i co n COCMIOCSCOCMOOCOCOCOCMOOCM CM H O CM as 00 CO 00 t- 00 CM co co ^r cm © t- CO CMCOtaiOilCOCDCOcOlOCMil ■*3" ii CO 00 CO -H © lO ^1 Tf iH iH -** CD lO CO CO lO ^H as o ^h oo co co io W CO © CO ~H ii CO ICO T}< Tj< rji CO CM -1 lO H CM 00 as oo cm co CO CO O ii -H .1 CM CM -H -H CO US ii 1C3 00 lO CM ii IM CM n CM CO CM -H CO o oo co —i a> CMCOC0c0^J*C0lc5i1l-^^H Ci 1 r ^ a> es fa S -1 - -S 5 ed W X W .7 >> B M t3 «> ? t 1 1 ■ > o « rf s il fa O O « tt * J a .h a — -: X fa fa fa x v. •/. /. H £ fa fa fa ^ O Jy& •s cow 61 AVERAGE PRICE AND CATCH RECORDS 1958-59 1959-60 1960-61 1961-62* 1962-63* 1963-64* 1964-65* Beaver Year's Catch 120566 110615 132375 137609 167408 182933 161229 Ave. Price Pd 10.40 13.30 10.70 10.48 12.67 13.03 10.60 Fisher Year's Catch 2365 3125 3348 2728 2830 3774 2581 Ave. Price Pd 15.95 19.20 8.00 13.57 10.27 12.61 7.04 Fox, Coloured Year's Catch 1858 1188 1655 2960 1647 2025 2343 Ave. Price Pd 1.45 2.77 2.10 3.32 5.02 5.14 6.24 Fox, Arctic Year's Catch 302 85 98 130 61 35 46 Ave. Price Pd 14.35 20.00 20.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 Lynx Year's Catch 2242 4038 4502 4578 4743 3217 1690 Ave. Price Pd 13.40 15.10 7.70 9.02 13.28 14.65 16.99 Marten Year's Catch 4559 6361 9325 10260 7748 13783 10664 Ave. Price Pd 4.95 4.75 3.45 3.66 6.61 5.63 6.46 Mink Year's Catch 44926 47445 61520 47215 43048 39353 32825 Ave. Price Pd 11.40 13.25 8.35 8.89 12.21 10.73 10.64 Muskrat Year's Catch 337986 320287 304731 377888 345428 497091 251795 Ave. Price Pd 84 .81 .54 .98 1.60 1.50 1.52 Otter Year's Catch 6698 6040 7422 7456 8326 9165 8457 Ave. Price Pd 22.70 25.90 23.70 24.40 23.82 29.73 32.73 Raccoon Year's Catch 4200 10580 7433 9543 9190 8981 8280 Ave. Price Pd 1.35 2.01 1.70 3.00 3.39 2.01 2.61 Skunk Year's Catch 572 389 216 264 112 54 86 Ave. Price Pd 87 .70 .45 .50 .72 .50 .50 Squirrel Year's Catch 11330 9255 12496 10099 12851 6435 17750 Ave. Price Pd 11 .10 .12 .15 .23 .33 .25 Weasel Year's Catch 11626 12472 12631 11143 10213 7391 11841 Ave. Price Pd 56 .60 .45 .49 .39 .44 .39 *Average price used is from O.T.A. North Bay Sales. 62 REVENUE RECEIVED FROM EXPORT PERMITS July 1st, 1964 to June 30th, 1965 Beaver Fisher Fox (White) Lynx Marten Mink Muskrat Otter Weasel Wolverine Fox (Cross) Fox (Red) Fox (Silver, black or blue) Raccoon Skunk Total amount Total amount of pelts of revenue 116,901 $116,901.00 1,741 1,741.00 22 16.50 1,074 161.10 7,561 3,780.50 23,200 23,200.00 224,991 11,249.55 6,888 8,610.00 13,306 665.30 99 1,365 12 8,775 32 TOTAL REVENUE $166,324.95 REVENUE RECEIVED FROM TANNERS PERMITS July 1st, 1964 to June 30th, 1965 Total amount Total amount of pelts of revenue Beaver 42,623 $ 42,623.00 Fisher 945 945.00 Fox (White) 8 6.00 Lynx 646 96.90 Marten 3,351 1,675.50 Mink 10,644 10,644.00 Muskrat 117,100 5,855.00 Otter 1,881 2,351.25 Weasel 2,845 142.25 Wolverine 1 .40 Fox (Cross) 22 Fox (Red) 1,660 Fox (Silver, black or blue) 9 Raccoon 10,164 Skunk — TOTAL REVENUE $ 64,339.30 WILD PELTS EXPORTED AND TANNED SHOWING NUMBER AND VALUE OF PELTS AND ROYALTY Received from July 1st, 1964 to June 30th, 1965 Pelts Pelts Total Value Exported Tanned Pelts of Pelts Beaver 116,901 42,623 159,524 $1,659,049.60 Fisher 1,741 945 2,686 18,802.00 Fox (White) 22 8 30 357.00 Lynx 1,074 646 1,720 27,176.00 Marten 7,561 3,351 10,912 67,108.80 Mink 23,200 10,644 33,844 331,671.20 Muskrat 224,991 117,100 342,091 437,876.48 Otter 6,888 1,881 8,769 266,577.60 Weasel 13,306 2,845 16,151 9,690.60 Wolverine — 11 16.00 Fox (Cross) 99 22 121 689.70 Fox (Red) 1,365 1,660 3,025 16,032.50 Fox (Silver, black or blue) 12 9 21 220.50 Raccoon 8,775 10,164 18,939 42,612.75 Skunk 32 — 32 16.00 105,967 191,899 597,866 $2,877,896.73 Revenue received from Export Permits $ 166,324.95 Revenue received from Tanners Permits $ 64,339.30 TOTAL REVENUE , $ 230,664.25 RANCH RAISED PELTS EXPORTED OR TANNED SHOWING NUMBER AND VALUE OF PELTS FROM July 1st, 1964 to June 30th, 1965 Pelts Exported Pelts Tanned Total Pelts Value of Pelts Fox (Silver, black or blue) Mink 322,448 70,783 393,231 $ 5,898,465.00 322,448 70,783 393,231 $ 5,898,465.00 HUDSON S BAY MAP OF ONTARIO SHOWING TRAPLINE MANAGEMENT DISTRICTS SCALE SO O SO IOO ISO 64 OPEN SEASONS MOOSE SCHEDULE 1 1 — Residents and Non-Residents September 15, 1964 to January 3, 1965. Beginning at the intersection of the boundary between Ontario and Quebec with the southerly shore of James Bay; thence southerly along that boundary to its intersection with the centre line of the right of way of the most northerly east-west line of the Canadian National Railways; thence westerly along that centre line to its intersection with a meridian line through the northeast corner of the geographic Township of Bell in the Territorial District of Thunder Bay; thence northerly along the said meridian line to its intersection with the Albany River; thence in a general northerly and westerly direction following that river to the Wabassi River flowing into the Albany River; thence in a northwesterly direction following the Wabassi River to its intersection with the 11th Base Line; thence westerly along the 11th Base Line to its intersection with the Inter- provincial Boundary between Ontario and Manitoba; thence northerly and north- easterly along that boundary to the shore of Hudson Bay; thence easterly, southerly, southeasterly and easterly along the shores of that bay and James Bay to the place of beginning. SCHEDULE 12 — Residents and Non-Residents October 1, 1964 to January 3, 1965. Beginning at a point in the Ottawa River being at the intersection of the boundary between Ontario and Quebec with the easterly production of the southerly boundary of the geographic Township of Burnaby in the Territorial District of Nipissing; thence westerly along the said easterly production and the southerly boundary of the said geographic Township of Burnaby to the north- easterly corner of the geographic Township of Angus; thence southerly along the easterly boundary of the geographic Township of Angus to the south- easterly corner thereof; thence westerly along the southerly boundaries of the geographic townships of Angus, Flett, Milne, Olive, Torrington and Vogt to the southwesterly corner of the last-mentioned geographic township; thence westerly along the southerly boundary of the geographic Township of Clement a distance of 3 miles; thence north astronomically across the geographic townships of Clement and Scholes to the intersection with the northerly boundary of the last- mentioned geographic township; thence westerly along the northerly boundary of the geographic Township of Scholes to the northwesterly corner thereof; thence westerly along the northerly boundaries of the geographic townships of Afton and Sheppard in the Territorial District of Sudbury to the northwesterly corner of the last-mentioned geographic township; thence southerly along the westerly boundary of the geographic Township of Sheppard to the southwesterly corner thereof; thence westerly along the northerly boundary of the geographic Township of Mackelcan to the northwesterly corner thereof; thence southerly along the westerly boundary of the geographic Township of Mackelcan to the south- westerly corner thereof; thence westerly along the northerly boundaries of the geographic townships of Rathbun, Norman, Wisner, Bowell, Foy, Harty, Hess, Moncrieff and Craig to the northwesterly corner of the last-mentioned geographic township; thence southerly along the westerly boundary of the geographic Town- ship of Craig to the southwesterly corner thereof; thence westerly along the 65 northerly boundary of geographic Township Tp. 114 to the northwesterly corner thereof; thence westerly along the northerly boundaries of geographic townships A, E, I, M, Q, U, Tp. 1A, Tp. IB, Tp. 1C, Tp. ID, Tp. IE and Tp. IF in the Territorial District of Algoma to the northwesterly corner of the last-mentioned geographic township; thence southerly along the westerly boundary of geographic Township Tp. IF to the intersection with the northerly boundary of geographic Township Tp. 195; thence westerly along the northerly boundaries of geographic townships Tp. 195 and Tp. 201 to the northwesterly corner of the last-mentioned geographic township; thence northerly along the easterly boundary of the geo- graphic Township of Curtis and the easterly boundaries of geographic townships Tp. 22, Range 10, Tp. 22, Range 11 and Tp. 22, Range 12 to the northeasterly corner of the last-mentioned geographic township; thence westerly along the northerly boundaries of geographic townships Tp. 22, Range 12 and Tp. 23, Range 12 to the northwesterly corner of the last-mentioned geographic township; thence southerly along the westerly boundary of geographic Township Tp. 23, Range 12 to the northeasterly corner of geographic Township Tp. 24, Range 12; thence westerly along the northerly boundaries of geographic townships Tp. 24, Range 12, Tp. 25, Range 12, Tp. 26, Range 12 and Tp. 27, Range 12 to the northwesterly corner of the last-mentioned geographic township; thence northerly along the easterly boundary of the geographic Township of Palmer to the northeasterly corner thereof; thence westerly along the northerly boundary of that geographic township to the northwesterly corner thereof; thence southerly along the westerly boundaries of the geographic townships of Palmer and Fisher to the southwest corner of the last-mentioned geographic township; thence southerly along the southerly production of the westerly boundary of the geo- graphic Township of Fisher to the intersection with the International Boundary between Canada and the United States of America; thence in a general north- westerly, southwesterly and westerly direction following that international boun- dary to a point in Saganaga Lake where that international boundary is inter- sected by the easterly boundary of the Territorial District of Rainy River; thence northerly along that easterly boundary to the northeasterly corner of that terri- torial district; thence westerly along the northerly boundary of that territorial district to the intersection with the 7th Meridian; thence northerly along the 7th Meridian in the Territorial District of Kenora to the intersection with the southerly boundary of the geographic Township of MacNicol; thence easterly along the southerly boundaries of the geographic townships of MacNicol, Tustin, and Bridges to the southwesterly corner of the geographic Township of Docker; thence in a northerly direction along the westerly boundaries of the geographic townships of Docker and Smellie to the northwesterly corner of the last-men- tioned geographic township; thence northerly along the northerly production of the westerly boundary of the geographic Township of Smellie to the intersection with the centre line of the right of way of the most northerly east-west line of the Canadian National Railways; thence westerly along that centre line to the intersection with the boundary between Ontario and Manitoba; thence northerly along that boundary to the intersection with the 11th Base Line; thence easterly along the 11th Base Line to the Wabassi River flowing into the Albany River; thence in a general southerly and easterly direction following that river to the Albany River; thence in a general southeasterly direction along the Albany River to the intersection with the meridian line drawn north astronomically from the northeasterly corner of the geographic Township of Bell in the Territorial District of Thunder Bay; thence south astronomically along that meridian line to the intersection with the centre line of the right of way of the most northerly east-west line of the Canadian National Railways; thence in a general south- 66 easterly direction along that centre line to its intersection with the boundary between Ontario and Quebec; thence southerly along that boundary to the place of beginning. SCHEDULE 13 — Residents and Non-Residents November 2 to November 30, 1964. Beginning at a point in the Ottawa River being at the intersection of the boun- dary between Ontario and Quebec with the easterly production of the southerly boundary of geographic township of Burnaby in the Territorial District of Nipis- sing; thence westerly along the said easterly production and the southerly boundary of the said geographic Township of Burnaby to the northeasterly corner of the geographic Township of Angus; thence southerly along the easterly boundary of the geographic Township of Angus to the southeasterly corner thereof; thence westerly along the southerly boundaries of the geographic townships of Angus, Flett, Milne, Olive, Torrington and Vogt to the southwesterly corner of the last-mentioned geographic township; thence westerly along the southerly boundary of the geo- graphic Township of Clement a distance of 3 miles; thence north astronomically across the geographic townships of Clement and Scholes to the intersection with the northerly boundary of the last-mentioned geographic township; thence westerly along the northerly boundary of the geographic Township of Scholes to the north- westerly corner thereof; thence westerly along the northerly boundaries of the geographic townships of Afton and Sheppard in the Territorial District of Sudbury to the northwesterly corner of the last-mentioned geographic township; thence southerly along the westerly boundary of the geographic Township of Sheppard to the southwesterly corner thereof; thence westerly along the northerly boundary of the geographic Township of Mackelcan to the northwesterly corner thereof; thence southerly along the westerly boundary of the geographic Township of Mackelcan to the south westerly corner thereof; thence westerly along the northerly boundaries of the geographic townships of Rathbun, Norman, Wisner, Bowell, Foy, Harty, Hess Moncrieff and Craig to the northwesterly corner of the last-mentioned geo- graphic township; thence southerly along the westerly boundary of the geographic Township of Craig to the southwesterly corner thereof; thence westerly along the northerly boundary of the geographic Township Tp. 1 14 to the northwesterly corner thereof; thence westerly along the northerly boundaries of geographic townships A, E, I, M, Q, U, Tp. 1A, Tp. IB, Tp. 1C, Tp. ID, Tp. IE and Tp. IF in the Territorial District of Algoma to the north-westerly corner of the last-mentioned geographic township; thence southerly along the westerly boundary of geographic Township Tp. IF to the intersection with the northerly boundary of geographic Township Tp. 195; thence westerly along the northerly boundaries of geographic townships Tp. 195 and Tp. 201 to the northwesterly corner of the last-mentioned geographic township; thence northerly along the easterly boundary of the geo- graphic Townships of Curtis and the easterly boundaries of geographic townships Tp. 22, Range 10, Tp. 22, Range 11, and Tp. 22, Range 12 to the northeasterly corner of the last-mentioned geographic township; thence westerly along the north- erly boundaries of geographic townships Tp. 22, Range 12, and Tp. 23, Range 12 to the northewesterly corner of the last-mentioned geographic township; thence southerly along the westerly boundary of geographic Township Tp. 23, Range 12 to the northeasterly corner of geographic Township Tp. 24, Range 12; thence westerly along the northerly boundaries of geographic townships Tp. 24, Range 12, Tp. 25, Range 12, Tp. 26, Range 12 and Tp. 27, Range 12 to the northwesterly corner of the last-mentioned geographic township; thence northerly along the easterly boundary of the geographic Township of Palmer to the northeasterly corner 67 thereof; thence westerly along the northerly boundary of that geographic township to the northwesterly corner thereof; thence southerly along the westerly boundaries of the geographic townships of Palmer and Fisher to the southwesterly corner of the last-mentioned geographic township; thence southerly along the southerly produc- tion of the westerly boundary of the geographic Township of Fisher to the inter- section with the International Boundary between Canada and the United States of America; thence in a general southeasterly direction, along the last-mentioned boundary through Lake Superior and the St. Mary River to a point in that boundary due south of the intersection of the boundary between the geographic townships of Parke and Awenge in the Territorial District of Algoma with the northerly shore of the St. Mary River; thence due north to that northerly shore; thence in a general easterly direction following the northerly shores of the St. Mary River, the expan- sions thereof and the North Channel of Georgian Bay of Lake Huron to the south- westerly corner of the geographic Township of Spragge in the said Territorial District of Algoma; thence northerly along the westerly boundary of that geographic township to the intersection with the centre line of that part of the King's Highway known as No. 17; thence northeasterly, southeasterly and easterly following that centre line to the intersection with the centre line of the Canadian Pacific Railway in the Town of Mattawa; thence northerly along that centre line to the intersection with the boundary between Ontario and Quebec; thence northerly along that boun- dary to the place of beginning. SCHEDULE 5 — Residents only November 16 to November 21, 1964. The geographic townships of Hilton, Jocelyn and St. Joseph in the Territorial District of Algoma. SCHEDULE 14 — Residents only October 1, 1964, to January 3, 1965. Beginning at a point in Saganaga Lake where the International Boundary between Canada and the United States of America is intersected by the easterly boundary of the Territorial District of Rainy River; thence northerly along that easterly boundary to the northeasterly corner of the said Territorial District of Rainy River; thence westerly along the northerly boundary of that territorial district to the intersection with the 7th Meridian; thence northerly along the 7th Meridian in the Territorial District of Kenora to the intersection with the southerly boundary of the geographic Township of MacNicol; thence easterly along the southerly boundaries of the geographic townships of MacNicol, Tustin and Bridges to the southwesterly corner of the geographic Township of Docker; thence in a northerly direction along the westerly boundaries of the geographic townships of Docker and Smellie to the northwesterly corner of the last-mentioned geographic township; thence northerly along the northerly production of the westerly boundary of the geographic Township of Smellie to the intersection with the centre line of the right of way of the most northerly east-west line of the Canadian National Railways; thence westerly along that centre line to the intersection with the boundary between Ontario and Manitoba; thence southerly along that boundary to the intersection with the International Boundary between Canada and the United States of America; thence southeasterly along that international boundary to the intersection with the boundary between the territorial districts of Kenora and Rainy River; thence easterly along the northerly boundary of the Territorial District of 68 Rainy River 15 miles, more or less, to the intersection with the easterly shore of the Lake of the Woods; thence northeasterly along that easterly shore to the inter- section with the northerly limit of Concession II in the geographic Township of Morson in the Territorial District of Rainy River; thence easterly along that northerly limit to the intersection with the easterly boundary of the geographic Township of Morson; thence southerly along that easterly boundary to the south- easterly corner of that geographic township; thence easterly along the northerly boundaries of the geographic townships of Dewart, Rowe and Menary to the northeasterly corner of the last-mentioned geographic township; thence southerly along the easterly boundary of the geographic Township of Menary to the south- easterly corner thereof; thence easterly along the northerly boundaries of the geographic townships of Potts and Fleming to the intersection with the centre line of the waters of Burditt Lake; thence in a southeasterly direction along that centre line to and along the centre line of the channel of the Manomin River to the inter- section with the westerly limit of Indian Reserve No. 17B; thence northerly along that westerly limit to the northwesterly corner of that Indian reserve; thence easterly along the northerly limit of that Indian reserve to the northeasterly corner thereof; thence southerly along the easterly limit of that Indian reserve to the intersection with the centre line of the waters of Manomin Lake; thence in a northeasterly and easterly direction following that centre line to and along the centre line of the body of water connecting Manomin Lake and Lake Despair to the centre line of the last-mentioned lake; thence in a northeasterly and northerly direction following the centre line of the waters of Lake Despair to the intersection with the westerly production of the centre of the channel of a stream between Lake Despair and Footprint Lake; thence in a northeasterly direction following that westerly produc- tion and the centre line of that stream and its easterly production to the intersection with the centre line of the waters of Footprint Lake; thence in a general south- easterly direction following the centre line of the last-mentioned waters to the inter- section with the northerly limit of Indian Reserve No. 17 A; thence easterly along that northerly limit to the northeasterly corner of said Indian Reserve No. 17A; thence southerly along the easterly limit of that Indian reserve to the high-water mark of Northwest Bay of Rainy Lake; thence southeasterly in a straight line to the intersection with the centre line of the channel of Camp Narrows; thence in a southeasterly direction following the last-mentioned centre line to the intersection of the centre line of the waters lying adjacent to and northerly of Shelter Bay, Browns Inlet and the most northeasterly point of the geographic Township of Griesinger; thence in a southeasterly and northeasterly direction following the centre line of the last-mentioned waters to the mid point of the waters lying between Hangingstone Point on the most northeasterly point of the geographic Township of Griesinger and the small island lying northeasterly thereof and patented as locations G 113 and G 114; thence southeasterly in a straight line to the most southwesterly projection of Tug Point on Cheery Island in Rainy Lake; thence south astronomically to the intersection with the International Boundary between Canada and the United States of America; thence easterly, southerly and southeasterly following that international boundary through Rainy Lake and the several lakes, rivers and portages to the place of beginning. SCHEDULE 15 — Residents Only November 2 to November 14, 1964. 1. Part of the Territorial District of Nipissing, described as follows: (a) Beginning at the intersection of the northerly limit of the right of way of 69 , that part of the King's Highway known as No. 17 with the southerly boundary of the geographic Township of Widdifield; thence easterly along the said highway limit to the intersection with the centre line of the Canadian Pacific Railway in the Town of Mattawa; thence northerly along the said centre line to the water's edge along the westerly bank of the Ottawa River; thence northerly along the said water's edge to the confluence with the centre line of the Mattawa River; thence westerly along the centre line of the Mattawa River and the connecting lakes, namely Lake Talon. Tilliard Lake, Bigfish Lake, White-throat Lake, Moosegrass Lake, Werwolf Lake, Turtle Lake, Trout Lake and the connecting water courses to the intersection with the easterly production of the southerly boundary of the geographic Township of Widdifield with the centre line of Trout Lake; then southwesterly along the said production and southerly boundary of the geographic Township of Widdifield to the place of beginning. (b) Beginning at the intersection of the southerly boundary of the geographic Township of Widdifield with the southerly limit of the right of way of that part of the King's Highway known as No. 17; thence southwesterly along the said southerly boundary of the geographic Township of Widdifield to the water's edge of Lake Nipissing; thence southerly along the said water's edge to the southerly boundary of the Territorial District of Nipissing; thence westerly along that boun- dary to the southwest corner of the geographic Township of Falconer; thence northerly along the west boundary of the Territorial District of Nipissing to the intersection with the southerly limit of the right of way of that part of the King's Highway known as No. 17; thence southeasterly along the said highway limit to the place of beginning. 2. That part of the Territorial District of Sudbury lying south of that part of the King's Highway known as No. 17. 3. That part of the Territorial District of Algoma lying south and southeast of that part of the King's Highway known as No. 17 between the west boundary of the geographic Township of Spragge and the easterly boundary of the said terri- torial district. 4. The Territorial District of Manitoulin, Saving and Excepting therefrom the Island of Manitoulin. DEER SCHEDULE 1 — Residents and Non-Residents September 21 to September 30, 1964. (Bows and Arrows only). October 1, 1964 to January 3, 1965. Beginning at the southeasterly corner of the Territorial District of Kenora; thence northerly along the easterly boundary of that territorial district to the inter- section with the middle of the main channel of Lake St. Joseph; thence northerly along the northerly production of the easterly boundary of the Territorial District of Kenora to the intersection with the 11th Base Line; thence westerly along the 1 1 th Base Line to the intersection with the boundary between Ontario and Mani- toba; thence southerly along that boundary to the intersection with the southerly boundary of the Territorial District of Kenora; thence easterly along that southerly boundary to the place of beginning. 70 SCHEDULE 2 — Residents and Non-Residents October 1 to December 15, 1964. That part of Ontario, except the parts described in schedules 1 and 3, lying north of a line described as follows: Beginning at a point in the northerly shore of Lake Timiskaming, being at the easterly boundary of the geographic Township of Harris; thence in a westerly, southerly, northerly and westerly direction along that northerly shore to the inter- section with the southerly boundary of the geographic Township of Dymond; thence westerly along the southerly boundaries of the geographic townships of Dymond. Hudson, Lundy, Auld, Speight, Banks and Wallis to the southwesterly corner of the last-mentioned geographic township; thence southerly along the easterly boun- dary of the geographic townships of Brewster and Gamble to the southeasterly corner of the last-mentioned geographic township; thence westerly along the south- erly boundary of the geographic Township of Gamble to the southwesterly corner thereof; thence southerly along the easterly boundary of the geographic Township of Ellis in the Territorial District of Sudbury to the southeasterly corner thereof; thence westerly along the southerly boundaries of the geographic townships of Ellis, McLeod, Stull, Unwin, Hodgetts, Beulah, Blewett, Brebeuf, Paudash, Chalet, Tp. 9, Margaret, Elizabeth, Abeny, Hubbard, Tp. 8Z, Tp. 8A, Tp. 8B, Tp. 8C, Tp. 8D, Tp. 8E, Tp. 8F, Tp. 8G, Tp. 8H, Tp. 22, Range 15 and Tp. 23, Range 15 to the southwesterly corner of the last-mentioned geographic township; thence southerly along the easterly boundary of geographic Township Tp. 24, Range 15 in the Territorial District of Algoma to the southeasterly corner thereof; thence west- erly along the southerly boundaries of the geographic townships Tp. 24, Range 15, Tp. 25, Range 15, Tp. 26, Range 15, Home, Tp. 28, Range 15, Tp. 29, Range 15, to the southwesterly corner of the last-mentioned township; thence west astronomi- cally to the International Boundary between Canada and the United States of America; thence in a general northwesterly direction along that international boun- dary to the intersection with the boundary between Ontario and Manitoba. SCHEDULE 3 — Residents and Non-Residents October 31 to December 5, 1964. Beginning at the intersection of the International Boundary between Canada and the United States of America with the boundary between the territorial districts of Kenora and Rainy River; thence easterly along the northerly boundary of the Territorial District of Rainy River 15 miles, more or less, to the intersection with the easterly shore of the Lake of the Woods; thence northeasterly along that easterly shore to the intersection with the northerly limit of Concession II in the geographic Township of Morson in the Territorial District of Rainy River; thence easterly along that northerly limit to the intersection with the easterly boundary of the geographic Township of Morson; thence southerly along that easterly boundary to the south- easterly corner of that geographic township; thence easterly along the northerly boundaries of the geographic townships of Dewart, Rowe and Menary to the north- easterly corner of the last-mentioned geographic township; thence southerly along the easterly boundary of the geographic Township of Menary to the southeasterly corner thereof; thence easterly along the northerly boundaries of the geographic townships of Potts and Fleming to the intersection with the centre line of the waters of Burditt Lake; thence in a southeasterly direction along that centre line to and along the centre line of the channel of the Manomin River to the intersection with the westerly limit of Indian Reserve No. 17B; thence northerly along that westerly limit to the northwesterly corner of that Indian reserve; thence easterly along the 71 northerly limit of that Indian reserve to the northeasterly corner thereof; thence southerly along the easterly limit of that Indian reserve to the intersection with the centre line of the waters of Manomin Lake; thence in a northeasterly and easterly direction following that centre line to and along the centre line of the body of water connecting Manomin Lake and Lake Despair to the centre line of the last-men- tioned lake; thence in a northeasterly and northerly direction following the centre line of the waters of Lake Despair to the intersection with the westerly production of the centre of the channel of a stream between Lake Despair and Footprint Lake; thence in a northeasterly direction following that westerly production and the centre line of that stream and its easterly production to the intersection with the centre line of the waters of Footprint Lake; thence in a general southeasterly direction following the centre line of the last-mentioned waters to the intersection with the northerly limit of Indian Reserve No. 17A; thence easterly along that northerly limit to the northeasterly corner of that Indian reserve; thence southerly along the easterly limit of that Indian reserve to the highwater mark of Northwest Bay of Rainy Lake; thence southeasterly in a straight line to the intersection with the centre line of the channel of Camp Narrows; thence in a southeasterly direction following the last-mentioned centre line to the intersection of the centre line of the waters lying adjacent to and northerly of Shelter Bay, Browns Inlet and the most northeasterly point of the geographic Township of Griesinger; thence in a south- easterly and northeasterly direction following the centre line of the last-mentioned waters to the mid point of the waters lying between Hanginstone Point on the most northeasterly point of the geographic Township of Griesinger and the small island lying northeasterly thereof and patented as locations G 113 and G 114; thence southeasterly in a straight line to the most southwesterly projection of Tug Point on Cheery Island in Rainy Lake; thence south astronomically to the inter- section with the International Boundary between Canada and the United States of America; thence in a southwesterly and northwesterly direction along that inter- national boundary to the place of beginning. SCHEDULE 4 — Residents and Non-Residents November 2 to November 14, 1964. 1 . The parts of the territorial districts of Algoma, Sudbury and Timiskaming lvine southerly of the line described in Schedule 2 except the geographic townships of Hilton, Jocelyn and St Joseph in the Territorial District of Algoma. 2. The Territorial District of Parry Sound. 3. The Territorial District of Muskoka except those parts of the geographic townships of Medora and Wood lying east of the centre line of the right of way of the Canadian National Railways and north of the line between concessions XV and XVI in the geographic Township of Wood. 4. The Territorial District of Nipissing. 5. The Territorial District of Manitoulin. 6. The Provisional County of Haliburton. 7. The County of Renfrew. 8. The townships of Rama and Mara in the County of Ontario. 9. The Township of Somerville and those parts of the townships of Dalton and Laxton, Digby and Longford lying north of the Monk Road in the County of Victoria. 72 10. Those parts of the counties of Frontenac, Hastings, Lennox and Adding- ton and Peterborough lying north of that part of the King's Highway known as No. 7. 1 1 . That part of the County of Lanark lying northerly and easterly of a line described as follows: Beginning at the intersection of the westerly boundary of the county and the centre line of that part of the King's Highway known as Number 7; thence easterly along that centre line to the intersection with the centre line of that part of the King's Highway known as Number 43; thence easterly along that centre line to the intersection with the centre line of that part of the King's Highway known as Number 29; thence southerly along that centre line to the southerly boundary of the county; thence easterly to the easterly boundary of the county. SCHEDULE 5 — Residents and Non-Residents November 2 to November 14, 1964 (no dogs) The geographic townships of Hilton, Jocelyn and St. Joseph in the Terri- torial District of Algoma. SCHEDULE 6 — Residents and Non-Residents November 2 to November 7, 1964 (no dogs) 1. The townships of Albermarle, Amabel, Eastnor, Lindsay and St. Edmunds in the County of Bruce. 2. That part of the County of Carleton lying west of the Rideau River. 3. Those parts of the counties of Frontenac, Hastings and Lennox and Addington lying between that part of the King's Highway known as No. 7 and that part of the King's Highway known as No. 2. 4. The County of Grenville. (shotguns only) 5. That part of the County of Peterborough lying south of that part of the King's Highway known as No. 7. 6. That part of the County of Lanark lying southerly and westerly of the line described in paragraph 1 1 of Schedule 4. 7. That part of the County of Leeds lying westerly and northerly of a line described as follows: Beginning at the intersection of the production southerly of the centre line of that part of the King's Highway known as No. 32 and the International Boundary between Canada and the United States of America; thence northerly along that production and that centre line to the intersection with the centre line of that part of the King's Highway known as No. 15; thence northerly along that centre line to the intersection with the centre line of that part of the King's Highway known as No. 42; thence westerly along that centre line to the intersection with the production southerly of the centre line of the County Road known as Narrow Locks Road; thence northerly along that production and that centre line to the easterly boundary of the county. 73 SCHEDULE 7 — Residents and Non-Residents. (Shotguns only). November 2 to November 5, 1964 1. That part of the County of Carleton lying east of the Rideau River. 2. The United Counties of Prescott and Russell. 3. The United Counties of Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry, (no dogs) 4. The County of Leeds except that part described in paragraph 7 of Schedule 6. SCHEDULE 8 — Residents and Non-Residents October 19 to October 31, 1964. (bows and arrows only) 1. The islands in the Territorial District of Manitoulin excepting therefrom those islands known as Cockburn and Philip Edward, (no dogs) 2. The township of St. Edmunds in the County of Bruce, (no dogs) 3. In the Township of Oxford in the County of Grenville and described as follows: Beginning at the southwesterly angle of Lot 27 in Concession I; thence northerly along the westerly limit of that lot to the intersection with the production westerly limit of that lot to the intersection with the production westerly of the southerly limit of the travelled road along the southerly limit of a golf course occupying the northerly part of Lot 27 in Concession I; thence easterly along that produc- tion and the southerly limit of that travelled road to the easterly limit of said Lot 27; thence northerly along the easterly limit of that lot to the northerly limit of a plan registered in the Registry Office for the County of Grenville as No. 16 for the Township of Oxford; thence easterly along the northerly limit of that plan to the line between the east and west halves of Lot 28 in Concession I; thence northerly along that line to a point therein distant 166 feet measured southerly thereon from the high-water mark on the southerly shore of the Rideau River and Rideau Canal; thence easterly and perpendicular to the line between the east and west halves of Lot 28 a distance of 450 feet; thence northerly parallel to the line between the east and west halves of Lot 28 to the high-water mark on the southerly shore of the Rideau River and Rideau Canal; thence in a general easterly direction following that high-water mark to a point therein distant 300 feet measured easterly and perpendicular to the westerly limit of Lot 29 in Concession I; thence southerly and parallel to the westerly limit of Lot 29 a distance of 120 feet; thence easterly and perpendicular to the westerly limit of Lot 29 a distance of 120 feet; thence northerly and parallel to the westerly limit of Lot 29 a distance of 120 feet, more or less, to the high-water mark along the southerly shore of the Rideau River and Rideau Canal; thence in a general easterly direction to the intersection with a line drawn parallel to the line between the east and west halves of Lot 29 in Concession I; thence southerly along that parallel line to a point distant 150 feet measured westerly and perpendicular to the line between the east and west halves of Lot 29 from a point therein distant 150 feet measured southerly thereon from the high-water mark on the southerly shore of the Rideau River and Rideau Canal; thence easterly and perpendicular to the line between the east and west halves of Lot 29 a distance of 250 feet; thence northerly parallel to the line between the east and west halves of Lot 29 to the intersection with the high-water mark on the southerly shore of the Rideau River 74 and Rideau Canal; thence in a general easterly direction following that high-water mark to the confluence with the high-water mark on the westerly shore of Kempt- ville Creek; thence in a general southerly direction following that high- water mark to the intersection with the northwesterly limit of the southeasterly 1 00 acres of Lot 30 in Concession I; thence westerly along that limit to a point in the easterly limit of Lot 29 in Concession I; thence southerly along that limit to the intersection with the high-water mark on the westerly shore of Kemptville Creek; thence in a general southerly direction following that high-water mark to the intersection with the southerly limit of Lot 28 in Concession II; thence westerly along the southerly limit of lots 28 and 27 to the southeasterly angle of Lot 26 in Concession II; thence northerly along the easterly limit of that lot 540 feet; thence westerly in a straight line to a point in the easterly limit of that part of the King's Highway known as No. 16 and which said point is distant 499 feet measured northerly along that limit from the southerly limit of Lot 26; thence northerly along the easterly limit of that highway to the line between concessions I and II; thence westerly along the line between concessions I and II to the place of beginning. SCHEDULE 9 — Residents and Non-Residents November 2 to December 31, 1964. That part of the Township of Keppel in the County of Grey known as Griffiths Island. SCHEDULE 10 — Residents and Non-Residents October 12 to November 11, 1964. The island in Lake Ontario east of the Township of South Marysburgh in the County of Prince Edward known as Main Duck Island. SCHEDULE 16 — Residents only November 2 to November 4, 1964. 1. That part of the Township of Matchedash in the County of Simcoe, composed of, (a) lots 20 to 23, both inclusive, in Concession II; (b) lots 19 to 27, both inclusive, in Concession III; (c) lots 15 to 27, both inclusive, in Concession IV; (d) lots 17 to 27, both inclusive, in Concession V; (e) lots 15 to 26, both inclusive, in Concession VI; (f) lots 9 to 21, both inclusive, in Concession VII; (g) lots 3 to 18, both inclusive, in Concession VIII; (h) lots 1 to 16, both inclusive, in Concession IX; (i) lots 1 to 11, both inclusive, in Concession X; (j) lots 1 to 10, both inclusive, in Concession XI; (k) lots 1 to 8, both inclusive, in Concession XII; and 75 (1) lots 1 to 4, both inclusive, in Concession XIII. 2. The United Counties of Northumberland and Durham, except the Town- ship of Hope. (No dogs). (Shotguns only). 3. The County of Bruce, except the townships of Albermarle, Amabel, Eastnor, Lindsay and St. Edmunds, and the County of Grey. (No dogs). 4. The County of Essex. 5. The counties of Haldimand, Kent and Welland. (No dogs). (Shotguns only). 6. The townships of Amaranth and Melancthon in the County of Dufferin. (No dogs). (Shotguns only). 7. The townships of Adjala, Essa, Flos, Innisfil, Orillia, Sunnidale, Tay, Tecumseth, Tosorontio, Vespra and West Guillimbury in the County of Simcoe. (No dogs). (Shotguns only). 8. The Township of Scott in the County of Ontario. (No dogs). (Shotguns only). 9. The townships of East Gwillimbury, Georgina and North Gwillimbury in County of York. (No dogs). (Shotguns only). November 2 to November 3, 1964. (Shotguns only). CARIBOU No open season. BLACK BEAR September 1, 1964 to June 30, 1965 — Throughout Ontario. HUNGARIAN PARTRIDGE October 3 to November 28, 1964 — In the counties of Brant, Bruce, Duf- ferin, Elgin, Essex, Grey, Haldimand, Halton, Huron, Kent, Lambton, Lincoln, Middlesex, Norfolk, Oxford, Perth, Waterloo, Welland, Wellington and Wentworth. September 26 to November 28, 1964 — In any other part of Ontario. Bag limit — 8 per day. Possession limit — 16. PHEASANTS 8.00 a.m. to 5.00 p.m. 1. October 21 to November 7, 1964, in the counties of Brant, Dufferin, Elgin, Haldimand, Halton, Middlesex, Norfolk, Oxford, Peel, Perth, Waterloo, Wellington and York, and in the townships of Hay, Stephen and Usborne in the County of Huron, and in the townships of Pickering, Reach, Scott, Uxbridge, East Whitby and Whitby in the County of Ontario, and in the townships of Adjala, Essa, Innisfil, Tecumseth, Tosorontio and West Gwillimbury in the County of Simcoe, and in the townships of Beverly, East Flamborough and West Flamborough in the County of Wentworth. 2. October 28 to November 4, 1964, in the County of Essex, except in the Township of Pelee. 76 3. October 28 to November 14, 1964, in the counties of Kent and Lambton. 4. October 3 to October 24, 1964, in the townships of Clarke and Darling- ton in the County of Durham. 5. October 28 to November 11, 1964, in the counties of Lincoln and Welland, and in the townships of Ancaster, Barton, Binbrook, Glanford and Saltfleet in the County of Wentworth. 6. October 22, 23, 29 and 30, 1964, in the Township of Pelee in the County of Essex. 7. October 3 to November 30, 1964, in any part of Ontario except in the areas described in clauses 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6. Bag Limit in clauses 1, 2 and 3 — 3 per day, not more than one of which shall be a hen. Bag Limit in clauses 4 and 5 — 3 per day. Bag Limit in clause 6 — October 22 and 23 — not more than 8 cocks and 2 hens. October 29 and 30 — not more than 7 cocks and 3 hens. Bag Limit in clause 7 — 3 per day. RUFFED GROUSE, SPRUCE GROUSE, SHARP-TAILED GROUSE AND PTARMIGAN 1. Ruffed Grouse and Spruce Grouse — September 15 to December 15. Sharptailed Grouse and Ptarmigan — September 15, 1964 to March 31, 1965. In the territorial districts of Cochrane and Timiskaming and that part of the Territorial District of Kenora lying north of the 11th Base Line. 2. September 15 to December 15, 1964 — All species. In all that part of the Province of Ontario lying north of the Town of Mattawa, in the geographic Township of Papineau, in the Territorial District of Nipissing, and a line which is described as follows: Beginning at the intersection of the northerly limit of the right of way of that part of the King's Highways known as No. 17 with the westerly limit of the said Town of Mattawa; thence westerly along the said northerly limit of the right of way of that part of the King's Highway known as No. 17 to the community known as Spragge in the geographic Township of Spragge, in the Territorial District of Algoma; thence southwesterly in a straight line to the intersection with the angle of the International Boundary between Canada and the United States of America lying northwesterly of Cockburn Island, in the Territorial District of Manitoulin, in the North Channel of Lake Huron; thence in a general north- westerly and westerly direction following the said International Boundary to the intersection with the Interprovincial Boundary between Ontario and Manitoba; save and excepting therefrom the territorial districts of Cochrane and Timiska- ming and that part of the Territorial District of Kenora lying north of the 11th Base Line. 3. October 3 to December 15, 1964 — All species. In the counties of Brant, Bruce, Dufferin, Elgin, Essex, Grey, Haldimand, Halton, 77 Huron, Kent, Lambton, Lincoln, Middlesex, Norfolk, Oxford, Perth, Waterloo, Welland, Wellington and Wentworth, and in the townships of Clarke and Darling- ton in the County of Durham. 4. September 26 to December 15, 1964 — All species. In the remainder of Ontario, except the territorial districts of Cochrane and Timiskaming and except the area described in clauses 2 and 3. Bag Limits: Ruffed Grouse and Spruce Grouse — 5 per day in the aggregate. Possession 15 in the aggregate Sharptailed Grouse — 5 per day. Possession 15. Ptarmigan — 5 per day. Possession 15. BOBWHITE QUAIL October 28 to October 30, 1964. In the Township of Raleigh in the County of Kent and in the Township of Plymp- ton in the County of Lambton. Bag and Possession limit — 5 quail. RABBIT (COTTONTAIL, VARYING HARE, EUROPEAN HARE). 1. October 3, 1964 to February 28, 1965. In the townships of Clarke and Darlington in the County of Durham. 2. October 21, 1964 to February 28, 1965. In the counties of Brant, Dufferin, Elgin, Haldimand, Halton, Middlesex, Norfolk, Oxford, Peel, Perth, Waterloo, Wellington and York; the townships of East Whitby, Pickering, Reach, Scott, Uxbridge and Whitby in the County of Ontario; the town- ships of Adjala, Essa, Innisfil, Tecumseth, Tosorontia and West Gwillingbury in the County of Simcoe; the townships of Hay, Stephen and Usborne in the County of Huron; and the townships of Beverly, East Flamborough and West Flamborough in the County of Wentworth. 3. October 28, 1964 to February 28, 1965. In the County of Essex, except the Township of Pelee, and the counties of Lincoln and Welland; the counties of Kent and Lambton; and the townships of Ancaster, Barton, Binbrook, Glanford and Saltfleet in the County of Wentworth. 4. December 24, 1964 to February 28, 1965. In the Township of Pelee in the County of Essex. 5. September 9, 1964 to March 31, 1965. In the counties of Bruce, Carleton, Dundas, Durham, except in the townships of Clarke and Darlington in the County of Durham, Frontenac, Glengarry, Grenville, Grey, Hastings, Huron, except in the townships of Hay, Stephen and Usborne in the County of Huron, Lanark, Leeds, Lennox and Addington, Northumberland, Peterborough, Prescott, Prince Edward, Russell, Stormont and Victoria; the town- ships of Flos, Matchedash, Medonte, Nottawasaga, Orillia, Oro, Sunnidale, Tay, Tiny and Vespra in the County of Simcoe; and the townships of Brock, Mara, Thorah and Rama in the County of Ontario. 6. September 1, 1964 to August 31, 1965. In any part of Ontario, except the areas described in clauses 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. Bag limit on cottontail rabbits only — 6 per day. 78 SQUIRREL (BLACK, GREY, FOX) 1. October 28 to December 15, 1964. In the County of Essex. 2. October 3 to December 15, 1964. In the counties of Brant, Bruce, Dufferin, Elgin, Grey, Haldimand, Halton, Huron, Kent, Lambton, Lincoln, Middlesex, Norfolk, Oxford, Perth, Waterloo, Welland, Wellington and Wentworth. 3. September 26 to December 15, 1964. In any part of Ontario, except the areas described in clauses 1 and 2. Bag and Possession limit — 10 squirrels in the aggregate. RACCOON AND FOX October 1, 1964 to September 30, 1965. Throughout Ontario. MIGRATORY BIRDS DUCKS, RAILS, COOTS, GALLINULES, WILSON'S SNIPE, GEESE, WOODCOCK September 15 to December 15, 1964, all species — In the Northern District. September 26 to December 15, 1964, all species — In the Central District. October 3 to December 15, 1964, all species — 11.00 a.m. EST for all species except Woodcock — In the Southern District. October 3 to December 15, 1964, all species except Geese — 11.00 a.m. EST for Ducks, Rails, Coots, Gallinules and Wilson's Snipe — In Essex County. October 3 to December 31, 1964 — 11.00 a.m. EST — Geese — In Essex County. The Northern District of Ontario comprises the Territorial Districts of Kenora, Patricia, Rainy River, Thunder Bay, Cochrane and Timiskaming and those portions of Algoma, Sudbury and Nipissing lying northerly of Highway 17 between Mattawa and Spragge, a line from Highway 17 in Spragge to the angle in the International Boundary north of Cockburn Island and the westerly continuation of the Inter- national Boundary. The Southern District of Ontario comprises the counties of Brant, Bruce, Dufferin, Elgin, Grey, Haldimand, Halton, Huron, Kent, Lambton, Lincoln, Mid- dlesex, Norfolk, Oxford, Perth, Waterloo, Welland, Wellington and Wentworth. The Central District of Ontario comprises all that part of the Province which is not included in Essex County or in the Northern and Southern Districts. Bag and Possession Limits: Ducks (in the aggregate): 5 per day, not more than two of which may be a canvas- back or redhead, or four of which may be wood ducks. Possession limit is twice the daily bag limit. On and after October 23, two additional scaup or goldeneye may be taken per day and four additional may be in possession. Mergansers are not counted in the daily bag or possession limit. Geese (in the aggregate): 5 per day, 10 in possession. Wilson's Snipe: 8 per day, 16 in possession. 79 Woodcock: 8 per day, 1 6 in possession. Persons resident more than 25 miles from James Bay may not kill more than 15 geese within 25 miles of James Bay during the 1964 season. Migratory game birds may be hunted with shotguns not larger than 10 gauge, or with a bow and arrow. Rifles must not be used. FUR FARMING The Canadian mink pelt market opened in December with a mixed pattern of demand. Top quality dark mink were off slightly compared to last year, however, good and ordinary quality declined 25%. Pastel male mink were off from 10% to 15%, but pastel females showed a slight advance of about 5%. Most other muta- tions showed an advance of about 10% over last year. There were good clearances at most sales and while there was some resistance in dark mink of ordinary quality, there was a strong demand for the lighter shades. Violet, Hope, Pearl, Sapphire, Blu-Iris and Silverblu attracted spirited demand from European buyers. Female pelts in all mutations advanced 10% in February and March. By the end of Feb- ruary, 85% of the 1964 Canadian crop of ranch mink was sold. Fur auction sales in New York and in the Scandinavian fur centres experi- enced early clearances of huge quantities. It was estimated that by the end of May most of the world production was sold. This is indeed a remarkable accomplish- ment when one considers that world production is approaching 19 million mink pelts. The buoyant economy of the European countries especially West Germany and Italy was the prime factor in stimulating the demand from European buyers. As in the past, the trimming trade purchased large quantities of the unlabelled pelts and in so doing helped to stabilize the prices of the better quality pelts. It is estimated that about 35% of the Canadian crop was absorbed by the trimming trade. In may the Province was visited briefly by officials of the French Fur Trade among whom were the Presidents of the French Fur Designers Association of Paris, and the Manufacturers, Furriers and Fur Dealers Association, and their wives. A tour of two large mink ranches in southwestern Ontario was conducted by the Department which proved to be an unique feature of their tour which took the group of twenty-six officials through eastern Canada and the United States. This group, which was on fact-finding and goodwill trip, contained some of the most influential people in the French Fur Trade. From the letters of appreci- ation that have been received by the Department, Canada Mink Breeders and the Ontario Fur Breeders Association, it is believed that they returned to France with a most favourable impression of Ontario and our fur resources, both wild and ranch raised. The Ontario Fur Breeders Association, in addition to the regular monthly meetings of the Directors, held a Spring Short Course, a Field Day and a Live Mink Show as educational programs for the members. Three delegates represented the Association at the Annual Meeting of Canada Mink Breeders. About the middle of May, reports were received from mink ranchers in the Windsor-Wheatley-Blenheim area, that great numbers of mink kits were dying one or two days after birth. Specimens of both females and kits were taken to the Ontario Veterinary College for examination and tests. It soon became apparent that similar losses were being suffered by nearly all the ranches in the above area. Pertinent information was gathered from all ranches with a view to determining the cause. This information covered the number of 80 females kept, the percentage of females bred, the number of litters born, the num- ber of litters lost, the number of kits surviving and the ranch average. In addition, the feed ration which was used during the period December 1st to May 1st was obtained. Production — Normal production is considered to be 3.5 to 4 kits per female. However, 8 of the 1 5 ranches affected had a production of from 0 to less than 1 . Four had a production of from 1 to 1.5 and the remaining three ranches had from 2 to 2.8. Also, the number of litters born was very much below normal, many being reabsorbed by the female. Of the ones that were born, many would be found dead in the nest within 24 to 36 hours of birth. The females generally appeared in good health with an abundant supply of milk. Kits would die shortly after receiving milk from the mother. Ration — The only common factor in ration of the 15 affected ranches was the feeding of perch racks obtained from three suppliers on Lake Erie. From the infor- mation gathered it would appear that in cases where more than 1 5 % of perch was used, the losses increased in proportion to the increase of perch in the ration. Bacteriological and pathological tests were inconclusive and DDT detection tests were negative. The above tests were made at the Ontario Veterinary College. During the year, seven cases of distemper, 12 cases of plasmacytosis and three cases of virus enteritis was diagnosed at the Ontario Veterinary College from specimens of mink supplied by Ontario ranchers. While distemper and virus enter- itis can be prevented or controlled by the use of commercially produced vaccines, the only method of preventing plasmacytosis is to kill the mink that show positive when subjected to the iodine agglutination test. A total of 499 Fur Farmers' Licenses were issued in 1964. Of these, 459 were renewals of previous licences, 39 were for newly established ranches and 1 licence was issued with retroactive provisions to legalize the operation of an unlicenced ranch during the previous year. The following table shows the location by County or District of Licenced Fur Farms in 1964: County or District Number Algoma 1 Brant 11 Bruce 23 Cochrane 1 Dufferin 6 Durham 10 Elgin 3 Essex 12 Frontenac Grenville 3 4 Grey 21 Haldimand Haliburton 10 2 Halton 25 Hastings 1 Huron 10 Kenora 2 Kent 13 Lambton 3 Lanark 3 Leeds 3 Lincoln 23 Lincoln 23 County or District Number Manitoulin Muskoka Middlesex Nipissing Norfolk Northumberland Ontario Oxford Parry Sound Peel Perth Peterborough .... Rainy River Simcoe Sudbury Thunder Bay Victoria Waterloo Welland Wellington Wentworth York 5 2 23 6 12 1 20 17 5 9 38 1 1 30 3 9 4 21 18 40 19 25 TOTAL 499 SUMMARY OF BREEDING STOCK Licensed Fur Farms January 1st 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 Other Animals Beaver (Pens) 1 Beaver (S.C.) 0 Fisher 2 Lynx 0 Marten 96 Muskrat (Pens) 0 Muskrat (S.C.) 0 Otter 0 Raccoon 22 Skunk 3 Fox Blue Fox 94 Silver Fox* 292 Platinum and Pearl Platinum Fox 280 Other Fox** 14 Mink 142,600 • Includes — Standard and White Marked Fox ** Includes — Cross, Red and White Fox 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 4 4 0 0 0 0 97 78 33 33 0 0 10 52 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 13 8 2 3 4 2 1 97 57 48 46 212 130 123 106 367 355 270 256 9 1 1 7 154,626 164,901 178,814 188,005 COLOUR TYPE OF PELTS TAKEN FROM MINK DURING 1964 DARK AND HALF BLOOD DARK MINK, including Blufrost and Demi Buff 90,246 GREY TYPE such as Silverblu, or Patlinum, Sage, Opaline, B.O.S., Stewarts and Homos 14,425 DARK BLUE TYPE such as Aleutian, Blue Iris, Steelblu, B.O.S., Stewarts and Homos 13,851 LIGHT BLUE TYPE such as Sapphire, Winterblu, Eric, Violet, B.O.S., Stewarts and Homos 51,803 BROWN TYPE such as Pastel, Topaze, Ambergold, Buff, Dawn, Orchid, Capucine, B.O.S., Stewarts and Homos 185,246 BEIGE TYPE such as Palomino, Pearl, Lavender, Hope, Fawn, B.O.S., Stewarts and Homos 44,746 WHITE TYPE, including 95% White 6,768 TOTAL PELTS 407,085 82 FIELD SERVICES The year under review was one in which the law enforcement training program continued to develop. There are still some officers on our staff who can recall earlier days when they were handed the "book" of the game and fish laws and told to go out and enforce them. As a result of much higher standards of education and enlightenment concerning civil rights, law enforcement is becoming more exacting. More people challenge the authority of our conservation officers and the old time standards are not good enough. The primary responsibility of a law enforcement officer is to prevent violations by persuading sportsmen to observe the regulations which are made in their own best interests. Enforcement then encompasses the stimulating task, on the one hand, of explaining wildlife management and associated laws to those who are interested, and on the other hand, the most unpleasant task of prosecuting violators. To insure the highest standards of law enforcement, and particularly where judicial procedures are concerned, it was considered most desirable to have a fish and wildlife representative of each of the twenty-two forest districts attend a four- week course at the Ontario Police College. Those in attendance included super- visors and assistant-supervisors and the group included both biologists and senior conservation officers. The subject matter of the lectures included legal procedure, evidence, arrest and those statutes covering judicial procedure such as The Canada Evidence Act, The Ontario Evidence Act, appropriate portions of the Criminal Code and The Summary Convictions Act (Ontario), with which law enforcement officers should be quite familiar. Lectures on fish and wildlife regulations helped to illustrate the principles enunciated by the Ontario Police College staff. Meanwhile, the field training program in law enforcement for field conserva- tion officers was developed and a total of 114 officers received instructions from the Department Law Enforcement Training Officer, in a series of nine courses. This integrated training program is directed towards insuring a high standard of law enforcement practice, so that the publicly owned natural resources will be fully protected and utilized under the laws made for their management. It will help to insure also that no person will be improperly charged or prosecuted for alleged infractions of the laws. Courses for field officers were held at convenient points throughout the Province, namely Achray, Nym Lake Chief Ranger Headquarters and the Ontario Forest Ranger School at Dorset. The conservation officer staff which includes supervisors at District headquar- ters, fisheries management officers, wildlife management officers and those whose duties are almost entitrely in the field, numbered 251 establishments during the year, although some 10 vacancies existed. The law enforcement program continued its general standard of efficiency with some 2,236 convictions. The trend over a ten year period is as follows: 1955-56 2,895 convictions 1956-57 2,704 1957-58 2,993 1958-59 2,525 1959-60 2,228 1960-61 2,160 1961-62 2,049 1962-63 2,045 1963-64 2,276 1964-65 2,236 Development of the law enforcement programme is also illustrated by the following comparison: 83 1960-61 1961-62 1962-63 1963-64 1964-65 Number of Seizui'es Number of Convictions Cases Dismissed Convictions reported by R.C.M.P. re Migratory Bird Regulations Seizures, from persons unknown 2,424 2,160 126 2,050 2,049 56 2,186 2,045 66 2,508 2,276 68 2,216 2,236 95 47 30 34 18 19 139 37 38 81 84 A revision of the record-keeping procedure with respect to some items for- merly listed as seizures, but now deleted, accounts for the decline from 2,508 in 1963-64 to 2,216 in the current year. About one-quarter of the prosecutions were for hunting, fishing or trapping without a licence. A total of 603 individuals sought to exploit the wildlife resources without first paying their reasonable and fair share. Comparison of Licence Offences During a Five- Year Period. 1960-61 1961-62 1962-63 1963-64 1964-65 No. % Fre- No. % Fre- No. % Fre- No. % Fre- No. % Fre- quency quency quency quency quency Fishing Hunting Trapping 183 482 ... 16 8.5 22.3 0.7 69 311 5 3.4 15.4 0.2 81 358 10 4.0 17.4 0.5 146 382 24 6.4 16.8 1.5 145 439 19 6.6 19.6 0.9 Total ... 681 31.5 385 19.0 449 21.9 552 24.7 603 27.1 Offences which occurred against the fishery regulations, other than those in- volving licences included: 1. Possessing an overlimit of fish Ill 2. Angling with more than one line 101 3. Taking fish during closed season 97 4. Taking fish by means other than angling 87 5. Possessing a fish spear within 50 feet of the water's edge, during pro- hibited hours 52 6. Possessing fish during a closed season 25 7. Taking fish by means of set lines 13 8. Leave fishing huts on ice after March 31st 10 9. Possessing nets without a licence 8 10. Violate conditions of commercial fishing licence 8 Hunting and trapping offences which occurred most frequently were: 1. Possession of a loaded firearm (a) in a vehicle 295 (b) in a power boat 98 2. Hunting during prohibited horns 190 3. Night hunting (attempting to jacklight deer or moose) 77 4. Hunting during closed season 68 5. Hunting with a shotgun, not plugged so as to be incapable of holding more than 3 shells 33 6. Careless hunting 26 7. Permitting dogs to run at large 21 8. Hunting protected birds 15 9. Shoot from or across travelled portion of highway 13 10. Possess migratory birds in closed season 6 The efforts of conservation officers are augmented by the assistance of more than 200 biologists, foresters, chief and deputy-chief forest rangers and other 84 Department employees who hold appointments as special conservation officers. Approximately 1,100 deputy conservation officers also assisted. Officers of the Ontario Provincial Police force are active in enforcement of The Game and Fish Act. Although members of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police force are con- cerned more particularly with infractions of The Migratory Birds Convention Act and Regulations, they are qualified to enforce the provisions of The Game and Fish Act, 1961-62 and work co-operatively with our conservation officer staff. Equipment used in violations of The Game and Fish Act, the Ontario Fishery Regulations, or the Migratory Bird Regulations is seized for evidence by the con- servation officer at the time the accused is apprehended. Upon conviction, however, such equipment is forfeited to the Crown. The Minister may grant relief from for- feiture upon such terms as he deems just and a substantial majority of such items are restored to their former owners. This, of course, does not apply to items the possession of which might be illegal. Gill, seine, or trap nets are in this category if the owner does not have a licence authorizing such possession. Those articles which are not claimed by their owners are sold at public auction. A total of $10,488.71 was realized from the sales which were held, as follows: District Fishing Tackle Sales Date Revenue Hespeler Cochrane Kenora April 18, 1964 April 18, 1964 May 6, 1964 $799.75 734.50 736.50 $ 2,270.75 Firearms Sales District Date Revenue Fort Frances September 5, 1964 Maple September 12, " North Bay (Seizures) September 2, " North Bay (O.P.P.) Tweed September 19, " Net Revenue from gun sales Total Revenue from sale of seized $2,348.21 3,133.50 1,510.00 1,338.50 2,158.50 articles $10,488.71 9,150.21 11,420.96 As noted, a number of firearms were offered on the North Bay sale which had been seized by the Ontario Provincial Police and these brought $1,338.50. The net proceeds from items seized for game and fish offences amounted to $ 1 1 ,420.96. Hunter Safety Training The aim of the safe gun handling programme is to reduce the number of acci- dents caused by firearms used while hunting. A secondary purpose is to assist young hunters to an understanding of better game management practices. Since September, 1960, it has been compulsory for all new hunters to suc- cessfully complete a course in order to purchase their first hunting licence. About half of the students receive instruction through conservation clubs across the Prov- ince, while others do so through cadet corps and other organizations. The Depart- ment has 3,200 certified instructors giving freely of their time and equipment to 85 this worthwhile youth training programme. During the past year, some 18,650 completed the course, making a total of 85,034 new hunters in the field who have obtained the fundamentals of safe gun handling since the inception of this project The following table shows the progress that has been made since 1957: Students Graduated Total To Date 1957 281 281 1958 1,668 1,949 1959 2,780 4,729 1960 10,917 15,646 1961 15,267 30,913 1962 15,082 45,995 1963 20,387 66,382 1964 18,652 85,034 A great number and variety of organizations have participated in these courses and the table below outlines the percentage of new hunters that each have gradu- ated. Game and Fish Clubs Miscellaneous 1960 71% 29% 1961 63% 37% 1962 59% 41% 1963 47% 53% 1964 48% 52% The rapid increase in the number of students processed by miscellaneous groups may be explained by the fact that this program was incorporated into the curriculum of the High School Cadets and the Cadet Corps of the Canadian Militia. Other organizations participating included service clubs, Boy Scouts, church groups, community centres and many individual instructors in remote areas. Data on hunting accidents is gathered through co-operation with the Ontario Provincial Police, as well as by our own conservation officers and our newspaper clipping service. The Ontario Provincial Police participation commenced in Sep- tember, 1959. Prior to this our records are incomplete. Year Total Fatal Non- Fatal 1960 154 36 118 1961 126 22 104 1962 126 17 109 1963 118 15 103 1964 117 14 103 It is noted that an encouraging improvement has been made and great credit must be given to the instructors for their devotion to their work. An alarming number of accidents are associated with disregard for the game laws. In reviewing the accident reports it is noted that 35% of the shooters in- volved in hunting accidents were contravening one or another of the laws and regulations. 86 FISHERIES SECTION Game Fish and Hatcheries It is readily apparent that climatic conditions influence angling success and total harvest quite frequently. Adverse weather can certainly reduce the ** umber of participants and restrict their outdoor activity, but the effect on individual angling success can be either good or bad. The year 1964 had its fair share of unusual weather and the tourist trade and angler activity was adversely affected during these periods. A large harvest of walleye is usually realized on opening week end in southern Ontario, but winds of gale proportions on May 9, 1964, routed anglers from their favourite haunts and spoiled an otherwise good week end. The month of August was unseasonably cool and many vacationers forsook the recreational areas and spent the remainder of their vacation at home or in travelling. The inclement weather at this time certainly reduced the amount of angler participation, but fishing success was generally better than average during the cool season. From then on, good fishing weather was spotty. In areas such as the Georgian Bay and tributary streams where a late fall season on rainbow trout, walleye and muskie prevails, some excellent catches of these species were made by hardy and persistent anglers. The year 1964 throughout Ontario had its many moods and successful anglers were those that managed to adapt their methods and periods of activity to the changing conditions. Angling success varied considerably with the area and with the species of fish involved. Generally the catch records of 0.2 to 0.5 fish per rod hour constituted good to excellent fishing for such species as bass, walleye, trout and pike. Maskinonge are more difficult to catch and may require between fifty and one hundred hours to land a fish of legal size. District personnel, assisted in some instances by summer students, devoted considerable time to field investigations involving lake and stream surveys, fish population studies and the assessment of angler success. Such studies formed a major part of the field program which was directed mainly towards obtaining inventory data and information on the current use of the resource relative to the development of appropriate management plans. A number of special projects were also undertaken in 1964 and these are outlined under separate headings. Although it not possible to accurately determine the number of anglers that fished in Ontario in 1964, it is apparent that public interrest in fishing continued at a high level. The continued increase in the amount of recreational facilities available (provincial and private parks, motels, resorts, boat rental establishments, and private cottages) and their expanded use, coupled with a slight increase in the number of non-resident licences sold, indicates the relative increase in activity and suggests, on the basis of previous records, that the total number of anglers fishing in Ontario waters probably exceeded two million in 1964. All angling licences showed a slight increase in sales with the exception of non-resident seasonal. The sale of non-resident 3-day licences jumped sharply from 69,401 in 1963 to 100,121 in 1964, and this undoubtedly had some effect on the number of seasonal licences sold. Although there was a slight increase of $10,582 in the revenue from the total sales of angling licences in 1964, this is actually the smallest increase during the past five years and is indicative of a gradual levelling off in the heretofore continuous increase in revenue. The number and value of angling licence sales for 1964 and for the preceding three years is presented in Table I. 87 Hatcheries The production of fish for restocking purposes at our provincial hatcheries was maintained at a reasonably high level in 1964. In all, seventeen hatchery establishments were operated and these are listed below according to classification, geographic location and Forest District: Hatchery Location Forest District Trout Rearing Stations Chatsworth Tarentorus Hill Lake Dorion Normandale North Bay Pembroke Codrington Pond Stations Westport White Lake Deer Lake Midhurst Skeleton Lake Sandfield Jar or Trough Stations Wiarton Little Current Port Arthur Chatsworth R.R. 2, Sault Ste. Marie Charlton Dorion R.R. 1, Vittoria Balsam Creek R.R. 6, Pembroke Codrington Westport Mountain Grove Cordova Mines Midhurst Ullswater Sandfield Wiarton Little Current Port Arthur Lake Huron Sault Ste. Marie Swastika Port Arthur Lake Erie North Bay Pembroke Lindsay Kemptville Tweed Lindsay Lake Simcoe Parry Sound Sudbury Lake Hui'on Sudbury Port Arthur The Chatsworth station was back in full production after a period of renova- tion and contributed significantly to the fisheries program. The Normandale hatchery was inoperative but the Gibson Creek ponds, an independent sub-station of Normandale, was functional throughout 1964. The construction of the new trout rearing station at Normandale progressed steadily and the pond areas were completed. Erection of the new hatchery building was commenced in 1964 and is scheduled for completion in 1965. Preliminary planning was carried out for the reconstruction of the North Bay (Balsam Creek) hatchery and trout rearing station. The total distribution of fish from provincial hatcheries for 1965 is outlined in Table II. This year, approximately 48,842,302 fish of various ages, eyed eggs to adults, and including nine species were produced and planted in Ontario waters. A summary of the total distribution by species for 1964 and for the preceding four years is also tabulated in Table 3. The decrease in the production and planting of walleye and whitefish eyed eggs and fry was the most significant change during the current year. This reduction was due mainly to a recent change in department policy curtailing the distribution of walleye and whitefish eyed eggs and fry for maintenance planting in waters where these fish are already established. The Manitoba government provided Ontario with 200,000 lake trout eyed eggs in exchange for 100,000 brook trout eyed eggs and 50,000 maskinonge fry supplied from Dorion and Deer Lake hatcheries respectively. Two additional lots of 50,000 maskinonge fry were also supplied to the National Parks Branch of the Federal government and to the Fish and Game Department of the Province of Quebec from the Deer Lake hatchery. As part of an extensive program to rehabilitate lake trout in Lake Superior, large scale plantings of marked lake trout yearlings were carried out in 1964 from Dorion and Tarentorus hatcheries. Some 222,400 of these fish were released 88 in the Rossport-Pie Island areas of western Lake Superior and some 250,000 fish were planted in the eastern portion of the lake. A large planting of 110,722 marked lake trout yearlings was also made in Lake Ontario. This planting was the second and final planting of a two-year program which was initiated jointly between Ontario and the New York Conser- vation Department in 1963. The fish were provided by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service from their national hatchery at Charlevoix, Michigan. A follow-up study on the success of these plantings will be carried out by the Research Branch of the department. Two special projects of interest were undertaken in the hatchery program in 1964 and are as follows: (a) Pellet Feeding Experiments A new pellet food for trout, providing a more balanced diet, has been developed by Glencoe Mills Inc., Glencoe, Minnesota. This pellet food was used extensively in Ontario hatcheries in 1964 and several continuing experi- ments to determine cost and advantages were set up to test the new product. The results as yet are inconclusive, but it is readily apparent that the new pellet does have superior qualities in the production of trout. (b) Kokanee Salmon Some three and a quarter million Kokanee eyed eggs were received at Ontario hatcheries during the fall of 1964 as the first step in a serious attempt to introduce this species to specific waters of the Great Lakes. The egg stocks had their origin in British Columbia, Montana, Washington and Colorado. They were transferred to Chatsworth, Sandfield and Wiarton hatcheries and the Glenora Research Station for further incubation and culture before planting in the eyed egg and fry stages. The plantings are scheduled for suitable locations on Georgian Bay, Lake Huron, Lake Ontario and specific tributary streams. A follow-up project will be initiated by the Research and Fish and Wildlife Branch of the department to determine the success of the introductions. Private Hatcheries Owners of private waters in Ontario must purchase the game fish required for restocking purposes from licenced private hatcheries and authorization for all plantings must be obtained from the department before the fish may be trans- ported from the hatchery property. The number of private fish hatcheries is gradually increasing, and 29 licences were issued in 1964 for the sale of fish for restocking purposes. This is an increase of four over the number issued in 1963. A summary of the 1964 distri- bution of fish for restocking from private hatcheries is outlined in Table IV. A new licence authorizing the sale of fish for human consumption was estab- lished in 1963. Nineteen such licences were issued in 1963, and 20 in 1964. This new licence is only available to those landowners with a water supply which is wholly contained on their property and which is not located on a natural water- course, except where such watercourse originates on the property. Furthermore, all fish sold for human consumption must be tagged or packaged for identification as a commercial product. 89 Special Projects 1. NET SECTION Four net men, one truck driver and a net foreman are employed in the Net Section at Maple. In addition to their usual duties in the building and maintenance of netting gear for use in departmental field projects throughout a major portion of the province, they also participated in various netting operations undertaken directly or in co-operation with district personnel. A summary of 1964 field projects is as follows. In order to determine walleye (pickerel) population densities, fish migrations, utilization by sport and commercial interests and, in some cases, to determine the contribution made by the planting of hatchery reared stocks, walleye tagging was carried out in the following areas: Shawanaga Basin of Georgian Bay (Parry Sound Forest District); Batchawana Bay of Lake Superior, North Channel at Blind River and Bright Lake (Sault Ste. Marie Forest District); and Kashwakamak and Mississagagon Lakes (Tweed Forest District). Surveys of fish populations were carried out on Chandos and Jack Lakes (Lindsay Forest District) and on Lake St. John (Lake Simcoe Forest District). Suitable netting sites were located on Mishibishu and White Lakes (White River Forest District) and on Lake Simcoe. A number of tagged adult walleye was transferred from the Talbot River to Canal Lake as a restocking venture and netting operations were also carried out to collect fish for the Canadian National Exhibition and the Canadian National Sports- men's Show. In addition, nets were operated for the collection of lake trout eggs in Mishibishu Lake, Lake Simcoe and Lake Manitou, for white- fish eggs on Lake Manitou and for walleye eggs on the Talbot River. The Port Arthur section of the netting staff consists of two net men who carry out similar duties in the Western and Mid-western Regions of the province. In 1964, they were involved in the tagging and transfer of muskies (Sioux Lookout Forest District); collection of lake trout eggs and sucker eggs (Port Arthur Forest District); walleye tagging, walleye transfer and four lake surveys (Port Arthur Forest District); demonstration of large trap nets (Kenora Forest District); and the building and operation of an experi- mental trawl for herring (Port Arthur Forest District). 2. PATRICIA INVENTORY The year 1964 marked the end of the Patricia Fisheries Inventory Project as such under the terms of the old Federal-Provincial Agreement. For the future, it is proposed that the surveys required in the Patricia district be conducted by fisheries personnel in the Forest Districts concerned. The Patricia Inventory was initiated in 1959 and its purpose was to survey the important waters, examine the respective fish populations in detail, and to plan and institute appropriate management of the fisheries in the respective waters. To achieve this objective, a relatively intensive study was planned for each of the larger lakes and/or for at least one lake on each of the major watersheds in the area. This fact finding program had progressed steadily since its inception in 1959 and previously initiated surveys on Big Trout, Winisk and Sachigo Lakes were brought to completion in 1964. In addition to these major surveys, fish management officers in the Forest Districts of Sioux Lookout and Cochrane conducted a number of short term or preliminary surveys on minor lakes during 1964. Commercial fishing licences were issued when fish populations warranted such action. A sport fishery and resort business have been developed on Hawley Lake 90 and Sutton River and are operated by two local Indian families. This fishery was followed closely and reported on by the fisheries staff in the Cochrane District during 1964. OUANANICHE (ATLANTIC SALMON) PROJECT This project, initiated in 1962 on Trout Lake near North Bay, is of a continuing nature as facts concerning the life history and ecology of the species can only be collected at specific times of the year. Some work was conducted in 1964 and a special effort was made to capture young salmon on their downward migration from the headwaters of tributary streams. Observations have also been made on the spawning run of adults in Four Mile Creek, a spring fed tributary. In addition, a number of plantings of hatchery reared ouananiche (origin Trout Lake) have been made. This year, a planting of 15,400 fry took place in North River at the forks of Balsam Creek. The study will continue, and it is expected that the information so gained will be of great value in managing this unique fishery and perhaps in extending the range of ouananiche farther afield in Ontario. PUBLIC FISHING AREAS The St. William's Pond is five acres in size and is located on the St. William's Forestry Station in the Lake Erie Forest District. This pond was first established as a public fishing area in 1963, and provided an adequate harvest of recently stocked brook and rainbow trout. It was restocked similarly in 1964 with satisfactory results. The Schoolhouse Pond is one half acre in size and is located a few miles south of the Normandale Trout Rearing Station in the Lake Erie Forest District. For the second year, it was stocked with hatchery reared brook trout in 1964 and was operated successfully as a public fishing area. The Mount Pleasant site, located four miles south of Brantford in the Lake Huron Forest District, underwent complete renovation and was not operated as a public fishing area in 1964. The renovation included a regrouping of the seven ponds into three larger units with a greater depth of water and an increased carrying capacity for fish. It is proposed that the new ponds be stocked with brook and rainbow trout and that public fishing commence in 1965. LAKE OF THE WOODS FISH MANAGEMENT UNIT The third year of a five-year programme on Lake of the Woods was completed in 1964. Initiated in 1962, the study is slated to continue until 1967. The purpose of this study is to establish the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of the Lake of the Woods basin which will ulti- mately provide a sound basis for future management of this valuable fishery. The areas completed to date include Shoal Lake in 1962, the northern section in 1963, and the central region in 1964. In future years, the area lying south of the Aulneau Peninsula will be completed in 1965 and White- fish Bay in 1966. Measurements of a physical nature included water turbidity, depth, bottom type and temperature gradients at two established stations. Determina- tion of chemical characteristics was based on the analyses of water samples conducted by the Ontario Water Resources Commission in Toronto. These measurements of fertility are indicative of the productivity of a lake environment. 91 Much of the summer work, however, was concerned with the netting, measuring, weighing and tagging of fish. Scale samples were also taken so that growth rates and age composition of the various fish populations could be determined. These data when analyzed will aid greatly in assessing the status of the fishery and in the development of appropriate management plans. 6. KAWARTHA LAKES FISH MANAGEMENT UNIT The nature of the work carried out by this Unit was quite similar to that conducted on Lake of the Woods. The second year of a continuing study was completed in 1964 and trap netting was carried out on Pigeon, Sturgeon and Cameron Lakes, Nogies Creek Fish Sanctuary and Omemee Mill Pond (Pigeon Creek). Most of the fish so captured were tagged and fin clipped and subsequently released after all relevant data pertaining to length, weight and age had been recorded. This is all part of a study to determine population size, rate of growth, fish migrations and the extent of natural reproduction in the areas concerned. Such information is used in conjunction with water fertility data and fish harvest statistics (creel census) to determine a suitable fish management plan for the Kawarthas. The tagging and transfer of largemouth bass and maskinonge from the Nogies Creek Fish Sanctuary in the fall has been continuing for many years, and has been closely allied to scientific studies of these two species. A number of fish are transferred annually to other waters in the Kawartha chain and the maskinonge particularly have contributed directly to the public fishery. The Kawartha Unit is now in charge of this annual transfer and is responsible for the collection and analysis of data on the tagged fish that are captured by anglers. 7. FISH POPULATION STUDIES Several biological surveys requiring much more than routine effort were conducted during 1964. In these special studies, particular attention was given to the abundance, age composition, rate of growth, utilization and distribution of existing fish populations. Such work was carried out on Rainy Lake (Fort Frances Forest District); Shawanaga Basin of Georgian Bay (Parry Sound Forest District); and Batchawana Bay of Lake Superior, North Channel at Blind River, and Bright Lake (Sault Ste. Marie Forest District). In addition, special investigational work was initiated in 1964 on Kashwakamak and Mis- sissagagon Lakes (Tweed Forest District) to determine the effect of planting hatchery-reared walleye fry and fingerlings in areas containing established populations of the same species. REGULATIONS The establishment of longer open seasons continued in 1964 with respect to early spawning fish, prolific species, and those that are maintained to a large degree by the planting of hatchery-reared stock. The following amendments were in effect during 1964: (a) The early opening (last Saturday in February) of the brook trout season in southeastern Ontario was extended to portions of northeastern Ontario and angling through the ice commenced on February 29th. The season on rainbow trout opened on the same date in the same parts of Ontario. (b) Parts of far northern Ontario bordering on Hudson and James Bays were 92 established as an area in which brook trout could be legally taken at any time of the year. (c) A new line running from Pembroke to Georgian Bay (Muskoka) was established relative to the walleye open season and was based on the spawning period of walleye in the areas concerned. With several minor exceptions, the season south of this line opened on the second Saturday in May, and in the area north of the line the third Saturday of May was established as opening date. (d) The extended fall season (November 30th) on rainbow trout was estab- lished for portions of Great Lakes' tributary streams in the Territorial Districts of Manitoulin, Algoma and Thunder Bay. (e) An open season from the third Saturday in May to April 14th was estab- lished for blue pickerel in Lake Nipissing so as to correspond with the walleye season in the same area. (0 In northern Ontario, a new line was established along latitude 48° and 47° 30', north of which there was no closed season on lake trout in the Territorial Districts of Algoma and Sudbury. (g) A trend was established in 1964 to set opening dates for angling seasons on a designated first, second, third or fourth Saturday whenever feasible. 93 g = aj 3 Of = = X to LU u Z LU u 13 Z < O LU _l < t>o - - s s CO 3 c = s 3 o o o o LO © «o t^ © «o 1 ^ * -m' 9 -O |2 - H e s i § c 9 i 'V o w a S 3 O -t-> 3 XJ 0) CD T3 N *£ S Ph bo Xi o 's - >* o 3 "w CU « CO G * 1 2 o W > w «< O H 94 ><< o to El — « •3 80 E S a* * be 80 i is SO Jf can OOIO O lO OOM lO SO OUSrH t- ,* I 1 1 >l >> >X >H JH ej eo eg >H fH >4 be ><<: ^< ?H ©CO N W bo be ootoo o o o OIOU3M OOO O O r4 0*1 O N t- kjH o oo oo ©o^ oo >* oo © eg OOO o o e ON o II *■< >H rt ■>» to OOOTfN Nor- O H OON NM Ol eg *•* -h eg eg 5 J - Q f>>g 2 f*SE •« .S » s o 3 « Ol — -* $ i3 ££ 3_ * "O 33 *-» 3 .** aj-a-w mo* x-a.,_> t-s a g'JJ w D-w.S 83**88 g 4) £ C ? 3 WP >> ee o - k - - £"333-*J: 0 boHH« 0 * c? = <-££ — ; b 3 3— -w S TS S 5 2 t! "S t. J 2 £ £ £ a Ch as 73 D W i x H O bo .E bo W bCm ■a bo <»•= km ■*!»< H bo ^ H O 55 95 Table 3 FISH DISTRIBUTION FROM 1960 TO 1964 Number of Fish Planted Species of Fish 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 Black Bass, Laregmouth Fir ■••• 230,550 — 55,000 45,000 112,00( Fingerling 29,500 25,250 112,120 92,550 90,65( Yearling and Adult ... 20 178 20 Black Bass, Smallmouth Fry 156,000 230,000 147,000 134,000 Fingerling 177,600 270,200 177,300 287,700 Yearling and Adult ... 510 619 291 316 Char, French Alpine Adult 345 — — Grayling, Arctic Adult — _ 500 — Herring Fry 50,000 — — — Maskinonge Fry 3,390,000 2,832,500 2,970,000 1,870,000 Fingerling 51,405 74,500 23,550 27,150 Ouananiche Eggs — — 53,280 — Fry — _ _ 1,250 Yearling — — _ 4,520 Adult 660 — — — Walleye Eggs 53,790,000 27,065,000 20,500,000 7,200,000 Fry 3,600,000 8,994,000 11,440,000 Fingerling — 66,923 201,070 217,000 Salmon, Kokanee Yearling 250 — — — Splake Yearling 13,151 97,068 111,792 114,100 Adult — 5,640 — 2,400 Trout, Albino Yearling — — — -5,303 Trout, Aurora Fry — — — _ Fingerling 2,000 — 1,347 — Yearling — 1,300 — — Trout, Brook Eggs 49,000 30,000 493,500 574,580 Fry 15,000 — — — Fingerling 863,925 763,625 651,300 391,570 Yearling 1,615,960 2,051,875 1,655,249 1,883,478 Adult 76,481 72,562 75,445 72,522 Trout, Brown Fingerling 1,700 640 — — Yearling 85,380 5,000 — — Adult 79 — — — Trout, Lake Eggs — — — — Fry — 43,700 13,000 — Fingerling 389,125 369,500 240,300 185,800 Yearling 653,065 714,670 988,732 949,754 Adult 115 8,278 718 5,510 Trout, Rainbow Eggs — 3,000 — — Fingerling 28,120 101,896 60,300 3,000 Yearling 79,090 229,375 291,158 173,152 Adult 122 — 8,650 11,380 Whitefish Eggs 12,000,000 13,875,000 — — Fry 62,993,000 53,685,000 46,575,000 46,350,000 TOTAL 140,342,153 102,623,299 84,400,622 72,042,035 48,842,302 NOTE: Figures are compiled on a calendar year. 96 Table 4 SUMMARY OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF FISH FOR RESTOCKING » PURPOSES FROM PRIVATE COMMERCIAL HATCHERIES 1964 Number of Number Species Plantings of Fish Age Class Brook Trout 131 382,115 Fry/Fingerlings 94 51,250 Yearlings 57 7,540 Adults Rainbow Trout 3 43,000 Eggs 31 65,885 Fry/Fingerlings 78 20,367 Yearlings 47 5,328 Adults Largemouth Bass 7 570 Fingerlings/Yearlings 4 251 Adults Bluegills 4 325 Yearlings COMPARATIVE STATEMENT OF THE YIELD OF THE FISHERIES IN THE PROVINCE OF ONTARIO Species Smelt Perch (yellow) Yellow Pickerel Whitefish Chub & Tullibee Lake Herring White Bass Suckers Northern Pike Carp & Carp Roe Sheepshead Ling Bullheads Sunfish Catfish White Perch Eels Lake Trout Rock Bass & Crappies Saugers Sturgeon Menominee Goldeyes Caviar Blue Pickerel Dogfish, Alewife, Gar, Shad & unclassified "Mink Food" TOTAL NET DECREASE 1963 lbs. 1964 lbs. Increase lbs. Decrease lbs. 10,705,175 18,671,552 5,107,526 3,356,508 2,329,284 2,374,189 1,991,290 1,650,163 990,042 1,322,501 1,502,980 615,479 740,099 357,966 300,372 53,332 174,750 253,997 176,745 135,658 132,203 19,700 19,985 1,321 280 1,359,304 12,886,676 9,363,227 3,678,141 3,229,365 2,035,122 1,992,959 1,836,208 1,450,479 1,134,169 938,151 830,670 600,307 512,580 357,703 287,069 272,008 250,298 224,330 205,787 140,861 98,160 69,987 27,935 1,603 115 1,086,442 2,181,501 144,127 218,676 75,548 29,042 5,203 50,287 7,950 282 9,308,325 1,429,385 127,143 294,162 381,230 155,082 199,684 384,350 672,310 15,172 227,519 263 13,303 29,667 34,043 165 272,862 54,342,401 43,510,352 10,832,049 97 COMPARATIVE STATEMENT OF THE NUMBER OF COMMERCIAL FISHING LICENCES ISSUED IN THE PROVINCE OF ONTARIO Type of Licence 1963 1964 Increase Decrease Gill Net 1,075 1,088 13 Pound & Trap Net 166 161 5 Hoop Net 269 266 3 Coarse Fish Seine 92 90 2 Baited Hook 222 251 29 Dip Net 16 17 1 Trolling 22 27 5 TOTAL 1,862 1,900 Bait-fish Seine, Trap & Dip 2,125 2,114 11 Bait-fish Dealers 591 651 60 Bait-fish Preserving 101 121 20 TOTAL 2,817 2,886 TOTAL ALL LICENCES 4,679 4,786 NET INCREASE 107 BAIT FISH PRODUCTION AND VALUE BY FORESTRY DISTRICT 1964 Catch District Value (By Dozens) Aylmer $519,726. 1,960,102 Chapleau 349. 383 Cochrane 10,000. 23,775 Fort Frances 74,279. 161,610 Geraldton 5,488. 13,923 Gogama 909. 1,851 Hespeler 12,729. 43,964 Kapuskasing 2,132. 7,050 Kemptville 50,910. 110,675 Kenora 142,210. 294,479 Lindsay 110,000. 177,700 Maple 36,328. 119,587 North Bay 72,784. 117,491 Parry Sound 77,372. 155,060 Pembroke 11,452. 26,830 Port Arthur 50,000. 120,000 Sault Ste. Marie 22,341. 36,544 Sioux Lookout 33,558. 73,979 Sudbury 61,624. 80,724 Swastika 7,455. 18,986 Tweed 81,078. 181,936 White River 4,529. 8,178 TOTAL $1,387,253. 3,734,827 Average price — 390 per dozen THE COMMERCIAL FISHERY During 1964 a total of 43,510,352 pounds of fish was landed by Ontario commercial fishermen. The value of these fish to the primary producer was $5,229,- 820.11. While the 1964 catch showed a decrease of over ten million pounds or 20 per cent from the previous year, the value was down only five per cent from $5,503,955.00 in 1963 to $5,229,820.00 in 1964. A major decline in yellow perch production of over nine million pounds accounted largely for the reduced landings in 1964 while improved prices for the same species of over ten cents per pound meant that the returns to the fishermen were only $274,135.00 less than the pre- vious year. It is of interest that the value of the 1964 catch was only slightly less $(111,380.00) than the value of the all-time record production of 1962 landings in excess of sixty-three million pounds were recorded. 98 Comparison of 1964 landings by lake shows Lake Erie led in production with over 58 per cent of Ontario's total — a reduction from the 66 per cent position of the previous year. The Northern Inland water's classification, which includes such large lakes as Nipigon, Rainy and Lake of the Woods as well as over two hundred smaller bodies of water produced over 18 per cent of Ontario commercial fish. Per- centages for the other lake divisions were as follows: Lake Huron 7%; Lake Superior 6%; Lake Ontario 5%; Lake St. Clair 2%; Georgian Bay and North Ihannel a total of 2% and Southern Inland waters 1%. Of the nine fishing areas, three, Lake Huron, Georgian Bay and North Chan- el, had increased production ranging from 32% and 24% for the latter two re- >ectively, to 2% for the waters of Lake Huron proper. A major decrease in Lake Erie of 28% was due to lower perch catches there. A reduction in carp landings resulted in 32% lower production in lakes and rivers fished commercially in Southern Ontario. Minor percentage decreases occurred in Northern Inland, Lake Superior, Lake Ontario and Lake St. Clair. In Lake St. Clair, however, the value of the catch rose by over six per cent in spite of a 97,000 pound reduction in land- ings. In all cases where major reductions in fish production occurred the loss in actual value of the landings was much less severe. In Lake Erie for example, the reduction of 28% in production was accompanied by only a 6% decrease in catch value as compared to 1963. Ten of the 25 species of fish marketed by the Ontario commercial fishery made up over 90% of all landings. Two species, smelt and yellow perch, largely from Lake Erie production, amounted to over one-half of the total. Of these, smelt contributed 30% and perch, down by one-half from 1963, still amounted to over 21% of all production for the Province. Yellow pickerel (walleye) landings showed a decrease of 28% over the prev- ious year due to reduced catches in Lake Erie, where a dominant year-class had provided excellent fishing in 1963, and to other minor decreases. A closed season for walleye during part of April and May in Georgian Bay reduced potential pro- duction there. As is generally the case with markets the reduction in catch of this highly desired species was accompanied by improved prices. The average price for yellow pickerel rose accordingly from 26.9 cents per pound in 1963 to 29.1 cents in 1964. Whitefish contributed over 7% of commercial production in 1964, a position little changed from the previous year. The other members of this family of fish, the lake herring and chub or tullibee made up over 9% of Ontario's catch, likewise little changed from 1963. White bass, suckers, pike, carp and sheepshead all con- tributed significantly, amounting to well over one-tenth of all landings. Of these a minor increase occurred in landings of pike. Sturgeon and the by-product, caviar, while contributing a total of only one hundred thousand pounds, continued to be by far the most sought-after product of Ontario's fishery. Average prices of over $1.00 per pound for the fish and over $3.50 for the caviar were received by fishermen. Much of this production continued to be taken by Indian fishermen in the waters draining into Hudson and James Bay from the Patricia area. The number of persons engaged in fishing was reduced by nearly 10 per cent from 3,271 in 1963 to 2,952 in 1964. Part of the reason for the decrease can be found in the active competition for workers by other industries where higher wages are attractive. The fishery in parts of Ontario, by utilizing more machinery and more efficient gear, such as trawls, has been able partly to offset the out-flow of labour from the fishing industry. It is generally noted, however, that the primary fishing industry in Ontario has difficulty in maintaining an income growth consist- ent with that in the more important industries of the Province. 99 The value of the equipment, including nets, boats and shore installations used in the primary industry remained about the same as in 1963 at just over ten million dollars. A total of 4,786 commercial fishing licences were issued by the Department of Lands and Forests in 1964. Of these the greater number, 2,886 were issued at the District Offices for taking or dealing in bait fish. A small, 2% increase from 1,862 to 1,900 occurred in the number of commercial fishing licences issued by the Fish and Wildlife Branch. Production of bait fish, not including quantities of fish imported into the Province, amounted to an estimated 3,734,827 dozen worth $1,387,253.00 to the producer fishermen. COMPARATIVE STATEMENT OF THE PRODUCTION OF THE FISHERIES IN THE PROVINCE OF ONTARIO Yield by Fishing Area Fishing Area Lake Erie Northern Inland . Lake Huron Lake Superior Lake Ontario Lake St. Clair Georgian Bay Southern Inland .... North Channel TOTAL NET DECREASE 1963 1964 Increase Decrease lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. 35,301,269 25,381,013 9,920,256 8,440,489 7,938,014 502,475 2,948,368 3,017,662 69,294 2,973,136 2,681,586 291,550 2,046,347 2,015,218 31,129 1,042,742 945,823 96,919 554,881 734,989 180,108 863,181 582,114 281,067 171,988 213,933 41,945 54,342,401 43,510,352 10,832,049 Value by Fishing Area 1963 1964 Increase Fishing Area $ $ $ Lake Erie 2,529,590.16 2,377,284.25 Northern Inland 1,169,527.76 1,047,423.81 Lake Huron 651,471.28 711,178.11 59,706.83 Lake Ontario 347,852.48 284,955.00 Lake Superior 271,337.43 248,791.55 Lake St. Clair 218,882.16 232,401.23 13,519.07 Georgian Bay 164,168.70 189,898.20 25,729.50 Southern Inland 102,336.34 73,399.33 North Channel 48,788.96 64,488.63 15,699.67 TOTAL 5,503,955.27 5,229,820.11 NET DECREASE Decrease $ 152,305.91 122,103.95 62,897.48 22,545.88 28,937.01 274,135.16 100 Z F 1/1 Z> Q Z tO O (D rs -O on E O Q) U CD Q 1 i: C XI c o (L) ■as 03 I H O £ h- o Z "- LU 3 ° a 00 i-l i-t ojoin«owooo CO CO CO -H Tj« L3 t-T-t CO *** rH 00 -<3< O ^H O 00 U3 CO iC O N IN N 00 iO Ol C) HlOH CM lO cm co Oi ft MNOiflOhN CO O 00 00 CO f-» CM CO CO I - H 03£ ft ©"2 ggj z fa '.cocooojoasor-Nt-wooco^' as co to as us ic tj« 10 r- as cc *DOt-W00M TfOOJHMH as »o oo "^ <£> cq lOOSCOOtD-HCOUO i-oooontooi- LO — I CO o o o Oh^OhO 00 is -* OOiOO' 00 W i-i NGOVOVOi O O US ^ •— * ^ -rr 9 ^» r- 1- «0 it o coo © © CO CO CO © © © © © CO hoioiooh 1O0JMOK HHlOOOlOOONWOO^O ^ MtDNOWH eauoco^cvi i-H CD »C OS CO i— ' 3 3 CtL s a CO Z> 0 Z ■3 "II o a m HO I to LU I > CO < h z o -r u_ ^0 CJ o ■ — LO * LU rn h- 1_ < n £ £ q; u u _J O m D 0) Q.. 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CO ei CO 1— -H © Ol M ei 1 - - CM «a CM 00 CM X M o5 ■ E | 2 41 s o B O : "2 H J I i -J - "C 9 1 4 CO CO — r: JZ B C B - — 6 to — CJ > 11 3 BR T3 ■ p •3 — s X X H CJ V H B 3 d ■ 5 e i e Hi 1 00 U c to E cb 1 9 i J= i 5 9 "5 B w c T i a > — 2 2 01 ■ "r" — c Q 4) ■* - ■ 2 : ce | $'5 <: < o c - 3 cj al CJ o i 3 J 0 2; St a CO — X X i 3 r. £££ 0 a *% 103 Thirty-five forestry officials from 30 countries spent a week last summer, studying Ontario's advanced methods of forest fire control. About 47 countries were involved in the studies, sponsored jointly by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the U.N. and the Canadian, Ontario and Quebec governments. Here, some of the delegates watch a demonstration of a portable tanker at Midhurst Forestry Station. Turbo-Beaver aircraft being loaded at Bass Lake, Lake Simcoe District. 104 FOREST PROTECTION BRANCH yHE Forest Protection Branch is comprised of two Sections: Forest Protection, *- with headquarters in Toronto, and Air Service, with headquarters in Sault Ste. Marie. The responsibilities and functions of the Branch are as follows: 1. Forest Fire Control Organization, staff distribution, fire district boundaries, fire warden system. 2. Fire Control Planning, preparation and implementation of fire control plans. 3. Fire Prevention, through removal of hazards, construction of fire guards, and travel, fire and work permits. Warnings to the public of existing and impending fire danger. Co-operation with Municipalities, Board of Transport Commissioners, Railways, Indian Affairs Branch, Forest Industries and other forest users in preventing, reporting and suppressing fires. 4. Detection of forest fires by a system of towers and aircraft patrols. 5. Training of staff, woods industry employees and other co-operators in fire suppression techniques. 6. The use of prescribed burning to eliminate hazards, and for various forest management purposes. 7. Forest fire suppression by co-ordinating movement of resources between regions as required and emergency arrangements. Fire statistics and reports. 9. Radio communications for fire control and all other Department requirements. 10. Pest Control by prevention of damage to trees caused by insects, disease and small mammals on all lands under Department management. Maintenance and operation of the aircraft fleet in compliance with Depart- ment of Transport Regulations and to provide for the utmost safety. Selec- tion of all technical staff including pilots and engineers. Leasing and disposition of helicopters. Plant and equipment programme for the Department including all buildings and improvement projects, major equipment including vehicles. Vehicle and building records, maintenance procedures, specifications, licensing and insur- ance. Equipment development. 105 FOREST PROTECTION BRANCH BRANCH CHIEF J. M. Whalen SUPERVISOR FOREST PROTECTION SECTION W. T. Foster Forest Fire Control Plant and Equipment Office Management SECRETARIAL Forest Pest Control Communications Toronto Maple Sault Ste. Marie SUPERVISOR AIR SERVICE SECTION Plant Superintendent Asst. Plant Superintendent Engines Propellors Accessories Asst. Plant Superintendent Aircraft Maintenance and Overhaul Heating Check Pilot Pilots Aii- Engineers Purchasing and Stores Accounting and Clerical 106 FOREST PROTECTION SECTION Forest Fire Control During the 1964 fire season 1,829 forest fires occurred, burning a total of 28,124 acres. The total number of fires was 30% above the average for the previous decade (1954 to 1963 inclusive). Area burned was the fourth lowest on record. The three years with smaller acreages burned were 1952, 1959 and 1962 during which 12,421, 5,281 and 13,804 acres respectively, were destroyed by fire. The highest occurrence period was May, June and July when 1,352 fires were reported. July recorded the highest fire incidence with 620 of the 1,829 total fires for the season. FIRE FREQUENCY BY CAUSE Lightning was responsible for starting approximately 33% of all fires reported. This is 10% higher than the previous decade average of 23%. Above average amount of rainfall, especially in the North Central and North Western Regions, resulted in below average burning conditions for most of the fire season. FOREST FIRE DETECTION The visible area mapping program, to cover all lookout towers, started in 1963 and was continued by two field parties during 1964. Completion of this programme is expected in 1965. Two types of maps are being produced — one showing area visible and not visible and one showing areas of double coverage (areas where cross-shots are possible), both of which are prepared on a district basis. A complete reassessment of the present fire detection system is planned when the mapping has been completed. Studies are proposed, to explore the advisability of more extensive use of aircraft fire detection patrols. New tower designs are being investigated with the possibility of their being used to replace old existing structures where fixed detection is still required. Further field tests with proto-type infra-red scanning equipment were carried out during 1964 and field tests with an operational scanner will proceed during 1965. Additional fire finders (designed by the federal penitentiary staff) have been installed as part of a program to up-date lookout tower equipment. PROSECUTIONS AND CONVICTIONS A total of 22 charges were laid under the Forest Fires Prevention Act and Regulations resulting in 22 convictions. FIRE PREVENTION Educational programmes aimed toward making the general public more aware of fire prevention were continued during 1964. In particular, special tours were arranged with railway prevention cars and meetings were held with railway employees across the province. Normal Department prevention programmes were continued and extended using radio, television and newspaper coverage throughout the 1964 fire season. 107 The use of rangers equipped with special fire prevention vehicles was con- tinued. The rangers carried out an effective programme by visiting schools, attending meetings, distributing literature and carrying out inspections of equip- ment or conditions that create fire hazards. A new publication "Our Forests Are Burning" was completed in 1964 and will be distributed during 1965. This publication is particularly suited for the elementary school fire prevention educational programme. PRESCRIBED BURNING A total of four prescribed burn projects were carried out, summarized as follows: Blueberry production 600 acres Seed bed preparation 155 acres Regeneration 30 acres The number of burns carried out in 1964 was lower than in the previous year, mainly due to unsuitable weather. Slash burning for hazard reduction is also being investigated and burns with this objective in mind are planned for 1965. TRAINING The provincial fire control training programme continued in 1964 with three courses being conducted. Sixty instructors were trained during the year. One hundred and sixty candidates have now completed the four-week instructor training course. For the first time, a number of out-of-the-province students and Industry Personnel attended the courses. District training courses were carried out following the standard training manual. The majority of these were of two weeks' duration. Indian training was expanded in 1964 with close to 500 Indians completing a five to 10-day course. Indians who receive training may be employed in special fire crews during high fire danger periods. This programme has resulted in a strengthening of fire control operations and at the same time improved Indian employment opportunities. Junior Rangers received formal fire training and worked a total of 621 man days on fires. FIRE SUPPRESSION EQUIPMENT Equipment development and testing was continued at the Maple Research Station during the past year. The work is carried out by the Mechanical Section of the Research Branch. A proto-type propane hose drying unit was constructed, capable of drying 1200 feet of XVz inch unlined hose per hour. The dryer will undergo field tests at Sudbury during 1965. A new air-cooled motor pump was tested and found to meet both perform- ance and service-free running time standards set by the Forest Protection Branch. Several additives, designed to extend the service-free running time on air cooled motors, were tested and found to be of little or no benefit. Hose tests were carried out in Cochrane District to ensure that hose pur- chased met specifications. At the same time, current hose specifications were reviewed to see that they met field requirements. Limited tests were also carried out with a new lined percolating hose which showed promise. It has both the 108 low friction loss characteristics of lined hose and the sweating or fireproofing qualities of unlined hose. All Otter aircraft were equipped with a 200-gallon water dropping tank located under the fuselage. A similar tank is presently being developed for Beaver aircraft. Forest Pest Control Forest pest problems in Ontario, which involve chiefly damaging insects and diseases of trees, are shared co-operatively with the Canada Department of Fores- try. The Province is responsible for initiating and conducting all control operations on lands under its jurisdiction, and the federal government conducts the surveys and research work on which control decisions are based. SURVEYS Each year this Department participates in the Ontario portion of the Canada- wide Forest Insect and Disease Survey of the federal Department of Forestry. Detailed information concerning the occurrence and distribution of specific insects and diseases is contained in the Annual Report of the Forest Insect and Disease Survey. The spruce budworm infestation in northwestern Ontario declined in 1964 to the point where defoliation could not be detected from the air. However, sampling from the ground did reveal some lingering budworm activity. In southern Ontario, the only spruce budworm infestation to cause heavy defoliation was in the white spruce plantation in the Uxbridge Forest, which has supported a fluctuating bud- worm population for many years. The major insect occurring in spectacular epidemic proportions and attracting most attention was the forest tent caterpillar. The infestation in northwestern Ontario increased to Lake Nipigon and south through the Nipigon valley to Black Bay Peninsula. In addition there are isolated patches of activity of this insect throughout northern Ontario. The geographic distribution of Dutch elm disease in Ontario remained about the same in 1964. The disease occurs throughout southern Ontario and extends north to a line from the mouth of the French River, curving north to include Lake Nipissing and east to Mattawa. Within this area, the disease continues to intensify and kill more elms. CONTROL Efforts to control forest pest problems are conducted in natural stands as well as in artificially established plantations. For the past few years, the forest insect causing greatest economic damage has been the white pine weevil. Control methods during 1964 were confined to spraying with knapsack sprayers, and hand clipping and burning infested leading shoots. A total of 2,800 acres of young white pines were treated. Approximately 2,400 acres of plantations were sprayed from the ground for control of sawflies. These were principally the red-headed pine sawfly and the European pine sawfiy, but included also small acreages of yellow-headed spruce sawfly and the larch sawfly. White grubs usually threaten the survival of newly planted trees on old, sod- covered agricultural lands. Aldrin treatments at time of planting are necessary and in 1964 about 750 acres were treated. On these sites, mice also often cause 109 high losses by feeding on the bark of seedlings during the winter. Approximately 650 acres were treated with zinc phosphide in area to almost 29,000 square miles in 1964, which includes all of the Kenora District, the northern one-half of the Fort Frances District, the southern part of the Sioux Lookout District, and the western fringe of the Port Arthur District. This insect feeds mainly on poplar in the north, and on several species of hardwoods in the south. There are several scattered areas infested by the caterpillar throughout central and eastern Ontario, totalling about 1,200 square miles. Chief among these are areas near Sault Ste. Marie, west and southwest of Lake Nipissing, the Muskoka Lakes, and the eastern portion of the Pembroke District. Larch sawfly populations across northern Ontario remained very low again in 1964. However, in southern Ontario damage by this insect was medium to heavy in several stands of tamarack and plantations of European larch. The European pine sawfly, an insect native to Europe which entered Ontario via Windsor about 1940, continues to spread eastward in southern Ontario. Al- though the eastern boundary of where the insect occurs did not advance materially in 1964, and remains roughly from Midland — Barrie — Port Perry and southeast to Lake Ontario just east of Newcastle, there was a marked increase in damage throughout southwestern Ontario. This sawfly feeds principally on Scots and red pines. The birch skeletonizer causes late-summer browning of white birch leaves which, while spectacular in appearance, does not affect the trees adversely. The infestation of this insect in southern and central Ontario virtually disappeared in 1964, but the shift to the north continued, resulting in a wide swath of severe browning of birch from Larder and Abitibi Lakes westward for control of mice. The major tree-killing disease in the forests of Ontario is the blister rust of white pine. A substantial control programme, which is tied in to the broader inten- sive management of white pine, has been in progress for several years. The disease is controlled by using the herbicide 2, 4, 5-T to kill the obligate alternate host plants, wild currants and gooseberries, in the immediate vicinity of the pines. In 1964, 7,500 acres of high-value young white pine stands were protected against the blister rust in parts of the Sault Ste. Marie, North Bay, Pembroke, Tweed, Kemptville and Lake Huron Districts. The fomes root rot, a killing disease with a potential for causing high losses in both young and older trees, is causing concern in several areas of the continent. The principal outbreak centres in Ontario are in red-pine plantations at St. Wil- liams in the Lake Erie District, and at the Orr Lake Forest in the Lake Simcoe District. A recommended method of control is to apply sodium nitrate to all freshly cut stumps as soon as trees are cut in plantations. This procedure was conducted in 1964 for the second consecutive year and covered 600 acres of thinning oper- ations. Radio Communications A small increase in the number of radiograms transmitted over the Radio system was recorded for 1964. A total of 91,803 messages were sent with a word count of 2,645,931. Additionally, much spontaneous unrecorded communications to and from aircraft, vehicles and portable units took place. Three more VHF radiotelephone stations were added to the System, being located at Remi Lake Park, Bass Lake Park and Point Farms Park. Thirty-three Automatic Direction Finder installations were purchased and 110 installed as aids to navigation in all remaining aircraft in the Department's fleet not previously installed. Other major equipment purchases consisted of: — 80 Transistorized lookout tower transreceivers to retire obsolete equipment in four administrative districts. 32 Six watt VHF radiotelephones for use in Ranger Headquarters throughout the Province. 5 VHF mobile radiotelephones. 100 VHF Walkie Talkie sets constituting a Provincial Cache to meet emer- gent fire and other conditions. 100 Lightweight VHF antennas for use on the fire line to extend portable radio equipment range. Nineteen VHF portable dry battery operated six channel radiotelephones were constructed by staff technicians to provide emergency fire line communications from other than department aircraft when they are on hire or contract. The following types and quantities of radio equipment constituted the 1964 inventory: — Tower Radiotelephones (V.H.F.) 352 Mobile Radiotelephones (H.F. and V.H.F.) 544 Marine Radiotelephones (H.F.) 1 5 Portable Radiotelephones (i/2 watt H.F.) 277 Portable Radiotelephones (2y2 watt H.F.) Ill Portable Walkie Talkie Transreceivers (V.H.F.) 339 Fire Base Portable Radiotelephones (2 watt V.H.F.) 125 Fire Base Portable Radiotelephones (35 watt H.F.) 94 50 Watt Ground Radio Stations (H.F.) 105 '5 Watt Ground Radio Stations (H.F.) 2 100 Watt Ground Radio Stations (H.F.) 3 150 Watt Ground Radio Stations (H.F.) 8 )0 Watt Ground Radio Stations (H.F.) 2 Watt Ground Radio Stations (H.F.) 8 Watt Ground Radio Stations (V.H.F.) 24 15/25 Watt Ground Radio Stations (V.H.F.) 89 50 Watt Ground Radio Stations (V.H.F.) 77 (includes V.H.F. attachments for 30 watt ground stations above) Aircraft Radio Installations (3 systems in each aircraft) 44 Helicopter Radiotelephones (H.F./V.H.F.) 8 Aircraft Ground Hailers 20 Total 2247 111 112 113 NUMBER OF FOREST FIRES AND AREA BURNED BY DISTRICTS 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 District Fires Acres Fires Acres Fires Acres Fires Acres Fires Acres Sioux Lookout 148 20,303 201 1,130,814 59 1,300 92 14,665 113 10,066 Kenora 103 1,657 250 34,155 50 260 171 836 120 1,767 Fort Frances 81 1,231 95 5,233 10 3 62 2,390 40 2,804 Port Arthur 77 450 92 8,887 46 106 92 2,564 99 556 Gerald ton 73 5,772 55 308 31 529 70 944 24 1,220 Kapuskasing 17 474 12 42 30 1,566 53 1,019 24 93 Cochrane 16 485 18 777 26 1,230 41 1,115 35 2,053 Swastika 4 69 23 266 41 790 46 885 23 304 Chapleau 15 30 7 361 23 26 26 28 10 366 Gogama 11 9 13 2 44 224 20 34 14 28 Sault Ste. Marie 28 18 75 347 80 384 121 638 95 413 Sudbury 53 65 115 666 332 4,459 382 16,586 305 1,943 White River 30 19 41 50 22 78 40 10,577 16 53 North Bay 18 12 38 128 141 1,241 155 1,367 110 511 Parry Sound 80 70 77 158 258 349 190 993 268 740 Pembroke 54 62 38 66 128 460 102 701 193 4,512 Tweed 89 521 100 2,341 106 560 120 556 167 316 Kemptville 4 5 16 157 Lindsay 49 136 50 122 57 200 78 209 120 132 Lake Huron 1 — 3 3 10 14 4 4 9 35 Lake Simcoe 9 3 2 2 27 25 16 22 28 55 Totals 956 31,386 1,305 1,184,728 1,521 13,804 1,885 56,138 1,829 28,124 NUMBER OF FOREST FIRES AND AREA BURNED OVER BY MONTHS Months 1960 1961 Fires Acres Fires 1962 1963 1964 Acres Fires Acres Fires Acres Fires Acres March — — — — — — 3 10 — — April 21 119 89 1,131 135 1,302 311 3,321 164 4,212 May 145 2,361 316 3,739 249 1,715 227 13,593 395 8,630 June 79 387 311 1,152,111 248 4,178 266 27,030 337 6,980 July 326 27,515 211 17,706 466 2,686 550 7,113 620 7,478 August 190 275 251 8,392 296 3,618 118 125 141 101 September 87 135 32 46 99 200 86 108 47 21 October 91 539 64 66 23 93 290 3,490 65 252 November 17 55 31 1,537 5 12 34 1,348 60 450 Totals 956 31,386 1,305 1,184,728 1,521 13,804 1,885 56,138 1.829 28,124 Size CLASSIFICATION OF FOREST FIRES BY SIZE No. No. No. No. No. 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 416 502 670 693 845 448 639 744 955 829 59 112 84 198 122 23 12 17 30 22 10 40 6 9 11 M acre and under Over % to 10 acres Over 10 to 100 acres Over 100 to 500 acres Over 500 acres Totals 956 1,305 1,521 1,885 1,829 114 FOREST FIRE SUMMARY Crown Private Total Total No. Average Fire Year Acres Acres Acres of Fires Size (Acres) 1925 132,481 57,062 189,543 1,149 165 1926 65,888 22,486 88,374 1,110 80 1927 22,772 12,970 35,742 924 39 1928 96,436 3,947 100,383 536 187 1929 608,750 16,893 625,643 1,550 404 1930 357,531 354,278 711,809 1,402 508 1931 105,866 32,421 138,287 1,851 75 1932 626,555 52,466 679,021 2,073 328 1933 325,034 24,924 349,958 1,919 182 1934 160,348 38,285 198,633 1,568 127 1935 183,179 67,483 250,662 1,309 191 1936 1,153,876 110,557 1,264,433 2,264 558 1937 201,887 22,859 224,746 1,453 155 1938 96,168 42,077 138,245 1,292 107 1939 26,089 3,009 29,098 961 30 1940 100,990 20,624 121,614 1,014 120 1941 271,793 394,754 666,547 1,265 527 1942 77,709 36,007 113,716 1,224 93 1943 33,465 19,352 52,817 624 85 1944 73,228 95,663 168,891 1,137 149 1945 17,997 30,513 48,510 966 50 1946 44,656 32,113 76,769 1,739 44 1947 38,093 45,939 84,032 1,393 60 1948 854,778 162,611 1,017,389 2,036 500 1949 40,593 19,472 60,065 1,834 33 1950 13,203 23,577 36,780 985 37 1951 96,662 4,581 101,243 904 112 1952 7,264 5,157 12,421 1,095 11 1953 44,519 14,290 58,809 1,520 39 1954 36,115 18,578 54,693 881 62 1955 370,948 25,475 396,423 2,252 176 1956 221,822 4,390 226,212 1,017 222 1957 24,250 22,401 46,651 1,671 28 1958 25,544 11,108 36,652 1,558 24 1959 2,580 2,701 5,281 1,029 5 1960 29,190 2,196 31,386 956 33 1961 1,180,900 3,828 1,184,728 1,305 908 1962 7,583 6,221 13,804 1,521 9 1963 40,692 15,446 56,138 1,885 30 1964 22,463 5,661 28,124 1,829 15 GENERAL CAUSES OF FOREST FIRES (Number of Fires — 1964) Fires Acres Lightning Industrial (Logging 19) Recreation Resident Railways Incendiary Miscellaneous Unknown 591 15,198 75 (Logging 295) 757 601 2,275 244 2,164 75 963 36 1,792 198 4,962 9 13 Totals 1,829 28,124 115 CAUSES OF FOREST FIRES (Number of Fires — 1964) By Source of Ignition Fires By Responsible Group Fires Smoking Material Hot Box Brake Shoe Steam Locomotive Diesel Locomotive Fusee Tie Burning Power Saw Mechanical Equipment Spark from Burner Sawdust Pile Burning Right-of-way Burning Prescribed Burning Playing with Matches Sparks from Chimney Garbage Dump Burn Rubbish Burning Brush Burning Grass Burning Burning Bulldozed Piles Camp Fires Power Line (short circuit) Structural Fire Explosives Fireworks Miscellaneous (Known) Unknown Lightning Dumped live ashes or coals 476 Fisherman 1 Hunter 8 Canoeist — Picknicker 14 Berry Picker 8 Camper 3 Private Cottager 2 Commercial Resort Owner 13 Guided Party 3 Children 1 Youth Group 17 Car Passenger 4 Train Passenger 110 Indian (on Reserve only) 9 Timber Cruiser 33 Logging Operation Woods Industry 60 Land Survey Party 47 Trapper 50 Prospector 4 Mining Employee 246 Pipeline Employee 29 Hydro Employee 26 Highway or Road Employee — Municipal Employee 18 Telephone Company Emplovee — R.R. Train Crew 51 R.R. Section Crew 591 R.R. Work Crew 5 Other Industrial Employee Farmer 1,829 Resident Rural (not Farmer) Resident Urban Military Unknown Hiker Lightning L. & F. Employee Other Provincial Govt. Employee Federal Govt. Employee 221 81 16 20 50 58 63 11 4 121 15 92 26 13 19 1 1 1 1 1 37 6 14 1 31 21 5 11 45 97 12 2 85 53 591 1 1 1 1,829 MEANS OF FIRE DETECTION 1963 1964 Lands and Forests Towers Lands and Forests Aircraft Commercial Aircraft Private Aircraft Lands and Forests Personnel Other Provincial Government Employees Public 620 611 206 178 97 55 19 34 92 116 27 41 824 794 Total Fires 1,885 1,829 NUMBER OF FIRE PERMITS ISSUED 1964 1963 1962 1961 1960 23,210 23,523 22,298 116 20,956 18,616 NUMBER OF TRAVEL PERMITS ISSUED 1964 1963 1962 1961 1960 Permits 86,567 111,960 271,799 108,771 366,985 108,108 393,510 94,634 Persons 300,354 332,471 MAJOR CAPITAL IMPROVEMENTS FOR FUTURE CONSTRUCTION 1966-67 District Headquarters Sioux Lookout, Kenora, North Bay, Parry Sound, White River, Chapleau, Sudbury, Tweed. Chief Ranger Headquarters Dry den, Kenora, Pays Plat, Terrace Bay, Red Lake, Ignace, Bancroft Warehouse. Fish Hatcheries Balsam Lake — North Bay. Experimental Hatchery — Sault Ste. Marie. New Hatchery — S.E. Region. Deer Lake — Lindsay. Research Stations Lakehead. Consolidated Station — Algonquin Park. 117 vo ON D CO CO CO o LU CO IS1" ^ s c V 0. u - O t* a as 5« E « - S .a be o 11 Sa Mt- io i> o ■* o t- oo oo » io H H N M N lO U5 i-T i-T H ,-H i-T i-J 0)0<0«INOOSINHNH10H'^OOffl!NfH!OIO WMUMMMaOiOt-Olt-flSlOt-HNiOOO iH N M M N H lO H CO i-H CO i-H (M t> oo q w t> ^ t- im ij o_ n io o! in ""i c^ tH r-T Cf CO~ CO*" -iHr-Tcg i-T -H~ loo^xMioooant-^^BiooM. TflOffiNHINHloao<00>l>HO)CO tH(MtHiH CO t-I iH to >S a « to S3 ,- a -2 _^ cS 3 * 8 w pq o ?} S .5 S3 2 ? t* pi 3 h T3 --^ > r\ <-" ** o ftiJ £ -cj eS o r- X ^ .2.S(«s 118 *i$ 5 " ft o o n 35 ©-S e.2 £ ! .e a I I I I I I I ' I I I " 11 I I " I J M J I I I I I I I i N CO eg CO rt I BN'fl'iOMTfH^N^N ■JNM I ~< I —I eg I ,h H — I CO —i -H O". S5 — -H0O3OU5-Hrt0O0ONC-l ■ — 71 M — -I HIM H(M ] _i Hrt t- I -H Nciw-Hx«--Mwcoioootc^wia,*(olnnii5^. ,_( CO -^" CO -*J» CO w -^ w la 10 10 m « -h "3 OlOOt0M[^(OHOuSo^ COC>JCOMT3'CNllMC0^HlMIN"*TllC0e>lC0e»M-^» OS O C- HWIO SOHNN I lOlOWI-WlOi-tOlTfXt^WNTjtOS tD I 1 \ I C> OS SO CO eg UO -^ HO W^NOOOOHTPlOCOrHtOIO^J1 *C Cg O nmhwh ^h »-h ^h eg eg eo eg eg .-« «-T »-* »-h h N'-fiO<0«»-tt^"5010ilOOWTJ(OiOftDHI- ^» CO NMtftOOOMWWujHlOO-HHOTfNJaWMH HHHNrt -H tH rt 11-HlHNNflMH t-H -. O 00 I I to 00 rH l^'-0iHN0i»Mh-Nu;tD(J3Ot'00NOt*Na)ff> O»-*-HlO00HlOO^0i!OCJM0JXNlOWU5T] i «> i ■S3>!3 72 OQ a 119 STATEMENT OF FIRE Merchantable Forest District Cu. Ft. Crown Private 7,627,588 260,27 932,915 36 38,458 40 365,187 — 569,415 — 25,000 42 85 — 1,000 1,20 1,575 42 2,550 — 2,000 — 12,750 — 15,440 4,06 22,469 1,57 10,015 30 387,572 12 2,762 12 13,904 3,72 20,065 4,79 850 1,021 Sioux Lookout Kenora Fort Frances Port Arthur Geraldton Cochrane Kapuskasing White River Swastika Gogama Chapleau Sault Ste. Marie North Bay Sudbury Parry Sound Pembroke Kemptville Tweed .., Lindsay Lake Simcoe Lake Huron TOTALS 10,051,600 120 DAMAGE TABLE, 1964 Immature Non- Forest Totals $ $ $ Cu. Ft. $ 259,234.23 57,006.25 — 7,887,858 316,240.48 26,988.00 11,881.00 — 933,251 38,869.00 1,757.48 331.25 60.00 38,867 2,148.73 25,022.81 118.75 3,700.00 365,187 28,841.56 17,636.95 306.25 1,500.00 569,415 19,443.20 1,017.10 4,425.00 — 25,425 5,442.10 3.40 — 950.00 85 953.40 80.00 125.00 — 2,200 205.00 57.95 6,500.00 — 2,000 6,557.95 99.00 125.00 — 2,550 224.00 4.70 — — 2,000 4.70 765.00 5,160.25 — 12,750 5,925.25 743.90 6,696.50 500.00 19,500 7,940.40 1,031.64 22,616.50 4,000.00 24,047 27,648.14 1,310.35 23,449.58 1,047.00 10,315 25,806.93 13,385.26 5,130.62 2,000.00 287,700 20,515.88 214.16 50.50 500.00 2,882 764.66 1,149.49 3,974.75 434.70 17,624 5,558.94 606.75 856.50 5,000.00 24,858 6,463.25 22.00 156.22 — 1,870 178.22 256.25 100.00 — 356.25 351,130.17 149,166.17 19,791.70 10,330,384 520,088.04 121 a* «< as o as 2 ■T to. as O IT) C\J 122 fO CM 123 UJ (E CO — 2 u- O O o o f- **■ to csj — O o co r^- toin ro cm AIR SERVICE SECTION 1964-65 Modernization of the air fleet was commenced with the acquisition of two new DeHavilland Turbo-Beaver aircraft. Delivery of Turbo-Beaver CF-OEA was taken in January, 1965 and CF-OEB in February, 1965. These aircraft replace two Beaver aircraft CF-OBY and CF-OBZ of 1948 vintage, which were sold by public tender in October, 1964. Flying operations were carried out from 28 bases during the fire season. Twelve of these bases provide year round services necessary in resource manage- ment work. Five helicopters were again leased from May 1 st to September 30th to provide transportation in fire control work in areas inaccessible to conventional aircraft. Total flying time for the year was 1 3,247 Va hours. Total passengers carried, 35,077. Total loads carried, 10,868,394 pounds. Seventeen mercy flights totalling 25:45 hours were carried out. ACCIDENTS RESULTING IN DAMAGES TO AIRCRAFT Otter Aircraft CF-ODW suffered damage to the tail assembly and under- carriage while tied to base dock at Pembroke, during a heavy rainstorm with wind twisters on the evening of October 7, 1964. Damaged parts were replaced and the machine was flown to Sault Ste. Marie where an exhaustive examination was made and repairs effected. Beaver Aircraft CF-OCP while tied to the dock at White River, sank in sixteen feet of water on the night of October 8, 1964, due to extreme and unusual weather conditions. There was a combination of rain and snow accompanied by gale force winds with temperatures well below freezing. The aircraft was raised, dismantled, and shipped by truck to Sault Ste. Marie hangar. No serious damage occurred. The propeller, engine and airframe were thoroughly checked and over- hauled. Beaver Aircraft CF-OCH piloted by U. W. Fiskar was extensively damaged after landing at Smoke Lake on January 11, 1965. Glare ice conditions covered by light snow made it impossible to control movement of aircraft which crashed into rocky shoreline, buckling port wing and doing severe damage to parts of the fuse- lage and starboard skis. This aircraft will be completely rebuilt and overhauled at the Air Service Hangar, Sault Ste. Marie. 125 Table OPERATING BASES 964-65 Base Type of Aircraft * Algonquin Park Red Lake * Kenora * Fort Frances Nym Lake * Sioux Lookout Ignace * Port Arthur Caribou Lake Pays Plat Twin Lakes (Nakina) * Geraldton Pickle Lake White River * Sault Ste. Marie * Chapleau * Gogama South Porcupine Temagami Kenogami Remi Lake Carey Lake * Sudbury Parry Sound * Pembroke Lauzon Lake Tweed * Toronto * — Denotes year-round bases Beaver Beaver Beaver and Otter Beaver Beaver Beaver and Otter Beaver Beaver and Otter Beaver Beaver Beaver Otter Otter Beaver Beaver Otter Beaver Beaver Otter Beaver Beaver Beaver Beaver Beaver and Otter Beaver Otter Beaver Beaver Widgeon and (2) (2) and Beaver 126 Table II TRANSPORT AIRCRAFT — Effective Loads Carried — 1 964-65 Aircraft Hours Flown Pounds Effective Loads BEAVER CF-OBS 283:50 115,530 lbs. 57 tons, 1530 pounds. CF-OBY 84:00 70,716 lbs. 35 tons, 716 pounds. CF-OBZ 70:55 196,845 lbs. 98 tons, 845 pounds. CF-OCA 209:30 98,965 lbs. 49 tons, 965 pounds. CF-OCB 317:00 144,194 lbs. 72 tons, 194 pounds. CF-OCC 552:40 516,480 lbs. 258 tons, 480 pounds. CF-OCD 254:15 140,015 lbs. 70 tons, 15 pounds. CF-OCE 323:45 333,402 lbs. 166 tons, 1402 pounds. CF-OCG 175:05 121,787 lbs. 60 tons, 1787 pounds. CF-OCH 320:50 194,731 lbs. 97 tons, 731 pounds. CF-OCJ 486:20 363,121 lbs. 181 tons, 1121 pounds. CF-OCK 314:00 185,843 lbs. 92 tons, 1843 pounds. CF-OCL 191:00 95,605 lbs. 47 tons, 1605 pounds. CF-OCN 284:50 280,800 lbs. 140 tons, 800 pounds. CF-OCO 291:40 226,719 lbs. 113 tons, 719 pounds. CF-OCP 445:25 306,059 lbs. 153 tons, 59 pounds. CF-OCQ 508:50 239,705 lbs. 119 tons, 1705 pounds. CF-OCS 158:25 71,800 lbs. 35 tons, 1800 pounds. CF-OCT 358:25 200,324 lbs. 100 tons, 324 pounds. CF-OCU 368:20 265,980 lbs. 132 tons, 1980 pounds. CF-OCV 241:00 128,135 lbs. 64 tons, 135 pounds. CF-OCX 385:20 193,565 lbs. 96 tons, 1565 pounds. CF-OCY 409:35 188,115 lbs. 94 tons, ] <5 puunds. CF-OCZ 282:40 166,605 lbs. 83 tons, 605 pounds. CF-ODA 126:30 41,625 lbs. 20 tons, 1625 pounds. CF-ODB 343:50 148,520 lbs. 74 tons, 520 pounds. CF-ODC 265:35 77,575 lbs. 38 tons, 1575 pounds. CF-ODD 366:50 211,146 lbs. 105 tons, 1146 pounds. CF-ODE 169:05 39,588 lbs. 19 tons, 1588 pounds^ CF-ODF 271:05 162,310 lbs. 81 tons, 310 pounds. CF-ODG 541:45 308,050 lbs. 105 tons, 50 pounds. CF-ODO 94:10 12,125 lbs. 6 tons, 125 pounds. CF-ODS 117:20 40,917 lbs. 20 tons, 917 pounds. OTTER CF-ODJ 386:55 379,065 lbs. 189 tons, 1065 pounds. CF-ODK 205:00 194,270 lbs. 97 tons, ?70 pounds. CF-ODL 300:35 1,019,790 lbs. 509 tons, 1790 pounds. CF-ODP 242:00 360,224 lbs. 180 tons, 224 pounds. CF-ODQ 351:10 401,694 lbs. 200 tons, 1694 pounds. CF-ODU 345:40 610,231 lbs. 305 tons, 231 pounds. CF-ODV 564:15 371,850 lbs. 185 tons, 1850 pounds. CF-ODW 354:20 660,337 lbs. 330 tons, 337 pounds. CF-ODX 273:55 426,628 lbs. 213 tons, 628 pounds. CF-ODY 299:00 465,008 lbs. 232 tons, 1008 pounds. WIDGEON CF-ODR 212:50 40,845 lbs. 20 tons, 845 pounds. TURBO-BEAVER CF-OEA 100:40 35,775 lbs. 17 tons, 1775 pounds. CF-OEB 42:05 15,780 lbs. 7 tons, 1780 pounds. Total Transport Section: Total Flying Time, Hours : 13,247:15 Total Loading, Lbs.: 10,868,394 lbs. Total Loading, Tons: 5,434 tons 394 pounds. 127 Table III HOURS FLOWN ON VARIOUS PHASES OF FLYING OPERATIONS 1949-64 1964-65 Total Fire Ranging (Detection, Suppression, Water-Dropping) 86,081:15 4,466:45 90,548:00 Timber Management 13,342:55 1,267:25 14,610:20 Fish and Wildlife 41,538:10 3,578:50 45,117:00 Lands 3,335:10 270:55 3,606:05 Parks 2,310:30 346:55 2,657:25 Research 105 :45 105 :45 Interdepartmental Flying 5,738:55 349:55 6,088:50 Administration 43,525:15 2,860:45 46,386:00 195,872:10 13,247:15 209,119:25 BREAK-DOWN OF ADMINISTRATION 1964-65 Mercy Flights 24:45 Tests (Radio & Aircraft) 48:40 Ferrying and Instructions 200:20 Entomology 133:20 Forced Landings and Operations 244:35 Transportation 2,209:05 Surveys — 2,860:45 Table IV PASSENGERS AND PERSONNEL CARRIED 1924-64 1964-65 Total Passengers Carried 622,433 30,235 652,668 Personnel Carried 171,442 4,842 176,284 Total Passengers and Personnel Carried 793,875 35,077 828,952 Effective Loads Flown, Lbs 193,479,752 10,868,394 204,348,146 Effective Loads Flown, Tons 96,739 tons 5,434 tons 102,174 tons 1,752 lbs. 394 lbs. 146 lbs. 128 Table V HOURS FLOWN AT BASES 1964-65 Base Hours Flown Algonquin Park 481:00 Carey Lake 347 :05 Caribou Lake 358:00 Chapleau 522:15 Fort Frances 722:05 Geraldton 311:15 Gogama 647:55 Ignace 190:35 Kenogami 253:50 Kenora 762:30 Lauzon Lake 284:25 Nym Lake 291:05 Pays Plat 209:05 Parry Sound 367 :45 Pickle Lake 385:25 Port Arthur 670 :25 Pembroke 529:05 Red Lake 363:45 Remi Lake 343:30 Sault Ste. Marie 760:00 Sioux Lookout 1,055:25 South Porcupine 347:00 Sudbury 813:25 Temagami 323:20 Twin Lakes ( Nakina) 218 :00 Toronto 355:10 White River 516:05 Tweed 379:40 Air Service General, Operations 438:10 13,247:15 129 Table VI FLYING TIME — PILOTS Pilots 1924-64 1964-65 Total Allen D.W. Ballantyne D.E. Beaushene G.D. Bieck A.H. Burtt A.E. Calver D.R. Campbell G.E. Colfer A.P. Cooke T.C. Cram W.W. Croft B.R. Croal D.M. Culliton J.E. Denley J.G. Evans F.B. Fiskar U.W. Glennie N.A. Hoar H.A. Hoeberg P.S. Howe F.R. Kincaid J. Kirk C.J. Lamont J.A. Lefeuvre C.J. Lowe B. Marych E. McLeod A.K. McNabb D.D. MacDougall F.A. North D.H. Parsons R. Pike S.J. Reid D.M. Siegel J. Speight H.C. Taylor J.M. Thomas E. Thompson F.J. Turcotte L.J. Weisflock E.J. Other Pilots 3,784:55 473:40 4,258:35 2,631:00 369:10 3,000:10 4,475:00 457:00 4,932:00 2,350:30 361:40 2,712:10 9,045:45 328:30 9,374:15 3,861:45 472:15 4,334:00 5,901:25 567:10 6,468.35 8,041:55 693:55 8,735:50 8,444:50 57:30 8,502:20 1,828:20 291:20 2,119:40 2,158:30 314:35 2,473:05 2,724:15 593:45 3,318:00 757:15 346:20 1,103:35 8,139:40 267:00 8,406:40 5,139:00 286:25 5,425:25 4,927:30 430:15 5,357:45 3,535:15 322:45 3,858:00 3,385:35 193:05 3,578:40 3,888:50 354:30 4,243:20 100:50 262:05 ■ 362:55 8,476:05 103:35 8,579:40 5,333:05 303:00 5,636:05 4,417:05 325:20 4,742:25 9,916:25 425:00 10,341:25 2,037:55 220:45 2,258:40 284:35 284:35 105:30 105:30 244:50 244:50 5,393:20 93:40 5,487:00 1,727:10 211:50 1,939:00 7,992:45 160:20 8,153:05 1,032:45 651:15 1,684:00 5,288:25 232:20 5,520:45 5,845:40 352:20 6,198:00 8,973:45 565:35 9,539:20 3,627:25 83:15 3,710:40 4,265:55 256:35 4,522:30 3,493:10 348:50 3,842:00 1,941:25 487:45 2,429:10 348:00 348:00 206,277:25 206,277:25 371,161:50 13,247:15 384,409:05 130 Table VII FLYING TIME — AIRCRAFT Aircraft Beaver 1924-64 1964-65 Total CF-OBS CF-OBY CF-OBZ CF-OCA CF-OCB CF-OCC CF-OCD CF-OCE CF-OCG CF-OCH CF-OCJ CF-OCK CF-OCL CF-OCN CF-OCO CF-OCP CF-OCQ CF-OCS CF-OCT CF-OCU CF-OCV CF-OCX CF-OCY CF-OCZ CF-ODA CF-ODB CF-ODC CF-ODD CF-ODE CF-ODF CF-ODG CF-ODO CF-ODS 5,950:25 4,406:55 5,104:05 4,479:15 5,439:40 4,685:10 4,367:40 5,287:00 4,066:35 4,710:00 4,288:00 4,641:35 4,167:25 5,047:45 5,003:45 5,445:15 5,270:10 4,722:15 5,035:05 4,694:20 4,331:25 4,143:50 4,028:55 3,251:20 3,817:25 4,567:10 5,348:20 1,462:35 3,572:25 3,704:15 4,426:35 953:25 790:30 238:50 84:00 70:55 209:30 317:00 552:40 254:15 323:45 175:05 320:50 486:20 314:00 191:00 284:50 291:40 445:25 508:50 158:25 358:25 368:20 241:00 385:20 409:35 282:40 126:30 343:50 265:35 366:50 169:05 271:05 541:45 94:10 117:20 6,189:15 4,490:55 5,175:00 4,688:45 5,756:40 5,237:50 4,621:55 5,610:45 4,241:40 5,030:50 4,774:20 4,955:35 4,358:25 5,332:35 5,295:25 5,890:40 5,779:00 4,880:40 5,393:30 5,062:40 4,572:25 4,529:10 4,438:30 3,534:00 3,943:55 4,911:00 5,613:55 1,829:25 3,741:30 3,975:20 4,968:20 1,047:35 907:50 Otter CF-ODJ CF-ODK CF-ODL CF-ODP CF-ODQ CF-ODU CF-ODV CF-ODW CF-ODX CF-ODY 3,357:25 2,774:40 3,214:00 2,182:00 2,479:00 1,253:25 1,671:40 1,030:30 415:00 334:25 386:55 205:00 300:35 242:00 351:10 345:40 564:15 354:20 273:55 299:00 3,744:20 2,979:40 3,514:35 2,424:00 2,830:10 1,599:05 2,235:55 1,384:50 688:55 633:25 Widgeon CF-ODR 1,760:50 212:50 1,973:40 Turbo-Beaver CF-OEA CF-OEB 100:40 42:05 100:40 42:05 ill Other Aircraft 208,537:20 370,220:45 13,247:15 208,537:20 383,468:00 131 l/-\ i o CO r- I (J >- u z on z < u -Q O •I £§ .:2 3JB i I O 0> C*J > B 5 as o s s s c — — «m OS O 3 •= a! > 3 ^ ■§ he w 5- u 0) 13 2 0) J4 oi m5 ^S --SS flll'I Sal ■ .5 E-ex) £ $ "5 1 h oi o "^ o S H 3 e 03-8 P3 OH »2 5 5« a | 8-3 £ 5 c > Is £ w 5 a! ai "3 e id S ^ .X j -c H k E O k >-» R* fct •< p* fc'p S3 £ S3 q 5 o o e S r? e 3 3 3 3 i-s i-s >-» >-a > . k °2 >> gl T& *3 ith se for m iagnos to hos 3 0 it a ken tc oval o ■ushed th Ba an v\ ken an d ken > >> Boy ta to rem Man c to Noi SS PQ c o. a e oji ■e^s C *? t*-3M ^2 Ph C as •w e o — Ph II $£ Oi? — ai o a« too Ph J Oi ^ ■a o E oS ai E§ a! ai bo M o o q: e o o o bo 3 M o o o O m oil, a S8§ 132 Table IX HELICOPTER FLYING HOURS HELICOPTER HOURS FLOWN CF-HER 378:45 CF-IZH 318:05 CF-ICG 470:55 CF-IKR 311:35 CF-PUU 2:00 CF-JFR 427 :30 1,908:50 HOURS FLOWN ON VARIOUS PHASES OF FLYING OPERATIONS SERVICE HOURS FLOWN Fire Ranging 1,423:15 Timber Management 31:55 Fish & Wildlife 29:30 Lands 4:45 Parks Interdepartmental Flying 1 :40 Administration 417:45 1,908:50 BREAKDOWN OF ADMINISTRATION Research 3:45 Mercy Flights 3:00 Ferrying 230:25 Surveys 149:55 Transportation 28:25 Operations 2:15 417:45 133 Crown Land has proven popular for summer resort locations. Kishkebus Lake Wilderness Area, Tweed District, is an area of high aesthetic and recreational value. 134 LANDS AND SURVEYS BRANCH 'HE Branch is comprised of five sections with responsibilities and functions as follows: LANDS SECTION Management of public lands including lands under water. Disposal by sale, patent, vesting order, quit claim deed, lease, licence of occupation or land use permit for many private, commercial, industrial, municipal or public uses; release of reservations in patents, assignments, cancellations. Reservation of land for parks, access points, other public and government uses. LAND USE PLANNING SECTION Supervision of the preparation of Land Use plans. Wilderness Areas. Advisory Committee on Recreational Land Use Planning. Private Land Liaison Committee. LAND ACQUISITION SECTION Recommendations and applications for purchase of private lands for parks, wilderness or nature reserves, water access, hunting, fishing, forestry, recreation and other public uses. SURVEYS SECTION Surveys and descriptions on Crown Lands for parks, Base and Meridian lines, summer resort and recreational purposes, lands for acquisition or dispo- sition. Retracement surveys and restoration of original Crown survey points. Inspection, recording and custody of original plans and field notes of Crown and Municipal surveys. Map compilation. Authorization of Geographical Names. Distribution of maps, publications and copies of survey records. Accounts payable, supplies and equipment. Access Roads. ENGINEERING SECTION Approval of dams. Licences of occupation for dams, flooding and diversions. Water resource management. Issuance and servicing of Water Power Lease Agreements. Plans for buildings, renovation of plant and equipment. 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O h- _J < o z > o o: 8t>0'29 ivioi fHRMHBHBRP' CIO'OS "IV101 flHHH^B' t>09'8fr IViOi 1 1 to s d Q3inaiMisia sdvw jo H38wnN 166 V 1 1 1 1 1 1 / i i / / / / / T 1 1 1 ■ , \ \ \ \ f i i j / / / 1 1 I i i i \ \ \ \ i i i 1 1 1 1 i i i Q 2 UJ O UJ _l 1 1 o b z \ i / / / I i \ \ I OF ONTARIO MAPS MAPS NEOUS MAPS i i i i i i i i i j PROVINC DISTRICT ISLAND MISCELL/I / / / / i i i ' o - r--| CD 01 in om 0> a3inaiyisia SdVW jo u38wnN 167 SNouvocn 1UOS3U 83\NWr\S Q3A3AUDS 168 b \- q: o CO UJ ct: a: UJ CO to ro ro CO en X O a: < 2 <\J CC a> CD 2 Q ■z. LU CD ct: < >- < O CD SNOIlOVSNVcdl JO HjgiflnN 169 The penalty for not obeying the hunting rules . . . confiscated rifles and shotguns. A conservation officer checks the bag limit of pheasant hunters after a day's shooting on Pelee Island. 170 LAW BRANCH Responsibilities of Law Branch 1. Advising the branches and field offices upon the legal position of the Depart- ment in all matters affecting it. 2. Consulting and working with federal officials on matters concerning fisheries, federal canal systems, harbours and lands, Indian reservations and rights of Indians, particularly regarding hunting and fishing. 3. Establishing and reviewing Department policy in various fields, whether such policies are to take the form of legislation, regulations or administrative policy. Integrating such policies into those of the Government. 4. Interpretation of Statutes and regulations. 5. Maintenance of records of Crown land including, (a) advising the public and others on such records (b) compilation of statistics and incidental correspondence (c) cancellation of Crown land sales (d) domesday books (e) forfeitures (f) leases (g) licences (h) preparation and engrossing of documents disposing of Crown land including, (i) leases (ii) letters patent (iii) licences of occupation 6. Preparation and processing of (a) agreements (b) briefs, opinions and memoranda on special subjects (c) leases (d) legislation (e) licences (f) office consolidations of statutes and regulations (g) pleadings (h) recommendations to Council (i) regulations under the various statutes administered by the Department. 7. Services — miscellaneous (a) collection of bad accounts (i.e. accidents involving Department vehicles, unpaid accounts, land tax arrears, etc.) (b) conducting litigation (c) conveyancing (d) representing the Department as Counsel in Provincial Land Tax Appeals (e) settlement of claims and disputes including grievances of Department employees (f) title searching. 171 LAW BRANCH Supervisor: G. H. FERGUSON SOLICITOR: W. E. D. PETERS . PATENTS OFFICE Supervisor: B. P. FOSTER SECRETARY Stenographic Staff 172 LEGISLATION At the Session of the Legislature, which convened on the 20th day of January, 1965, and prorogued on the 22nd day of June, 1965, amendments were made to The Loggers' Safety Act, 1962-63 and The Public Lands Act. Also The Ottawa River Water Powers Act, 1965 was passed. THE LOGGERS' SAFETY AMENDMENT ACT, 1965 The clause denning "Department" as the Department of Labour was repealed and section la was added to the Act to provide that the Act is under the control and direction of a member of the Executive Council designated so to do by the Lieutenant Governor in Council. The procedure respecting the appointment of officers under the Act was simplified. Subsection 1 of section 9 was amended to provide that notices of accidents shall be sent to the chief officer where the accident prevents a logger from working for at least three days. This Act came into force on the 14th day of April, 1965, the day on which it received Royal Assent. THE PUBLIC LANDS AMENDMENT ACT, 1965 Section 37 of The Public Lands Act was re-enacted to provide for the mailing of all instruments granting title to unpatented public lands under this or any other Act to the proper Local Master of Titles or Registrar of Deeds. This change in procedure will take effect on proclamation. Subsection la was added to section 69 of the Act to authorize a procedure to permit the release of the reservation in letters patent reserving free access to the shore in cases where the Minister is of the opinion that the reservation no longer serves a useful purpose or that the release is in the public interest. This Act came into force on the 14th day of April, 1965, the day on which it received Royal Assent. THE OTTAWA RIVER WATER POWERS ACT, 1965 This Act confirmed, insofar as Ontario has legislative authority, an agree- ment between Ontario, Quebec, Ontario Hydro and Hydro-Quebec which amends a 1943 agreement (confirmed by The Ottawa River Water Powers Act, 1943) respecting the development of the water powers of the Ottawa River by providing for a higher dam at the Cave & Fourneaux site near Mattawa. This Act came into force on the 14th day of April, 1965, the day on which it received Royal Assent. REGULATIONS Forty regulations made under the authority of the Statutes Administered by the Department of Lands and Forests were approved and filed during the fiscal year from April 1st, 1964 to March 31st, 1965. The following are the regulations which were approved and filed: The Crown Timber Act O.Reg. 117/64 — Amending Reg. 69 of — Scalers' Licences. R.R.O. 1960 173 The Forest Fires Prevention Act O.Reg. 76/64 — Amending Reg. 184 of R.R.O. 1960 O.Reg. 142/64 — Amending Reg. 184 of R.R.O. 1960 — Fire Districts — Pembroke. — Fire Districts — Sioux Lookout and Port Arthur. The Game and Fish Act, 1961-62 O.Reg. 82/64 — New and Revokes Reg. of R.R.O. 1960, O.Regs. 171/61, 20/62, 87/62, 105/62, 131/62, 300/62 and 127/63 O.Reg. 93/64 — Amending O.Reg. 82/64 204 — Fish Sanctuaries — Waters Set Apart for Periods. O.Reg. 94/64 O.Reg. 107/64 O.Reg. 152/64 O.Reg. 153/64 O.Reg. 174/64- O.Reg. 177/64 O.Reg. 184/64 O.Reg. O.Reg. 192/64 206/64 O.Reg. 250/64 O.Reg. O.Reg. O.Reg. O.Reg. O.Reg. 251/64 260/64 281/64 286/64 290/64 - New and Revokes Reg. 193 of R.R.O. 1960 - Revokes O.Reg. 82/64 (part) ■ New and Revokes O.Regs. 138/63, 255/63 and 344/63 -New -Amending O.Reg. 82/64 - New and Revokes O.Regs. 195/63, 267/63, 273/63 and 297/63 - New and Revokes O.Reg. 141/63 Amending O.Reg. 152/64 -Amending O.Regs. 189/63 and 299/63 ■Amending O.Reg. 310/63 Amending O.Reg. 286/63 Amending O.Reg. 153/63 Amending O.Reg. 286/63 Amending O.Reg. 177/64 -Amending O.Reg. 189/63 O.Reg. 292/64 — Amending O.Reg. 226/63 O.Reg. 328/64 — Amending O.Reg. 229/63 O.Reg. 343/64 — New and Revokes Reg. 190 of R.R.O. 1960 O.Reg. 13/65 — New and Revokes O.Reg. 164/63 O.Reg. 21/65 — Revokes O.Reg. 82/64 (part) O.Reg. 22/65 — New and Revokes Reg. 188 of R.R.O. 1960, O.Regs. 170/61, 305/61, 25/62, 204/62, 257/62 and 65/63 O.Reg. 46/65 — New and Revokes Reg. 189 of R.R.O. 1960, O.Regs. 66/63 and 82/63 Amending O.Reg. 82/64 Fish Sanctuaries — Waters Set Apart for Periods. Hunter Safety Training Courses. Fish Sanctuaries — Waters Set Apart for Periods. Open Seasons — Fur-bearing Animals. Open Seasons — Rabbit and Squirrel Fish Sanctuaries — Waters Set Apart for Periods. Open Seasons — Game Birds. — Fire-arms — Sunday Hunting. — Open Seasons — Fur-bearing Animals. — Open Seasons — Deer, Moose and Black Bear. — Hunting on Crown Lands — Township of Tosorontio. — Hunting in Provincial Parks. — Hunting by Aircraft. . — Hunting in Provincial Parks. — Open Seasons — Game Birds. — Open Seasons — Deer, Moose and Black Bear. — Fish Sanctuaries — Waters Set Apart. — Hunting Licences — Issuance. — Furs — Trap-line Licences. — Fishing Huts. — Fish Sanctuaries — Waters Set Apart for Periods. — Crown Game Preserves. — Fishing Licences. O.Reg. 81/65 O.Reg. 82/65 — Amending O.Reg. 226/63 Fish Sanctuaries — Waters Set Apart for Periods. Fish Sanctuaries — Waters Set Apart. The Loggers' Safety Act, 1962-63 O.Reg. 317/64 — New —General. The Provincial Land Tax Act, 1961-62 O.Reg. 162/64 — Amending O.Reg. 343/62 —General. O.Reg. 339/64 — Amending O.Reg. 343/62 —General. The Provincial Parks Act O.Reg. 110/64 — Amending Reg. R.R.O. 1960 498 of — Designation of Parks. 174 O.Reg. 161/64 — Amending Reg. 498 of R.R.O. 1960 O.Reg. 183/64 — Amending Reg. 498 of R.R.O. 1960 O.Reg. 205/64 — Revokes Reg. 498 of R.R.O. 1960 (part) O.Reg. 71/65 — Amending Reg. 499 of R.R.O. 1960 Designation of Parks. Designation of Parks. Designation of Parks. General. The Wilderness Areas Act O.Reg. 89/64 — Amending Reg. 567 of R.R.O. 1960 O.Reg. 229/64 — Amending Reg. 567 of R.R.O. 1960 O.Reg. 259/64 — Amending Reg. 567 of R.R.O. 1960 Wilderness Areas — Pukaskwa and Porphyry Island. Wilderness Areas — Shoal Lake. Wilderness Areas — Sankey Township, Whitefish Lake and Blair Township. ORDERS-IN-COUNCIL Recommended By The Minister Of Lands And Forests During The Year 1964-65 THE CROWN TIMBER ACT 1127/64 1128/64 1129/64 1130/64 1131/64 1161/64 1241/64 1244/64 1295/64 1296/64 1310/64 1311/64 1445/64 1449/64 1630/64 1638/64 1651/64 1652/64 1694/64 1695/64 1696/64 1697/64 1739/64 1741/64 1742/64 1783/64 1827/64 1857/64 1952/64 1953/64 1960/64 Numbers of Order s-in-Council 2068/64 3198/64 2073/64 3201/64 2137/64 3205/64 2209/64 3206/64 2211/64 3207/64 2212/64 3241/64 2213/64 3242/64 2252/64 3244/64 2253/64 3298/64 2254/64 3355/64 2255/64 3359/64 2258/64 3505/64 2259/64 3539/64 2260/64 3540/64 2371/64 3637/64 2372/64 3638/64 2381/64 3715/64 2382/64 3717/64 2383/64 3718/64 2402/64 3755/64 2488/64 3834/64 2532/64 3836/64 2584/64 3868/64 2585/64 3871/64 2742/64 3985/64 2743/64 4009/64 2937/64 4010/64 3085/64 4074/64 3130/64 4100/64 3133/64 4161/64 3184/64 4162/64 12/65 13/65 125/65 127/65 128/65 129/65 130/65 233/65 238/65 299/65 351/65 412/65 496/65 515/65 591/65 608/65 617/65 766/65 769/65 770/65 771/65 775/65 779/65 812/65 876/65 942/65 943/65 999/65 1014/65 1015/65 1814/64; 2174/64; THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL ACT Numbers of Orders-in-Council 2175/64; 2436/64; 2533/64; 2732/64; 3558/64; 613/65; 175 3081/64; 1150/64; 1312/64; 2067/64; 2210/64; 2435/64; 2404/64; THE 2050/64; 3724/64; 1591/64; 2727/64; 3893/64; THE FINES AND FORFEITURES ACT Numbers of Order s-in-Council THE FOREST FIRES PREVENTION ACT Numbers of Orders-in-Council 1869/64; THE GAME AND FISH ACT, 1961 Numbers of Orders-in-Council -62 3078/64 3079/64 3107/64 3268/64 3297/64 3433/64 4060/64 4190/64 242/65; 514/65; THE HIGHWAY IMPROVEMENT ACT Numbers of Orders-in-Council LAKE OF THE WOODS CONTROL BOARD ACT, 1922 Numbers of Orders-in-Council 116/65; THE LOGGERS' SAFETY ACT, 1962-63 Numbers of Orders-in-Council 3887/64 3895/64; 49/65; MISCELLANEOUS Numbers of Orders-in-Council 4189/64; 920/65; 4242/64; THE MUNICIPAL ACT Numbers of Orders-in-Council 1993/64; THE PROVINCIAL LAND TAX ACT, Numbers of Orders-in-Council 4163/64; 1961-62 1520/64; 1999/64; THE PROVINCIAL PARKS ACT Numbers of Orders-in-Council 2189/64; 944/65; 2433/64; 1136/64; 1140/64; 1163/64; 1242/64; 1392/64; 1406/64; 1541/64; 1553/64; 1592/64; 1620/64; 1623/64; 1624/64; 1699/64; 1873/64; THE PUBLIC LANDS ACT Numbers of Orders-in -Council 1990/64 2741/64 1994/64 2911/64 1995/64 2933/64 2031/64 3084/64 2188/64 3616/64 2373/64 3636/64 2404/64 3758/64 2434/64 3816/64 2509/64 4154/64 2512/64 4180/64 2520/64 4196/64 2724/64 4213/64 2725/64 223/65 2728/64 359/65 406/65; 453/65; 472/65; 612/65; 618/65; 773/65; 778/65; 839/65; 840/65; 843/65; 844/65; 878/65; 921/65; 1017/65; 1073/65; 176 THE PUBLIC SERVICE ACT, 1961-62 Numbers of Orders-in-Council 2013/64; 2050/64; 112/65; 116/65; THE WILDERNESS AREAS ACT Numbers of Orders-in-Council 1243/64; 2720/64; 3087/64; Total number of Orders-in-Council — 232 (Orders-in-Council passed under two statutes are shown in both lists). FEDERAL-PROVINCIAL CO-OPERATIVE I AGREEMENTS Agreement under The Canada Forestry Act By an agreement dated the 12th day of June, 1964, between the Government of Canada and the Government of the Province of Ontario entered into between the Minister of Forestry and the Minister of Lands and Forests, Canada agreed, during the fiscal year 1964-65, to make financial contributions toward approved provincial programmes as follows: (a) Forest Inventory — 50 per cent. (b) Reforestation of Crown Lands, including lands of public authorities under control of the province; (i) $15 per unit for planting; (ii) $2 per unit for seeding without ground preparation; (iii) $4 per unit for seeding with ground preparation (scarification or controlled burning); (iv) 25 per cent of amounts expended for establishment or expansion of nurseries. A unit is the planting of 1,000 trees or the seeding of an acre. (c) Stand Improvement Projects, excluding projects on Crown land paid for by persons or agencies other than the province, or aesthetic projects — 50 per cent. (d) Forest Access Roads, Trails and Airstrips, excluding fencing, signs, marking, maintenance, municipal roads and roads not primarily intended for the protection or management of the forest lands or transportation of forest products — 50 per cent. (e) Forest Fire Protection, including equipment for prevention and detection, communication or transportation equipment for protection, suppression equipment, and buildings and improvements used primarily for pro- tection, and the charter of aircraft and vessels for protection — 50 per cent. The maximum annual payment shall not exceed $1,650,018 for any or all projects approved under the agreement. Additional assistance may be paid if other provinces do not qualify to receive their full allotment of the sum of $7,910,000 which the federal government is spending on these programmes. 177 Young visitors admire Blue Geese at the Lands and Forests exhibit, Canadian National Sportsmen's Show. The annual Children's Poster Contest at the C.N.E. is always crowded with eager "artists' 178 OPERATIONS BRANCH IN THE fiscal year under survey, Operations Branch was composed of five sections: Office Management Section, Central Supply Warehouse Section, Con- servation Information Section, Conservation Education Section, Accident Control Section. As of November 1964, the addition of Accident Prevention, Workmen's Com- pensation and Parks' Safety was made to Operations Branch; the administration of The Loggers' Safety Section of it being transferred from the Department of Labour. Office Management Section directs most of the purchasing for the Department including all pertinent aspects such as tenders, quotations, the processing of requi- sitions for stationery, equipment and services for the whole department, expediting, the study of ever-changing products and other allied functions. It is also responsible for the inventory and control of office furniture and equipment, the control of supply and demand for uniforms, and the liaison required in the organization of conferences, meetings, etc. Central Supply Warehouse Section has charge of receipt and maintenance of stock, the keeping of stock records, and the supply of equipment. Conservation Information Section issues a weekly news and special press releases; operates a photographic, slide and cut service; handles a large volume of correspondence and personal enquiries on the use of renewable, natural resources; prepares special articles and background material for outside agencies; prepares and places both display and classified advertisements; maintains a reference library; and publishes several scores of books, pamphlets and reports for departmental use in general distribution. Conservation Education Section is responsible for the production and man- agement of departmental displays and exhibits throughout the province (including the Canadian National Exhibition); for poster contests for school children; for the production of motion picture films dealing with fire control, timber products, fish and wildlife resources and parks, and for the maintenance of a film library; for the preparation and delivery of lectures and discussions in schools and camps; and for radio and television broadcasts. The Accident Control Section is responsible for the administration of The Logger Safety Act of Ontario; operation of the Hunter Safety Training Programme; programme for safety in provincial parks; the internal safety programme of the Department; and administration of Workmen's Compensation as it pertains to the Department. 179 OPERATIONS BRANCH Chief: P. O. RHYNAS Assistant Chief: C. V. RICH OFFICE MANAGEMENT SECTION Supervisor: M. A. GONTIER Purchasing, Invoicing, Leases, Customs Circular Production, Uniforms Material Control, Equipment Inventory Office Management, Records CENTRAL SUPPLY WAREHOUSE Supervisor: M. TOMS Housing, Recording and Shipping of Stock Delivery to Toronto Area Offices CONSERVATION INFORMATION SECTION Publications, News and Press Releases Public Appeals, Editorial Services Supply of Information, Photos and Slides CONSERVATION EDUCATION SECTION Acting Supervisor: C. V. RICH Supply of Material to Radio and Television Exhibits and Display Material Lectures and 16 mm. Motion Pictures ACCIDENT CONTROL SECTION Chief Officer: C. V. RICH Administration of The Logger Safety Act Hunter Safety Training Programme Parks Safety Programme Department First Aid and Safety Workmen's Compensation 180 OFFICE MANAGEMENT SECTION Purchasing Subsection This service, charged with the procurement of supplies and service for the Department throughout the province, experienced a widespread activity, covering purchasing and its related aspects as well as other diversified duties. In the fiscal period under review, there were received over 10,000 requisi- tions for supplies and service which were the basis for the issuance of 4,937 direct purchase orders, 1,871 Queen's Printer stationery orders, 497 Queen's Printer printed orders, 316 Public Works requisitions. In an analysis of work performed, the following activities were most often noted: 1. Receipt and recording of all requisitions from Head Office and Regional and District Offices, requiring decision as to what could be supplied from stock and what was to be ordered. 2. Investigation and procurement procedures for all purchases, including also direction, preparation of all direct purchase orders and requisitions to the Queen's Printer and the Department of Public Works, and expediting of same. 3. Quotation calls, opening of same in committee and recommendations. 4. Liaison between this Department and the Department of Public Works for office and other space requirements throughout the province and for which leases and rentals are arranged and other related matters attended to. 5. Processing of invoices in conjunction with receipt of goods, maintenance and oversight in releasing invoices for payment. 6. Supervision of telephone and lighting demands, moving and other internal and external office requirements. 7. Arrangements for accommodations, travel, conferences, etc. 8. Correspondence, preparation of reports. 9. Special assignments. Search was made from time to time for new developments in office equipment and supplies. On occasion, they were brought to this section's attention, at other times they were found in the course of investigation. Where it was deemed advisable, these new developments in products and services were communicated to branch and district offices. Office Management Subsection Office Management Subsection is responsible for office services and the preparation of estimates which includes equipment and supplies, stationery and office outfitting, travel, maintenance and operating, payrolls, uniforms, publications and public appeals. 1 . The inventory of all major equipment in the Province belonging to the Depart- ment. This includes trucks, cars, boats, canoes, power plants, shop equipment, tools, fire hose, outboard motors, office machines, etc. There are some 2,000 power units including mobile, marine and stationary. 2. Circulars and Bulletins. All Circulars and Bulletins required by the Depart- ment are processed through this section after they are approved by the Circular Board. This involves the cutting of stencils, the follow-up through the dupli- 181 eating room, and distribution. All revisions of circulars and bulletins in effect in the branch are carried through by this section. 3. Uniforms. There are approximately 1,500 approved personnel in uniform on the staff of this Department including seasonal Parks staff. A continuous record is kept of each individual's uniform account which was checked against requisitions for uniform items, and requisitions were approved accord- ing to scale of issue. Included in the estimates for the coming fiscal year must be an accurate estimate of funds required for the uniform programme. 4. Records. Records pertinent to all Crown Lands of the Province are housed in Records Office. Assembly, indexing and classification of all incoming corres- pondence, compiling of new files and distribution to the offices in which officials required any particular files, are the main responsibilities of this office. An average of 425 files are on charge in a given day. Every new letter pertaining to any of 308,000 files is recorded, sent to the pertinent offices for handling and finally added to the proper file for record. During the current fiscal year, record files up to and including all plans and surveys to the end of 1924 were microfilmed. 5. Boat Licensing. This Subsection is responsible through the Federal Depart- ment of Transport for the processing of applications for licences for all Depart- ment boats. Some marine units of the Department require only a licence number, and others require registration showing home port, tonnage, dimen- sions, etc., depending on the specifications of the marine unit in question. Specifications of the boats supplied to this section were used to prepare the necessary applications for licences. 6. Special Assignments. Because of the nature of this work, there is almost a daily demand for services where immediate action and varied organization is required. CENTRAL SUPPLY WAREHOUSE SECTION The functions of this Section include: 1. Receipt of stock and its housing and distribution for all branches, regions and districts. 2. Duplicating of various forms, letters, publications and reports, including the design or revision of new forms and reports. 3. Collating and distribution of bulletins, circulars, technical reports, acts, bills, weekly newsletter and other duplicated materials. 4. Receipt and shipment of Fish and Wildlife licenses and Park Vehicle Permits to a large distribution list including district offices and all licence issuers throughout the Province. STOCKROOM In the course of the fiscal year (April 1, 1964 to March 31, 1965) supplies and equipment shipped by the Section amounted to 246 tons. In the same period the Section received a total of 348 tons. Shipments were made by express, freight, transport and mail, and also by internal supply to Department offices throughout the City. 182 DUPLICATING, COLLATING AND DISTRIBUTING Work in this subsection was most active and demanding as usual. The produc- tion of forms, reports, booklets, letters, circulars and bulletins is continuously being revised each year. Collating and distributing were as follows: Information Bulletins 55,475 Circulars 25,290 News Releases 1 33,000 Extracts from Fishery Regulations 9,949 Summary of Fishery Regulations 769,512 Summary of Hunting Regulations 839,161 Game and Fish Act and Fishery Regulations 15,941 Book Covers 128,500 Miscellaneous Stapling and Distributions 234,399 Total 2,211,227 LICENCE ISSUING There were more than thirty types of hunting, angling, bait fish, roll net, dip net, frog, guide, trapping, trap-line and dog licences issued to all licence issuers and district offices throughout the Province. The number of licences prepared and checked for mailing and express totalled 1,581,980; they were forwarded on 13,857 invoices to more than 3,000 issuers. In addition, 161,000 Provincial Park Annual Vehicle Permits, 565,700 Daily Permits, 398,925 Campsite Permits and 294,500 Fur Seals were distributed by this subsection. UNIFORMS The Department's Uniform Stockroom is located in this Section. A stock of replacement uniform apparel is carried, and issues are shipped to personnel as authorized by requisition. CONSERVATION INFORMATION SECTION The Section disseminates information on the protection and management of the renewable, natural resources under the Department's administration. It works through many media to bring to as many people as possible a better understanding of Lands and Forests policies and conservation principles. NEWS The Lands and Forests news release is mailed every week to all newspapers and all radio and television stations in Ontario. Its circulation of 2,712 includes class magazines, outdoor writers, conservation groups and hunters' and anglers' clubs and associations. It delivers Department news and regulations and informed opinion in a form easily adapted by outside agencies. The use of news release material by outdoor writers and commentators in the United States contributes importantly to Ontario's tourist trade. Professional and public service groups may secure public notice through the news release's advance listing of conventions and other events of interest to sports- 183 men, naturalists, conservationists and professions and industries which touch upon Lands and Forests administration. News of more than normal urgency is carried by spot press releases which go directly to important news outlets. CORRESPONDENCE During the past fiscal year, the Section returned 33,000 answers by mail to persons requesting information on such subjects as hunting and fishing regulations, camping facilities, tourist accommodations, summer cottage properties, conserva- tion, and the purchase and planting of forest tree seedlings. Many requests came from students and teachers who asked for information of a scientific nature. In addition, the Section answered numerous requests for information in person and over the telephone. PHOTOGRAPHS The Section loaned approximately 9,200 black-and-white prints to news- papers and magazines during the past fiscal year; it also loaned cuts to publishers and transparencies to lecturers. The Section operates a darkroom and a photograph library which contains approximately 29,000 negatives and 3,800 colour transparencies. Standard 8" x 10" prints are supplied immediately or at short notice. Sets of slides or prints are supplied to illustrate lectures on fish, trees and shrubs. APPEALS Special appeals are prepared for news media to enlist public support of Lands and Forests programmes, principally in forest fire prevention and hunter safety. Special material is prepared and distributed to schools with the approval of the Department of Education. During the past fiscal year, 161 advertisements were placed in 107 news- papers to call for tenders on timber cutting, etc. NEW QUARTERLIES In the fall of 1964, the Section began publication of "Conservation Spots" and "Conservation Copy" to increase the volume of conservation and safety messages reaching the public. Both releases are issued quarterly, in advance of the seasons, in news release format. Conservation Spots carries usable announcements to radio and television sta- tions and selected broadcasters in Ontario. Conservation Copy delivers usable filler items to outdoor writers and Ontario newspapers and magazines. EDITORIAL SERVICE The concentration of conservation messages is increased by services performed for outside agencies. Articles are written on request for outside writers and com- mentators. Speech material is sometimes prepared for Department personnel who are invited to address meetings of sports clubs, conservation groups and service organizations. LIBRARY The Section's reference library contains copies of all Lands and Forests pub- 184 lications and a variety of books, periodicals and press clippings; it includes early reports and legislative journals dating from 1856. , Publications Lands and Forests publications cover many fields of interest to the general blic and to special groups. As new material becomes available, new publications are issued and earlier releases are revised. The following listing of books, booklets, folders and leaflets does not include technical papers and management reports. ("'indicates publications issued during the 196^-65 fiscal year.) FISH AND WILDLIFE Fishes of Ontario $2.50 Sport Fishes of Ontario (chart in colour) $1.00 Fishing in Lake Simcoe $1.00 Meet the Wildlife of Ontario's Outdoors $0.35 Landlocked Sea Lamprey Common Mammals (Leaflets on beaver, black bear, coyote, red fox, muskrat, otter, cottontail rabbit, squirrels, timber wolf and woodchuck) Common Birds (Leaflets on bluebird, black-capped chickadee and white-throated nuthatch, flicker, evening grosbeak, rose-breasted grosbeak, song sparrow, white-throated sparrow and scarlet tanager) *Commercial Fishing in Ontario *Fur in Ontario *The Deer Hunt in Ontario, 1963 *The Moose Hunt in Ontario, 1963 *The Spring Bear Hunt in Ontario, 1962-63 *The Game and Fish Act and the Ontario Fishery Regulations *Extract from the Ontario Fishery Regulations (Poster) * Summary of the Ontario Fishery Regulations * Summary of the Ontario Hunting Regulations * Summary of the Ontario Big Game Hunting Seasons *Summary of the Regulations which apply to Trapping and Fur Dealing OUTDOOR RECREATION *The Ontario Outdoorsman's Manual $0.25 *So You Want to Go Camping (revised) Where to Fish in Northwestern Ontario Where to Fish in Northeastern Ontario Where to Fish in Southern Ontario The Ten Commandments of Hunter Safety Why Hunter Safety Training How to Survive in the Woods PROVINCIAL PARKS ♦Algonquin Provincial Park (revised) Quetico Provincial Park *Canoe Routes — Algonquin (revised) Canoe Routes — Quetico Watch It! (folder) Reptiles of Algonquin Provincial Park Provincial Parks in Ontario (Can. Geog. Jour.) Check List of Birds — Algonquin Check List of Birds — Rondeau Check List of Trees, Shrubs and Woody Vines — Algonquin Check List of Trees, Shrubs and Woody Vines — Rondeau Check List of Ferns, Fern Allies and Herbaceous Flowering Plants — Algonquin Check List of Ferns, Fern Allies and Herbaceous Flowering Plants — Rondeau Check List of Mammals — Algonquin Check List of Fishes, Amphibians and Reptiles — Algonquin 185 FORESTS The Forest Trees of Ontario $0.50 Hardwood Trees of Ontario $0.50 The Forest Resom*ces of Ontario Teacher's Guide to Forest Conservation Common Trees (Leaflets on spruce, white pine, jack pine, sugar maple and yellow birch) Planning for Tree Planting *Care and Planting of Forest Trees (revised) Forest Tree Planting Manual of Seed Collecting The Farm Woodlot The G. Howard Ferguson Forest Station Orono Forest Station Midhurst Forest Station Thunder Bay Forest Station St. Williams Forest Station The Ontario Tree Seed Plant Johnny Acorn Says *4H Forestry Club Leaders' Guide *Farm Forestry Service for You FOREST PROTECTION *Our Forests Are Burning Tower Jack Dutch Elm Disease in Ontario *The Forest Fires Prevention Act FOREST INDUSTRY Lumber in Ontario Pulp and Paper in Ontario The Birch Bark Canoe The Pointer Boat Directory of Primary Wood-Using Industries LAND AND WATER List of Water Powers $0.75 Geographic Townships $0.50 Ontario Resources Atlas $1.00 Summer Resort Lands in Ontario Price List of Lithographed Maps and Plans RESEARCH The Glackmeyer Report of Multiple Land-Use Planning $4.00 * Manual of Common Parasites, Diseases and Anomalies of Wildlife in Ontario HISTORY Algonquin Story $2.50 Camping in the Muskoka Region $2.00 *Indians of Ontario $1.00 Early Days in Haliburton $2.50 Early Days (Air Service) Fifty Years of Reforestation in Ontario $0.50 H.M.S. Nancy and the War of 1812 Forest District Histories 1. Kapuskasing *10. Kenora 2. Geraldton *11. Gogama 3. Lake Huron *12. Parry Sound 4. Port Arthur *13. North Bay 5. White River *14. Cochrane 6. Sioux Lookout *15. Swastika 7. Lake Simcoe *16. Chapleau 8. Fort Frances *17. Kemptville *9. Lake Erie *18. Lindsay 186 ADMINISTRATION * Annual Report of the Minister of Lands and Forests Part I— Detailed Part II— Highlights *A Statistical Reference of Lands and Forests Administration ^Ontario Forest Ranger School (Information Brochure) *Ontario Forest Ranger School (Prospectus) *Ontario Forest Ranger School Year Book *Ontario Junior Forest Ranger Programme (revised) *List of Publications for Distribution CONSERVATION EDUCATION SECTION Conservation Education Section conducts an educational programme consist- ing of appeals planned to attract public interest and explain, in easily understand- able terms, the need for the wise use of renewable, natural resources. Visual Education The Section's film library contains 255 titles with two or more prints of many of them. All films were loaned upon request to field offices; 1200 films were shipped to them during the year. Each District has its own projector, with access to regional film libraries and the head office film library. The film library loaned 16mm motion picture projectors, 35mm slide projec- tors, screens and films to provincial parks offering interpretive programmes to the public, during the summer. The following films were added to Head Office and Field film libraries during the year: » Aircraft In Forest Fire Control Arctic Region And Its Polar Bears Beaver Valley Black Duck Flames In The Forest Look — Stop Backing Accidents Nature's Half Acre The Pond The Snakes Of Ontario Several thousand feet of motion picture film is being used by television outlets throughout the Province. The Section completed production of a new film, "The Snakes Of Ontario", fourth in the Ontario Wildlife Series. "Flames In The Forest", produced last year, was awarded third prize at the American Association for Con- servation Information's Annual Convention, in competition with 52 other provinces and states. RADIO AND TELEVISION Radio and Television stations throughout the Province have been most gen- erous in donating time to the Department, and Districts regularly take advantage of these opportunities to reach the public. In addition to radio programmes, several Districts conduct regular, live television broadcasts of their own. This Section also supplied Districts with films for television use. 187 Exhibits Visual conservation appeals were featured in the Department's exhibits at many shows and fairs in Ontario. The major displays handled through Head Office were at the following: CANADIAN NATIONAL EXHIBITION, TORONTO At the C.N.E., displays consisted of a realistic forest fire scene, and a portable setting of the snakes of Ontario. Other exhibits were hunter safety training, timber, provincial parks, Research, Lands and Surveys, fish, animals and birds, and a children's poster contest. A nature trail, on the central mound featured cages of identified birds and small animals. Various species of trees, growing on the mound, were identified by signs. Also featured was an Indian building a birch bark canoe and carving axe handles and paddles. The Conservation Poster Contest, for elementary school children from six to fourteen years of age, was repeated this year. A Grand Prize of $100.00 was pre- sented for the best poster. First, second and third prizes, in each of three age groups, in amounts of $50.00, $25.00 and $15.00 were awarded. Thirty honour- able mentions, ten in each age group, were presented with books. CANADIAN NATIONAL SPORTSMEN'S SHOW, TORONTO The exhibit at this Show featured Ontario's game, fish, wildlife, snakes, forest protection, parks, hunter safety training, fur, timber and wildlife management. CENTRAL CANADA EXHIBITION, OTTAWA A completely new display featured an animal and fish pavilion. Also included were a provincial parks display and forest fire fighting equipment. ROYAL AGRICULTURAL WINTER FAIR, TORONTO Theme of the display was the growing of trees from seed. A talk given by foresters, told the tree's story from seed to sawmill. A display of wildlife was also included. AID TO DISTRICTS Full co-operation was given to district offices participating in sportsmen's shows and agricultural fairs such as the Western Fair at London, the International Plowing Match at Peterborough and the Timmins Sportsmen's Show. Lecture Tours The Department kept in touch with the public through fish and game associ- ations, schools, church groups, service clubs and youth organizations. Illustrated lectures were given on all aspects of the Department's work. The following Table provides a summary of lectures delivered by head office and field staff during the fiscal year. A summary of lecture tours carried out by the Ontario Forestry Association during the same period is included in the Depart- ment's figures: 188 School Meetings Public Meetings Total Region District No. Attend. No. Attend. No. Attend. Western Fort Frances ... 63 6923 Kenora 1 50 Sioux Lookout 14 2711 Mid- Geraldton 16 2138 Western Port Arthur 22 972 Northern Cochrane 118 21658 Kapuskasing ... 19 2187 Swastika 6 215 Central Chapleau Gogama 6 304 S. S. Marie 10 414 Sudbury 38 9083 White River 18 2834 South- North Bay 28 3561 Central Parry Sound ... 51 4477 South- Kemptville 113 6953 Eastern Lindsay 74 3738 Pembroke 2 91 Tweed 129 6569 South- Lake Erie 55 3384 Western Lake Huron 12 1284 Lake Simcoe ... 154 11638 Ontario Forestry Association 220 15915 TOTALS 949 91184 2385 161880 3334 253064 77 3159 140 10082 59 4736 60 4786 8 159 22 2870 75 5552 91 7690 45 2856 67 3828 41 2124 159 23782 53 2340 72 4527 53 4181 59 4396 22 516 28 820 26 2129 36 2543 26 1789 64 10872 37 1533 55 4367 71 3730 99 7291 111 8077 162 12554 175 6307 288 13260 195 14243 269 17981 189 28079 191 28170 178 13430 307 19999 161 9206 216 12590 174 8181 186 9465 389 23638 543 35276 220 15915 ACCIDENT CONTROL SECTION The Accident Control Section has the following function: To promote, co-ordinate and assist in all phases of safety and accident prevention within the Department. To advise the Regional Directors in all matters of safety and accident prevention, including the interpretation of the Loggers' Safety Act and Regulations and Department policy pertinent to them. To study the Loggers' Safety Act and Regulations made under the Act for possible improve- ments and prepare recommendations for the Minister should amendments be necessary. To search all reference to safety from publications, press, etc., and prepare adaptions where applicable, retain up-to-date files and records on accident frequency and prepare statistical reports. To prepare cost analyses and accident reports on Workmen's Compensation as it affects the Department. To process all claims issued on Departmental acci- dents and fatalities. To maintain a good working relationship with all outside safety agencies. To study and recommend new safety methods, equipment, and safety and accident prevention training. To promote and co-ordinate all phases of the Hunter Safety Training pro- gramme. To prepare and revise the Hunter Safety Training Manual when and wherever necessary. To develop good liaison between the department and the many fish and game clubs throughout the province in co-operation with the Fish and Wildlife Branch and outside agencies. To arrange and prepare instruction material pertinent to the Hunter Safety Course with the objective of attaining a high level of uniformity in training. To inform the public of the purpose and necessity of such training and to be a centre of information regarding all phases of hunting safety and accident prevention. 189 8 8 in 'J- o o o ( ) m Q 1- to ro CO < o q: CO a: < o or < h- t- LxJ < CO < CO a. < 2 LU o CO LU X m Lu a. CD i or iii o 8. CD CD CL CO < o CO O 2 P o CO < CD LU _l O in i _l CD LU _l < J- o to m < CO 2 (D LU *: QL q: h- o o o 2 5£ O a: _J < Li_ o 2 Q LU or O s. LU LU or Ql s o o o o o o O o O o o o o ( > in o m o in o in o m o m o 01 CO CO r- p>- CD CO m m f <*- to to SWIV10 318VSN3dW00 190 WORKMEN'S COMPENSATION There is a marked improvement in the safety picture for the fiscal year 1964-65. Total number of claims was 656; a decrease of 117 from last year. Total cost of Department claims $126,265.57; a decrease of $26,647.23. Average cost per claim was $96.00; a decrease of $7.00. There were fewer high cost claims arising in the fiscal year. The incidence of major severity of injuries has been decreasing. The fire season was very light, with no major fires. Less extra fire fighters were required. Injuries were only one-third of last year's total. There were more junior rangers hired than last year but the number of injuries decreased by 18. Average number of employees decreased by 352 and 1.6% fewer employees were injured. There were three deaths in the fiscal year. Two were accepted by the Work- men's Compensation Board and a pension commenced for one of them in the fiscal year. The pension for the other will be shown in the next fiscal year. No decision was made on the third death claim and it will likely be rejected. Three new pensions commenced for claimants with permanent partial disability, bringing the total of new pensions to four. WORKMEN'S COMPENSATION AND SAFETY TRAINING The Injury Frequency Rate for the fiscal year 1964-65 was 16.6, a decrease of 1.6 from the previous year. The Injury Frequency Rate is a unit of measure to determine the frequency of disabling injuries by the following formula: No. of lost time injuries x 100,000 man-days man-days worked Lost time injuries are those considered to be compensable by the Workmen's Compensation Board and require a period of lay off from work longer than two calendar days. A three-year comparison: 1962-63 14.2 1963-64 19.2 1964-65 16.6 The "Lands and Forests Safety Shield" was won by Port Arthur District. It had the lowest injury frequency rate in the competition among the districts. Port Arthur District Record Compensable lost time injuries 3 Man-days worked 58,310 Injury Frequency Rate 5.0 191 >- Q UJ < O 2 > < CO is < CO ^ Ll. O UJ _l UJ OQ CD < < C/) Z UJ uj a. ° ^ UJ g CO or < LU LU I- I- CD 3 ! CX t i-1- CD CD LU — O u-) I Q IT) o m E o 00 r CO m V ro 00 - o a o 5 o 0 c (4 0 9 o ir s > o > r o ■) o ) J ■ o Q3A10ANI JJV1S JO 39VlN30U3d 192 h o O co or r\ >- UJ CO < o_ m to LU i X J> -co- -co- -co- -co- -co- -co- -co- -co- -CO- -CO- -CO- -co- -co- UJ CD Q O o I— o 193 Canoe trippers arrive at first portage — Algonquin Provincial Park. Checking cars into campsites. Grundy Lake Provincial Park, Parry Sound District. 194 PARKS BRANCH 'HE responsibilities and functions of Parks Branch are as follows: Provision, operation and maintenance of provincial parks as public recrea- tional lands; Examination of potential park areas; Recommending potential and proposed park areas to the Ontario Parks Integration Board; Production of detailed master plans for provincial parks; Development of provincial parks in accordance with the master plan; Design and construction of provincial park structures and buildings; Establishment, operation and maintenance of interpretive programmes and exhibits in provincial parks of natural and/or historical significance; and Collection compilation and assessment of provincial park statistics. In 1964 there were 88 provincial parks totalling more than 3,730,000 acres open for public use. Of these, eight were maintained without fees being charged. In addition there were 58 areas totalling 568,374 acres reserved for future development. There were no changes in provincial park fees which consisted of the annual vehicle entry permit of $3.00, the daily vehicle entry permit of fifty cents, the boat entry permit of $5.00 for entry by water into Quetico Provincial Park and the daily campsite permit fee of $1.00. A 7% increase over 1963 in park visitation was experienced. The 1964 figure was 9.139,975. The number of campers was up 9% over last year to 916,281. (This figure excludes campers on renewed permits, a system initiated in 1963). Wilderness campers using the interior waterways of Algonquin and Quetico Provincial Parks was up 4% to 49,112. An appropriation of $1,150,000 was made available for the development of provincial parks. The number of camping units was increased in 1964 by 792, making a total of 15,230, thus providing accommodation for approximately 61,000 campers at one time. The construction of 73 earth pit toilets, 10 flush type comfort stations, and 6 change houses added to the facilities available for the park user. Other additional improvements to parks facilities included; 21,299 feet of beach, 51 acres of overflow camper areas, 35 wells and 4Vi miles of nature trails. Pinery, Darlington, Kakabeka Falls and Kap-Kig-Iwan Provincial Parks again provided facilities for winter activities. A ski tow and snow making equipment at the Pinery proved popular. 195 I u z < CO CO < Interpretive Supervisor A. F. Helmsley u C/0 X C c c J3 C/5 Development Supervisor T. W. Hueston Acting Chief Parks Branch 3 • Office Manager T. M. VanDuscn T3 CO O CQ o u C/5 F u c .2 H c Planning Supervisor A. R. MacDonakI in Oh 0 c O 196 PROVINCIAL PARKS POLICY AND OBJECTIVES The Provincial Parks, within the administration of the Department of Lands and Forests, provide public parklands in as near a natural condition as pos- sible, coincident with the intensity and type of use of the particular park. Provincial Parks provide space with emphasis on the natural environment and the format of public outdoor recreation which are in keeping with that environment. Such recreational pursuits include camping, picnicking, swimming, boating, canoe tripping, hiking, fishing, and in certain parks, hunting, and the inspirational enjoy- ment of the natural enviroment. The emphasis, therefore, is on recreational activity which cannot be indulged in at home and which should be distinguished from recreation associated with an urban environment. The Objectives of the Provincial Parks are: 1 . To provide for the people of Ontario outdoor space in which they may enjoy the kinds of recreation usually associated with the natural environment such as camping, swimming, boating, fishing, hunting, hiking, skiing, and the general enjoyment of nature. 2. To provide this space in areas where it is needed. 3. To reserve for future use areas sufficient to meet anticipated demand. 4. To achieve in each park optimum use consistent with the retention or restora- tion of a natural appearance and atmosphere, and to recognize special recreational uses and values in certain parks. 5. To include, in parks, rare and/or unusual features of natural and historical significance. 6. To preserve all significant natural and/or historic features in Provincial Parks. 7. To provide in parks only those facilities which are necessary for the enjoy- ment of the outdoor activities for which the park is intended and the well-being of park visitors. 8. To promote in park users an increased appreciation of the natural and historical significance of parks through such media as museums, exhibit centres, conducted trips, talks, interpretive trails and publications. 9. To prevent the use of any Provincial Park for purposes which will alter the natural features or atmosphere to the extent that they interfere with the enjoyment of those engaging in the activities for which the Park is intended. 197 Table No. 1 (a) PROVINCIAL PARKS IN OPERATION (as of March 31, 1965) Administrative District Name of Park Date Established 22, I960 1, 1909 22, 22, 1, 1960 1960 1963 22, 1963 25, 1957 25, 25, 1957 1957 Chapleau Five Mile Lake Sept. 29, 1958 Cochrane Charles Island Greenwater June 25, 1957 Kettle Lakes June 25, 1957 Fort Frances Caliper Lake July Lake of the Woods Quetico April Geraldton Blacksand July Klotz Lake July MacLeod May Neys Rainbow Falls May Gogama Ivanhoe Lake June Kapuskasing Nagagamisis June Remi Lake June Kemptville Fitzroy May 21, 1963 Rideau River May 21, 1963 Silver Lake Sept. 29, 1958 South Nation July 22, 1960 Kenora Aaron Sept. 29, 1958 Blue Lake .-. July 22, 1960 Rushing River Sept. 29, 1958 Sioux Narrows June 25, 1957 Lake Erie Clay Creek Sept. 29, 1958 Holiday Beach Oct. 6, 1958 Ipperwash June 24, 1938 Jonn E. Pearce June 25, 1957 Long Point May 3, 1921 Pinery Oct. 11, 1957 Port Bruce Rock Point June 25, 1957 Rondeau May 5, 1894 St. Williams Turkey Point April 21, 1959 Lake Huron Craigleith Inverhuron Sauble Falls Lake Simcoe Bass Lake June 25, 1957 Devils Glen Earl Rowe June 29, 1964 Sibbald Point Dec. 23, 1957 Six Mile Lake Feb. 24, 1958 Springwater Sept. 29, 1958 Wasaga Beach Aug. 31, 1959 Lindsay Balsam Lake Darlington Oct. 30, 1959 Emily June 25, 1957 Mark. S. Burnham July 26, 1955 Presqu'ile May 18, 1922 Serpent Mounds June 25, 1957 198 Table No. 1 (a) (Cont'd) PROVINCIAL PARKS IN OPERATION (as of March 31, 1965) Administrative District Name of Park Date Established 1963 1960 1959 1964 1963 1960 1893 1963 1958 1960 1944 1944 1963 North Bay Antoine Finlayson Point May 21 Marten River July 20 Samuel de Champlain Parry Sound Grundy Lake April 21 Killbear Point Mikisew June 29 Oastler Lake Restoule May 21 Sturgeon Bay July 22 Pembroke Algonquin May 27 Carson Lake Driftwood May 21 Poil Arthur Inwood Sept. 29 Kakabeka Falls Middle Falls July 22 Sibley Jan. 13 Sault Ste. Marie Batchawana Lake Superior Jan. 13 Mississagi Pancake Bay Sioux Lookout Ojibway May 21 Pakwash Sudbury Chutes Fairbank June Killarney July Windy Lake April Swastika Esker Lakes June Kap-Kig-Iwan June Tweed Black Lake Sept. Bon Echo Lake on the Mountain June Lake St. Peter Outlet Beach May Sandbanks White River Obatanga White Lake May 21, 1963 Table No. 1 (b) PROVINCIAL PARKS UNDER DEVELOPMENT (as of March 31, 1965) Administrative District Name of Park Kenora Pipestone Lake Erie Wheatley Lake Huron Point Farms Lake Simcoe Mara Lindsay Ferris Kawartha North Bay W. B. Greenwood 199 25, IT, 4, 1957 1964 1959 25, 25, 1957 1957 29, 1958 25, 1957 21, 1963 Table No. 1 (c) PROVINCIAL PARKS ESTABLISHED BUT NOT IN OPERATION (as of March 31, 1965) Administrative District Name of Park North Bay . Mashkinonje Port Arthur Arrow Lake Table No. 2 RECORD OF PARK USE Administrative Total Visitors Total i Campers District 1961 1962 1963 1964 1961 1962 1963 1964 And Park Name LAKE ERIE Clay Creek 30393 39587 22010 40546 2084 2189 804 1439 Holiday Beach 158843 155842 222275 198857 919 1515 2612 3511 Ipperwash 187945 199494 159256 173734 23002 23873 14078 15177 Long Point 203121 178434 209386 284690 24388 23311 18646 20277 Pinery 301665 329259 355946 544929 53551 64842 50202 54019 Rock Point 12963 20759 25273 24684 1103 2721 3458 3826 Rondeau 642020 686337 647181 616073 30703 36101 29863 27940 St. Williams 32981 19650 22433 19597 — — — — Turkey Point 16457 342457 278600 379265 5610 10048 10530 13643 LAKE HURON Craigleith 60396 70769 57600 49199 15180 16104 12389 12450 Inverhuron 97986 115860 105111 120392 21742 25737 16673 17629 Sauble Falls 178298 166219 174487 140112 12981 15135 9031 11306 LAKE SIMCOE • Bass Lake 199991 166276 103942 149228 20423 23202 16175 17369 Devil's Glen 81367 71110 81215 79337 3116 3158 2417 2612 Earl Rowe 60248 69707 82579 86134 5298 5849 5631 6482 Sibbald Point 325206 342168 316662 330399 42636 49762 31649 31624 Six Mile Lake 80057 100841 109157 123411 12878 15210 13156 14111 Springwater 109686 98344 110188 116093 — — — — Wasaga Beach — 518136 789746 858353 — — — — KEMPTVILLE Fitzroy 51328 58985 94596 80125 7364 9824 7496 9039 Rideau River 144756 198945 206921 221397 14689 18068 13034 14120 Silver Lake 68082 91465 106393 108029 16569 19442 11928 11667 South Nation 42810 40343 44503 39828 5189 6148 5748 6127 LINDSAY Balsam Lake 1566 3481 Darlington 122895 118860 108748 125327 8111 13863 13700 15113 Emily 124360 169503 148443 115418 13986 19516 13617 13477 Mark S. Burnham 19011 19371 27487 — — — — Presqu'ile 301487 311749 286695 275860 37307 41175 29974 31251 Serpent Mounds 104569 108848 103920 126820 15483 15999 11632 12975 PEMBROKE Algonquin 466983 580392 470661 470089 77676 100841 71771 74646 Carson Lake 3107 6018 5146 5965 3578 5411 3434 3403 Driftwood 14791 15297 12671 11884 7317 8816 6567 6702 TWEED Black Lake 42727 51598 57238 76118 8537 10488 7535 8050 Bon Echo 39314 84610 98547 92629 8922 18714 14705 15994 Lake St. Peter 29372 21253 38014 38639 4902 5768 3356 3379 Outlet Beach 209112 281346 299665 375151 15504 26929 16885 17992 Sandbanks — 23197 14394 26073 — — — — NORTH BAY Antoine 22346 12872 16989 32629 2365 2051 1585 1270 Finlayson Point 40002 31426 47474 103324 7754 8649 6287 7184 Marten River 63225 71473 109823 81951 14024 17142 12118 12695 Samuel de Champ. 18102 40406 49675 47118 4897 8436 7913 8814 200 Table No. 2 (Cont'd.) Administrative Total Visitors Total Campers District 1961 1962 1963 1964 1961 1962 1963 1964 And Park Name PARRY SOUND Grundy Lake 93303 157746 144074 149672 21898 31596 22699 34470 Killbear Point 105675 157279 215561 199819 18718 29543 21228 23881 Mikisew 42904 37239 65105 26949 8421 10206 6968 5928 Oastler Lake 120057 132342 139931 144590 14956 19686 13290 13569 Restoule — 9937 15035 31449 — 4073 3122 3889 Sturgeon Bay 23751 23502 30195 33419 8377 7290 5562 5999 CHAPLEAU Five Mile Lake 3713 7359 11704 3379 926 2758 2366 2609 GOGAMA Ivanhoe Lake 2683 4038 16102 13337 998 3592 3511 3352 SAULT STE. MARIE Lake Superior 46508 69296 103359 96299 31170 30406 30663 35293 Pancake Bay 69581 75737 70035 102922 26527 29128 22332 23926 SUDBURY Chutes — 1192 16281 15301 — 1179 7927 12087 Fairbank 28384 38966 54546 36933 12290 13515 11778 9661 Killarney — — 3415 11533 — — 425 1807 Windy Lake 55696 82726 122612 92772 4222 4249 3772 3514 WHITE RIVER Obatanga — — — 20454 — — — 10703 White Lake — 41275 70511 66635 — 29881 24004 20606 COCHRANE Greenwater 6222 9961 15844 17220 1266 1808 1030 2348 Kettle Lakes 50544 66223 65311 58069 3370 4448 3752 4281 KAPUSKASING Nagagamisis 14026 13539 20959 17840 1962 2412 2478 2019 Remi Lake 25773 29452 25587 26851 3387 4036 3192 3622 SWASTIKA Esker Lakes 21072 26489 26211 36441 3312 4139 3498 4297 Kap-Kig-Iwan 30258 34116 25388 46648 2319 3303 2954 2957 GERALDTON Blacksand 14139 12085 24659 22296 8211 8789 6481 6442 Klotz Lake — 11310 12967 2362 2367 1841 2469 MacLeod 16420 41706 73862 67742 3891 4836 3330 3399 Neys — 30080 34286 — — 8683 12052 Rainbow Falls 45815 85497 85515 84029 28960 30150 25419 23165 PORT ARTHUR Inwood 10208 13727 21634 22005 6847 9543 12064 12058 Kakabeka Falls 279622 305585 371373 409981 16102 20637 21557 24033 Middle Falls 55529 53570 52751 46189 9888 9039 8204 7168 Shuniah 52461 — — - — 10978 — — — Sibley 45070 31644 47650 39610 13836 13664 12718 12640 FORT FRANCES Caliper Lake 21832 30631 41358 30462 6254 6582 7177 7010 Lake of the Woods 14665 10842 15759 19373 655 1007 1210 1243 Quetico 66531 37056 84357 50487 5749 5958 4448 4127 KENORA Aaron 26173 33310 46972 67050 7681 7206 9359 11497 Blue Lake 24099 33376 31867 39759 6317 8937 6496 7147 Rushing River 59980 48689 67021 94208 14637 13511 10650 13701 Sioux Narrows 24676 36016 36620 30733 6284 5487 4039 4100 SIOUX LOOKOUT Ojibway — 6038 6464 — 1157 988 1192 Pakwash — — 6917 4151 — 1071 1111 1226 PROVINCIAL TOTALS 6215370 7820994 8526443 9147218 862559 1063229 840491 916281 201 VO ON no JC u l- o CO Z Q _J D CD CO I- Z LU LU > o Q. 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Boat Permits (Quetico) $11,305.00 2. Guide Licenses ( Quetico) 4,250.00 3. Boat Parking (Quetico) 230.00 4. Sale of Wood 2,392.50 5. Sale of Ice 346.00 6. Sale of Buildings 2,270.00 7. Deposit Bag Refunds 95.00 8. Sale of Hydro 425.00 9. Pay Telephone Commission 319.68 10. Sale of Sanitary Supplies 84.85 11. Sale of Hay 134.75 12. Other 9.22 TOTAL $21,862.00 Table No. 5 SUMMARY OF ATTENDANCE FOR INTERPRETIVE PROGRAMMES Year Ending March 31, 1965 Algonquin Provincial Park Museum Attendance (estimated) Pioneer Logging Exhibit (estimated) Conducted Trips Labelled Trail Registration Evening Lecture Programmes Special Groups Rondeau Provincial Park Museum Registration Conducted Trips Outdoor Theatre Programmes Special Groups Sibley Provincial Park Conducted Trips Outdoor Theatre Programmes Labelled Trails Presqu'ile Provincial Park Museum Attendance (estimated) Conducted Trips Labelled Trail Registration Outdoor Theatre Programmes Special Groups 137 days 106 days 60 trips 4 trails 56 progi'ammes 50 193,850 81,410 4,614 52,100 17,207 3,711 Total 82 days 44 trips 20 programmes 9 352,892 22,136 610 2,542 265 Total 25,553 34 trips 19 programmes 3 trails 460 3,215 no record Total 3,675 85 days 27 trips 2 trails 30 programmes 5 21,200 1,199 3,651 8,508 348 Total 34,906 216 Quetico Provincial Park Museum Attendance (estimated) Conducted Trips Labelled Trail Registration Outdoor Theatre Programmes Special Groups 73 days 23 trips 3 trails 17 programmes 3 Total Attendance 5,306 558 804 1,838 53 8,559 Sibbald Point Provincial Park Museum Attendance Wasaga Beach Provincial Park Nancy Island Museum Registration Pinery Provincial Park Conducted Trips Outdoor Theatre Programmes Special Groups Labelled Trail 93 days 78 days 63 trips 16 programmes 11 1 trail Total 23,609 19,781 1,960 9,000 303 no record 11,263 Lake Superior Provincial Park Conducted Trips Outdoor Theatre Programmes Labelled Trail Special Groups 15 trips 15 programmes 1 trail 5 Total 316 2,820 1,000 166 4,302 Inverhuron Provincial Park Exhibit Centre Attendance (estimated) Labelled Trail Attendance Kap-Kig-Iwan Provincial Park Labelled Trail Attendance (estimated) Kettle Lakes Provincial Park Labelled Trail Registration Remi Lake Provincial Park Labelled Trail 1 trail 1 trail 1 trail 1 trail Total 23,500 19,800 43,300 2,500 960 no record 217 OS — c o M £ 03 3 cr1 3 o be BQ ra B a K si tu&H Pn 3 oj CO Q"- .•s >»s ^E CO 0 • ST XI s ", P Cttfi ■a B 313 i i a c co n "2 «3 fe^ 8*3 w 3 tf T5 - 3 .. o |a' MM l.§ 2.+* - CO o-tt bo Hi bc2 < 03 0)X1 O^ « cox: 3Q-i£ 5x5 3 5 8 ■ X, 03 ?3^ 5 i ■»* bC ^n-;; <p2 &&.S 2 i T3 t^ 03 — +-> •/. X3 CH 05 W 6 -^ 3" § & « , > *** co TC -->■ co" co crgjc/2 o +■> ? CO ^3 CO 3 •5 £ ^^ § .£-5 o3 bo 3 c cr.£ 02 ft. ^ c 03 j^_03 cu M2^c 2"^ ft sill oJco^rt tS^>co q oJ « c M-S.2 * -5 £ £ .£££- 3 -3bt c S.etf . o o«Z U «g .2 3 « 3 * ~ 3 e el 3.2 U2X o-t-> to 1 — 3 ctj oj CO LU < CL o Q. LU > LU OL Q. vo d 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 O Y- Diagram showing the increase in Interpretive Programme Attendance of Museums, Labelled Trails, Conducted Trips and Lectures. 218 Table No. 7 YEARLY ATTENDANCE OF PROVINCIAL PARKS MUSEUMS LABELLED TRAILS, CONDUCTED TRIPS AND LECTURES 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 6772 903 Algonquin Park Rondeau Park Sibley Park Quetico Park Serpent Mounds Park Presqu'ile Park Sibbald Point Park Nancy Island (Wasaga Beach Park) Remi Lake Park Inverhuron Park Pineiy Park Lake Superior Park Kap-Kig-Iwan Kettle Lakes 7885 1480 7766 8065 17496 71046 93410 99917 814 2822 6953 7104 2474 4525 7675 7885 1480 7766 8065 18310 73868 102837 111546 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 106946 126946 156570 196386 264357 8527 13843 25780 34245 31537 5434 5862 9504 11431 10500 531 4360 5663 6247 10639 5661 7986 8100 5454 3675 2689 3313 12154 23552 12123 21571 9173 9998 160 268310 313133 309163 352892 30306 33038 34644 25553 18907 31903 36866 3675 10425 10223 11076 8559 28332 36458 23421 21516 13652 21657 96 84 1600 7000 4118 8231 2652 1500 31768 34906 22244 23609 21169 19781 8500 43300 14131 11263 3203 4302 2250 2500 960 127099 161686 208930 287213 375989 399167 487395 495014 531300 219 Students at Careers Exposition have Lands and Forests jobs explained to them by booth attendant. Students receive instruction on the use of the Planer at Ontario Forest Ranger School sawmill. 220 PERSONNEL BRANCH 'npHE Personnel Branch is composed of four sub-sections: Classification and ■*■ Job Evaluation, Training and Special Assignments, Employee Relations, Employment. The Classification and Job Evaluation Section is responsible for position administration. This involves the maintenance of position specifications along with the revision and up-dating of class specifications and salary surveys. The Training Section is responsible for arranging special courses such as the one-week Executive Development Course, along with liaison work in screening educational leave requests through the Educational Leave Committee; liaison with the Ontario Forest Ranger School, Public Administration and other courses that may be related to the employee's job. Special assignments include the processing of grievances. The Employee Relations Section is designed to investigate all problems relating to personnel work and attempt to improve communications between field and head office staffs. The employment Section covers the recruitment programme. Included is the annual selection of some 1,500 Junior Forest Rangers for summer employment during July and August. The general office section is also part of this unit and this section maintains personnel records and attendance records, processes nominations and separations and arranges retirements. POSITION ADMINISTRATION The classification programme continued which included identification, analysis of positions, writing of specifications and the determining of salary schedules. The allocation of positions to the Forestry Technician, Ranger, and the new Conservation Officer series was almost complete with subsequent salary adjust- ments to employees. Classification responsibilities for the Department were divided among three members of the staff reporting to the classification officer, and each was assigned an area of the Province. Visits to field locations also continued to be required in order to advise and assist in the preparation of position specifications and organization charts. Studies of proposed new series such as Fish Hatchery Technicians are being developed. RECRUITMENT The recruitment programme was re-aligned during the fiscal year to provide improved service to the branches and districts in the filling of vacancies. 221 PERSONNEL BRANCH SUPERVISOR S.H.C. PARSONS EMPLOYMENT OFFICER C.H. BENNETT RECRUITMENT AND ESTABLISHMENTS ASSISTANT RECRUITMENT AND JUNIOR RANGER ASSISTANT EM HAMMERSTROM RECRUITMENT AND SPECIAL ASSIGN- MENTS ASSISTANT EMPLOYEE RELATIONS OFFICER PERSONNEL OFFICE MANAGER STENO RECEPTIONIST M. STAWIARSKI ATTENDANCE CLERK FIELD U. PENNELL E. LINDHOLM S. CAMERON ATTENDANCE CLERK HEAD OFFICE E B. STACKHOUSE. SENIOR RECORDS CLERK RECORDS CLERK S. FITZGERALD CLERK TYPIST AC. MINNIS TRAINING AND SPECIAL ASSIGN- MENTS OFFICER CLASSIFICATION AND JOB EVALU TION OFFICER WW. TWEED PERSONNEL CLASSIFICATION ASSISTANT A J BENNETT PERSONNEL CLASSIFICATION ASSISTANT E L.W. SPENCER PERSONNEL CLASSIFICATION ASSISTANT SH SPENCER CLASSIFICATION CLERK O MAYDANIUK CLERK STENO A MITCHELL 222 JUNIOR FOREST RANGER PROGRAMME The Junior Forest Ranger programme continues to grow in popularity. In 1961, 619 boys participated. In 1964, 1,519 boys participated. Sixteen districts in the Province share in this programme by providing camps, supervision, and lectures. TRANSFERS AND PROMOTIONS The job advertising routine continued to be used for filling senior positions. Selection committees have been increased at the request of branches and districts. TRAINING Ontario Forest Ranger School Diploma Course: The enrolment for the 1964 Diploma Course was 87 non- sponsored and 34 sponsored students. The enrolment for 1965 is 113 non- sponsored and 11 sponsored. Certificate Courses were given in Fish and Wildlife, Forest Protection and Timber. Other Courses taken by Lands and Forests personnel included the Senior Officers' Course and Seminar at Guelph, a course for Managers, Supervisory Training Courses, Personnel Officers' courses and the Certificate Course in Public Administration at Toronto University. All of these courses were sponsored by the Department of Civil Service. Three foresters and two biologists completed the Diploma Course in Resource Management at Toronto University. Courses given by the Personnel Branch included the four-day Familiari- zation Course which was attended by 29 new foresters and biologists and a four-day Executive Development Course attended by 26 District Foresters, Super- visors and Head Office representatives. Other courses attended by Department personnel include the Salary Adminis- tration Seminar at McGill University, a Work Study Course at Peterborough, Motor Fleet Supervisors' Course, a one-day Seminar for secretaries, a course on Human Relations in Safety and a Law-Enforcement Course for Senior Fish and Wildlife personnel held at the Ontario Police College, Aylmer. Employees were given educational leave and assistance was granted to several employees who took extension or correspondence courses in various subjects pertinent to their occupation. The Department renewed, for one year, the secondment of one forester to the Government of Chile under the auspics of FAO and that for a biologist and a forester to the governments of Tanganyika and Kenya under the Federal External Aid Programme. Dr. C. H. D. Clarke, Chief of the Fish and Wildlife Branch was sent to East Africa to study wildlife management problems and advise govern- ment officials in that area. 223 LU CO U LU CO K Z> u_ u_ O o Q u < LU CO co LU Z LU I X 0£ ^ u O Q_ z U_ O < z _l LU > CL CD in vo < LU Q _J LU 4 vo co z o Q Q z "■" Z Z o cm < _i < 13 CO LU < LU > u_ Z a. o !- z LU Z < 1- CO Q LU _l < u CO UL H LU z a: > < < < \- co LU Q < a LU Z a: O ^ CO Q Z < o a. CO Q OB aj o > o 1*1 J r? S a; CO Si ha*S tf-S S S co be CO rt §1 a* .2-8 T3 CD sl 1st e E +J 3 o "9 O co 1 4-> T3 <: «*h o 3 CL) 3 OCL, O ft o) 2 OU M Ex « ^H e _c o +-> 0) 03 03 +-> 3 .w O 'g CO a -t->T3 9 < «fH u '•£ 3 co 3 O&H CO bo .s CO c co S -o -»-> 6 co ca — m co >> £3 w £ eg ^£ H e3 ;* Si o co w § c g * ho o CO 3 i 3 C/2 224 O o> % .a C cO CO Pi cj i ■p a jC be J O CO C 1 Q - « £ CO 0> §1 co g Pi O 3 &! .22 w El 73 <3 S «4H Pi Q£.£ h E co O 0) G fcPnEH T5 to ® V 09 3 o s-,"S S1S9 T3 o o PhO O O o>-r:,o w o a CO c §§.s U CO -+J si «;H re - > 3 CO 4) flfi £.2t$ T3 CO *~ £«} 3 o§.2 CO •** -*-> S-g co 3 3 bo 3 0) 3 CD 3 O co 8 c~w3 Q 2 ^o ► fTfi eu bo > 3 o> 3 C O .9 3- C co a .a "? s co i. 14 _ 01 a.£_c ° £ co +3 73 O 3 O 3 0.0.0 co 225 GRIEVANCES Thirty-two employee grievances were submitted during the fiscal year. Of these, nineteen were resolved by the Department or withdrawn and thirteen were still outstanding at the year's end. No grievance went to the Grievance Board for hearing during the year. Twenty-three of the grievances were concerned with classification and eight with working conditions and terms of employment. One was ruled as not being a valid grievance. WORKMEN'S COMPENSATION AND SAFETY TRAINING This section has now been transferred to the Operations Branch. TOTAL STAFF AS OF MARCH 3 965 Reg. Prob. Monthly Rated Seasonal Total Head Office Field 575 1734 66 127 9 15 27 598 677 2474 2309 193 24 625 3151 Total complement of year-round positions as of March 31, 1965 2627 Total Regular, Probationary and Monthly Rated staff as of March 31, 1965 2526 Total vacancies in complement as of March 31, 1965 101 2627 NUMBER OF PROFESSIONAL EMPLOYEES Foresters Biologists Civil Engineers Miscellaneous Total 226 69 7 27 329 Number of Licenced Scalers on Staff 787 Number of Graduates of Ranger School on Staff 768 The table below indicates the total number of employees on staff for each month of the fiscal year: 1964 Mthly Reg. Prob. Rated Cas. H.O. Total Reg. Mthly Prob. Rated Cas. F.S. Grand Total Total Apr. 570 71 10 27 678 1717 139 23 2217 4096 4774 May 565 75 10 62 712 1717 147 23 5315 7202 7914 June 571 79 10 100 760 1726 148 21 4719 6614 7374 July 569 79 10 106 764 1724 151 21 5124 7020 7784 Aug. 578 82 10 97 767 1721 152 21 3739 5633 6400 Sept. 583 77 11 41 712 1719 151 19 3015 4904 5616 Oct. 577 74 11 26 688 1708 153 19 2218 4098 4786 Nov. 574 77 11 26 688 1701 150 18 1272 3141 3829 Dec. 571 83 9 29 692 1701 148 20 931 2800 3492 1965 Jan. 568 76 9 33 686 1706 151 18 823 2698 3384 Feb. 575 73 9 29 686 1728 140 18 754 2640 3326 Mar. 575 66 9 27 677 1734 127 15 598 2474 3151 Aver. 573 76 10 50 709 1717 146 20 2560 4443 5153 226 STAFF TURNOVER The table shown below lists the number of employees who discontinued their service for various reasons, as indicated, during the fiscal year: Trans- Trans- Super- ferred ferred Resigned Dismissed Retired Died Annuated (Intra) (Inter) Total Head Office Field 54 60 2 4 1 3 3 13 4 25 31 78 11 4 106 187 Total 114 6 4 16 29 109 15 293 NEW EMPLOYEES Male Female Total Head Office Field 44 75 20 24 64 99 Total 119 44 163 Note: The staff turnover for the fiscal year is — 8.5%. This is the ratio of separations to total regular and probationary staff. TOTAL PERSONNEL ON STAFF March 31, 1965 March 31, 1964 2309 193 625 2337 207 650 28 decrease 14 decrease 25 decrease 227 Field tests conducted with Bidrin, a systemic insecticide, shows it to be effective in the control of Dutch Elm Disease. The disease-carrying bark beetles are killed when they chew into the bark. This grouse being mounted by a research worker will be preserved for future study. 228 RESEARCH BRANCH '""pHE Research Branch is given the responsibility to assess the research needs of ■"■ the Department, to secure co-operation with existing research agencies, and to develop research of its own. Assessment is accomplished largely by conferences with other Branches of the Department, and co-operation is obtained mainly through meetings and correspondence with other existing research agencies. The Research Branch has developed programmes in the fields of Forestry, Fisheries, Wildlife and Mechanical research with the main objective of providing information for the operating Branches to meet their current needs, as well as to give the infor- mation necessary to remedy deficiences of the past and to provide possible require- ments in the future. An outline of Research Branch programmes follows: FORESTRY SECTION. Silviculture — studies of forest culture, growth and reproduction of the important tree species and associated vegetation. Research includes studies of logging effects upon forest stands; cultural herbicides and con- trolled fires, seeding and planting. Site Research — evaluation of soil features, climate and nutrients to determine best use, and rate of productivity. Tree Breed- ing— selection and breeding of forest tree strains of superior quality and resistance to disease. Nursery and Planting Practices — to assist in solution of nursery prob- lems and the planting and care of plantations. Miscellaneous — Forest Mensuration (growth and yield), Wood Quality, Forest Economics, and Computer Studies. FISHERIES SECTION. Studies to determine rates of reproduction, growth and mortality of commercial and game fish, and relation of these to environmental conditions. Great Lakes — Research Branch responsible for general research on Lakes Huron, Erie and Ontario; Fisheries Research Board of Canada for Lake Superior, as well as sea lamprey control experiment. Game Fish — Research units established for study of lake trout, speckled trout, smallmouth bass and walleye. Selective Breeding — to obtain brook trout-lake trout hybrid which can survive in presence of sea lampreys. Miscellaneous — Lake Productivity unit to classify pro- ductive capacity on basis of chemical fertility, Parasites — to identify and assess effects, Limnology (Lake study) unit to study physical and chemical characteristics of Great Lakes. WILDLIFE SECTION. Collects basic information and develops techniques to assist management. Big Game — white-tailed deer, moose, woodland caribou. Predators — timber wolves. Upland Game and Waterfowl — small game animals, such as pheasants and rabbits. Wildlife Diseases and Parasites — identification, fre- quency, distribution and effects. Furbearers — habits, behaviour and environment affecting numbers of such animals as beaver and marten. MECHANICAL SECTION. Develops, improves, and tests equipment and instruments to meet special needs of Research Branch and other Branches of Department. 229 RESEARCH BRANCH BRANCH CHIEF: A. P. LESLIE* SPECIAL PROJECTS: A. R. Fenwick FORESTRY SECTION: D. H. Burton. Supervisor Regional Silviculture Tree Breeding Mid-Western Site Northern Reforestation Central Wood Quality South Central Forest Economics South Western W. Pine Blister Rust South Eastern FISHERIES SECTION: K. H. Loftus, Supervisor Lake Huron Great Lakes Lake Erie Lake Ontario Lake Trout Game Fish Brook Trout Smallmouth Bass Walleye Selective Breeding Limnology Maple Headquarters Parasitology . Productivity Technical Studies WILDLIFE SECTION: R. 0. Standfield, Supervisor Big Game Furbearers Upland Game & Waterfowl Predators Diseases & Parasites MECHANICAL RESEARCH SECTION: M. H. Baker, Supervisor STATISTICS and MENSURATION SECTION: T. W. Dwight, Supervisor ADMINISTRATION: Personnel Budgeting and Accounting Equipment Reports Library Public Relations *R. N. Johnston retired September 15, 196A- 230 In fisheries research, a new programme was launched in 1964 with the object of determining a practical classification system for Ontario lakes, based on their potential for fish production. Such a system, it is expected, will provide a yardstick against which biologists may measure the current production level of any lakes to determine whether that production is less than that which is to be expected over a long period of time. This research programme is expected to be of value to both commercial and sport fish research and management. It is becoming increasingly evident in fisheries research in general that one of the most important problems to be solved is the marked and frequently abrupt changes in abundance of the populations of some of our most valuable commer- cial and game fish species. This is believed to arise from the sizes of the broods in individual spawning years. The absence of fish of certain ages in the catch of fisher- men is clear evidence of brood failures in preceding years. The reasons for these failures are being explored intensively. There may be in a given case only a single causal factor and in others a combination of factors within the ecological complex — which includes water temperatures, enrichment in nutrients, the physical condi- tion of spawning beds and attacks of diseases and parasites. Forestry research projects in tree breeding, reforestation and silviculture may be mentioned. In the tree breeding programme, the first controlled pollinations were made in the spring of 1964 with black spruce, white spruce and several exotic spruces. The purpose is to determine the genetic variability of native spruces, the genetic relationships of native and exotic species and the value of certain spruce hybrids. A project in reforestation research has shown that the quality of planting stock can be improved by correcting the soil acidity of forest tree nursery soils with sulphur applications. Extensive use of computers was initiated by the Research Branch in 1964. An example of problem-solving is found in the computer-controlled sampling system developed for the Timber Branch to determine the total sound volumes of wood obtained by operators practising tree-length logging in a number of northern districts. In silvicultural research two programmes have been completed. One was con- cerned with sulphur fume pollution as it affected forest trees in central Ontario and the other with the regeneration of yellow birch in south-central Ontario. A product of wildlife research was "A Manual of Common Parasites, Diseases and Anomalies of Wildlife in Ontario," prepared and published in 1964, to assist field staff. These officers are now in a better position to make diagnoses of abnor- malities in wildlife, and consequently to properly inform hunters and other mem- bers of the public. Mr. R. N. Johnston retired September 15th, 1964, after nearly 48 years service with the Department. He was appointed Chief of the Research Branch in 1944 and continued in this position until his retirement. He was made Director of Research in 1957. Shortly after his initial employment with the Department in 1917, following graduation in Forestry, he served as a pilot in World War I. Upon his return he was placed in charge of forest surveys, following which he was engaged in developing a forest fire protection radio communications system. He was in charge of aerial surveying until his appointment to the Research Branch. Reg Johnston will long be remembered as a promoter and innovator of many useful devices and techniques in Departmental operations and for his tireless efforts in the development of the Research Branch. 231 WILDLIFE RESEARCH Accomplishments in wildlife studies, as in all research, are seldom the pro- ducts of great inspiration or luck. Usually, they signify the culmination of many years of unspectacular work during which progress was measured by a steady accumulation of data and the discarding of ideas which would not work. The wildlife research programme, which attempts to support and improve wildlife management in Ontario, had its share of accomplishments, failures and unimpressive progress during the year. If accomplishments in the past year were more numerous than in any of the previous 20 years of life of the Section, they were merely indications that many years of sound planning and work were begin- ning to prove beneficial. Several projects, initiated and developed in the Wildlife Research Area of Algonquin Provincial Park, are now being tested under management conditions in other parts of the province. However, the research station continued to function as the centre for most field research on wildlife by Department personnel, staffs and students of the Ontario Research Foundation, University of Toronto and other organizations. The close contact between the Department and outside agen- cies at this station illustrates the co-operation which is one of the strong Doints ot wildlife research in the province. Over the years the Wildlife Research Station in Algonquin Provincial Park has attracted a large number of visitors. In addition to biologists and other professionals, hundreds of visitors were shown various aspects of the research programmes. Hundreds more could not be accommodated because research responsibilities limited the time which staff could spend on public relations. Basic research on otter populations in Algonquin Provincial Park neared com- pletion. Fourteen otter were live-trapped, tagged and released as part of the ecolo- gical study, which will terminate with an attempt to recover all tagged animals in the summer of 1965. The relative stability of production of otter in Ontario throughout the years is in direct contrast to the fluctuations in numbers of beavei, muskrat and mink which share a similar environment. In addition to providing information unique to the management of otter, this research may also provide an unusual but valid approach to understanding of the population changes shown by the other aquatic mammals. Census methods for beaver, primarily house-counts along aerial transects to sample large areas and intensive surveys of experimental plots, have been used for several years to provide data for research and management programmes throughout the province. Developed initially in research on Algonquin Provincial Park beaver, they are now supplying data on the states of beaver populations in most of the forest Districts and have been used to study the effects of protection and trans- planting of beaver in the Hudson Bay Lowlands. Although the methods are under- going continual modification to improve their accuracy, they are at the present time, the best possible means of producing estimates of numbers and of providing the background data for research on mortality factors. At the request of the Quebec provincial government, a Department employee, using our census methods assisted in an investigation of beaver declines in the Ruperts House-Eastmain regions of Quebec in the autumn of 1964. As in previous years, research on upland game and waterfowl was limited to grouse, Canada geese and snow geese. Plans, however, were formulated for major increases in this field of research in future years because of the great importance of upland game birds and waterfowl to the hunters of southern and central Ontario and the growing problems of the effects of pesticides on wildlife in agricultural areas. 232 The influence of range quality on ruffed grouse was assessed through the detailed autopsy of hundreds of birds collected throughout Ontario at all seasons of the year by staff of the Fish and Wildlife Branch. As part of this research, studies of grouse nutrition were begun in co-operation with the Ontario Veterinary College. Our present hypotheses are that survival of grouse broods may be greatly improved through range improvement (clearing and fertilizing plots in mature forests), and hunter success can be increased by attracting grouse to clearings that have been planted with food-producing trees and shrubs. Preliminary field work is now under- way on these programmes. Experience with research programmes on nesting geese in the Hudson Bay Lowlands of Ontario resulted in a Department biologist undertaking an aerial survey of Ross' goose populations in the Perry River basin of the Northwest Territories. The project, partially supported by the Canadian Wildlife Service, provided an opportunity for the biologist to compare summer range and nesting locations of Arctic populations to northern Ontario areas which are producing thousands of broods of Canada and snow geese annually. It also gave a measure of Ross' goose production in 1964. The collection of data from thousands of autopsies provided the background material for a "Manual of Common Diseases, Parasites and Anomalies of Wildlife in Ontario". This publication had the primary objectives of assisting field staff in the identification of important wildlife diseases and parasites and of providing a means of obtaining current information about their distributions and incidences. The manual is the first of its kind in North America, and to the best of our knowl- edge in the world, and it has gained widespread acceptance by universities, game departments and related agencies. Research on the fox-rabies programme in southwestern Ontario has been plagued by many problems, not the least of which is the relative scarcity of foxes in many areas. Progress was made in important techniques associated with the research. The presence or absence of sex chromatin in the somatic cells of animals has been studied by many biologists for several years. However, identification of this chromatin was not possible in preserved tissues until refinement in cell-staining techniques were achieved by the biologist in charge of the rabies research. It is now possible to identify the sex of most rabid foxes from heads or other preserved tissues, an important step in understanding the methods of transmission of rabies in the various age and sex components of a fox population. Improvements were also made in radio receivers and the transmitters used to tag animals for ecological studies. The biologist in charge was invited to take part in a symposium on radio- telemetry held in conjunction with the 30th North American Wildlife Conference. Research on moose populations in northwestern Ontario was continued, in an effort to understand the effects of hunting on productivity and the maintenance of optimum numbers. Comparisons of the ages of moose taken from accessible and relatively inaccessible areas showed significantly older classes in the latter locations. Although there may be some selection for trophy animals by "fly-in" hunters, there is probably a real difference between the age structures of populations which are lightly-hunted vs. those which are heavily-hunted. Differences in productivity may be expected between these populations, and these may be of sufficient importance to require variations in management. Research on white-tailed deer continued to relate the status of populations with range quality, hunting pressure, winter weather, predators and other factors which affect them. Predictions of gradual recovery of deer numbers in central Ontario, following the severe winters of 1958-59-60, were borne out and confirmed the value of the snow-stations operated throughout the province. Data from these provide measures of the severity of winter conditions, as they affect deer survival. 233 The major advance in woodland caribou research involved the co-operation of a graduate student and staff at the Ontario Agricultural College. A complete, de- tailed cover-type map of the Patricia Districts north of latitude 54° is now being produced to relate caribou distribution and movements to food and shelter. The map will also be useful for other wildlife research and renewable resources surveys. The Algonquin Provincial Park project, a part of the predator research pro- gramme, was completed in the autumn of 1964. Eighty-one wolves were trapped from the south-west quarter of the Park to measure the effect on the population of five years of protection. Comparison with the age structure of wolf populations else- where in Ontario, where there is a continual drain from trapping and hunting, showed that protection decreases the production or survival of young animals. Essentially, the protected population snowed evidence that some mechanism or mechanisms limit total numbers. Food was not considered to be an important factor since there is an abundance of deer, beaver and other food supplies in the Park. Tentative conclusions are that behavioral or physiological factors are responsible for limiting population increases. Application of research results and the experience gained in trapping pro- grammes now form a major part of the predator research and management pro- gramme. Additional predator control officers were trained during the trapping pro- gramme in Algonquin Provincial Park. The thorough investigations of complaints of predation and the intensive control techniques used by predator control officers are now eliminating most of the problems of predation on livestock throughout the province. FISHERIES RESEARCH I The fisheries research programme has been developed to obtajn the new facts and to develop the new techniques necessary to the complex job of management of both sport and commercial fisheries in Ontario. Constant attention is given to the task of selecting, from the many problems suggested, those which, when solved, will provide the greatest advantage to management throughout the Province, rather than locally. Selection of research projects is possible only through a close work- ing relationship between management and research staff. During 1964, a new research programme was launched with the object of developing a practical classification system for Ontario's lakes, based on their potential for fish production. Such a system, it is expected, will provide a yard- stick against which biologists may measure the current production level of any lake to determine whether it is less than that which is to be expected over a long period of time. This research programme should be of value to both commercial and sport fish research and to management. Progress of research in all established units was considered satisfactory, in view of present staff and facilities. Planned additions to staff and facilities are necessary so that highly trained research personnel may be used most efficiently. Competition from other research agencies and universities is becoming an increas- ingly serious problem in maintaining and further developing the programme. Great Lakes Fisheries LAKE ONTARIO The whitefish fishery in Lake Ontario continued its sharp downward trend in 1964. Very few young fish were taken, either by commercial fishermen or by experimental fishing gear. On the basis of age determinations from samples avail- 234 able we must reluctantly predict even poorer whitefish fishing for 1965, the 1965 year class apparently having been a poor one. A few years ago, when it was learned the exploitation rate by the fishery was unusually high, restrictions were recom- mended and adopted. It is now apparent that other factors, probably environmental changes as described in the section on Limnology, have a greater influence on the whitefish than does exploitation by the commercial fishermen. The lake trout research project, in co-operation with New York State, entered its final stage with the last large planting of 100,000 marked yearlings obtained through the Great Lakes Fishery Commission from Charlevoix, Michigan. The transfer of the fish by air in plastic bags, a technique developed in 1963, was successful, and the planting in the Charity Shoal area of the lake was completed without mishap. The large plantings will be followed carefully to see whether a successful spawning will result in five years, or failing this objective, it is hoped the causes of failure, sea lamprey or otherwise, can be identified with certainty. The fishery for eels has been a small but stable industry in Lake Ontario for many years. In recent years, coincident with the declining numbers of other commercial species, it has assumed a greater importance and has been expanded Concern about the effect of the barriers to elver migration presented by installa- tions of the St. Lawrence seaway has led to a small study of this specie^. The objective is to determine the effect, if any, of the seaway on the eel population, and to devise a technique to maintain the supply of elvers from the Atlantic Ocean ii this appears necessary. The research vessel "Namaycush", fitted for trawling, carried out our first brief survey of the entire lake in 1964. The results of this, and of co-operative work by other agencies shows that the open lake is not polluted, is rich chemically and in fish food organisms, but contains very few fish. The Kokanee programme is covered in detail elsewhere in this report. In Lake Ontario it is now apparent that natural spawning facilities may be limited, but the richness of the open lake waters suggests that growth of the young planted fish might be excellent. LAKE ERIE The walleye fishery in the western basin of Lake Erie remained at a very low level, comparable to the levels prevailing in the 1930's and early 1940's. The 1962 year class, which had been considered as comparable in size to that of 1959, and which was expected to boost the fishery in the spring of 1964, failed to meet expectations. Samples from experimental and commercial gear indicate that the 1963 year class is about as numerous as was the 1962 year class, and consequently no improvement in the fishery for 1965 can be predicted. In Lake Erie the environment and the fish populations are changing rapidly, and the fishing industry is widely spread. Under these circumstances, it has proven difficult to adequately sample the fish caught so that predictions to the industry of what to expect next year can be provided. Such predictions are important to management and to the industry and longer range predictions are desirable. In the hope of providing such predictions cheaply, research is proceeding on the development of index stations. It is hoped that by fishing certain gears, at selected stations once or twice a year, a reliable measure of the relative abundance of young important species can be achieved. This, in time, should allow long range predic- tions of fishing conditions, provided that year class strengths are established at an early age, as we believe them to be. Studies of the factors, e.g. temperature and oxygen, etc., influencing the 235 distribution and/or the spawning success of smelt were continued during 1964. This work, nearing completion, is of assistance in predicting where, in the lake, smelt can be expected to concentrate in numbers sufficient for fishing operations. Such areas are expected to change with the continuing "enrichment" of the waters of Lake Erie. No progress was made this year on the proposed study of the problem of alternating strong and weak year classes of smelt. Cannibalism by yearlings on young-of-the-year is suspected, but the extreme scarcity of yearlings (1963 year class) in 1964 made it difficult to obtain specimens for study. This project was delayed until 1965 when yearlings from the 1964 year class are expected to be abundant. LAKE HURON The several separate whitefish populations of Lake Huron, Georgian Bay, North Channel and South Bay were sampled as in the past. This sampling programme and subsequent age determinations from scale samples, allows deter- mination of the relative strengths of year classes of whitefish produced in various areas, and is an essential part of our search for the causes of fluctuations in whitefish abundance. These samples also provide the basic for annual predictions for management and for the industry of the quality of whitefish fishing expected next year. In 1964 a study of whitefish during this first year of life was initiated. It is now believed that the strength of a year class may be fixed either at spawning time or during their first year after hatching. The problem of locating and catching these very small, almost transparent young whitefish is difficult to solve. A special plankton-type net for this purpose was developed and tested successfully during 1964. The exploratory gill-net fishing of Georgian Bay ended in' 1964 and the crew and gear moved to the North Channel. Preliminary analysis of the catches, suggested the possibility of catching good numbers of marketable chubs in some areas without excessive nuisance smelt and without catching young whitefish. An experimental chub fishery was recommended. A major study of whitefish in Southern Georgian Bay was concluded in 1964, and a report is to be published in 1965. The research concludes that this popu- lation of whitefish is now exploited as heavily as it should be. The effect of sea lamprey control on this and other whitefish populations should be watched very closely. Populations are expected to improve when predation is reduced, and new kinds of control on the fisheries may be justified. The survival, growth and distribution of planted, unselected splake were further documented in the fisheries of northern Lake Huron and of South Bay. Plans are being laid for the large-scale introduction of selected splake as soon as these become available. The section on Kokanee, elsewhere in this report, covers this "exotic" species in some detail. There was no problem in selecting apparently suitable stream and shoal planting and future spawning sites in various parts of Georgian Bay and South Bay. A total of 1,750,000 eggs or "swim-up" fry were planted in Lake Huron waters in the first of a series of four annual plantings. LAKE SUPERIOR The research programme on Lake Superior, under the terms of the Federal- Provincial Agreement for Ontario Fisheries, is a federal government responsibility. 236 se This agreement is currently being considered for revision, in view of the progress of the experiment in sea lamprey control. Principal research programmes are: (1) to attempt to control the sea lamprey and (2) to assess the lake trout populations of Lake Superior. The sea lamprey control experiment has proceeded on schedule, and the cond round of treatment with the larvicide T.F.M. of all lamprey producing streams entering the lake was completed in 1964. The effectiveness of this second treatment in reducing the lamprey population beyond its present level, awaits assessment in 1965 and 1966. Plans are being made for the extension of the control programme to Lake Huron. The lake trout population, both native and planted, continues to respond well to the level of sea lamprey control achieved in the first round of treatments. Some mid-lake populations which escaped full predation by sea lampreys have recovered without the assistance of plantings to what are considered pre-lamprey status. A limited commercial fishery has been recommended for these populations. The in-shore stocks, which were decimated by predation, have been recovering well with the aid in local areas of large scale plantings of lake trout yearlings. These stocks have not yet reached a condition where a fishery can be recom- mended. In 1964, widespread evidence of a few mature trout in spawning condi- tion was noted. This is the first sign in many years of natural reproduction in these in-shore areas. Introduction of Kokanee (land-locked salmon) to the Great Lakes The depressed state of the fisheries, both commercial and sport, throughout the Great Lakes, has been a cause of major concern to research and management fisheries people for a number of years. In Lake Erie new species have become important and have maintained the industry, though at a different economic level. In Lake Superior, the sea lamprey control experiment offers some grounds for optimism that the former fishery may be recovered. In Lakes Huron and Ontario, immediate prospects for improvement are dim. A number of new species have invaded the Great Lakes, e.g. sea lamprey, smelt, alewife, white perch, perhaps to the detriment of the environment for traditional species. Few of these have been useful. Biologists have given much thought to the consequences of deliber- ately introducing new species. The Research Branch, after lengthy study, recommended in 1964 the intro- duction of Kokanee, a land-locked variety of sockeye salmon, to Lakes Huron and Ontario. The objective of the introduction was seen as the establishment of a new game and commercial species. No detrimental consequences to present species or to the re-establishment of formerly important species were foreseen. Subsequently, during 1964, some W2 million eggs from a stream-spawning variety of Kokanee were obtained from British Columbia and another 1 Vi million eggs from shore spawning Kokanee were obtained from the states of Montana, Colorado and Washington. These have been planted, half as eyed-eggs and half as "swim-up" fry, at selected sites in Lakes Huron and Ontario. Four annual plantings are planned as the initial experiment to establish the species. Follow-up studies to determine survival, growth, distribution and spawning success will be developed during the next few years. 237 Sport Fisheries HARKNESS LABORATORY The variety and long-term continuity of the fisheries research programme, centered on Lake Opeongo in Algonquin Provincial Park, has resulted not only in many practical management techniques, but also in the accumulation of an excellent background knowledge of a large number of Park lakes and fishes. With this knowledge available, it has been possible to initiate active research programmes very quickly because it has been unnecessary to search for the experimental con- ditions required. Thus, our programme dealing with lake trout, smallmouth bass and brook trout have been based, initially at least, at the Harkness Laboratory. (A history of the Harkness Laboratory, written by N. V. Martin in 1964 will be issued in 1965.) CREEL CENSUS The unspectacular, routine, and frequently boring task of conducting a thorough creel census on Lake Opeongo and some of the neighboring lakes was continued in 1964, as it has been for more than 25 years. This continuous record is envied by almost every other research organization on the continent. Many organizations in fisheries, both research and management, undertake creel census work for periods ranging from a week or two to several years, in order to measure, in terms of fish to the angler, the results of a specific test. These are good, but they would be better and more reliable if the specific tests were imposed on a population of fish whose history is known. What is lacking in these studies is a reasonable knowledge of what would have taken place in that lake, in that year, in the absence of the test. This is the unspectacular but funda- mental assist that we have slowly accumulated in Lake Opeongo. About 20 con- secutive year classes of lake trout have now been measured as they made their accumulating contributions to the angling fishery. We may not have recorded all the range of natural variation that may occur, but feel confident that we have measured a large portion of it. The Branch is now in a position to compare the fishery in a test year or years, with the broad range of fishing conditions which are normal. It is now better able to decide what part of the results are due to an experiment, and what part is likely to be due to natural variation. A back- ground of data provides the basis for reliable experiments in population manipula- tion. If the research station at Lake Opeongo were to be closed, the 35 years of accumulated data, essential to rapid progress in any research programme would be lost, and it would be necessary to begin again. The Opeongo creel census has had many values as by-products. It has provided the yardstick to which we compared what happened under the alternate closure scheme of management, and now the two-year open — one-year closed schedule for adjacent lake trout waters. It has provided our assessment of past experimental stockings, which were failures, and will provide the assessment of the "hard water vs. soft water" source lake trout stockings. It has provided samples in the plankton vs. fish feeding lake trout study, and in almost every other lake trout study that has been undertaken. It has provided similar data for bass and some for splake and brook trout. Migration, fecundity, homing, feeding, parasi- tology and other studies have been to a large measure, supported by the creel census and by the fish, and pieces of fish it makes available. Creel census probably represents, in an unspectacular way, the highest return for money spent. Creel census, though in itself a simple routine, must be carefully watched 238 from year to year, if comparable coverage of the fishery is to be maintained. If comparable coverage proves impossible, then at least the degree to which coverage has changed must be measured accurately and recorded. In Lake Opeongo, the fishery has been changing during the past few years and we are facing the prob- lem of measuring the change. Guides, who have provided information traditionally for so many years, are now used less, and many anglers are campers whose experience in fishing is casual and whose fishing hours are mixed with boating hours, cannot be counted upon to supply reliable data. Because of the background of knowledge about Lake Opeongo and neigh- bouring waters in the Park, a number of our own research units and other research agencies used facilities of the laboratory in 1964. These included: Lake Trout unit, Brook Trout unit, Smallmouth Bass unit, Limnology unit, Parasitology unit, Inventory (Productivity) unit, Selective Breeding (Splake) unit, Ontario Research Foundation, University of Toronto, University of British Columbia, University of Texas. LAKE TROUT The success of plantings of lake trout from normal hatchery stocks in Lake Opeongo and we suspect, in similar lakes, has been nil. Any of the traditional, additional protection techniques used to improve survival have also failed. Water quality is being tested to see whether this is the factor responsible for failure in Lake Opeongo in contrast to success in other waters; e.g. South Bay and Lake Manitou. Lake trout eggs, taken from trout inhabiting both hard water and soft water lakes, have been hatched and reared in both hard water and soft water hatcheries and are being planted in Lake Opeongo. Each lot of fish has been kept separate and has been marked differently. The first such planting was made in Opeongo in 1963 and the second planting, consisting of a total of 59,000 yearlings was made in May of 1964. The creel census, in the coming five or six years will provide the assessment of survival of the various lots. The study of the importance, in terms of lake trout management, of the plankton feeding versus the fish feeding habit in lake trout was continued in 1964. These feeding habits are now known to affect the rate of growth, the size and age at maturity, the general condition (weight per unit length), and the number of eggs per pound of female. There are also consequent differences in the kinds of angling which are produced, in the year class fluctuations and in the age and size at both maturity and at vulnerability to the angler. Such differences are important to management and are being measured precisely. BROOK TROUT Studies of natural brook trout populations are under way to determine, as has been done for lake trout, the natural variation in year class strength which occurs in such typical lakes as Redrock and Dickson. Yields to the angler under different controlled fishing intensities is being measured. It is interesting to note that in Redrock Lake in 1964 when the total catch was 530 trout, 50% of these were caught in the first four days of the angling season. The survival of hatchery reared and planted brook trout in such native brook trout lakes has been very low. Predation by native lake trout and brook trout is now recognized as an important factor in the mortality of planted fish. Fifteen lakes, representing a cross section of brook trout lakes in northern Ontario, were selected for stocking rate studies shortly after the establishment of this research unit. The first experimental plantings were made in 1962, and 239 replicate plantings have been made since. The survival of hatchery plantings have been reported in Section Report (Fisheries) #51 and indicate a low, but the best, survival in lakes where minnows are the only other species present. Poorest survival is evident when suckers are also found in the lake. Studies of the relationship between white suckers and brook trout have been started because of the relationship reported above. Other projects include an attempt to develop a simple technique for providing artificial spawning beds to allow natural reproduction where these are lacking, as is the case in a large number of brook trout producing waters, and a study of the usefulness of fish toxicants as a tool of brook trout management. SMALLMOUTH BASS A relationship has been discovered between average summer temperatures and bass year class strength. On th basis of air temperatures at Lake Opeongo to be measured in the summer of 1965, the quality of angling for bass in the years 1968 and 1969 can be predicted. Such predictions have been made successfully for South Bay and Lake Opeongo. Further research is being undertaken to learn how this relationship works, and why it applies only to the northern and not to the southern waters of the province. Tests are also under way to assess the survival of planted, hatchery-reared bass fingerlings. WALLEYE Most of the 1964 field season was spent in exploring a number of waters to locate the best site for the long-range ecological study of walleyes, which is considered the best approach to improved management of this species. Underwater observations will form an integral part of this programme. The complex of lakes (Baptiste, Elephant, Benoir) and the York River was chosen, and a headquarters was established. The principal observation made in this initial year of field work was that walleyes lie in contact with the substrate, are generally in less than 10 feet of water, on muddy and weedy bottoms. No walleyes were seen in or below the thermocline. Four years' data covering the period 1955-1958 inclusive, are now being compiled. Walleyes spawning in the Nipigon River show an annual migration pattern, the bulk of the population moving from Lake Superior again in the fall months. On the basis of tagging studies, the walleyes in Nipigon Bay are quite discrete from the Black Bay population. Static estimates of the adult walleye population have been made, using a modification of the Peterson estimate. The data on the Nipigon Bay walleyes is especially valuable, as investigations this spring indicate a serious decline in the abundance of this species and possibly the complete eradication of a spawning stock. The bibliographic compilation started in 1963, is continuing, and about 400 separates have been reviewed and catalogued by author, species and subject matter. LIMNOLOGY Staff of this research unit are engaged in three activities: (1) co-ordinating the collection of physical, chemical and plankton data undertaken by several of our units in connection with various fisheries research projects; (2) acting in a 240 liaison capacity for the Department, with the Great Lakes Institute, University of Toronto, which is supported with funds by the Department for its hydrographic work on the Great Lakes; (3) conducting specific limnological research pro- grammes. During 1964, a study of the rate of aging in the Bay of Quinte demonstrated the rapid rate at which this water environment is changing. Such changes are of major significance to fisheries and to recreation. PARASITOLOGY Studies of the parasites of Ontario fishes continued in 1964, with collections from Lakes Ontario, Erie, Huron, Opeongo and Lake of the Woods. Occasional specimens were also submitted from many other waters throughout the province by Departmental staff and by anglers. The number of "firsts" in this work — new host species, new parasites, and new records — continues to impress us with our ignorance of this subject. Much has yet to be learned about the kinds of parasites in important fish species before assessing their effects on fish populations and possibly to developing techniques for reducing the levels of parasitization. It is possible, that some of the parasites identified are capable of causing fish mor- talities of serious economic proportions in waters as large as the Great Lakes. Some parasites, if obvious to the naked eye, reduce the marketability of com- mercial species. SELECTIVE BREEDING The objective of the selective breeding programme has been to produce a stable, reproductive strain of the hybrid, brook trout-lake trout, which will mature at age three or less, and have the ability of the lake trout to inhabit deep water. Initially, it was necessary to assume that these characters were heritable. We now have proof that this is the case, and are quite certain of being able to produce an acceptably selected hybrid in three or four generations. Progress in the project has been seriously retarded during recent years by inadequate space for the many small lots of selected fish, and for rearing of the selected stock to maturity. The crowding not only results in losses from disease but greatly reduces growth and egg production. When the planned facilities are available we expect to quickly reach our objective and to provide large numbers of selected stock to manage- ment for subsequent planting in Lake Huron. The Great Lakes Fisheries Commis- sion has endorsed the rehabilitation of Lake Huron with splake rather than lake trout. In the event that sea lamprey control is not possible or is economically impractical, splake will be in even greater demand because of their expected ability to maintain themselves in the face of a lamprey population. PRODUCTIVITY Authority and funds were granted in 1964 to establish a research unit to conduct studies leading to the development of a practical index or indices that might be useful in predicting the fish production of lakes. Looking forward to this programme a number of years ago, a series of lakes across the province was selected for appropriate sampling. Samples and measure- ments were taken routinely by District staffs and by Fish and Wildlife and Research head office staffs. Analysis of these data provided the basis of publish- ing in 1964, Section Report (Fisheries) #48 entitled "Chemical characteristics of Ontario lakes with reference to a method for estimating fish production." Two journal papers arising out of this work have also been accepted for publication. 241 HEADQUARTERS Headquarters staff performed administrative duties and ensured co-ordination between research units of the Fisheries Section and between the Section and other agencies in Ontario and abroad. This function greatly increases the effective amount of research applied to fisheries in Ontario beyond that amount actually undertaken by the Province. Staff again participated in the programme of the Great Lakes Fisheries Commission, particularly the sea lamprey control experiment. FORESTRY RESEARCH | The forest research programme is integrated between five units with head- quarters at the southern Research Station, Maple, and six units located in the major forest regions of the Province. The programme is described under Site Research; Tree Breeding; Nursery and Plantation Research; Quality Wood Studies; White Pine Blister Rust; Economics; and Silviculture Research. Site Research The three phases of site research are (i) Regional Site Research, (ii) Factorial Site Research, and (iii) Land Productivity Research. The objective and scope of the first two phases were introduced in the Minister's report of 1963-1964 and previously. REGIONAL SITE RESEARCH The recognition, classification and mapping of land units on a'n area of 7,000 square miles north of Lake Superior constituted this year's programme for one member of the staff. Glacial events which determined the distribution of soil materials were studied, and the distribution pattern of various soil materials was established. Preliminary estimate was made of timber use-capability of various land classes. In this same region, a study of forest-site relationships on a reference area was concluded and the results were reported. This study shows that the kind and depth of soil material and soil moisture conditions greatly influence the composition of the forest and the growth and yield of commercial tree species. During the fiscal year, another staff member investigated and mapped the glacial landforms of an area of approximately 37,000 square miles in Sudbury and Algoma Districts. A third staff member studied the distribution of parent soil materials in part of Pembroke District in relation to geologic events, and a manuscript is being pre- pared for publication. Field work is almost finalized for a similar study in Tweed and Lindsay Districts. A report by two staff members, on the landscape units of the 1 1 counties of Eastern Ontario, is nearing completion. This includes the whole of Kemptville District and parts of Tweed and Pembroke Districts. It is part of the Eastern Ontario Study Project carried on under the Agricultural Rehabilitation and Devel- opment Act (A.R.D.A.). FACTORIAL SITE RESEARCH Two workers have continued in this field, studying soil nutrients and soil moisture factors. 242 Soil Nutrient Research. The release of nutrients from sandy materials is being studied in a series of laboratory experiments. A range of conditions and various materials are used. The immediate aim is to develop a technique suitable for the characterization of sandy materials which would be of great value for the regional site research. Numerous soil samples were analyzed for regional site research. New analyti- cal techniques were selected and new laboratory layouts were developed to improve the accuracy and efficiency of analyses. Soil Moisture Research. The greatest part of the soil moisture programme during this period was concerned with moisture deficit-tree growth relations. Experimental study plots within a 27-year-old red pine plantation on a dry sand site in Essa Township were thinned to varying degrees (immediately prior to the 1964 growing season). Measurements of current soil moisture and current dia- meter growth were made at frequent intervals throughout the growing season. Half of the plots were irrigated to maintain near-optimum moisture conditions. The newly-acquired nuclear equipment, used for all moisture measurements, performed in a highly satisfactory manner. The study is being continued, but it is premature at this time to forecast quantitative relationships between moisture deficit and growth. A new technique was developed for using a polyethylene surface shield with the neutron depth-probe for the determination of moisture contents within the top- most surface soil layer. This has been written and submitted for journal publication. A manuscript, reporting earlier studies on the equipotential zone above water tables, was prepared with a view to journal publication. The soil moisture study in Essa Township and the determination of the water balance of the site regions of Ontario, were accepted as projects for the Interna- tional Hydrologic Decade. LAND PRODUCTIVITY RESEARCH The objective of land productivity research is to rate the potential of physio- graphic land classes for various uses, such as the production of farm, timber and wildlife crops and for recreational activities. This is done by observing the produc- tion on the same land class under various stages of plant succession, cultural prac- tices and soil conditions. From the various levels of production on the same land class a value is selected which represents the potential of that specific land class. This rating, known as land-use capability, is one type of site evaluation. The most intensive studies of site evaluation have been conducted in the development of a system of rating the land for the production of wood. During this fiscal year, an amplified classification has been applied to the landscape units of the 11 eastern counties of Ontario which comprise the pilot area studied under A.R.D.A. One member of the staff is working in co-operation with Professor D. Love of the Faculty of Forestry, to obtain detailed production data with regard to yields and costs of red pine production on the common sites planted to that species. A co-operative report on red pine is being prepared. A similar study of maple and other hardwoods has been under way in the unit for some time. It is planned to extend co-operative effort this year to studies of hardwood and spruce. The physiographic framework for the evaluation of land for wildlife produc- tion and for recreational use has also been developed. A report on the principles and methods of evaluating land for wildlife production has been prepared by the leader of the unit, working with two wildlife biologists. Similar studies in recre- 243 ational use are being planned in co-operation with the Chief of Parks Branch. Such detailed use-capability studies are required at the resource management level. Closely integrated with the detailed site evaluation is the multiple-use land classification required at the level of land-use planning. For this, a broad scheme based on generalizations of the detailed classes has been developed for the five types of resource development, dependent upon biological production. Owing to the complexity of factors which determine the adjustments to be made in land use, the evaluation of the land classes must be considered in four stages which increase in complexity with the increase in factors considered: Present production. Potential productivity of the land. Management practice in relation to potential and present condition. Economic and social factors. During the present year, work was commenced on applying this system of multiple land-use classifications to the landscape units of the 1 1 eastern counties of Ontario. It is expected this will be completed this coming year. MEETINGS ATTENDED The unit was represented at the 1964 meeting of the Northeastern Forest Soils Conference in Maine. A staff member is actively participating in this group's Site Evaluation Committee. The leader of the unit was the official delegate of the Department at the National Forest Land Inventory Technical Planning Meeting. At this meeting, the forest land classification which has been developed in Ontario was accepted as the basis for a national system being sponsored by Land Inventory Programme carried on under A.R.D.A. Forest Tree Breeding Breeding projects continued with white pines, aspen poplars, hard pines and spruces. The first controlled pollinations with black spruce, white spruce and sev- eral exotic spruces were made in the spring of 1964. The purpose of these pollin- ations was to determine the genetic variability of the native spruce species, the genetic relationship of native and exotic species and the value of certain spruce hybrids. WHITE PINE Resistance to blister rust and weevil, and satisfactory growth rate and growth form continue to be the main objectives of this project. In 1964, com- bining ability tests were continued, to determine which of the many selected rust- resistant trees transmit resistance to their progeny. Results from these tests will indicate which trees should be used for the mass production of rust-resistant seed in seed orchards. Interspecific crossing between promising rust- and weevil-resistant exotic and native white pine was continued. Several promising first and second generation hybrids are presently being tested. ASPEN POPLARS The main aims of this project are the production of aspen-like hybrids, suitable for growing in southern Ontario, having good growth rate and growth form, good wood and ease of vegetative propagation. The problem of developing 244 as aspen hybrid that roots well from stem cuttings has largely been solved. Many hybrids with 75-90% rooting ability have been produced. The most promising of the crosses are being repeated and promising individuals are being tested in respect to other valuable attributes. 1ARD PINES The objectives of the hard pine breeding project are to produce a red pine >r red pine-like tree resistant to the pine shoot moth and of satisfactory growth ite and growth form. Selection for a shoot moth-resistant red pine has ;en unsuccessful because of the genetic uniformity of this species. In the spring of 1963, an intensive effort was made to cross red pine with other closely related species. Seeds from these crosses matured in the fall of 1964 and have been sown a greenhouse. If some of the 3,000-4,000 seedlings produced are hybrids, they n\\ play an important role in introducing genetic variability into red pine. Reforestation Research Research in all aspects of artificial regeneration, is aimed at the technical and ;ientific improvement of the reforestation programme. Studies are conducted in le greenhouse, in nurseries and in planting areas. IURSERY AND PLANTING STUDIES In certain studies the effects of treatments applied in the nursery must be examined for several years after outplanting. One large project, dealing with cor- recting the acidity of nursery soils, has required a test-planting programme lasting several years. Results indicate that artificial acidification can produce important improvements in the quality of planting stock. Another study, relating to mulching practices of the nurseries, has shown the use of hardwood sawdust as a mulch, offers immediate benefits in more efficient use of seed and in reduction of main- tenance costs. This year, a study was started to examine the effects of the nursery fertilization programme on the quality of the stock as measured in terms of planting success, in which both survival and growth are considered. Variations in the fertilizer pro- gramme were applied to experimental areas in several nurseries. Selected stock from these areas will be planted and the results observed carefully. Studies have continued in several areas across the province on the compari- sons of seedlings with transplants for general planting. Also, aspects of the effects of different planting methods on the survival and growth of several species have been examined. Work was also started this year on the effects of cultivation on the improve- ment of growth in plantations. This will be a long-term study, but the practice has been economically advantageous in other countries. FROST DAMAGE STUDIES Frosts have caused much loss and damage in the tree planting programme. Research has been directed to the identification of frost damage in wood, ways of measuring frost damage, and investigations of frost hardiness differences between and within species. 245 Quality Wood Studies The Ontario Research Foundation obtains an annual grant from the Ontario Government to carry out a quality wood programme. This programme is divided into two spheres of activity: anatomical studies (Dr. L. J. Laddel), and studies of wood chemistry (Dr. G. H. S. Thomas). The function of the Quality Wood Unit is to ensure that the programme carried out by the Ontario Research Foundation is directed to the aims of the steering committee and to relate the findings to field application, thus providing an improved wood supply for industry. In addition, trials are run to assess the natural variation found in specific wood properties such as wood density and spiral grain. WOOD CHEMISTRY Most recent work undertaken in the pulping area has been a study of the effect of compression wood1 in black spruce on yield and paper properties. The present investigation has dealt with normal wood, 100% compression wood, and various percentages of compression wood (5% -50%) mixed with normal wood of black spruce. There is little doubt from the results, that compression wood is not a desirable raw material from the viewpoint of the pulp and paper industry. Results of the chemical analyses show clearly that the main chemical distinctions between com- pression wood and normal wood are that the compression wood has a substantially higher lignin content and lower cellulose content than comparable normal wood. Under identical pulping conditions (in this instance sodium bisulphite solution), the 100% compression wood pulps were of much lower yield with a higher lignin content than those pulps produced from normal wood. Also, these pulps produced from 100% compression wood were lower in burst, tear, and tensile strength properties. However, these results refer to solid compression wood and such material is never likely to form the bulk of the chips used for a commercial cook. The amounts of compression wood normally encountered in black spruce, that is from 5% to 10%, can be pulped quite adequately by the same cooking conditions used for normal wood, and although the yield of pulp would be reduced, pulp strength prop- erties are likely to be unaffected. WOOD FIBRES During the latter part of 1964, work centred on examination of the internal morphology of black spruce and the development and testing of methods. Work was done complementing Dr. G. H. S. Thomas' studies of the behaviour of com- pression wood during pulping and the making of paper, and many measurements were made in an effort to elucidate some of the patterns of variation in normal trees. These latter studies, included an examination of the variation with height within the trees of certain features in the one year ring, and variation outward from the pith. In these studies, which are continuing, a number of features of possible significance to pulp and paper quality were examined. A report has been made on the methods basic to the investigation of internal morphology and describes the work carried out so far on compression wood. A second report, covering some of the patterns of variation in normal wood, is forth- coming. ^Compression wood is a fibre condition of conifers caused by stress. It develops on the underside of leaning tree stems and on the leeward side of stems exposed to wind pressure. 246 R. ESEARCH BRANCH in A study of wood density variation in black spruce was started in 1964. The aim was to obtain a direct measure of density variation within the tree stem; to assess the effects on total stem density of the amount of compression wood and branch wood and to determine micro-sampling techniques applicable to standing trees which will assess total stem wood density. A random sample of 20 trees was selected in Challies Township, Cochrane istrict. Fourteen trees were subdivided into one-inch thick discs, and six trees were sawn into boards. The specific gravity of samples was determined and related to true averages. Preliminary analysis indicate a highly significant correlation be- tween the average specific gravity for the whole bole. The determination of sub- sample locations (perhaps increment core samples), within the basal 10% section of the bole will enable field assessment of the natural variations found for this property. Subsequent measurements will determine the variation in compression wood within the trees and provide factors by which the density of samples can be modified to provide a relationship with the yield of pulp. Report on Blister Rust Investigations In 1964, blister rust work was carried out in Lindsay, Fort Frances, Sioux Lookout and Kenora Districts. In Lindsay, one periodic examination (the fourth) under the reconnaissance programme there, was made at Ludgate Falls. On the University of Toronto Forest at Dorset, blister rust control areas were examined for Ribes occurrence and for infection of white pine regeneration. Recommendations were made regarding in- struction in blister rust control at the Forest Ranger School. The last remaining live trees in the graft-infection experiment were examined. In the western Districts further reconnaissance surveys of infection of white pine and Ribes determined and elucidated disease conditions at the northern and western limits of distribution of pine. The occurrence of Ribes in relation to pedolo- gical features was studied. In selected areas white pine stocking, and infection in timber, natural regeneration and plantings, was investigated. Certain small areas in Fort Frances and Kenora were selected as being suitable for initial control >rojects. Written statements were distributed to the Districts concerned. Forestry Economics Unit During the 1964 fiscal year, the Forestry Economics Unit participated in two ^search projects. The first is the A R D A (Agricultural Rehabilitation and Devel- >pment Act) project under the direction of Professor D. V. Love, University of ^oronto. This project involves the study of the economics of intensive forestry in mthern Ontario and the comparison of returns from forestry with other land uses. The second, a Research Branch project in the Southwestern Region, aims to establish eastern cottonwood and other fast-growing hardwoods. The economic study relates to a financial evaluation of these species* 247 Silvicultural Research Units Silvicultural research units have been established in administrative regions of the province to study characteristics of commercial tree species which affect growth and reproduction. The object is to develop economical cultural practices which will ensure maximum production of quality wood. Such knowledge is essential to the proper management of Ontario's forest resources. An outline of the work of the main projects for each regional unit follows. MID-WESTERN FOREST RESEARCH UNIT In 1964, the regular programme of studies on the silvicultural characteristics of the main tree species of the region was continued although, as in 1963, the col- lection of new information through field work was minimized due to a reorganiz- ation of the programme. Field examinations were carried out on two high priority studies but the main emphasis for the year was placed on reducing the backlog of compilations, analyses and reporting necessary to finalize certain of the long term studies. The research co-ordination programme was inactive although provision of forest library services was continued. No annual summary was published and there was no annual meeting. Natural Regeneration, Growth Studies and Silvicultral Treatments (White Spruce-Balsam Fir): In 1960, a modified cutting system, which combined soil disturbance with the leaving of seed trees was established, to increase the white spruce regeneration over that which normally results from mechanical logging in the mixed-wood cover type. This year, the 50 residual stand study plots and the 1,000 regeneration quadrats on the 50-acre treatment area were re-examined. The results confirm the findings from similar earlier trials and indicate that this combination of treatment can substantially increase white spruce, as well as other species for which there is parent stock. However, the degree of success is very dependent on the amount and type of ground disturbance. In this trial, mechanical logging in tree lengths provided inadequate coverage of the treated areas. Growth studies and the effects of increasing competition will be continued. Trembling Aspen. Trembling aspen regeneration occurs profusely on a wide range of cut-over conditions, particularly those harvested using mechanical equip- ment. In 1959, a major study was initiated to determine if the existing and future quality of the young stems could be forecast by some characteristic(s) in their physical appearance. Simple analysis techniques on the detailed descriptive infor- mation gathered on each of the aspen stems occurring on 840 mil-acre quadrats, failed to reveal any significant or useable relationships. In 1964, the 5,500 stems were re-examined and re-described as a preliminary step to an analysis by computer programming. Multiple regression and correlation analyses will be conducted on such features as present internal quality, age, years since cutting, original cover type, site type, present stand density, branching habits, foliage characteristics, presence of black spots and fungal fruiting bodies, bark colour, form, vigour and general appearance. This analysis is as yet incomplete. CENTRAL FOREST RESEARCH UNIT The work of this unit consists of field and laboratory studies of problems of tree nutrition, particularly spruce, and studies of the productivity ecology and racial variation of red spruce. It also includes studies of tree nutrition in relation to forest disturbance. Work on smelter fume pollution in relation to forest soils and vege- 248 tation has been concluded for the present, although information on this subject is still being supplied to co-operators. ' RODUCTIVITY ECOLOGY OF RED SPRUCE Red spruce has characteristics which make it very useful in improving the pro- ductivity of derelict tolerant hardwood and mixed wood stands. This study is Kxpected to elucidate the silvics and silviculture of this species and provide defin- ;ive information of growth potential for planting programmes. The study is designed to measure growth and productivity of red spruce in ure and mixed stands on a complete range of physiographic sites across its range in Ontario. It is hoped to provide explanations of differences in spruce growth as related to nutrient uptake from forest soils. In addition, total productivity (dry weight production), specific gravity, regeneration and ground flora relationships are being investigated. By using computer techniques, it is intended to construct a mathematical model not only for describing, explaining and predicting the foregoing relationships, but also in studying other spruce species and populations. Comparative measur- ments are already being made on white and black spruce when these species occur in association with red spruce. Work is also proceeding on the racial variation in spruce in order to find the best ecological characteristics. The relationships of genetic variation on nutrition and growth in spruce are being investigated by measurement and analysis of differ- ent provenances and species on the same and different sites. Several species are being considered. Early indications are that natural or artificial hybrids between red and black spruce, while possibly possessing some hybrid vigour, are not nearly as desirable as the parent trees. The hybrids are exceedingly rough and limby. A large-scale experimental underplanting has been established, and is being re-measured this year. Assistance to the Timber Branch on the establishment of seed production areas is continuing. Tree Nutrition, Forest Disturbance and Regeneration. Studies are under way on the effects of prescribed burning and scarification on nutrient release in the soil and uptake of these nutrients on the growth of tree seedlings on different land types. NORTHERN FOREST RESEARCH UNIT Black spruce, the principal source material of our pulp and paper industry, is the chief concern of research in this Region. There have been, over the years, numerous studies made by many investigators into the regeneration and rate of growth of the species, both of which have been unsatisfactory, particularly on lowland areas. This unit has had two objectives. The first, to determine the cause of poor regeneration and find means of correcting it; the second, to ascertain the reasons for the slow growth of spruce and learn how the rate of growth can be accelerated. We do not have the answers. Nevertheless, the past year has been one of accomplishment and it appears that methods of attaining our objectives on the lowland sites can soon be described. Experimental work indicates that sphagnum moss is the major competitor to spruce both in its initial and later stages. We have found conclusive evidence of the growth of sphagnum on open areas, growth so prolific that it tends to swamp any spruce regeneration which may have originated there. It is assumed that this acceleration in growth of sphagnum is the reason our spruce cut-overs are not regenerating satisfactorily. i 249 Explorations carried out into the rooting systems of several mature trees indicated that a similar sphagnum problem existed. As yet, not enough data has been collected. However, it seems sphagnum growth is killing off the rooting system of spruce on lowland sites. The poor growth of the spruce may result from the trees having to establish a new and higher rooting system to obtain the nutrients needed. A study of sphagnum control has been approved and will be initiated this year. Experimental work to illustrate the role of different nutrients in the life of black spruce starts this spring, on stock planted last fall. Mass observations made last year have led to the establishment of carefully controlled experiments in group planting to see if, by this means, some of the cut-overs which have failed to regenerate can be successfully rehabilitated. If these methods or their possible successors work, we can look not only to the maintenance of our present commercial stands, but to the expansion into fertile areas which now support a sub-commercial forest. In the preparation of this work, a great deal of attention has been paid to studies of a similar nature being conducted in other countries of the northern hemisphere. Translations of botanical and forestry articles have been made from Russian, Finnish and Norwegian; three have been published as Information Papers. Articles by 50 authorities on organic sites have been reviewed, and the results of their work as applicable to Northern Ontario have been published as a Section Report. Another submission for a Section Report dealing with Ontario conditions, is ready for publication. SOUTH CENTRAL FOREST RESEARCH UNIT The objective of this unit is to provide information for the management of the important commercial tree species that occur in South-Central Ontario; sugar maple, yellow birch, white and red pine. Work is being done on the problems of regeneration, growth and quality of these species. Sugar Maple Growth and Quality. The developing shortage of high quality hardwood timber following extensive exploitation of yellow birch, has prompted the present programme of research on sugar maple growth and quality. The pre- ponderance of this species in the hardwood forests of the region suggests that continuing supplies of hardwood in the next rotation must come from existing sugar maple stands. In 1959 a study of factors that affect the production of high quality maple was commenced. This work was first carried out on small saplings, and more recent investigations include larger saplings, poles and sawlog sizes. To date, the observations substantiate the concept of the relationship between growth (rapid and continuous) and quality wood production. The current work includes a study of trees wounded artificially. A marking scheme, giving emphasis to stand improvement, maintenance of balanced stand structure and ease of application, is being tested with promising results. Red and White Pine and White Spruce. The Ottawa Valley lumber industry is keyed to softwood production, mainly white and red pine. Because of this high preferential demand, a study of stand conversion from low grade hardwoods to pine was initiated in the Petawawa Management Unit in 1954. The performance of red pine, white pine and white spruce planted stock is being studied on three represenative sites and under four periods of suppression from hardwoods prior to a release. The work to date, indicates a marked difference in survival and growth between species, site and suppression period. 250 Trees in Tubes. Since 1957 the Research Branch has been attempting to develop a fast, inexpensive method of reforestation which could be useful in extending the planting season (in summer, as well as spring and fall) and to provide stock on a few weeks notice for planting after wildfires. After many small-scale trials and much mechanical innovation, by 1963 there was sufficient assurance of success to proceed with a development program for the quick production of large numbers of tree seedlings in small tubes, and planting techniques suitable for a large-scale experiment. The equipment was designed for field use in the immediate proximity of planting sites; a "self-contained" operation. By the end of 1964 suitable prototypes of tools and equipment had been made to meet the requirements for the experimental planting in 1965 of about 120,000 tubed seedlings in the Chapleau District. Checks will be made on survival and growth in the fall of 1965 and the spring of 1966. Further expansion of this work is planned over the next five years. SOUTH WESTERN FOREST RESEARCH UNIT The programme in 1964 of the South Western Regional forest research unit consisted of the following: Maple sap and syrup studies. Chemical control of the Dutch Elm disease. Chemical site preparation for hardwood planting. Chemical thinning. Chemical effect valuation on shrub control in fire guards. Asexual reproduction of high-quality silver maple phenotypes. Seasonal and periodic growth studies in hardwood and conifer stands. Maple Syrup. About 600 sap samples, collected from silver maple, hard maple and red maple stands and from street plantings of Norway and Manitoba maple, were tested for their sugar content. This project is designed to determine the potentialities of five species and to explore the principal factors in maple syrup production. The study was carried out in co-operation with the Department of Agriculture of the Ontario Agricultural College and with the Vineland Experimental Station. Statistical correlation of sugar content of sap was made for hard and silver maple in relation to stand density, dominance and site conditions. The results are being prepared for publication. Chemical Control of Dutch Elm Disease. A co-operative project with the Forest Pathology Laboratory and the Lake Huron District on the chemical control of Dutch Elm disease was initiated in the spring of 1964. The chemical 2, 3, 6- trichlorphenoxyacetic acid in water was applied as a basal bark spray to 500 American elms near Walkerton. Chemical Site Preparations. Chemical site preparations for hardwood planting studies using Dybar to eradicate competitive vegetation were continued by testing its effects in two low quality aspen stands, in a dwarf willow swamp and in a cut- over elm-cottonwood swamp. The soil sterilant was applied in a 3, 5 and 7-foot grid at the rate of one and a half teaspoons per spot. Final results will be evalu- ated in the summer of 1965. Twenty-two shrub covered swamps in the South- western Region were selected in 1964, for chemical site preparation with Dybar in the summer of 1965 and for planting with silver maple and eastern cottonwood in the autumn of the same year. Chemical Thinning. A silver maple stand which had been chemically thinned by light, medium and heavy application of 2,4,5-T ester in oil as a basal bark spray once, twice and three times to the same trees, in the same growing season 251 and at yearly intervals for a period of three years was assessed. Results indicate that one heavy application or three medium applications in one growing season are almost 100% effective in eradicating the unwanted stems. Maximum kill takes up to two years after treatment. Chemical Shrub Control. Chemical control of grassess and herbs two years after treatment in a fire-guard indicated that Urox, mixture of Radapon and 2,4-D amine, Telvar and Hyvar were still effective in controlling plant growth. Asexual Reproduction of Silver Maple. The asexual reproduction studies of 20 high-quality silver maple phenotypes for lumber production were continued at Orono nursery. Most of the trees have now been successfully budded and will be layered in the summer of 1965. In addition, one high sugar producing silver maple was also budded at Orono nursery. Growth Studies. Seasonal growth studies using dendrometer bands on silver maple, hard maple, American basswood, white ash and red pine were continued. The project is designed to correlate the growth of the aforementioned tree species with thinning, spacing, temperature, moisture and other site factors. In addition, five-year measurements were made in a second growth hardwood plot near Wood- stock for the purpose of studying stand development. SOUTH EASTERN FOREST RESEARCH UNIT The three main objectives of the South Eastern Research Unit are: To determine the effects of prescribed burning and its role in forest management in Ontario. To learn the silvics of basswood, with emphasis on problems of germination. To assess the regeneration of white spruce in swamps being managed for both deer and timber. Prescribed Burning. In a small diameter hardwood stand, mainly of sprout origin, the fourth spring burn and the third fall burn were carried out successfully. The fourth series of fall burns took place in a mature hardwood stand in another study area. In the Swan Lake Research Reserve in 1963, the last of five scheduled fall burns was carried out in a stand of predominately hard maple. Even though this species sometimes requires a few years to react to treatment, observations to date indicate the morality of trees greater than 4.5 inches d.b.h. is negligible. Basswood. Basswood seed studies with respect to fruit collection, storage and germination were completed in 1964. The first results are compiled in a Research Report entitled "Germination of early collected fruit of Tilia americana L." An Interdepartmental Co-operative Research Basswood Planting Project was started in 1964 to investigate the feasibility of planting basswood on tolerant hard- wood clear-cut strips. Basswood seedlings were planted on northern and southern slopes, where survival was 90% after the first year. Additional plantings will be carried out in 1965 and 1966. Natural regeneration of basswood is being studied on these strips. Seedlings on mil-acre quadrat plots are marked, and their develop- ment recorded annually. White Spruce. In this co-operative programme with the Wildlife Section and the Tweed Forest District, designed to study the management of an area for deer and timber, the final cut took place and analysis of the regeneration data is continuing. 252 MECHANICAL RESEARCH The function of the Mechanical Research Section is to develop, improve and test equipment and instruments to meet the special needs of the Department, the Research Branch, particularly. The Section also is consulted for technical advice in mechanical engineering problems. The equipment previously reported for filling tubes with soil in which tree seeds are planted was improved for the Forestry Section. A laboratory device was designed and constructed for measuring density of wood samples in the wood quality project. A helicopter seeder was constructed for the Timber Branch, (two others having been constructed in previous years) and two plankton samplers were built for the Fisheries Research Section. An instrument was developed for the Wildlife Research Section to measure the crushing resistance of snow, related to difficulty of deer travel. Two special mechanically operated traps for upland game were also built for this Section. A special portable cold chamber was developed to keep blood samples of birds caught in these traps in good condition. A continuation of the forest fire equipment-testing programme included endurance tests of the new Mark III Wajax pump. A few minor modifications were recommended. A forest fire hose dryer, able to handle 900 feet of unlined hose per hour with a considerably greater capacity for lined hose, was developed and constructed. Also, a gas-fired hose dryer was developed and constructed, using liquified petroleum or natural gas for fuel instead of electrical power. Gas can be used in any location, is not dependent on availability of electrical energy and is cheaper, because electrical stand-by charges would be excessive. The Mechanical Section rendered many miscellaneous services in connection with the design, construction, modification, repair and inspection of intricate equip- ment intended for Departmental use. MENSURATION AND STATISTICS Statistical Analysis of Experimental Data The objective is analysis by mathematical procedures, termed "statistical methods", of the results of investigations carried on by various sections of the Research Branch. The purpose is to avoid drawing unwarranted conclusions and to be able to present reliable evidence of the dependability of results secured. Review of the plans laid out for experiments is involved. Mensuration MENSURATION WORK IN GENERAL This work includes the measurement of standing timber (cruising), the measurement of wood cut (scaling), the construction of tables of the volumes of trees (for use in cruising), the measurement of past growth and the estimation of future growth. These lines of work involve many of the techniques and are based on the same principles as the analysis of experimental data. Combining the two classes of work in one section makes it possible to employ men with a combination 253 of forestry and statistical training, which qualifies them better for both classes of work. Forestry training helps in understanding forestry experiments and statistical training is valuable in mensuration work. CONSTRUCTION OF TREE VOLUME TABLES Calculation of volume tables for 1 9 Ontario tree species are in progress, using an algebraic method carried out on the I.B.M. computer at the University of Toronto. Measurements of 23,500 trees made by this Branch and by the Timber Branch are available for the purpose. The method was originally proposed in 1929 by a professor of forestry employed by the Department, but could not be used because of the heavy arith- metic involved and the non-existence of computers. The method received initial trials in a simplified form in 1950 by the Research Branch and also in the United States and Sweden. The final form of weighted regression was developed by a graduate student with assistance from the Department. It is the first time this technique has been used anywhere, and trials indicate that a single computer programme will satisfactorily produce volume tables of any of the several types required for each species. It is also indicated that practically all existing tables produced by older methods should be considered obsolete because of errors introduced by the old methods of construction. SAMPLING ERROR OF SYSTEMATIC SURVEYS The uniform spacing of the cruise lines along which timber estimates are made tends to give an excessive estimate of probable error when the standard methods of statistics are used. The results of a 100% survey made by the United States Forest Service of an area of eight square miles, have been analyzed in detail to reveal the difference between the results of systematic and random sampling and to test a method of computing standard error worked out by Dr. D. B. DeLury, Chairman, Department of Mathematics, University of Toronto. REPORTS Research Branch Reports Published During the Year Ending March 31, 1965. Fisheries Chemical Characteristics of Ontario Lakes as Related to Glacial History. R. A. Ryder. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc., Vol. 93, No. 3, July 1964. Dist. December, 1964. The Invasion of the Lower Great Lakes by the White Perch Roccus americanus (Gmelin). W. B. Scott and W. J. Christie. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 20(5), 1963. Dist. July, 1964. Chemical Characteristics of Ontario Lakes with Reference to a Method for Esti- mating Fish Production. R. A. Ryder. Section Report (Fisheries) No. 48. Dist. July, 1964. On the Feasibility of Introducing Kokanee the Land-Locked Sockeye Salmon Oncorhynchus nerka kennerlyi to the Great Lakes. F. P. Maher. Section Report (Fisheries) No. 55. Dist. Aug. 1965. Status of Fisheries Research Projects for the Year 1963. Section Report (Fish- eries) No. 51. Dist. Aug. 1964. Fishes of Northern Ontario, North of the Albany River. R. A. Ryder, W. B. Scott and E. J. Crossman, Life Sciences Contr. 60, 1964. Dist. April, 1965. 254 Forestry Greta Lake Road Reference Area, Geraldton Site District, Site Region 3W. R. J. Lynn and S. C. Zoltai. Research Report No. 60. January, 1964. Where are We in Soil-Site Classification. Geoffrey Pierpoint. The Application of Soils Information in Forestry, Misc. Pub. 1964, N. Y. State College of Agriculture at Cornell University, Ithica. November, 1964. The Genetics of Red Pine and Its Implications to Breeding and Seed Procurement. D. P. Fowler. Proc. Conference on Artificial Regeneration in Ontario. Feb. 18, Maple, Ontario: 19-21. 1964. Pre-Germination Selection Against a Deleterious Mutant in Red Pine. D. P. Fowler. Forest Science (10(3): 335-336. 1964. Effects of Inbreeding in Red Pine, Pinus Resinosa Ait. D. P. Fowler. Silvae Gene- tica 13(6): 170-177. 1964. Provenance Differences in the Stratification Requirements of White Pine. D. P. Fowler and T. W. Dwight. Can. J. Botany. 42: 669-675. 1964. Effects of Inbreeding in Red Pine, Pinus Resinosa Ait., II Pollination Studies. D. P. Fowler. Silvae Genetics 14(1) : 12-23. 1965. Damage by Fire Fungus, Rhizina undulata Fr. in Europe. C. Heimburger Proc. Conference on Artificial Regeneration in Ontario. Feb. 18, Maple, Ontario 18-19. 1964. Acidification of a Forest Tree Nursery Soil. R. E. Mullin. Soil Sci. Proc. 28(3): 441-44. 1964. Influence of Planting Depth on Survival and Growth of Red Pine. R. E. Mullin For. Chron. 40(3): 384-371. 1964. Comparisons of Sampling Methods for Inventory of Nursery Stock. R. E. Mullin Tree Planters' Notes 67:3-8. 1964. Reduction in Growth of White Spruce After Outplanting. R. E. Mullin. For. Chron. 40(4): 488-493. 1964. The Relationship Between Rate of Growth and Specific Gravity in Black Spruce. A. D. Hall. Section Report No. 50, 9 pages. April, 1964. Field Trip and Study Tour to Mexico, August, 1963. Alan G. Gordon. Res. Branch, Ont. Dept. of Lands and Forests. (Limited Distribution). 1964. The Nutrition and Growth of Ash Fraxinus excelsior in Natural Stands in the Eng- lish Lake District as Related to Edaphic Site Factors. Alan G. Gordon. J. Ecol. 52: 169-187. 1964. The effects of Some Ecological and Silvicultural Conditions on Seasonal Diameter Growth as Measured with Dendrometer Tapes. H. C. Larsson, P. Jaciw and O. Roos. Research Report No. 56, July, 1964. A Modified Dendrometer Tape for Forestry Research. H. C. Larsson, and P. Jaciw. Research Report No. 58, August, 1964. Analysis of Growth of a Mixed Scotch and Jack Pine Plantation. H. C. Larsson and P. Jaciw. Section Report (Forestry) No. 52, July, 1954. 255 256 Wildlife The Rock Ptarmigan (Lagopus mutus rupestris) in Ontario and Manitoba. H. G. Lumsden. Can. Field-Naturalist, Vol. 78, No. 3, 1964. Age Determination for Beavers by Tooth Development. Van Nostrand and A. B. Stephenson. Jour. Wildlife Mgt., Vol. 28, No. 3: 430-434, July, 1964. Effect of Thyroxine on the Gonadotrophin Dose Response Line Using the Chick's Testicular Response. A. Van Tienhoven, D. Simkin, J. Weske and G. R. Barr. Endocrinology, Vol. 76, No. 2: 194-197, Feb. 1965. Aerial Surveys of Polar Bear Populations in Ontario — August and September, 1963. R. G. Standfield, G. Kolenosky, J. Shannon and J. Macfie. Section Report (Wildlife) No. 53, Sept. 1964. Rabies in Ontario. D. H. Johnston. Research Information Bulletins (Wildlife) for each of the 12 months, April 1964 to March 1965 inclusive. A Manual of Common Parasites, Diseases and Anomalies of Wildlife in Ontario. A. Fyvie. 84 pages. December, 1964. A Photo Story, Polar Bears on the Hudson Bay Coast. G. Kolenosky and R. O. Standfield. Ont. Fish and Wildlife Review. Vol. 3, No. 2: 16-24. Summer, 1964. Northern Forests and Tundra. H. G. Lumsden and Edward G. Wellein. Chapter in Waterfowl Tomorrow. 784 pages, 1964. United States Dept. Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. Predator Control Report 1963-64. J. Shannon. Progress Report, Feb. 1965. A Comparison of Moose Age Data Collected From Two Areas Differing in Acces- sibility to Hunter. D. W. Simkin. Resource Management Report, No. 75, pp. 12-16. May, 1964. Some Differences in Ages of Moose Shot in Heavily Hunted and Lightly Hunted Areas. D. W. Simkin. Ont. Fish and Wildlife Review. Vol. 3, No. 3: 8-11. Fall. 1964. 257 Site preparation for regeneration. Swastika District. jyy^ VIM,. W. I ■■ ¥iK I il| \ 'PiPw'IB 1 A woodlot meeting is enlivened by a log sawing contest. 258 , TIMBER BRANCH Responsibilities of Timber Branch FORESTRY STUDY UNIT A special study group, established by the Minister, to examine the Province's forest resources and its forest industries. REFORESTATION SECTION J. Tree Production: In addition to production of planting stock at tree nurseries, this includes the acquisition, treatment, storage, and distribution of tree seed, the establishment of seed production plots and nursery soil management. 2. Tree Distribution and Agreement Forest Administration: Control and distribu- tion of nursery stock for both Private and Crown Land. This unit is also charged with the responsibility of administering the forest management agree- ments which the Minister has entered into under Section 2 of the Forestry Act. 3. Private Land Forestry: Assistance is provided for organizations and individuals interested in reforestation, woodlot management and conservation. SILVICULTURE SECTION J . Forest Resources Inventory: This includes the contracting for revision photog- raphy, in accordance with the approved ten-year schedule as shown on the map on next page; the necessary field sampling, photo-interpretation, map revision and compilation of inventory reports and maps for Crown Manage- ment Units. As well, checks of inventory data of Company Management Units are also carried out. Supplementary assignments include the determination of productive and unproductive areas on timber licences and for purposes of levy- ing Provincial Land Tax, the preparation of contour plans and the sale of maps and photographs from the Department Photo Library. 2. Management Planning: This unit is concerned with the overall supervision of the preparation of management plans for Crown Management Units, Agree- ment and Nursery Forests which are prepared by foresters in the Districts; the prior examination of, and recommending on all management plans — both for Crown and Company Management Units for approval by the Minister; the preparation of necessary Planning Manuals and Volume Tables; the calculation of available allowable cuts in areas of interest for purposes of considering the establishment of new industry. This unit also supervises the construction of access roads on Crown lands. 3. Silvicultural Operations: The major function of this unit is the technical and administrative direction of the regeneration and stand improvement programs carried out on Crown lands in the Province. The regeneration work, though mostly concerned with areas recently cut over or burned, is also concerned 259 TIMBER BRANCH BRANCH CHIEF M. B. MORISON SPECIAL PROJECTS REFORESTATION SECTION SUPERVISOR R. W. HUMMEL SILVICULTURE SECTION SUPERVISOR A. J. HERRI DGE TIMBER SECTION SUPERVISOR J. W. GILES NURSERY PRODUCTION FOREST INVENTORY LICENSING AND RECORDS TREE DISTRIBUTION MANAGEMENT PLANNING MARKETING AND FOREST ECONOMICS PRIVATE LAND FORESTRY SILVICULTURAL OPERATIONS SCALING SUPERVISION 260 with the establishment of a tree cover on lands acquired for management. The stand improvement program is primarily designed to improve the quality and quantity of the final crop. TIMBER SECTION 1. Timber Sales: The issuance of Licences, measurement of cut timber, prepara- tion of accounts for the collection of stumpage charges, and the compilation of statistics. 2. Marketing and Forest Economics: The promotion of industrial expansion and the establishment of new industry, the publication of area reports and industry directories, and the preparation of special economic studies. 3. Licencing of sawmills, pulp and paper mills. 4. Scaling: The development of new scaling techniques, the registration and licensing of scalers. HUDSON BAY MAP OF THE PROVINCE OF ONTARIO SHOWING AREAS COVERED BY RE-PHOTOGRAPHY AND PROPOSED SCHEDULE 261 Forestry Study Unit The Honourable A. Kelso Roberts, Minister of Lands and Forests, announced on August 31st, 1964, the formation of a Forestry Study Unit to examine into the existing forest resources of the Province of Ontario to assure continued progress in utilization with a view to their fullest development. The Unit will study forestry practices in Ontario and recommend such mea- sures as may be necessary to continue sound programs of silviculture, conservation and forest management and suggest how to get the highest possible sustained yield from our forest resources. The Unit will also study the forest based industries of Ontario and recommend such action as may be considered necessary to promote and encourage industries based on forest resources. The primary purpose of this study is to assure forest resources will be used to the best advantage of the people of the Province and to this end all segments of industry and other interested sources will be consulted. The studies will be carried out by J. A. Brodie, for many years Chief of the Timber Branch of the Department of Lands and Forests and Gordon G. Cosens, a former Dean of the Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto, and for the past several years a senior official of the Forest Industries. These experts in forest management bring to the study of forestry in Ontario an experience extending over 40 years in Government administration and industrial forest operations combined with sound academic backgrounds. Their independent studies, enquiries and reports over the next two years will assist the Government in efficient administration of the forest resources and aid in furthering the present forest management programs and assure that Ontario is keeping pace with all modern developments in Forestry. On February 22nd, 1965, Gordon G. Cosens, due to poor health, submitted his resignation as a member of the Forestry Study Unit. REFORESTATION SECTION Tree Distribution Unit NURSERY STOCK CONTROL The control and distribution of nursery stock involves the recording and maintenance of inventories of nursery stocks that are on hand at nurseries operated by the Department and that are available for disposition as provided in Section 7 of The Forestry Act and for use of Ontario. Over 6,000 applications and requi- sitions for nursery stocks were processed resulting in the issue of over 5,000 orders to nurseries and the disposition of 49,484,068 trees during the year — an increase of 5,561,383 trees over the number distributed during the previous year. 1,775,580 more trees were furnished in respect of private lands during this year than were furnished for the purpose during the previous year. 262 SUMMARY OF DISPOSITIONS OF NURSERY STOCK April 1, 1964 to March 31, 1965 Purpose Trees Furnished in respect of private lands 10,791,980 Furnished for educational or scientific purposes 140,516 Furnished for use of Ontario 38,551,572 Total 49,484,068 Species White Pine 10,250,875 Red Pine 9,391,180 Jack Pine 6,312,850 Scotch Pine 2,118,706 White Spruce 16,290,952 Black Spruce 3,104,710 Norway Spruce 217,460 Red Spruce 154,200 White Cedar 735,944 European Larch 96,560 Tamarack 25,550 White Ash 55,345 Silver Maple 162,853 Red Oak 120,775 Carolina Poplar 312,555 Black Locust 78,325 Other 55,228 Total 49,484,068 NURSERY STOCK DISPOSITIONS April 1, 1955 to March 31, 1965 Year Trees 1955-56 28,351,483 1956-57 31,081,112 1957-58 25,854,262 1958-59 33,414,110 1959-60 41,682,125 1960-01 49,833,412 1961-62 43,194,863 1962-63 43,767,916 1963-64 43,922,685 1964-65 49,484,068 263 TREES FURNISHED IN RESPECT OF PRIVATE LAND April 1, 1964 to March 31, 1965 County or Territorial District Orders Algoma 72 Brant 62 Bruce 69 Carleton 90 Cochrane 3 Dufferin 106 Dundas 5 Durham 101 Elgin 68 Essex 49 Frontenac Ill Glengarry 39 Grenville 53 Grey 147 Haldimand 51 Haliburton 47 Halton 105 Hastings 118 Huron 82 Kenora 21 Kent 44 Lambton 85 Lanark 98 Leeds 41 Lennox & Addington 66 Lincoln 40 Manitoulin 21 Middlesex 125 Muskoka 89 Nipissing 17 Norfolk 161 Northumberland 66 Ontario 147 Oxford 77 Parry Sound 97 Peel 169 Perth 95 Peterborough 61 Prescott 50 Prince Edward 53 Rainy River 25 Renfrew 115 Russell 23 Simcoe 302 Stormont 24 Sudbury 44 Thunder Bay 112 Timiskaming 21 Victoria 52 Waterloo 98 Welland 89 Wellington 135 Wentworth 137 York 269 Totals 4,447 Trees 243,475 83,450 94,850 216,125 2,375 271,000 22,875 480,600 65,475 56,525 120,250 41,625 141,450 466,950 85,350 93,000 224,450 313,375 190,150 69,625 71,725 110,550 162,350 65,500 87,525 52,650 27,775 240,575 151,600 32,275 230,625 148,700 348,075 203,075 262,325 576,175 77,850 112,650 79,225 49,150 63,175 252,575 139,075 1,326,350 75,500 167,200 682,230 23,900 72,275 218,675 184,225 389,800 284,950 538,700 10,791,980 264 AGREEMENTS UNDER SECTION 2 OF THE FORESTRY ACT (as of March 31, 1965) Number of Acres Date of Added At Agreement with Agreement During Year Mar. 31, 1965 Conservation Authorities: Au sable River Dec. 13, 1951 4,249.00 Big Creek Region Dec. 2, 1954 487.00 3,125.90 Catfish Creek Dec. 19, 1962 100.00 501.00 Central Lake Ontario Sept. 24, 1963 145.00 Crowe Valley Aug. 21, 1963 200.00 Canaraska Region Jan. 31, 1947 154.00 8,132.60 Grand Valley Mar. 18, 1952 150.00 5,433.06 Lakehead Region May 15, 1958 1,256.70 Lower Thames Valley Aug. 12, 1964 300.00 300.00 Maitland Valley Apr. 1, 1955 949.00 Metropolitan Toronto and Region Apr. 11, 1951 1,878.00 Moira River Nov. 28, 1951 863.00 13,438.00 Napanee Valley Oct. 28, 1954 6,145.00 Niagara Peninsula June 6, 1963 186.00 North Grey Region June 25, 1958 995.00 5,833.00 Otonabee Region May 15, 1963 415.00 1,215.00 Otter Creek Apr. 26, 1957 175.00 1,435.00 Sauble Valley Sept. 29, 1959 184.00 2,102.00 Saugeen Valley Dec. 15, 1952 814.00 11,343.00 South Nation River Mar. 28, 1960 140.00 366.50 Spencer Creek Oct. 19, 1962 12.50 Upper Thames River Apr. 11, 1951 20.00 3,364.36 Sub-totals (4,797.00) (71,610.62) Counties: Brant Nov. 15, 1952 50.00 Bruce Jan. 20, 1950 300.00 15,453.35 Carleton July 30, 1964 680.00 680.00 Dufferin Nov. 26, 1930 2,305.00 Grey Dec. 21, 1937 100.00 8,278.08 Hal ton Mar. 14, 1950 53.00 1,298.63 Huron Nov. 27, 1950 1,439.00 Kent Dec. 23, 1953 75.39 Lanark July 5, 1940 3,346.00 Leeds & Grenville Apr. 24, 1940 200.00 6,264.50 Lennox & Addington Apr. 3, 1952 1,186.00 Middlesex Mar. 8, 1954 100.00 1,119.50 Northumberland & Durham June 10, 1924 4,877.00 Ontario July 9, 1930 2,000.00 Oxford Sept. 1, 1950 716.56 Renfrew Mar. 15, 1937 23,485.83 Prescott & Russell Dec. 26, 1951 1,551.00 5,983.00 Simcoe June 19, 1925 265.00 18,969.04 Stormont, Dundas & Glengarry Sept. 20, 1949 2,048.45 Victoria Aug. 10, 1928 7,044.00 Waterloo Apr. 17, 1950 710.48 Wellington June 18, 1964 1,100.00 1,100.00 Wentworth Nov. 27, 1952 889.30 York Mar. 27, 1924 157.00 4,074.08 Sub-totals (4,506.00) (113,393.19) Townships: Bonfield Apr. 1, 1952 60.00 Charlottenburgh Apr. 1, 1955 175.00 Cramake Jan. 14, 1964 162.00 Cumberland May 29, 1952 808.44 Darlington Aug. 19, 1964 140.00 140.00 Galway & Cavendish Nov. 1, 1952 519.00 619.00 Machar Dec. 30, 1963 90.00 Marlborough Nov. 21, 1953 200.00 Mosa July 16, 1964 72.00 72.00 Torbolton Mar. 28, 1953 430.80 Williamsburgh Oct. 19, 1962 400.00 Sub-totals (731.00) (3,157.24) Totals 10,034.00 188,161.05 265 AGREEMENT FOREST ADMINISTRATION Under Section 2 of The Forestry Act, the Minister is authorized to enter into agreement with the owners of lands that are suitable for forestry purposes for the management of such lands and to make grants to any conservation authority or to any municipality for the purpose of assisting it in the acquisition of lands that are to be managed under such an agreement. Agreements have been made with 22 conservation authorities, 24 counties, and 11 townships. Over 100 applications for approval of the Minister to acquire lands to be added to the forest areas being managed under such agreements were processed during the year resulting in 10,034 acres being added to the forest areas managed under such agreements. A total of $123,931.49 in grants was paid to the conservation authorities and municipalities to assist them with the acquisition of the lands. $34,808.83 of this amount was paid from funds provided for projects approved under the Agricultural Rehabilitation and Development Act. Trees Conservation Section 4 of The Trees Act empowers the council of a county of a munici- pality in a territorial district to provide for the conservation of trees in woodlots having an area of more than two acres, by passing by-laws (subject to approval of the Minister of Lands and Forests) to restrict and regulate the destruction of the trees by cutting, burning or other means. Tree Conservation by-laws have been passed by the councils of 22 counties and 1 township as follows: Counties: Brant Bruce Dufferin Elgin Grey Haldimand Halton Hastings Huron TREE PRODUCTION UNIT In the current fiscal year, sufficient seed was sown at 10 forest tree nurseries for the production of 62,500,000 units of nursery stock. NURSERY STOCK PRODUCTION TARGET Species Number of Trees White Pine 9,375,000 Red Pine 7,961,000 Jack Pine 11,202,000 Scotch Pine 2,590,000 White Spruce 19,599,000 Black Spruce 8,610,000 Other species 3,163,000 Lambton Perth Leeds & Grenville Waterloo Lincoln Welland Middlesex Wellington Norfolk Wentworth Northumberland Township: & Durham Brunei Oxford Peel Total 62,500,000 Tree seed was collected, processed, stored and distributed as required for sowing in tree nurseries, for direct seeding operations and other purposes. The inventory of forest tree seed in storage at the Ontario Tree Seed Plant at Angus, as of June 1, 1964, was about 1,450,000,000 viable seeds, weighing 319,500 ounces or nearly 10 tons and valued at approximately $225,000.00. Larger amounts of seed are collected and stored in a good crop year, 266 providing the necessary reserves to overcome shortages caused by the natural periodicity of good cone crops which may vary from every 3 to every 5 years or by failure of the crop due to disease or insect attack or unfavourable climatic :onditions. TREE SEED COLLECTED — 1 964 CROP YEAR Species Number of Bushels White Pine 1,509 Red Pine 259 Jack Pine 4,571 White Spruce 1,316 Black Spruce 1,791 Other species 611 Total 10,057 Tree Improvement The tree improvement programme, concerned with increasing the quality and quantity of seed available, was continued through the selection of additional "plus" trees, the development of seed production areas and the planting of grafted trees in seed orchards. The program is concerned mainly with white and red pine, white and black spruce. During the current fiscal year 7,850 scions were collected from "plus" trees for grafting at four co-operating nurseries. In addition, 1,000 scions from white pine trees showing resistance to blister rust were grafted. 76.7 acres of seed production area were thinned, released or otherwise improved for seed production purposes. 2,193 grafted trees for seed orchards were planted on 10.5 acres. The plans for tree improvement call for the major portion of the seed required for the production of 62,500,000 trees to be obtained from seed production areas and seed orchards. This will require the establishment of some 520 acres of seed production area and 200 acres of seed orchard. ESTABLISHED SEED PRODUCTION AREAS AND SEED ORCHARDS AS OF MARCH 31, 1965 Number Acres Seed Orchards 7 90.6 Seed Production Areas 20 220.1 Nursery Soil Management Reforestation Section objective is to produce as economically as possible the required number of top quality tree seedlings for Crown and Private planting projects. (1964-65 sowing target aimed at the production of 62,500,000.) To assist in maintaining high quality production, approximately 500 soil and 500 plant samples are analysed each year. The analysis data is used as a basis for making soil amendments, as an indicator of the value of new management techniques, and for solving problems in stock growth. Trials in the use of such devices as fumigation are undertaken. For example the soil fumigant Trizone was used on 12 acres of seedbed land in 1963-64 and again in 1964-65 on another 12 acres. We are now determining its merit in 267 increasing stock growth, seed germination, and reduction in disease and weed problems. Co-operative research experiments are carried out with other agencies such as The University of Toronto, and The Department of Forestry. With the former, we are undertaking studies in optimum fertilizer levels, the relationship of fertilizer and stock density to growth, the use of irrigation water and the use of degree days in producing "Custom grown" stock. With the latter such studies as nursery diseases, seedling nutrition and nursery soil fertility are undertaken on a co- operative basis. Private Land Forestry Unit Four farm foresters were appointed in Southern Ontario in 1964-65 to assess the needs in private land forestry and to devise programs designed to satisfy those needs. In all districts, forestry advice and service were provided to individual forest owners and organizations to improve forestry on private lands. Surveys were undertaken to determine the production of forest products from private lands. SUMMARY OF FORESTRY SERVICE PROVIDED TO OWNERS AND ORGANIZATIONS— 1964-65 A. Number of enquiries received 4,352 B. Number of field inspections made 1,987 (a) For tree planting purposes 884 (b) For woodland management purposes 712 (c) For miscellaneous purposes 391 C. Number of enquiries answered by mail and phone 2,365 D. Number of acres for which management plans were prepared ... 19,733 E. Volume of timber marked: (a) Sawlogs 4,060,000 f.b.m. (b) Pulpwood 2,731 cords (c) Posts and Poles 60,300 pieces F. Number of forestry clubs serviced 36 G. Hours spent on forestry instruction 59 (a) University of Guelph 13 (b) Kemptville Agricultural School 34 (c) Western Ontario Agricultural School 12 ADDITIONAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO PRIVATE LAND FORESTRY 1. Leadership training of farm boys and girls, involving one week of forestry instruction to approx. 60 selected young people from Southern Ontario. 2. Conducted tours of St. Williams, Orono, Midhurst and Kemptville Nurseries, and Angus Seed Plant. Approx. 4,000 school children were given such tours. 3. Collaboration in preparing the manning exhibits at CNE, Ottawa, London, Royal Winter Fair, International Ploughing match. 4. Organized a provincial centennial tree planting programme for schools. Private Woodland Production Survey In co-operation with the Dominion Bureau of Statistics 6,300 owners in 630 sample segments were enumerated mainly by personal contact to determine the annual production from private forest land. 268 ESTIMATE OF FOREST PRODUCTS FROM PRIVATE LANDS APRIL 1, 1963 — MARCH 31, 1964 Item Pembroke & Units of S.W. S.E. North Bay Measurement Region Region Districts Total M. f.b.m. 43,212 40,086 6,683 89,981 M. f.b.m. 1,853 66 1,919 Cords 5,906 626 579 7,111 Cords 130 12,612 8,496 21,238 Cords 7,469 50,651 42,389 100,509 Cords Cords 164,555 177,360 19,056 360,971 Number 10,825 10,825 Cu. ft. 161,094 143,945 305,039 Cords 23,252 23,252 Number 444,103 822,017 110,344 1,376,464 Number 5,418 54,245 6,782 66,445 Number 19,848 778,070 217,821 1,015,739 M. cu. ft. 23,674 29,885 7,803 61,362 Sawlogs Veneer Logs Bolts Pulpwood-Peeled Pulpwood-Rough Pitprops & Mine Timbers Fuelwood Poles Poles Ties Fence Posts Fence Rails Fence Pickets Total Production SILVICULTURE SECTION Inventory Unit Hunting Survey Corporation Limited of Toronto completed 291 square miles of aerial photography in the 1963 rephotography contract area. Following a public call for tenders, Capital Air Surveys Limited of Ottawa was awarded the 1964 rephotography contract which involves 12,602 square miles in the District of Sault Ste. Marie, Manitoulin Island and the south portion of Chapleau District. Adverse weather conditions prevented the completion of this contract resulting in a total production of 5,712 square miles of photography. Map revision contracts for the purpose of updating the base maps of the 1962 and 1963 rephotography areas and a portion of the 1961 contract area were awarded to Spartan Air Services Limited of Ottawa, and Hunting Survey Corpor- ation Limited respectively. These contracts were completed during the fiscal year and represent a production of revision mapping on 51,590 square miles. Field work was located in the Administrative Districts of Gogama, Chapleau, and White River. Five field parties using the wedge prism method* obtained ground samples in the Crown Management Units of those Districts. These parties had either a graduate forester or an experienced forest technician as party chief with university students making up the balance. Photo interpretation was completed on the above field work representing an area of 6,345 square miles. Forest stand maps and tabulated inventory data, such as, area classification, detailed stand descriptions, volume and area summaries by age classes were com- pleted on 9,833 square miles. This area is made up of the Crown Management Units in the Parry Sound District, the Severn Management Unit in Lake Simcoe District, the Gillies Management Unit in North Bay District, and a portion of the E. B. Eddy Licence in Swastika District. * For details of method see Silviculture Bulletin No. 1. The multiplex plotting machine was used to interpret contours and form lines and prepare plans for Parks Branch. Under this program plans were completed for the W. B. Greenwood Park, 36.6 square miles, scale 600' — 1 inch with 20' contour intervals, 15.3 square miles of Killarney Park, scale 1320' = 1 inch, with 50' contours and 2.3 square miles, scale 300' — 1 inch, with 20' contours, Mijine- 269 mungshing Lake Park, 4.6 square miles, scale 500' = 1 inch with 10 contours and Bon Echo Park, 2.4 square miles, scale 500' = 1 inch with 10' contour intervals. The use of planimetric and forestry maps remained at a high level and were reproduced as white prints under a one-year contract with Norman Wade Co. Ltd. of Toronto. The photo processing staff produced 89,812 contact prints; 1,163 photo mosaics at a scale of 1" = 1 mile, 62 at a scale of 2" = 1 mile, and 1,043 at a scale of 4" = 1 mile; 3,062 enlargements; 12 film diapositives, 69 multiplex plates and 319 Kelsh plates; 524 copy negatives, 774 Cronaflex prints and devel- oped 25, 35mm. slides and 6 rolls of acrid film. The following table shows the gross value of production from the photo pro- cessing unit in recent years. Cash Receipts 1960-61 $37,072.16 1961-62 47,429.92 1962-63 47,154.13 1963-64 59,907.06 1964-65 69,386.13 Value of Dept. Work Total $12,154,64 19,967.59 21,792.09 30,350.22 19,802.26 $49,197.80 67,397.51 68,946.22 90,257.28 89,188.39 Forest Management Planning The revision of management plans for Crown units has followed closely the reinventory of Crown lands, now in progress. Within 1 8 months of the completion of the reinventory of a management unit, the revised management plan is prepared by the district staff. The plan is drawn for a 20-year period and will be revised at 20-year intervals thereafter, on the basis of rephotography and a new forest inventory at that time and on experience gained in the past periods. The basic planning considers management objectives and the means of their attainment over a period of one hundred years, more or less. This planning is based on such considerations as the arrangement of species and age-classes on the productive forest land, a permanent road network, division of the forest into accessible compartments, the rotations of the working groups, etc. This planning constitutes a framework into which 10-year operating plans are fitted as time passes. An operating plan shows, in detail, the stands to be cut, regenerated, and tended, the roads to be built, and the improvements to be made. This type of planning is standard for Crown management units and Agreement Forests* for which plans are prepared by Department staff. The main essentials of planning are contained in the Manual of Management Plan Requirements, as a guide for the staffs of the larger licensees in the preparation of management plans for Company management units. There are 216 management units in the Province, each operating under a plan of its own. This number is subject to change from year to year due to aban- donment and acquisition of licences, and to division and consolidation of manage- ment units at the time of plan revision. MANAGEMENT PLANS 1. Crown Management Units — Plans prepared by Department staff. There are 81 Crown Management Units, covering 88,214.7 square miles with 77 manage- ment plans in force as follows : '''Agreement Forests — lands managed by the Minister under an Agreement -with a municipality or conservation authority. 270 5 — Standard management plans approved and in force 2,876.6 sq. mi. 72 — Interim management plans approved and in force 83,434.0 sq. mi. 4 — Management units not yet under plans 1,904.1 sq. mi. The preparation of standard plans is being undertaken in the Districts of Lindsay, North Bay, Parry Sound, Pembroke, Sault Ste. Marie, Sudbury, Swastika and Tweed. The 5 management units for which plans are approved are the Cobalt, Englehart, Nipissing, Petawawa, and Temagami covering an area of 2,876.6 square miles. Plans have been received and are being examined for 5 units covering 1,908.2 square miles; plans are in the process of completion on another 22 man- agement units covering an area of 11,852.0 square miles. The number of management units has not changed since last year, but a net increase in area in Crown units of 683.9 square miles has resulted from areas coming back to the Crown from timber licences in Company Management Units and areas in Crown Units being licensed in Company Management Units. Except for those units which are inactive, operations on the management units are controlled by operating plans. On Crown Management Units — 5 units have new operating plans 2,876.6 sq. mi. 51 units have interim operating plans 50,792.5 sq. mi. 3 units operating plans not submitted 12,655.7 sq. mi. 16 inactive units 21,889.9 sq. mi. 75 88,214.7 2. Company Management Units — Plans for these units prepared by the staff of the licensee. There are 46 companies having 71 management units covering 100,476.4 square miles. The status of management plans for these units are as follows: 50 — Approved Management Plans 78,291.3 sq. mi. 16 — Submitted Management Plans Awaiting Approval 13,554.5 sq. mi. With No Management Plans 8,630.6 sq. mi. 3. Agreement Forest Units — Plans for these forests are prepared by Depart- ment staff. There are 59 management units covering approximately 280.1 square miles. The status of management planning on these units is as follows: 1 — Standard management plan approved 41.0 sq. mi. 18 — Standard management plans completed and awaiting approval 75.9 sq. mi. 23 — Standard management plans being prepared 147.5 sq. mi. 17 — Annual plans only 15.7 sq. mi. 4. Nursery Forest Units and Small Crown Units in Southern Ontario — Plans prepared by Department staff. There are five small management units adjacent to the tree nurseries of Department Forest Stations and a number of small manage- ment units covering scattered Crown properties in Southern Ontario. Plans are being prepared. Other work during the year included: 1. Co-operation in programming the Timber Certificate Course at the Forest Ranger School, and lecturing on management procedures. 2. A four-hour lecture on implementation of a management plan given at the Forest Ranger School within the general course curriculum. 3. Close liaison and co-operation with Fish and Wildlife Branch in the improve- ment of wildlife habitat by selected timber operations. 4. Examination of forest access road proposals regarding their conformity to the management plan. 5. Seminar given for the Diploma Course in Resource Management at the University of Toronto. 271 FOREST ACCESS ROADS — CONSTRUCTED UNDER FEDERAL-PROVINCIAL AGREEMENT Construction and improvement of approximately 200 miles of Forest Access Roads for purposes of management, protection and extraction of forest products from Crown Forest land was carried out during the fiscal year ending March 31, 1965. Of the total mileage, 120.3 miles was new construction and 82.5 miles was the improvementof existing roads. The Federal Government participated in 111.3 miles of new construction and 55.5 miles of improvement under the Federal- Pro- vincial Agreement. The Department of Highways completed the construction of the Missinaibi- Dalton road in the Chapleau District in 1964/65, and started on the construction of the Alice-Petawawa road in the Pembroke District. Existing New Road Management Construction Improved District Unit Road Name (Miles) (Miles) Chapleau Missinaibi **Missinaibi-Dalton 8.0 Missinaibi-Abitibi Busby Calais 3.9 1.5 Missinaibi Racine .8 Cochrane Timmins Sheraton 4.0 Geraldton Sturgeon Bridge Purchase Gogama St. Lawrence Limestone 5.5 Gogama Jack-Carter 5.0 1.0 Howard Smith Marne Lake 4.5 Kapuskasing Kapuskasing *McCowan 9.5 Northern * Shannon , 10.0 Kapuskasing Barker Survey Kenora Dryden Temple 3.2 Lindsay Gooderham Galway 2.1 Gooderham Burleigh 3.0 North Bay Nipissing Bastedo 2.9 .6 Jocko Mulock 3.0 Mattawa *Papineau 7.3 Parry Sound Georgian Bay Blair 2.5 4.0 Bracebridge Oakley .3 3.6 Pembroke Petawawa *Wylie Bronson 8.0 Whitney Mudville 2.5 Petawawa Edgar Fitzgerald 3.8 Sault Ste. Marie Sand Lake Mijin Lake 2.4 Kirkwood Bailey 2.2 Huron Forest Pr. Crain 1.5 Huron Forest Pr. Esker 5.4 Kirkwood Franklin 2.0 Kirkwood * Footprint Survey Huron Forest Pr. Rainbow 2.8 Kirkwood * Huston 2.0 Sudbury Spanish River *Tennyson 2.9 Trout Lake *Cox Township 3.4 Spanish River Foster Curtin 3.3 Shebandowan Hagey-Conacher 3.5 4.1 Trout Lake Cherriman 3.2 Swastika Larder Lake Ingram 2.0 Kirkland Lake McVittie-Pontiac 4.0 Larder Lake Mulligan-Rattray 7.5 Englehart Willison 2.5 Englehart Burt 1.5 Tweed Bancroft Egan Cr. Access 4.7 Bancroft Egan Cr. Access 5.4 Sub Total 111.3 55.5 272 CONSTRUCTED BY PROVINCE Pembroke Muskrat Petawawa c * Alice-Petawawa Radiant-Bissett 6.0 3.0 Round Lake Basin Depot 27.0 Sub Total 9.0 27.0 Total All Roads 120.3 82.5 ^Capital Fund Logging Roads — summarized below ** Construction carried out by Department of Highways at Lands and Forests expense. ** Construction by Department of Highways with Highways and Lands and Forests sharing cost. Under the Capital Fund Logging Access Roads* programme for the fiscal year ending March 31, 1965, 25.1 miles of new road were constructed and 18.0 miles of existing road were improved into areas of unalienated Crown forest land containing mature and over-mature timber. Total mileage of Capital Roads constructed during the period 1955/56 to 1964 65 is as follows: District Management Unit Road Name Miles Cochrane Fort Frances Kapuskasing Kenora North Bay Pembroke Sault Ste. Sudbury Swastika Marie Cochrane Rainy Lake Hearst Northern Northern Kenora Mattawa Petawawa Round Lake Whitney Kirkwood Trout Lake Spanish River Englehart Total Kennedy **Glenorchy Wassaw-Boffin 7.0 15.0 9.0 Hearst M. U. Shannon McCowan 14.5 10.5 13.0 Gordon Lake ** Jones 11.0 22.0 Papineau PMU Access Road Wylie-Bronson Basin Depot Cameron Lake 7.0 96.5 13.0 27.0 8.0 Huston 2.0 Cox Township Tennyson Township EMU Access Road Davidson Township 4.0 2.0 41.0 6.0 308.5 *The funding of these roads is carried out by means of a special arrangement whereby the costs of construction are recovered in a five year period from the increased value of Crown stumpage due to access having been provided. **Part of construction NOTE: Funds for the maintenance of forest access roads are provided by the Lands and Surveys Branch. To date all expenditures made on road construction under the terms of the Capital Road Fund have been paid back to the Fund from additional stumpage charges collected from the forest operators using these roads. Silvicultural Operations The securing or establishing of regeneration on cutovers and burned areas, as well as improving the quality of existing stands, is the main task of this unit. The available information, based on surveys carried out recently, indicates a requirement for an annual regeneration programme of approximately 225,000 acres. 273 For administrative and recording purposes, the work of the unit is carried out within the following groups: A. Artificial Regeneration — covers activities concerned with carrying out the direct seeding and planting programmes. B. Stand Improvement — includes the natural regeneration programme, and activities concerning tending of the existing stands. C. Special Projects — include co-operative silvicultural activities involving the use of Junior Rangers and inmates from the Department of Reform Institutions, in either regeneration or stand improvement projects. SUMMARY OF AREA TREATED IN 1964-65 A. Regeneration Programme Planted 73,267 acres Seeded 4,835 acres Natural regeneration, treatments 22,960 acres Sub-Total 101,062 acres B. Improvement Programme Various treatments 42,890 acres Total 143,952 acres The details of these programmes are shown in the following tables: Artificial Regeneration PLANTING The number of trees planted on Crown Lands and Agreement Forests was increased considerably during the past year. This was brought about to some extent by the planting done by Kimberly-Clark and Spruce Falls Power & Paper Company in their Regeneration Agreement*. Total planting over the last five years is as follows: 1 960-61 35,630,390 1961-62 31,666,580 1962-63 33,958,450 1963-64 34,752,240 1964-65 40,744,221 The planting programme, divided into the two major categories — Crown Lands and Agreement Forests — is shown below. CROWN LANDS 1. Unalienated — 13,536,010 trees planted on 19,055 acres. 2. Licensed — 22,779,866 trees planted on 47,322 acres. 3. Miscellaneous Crown land planting — 47,030 trees planted for ornamental, research and other purposes on 300 acres. 274 AGREEMENT FORESTS 1. 4,381,315 trees planted on 6,590 acres. There was a large increase in the amount of site preparation being done prior to planting. Approximately 3,000 acres were scarified for this purpose this year. There were also 8,000 acres prepared for planting or seeding next year. The following table gives the ratio of species planted by categories. f The difference in the number of trees planted on Crown Land with the number of trees furnished by the Department can be attributed to the numbr of trees produced i)i Company nurseries and planted on Crown Land. CROWN LANDS censed Crown Average Agreement Forests 17% 19% 39% 15% 14% 38% 16% 17% 4% 38% 39% 17 % 13% 10% 1% 1% 2% White Pine Pinus strobus L Red Pine Pinus resinosa A.t Jack Pine Pinus banksiana Lamb. White Spruce Picea glauca Black Spruce Picea mariana Other Species 22% 12% 18% 40% 7% 1% 100% 100% 100 % 100% PLANTING — CROWN LANDS Administrative District Trees Aylmer 178,490 Chapleau 4,541,825 Cochrane 2,107,400 Fort Frances 1,511,400 Geraldton 2,656,110 Gogama 3,938,300 Hespeler 41,540 Kapuskasing 2,047,000 Kemptville 87,795 Kenora 463,600 r Lindsay 846,359 Maple 61,475 North Bay 957,800 Parry Sound 639,380 Pembroke 1,628,595 Port Arthur 1,603,000 Sault Ste. Marie 3,922,200 Sioux Lookout 590,100 Sudbury 2,528,720 Swastika 1,950,057 Tweed 1,034,000 White River 384,000 Company planting under Regeneration Agreements on Crown Lands under licences Kimberly-Clark 1,444,800 Spruce Falls 1,198,960 Sub Total Crown Lands 275 33,719,146 2,643,760 PLANTING — AGREEMENT FORESTS County: Trees Bruce 54,900 Carleton 110,000 Dufferin 3,000 Grey 29,950 Halton 61,000 Huron 25,095 Kent 4,000 Lanark 269,000 Leeds & Grenville 265,200 Lennox & Addington 3,600 Middlesex 22,500 Northumberland & Durham 110,000 Ontario 4,800 Oxford 11,000 Prescott & Russell 240,125 Renfrew 420,000 Simcoe 398,245 Stormont, Dundas & Glengarry 150,300 Victoria 44,500 Wellington 29,950 York 29,400 Subtotal — All Agreement Forests Total — Crown and Agreement Townships: Cramahe 10,000 Cumberland 2,375 Galway 43,500 Machar 45,000 Torbolton 20,000 Williamsburg 20,000 Conservation Authority : Ausable 399,000 Big Creek 32,500 Catfish Creek 36,000 Crowe River 24,750 Ganaraska 128,000 Grand Valley 63,900 Maitland Valley 127,900 Metropolitan Toronto and Region 19,300 Moira River 226,650 Napanee Valley 21,000 Niagara Peninsula 20,000 North Grey Region 87,250 Sauble Valley 2,800 Saugeen Valley 170,975 South Nation 52,000 Canada: National Capital Commission 541,850 2,286,565 140,875 1,412,025 DIRECT SEEDING The acreage covered by direct seeding across the Province continues to increase. The total acreage sown has risen from 3,789 acres during the 1963-64 season to 4,835 acres this season. The most successful results are in the sowing of jack pine. Direct seeding has proved to be an inexpensive and convenient method of regenerating old cut- overs and burns, where the site is suitable for the production of jack pine. During this season 2,678 acres were sown by helicopter and 2,157 acres were sown from the ground. 276 A tabular summary of planting and direct seeding projects follows: Administrative District Method Ground Preparation Acreage Chapleau Ground Mechanical Scarification 1,433 Aerial Mechanical Scarification 400 Geraldton Aerial Mechanical Scarification 392 Gogama Ground Mechanical Scarification 315 Aerial Mechanical Scarification 485 Parry Sound Ground Mechanical Scarification 3 Port Arthur Ground Mechanical Scarification 717 Pembroke Ground Mechanical Scarification 132 Sioux Lookout Ground Logging 62 Sudbury Ground Mechanical Scarification 212 White River Aerial Mechanical Scarification 684 4,835 Stand Improvement CROWN LANDS Under the regular stand improvement programme during the 1964-65 fiscal year 22,960 acres were treated to obtain natural regeneration; a further 31,575 acres received some form of tending to improve stand conditions. In addition four stand improvement surveys and eight regeneration surveys were carried out. Silvicultural treatments were also conducted by the Junior Rangers (2,825 res), and by inmates of the Department of Reform Institutions (1,132 acres). Further developments in the mechanical design of scarification equipment, combined with increased knowledge regarding their proper application, has stimu- lated considerable interest among field officers attempting to regenerate otherwise unproductive areas. This interest is reflected in the increase in area scarified; during 1963-64 approximately 6,800 acres were scarified, while in 1964-65 over 9,300 acres received this treatment. toi Port Arthur STAND IMPROVEMENT PROGRAMME, 1964-65 Treatment by Districts -- in Acres Pn Scarifying with cone scattering Ground Herbicide spraying Sub-total Scarifying with cone scattering 1 Assessment Survey (one) — Sub-total 1 Scarifying with cone scattering 1 Cleaning Sub-total ] Modified harvest cutting 138 Scarifying with cone scattering 474 Cleaning 87 Sub-total 612 87 District Regular Programme Junior* Rangers Reform* Institutions Total Fort Frances Scarifying with cone scattering Ground Herbicide spraying Sub-total 310 175 310 175 485 485 Kenora Scarifying with cone scattering Assessment Survey (one) Sub-total 1,293 1,293 1,293 1,293 Sioux Lookout Scarifying with cone scattering Cleaning 1,467 166 166 1,467 166 Sub-total 1,467 1,633 138 474 87 699 277 Treatment by Districts — In Acres (Continued) Regular Junior* Reform* District Programme Rangers Institutions Geraldton Scarifying with cone scattering 248 Cleaning 4 Aerial herbicide spraying 1,000 Sub-total 1,248 4 White River Scarifying with cone scattering 280 Cleaning G Regeneration survey (one) Sub-total 280 G Chapleau Scarifying for natural regeneration 90 Scarifying with cone scattering 105 Cleaning 913 86 Regeneration survey (one) Assessment survey (one) Sub-total 1,108 86 Gogama Aerial herbicide spraying 2,000 Cleaning 246 Sub-total 2,000 246 Sault Ste. Marie Modified harvest cutting 234 Seed-tree marking 1,128 Scarification for natural regeneration 205 Cleaning 1,271 1,032 Thinning 10 Pruning 18 78 . 182 Improvement cutting 20 Girdling 432 Frilling and poisoning 65 Improvement marking 261 Deer habitat improvement 22 Regeneration survey (three) ... Assessment Survey (one) Sub-total 3,656 1,120 182 Sudbury Scarifying for natural regeneration 27 Scarifying with cone scattering 170 Improvement cutting 104 950 Pruning 35 Cleaning 2 Sub-total 336 2 950 Kapuskasing Aerial herbicide spraying 4,597 Cleaning 141 Thinning 7 Assessment survey (one) Regeneration survey (two) Sub-total 4,597 148 Cochrane Modified harvest cutting 31 Scarifying with cone scattering 48 Cleaning 67 Sub-total 79 67 Swastika Scarifying with cone scattering 1,134 Cleaning 160 Sub-total 1,134 160 Total 248 4 1,000 1,294 District Regular Junior* Programme Rangers Reform* Institutions Total North Bay Modified harvest Seed tree marking Scarifying for natural regeneration Cleaning Aerial herbicide spraying . Regeneration survey (one) 310 11,463 1,227 200 490 Sub-total 13,690 310 11,463 1,227 207 490 13,697 Parry Sound Modified harvest cutting Scarifying for natural regeneration Girdling Frilling and poisoning Thinning Improvement marking Deer habitat improvement Cleaning 40 1,134 700 934 15 2,373 2,115 Sub-total 7,311 40 1,134 700 934 12 27 2,373 2,115 405 405 417 7,728 Pembroke Tweed Modified harvest cutting . Scarifying for natural regeneration Cleaning Aerial herbicide spraying Frilling and poisoning Pruning 3 140 690 466 234 405 309 Modified harvest cutting Cleaning Thinning Frilling and poisoning Improvement marking Pruning 291 478 40 313 3,618 338 Sub-total 5,078 140 999 466 234 405 Sub-total 1,938 309 2,247 Kemptville Thinning Improvement marking 400 204 400 204 Sub-total 604 604 291 478 40 313 3,618 338 5,078 Lindsay Scarifying for natural regeneration 970 Cleaning 983 Girdling 2,296 Thinning 240 Pruning 2,493 Deer habitat improvement 326 The work listed under these headings is discussed briefly under C — Special Projects — later in the report. 970 983 2,296 240 2,493 326 Sub-total 7,308 7,308 Lake Simcoe Cleaning Thinning Sub-total 292 4 292 4 296 296 Lake Erie Thinning Sub-total 15 15 15 15 Totals 54,535 2,825 1,132 58,492 279 SUMMARY BY TREATMENTS, 1964-65 Stand Improvement Programme (Acres of Crown Lands) Regular Junior Reform Treatment Programme Rangers Institutions Total Natural Regeneration Modified harvest cutting 1,047 1,047 Seed tree marking 12,591 12,591 Scarifying for natural regeneration 3,793 3,793 Scarifying with cone scattering 5,529 5,529 Sub-total, Natural Regeneration 22,960 22,960 Forest Tending Release treatments: Hand cleaning 4,827 2,718 Aerial herbicide spraying 8,553 Ground herbicide spraying 175 Thinning and Improvement Treatments: Cutting 838 29 Girdling 3,428 Frilling and poisoning 1,546 Marking for improvement 6,456 Pruning 3,289 78 Deer habitat improvement 2,463 Sub-total, Forest Tending 31,575 2,825 ' 1,132 35,532 Grand Total 54,535 2,825 1,132 Assessment Survey (four) Regeneration Survey (eight) 7,545 8,553 175 950 1,817 3,428 1,546 6,456 182 3,549 2,463 \ AGREEMENT FORESTS Agreement Forests are those lands which are managed by the Department on behalf of a County, Township, or Conservation Authority. Normal thinning, improvement, and salvage operation in the Agreement Forests produced an estimated $135,000 in revenue. In order to increase productivity of these forests, and to provide local employment, the following activities were carried out in Agreement Forests in different districts. 280 AGREEMENT FORESTS, 1964-65 Summary by Treatment (Acres) Regular Reform Lake Erie Programme Institutions Acres Harvest cutting 45 45 Improvement cutting 190 190 Improvement marking 225 225 Frilling and poisoning 85 85 Cleaning 25 25 Sub-total 570 570 Lake Huron Improvement cutting 11 11 Thinning 50 50 Pruning 311 311 Cleaning 177 177 Ground herbicide spraying 9 9 Frilling and poisoning 617 617 Girdling 25 25 Weed control 202 202 Sub-total 1,402 1,402 Lake Simcoe Harvest cutting 304 90 394 Thinning 503 3 506 Pruning 536 13 549 Improvement marking 104 104 Girdling 160 160 Cleaning 203 213 416 Sub-total 1,810 319 2,129 Lindsay Harvest cutting 158 30 188 Thinning 237 8 245 Pruning 508 508 Improvement marking 182 182 Ground herbicide spraying 27 27 Girdling 181 181 Cleaning 210 74 284 Sub-total 1,503 112 1,615 Pembroke Improvement cutting 10 10 Sub-total : 10 10 Kemptville Harvest cutting Improvement cutting 144 144 Pruning 174 174 Cleaning 359 359 Ground herbicide spray 287 287 Improvement marking 15 15 Girdling 155 155 Thinning 100 100 Sub-total : 1,235 1,235 GRAND TOTAL 6,530 431 6,961 281 Summary by Treatments ALL DISTRICTS IN ACRES Regular Reform Treatment Programme Institutions Total Harvest cutting 508 120 628 Forest Tending: Release treatments: Cleaning 974 287 1,261 Ground herbicide spraying 323 323 Weed control 202 202 Thinning and Improvement Treatments: Cutting 1,245 11 1,256 Girdling 521 521 Frilling and poisoning 702 702 Improvement marking 526 526 Pruning 1,529 13 1,542- Totals 6,530 431 /6,961 NURSERY FORESTS Summary by Treatments (Acres) Stand Improvement work was carried out at three of the four southern nursery forests during 1964-65. Stand Improvement work is conducted on these forests during winter months when activity in nursery stock production is at a minimum. Treatment Thinning Cleaning Pruning Improvement cutting Totals Lake Erie Lake Simcoe Kemptville St. Williams Midhurst G.H. Ferguson Total 72 13 85 14 14 12 87 18 117 178 3 181 262 100 35 397 Special Projects DEPARTMENT OF REFORM INSTITUTIONS During the year 1964-65 the Ontario Department of Reform Institutions, through their forestry camp programme, has provided more than 14,000 man- days of labour for forest improvement. They have also cut firewood, maintained buildings, and otherwise provided for themselves at low cost in the four camps. These camps are located at McCreight's Dam, near Thessalon; Hillsdale and Hendrie Forest in Simcoe County, north of Barrie; and at Coldsprings in the Ganaraska Forest. JUNIOR RANGERS The 1,600 Junior Rangers have done a good deal of work in improving forest stands, as well as in caring for parks, roads, buildings, and docks. As these youths are available for only a two-month period with no previous working experi- ence and little background of woods work, they must be given instruction and very careful supervision when working on forest improvement. 282 F! DERAL DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE Through the Beaver Creek Correctional Camp near Bracebridge, the Peni- tentiary Service has supplied inmates to do clearing for roads; fire-fighting and forest improvement work, at little cost to this Department. TIMBER SECTION Forest Industry Development PULP AND PAPER The year ending March 31, 1965, has witnessed some of the most significant expansions in Ontario's pulp and paper industry that have taken place since World War II. The conversion of the Abitibi Power and Paper Company's Smooth Rock Falls mill from a sulphite to a sulphate process was initiated during this period and will ultimately result in an increase in wood consumption from 90,000 to 160,000 cords annually. In addition, investments totalling more than $125,000,000.00 in new projects were announced by Domtar, Great Lakes Paper, K V P, Provincial Paper, Spruce Falls Power and Paper, Dryden Paper, Abitibi, and Bathurst Con- tainers Ltd. As well as strengthening the competitive position of Ontario's pulp and paper industry, these expansions, when completed, will result in an increased pulp capacity of about one half million tons per year and will require between three-quarters of a million and one million cords of additional pulpwood annually. MAJOR PULP AND PAPER EXPANSIONS Name Capital Investment Project Million $ Conversion from sulphite to sulphate 13.5 Sulphate Expansion 14.5 New Paper Machine 10.0 New Pulp Mill 31.0 Sulphate Expansion 20.0 New Paper Machine 8.0 New Newsprint Machine 20.0 New Drying Capacity 5.0 New Cardboard Box Plant 3.0 New Cardboard Box Plant 3.0 Totals ', 128.0 Estimated Additional Wood Requirement Abitibi Power & Paper Co. Ltd., Smooth Rock Falls, Ontario Domtar Newsprint Ltd., Red Rock, Ontario Domtar Pulp & Paper Co. Ltd., Cornwall, Ontario Great Lakes Paper Co. Ltd., Fort William, Ontario K V P Company Ltd., Espanola, Ontario Provincial Paper Co. Ltd., Port Arthur, Ontario Spruce Falls Power & Paper Co. Ltd., Kapuskasing, Ontario Dryden Paper Co. Ltd., Dryden, Ontario Pembroke Shook Mills, Toronto (Abitibi subsidiary) Bathurst Containers Ltd., St. Thomas, Ontario 70,000 cords 200,000 cords 340,000 cords 200,000 cords 50,000 cords 25,000 cords 885,000 cords 283 PLYWOOD AND PARTICLEBOARD In addition to the high level of expansion in our pulp and paper industry, a similar prosperity has been enjoyed by Ontario's plywood and particleboard indus- tries. Undaunted by disastrous fires to three of our largest poplar plywood plants: Cochrane Enterprises Ltd., Cochrane; A & L Plywood Products Ltd., Chapleau; and Levesque Plywoods Ltd., Hearst (all of which are being rebuilt on an expanded basis) this remarkable young industry is supplying an ever increasing share of the plywood required in construction projects in eastern Canada. The entry into this field of Weldwood of Canada, a subsidiary of the giant U.S. Ply- wood Corp., promises to give this new industry even greater stability. Weldwood is building a new $2 million plywood mill at Longlac to utilize 25,000 cords of poplar and produce 45 million sq. ft. of plywood {Va in. basis). With this and other mills operating at full production, Ontario's poplar plywood industry will require 130,000 cords of wood annually and will have the capacity to manufacture 236 million sq. ft. of plywood i}A in. basis) per year. Rexwood Products Ltd., New Liskeard, one of Ontario's largest particle- board manufacturers is currently doubling production and will ultimately use about 36,000 cords of wood annually. LUMBER AND DIMENSION Significant strides have also been made in the development of Ontario's lumber industry. Of particular importance has been the continued increase in the use of sawmill residues to manufacture pulp chips. The equivalent of 325,000 cords of pulpwood were produced as a by-product of the sawmilling industry in 1964 — an increase of 23% over the year previous and there is every indication that this trend will continue. This volume of chips is enough to supply a large pulpmill with its full wood requirements. With the prospects of a continued high demand for new housing and summer cottages throughout North America and with the rapid acceptance of our type of housing in Europe, the outlook prospects for increased lumber production in Ontario has not been brighter since the days of the early white pine lumber indus- try. It is expected that the bulk of any increased production will be in the form of 2 X 4's manufactured from small diameter spruce and jack pine logs. Accord- ing to mill licence returns, Ontario's lumber industry produced more than 779 million board feet during 1964. While the prosperity of our softwood lumber industry is on the upswing, our hardwood lumber industry is experiencing difficulty in providing the furniture and other secondary wood using industries with the volume of high quality lumber that they would like. The establishment of hardwood dimension plants which can produce high quality wood parts from the clear sections of poor quality logs shows promise of relieving this situation. SUMMARY OF VOLUME AND VALUE OF WOOD CUT BY SPECIES 1963-64 The high level of industrial activity, particularly within the lumber industry, is reflected in the volume of wood cut from Crown land the year ending March 31, 1964. Approximately 360 million cubic feet were cut with a value of $12.5 million which represents an increase of 14.3 million cubic feet and $450,000 in revenue over the previous year. The most substantial increase took place in the Kapuskasing District where there was an increase of 13.9 million cubic feet in the volume of sawlogs cut. 284 Species Cubic Feet ft wood Balsam 10,218,739.13 Cedar 182,274.01 Hemlock 3,031,960.31 Pine, Jack 82,239,438.92 Pine, Red 6,445,914.44 Pine, White 24,409,148.86 Spruce 183,756,306.23 Tamarack 27,815.89 Christmas Trees 783.00 Fuelwood 452,127.75 310,764,508.54 Hardwood Ash 95,466.73 Bass-wood 575,108.40 Beech 482,501.81 Birch, White 3,732,116.06 Birch, Yellow 8,963,386.63 Butternut 2,165.05 Cherry 22,135.33 Elm 266,981.68 Maple 7,649,034.82 Oak 354,928.71 Poplar 25,995,078.61 Fuelwood 1,161,594.70 49,300,498.61 Total all species 360,065,007.15 Note: Value of export levy not included in above figures. Stumpage Value 213,316.71 7,926.75 77,752.37 2,265,990.42 - 376,334.27 1,325,666.06 „ _ . 6,822,602.92 - >7 4 631.76 96.10 3,189.04 $11,093,506.40 $ 3,034.21 32,102.68 9,445.44 55,594.08 685,206.96 81.09 826.15 9,646.94 309,839.53 16,644.06 248,507.37 8,614.89 $ 1,379,543.40 $12,473,049.80 3 Q Z < D _l O > >- < CO 4) a 3 c^i E e oi O s < "e3 £ >► O ■* a: «o LL co «o 1- as D B 3 U Q "o £ C 00 !D 00 H t-I t£> iH w co co o CM IC lO M t N be C i«h CO £ CO CO CO 6 1 -t-> £ V 0) 1 3 o o CO o O u 3 co" V H 3 C .«-> u ■!-> o ft c "d CO o T3 CO C ^_ -2 o o =: Pi CO o 1* ft to" O o "a! £ CO is 0 CO 3 3 > '3 B rt 'o 3 X 3 o W ft OT ft ft O H * N 8^ 287 VOLUME OF WOOD CUT FROM CROWN LAND 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 ,s\ \ \ X \ \ «S- SAWL06S >"'•--» / OTHERS PULPWOCD 1956 1957 1958 1959 I960 196! 1962 YEAR 1963 196^ 288 STUMPAGE REVENUE FOR WOOD CUT FROM CROWN LAND 14 5 6 TOTAL PULPWO OD SAW LOGS — , OTHEF S 1956 1957 1958 1959 I960 1961 YEAR 1962 1963 1964 289 m- ON I u ac < O I- m vo o\ a. < Q O dL LLI Q. o a: Q I- Z> U CD I- o < > Q Z < LU z> _l o > LL. 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May It Please Your Honour: The undersigned begs respectfully to present to your Honour, the Annual Report of the Department of Lands and Forests for the fiscal year beginning April 1st, 1965, and ending March 31, 1966. /4^z*> S^ A. Kelso Roberts, Minister Hon. A. Kelso Roberts, Q.C., is an interested spectator at school children's Centennial Tree Planting project. Rangers send canoe up a cliff to be used as a relay tank during forest fire. CONTENTS ACCOUNTS BRANCH 5 FISH AND WILDLIFE BRANCH 25 Game Management 27 Wildlife Open Seasons 48 Field Services 66 Wolf Bounty 72 Fur Farming 74 Fur Management 79 Game Fish and Hatcheries 82 Fish Management Units 86 Special Projects 88 The Commercial Fishery 98 FOREST PROTECTION BRANCH 107 Forest Protection Section 109 Forest Fire Statistics 118 Air Service Section 127 LANDS AND SURVEYS BRANCH 137 Lands Section 139 Land Use Planning Section 141 Land Acquisition Section 142 Surveys Section 142 Engineering Section 152 LAW BRANCH 173 Legislation 175 Regulations 177 Orders-In-Council 179 Federal-Provincial Agreements 181 OPERATIONS BRANCH 183 Purchasing Section 185 Office Management Section 185 Central Supply Warehouse Section 186 Conservation Information Section 187 Conservation Education Section 191 Accident Control Section 193 PARKS BRANCH 201 PERSONNEL BRANCH 229 RESEARCH BRANCH 237 Fisheries Section 299 Forestry Section 245 Mechanical Research Section 257 Reports 261 TIMBER BRANCH 265 Reforestation Section 268 Silviculture Section 276 Special Projects 287 Timber Section 288 Volume and Value of Timber Cut 296 Crown Timber Licences 342 Timber Sales 350 New railway ties depend on the productivity of Ontario's forests. Ontario mills produce piles of pulpwood. 4 ACCOUNTS BRANCH *~pHE Accounts Branch is responsible for the accounting of the entire Depart- ■*■ ment, the collection of revenue, the payment of expenditures, the adminis- tration of The Provincial Land Tax Act, the issuing of fish and wildlife licences and park permits, the compilation of payrolls, the preparation of budgets and financial reports. During the year ended March 31st, 1966, cash receipts of the Department of Lands and Forests totalled $26,336,354.80. Total cash disbursements amounted to $32,422,459.75, representing an excess of $6,086,104.95 in disbursements over receipts. Total receipts increased approximately 10% over the previous year, due to greater sales of crown timber and angling and hunting licences. A revised rate structure for park permits resulted in the entire increase from this source. The increase in disbursements is accounted for by the expanding programme in private land acquisition and the overall increase of operating costs. Park improvement expenditures formally charged to the ordinary account are now chargeable to capital disbursements. ACCOUNTS BRANCH Chief: R. R. MacBean Assistant Chief: F. M. Baker INTERNAL AUDIT Internal Audit & Field Inspections SYSTEMS & PROCEDURES Systems Improvement Program REVENUE ACCOUNTING Cash Receiving, Accounts Receivable Issue of Fish & Wildlife Licences, Park Permits. Timber Accounts, Land Sales, Land Tax, Rentals EXPENDITURE & GENERAL ACCOUNTING Payrolls, Accounts Payable Accounting Machine Operations BUDGET ACCOUNTING Budget Estimates & Forecasts. Financial Reports LAND TAX ADMINISTRATION Assessments, Appeals, Addressograph GENERAL Secretarial Department Mail Services FINANCIAL REPORT For Year Ended March 31st, 1966 Cash Receipts and Disbursements The following shows the result of operations for the year: Total — Cash Disbursements $32,422,459.75 Cash Receipts 26,336,354.80 Excess of Disbursements over Receipts $6,086,104.95 Comparison of Receipts and Disbursements with those of the Previous Two Years (a) Receipts Branch 1964 1965 1966 $ $ $ Provincial Land Tax 1,404,036. 1,440,259. 1,528,775. Fish and Wildlife 5,598,081. 5,729,078. 6,153,301. Forest Protection 138,809. 136,012. 98,671. Lands and Surveys 1,095,047. 1,024,250. 1,050,480. Parks 1,254,967. 1,335,214. 1,884,935. Timber 13,515,794. 14,112,981. 15,363,949. Other 217,492. 264,369. 256,243. 23,224,226. 24,042,163. 26,336,354. (b) Disbursements $ $ $ Chargeable to Ordinary Account 27,815,028. 28,667,274. 28,528,699. Chargeable to Capital Disbursements 3,557,125. 1,562,776. 3,893,760.(1) 31,372,153. 30,230,050. 32,422,459. (1) Park Improvement Expenditures formally charged to the ordinary account are now chargeable to Capital Disbursements. STATEMENT OF RECEIPTS For Year Ended RECEIPTS MAIN OFFICE Provincial Land Tax $ 1,528,775.07 Sale of Maps, Publications, Etc 121,513.79 $ 1,650,288.86 FISH AND WILDLIFE BRANCH Licenses, Royalties and Sundry (see Statement No. 3) 6,153,301.22 FOREST PROTECTION BRANCH Forest Protection Section Recovery of Fire Fighting Costs and Miscellaneous $ 72,007.07 Air Service Section Flying Fees 26,664.11 98,671.18 LANDS AND SURVEYS BRANCH Lands Section Land Sales (Capital) $ 495,852.25 Land Rentals Leases and Licences of Occupation 324,548.24 Perquisites — Rentals 178,463.45 Miscellaneous 19,575.38 Park Rentals Leases and Licences of Occupation Algonquin $ 14,149.89 Rondeau 14,032.61 Presqu'ile 1,290.00 Long Point 643.04 Sundry Parks 1,925.40 32,040.94 1,050,480.26 PARKS BRANCH Parks Concessions Rentals $ 95,082.03 Permits (All Parks) Vehicle $901,299.50 Campsite 863,704.25 Boat 11,905.00 Guide 5,075.00 1,781,983.75 TIMBER BRANCH Timber Section (See Statement No. 2) Timber Dues, Bonus, Etc $ 14,958,040.33 Cash Deposits — Excess of Refunds over Deposits 64,460.70 $14,893,579.63 Miscellaneous 7,869.60 1,884,935.38 Logging Roads — Recovery of Construction Costs ( Capital) 327,086.35 Reforestation Section Sale of Nursery Stock 143,283.28 15,363,949.26 Carried Forward $26,201,626.16 Statement No. 1 AND DISBURSEMENTS March 31st, 1966 DISBURSEMENTS MAIN OFFICE Minister's Salary — Statutory $ 12,000.00 Salaries $1,170,870.22 Travelling Expenses 37,690.34 Maintenance and Operating 220,502.26 1,429,062.82 Public Information and Education 174,994.30 Damages, Other Claims, Etc 9,494.81 Workmen's Compensation 135,611.67 Annuities and Bonuses to Indians 36,944.00 Unemployment Insurance 66,599.25 Advisory Committee to Minister 2,561.04 Grant to Ontario Forestry Association 10,000.00 $1,877,267.89 BRANCHES FISH AND WILDLIFE Salaries $ 343,101.92 Travelling Expenses 30,169.59 Maintenance and Operating 89,477.98 $ 462,749.49 Grants Jack Miner Migratory Bird Foundation Inc $ 3,000.00 Thomas N. Jones 300.00 Ontario Fur Breeders' Association Inc 5,000.00 Ontario Council of Commercial Fisheries 5,000.00 Ontario Trappers' Association ... 5,000.00 18,300.00 Wolf Bounty 59,947.00 540,996.49 FOREST PROTECTION Salaries $ 170,563.80 Travelling Expenses 9,688.78 Maintenance and Operating 13,696.29 193,948.87 LANDS AND SURVEYS Salaries $ 538,268.75 Travelling Expenses 11,227.66 Maintenance and Operating 20,205.43 569,701.84 Land Surveys 459,926.87 Storage Dams — Control Land Maintenance 4,952.73 Grant — Association of Ontario Land Surveyors 200.00 1,034.781.44 PARKS Salaries $ 112,806.73 Travelling Expenses 11,337.27 Maintenance and Operating 6,663.88 130,807.88 Carried Forward $3,777,802.57 9 RECEIPTS For The Year Ended March 31st, 1966 Brought Forward $26,201,626.16 FOREST RANGER SCHOOL Government of Canada — Repayment Under Technical and Vocational Training Agreement $ 123,194.28 Tuition Fees 11,534.36 134,728.64 TOTAL RECEIPTS $26,336,354.80 Excess of Disbursements over Receipts 6,086,104.95 $32,422,459.75 10 Statement No. 1 (Cont'd) DISBURSEMENTS For Year Ended March 31st, 1966 Brought Forward $ 3,777,802.57 RESEARCH Salaries $639,646.62 Travelling Expenses 32,289.78 Maintenance and Operating 68,996.22 $ 740,932.62 Grants Ontario Research Foundation $ 54,179.88 University of Toronto 115,000.00 169,179.88 910,112.50 TIMBER Salaries $632,887.21 Travelling Expenses 34,482.90 Maintenance 153,847.70 $ 821,217.81 Grants to Municipalities and Conservation Authorities (See Statement No. 5) 73,615.59 894,833.40 FIELD SERVICES BASIC ORGANIZATION— District Offices Salaries $15,244,154.58 Travelling Expenses 677,209.07 Maintenance & Operating 4,541,306.64 Equipment — Other than Forest Fire Suppression 1,512,865.59 Maintenance Forest Access Roads 505,119.32 Less — Federal Contribution EXTRA FIRE FIGHTING Wages, Etc., Maintenance and Operating Forest Fire Suppression Equipment FOREST RANGER SCHOOL Salaries, Travelling Expenses, Maintenance and Operating JUNIOR RANGER PROGRAM Wages, Travelling Expenses, Maintenance and Operating SPECIAL WARRANTS Fernando Fortier Canadian Council of Resource Ministers $22,480,655.20 1,279,541.90 21,201,113.30 $ 527,272.90 173,069.79 700,342.69 226,081.95 804,545.22 $ 2,000.00 11,868.00 13,868.00 SUMMER RESORT ACCESS ROADS (CAPITAL) Construction Costs 17,013.81 LOGGING ROADS (CAPITAL) Construction Costs (Recovered — See Receipts)... 327,086.35 FOREST ACCESS ROADS (CAPITAL) Construction Costs $ 782,704.06 Less: Federal Contribution 357,424.26 425,279.80 Carried Forward $29,298,079.59 11 Pelts drying, fur side out. 1965, 1,218 forest fires burned 19,904 acres in Ontario, with a consequent loss of revenue. 12 Statement No. 1 (Cont'd) DISBURSEMENTS For Year Ended March 31st, 1966 Brought Forward $29,298,079.59 LAND ACQUISITION (CAPITAL) Parks, Recreational Areas, Public Hunting and Fishing Areas, Etc 1,614,388.00 PARKS AND OTHER IMPROVEMENTS (CAPITAL) Construction of Buildings, Development of Camp-Sites and Picnic Areas and Other Improvements 1,509,992.16 TOTAL DISBURSEMENTS $32,422,459.75 Seven miles of sandy beach delight "sun worshippers" ar Killbear Provincial Park, Parry Sound District. 13 TIMBER TIMBER ANALYSIS OF CASH For Year Ended Fire Protection Charges Crown Ground Districts Dues Rent Chapleau $ 555,448.28 $ 934.00 $ 12,177.20 Cochrane 1,190,567.90 7,190.00 92,032.00 Fort Frances 313,387.35 866.00 11,723.89 Geraldton 1,881,847.54 13,447.00 172,121.60 Gogama 376,469.99 1,231.00 15,756.80 Kapuskasing 2,067,919.63 6,812.00 87,193.60 Kenora 1,054,570.37 10,892.00 139,417.60 Lindsay 73,518.56 246.00 3,148.80 North Bay 705,654.86 2,813.00 35,955.76 Parry Sound 282,231.78 1,435.00 18,368.00 Pembroke 751,456.71 4,387.00 56,153.60 Port Arthur 1,288,447.95 14,573.00 187,362.40 Sault Ste. Marie 422,501.80 4,559.00 59,004.94 Sioux Lookout 988,933.88 1,414.00 18,099.20 Sudbury 313,233.24 4,425.00 61,863.60 Swastika 569,870.79 1,939.00 . 25,633.20 Tweed 260,981.29 596.00 7,628.80 White River 246,950.23 6,087.00 79,581.36 Other Districts 426,053.04 19.00 243.20 $13,770,045.19 $83,865.00 $1,083,415.55 Percentage of Total Revenue 92.05% .56% 7.24% 14 Statement No. 2 BRANCH SECTION RECEIPTS BY DISTRICTS March 31st, 1966 Interest & Total Percentage of Sealers-Wages Total Cash Deposits Timber Total Timber Mill Licences, Timber Received & Revenue & Revenue & Etc. Revenue Refunded Cash Deposits Cash Deposits $ 946.72 569,506.20 $ 569,506.20 3.83 2,768.29 1,292,558.19 $ 5,010.00 1,297,568.19 8.71 568.50 326,545.74 3,150.07 (Cr.) 323,395.67 2.17 14.47 2,067,430.61 2,067,430.61 13.88 159.10 393,616.89 393,616.89 2.64 948.48 2,162,873.71 3,800.00 2,166,673.71 14.55 218.28 1,205,098.25 1,480.31 (Cr.) 1,203,617.94 8.08 1,253.79 78,167.15 2,589.67 80,756.82 .54 2,154.18 746,577.80 5,580.11 752,157.91 5.05 766.22 302,801.00 800.00 (Cr.) 302,001.00 2.03 840.40 812.837.71 17,239.40 830,077.11 5.57 1,322.34 1,491,705.69 1,375.66 (Cr.) 1,490,330.03 10.01 567.55 486,633.29 7,080.00 (Cr.) 479,553.29 3.22 1,855.41 1,010,302.49 13,500.00 (Cr.) 996,802.49 6.69 336.98 379,858.82 4,900.00 (Cr.) 374,958.82 2.52 952.81 598,395.80 300.00 598,695.80 4.02 433.67 269,639.76 370.56 (Cr.) 269,269.20 1.81 165.34 332,733.93 332,733.93 2.23 4,442.06 430,757.30 66,323.28 (Cr.) 364,434.02 2.45 $20,714.59 $14,958,040.33 $64,460.70 (Cr.) $14,893,579.63 100.00% .15 100.00% t 15 Ld CROWN DUES- GROUND RENT- FIRE PROTECTION CHARGES a MISCELLANEOUS FOR THE FIVE YEARS ENDED 31st. MARCH 1966 ir> UJ 1966 220,6* > LU cr in cr vo vo LU 00 in H LU rn vo IS 1- o — rn kfr EPART VO o HHHH9HHIH k> cT 5 r- h 2 O Q 1962 $13,406,344 Ld cr ■■^^■^^^^^H 00 U> sav~noa jo SNOmih 16 Statement No. 3 FISH AND WILDLIFE BRANCH Analysis of Cash Receipts For Year Ended March 31st, 1966 FISHERIES Licences Angling- $2,847,116.51 Commercial Fishing 99,982.45 Smelt 22,070.02 Domestic 742.00 Licences to Sell Fish 480.00 $2,970,390.98 Royalty Commercial Fishing 974.59 $2,971,365.57 GAME Licences Non-Resident Hunting $1,478,195.02 Bear 2,916.75 Deer 533,179.10 Moose 422,534.55 Ground Hog 36,918.95 Gun 328,176.73 Dog 25,731.85 Trappers ! 32,911.00 Fur Dealers 3,326.00 Fur Farmers 4,880.00 Pheasant 3,774.00 Tanners 140.00 Provincial Parks Hunting 25,176.40 Royalty $2,897,860.35 197,077.60 3,094,937.95 GENERAL Licences And Permits Guides Wild Rice Hunt Camp Fines Sales — Confiscated Articles Miscellaneous Government of Canada — Resources Development Agreement $ 1,338.00 8.00 1,640.00 53,126.98 23,391.90 5,897.76 1,595.06 86,997.70 $6,153,301.22 17 TOTAL EXPENDITURE ALLOCATED For Year Ended Forest Total Protection Lands . , $ $ $ Ordinary Expenditure Main Office 1,877,267.89 380,385.65 112,345.38 Fish and Wildlife Branch 540,996.49 Forest Protection Branch 193,948.87 193,948.87 Lands and Surveys Branch 1,034,781.44 137,867.85 Parks Branch 130,807.88 Research Branch 910,112.50 Timber Branch 894,833.40 Forest Ranger School 226,081.95 18,312.64 Junior Ranger Program 804,545.22 285,586.55 6,136.89 Basic Organization (before deduction of Federal contribution of $1,279,541.90) 22,480,655.20 6,559,970.32 652,182.65 Extra Fire Fighting (wages and equipment) 700,342.69 700,342.69 Special Warrants — F. Fortier 2,000.00 Canadian Council of Resource Ministers 11,868.00 29,808,241.53 8,138,546.72 908,532.77 Distribution of General Expenditure and Administration Costs Over Main Services Field Administration (pro-rated) 580,452.46 ' 78,179.47 — Percentage 24.13% 3.25% Research (as per analysis) 93,287.33 Sm-veys (pro-rated) ....". 977,412.16 — Percentage 92.00% 29,808,241.53 8,812,286.51 1,964,124.40 Less: Federal Contributions Applied As Credits Forestry Agreement — Forest Inventory (as per costs) 200,000.00 50,000.00 30,000.00 — Planting 542,738.46 — Aircraft Rentals 112,000.00 112,000.00 — Fire Fighting Equipment 342,680.51 342,680.51 Resources Development Agreement 82,122.93 TOTAL ORDINARY EXPENDITURE 28,528,699.63 8,307,606.00 1,934,124.40 Capital Disbursements Construction of Access Roads 17,013.81 17,013.81 Construction of Logging Roads (Recovered — see receipts) 327,086.35 Construction of Forest Access Roads (after deduction of Federal contribution of $357,424.26) 425,279.80 Acquisition of Land 1,614,388.00 41,873.44 Parks and Other Improvements 1,509,992.16 TOTAL DISBURSEMENTS 32,422,459.75 8,307,606.00 1,993,011.65 Percentage of Total 25.62% 6.14% 18 Statement No. 4 TO MAIN SERVICES RENDERED 31st March, 1966 Timber $ Fish and Wildlife $ Parks $ Research $ Surveys $ Field Admin- istration $ 503,916.23 336,533.14 526,115.21 317,239.09 78,094.85 14,881.28 50,605.48 98,148.07 894,833.40 120,094.73 238,067.32 59,956.93 8,760.91 130,807.88 263,753.88 910,112.50 896,913.59 27,717.65 2,239.67 6,756,784.47 3,534,824.58 2,198,715.56 477,682.47 9,228.89 2,291,266.26 2,000.00 11,868.00 8,513,696.15 4,466,190.77 2,910,516.41 1,480,771.10 984,465.61 2,405,522.00 731,278.69 372,374.80 30.40% 15.48% 594,775.39 912.984.48 21,248.09 10,624.04 2.00% 1.00% 445,021.57 120,276.10 77,938.91 *2,405,522.00 18.50% 5.00% 3.24% *1,601,047.20 53,120.23 *1,062,404.52 5.00% 9,860,998.32 5,762,174.09 3,408,658.21 80,000.00 40,000.00 542,738.46 82,122.93 9,238,259.86 5,640,051.16 3,408,658.21 327,086.35 425,279.80 79,659.50 179,501.51 1,313,353.55 1,509,992.16 10,070,285.51 5,819,552.67 6,232,003.92 31.06% 17.95% 19.23% "Deductions 19 if) UJ DC < Z> to q> x o cr < ro Q LU Q UJ 5 > i- UJ UJ I LL_ O Q LU p I , i • 2 £ P suvnoa do SNomiw 20 Statement No. 5 GRANTS TO MUNICIPALITIES AND CONSERVATION AUTHORITIES UNDER THE FORESTRY ACT, R.S.O. 1960 (To Aid in Acquisition of Forest Areas) For Year Ended March 31st, 1966 MUNICIPALITIES: Counties: Bruce $ 815.10 Grey 775.50 Lanark 563.25 Leeds and Grenville 7,118.26 Middlesex 2,021.55 Ontario 14,846.71 Prescott and Russell 449.61 Renfrew 8,486.40 Simcoe 12,924.95 Victoria 6,335.81 York 954.54 Townships: Mosa 1,168.00 $56,459.68 CONSERVATION AUTHORITIES: Big Creek $ 5,328.95 Central Lake Ontario 2,280.55 Ganaraska Region ; 67.35 Grand Valley 4,787.57 Metropolitan Toronto and Region 1,816.82 Moira River 5,802.84 North Grey Region 8,936.17 Otter Creek 1,940.57 Sauble Valley 5,733.75 Saugeen Valley 7,755.31 South Nation River 5,957.30 Sydenham Valley 3,343.75 53,750.93 $110,210.61 Less — Federal Contribution ARDA Agreement 36,595.02 $ 73,615.59 21 99 S1N3I/ 1 . . - . . ■ . ■ . ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ > -^ LU ~ CO j. en 5 . DISBU 3 1st. MAF _l ENDEC i < s . < _J LU e 5 1- H Ll ^ O K z: e LU 1 ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ £.' ~ c5(^82?l02£JOt0.ir> q- rj O suvTioa jo sNomiiN 22 FISH AND WILDLIFE BRANCH 'Throughout the Province, the personnel of the Fish and Wildlife Branch are -*- faced with a "sea of anomalies". The desire of much of the public to zealously protect or have protected both fisheries and wildlife resources is matched by a similar keenness to enjoy more hunting and fishing by many. Some want more, but cannot rationalize such wants with their inclination to save resources. Many citizens, who have actively campaigned for and assisted in programmes of fish stocking or pheasant rearing, resist any liberalization of the regulations which would allow their harvests, along with the naturally produced fisheries and wildlife resources. The Branch and its field staff have -continued in directing its programmes towards permitting the people of Ontario the maximum recreational and economic benefits of the fish and wildlife resources. Although dramatic progress is difficult to recognize annually since this is a long term objective not easily reached, the annual report does indicate some landmarks which mark such progress. Perhaps the major factors which have affected the programme were changes in both economic and social conditions in the Province over the past few years. The commercial fishery, although increasing both production and value of the catch by over 20%, faced economic difficulties. A new licencing policy for com- mercial fishing on Lake Huron was developed to attempt to overcome these, and similar ones are to be developed in the other parts of the Province. Considerable attention was directed towards fish marketing, in conjunction with the Prairie Provinces and Federal Departments concerned with fisheries, culminating in the establishment of a Commission of Inquiry by the Federal Department of Trade and Commerce. An investigation of the bait fish industry during the year clearly demon- strated the need for both biologic and economic intelligence of this industry, so important to the tourist and sports fishing industries. An embargo on imports of U.S. bait fish originally imposed for biological reasons, had desirable economic effects on the Ontario scene. A size limit on perch taken commercially in Lake Erie which appeared to be a retrograde step biologically, was imposed on economic grounds at the request of the industry. It did not have the desired economic effect and huge surpluses of perch were in storage at the initiation of fishing in the spring. The high mobility of sportsmen in recent years had made it imperative to simplify complicated angling regulations. During 1965 and 1966, considerable adjustment of fishing seasons, limits, and boundaries was made so that, for the first time, all of the angling seasons could be shown on a single map. A simplified angling season summary was produced in 1966 for the benefit of the angling public. Modernization of the fish hatchery establishments continued with the com- pletion of the Normandale rainbow trout rearing station, and the preparation of plans for reconstruction of the North Bay brook trout station. At the same time introduction of 2.5 million kokanee eyed eggs and fry into Lake Ontario and Huron stimulated renewed interest in exotic species of fish for special circum- stances. The concern of the public (anglers, tourist outfitters, commercial fishermen, etc.) over apparently decreased walleye catches stimulated some excellent studies 23 Pheasant chicks crack shells at Codrington Hatchery. Novice Port Arthur hunters get practical safety pointers. 24 Lots of fish but no open season at Chatsworth Fish Hatchery. Trapping is a mainstay of James Bay Indians. 25 FISH AND WILDLIFE BRANCH Chief: C. H. D. CLARKE WILDLIFE SECTION Supervisor: F. A. WALDEN Game Management Fur Management Field Services FISHERIES SECTION Supervisor: J. D. ROSEBOROUGH Game Fish and Hatcheries Commercial Fisheries Federal-Provincial Resources Development Agreement SPECIAL STAFF Chief's Clerical Staff Accounts and Staff Records Reports, Publications and Laboratory 26 of this species throughout the province. High production of walleye in the mid- fifties followed by lower production in the sixties, caused intensification of demands for an end to commercial fishing, to increase hatchery production of walleye, and greater protection. The studies are beginning to show that year class strength in walleye is consistent in many parts of the Province. Factors affecting walleye production may be far more universal than is presently believed. With respect to wildlife management, the policy of full use has been continued by the confirmation of longer seasons for big game throughout northern Ontario. In the southern moose range, however, it has been necessary to permit open seasons for moose in alternating years only, since the combination of moose hunting and deer hunting appears to put exceptionally heavy pressure upon moose. Of greater significance is the effort being made to extend the relationship of the animal to its environment and in this respect white-tailed deer is a good example. Extensive areas normally occupied by deer during the winter months are being improved since forest success has made them less suitable for carrying many deer through the winter. Suitable cutting practices and the necessary assess- ments of the worth of these practices are underway. The development of public hunting grounds continues and their popularity is attested to by the use which is being made of them. However, this touches upon one of the greatest and most difficult problems to solve of the present time which is to provide adequate access to game stocks throughout the southern parts of Ontario which are almost entirely privately owned. WILDLIFE SECTION Game Management Ontario offers excellent hunting opportunities. Sales of all types of resident hunting licences amounted to 635,071 while non-resident licence sales totalled 29,749. Hunting licence sale data are presented in Table 1. Table 1 Hunting Licence Sales- 1965 Type of Licence Numbers Sold Resident Moose 60,281 Resident Deer 118,127 Camp Deer 259 Dog 12,683 Farmers' Deer 12,250 Regulated Hunting Camp (Lindsay) 82 Resident Bear 583 Resident Small Game 381,372 Groundhog 43,434 Non-Resident Moose 10,057 Non-Resident Deer 7,242 Non-Resident Small Game 9,551 Non-Resident Spring Bear 2,647 Non-Resident Wolf 50 Non-Resident Pheasant Preserve 202 Licence sales continued to rise and with greater numbers of sportsmen afield the proper management of game resources becomes increasingly important. During 1965, field staff comprised of approximately 250 conservation officers and 40 biologists, assisted by other Department staff and interested citizens, enforced regulations made under The Game and Fish Act, collected information required for sound management decisions and completed projects designed to maintain or improve wildlife populations. The task of managing wildlife populations covers a wide range of activities. 27 Inventories, collection of harvest data, habitat evaluation and improvement, law enforcement, stocking and public relations are some of the most important facets in this complex area. A wealth of information is required to provide a sound basis for proper regulations and to design and conduct programmes aimed at producing high quality hunting. For example, harvest information was obtained from a high percentage of the 140,000 deer hunters in 1965; over 28,000 deer hunters were interviewed at highway check stations and in the field, while an additional 30,000 provided valuable information through mail and telephone surveys. About one third of the moose hunters in Ontario also contributed information at check stations and border crossings, and through interviews and mail surveys. Fish and wildlife staff in the northern parts of the Province flew over several thousand square miles of moose range collecting census data on randomly selected, twenty-five square mile sample plots. Deer yards were mapped and habitat improvement measures were carried out in some of the key winter concentration areas of deer in the eastern deer range. More adult pheasants were released; eight public hunting grounds provided both upland game and waterfowl shooting and a few additional wildlife areas were purchased or recommended for acquisition. These are but a few of the myriad game management activities of Lands and Forests staff in the field. Although far from complete, the following resume is a report of game management activities in Ontario during 1965. White-Tailed Deer Deer hunting in Ontario provides recreation for an increasing number of people. The popularity of this sport is indicated by the sale of deer licences which, this year, approached 140,000. Despite poor weather and its detrimental effect on hunting the 1965 deer hunt was reasonably successful. This year, success rates of 25% or over were obtained in half the forest districts where deer occur in huntable numbers. One out of every four hunters took venison home during the open season which varied from three to ninety-nine days in certain parts of the Province. Ontario is on the northern edge of the North American Continent's white- tailed deer range. Because of severe winter conditions a large portion of Ontario is inhospitable to deer. Deer fluctuate in abundance depending upon changes in the forest conditions over a long period and upon the severity of the winter — the season of greatest stress for deer in Ontario. Climate, principally deep snow, limits movement of deer. As a result, this barrier makes the quest for food difficult and at the same time, energy stored as fat is used rapidly to maintain body temperature. During a severe winter if fat reserves of the body and bone marrow are depleted before spring and suitable browse cannot be reached, deer may die of starvation. The abundance of deer in the fall is a reflection of favourable conditions in the past which encouraged good survival and reproduction. On the other hand scarcity of deer during the fall hunt may be the result of poor survival and production caused by inter-related factors such as severe winters, poor winter habitat and adverse spring weather. In any business, decisions must be made. Decisions should be based on facts. In the case of deer management in Ontario facts on hunter success, hunter effort required to bag a deer, and age composition of the deer population are obtained directly from the hunter. Department of Lands and Forests staff collect this information at road 28 checking stations and hunt camps, by visits to deep freeze lockers, through post- season mail and telephone surveys, and from reports forwarded by hunt camp cooperators. Of 140,000 deer licences sold in Ontario, over 30,000 were sampled in the mail and telephone surveys and 28,000 hunters were interviewed at checking stations and in the field. Their hunting successes are recorded in Table 2. Table 2 1965 DEER HUNTING SUCCESS District No. Residents Checked No. Non- Residents Checked Total Hunters Checked % Success Lindsay Tweed Kemptville Pembroke Parry Sound North Bay Sudbury Manitoulin Island Sault Ste. Marie . Lake Erie* Bruce Peninsula .... Lake Simcoe* Kenora* Fort Frances* Sioux Lookout* Port Arthur* 3489 2987 2691 1230 5882 695 743 3099 669 894 3038 1099 3577 2819 788 4280 66 15 90 24 149 278 1924 468 179 3489 21.1 3053 29.0 2691 27.9 1245 16.9 5972 19.0 719 21.4 743 13.9 3248 28.9 947 27.0 894 15.2 3038 10.7 1099 24.4 5501 48.1 3287 49.2 967 28.2 4280 32.5 * — These districts obtained data from mail or telephone surveys and this information is not strictly comparable with information collected at checking stations or in the field by other districts. A three day open season on white-tailed deer was enjoyed by many hunters in three of the nine counties in Lake Erie Forest District. Hunter success increased from 10.9% in 1964 to 15.2% in 1965 although licence sales for the counties declined. In the northern five townships of Bruce County in the Lake Huron Forest District, deer hunting was permitted from November 8 to 13, 1965. Due to poor weather and the dilution of normal hunting pressure occasioned by many hunters choosing to hunt in the southern counties, hunter success in the Bruce Peninsula declined slightly this year. Average hunter success in the Southern counties was 15.0% with an estimated 1913 deer being harvested. A special short season on the Meaford Tank Range in St. Vincent Township, Grey County, open to a maximum of 50 hunters each day, was considered very successful with hunting success recorded at 83.7%. Fog and rain greeted hunters on opening day of the deer season in the seventeen agricultural townships of Lake Simcoe Forest District. This bad weather along with intermittent rain on the following days discouraged many sportsmen from participating in the hunt. With fewer hunters afield and discouraging hunting conditions, less deer were harvested. Consequently, a moderate decrease in hunter success from 12.6% in 1964 to 10.7% in 1965 this year was recorded. Hunting statistics collected by Lands and Forests staff of the Lindsay Forest District at road checking stations indicate that over-all hunter success of 21.2% in 1965 was somewhat better than results of the 1964 hunt, despite cold, wet weather this year. Organized deer hunters in Crown and private land camps had a success rate of 45.7% similar to the 1964 success rate, whereas casual hunter success improved slightly from 6.2% to 7.5%. Farther east in the Tweed Forest District, no great change in general success rates between the years 1964 and 1965 occurred. However, hunter success 29 at 29.0% in this district was the highest rate in southern Ontario. As observed last year, calculated success in this district may have been affected by a change in checking station operations and actual success may have been somewhat lower. However, deer camp reports from over 3,000 hunters showed a success rate of 47.9% an improvement over the 44.9% tallied in 1964. Hunting effort in terms of man-days per deer taken was 12.1, the lowest recorded since 1960. Fawns represented 32.1% of the harvest pointing to good reproduction in 1965. Excellent survival should have occurred over the past mild winter, setting the scene for good hunting in 1966. Hunter success declined slightly in the Kemptville Forest District. This decrease, from 32.5% in 1964 to 27.9% in 1965, cannot be attributed to fewer deer but rather on poorer hunting conditions. A large crop of 1964 fawns and excellent survival of these is evident by the proportion of yearlings in the kill — an extremely high 39%. Prospects for a better season in 1966 are encouraging because of the mild winter just experienced. In the Pembroke Forest District organized hunter and Crown land camp successes each declined from 19.4% and 23.5% in 1964 to 16.3% and 21.1% in 1965, respectively, whereas a moderate increase in casual hunter success from 12.9% to 16.9% occurred in 1965. Through random "spot-checks" in certain areas of high hunter concentration, District staff were able to sample a larger number of local, casual hunters who are never checked at highway checking stations. Consequently, it was felt the success rate of casual hunters this year reflects their success in the field with greater accuracy. A light snowfall during the first week of the open season provided excellent hunting conditions; however, by November 17th an average of 6.9 inches of snow lay on the ground. Many hunters, discouraged by the heavy snowfall and correspondingly lower tempera- tures, discontinued their hunting. In the Parry Sound Forest District hunter success (at 19.0%) showed similar results to previous rates of 18.3% and 20.2% tallied in 1963 and 1964, respectively. Because several past winters have been mild, losses in the deer herd from starvation and predation have been light. With the deer population increasing in abundance in certain areas the outlook for a better season in 1966 is good. In 1965 deer hunting improved for the fourth consecutive year in the North Bay Forest District. Hunting success rose from 15.2% in 1964 to 21.4% in 1965. Snow cover persisting through most of the season was a major factor contributing to a better hunt although an accumulation of ten inches of snow at the beginning of the second week disheartened many hunters. The fact that 22% of the deer killed in this District were taken north of an east- west line through Marten River compared with only 9% in 1964 indicates that whitetails are regaining ground which was lost during the disastrous winters of 1959-60 across the northern fringe of the range. The north shore deer hunt in the Sudbury Forest District also improved somewhat over the 1964 season. In the Precambrian Shield section of this District, Lands and Forests staff tallied a 13.8% rate for casual hunters and 18.3% for hunters based at Crown land camps. Compared with Crown land camp success rates in 1963 and 1964, at 15.9% and 14.0%, respectively, this year's improve- ment was welcomed. Of the 3,100 resident and 150 non-resident hunters interviewed at the Little Current Checking station on Manitoulin Island, 28.9% were successful. Because the winter of 1965-66 was mild, deer losses from starvation should be low. A large fawn crop should have been produced this past spring and continued good hunting this fall on the Island is predicted. To the west in the Sault Ste. Marie Forest District hunter success improved substantially from 30 18.7% in 1964 to 27.0% in 1965. Reasons for improved success are two fold: frequent snowfalls on eleven days of the thirteen day season made tracking and locating concentrations of deer possible coupled with an improvement in the 1965 fawn crop. Continual forest cutting operations and mild winters in recent years have produced a large herd in the western deer range. The combination of deer aplenty and low hunter densities have provided an opportune hunting situation. Success rates ranging from 28.2% to 49.2% in this region were the highest in the Province. Of 140,000 sportsmen purchasing deer licences in Ontario in 1965, 10 per cent hunted in northwestern Ontario. An average of 34% of this segment of the deer hunting fraternity was successful. Fort Frances Forest District had the best hunting success rate in the Province this year at 49.2% (up 3.5% from 1964). Success in the Port Arthur Forest District also increased to 32.5% from 31.7% and 23.1% in 1964 and 1963, respectively. Slight declines in hunter suc- cess were noted in both Kenora and Sioux Lookout Forest Districts. Generally, the Western Region experienced heavy and continuous snowfalls over much of the winter and fears were expressed that the deer population in this area would suffer. Spring surveys conducted in this region, results of which are unknown at this time, may assuage some of our fears and divulge better survival than was expected. In summary, preliminary spring dead deer surveys indicate light winter losses. The effects of a late spring on the fawn crop are vague but reduced fawn survival is not an impossibility. However, an optimistic forecast of fair to good (not excellent) hunting this fall in the western deer range is ventured. In the eastern deer range hunter success rates declined slightly or were similar to 1964 rates. Because of the mild winter, prospects for a better hunt this fall in Central and Eastern Ontario are good. HABITAT IMPROVEMENT Vegetative ecological succession is continually progressing toward a mature closed-canopy forest in many site locations throughout Ontario. Because a mature forest cannot produce an abundant supply of preferred food for deer beneath its canopy, deer only on occasion frequent these areas during the spring, summer and fall. However during a harsh winter deer seek the shelter of a mature bush provided coniferous cover is available. Protection from wind, snow and cold temperatures may be afforded by the mature forest but food is scarce. This situation becomes critical when snow reaches a depth where deer are confined to runways and food cannot be reached without considerable difficulty and wasted energy. Starvation is the usual end result in a majority of these situations. Production of adequate supplies of browse within or in close proximity to the winter concentrations of deer is part of the solution to the problem. As phase one of this operation some of the important deer yards are mapped from the air luring the winter. Inspection of each yard on the ground was found necessary in order to assess whether or not work was needed to improve the area for deer. For the past four years a major programme designed to improve winter habitat for deer has been underway. This programme is a co-operative one )etween Timber, and Fish and Wildlife branches. If quality deer hunting is to be maintained proper silviculture practices are necessary on all important winter deer concentration areas by both government and commercial timber operators. A majority of the projects listed in the table below were undertaken specifically for deer habitat improvement. There are many projects under general stand improve- ment funds that are timber-oriented yet benefit the deer population. 31 In 1965, the following acres in yarding areas were treated: Table 3 DEER HABITAT IMPROVEMENT 1965 FISCAL YEAR No. No. Acres District Projects Treated Programme Pembroke 11 2455 Cutting unmerchantable hardwoods to produce deer browse. Sault Ste. Marie 2 134 Clear cutting strips to encourage production of browse. Tweed 1 696 Commercial clear cut in which suit- able cover stands were renewed from cutting. North Bay 2 40 Cutting unmerchantable hardwoods to produce deer browse. Sudbury 1 8.5 Clear cut strip one chain wide and 85 chains in length adjacent to traditional deer yard to encourage browse production. Parry Sound 4 9068 Cutting and girdling unmerchant- able trees to encourage browse production. TOTAL 21 12401.5 Moose Management The past moose hunting season was the best since the season was re-opened in 1951 following a two year closure. New Provincial records were set in harvest and licence sales. Average hunter success rates for residents and non-residents in the Province were 24.7% and 58.2%, respectively. Evidence of rising interest in moose hunting has been shown by a substantial increase in licence sales each year since 1951 with the exception of 1964. In 1965 over 50,000 hunters bought moose licences in Ontario. Of this army of hunters 42,354 were residents of Ontario and 9,127 were non-residents. Moose licence sales for selected years are as follows: Table 4 MOOSE LICENCE SALES IN ONTARIO 1953 1957 1961 1965 Residents Non-Residents 5,196 637 17,369 1,893 38 38,977 5,775 42,354 9,127 Resident Moose-Deer TOTAL 5,833 19,300 44,752 51,481 The total calculated kill of moose, determined from post-season mail surveys was 14,977 which surpasses the 1963 kill by 1,403 animals. Undoubtedly the larger harvest in 1965 can be attributed to two factors, namely, increased licence sales and moderately higher hunting success. Table 5 shows resident and non-resident moose harvest data taken from hunter surveys in 1965. 32 Table 5 1,228 2,323 530 1,754 43.1 75.5 939 1,591 440 1,057 46.8 66.4 767 — 240 — 31.3 — 4,288 1,032 1,705 723 39.8 70.0 3,185 1,093 1,205 618 37.8 56.5 3,878 312 1,166 178 30.1 57.1 4,488 192 798 68 17.8 35.4 5,083 115 722 26 14.2 22.6 2,056 373 314 126 15.3 33.8 1,738 645 362 209 20.8 32.4 1,745 960 392 371 22.5 38.6 2,860 450 652 177 22.8 39.4 2,775 82 380 35 13.7 42.7 1,926 37 351 11 18.2 29.9 1,376 — 216 — 15.6 — 371 — 73 — 19.7 — 352 — 50 — 14.2 — 117 — 28 — 23.8 — 39,172 9,205 9,624 5,353 Avg. 24.7 Avg .58.2 RESIDENT & NON-RESIDENT MOOSE HARVEST DATA FROM HUNTER SURVEYS, 1965 Calculated Calculated % Licences Used* Kill Hunter Success Non- Non- Non- Forest District Resident Resident Resident Resident Resident Resident Sioux Lookout Kenora Fort Frances Port Arthur Geraldton Kapuskasing Cochrane Swastika Gogama Chapleau White River Sault Ste. Marie Sudbury North Bay Parry Sound Pembroke Lindsay Tweed TOTAL * Total calculated licences used by residents and non-residents as indicated by the hunter survey is 3,104- lower than total licence sales. Sound management of a big game population requires information on all phases of the hunt including hunt success, hunting effort and the current status of the wildlife population. After the season closes, District Lands and Forests staff collect hunter success and hunting effort statistics from a sample of hunters. Of the 51,481 hunters who bought moose licences in 1965, a sample of 22,200 was mailed questionnaires concerning their moose hunt last fall. Information derived from this sampling survey was augmented by collection of data at highway checking stations, deep freeze lockers, hunter contacts in the field and through the excellent co-operation of United States Customs officials. By means of the technique whereby moose can be aged through knowledge of the pattern of replacement and wear on the teeth of the lower jaw, staff of the Department of Lands and Forests aged over 1,700 moose in 1965. Thus, the age structure of the present moose population was determined. Age structure, harvest and inventory records are essential in planning full and wise use of this valuable natural resource. The Western Moose Management Region consists of the mixed forests of western Ontario lying in the Forest Districts of Fort Frances, Kenora, Sioux )okout and most of Geraldton. In this region, hunter success and total moose larvested were the highest in the Province. Resident and non-resident hunters enjoyed higher success rates in 1965 than 1964 throughout the western region with the exception of the Fort Frances 7orest District. A decrease in hunter success from 45.7% in 1964 to 31.3% last ill occurred in the latter area which is open only to resident moose hunting. Cool, /et weather in October and poor ice conditions toward the end of the season appear have depressed the kill. Non-resident hunters in the Sioux Lookout Forest )istrict had the highest hunter success in the Province at 75.5% while resident 33 FIGURE 2. 1965 MOOSE HUNTER SUCCESS BY FOREST DISTRICT Upptr FlQ«"« -RESIOENT Loxtr figure - NON-RESIOENT V*m 0.123 34 success rose 3.3% over 1964 to 43.1% this year. Kenora, Port Arthur and Geraldton resident hunters enjoyed success rates between 38% and 47% in 1965 compared with 28% to 40% in 1964. In addition success rates for non-resident hunters rose from 2% to 15% over the 1964 rates. The Northern Moose Management Region consists of the coniferous forests of the clay belt and part of the Hudson Bay lowland muskeg forests lying in the Forest Districts of Cochrane, Kapuskasing and portions of Geraldton and Gogama Districts. Although very poor weather conditions prevailed during the first weeks of the open season in this region, a moderate increase in hunter success rates was recorded in the Kapuskasing and Gogama Forest Districts. The situation was reversed in the Cochrane District where both resident and non-resident success declined very slightly to 17.8% and 35.4%, respectively last fall. The Central Moose Management Region consists of the mixed forests of the east central part of the Province lying in the Forest Districts of North Bay, Sudbury, Sault Ste. Marie, White River, Chapleau, Gogama and Swastika. As in 1964, inclement weather during the first portion of the open season made hunting conditions far from ideal. Resident hunter success rates for Chapleau, White River and Sault Ste. Marie increased to 20.8, 22.5, and 22.8 per cent, respectively, whereas a decrease in success rates for Swastika, Sudbury and North Bay at 14.2, 13.7, and 18.2 per cent, respectively, was recorded. A general decline in non-resident success occurred in all Forest Districts in this region except White River where non-resident success rose 2.7%. The Southern Moose Management Region consists of the hardwood forests of the south lying in the Forest Districts of Sault Ste. Marie, Sudbury, North Bay, Parry Sound, Pembroke, Lindsay and Tweed. Since the last open season in 1963, generally hunter success has declined in this region. Hunters in Parry Sound, Pembroke, and Lindsay Forest Districts enjoyed resident success rates between 17% and 20% in 1963. Hunter success rates ranged from 14.2% to 19.7% in 1965. Hunter success is illustrated on the accompaning map which shows the location of all 22 Forest Districts. October continues to be the preferred month for moose hunting. This year the greatest portion of the kill (38.6%) occurred during the first week of October. Of special interest is the increased harvest of moose occurring during the final weeks of the open season. By various means of transportation in the winter (motorized snow toboggans and ski-equipped aircraft) increasing numbers of hunters are penetrating inaccessible moose range. Within portions of the accessible moose range snow vehicles also may provide the sportsman with even greater freedom of movement than he may have had earlier in the season. The annual moose harvest in Ontario has gradually increased from 1,400 in 1951 to 14,977 in 1965 with a decreased kill of 11,818 recorded in 1964. A continued increase in the number of moose harvested will depend upon several factors including an abundant moose population, more hunters, liberal seasons, favourable hunting season weather and moose behaviour. Over the past several seasons all of these factors have been present with the exception of ideal hunting season weather. Cold, wet, windy weather especially in the northeastern section of the Province, plagued hunters during the early part of the last season. Lack of road access to prime moose range is limiting the harvest at the present time. The "Roads to Resources" program of the Provincial Government and maintenance of bush roads by this Department, plus co-operation of the lumber companies in allowing travel on their roads, are steps in the right direction in opening up as much territory to moose hunters as possible. Hunters have a 35 responsibility when using private roads to exercise the greatest amount of caution and good manners. Prospects are good for another record season. Aerial inventories of the moose herd indicate a high density population throughout the western, central and northern moose ranges. Weather, as an unpredictable variable will continue to influence the harvest. OTHER STUDIES An accurate census of the numbers of moose present is an essential part of proper management of this species in Ontario. Each year District Fish and Wild- life staff record the density and distribution of moose within the Forest District by aerial sampling of a portion of the total moose range. Across most of northern Ontario there has been no indication of an upward or downward trend in the moose population with a density in suitable habitat of one moose for every one or two square miles. As an additional check on the number of moose per square mile obtained from the aerial survey, District staff conduct pellet group counts on a larger number of systematically selected plots. Besides collecting data on moose per unit area and distribution in Ontario most Districts attempted to assess what effect high moose populations have on their habitat. Using a standard method, Lands and Forests personnel have studied the browsing habits of moose in a variety of environments. The Department of Lands and Forests continued studies to determine the various types of parasites and diseases and their normal occurrence in Ontario's moose herd. The purpose of this study is to be able to detect, incidence of increased disease or parasite activity in the moose herd and thereby enable the game manager to exercise control measures. The technique of tagging moose from a helicopter which was developed in the Sioux Lookout Forest District in 1959 was undertaken in the Geraldton Forest District again this year for the fourth year in a row. Twenty-eight moose were marked with metal ear tags in twenty-eight flying hours. The project is designed not only to trace the animal movements of individual moose but also to determine if moose from inaccessible regions move to range adjacent to roads, thereby filling the vacuum created by the removal of animals during the open season. Spring Bear Hunting Bear hunting in the spring is gaining popularity with sportsmen. In 1965, 2,647 non-resident and 583 resident licences were sold. Bears are abundant throughout northern Ontario and this fact is shown by high hunter success rates as indicated in the following table. Table 6 SPRING BEAR HUNTING 1964-65 No. Licences No Hunter % Sold Returns Received Hunter Success Non-Residents: 1964 2169 801 41.4 1965 2647 985 43.6 Residents : 1964 414 71 38.0 1965 583 84 58.3 36 A total of 508 bears, 149 more animals than reported last year, were taken during the spring hunt. Cochrane, Kapuskasing, and Geraldton Forest Districts had the highest hunter success rates at 69.4%, 68.0% and 67.5% respectively. Chapleau, Gogama, Sault Ste. Marie and Swastika Forest Districts were the most popular areas to hunt bear this past spring. A prediction for continued good hunting in 1966 is ventured. Upland Game and Waterfowl Small game species remain a most important part of the Ontario hunting scene. In 1965, the sales of one dollar resident and summer "groundhog" licences reached 381,372 and 43,434, respectively, while non-residents purchased 9,551 small game licences. Since a very high proportion of upland game and waterfowl hunting is done close to home on a "daily" basis, the recreational values are high. Recent surveys indicate that Canadian small game hunters average at least nine days hunting per year. At this rate, Ontario's small game resource is producing about forty million days of good outdoor recreation. Because such a high proportion of Ontario's human population is centred in southern parts of the Province, a high proportion of upland game and waterfowl hunting is done in southern counties and districts, to a very large degree on private lands. Urban sprawl and the posting of private lands, are two major factors in reducing areas open to the public. Fewer acres each year are available to a continually expanding host of hunters. The problem of supplying hunting opportunities in southern Ontario is a difficult one. Additional public hunting areas are urgently needed close to urban centres. Sportsmen must show the utmost respect for private lands. Some method must be found to protect and assist landowners on whose land the hunting is done; several programs now are under consideration. Excellent populations of small game are available in Ontario. A partial list includes waterfowl, pheasants, three species of grouse, Bobwhite quail, Hungarian partridge, woodcock, squirrels, rabbits, hares, foxes and raccoons. A partial summary of Departmental activities associated with the management of small game species follows. Ruffed Grouse Widely distributed across nearly all forested terrain in Ontario, the "partridge" is probably the Province's most important game bird. Department staff collected data on grouse populations and on hunting success. One of the major uses of these data is in predicting annual availability of birds. Grouse are cyclic, and undergo violent fluctuations in numbers over approximately a nine year period, particularly in northern areas. Although brood counts indicated slightly lower survival in 1965, hunting success was improved and more nestings apparently were successful compared with 1964. Current information suggests that grouse populations are on the upswing in many areas and success rates should improve further in 1966. Tables 7A and 7B summarize information on average brood size and on hunter success for ruffed grouse by Forest Districts. 37 CO H Z Z> o u Q O O CtL CO CO D O < o ea? 2o S .2 OJ C5 t> o OS us i- 1 U0 ua in" t> ■** U5 ■* 1 1 C-; us i-H eo 00 ce 1 1 ua in t> ■>*' to to -T lO in co <* TlJ © os CO to co in" in ■^* ua in 00 O) » M "5 N ^f ui ti< io (o w i> t» ^j h h to w lO Tf in to r)i OS i-H © oo oo -* (M m OOCOOICOOOOOOOOOO^OOOS ooi-ioost-ooasaioo^c^o i-H ■>* i-H tP N ffl N H CO N M M t- a M ® lO M ifl ffl W M "* » O H Tjl W l> ® tP oo' ■<# co in tp ""* 1-HOSC5 Ol OC0500COT*(Ni-J co in co' co t)< t)< ^" in in co co tj5 in in co' in i> to Tt oq orHTtint>coTt;o co in" co' in t>co'inco'inTJo6in coooo m oocoooo-fi-i-^i-H iH iH tH i-H i-l i-H rl M H H lO fl) in i> in in o in d oi t( > M x: 1 £1 a ■s. 9 u u 9 O A CO * r. c o C £ > CD IS 5 3 c« S3 s C8 CO s a) a a E X o "a c« ,3 CO 3 t < i u fa « £ V 3 o 08 ,3 o £ o tf o o X 13 H fa W fe QQ 5 o OQ O M Ph fa fa o < M W > O < O H < A > o 38 Ringnecked Pheasants Native pheasant populations are restricted to counties bordering Lake Erie, southern Lake Huron and the western portions of Lake Ontario. Elsewhere, deep snow is the principal factor limiting pheasant survival. Good vegetative cover such as brushy hedgerows is needed to support good pheasant populations in agricultural countryside. Present agricultural trends towards larger farms, highly mechanized equipment, very large unbroken fields and heavy insecticide applications are damaging to pheasants. In many cash crop areas, hunting success has declined considerably. Several studies have been initiated to evaluate specifically those factors associated with the lower pheasant densities which now prevail in some areas. Within the pheasant range, many townships are authorized to sell licences for the hunting of pheasants, rabbits and fox. The table below shows the number of licences issued by regulated townships within the districts of Erie, Hespeler, Maple and Lindsay. District Erie Hespeler Maple Number of Regulated Twps 81 38 15 Township Resident 14,303 6,378 2,531 800 Licences Sold Non-Resident 18,499 8,512 3,791 1,090 Lindsay TOTALS 2 136 24,012 31,892 39 in ON CO CO LU u U Z> CO c£ LU h- Z D I CO Z> o Z> CO o I- hi rf , to B >> t x x e (i e v rv, ■" » CO OS CO 00 CO LO co ri lo cm' ri i-i Oi OS t> H ri M lO lO oq io CO LO ■^ ^1 io m m tjI cc n io ri ^ h OS "* CM CNj i-H in co' ri t- co' r!< ri CO ■<* o o r-J CO ■** OS oo co 6 >* O) co co oi t> os oo rA co I os O CO r-i LO ■* oq q q m ri ri h t> ei l-H LO OS LO 00 ■«* oo ■>* tj< cm co co oq Tt co ci © o oo oo oi © cm oq LO LO co co os LO t~ CM o o t- co fr; O "tf t-; cm' 00 ■<* «rf CM US ^i H ooqoqoaooscqcqoor-joqo ^t-d^'coHod^cti^aid t-NCOTfTf^HMHlOUlOIN L-; © CO CM © © © ri od iH cm i-5 co co Tt co co •<* r-j © © © lo eg © d co t- oo h ri co * us co co •* co N H CO w co ri tj5 rjt CO © qqHHqioffiHt>eoo]H riododo6ricot>©-<#'oo'cM'cs © © rH -rfi CM "<* .. O CO © -^ LO © lo cm cm ri CO © H N H N h ri oi ^' t- CM LO Tf 3 © Tjc o © CO CM CM © 00 © OS od ri tA © os t- CM © © © "tf OS © © © t- t-; t-; ri ri ^ -^ oo t- lo oo os co oo © cm © cq LO c w © cq © © i-H* © LO os © © © OS tH tH co ** © i-H co oo cm t- LO H (O H N H r-i £ O o w .2 * & C = -S cc5 rt 9 s s 3 b O ra 02 W eg o 9 3 «= 3 2 5 g — c4 a be p g to 2 3 § E s -e 40 Partially associated with the regulated township system, a pheasant propagation programme at the Normandale and Codrington game farms was continued. Chicks and poults produced are distributed to sportsmen's groups and to those who raise the birds expressly for the townships. Most adult birds are distributed to Departmental public hunting areas across southern Ontario. Table 8 shows the pheasant production of the Normandale and Codrington Game Bird Farms combined and the allocation of birds to southern forest districts. Table 8 Pheasants Produced Forest District Chicks Poults Adults Total Aylmer 25,800 6,000 1,502 33,302 Hespeler 10,385 2,300 — 12,685 Maple 7,800 4,300 4,390 16,490 Lindsay 6,700 — 1,795 8,495 Kemptville — — 670 1,170 Other 500 TOTAL 51,185 12,600 8,357 72,142 Information obtained by banding birds and inspection of birds taken by hunters indicate a very low return of pheasants which are released as poults. Excellent returns are usually obtained when adult birds are released shortly before the season opens. Those raising pheasants are encouraged to hold the birds as long as possible before release; greatly increased returns to the hunter more than justify the additional rearing costs. Hunting success varied across the pheasant range in 1965. Success rates appear to be declining where intensive cash-cropping is practised, while remaining at more stable levels in areas of dairy and mixed farming. The following table (Table 9), shows the results of bag checks and/or mail surveys of hunters in the southwestern region. Table 9 PHEASANT HUNT SUCCESS No. Hunters Hunter District Interviewed Hours Erie 319 1,318 Simcoe 1,316 3,987 Hespeler* 3,551 10,670 *Estimates from mail survey of hunters. Birds Per Hunter 0.40 0.54 0.58 Hours Hunted For Pheasant 10.2 6.6 5.2 PELEE ISLAND The Pelee Island hunt was held on a split-season basis on October 21 and 22, and again on October 28 and 29. The bag limit for these periods was eight cocks and two hens and seven cocks and three hens, respectively. Fourteen hundred and fifty-three hunters participated, harvesting 11,187 pheasants; the bag being comprised of 8,243 cocks and 2,944 hens. The average harvest was 7.64 birds; hunting effort required to bag one bird was an average of 1.3 hours. Over six hundred more pheasants were harvested compared with 1964, and 76% of the hunters were successful in taking their full limit of ten birds. This was excellent hunting success considering that steady rain fell during both days of the first hunt. 41 Hungarian Partridge Huntable populations of "Huns" are available only in the eastern counties and in some local areas of Lincoln, Welland, Haldimand, Wentworth and Elgin Counties. The eastern colony made a very rapid recovery from the low levels which prevailed in 1964. Coveys were large, many ranging from fourteen to twenty-five birds, and the only major factor limiting the kill was the extremely wet conditions which prevailed during the fall season. Kemptville District staff checked hunters who had taken 403 partridge during 136 days of hunting for an average daily bag of 3.0 birds. This compares with 2.2 and 1.0 birds per gun-day in 1963 and 1964, respectively. Good reproduction was evident from the 257 partridge inspected; over 81.7% were young of the year, the highest proportion since 1959. During the winter months twenty-eight Hungarian partridge were live-trapped in Carleton County and introduced into apparently suitable habitat in Tecumseh Township, Simcoe County. Further introductions using larger numbers of partridge will be made in future depending upon availability of birds for stocking and suit- ability of conditions for trapping. Quail Bobwhite quail continued to increase in extreme southwestern Ontario and four counties enjoyed a short season from November 1 to 3. A Bobwhite quail propagation program was continued at the Normandale Game Bird Farm. This program is designed to provide native hardy quail stock to commercial game farm operators for further propagation and subsequent release. Waterfowl Continental duck populations remained at rather low levels in 1965, although Ontario's duck production which provides a large part of the harvest taken in the Province, was reasonably good. Below is a table showing opening day duck hunting success for some districts. Table 10 OPENING DAY DUCK HUNTING SUCCESS No. Hunters Checked Ducks Killed Ducks/Hunter Kemptville 599 629 1.0 Tweed 1,216 1,293 1.1 Pembroke 91 144 1.1 Lindsay* 89 278 3.1 Simcoe 956 607 0.6 Hespeler— Central 892 682 0.8 Zone Hespeler— Southern 1,882 1,533 0.8 Zone Erie* 569 786 1.3 Erie 72 108 1.5 Parry Sound 92 133 1.4 North Bay 157 464 3.0 Fort Frances 126 174 1.4 TOTAL 6,741 6,831 1.0— Prow Avg. *Public waterfowl hunting areas. 42 GOOSE HUNTING Some of the best goose hunting on the continent is enjoyed on the James Bay and Hudson Bay lowlands. Indian bands located in these areas depend upon waterfowl to supply much of their yearly food supply. Each fall, many white hunters enjoy top quality goose shooting "on the Bay". Indians who are exceptionally skilled at calling geese to the waiting guns, are often employed as guides, to the benefit of both parties. Statistics for 1964 and 1965 of the harvest at licenced goose camps and from the Moose River checking station is as follows: Table 1 1 WATERFOWL HARVEST — JAMES BAY 1964 1965 Blue and Snow Geese 23,467 19,269 Canada Geese 951 392 Ducks 3,073 1,502 TOTAL 27„491 21,163 No. of Canadian Hunters 2,365 2,292 No. of American Hunters 390 408 No. of Treaty Indians 772 570 TOTAL HUNTERS 3,527* 3,270 ' - -Plus 267 hunters with no kills. The kill was reduced in 1965 due to the prevalence of southerly winds during the hunt. Birds flew high; the "bluebird" weather was not conducive to good success. On Hudson Bay, the Fort Severn goose camp, operated by Indians under the sponsorship of the Department, had a most successful season. Hunters participating included eighty-two from the United States, sixteen from Ontario and seventeen from Manitoba. Indians also took geese during the hunt so that the total kill was as follows: Blue and Snow Geese 2,127 Canada Geese 80 Small Canada Geese 18 Ducks 59 Ptarmigan 48 TOTAL 2,332 Hunting success for waterfowl was excellent and more hunters showed an interest in taking ptarmigan. The Fort Severn Indian band derived considerable economic benefit from services such as guiding, boat and motor rentals, aircraft tending, duck and goose plucking and assisting in camp operations. Total revenue to the band was estimated at $9,074.70, an increase of $790.70 over 1964. In addition, the Department paid out approximately $1,000.00 in wages for construction work prior to the opening of the camp. WATERFOWL BANDING The leg banding of ducks and geese to ascertain hunting mortality rates and location of kill is becoming a very valuable tool of waterfowl management. International in nature, waterfowl banding in 1965 was a cooperative effort involving coordination by the Department of Lands and Forests, the 43 Canadian Wildlife Service, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and Flyway Councils, supported by State conservation departments. These agencies, along with the Ontario Bird Banders Association and sportsmen's clubs at Orillia and Newcastle, assisted in waterfowl banding in 1965. Table 12 WATERFOWL BANDED IN ONTARIO, 1965 Species and Numbers Banded* Location of Canada Mallard Black B.W. G.W. Wood Other TOT Banding Station Goose Teal Teal Duck Ducks Lake St. Lawrence 339 339 Wolfe Island 42 15 1 58 Lindsay 13 2 15 7 98 135 Oshawa 141 173 447 21 65 12 859 Orillia 41 4 1 41 1 88 Simcoe 11 15 8 3 37 Long Point 90 19 1708 2 17 1 1837 Luther Marsh 1292 189 81 1 48 86 1697 Lake St. Clair 1963 219 2012 10 1 22 4227 Yarmouth Twp. 20 59 1 27 107 Dundas 18 2 7 8 43 78 Mud Lake 17 4 1 22 Carlow Twp. 9 24 3 36 Thurlow Twp. 69 21 2 92 Sudbury 46 54 26 10 3 139 Parry Sound 16 37 4 17 69 143 Halliday Lake 28 241 2 3* 4 278 Lillabelle Lake 61 104 1 5 171 Porcupine Lake 69 216 2 6 4 6 303 Hill — Kirkland Lakes 10 52 36 5 103 Arm Lake 24 25 4 7 54 114 Port Arthur 257 440 229 7 10 943 Fort Frances 310 11 126 19 15 2 483 TOTALS 339 4547 1863 4769 118 438 215 12289 *Totals for some stations recorded only to September 30th, 1965. Public Hunting Areas PHEASANTS Managed public hunting areas were again operated by the Department. At Presqu'ile, Darlington, Earl Rowe and Sibbalds Point Parks and on the Gananoque Public Hunting Area, pheasant hunting was enjoyed by 3,536 hunters. At the parks, the season commenced the Wednesday following Thanksgiving at a time when there is little, if any, demand for other park facilities. Hunters paid a daily fee of $5.00 and could take up to three pheasants of either sex. The number of hunters allowed was restricted and permits were made available on a first-come first-served basis. Statistics on pheasant hunting areas operated by the Department in Provincial Parks follows: 44 Table 13 SUMMARY — PUBLIC PHEASANT HUNTING AREAS, 1964-65 Presqi j'ile Darlington Sibbald Point Earl Rowe Northumber- Durham Simcoe Simcoe land County County County County 1964 1965 1964 1965 1964 1965 1964 1965 Hunting Area in Acres Number of Hunters 415 415 415 415 250 250 350 250 240 264 755 800 510 528 712 855 Number Birds Released 450 507 1150 1221 795 845 1167 1496 Number Birds Recovered 380 402 1040 1143 665 702 1015 1284 Birds per Hunter 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.6 1.3 1.4 1.5 At the four areas listed above, 2,447 hunters participated in 1965 compared to 2,217 the year perviously. At the 1,046 acre Gananoque Public Hunting area in Leeds County no charge for hunting was levied, but hunters were obliged to secure a free permit from a local licence issuer. A maximum of 100 permittees were allowed to hunt at any one time. Unlike the areas above, where the shooting of pheasant only was permitted, all legal game species present on the area could be taken. During the season 670 pheasants were released at Gananoque. Hunters from such distant points as Ottawa and Toronto participated in addition to many local enthusiasts. The unit's diversified habitat and more natural hunting conditions compared to Provincial park areas, was largely responsible for the excellent response by hunters. Statistics for the 1965 season are as follows: Table 14 GANANOQUE PUBLIC HUNTING AREA, 1965 Number of hunters 1640 Number of pheasants released 670 Game Harvested: Pheasants 545 Ruffed Grouse 53 Ducks 17 Cottontail Rabbits 112 European Hare 3 Whitetailed Deer 3 Total 745 Units of game per hunter — 0.45 WATERFOWL Public access to marshes is becoming increasingly difficult in southern Ontario. Most marshes located on private lands are posted against public trespass and on those where access is possible, hunter congestion considerably lowers the quality of hunting available. Five managed waterfowl units were operated by the Department in 1965 to provide hunting of reasonable quality. At Long Point and Rondeau Parks on Lake Erie, and at Darlington Park on Lake Ontario, hunting was intensively managed and sportsmen paid a daily fee for the use of Department blinds. At Holiday Beach, a portion of Rondeau Park, and at Presqu'ile Park shooting was less intensively managed and season permits for waterfowl hunting were available. Statistics for these areas for 1965 follow. 45 «e Ob CO LU z -3 -3 _ .*- 0> pg I- Z D I Q CO 5 £ < Tj< o£ . ** © s ft _0) JQ O H 46 HHCJlOOtMiOO) | CO oscocooso^fooo Ico r-^OJ t> H CM CM CO CO iH CO CO t-i 00 CM »H 00 iH CO CO t- CO COO £ >> cc >.* >C72 2 a> • Table 15 SUMMARY OF PUBLIC WATERFOWL HUNTING AREAS, 1964-65 Holiday Long Point Rondeau Presqu'ile Darlington Beach '64 '65 '64 '65 '64 '65 '64 '65 '64 '65 Number of Hunters 1926 2231 451 729 287* 379* 447 481 446* 708* 317* Number of Waterfowl Taken 2164 2118 673 971 — — 407 299 — 442 Average Bag Per Hunter 1.12 0.95 1.50 1.33 — — 0.9 0.62 — 0.62 Total number of hunters all units — 1964 — 3357 1965 — 4528 * — Season permits — other figures denote daily permits. More than 10,000 man-days of recreation were provided by Provincial public hunting grounds in 1965. Popularity of these areas continues to grow and this demand likely will increase as access to other hunting areas in southern Ontario becomes more restricted. Commercial Game Bird Hunting Preserves Statistics relating to pheasant hunting preserves, where hunting is available on a "pay as you go" basis are outlined in table 16. Commercial Pheasant Farms The number of commercial pheasant propagators declined again in 1965, from 143 in 1964 to 122. This is likely a reflection of the more casual entre- preneurs abandoning their efforts leaving only those operators who are inclined to be more serious in the business. Despite the drop in operator numbers, activity as indicated by both purchases and sales of pheasants increased. Inspections have shown that the majority of propagators are continually improving their facilities and stock to enhance their product. The activities of pheasant propagators during 1965-66 are summarized in the accompanying table. 47 Rabbits and Hares In general, good rabbit and hare populations occurred across the Province in 1965. European hares continued their eastern extension of range into Leeds and Grenville Counties. Rabbits also increased their range northwards in the eastern counties. In Huron District, conservation officers contacted 1,981 hunters who had taken 1,421 rabbits and hares in 6,051 hours of hunting. It had taken 4.3 hours to bag one rabbit or hare. In Simcoe District, conservation officers checked 1,755 small game hunters who had taken 117 snowshoe hares, 247 cottontail rabbits and 325 European hare. Total harvest was 789, for an average of 0.45 rabbits and hares per hunter. Hunting effort required per "rabbit" was 6.4 man-hours. OPEN SEASONS MOOSE SCHEDULE 8 — Residents and Non-Residents September 15, 1965 to January 8, 1966. Beginning at the intersection of the boundary between Ontario and Quebec with the southerly shore of James Bay; thence southerly along that boundary to its intersection with the centre line of the right-of-way of the most northerly east- west line of the Canadian National Railways; thence westerly along that centre line to its intersection with a meridian line through the northeast corner of the geographic Township of Bell, in the Territorial District of Thunder Bay; thence northerly along the said meridian line to its intersection with the Albany River: thence in a general northerly and westerly direction following that river to the Wabassi River flowing into the Albany River; thence in a northwesterly direction following the Wabassi River to its intersection with the 11th Base Line; thence westerly along the 11th Base Line to its intersection with the Interprovincial Boundary between Ontario and Manitoba; thence northerly and northeasterly along that boundary to the shore of Hudson Bay; thence easterly, southerly, southeasterly and easterly along the shores of that bay and James Bay to the place of beginning. SCHEDULE 9 — Residents and Non-Residents October 2, 1965 to January 8, 1966. Beginning at a point in the Ottawa River being at the intersection of the boundary between Ontario and Quebec with the easterly production of the southerly boundary of the geographic Township of Burnaby in the Territorial District of Nipissing; thence westerly along the said easterly production and the southerly boundary of the said geographic Township of Burnaby to the north- easterly corner of the geographic Township of Angus; thence southerly along the easterly boundary of the geographic Township of Angus to the southeasterly corner thereof; thence westerly along the southerly boundaries of the geographic townships of Angus, Flett, Milne, Olive, Torrington and Vogt to the southwesterly corner of the last mentioned geographic township; thence northerly along the westerly boundaries of the geographic townships of Vogt and Phyllis to the 48 northeasterly corner of the geographic Township of Scholes; thence westerly along the northerly boundary of the geographic Township of Scholes to the northwesterly corner thereof; thence westerly along the northerly boundaries of the geographic townships of Afton and Sheppard in the Territorial District of Sudbury to the northwesterly corner of the last mentioned geographic township; thence southerly along the westerly boundary of the geographic Township of Sheppard to the southwesterly corner thereof; thence westerly along the northerly boundary of the geographic Township of Mackelcan to the northwesterly corner thereof; thence southerly along the westerly boundary of the geographic Township of Mackelcan to the southwesterly corner thereof; thence westerly along the northerly boundaries of the geographic townships of Rathbun, Norman, Wisner, Bowell, Foy, Harty, Hess, Moncrieff and Craig to the northwesterly corner of the last-mentioned geographic township; thence southerly along the westerly boundary of the geo- graphic Township of Craig to the southwesterly corner thereof; thence westerly along the northerly boundary of geographic Township Tp. 114 to the north- westerly corner thereof; thence westerly along the northerly boundaries of geo- graphic townships A, E, I and M in the Territorial District of Algoma to the northwesterly corner of the last-mentioned geographic township; thence southerly along the westerly boundary of geographic Township M to the southwesterly corner of that geographic township; thence westerly along the southerly boundaries of geographic townships Q, U, Tp. 1A, Tp. IB, Tp. 1C, Tp. ID, Tp. IE, Tp. IF and geographic townships 195 and 201 to the southwesterly corner of the last- mentioned geographic township; thence northerly along the easterly boundaries of geographic townships of Gillmor and Curtis and geographic townships Tp. 22, Range 10, Tp. 22, Range 11, and Tp. 22, Range 12, to the northeasterly corner of the last-mentioned geographic township; thence westerly along the northerly boundaries of geographic townships Tp. 22, Range 12 and Tp. 23, Range 12, to the northwesterly corner of the last-mentioned geographic township; thence southerly along the westerly boundary of geographic Township Tp. 23, Range 12 to the northeasterly corner of geographic Township Tp. 24, Range 12; thence westerly along the northerly boundaries of geographic townships Tp. 24, Range 12, Tp. 25, Range 12, Tp. 26, Range 12 and Tp. 27, Range 12, to the northwesterly corner of the last-mentioned geographic township; thence northerly along the easterly boundary of the geographic Township of Palmer to the northeasterly corner thereof; thence westerly along the northerly boundary of that geographic township to the northwesterly corner thereof; thence southerly along the westerly boundaries of the geographic townships of Palmer and Fisher to the southwest corner of the last-mentioned geographic township; thence southerly along the southerly production of the westerly boundary of the geographic Township of Fisher to the intersection with the International Boundary between Canada and the United States of America; thence in a general northwesterly, southwesterly and westerly direction following that international boundary to a point in Saganaga Lake where that international boundary is intersected by the easterly boundary of the Territorial District of Rainy River; thence northerly along that easterly boundary to the northeasterly corner of that territorial district; thence westerly along the northerly boundary of that territorial district to the intersection with the 7th Meridian; thence northerly along the 7th Meridian in the Territorial District of Kenora to the intersection with the southerly boundary of the geo- graphic Township of MacNicol; thence easterly along the southerly boundaries of the geographic townships of MacNicol, Tustin and Bridges to the southwesterly corner of the geographic Township of Docker; thence in a northerly direction along the westerly boundaries of the geographic townships of Docker and Smellie 49 to the northwesterly corner of the last-mentioned geographic township; thence northerly along the northerly production of the westerly boundary of the geo- graphic Township of Smellie to the intersection with the centre line of the right- of-way of the most northerly east- west line of the Canadian National Railways; thence westerly along that centre line to the intersection with the boundary between Ontario and Manitoba; thence northerly along that boundary to the intersection with the 11th Base Line; thence easterly along the 11th Base Line to the Wabassi River flowing into the Albany River; thence in a general southerly and easterly direction following that river to the Albany River; thence in a general southeasterly direction along the Albany River to the intersection with the meridian line drawn north astronomically from the northeasterly corner of the geographic Township of Bell, in the Territorial District of Thunder Bay; thence south astronomically along that meridian line to the intersection with the centre line of the right-of-way of the most northerly east- west line of the Canadian National Railways; thence in a general southeasterly direction along that centre line to its intersection with the boundary beween Ontario and Quebec; thence southerly along that boundary to the place of beginning. (Excepting two small areas in Lake Superior Provincial Park — see O.Reg. 211/65 — Schedules 1 and 2). SCHEDULE 10 — Residents and Non-Residents. November 8 to November 30, 1965. Beginning at the intersection of the northerly limit of the right-of-way of the King's Highway Number 17 with the westerly boundary of the geographic Township of Spragge; thence northeasterly and easterly along the northerly limit of the said right-of-way of the King's Highway Number 17 to the intersection with the easterly boundary of the Territorial District of Sudbury; thence northerly along the east boundary of the Territorial District of Sudbury to the northwesterly corner of the geographic Township of Scholes; thence westerly along the northerly boundaries of the geographic townships of Afton and Sheppard in the Territorial District of Sudbury to the northwesterly corner of the last-mentioned geographic township; thence southerly along the westerly boundary of the geographic Town- ship of Sheppard to the southwesterly corner thereof; thence westerly along the northerly boundary of the geographic Township of Mackelcan to the north- westerly corner thereof; thence southerly along the westerly boundary of the geographic Township of Mackelcan to the southwesterly corner thereof; thence westerly along the northerly boundaries of the geographic townships of Rathbun, Norman, Wisner, Bowell, Foy, Harty, Hess, Moncrieff and Craig to the north- westerly corner of the last-mentioned geographic township; thence southerly along the westerly boundary of the geographic Township of Craig to the south- westerly corner thereof; thence westerly along the northerly boundary of geo- graphic Township Tp. 114 to the northwesterly corner thereof; thence westerly along the northerly boundaries of geographic townships A, E, I and M in the Territorial District of Algoma to the northwesterly corner of the last-mentioned geographic township; thence southerly along the westerly boundary of geographic Township M to the southwesterly corner of that geographic township; thence westerly along the southerly boundaries of geographic townships Q, U, Tp. 1A, Tp. IB, Tp. 1C, Tp. ID, Tp. IE, Tp. IF and geographic townships 195 and 201 to the southwesterly corner of the last-mentioned geographic township; thence northerly along the easterly boundaries of geographic townships of Gillmor and Curtis and geographic townships Tp 22, Range 10, Tp. 22, Range 11 and Tp. 50 22, Range 12, to the northeasterly corner of the last-mentioned geographic township; thence westerly along the northerly boundaries of geographic townships Tp. 22, Range 12 and Tp. 23, Range 12, to the northwesterly corner of the last- mentioned geographic township; thence southerly along the westerly boundary of geographic Township Tp. 23, Range 12, to the northeasterly corner of geographic Township Tp. 24, Range 12; thence westerly along the northerly boundaries of geographic townships Tp. 24, Range 12, Tp. 25, Range 12, Tp. 26, Range 12 and Tp. 27, Range 12, to the northwesterly corner of the last- mentioned geographic township; thence northerly along the easterly boundary of the geographic Township of Palmer to the northeasterly corner thereof; thence westerly along the northerly boundary of that geographic township to the north- westerly corner thereof; thence southerly along the westerly boundaries of the geographic townships of Palmer and Fisher to the southwest corner of the last- mentioned geographic township; thence southerly along the southerly production of the westerly boundary of the geographic Township of Fisher to the intersection with the International Boundary between Canada and the United States of America; thence southeasterly following the international boundary to the inter- section with longitude 84° 30' thence northerly along longitude 84° 30' to the intersection with the southerly boundary of the geographic Township of Park, in the Territorial District of Algoma; thence in an easterly, southeasterly and easterly direction following the shore of the St. Marys River, Lake George, St. Joseph's Channel and the North Channel of Lake Huron to the intersection with the westerly boundary of the geographic Township of Spragge; thence northerly along the westerly boundary of the geographic Township of Spragge to the place of beginning. SCHEDULE 7 — Residents only November 8 to November 20, 1965. The geographic townships of Hilton, Jocelyn and St. Joseph in the Territorial District of Algoma. SCHEDULE 1 1 — Residents only October 2, 1965 to January 8, 1966. Beginning at a point in Saganaga Lake where the International Boundary be- tween Canada and the United States of America is intersected by the easterly boundary of the Territorial District of Rainy River; thence northerly along that easterly boundary to the northeasterly corner of the said Territorial District of Rainy River; thence westerly along the northerly boundary of that territorial dis- trict to the intersection with the 7th Meridian; thence northerly along the 7th Meridian in the Territorial District of Kenora to the intersection with the southerly boundary of the geographic Township of MacNicol; thence easterly along the southerly boundaries of the geographic townships of MacNicol, Tustin and Bridges to the southwesterly corner of the geographic Township of Docker; thence in a northerly direction along the westerly boundaries of the geographic townships of Docker and Smellie to the northwesterly corner of the last-mentioned geographic township; thence northerly along the northerly production of the westerly boundary of the Geographic Township of Smellie to the intersection with the centre line of the right-of-way of the most northerly east-west line of the Canadian National Railways; thence westerly along that centre line to the intersection with the bound- ary between Ontario and Manitoba; thence southerly along that boundary to the 51 intersection with the International Boundary between Canada and the United States of America; thence southeasterly along that international boundary of the inter- section with the boundary between the territorial districts of Kenora and Rainy River; thence easterly along the northerly boundary of the Territorial District of Rainy River 15 miles, more or less, to the intersection with the easterly shore of the Lake of the Woods; thence northeasterly along that easterly shore to the inter- section with the northerly limit of Concession II in the geographic Township of Morson in the Territorial District of Rainy River; thence easterly along that northerly limit to the intersection with the easterly boundary of the geographic Township of Morson; thence southerly along that easterly boundary to the south- easterly corner of that geographic township; thence easterly along the northerly boundaries of the geographic townships of Dewart, Rowe and Menary to the northeasterly corner of the last-mentioned geographic township; thence southerly along the easterly boundary of the geographic Township of Menary to the south- easterly corner thereof; thence easterly along the northerly boundaries of the geo- graphic townships of Potts and Fleming to the intersection with the centre line of the waters of Burditt Lake; thence in a southeasterly direction along that centre line to and along the centre line of the channel of the Manomin River to the intersection with the westerly limit of Indian Reserve No. 17B; thence northerly along that westerly limit to the northwesterly corner of that Indian Reserve; thence easterly along the northerly limit of that Indian Reserve to the northeasterly corner thereof; thence southerly along the easterly limit of that Indian reserve to the intersection with the centre line of the waters of Manomin Lake; thence in a north- easterly and easterly direction following that centre line to and along the centre line of the body of water connecting Manomin Lake and Lake Despair to the centre line of the last-mentioned lake; thence in a northeasterly and northerly direction following the centre line of the waters of Lake Despair to the intersection with the westerly production of the centre of the channel of a stream between Lake Despair and Footprint Lake; thence in a northeasterly direction following that westerly production and the centre line of that stream and its easterly production to the intersection with the centre line of the waters of Footprint Lake; thence in a general southeasterly direction following the centre line of the last-mentioned waters to the intersection with the northerly limit of Indian Reserve No. 17 A; thence easterly along that northerly limit to the northeasterly corner of said Indian Reserve No. 17A; thence southerly along the easterly limit of that Indian Reserve to the high- water mark of Northwest Bay of Rainy Lake; thence southeasterly in a straight line to the intersection with the centre line of the channel of Camp Narrows; thence in a southeasterly direction following the last-mentioned centre line to the inter- section of the centre line of the waters lying adjacent to and northerly of Shelter Bay, Browns Inlet and the most northeasterly point of the geographic Township of Griesinger; thence in a southeasterly and northeasterly direction following the centre line of the last-mentioned waters to the mid point of the waters lying be- tween Hangingstone Point on the most northeasterly point of the geographic Township of Griesinger and the small island lying northeasterly thereof and patented as locations G 113 and G 114; thence southeasterly in a straight line to the most southwesterly projection of Tug Point on Cheery Island in Rainy Lake; thence south astronomically to the intersection with the International Boundary between Canada and the United States of America; thence easterly, southerly and southeasterly following that international boundary through Rainy Lake and the several lakes, rivers and portages to the place of beginning. 52 SCHEDULE 12 — Residents only November 8 to November 20, 1965. Beginning at the confluence of the Mattawa and Ottawa Rivers at the bound- ary between Ontario and Quebec; thence in a general westerly direction following the centre line of the main channel of the Mattawa River and its expansions to the easterly production of the northerly boundary of the geographic Township of West Ferris; thence in a westerly direction following the said easterly production and the northerly boundary of the geographic Township of West Ferris and its westerly production to the easterly shore of Lake Nipissing; thence in a southerly direction along that easterly shore to the intersection with the westerly production of the southerly boundary of the geographic Township of West Ferris; thence westerly across Lake Nipissing in a straight line to a point in the middle of the main channel of the French River south of and off the easterly end of Blueberry Island; thence southwesterly along the centre lines of the main channel of the French River and that channel of the French River to the north of Okikendawt Island and along that channel of the French River that lies adjacent to the south boundaries of the geographic townships of Scollard, Mason, Bigwood, Allen and Struthers to the southerly production of the easterly boundary of the geographic Township of Travers; thence northerly along the said production to the water's edge of the said channel; thence southwesterly, westerly and southwesterly follow- ing the water's edge of the said channel to the southerly production of the westerly boundary of the geographic Township of Travers; thence southwesterly in a straight line to a point in Georgian Bay which is south astronomically from the most southerly extremity of the geographic Township of Travers and east astronomically from the most northerly extremity of Bold Point on Manitoulin Indian Reserve No. 26; thence west astronomically to the last-mentioned extremity; thence westerly in a straight line to the intersection with the southerly boundary of the geographic Township of Howland, in the Territorial District of Manitoulin with the high- water mark on the shore of Georgian Bay; thence in a general northerly, westerly and southwesterly direction following that high-water mark to the most north- westerly extremity of Freer Point in that township; thence westerly in a straight line to the most northerly extremity of Maple Point in the geographic Township of Allan; thence northwesterly in a straight line to a point in longitude 82° 30' west where it is intersected by the boundary between the territorial districts of Algoma and Manitoulin; thence westerly in a straight line to a corner of the International Boundary between Cockburn Island and Drummond Island; thence northeasterly in a straight line to the intersection with the water's edge of Serpent Harbour of the North Channel with the southerly production of the westerly bound- ary of the geographic Township of Spragge, in the Territorial District of Algoma; thence northerly along the said southerly production and the westerly boundary of the geographic Township of Spragge to the intersection with the northerly limit of the right-of-way of the King's Highway Number 17; thence northeasterly and easterly along the northerly limit of the said right-of-way of the said King's High- way Number 17 to the intersection with the easterly boundary of the Territorial District of Sudbury; thence northerly along the easterly boundary of the Territorial District of Sudbury to the northwesterly corner of the geographic Township of Scholes in the Territorial District of Nipissing; thence easterly along the northerly boundary of the geographic Township of Scholes to the northwesterly corner of the geographic Township of Phyllis; thence southerly along the westerly boundaries of the geographic townships of Phyllis and Vogt to the southwesterly corner of the last-mentioned geographic township; thence easterly along the southerly boundaries 53 of the geographic townships of Vogt, Torrington, Olive, Milne, Flett and Angus to the southeasterly corner of the last-mentioned geographic township; thence northerly along the easterly boundary of the geographic Township of Angus to the northeasterly corner of the last-mentioned geographic township; thence easterly along the southerly boundary of the geographic Township of Burnaby and its easterly production to the intersection with the boundary between Ontario and Quebec; thence in a southeasterly direction following that boundary to the place of beginning. SCHEDULE 13 —Residents only November 8 to November 20, 1965. 1. The Territorial District of Parry Sound. 2. The Territorial District of Muskoka except those parts of the geographic townships of Medora and Wood lying east of the centre line of the right-of-way of the Canadian National Railways and north of the line between concessions XV and XVI in the geographic Township of Wood. 3. All that part of the Territorial District of Nipissing lying south of a line described as follows: Beginning at the confluence of the Mattawa and Ottawa Rivers at the bound- ary between Ontario and Quebec; thence in a general westerly direction following the centre of the main channel of the Mattawa River and its expansions to the easterly production of the northerly boundary of the geographic . Township of West Ferris; thence in a westerly direction following the said easterly production and the northerly boundary of the geographic Township of West Ferris and its westerly production to the easterly shore of Lake Nipissing. 4. The Provisional County of Haliburton. 5. The County of Renfrew. 6. The townships of Rama and Mara in the County of Ontario. 7. The Township of Somerville and those parts of the townships of Dal ton and Laxton, Digby and Longford lying north of the Monk Road in the County of Victoria. 8. Those parts of the counties of Frontenac, Hastings, Lennox and Adding- ton and Peterborough lying north of that part of the King's Highway known as No. 7. 9. That part of the County of Lanark lying northerly and easterly of a line described as follows: Beginning at the intersection of the westerly boundary of the county and the centre line of that part of the King's Highway known as No. 7; thence easterly along that centre line to the intersection with the centre line of that part of the King's Highway known as No. 43; thence easterly along that centre line to the intersection with the centre line of that part of the King's Highway known as No. 29; thence southerly along that centre line to the southerly boundary of the county; thence easterly to the easterly boundary of the county. 54 DEER SCHEDULE 1 — Residents and Non-Residents October 2, 1965 to January 8, 1966. Beginning at the intersection of the centre line of the Albany River with the northerly production of the meridian surveyed by Ontario Land Surveyor Niven, in 1908; thence south along the said production and along the meridian line by Ontario Land Surveyor Niven in 1 908 and 1 907 to the southerly extremity thereof; thence continuing south along Ontario Land Surveyor Speight's meridian line of 1902 to the shore of Lake Superior; thence south astronomically to the Inter- national Boundary between Canada and the United States of America; thence northwesterly, southwesterly and westerly following that international boundary to a point in Saganaga Lake where that international boundary is intersected by the southerly production of Ontario Land Surveyor Niven's meridian line of 1890; thence due north along that production and continuing along Ontario Land Sur- veyor Niven's meridian line of 1890 to the 48th Mile Post thereon in Latitude 49° 00' 06" north; thence due west 89 miles, 71 chains, 7 links, more or less, to the 18th Mile Post on Ontario Land Surveyor Alexander Niven's 6th Meridian Line; thence due north along that meridian line, 6 miles to the 24th Mile Post therein; thence due west along Ontario Land Surveyor Gillon's base line of 1919 to the northeast corner of the geographic Township of McLarty and continuing west along the northerly boundaries of the geographic townships of McLarty and Claxton and the westerly production thereof to the east shore of Sabaskong Bay of the Lake of the Woods; thence westerly and southwesterly along the southerly shore of the said bay and along the east shore of the Lake of the Woods to where the same is intersected by the 49th degree parallel of north latiude; thence due west 15 miles, more or less, to the International Boundary between Canada and the United States of America; thence northwesterly along that international bound- ary to the intersection with the Interprovincial Boundary between Manitoba and Ontario; thence northerly and northeasterly along that boundary to the intersection with the shore of Hudson Bay; thence in a southeasterly and southerly direction following the shores of Hudson Bay and James Bay to the intersection with the centre line of the Albany River; thence in a southwesterly, westerly and north- westerly direction following that centre line to the place of beginning. SCHEDULE 2 — Residents and Non-Residents October 30 to December 5, 1965. Beginning at the intersection of the International Boundary between Canada and the United States of America with the boundary between the territorial dis- tricts of Kenora and Rainy River; thence easterly along the northerly boundary of the Territorial District of Rainy River 15 miles, more or less, to the intersection with the easterly shore of the Lake of the Woods; thence northeasterly along that easterly shore to the intersection with the northerly limit of Concession II in the geographic Township of Morson in the Territorial District of Rainy River; thence easterly along that northerly limit to the intersection with the easterly boundary of the geographic Township of Morson; thence southerly along that easterly bound- ary, to the southeasterly corner of that geographic Township; thence easterly along the northerly boundaries of the geographic townships of Dewart, Rowe and Menary to the northeasterly corner of the last-mentioned geographic township; thence southerly along the easterly boundary of the geographic Township of Menary to 55 the southeasterly corner thereof; thence easterly along the northerly boundaries of the geographic townships of Potts and Fleming to the intersection with the centre line of the waters of Burditt Lake; thence in a southeasterly direction along that centre line to and along the centre line of the channel of the Manomin River to the intersection with the westerly limit of Indian Reserve No. 17B; thence northerly along that westerly limit to the northwesterly corner of that Indian reserve; thence easterly along the northerly limit of that Indian reserve to the northeasterly corner thereof; thence southerly along the easterly limit of that Indian reserve to the inter- section with the centre line of the waters of Manomin Lake; thence in a northeasterly and easterly direction following that centre line to and along the centre line of the body of water connecting Manomin Lake and Lake Despair to the centre line of the last-mentioned lake; thence in a northeasterly and northerly direction following the centre line of the waters of Lake Despair to the intersection with the westerly produc- tion of the centre of the chanel of a stream between Lake Despair and Footprint Lake; thence in a northeasterly direction following that westerly production and the centre line of that stream and its easterly production to the intersection with the centre line of the waters of Footprint Lake; thence in a general southeasterly direction following the centre line of the last-mentioned waters to the intersection with the northerly limit of Indian Reserve No. 17 A; thence easterly along that northerly limit to the northeasterly corner of that Indian reserve; thence southerly along the easterly limit of that Indian reserve to the high water mark of Northwest Bay of Rainy Lake; thence southeasterly in a straight line to the intersection with the centre line of the channel of Camp Narrows; thence in a southeasterly direction following the last-mentioned centre line to the intersection of the centre line of the waters lying adjacent to and northerly of Shelter Bay, Browns Inlet and the most northeasterly point of the geographic Township of Griesinger; thence in a southeasterly and northeasterly direction following the centre line of the last- mentioned waters to the mid point of the waters lying between Hangingstone Point on the most northeasterly point of the geographic Township of Griesinger and the small island lying northeasterly thereof and patented as locations G 1 13 and G 1 14; thence southeasterly in a straight line to the most southwesterly projection of Tug Point on Cheery Island in Rainy Lake; thence south astronomically to the intersection with the International Boundary between Canada and the United States of America; thence in a southwesterly and northwesterly direction along that inter- national boundary to the place of beginning. SCHEDULE 3 — Residents and Non-Residents October 2 to December 15, 1965. Beginning at a point in Saganaga Lake being the intersection of the Inter- national Boundary between Canada and the United States of America with the southerly production of Ontario Land Surveyor Niven's meridian line of 1890; thence due north along that production and continuing along Ontario Land Sur- veyor Niven's meridian line of 1890 to the 48th Mile Post thereon in Latitude 49° 00' 06" north; thence due west 89 miles, 71 chains, 7 links, more ore less, to the 18th Mile Post on Ontario Land Surveyor Alexander Niven's 6th Meridian Line; thence due north along that meridian line, 6 miles to the 24th Mile Post therein; thence due west along Ontario Land Surveyor Gillon's base line of 1919 to the northeast corner of the geographic Township of McLarty and continuing west along the northerly boundaries of the geographic townships of McLarty and Claxton and the westerly production thereof to the east shore of Sabaskong Bay of the Lake of the Woods; thence westerly and southwesterly along the southerly 56 shore of that bay and along the easterly shore of the Lake of the Woods to the intersection with the northerly limit of Concession II, in the geographic Township of Morson, in the Territorial District of Rainy River; thence easterly along that northerly limit to the intersection with the easterly boundary of the geographic Township of Morson; thence southerly along that easterly boundary to the south- easterly corner of that geographic township; thence easterly along the northerly boundaries of the geographic townships of Dewart, Rowe and Menary to the northeasterly corner of the last-mentioned geographic Township; thence southerly along the easterly boundary of the geographic Township of Menary to the south- easterly corner thereof; thence easterly along the northerly boundaries of the geographic townships of Potts and Fleming to the intersection with the centre line of the waters of Burditt Lake; thence in a southeasterly direction along that centre line to and along the centre line of the channel of the Manomin River to the intersection with the westerly limit of Indian Reserve No. 17B; thence northerly along that westerly limit to the northwesterly corner of that Indian reserve; thence easterly along the northerly limit of that Indian reserve to the northeasterly corner thereof; thence southerly along the easterly limit of that Indian reserve to the intersection with the centre line of the waters of Manomin Lake; thence in a north- easterly and easterly direction following that centre line to and along the centre line of the body of water connecting Manomin Lake and Lake Despair to the centre line of the last-mentioned lake; thence in a northeasterly and northerly direction following the centre line of the waters of Lake Despair to the intersection with the westerly production of the centre of the channel of a stream between Lake Despair and Footprint Lake; thence in a northeasterly direction following that westerly production and the centre line of that stream and its easterly produc- tion to the intersection with the centre line of the waters of Footprint Lake; thence in a general southeasterly direction following the centre line of the last-mentioned waters to the intersection with the northerly limit of Indian Reserve No. 17 A; thence easterly along that northerly limit to the northeasterly corner of that Indian reserve; thence southerly along the easterly limit of that Indian reserve to the high-water mark of Northwest Bay of Rainy Lake; thence southeasterly in a straight line to the intersection with the centre line of the channel of camp Narrows; thence in a southeasterly direction following the last-mentioned centre line to the intersection of the centre line of the waters lying adjacent to and northerly of Shelter Bay, Browns Inlet and the most northeasterly point of the geographic Township of Griesinger; thence in a southeasterly and northeasterly direction fol- lowing the centre line of the last-mentioned waters to the mid point of the waters lying between Hangingstone Point on the most northeasterly point of the geographic Township of Griesinger and the small island lying northeasterly thereof and patented as locations G 113 and G 114; thence southeasterly in a straight line to the most southwesterly projection of Tug Point on Cheery Island in Rainy Lake; thence south astronomically to the intersection with the International Boundary between Canada and the United States of America; thence in a southeasterly direc- tion along that international boundary to the place of beginning. SCHEDULE 4 — Residents and Non-Residents November 8 to November 20, 1965. 1. The territorial districts of Algoma, Manitoulin, Nipissing, Parry Sound, Sudbury and Timiskaming. (No dogs in the townships of Hilton, Jocelyn and St. Joseph in the Territorial District of Algoma). 57 2. That part of the Territorial District of Cochrane lying easterly of a line described as follows: Beginning at the southwest corner of the geographic Township of Clavet; thence north along the meridian line run by Ontario Land Surveyor Niven in 1908 and its northerly production to the intersection with the centre of the main channel of the Albany River . 3. The Territorial District of Muskoka except those parts of the geographic townships of Medora and Wood lying easterly of the centre line of the right-of-way of the Canadian National Railways and northerly of a line between concessions XV and XVI in the geographic Township of Wood. 4. The Provisional County of Haliburton. 5. The County of Renfrew. 6. Those parts of the counties of Frontenac, Hastings, Lennox and Adding- ton and Peterborough lying northerly of that part of the King's Highway known as No. 7. (Shotguns only in townships of Asphodel, Ennismore, Douro, North Monaghan, Otonabee and Smith in Peterborough County). 7. That part of the County of Lanark lying northerly and easterly of a line described as follows: Beginning at the intersection of the westerly boundary of the county and the centre line of that part of the King's Highway known as No. 7; thence easterly along that centre line to the intersection with the centre line of that part of the King's Highway known as No. 43; thence easterly along that centre line to the intersection with the centre line of that part of the King's Highway known as No. 29; thence southerly along that centre line to the southerly boundary of the county; thence easterly to the easterly boundary of the county. 8. The townships of Rama and Mara in the County of Ontario. 9. The Township of Somerville and those parts of the townships of Dalton and Laxton, Digby and Longford lying northerly of the Monk Road in the County of Victoria. SCHEDULE 5— Residents and Non-Residents September 20 to October 1, 1965 (bows and arrows only). Beginning at the southeasterly corner of the Territorial District of Kenora; thence northerly along the easterly boundary of that territorial district to the inter- section with the middle of the main channel of Lake St. Joseph; thence northerly along the northerly production of the easterly boundary of the Territorial District of Kenora to the intersection with the 11th Base Line; thence westerly along the 11th Base Line to the intersection with the boundary between Ontario and Manitoba; thence southerly along that boundary to the intersection with the southerly boundary of the Territorial District of Kenora; thence easterly along that southerly boundary to the place of beginning. SCHEDULE 6 — Residents and Non-Residents October 25 to November 6, 1965 (bows and arrows only). 1. The islands in the Territorial District of Manitoulin except Cockburn and Philip Edward Islands. (No dogs). 58 2. In the Township of Oxford in the County of Grenville and described as follows: Beginning at the southwesterly angle of Lot 27 in Concession I; thence northerly along the westerly limit of that lot to the intersection with the production westerly of the southerly limit of the travelled road along the southerly limit of a golf course occupying the northerly part of Lot 27 in Concession I; thence easterly along that production and the southerly limit of that travelled road to the easterly limit of said Lot 27; thence northerly along the easterly limit of that lot to the northerly limit of a plan registered in the Registry Office for the County of Gren- ville as No. 16 for the Township of Oxford; thence easterly along the northerly limit of that plan to the line between the east and west halves of Lot 28 in Con- cession I; thence northerly along that line to a point therein distant 166 feet meas- ured southerly thereon from the high-water mark on the southerly shore of the Rideau River and Rideau Canal; thence easterly and perpendicular to the line between the east and west halves of Lot 28 a distance of 450 feet; thence northerly parallel to the line between the east and west halves of Lot 28 to the high-water mark on the southerly shore of the Rideau River and Rideau Canal; thence in a general easterly direction following that high-water mark to a point therein distant 300 feet measured easterly and perpendicular to the westerly limit of Lot 29 in Concession I; thence southerly and parallel to the westerly limit of Lot 29 a distance of 120 feet; thence easterly and perpendicular to the westerly limit of Lot 29 a distance of 120 feet; thence northerly and parallel to the westerly limit of Lot 29 a distance of 120 feet, more or less, to the high- water mark along the southerly shore of the Rideau River and Rideau Canal; thence in a general easterly direction to the intersection with a line drawn parallel to the line between the east and west halves of Lot 29 in Concession I; thence southerly along that parallel line to a point distant 150 feet measured westerly and perpendicular to the line between the east and west halves of Lot 29 from a point therein distant 1 50 feet measured southerly thereon from the high-water mark on the southerly shore of the Rideau River and Rideau Canal; thence easterly and perpendicular to the line between the east and west halves of Lot 29 a distance of 250 feet; thence northerly parallel to the line between the east and west halves of Lot 29 to the intersection with the high- water mark on the southerly shore of Rideau River and Rideau Canal; thence in a general easterly direction following that high-water mark to the confluence with the high-water mark on the westerly shore of Kemptville Creek; thence in a general southerly direction following that high-water mark to the intersection with the southerly limit of Lot 28 in Concession II; thence westerly along the southerly limit of Lots 28 and 27 to the southeasterly angle of Lot 26 in Concession II; thence northerly along the easterly limit of that lot 540 feet; thence westerly in a straight line to a point in the easterly limit of that part of the King's Highway known as No. 16 and which said point is distant 499 feet measured northerly along that limit from the southerly limit of Lot 26; thence northerly along the easterly limit of that highway to the line between Concessions I and II; thence westerly along the line between Concessions I and II to the place of beginning. (No dogs). 3. The Township of St. Edmunds in the County of Bruce. (No dogs). TERRITORIAL DISTRICT OF THUNDER BAY — Residents only. September 25 to October 1, 1965 (bows and arrows only). 59 SCHEDULE 14 — Residents and Non-Residents November 8 to November 13, 1965. In, 1. The townships of Albemarle, Amabel, Eastnor, Lindsay and St. Edmunds in the County of Bruce. (No dogs). 2. That part of the County of Carleton lying westerly of the Rideau River. 3. Those parts of the counties of Frontenac, Hastings, Lennox and Adding- ton lying between that part of the King's Highway known as No. 7 and that part of the King's Highway known as No. 2. 4. The County of Grenville. (Shotguns only). 5. That part of the County of Peterborough lying southerly of that part of the King's Highway known as No. 7. (Shotguns only in the townships of Asphodel, North Monaghan and Otonobee). 6. That part of the County of Lanark not included in paragraph 9 of Schedule 13. 7. That part of the County of Leeds lying westerly and northerly of a line described as follows: Beginning at the intersection of the production southerly of the centre line of that part of the King's Highway known as No. 32 and the International Boundary between Canada and the United States of America; thence northerly along that production and that centre line to the intersection with the centre line of that part of the King's Highway known as No. 15; thence northerly along that centre line to the intersection with the centre line of that part of the King's Highway known as No. 42; thence westerly along that centre line to the intersection with the pro- duction southerly of the centre line of the County Road known as Narrow Locks Road; thence northerly along that production and that centre line to the easterly boundary of the county. SCHEDULE 15 — Residents and Non-Residents November 8 to November 11, 1965. 1. The County of Leeds except that part described in paragraph 7 of Schedule 14. 2. The counties of Dundas, Glengarry and Stormont. (No dogs, shotguns only). 3. The counties of Prescott and Russell. (Shotguns only). 4. That part of the county of Carleton lying easterly of the Rideau River. (Shotguns only). SCHEDULE 16 — Residents and Non-Residents November 1 to December 31, 1965. That part of the Township of Keppel in the County of Grey known as Grif- fiths Island. 60 SCHEDULE 17 — Residents and Non-Residents October 11 to November 11, 1965. The island in Lake Ontario lying easterly of the Township of South Marys- burgh in the County of Prince Edward and known as Main Duck Island. SCHEDULE 19 — Residents and Non-Residents November 8 to November 10, 1965. 1. The counties of Brant, Essex, Durham, except the Township of Hope, Halton, Huron, Kent, Northumberland, Oxford, Perth, Waterloo, Welland, Wel- lington, Wentworth and Simcoe, except the townships of Matchedash, Medonte, Oro and Tiny. (No dogs, shotguns only). 2. The County of Grey and the County of Bruce, except the townships of Albemarle, Amabel, Eastnor, Lindsay and St. Edmunds. (No dogs). 3. That part of the Township of Matchedash in the County of Simcoe, com- posed of, (a) lots 20 to 23, both inclusive, in Concession II; (b) lots 19 to 27, both inclusive, in Concession III; (c) lots 15 to 27, both inclusive, in Concession IV; (d) lots 17 to 27, both inclusive, in Concession V; (e) lots 15 to 26, both inclusive, in Concession VI; (f) lots 9 to 21, both inclusive, in Concession VII; (g) lots 3 to 18, both inclusive, in Concession VIII; (h) lots 1 to 16, both inclusive, in Concession IX; (i) lots 1 to 11, both inclusive, in Concession X; (j) lots 1 to 10, both inclusive, in Concession XI; (k) lots 1 to 8, both inclusive, in Concession XII; and (1) lots 1 to 4, both inclusive, in Concession XIII. CARIBOU No open season. BLACK BEAR September 1, 1965 to June 30, 1966. Throughout Ontario. HUNGARIAN PARTRIDGE October 2 to November 27, 1965. In the counties of Brant, Dufferin, Elgin, Essex, Haldimand, Halton, Kent, Lambton, Lincoln, Middlesex, Norfolk, Oxford, Perth, Waterloo, Welland, Wel- 61 lington and Wentworth, and in the townships of Hay, Stephen and Usborne in the County of Huron. September 25 to November 27, 1965 In any other part of Ontario. Bag limit — 8 per day. Possession limit — 16. RUFFED GROUSE, SPRUCE GROUSE, SHARP-TAILED GROUSE AND PTARMIGAN September 15 to December 15, 1965 — Ruffed Grouse and Spruce Grouse. September 15, 1965 to March 31, 1966 — Sharp-tailed Grouse and Ptarmi- gan. In the Territorial Districts of Cochrane and Timiskaming and that part of the Territorial District of Kenora lying north of the 11th Base Line. September 15 to December 15, 1965 — All Species. In all that part of the Province of Ontario lying north of the Town of Mat- tawa, in the geographic Township of Papineau, in the Territorial District of Nipis- sing, and a line which is described as follows: Beginning at the intersection of the northerly limit of the right of way of that part of the King's Highway known as No. 17 with the westerly limit of the said Town of Mattawa; thence westerly along the said northerly limit of the right of way of that part of the King's Highway known as No. 17 to the community known as Spragge in the geographic Township of Spragge, in the Territorial District of Algoma; thence southwesterly in a straight line to the intersection with the angle of the International Boundary between Canada and the United States of America lying northwesterly of Cockburn Island, in the Territorial District of Manitoulin, in the North Channel of Lake Huron; thence in a general northwesterly and west- erly direction following the said International Boundary to the intersection with the Interprovincial Boundary between Ontario and Manitoba; save and excepting therefrom the territorial districts of Cochrane and Timiskaming and that part of the Territorial District of Kenora lying north of the 1 1th Base Line. October 2 to December 15, 1965 — All Species. In the counties of Brant, Dufferin, Durham, Elgin, Essex, Haldimand, Halton, Kent, Lambton, Lincoln, Middlesex, Norfolk, Oxford, Perth, Waterloo, Welland, Wellington and Wentworth, and in the townships of Hay, Stephen and Usborne in the County of Huron. September 25 to December 15, 1965 — All Species. In the remainder of Ontario. Bag Limits: Ruffed Grouse and Spruce Grouse — 5 per day in the aggregate. Possession, 15 in the aggregate. Sharp-tailed Grouse — 5 per day. Possession 15. Ptarmigan — 5 per day. Possession 15. 62 PHEASANTS 8:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. (a) October 2 to December 15, 1965. In the County of Durham. (b) October 20 to November 6, 1965. In, (i) the Counties of Brant, Dufferin, Elgin, Haldimand, Halton, Middlesex, Nor- folk, Oxford, Peel, Perth, Waterloo and Wellington. (ii) the County of York, except the townships of Georgina and North Gwil- limbury, (iii) the townships of Hay, Stephen and Usborne in the County of Huron, (iv) the townships of Beverly, East Flamborough and West Flamborough in the County of Wentworth, (v) the townships of Adjala, Tecumseth and West Gwillingbury in the County of Simcoe, and (vi) the townships of East Whitby, Pickering, Reach, Scott, Uxbridge, and Whitby in the County of Ontario; c. October 27 to November 10, 1965. In, (i) the Counties of Lincoln and Welland, and (ii) the townships of Ancaster, Binbrook, Glanford and Saltfleet in the County of Wentworth; (d) October 27 to November 17, 1965. In the Counties of Kent and Lambton. (e) October 21, 22, 28 and 29, 1965. In the Township of Pelee in the County of Essex. (f) October 30 to November 3, 1965. In the County of Essex, except in the Township of Pelee. (g) September 25 to December 15, 1965. In the remainder of Ontario. Bag Limits in areas described above in: Clauses (b), (c) and (d) — 3 per day, not more than one of which shall be a hen. Clause (e) — October 2 1 and 22 — not more than 8 cocks and 2 hens. October 28 and 29 — not more than 7 cocks and 3 hens. Clause (f) — not more than 2 cocks. Clauses (a) and (g) — 3 per day. BOB-WHITE QUAIL November 1 to November 3, 1965. In the Counties of Elgin, Kent, Lambton and Middlesex. Bag Limit — 5 quail per day. Possession Limit — 10 quail. 63 RABBIT (COTTONTAIL, VARYING HARE, EUROPEAN HARE) September 25, 1965 to March 31, 1966. In, (1) the counties of Bruce, Carleton, Dundas, Frontenac, Glengarry, Grenville, Grey, Hastings, Lanark, Leeds, Lennox and Addington, Northumberland, Peter- borough, Prescott, Prince Edward, Russell, Stormont and Victoria, (ii) the County of Huron, except the townships of Hay, Stephen and Usborne, (iii) the County of Simcoe, except the townships of Adjala, Tecumseth and West Gwillimbury, (iv) the townships of Brock, Mara, Rama and Thorah in the County of Ontario, and (v) the townships of Georgina and North Gwillimbury in the County of York. October 2, 1965 to February 28, 1966. In the County of Durham. October 20, 1965 to February 28, 1966. In, (i) the counties of Brant, Dufferin, Elgin, Haldimand, Halton, Middlesex, Nor- folk, Oxford, Peel, Perth, Waterloo and Wellington, (ii) the County of York, except the townships of Georgina and North Gwil- limbury, (iii) the townships of Hay, Stephen and Usborne in the County of Huron, (iv) the townships of East Whitby, Pickering, Reach, Scott, Uxbridge and Whitby in the County of Ontario, (v) the townships of Adjala, Tecumseth and West Gwillimbury in the County of Simcoe, and (vi) the townships of Beverly, East Flamborough and West Flamborough in the County of Wentworth. October 27, 1965 to February 28, 1966. In, (i) the counties of Kent, Lambton, Lincoln and Welland, (ii) the County of Essex, except the Township of Pelee, and (iii) the County of Wentworth, except the townships of Beverly, East Flam- borough and West Flamborough. December 24, 1965 to February 28, 1966. In the Township of Pelee in the County of Essex. September 1, 1965 to August 31, 1966. In the remainder of Ontario. Bag Limit on Cottontail Rabbits only — 6 per day. SQUIRREL (BLACK, GREY, FOX) October 2, to December 15, 1965. In the counties of Brant, Dufferin, Elgin, Haldimand, Halton, Kent, Lambton, Lincoln, Middlesex, Norfolk, Oxford, Perth, Waterloo, Welland, Wellington and 64 Wentworth, and in the townships of Hay, Stephen and Usborne in the County of Huron. October 27, to December 15, 1965. In the County of Essex. September 25 to December 15, 1965. In the remainder of Ontario. Bag and Possession Limit — 10 squirrels in the aggregate. RACCOON AND FOX October 1, 1965 to September 30, 1966. Throughout Ontario. MIGRATORY BIRDS DUCKS, RAILS, COOTS, GALLINULES, WILSON'S SNIPE, GEESE, WOODCOCK September 15 to December 15, 1965, all species — In the Northern District. September 25 to December 15, 1965, all species — In the Central District. October 2 to December 15, 1965, all species — In the Southern District. (Note: 12:00 noon EDT or 11:00 a.m. EST start on opening day only for all species except woodcock). October 2 to December 15, 1965, all species except Geese — In Essex County. (Note: 12:00 noon EDT or 11:00 a.m. EST start on opening day only for all species except woodcock). October 2 to December 31, 1965, Geese only — In Essex County. (Note: 12:00 noon EDT or 11:00 a.m. EST start applies on opening day only). The Northern District of Ontario comprises the Territorial Districts of Kenora, Patricia, Rainy River, Thunder Bay, Cochrane and Timiskaming, and those portions of Algoma, Sudbury and Nipissing lying northerly of Highway 17 between Mattawa and Spragge, a line from Highway 17 in Spragge to the angle in the International Boundary north of Cockburn Island, and the westerly con- tinuation of the International Boundary. The Southern District of Ontario comprises the Counties of Brant, Dufferin, Elgin, Haldimand, Halton, Kent, Lambton, Lincoln, Middlesex, Norfolk, Oxford, Perth, Waterloo, Welland, Wellington and Wentworth; and the Townships of Hay, Stephen and Usborne in the County of Huron. The Central District of Ontario comprises all that part of the Province which is not included in Essex County, or in the Northern and Southern Districts. BAG LIMITS AND POSSESSION LIMITS: Ducks (in the aggregate): 5 per day, not more than two of which may be a canvas- back or redhead, or four of which may be wood ducks. Possession limit is twice the daily bag limit except that the possession limit for canvasbacks or redheads remains the same as the daily bag limit — 2 canvasbacks or 2 red- heads. On and after October 15 two additional scaup or goldeneye may be 65 taken per day and four additional may be in possession. Mergansers are not counted in the daily bag or possession limit. Geese (in the aggregate): 5 per day, 10 in possession. Rails, Coots and Gallinules (in the aggregate): 5 per day, 10 in possession. Wilson's Snipe: 10 per day, 20 in possession. Woodcock: 8 per day, 16 in possession. FIELD SERVICES Enforcement In the year under review convictions registered, totalled 2,347. This is an increase over the previous year of 111. There is some evidence that law enforce- ment training courses are responsible for a part of this upswing. A total of 42 conservation officers received instruction from the Department Law Enforcement Training officer in a series of ten courses, bringing the total to 156 officers who have attended such courses. In addition, some 22 supervisory personnel, such as senior conservation officers, assistant senior conservation officers, Wildlife and Fisheries Management officers and biologists attended a four-week course at the Ontario Police College. This latter course provides for a broader interpretation of law enforcement under such Acts as: The Canada Evidence Act, The Ontario Evidence Act, portions of the Criminal Code and The Summary Convictions Act (Ontario). These Acts are then discussed in respect to The Game and Fish Act, 1961-62 The Ontario Fishery Regulations, The Migratory Birds Convention Act and the Migratory Bird Regulations and a number of other related Acts associated with their duties in the Department of Lands and Forests. The upswing in convictions may be due to officers having more confidence and knowledge respecting law and game enforcement procedure and the fact that their supervisors are more capable of giving sound advice in respect to these matters. There has also been a 50% reduction in the number of cases dismissed as compared to 1960-61 before these courses began. The conservation officer staff which includes supervisors at District head- quarters, fisheries management officers, wildlife management officers and those whose duties are in the field, number 245 establishments with 8 vacancies occur- ring during the year. The law enforcement programme over a 10-year period provides the follow- ing convictions recorded. 1956-57 2,704 convictions 1957-58 2,993 1958-59 2,525 1959-60 2,228 1960-61 2,160 1961-62 2,049 1962-63 2,045 66 2,186 2,508 2,216 2,581 2,045 2,276 2,236 2,347 66 68 95 64 1963-64 2,276 1964-65 2,236 1965-66 2,347 Development of the law enforcement programme provides the following com- parison: 1961-62 1962-63 1963-64 1964-65 1965-66 Number of Seizures 2,050 Number of Convictions ... 2,049 Cases Dismissed 56 Convictions reported by R.C.M.P. re Migratory Bird Regulations 30 34 18 19 30 Seizures, from persons unknown 37 38 81 84 92 A revision of the record-keeping procedure with respect to some items formerly listed as seizures, but now deleted, accounts for the decline from 2508 in 1963-64 to 2,216 in 1964-65. About one-fifth of the prosecutions were for hunting, fishing, or trapping without a licence. A total of 472 individuals sought to exploit the fish and wild- life resources without paying their reasonable and fair share. This is a reduction of 131 persons over last year involving licencing regulations. An increase may be noted in the number of offences for taking fish by means other than angling, occupying unregistered fish huts, taking fish during the closed season and possessing an over limit of fish. It is difficult to evaluate an enforcement program through comparisons of various infractions or total convictions since the fish and game laws change from year to year. A new law may lead to a number of convictions which offset any reduction obtained in the overall programme. Licence offences are probably the best indicators for an enforcement programme evaluation. Comparison of Licence Offences During a Five- Year Period: 1961-62 1962-63 1963-64 1964-65 1965-66 No. % Frequency No. % Frequency No. % Frequency No. % Frequency No. % Frequency Fishing Hunting Trapping 69 3.4 311 15.4 ... 5 0.2 81 4.0 358 17.4 10 0.5 146 6.4 382 16.8 24 1.5 145 6.6 439 19.6 19 0.9 106 4.6 360 15.3 6 0.2 TOTAL 385 19.0 449 21.9 552 24.7 603 27.1 472 20.1 Offences which occurred against the fishery regulations, other than those in- volving licences included: 1. Angling with more than two lines 158 2. Possessing an overlimit of fish 140 3. Taking fish by means other than angling 125 4. Taking fish during closed season 63 5. Possessing a fish spear within 50' of the water's edge during prohibited hours 62 6. Occupying an unregistered fish hut 38 7. Possessing fish during a closed season 32 8. Leaving fishing huts on ice after March 31 23 9. Fishing in a fish sanctuary 14 67 10. Taking fish by means of set lines 10 11. Possessing nets without a licence 7 Offences which occurred against the hunting regulations, other than those in- volving licences included: 1. Possession of loaded firearm in a vehicle 310 in a boat 114 2. Hunting during prohibited hours, including jacklighting 245 3. Hunting in a closed season 72 4. Possession of game in closed season 48 5. Hunting in a restricted area 40 6. Hunting with shotgun, not plugged so as to be incapable of holding more than three shells 38 7. Careless hunting 36 8. Hunting protected birds during a closed season 28 The law enforcement programme is assisted by biologists, foresters, forest rangers and forest technicians. Approximately 1,100 deputy conservation officers provided assistance on a volunteer basis. The Ontario Provincial Police actively assisted conservation officers during the spring spawning runs of walleye and rain- bow trout. Such cooperative efforts resulted in charges being laid both under The Game and Fish Act and The Liquor Control Act. Members of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police worked cooperatively with our enforcement staff particularly in respect to provisions in the Migratory Birds Convention Act and Regulations. Equipment used in violations of The Game and Fish Act, the Ontario Fishery Regulations, or the Migratory Bird Regulations is seized for evidence by the con- servation officer at the time the accused is apprehended. Upon conviction, how- ever, such equipment is forfeited to the Crown. The Minister may grant relief from forfeiture upon such terms as he deems just and a substantial majority of such items are restored to their former owners. This, of course, does not apply to items the possession of which might be illegal. Gill, seine, or trap nets are in this cate- gory if the owner does not have a licence authorizing such possession. Those articles which are not claimed by their owners are sold at public auction. A total of $9,604.00 was realized from the sales which were held as follows: District Fishing Tackle Sales Date Revenue Tweed Port Arthur Sault Ste. Marie District April 24, 1965 April 26, 1965 April 24, 1965 Firearms Sales Date $615.50 657.50 502.25 Revenue $ 1,775.25 Aylmer Port Arthur (Seizures) (O.P.P.) Sudbury Kemptville Net R (i.e. 1< eve Re' ar September 25, 1965 September 8, 1965 September 15, 1965 September 10, 1965 nue from gun sales O.P.P. items) $2,407.00 1,617.25 208.50 1,807.50 1,997.00 $ 8,037.25 7,828.75 Total seized irenue from sale of tides 9,604.00 68 As noted, a number of firearms were offered on the Port Arthur sale which had been seized by the Ontario Provincial Police and these brought $208.50. The net proceeds from items seized for game and fish offences amounted to $9,604.00. Hunter Safety Training The Hunter Safety Training Programme in Ontario has many purposes. The primary purpose, of course, is the teaching of new hunters the fundamentals of safe gun handling. Secondly, the course is designed to teach the newcomers a little of game management, the problems that go with it, and how one ties in with the other. During the past year, the effect of the progress being made in this pro- gramme is being felt in various related lines. For example, the impact being made on hunters from laying charges in the courts under the "careless hunting" section in the Game and Fish Act. HUNTING ACCIDENTS The Uniform Hunter Casualty Report Form as issued by the National Rifle Association has been used by this Department since the year 1954 and has proven most satisfactory. However, it was only since September, 1959, that we have been able to keep a complete check of hunting accidents and this was largely due to the co-operation that has been obtained from the Ontario Provincial Police in supplying reports of casualties coming to their attention. The following table shows the breakdown in hunting accidents, together with the total number of hunting licenses sold in the province. Year Fatal Non Fatal Total Licences Sold 1960 36 118 154 550,883 1961 22 104 126 544,457 1962 17 109 126 568,574 1963 15 103 118 597,362 1964 14 103 117 588,712 1965 11 100 111 645,853 TRAINING (a) The course is given to prospective hunters by some 3,000 instructors certified by the Department. On September 1, 1960, it became compulsory for all new resident first-time hunters, regardless of age, to successfully complete and pass this course. Since the start of the program in Ontario in the fall of 1957 and up to the end of December, 1965, there have been 102,611 students graduated. To mark the occasion of the graduation of the 100,000th student the Department presented both the student and the instructor with suitable awards. An arms com- pany presented the 17 year old boy with a pump gun. It will be seen from the following table that there are now an appreciable number of graduates in the hunting field who have had at least a certain amount of training with the gun. In a few years' time at the present rate of graduation, their presence, it is hoped, will definitely be felt in the hunting field and it is also hoped that at that time the hunting accident tables will bear out this assumption. 69 Year Active Instructors Students Graduated at December 31 Students Per Year Total To Date 1957 369 281 281 1958 1,433 1,668 1,949 1959 2,690 2,780 4,729 1960 4,160 10,917 15,646 1961 3,784 15,267 30,913 1962 3,527 15,082 45,995 1963 3,050 20,387 66,382 1964 3,200 18,652 85,034 1965 3,075 17,577 102,611 (b) Hunter training officers have given a special course of instruction to all conservation officers and other field officers across the province, approximately 250 in some twenty classes. This was a highly specialized course for Departmental staff only and consisted of a thorough knowledge of the most common types of hunting firearms that officers encounter in the hunting field today. It emphasized the danger of loaded firearms to conservation officers and hunters in the field, officers' families at home, the office staff and railway express personnel. The officers were instructed in a lecture and drill in the elimination of accidents be- tween the hunter and the officer. Further instruction was given on rifles and shot- guns detailing the peculiarities of each, such as actions, sights, safeties, and magazines. Care in packing and shipping seized articles was also emphasized. The course ended with some actual firing with shotguns at clay birds and target practice with rifles, and finally, proper methods of cleaning and storing the weapons. This course was found to be extremely worthwhile so that officers can be as well informed as the hunters whom they approach. In addition, in remote areas of the province where certified instructors are not available, many conservation officers gave courses in Hunter Safety Training to the local youths. (c) Clinics for instructors were held at several centers for the purpose of bringing them up to date on the program and teaching them perhaps better and easier methods for teaching in turn their own pupils. (d) For the past two years the Departmental head office staff has been given familiarization lessons and actual firing tests. This has proven to be of great bene- fit, especially to the 'desk-bound' personnel. CO-OPERATING AGENCIES The greatest number of students were graduated by game and fish clubs. Their instructors possibly are the best qualified through their own experiences to teach the young ones. In addition, they usually have the facilities of a clubhouse and rifle and/or trap range. Groups other than game and fish or conservation clubs participating in teach- ing are listed below in the order of the percentage of students each processed: Individual instructors 27% Armed Services Cadet Corps 12% Gun Clubs 2% Service Clubs 2% Canadian Legion 2% High School Cadet Corps 1% 70 Names and addresses of instructors are printed and published each year and distributed to our district offices so that new applicants can obtain the course readily. PUBLIC RELATIONS (a) As each new instructor is certified he is given free an instructor's brazzard which he can sew on his jacket which properly and readily identifies him. A stock pile of student "Safe Hunter" shoulder patches is maintained by the Department for purchase at cost by conservation clubs, and instructors for presentation to their graduates. (b) News of hunter safety training activities is contained once a month in the Department News Release. This Release is issued to some 2,000 newspapers, magazines, outdoor writers, conservation clubs, and radio and television stations. (c) Staff members made a few appearances on television, each of a 1 5-minute duration featuring a question and answer programme. Also 10 interviews were given on radio by staff members. Innumerable spot announcements were made on radio, mainly during the fall hunting season. Defective Firearms — All firearms seized from hunters for various infractions of the game laws become the property of the Crown (in this case, the Department of Lands and Forests). With respect to what are considered lesser offences, the weapons are offered to the former owner and if they are in any way defective or unsafe the owner is so advised. The remainder of the firearms are retained and sold by auction annually in a public sale by this Department. Before they are sold they are inspected by hunter safety training officers and all unsafe and defective firearms are removed from such sales. The firearms that go on sale are then known by the public to be in safe and efficient condition. All defective and unsafe firearms removed from the sale are distributed to our 22 district offices where instructors can borrow them for demonstration purposes in classroom work. GAME LAWS In 1961, a new section was added to The Game and Fish Act whereby a hunter could have a charge laid against him due to hunting carelessly. The penalty could be up to $1,000 or imprisonment up to one year or both. The following table shows the action that has been taken and the disposition of the charges made under this section during the past few years: Year Total Charged Convicted Dismissed 1961 31 26 5 1962 33 28 5 1963 18 14 4 1964 21 18 3 1965 28 22 6 FECIAL SERVICES The Department has what is described as a Junior Forest Ranger Programme, le of the purposes of this programme is to give on-the-job training to approxi- mately 1600 high school students (17 years of age) interested in making forestry or other related occupations a career. Junior forest rangers are supervised in a 71 combined practical and educational program, geared to teach a better understand- ing of the renewable natural resources of the Province. During the summer of 1964, Hunter Safety Training was initiated in the curriculum on an experimental basis at three camps which were operating in isolated areas. Some 60 boys at these three camps all received instruction and passed the course given by Department officers. All parties concerned in this training, said it was quite successful and extremely valuable as a booster of morale. This programme has continued and is to be extended in future years. INSTRUCTORS' MATERIALS These materials are sent upon appointment of the instructor and additional supplies are available to him on his courses. Also, there are 4 sets of colour slides available for instructors, upon request. These are arranged to complement the manual of instruction and a commentary goes with them. Wolf Bounty Under the Wolf and Bear Bounty Act a $25.00 bounty is paid on a timber or brush wolf three months of age or over and a $15.00 bounty is paid on a timber or brush wolf under three months of age. The Department pays the whole bounty on wolves killed in the Provisional Judicial Districts, whereas, on wolves killed in the Counties the Department pays 40% of the bounty and the respective County pays the remaining 60%. The whole pelt of the wolf must be presented as evidence on wolves killed in the Counties and the Provisional Judicial District of Manitoulin. However, the whole unskinned head of the wolf may be presented in lieu of the whole pelt, on wolves killed in the Provisional Judicial Districts, excepting Manitoulin. The following table shows the number and species of wolves killed and the amount of bounty paid during the past five years: Period Timber Brush Pups Total Bounty For year ending March 31, 1962 1136 794 68 1998 $44,510.00 For year ending March 31, 1963 1276 691 64 2031 44,664.00 For year ending March 31, 1964 1342 862 61 2265 44,999.00 For year ending March 31, 1965 1638 1052 63 2753 59,997.00 For year ending March 31, 1966 1593 1195 44 2832 59,937.00* *NOTE : It will be noted that the total expenditure for wolf bounty as shown by Account's Branch is $10.00 greater than that shown above. This was occasioned by the fact that adult bounty was paid on a wolf which was classified as under three months of age and the $10.00 overpayment was not returned to the Department before the end of the fiscal year. A total of 2,085 claims were received and considered by the Department. Twenty-four claims, with which four wolves, twenty dogs and three foxes were pre- sented, were refused. In the fiscal year 1964-65, claims representing 8.14% of the wolves bountied were carried over from the previous fiscal year for payment due to the lack of funds in the wolf bounty vote for that year. By subtracting this carryover we have established the net wolf kill for 1964-65, at 2,529. In comparing the wolf kill this year with the net for 1965 it will be seen that there is an increase in the wolf kill this year of 11.98%. 72 An indication of the high wolf population is the fact that 179 wolves were killed by cars, trucks, trains and snowmobiles. This is an increase of 10.49% over the number of wolves killed by these means last year. While most of the above were killed under accidental circumstances, special permits were issued to authorize the shooting of 328 wolves from aircraft. This represents an increase of 8.60% in the number of wolves killed from aircraft in the last fiscal year. The following table shows the number of wolves killed by County and District on which claims for bounty were received: County Timber Brush Pups Total Jruce 29 Jrant 2 ^arleton 2 Dufferin 1 Dundas 9 Durham 12 Elgin 16 Essex 7 Frontenac 6 42 Glengarry 10 Grey 9 Haldimand 7 Hastings 22 48 Huron 5 Kent 10 Lambton 17 Lanark 3 18 Leeds & Gren 67 Lennox & Add 2 45 Norfolk 8 Northumberland 16 Ontario 12 Peterborough 13 28 Prescott 3 Prince Edward 6 Renfrew 81 28 Russell 2 Simcoe 3 46 Stormont 1 Victoria 14 18 Waterloo 1 Welland 8 Wellington 1 York 3 TOTAL COUNTIES 144 537 17 698 District Timber Brush Pups Total Algoma 130 Cochrane 153 Haliburton 23 Kenora 397 Manitoulin 4 Muskoka 34 Nipissing 118 Parry Sound 143 Rainy River 92 Sudbury 147 Timiskaming 43 Thunder Bay 165 TOTAL DISTRICTS 1,449 TOTAL COUNTIES 144 GRAND TOTAL 1,593 1,195 44 29 2 2 1 9 12 16 15 48 10 9 7 70 5 11 17 22 70 47 8 16 12 41 3 6 109 2 53 1 32 1 8 1 3 95 1 226 1 9 163 4 27 60 6 463 121 125 49 83 37 1 156 23 166 102 2 196 107 2 256 14 6 63 45 210 658 27 2,134 537 17 698 2,832 73 FUR FARMING The increased participation of European buyers in the Canadian Mink pelt market was probably the most important factor in creating the feverish bidding for all types of ranch mink. The result was an exceptionally good selling season for the Ranching industry. Compared to the previous year, with the exception of Pastels, increased prices were obtained for all colours. Dark mink advanced up to 25%. Light and Blue colours were up 25% to 30% and the Dark Blue and Whites were up 20%. The increased prices were maintained throughout virtually all sales, and clearances ran to 90% in most auction offerings. It was estimated that by the end of February 95% of the current Canadian ranch mink crop was sold. With the buoyant economy in Europe, especially West Germany and Italy, retail furriers enjoyed a very successful fall season and inventories were depleted. To a lesser extent similar conditions existd in North America. As a result, brokers and buyers attended sales with firm orders to buy large quantities of mink and were prepared to pay what was necessary to obtain them. At the same time, large quantities were offered on American and Scandinavian sales which attracted spirited bidding at increased prices. Turnover in these sales was exceptionally good and by the end of March, two thirds of the world's production estimated at approximately 21 million mink pelts was sold. Ranch raised foxes and almost all wild fur species sold at increased prices. While Europe consumed a large portion of the wild furs, Japan took most of the foxes. The Ontario Fur Breeders' Association in addition to the regular monthly meeting of the Directors, held the annual meeting and two special general meetings, as well as a field day and a live mink show. The Association also appointed three delegates to the annual meeting of Canada's Mink Breeder's Association. One of the special meetings was called to consider the poor production and deaths caused by the inadvertent use of diethylstilbestrol. Some twenty ranches were affected in varying degrees from no production to 2 kits per female. Normal production is from 3.5 to 4 kits per female. It became apparent early in the breeding season that the reproductive organs of a large number of male mink were affected on the ranches concerned and difficulty was experienced in breeding these mink. Arrrangements were made, where possible, to borrow male mink from unaffected ranches in order to breed females and also to determine to what extent the females were affected by the drug. On examination of the carcasses of dead mink at the Ontario Veterinary College, it was determined that the cause was the effects of diethylstilbestrol. The task of ascertaining which of the many ingredients in the feed that contained it, was a formidable one. A list of the ingredients of the feeding ration was collected from each ranch. Samples of the feeds common to all rations were obtained where these were available and tested. Finally it was found that the cereal which was used contained the drug in varying amounts. Some 300 breeder mink died from the affects of DES and 5,200 breeders were so affected that their future use as breeders would be extremely hazardous. These mink were allowed to prime and were pelted. In addition to the breeder 74 loss the production of the 4,300 female breeders was lost either as a result of the effects of the drug or the fact that insufficient males were available for breeding. Based on the individual 5 year ranch average this loss amounted to 12,900 mink kits. The cereal company concerned recognized its responsibilities and indemnified the ranchers for their losses. The disease incidence on Ontario ranches is well under control with only four cases of distemper and one case of virus enteritis reported by the Ontario Veterinary College. This good record has been achieved by the increased use of preventative vaccines for these diseases. However, six cases of plasmacytosis have been diagnosed at the College and prospects are for a greater incidence in this disease as a vaccine to prevent or control it has not as yet been found. The only control that exists at the present time is the use of the iodine agglutination test. Any mink showing a positive reaction to the test should be killed thereby eliminating the carriers of the disease. A total of 494 Fur Farmers' Licences were issued during 1965. Of these, 452 were renewals of previous licences, 41 were for newly established ranches and one licence was issued with retroactive provisions to legalize the operation of the ranch during the previous year. It will be noted from the summary of breeding stock kept, that despite the slight decrease in licences, the number of breeders kept is constantly increasing. This invariably results in an increase in the production of mink pelts. This trend has persisted since 1947 when 1,768 licences were issued. The value of ranch raised mink pelts produced on Ontario Ranches is more than twice that of all the wild fur species caught in the Province. The following table shows the location by County or District of Licenced Fur Farms: County or District Number Algoma 3 Brant 9 Bruce 23 Cochrane 1 Dufferin 7 Durham 14 Elgin 3 Essex 12 Frontenac 2 Grenville 2 Grey 24 Haldimand 11 Haliburton 2 Halton 28 Hastings 1 Huron 10 Kenora 3 Kent 14 Lambton 4 Lanark 2 Leeds 2 Lincoln 24 Manitoulin 5 County or District Number Muskoka 2 Middlesex 21 Nipissing 3 Norfolk 13 Northumberland .1 Ontario 17 Oxford 13 Parry Sound 6 Peel 9 Perth 38 Peterborough 1 Rainy River 1 Simcoe 22 Sudbury 2 Thunder Bay 8 Victoria 4 Waterloo 21 Welland 21 Wellington 43 Wentworth 16 York 26 TOTAL 494 75 SUMMARY OF BREEDING STOCK Licensed Fur Farms — January 1st 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 4 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 97 78 33 33 15 0 0 10 52 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 13 8 2 1 3 4 2 1 1 97 57 48 46 96 212 130 123 106 110 367 355 270 256 241 9 1 1 7 6 ,626 164,901 178,814 188,005 204,073 Other Animals Beaver (Pens) Beaver (S.C.) Fisher Lynx Marten Muskrat (Pens) Muskrat (S.C.) Otter Raccoon Skunk Fox Blue Fox Silver Fox* Platinum and Pearl Platinum Fox Other Fox** Mink * Includes — Standard and White Marked Fox. ** Includes — Cross, Red and White Fox. The following is the production of the various colour phases of mink calendar year 1965. DARK AND HALF BLOOD DARK MINK, including Blufrost and Demi Buff GREY TYPE such as Silverblu or Platinum, Sage, Opaline, B.O.S., Stewarts and Homos DARK BLUE TYPE such as Aluetian, Blue Iris, Steel Blu, B.O.S., Stewarts and Homos LIGHT BLUE TYPE such as Sapphire, Winterblu, Eric, Violet, B.O.S., Stewarts and Homos BROWN TYPE such as Pastel, Topaze, Ambergold, Buff, Dawn, Orchid, Capucine, B.O.S., Stewarts and Homos BEIGE TYPE such as Palomino, Pearl, Lavender, Hope, Fawn, B.O.S., Stewarts and Homos WHITE TYPE including 95% White for the 108,129 14,969 13,755 44,507 248,127 44,358 5,915 TOTAL PELTS 479,760 REVENUE RECEIVED FROM EXPORT PERMITS July 1st, 1965 to June 30th, 1966. Beaver Fisher Fox (White) Lynx Marten Mink Muskrat Otter Weasel Wolverine Fox (Cross) Fox (Red) Fox (Silver, Black or Blue) Raccoon Skunk Total amount Total amount of pelts of revenue 99,719 1,638 54 $ 99,719.00 1,638.00 40.50 863 129.45 12,884 16,407 269,057 6,440 14,659 6,442.00 16,407.00 13,452.85 8,050.00 732.95 194 2,082 32 6,460 25 TOTAL REVENUE $146,611.75 76 REVENUE RECEIVED FROM TANNERS PERMITS July 1st, 1965 to June 30th, 1966. Beaver Fisher Fox (White) Lynx Marten Mink Muskrat Otter Weasel Wolverine Fox (Cross) Fox (Red) Fox (Silver, Black or Blue) Raccoon Skunk Total amount Total amount of pelts of revenue 49,689 1,790 10 49,689.00 1,790.00 7.50 715 107.25 7,126 9,685 200,669 2,167 2,878 11 1 3,053 4 3,563.00 9,685.00 10,033.45 2,708.75 143.90 4.40 16,152 TOTAL REVENUE $ 77,732.25 STATEMENT OF WILD PELTS EXPORTED AND TANNED SHOWING NUMBER AND VALUE OF PELTS AND ROYALTY Received From July 1st, 1965 to June 30th, 1966 Beaver Fisher Fox (White) Lynx Marten Mink Muskrat Otter Weasel Wolverine Fox (Cross) Fox (Red) Fox (Silver, Black or Blue) Raccoon Skunk Pelts Exported 99,719 1,638 54 863 12,884 16,407 269,057 6,440 14,659 194 2,082 32 6,460 25 430,514 Revenue received from Export Permits Revenue received from Tanners Permits TOTAL REVENUE Pelts Tanned 49,689 1,790 10 715 7,126 9,685 200,669 2,167 2,878 11 1 3,053 4 16,152 293,950 Total Pelts 149,408 3,428 64 1,578 20,010 26,092 469,726 8,607 17,537 11 195 5,135 36 22,612 25 724,464 Value of Pelts $2,285,942.40 46,963.60 1,552.00 55,940.10 194,097.00 245,264.80 836,112.28 155,627.90 9,996.09 212.30 1,989.00 46,215.00 6,138.00 99,492.80 12.50 $3,985,555.77 $ 146,611.75 $ 77,732.25 $ 224,344.00 STATEMENT OF RANCH RAISED PELTS EXPORTED OR TANNED SHOWING NUMBER AND VALUE OF PELTS FROM July 1st, 1965 to June 30th, 1966 Fox (Silver, Black or Blue) Mink Pelts Exported 208 404,965 405,173 77 Pelts Tanned 2 77,967 77,969 Total Pelts 210 482,932 Value of Pelts 9,240.00 $8,209,844.00 483,142 $8,219,084.00 to \- U h- co 00 Z) LU C£ OL Z> < I- VO > ^ in O ^ 0\ < Q I U h- < u Ll_ O Q or O U LU LL o > < Z> CO oS* t 09'f« mnojo^s^o W>*12$ 80 '6t J To* 8t" $ X8Jj;nl>s 60 -St ,O000'Bj: 9t* eci Wis Ofr'CIt l6'0U tr6t« xuXt arm XOJ frS*9U 9I#9t« pios jo »nt«A •nuoAag ejeddujj. 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H h Cfi E 9 ffl ►4 R 3 E- 9 a fK M R ^ g Si | -< £ -< n CO H w to 13 S 3 O W CO ro m 78 FUR MANAGEMENT The 1965-66 trapping season has been the best season experienced since the late forties and early fifties. Though the beaver harvest was down by about 10%, the rise in value of 52% more than compensated the trapper on his loss. The light freeze followed by heavy snows created a very hazardous condition for the trapper over most of the province. Later in the season, the very thick ice build-up hindered the trapper further in his efforts. Regardless of the above-mentioned circumstances, Ontario harvested some 148,000 beaver pelts and this compares favourably to the objective of 150,000 considered for the fur management programme. Field information at present still indicates no decrease in the beaver popu- lation on a province-wide basis. Fisher, with a harvest of 3,116 pelts, was up about 20% over last year. Average price per pelt rose from $7.04 to $16.54, and the larger dark pelts were much in demand. Ontario produces about half of Canada's fisher harvest. Red fox proved very popular during the entire season. A crop increase of 75% was supported by a price average of $11.72, an increase of 88% over last year. There have been reports of Japanese interest in all phases of Ontario's col- oured fox. Some promotional work is being done with this in view. There was considerable excitement at prices bid for lynx. A good number sold at and over the fifty dollar mark, which was responsible for the pelt average of $39.43 for the season. Production was down by 11%, a drop from 1,690 taken in the previous season to 1,503 from the year 1965-66. The province has never produced any great quantities of lynx. Over the years, a take of 4,743 in 1962-63 remains a record catch. They range principally in the northeastern section of the province, though lately a few are being taken from as far south as Algonquin Park. During the 1963-64 season a record catch of marten was taken, numbering 13,783; 1965-66 records show 19,131 trapped. Previous to the mentioned years, marten catches barely averaged 4,000. The districts of Geraldton and Kupuskasing recorded takes of 4,690 and 4,544 as named, followed by Port Arthur 1,864; Cochrane 1,372 and White River 1,222. A substantial increase in average price per pelt from $6.46 to $10.91 was recorded. Concern was indicated in last year's report about the low harvest of muskrat in the southerly part of the province. Catch figures for this season show an in- crease of approximately 65% The number recorded is still much below normal, but encouraging to the trapper. Like most other furs, the price rose though not as strongly and an average per pelt of $ 1 .94 compares to the price received in the late forties. Otter remains the same, both in production and price. There has been little variation in harvest and pelt price average since the early fifties. Ontario trappers usually take about 50% of the otter figure for the whole of Canada. Raccoon stepped into the picture of the fur trade rather handsomely, with a production of 20,389, more than double the previous season's catch. Pelt price average rose from $2.61 to $5.09, the highest amount since 1943-44. Lake Huron district trappers accounted for 13,781 or roughly two-thirds of the raccoon harvest. 79 Raccoon are normally taken in the southerly part of the province but seem to be extending their range a bit more northerly each year. Dealers, especially at the fur auction, appear quite interested in wolf and bear pelts offered. Some trappers have received as high as $25.00 for timber wolf pelts. Bear skins sold up to a high of $75.00 paid for each of three of very good quality. In previous years, these pelts were of so little value apart from collecting bounty, that trappers seldom removed the pelt from the carcass. Squirrel and weasel remain of little importance in the trapper's economy. There has been a growing interest in a by-product of beaver trapping. Castoreum, (beaver glands) are removed from the skinned carcass and properly drier, they sell for up to $6.00 per pound. A pound of castor can be recovered from three or four large beaver. Of real concern is the diminishing mink production. Until lately, Ontario mink constituted a major portion of the Canadian harvest. This past season only 25,705 were taken and is the lowest catch ever recorded. The decrease has been gradual and province- wide. An exception to this has been the Geraldton district. Their harvest rose from 866 in 1964-65 to 1,345 in 1965-66. This is a rather substantial increase for any district. It is felt that more attention could be directed to mink research to determine the cause of the depletion, if any. Up to the present time, Ontario has had an average take of 53,000 mink per year, more than twice the past season's catch. The Ontario Trappers' Association must be commended on the forward steps it has taken. A major advance was the erection of a building on its property at North Bay of 140 x 40 feet. The building was completed and equipped to house its Fur Sales Service activities. Beginning in December, sales were .held monthly until June. Interest and support by the trappers was such that the present building proved too small. An additional floor area of 120 x 24 feet is already under con- struction. The addition will include a 40 x 24 cold room so that furs on hand can be kept at suitable temperatures. Sales grossed $1,605,000.00 compared to $851,566.00 for the previous year. Valuing Ontario's fur harvest at $4,170,921.57; 38.4 percent was marketed through the Sales Service. Orderly marketing of fur is necessary to ensure the trapper the full value of his produce. Interest has been shown by other provinces and a few states in the Ontario Trap- pers' Association's development. In addition, trapping equipment is available at cost price and less sales tax, a saving of some thirty percent to most trappers. In all it may be said that Ontario trappers are leading the way to some measure of prosperity. 80 WILD FUR SEALED DURING THE 1965-66 SEASON BY FUR MANAGEMENT DISTRICTS OF ONTARIO Beaver Chapleau 1,137 Cochrane 3,449 Fort Frances 9,322 Geraldton 7,728 Gogama 1,441 Kapuskasing 7,811 Kemptville 4,306 Kenora 10,293 Lake Erie 3 Lake Huron 103 Lake Simcoe 1,976 Lindsay 6,952 North Bay 5,281 Parry Sound 11,906 Pembroke 4,692 Port Arthur 7,923 Sault Ste. Marie 3,318 Sioux Lookout 2, 480 Sudbury 8,558 Swastika 3,002 Tweed 12,109 White River 2,908 P. Central 14,255 P. East 6,784 P. West 9,890 TOTALS 147,627 Fisher Lynx Marten Mink Otter 38 21 966 214 107 148 128 1,372 358 168 225 16 53 908 294 41 59 4,690 1,345 548 42 36 816 189 139 69 134 4,544 1,010 441 — 1 — 524 31 198 22 16 1,130 417 — — — 905 2 — — — 1,507 1 13 — 1 1,114 19 291 22 98 1,018 140 260 101 71 1,081 214 175 27 244 2,112 445 345 7 385 674 262 214 92 1,864 710 253 42 50 715 562 206 79 19 423 339 96 177 107 22 1,006 340 292 205 182 508 166 81 41 24 1,179 289 19 29 1,222 509 234 63 109 470 4,575 1,978 7 77 830 583 710 297 200 123 1,645 671 3,116 1,503 19,131 25,705 8,171 PELT VOLUME TREND OF O.T.A. FUR SALES Pelts Sold 1964-65 Pelts Sold % 1965-66 Change 52,541 + 16.1 1,858 + 64.1 3,027 + 90.0 897 + 21.9 7,525 + 87.5 9,429 — 7.1 159,759 + 105.7 2,410 + 20.9 12,775 + 145.8 2,844 — 21.1 3,289 + 3.7 399 + 141.8 342 + 26.5 1,751 lbs. + 48.5 Beaver Fisher Fox, Coloured Lynx Marten Mink Muskrat Otter Raccoon Squirrel Weasel Wolf Bear Castoreum 45,261 1,132 1,587 736 4,013 10,155 77,678 1,994 5,198 3,605 3,173 165 151 1,179 lbs. 154,848 257,095 + 66.0 TRENDS Total Sealed 1964-65 IN TOTAL Total Sealed 1965-66 PELTS SEALED & VALUES Average Average % Change Value Value Volume 1964-65 1965-66 % Change Value 161,229 2,581 1,690 10,664 32,825 8,457 147,627 3,116 1,503 19,131 25,705 8,171 — 8.4 + 20.7 —11.0 + 79.4 —21.7 — 3.4 10.60 7.04 16.99 6.46 . 10.64 32.73 16.16 16.54 39.43 10.91 10.40 32.46 + 52.4 + 134.9 + 132.1 + 68.9 — 2.2 — .8 Beaver Fisher Lynx Marten Mink Otter 81 FISHERIES SECTION Game Fish and Hatcheries It has been estimated that Ontario contains a minimum of 250,000 lakes or individual bodies of water. Regardless of the exact number, it is obvious to anyone that examines a map of Ontario that the province is blessed with almost countless lakes, ponds and connecting streams. Many of these lakes contain fish and many have not been fully explored, if at all. Some offer virgin fishing, others are subjected to light or moderate angling pressure, and some readily accessible areas are exposed to all the whims of a modern civilization, i.e., angling pressure, disturbance, fluctuating water levels, obnoxious fish species, increased fertility, pollution, and general environmental changes. This, then, is the paradox of Ontario and is not fully understood by all anglers, and particularly those visiting the province. The total number of anglers who fished in Ontario waters in 1965 is not known, but it is estimated that more than two million people participated in the sport. This estimate is based on the results from a previous household survey and the apparent increase in the use of outdoor recreational facilities as well as a substantial increase in the number of non-resident angling licences sold in 1965. When the non-resident three day angling licence was re-established on the Ontario scene in 1963, a decrease in the sale of non-resident seasonal licences occurred. This trend continued throughout 1964, and it was not until 1965 that the adjustment period ended and the sale of non-resident seasonal licences began a slow upward climb once again. To date, however, the 1962 level has not been regained. It is interesting to note that the total revenue from the sale of angling licences has continued to rise slowly and steadily in spite of minor adjustments in the number of licences sold. The total revenue for 1965 showed an increase of $151,315 or 5.6% greater than that of 1964. The three day non-resident licence has become quite popular and sales have increased 76% since 1963. Interest in the non-resident organized camp licence is also high and was expressed by a 55% increase in sales over that realized in 1964. The sale of angling licences for the period 1962 to 1965 is summarized in Table I. Various degrees of angling success, quality and competition may be experi- enced in Ontario — but not all in the same place. Virgin fishing and easy access to waters are seldom found together. Somewhere in the province, anglers can find better than average fishing for most species if that is their desire — but they must be prepared to work at it. Some anglers prefer solitude and like to be alone in the mist of early morning on a small northern lake. The opportunities for this are countless in Ontario — but not adjacent to a main highway. Many non-resident anglers appreciate the "elbowroom" found on most Ontario waters — a condition that is dependent upon a wide distribution of anglers, an abundance of water areas and increasing access to such areas. This is a condition that should be cherished and perpetuated wherever possible. Ontario has much to offer the angler, but full appreciation of this fact is dependent upon experience, knowledge and under- standing of the geographical problems involved. Due to the extreme length and breadth of Ontario and the related differences in climate, geology, access and human pressures, there are corresponding differ- ences in the intensity and nature of fish management practices employed by the 82 department. These practices vary all the way from intensive management (based on hatchery stock) in specific areas in the south to management based on regu- lation only in certain parts of the far north. The tools of fisheries management are numerous, but those used most frequently in Ontario are fisheries research, lake and stream surveys, creel census, fish stocking, fish population studies, regulations and law enforcement. A good deal of such work is included in the routine duties of field personnel and is reported in annual reports of Forest Districts. A number of special projects were also undertaken in 1965 and some of these are outlined under separate headings in this report. Hatcheries Seventeen fish hatcheries were operated in Ontario in 1965. These are listed below according to classification, geographic location and Forest District. Hatchery Location Forest District Trout Rearing Stations Chatsworth Tarentorus Hill Lake Normandale Dorion North Bay Pembroke Codrington Pond Stations Westport White Lake Deer Lake Midhurst Skeleton Lake Sandfield Jar or Trough Stations Wiarton Little Current Port Arthur Chatsworth R.R. 2, Sault Ste. Marie Charlton R.R. 1, Vittoria Dorion Balsam Creek R.R. 6, Pembroke Codrington Westport Mountain Grove Cordova Mines Midhurst Ullswater Sandfield Wiarton Little Current Port Arthur Lake Huron Sault Ste. Marie Swastika Lake Erie Port Arthur North Bay Pembroke Lindsay Kemptville Tweed Lindsay Lake Simcoe Parry Sound Sudbury Lake Huron Sudbury Port Arthur The production and planting of hatchery reared fish forms a major part of the fisheries management program in Ontario. Each year extensive plantings are made with brook trout, rainbow trout and lake trout and, to a lesser extent, with maskinonge, largemouth and smallmouth bass, whitefish, walleye, and the hybrid splake. This year, the department also imported some three million kokanee eyed eggs for planting in the eyed egg and fingerling stage in Lake Huron and Lake Ontario. Although the assessment of fish production is difficult to determine accurately, mainly because of the many variables associated with the culture of different species and with the quality and size of the fish produced, production is, never- theless, generally measured by the weight of fish produced. Using this parameter alone, the following cost analysis data is supplied for the production at the Chatsworth Trout Rearing Station following the completion of the renovation of this station in 1963. 83 Fiscal Year 1963-1964 1964-1965 1965-1966 Total pounds of fish produced 27,699 56,699 61,872 Average food conversion 2.50 2.45 2.43 Average cost of food per pound $ 0.142 $ 0.143 $ 0.124 Cost of food to produce one pound of fish $ 0.356 $ 0.351 $ 0.301 Total costs to produce one pound of fish (all species) $ 1.41 $ 0.99 $ 0.96 A breakdown of the cost analyis data for the total production of fish at the Chatsworth station in 1965 is as follows: Food Cost Production Food Per Pound Species in pounds Conversion Produced Brook trout 56,381 2.15 $ 0.25 Rainbow trout 1,764 4.29 0.63 Lake trout 3,316 5.97 0.96 Kokanee 411 5.33 1.01 The Normandale Trout Rearing Station was placed back into operation in 1965 following reconstruction of the ponds and the hatchery building. Land- scaping, road building, and some minor modifications to the hatchery facilities are the only remaining unfinished items required to complete the renovation. A progressive step was taken with the installation of a water heating unit in the Normandale hatchery. Though experimental in nature, the unit was not only used to increase the temperature of the water for egg incubation and thereby accelerate the hatching of rainbow trout spawn but also tempered the wide range in daily temperature fluctuations of the hatchery water supply. Production at the North Bay station was reduced this year in preparation for its complete renovation. Though preliminary plans and surveys have been com- pleted, construction is not expected to commence until 1966. The Thayer property, located adjacent to the Tarentorus station at Sault Ste. Marie, has been set aside for future development as an experimental hatchery and training centre for fisheries workers. This station will fill a gap in the Canadian field of education. It will also provide a site and facilities for much needed experimentation in fish culture. The total distribution of fish from provincial hatcheries for 1965 is outlined in Table II. This year approximately 49,294,311 fish, including age classes varying from eyed eggs to adults, and including ten species, were produced and planted in Ontario waters. The distribution of hatchery reared fish, tabulated by species, for 1965 and for the four previous years is recorded in Table III. The most significant change in the distribution this year was the production of 2,579,324 kokanee, the freshwater form of the sockeye salmon. These egg stocks were obtained from provincial and state agencies in British Columbia, Montana, Washington and Colorado for incubation, culture and planting in Lakes Huron and Ontario. It is hoped that this desirable fish will compete favourably with the alewife which is currently present in very large numbers. The successful introduction of kokanee is expected to quickly augment the commercial catch as well as the anglers' creel in these waters. The kokanee also forms an important link in the food chain between planktonic life and such desirable species as the rainbow trout and splake. 84 Over thirty-five million walleye eggs collected at the Talbot River (Lake Simcoe) were incubated at Deer Lake hatchery, White Lake hatchery, and Glenora Fisheries Station. Of the walleye incubated at Glenora, 2,731,968 were shipped in eyed egg stage to Colorado and Montana in exchange for kokanee eggs received. The pond culture of walleye at White Lake hatchery was again carried out in 1965. In addition to the exploratory pond culture program, tests were made to determine whether walleye fingerlings could be raised on artificial food. Finger- lings two inches in length were held in troughs and presented with various diets. Considerable losses of fry were experienced during these initial attempts at artificial feeding. However, some limited success was experienced and plans are being made to continue with the study in 1966. The Manitoba government again provided Ontario with 200,000 lake trout eyed eggs in exchange for 100,000 brook trout eyed eggs and 50,000 maskinonge fry supplied by Dorion and Deer Lake hatcheries respectively. Listed below are other agencies which were provided with hatchery stock for research purposes. Agency Species Number Provided Fisheries Research Board of Canada Brook trout Carleton University University of Toronto Ontario Agricultural College McMaster University Brook trout Brook trout Rainbow trout Kokanee Brook trout Rainbow trout Rainbow trout 2,005 fingerlings 4,900 yearlings 1,500 fingerlings 320 fingerlings 100 yearlings 1,000 eyed eggs 25 yearlings 10,000 eyed eggs 5,000 yearlings 5,000 yearlings 50 yearlings The Dorion and Tarentorus Trout Rearing Stations again produced yearling lake trout which were marked and planted into Lake Superior as part of an international rehabilitation program. The location of plantings and the approximate number of fish released at site was as follows: Hatchery Tarentorus Trout Rearing Station Dorion Trout Rearing Station Location Number Nipigon Bay 75,000 Cape Gargantua to Michipicoten Area 225,000 Marathon Area 82,320 Black Bay 84,620 Jackfish River 700 TOTAL 467,640 A special project on assessing the use of plastic bags in the transfer of fish was carried out by the hatchery personnel and district staff at Sault Ste. Marie. Preliminary results from the experimental work were most encouraging. Plans were made to continue with studies in 1966 and to include the relative carrying capacities and survival of transplanted fish in comparison with established trans- portation techniques. 85 Hatcheries (Private) The increased interest in the stocking of private waters for both aesthetic and angling appeal has reflected itself in the development of a small but growing industry in Ontario. The production of fish by private hatcheries has also captured the imagination of many entrepreneurs intent on the production of trout for human consumption. Most operators have entered the business in a small way. However, some have developed their facilities in a very progressive and professional manner. The principal deterrents to a more rapid expansion of the business are the limited number of suitable water supplies available, market development, and a lack of knowledge of fish culture techniques. It is hoped that the local production of trout may be increased in the future and that the industry may be developed to compete favourably with imported trout. Ontario regulates this industry by licencing operators to sell fish for human consumption and for restocking purposes. In 1965, 30 private fish hatcheries were licenced to sell fish for restocking, and 27 to sell for human consumption. The distribution of fish raised by private hatcheries for restocking purposes in 1965 is summarized in Table IV, page 97. Fish Management Units LAKE ST. LAWRENCE Fisheries work consisted of the carrying out of a summer creel census, water quality tests at selected limnological stations on the lake, and the preparation of a report summarizing the work conducted during the period 1961-1965. The summer creel census is carried out for fourteen days every other two weeks over a 69-day period ending at Labour Day each year. Census trips are 9 a.m. to 2 p.m. or 2 p.m. to 8 p.m. and the area covered is Nairn Island east to Cornwall or west to Iroquois. The area and time of day censused are rotated according to a schedule to ensure adequate sampling distribution. KAWARTHA LAKES During 1965, the three year programme on Sturgeon and Pigeon Lakes was completed. The purpose of the study was to obtain basic biological information on the fish populations of these lakes in order to establish sound management plans. Six and eight foot submarine trap nets were used in the capture of fish which were subsequently released. All game fish captured were marked with a fin clip and those greater than arbitrary minimum lengths (walleye — 12" and bass — 10") were tagged prior to release. A sample of scales was taken from each fish for the purpose of age determination. Weights were recorded for a sample and total lengths of all game fish were taken. A stratified creel census was also conducted on Sturgeon Lake during the summer of 1965. From this statistical data it was possible to estimate total fishing pressure and total harvest as follows: Number of fishermen 72,435 Number of man hours 248,078 Number of walleye harvested 47,899 Number of largemouth bass harvested 947 Number of smallmouth bass harvested 3,280 Number of maskinonge harvested 533 86 LAKE SIMCOE In the fall of 1964, Lake Simcoe was set up as a separate Fish Management Unit under the direction of a biologist, assisted by a Fisheries Management Officer. This Unit, with headquarters at Sibbald Point Provincial Park near Sutton, will be obtaining information necessary for proper management of fish within the lake. The major activities of this Unit during 1965, included a creel census of ice fishermen on Lake Simcoe during the winter of 1965-66. Results showed that 1,672 anglers fished 6,421 man hours for a catch of 4,376 fish, or a return of about 0.68 fish per hour spent angling. Work was begun in 1965 to determine the fecundity and age at maturity of the whitefish. This study will be continued during 1966. Also, started in 1965, was a study to determine the value of stocking lake trout yearlings. Ten thousand were stocked in 1965 and each was marked by removal of the adipose fin. This programme will be continued and augmented with a tagging programme on the native wild trout captured during the fall netting operations. Trap netting also formed an integral part of the work carried out by the Lake Simcoe Unit. During the spring and summer of 1965, trap nets were set to sample the fishery and obtain pertinent information on growth and the distribution of Lake Simcoe fishes. In conjunction with this netting, 323 smallmouth bass, nine largemouth black bass, 85 walleye, 49 whitefish and one herring were tagged. GEORGIAN BAY A study of walleye populations in Georgian Bay and Shawanaga Basin near Pointe au Baril was continued for the fourth year. An additional 894 fish were tagged. Tag losses have been eliminated by the use of monel metal jaw tags in 1964 and 1965. Recoveries of tags in 1965 totalled 607 through recaptures on the project, 75 from anglers and 40 from commercial fishermen. Movement patterns detected in 1965 were similar to previous years. Some increase in movement of fish between Shawanaga Basin and Shawanaga Bay was noted. A relatively insignificant number moved between Shawanaga Basin (inland), and Groundhog Island (six miles out in Georgian Bay) compared to the number that stayed in their respective tagging areas. No large scale spawning migrations in any direction are evident. LAKE OF THE WOODS The Unit carried out its study on the southern section of the lake during 1965. The study area not only encompassed the heavily glaciated precambrian shield along its northern fringe, but also terrain of low relief and shallow waters, the varved clays of old Lake Agassiz. The survey crew worked from Sand Point outpost camp. Located fifty miles from Kenora, this is the most remote of the five study sections. The work programme continued in line with the established methods designed in 1962. Three water stations were established early and were sampled bi-weekly from spring to fall for chemical and physical characteristics. According to research's analysis of plankton species, these waters more closely reflect the eutrophic waters of the Bay of Quinte than the typical oligotrophic waters of northwestern Ontario. Dense phytoplankton blooms were encountered by mid August. 87 Trap netting during June was extended in order to capture and tag the required 1,000 walleye. Exceptional catches of black crappie and brown bullhead and greater concentrations of saugers were noted. Gill netting of this, the largest of the five study areas, extended into September. The accumulation of consistent and comparative catch and sample records will be of great value in the ultimate assessment of this fishery. The parasitology study of the fishes was carried out for its third successive year. One paper on a new species of trematode has been published by the Research Branch and a final report is pending further investigation. Walleye angling quality was good, however, the catch of northern pike decreased. Three separate creel census studies were carried out. Other points of interest include the taking of a lake sturgeon by two Indian women — the fish weighed in excess of 230 pounds. It was marketed for about $1.20 per pound in Kenora. Lake St. Clair trap nets were demonstrated to the Indian fishery at Sioux Narrows both during the spring and fall fishery. A Lake St. Clair commercial fisherman was hired for this purpose. The regional net section from Port Arthur assisted commercial fishermen not only in fishing trap nets, but in a better understanding of their use and construction. Though slow in adapting to this new type of gear, good headway is being made with the more progressive fishermen. RAINY LAKE This Unit, consisting of one biologist, was established in 1965 to study and evaluate the fishery resources of Rainy Lake, to investigate the reports of declining angling success and to provide data upon which management could 'be based. The Unit will continue work initiated by the Fort Frances staff and carried out in conjunction with the Minnesota Department of Conservation. During this earlier work, special emphasis was placed on analyzing Rainy Lake water levels during walleye spawning. The 1965 programme gave precedence to distribution and age and growth studies of walleye and whitefish. The 1966 programme will continue the work initiated late in 1965, but will concentrate on the north arm of Rainy Lake. Special Projects 1. WATER QUALITY TESTS The fertility or mineral content of water is one indication of the potential fish productivity of a lake and such tests are an important aspect of the depart- ment's lake survey programme. Water samples from specific lakes are collected by field personnel and forwarded to the Ontario Water Resources Commission laboratories for analysis relative to total alkalinity, total dissolved solids and turbidity determinations. In 1965, tests were carried out on 692 water samples as part of the lake survey programme. The detection of pollution is another aspect of the work conducted by the department's field staff. When water quality is in doubt due to the presence of industrial waste or effluents from sewage plants, water samples are taken and forwarded to the Ontario Water Resources Commission for analysis. In 1965, forty-five such samples were analysed. 88 In addition, mineral analyses of 28 samples were carried out to determine the suitability of specific waters for domestic use. In total, 765 water samples were analysed by OWRC for the Department of Lands and Forests during 1965. 2. N I COLSTON DAM FISH WAY In the spring of 1965, the Nicolston Dam Fishway was again operated. All rainbow trout captured were measured, examined for lamprey marks, sexed, and scale samples were taken for age determination. Prior to release, each trout was marked by attaching to the base of the dorsal fin a plastic streamer type tag. From April 2 to May 9, 1965, a total of 289 rainbows were captured; of these, 16 were recaptures. Where sexing was possible (which was in almost all instances), 51 were males and 234 females, resulting in a sex ratio of one male to 4.59 females. Only three rainbow were found with lamprey marks. The fall operation in 1965 was not successfully carried out. A transfer of officers resulted in a delay and the main run was missed with the result that only eight rainbows were tagged. Because of the publicity that the fishway has been receiving and through our own efforts to teach anglers to return all tags, the number of tag returns has been fairly high. 3. MISSISSIPPI LAKE The co-operative study of the walleye population in Mississippi Lake between the local association and the department continued in 1965. A total of 337 walleye were measured, scale sampled, tagged and released, and approximately four million eggs were collected and forwarded to the White Lake hatchery for incubation. About 300 cottages and tourist cabins were provided with creel census cards for the season. 4. CHARLESTON LAKE (KEMPTVILLE DISTRICT) The first of a proposed annual study, for a period of three or four years, was begun in the fall of 1965. A total of 176 lake trout were captured, measured, scale sampled, tagged and released. Determinations of spawning depths were recorded by scuba divers. Information was also collected on largemouth bass. 5. WALLEYE STUDY (TWEED DISTRICT) This is a long term study that was begun in 1961 and has been carried on annually to determine if a walleye sport fishery can be maintained on small inland lakes by means of hatchery stocking. The four lakes currently being used in the study are located in Frontenac County and are as follows: Big Clear, Kash- wakamak, Mississagagon and Plevna. In October of 1965, 2,030 walleye fingerlings about four inches in length were marked and planted in Mississagagon Lake. Trap net surveys were carried out on Big Clear, Kashwakamak and Mississagagon during July and August. Plevna Lake was included in this list during August. Boat counts were made over the lakes from an aircraft to determine the proportion of the boats on each lake which are contacted during the roving creel census. 89 6. BARK LAKE (PEMBROKE DISTRICT) In an effort to determine the effect of water fluctuations on the spawning success of lake trout, the following studies were conducted during the summer and fall of 1965. A shoreline survey was carried out to determine the areas that appeared to be most suitable for lake trout spawning. During this survey, aquatic vegetation was mapped, and active bass nests were also noted. Random sampling with gill nets was carried out during the summer to establish the relative population proportions in the lake. Bottom samples were collected from spawning beds which were reported to be used by lake trout prior to the construction of the Hydro dam. Intensive netting was conducted on shallow and deep water spawning beds during the fall to determine the depths at which lake trout were presently spawning. 7. LAKE TIMAGAMI (NORTH BAY DISTRICT) During the latter part of May and early June, a tagging programme was carried out on Lake Timagami by North Bay district staff. A total of 4,375 fish were captured and, of the 1,378 game fish taken, 553 were tagged including 487 walleye, 59 lake trout and seven smallmouth black bass. Other data gathered during the programme has helped reveal more accurate information on tagged fish released in the 1959-61 project, and has created con- siderable fisherman interest in the proposed 1966 creel census programme. This programme is designed to determine walleye and lake trout population densities, fish migrations, utilization by sports fishermen and, in the case of fin clipped hatchery stock, to determine the contribution made by the planting of hatchery reared stocks. 8. MISSISSAGI RIVER (SAULT STE. MARIE) A study of the walleye in the lower Mississagi River and the north central waters of the North Channel of Lake Huron was begun in 1961 and continued throughout 1965 to determine the relative effects of angling and commercial fishing on the population. Angling improved by 62% in 1965, according to creel census data and the walleyes harvested by this means are estimated to have numbered nearly 4,900. In contrast, the commercial catches of walleye in the waters under study fell to 1,441 pounds from the 1964 total of 2,437 pounds. The 1962 year class, vulner- able to angling over the entire season and to commercial fishing late in the season, dominated the walleye catches of both fisheries. Additional support for the angling fishery was provided by the 1963 year class which, on entry in the fall months, had considerable impact on angling success. A total of 250 tags were returned in 1965, including 206 of the 1,309 tags affixed to walleyes in the spring of that year. From these returns, estimates of fishing mortality and walleye numbers at several ages have been derived together with estimates of total mortality over different age ranges. Most phases of the study will be continued for another year at least to confirm present findings and to secure additional information on tag loss. 9. PATRICIA AREA The Patricia Fisheries Inventory Project initiated in 1959 was terminated in 1965. The purpose of the project was to survey the important waters, examine the 90 respective fish populations in detail, and to plan and institute appropriate manage- ment of the fisheries in the respective waters. To achieve this objective, a relatively intensive study was planned for each of the larger lakes and/or for at least one lake on each of the major watersheds in the area. This program progressed steadily since its inception in 1959 and the following waters have been examined since that time: Big Trout Lake, Deer Lake, North Caribou Lake, Sutton Lake, Hawley Lake, Attawapiskat Lake, Nikip Lake, Petownikip Lake, Sakwasso Lake, Lake St. Joseph, Wunnummin Lake, Sandy Lake, Finger Lake and Sachigo Lake. In addition to these major surveys, resource management officers have conducted short term or preliminary surveys on minor lakes for the purpose of establishing commercial fishing licences. During the summer of 1965, minimal tvpe surveys were carried out on five lakes in the Patricias which were sub- sequently licenced to the Fort Hope Band of Indians. For the future, it is proposed that the surveys required in the Patricia district be conducted by fisheries personnel in the forest districts concerned. 10. SUTTON-HAWLEY LAKES (COCHRANE DISTRICT) A sport fishery and resort business have been developed on Hawley Lake, Sutton Lake and Sutton River and operated by local Indian families. The objective of this programme is to assist the local Indian people in operating a tourist business and to monitor the catches of brook and lake trout in the area. The camp accommodated a total of forty tourists between June 21 and August 27, 1965. Harvest records for the last three years are as follows: Total Lake Lake Trout Total Brook Brook Trout Year Trout Caught Released Trout Caught Released 1963 279 32 941 649 1964 68 12 779 622 1965 574 302 1,602 1,077 Also, under the Resources Development Agreement, seven lakes and four rivers in the Patricia east area were surveyd in 1965. The objective of the programme is to locate areas in which northern Indians could profitably operate tourist outfitting camps. The four rivers surveyed contained only small to medium sized summer fish populations and a sports fishery cannot be recommended. A survey during the fall will be necessary to determine if a fall sports fishery for anadromous fish is feasible. Of the seven lakes surveyed, Kesagami Lake which contains northern pike and walleye has the greatest potential for a sports fishery. 11 OTHER STUDIES AND ACTIVITIES A study of the life history and ecology of Atlantic salmon (Ouananiche) was conducted in Four Mile Bay of Trout Lake (North Bay District). Projects involving the harvest and transfer of adult maskinonge from sanctuary areas to adjacent waters were carried out in Sioux Lookout and Lindsay districts. The movement of walleye in Bright Lake and Bolton River (Sault Ste. Marie district) was studied via the fish tagging method. A walleye tagging programme to investi- gate the possibility of discrete populations in Wabinosh Bay of Lake Nipigon was continued in 1965. A community type freezer plant was erected at the Indian settlement on Big Trout Lake, Patricia area, and is now being utilized by residents of this northern village in the storage of fish, beaver, moose, caribou and other food items. 91 Public Fishing Areas In recent years, four public fishing areas have been opened at Mount Pleasant, St. Williams Forestry Station, Normandale and Jackson Tract by the Department of Lands and Forests. These ponds are stocked periodically with catchable size fish throughout the fishing season. All of the areas are open to public fishing free of charge. The Mount Pleasant Public Fishing Area, located five miles south of Brant- ford at Highway #24, was re-opened for public fishing on May 1, 1965, after a year's closure for general renovations. To those who had previously fished for warmwater fish at Mount Pleasant, the area was completely unfamiliar. The seven ponds are now three, each larger and deeper than any of the former. Grass in some locations has replaced the weeds and brush, brook trout and rainbow trout from provincial fish hatcheries have replaced the warmwater species. This area was particularly appealing to the elderly, the very young and those whose vacations did not include a northern trip. Daily records indicate that during the period May 1 to September 15, 26,102 anglers caught 23,456 trout. During this period 85 per cent of the 27,300 trout supplied were harvested by anglers. NET SECTION The Net Section, with headquarters at Maple, is responsible for the construc- tion and maintenance of nets and netting gear used in fishery projects throughout Ontario, excluding the western and mid- western regions. The staff consists of a foreman, one truck driver and four net men who also carry out specialized netting projects in the same part of the province in conjunction with district staff. During 1965, the Net Section staff assisted districts in their studies of walleye (pickerel) via the tagging method. Such projects were conducted at Blind River and Bright Lake (Sault Ste. Marie district), Georgian Bay (Parry Sound district), and several lakes in the Tweed district. Assistance was also given several districts in their lake survey and general fish study programmes as follows: Lake Timagami (North Bay district), Lake Simcoe (Lake Simcoe district), and four lakes in the Lindsay district. Some 400 adult walleye were netted in Lake Simcoe district and transferred to the Lindsay district for introductory purposes and a substantial collection of walleye eyed eggs was realized with the assistance of the Net Section staff. They also participated in the lake trout egg collecting operations carried out on Lake Simcoe, Mishibishu Lake and Manitou Lake during the fall of 1965. Whitefish eggs were also taken from Manitou Lake and live fish of various species were harvested for exhibition purposes at the Canadian National Exhibition and the Sportsmen's Show. In addition, 38 trap nets, 12 pound nets and five hoop nets were loaned to districts; and 21 trap nets, 9 gangs of gill nets, one hoop net and one seine were constructed by the Net Section staff during the winter months. The Port Arthur Net Section, consisting of two men, participated actively in fisheries projects throughout the western and mid- western regions (5 forest districts). In addition to routine fish studies carried out in conjunction with district staff, Net Section personnel participated in a major project of one month's duration on Sturgeon Lake (Sioux Lookout district); a successful walleye tagging pro- gramme (Port Arthur district); transfer of adult muskie (Sioux Lookout district) and adult walleye (Port Arthur and Fort Frances districts); spawn taking projects 92 for lake trout and sucker eggs; and several demonstrations of trap net and trawl net operations for the benefit of commercial fishermen. In addition to the routine inspection and repair of all nets and gear, the staff constructed new nets for districts as follows: 16 gangs of gill nets, one trap net and eight leaders, one retainer and one hoop net. Regulations An important amendment to the Fisheries Act established a special licence for lake trout angling in Lake Superior beginning in the summer of 1965. The licence is issued free of charge and the co-operation of anglers is solicited in the return of the "creel census" portion of the licence which requests information on angling success relative to lake trout. Heretofore, no information was available on the harvest of lake trout by angling in Lake Superior. The commercial aspect of the fishery was being managed under a quota system and there was some evidence that angling pressure was rapidly increasing as returns from plants of hatchery reared fish continued to increase. In view of this additional angler activity and the need for an accurate assessment of total harvest to facilitate a type of management consistent with the quota system, it was imperative that the amount of lake trout harvested by angling on an area basis be determined. Hence, the special licence was established. Although no major changes were made in the fishery regulations for 1965, some of the minor amendments were noteworthy and are listed as follows. The restrictions on the use of live bait-fish in the districts of Algoma, Cochrane, Thunder Bay and Timiskaming were almost completely abolished; a minimum size limit of 30" was established for maskinonge in Lake St. Clair in a co-operative approach to management with the State of Michigan; boundaries of Division I were amended on the basis of biological information relative to spawning periods of fish; the open season for general angling (bass, muskie, walleye, panfish) in the Kawartha Lakes area was extended from October 15th to November 30th; the early opening of the brook trout season (last Saturday in February) was extended to include most of the province with the exception of Algonquin Park and the central and southwestern portions of southern Ontario; the open season on rainbow trout was extended to November 30th in the districts of Muskoka, Parry Sound and parts of the province north and west thereof; and the number of persons required in a party to qualify for an organized camp licence was reduced from ten to five, but the permissive age was dropped from 21 to 17 years. 93 m 9 9 6 > m a OS e 9 to UJ U Z UJ z _l z < O UJ _l < - a s V 9 9 > g eo«* ©5 9 - 9 04 9 - 9 or a H © o o o o o © o © © t> oi ci lO >* co o c» iH ■f 00 ">* o «• oo la fc» TJ< OS CM 1-1 CO -t eo 00 w eo" © •* tH o o o e o © © © © © d IH o tj< to OJ "* t> o 00 «o o OS OS TJ» o TC 00 oo of -tf 1-1 o © CO i-H ga Oh c3 cj i TJ C ' a 00 a o 'O.a 'w C ZJ c« E be > o C p3 is go tf 94 ON O LL. I u h- < I _l < u z > o a. fa£> © © m u M JS 2 I v OS ll 5 - fafa<% X fa > *£ I 1/1 m m m © *d ©eg i~ o «-i »N OJ I- CM Mm be i o o in i> oomn j- !>l bC < >< «o>d i- o 2 • |2 a If U E ■ 9 ts — J^ < •- £ £ j£ E ^ -*-> JiSs CO cd J5. C 73 O S | a -I K_- SO $ a a o ct) t. 0J«H _ es 3 bc-^ be ea JS tfa oj *« ^ o 511 § a* ^ •- S - 2 M 'U h N O}"* h ■W— -4-) -7- OJ «.S GW «tj fc"0* «. =»g S >- e3 b ? ? oj oj .;:•.- be § ^J3T3 - — «•*-• [it, >>t: .- o OJ C -^ M CO OJ 3 9 be— be o.S beO oo »3> „ _ B «*>3 i< *> to 13 j= si-3 £-gOw <<* M ©o-v o ooO^ 00 «Oh rH bC B .5 teO 1-S a M -= be"^ S — Wfafa>Hci< Wfa.bo}H •-< 95 Table III FISH DISTRIBUTION FROM ONTARIO PROVINCIAL HATCHERIES 1961 TO 1965 Number of Fish Planted Species of Fish 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 Bass, Largemouth Fry — 55,000 45,000 112,000 81,000 Fingerling 25,250 112,120 92,550 90,650 107,500 Yearling and Adult ... 178 20 — Bass, Smallmouth Fry 230,000 147,000 134,000 52,000 58,000 Fingerling 270,200 177,300 287,700 239,450 230,700 Adult 619 291 316 290 165 Grayling, Arctic Adult — 500 — 275 — Maskinonge Fry 2,832,500 2,970,000 1,870,000 1,530,000 1,850,000 Fingerling 74,500 23,550 27,150 26,300 24,600 Yearling — — — — 15 Salmon, Atlantic Eyed Eggs — 53,280 — — — Fry — — 1,250 15,400 — Yearling — — 4,520 — — Adult — — — 106 — Walleye Eyed Eggs 27,065,000 20,500,000 7,200,000 14,000,000 15,600,000 Fry — 8,994,000 11,440,000 1,353,000 — Fingerling 66,923 201,070 217,000 — 55,655 Kokanee Eyed Eggs — — _ _ 683,300 Fry — — — _ 1,608,344 Fingerling — — — — 287,680 Splake Yearling 97,068 111,792 114,100 87,650 21,200 2- Years and Older ... 5,640 — 2,400 11,645 15,700 Trout, Albino Yearling — — 5,303 3,873 4,380 Trout, Aurora Fry — — — 582 — Fingerling — 1,347 — — 4,000 Yearling 1,300 — — 682 Trout, Brook Eyed Eggs 30,000 493,500 574,580 400,000 673,900 Fry — — — 8,000 — Fingerling 763,625 651,300 391,570 505,750 600,275 Yearling 2,051,875 1,655,249 1,883,478 1,725,755 1,818,891 2 Years and Older ... 72,562 75,445 72,522 111,920 69,216 Trout, Brown Fingerling 640 — — — — Yearling 5,000 — — — — Trout, Lake Eyed Eggs — — — 20,000 Fry 43,700 13,000 — — — Fingerling 369,500 240,300 185,800 690 224,800 Yearling 714,670 988,732 949,754 981,806 826,865 2-Years and Older ... 8,278 718 5,510 535 9,340 Trout, Rainbow Eyed Eggs 3,000 — — — — Fry — — — _ 65,000 Fingerling 101,896 60,300 3,000 140,500 11,750 Yearling 229,375 291,158 173,152 318,890 269,285 2-Years and Older ... 8,650 11,380 14,553 62,750 Whitefish Eyed Eggs 13,875,000 — — — — Fry 53,685,000 46,575,000 46,350,000 27,090,000 24,030,000 TOTAL 102,623,299 84,400,622 72,042,035 48,842,302 49,294,311 NOTE: Figures are compiled on a calendar year. 96 THE COMMERCIAL FISHERY During 1965, 52,489,270 pounds of fish, worth $6,403,788.67 to the primary producers, were taken from the waters of the Province. The increase of 20.6% in catch over 1964 production resulted mainly from increased yellow perch landings. The comparable increase in value of 22.4% was due to generally higher prices for other species and an increase in Lake Erie white bass production, as much as the near record perch landings. Average price per pound received by fishermen for the Province as a whole increased one-fifth of a cent to 12.2^. Average price paid to the primary producer for yellow perch in Lake Erie dropped 5.5^, and in other areas 3.3^. For the Province generally, fish prices rose; lake trout, gold eyes, walleye, sturgeon and caviar showing increases of five cents a pound or more. All areas showed gains in price except Lake Ontario when Greater Lake Huron is considered as one unit. K Two-thirds of the landings and one-half of the value from the commercial shery were reported from Lake Erie, where catch and value increased nearly 40% ver 1964. Yellow perch contributed the bulk of the increase, but smelt and white ass continued to be prominent in the catch. These three species comprised 93% uf both yield and value. Most of the smelt continued to be taken in trawls. Wall- eye production dropped to less than one per cent of the catch. Landings reported from over two hundred northern inland waters increased 17.5% in value but dropped slightly in quantity. Walleye and whitefish from these waters comprised two-thirds of the production of these species in the Province. The 5V2 million pounds of select species, including pike and sturgeon, brought over 90% of the value of fish sold, average 21^ per pound for the area. Com- paratively, little change occurred in production of these prices from the previous year. The fishery in Lake Ontario showed increases in total landings and value of 31% and 24% respectively. Increases of 116% and 74% were noted in the two predominant species, white and yellow perch, and 58% in smelt. Small decreases occurred in whitefish, eels and walleye. Table IV SUMMARY OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF FISH FOR RESTOCKING PURPOSES FROM PRIVATE COMMERCIAL HATCHERIES Species 1965 Number of Plantings Number of Fish Age Class Brook trout Rainbow trout Largemouth bass 92 60 33 2 56 54 41 1 4 2 264,025 Fry/Fingerlings 34,526 Yearlings 13,876 Adults 15,000 Eggs 41,745 Fry/Fingerlings 7,323 Yearlings 6,114 Adults 1,000 Fingerlings 291 Yearlings 64 Adults 97 In Lake Huron proper, production was down 24% with a 12% decrease in value following sharp decreases in the catch of yellow perch and chubs. Smaller decreases were noted in other species: walleye 14%; sturgeon 29%; and white bass 32%. Whitefish and other species showed gains. Georgian Bay landings in- creased 35% with a 23% rise in value to the fisherman. Chubs became dominant in the fishery with a three-fold increase. Decreases of about 25% were seen in whitefish and walleye. Production from the North Channel increased 35% but value was down. Yellow perch taken increased three-fold and sturgeon was up slightly. Whitefish landings were off 60% from 1964 and decreases were noted in other species. Lake Superior production dropped 15% due mainly to a sharp reduction in lake herring. Walleye catches increased 35%; whitefish and lake trout remained nearly steady; while saugers and menominee production both dropped about 70% . Value, as a result of these fluctuations rose 14% in spite of the drop in total pro- duction. In Lake St. Clair, walleye production decreased 23%, but in spite of this the value of production remained stable due to a slight increase in sturgeon and larger gains in species marketed alive. The fishery in southern inland waters showed a marked decrease in catch and value due, almost entirely to a 48% decrease in carp. The number of men engaged in fishing (excluding bait fish operations) con- tinued to decrease in 1965, while total investment, including nets, boats and shore installations remained relatively stable at $9,971,691. More gear was reported "on hand" than in 1964 although the number of trawls was down 20%. A total of 4,647 licences was issued by the Department in 1965. Of these, 1,881 were for the use of commercial fishing gear and 2,766 for the bait-fish in- dustry. All types of producing licences, both for commercial fish and for bait-fish species were issued in slightly fewer numbers than in 1964. However, fifty trawling licences were issued for the first time, when experimental permits for smelt were discontinued. Estimated bait-fish production increased 44% to 5,391,708 dozen, worth $1,212,736.00 to the producers. The 12% decrease in value was due to a larger proportion of the catch preserved for use as "chum" in ice fishing and to increased wholesale dealing in bait. In 1965 the Department discontinued the issue of permits allowing importa- tion of live bait fish to prevent possible harm to the Ontario fishery through the introduction of disease, parasites or undesirable species. At the same time, to achieve better utilization of the resource, permits were issued for the exportation of surplus bait. 98 COMPARATIVE STATEMENT OF THE YIELD OF THE FISHERIES IN THE PROVINCE OF ONTARIO 1964 1965 Increase Decrease Species lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. Smelt 12,886,676 11,916,966 969,710 Perch (yellow) 9,363,227 19,464,715 10,101,488 Walleye 3,678,141 3,241,033 437,108 Whitefish 3,229,365 3,236,258 6,893 White Bass 1,836,208 2,733,243 897,035 Chub & Tullibee 2,035,122 1,891,993 143,129 Lake Herring 1,992,959 1,603,413 389,546 Suckers 1,450,479 1,102,348 348,131 Northern Pike 1,134,169 1,099,393 34,776 Sheepshead 830,670 989,668 158,998 Carp & Carp Roe 938,151 871,950 66,201 White Perch 272,008 589,141 317,133 Bullheads 512,580 451,208 61,372 Ling 600,307 403,724 196,583 Sunfish 357,703 248,634 109,069 Catfish 287,069 242,609 44,460 Rock Bass & Crappies 205,787 209,054 3,267 Eels 250,298 193,713 56,585 Lake Trout 224,330 177,561 46,769 Sturgeon 98,160 93,798 4,362 Saugers 140,861 76,388 64,473 Menominee 69,987 66,139 3,848 Goldeyes 27,935 19,407 8,528 Turtles 2,023 2,023 Caviar 1,603 1,872 269 Blue Pickerel 115 132 17 Dogfish, Alewife, Gar, Shad & unclassified "Mink Food" 1,086,442 1,562,887 476,445 TOTAL 43,510,352 52,489,270 NET INCREASE 8,978,918 COMPARATIVE STATEMENT OF THE NUMBER OF COMMERCIAL FISHING LICENCES ISSUED IN THE PROVINCE OF ONTARIO Type of Licence 1964 1965 Increase Decrease Gill Net 1,088 1,072 16 Pound & Trap Net 161 144 17 Hoop Net 266 243 23 Coarse Fish Seine 90 88 2 Baited Hook 251 246 5 Dip Net 17 13 4 Trolling 27 25 2 Trawl — 50 50 TOTAL 1,900 1,881 Bait-fish Seine 841 805 36 Bait-fish Trap 914 885 29 Bait-fish Dip 359 338 21 Bait-fish Dealers 651 613 38 Bait-fish Preserving 121 125 4 TOTAL 2,886 2,766 TOTAL ALL LICENCES 4,786 4,647 NET DECREASE 139 99 COMPARATIVE STATEMENT OF THE PRODUCTION OF THE FISHERIES IN THE PROVINCE OF ONTARIO VALUE BY FISHING AREA 1964 1965 Increase Decrease Fishing Area $ $ $ $ Lake Erie 2,377,284.25 3,319,307.21 942,022.96 Northern Inland 1,047,423.81 1,230,418.09 182,994.28 Lake Ontario 284,955.00 352,899.46 67,944.46 Lake Huron 711,178.11 627,375.69 83,802.42 Lake Superior 248,791.55 283,434.88 34,643.33 Georgian Bay 189,898.20 234,109.31 44,211.11 Lake St. Clair 232,401.23 234,421.99 2,020.76 Southern Inland 73,399.33 61,227.16 12,172.17 North Channel 64,488.63 60,594.88 3,893.75 TOTAL 5,229,820.11 6,403,788.67 NET INCREASE 1,173,968.56 COMPARATIVE STATEMENT OF THE PRODUCTION OF THE FISHERIES IN THE PROVINCE OF ONTARIO YIELD BY FISHING AREA 1964 1965 Increase Fishing Area lbs. lbs. lbs. Lake Erie 25,381,013 35,096,120 9,715,107 Northern Inland 7,938,014 7,584,494 Lake Ontario 2,015,218 2,647,281 632,063 Lake Huron 3,017,662 2,286,234 Lake Superior 2,681,586 2,269,864 Georgian Bay 734,989 992,557 257,568 Lake St. Clair 945,823 885,890 Southern Inland 582,114 437,884 North Channel 213,933 288,946 75,013 TOTAL 43,510,352 52,489,270 NET INCREASE 8,978,918 Decrease lbs. 353,520 731,428 411,722 59,933 144,230 BAIT FISH PRODUCTION AND VALUE BY FORESTRY DISTRICT" 1965 District Aylmer Chapleau Cochrane Fort Frances Geraldton Gogama Hespeler Kapuskasing Kemptville Kenora Lindsay Maple North Bay Parry Sound Pembroke Port Arthur Sault Ste. Marie Sioux Lookout Sudbury Swastika Tweed White River TOTALS Average price per dozen — 221/£# Catch Value (By Dozens) $315,143. 3,228,275 535. 620 7,000. 20,000 71,991. 158,808 8,595. 36,302 1,299. 3,078 12,072. 38,556 3,198. 9,373 78,855. 184,890 159,626. 309,472 95,000. 158,333 56,004. 443,292 67,325. 134,650 77,974. 155,948 12,504. 31,968 46,327. 105,700 15,892. 26,587 35,830. 63,820 56,300. 73,957 6,417. 16,530 77,464. 180,213 7,385. 11,327 $1,212,736. 5,391,708 100 < Z o o CO oi LLI < H > 5 1 2 c v - r-^-to^fTj*ooc50>Oi?paiicocooiL^i-H 00 00 o o (O f iO ^ M lO U5 ifl W t- 00 CO CO t— O O 00 05 « h H IO H « 1 Ln vo _l o CO ■ — 3 «. n '— m LU km T 0) H -O 00 00 tO 00 CM 00 (0 « M 00 rt cm oo o 0) ts oi n t- co •— (Moscow ^H©^HtOCMCOOSi-(U3oOtOtOasr-H(jicOCMCO r-)COt-©COtOOSt-00COCO©©CMCM^H to OS* 11* OS tfi Ol* tD 05 H M 00* M H M tD 0) tOOStO©L-00i-HOS © i* iji CO CO 00 H Ol A to Q to ir oo cm oo i-i tO i-l —* t— i-H O OJ —i r— as oo o i-h -h c- cs CO i-H rt to \a _ (M CM to — CO O i-H »C O r-t to" N N r-" « N us © i-h cm CM ^H « N H to 00 to a z z> o CL z LU < I- I to to LU h- z < o E a; u 8« 9 •J H to -h il o H 00 O OS H OO OO i-H © CM OS OS •-i o o> t-" « 00 00 ,-H i-l -h to © to © CM i-l CM 00 CM — tO OS CM to as co to ^h e i- t- t- H lO I- 00 i-h tO tO I- CM U0> i-H OS L~ tO l- 00 H H <-f rt lO N i-l 00 CO OS i-l to CO to CM OS O o o 10 to as «s » t- T)T tO H* -H H" tO F-1 tO to v Id i- to to r* CM CM 00 « OS fll H 00 U) I- I- CM i-l H1 00 "^ tO CM t— OS CO CM I- i-l — © I- O tO U5 00 CM ■** I- tO I- TP OS 11" OS i—l © i-H tO © © © CM CO CM CM .s *. £ « H ^ 3 5 CQ 03 O ■ 3 be .2 :s .* .* :* o «3 Oh — c * a - -co » X I 5 * I 5 I 5 «!J=O1l)Oe5tS.= «kO0jogxE3S333C UOQMUJJJS^fcPHlOtOOlMOMtoH^ © Ol CM to e ■ft CO *%, p . *'S& H < * x « m * sJ « .2 Oh : £ < 5 3 s 1 5 b '£ jC Js J : H £££S 101 cm t- oo co oo co_ oo CO i-H OS «-l CM OKSNHTtNOMOOHlONlOOOeO tO CO OS OS CM 10 to to CO lO CO .-*■**• 00 ^ »0«30»^ -«* tO^ OS CO 00 00 ,-T © t- ■*« 00 oo cm a> 3c HONIOOIOI NOMTft-M OS US CO © CO US (OrHlOMt- c - - I- CM CM CO •* to fH oo n i» o h " CO"*i Q z z I to I I- I- z LU Z> 5 c m (D ■ XI ff« F 2« -l 'f CO ^i CM ,H ©•* tO CM CM US ■* M M H CI rH I- C- *-t i-H CO ^ us oo i— co i~ us CM ^** CO t~- CM 00 '""' Oi 00 © ■*!• CM to oo 00 © tO tO 00 © O o « 0 « O * © i~ r~ © to © US CM CM © © co as *** cm CO to* -«* CM 0>-t T-l ■<(• © CM —100 ©©©©©■* ^ © © US © ^H US tO US 00 © CO -*r -* to to -H i-H CM ■^©i^aicot^co as- a> **„"oo*-H*-*©to' ** ai v a) a) o> tn a> S3 4> o a> oj "25 .5 .2. .2."uB o— .2 .— • — OS'S 6 "3 6 "5 o"c5 es'5o'c5i'(56'«5d'oi r- CO CO © 00 © i-l © l© CO CO © co © -^ co 10 © o>©eo © © © •H © 00 t- C- © hOhO)NO> •^t It- CO cm©-^ © a>© CO «-< CD © uO "** ■«* *. — tN ^H 00 -** U3 --* © CO lO -^ "^ CO © iO CD i— ' I-- V* W ft* O rt O c6 O cd r. H > «< C — 8 c o ^ V. V £ cc a p* h S w E 102 h 5 > .& E g O H H s ^ 2 i < 5 ! p <-i w o C O o m Km or AIRSE] SECT T.C.C Supers AIR RATIONS Parsons eck Pilot CO H O FFICE A.GEMENT '. Yade e Manager £«o o & °z~£ s ° Eh 3 c a -3 , o . £ g < . n Eh nAS-o* Zh^o ?►» o a FOREST ] CONTROL K. B. Tu; Supervi COMML CATIONS C. E. LI Supervi Z o O « . WZ.S s OFFICE ANAGEMENT P. 0. Coghill 'ffice Manager fH ^^ W C/3 EST PRO SECTI W. T. Fc Supervi « s ° O w 3REST FIRE NTROL UNIT L. Affleck Supervisor ANT AND UIPMENT UNIT N. Dunne upervisor JO1 « to CO a: LU a. >^ a: O S.1 "7! u i° = S3 5 hi - be o "S « « a O L* LU CQ ^ en s D 3 J Z 0) *- o u O as 03 Nat-^HnoiNHinooowt-t-ooooiMn tDONlO^aHNlOHHMNBt-OOUJM H » ^ CO q OSr lO N ''f W 00 °l H. N. °°. 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J e O ja s 1- L* a o £ 1 ■i LU t a f 05 ->* CM >-H i- I ■»■» CMU3»^»-(CCTJ*lOC0 I WW • OS CM cc «o Oi t- IO (O O O) iH -^ fD I- lO M 00OIO(»Hl-lOlO0!lOOmu300NO»OOl»N« L'3MMCqTJ 5 'E S b5 35 x I MS : | jj O : 3 « oi g . 3- H >vX O 0 t 0 « < J) «.. ™ * S 41 0™,2 3 S 122 II 11 ! I £5 3 § 3 $13 3 £ 3 t~ rt o ■ Si Bft-Cfc 0 m 6« s c ii ■ OS .- 0> '3 c 0 « in o o to OJ o o o o o O O o to PJ — 125 126 AIR SERVICE SECTION The programme of modernizing the air fleet with new turbine-powered aircraft was continued with the acquisition of four additional DeHavilland Turbo- Beavers. A total of six Turbo-Beavers were in operation during the 1965-66 season. Seven standard Beavers, purchased from 1948 to 1950, were sold by public tender. A new water bombing system was developed and installed in Otter CF-ODY. Successful flight testing was completed at St. Petersburg, Florida, in February 1966. All ten Department Otters will be equipped with this system and plans are under way to develop a similar installation for the Turbo-Beaver and Twin Otter. This water bombing development is known as the "Ontario Integral Float Water Bombing System." Flying operations were carried out from 28 bases during the fire season. Twelve of these bases provide year round flying service necessary in resources management work. Five helicopters were again leased from May 1st to September 30th to provide transportation in fighting fires in areas not accessible to conventional aircraft. Table OPERATING BASES 1965-66 Base Type of Aircraft * Sioux Lookout Beaver & Otter Ignace Beaver Red Lake Beaver Pickle Lake Otter Caribou Lake Beaver * Kenora Beaver & Otter * Fort Frances T. Beaver Nym Lake Beaver * Port Arthur T. Beaver & Otter * Geraldton Otter Pays Plat Beaver Twin Lakes (Nakina) Beaver Remi Lake Beaver South Porcupine Otter Kenogami Lake Beaver * Chapleau Beaver * Gogama T. Beaver * Sault Ste. Mane Otter, Beaver, T. Beaver Lauzon Lake Beaver * Sudbury Otter (2) & T. Beaver White River Beaver (2) Temagami Beaver Parry Sound Beaver * Pembroke Otter * Algonquin Park Beaver Tweed Beaver * Toronto Island Airport Widgeon, Beaver, T. Beaver * Denotes Year-round base. 127 Table 2 TRANSPORT AIRCRAFT — Effective Loads Carried — 1965-66 Aircraft Hours Flown Pounds Effective Loads BEAVER CF-OBS 292:55 CF-OCA 289:30 CF-OCB 355:40 CF-OCC 170:15 CF-OCD 278:45 CF-OCE 281:10 CF-OCG 204:15 CF-OCH 101:55 CF-OCJ 213:50 CF-OCK 237:40 CF-OCL 209:40 CF-OCN 258.50 CF-OCO :20 CF-OCP 416:20 CF-OCQ 143:15 CF-OCS 42:30 CF-OCT 406:45 CF-OCU :20 CF-OCV 277:30 CF-OCX 304:05 CF-OCY 111:40 CF-OCZ 213:55 CF-ODA 407:00 CF-ODB 273:35 CF-ODC 344:50 CF-ODD 559:30 CF-ODE 328:55 CF-ODF 197:40 CF-ODG 350:10 CF-ODO 92:25 CF-ODS 275:05 OTTER CF-ODJ 291:55 CF-ODK 252:50 CF-ODL 291:20 CF-ODP 305:10 CF-ODQ 302:45 CF-ODU 264:15 CF-ODV 345:40 CF-ODW 315:35 CF-ODX 483:40 CF-ODY 260:45 WIDGEON CF-ODR 167:15 TURBO BEAVER CF-OEA 350:50 CF-OEB 197:50 CF-OEC 261:40 CF-OED 419:40 CF-OEE 350:15 CF-OEF 248:20 247,815 lbs. 95,445 lbs. 257,140 lbs. 189,270 lbs. 177,718 lbs. 295,712 lbs. 142,209 lbs. 53,600 lbs. 193,695 lbs. 154,890 lbs. 71,655 lbs. 150,362 lbs. 106,045 lbs. 152,026 lbs. 56,245 lbs. 159,550 lbs. 160,005 lbs. 102,285 lbs. 169,595 lbs. 309,132 lbs. 105,128 lbs. 101,230 lbs. 182,263 lbs. 3,652 lbs. 116,185 lbs. 262,441 lbs. 756,270 lbs. 535,328 lbs. 478,850 lbs. 263,410 lbs. 556,273 lbs. 365,561 lbs. 421,081 lbs. 776,574 lbs. 313,325 lbs. 26,155 lbs. 160,628 lbs. 56,752 lbs. 128,535 lbs. 347,940 lbs. 194,865 lbs. 113,327 lbs. 123 tons, 47 tons, 128 tons, 94 tons, 88 tons, 147 tons, 71 tons, 26 tons, 96 tons, 77 tons, 35 tons, 75 tons, 1815 pounds 1445 pounds 1140 pounds 1270 pounds 1718 pounds 1712 pounds 209 pounds 1600 pounds 1695 pounds 890 pounds 1655 pounds 362 pounds 216,296 lbs. 108 tons, 296 pounds 74,365 lbs. 37 tons, 365 pounds 7,630 lbs. 3 tons, 1630 pounds 188,049 lbs. 94 tons, 49 pounds Total Transport Section: Total Flying Time, Hours: Total Loading, Lbs.: Total Loading, Tons: 53 tons, 76 tons, 28 tons, 79 tons, 80 tons, 51 tons, 84 tons, 154 tons, 52 tons, 50 tons,. 91 tons, 1 ton, 58 tons, 131 tons, 378 tons, 267 tons, 239 tons, 131 tons, 278 tons, 182 tons, 210 tons, 388 tons, 156 tons, 13 tons, 80 tons, 28 tons, 64 tons, 173 tons, 97 tons, 56 tons, 12,750:00 9,996,507 lbs. 4,998 tons, 45 pounds 26 pounds 245 pounds 1550 pounds 5 pounds 285 pounds 1595 pounds 1132 pounds 1128 pounds 1230 pounds 263 pounds 1652 pounds 185 pounds 441 pounds 270 pounds 1328 pounds 850 pounds 1410 pounds 273 pounds 1561 pounds 1081 pounds 574 pounds 1325 pounds 155 pounds 628 pounds 752 pounds 535 pounds 1940 pounds 865 pounds 1327 pounds 507 pounds 128 Table 3 HOURS FLOWN ON VARIOUS PHASES OF FLYING OPERATIONS 1949-65 1965-66 Total Fire Ranging (Detection, Suppression, Water-Dropping) 90,548:00 3,243:15 93,791:15 Timber Management 14,610:20 1,088:10 15,698:30 Fish & Wildlife 45,117:00 3,442:40 48,559:40 Lands 3,606 :05 417 :45 4,023 :50 Parks 2,657:25 282:25 2,939:50 Research 105:45 170:55 276:40 Interdepartmental Flying 6,088:50 395:30 6,484:20 Administration 46,386:00 3,709:20 50,095:20 209,119:25 12,750:00 221,869:25 Table 4 PASSENGERS AND PERSONNEL CARRIED 1923-65 1965-66 Total Passengers Carried 652,668 28,409 681,077 Personnel Carried 176,284 4,983 181,267 Total Passengers and Personnel Carried 828,952 33,392 862,344 Effective Loads Flown, Lbs 204,348,146 9,996,507 214,344,653 Effective Loads Flown, Tons 102,174 tons 4,998 tons 107,172 tons 146 lbs. 507 lbs. 653 lbs. BREAK-DOWN OF ADMINISTRATION 1965-66 Mercy Flights 21:55 Tests (Radio & Aircraft) 171:45 Ferrying & Instructions 5:25 Entomology 84 :25 Forced Landings & Operations 675:40 Transportation 2,750:10 Surveys — 3,709:20 129 Table 5 Base HOURS FLOWN AT BASES 1965-1966 Hours Flown Algonquin Park 402:40 Carey Lake 332:45 Caribou Lake 406:15 Chapleau 397:55 Fort Frances 564:25 Geraldton 389:10 Gogama 529:45 Ignace 209:00 Kenogami 226:25 Kenora 920:20 Lauzon Lake 237:05 Nym Lake 299:10 Pays Plat 288:05 Parry Sound 335:20 Pickle Lake 275:35 Port Arthur 654:20 Pembroke 497:25 Red Lake 310:30 Remi Lake 288:45 Sault Ste. Marie 884 :35 Sioux Lookout 845 :25 South Porcupine 335:45 Sudbury 617:40 Temagami 268:15 Twin Lakes (Nakina) 339 :05 Toronto 517:45 White River 423:10 Tweed 303:25 Air Service, General, Operations, Testing, etc. 650:00 12,750.00 130 Table 6 PILOTS FLYING TIME — PILOTS 1924-65 1965-66 Total Allen D.W. Ballantyne D.E. Beaushene G.D. Bieck A.H. Burtt A.E. Calver D.R. Campbell G.E. Colfer A.P. Cooke T.C. Cram W.W. Croft B.R. Croal D.M. Culliton J.E. Denley J.G. Evans F.B. Fiskar U.W. George R.H. Glennie N.A. Good S.D. Hoar H.A. Hoeberg P.S. Howe F.R. Kirk C.J. Lamont J.A. LeFeuvre C.J. Lowe B. Marych E. McLeod A.A. McLeod A.K. McNabb D.D. MacDougall F.A. North D.H. Parsons R. Pike S.J. Siegel J. Speight H.C. Taylor J.M. Thomas E. Thompson F.J. Turcotte L.J. Weisflock E.J. Other Pilots 4,258:35 381:35 4,640:10 3,000:10 338:25 3,338:35 4,932:00 401:10 5,333:10 2,712:10 424:35 3,136:45 9,374:15 337:20 9,711:35 4,334:00 393:00 4,727:00 6,468:35 506:15 6,974:50 8,735:50 529:55 9,265:45 8,502:20 129:35 8,631:55 2,119:40 233:10 2,352:50 2,473:05 44:15 2,517:20 3,318:00 511:20 3,829:20 1,103:35 293:15 1,396:50 8,406:40 215:45 8,622:25 5,425:25 273:30 5,698:55 5,357:45 405:45 5,763:30 146:25 146:25 3,858:00 314:50 4,172:50 251:40 251:40 3,578:40 211:50 3,790:30 4,243:20 496:10 4,739:30 362:55 206:00 568:55 5,636:05 248:40 5,884:45 4,742:25 268:45 5,011:10 10,341:25 361:20 10,702:45 2,258:40 280:20 2,539:00 284:35 291:50 576:25 336:55 336:55 105:30 291:20 396:50 244:50 312:15 557:05 5,487:00 92:25 5,579:25 1,939:00 381:20 2,320:20 8,153:05 202:55 8,356:00 1,684:00 587:55 2,271:55 6,198:00 312:40 6,510:40 9,539:20 446:10 9,985:30 3,710:40 59:20 3,770:00 4,522:30 272:35 4:794.55 3,842:00 312:55 4,154:55 2,429:10 301:45 2,730:55 348:00 340:20 688:20 220,337:50 2:40 220,380:30 384,409:05 12,750:00 397,159:05 131 Table 7 Aircraft Beaver CF-OBS CF-OCA CF-OCB CF-OCC CF-OCD CF-OCE CF-OCG CF-OCH CF-OCJ CF-OCK CF-OCL CF-OCN CF-OCO CF-OCP CF-OCQ CF-OCS CF-OCT CF-OCU CF-OCV CF-OCX CF-OCY CF-OCZ CF-ODA CF-ODB CF-ODC CF-ODD CF-ODE CF-ODF CF-ODG CF-ODO CF-ODS Otter CF-ODJ CF-ODK CF-ODL CF-ODP CF-ODQ CF-ODU CF-ODV CF-ODW CF-ODX CF-ODY Widgeon CF-ODR Turbo-Beaver CF-OEA CF-OEB CF-OEC CF-OED CF-OEE CF-OEF All Other Aircraft FLYING TIME- -AIRCRAFT 1924-65 1965-66 6,189:15 292:55 4,688:45 289:30 5,756:40 355:40 5,237:50 170:15 4,621:55 278:45 5,610:45 281:10 4,241:40 204:15 5,030:50 101:55 4,774:20 213:50 4,955:35 237:40 4,358:25 209:40 5,332:35 258:50 5,295:25 :20 5,890:40 416:20 5,779:00 143:15 4,880:40 42:30 5,393:30 406:45 5,062:40 :20 4,572:25 277:30 4,529:10 304:05 4,438:30 111:40 3,534:00 213:55 3,943:55 407:00 4,911:00 273:35 5,613:55 344:50 1,829:25 559:30 3,741:30 328:55 3,975:20 197:40 4,968:20 350:10 1,047:35 92:25 907:50 275:05 3,744:20 291:55 2,979:40 252:50 3,514:35 291:20 2,424:00 305:10 2,830:10 302:45 1,599:05 264:15 2,235:55 345:40 1,384:50 315:35 688:55 483:40 633:25 260:45 1,973:40 100:40 42:05 218,203:15 167:15 350:50 197:50 261:40 419:40 350:15 248:20 TOTAL 6,482:10 4,978:15 6,112:20 5,408:05 4,900:40 5,891:55 4,445:55 5,132:45 4,988:10 5,193:15 4,568:05 5,591:25 5,295:45 6,307:00 5,922:15 4,923:10 5,800:15 5,063:00 4,849:55 4,833:15 4,550:10 3,747:55 4,350:55 5,184:35 5,958:45 2,388:55 4,070:25 4,173:00 5,318:30 1,140:00 1,182:55 4,036:15 3,232:30 3,805:55 2,729:10 3,132:55 1,863:20 2,581:35 1,700:25 1,172:35 894:10 2,140:55 451:30 239:55 261:40 419:40 350:15 248:20 218,203:15 383,468:00 12,750:00 396,218:00 132 s a 'So B £ o £ E-i-2 0) «. be « C a ._ HI - -Q * ^ ' £* «og & § 11 a) *; Hh £ "SSh *3 *£ X QJ 1> ,C Cg — ~ > y. to 0 0 £c« ^J CjPh XI it a 3 2 I S g u d I* 0 a c w 08 £ • O fl I la •** S a 3 OJHH o -a *> s *•§ s| ^ I ^* ll ll ? oj Sii So *_ E o_' cjc ~ a a Sfn « VD VD I in VD ON co —i lO CO I- I LU LU Q Z < >■ U eg LU > >> £ l £ M Ph J rt * j J £ J ° £ O £ T3|J d:^ w M Q d *' < c _ < o c 5 s J JJS a £ 5 H cs u S n O s ■Ji-J H Oh Cl, H o u o £ o >-s Ph a c w M £ t/3 * Q 0 s Q Q O Pn a » CQ u c BQ Q o o c O o o u 0 o o o o o O 00 |2 133 —I *4 i-C CJ — 00 Table 9 HELICOPTER FLYING HOURS HELICOPTER HOURS FLOWN CF-SJE 316:45 CF-SJC 325:20 CF-SJD 169:20 CF-SEF 158 :25 CF-PYI 110:15 CF-IZH 53:50 CF-NLP 9:10 CF-JFR 10:20 CF-ICG 210:05 CF-SCF 22:55 CF-SCG 22:25 1,408:50 HOURS FLOWN ON VARIOUS PHASES OF FLYING OPERATIONS SERVICE HOURS FLOWN Fire Ranging 937:10 Timber Management 142:10 Fish and Wildlife 136:10 Interdepartmental Flying 1:00 Parks 22:55 Administration 169 :25 1,408:50 BREAKDOWN OF ADMINISTRATION Transportation 70:35 Mercy Flights 1:20 Ferrying 97 :30 169:25 134 Hose line quells the vestige of fire in Sudbury Forest District. 135 Kenya student is taught cartography at Ontario Forest Ranger School. Summer cottage sites draw continual interest at C.N.E. 136 LANDS AND SURVEYS BRANCH '"T"'HE Branch is comprised of five sections with responsibilities and functions as ■*■ follows: LANDS SECTION Management of public lands including lands under water. Disposal by sale, patent, vesting order, quit claim deed, lease, licence of occupation or land use permit for many private, commercial, industrial, municipal or public uses; release of reservations in patents, assignments, cancellations. Reservation of land for parks, access points, other public and government uses. LAND USE PLANNING SECTION Supervision of the preparation of Land Use plans. Wilderness Areas. Advisory Committee on Recreational Land Use Planning. Private Land Liaison Committee. LAND ACQUISITION SECTION Recommendations and applications for purchase of private lands for parks, wilderness or nature reserves, water access, hunting, fishing, forestry, recreation and other public uses. Co-ordinating departmental A.R.D.A. projects. Recreation Land Inventory Sector of Canada Land Inventory. SURVEYS SECTION Surveys and descriptions on Crown Lands for parks, Base and Meridian lines, summer resort and recreational purposes, lands for acquisition or disposition. Re- tracement surveys and restoration of original Crown survey points. Inspection, recording and custody of original plans and field notes of Crown and Municipal surveys. Map compilation. Authorization of Geographical Names. Distribution of maps, publications and copies of survey records. Accounts payable, supplies and equipment. Attendance records. ENGINEERING SECTION Approval of dams. Licences of occupation for dams, flooding and diversions. Water resource management. Issuance and servicing of Water Power Lease Agree- ments. Plans for buildings, renovation of plant and equipment. Engineering con- sultations. Access Roads. 137 oo mZ c 55 »2 ^feW < OSO5 C g 3 S S3 S3 u 0 < Zas CO ~ aPS sag S jpu. r- q-o* OD - fc 85 >< gHsSSpg a s»§a u z < OQ CO LU > Z> CO Q O J, >H oo 55 x 2<05 Zi5P 55 = W »35fe ^OJ u < ~ *!* r-J < Id - t^^H H<- 05 S -5 OJ oo oo 55 U Q O M 5 3 ?" i § 0< c < c MH.O OS p 00 55 05< U roduced by the Army Survey Establishment Bureau of the Department of National )efence, for resale purposes, or for the "official use" of this and other departments of the Ontario Government were distributed in the total quantity of 39,697 copies (see "Trend of Map Distribution Chart"). Of the total distributed, 11,559 copies were supplied for the "official use" of this Department, including district offices, by the Department of Mines and Technical Surveys without charge. The distribution of marine charts, published by the Canadian Hydrographic Service, Ottawa, mainly the Lake Simcoe, Trent Canal and Muskoka Lakes Nautical charts amounted to 395 copies, which figure is included in the overall map distribution figure. Two thousand five hundred and forty-three (2,543) copies (see "Trend of Map Distribution Chart") of the Provincial Topographic Series, on the scale of two miles to one inch were distributed. The summary of the total quantity of lithographed maps sheets distributed is as follows: National Topographic Series 42,240 Map No. 20 586 District Maps 9,88 1 Map No. 33 A - Electoral 135 Map No. 28 - Geographical Townships 320 Miscellaneous Maps 14,206 TOTAL 67,368 Seven thousand eight hundred (7,800) transactions for the sale of lithographed map sheets, reproductions of survey records and other maps and plans were made as "over the counter" individual cash sales. Eight hundred and fifty (850) counter invoices for items sent out on credit were issued. Eight thousand five hundred (8,500) letters of request from the public covering similar transactions were processed. REPRODUCTIONS Forty-one thousand, three hundred (41,300) square feet of photographic reproduction paper was used for reproduction of maps and survey records for departmental work, the survey branches of the Ontario Hydro-Electric Power Commission and the Ontario Department of Highways, other provincial govern- ment departments and commissions, Ontario Land Surveyors and the general public. The amount of sensitized paper used in the reproduction of various topo- graphic map tracings, Crown Land tracings and township prints, Georgian Bay Island map sheets, subdivision and summer resort plans of surveys, as well as other miscellaneous plans, by the dry process reproduction method continues to increase. 149 A total of 386,227 square feet of sensitized paper and transparent material was consumed. A summary of the dry process material used, is as follows: Blue or black line paper 378,389 Sq. Ft. Transparent linen — 1,988 Transparent plastic — 2,100 4,088 Sq. Ft. Opaque linen 3,750 Sq. Ft. Total 386,227 Sq. Ft. Reproductions required for mapping projects for this branch and various district offices, to be produced photographically by commercial firms, are not included in the above figues. MAP MOUNTING AND BOOKBINDING The following work was handled by the map mounting and bookbinding staff maintained in this Section for departmental requirements including the preservation and restoration of old survey plans and field notes. A considerable increase in this type of work is to be noted. Map Mounting New Maps and Plans mounted Miscellaneous lithographed maps and prints 1,200 Summer Resort Subdivision and Composite 230 Special projects, map displays, binders etc 162 Old Plans Remounted Original township surveys and patent office plans 133 Book Binding New Bindings Field notes of current surveys , 33 Miscellaneous 97 Restorations Field Notes 42 Laminations Documents and pages 2,900 SURVEY PARTY EQUIPMENT Two field survey parties under staff surveyors, carrying out surveys for land acquisition purposes, parks, inspection, retracement and other miscellaneous surveys, were supplied and equipped for field work. One vehicle replacement was made. Survey monuments to cover the survey programme were distributed to various district offices for the use of Ontario Land Surveyors on staff, or in private practice as follows: Iron Bars — 6 inch by 1 inch square 318 24 inch by 1 inch square 1,503 24 inch by 5/s inch square 1,404 48 inch by 1 inch square 3,098 Total 3,323 Crown Land Monuments — Standard Posts 5 Rock 25 Bronze Caps 3,107 Municipal Monuments — Rock 7 150 CROWN SURVEY RECORDS The use of original Crown Survey Records for reproduction or reference purposes by the survey branches of the Hydro-Electric Power Commission of Ontario, the Ontario Department of Highways, Ontario Land Surveyors in private practice and the general public, continues to increase. Seven thousand, seven hundred and sixty-nine (7,769) cards were typed covering plans being recatalogued and filed in the Survey Record Catalogue. In addition, 300 entries were made in the Surveyors' designation number card index of surveyed parcels, including change of file numbers. The returns of surveys of 45 plans of subdivisions made for summer resort purposes and 167 plans of miscel- laneous surveys consisting of the surveys of pipeline right-of-ways, reference plans, retracement resurveys made on Crown Lands, individual summer resort location surveys, Provincial Parks and water lots as well as 38 books of field notes were registered, catalogued and filed. Field notes showing the location of, and type of monument used to restore 229 points of the original Crown survey fabric, were filed. The refiling of all plans of surveys, (excepting plans of surveyed mining claims) presently filed on current correspondence files into the vertical filing system, was continued. Approximately 17,121 current correspondence files were examined. Approximately 3,648 surveys, descriptions, field notes and affidavits were removed and refiled into the vertical filing system. This required the typing of approximately 2,321 labels. All survey record material refiled was microfilmed. Cartography and Geographical Nomenclature MAP PRODUCTION Map 65A "North Georgian Bay Recreational Reserve and Killarney Provincial Park" at a scale of one inch to four miles, requested by the Parks Branch as an aid in the development of the reserve was completed and made available for distri- bution. Map S265 "Thunder Bay" the second of a series of four surficial geology maps covering the southern part of Northern Ontario was also completed. This map, produced on the scale of one inch to eight miles at the request of the Soils Section of Research Branch, portrays soil types in the Thunder Bay District south of latitude 50°. 00', lithographed in eight colours and made available for distribution. Map S3 65 "Algoma-Cochrane" the third map of this series, was prepared for lithographing in eight colours. This covers the Algoma-Cochrane Districts south of latitude 50°. 00'. A second edition of Map 33 A "Electoral Districts of Ontario" was produced together with a supplement, "Electoral Districts in Metropolitan Toronto". These maps incorporated a number of boundary changes made subsequent to production of the first edition, and were prepared for the Chief Electoral Officer to accompany a report of the Redistribution Committee 1964-65. A small quantity of each were lithographed in two colors for restricted distribution to members of the Legislative Assembly. The 1965 Summary of Hunting Regulations map folder was produced and art work prepared for the cover at the request of the Wildlife Section, Fish and Wildlife Branch for lithographing in three colours. As a companion edition to the Hunting Regulations a 1966 Fishing Regulation map folder was designed and produced for the Fisheries Section, Fish and Wildlife 151 Branch, for lithographing in three colours. Art work was also prepared for the cover. Map S465, "Algoma, Sudbury and Timiskaming" the fourth of a series of four Surfical Geology maps of Northern Ontario was completed and ready for lithography. Revisions to Map 32A "Algoma and Sudbury" at one inch to four miles were made and the map completed for lithography now designated as map 32. Map 42F/SE "Hornepayne," the first of a Provincial Topographic Series of maps at a scale of one inch to two miles was designed, completed and made ready for lithography. Compilation of a map "Location of dams on Principal Watersheds in Southern Ontario" commenced with a preliminary editing by the departmental District Foresters of the existing "Locations of Dams" maps. The map is to be prepared in such a manner as to permit the base to be used for similar subject overlays. EDITING OF GEOGRAPHICAL NOMENCLATURE ON MAPS All nomenclature on the following maps produced by federal mapping agencies were investigated and edited at the request of the Canadian Permanent Committee on Geographical Names, Ottawa: — 1:25,000 82 1:50,000 10 1 : 125,000 15 1:500,000 or 8m/l" 2 Canadian Hydrographic Service Charts 8 In addition, assistance and recommendations were made to the Committee on more than 1,000 contentious names not including those for, the maps listed above. Most of these resulted from the intense field investigations of geographical names in Renfrew County by the Committee. Twenty-three maps to be produced by Provincial Mapping units were examined and nomenclature edited. Continuing revision to the Geographical Index resulted in the revision to and addition of 2,300 cards. ENGINEERING SECTION Water Resources Management APPROVAL OF DAMS Approval was granted for the construction of 29 dams. LICENSES OF OCCUPATION Fifteen licences of occupation were cancelled; fourteen being for log-driving dams which are no longer required by the licencees and one because the licensee's coporate existence terminated. WATER POWER LEASE AGREEMENTS Water Power Lease Agreement No. 38 was cancelled as the power site is no longer used by the Lessee. The installed capacity in horsepower of all plants under Crown Lease is now 4,861,420 h.p. 152 DAM RECONSTRUCTION The reconstruction of ten dams to be carried out by the Department of Public Works during the year was recommended, continuing the program of rebuilding abandoned logging and old mill dams in the interests of forest protection, conserva- tion and fish and wildlife propagation. Information on the desired regulated water level, hydrological and historical data was supplied to Public Works engineers to assist in designing the new dams. Five of the projects were completed and the operation of the dams became the reponsibility of this Department. Four projects were carried over to the 1966-67 programme and one was deferred indefinitely due to local objection to the dam. HATCHERY DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION The new modern hatchery building was completed at the Normandale Fish Culture Station, including the installation of fish-egg incubators, reinforced plastic rearing troughs and a heat exchanger system for controlling the temperature of the water supplied to the incubators. This equipment was placed in service at the beginning of March, 1966. A new concrete dam and water intake was constructed at the Mount Pleasant public fishing area during the winter and completed in time for the re-opening of this site to the public in the spring. Planning was completed for the proposed reconstruction of the North Bay Fish Culture Station. Arrangements were made for pre-engineering work to be undertaken in connection with the new Fish Culture Experimental Station and Training School proposed for construction near Sault Ste. Marie. Pre-engineering work has been undertaken in preparation for the preliminary planning for the addition of a number of large earth ponds at the Chatsworth Fish Culture Station, for the production of splake. ACCESS ROADS Approval for the expenditure of $550,000 was granted for the maintenance of 1,519 miles of access roads throughout the province. These roads were maintained only for departmental programmes. One hundred and eleven work permits for the construction of access roads were processed. 153 CO -z. o < CJ o _l I- cr o co UJ a: UJ Z) CO Q UJ >- UJ > or Z> CO I 8 8 I 8 I I § I 8 I § § H •*> CM CM CM CM CM _"_."—*— — SNOI1V001 i.80S3d U3WWflS 03A3AcjnS 154 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 02^8^ 1 pn £Z9>| r 5^^^1 rcsSEHH ^HB r 0G?0Q?tl ■ ■ 06t>Z2E^| ■ |06l 96Z£ 1068Z9ZZ KMMkWB i ! i i i i i r i o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 8 o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o ID o" o o o o W o o o o o tf>„ o" o o o o m o* o o o o in If) *F * to to CJ CJ — - • a -h - - AllDVdVO aamvisNi "IV101 155 CO Q a: o CO LU cr cr UJ en X o < o 2 Q Z UJ q: < UJ >- < o in o o O o o o o o o O o o o O o o o o o o o o m ro r>- If) to _r CT> r>- in SNOIlOVSNVdl JO U39WnN 156 PO CO lu 2 ) UJ 00 •" co < CO LJ CO f £ ^ CD o U. O cd < LU o Q LU < LU 0- 1^ If) I CD IT) S31IW dO d39lMDN 157 CO >- LU > cr Z) CO h -z. 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C9 •» E7^---- - ^^:^e^t^ =■ I 1 1 U> Eg O 1 =3 — U3 £« Q z 1 <3 1 (T> -»d ■01 Q LxJ Z o 2 " I § _J O J £ K Ul z < o £ o z Jr o < 5 _i o a. z _J- f~ ^~- " = < 1 1 cz O IP or ■ " ti •-- : 1 3 1 if) O ■ a: i CD < ^ 5 < ( E C 3 C 0 ' i ! 3 D SN0I10VSNVU1 dO U3QWnN 166 Administrative District TOTALS AGRICULTURAL LAND The fiscal year ending March 31st, 1966 Sales Cancellations Patents No. Acres No. Acres No. Acres Quit Claim Deeds No. Acres Cochrane 2 224.50 2 155.00 3 356.25 Fort Frances 1 50.00 Geraldton 1 45.15 Kapuskasing 3 217.65 5 435.00 4 334.15 Kemptville 1 300.00 Kenora 1 32.43 5 655.91 North Bay 2 323.50 4 557.00 Parry Sound 1 49.50 1 7.00 3 164.50 Port Arthur 1 114.00 Sudbury 1 81.36 13 1633.25 6 501.78 Swastika 2 155.32 6 470.62 10 949.95 Tweed 2 162.668 3 335.82 12 1,084.26 29 2,860.02 37 3,682.208 5 685.82 SUMMER RESORT The fiscal year ending March 31st, 1966 Administrative Sales Cancellations Assignments Patents District No. Acres No. Acres No. Acres No. Acres Chapleau 5 3.13 1 .62 Cochrane 5 3.64 1 1.19 14 9.283 Fort Frances 110 135.17 4 3.94 4 6.71 55 63.93 Geraldton 13 14.19 1 .09 14 11.69 Gogama 7 9.93 4 2.73 Kapuskasing 7 20.621 5 19.13 Kemptville 12 10.89 3 2.90 Kenora 101 110.92 1 .79 1 .80 87 91.855 Lake Erie 1 .25 1 .25 Lake Simcoe 4 3.764 1 .80 21 23.77 Lindsay 113 86.641 1 .91 43 37.141 North Bay 49 44.269 2 1.119 1 1.00 44 44.31 Parry Sound 140 133.396 6 5.99 2 2.02 276 274.109 Pembroke 30 29.59 1 1.05 16 14.89 Port Arthur 33 29.513 1 1.25 1 6.210 18 19.720 Sault Ste. Marie 15 15.31 2 1.66 20 40.112 Sioux Lookout 11 22.65 1 3.52 14 27.49 Sudbury 76 72.732 5 3.95 1 .70 74 68.338 Swastika 15 10.19 1 .68 9 6.344 Tweed 107 104.576 2 1.80 158 161.07 White River 2 1.63 6 5.81 TOTALS 856 863.002 23 20.989 17 25.19 883 925.492 167 LAND FOR SPECIAL USE The fiscal year ending March 31st, 1966 Administrative Sales Can :ellations ] Jatents Quit Claim Deeds District No. Acres No. Acres No. Acres No. Acres Chapleau 1 .46 1 2.00 Cochrane 4 9.275 4 14.572 Fort Frances 2 3.87 1 .85 3 3.98 Geraldton 6 16.813 6 27.717 Gogama 1 2.00 2 5.71 Kapuskasing 2 8.673 3 156.291 Kemptville 1 .76 2 40.56 Kenora 16 40.064 1 .46 13 46.685 1 .90 Lake Erie 2 100.032 2 33.51 Lake Huron 1 .975 1 14.00 Lake Simcoe 1 .895 3 109.006 Lindsay 1 .50 4 74.88 North Bay 6 171.409 1 .69 5 171.147 Parry Sound 10 13.169 2 1.324 7 54.009 Pembroke 3 102.064 4 103.596 Port Arthur 3 13.05 4 8.864 Sault Ste. Marie 5 13.089 9 90.819 Sioux Lookout 8 23.499 4 7.04 Sudbury 8 91.496 2 160.665 14 186.524 1 .91 Swastika 3 53.845 1 80.50 3 192.705 Tweed 2 104.687 4 930.946 8 836.66 White River 1 3.00 2 57.07 TOTALS 83 671.858 8 244.489 99 2,345.328 15 926.54 CITIES, TOWNS AND TOWNPLOTS The fiscal year ending March 31st, 1966 Administrative Sales Cancellations Assignments Patents Quit Claim Deeds District No. Acres No. Acres No. Acres No. Acres No. Acres Cochrane 2 0.32 3 1.054 Geraldton 1 0.37 1 .110 2 .376 Gogama 5 1.18 3 .52 8 2.535 Kapuskasing 6 7.78 1 .21 11 4.060 Kenora 1 .066 2 .462 Lindsay 1 .69 North Bay 1 .18 1 .18 Parry Sound 1 .50 1 .25 Pembroke 1 .353 Port Arthur 2 .40 Sioux Lookout 4 1.30 1 .56 Sudbury 3 .32 2 .22 Swastika 6 1.345 2 .51 10 1.952 White River 3 .395 1 .22 1 .24 5 .855 TOTALS 34 14.189 11 2.140 1 .24 45 12.254 1 .69 FREE GRANT LAND RETURNED SOLDIERS AND SAILORS The Fiscal Year Ending March 31st, 1966 Administrative Canellations District No. Acres Parry Sound Sault Ste Marie 2 234.00 Swastika 3 238.75 TOTALS 5 472.75 168 Patents No. Acres 2 171.00 2 171.00 FREE GRANT LAND The Fiscal Year Ending March 31st, 1966 Chapleau 2 317.50 Fort Frances 1 146.50 Kenora 2 231.50 Lake Simcoe 1 98.00 North Bay 1 120.00 Parry Sound 6 736.00 Sault Ste Marie 2 134.00 Sudbury 2 300.00 Tweed 2 200.00 TOTALS 19 2,283.50 313.50 1 90.00 3 302.00 2 280.04 2 150.00 10 1,135.54 Patents Acres LICENCES OF OCCUPATION The Fiscal Year Ending March 31st, 1966 Administrative Canellations District No. Acres No. Chapleau 4 390.393 Cochrane Fort Frances 2 3.10 Geraldton 3 661.61 Gogama Kapuskasing 1 4.05 Kemptville 2 26.45 Kenora 2 2.94 Lake Erie 5 6.242 Lake Huron 1 11.401 Lake Simcoe 11 3.719 Lindsay 2 82.60 North Bay Parry Sound 12 134.69 Pembroke Port Arthur Sault Ste Marie 1 .90 Sioux Lookout 3 2.01 Sudbury Swastika 1 4.45 Tweed 1 .27 White River 2 1.08 TOTALS 54 1,335.905 71 5,597.050 2075.93 285.621 10.816 940.11 252.70 100.00 .961 6.065 .156 83.58 75.552 123.204 6.50 948.83 128.00 9.80 436.635 1.00 111.59 169 LEASES The Fiscal Year Ending March 31st, 1966 Administrative Canellations District No. Acres Cochrane Fort Frances 1 4.20 Geraldton 1 3.235 Gogama 1 2.00 Kemptville 1 245.00 Lake Erie 44 8.3167 North Bay 2 119.774 Parry Sound 2 20.18 Pembroke 15 16.21 Sault Ste Marie 2 114.74 Sioux Lookout Kenora 2 3.44 Sudbury Swastika 1 2.068 White River 4 10.568 TOTALS 76 549.7317 Patents No. Acres 2 46 2 2 22 2 2 3 1 1 16.23 3.87 247.12 8.5934 4.48 33.78 126.478 2.96 3.41 4.70 3.43 38.00 86 493.0514 PATENT'S OFFICE Statement of Patents, Etc. Issued During the Year Ending March 31st, 1966 Public Land Patents 925 Free Grant Patents 10 Free Grant Patents Soldiers & Sailors 2 Patents (Town Lots) 46 Miscellaneous Documents 114 Release of Pine 11 1108 Crown Leases 17 Algonquin Park Leases 15 Rondeau Park Leases 44 76 Licences of Occupation 53 53 Licences of Occupation Cancelled 71 Crown Leases Cancelled 86 157 170 Z> CO CO CO H LU Q_ LU CO D Q " « e J|fc a S a _ SB "C -a Q. B <« s E o ul g C V s a, CJ go . — ° o < BC fc e " •5.8 ,—,,-, ^ r-* -H OlMrtHHrHHINH to U CO CCS CO CO to o i- w ifl Tji CM Oi 5-. T. 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CP't Cm a w X n3^3 -1 -* M ft w o3 PQPQhJOw q c o U .2 3 O d 02 "5 © o J M s e >> 1 a 09 CU w QQ 02 02 H 222 Table 4 (b) PROVINCIAL PARKS REVENUE (Miscellaneous Column) Sale of Boat Permits (Quetico) $11,905.00 Sale of Guide Licences (Quetico) 5,075.00 Sale of Wood 2,660.85 Sale of Ski-Tow Tickets (Pinery) 845.50 Sale of Buildings 2,094.25 Sale of Sanitary Supplies 101.57 Sale of Ice 231.50 Telephone Commission 249.73 Night Deposit Bag Refunds 97.25 Damage Awards 87.04 Wallet Found (NB) 6.90 D.H.O. Meals (PA) 28.80 Boat Parking (Quetico) 250.00 Selwood Salary Refund (MA) 97.43 Unknown 18.28 TOTAL $ 23,749.10 Table 5 SUMMARY OF ATTENDANCE FOR INTERPRETIVE PROGRAMMES Year Ending March 31, 1966 Algonquin Provincial Park Museum Attendance (estimated) Pioneer Logging Exhibit (estimated) Conducted Trips Labelled Trail Registration Evening Lecture Programmes Special Groups Rondeau Provincial Park Museum Registration Conducted Trips Outdoor Theatre Programmes Special Groups Sibley Provincial Park Conducted Trips Outdoor Theatre Programmes Labelled Trails Special Groups Presqu'ile Provincial Park Museum Attendance (estimated) Conducted Trips Outdoor Theatre Programmes Labelled Trail Registration Special Groups Quetico Provincial Park Museum Attendance (estimated) Conducted Trips 132 days 102 days 63 trips 5 trails 58 lectures 42 144,413 65,200 3,890 40,935 18,682 2,512 Total 275,632 100 days 47 trips 16 programmes 25 33,477 502 1,192 1,116 Total 36,287 35 trips 21 programmes 3 trails 4 441 2,661 500 156 Total 3,758 83 days 44 trips 25 programmes 2 trails 8 24,000 1,033 7,498 2,963 189 Total 35,683 76 days 16 trips 7,042 403 223 Labelled Trail Registration Outdoor Theatre Programmes Special Groups Sibbald Point Provincial Park Museum Registration Wasaga Beach Provincial Park Nancy Island Museum Registration Pinery Provincial Park Conducted Trips Outdoor Theatre Programmes Labelled Trail 4 trails 24 1 85 days 98 days Total 64 trips 21 programmes 1 trail Total 4,336 3,084 27 14,892 24,334 27,832 2,580 13,600 no record 16,180 Lake Superior Provincial Park Conducted Trips Outdoor Theatre Programmes Labelled Trail Special Groups Inverhuron Provincial Park Exhibit Centre Labelled Trail Kettle Lakes Provincial Park Labelled Trail Special Group Other Provincial Parks with Labelled Trails Lake St. Peter White Lake Peterborough Petroglyphs Kap-Kig-Iwan Killbear Rushing River Remi Lake Rainbow Falls Blacksand Macleod Five Mile Lake 5 trips 14 programmes 1 trails 3 Total 97 2,410 2,000 59 4,566 no record of attendance 1 trail 18,650 1 trail 1 one trail 816 22 Total 838 2,000 150 no record 2,000 4,112 3,000 no record 11,262 224 to on LU Z> \- u < 5 Q. < -I OO < Q. 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Executive development courses are sponsored by Personnel Branch. 228 PERSONNEL BRANCH THE Personnel Branch is composed of four sub-sections: Classification and Job Evaluation, Training and Special Assignments, Employee Relations, and Employment. The Classification and Job Evaluation Section is responsible for position administration and organization. This involves the maintenance of position specifications along with the revision and up-dating of class specifications, organization charts, and salary surveys. The Training Section is responsible for arranging special courses such as the one-week Executive Development Course, along with liaison work in screening educational leave requests through the Educational Leave Committee; liaison with the Ontario Forest Ranger School, Public Administration and other courses that may be related to the employee's job. Special assignments include the processing of grievances. The Employee Relations Section is designed to investigate all problems relating to personnel work and to improve communications between field and head office staffs. The Employment Section covers the recruitment programme. Included is the annual selection of some 1,500 Junior Forest Rangers for summer employment during July and August. Liaison is maintained with universities for hiring of professional staff. The general office section is also part of this unit, and this section maintains personnel records and attendance records, processes nominations and separations, and arranges retirements. During February, Mr. S. H. Parsons and Secretary were seconded from the Personnel Branch to research and develop an organized programme for the re- habilitation of employees having problems resulting from alcohol. This pro- gramme successfully dealt with several cases. Later in the year, Mr. Parsons was transferred to the Department of Civil Service to organize a similar programme for the Ontario Government. Mr. A. J. Herridge, Supervisor of the Silviculture Section, Timber Branch, was appointed Acting Supervisor of the Personnel Branch during Mr. Parsons' absence, and was subsequently appointed Chief following Mr. Parsons' transfer. POSITION ADMINISTRATION The classification programme continued which included identification of positions, specification production, analysis and recommendations of classes, and assignment of qualified employees to positions. Preparation of class series for foresters, biologists, and the forestry technician series are under review. Comparative studies of positions, such as chief ranger and chief ranger clerks, are proceeding. Visits to field locations also continued to advise and assist in the preparation of position specifications and organization charts. 229 PERSONNEL BRANCH ALCOHOLIC STUDY UNIT S. H C. PARSONS ACTING SUPERVISOR 1 SECRETARY A C MINNIS A J. HERRIDGE 1 EMPLOYMENT OFFICER EMPLOYEE RELATIONS OFFICER A. JACKEL CH BENNETT RECRUITMENT AND ESTABLISHMENTS ASSISTANT PERSONNEL OFFICE MANAGER B V. KERR D MAYDANIUK RECRUITMENT AND JUNIOR RANGER ASSISTANT STENO RECEPTIONIST STENO E M HAMMERSTROM M STAWIARSKI E. GRUBWIESER RECRUITMENT AND SPECIAL ASSIGN- MENTS ASSISTANT TYPIST STENO E CASSIDY E LINDHOLM S CAMERON ATTENDANCE CLERK FIELD ATTENDANCE CLERK HEAD OFFICE U. PENNELL E B. STACKHOUSE SENIOR RECORDS CLERK 0 E RHODES 1 1 1 RECORDS CLERK CLERK TYPIST C. LEWIS F. B. WOOD TRAINING AND SPECIAL ASSIGN- MENTS OFFICER CLASSIFICATION AND JOB EVALUA- TION OFFICER PERSONNEL CLASSIFICATION ASSISTANT A J BENNETT PERSONNEL CLASSIFICATION ASSISTANT E.L.W. SPENCER PERSONNEL CLASSIFICATION ASSISTANT S H SPENCER CLASSIFICATION CLERK S. WILLIAMS CLERK STENO A. MITCHELL 230 RECRUITMENT This year, centralized recruiting through the Personnel Branch was empha- sized at Universities and Ranger Schools for foresters, biologists, forestry tech- nicians and conservation officers. Interviews were held at Southern Ontario universities for foresters and biologists interested in full-time and summer positions. A representative from the Personnel Branch accompanied, where possible, staff members from Fish and Wildlife, Forest Protection, Parks, Research, and Timber Branches. Between January and March, forest ranger schools across Canada and some in the United States were contacted, and pronounced success was had in obtaining applicants from the Quebec Ranger School and Lakehead University filling many Forestry Technician vacancies. Next year interviews will be held at more universities and ranger schools to attract a greater number of graduates for employment. The job advertising programme was expanded to include more positions. Through this scheme, Department employees will have a greater chance to advance by applying in competitions. The following positions and classifications are advertised: Biologist 2 Chief Forest Ranger Clerks General 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 Clerical Stenographer 3, 4, 5 and Secretary 3, 4, 5 Clerical Typist 3, 4, and Typist 3, 4 Communications Technician 1, 2 Conservation Officer 4, 5, 6, 7 Departmental Accountant 1, 2, 3 District Accountant Fish and Wildlife Supervisor Forest Protection Supervisor Forester 2 Forestry Technician 5, 6 and 7 which includes the following positions: Parks Supervisor, Lands Supervisor, Scaling Supervisor Hatchery Manager Mechanic Foreman Regional Accounting Supervisor Safety Instruction Officer 1, 2, 3 EMPLOYEE RELATIONS One of the main objectives is to improve communications between the field and main office. During the year, most districts were visited and many employees were met both on an individual and group basis. Circulars were a common point in discussions and an explanation of the background often proved helpful. Considerable revision of circulars has taken place because of information obtained at these meetings. Hours of work and associated subjects were still active topics during the year. Two new major steps (Employees' Group Insurance Plan, Introduction of Groups 1, 2, and 3 Unclassified Staff) were introduced this year, and the section played a role in the implementation of these regulations. TRAINING ONTARIO FOREST RANGER SCHOOL Eighty-nine students graduated from the Ontario Forest Ranger School 231 Diploma Course in 1965. Of these, 82 had applied independently; five were sponsored by the External Aid Office (a division administered by the Department of State for External Affairs, Ottawa); and two were sponsored by the Department of Lands and Forests. One hundred and twenty-eight students were enrolled for the 1966 Diploma Course, still in progress. One hundred and eighteen had applied independently; five were sponsored by the Department of Lands and Forests; three by the External Aid Office; and two by the Indian Affairs Branch of the Department of Citizenship and Immigration, Ottawa. Other courses given at the Ontario Forest Ranger School were as follows: Branch Students Fish and Wildlife 26 Timber Management 18 Forest Protection 57 There were also several refresher courses given in Forest Protection. GRIEVANCES Thirty-nine employee grievances were submitted during the fiscal year. Of these, 13 were resolved by the Department or withdrawn, and 20 were still out- standing. Of these, two were heard by the Classification Rating Committee and four by the Public Service Grievance Board. Twenty-eight of the grievances were concerned with classification and 11 with working conditions and Terms of Employment. Table 1 TOTAL STAFF AS OF MARCH 31, 1966 Unclassified Regular Probationary Staff Total Head Office 586 59 45 690 Field 1695 166 940 2801 2281 225 985 3491 Total complement of regular and probationary positions as at March 31, 1966 2631 Total regular and probationary staff as at March 31, 1966 2506 Total vacancies in complement as at March 31, 1966 125 Table 2 NUMBER OF PROFESSIONAL EMPLOYEES ON STAFF AS AT MARCH 31, 1966 Foresters Biologists Civil Engineers Miscellaneous Total 222 72 7 27 328 Table 3 Number of Ontario Forest Ranger School Graduates on Staff as at March 31, 1966 925 Table 4 Number of Licsnsed Scalers on staff as at March 31, 1966 815 232 Table 5 TOTAL NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES ON STAFF FOR EACH MONTH OF THE 1965-66 FISCAL YEAR 1965 Reg. HEAD OFFICE Prob. Unclass. Total Reg. FIELD Prob. Unclass. Total Grand Total Apr. 582 57 34 673 1737 132 1588 3457 4130 May 560 65 57 682 1728 125 5391 7244 7926 June 579 63 89 731 1727 126 6346 8199 8930 July 576 69 88 733 1723 121 4675 6519 7252 Aug. 572 70 86 728 1732 122 5073 6927 7655 Sept. 569 72 46 687 1705 134 2945 4784 5471 Oct. 573 73 31 677 1692 133 1943 3768 4445 Nov. 575 70 31 676 1685 146 1169 3000 3676 Dec. 575 67 32 674 1681 148 840 2669 3343 1966 Jan. 570 65 58 693 1698 165 799 2662 3355 Feb. 587 66 43 696 1706 145 712 2563 3259 Mar. 586 59 45 690 1695 166 940 2801 3491 Average 575 66 53 695 1709 139 2702 4549 5244 Table 6 STAFF TURNOVER OF REGULAR AND PROBATIONARY EMPLOYEES DURING FISCAL YEAR 1965-66 Resigned Dismissed Retired Died Super- Transfers annuated (Intra) (Inter) Head Office Field 46 5 24 23 117 Total 134 8 3 7 29 140 3 NOTE: The staff turnover for the fiscal year was 7.2%. This is the ratio of separations to total regular and probationary staff. Table 7 NEW EMPLOYEES HIRED DURING THE FISCAL YEAR 1965-66 Male Female Total Head Office Field 38 105 30 33 68 138 Total 143 63 206 Table 8 TOTAL PERSONNEL ON STAFF Regular Probationary Unclassified March 31, 1966 2281 March 31, 1965 2309 225 985 193 625 decrease 28 increase 32 increase 360 233 U CO LU LL. CO U_ QL o D to O Q u CD u < M h LU I 6 z UJ I ^ U Q_ z o < —I LU > UJ CO _i \D VO i m t. of vil vice Q Q Z < LU Z z o g-b s Q " CO Qi LU < LU z Q- z 2 > o _l < u CO >> •w °ce E i- LU (J LL, 5 UJ > z < \- Qi < Qi CL < M \- \ 09 -ta> co Z Q LU £ o to Q Z < o CL CO s tf CD fli TO a- m'c rt.a c E w CD CO o to cd o fa IS 5 ~ CD as .&S o -o 5 SH CD o fl C a .s CD ?* 3| o c «! CD 3 Ofa o ft co o3 ,2.2 8 sit fetUu C o 3 co o| ofa a m CD CD !M O > ■~ •43 .5 3 5 CD "a X a m fa •a o CD -u -U CD CO 0 H CD be * 9 V £-1 c * H 13 - o g c CD cu CO 9 H. CI tf s sis fas« 234 0) .2 «> «m o> O.S w B -c -u B R 3

0 a 1 . -4-> •c §1 <5 co C C CJ _c 0) "C '■^ 2W 'w s o CO Oh :/-. O V co « ^ b Oh E J § 5 M — a> a> o «*H b .2 g M CJ §11 § CO V ES o T3 :js b !X U S co co B 0> vr corr B - - O M ti ►*» serf CO a B c 9 o c +2 C3 33 4j > fl W — 5 s g 5 w 3 C -C O f l T3 0) £« > s O B « cS 8.2 CO CO C co §^ o bec 0) '5 1 | 3 S c H-> to 5 C •— T| CO .id B 3 CO 3 CO c as S^2 CO 0) CO a o 0 5 c u B c 3 B bec B 0 c B 5 3 *-J O c o M B Si 'X. Q tt CO Oj o C > ?-' r3 •/. 0) 235 A tubed seedling offer planting. One inch of tube protrudes above the ground to form a shield around the seedling. -T*V Kokanee caught in South Bay, Lake Huron, 18 months after planting. 236 RESEARCH BRANCH THE functions and responsibilities of the Research Branch are to provide the management Branches of the Department with useful information, checked for reliability by experiments and tests, concerning reproduction, rates of growth, population changes, and diseases relating to forestry, fisheries and wildlife re- sources. Separate sections of the Branch work in these three major disciplines. A fourth section, Mechanical Research, develops, improves and tests equipment and instruments to meet the special needs of the Research Branch and other Branches of the Department. FORESTRY SECTION. Silviculture — studies of forest culture, growth and reproduction of the important tree species and associated vegetation. Re- search includes studies of logging effects upon forest stands; cultural herbicides and controlled fires, seeding and planting. Site Research — evaluation of soil features, climate and nutrients to determine best use, and rate of productivity. Tree Breeding — selection and breeding of forest tree strains of superior quality and resistance to disease. Reforestation (Nursery and Planting Practices) — to assist in solution of nursery problems and the planting and care of plantations. Miscellaneous — Wood Quality; Forest Mensuration, Mathematical Statistics, and Economics; White Pine Blister Rust Reconnaissance Surveys. FISHERIES SECTION. Studies to determine rates of reproduction, growth and mortality of commercial and game fish, and relation of these to environmental conditions. Great Lakes — Research Branch responsible for general research on Lakes Huron, Erie and Ontario; Fisheries Research Board of Canada for Lake Superior, as well as sea lamprey control experiment. Game Fish — Research units established for study of lake trout, speckled trout, smallmouth bass and wall- eye. Selective Breeding — to obtain brook trout-lake trout hybrid which can sur- vive in presence of sea lampreys. Miscellaneous — Lake Productivity unit to classify productive capacity on basis of chemical fertility. Parasites — to identify and assess effects. Limnology (Lake Study) unit to study physical and chemical characteristics of Great Lakes. WILDLIFE SECTION. Collects basic information and develops techniques to assist management. Big Game — white-tailed deer, moose, woodland caribou. Predators — timber wolves. Upland Game and Waterfowl — small game ani- mals, such as pheasants and rabbits. Wildlife Diseases and Parasites — identifica- tion, frequency, distribution and effects. Furbearers — habits, behaviour and environment affecting numbers of such animals such as beaver and marten. MECHANICAL SECTION. Develops, improves, and tests equipment and instruments to meet special needs of Research Branch and other Branches of Department. A few representative projects which were highlights in the 1965-66 year may be selected for comment. In 1965 an international agreement was made between Canadian and United States agencies to undertake the rehabilitation of Lake Huron by stocking with highly-selected splake hybrids rather than with lake trout. It was planned that 237 RESEARCH BRANCH CHIEF: A. P. LESLIE ADMINISTRATION Budgeting and Accounting Personnel Equipment Public Relations Library Reports FISHERIES SECTION SUPERVISOR: K. H. LOFTUS Game Fish Brook Trout Lake Trout Smallmouth Bass Walleye Great Lakes Lake Erie Lake Huron Lake Ontario Limnology Parasitology Maple Hdqtrs. Units Productivity Selective Breeding Technical Studies FORESTRY SECTION SUPERVISOR: D. H. BURTON Field Silviculture Units Mensuration, Statistics & Economics Reforestation Central Site Northern Tree Breeding South Central W. Pine Blister Rust South Eastern Wood Quality South Western WILDLIFE SECTION SUPERVISOR: R. 0. STANDFIELD Big Game Predators Diseases & Parasites Upland Game & Waterfowl Furbearers MECHANICAL SECTION ACTING SUPERVISOR: V. W. McMULLEN SPECIAL PROJECTS: A. R. FEN WICK 238 the Fisheries Section of the Research Branch would allocate highly-selected brood stock to production hatcheries in Ontario and Michigan. The first stock will be ready for planting in 1969 or 1970. In preparation for the Department's large-scale operational planting pro- gramme of tubed seedlings, commencing in 1966, the Forestry Section of the Research Branch undertook certain refinements, including: Pre-treatment of jack pine, white and black spruce seeds to promote uniform and rapid germination; regulation of watering of seedlings to produce best root growth in the tubes; fer- tility and pH (acidity level) ratings for the various Districts, and pH and texture ratings for the sand covering of seed in the tubes; improvement of the equipment and instruments designed originally as prototypes for research only. The Wildlife Research Section prepared a detailed cover-type map of the Patricia Districts north of latitude 54°. This is the first map of this kind covering this area, and will be useful for many other purposes in addition to wildlife work. FISHERIES SECTION The fisheries research programme has been developed to discover the new facts and new techniques necessary to the scientific management of the complex sport and commercial fisheries of the Province of Ontario. New problems are continually evolving, both from the recreational demands of an expanding fishing public and from the rapidly changing water environment occasioned in other ways by expanding population. Constant attention is given to the selection, from the multitude of problems facing management, of those which, when solved, will provide the greatest advantage to management throughout the Province. Adequate priority rating of research projects is possible only because of close working re- lationship between management and research staff. No new programmes were initiated in 1965-66. Some changes of emphasis, within established programs were made necessary by changes in management emphasis, by drastic changes in fish populations, and by progress in both manage- ment and research projects. Progress of research during 1965 in all established programmes was consistent with the present level of staff and facilities. Additions of facilities particularly to provide for completion of the selective breeding (Splake) research remain an urgent requirement. There is keen competition for scientific staff by universities and other research agencies at present. Great Lakes Programmes LAKE ONTARIO The whitefish fishery continued its discouraging sharp decline during 1965 and reached its lowest point since the turn of the century. There continues to be a scarcity of young, small whitefish in both commercial and experimental nets, indi- cating that reproduction has again failed. The excellent growth and apparent good health of adult whitefish in the lake, together with the fact of repeated failures in reproduction strongly suggests that the deteriorating environment may have reached a state which prohibits in some way the hatching of the eggs or survival of young. Laboratory studies are being designed to study the effects of some of these recognizable environmental factors on eggs and young of whitefish. Studies 239 are also being started on techniques for economically rearing whitefish to the year- ling stage in the event that it proves possible to sustain a fishery by planting fish of this size. The lake trout research, undertaken in cooperation with New York State, is an attempt to re-establish by hatchery plantings, a reproducing population of this species in Lake Ontario, or, failing this, to define the factors which make this im- possible. The last large-scale plantings were made in 1963 and 1964, and all efforts were directed towards assessment of the growth and survival of these planted trout. This assessment will continue until 1968 or possibly 1970, when they can be expected to mature if they have survived. Our experimental netting must be increased to provide this assessment since the whitefish fishery, which assisted us greatly in this respect, has declined. The walleye research programme has been assessing the level of exploitation of this Bay of Quinte species by both commercial fishermen and anglers. It has been clearly shown that the population was very lightly cropped by the two fish- eries combined, in both good and poor years. It was also shown that anglers ex- ploit the walleye when they are young, two and three years of age and that the harvest by commercial fishermen is of older fish. As in the case of whitefish, the walleyes too have apparently failed to reproduce successfully for several consecu- tive years now. This has meant that no new year classes of walleyes are growing into the two and three year age and size at which they are available to sportsmen, and angling has been of poor quality. This failure in reproduction has occurred in spite of very low exploitation and must therefore be attributed to deterioration of the environment. Bay of Quinte waters are being enriched at a very rapid rate according to data provided by our Limnological research unit. The American eel has been a small but stable resource for the commercial fishery for a number of years. Its recent increased market value has made it more important. A study was initiated some four years ago to determine the effect, if any, of the St. Lawrence Seaway installations on the size of the population in Lake Ontario. It seems logical that these barriers might reduce the number of elvers reaching Lake Ontario from the sea, and also that the number of adult eel passing down the St. Lawrence might be reduced. The next stage of this research plans the capture of several thousand elvers from below the barriers where they accumu^ late in early summer, and their release, marked, above the barriers. This should be done for four years, and the resultant population levels in Lake Ontario assessed for comparison with the levels now in existence. The second in the series of four plantings of kokanee was made during the winter and early spring. These plantings are an attempt to introduce this salmon species to Lake Ontario as a new sport and commercial species. The species was selected because, theoretically at least, it is expected to live in the rich open waters of Lake Ontario which do not now produce any appreciable poundage of valuable fish. Attempts to capture young-of-the-year kokanee from the first planting during the open water season of 1965 were unsuccessful. Though this was disappointing it was not altogether surprising in view of the small number per acre planted, and in view of our inexperience at fishing for small fish at mid-water depths. A number of smaller projects dealing with white perch, smelt and other species was continued. LAKE ERIE Smelt and yellow perch populations continued to provide the major exploita- tion resources of Lake Erie during 1965. The continued low level of the walleye 240 population in recent years suggests that this may be the next traditionally important species to follow the ciscoes, whitefish and blue pike to virtual elimination in the rapidly changing environment of Lake Erie. Periodic successful reproduction and a high level of abundance of walleyes in neighboring Lake St. Clair leave some hope if successful management of a major research programme could be quickly launched. The present lack of information on walleyes has contributed to con- troversy, not only between fishermen and the Department, but also between con- servation agencies. Our present small research program is concentrated on one of the presently important species, smelt. Studies of the many smelt spawning populations over the past several years have shown that they are all essentially the same. Size, age, sex ratio and electro- phoretic (blood chemistry) analyses have shown no important differences. This sameness means that smelt can be managed as a single population in Lake Erie. This is in contrast with, for example, lake trout in Lake Superior and whitefish in Lake Huron where a number of discrete populations, requiring different man- agement techniques, have been demonstrated. Studies of the food of smelt have not confirmed our suspicion that cannibal- ism might be the explanation for the alternate strong and weak year classes of smelt which cause fluctuations in the numbers available to fishermen. The diet of yellow perch is being closely examined now. A study of the distribution of smelt in Lake Erie was completed during 1965 and the published report has proven to be of value to both management and industry. As time permits, the yellow perch data which has been accumulated during net-run sampling is being analyzed with respect to year class dominance. The de- velopment of index stations which will, we hope, provide data basic to predictions of fishing conditions for important species two or three years hence is proceeding. This project seems of particular importance in the rapidly changing Lake Erie situation. LAKE HURON The research programme on Lake Huron was established in the late 1940s when the native lake trout population was disappearing. Study by our research staff of that disappearance, and of the subsequent disappearance of artificial (planted) lake trout populations, clearly demonstrated that the sea lamprey was the principal cause of the decline. This research provided the basis on which the international program of sea lamprey control has been erected. Since that time, the mid-1950s, the most important species in the lake has been whitefish and our research has been concentrated on this species. Of principal concern is the wide variation in year class success which causes fluctuations of abundance from year to year. The several discrete whitefish populations which have been discov- ered in Lake Huron have been followed closely in hopes of discovering the causes of these fluctuations. Southern Georgian Bay provides a home for one of these separate populations and a study of this population was completed in 1965 and published in the Journal of Fisheries Research Board of Canada. This study showed that exploitation has been relatively high over the past decade and sug- gested that management should not increase the present level of harvest. In South Bay favourable progress is being made in studies of very young whitefish about which little is known at present. It is thought that year class strength may become established during the spawning or hatching period, or during the first season after 241 hatching. It seems important, therefore, to pursue these studies to learn where these young fish are, how they live, and what factors in their environment work to reduce their numbers. Further studies on the growth, distribution and survival of partially selected splake hybrids were made in South Bay and in northern Lake Huron as part of the preparation for the rehabilitation programme using this new fish. The second planting of kokanee was made in Lake Huron and the scientists were occupied with developing new fishing techniques to allow early assessment of the success of these plantings. A section appearing later reports more fully on this project. LAKE SUPERIOR The research programme on Lake Superior, under the terms of the present Federal-Provincial agreement, is a Federal responsibility. Preliminary negotiations to develop a new agreement to meet changing conditions proceeded during 1965. It is expected that the Fisheries Section will resume responsibility for the Lake Superior programme under the revised agreement. In the sea lamprey control experiment, the second cycle of stream treatments was completed on Lake Superior and it is expected that the programme will be- come a management responsibility as control is initiated on Lake Huron in 1966. Assessment of the effectiveness of control and of the lake trout planting programme in rehabilitating Lake Superior will continue for a number of years. During 1965 there was further evidence that both native and planted stocks of lake trout were continuing to improve. A limited commercial fishery was again allowed on the off-shore populations. KOKANEE In 1964, the Research Branch, after study of available information, recom- mended an experiment to introduce kokanee, a land-locked variety of sockeye salmon to the Great Lakes. Lakes Huron and Ontario were chosen as sites for the experiment because they appeared suitable in most respects environmentally, and because of the depressed state of their commercial and sport fisheries. Four annual plantings of kokanee were planned, and the first of these, involving a total of three million eggs, was made in the winter of 1964-65 and during the spring of 1965. Assessment work during the summer and fall produced encouraging results, particularly in South Bay, Lake Huron, where the highest concentration of eggs was planted. Good growth and survival were recorded. The second planting, again of three million eggs, was made in the winter of 1965 and the spring of 1966, and preparations were made for an intensified assessment pro- gramme. Preliminary investigations were undertaken of the possible arrange- ments for an increased supply of eggs, with a view to increasing stocking density. The results of this work to date have been so encouraging that the formation of a separate research unit has been recommended for the additional effort required to assure success. SPLAKE The selective breeding research programme has been concentrating its efforts since 1957 on the development of a hybrid selected in such a way as to fit the environment formerly occupied by the lake trout in the Great Lakes and selected also to enable it to reproduce in spite of the presence of some sea lampreys. 242 In the fall of 1965 the first small number of splake, adequately selected in these respects were produced at the Southern Research Station, Maple. Additional numbers and year classes are in culture and will come through the selection pro- cedures during 1966 and subsequent years, provided that adequate physical facili- ties are made available. Agreement was reached with U.S. agencies to undertake the rehabilitation programme in Lake Huron using the highly developed splake rather than lake trout. This agreement provides the opportunity to undertake the final test of splake. They will be planted on a large scale and we shall then learn whether or not they indeed do behave as we have planned, and whether or not they will reproduce successfully. All signs point to success in this bold experi- ment, and if it is achieved it will prove a major advantage economically to the Department and to the fishermen. Plans were made to share our present stock of highly selected splake with U.S. agencies. These fish are the first installment of brood stock to be reared in management hatcheries to maturity for the production of large numbers (2-3 million annually) for planting in Lake Huron. Large scale plantings should be possible in 1969 or 1970, at which time we expect sea lamprey control to be effective in Lake Huron. Game Fish Programmes HARKNESS LABORATORY The Harkness Laboratory in Algonquin Park was operated again in 1965 in accordance with the terms of the agreement between the Department of Lands and Forests and the University of Toronto. The Fisheries Section makes much greater use of the facilities than the University. During 1965 they were used by scientists from our Brook Trout, Lake Trout, Limnology, Parasitology, Selective Breeding and Productivity research units. Staff and graduate students from the University of Toronto and staff of the Ontario Research Foundation also based field studies at the Laboratory. A history of the Laboratory covering staff and projects since its establishment in the 1930 decade was completed during 1965 and should be published soon. LAKE TROUT Lake trout studies gave emphasis to the analysis of accumulated data in order that future field projects be properly oriented. One analysis completed a project dealing with the differences in lake trout populations associated with differences in feeding habits. The lake trout which feed on plankton during the summer months were found to be different in many respects from those which feed on fish throughout the year. Some of these differences require quite different manage- ment techniques. BROOK TROUT Brook trout research continued to emphasize stocking rate studies. Some fifteen lakes, representing a cross section of brook trout waters, are involved in this project. The first experimental plantings, at different densities were made in 1962, assessment of growth and survival being completed in 1963 and 1964. Replicate experimental plantings made in 1964 were assessed in 1965. In general it is apparent that a much greater return to the angler is realized from plantings of 243 brook trout when no other fish are present in the lake. Brook trout are highly vulnerable to competition by most other fish species, particularly by white suckers, perch and rock bass. Other projects of the Brook Trout unit during 1965 continued the attempt to develop a classification for brook trout waters across the province, and to explore the potential role of fish toxicants in brook trout manage- ment. SMALLMOUTH BASS Smallmouth bass research continued to search for the explanation of the relationship between average summer temperatures and bass year class strength. In northern Ontario particularly warm summers consistently produce strong bass year classes, and good bass angling three or four years later. It is important to understand how this relationship operates in order to extend the range of appli- cation of the principle across the Province. A study of the value of bass fingerling stocking practices, in terms of angling benefits, is under way and will be completed in these years. A new project to determine the sub-lethal effects of pollutants, such as detergents, on bass was initiated during 1965. It is hoped that this project will prepare the ground and develop some of the techniques necessary for a major research programme in this field dealing with a number of our more important fish species. Even low levels of detergent in the water were found to impair the swimming ability of young bass. WALLEYE Walleye research is being directed away from the traditional "population" approach and is concentrating on a basic study of walleye ecology using the direct observation made possible by gear. It has already been found that light plays a dominant role, even over water temperature, in determining walleye movement and behaviour. They are found in different places and act quite differently on bright days as opposed to cloudy days. Time of day and wind, with their relation- ship to light penetration also affect distribution and behaviour. In this study some 800 walleyes were tagged with special tags which allowed identification of individuals under water. A study of the Nipigon Bay walleye population was completed during 1965. It was demonstrated that the recent disappearance of this population was not caused by fishery pressure or by the sea lamprey. Other Research Programmes LIMNOLOGY The limnology research group continued to coordinate the limnological data collections required by the several fisheries oriented research units. In addition, a study of the thermal regime of South Bay was completed. This study has provided a detailed description of the changes of temperature with depth and with season for South Bay, which will be helpful to a number of fisheries research projects in that area. A study of the zooplankton of South Bay was initiated. In Lake Ontario a survey of the phytoplankton was completed in the Bay of Quinte. Analysis has demonstrated the rapid rate at which this part of the lake is being changed by man. The change is alarmingly fast and detrimental effects on traditional fish species are already being observed. 244 PARASITOLOGY Fish parasites, and their effect on the abundance of important fish are being studied by one scientist. The current phase of this programme is one of surveying the parasites which occur throughout Ontario by examining specimens submitted by the general public and specimens collected by research and management units across the Province during field operations. LAKE PRODUCTIVITY The research programme dealing with lake productivity was authorized in 1964 but full-time staffing was not possible until 1965. Nevertheless, an analysis of data, accumulated up to 1965 provided an excellent first step towards a system of classifying lakes in terms of their capacity to produce pounds of fish. A journal paper entitled "A method of estimating the potential fish production of North Temperate Lakes" was issued and has attracted favourable comment from a number of countries. The basis for the method is a combined expression of measurements of average depth and total dissolved solids. If the method is found applicable to a broader range of Ontario lakes (34 lakes were used in the first analysis), it will be a cheap and very useful tool in fisheries management. Administrative Duties The headquarters staff performed administrative duties, ensured coordination between the several research units of the Section and encouraged coordination between the Section and other research agencies in Ontario and other countries. This function greatly increases the effective amount of research effort applied to fisheries in Ontario beyond that amount actually undertaken by the Province. Staff again participated in the programme of the Great Lakes Fishery Commission, particularly the sea lamprey control programme. FORESTRY SECTION The forestry research programme is integrated between six units with head- quarters at the Southern Research Station, Maple, and five units located in the major forest regions of the Province. The programme is described under Tree Breeding, Site, Reforestation, Wood Quality, White Pine Blister Rust, Mensuration, Statistics and Economics, and the regional silvicultural research units: Northern, Central, South Central, Southwestern and Southeastern. Tree Breeding The long-term projects on white pine, aspen-poplars and hard pines were continued. Controlled pollinations with spruce, started in the previous year, also continued. WHITE PINE Resistance to blister rust and weevil and satisfactory growth form and growth rate were the main objectives. 245 This programme has been undertaken at Maple for the past 20 years. Most of the breeding work to obtain resistance to rust is carried out on screened grafts and on seedlings that are just beginning to flower. One difficulty, still to be over- come, is the scarcity of male flowers on such materials and thus scarcity of pollen for work within advanced generations. It has now been established with reason- able certainty that resistance to blister rust in white pine is inherited as a polygenic character and the work is carried out with this as a working hypothesis. The inclusion of exotic materials with high inherent resistance, such as selected clones of Pinus peuce and P. griffithii in the tree breeding programme has in several cases resulted in marked increases in the proportion of resistant seed- lings. However, it is still unknown how such hybrid material will perform under forest conditions. One shortcut that appears promising is the propagation of resistant seedlings by means of stem cuttings. Seeds have recently been collected in plus stands of white pine and seedlings subjected to mass screening for resistance. Breeding for resistance to weevil is progressing, in conjunction with the white pine breeding programme. In an area of heavy weevil population, scions of selected white pine materials are top-grafted on to young planted white pine, together with scions from heavily weeviled controls. The results are quite en- couraging but mass selection will remain too slow until sufficient resistant material is available to establish fairly large plantations in areas with heavy weeviling. ASPEN-POPLARS The production of aspen-like hybrids suitable for growing in southern Ontario continued to be the chief aim of this project. The long-standing problem of developing an aspen hybrid with good rooting ability has been solved; results are now satisfactory. The best crosses resulting are being tested for other characteristics required. The new tube, produced by the Research Branch, was used to great advantage in germinating and growing aspen-poplar from seed. The growth was much greater than previous production in seed beds. HARD PINES The development of new types resistant to the pine shoot moth and superior in growth form and growth rate, continued to be the aim of this project. Crosses were made of red pines to look for effects of different parents. One of the crosses was made from material from fertilized plots to find out whether larger seeds were produced and what might be the effect on progeny. A basic study of the effects of inbreeding jack pine was continued. Five-year- old seedlings obtained from self-pollinated jack pine trees grew slower than seed- lings obtained from mixed pollen on the same parent trees. A substantially greater crop of female flowers was produced on the seedlings originating from mixed pollen. SPRUCE Controlled pollinations with black spruce, white spruce and several exotic species, started in 1964, were continued. The purpose is to determine the genetic variability of the native spruce species, the genetic relationship of native and exotic species, and the value of certain spruce hybrids. 246 In one phase of this work, the seedling growth of black spruce originating from specific stands was analysed to determine the genetic effects of ecotypes. Site Research Site research is the study of the productivity of land. Knowledge pertaining to the relationships between soils, climates and crops is organized in a classification system adaptable to various kinds of management of renewable natural resources in Ontario. The forest is the major crop considered, but the classification system also provides a biological basis for rating the potential of land for wildlife, agri- culture and recreation. The research programme is divided into three parts: Regional Site Research, Factorial Site Research and Land Productivity Research. REGIONAL SITE RESEARCH Regional Site Research is the study of the variations in the relationships between soil, climate and forests from place to place, and evaluates the significance of each combination of factors on crop production and management. In the year under review, the field work for establishing landscape units in Northwestern Ontario west of the 86th meridian and south of the 50° 30' parallel of latitude was completed this year. Volume 1 of Forest Sites of Site Regions 5S and 4S was published and Volume 2 was prepared for publication by one of the Site staff. Two maps of the surface geology of this area prepared by him were published. The completion of reports for Region 3W and the establishment of reference areas in this region will be postponed owing to his resignation in September, 1965. Another Site researcher prepared two maps, showing the distribution of parent geological materials in Northeastern Ontario between the 46th and 50 parallel of latitude. In southern Ontario the physiographic sites of the Algonquin Uplands were mapped in greater detail than on a previous reconnaissance survey. FACTORIAL SITE RESEARCH Factorial Site Research is the study of individual site factors and their role in the productivity of common sites in Ontario. Soil nutrients and soil moisture are under investigation at present. As part of the overall programme concerned with moisture as a site factor of major significance, work continued in the quantitative study of soil moisture deficits, their amelioration through thinning and irrigation and their influence on tree growth. This work was a continuation of the study started in a red pine plantation in Essa township last year. Although this study has not been completed yet, a preliminary analysis suggests that the irrigation was particularly effective during the period of rapid diameter growth (late June-early July), but did not prolong the period of diameter growth in the late summer. The final analysis of data will be made after growth has been recorded for a third season. A new experiment, in co-operation with the Reforestation Unit, to determine the influence of various levels of moisture supply on the growth of red pine, white spruce and larch seedlings in nursery seedbeds was initiated in a growth chamber during the winter. This experiment saw the use of a pressure bomb, built by the 247 Mechanical Section from plans published by other workers, for the direct deter- mination of negative sap pressures (moisture stress) in the seedlings. The introduction of this equipment promises to be of considerable value to the Ontario programme of studies in water-tree growth relations. In the soil nutrient work, much of the effort in the past year was devoted to the preparation of two papers summarizing investigations over the previous decade concerning the calcium release from parent soil materials. In addition, laboratory work was done for a variety of projects, such as: — Chemical and physical analyses of a number of soil samples from various sites for the Northeastern Forest Soils Conference. — pH (acidity scale) ratings of soil samples required by a number of Districts for their tubed seedling programme. — Chemical and physical analyses of a number of soils for the Reforestation Research Unit. — Routine analyses were continued to provide additional quantitative data for the Site Research programme in general. LAND PRODUCTIVITY RESEARCH The objective of land productivity research is to rate the potential of physio- graphic land classes for various uses, such as the production of farm, timber and wildlife crops and for recreational activities. This was the field of greatest activity of the members of the Site Unit during 1965-66. Much of the work was carried on in cooperation with the Canada Land Inventory Program under ARDA (Agricultural Rehabilitation and Development Act). Accordingly this programme has dual objectives, (i) the provision of infor- mation for the land resource managers practising in Ontario, (ii) establishing principles and methods for obtaining statistical data, such as the location and acreages of land classes of varying potential for forestry, wildlife and recreation. Seven classes are established independently for each type of land use. Two systems are used, one to meet the requirements of the resource managers of Ontario and the second to meet the more general requirements of a nation-wide inventory. Measurements of forest growth on specific physiographic site continued in Southern and Northeastern Ontario. One of the Site staff spent most of the field season measuring tolerant hardwood plots in Site Region 6E and in classifying sites for the ARDA project in which Professor D. Love is directing a study of economic production of red pine, white spruce and hard maple in southern Ontario. Prof. Love and a Site member prepared a manuscript report of their joint findings. The leader of the Site Unit spent a considerable portion of the field season in directing a pilot study to determine the significant physiographic features defining the various levels of capability of shoreland, water, marsh and upland units for specific types of recreation such as: (i) Family bathing and group camping (ii) Swimming, boating and other deep shore water activities (iii) Lodging (cottages, lodges, etc.) (iv) Viewing (v) Skiing (vi) Hunting This work was summarized in two reports entitled "Definition of Capability Classes and Benchmark Sites for the Recreational Land Inventory" and "Ranking the Recreational Potential of Land Units by Gradient Analysis" which have been prepared in mimeographed form. 248 The Site leader also continued research in the principles and methods of establishing significant relationships between physiographic site, specific vegetative cover types and wildlife production. A paper entitled "The Use of Physiographically Defined Land Units to Rate the Potential of Land for Wildlife Production" has been prepared. MISCELLANEOUS The Site Unit was host to the 1965 meeting of The Northeastern Forest Soils Conference, held near Orillia, Ontario. The theme of the meeting was 'Evaluating the Productivity of Forest Land'. Participants included soil specialists and forest ecologists from all the eastern provinces of Canada and from the States of North Eastern United States. Members of the Site Unit also attended a meeting of the National Advisory Committee on Forest Lands, Ottawa, Jan. 1966. (The leader of the Site Unit is the official delegate of the Ontario Department of Lands and Forests.) Reforestation The purpose of projects in reforestation research is to assist management in developing improved methods of artificial regeneration. Studies are made of both practical and theoretical problems that arise in field operations. NURSERY OPERATIONS AND PLANTING The chief concern in nursery production is to supply quality stock, which is determined by success after planting. In the 1964-65 year a study was started on the relationship between nursery fertility and planting site fertility. The idea is no longer held valid that trees grown in high-fertility nursery beds have the best chance of success on planting sites of both low and high fertility. Research plots have been established at several nurseries to ascertain the best levels of fertility in nurseries for different levels in proposed planting sites. In the past year, greenhouse and field experiments were started to determine if there is an advantage, at the time of shipping nursery stock, of dipping roots of trees in a clay, or clay and fertilizer, solution. Additional experiment plots were established to study the effects of removal of competition by cultivation after planting on the growth of some species. This project also involves adjustment of soil acidity levels and application of fertilizers to obtain optimum growth conditions. Results of some of the long-term projects have shown the need for apprecia- tion of technical detail in planting procedures. For example, it was found that the growth rate of jack pine was depressed by as much as 10 percent, for over 15 years, by planting too late in the spring. Root pruning in the nursery was found to be of benefit only to some species and under some conditions, and to have long-reaching depressing effects on growth if done incorrectly. The use of fertilizers to improve growth in nurseries is of wide interest. Studies in the nursery are aimed at finding limitations in the amount of stimulation of growth that can be safely used before the trees are planted out. FROST AND DROUGHT STUDIES Frost after planting has been one of the most important factors in causing damage or mortality. Visible damage is often widespread. Study of frost damage 249 began with methods of identification and description. In 1964-65, the work pro- gressed to study of the effects of frost on internal wood structure and the peculiar formations of annual rings affected by temperature excesses. This was followed by studies of differences between Ontario tree species for resistance. Research in this branch of tree physiology requires equipment construction and modification with adjustment to a fine degree of accuracy. The effects of frost have been found similar in some respects to effects of drought and this year study has begun of the structure and growth differences caused by these factors on several native species. FOREST FERTILIZATION The application of various kinds and amounts of fertilizer to plantations is under test. Encouraging results are being obtained and increases in growth of up to 27 per cent is indicated in one test lasting five years. Wood Quality The purpose of the wood quality studies is to obtain an understanding of the specific physical and chemical characteristics which provide the basis for the pre- ference of forest industry for certain wood species. High yields of uniform quality at low cost is the timber production goal. In 1962 a Wood Quality Unit was established in the Research Branch and the Ontario Research Foundation receives an annual grant from the Department for making pulping and other tests of wood samples provided them. During the 1965-66 year, a better understanding was gained of the variation in structure of the wood of black spruce as it affects paper quality. Further emphasis was given to the assessment of wood density in individual trees. Having obtained an indication of total bole density by the measurement of 20% of the total bole volume, an estimate of mean bole density was investigated from diameter core samples, and gave encouraging results. Vertification of the preliminary estimates was planned for 1966 in which groups of 20 trees would be destructively sampled with one disc being taken from each 10% height level. The four major lowland site classes will be sampled in Cochrane District and two or more upland site classes sampled in Geraldton District. Measurements from this larger group of trees would permit suitable regression analysis for an estimation to be made of the density of a standing tree from one or more core samples taken from the lower bole. A power borer was designed and constructed by the Mechanical Section to obtain a 3A inch diameter core from trees up to 12 inches in diameter. This machine penetrates and cuts cores at the rate of one inch per minute, and can be used at any level on the tree bole. In addition to the calculation of tree density from core samples, it should be possible to develop estimates of the anatomical properties and pulping capability of standing trees. The Ontario Research Foundation has completed a test to validate the use of small chips (lcmxlcmx'/s in.) in pulping. The Ontario Research Foundation has also completed a series of tests com- paring plantation grown black spruce and slower grown trees from natural forests. Their results indicate a marked superiority in paper strength (burst and tear) from outerwood or older wood compared to corewood or younger wood of the trees. An hypothesis was developed that differences in paper strength properties from black spruce were associated mainly with fibre length rather than percent latewood or specific gravity. 250 White Pine Blister Rust Reconnaissance surveys and associated research are conducted annually by the Research Branch, in co-operation with the Forest Protection Branch and the Forest Districts which are within the range of white pine in Ontario. The current programme includes: 1. The blister rust reconnaissance programme designed to document and elucidate blister rust epidemic in Ontario. 2. Investigation of the effects of fire on the development of blister rust in the forest, specifically for the purpose of accommodating white pine planting to best advantage. 3. Evaluation of risk and damage accrual to facilitate current choice of silvicultural and management alternatives, e.g. selection of species, protection, salvage, etc. In 1965, work was done in the Parry Sound, Sudbury and Sault Ste. Marie Districts. A manuscript of a report was completed on examinations and re- examinations in various localities in these districts, including tables showing incidence of infection in mature natural forests and young planted stands. Mensuration, Statistics, and Economics The work of three Units is integrated to provide a service which assures dependability of results and uses time of staff efficiently. FOREST MENSURATION Yield from Forest Land. Records of red pine growth, mortality and thinnings, taken from permanent sample plots in County Forests, were analyzed. Total volumes and periodic increments were determined to establish rates of growth and patterns of stand development in plantations thinned to prescribed densities. This key information was used on an ARDA-sponsored study of forest productivity carried out by University of Toronto and Research Branch staff. Preliminary steps were outlined for the continuous maintenance of permanent sample plots, including methodical storage and analysis of data obtained from them. Data from which British yield tables were made were organized for further study of the multiple relationships between factors influencing plantation yields. Construction of Volume Tables. A computer programme for the preparation of standard volume tables, made two years ago in conjunction with the University of Toronto, was expanded to work out volumes according to eight log rules or scaling methods. It was modified to handle measurement data from 23,000 sample trees of all available species. Some 75 tables were produced for the northern Ontario pulp species such as spruce, jack pine and poplar, using a variety of merchantable limits and age or regional groupings. Volumes interpolated from the standard tables were used in estimating the quantity of timber to be cut on several commercial operations. MATHEMATICAL STATISTICS Services to Timber Sales (Timber Branch). A system has been developed for computing the net merchantable volumes in cubic feet obtained by licensees on operations involving tree-length logging and variable-length slashing for sawmills. This system was designed to give accurate estimates of total net-merchantable 251 volume for each species in any such operation in which a sample of approximately 500 stems were scaled per species. Such estimates usually have been well within 1% of volume determinations made on the same operations by other methods. During 1965-66, the system was expanded to include: board-foot volumes for sawmills; fixed-length slashing for pulpmills; and combined utilization such as of poles and logs sold at different stumpage rates. The system was used in more than 30 operations in 10 of the northern districts. Also, other systems were developed for the sample scaling of pulpwood which must be cube-scaled in skidways. Services to Forest Resources Inventory. This unit has been co-operating with Forest Resources Inventory in the design and development of a new sampling system to increase the accuracy of volume determinations in standing timber and, further, to estimate the proportions of trees of different qualities in each stand. Services to Silviculture Section (Timber Branch). In co-operation with Silviculture Section, a sampling plan has been worked out to permit adequate assessment of planting survival of tubelings and nursery stock. The establishment and assessment forms for data collection, which were developed and have been sent to the districts, represent a compromise between the need by the Timber Branch to know what losses occurred where, and the need by Research to know what caused such losses. Services to ARDA. This unit participated in collecting, preparing, and providing computer programmes for analyzing the data used in a report by D. V. Love and J. R. M. Williams entitled "The Economics of Plantation Forestry in Southern Ontario", to be published in 1966. Services to Research Branch. These services have included consultations on and participation in, planning, designing, analyzing, and interpreting the results obtained from experiments as well as from collections of data by numerous investigators in the Forestry, Wildlife, and Fisheries Sections. A wide variety of analytical methods and techniques is made available, such as orthogonal analyses of variance and covariance, non-parametric tests without orthonogality, and discriminant analyses. FORESTRY ECONOMICS The forestry economist in the Research Branch assisted Prof. D. V. Love in a study of the economics of intensive forestry in southern Ontario, conducted under the auspices of the Agricultural Rehabilitation and Development Act. Basic growth data were collected in plantation-grown red pine and white spruce. Growth measurements were made in vigorous, naturally grown hardwood stands. A report on this work will be prepared by Prof. D. V. Love, the director of this project. The forestry economist co-operated with the research workers of the South- western Region on the establishment of fast growing hardwood species, specifically in relation to eastern cotton wood. In co-operation with the Forest Mensuration Unit of the Research Branch, a joint plan was prepared to regulate the handling of permanent sample plot data to facilitate their widest possible dissemination and use. The performance of a newly designed pruning machine was investigated. Certain particulars concerning the efficiency of this machine were presented at the Conference on Artificial Regeneration in Ontario held in Richmond Hill. 252 Northern Unit The former Mid- Western and Northern units are joined for the present, with headquarters at Port Arthur. The studies of the silvicultural characteristics of the main species in northern Ontario were continued in 1965-66. The work is described below under Northwestern Ontario and Northeastern Ontario. NORTHWESTERN ONTARIO In 1965-66 emphasis was placed on a study of methods to obtain natural regeneration, on comparative growth rates of species, and on several projects relating to artificial regeneration. Much time was spent during the year on the establishment of a new research headquarters at Port Arthur which now provides good office, laboratory and greenhouse facilities. Natural Regeneration. Studies were pursued of the effects on regeneration of mechanical scarification before logging and of the scarification effects following mechanical logging on 1,000 quadrats established in 1960 in a 50-acre experi- mental block in the Caramat area. This study included also the effects of leaving seed trees in a mixed white spruce-balsam fir cut-over (with the object of favouring spruce). Growth Study. The study was continued to compare the growth rate of white spruce and balsam fir growing in mixture on upland sites. On these sites white spruce has grown faster than balsam fir. This appears to refute the idea that balsam always grows faster than spruce. In 1965 one hundred samples of older regeneration were added to provide an adequate statistical base. Artificial Regeneration. A re-examination was made of three seeding trials established in 1959-60. Two studies were made in co-operation with the Thunder Bay nursery, one of summer planting of white spruce and the other on germination problems of black spruce. NORTHEASTERN ONTARIO Forest research has been concerned for a number of years with the failure of black spruce to regenerate and grow subsequently at a sufficiently rapid rate on lowland sites. There has been a progressive degradation of sites following cutting and there has been a continuous study made on a number of permanent sample plots, established in the early 1920's on the lowland sites of the Cochrane Clay Belt. The purpose of the study is to find out why and how this degradation takes place, and, if possible, suggest measures to overcome it. It has been found that the removal of the merchantable-size black spruce in logging operations is followed by a considerable rise in the water table resulting in much more rapid growth of sphagnum moss. Successive layering of the moss has created a condition which eliminates germination of the spruce and causes a marked retardation in the advance growth left after logging. Experiments in drainage, initiated in 1930, were continued in 1965. In addition, a number of experiments have been undertaken, commencing in 1963, to determine the correlation between poor drainage and the undesirable growth of sphagnum moss, as well as the effect of this on spruce and balsam fir regeneration. 253 Central Unit The research work includes growth studies of commercial species in the central portion of Ontario. The main study at the present time is on the usefulness of red spruce to improve the quality and value of the cut-over hardwood stands. All spruces are receiving attention in this work. Laboratory and field studies are being made of the ecology of spruce species, and the racial variation of the spruce genus in relation to growth and relative efficiency in nutrient uptakes. Particular attention is being given to red spruce, which has characteristics which make it very useful in improving the productivity of derelict tolerant hard- wood and mixed-wood stands. The study is designed to measure growth and productivity of red spruce in pure and mixed stands on all physiographic sites across its range in Ontario. Some emphasis was given in 1965 to a comparison of white and black spruce where these species occurred on the same sites as red spruce. In addition, studies were continued on the effect of prescribed burning and mechanical scarification on nutrient release in the soil and uptake of these nutrients on the growth of tree seedlings on different landtypes. South Central Unit The objective of this Unit is to provide information for the management of the important commercial tree species that occur in this region — sugar maple, yellow birch, red and white pine. Work is done on problems of regeneration, growth and quality of these species. STAND CONVERSION — TOLERANT HARDWOOD TO MIXEDWOOD A trial was established to study and demonstrate the effectiveness of using prescribed burning in the preparation of an area for planting coniferous species. A block of low-quality hardwoods growing on a shallow soil was treated in the fall of 1963 and in the fall of 1964 by burning the fallen leaves. This greatly reduced the numbers of hardwood seedlings and saplings which normally interfere with the growth of planted trees. Leaving the better quality immature trees, the stand was cut to recover merchantable logs from the mature and poor-quality trees. The openings thus created were planted, according to local soil conditions, with white pine, red pine, white spruce, basswood and sown with acorns of red oak. Additional felling of low quality trees was done to provide better light conditions for the planted stock. STAND IMPROVEMENT — TOLERANT HARDWOODS Detailed information on stand structure and tree quality was obtained from five, twenty-acre blocks of hardwoods which had been lightly cut some forty years previously. This information was used to prepare a plan for improvement cutting trials to be carried out in co-operation with the Timber Branch. A computer programme was prepared by the Mathematics Unit and was used to facilitate compilation in this project. The use of this programme for similar projects in the future will be of great advantage. 254 Trees were marked for felling or girdling and merchantable logs were salvaged on 95 acres of licensed land. TUBED SEEDLINGS The research aspects of the tubed seedling programme are under the direction of the South Central Unit Leader. Tests were conducted jointly by the South Central Unit and Maple headquarters to gain further experience in handling and treating seed. This research was in preparation for the operational planting programme to commence in 1966. Southwestern Unit Forest research in Southwestern Ontario aims primarily to solve plantation and woodlot management problems on privately owned land in the region. Much of the forest land which is capable of high productivity has been mis- managed in the past by most landowners and is in derelict condition, the forest composition being of inferior species and poor quality trees of valuable species. The problem has been compounded by the heavy mortality in elm from the Dutch elm disease. In the past year, particular attention was given to the propagation and cultural treatment of silver maple and eastern cottonwood to replace elm. Work included: 1. Advanced thinning studies of stands of coppice origin. 2. Establishment of silver maple and eastern cottonwood under a variety of site conditions. 3. Selection of high quality phenotypes (superior specimens). 4. Asexual propagation of selected phenotypes by budding, layering and rooting of cuttings. 5. Seasonal growth studies of silver maple and correlation of growth with a variety of site factors (temperature, precipitation, flooding, defoliation, etc.). Silvicultural studies of other species included: 1. Effects of thinning of various intensities on the development of hard maple stands, including volume increment, quality improvement, effect on associated species such as basswood and ash, and regeneration. 2. Establishment of red oak and basswood planted in combination with hybrid poplar. 3. Replenishment of thinned hard maple - ash - basswood woodlots with nursery-grown basswood stock. 4. Assessment of growth and development in woodlots and plantations by periodic measurement of permanent sample plots established on a variety of sites. 5. Assessment of the effects of pruning and spacing of red pine on dry, sandy sites. Studies were continued on the use of herbicides and sterilants to retard competition and improve composition. Work in 1965-66 included: 1. Advanced application of the basal bark treatment of 2,4,5-T in thinning silver maple stands. 255 2. Application of Dybar granular soil sterilant to clear planting sites of undesirable scrub trees and shrubs. Sap and syrup studies were continued. In the past year, particular attention was given to the investigation of sap concentrations and syrup quality of five maple species. Examinations were made to determine relations of site, thinning and genetic differences. Southeastern Unit The Southeastern Unit is primarily concerned with the ecology of the tolerant hardwood association, especially with the treatment of cut-over stands to improve the quality of growing stock. The principal projects are prescribed burning and the silvics of basswood. PRESCRIBED BURNING The purpose of this project is to determine the effects of burning on hardwood regeneration and subsequent growth, related especially to yellow birch and hard maple. Reduction of competition and seed-bed preparation are intended to produce the desired results. Experiments in several areas during the past few years are revealing the advantages and disadvantages between spring and fall burns, the number of repetitions necessary and the length of time required for reaction. In one study area, planned for five successive fall fires, the 1965 burn was not completed because of the weather conditions. In addition, a spring burn scheduled for 1965 was not made because of insufficient fuel. In this case, previous fires had reduced the litter by causing mortality to the standing trees. Burns on other study plots in the same area were not as successful as in previous years due to adverse weather conditions. BASSWOOD A study of the silvicultural characteristics was started in 1962 to up-grade the composition of hardwood stands, by studies of seed characteristics and planting of nursery-grown basswood in clear-cut tolerant hardwood stands. The first stage of the studies, which was concerned with seed problems — fruit collection, storage and germination — was completed in 1964. To the end of 1965 the survival rate of the basswood has been 93%. This stock was supplied by the Provincial Nurseries, and planted in the Tweed District. Observations are continuing to determine the advantage of root-pruning and top-pruning on the survival of planted stock. FROST-HARDINESS STUDIES The Southeastern Unit undertook a pilot study of the frost hardiness of tubed seedlings — red pine, white pine, jack pine, black spruce and white spruce. More advanced studies are planned for 1966. Tubed Seedlings The Research Branch carried out a series of trials in the winter of 1965-66 to develop techniques for a large-scale programme of growing and planting 256 tubed seedlings. Pine and spruce seed were subjected to a wide variety of pre- germination treatments, and the most promising methods were recommended to obtain rapid and uniform germination. The soils selected from each District for the growing of the seedlings were analyzed and the required fertilizers were prescribed for each soil. In addition to this, a study was made of the various watering regimes, with particular emphasis placed upon root development and frequency of watering. A number of other factors were also studied, such as temperatures, humidities, depth of sand covering in tubes, and then a comprehensive manual was prepared to guide Districts engaged in the mass-production and planting of tubed seedlings. Prior to 1965-66, the Developmental Unit was responsible for the designing and developing of prototype equipment, in co-operation with the Mechanical Research Section, to produce and plant tubed seedlings. This included tube-loaders, seeders, sand applicators, planting equipment and also a portable-type greenhouse. In 1965-66, the Research Branch arranged for the mass-production of this equip- ment for large-scale operations. MECHANICAL RESEARCH SECTION It is the special province of the Mechanical Research Section to design, develop, adapt, modify or construct equipment and instruments to meet the special needs of the Department, especially the Research Branch. Also to test and evaluate equipment and materials, and to provide engineering services as required for the solution of technical problems which arise. The following outline is briefly repre- sentative of specific items given attention during the past year. Further design refinements were made to the Helicopter Aerial Seeder used by the Timber Branch in direct seeding tests. Development was initiated of an adaptation for metered broadcasting of seed and fertilizer from fixed-wing aircraft. A modification of a standard attachment was contrived for towing heavy- duty scarifiers used by the Silviculture Section of the Timber Branch for forest seed-bed preparation. Additional units of equipment were produced for the Department's tubed seedling project, and some modifications were made for further testing. An improved battery-powered Automatic Volumetric Spore Trap, with con- tinuous recording capacity of 72 hours, was constructed for the Forest Pathology Laboratory of the Canada Department of Forestry. A portable gasoline-powered tree-core borer was designed and constructed to obtain large-diameter cores for experimental wood pulping in connection with the Wood Quality project. The forest fire equipment testing programme was continued, and included further fire pump endurance and lubricant tests, and some testing of sub-surface fire protection devices for the Forest Protection Branch. Two hand-operated hose folding machines of modified design were made for the Forest Protection Branch, for stationary operation, and a re-designed peg board portable model was constructed for field testing. An experimental endurance testing apparatus was constructed for the Fisheries Section to measure water pollution effects on smallmouth bass. Reduced swimming ability against current is indicated. A rotating sand and acid solution power mixer was constructed, to determine the rate of release of nutrients from mineral samples, for use in site research. A pressure bomb instrument (pressure chamber) was constructed for use in 257 site research to measure sap pressures in twigs and stems, indicative of moisture deficit effects on trees. A portable battery-operated centrifuge was devised for the Wildlife Research Section for field processing of blood samples taken from upland game. WILDLIFE SECTION The wildlife research programme has been developed to support the manage- ment of economically important birds and mammals in the province. Research units have been organized around related species of animals. There is no regional organization nor is one anticipated. Close co-operation continued between the Wildlife Research Section, Wildlife Management personnel and outside agencies. Various kinds of assistance were given to, and received from, the Department of Parasitology of the Ontario Research Foundation, the University of Toronto, McMaster University, Canada Department of Agriculture, Ontario Department of Health and other organizations. A contract with the University of Guelph (Department of Zoology, Ontario Agricultural College and the Ontario Veterinary College) provided specialized services to the Department of Lands and Forests for research into viral and bacterial infections of wildlife, game bird nutrition and serum proteins of waterfowl. Three research projects applicable to the livelihood of Indians, assessment of beaver populations in the Patricia Districts, analysis of fur harvest statistics and populations and ecology of caribou, were supported under the Resources Develop- ment Agreement with the Federal Government. Members of the Wildlife Section represented the Department on the Mississippi Flyway Council, the Great Lakes Deer Group, and other international and national committees concerned with wildlife research and management. Close contact was also maintained with numerous Universities, Game Departments and other wildlife organizations throughout North America and Europe. Wildlife Research Station The Wildlife Research Station and its research area of some 50 square miles in Algonquin Park continued to be the centre for much of the Department's research on wildlife ecology. As in the past, the Station has proved to be of great value for basic studies which are difficult to conduct in other areas of the province where trapping and hunting interfere with many of the natural relationships between animals and their environment. Associated with the Department in research at this Station were scientists from many organizations. Facilities and accommodation were provided for varying lengths of time to 88 workers from outside the Research Branch. The various research projects and the captive animals, wolves, coyotes, deer and moose, which were used for studies of nutrition and reproduction, were of considerable interest to scientists and tourists. Over one thousand persons visited the Station and were informed about the work that was being done. Many others could not be accommodated because research duties had to be given priority over the guiding of visitors. Over many years it has become apparent that tours of this research establishment have been well accepted by tourists and others who visit Algonquin Park. They are an excellent means of informing the public about wildlife research and management conducted by the Department. 258 Furbearers Field research on otter, which has been a major part of the furbearer inves- tigations for several years, was concluded and analyses of data and other material collected during the course of this work are now in progress. Nine of the 42 otters which were marked and released during the first four years of the study were recaptured during the final trapping period which took a total of 46 from the experimental area. Tattooing of the webs of the hind feet proved to be the only reliable method of marking otters; ear tags were lost on all which had been marked in this way and punching and notching of the foot webs was not reliable. The recapture of tagged animals showed that otters confine their movements to much smaller ranges than is popularly believed; distances between points of capture were under three miles. Trends in the numbers of beaver in Ontario continue to be the subject of research. At the present time most of Ontario is experiencing very high populations but there are anomalies in local populations which cannot yet be adequately explained. Algonquin Park beaver showed a 46% decline from the 1964 estimates. This decrease was most pronounced in tolerant hardwood forests. There is some evidence that many beaver in Algonquin Park entered the winter of 1964-65 in poor condition; they were heavily infested with ticks in the summer of 1964 and a higher proportion than usual died from the stress of being caught in live traps. There may also be a depletion of preferred foods in tolerant hardwood areas but this has not yet been confirmed. In Patricia Central and West populations continued at a high level over most of the area. Aerial surveys of 12 sample plots and approximately 1000 miles of transects throughout the Canadian Shield and Hudson Bay Lowlands showed, however, that population densities varied considerably. Extremely high populations existed in the hills in the vicinity of Sachigo Lake while other areas, notably that around Shibogama Lake, were understocked. As yet such low populations cannot be explained; assessment of food supplies, weather, trapping pressure and other factors have shown that these are not unusual in areas where beaver are not abundant. Reports from several Indian bands of dead beaver being found on traplines were investigated, by aerial surveys in the autumn of 1965 and the collection of specimens and water samples in February of 1966. No indication of tularemia or other disease was found, nor were there significant changes in numbers of beaver on the traplines concerned. Upland Game and Waterfowl Although plans for expanding research on upland game and waterfowl, to meet increasing hunting pressures on these species are now well formulated, active research was confined to two species of grouse and Canada and snow geese because of shortage of staff. A project to assess the nutritional requirements of ruffed grouse, conducted in co-operation with the University of Guelph, was also curtailed because of lack of qualified staff for laboratory experiments. Further studies of prairie grouse (sharptails and prairie chickens) were con- ducted on Manitoulin Island and ranges were examined in Cochrane and Fort Frances Districts. Potential range was assessed in Tweed District in anticipation that prairie grouse could be stocked in marginal farmland in future years. Surveys were conducted to assess the production of Canada and snow geese 259 in the Hudson Bay Lowlands to provide data for regulating kill not only in Ontario but throughout the Mississippi Flyway. The reliability of the information obtained from these surveys for Canada geese is still questionable and undoubtedly further research is needed. The main difficulty arises from our inability to accurately determine from year to year the proportions of non-breeding birds summering in northern Ontario. Extension of production data, based on brood size per nesting pair, to the Mississippi Flyway flock as a whole becomes extremely tenuous because of this. Nevertheless, such production figures are the best available at the present time and have contributed to the improved management of the geese of this Flyway in recent years. The main nesting colony of snow geese in Ontario, in the vicinity of Cape Henrietta Maria, is estimated to contain about 20,000 birds during the summer. There are also indications from recent surveys that new colonies are being estab- lished along Hudson Bay west of Fort Severn. Plans are being made to band the birds of the Cape Henrietta Maria colony to ascertain their contribution to the kill at goose hunting camps now operated by Indian bands at several locations on Hudson and James Bays. Wildlife Diseases and Parasites In conjunction with a continuing survey of the diseases and parasites of wild- life, the staff of this program provides a diagnostic service to field staff, and through them to the public. During the year, 90 specimens from 27 species of wildlife were autopsied as part of this service. In addition, 257 identifications of 10 kinds of diseases and parasites in 9 species of wildlife were made by field staff on the basis of information contained in the "Manual of Common Parasites, .Diseases and Anomalies of Wildlife in Ontario". This manual had been issued to 252 members of the field staff the previous year with the request to return data on the occurrence of diseases and parasites at the end of each year. Data were obtained from 93% of the recipients and these are now being compiled to expand our knowledge of wildlife pathology throughout the Province. In addition, 1145 mink from 22 Forest Districts were examined to establish the incidence and distribution of kidney worms in mink. As in previous years, the highest incidence of occurrence (47%) was in Parry Sound District. Results of this study will be reported in the forthcoming year. Rabies research was continued and the King Township project, which attempted to relate population characteristics of red foxes with rabies incidence, neared completion. Statistics on rabies occurrence throughout Ontario, from data supplied by the Health of Animals Branch, Canada Department of Agriculture, were published and circulated monthly. Close liaison was maintained with Connaught Medical Laboratories and Federal and Provincial departments to develop an integrated approach to the rabies problem in the Province. Big Game As part of the research on deer, staff members operated checking stations in North and South Canonto Townships of Tweed District and co-operated with District staffs on checking stations at Pakesley (Parry Sound) and Kennisis Lake (Lindsay). Sex, age, weight, body measurements, date of kill and other data were recorded for approximately 520 deer. Hunting pressure on deer herds was also 260 estimated from hunters' reports. These data are now being analyzed to establish mortality rates and population trends. Additional studies were made of the effects of snow on the movements of deer and a compactability gauge, to measure supporting strength of snow and crust, was designed and tested. Data from 130 snow stations throughout the province were compiled and used in estimating over-winter survival of deer. Snow depth data are passed to, and published by, the Canada Department of Transport. A moose checking station, operated on the Red Lake Road (Kenora) obtained data on 535 moose. A measure of the effects of very heavy hunting pressure on the moose population in this area was obtained and this has now been published. Studies of methods for aging moose were continued; counts of cementum rings in the incisors of moose showed considerable promise and 350 were aged by this method. The weight of the eye lens was also tested as a means of determining age. Research on woodland caribou was continued using aerial surveys of populations and examination of specimens received from Indians. The results of these studies in 1964 were published. A detailed cover-type map of the Patricia Districts north of latitude 54° was completed in co-operation with a graduate student at Guelph University. Predators The Algonquin Park research programme on timber wolves was completed and the results were prepared for publication. Timber wolf research was continued in the Pakesley area of Parry Sound District in an effort to measure the combined effects of hunting and predation on prey populations. Of particular interest was the seasonal difference in prey species taken by wolves; deer were important prey during the winter months, but beaver constituted the largest item during the remainder of the year. There was no evidence that this was having an adverse effect on beaver populations. Additional predator control officers were trained during field work of the research programme and 25 are now available for control work in the central and southern parts of the Province. Research on bears was expanded as certain projects in the timber wolf programme were concluded. A great deal needs to be learned about the ecology and population structure of black bears in Ontario and several projects have been initiated to study movements and ranges, the effects of hunting on them, the characteristics of population fluctuations and the effects of their predation on live- stock. Aerial surveys of polar bear populations showed concentrations in the areas of Cape Henrietta Maria and the Pen Islands as in 1963 and 1964. Numbers were down, however, from previous years. Estimates also showed that cubs were fewer; they formed 17% of the population in the summer of 1963, 13% in 1964 and only 5% in 1965. It is not yet known, however, if these changes were real or resulted from differences in bear behaviour and distribution from year to year. REPORTS Research Branch reports published during the year ending March 31, 1966. 261 Fisheries Dependence of Total Annual Growth on Temperature in Yellow Perch. D. W. Coble. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 23(1), 1966. On the Occurrence of Alkaline Phosphatase in Fish Scales. D.W. Coble. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 23(1), 1966. On the Dynamics and Exploitation of Lake Whitefish in Southern Georgian Bay. D. Cucin and H. A. Regier. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 23(2), 1965. A New Distribution Record for Myxosoma scleropercae Guilford, 1963 (Sporo- zoa; Myxosomatidae) in Yellow Perch of Lake Erie. A. Dechtiar. Can. Fish. Cult. Issue 34, May, 1965. Preliminary Observations on Glugea hertwigi Weissenberg, 1911 (Microsporidia; Glugeidae) in American Smelt, Osmerus mordex (Mitchill) from Lake Erie. A. Dechtiar. Can. Fish. Cult. Issue 34, May 1965. A New Species of Phyllodistomum (Trematoda); Gorgoderidae) from Coregonus clupeaformis (Mitchill) from the Lake of the Woods (Ontario). A. Dechtiar. J. of Zoology, Vol. 44, No. 2, January, 1966. Two New Hosts for Cyathocephalus truncatus (Palla, 1781), Cestoda; Cyatho- cephalidae). A. Dechtiar and K. H. Loftus. J. of Zoology, Vol. 43, No. 2, March, 1965. Bathymetric Distribution of Smelt in Lake Erie. R. G. Ferguson. Pub. No. 13, Great Lakes Res. Div., The Univ. of Michigan, 1965. The Distribution of Certain Relict Crustaceans and fishes in the Algonquin Park Region of Ontario. N. V. Martin and L. J. Chapman, J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, Vol. 22, (4), July 1965. A Method for Estimating the Potential Fish Production of North Temperate Lakes. R. A. Ryder. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc, Vol. 94, No. 3, July, 1965. Angling-Commercial Fishery Relationships in the Great Lakes. (Special publi- cation), W. J. Christie. Presented to the Midwest Fish and Game Comm. Conf., July, 1965. Circulation and Water Quality of Western Lake Ontario. D. V. Anderson and D. H. Matheson. Research Report No. 62. Forestry An Aerial Seeding of Jack Pine. G. H. Kokocinski. Research Report No. 63. Germination of Early Collected Fruit of Tilia Americana, L. G. Stroempl. Research Report No. 64. Forest Sites of Site Regions 5S and 4S Northwestern Ontario. S. C. Zoltai. Research Report No. 65. Fertilization of Red Pine Plantations on Sandy Slopes. R. H. Leech. Research Report No. 68. Late-glacial Mulluscan Fauna North of Lake Superior. S. C. Zoltai. Journal of Paleontology, Vol. 40, No. 2, p. 439-446. March 1966. 262 A Note on Internal Frost Damage in White Spruce Needles. C. Glerum and J. L. Farrar. Can. Jour. Bot. 43:1590-1591. December 1965. A Frost Hardiness Study of Six Coniferous Species. C. Glerum, J. L. Farrar and R. L. McClure. Forestry Chronicle, Vol. 42, No. 1. March 1966. Effects of Mulches for Seedbeds on White Spruce. R. E. Mullin. Forestry Chronicle, Vol. 41, No. 4 (454-465). December 1965. The Equipotential Zone above the Water Table. G. Pierpoint and J. L. Farrar. Canadian Journal of Soil Science, 46:2, p. 121-132. 1966. Measuring Surface Soil with Neutron Depth Probe and a Surface Shield. G. Pier- point. Soil Science, 101 (3), 189-192. 1966. Effects of Inbreeding in Red Pine, Pinus Resinosa Ait. Pt. III. Factors affecting Natural Selfing. D. P. Fowler. Silvae Genetica, Vol. 14(2), 37-46. April 1965. Effects of Inbreeding in Red Pine, Pinus Resinosa Ait. Pt. IV. Comparison with other Northeastern Pinus Species. D. P. Fowler. Silvae Genetica, Vol. 14(3), 76-81. June 1965. Variability in Needle Characteristics of Soft Pine Species and Hybrids. H. B. Kriebel and D. P. Fowler. Silvae Genetica, Vol. 14(3), 73-76. June 1965. Wildlife Hudson Bay Lowland as Caribou Habitat. P. A. Brohx. M.A. Thesis, Dept. Zoology, University of Guelph. 1965. Reproduction and Productivity of Moose in Northwestern Ontario. D. W. Simkin. Jour. Wildlife Mgt, Vol. 29, No. 4:740-750, October, 1965. Displays of the Sharptail Grouse. H. G. Lumsden. Research Report No. 66. Wildlife Status Reports. A. B. Stephenson. Resources Management Report. May, 1965. Polar bears frequently come ashore on the Hudson and James Bay coasts when melting ice lets them off in July. 263 Thirty-year-old red pine plantation thinned for pulpwood. Pine poles being de-barked at Uxbridge County Forest, Lake Simcoe District. 264 TIMBER BRANCH IN general terms, Timber Branch is responsible for sustaining the productiveness of provincial forests for a variety of users, and for the orderly harvesting from Crown lands. The Branch is divided into three Sections, the specific functions of which are given below: REFORESTATION SECTION 1. Tree Production and Distribution: This unit is responsible for the production of planting stock, control and distribution of planting stock, for both Private and Crown Land; the acquisition, treatment, storage and distribution of tree seed, the establishment of seed production plots and for nursery soil management. 2. Agreement Forest Administration: This unit administers the management agreements which the Minister has made under Section 2 of The Forestry Act. It also assists and advises field staff and municipalities in matters relating to the conservation of trees and other matters under The Trees Act. 3. Private Land Forestry: This unit provides forestry service to organizations and individuals interested in reforestation, woodlot management, and conser- vation. New legislation has been introduced to broaden the service to include assistance in tree planting and woodlot improvement. SILIVICULTURE SECTION 1. Forest Resources Inventory: This includes the contracting for revision photography, in accordance with the approved ten-year schedule as shown on map, Page 267; the necessary field sampling, photo-interpretation, map revision and compilation of inventory reports and maps for Crown Manage- ment Units. As well, checks of Company Management Unit inventory data are carried out. Supplementary assignments include the determination of productive and unproductive areas on timber licences and for purposes of levying Provincial Land Tax, the preparation of contour plans, and the sale of maps and photographs from the Department Air Photo Library. 2. Management Planning: This unit is concerned with the overall supervision of the preparation of management plans for Crown Management Units, Agreement, and Nursery Forests, which are prepared by foresters in the Districts; the prior examination of, and recommending on all management plans — both for Crown and Company Management Units — for approval by the Minister; the preparation of necessary Planning Manuals and Volume Tables; the calculation of available allowable cuts in areas of interest for purposes of considering the establishment of new industry. This unit also supervises the construction of access roads on Crown lands. 3. Silvicultural Operations: The major function of this unit is the technical and administrative direction of the regeneration and stand improvement programs carried out on Crown lands in the Province. The regeneration work, though mostly concerned with areas recently cut over or burned, is also concerned 265 TIMBER BRANCH REFORESTATION SECTION SUPERVISOR R. W. HUMMEL NURSERY PRODUCTION PRIVATE LAND FORESTRY BRANCH CHIEF M. B. MORISON SILVICULTURE SECTION SUPERVISOR A. J. HERRIDGE FOREST INVENTORY MANAGEMENT PLANNING SILVICULTURAL OPERATIONS SPECIAL PROJECTS TIMBER SECTION SUPERVISOR J. W. GILES LICENSING AND RECORDS MARKETING AND FOREST ECONOMICS SCALING SUPERVISION 266 with the establishment of a tree cover on lands acquired for management. The stand improvement program is primarily designed to improve the quality and quantity of the final crop. TIMBER SECTION 1. Sale of Timber: This unit is responsible for issuances of timber licences, preparation of accounts for collection of the stumpage charges, and compilation of the cut statistics. 2. Scaling: The Scaling Unit carries out the measurement of the timber cut, licensing and registration of scalers, development of new methods of measurement, and cut inspections. HUDSON BAY MAP OF THE PROVINCE OF ONTARIO SHOWING AREAS COVERED BY RE-PHOTOGRAPHY AND PROPOSED SCHEDULE 267 3. Marketing and Forest Economics: The activities of this Unit include promotion of industrial expansion and assistance to firms in plant location studies, mill licensing, publication of regional studies of timber availability and of a directory of primary wood-using industries, analysis of economic implications of choices of action, and compilation of forestry statistics. In addition to its administrative sections, there is the Forestry Study Unit, which is a special group, established by the Minister in 1964, to examine the management of the Province's forest resources and their utilization by forest industries. Its activities for the period are reviewed below: FORESTRY STUDY UNIT The offices of the Forestry Study Unit were established at 454 University Avenue early in the year. On July 1st, F. C. Robinson, R.P.F., replaced Gordon G. Cosens, R.P.F., who resigned on account of ill health, on the staff of the Unit. On January 2nd, D. W. Milne and Associates Limited, Consultants to the Woodworking Industry, was employed to investigate and report on the sawmilling and allied industries of the Province. Completion of the report was scheduled for October 31st, 1966. In June and early July the Director of Forestry Study Unit carried out a study of forestry and forest industries in Sweden, Finland and Norway on which a report was prepared and distributed in August entitled — "Forestry in Scandinavia" (Sweden, Finland and Norway). Early in the year the Forestry Study Unit, in association with the Advisory Committee to the Minister of Lands and Forests, prepared and distributed through the Department a pamphlet entitled, "Multiple Use of Forest and Related Lands" in which the multiple land use policy of the Department is explained. During the fall and winter months of the year public meetings were held at various points throughout the Province in the following order, — Port Arthur, Fort Frances, Kenora, Dryden, Sioux Lookout, North Bay, Sault Ste. Marie, Kirkland Lake, Cochrane, Kapuskasing and Hearst. Meetings were scheduled for Pembroke, Tweed, Smith's Falls, Chapleau and Wawa, — June 1st, 1966 was set for the conclusion of public hearings. The very satisfactory attendance and the wide interest shown in the discussions at the public hearings, along with the inspections of local plants and discussions with local operators led to an extension of the time devoted to this phase of the work. During the year, 42 briefs were received and a great many consultations held with operators, forestry groups and industrial groups and associations. At all public and most group meetings full verbatim notes were recorded for future more complete analysis. Mr. Lome Adamson, of the Timber Branch of the Department, has acted throughout as Recording Secretary of the Forestry Study Unit. REFORESTATION SECTION Tree Production and Distribution Unit Tree Production: In the current fiscal year, sufficient seed was sown at the 10 forest tree nurseries for the production of 63,804,000 units of planting stock. 268 NURSERY STOCK PRODUCTION TARGET BY NURSERIES District Nursery Production Target Lake Erie St. Williams 4,736,000 Lake Simcoe Midhurst 10,339,000 Lindsay Orono 7,159,000 Kemptville Kemptville 9,190,000 Port Arthur Fort William 11,545,000 Swastika Swastika 10,475,000 Kenora Dryden 5,760,000 Gogama Gogama 1,100,000 Chapleau Chapleau 2,000,000 Sault Ste. Marie Thessalon 1,500,000 Total 63,804,000 NURSERY STOCK PRODUCTION TARGET BY SPECIES Species Number of Trees White Pine 7,846,000 Red Pine 7,970,000 Jack Pine 9,160,000 Scotch Pine 2,580,000 White Spruce 22,815,000 Black Spruce 10,395,000 Other Species 3,038,000 Total 63,804,000 Nursery Stock Control: The control and distribution of nursery stock involved the recording and maintenance of inventories at nurseries operated by the Department and available for disposition as provided in Section 7 of The Forestry Act. Over 6000 applications and requisitions were processed resulting in the issue of over 5000 orders to nurseries and the disposition of 49,019,854 trees during the year. There is an increase of 520,920 trees furnished to private lands this year over the previous year. SUMMARY OF DISTRIBUTION OF NURSERY STOCK FOR PERIOD April 1, 1965 to March 31, 1966 Purpose Trees Furnished in respect of private lands 11,312,900 Furnished for Educational and Scientific Purposes 225,055 Furnished for use of Ontario 34,481,899 Furnished for use of Quebec (trees sold to provide assistance in a period of rapid expansion) 3,000,000 Total 49,019,854 Planted on Use of Species Private Land Ontario E & S Misc. White Pine 1,459,550 8,276,620 Red Pine 3,152,200 4,686,399 Jack Pine 616,375 5,612,500 1,000,000 Scotch Pine 1,933,800 90,398 White Spruce 2,037,175 11,394,221 2,000,000 Black Spruce 179,125 3,840,275 Norway Spruce 327,650 43,315 Red Spruce 25 276,750 White Cedar 659,425 94,195 European Larch 111,550 170 Tamarack 50,050 4,000 White Ash 35,575 7,579 Silver Maple 182,750 26,741 Red Oak 136,350 11,495 Carolina Poplar 346,375 71,065 Black Locust 73,225 6,000 Others 11,700 40,176 TOTAL 11,312,900 34,481,899 225,055 3,000,000 269 TREES FURNISHED IN RESPECT OF PRIVATE LAND April 1, 1965 to March 31, 1966 County or Tree Territorial Dist. Orders Trees Algoma 89 182,950 Brant 58 108,400 Bruce 70 110,125 Carleton 93 218,575 Cochrane 6 7,100 Dufferin 118 281,150 Dundas 17 40,000 Durham 104 284,975 Elgin 68 81,650 Essex 43 52,550 Frontenac 112 130,950 Glengarry 46 62,375 Grenville 66 169,850 Grey 149 378,750 Haldimand 52 59,300 Haliburton 66 85,625 Halton 91 161,000 Hastings 101 256,725 Huron 60 182,225 Kenora 39 70,500 Kent 55 65,425 Lambton 63 69,025 Lanark 98 190,825 Leeds 55 , 45,175 Lennox & Addington 65 57,300 Lincoln 42 35,700 Manitoulin 7 3,175 Middlesex 132 258,450 Muskoka 112 191,550 Nipissing 41 111,825 Norfolk 161 211,300 Northumberland 74 149,725 Ontario 189 548,550 Oxford 89 102,575 Parry Sound 74 128,300 Peel 159 616,075 Perth 74 276,625 Peterboro 63 138,750 Prescott 41 143,050 Prince Edward 49 38,150 Rainy River 58 79,100 Renfrew 124 289,525 Russell 34 102,950 Simcoe 333 1,546,500 Stormont 19 20,950 Sudbury 59 185,250 Thunder Bay 102 654,475 Timiskaming 18 15,200 Victoria 39 60,700 Waterloo 87 199,625 Welland 87 224,725 Wellington 116 525,900 Wentworth 139 315,100 York 317 786,575 TOTAL 4,623 11,312,900 270 NURSERY STOCK DISPOSITIONS April 1, 1956 to March 31, 1966 Year Trees 1956-57 31,081,112 1957-58 25,854,262 1958-59 33,414,110 1959-60 41,682,125 1960-61 49,833,412 1961-62 43,194,863 1962-63 43,767,916 1963-64 43,922,685 1964-65 49,484,068 1965-66 49,019,854 TREES FURNISHED IN RESPECT OF PRIVATE LAND April 1, 1965 to March 31, 1966 Administrative Districts Trees Chapleau 182,950 Cochrane 7,100 Fort Frances 79,100 Kemptville 993,750 Kenora 70,500 Lake Erie 1,059,625 Lake Huron 2,360,325 Lake Simcoe ; 3,777,350 Lindsay 719,775 North Bay 15,200 Parry Sound 319,850 Pembroke 401,350 Port Arthur 654,475 Sudbury 188,425 Tweed 483,125 TOTAL 11,312,900 TREES FURNISHED FOR USE OF ONTARIO BY DISTRICTS April 1, 1965 to March 31, 1966 District Tree Orders Trees Chapleau 10 3,787,000 Cochrane 6 2,182,000 Fort Frances 7 780,450 Geraldton 13 2,147,000 Gogama 12 4,135,225 Kapuskasing 11 2,669,450 Kemptville 35 1,055,696 Kenora 15 898,741 Lake Erie 20 469,076 Lake Huron 23 803,533 Lake Simcoe 23 425,045 Lindsay 24 865,498 North Bay 10 1,619,825 Parry Sound 18 460,547 Pembroke 8 1,361,500 Port Arthur 13 1,380,121 Sault Ste. Marie 11 2,928,908 Sioux Lookout 7 700,050 Sudbury 18 1,947,536 Swastika 9 2,126,284 Tweed 12 1,063,090 White River 6 558,700 Unclassified * 89 116,624 TOTAL 400 34,481,899 * Includes nursery stock furnished to Department of Highways, for laboratory tests, etc. 271 Nursery Soil Management: Reforestation Section's objective is to produce in the shortest period of time and as economically as possible the required number of top quality plantable seedlings for the use of Ontario, private lands, Conservation Authorities, Educational and Scientific purposes and Centennial tree planting projects. To help maintain high quality of stock, 296 soil samples and 642 plant samples (consisting of approximately 25,000 seedlings) were analyzed. The analysis data are used to indicate critical levels of certain elements which contribute to seedling germination, development and growth. Also, these laboratory data help in detecting the shortcomings in the method of tree production as well as the application of soil amendments for maintenance of the balance of available nutrients in the nursery beds. Various herbicides and soil fumigants are being tested and successfully used in reduction of disease or in the control of weeds in seed beds. Furthermore, herbicides and fumigants can increase the percentage of seed germination and seedling growth. Co-operative research experiments are carried out with the University of Toronto in the studies in optimum fertilizer levels, the relationship of fertilizer and stock density to growth, and in the use of irrigation water. Nursery diseases, seedling nutrition and nursery soil fertility studies are undertaken on a co-operative basis with the Department of Forestry. Seed Collection: Tree seed was collected, processed, stored and distributed as required for sowing in tree nurseries, for direct seeding operations and other purposes. The inventory of forest tree seed in storage at the Ontario Tree Seed Plant at Angus, as of June 1, 1965, was about 1,852,500,000 viable seeds of 43 species, weighing 336,200 ounces or slightly over 10.5 tons and valued at approximately $236,000.00. Larger amounts of seed are collected and stored in a good crop year, providing the necessary reserve to overcome shortages because of the natural periodicity of good cone crops, which may vary from every 3 to every 5 years, or by failure of the crop due to disease or insect attack or unfavourable climatic conditions. The 1965 crop year was a poor one for most coniferous species. 1965 SEED CROP YEAR — COLLECTED Species Number of Bushels White Pine 4 Red Pine 640 Jack Pine 6,512 Scotch Pine 193 White Spruce 10 Black Spruce 219 Other Species 329 Total 7,907 An additional 585 lbs. of seed was purchased, including 500 lbs. of red pine seed. 272 Tree Improvement: The tree improvement program concerned with increasing the quality and quantity of seed available, was continued through the selection of additional "plus" trees, the development of seed production areas, and the planting of grafted trees in seed orchards. The program is concerned mainly with white, red and jack pine, white and black spruce. During the current fiscal year 9,250 scions were collected from "plus" trees for grafting at four co-operating nurseries. In addition, 1,000 scions from white pine trees showing resistance to blister rust were grafted. 85.6 acres of seed production area were thinned, released or otherwise improved for seed production purposes. 1,338 grafted trees for seed orchards were planted on 9.9 acres. The plans for tree improvement call for the major portion of the seed required for the production of 63,804,000 trees to be obtained from seed production areas and seed orchards. This will require the establishment of some 520 acres of seed production area and 200 acres of seed orchard. The acreage figure for seed orchards shown in the following table is the area actually planted. ESTABLISHED SEED PRODUCTION AREAS AND SEED ORCHARDS As of March 31, 1966 Number Acres Seed Production Areas 21 228.1 Seed Orchards 10 42.5 Agreement Forest Administration Unit Agreement Forest Administration: Section 2 of The Forestry Act authorizes the Minister to enter into agreement with the owners of lands that are suitable for forestry purposes for the management of such lands and to make grants to a conservation authority or to a municipality to encourage and assist it in the acquisition of lands that are to be managed under such an agreement. The Minister has entered into agreement under this legislation with The National Capital Commission, 23 conservation authorities, 24 counties and 11 townships providing for the management of more than two hundred thousand acres of land for forestry purposes as at the close of the current fiscal year. Over 100 applications were processed resulting in 9,908.83 acres being added during the year to the forest areas being managed under the agreements. A total of $110,210.61 in grants were paid during the year to conservation authorities and municipalities to assist them with the acquisition of the lands. Canada contributed to Ontario $36,595.02 of the foregoing amount in respect of projects approved under an agreement made between Canada and Ontario pursuant to their respective Agricultural Rehabilitation and Development Acts. 273 AGREEMENTS UNDER SECTION 2 OF THE FORESTRY ACT As of March 31, 1966 Number of Acres Date of Added Agreement with Agreement During Year Totals Government of Canada: National Capital Commission Aug. 16, 1961 3,632.00 Conservation Authorities: Ausable River Dec. 13, 1951 4,249.00 Big Creek Region Dec. 2, 1954 122.00 3,247.90 Catfish Creek Dec. 19, 1962 501.00 Central Lake Ontario Sept. 24, 1963 50.00 195.00 Crowe Valley Aug. 21, 1963 200.00 Ganaraska Region Jan. 31, 1947 16.00 8,148.60 Grand River Mar. 18, 1952 333.31 5,766.37 Hamilton Region Oct. 19, 1962 12.50 Lakehead Region May 15, 1958 1,256.70 Lower Thames Valley Aug. 12, 1964 300.00 Maitland Valley Apr. 1, 1955 949.00 Metropolitan Toronto and Region Apr. 11, 1951 50.00 1,928.00 Moira River Nov. 28, 1951 1,177.00 14,615.00 Napanee Valley Oct. 28, 1954 6,145.00 Niagara Peninsula June 6, 1963 186.00 North Grey Region June 25, 1958 536.00 6,369.00 Otonabee Region May 15, 1963 1,215.00 Otter Creek Apr. 26, 1957 62.00 1,497.00 Sauble Valley Sept. 29, 1959 596.00 2,698.00 Saugeen Valley Dec. 15, 1952 615.00 11,958.00 South Nation River Mar. 28, 1960 664.00 1,030.50 Sydenham Valley July 13, 1965 150.00 150.00 Upper Thames River Apr. 11, 1951 3,364.36 Counties: Brant Nov. 15, 1952 50.00 Bruce Jan. 20, 1950 80.00 15,533.35 Carleton July 30, 1964 680.00 Dufferin Nov. 26, 1930 2,305.00 Grey Dec. 21, 1937 100.00 8,378.08 Hal ton Mar. 14, 1950 1,298.63 Huron Nov. 27, 1950 1,439.00 Kent Dec. 23, 1953 75.39 Lanark July 5, 1940 89.00 3,435.00 Leeds and Grenville Apr. 24, 1940 1,336.00 7,600.50 Lennox and Addington Apr. 3, 1952 1,186.00 Middlesex Mar. 8, 1954 70.00 1,189.50 Northumberland and Durham June 10, 1924 4,877.00 Ontario July 9, 1930 739.00 2,739.00 Oxford Sept. 1, 1950 716.56 Prescott and Russell Mar. 15, 1937 82.20 23,568.03 Renfrew Dec. 26, 1951 1,095.00 7,078.00 Simcoe June 19, 1925 543.70 19,512.74 Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry Sept. 20, 1949 2,048.45 Victoria Aug. 10, 1928 1,275.00 8,319.00 Waterloo Apr. 17, 1950 710.48 Wellington June 18, 1964 1,100.00 Wentworth Nov. 27, 1952 889.30 York Mar. 27, 1924 55.62 4,129.70 Townships : Bonfield Apr. 1, 1952 60.00 Charlottenburgh Apr. 1, 1955 175.00 Cramahe Jan. 14, 1964 162.00 Cumberland May 29, 1952 808.44 Darlington Aug. 19, 1964 140.00 Galway and Cavendish Nov. 1, 1952 619.00 Machar Dec. 30, 1963 90.00 Marlborough Nov. 21, 1953 200.00 Mosa July 16, 1964 72.00 144.00 Torbolton Mar. 28, 1953 430.80 Williamsburg Oct. 19, 1962 400.00 274 Summary: 1 Government of Canada 23 Conservation Authorities 24 Counties 11 Townships 4,371.31 5,465.52 72.00 3,632.00 75,981.93 118,858.71 3,229.24 59 TOTALS: 9,908.83 201,701.88 Trees Conservation: Under authority of The Trees Act, and with the approval of the Minister of Lands and Forests, counties or municipalities in territorial districts may pass by-laws to restrict and regulate the destruction of trees by cutting, burning or other means. Such by-laws have been passed by the following to regulate the cutting of important species to certain diameter limits, and indicate the concern felt by those municipalities for the management of privately owned woodlands. Counties: Brant Hastings Northumberland & Bruce Huron Durham Dufferin Lambton Oxford Elgin Leeds and Grenville Peel Grey Lincoln Perth Haldimand Middlesex Waterloo Halton Norfolk WeUand Wellington Wentworth Township: Brunei Private Land Forestry Unit Five additional farm foresters were appointed in Southern Ontario in 1965-66 bringing the total to nine. They assess the needs in private land forestry and devise programs designed to satisfy those needs. In all districts, forestry advice and service were provided to individual forest owners and organizations to improve forestry on private lands. SUMMARY OF FORESTRY SERVICE PROVIDED TO OWNERS AND ORGANIZATIONS 1965-66 A. Number of enquiries received 6387 B. Number of enquiries answered by mail and phone 3954 C. Number of field inspections made 2433 (a) for tree planting purposes 960 (b) for woodland management purposes 780 (c) for miscellaneous purposes 693 D. Number of management programs prepared 382 E. Number of acres for which management programs were prepared 17,927 F. Volume of timber marked (a) Sawlogs 4265 Mfbm (b) Pulpwood 3687 cds. G. Number of forestry clubs serviced 47 H. Hours spent on forestry instruction (a) University of Guelph 26 (b) Kemptville Agricultural School 34 (c) Western Ontario Agricultural School 12 275 ADDITIONAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO PRIVATE LAND FORESTRY 1. Leadership training of farm boys and girls, involving one week of forestry instruction to approximately 60 selected young people from Southern Ontario. 2. Conducted tours at St. Williams, Orono, Midhurst and Kemptville Nurseries and the Angus Seed Plant. Approximately 6281 school children were given such tours. 3. Collaboration in preparing and manning exhibits at the CNE, Ottawa, London, Royal Winter Fair, International Ploughing match. 4. Conducted Ontario's Centennial Tree Planting Program with the school children. Participating in the program were 31,500 students from 850 schools who planted 490,000 trees. Private Woodland Production Survey: In co-operation with the Dominion Bureau of Statistics 6300 owners in 630 segments were enumerated mainly by personal contact to determine the annual production from forest land. ESTIMATE OF FOREST PRODUCTS FROM PRIVATE LANDS April 1, 1964 -March 31, 1965 Pembroke North Bay Units of S.E. S.W. Parry Sound Item Measurement Region Region Districts Total Sawlogs M.fbm. 52,865 41,975 11,859 106,699 Veneer Logs M.fbm. 1,761 333 1,720 3,814 Bolts Cords 363 9,844 17,885 28,092 Pulpwood-Peeled Cords 13,329 — 17,248 30,577 Pulpwood-Rough Cords 100,848 3,689 73,890 178,427 Tielogs Pieces 102,952 — 16,106 119,058 Fuelwood Cords 126,774 182,503 45,819 355,096 Pitprops-Peeled Cords — — 677 677 Pitprops-Rough Cords — — 227 227 Poles Number 9,181 15,786 1,385 26,352 Poles Cu. ft. 72,751 136,517 9,591 218,859 Fence Posts Number 1,054,268 392,119 53,049 1,499,436 Fence Rails Number 46,264 4,097 — 50,361 Fence Pickets Number 394,263 2,046 14,473 410,782 Other Cu. ft. — — 40,035 40,035 Total of all Products M. cu. ft. 33,339 24,824 16,153 74,316 Maple Syrup Gal. 31,660 70,118 6,544 108,322 Cedar Sprays Ton 43 — — 43 Balsam Sprays Ton 7 — — 7 SILVICULTURE SECTION Inventory Unit During the year under review, air photography of 17,950 square miles was completed. Included were 6,612 square miles left over from the 1964 contract, and 11,338 square miles of the 20,610 in the 1965 contract. In both years the contractor was unable to complete the amounts of re-photography scheduled because of adverse weather conditions. Inventory field work was carried out for the Blind River, Sault Ste. Marie, and portions of the Sand Lake Management Units, in the Sault Ste. Marie District. Three parties, using the wedge prism method of cruising, ground sampled 2,584 square miles. Photo interpretation, which involves the identification of species composition, age, height, stocking, and site was completed for the field-work area. 276 Forest stand maps and tabulated inventory data, such as area classification, detailed stand description, volume and area summaries by age classes were completed on 11,665 square miles. This area is made up of Crown Management Units in the Cochrane, Kapuskasing, Geraldton, Port Arthur Districts, and portions of the Gogama and Chapleau Districts. The multiplex plotting machine was used to determine contour and form lines in the preparation of plans for the Parks Branch. Using a scale of 500 feet = 1 inch with 10 foot contours, the following acreages were completed: Mijinemung- shing Lake Camp Grounds, 1010 acres; Sand River Camp Grounds, 2860 acres; Doc Greig Lake Camp Grounds, 550 acres, all within Lake Superior Provincial Park, and Ausable River Camp Grounds, 1300 acres, within Pinery Provincial Park. The demand for planimetric and forestry maps remained at a high level. Maps were reproduced as white prints. The photo processing unit produced 85,286 HUDSON BAY MAP OF THE PROVINCE OF ONTARIO SHOWING AREAS ON WHICH FOREST INVENTORY HAS BEEN COMPLETED 277 contact prints; 1,229 photo mosaics at a scale of 1" = 1 mile, 73 at 2" = 1 mile, and 1,235 at 4" = 1 mile; 2,368 enlargements; 76 film diapositives; 5 multiplex plates and 230 Kelsh plates; and 917 copy negatives. The following table shows the gross value of production from the photo processing unit in recent years. Year Cash Receipts Value of Dept. Work Total 1961-62 $47,429.92 $19,967.59 $67,397.51 1962-63 47,154.13 21,792.09 68,946.22 1963-64 59,907.06 30,350.22 90,257.28 1964-65 69,386.13 19,802.26 89,188.39 1965-66 50,755.68 24,592.23 75,347.91 Forest Management Planning Unit The development of forest areas is based on management plans that provide detailed information about the volume of annual cut, cutting methods, regeneration treatments, road and camp locations, and other facts essential to orderly manage- ment. The plans are based on such considerations as the arrangement of species and age classes on productive forest lands, the proximity to existing road networks, division of the forest into compartments, and the age of maturity of the main groups of species. Standard management plans are based on inventory data gathered using photo interpretation, point sampling, and computer compilation methods. The infor- mation is entered in stand ledgers, which also serve as a record of changes. Standard plans have been prepared following the reinventory of Crown manage- ment units started in 1958. The essentials of this type of planning are contained in the Manual of Management Plan Requirements. Initial management plans, prepared for ten-year periods, were based on the inventory method used prior to 1958, and contain less detail. They are retained, however, until replaced with standard plans and form the basis for the manage- ment of a large proportion of Crown Management units in the province. Management plans form a framework into which ten-year operating plans are fitted. An operating plan shows in detail the stands to be cut, regenerated, and tended, the roads to be built, and other improvements to be made to carry out operations on the management units. The status of management plans is as follows: 1. Crown Management Units. The plans for these units are prepared by Department staff. There are 78 Crown management units covering 89,122.1 square miles with 74 management plans: 5 standard management plans in force 2,876.6 sq. mi. 12 plans being processed for approval 4,787.2 57 initial management plans in force 77,726.0 4 management units not under plans 3,732.3 The four management units not under plans are in the far North, temporarily inactive because of distance from markets and lack of access. 2. Company Management Units. The management plans for Com- pany management units are prepared by the licensees. There are 67 278 Company units with 97,726 square miles under licence to 45 companies. The status of management planning for these units is as follows: 45 approved management plans 78,894 sq. mi. 11 plans being processed for approval 6,542 11 units not under plan 12,290 The explanation for the 1 1 units not under plan is as follows : 1 unit is inactive; 3 units have increased areas and revised plans not due; 5 units are parts of new licences and plans not due; 2 units have been abandoned, so the plans are obsolete. 3. Agreement Forest Units. The management plans for these units are prepared by Department staff. There are 60 units covering approxi- mately 315 square miles. As of March 31, 1965, the following units were under agreement: 24 Conservation Authority units 75,982 acres 24 County Forest units 118,859 11 Township Forest units 3,229 1 National Capital Commission unit 3,632 201,702 acres The status of management planning for the Agreement Forest units is as follows: 2 approved standard plans 29,082 acres 22 being processed for approval 73,355 17 plans in the process of preparation 53,492 19 interim or annual plans in force and land acquired since inventory 45,773 TOTAL — 315 square miles or 201,702 acres 4. Other Forest Units. There are five small management units adja- cent to the tree nurseries of the Department Forest Stations and a number of very small areas covering scattered Crown properties in Southern Ontario under plans prepared by the Department. 5. Other Work associated with management planning, carried out during the fiscal year is: a) Planning courses and lecturing at the Ranger School, special courses, and University of Toronto seminars; b) Close liaison and co-operation with Fish and Wildlife Branch in the improvement of wildlife habitat by timber operations; c) Examination of forest access road proposals to ensure their con- formity to management plans; d) The development and initiation of an automatic data processing system for operational surveys, and the instruction of field staff in its use. Silvicultural Operations Unit This field covers the establishment of new forest stands by various regen- eration methods, and the tending of these stands throughout the rotation. Improvement and culture of existing forests and the control of modified harvesting 279 techniques to achieve natural regeneration are also covered. The Silvicultural Operations work is described under the following headings: A. Artificial Regeneration B. Stand Improvement C. Special Projects Artificial Regeneration includes planting of nursery stock and tubed seedlings as well as direct seeding. Stand Improvement encompasses both the treating of forest stands to achieve maximum quality and quantity and the special harvesting techniques to aid natural regeneration. Special Projects includes silvicultural work carried out by Junior Rangers and inmates from Ontario Department of Reform Institutions and from the Federal Department of Justice. Special projects also includes the development of special- ized equipment and new silvicultural techniques, often in co-operation with Federal and Provincial Research agencies. For example, a promising new technique of planting small seedlings in containers (the tubed seedlings), was tested in Chapleau and North Bay Districts in co-operation with the Research Branch to provide the necessary data for the future development of this programme. SUMMARY OF SILVICULTURAL OPERATIONS IN 1965-66 Regeneration Programme Planted: Regular 58,943 acres Tubed Seedlings 135 acres Direct Seeded 7,202 acres Natural Regeneration Treatments 28,247 acres Sub-total 94,527 acres Improvement Programme Various Treatments 48,392 acres Total 142,919 acres ARTIFICIAL REGENERATION Planting The number of trees planted on Crown lands and Agreement Forests over the past five years is as follows: 1961-62 31,666,580 1962-63 33,958,450 1963-64 34,752,240 1964-65 40,744,221 1965-66 35,998,838* Site preparation prior to planting and seeding is increasing, and land that would otherwise be not suitable for planting is now being regenerated. Site preparation also allows for more trees to be planted per acre as well as improving conditions suitable for survival and growth. This year 1 1 ,006 acres were prepared for planting and 4,125 acres for direct seeding. *The difference between the number of trees planted and the number of trees furnished by the Department can be attributed to the number of trees produced by Company nurseries and planted on Crown land. 280 The following table gives the ratio of species planted by categories: Crown Agreement Unalienated Licensed Average Forests White pine Pinus strobus L 28% 17% 22.5% 44% Pine, red Pinus resinosa Ait 11% 9% 10% 35% Jack pine Pinus banksiana Lamb 21% 16% 18.5% 2% White spruce Picea glauca (Moench) voss 31% 39% 35% 13% Black spruce Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP ... 7% 18% 12.5% — Other species 2% . 1% 1.5% 6% 100% 100% 100% 100% The planting programme, divided into the two major categories — Crown Lands and Agreement Forests — is shown below. Crown Lands 1. Unalienated — 12,748,740 trees planted on 18,044 acres 2. Licensed — 20,238,524 trees planted on 36,301 acres In addition, 135,000 tubed seedlings were planted on 135 acres in co- operation with the Research Branch. Trees Planted by Districts District Trees Chapleau 3,552,475 Cochrane 2,232,000 Fort Frances 779,400 Geraldton 2,031,775 Gogama 4,135,125 Kapuskasing 2,708,375 Kemptville 37,075 Kenora 849,050 Lake Erie 409,915 Lake Huron 47,800 Lake Simcoe 45,320 Lindsay 603,500 North Bay 1,644,000 Parry Sound 458,200 Pembroke 937,255 Port Arthur 1,337,600 Sault Ste. Marie 2,827,895 Sioux Lookout 695,500 Sudbury 1,931,700 Swastika 2,146,825 Tweed 693,850 White River 327,475 [ 30,432,110 281 Company Planting Under Regeneration Agreements on Crown Lands Under Licences Kimberly-Clark Pulp and Paper Company Limited 1,243,500 Spruce Falls Power and Paper Company Limited 1,311,654 2,555,154 Total Crown Lands 32,987,264 Agreement Forests All agreements — 3,011,574 trees on 4,598 acres. Trees planted County Trees Bruce 30,204 Carleton 29,000 Dufferin 2,226 Durham 7,000 Grey 36,800 Halton 6,000 Huron 300 Lanark 77,225 Leeds and Grenville 177,800 Middlesex 8,500 Northumberland 12,000 Ontario 39,000 Prescott and Eussell 224,500 Renfrew 419,450 Simcoe 214,100 Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry 104,750 Victoria 44,000 Waterloo 5,000 Wentworth 1,000 York 35,500 1,474,355 Township Trees Charlottenburgh 750 Cramahe 33,000 Darlington 10,000 Galway 18,000 Marlborough 20,000 81,750 Conservation Authority Ausable 204,650 Big Creek 2,788 Ganaraska 96,000 Grand Valley 145,500 Maitland Valley 48,200 Metropolitan Toronto & Region 18,000 Moira River 184,000 North Grey Region 51,326 Otonabee Region 15,000 Otter Creek 55,076 Sauble Valley 144,975 Saugeen Valley 79,202 South Nation 51,200 Sydenham Valley 30,000 Upper Thames River 1,152 1,127,069 Canada National Capital Commission 328,400 328,400 Sub-total — all Agreement Forests ^3,011,574 282 DIRECT SEEDING Crown Lands — Direct seeding, particularly aerial, has proved to be an effective and rapid method of regenerating old jack pine cut-over areas and burns. This is reflected in the steady increase in the acreage sown during the past four- year period: 1962-63 1,986 1963-64 3,748 1964-65 4,848 1965-66 7,202 Direct Seeding By Districts in Acres District Aerial Ground Total Chapleau 2,319 612 2,931 Fort Frances 50 50 Geraldton 512 512 Gogama 500 500 Kenora 272 36 308 North Bay 233 233 Port Arthur 344 344 Sioux Lookout 200 200 Sudbury 160 160 Swastika 1,189 240 1,429 White River 535 535 Totals 5,359 1,843 7,202 STAND IMPROVEMENT Crown Lands — The trend towards more intensive management is reflected in the steadily increasing acreage treated annually under the stand improvement programme. Following is a summary of stand improvement work done in the 1965-66 fiscal year: Regular Junior Reform Program Rangers Institutions Total Natural regeneration treatments 28,247 28,247 Forest tending treatments 39,137 3,176 779 43,092 Totals 67,384 3,176 779 71,339 In addition, eight assessment surveys and five regeneration surveys were carried out within the stand improvement programme. 283 M H N M M CO U3 O i-l 00 ■2 P = - 2 « a 41 C oJ5 CO U I- CO CO CO I- < LU I- 2 - — © * B 2 LU 11 - CS o a _4i Q_ , — £ US a 51 Q be Z < c C 4) fa ■Co*; 1- I - u 8 fc«3 co a l»fi 41 C s ■ E ** | a >- 3 •S s 2 £ * 2 fa * 41 a tt fi a « ' H.E sis £*■ i~ co in i-i r- in co oo CO 00 IM IN a eg ri id e ot m | 2 fc 5 S I •§ * g a — S o m o o o pk o a a « a I ■a "3 2 M M H J J £ a -3 1 I h ■§ ■» E E t a a a, o a — — — /. 3 « ' « .2 3 S CO CO to 284 SUMMARY BY TREATMENTS IN ACRES Regular Junior Treatment Programme Rangers Natural Regeneration Modified harvest cutting 1,340 Seed tree marking 13,366 Scarifying for natural regeneration 4,127 Scarifying with cone scattering 9,414 Sub-total, Natural Regeneration 28,247 Forest Tending Release Treatments: Hand cleaning 3,523 2,567 Aerial herbicide spraying 18,215 Ground herbicide spraying 279 Thinning and Improvement Treatments: Cutting (includes thinning) 289 93 Girdling 2,203 Frilling and poisoning 2,399 276 Marking for improvement 2,856 Pruning 200 240 Deer habitat improvement 9,173 Sub-total, Forest Tending 39,137 3,176 Grand Totals 67,384 3,176 Assessment surveys (eight) Regeneration surveys (five) Reform Institutions Total 1,340 13,366 4,127 9,414 28,247 200 6.290 18,215 279 385 767 2,203 2,675 2,856 194 634 9,173 779 43,092 779 ( 71,339 AGREEMENT FORESTS The Agreement Forest stand improvement program includes the administration and the silvicultural operations carried out on County, Conservation Authority, and Township forests under agreement with the Department for management. Revenue in excess of $130,000 was received from the sale of products derived from thinning, improvement, and salvage cutting in the Agreement Forests. These treatments, as well as non-revenue-producing operations, such as release of plantations, were carried out on approximately 5,300 acres to improve growing conditions in the forests and to provide local employment. SUMMARY OF STAND IMPROVEMENT TREATMENTS ON AGREEMENT FORESTS BY DISTRICTS, IN ACRES Regular Reform District Treatment Programme Institutions Total Lake Erie Cleaning 2 2 Ground herbicide spraying 3 3 Improvement cutting 70 70 Frilling and poisoning 40 40 Pruning 50 50 Sub-total . 165 165 Lake Huron Cleaning 374 374 Improvement cutting 99 99 Thinning 108 108 Girdling 16 16 Pruning 289 289 Sub-total 886 886 285 Regular Reform District Treatment Programme Institutions Total Lake Simcoe Harvest cutting 233 233 Cleaning 31 40 71 Improvement cutting 27 38 65 Thinning 884 884 Girdling 8 15 23 Pruning 308 308 Site preparation 4 79 83 Sub-total 1,495 172 1,667 Lindsay Harvest cutting 50 6 56 Cleaning 86 86 Improvement cutting 74 74 Thinning 92 14 106 Girdling 363 363 Pruning 592 592 Site preparation 7 7 Sub-total 1,178 106 1,284 Kemptville Harvest cutting 71 71 Cleaning 451 451 Ground herbicide spraying 115 115 Improvement cutting 157 157 Thinning 6 6 Improvement marking 41 41 Pruning 62 62 Site preparation 395 , 395 Sub-total 1,298 1,298 Tweed Plantation assessment (five) Total 5,022 278 5,300 SUMMARY BY TREATMENTS ON AGREEMENT FORESTS, IN ACRES Regular Reform Treatment Programme Institutions Total Harvest cutting 354 6 360 Forest Tending: Release treatments: Cleaning 858 126 984 Ground herbicide spraying 118 118 Thinning and improvement treatments: Cutting 1,517 52 1,569 Girdling 387 15 402 Frilling and poisoning 40 40 Improvement marking 41 41 Pruning 1,301 1,301 Site preparation 406 79 Totals 5,022 278 5,30 Plantation assessment (five) 286 SPECIAL PROJECTS EQUIPMENT Various scarifying devices which have been developed by the Department's field staff for the purpose of site preparation for natural regeneration, direct seeding, and planting, have been widely used throughout the Province. The tractor pad- anchor chain and the spiked-drum scarifier are among the most effective pieces of equipment in this category. In addition, modifications of planting machines to suit the rugged conditions in northern Ontario were carried out. Further improvements were made on the aerial seeder by the Mechanical Section. This unit has played a large part in the success of the aerial seeding programme of Research Branch. TRAINING Four reports were prepared in co-operation with the field staff in the "Silvicultural Notes" series for distribution to the field offices of the Department and to other interested agencies. These reports, dealing with direct seeding, aerial seeding assessment, the technique of removing cull trees by the use of herbicides in frills, and the construction and use of the modified spiked-drum scarifier, are also used for inservice staff training courses. The Silviculture Section also assisted in the preparation of a public relations motion picture which illustrates the nature of the silvicultural program carried out by the Department. Portions of this film will be used in preparing a series of films to be used for instructional purposes. JUNIOR RANGERS The Junior Rangers employed for the two-month summer period in the northern districts again provided considerable labour for various forestry operations. They were employed in stand improvement operations, general maintenance of roads, bridges, etc., and in the planting of seedlings. In additions to participating in these forestry activities, considerable time is spent at lectures and on familiarization trips relating to Department work. DEPARTMENT OF REFORM INSTITUTIONS Through the forestry camp program of the Ontario Department of Reform Institutions, approximately 12,000 man-days of labour were provided for Crown land forestry operations and 6,000 for Agreement Forest work. FEDERAL DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE Inmates under the jurisdiction of the Penitentiary Service formed the labour force of the Beaver Creek Correctional Camp near Bracebridge. The inmates performed various camp maintenance duties, as well as road clearing, fire fighting, and forest improvement jobs. 287 TIMBER SECTION Scaling Supervision Unit Scaling: As the movement of wood from stump to mill is speeded up by new techniques the opportunity to measure it in neat piles no longer exists. Since it is desirable to measure without interfering with, or increasing the cost of, the logging operation it has been necessary to develop new scaling methods. Much of the wood is still measured in stacked cords, cubic feet or by the Ontario board foot rule by conventional means, but the use of new techniques increased rapidly during the past year. The most significant change has been the measurement of butt diameters on tree length operations. Volume tables are constructed from several hundred sample trees measured during the logging operation. Computations are carried out through a data processing program which also determines the adequacy of the sample for each butt diameter class. Another method of wood measurement is a pre-cut cruise where the payment of stumpage is based entirely on the volume derived from the cruise. Volumes are compiled after the cut has been completed and uncut areas deleted from the computations. A study is also underway to determine the feasibility of weight measure as a suitable alternative for volume measurement in the assessment of stumpage charges. While it is necessary to determine species distribution due to variations in the rates charged, this method appears practical. With the co-operation of the Electronic Computing Centre, Department of Highways, a pilot study was carried out to process conventional scaling data by electronic computer. The purpose is to increase the accuracy of the compilation, speed up the production of the scaling returns, minimize scaling costs and permit the best utilization of the scaler's time. As a result of the study, this method will be gradually implemented throughout the Province, starting next year with one district. Scaling examinations during the past year were held at the following locations on the dates noted: Forest Ranger School, Dorset, Ontario April 8 & 9, 1965 Huntsville, Ontario May 27th, 1965 Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario Sept. 24th, 1965 Number of Scaler's Licences Issued To scale All Classes of Timber 1,527 To scale Pulpwood only 161 Marketing and Forest Economics Unit The main efforts of the Marketing and Forest Economics Unit during the 1965-66 fiscal year were directed to the promotion of new and expanded forest- based industries in the Province. In addition to providing numerous prospective companies with resource data and assisting them in their feasibility studies, major reports outlining the opportunities for pulp mills in both the Timiskaming and Thessalon-Blind River areas were prepared. In co-operation with the Ontario Department of Economics and Development and the Canada Department of Industry, the promotion of new forest-based industries in these areas was intensified. During the course of the year the staff of the Unit was enlarged and advice on economic matters was provided to the various sections within the Timber Branch, several other branches, and to senior Department officials. 288 Highlights of the Industrial Context, 1965-66: One of the outstanding events of this period was the National Forestry Conference of February, 1966. The goal of this meeting was to examine in depth the present and projected future relationships between the demand and supply situations for forest products, and to define the measures that must be taken if Canada is to maintain its position of leadership in this field. The present level of utilization in Canada is about 17 million cunits of wood for each of the pulp and paper industry and the combined lumber-plywood industries. By 1975, pulp and paper is expected to consume about 27 million cunits, and lumber and plywood together about 24 million cunits. By 2000, the projected figures for Canada are about 92 and 47 million cunits respectively and Ontario should more than double its present level. During 1965, growth of Ontario pulp and paper mills' output kept the industry amongst the top five producers. Newsprint shipments were valued at $214 million, for a gain of 5%; pulp shipments were valued at $140 million, for a gain of 6%. About $120 million was invested in plant modernization and in new mills. This included one new mill and one completely rebuilt mill. Almost every mill benefited in varying degree. It is expected that these changes will require 1,000,000 cords of additional pulpwood annually. There has been a marked increase in the number of enquiries relative to opportunities for new plywood mills to establish. Utilization of high grade maple and yellow birch is approaching the allowable cut and it is difficult to recommend sites for production of this commodity. On the other hand, the reserves of poplar and white birch are ample and a number of feasibility studies are underway. The production of lumber continued its long-term trend. The 1965 mill licence returns showed a lumber and railway tie production of almost 900 million fbm — the highest volume since World War II. A second event of outstanding importance concerns the action taken by government in relation to an area of 3,543.6 square miles lying midway between Chapleau and the north shore of Lake Huron, in the Sault Ste. Marie District. This area was originally licensed, in 1937, to J. J. McFadden Lumber Co. Ltd., and then to Huron Forest Products Co. Ltd., and finally to Dominion Tar and Chemical Co. Ltd. A provision of the licences held by all these companies was that a pulp mill would be built to utilize the timber from this area. After prolonged futile negotiation, the licence was cancelled, the deposit forfeit, and action taken to encourage new industry to locate in this area. A third important development is the implementation of Regeneration Agreements between this Department and holders of large, long-term licences. Basically, this program recognizes the mutual interest of both parties in having cutover lands produce a future crop of commercially desirable species. As owner, the government agrees to reimburse the company, at the agreed to unit rates, for work completed. As operator, the licensee can now make more complete use of his labour and equipment and undertake coordinated planning for both phases of timber management. A fourth development is the adoption of measures that improve the competitive strength of pulp mills in this province. The trend towards greater mechanization of logging took giant strides, which have far reaching effects on the characteristics of labour employed and on the traditional seasonal aspects of logging. Most mills now operate on a 7 day week basis, which has the effect of adding about an eighth to mill capacity without additional investment. Licensing of Mills — The number of mills licensed under the Crown Timber 289 Act in 1965-66 totalled 964, compared to 1030 in the previous year. Sawmills continued their long-term downward trend with the greatest change occurring in mills of low capacity. There was a gain of one mill in each of the pulp and veneer classes. The total figure breaks down as follows: Sawmills Daily lumber capacity over 50 M f.b.m 30 Daily lumber capacity 10 to 50 M f.b.m 117 Daily lumber capacity under 10 M f.b.m 671 Miscellaneous sawn products 89 Veneer Mills 30 Pulp Mills 27 Licensing and Records Unit SUMMARY OF VOLUME AND VALUE OF WOOD CUT FROM CROWN LANDS, BY SPECIES 1964-65 Volume Stumpage Value Species (cu. ft.) $ Softwoods Balsam 11,454,094.03 242,854.92 Cedar 177,336.14 6,708.39 Hemlock 3,128,075.58 80,252.58 Pine, jack 89,612,628.59 2,507,370.78 Pine, red 7,297,334.63 449,735.23 Pine, Scotch 16,591.15 427.33 Pine, white 24,768,579.43 1,396,367.78 Spruce 195,016,833.78 7,354,769.04 Tamarack 98,026.83 2,067.83 Christmas Trees 10,017.50 1,048.50 Fuelwood 434,917.80 3,398.43 332,014,435.46 12,045,000.81 Hardwoods Ash 104,077.84 3,475.72 Basswood 480,494.80 25,819.12 Beech - 358,847.63 6,648.35 Birch, white 3,331,907.38 58,429.78 Birch, yellow 8,983,239.72 693,324.93 Butternut 1,239.81 53.56 Cherry 29,862.67 1,100.25 Elm 278,238.79 12,134.36 Maple 8,459,065.41 342,024.02 Oak 348,449.13 14,798.06 Poplar 20,653,944.57 205,834.22 Fuelwood 1,165,599.05 8,260.37 44,194,966.80 1,371,902.74 Total 376,209,402.26 13,416,903.55 Note: The value of export levy ($38,483.94) is not included in above. 290 The vigor of the economy at large is reflected in the volume of timber cut, which in the aggregate is 4.5 per cent more than in the previous year. However, the increased use is not uniformly distributed. Softwoods as a class are used at a rate 6.8 per cent higher, while hardwoods are at a rate 10.4 per cent lower. The stumpage value of timber cut is up 7.6 per cent in total; a gain of 8.6 per cent for softwoods and a loss of 0.6 per cent for hardwoods. The average stumpage value of all species is $3.57 per cunit, compared to $3.46 last year. Sale of Timber CROWN TIMBER SALES 1965-66 New Licences issued under section 2 C.T.A. New Licences issued under section 3 C.T.A. New Licences issued under section 5 C.T.A. 31.10 square miles 2,193.20 1.20 Total 2,225.50 square miles ABANDONMENTS In the fiscal year 1965-66, licensed areas in the amount of 5,312.20 square miles were abandoned. SUMMARY OF AREA UNDER CROWN TIMBER LICENCE AS OF MARCH 31, 1966 Area in Square Miles Year Licences under Section 2 C.T.A. Licences under Section 3 C.T.A. Licences under Section 5 C.T.A. Total Area 1961-62 3.563.07 99,347.87 154.26 103,065.20 1962-63 3,102.08 97,830.82 152.36 101,085.26 1963-64 2,556.89 99,679.49 18.20 102,254.58 1964-65 2,564.98 103,347.49 4.90 105,917.37 1965-66 2,466.68 100,362.79 1.20 102,830.67 291 292 STUMPAGE REVENUE FOR WOOD CUT FROM CROWN LAND 956 1957 1958 1959 I960 1961 1962 196$ 1964 1965 1966 YEAR 1 293 1 Jp #? - "/>^:/<- ," Using sky hook to pick cones from top branches of mature pine trees, St. Williams Forest Station, Lake Erie District. 294 h- OO LU o z < o \- D U Q O O < > o > o > ex. < Z> CO J3 tH co M 00 1—1 tN 13 © lO oc ► "rf cT co 00 lO CD €«- «N ce CJi CO a 1—1 Tj< N Tf «© T^ > of t> ^f tH tfi CO CO to 3 OJ CO i-T CO _3 3 ITS co 3 ► "tf (M ■<* rH CO OS CO tH kO CO CO 00 cc 13 o 00 > os" eo ea oo i-i oj OS OS T)< CM N l> lO W O t- i-i CN cm OJ CO 3 00 eo ■«* 04 CO lH 00^ tH "3 eo co" ©~ ■* iH tH CM o 1-1 X d © X 6- L-' H lf3 Mi U5 OS O ""# •"* 00 cm t> © © rH 00 00 00 io oo cm c- oT t-T rf 3 T> OS © § &9- O co o 5 be s CO o CO C CO CO ■*■> o 3 "3 O d 3 u co H 3 O C Oh d — **m0* CO o -3 CO at CD 3 — ■ B o o is to o "5 Ph CO CD O O £ £ -t-> CO 'u 15 o CO . 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