Uf *4 •* 3 DEPARTMENT OF LANDS AND FORESTS ^ if mw. '.. REPORT ANNUAL REPORT OF THE MINISTER OF LANDS AND FORESTS OF THE PROVINCE OF ONTARIO FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDING MARCH 31,1971. TO HIS HONOUR, The Lieutenant-Governor of the Province of Ontario. MAY IT PLEASE YOUR HONOUR The undersigned begs respectfully to present to your Honour, the Annual Report of the Department of Lands and Forests for the fiscal year beginning April 1st, 1970, and ending March 31, 1971. RENE BRUNELLE Minister DEPARTMENT OF LANDS AND FORESTS ONTARIO FOREWORD The Annual Report of the Minister is a review of the activities of the Ontario Department of Lands and Forests during the latest fiscal year completed. For both the present term and preceding years, additional detail is reported in "Statistics, 1972", which is released concurrently. The adoption by the Ontario Government in 1969 of the Planning, Programming, Budgeting System of management required a close examination of the goals and objectives for the Department. Previously, certain work had been done in this area so that what was required was actually a refine- ment. This work led to the goal and objectives statement which follows. GOAL AND OBJECTIVES — To provide from Crown lands and waters, and to encour- age on private land and waters, a continuing combination of resource development, outdoor recreation and cjuality environment most consistent with the social and eco- nomic well-being of the people of Ontario. Since the Annual Report takes the form of a collection of reports by the Department's numerous subdivisions, it is important to note that these represent the considerable variety of the Department's responsibilities and the many duties discharged with the same over-all aim. This common aim is summarized in the Department's goal statement. Flowing from the goal statement are three objectives which represent the basis for the program structure and the proposed organization. Essentially, the land management objective is concerned with the land base and its care and up-keep. The other two objectives relate to the consumptive and non-consumptive uses of the renewable resources which exist on the land base. LAND MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVE — To provide co-ordinated land and water resource manage- ment within the framework of a government-wide quality environment goal through planned land-use allocation and control, environmental protection and inter-agency co-operation so that optimum social and economic bene- fits accrue to the people of Ontario both now and in the future. In the present organization, the activities of Forest Protec- tion Branch and Lands and Surveys Branch generally fit with- in the land management objective. OUTDOOR RECREATION OBJECTIVE — To provide opportunities for (a) a wide variety of outdoor recreational experiences accessible to, and for the con- tinuing benefit of, all people of Ontario, and (b) an optimum continuing contribution to the economy of On- tario and its regions from the tourist industry. The activities of Fish and Wildlife Branch and Parks Branch represent the bulk of the activities carried out within this objective. RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVE — To provide an optimum continuing contribution to the economy of Ontario and its regions from the industries utilizing renewable natural resources. The activities of Timber Branch represent the major inter- ests of this objective. The activities of the Personnel, Accounts, Law, Operations and Research Branches are of a service nature and are there- fore not represented by a separate objective. CONTENTS Fish and Wildlife Branch 4 Fisheries Section 20 Parks Branch 34 Forest Protection Branch 44 Lands and Surveys Branch 54 Personnel Branch 60 Accounts Branch 64 Law Branch 74 Operations Branch 82 Research Branch 88 Timber Branch 102 Timber Statistics 118 MINISTER OF LANDS AND FORESTS Hon. RENE BRUNELLE ORGANIZATION i^ EXECUTIVE ASSISTANT R. L. Kertson CHIEFS OF HEAD OFFICE BRANCHES DEPUTY MINISTER G. H. U. BAYLY r^\ '^ /^. r'. n- ^ ^ ACCOUNTS FISH AND FOREST LANDS AND LAW WILDLIFE PROTECTION SURVEYS R. R. MacBean G. H. Ferguson Dr. C. H. D. Clarke VV. T. Foster R. G. Code OPERATIONS PARKS PERSONNEL RESEARCH TIMBER G.A.Hamilton P.Addison J.M.Taylor Dr. W. R. Henson A. J. Herridge ASSISTANT DEPUTY MINISTER R. D. K. Acheson I. ^ NORTHWESTERN REGION REGIONAL DIRECTOR PORT ARTHUR L. Ringham NORTHEASTERN REGION REGIONAL DIRECTOR SUDBURY J. W. Lockwood SOUTHERN REGION REGIONAL DIRECTOR MAPLE J. W. Giles •ICMJOtfli^ FISH AND WILDLIFE BRANCH «^ %m Vi»«*'^ ■^^S! Fish and Wildlife Branch is divided into two sections and their subordinate units with duties and responsibilities as follows. WILDLIFE • Came Management: Maintenance and increase of game abundance through improvement of habitat, regulations, inventory of game numbers, measure of participation by hunters, establishment of public hunting areas; and de- velopment of agreement with landowners to provide im- proved game habitat and hunting opportunities. • Fur Management: Biologically sound management of fur- bearing animals; counselling of trappers to assist them in achieving the highest economic returns for their furs; regu- lations; stocking of animals in depleted areas; and licensing of fur farms. • Field Services: Enforcement of the hunting and fishing regulations; development of training programs for con- servation officers related to law enforcement; development of programs to secure the co-operation of the public in observing regulations; and conduct of hunter examinations. FISHERIES • Sport Fisheries and hialcherles: Planning, co-ordinating and stimulating programs to maintain, develop and expand the Province's sport fisheries through habitat improvement, regulations, inventory of fish populations, measurement of angler activity and angler harvests, development of provin- cial fishing areas, providing information, production of hatchery stock and assessment of its effectiveness, distribu- tion of fish, and stimulation of commercial hatchery and private fish pond development. • Commercial Fisheries: Planning and co-ordinating pro- grams based on sound biologic, social and economic bases for the optimum commercial utilization of the Province's fishery resources; issuing licences; collection of statistics (both biologic and economic) on commercial harvests of fish; regulation of harvest through seasons, quotas, gear restrictions and other means; and the development of pro- grams to assist and stimulate industry in catching, process- ing, handling and marketing of fish. • Fisheries Inventory: Inventory of the waters of the Prov- ince; organization and co-ordination of the field programs; and implementation of data processing systems to utilize inventory information for biologic, economic and other uses. • Indian Resource Development: Administration and co- ordination of resource program of fisheries, wildlife, for- estry, recreation, etc., under the Federal-Provincial Re- source Development Agreement; and development of pro- grams for Indian use of resources. A pheasant, a moment alter release, Cananoque Provincial Hunting Area. Photo by C. Van Cemerden. WILDLIFE SECTION DEER MANAGEMENT Deer management in Ontario aims at providing outdoor recreation through hunting and viewing deer. This is not an easy task in Ontario where deer are on the northern edge of their range and severe winters frequently take a heavy toll. The influence of winter was particularly evident during the year 1970-1. THE HUNT The number of hunters declined from about 92,000 in 1969 to about 83,000 in 1970. This may have been due largely to economic conditions, but the relatively poor hunter success of the previous two years (due to unfavourable weather dur- ing the hunting seasons) probably discouraged many hunters. The weather in 1970 was much better with none of the heavy rain or snow which discouraged hunters in the preceding two years. It was mainly warm and overcast, and deer were still widely spread over their summer range. There was no snow to show deer tracks, but hunter success should have increased in response to more favourable hunt- ing conditions. As it was, the influence of the previous winter intervened. The winter of 1969-70 was one in which snow lay deep on the ground over long periods. Although there was no massive mortality, it seems certain that some losses occur- red, probably enough to affect hunter success. The indica- tions were in the exceptionally low percentages of fawns in the 1970 deer kill. It has been shown under experimental conditions that does with inferior winter diets lose many of their fawns during the spring. This appears to be what happened in 1970. The shortage of fawns was particularly noticeable in contrast with 1969 when the percentages of fawns were unusually high. The good crop of fawns that year was confirmed by the 1970 statistics in which large numbers of yearlings were recorded. An exception to these general observations appeared in Parry Sound Forest District where fawns comprised nearly one-third of the deer examined during hunter checks in 1970. The combined effects of fewer deer and fewer hunters produced an over-all hunter success of about 20 per cent which was close to the average for the previous ten years. Although hunter success fluctuates from year to year, it has for ten years remained within quite narrow limits. There are greater variations between districts. Thus, to compare the 1970 hunting season with the previous one, it is necessary to examine each forest district individually. In Kemptville District, hunter success increased from 17% in 1969 to 19% in 1970. Success in Tweed District remained about 20% with somewhat poorer success in North Hastings County. Hunter success in Lindsay District remained just under the 20% level, but there was considerable variation within the district; in Haliburton County, very good hunting was reported, but success was considerably less in North Peterborough County. In Lake Huron District, hunter success increased from 14% in 1969 to 17% in 1970. Parry Sound reported about 18%, similar to 1969. In Lake Simcoe District, some town- ships showed success as high as 25%, but the over-all suc- cess remained around 20%, the same as last year. Farther north, hunters success in Pembroke District increased from 12% in 1969 to 15% in 1970, while North Bay had the usual 8% success. Reasonably good hunting was found on Sudbury main- land, compared with some recent years; the over-all hunter success was still only about 10%, but among organized groups it rose to 15%, and organized non-resident hunters reported 36%. On Manitoulin Island, hunter success was similar to the previous year — 22% in 1969 and 23% in 1970. In Sault Ste. Marie District, hunter success appeared about the same with a little better success in the Blind River area than in the rest of the district. In contrast, hunting in northwestern Ontario continued to be excellent. Recent mild winters permitted the continued recovery of the herd following the severe winter of 1965. Kenora reported a hunter success of 42%, and Fort Frances was even higher at 44%. Farther east in Thunder Bay Dis- trict, severe winters are more frequent, and the effect on the hunter success was evident as it continued to drop from 18% in 1969 to 16% in 1970. White-tailed deer, bogged down in deep snow, Matawat- chan Townsiiip, Renfrew County, February, 1971 . Photo by W. F. Cheshire. A mailed survey of deer hunters has been initiated to pro- vide more reliable and detailed information on hunter activities and success than the returns from checking sta- tions and field checks quoted here. However, there are still problems in interpreting the data. WINTER CONDITIONS AND RANGE MANAGEMENT Shortly after the deer hunt, district crews began preparing for regular, winter, deer range management work in the eastern deer range. Everything appeared normal with the arrival of snow about the middle of November, but snow- falls continued to be frequent in January and, indeed, throughout the rest of the winter. The few minor thaws were not enough to reduce snow depths greatly. The frequent snowfalls, with little thawing, produced snow depths greater than any recorded since records were begun 18 years ago. Average snow depths across the eastern deer range were greater than 20 inches for 14 consecutive weeks, and greater than 30 inches for eight weeks. Deer were confined to small areas where food supplies became critical. Emergency work was initiated about mid-February. -Addi- tional trees were cut in many of the areas where deer were concentrated to provide food from the tops. Emergency work contrasts with normal winter operations which open the canopy and encourage growth of new plants for the deer to eat in succeeding >'ears. The wisdom of this policy became evident during the winter as many of the food patches resulting from previous work provided crucial SListenance to the deer. A newly developed technique helped ensure that all nearby food could be utilized. On the basis of previous experimental work, the first large-scale trail-breaking opera- tions were undertaken with bulldozers, skidders and power toboggans, ploughing or packing access routes from where the deer were concentrated to food patches established during previous winters. Fortunately, the deer survived much better than could have been expected in view of the widespread starvation which occurred during 1958-9 and 1959-60 when there was less total accumulation of snow. Probably, several factors combined to favour the deer in 1970. First, the mild, late fall allowed them to enter the winter in good shape. Second, a hard crust developed about the middle of February, and this allowed deer to walk on top of the snow in many areas so they could range farther and reach higher for food. Third, a reasonably good balance existed between numbers of deer and amounts of available food, as a result of lower deer densities on the one hand, and more available food pro- duced by deer range management work on the other. Our redoubled efforts during the period of deep snow appeared to have a noticeably beneficial effect on the deer. Preliminary figures suggest that only about 12 to 14% of the deer succumbed during this winter in spite of the deep- est snow on record. This mortality is considered moderate, and it is certainly much less than the losses during the Net Area Winter Range Treated Affected (acres) (acres) 155 1,900 375 60,000 780 4,900 1,197 25,800 683 32,900 1,307 10,000 16 5,000 4,513 140,500 previous extreme winters of 1958-9 and 1959-60. The mortality varied from district to district. Some of the heaviest mortality occurred in Lindsay District and in the districts along the northern edge of the deer range — North Bay, Sudbury, and Sault Ste. Marie. Except in Thunder Bay District, which experienced a relatively severe winter, the deer in northwestern Ontario escaped again. The accumula- tion of snow was not severe, and little mortality was reported. DEER RANGE IMPROVEMENT, 1970-1 Forest District Sault Ste. KAarie Sudbury Parry Sound . . . Pembroke .... Lindsay Tweed Lake Simcoe . . TOTAL MOOSE MANAGEMENT The recreational opportunities afforded by the presence of moose are numerous and varied. Many people observe moose during the summer. Many more partake of a thrilling hunt during the fall. The goal of moose management in Ontario is to continue to provide opportunities for recrea- tion and economic benefit. For the third successive year, the annual mailed survey of hunters was conducted from a central location with the aid of an electronic computer. Progress was made in stream- lining the system, but difficulties still occurred, causing delays in producing the final figures. The figures given below may still be adjusted slightly to account for such influences as hunter bias in reporting. THE HUNT The total moose harvest for 1970, provisionally estimated at 13,664, was the third highest on record. Only in 1965 and 1966 were more moose harvested. The improvement in hunting over the previous three years was due entirely to the better hunting weather during the season. Water levels were low, and the weather was pleasant. Thus, there were plenty of opportunities for calling moose and for seeing them along the shores of lakes and streams. By contrast, in 1969 the weather was rainy and warm, and water levels were so high that moose seldom came into the open along the shorelines. There were the usual variations in hunter success across northern Ontario in response to local conditions. The best hunting was in the northwest. Kenora District experienced its most successful hunt in recent years with a very high hunter success of 41.9%, compared with 33.1% in 1969. An early leaf fall, and early snow suitable for tracking, produced an extraordinary 48% success at the Red Lake Road Checking Station, compared with 37% in 1969. Hunt- ing was equally good in Sioux Lookout District where the hunter success rose to 43.3% from 29.8% in 1969. The same could not be said of Fort Frances District which reported a decreased success of 35.5%, compared with 39.6% in 1969. Farther east, the increase in hunter success was less spectacular. In the Districts of Thunder Bay (32.0%), Gerald- ton (27.0%), Kapuskasing (23.1%) and White River (21.2%), success was up by a few percentage points. These districts recorded more rainfall than in the west but not so much as they had during 1969. The total kill remained much the same, but it was taken by fewer hunters, producing a higher percent success. In Chapleau (16.7%), Cochrane (15.5%) and Swastika (14.4%) hunter success was similar to that of 1969. Farther south, results of the hunt were not as favourable. Sault Ste. Marie enjoyed good hunting conditions only in the early part of the season. The warm weather persisted, so there was little snow for tracking, and the over-all success rate was down to 17.7% from 21.4% in 1969. Sudbury also had a slightly lower success of 13.1%, compared with 14.3% in 1969. North Bay showed a slight improvement to 18.5% from 14.0% in 1969. The southern districts of Parry Sound, Pembroke, Lindsay and Tweed (after a closed season in 1969) reported fairly good hunting with reported success around 18 to 25%, but this was not as good as in 1968. Hunter success figures in this area are affected by the large numbers of deer hunters who have also become moose hunters. Therefore, the best com- parisons are among numbers of moose shot. In Parry Sound District, 326 moose were reported in 1970, compared with 442 in 1968. In Pembroke and Lindsay, they reported shoot- ing 102 and 78, respectively, in 1970, compared with 142 and 140 in 1968. An increased kill of 37 was reported in Tweed, compared with 21 in 1968. The 1970 moose hunt showed more use of power tobog- gans during the later part of the season. This was partly due to their growing popularity in all outdoor winter sports and partly to the relatively early snow which the northern dis- tricts received. Yet, in Swastika District where power tobog- gans are perhaps the most popular, only 13% of the hunters reported using them. Although some people think the use of power toboggans threatens the moose herd, this is obvi- ously not the case. Two-thirds of the moose are still shot during the first two weeks of the season. Thus, the moose shot during the late season by hunters using power tobog- gans could not have a great effect on the herd. THE RANGE The mailed survey of hunters has produced figures useful for managing our moose herds. A more difficult problem concerns the forest land on which moose depend for food and shelter. Surveys were conducted in five districts in the summer of 1970 to assess the effects of factors influencing the moose range. Preliminary figures from Swastika District indicate that the practice of scarifying for timber regeneration is not having the detrimental effect on moose food production which had been feared. The disturbance caused by scarifying resulted in increased regeneration of many species, and this produced good moose food. However, the large size of the scarified area raised questions about whether moose need standing timber for escape cover and winter shelter. Attempts to determine the optimum size of clear-cuts in Geraldton and Port Arthur Districts were not successful. Further surveys are planned to answer this question. The effect of aerial spraying with herbicides was also investigated. In White River District, preliminary results showed that alders and birch were almost entirely killed, but most other species survived. It appeared that a single aerial spraying in an area with diverse species would not have an adverse effect on availability of moose food. Bljrk hcjr. 'Mi^civiiiin Vu n /m ul l\iik Photo by T. Jenkins. Another survey was directed towards determining the length of time that regeneration continued to supply avail- able food after the previous stand was cut. In some of the areas investigated in Kapuskasing District, browse was still plentiful after 17 years. Good moose management practices must be based on accurate information. In 1970, further advances were made in recording the success of the annual moose hunt, and progress was made in the relatively new study of the forest as it affects moose. We are confident that any local problems of overharvesting can be quickly solved. In the long-term, it is the range on which the moose depend which will deter- mine the future of moose in Ontario. The Section will strive to investigate all significant problems to ensure that moose will continue to provide the many benefits of outdoor recreation. BEAR MANAGEMENT In recent years, the black bear has gained popularity with hunters and recreationists, and therefore proper manage- ment is becoming more important. The goal of black bear management is to provide opportunities for recreation and economic benefit to the people of Ontario. The continued success of our management program is indicated by the increasing sale of spring bear hunting licences. Sales of licences to residents have increased from 1,359 in 1969 to 1,517 in 1970, an increase of 127o. Sales of non-resident licences have increased from 9,400 in 1969 to 10,995 in 1970, an increase of 17%. Since most non-resident bear hunters spend $80 to 90 on their hunt, the exchange of money generated by spring bear hunting in Ontario is fast approaching the million dollar mark. Many hunters kill bear incidentally while hunting deer or moose in the fall. The export of bear from northwestern Ontario has increased from 248 in 1969 to 409 in 1970. Bear are increasingly important as a supplement to deer and moose hunting. The nuisance-bear problem continued to decrease in im- portance during 1970 as few problem bears were reported. The problems raised by these bear may be related to the abundance of wild berries. Bear may range much farther when berries are scarce and thus come into more frequent contact with humans. Bear which find food near human habitations frequently return in search of more. The traditional way of handling the problem is to shoot the bear. This is still necessary on some occasions, but in many instances we have been able to remove bear by trap- ping, drugging, transporting and releasing them. Very few bear return to the scene of the trouble. During the past year, nine districts used this humane method of removing un- wanted bear. UPLAND GAME MANAGEMENT Upland game management objectives include regulations to permit maximum use of resident small game species, several of which are usually under-harvested; encouragement of practices which increase the production of small game; and accurate predictions of the annual availability of small game. Upland game hunting continued to be a popular recrea- tion in Ontario. During the 1969-70 season, 361,997 resident small game and summer hunting licences and 7,500 non- resident small game licences were sold. RUFFED GROUSE The past year showed a marked improvement in populations of ruffed grouse across most of the Province. There was little question that the nine-year cycle was on an upswing; of districts reporting, only two indicated fewer grouse based on summer observations. Better availability of grouse was re- flected in information collected during the hunting season. Hunters on foot took 31 grouse per hundred hours in 1970, compared with 25.8 in the previous year. Hunters on bush roads took 5.1 grouse per hundred miles, a marked increase from the average of 2.1 recorded the year previously. Better hunter success was recorded in nearly every district. A fur- ther increase in availability of birds and hunter success was predicted for 1971. SHARPTAILED GROUSE Prairie sharptailed grouse were in good supply in north- western Ontario. Fort Frances District personnel live-trapped and transferred 50 prairie sharptails which were released in Grenville County. This year, a taped recording of courtship calls heard on a dancing ground were played at dawn at the release site. This was thought responsible for holding the released birds in a restricted area — which is essential if they are to set up their own dancing ground prior to nesting. This was the second consecutive year in which prairie sharp- tails were released in Grenville County; the initial release in 1969 dispersed rather widely since there were no taped dancing ground calls to hold them on the release site. There is evidence to suggest that the first introduction of prairie sharptailed grouse in Lindsay District in 1963 is be- coming more firmly established. RING-NECKED PHEASANTS Ring-necks were in reasonable supply in extreme, south- western Ontario and in the Regional Municipality of 10 Niagara. Pheasants were not quite as numerous in the area north of western Lake Ontario, and severe winter weather during 1970 is thought to be responsible. Pheasants in this latter area were hit hard again by weather during the winter of 1970-1, and a lower population was predicted for the 1971 season. In the Niagara area and in Essex, Kent and Lambton, the snowfall was not as severe and there was a reasonable carr\over of pheasants. Sportnnen's clubs and 'regulated' townships continue to stock birds provided by the Department. The Department produced 29,800 chicks, 17,150 poults, and 7,050 fall adults. The latter were used on public hunting areas across southern Ontario. In addition, about 2,600 spent breeders were re- leased in late spring across the southern counties. Under the regulated township system, pheasants are pro- vided to municipalities which frequently enlist the co-opera- tion of sportmen's clubs to rear and release the birds under Department supervision. Municipalities, where birds were reared to adults for stocking just prior to the open season, had the best hunter success. Release of younger pheasant stock is much less successful in putting birds in the hunter's bag, and the total cost per bird bagged is much higher. HUNGARIAN PARTRIDGE The best Hungarian partridge hunting in Ontario continues to be provided by the eastern Counties, but huns were at the lowest levels in several years in the fall of 1970. The decline was evident in the average number of birds bagged per hunter day; it fell from 2.9 in 1968 to 1.4 in 1969 to 1.1 in 1970. Causes of periodic declines in Hungarian partridge populations are not known. It is quite possible, however, that this bird undergoes cyclic fluctuations of scarcity and abundance much as the ruffed grouse or varying hare; only continued obser\'ations will confirm or disprove this. Weather conditions during 1970-1 in the Kemptville area were severe with snowfall at record levels. Kemptville District staff live-trapped partridge from unhunted areas, and a release of 24 birds was made in Sombra Township, Lambton County, in the same area where 45 were released the year previously. It is hoped to establish huntable popu- lations of huns in every suitable area of southern Ontario. RABBITS AND HARES Ontario's "rabbits", including the European hare or jack- rabbit, the cottontail rabbit, and the snowshoe or varying hare, produce excellent recreation, particularly in southern agricultural areas of the Province. The varying hare continued to increase and was obviously on the upswing of its usual nine-year cycle. This species is sought by hunters, particularly in eastern Ontario. Hunting for cottontails, European hare and varying hare was more difficult in 1969-70 because deep snow came early and continued to accumulate during January and February. Lake Simcoe District checked 616 hunters who had taken .33 "rabbits" per hunting trip. This was a slight decline from the 0.40 figure obtained in 1969. WOODCOCK The popularity of this migratory game bird is increasing each year. Breeding ground surveys of singing males were made for the second consecutive year on over 50 randomly selected routes across southern Ontario. An average of 5.15 woodcock per comparable route was heard, and this average was the second highest of 24 states and provinces from Wisconsin to the Atlantic coast, exceeded, only slightly, by New Brunswick. Federal surveys of migratory bird hunters estimated that 97,906 woodcock were taken in Ontario during the 1970-1 season, compared to 76,232 in 1969 and 55,952 in 1968. The average bag per successful hunter was 5.2, down slightly from the 6.1 average the year previously. WATERFOWL MANAGEMENT Waterfowl management objectives in Ontario include the maintenance of waterfowl populations at or near levels which occurred in the 1956-62 period, a period of both high and low population levels, and the provision of sustained quality recreation for hunters and non-hunters alike. Preliminary figures from the Federal Government suggest a small increase in the number of resident migratory game bird hunting permits sold, and a slight decline in the number of non-resident non-migratory bird permits sold in the Province. Waterfowl hunters enjoyed a successful season. Although unusually high numbers of local waterfowl were observed in early autumn, mild and sunny weather conditions throughout much of the season influenced success and pro- vided good, rather than excellent, hunting. The exceptionally fine weather contributed to a lower bag of snow geese on James Bay; although geese were plentiful, a greater degree of effort was required to bring a bird to bag. Pre-season waterfowl banding continued to be an im- portant management activity in following trends in popula- tions where, unlike western Canada, aerial and ground surveys cannot provide good information on such impor- tant forest nesting species as the black duck and the wood duck. Over 16,000 ducks and geese were banded by the Department in association with private co-operators at over 11 30 banding stations across the Province in 1970. This was an increase of more than 2,000 over the previous year. GIANT CANADA GOOSE PROGRAM For the third consecutive year, giant Canada geese were propagated and held at several game management areas in southern Ontario. The Counties of Wellington and Waterloo, the three southern townships of Grey County, East Luther of Dufferin County, and South Dumfries of Brant County re- main closed to goose hunting to protect goose breeding stock. Forty-six pairs of Giant Canada geese were released in 1970. Larger releases are planned for future years. The pro- gram to establish the Giant Canada goose, a southern breed- ing race, was begun in 1968 in association with the Ontario Waterfowl Research Foundation atGuelph. Single pairs were released initially on small water areas on pri\ate lands, but there was trouble associated with keeping birds on the area, and the release method was changed in favour of larger numbers of geese on larger bodies of water. WILDLIFE EXTENSION PROGRAM The Wildlife Extension Program has been designed to ac- complish three things. Primarily, it seeks to provide access to private lands for public recreation based on wildlife resources; it encourages private landowners to implement wildlife management practices on their properties; and it seeks to strengthen public appreciation of wildlife resources through interpretive programs which point out the value of wildlife to modern man. The program is tailored to southern Ontarion where the need is most acute. Because southern Ontario is for the most part composed of privately owned properties, access problems to rural land have hindered wildlife oriented, public, recreational opportunities. During the 1970-1 hunting season, four Wildlife Extension Agreement Areas were in operation for hunting and viewing. Law enforcement and wildlife management assistance is offered to landowners as an incentive to allow public access to their properties. Ancasler Township Wildlife Extension Area, the first Agree- ment area in Ontario, continued to provide hunting oppor- tunity in the crowded Golden Horseshoe area of southern Ontario. Under agreement with the Minister, 61 landowners allowed public hunting on their properties. A deputy-con- servation officer patrolled the Township during peak hunting periods of the small-game season. Restricted zones were posted by sportsmen around farm headquarters to restrict hunting access in areas where landowner-sportsman con- tlicts often arise. In addition, sportsmen assisted in the plant- ing of wildlife shrubs offered free of charge through the Program to co-operating landowners. A Zenith telephone line was used in Ancaster to allow easy communication with the Hespeler office when problems arose from the public use of private lands. Landowners continue to receive this program enthusiastically. A)7mer Ponds Wildlife Extension Agreement Area. This 106- acre parcel is owned jointly by the Town of Aylmer in Elgin County and the Ontario Water Resources Commission. Hunting access was controlled for the first time during the 1970 hunting season. By regulating hunter numbers, the number of waterfowl harvested from the ponds has been increased substantially, and the quality of the recreational experience has been correspondingly upgraded. Plans are under way to provide a permanent parking lot, waterfowl hunting blinds, and a law enforcement observation tower on the property. Waterford Lakes Wildliie Extension Agreement Area. This 750-acre area has 11 ponds and provides a substantial amount of hunting and viewing opportunity for waterfowl. It is owned in part by the Long Point Region Conservation Authority, the Town of Waterford, the Township of Towns- end, and several private landowners. Controlled hunting was provided on this area for the first time during the 1970 season. Waterfowl hunting from blinds and shooting posi- tions was offered five days a week. Additionally, a flock of Giant Canada geese was introduced to the area. A large parking lot was built, and a waterfowl observation blind for public viewing was constructed within the sanctuary area. Future plans call for a Wildlife Management Demonstration area, and the construction and emplacement of several waterfowl nesting boxes and platforms. Valens Wildlife Extension Agreement Area. This 450-acre property is owned by the Hamilton Region Conservation Authority. It provides waterfowl hunting and viewing oppor- tunities on an area that is used inlenstively during other periods of the year by outdoor recreationists. Seven blinds have been constructed and placed on the Valens Reservoir for hunter use. Access to the blinds is controlled by the Conservation Authority. A baited area is located on the south end of the reservoir. Waterfowl hunting is permitted during the mornings of Monday, Wednesday and Saturday during the hunting season. In 1970, the area supplied recreation for 249 hunters who hunted a total of 1,298 hours, averaging 5.21 hours per hunter. A total of 378 ducks were harvested, an average of 1 .52 ducks per hunter. 12 PROVINCIAL HUNTING AREAS In the Provincial Hunting Area program, our primary goal is to provide a place to hunt in areas where hunting oppor- tunities have become most restricted and the need for public hunting land is most urgent. Other goals are as follows; to manage these lands to produce a variety of wildlife species at levels as nearly as possible in harmony with man's various interests; to produce a high quality hunting and outdoor recrea- tional experience; to create a public awareness of the value of wildlife in modern society; to encourage alternate uses such as wildlife photography, dog field trials, and nature study. PHEASANT HUNTING AREAS Pheasants were released in good cover (in numbers accord- ing to demand) on four hunting units in Provincial Parks as well as the Gananoque Provincial Hunting Area in 1970, and 4,901 man-days of pheasant hunting were enjoyed in areas where normally this recreational past time would not occur because four of the five units are outside the native pheasant range. A total of 6,100 birds were released, mainly in these five areas. Limited numbers were stocked in good cover at Tiny Marsh in Simcoe County, at the north end of Scugog Island in Ontario County, and on the Brighton Provincial Hunting area in Northumberland County. PROVINCIAL WATERFOWL HUNTING AREAS Five waterfowl management units within Provincial Parks were in operation again in 1970 to provide the public with reasonable-quality hunting opportunities for ducks and geese. PROVINCIAL WATERFOWL HUNTING AREAS, 1970 Name of area Acres Long Point 1750 Rondeau 9200 Darlington 380 Presqu'ile 2170 Holiday Beach ... 262 Tiny Marsh 2300 (opening day only) Daily- Licences Sold (Zone A) Seasonal Licences Sold (Zone B) 1717 960 255 700" No. of Seasonal Name of area Hunters Checked Long Point 551 Rondeau 148 Darlington — Presqu'ile — Holiday Beach . . . 6111 Tiny Marsh — No. of Waterfowl Harvested Zone A 2025 Zone B 475 Zone A 1464 ZoneB 220 498 1293 551 352 492 573 1066 Average Bag Per Hunter 1.2 .9 1.5 1.5 1.2 0.2* 1.3 *Bird!hunler low because sportsmen are concentrating on harvesting Canada geese. **No daily or seasonal licences required. Estimate only. PROVINCIAL PHEASANT HUNTING AREAS, 1970 Darlington* Hunting Area (acres) 380 Hunters 937 Pheasants Released 1500 Pheasants Released/Hunter 1.6 Pheasants Harvested 1273 Pheasants Harvested/Hunter 1.4 ("areas within Provincial Parks) Sibbald* Earl* Point* Point Rowe Farms Gananoque 450 425 600 1041 952 793 476 1743 1439 1199 356 1600 1.5 1.5 0.7 0.9 1294 1108 293 1303 1.3 1.4 0.6 0.7 13 LANDS ACQUIRED FOR WILDLIFE PURPOSES, 1962-71 Acres Acres Area County 1962-71 1970-1 Luther Marsh *Dufferin 1,050 81 Isaac Lake "Bruce 1,139 844 Angle Ditch Marsh *Bruce 200 — Johnston Harbour .... Bruce 4,404 — Dept. Highways — transfer various 1,062 — Hullett Marsh *Huron 2,305 2,305 Holland Marsh *Simcoe 1,298 — Tiny Marsh 'Simcoe 2,246 — Nonquon River *Ontario 2,449 260 Wye Marsh *Simcoe 2,417 — Dalton Victoria 100 — Brighton Northumberland 954 275 Murray Marsh 'Northumberland 1,593 — Gananoque Leeds 1,046 — Winchester *Dunda5 3,600 — Charlottenburg Stormont 258 — Millbrook Durham 188 — Long Point 'Norfolk 90 — Dalhousie Tract Lanark 935 — Lavant Township Lanark 5,300 100 Watt Township *Muskoka 266 121 MacCauley Township . . Muskoka 1,220 — Spence Township Parry Sound 800 — *Lennox & Camden Lake Addington 299 299 Mountain View Prince Edward 154 154 TOTAL 35,378 4,439 'Wetland Projects WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT UNITS UNDER DEVELOPMENT of the many land acquisition projects underway in Ontario for various purposes, 15 parcels of land, totalling 27,843 acres, are being actively developed to meet wildlife needs of adequate food and cover. Aylmer Provincial Hunting Area. 555 acres, Malahide Town- ship, Elgin County. Purpose: to demonstrate that the grow- ing of farm crops and a wildlife crop are compatible and that with suitable management this kind of multiple-use is pos- sible. Development: Until 1969, emphasis was placed on habitat management for upland game such as cottontail rabbits and pheasants; in 1970, plans were prepared to pro- duce and attract waterfowl; in the winter of 1970, a chain link fence was built within one-quarter mile of a proposed baited area for Canada geese; within the enclosure, a 50- acre lake will be constructed, and Maxima Canada geese from Holiday Beach Provincial Park will be released to establish a breeding flock. Fingal Provincial Hunting Area, 780 acres Southwold Town- ship, Elgin County. Purpose: To demonstrate that the grow- ing of farm crops and a wildlife crop are compatible and that with suitable management this kind of multiple-use is possible. Development, 1970: One corn crib and two gran- aries were constructed for storage of cob corn and grain from sharecropping agreements; fencing of the baited area around the six-acre impoundment was completed. Pusllnch Tract, 500 acres, Puslinch Township, Waterloo County. Purpose: A small game and waterfowl management demonstration area with the specific purpose of establishing habitats suitable for cottontail rabbits and ruffed grouse. Development 1970: 2,000 wildlife shrubs, 10,000 red pine, 2,000 Norway spruce, and 1,000 Carolina poplar were planted; more brush piles for cottontail rabbits were con- structed; 40 nests for squirrels were erected in the hardwood bush; and 25 acres of corn food plots were planted. Luther Marsh, about 10,000 acres, Luther Township, Dufferin and Wellington Counties. Most of the 1,050 acres in Provin- cial ownership are located within the Crown game preserve at the north end of the marsh. No hunting is allowed in this area. The upland fields are being farmed to provide food crops for waterfowl. A committee of Lands and Forests and Grand River Conservation Authority personnel drew up a co-operative management for this large area. Development, 1970: One one-acre pothole with three islands; 3,000 feet of shoreline clearing in test area on west bay; one pheasant pen; two ponds in the goose enclosure; 8,000 wildlife shrubs planted; five acres of goose pasture seeded; waterfowl lure crops planted; one parking lot constructed; one viewing platform built; and one bubbler system installed in the head pond to have open water during the winter for a captive Canada goose flock. Hullett Marsh Provincial Hunting Area, 2,305 acres, Hullett Township, Dufferin County. Purpose: To attract migrating waterfowl for hunting and viewing purposes; the impound- ment and upland fields will provide nesting, brooding and feeding areas for waterfowl as well as some upland game hunting in the woodlots and along the fence rows. Develop- ment, 1970: Two parking lots were constructed; some wild- life shrubs were planted; and a contour survey was completed. (No wildlife habitat development has taken place because land consolidation for the project area is still underway.) 14 Isaac Lake Provincial Hunting Area, 1,139 acres, Albermarle Township, Bruce County. Purpose: To provide public hunt- ing for waterfowl and upland game as well as opportunities to view wildlife in its natural environment. Development, 1970; Fencing; goose enclosure with three ponds; one park- ing lot; and one boat launching ramp. W/7/ow Creek Provincial Hunting Area, 4,404 acres, St. Edmunds Township, Bruce County. Purpose: To provide hunting for small game and deer and public fishing. Devel- opment, 1970: Three parking lots were gravelled. Tiny Marsh Provincial Hunting Area, 2,246 acres. Tiny Township, Simcoe County. Purpose; To provide public hunt- ing for waterfowl in the marsh and for small game on the uplands as well as opportunities to view and photograph wildlife. Development, 1970; 6,840 wildlife shrubs were planted; lure crops for waterfowl were seeded; and a dike bisecting the marsh was constructed to permit drawdown of water levels in each of the two compartments. Wye Marsh Provincial Hunting Area, 2,417 acres, Tay Town- ship, Simcoe County. Purpose: Similar to that described for Tiny Marsh. Development, 1970: A 15-acre field was ploughed in preparation for goose pasture; a gravel access road was graded and extended to the edge of the marsh; a 1,500-foot access ditch was constructed; 24 duck hunting blinds were built; and 49 floating nesting islands for water- fowl were constructed. Holland Marsh Provincial Hunting Area, 1,298 acres. West Cwillimbury Township, Simcoe County. Purpose: To provide public hunting for waterfowl and upland game as well as opportunities to view wildlife in its natural environment. Development, 1970: To provide more open water in the "sea" of cattail on the west side of the Holland River, a number of small potholes were created with the use of ammonium nitrate-fuel oil mixture. Nonquon River Provincial Hunting Area, 2,449 acres, Reach Township, Ontario County. Purpose: As Holland Marsh, above. Development, 1970: One maintenance building; planting of wildlife shrubs; and ponds for waterfowl. Brighton Provincial Hunting Area. 954 acres, Brighton Town- ship, Northumberland County. Purpose: To provide public hunting for waterfowl and upland game as well as opportu- nities for viewing wildlife in its natural environment. Devel- opment, 1970: Completion of access road; one parking lot; fencing; food plots for wildlife; and planting of wildlife shrubs. Camden Lake Wildlife Management Area, about 3100 acres, Camden Township, Lennox and Addington County. Purpose: As Brighton area, above. Development, 1970; Fencing, goose pond, parking lots, access road, and establishment of waterfowl feeding sanctuaries. Winchester Provincial Hunting Area, 3600 acres. Mountain Township, Dundas County. Purpose: As Brighton area, above. Development, 1970: Ponds for waterfowl, ditch con- struction, parking lot and fencing. Cananoque Provincial Hunting Area, 1,045 acres, front of Leeds and Lansdowne Township, Leeds County. Purpose: As Brighton area, above. Development, 1970: Ponds for waterfowl, food plots for wildlife, and wildlife shrub plantings. PREDATOR MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL The Department's policy relative to predation on livestock by wildlife species, such as wolves, coyotes and bear, is to provide assistance to those concerned through training and the loan of the equipment necessary to remove the specific problem animals. Mallard parents urge ducklings towards water. Photo by T. Jenkins. 15 where predation on other wildlife species, such as deer, is considered to be having a detrimental effect on a specific population, the Department implements the necessary con- trol programs to reduce the predator population to levels considered compatible with the existing prey populations. Department staff conducted 62 investigations of instances of predation on domestic stock and wildlife prey species during 1970. These resulted in the implementation of 42 control programs. Thirty-one timber wolves, 29 coyotes and 11 dogs were removed from problem areas as a result. Eleven predator control workshops were held in various locations throughout the Province during the year. Twenty- five Department employees received on-the-job training, and 222 farmers and trappers participated in the extension training programs. A total of 1,433 timber wolves, 1,919 coyotes and 103 coyote-dog hybrids were killed for bounty in Ontario from January 1 to December 31, 1970. This is a slight decrease in numbers as compared to those killed during 1969. The Province paid a total of $67,984 for bounty on wolves, coyotes and hybrids during the past fiscal year as compared to $69,996 in the preceding year. FIELD SERVICES The unit concerns itself chiefly with fish and game law enforcement, providing a liaison between the Wildlife and Fisheries Sections of the Fish and Wildlife Branch at head office and the Field and Law Branch. The publication of Hunting Summaries of the seasons and regulations, for public distribution, is also a responsibility of the Unit. Administration of The Game and Fish Act and the regula- tions, the Ontario Fishery Regulations, The Migratory Birds Convention Act and regulations, and The Wolf and Bear Bounty Act, as they apply to law enforcement in the field, is guided by Field Services. The training of conservation offices and the procedure under which hunters are examined are included in the Unit's responsibilities. The Central Licence Bureau is a part of the Unit, servicing game and fish managers in providing a closer contact with the users of fish and wildlife resources in programming and carrying out surveys. LAW ENFORCEMENT It is the aim of law enforcement to encourage, and to get, compliance with the fish and game laws for public benefit. The objective of the law enforcement programs is to prevent violations. Where education and warnings fail to achieve compliance, charges may be laid. Conservation officers have the power to enforce a number of Acts, and regulations provided under those Acts, in addi- tion to those dealing strictly with wildlife. Officers often find themselves involved with The Public Lands Act, The Forest Fires Protection Act, The Timber Act, The Fish Inspec- tion Act, The Provincial Parks Act, The Wild Rice Harvesting Act and others dealing with the environment. This large area of responsibility requires detailed knowledge of the law respecting these resources and an intimate understanding of their management if the laws are to be properly applied. LAW ENFORCEMENT TRAINING During the year, law enforcement training was continued for Department personnel directly and indirectly involved in law enforcement activities. Employees received instruc- tion through three two-week courses held at Nym Lake Chief Ranger Division, Staff House, Fort Frances Forest District, and at the Ontario Forest Technical School, Dorset. Partici- pating personnel were made up of biologists, conservation officers and forestry technicians. A special course for supervisory field staff was given at the Ontario Forest Technical School. Twenty-four employees received instruction on power and procedure of arrest, methods, the Canada Evidence Act, the Criminal Code of Canada, and small arms training from instructors from the Ontario Police College. Lectures on co-ordination of law enforcement with game management, instruction on Migra- tory Bird Regulations, seizures, offence and seizure reports, and return of prosecutions were given by Field Services. Law Enforcement training began in 1964. Since that date, 493 Department personnel have received law enforcement training through 44 two-week courses conducted by Depart- ment instructors. In addition, 144 Department staff of supervisory category have received extended law enforcement training throLigh six courses conducted by the Ontario Police College, assisted by Department instructors. LAW ENFORCEMENT COURSES, 1970-1 Course Date Class Number of Class Average Location Students Marks "la 42 Nov. 16 to Nov. 27, 1970 Nym Lake 12 889 74 16 43 44 LF6 Jan. 11 to Jan. 22, 1971 Jan. 25 to Feb. 5,1971 O.F.T. School O.F.T. School Aug. 24 to O.F.T. Sept. 11,1970 School 14 11 24 1138 839 1983 81 76 83 *Onlario Police College and Department Instructors LAW ENFORCEMENT COURSES, 1964-71 Year Number of Department Staff Attending Courses Department O.P.C. 1964-65 114 1965-66 98 1966-67 103 1967-68 58 1968-69 45 1969-70 38 1970-71 37 22 22 17 26 33 493 144 *No training available HUNTING LICENCE EXAMINATIONS The objective of the hunting licence examination is to pro- vide a uniform method of testing the skill and knowledge of new hunters in handling firearms while hunting and thereby reduce hunting accidents. The hunting accident rate shows a very impressive decline in the past decade. In 1960, there were 146 hunting acci- dents, of which 34 were fatal, providing a ratio of 27 accidents per 100,000 licences. In 1970, there were 78 acci- dents, of which eight were fatal, providing a ratio of 13 accidents per 100,000 licences. Compulsory training and the province-wide examination of all new hunters by conservation officer examiners has been responsible in large part for this reduction in accidents. The total number of examinations in 1970 was 23,943, continuing a steady increase from the time of its inception. The success rate for examinations passed has levelled off in the order of 80 to 85 per cent. During the three years that the hunting licence examination has been in effect, 72,000 hunters have been tested. The twenty-one forest districts reported the following examinations conducted in 1970. Kemptville 1,774 Lake Erie 3,891 Lake Huron 2,831 Lake Simcoe 4,327 Lindsay 939 Parry Sound 557 Pembroke 414 Tweed 1 ,612 Chapleau 105 Cochrane 401 Kapuskasing 372 North Bay 752 Sault Ste. Marie 922 Sudbury 1,545 Swastika 508 Fort Frances 309 Geraldton 184 Kenora 390 Sioux Lookout 243 Thunder Bay 1,187 White River 230 TOTAL 23,493 CENTRAL LICENCE BUREAU In 1970, the Central Licence Bureau received about 1,800,000 licence copies from some 3,900 licence issuers across the Province. Of these, about 600,000 were resident angling licences, 600,000 were non-resident angling licences, and the remaining 600,000 were hunting licences. These licences were used to verify licence purchases in order to issue a duplicate licence if a current one was lost. The hunting licences were also put on file to meet requests from hunters to verify licence purchases in compliance with hunter training regulations. To date, there are hunting licence copies on file since the fall of 1968, about two mil- lion in total. In the past year, over 800 hunters lost their licences and requested the verification services of the Cen- tral Licence Bureau for which a search fee of SI was charged. The licence files serve as the universe from which a sample of sportsmen is selected. These sportsmen receive question- naires that are designed to evaluate the state of the resource (whether it be angling or hunting) as well as its impact on our society. The survey results aid in planning future fish and wildlife management. The Bureau contacted some 80,000 sportsmen in angling and hunting surveys during the year. 17 SEIZURES AND CONVICTIONS 1966-7 1967-8 1968-9 1969-70 1970-1 No. of Offences . . No. of Convictions Cases Dismissed . . 2,942 3,404 3,557 5,164 5,275 2,626 3,239 3,459 5,219 4,402 93 105 183 151 177 WITHOUT A LICENCE (CONVICTIONS) 1966-7 No. % Activity Frequency Fishing without a licence 204 7.7 Hunting without a licence 443 15.9 Trapping without a licence 5 1,2 Total 652 24.8 1967-8 1968-9 1969-70 1970-1 No. Vo No. % No. 7o No. % Frequency Frequency Frequency Frequency 178 14.9 237 6.5 908 467 23.1 589 16.0 497 14 41.1 32 0.87 27 19.5 1,081 24.6 10.6 476 10.8 .58 20 .5 659 20.3 858 23.37 1,432 30.68 1,577 35.8 VIOLATIONS, 1970-' 1. Angling with more than two lines 324 2. Possession of overlimit of fish 327 3. Taking fish by means other than angling 298 4. Taking fish during the closed season 235 5. Possession of a spear 107 6. Miscellaneous, including fishing without a licence 1,535 Total, Fishing Violations 2,826 Possession loaded firearm in a vehicle 351 Hunting during prohibited hours and jacklighting 374 Possession of loaded firearm in a power boat 158 Hunting closed season 100 Hunting protected birds 30 Failing to wear identification badge 322 Possession game in closed season 30 Miscellaneous, including hunting or trapping without a licence 1,065 Careless hunting 18 Total, Hunting Violations 2,449 Total Violations 5,275 Surveys in 1970 Quantity Samples Non-Resident Angling 16,512 Resident Angling 17,113 Non-Resident Deer 3,445 Non-Resident Moose 7,242 Resident Deer 9,541 Farmer's Deer 523 Resident Moose 13,226 Small Came Survey 13,394 Even though computers are utilized in the surveys, several clerks are required to edit and code licences and question- naires. Some 4,000 man-hours were spent in the operation of these surveys. SEIZURES AND CONVICTIONS The Seizures and Convictions Unit recorded 5,275 offences with 4,402 convictions registered. The remainder were with- drawn, unknown, dismissed or are incomplete to date. This is again the highest number of offences on record for any single year. The annual increases experienced since 1962 are probably the result of increasing numbers of hunters and anglers and are following parallel courses even though law enforcement staffs have not been increased substantially. FUR FARMING For the second consecutive year, the December sales of the Canadian ranch mink pelt market opened with price de- clines for all types of mink. These declines ranged from 10 to 30 per cent with an over-all average of 15 per cent as compared with the December, 1969, sales. About 70 per cent of the V4-million pelts offered in the initial sales were sold despite the fact that the prices received in many cases were lower than production costs. The January sales showed a general improvement with price increases of 10 per cent over the December sales, and good clearances were recorded. While the sales were well attended by domestic and foreign buyers and competition was good, a general price resistance was evident. By the end of February, however, 90 per cent of the Canadian ranch mink crop was sold. While further improvement in price was noted during the remainder of the season, these increases had little affect on the poor price average realized for the bulk of the 1970 mink crop. The low prices paid resulted in a wide variety of mink garments being offered at the lowest prices in many years. Many retail customers, not previously interested in mink, were attracted by the low prices, and large quantities of pelts were consumed but at prices which would not permit the mink producer an adequate profit. As a result of the low prices received during the past few years and particularly in the 1969-70 and 1970-1 seasons, the number of mink ranchers discontinuing business has increased. In Ontario, some 69 ranches, or 19.6 per cent of those operating in 1970, will not be operating in 1971. However, the contraction the industry has suffered in other provinces and in the United States runs as high as 30 per cent. It is estimated that this will result in a decrease in world production of four and a half to five million mink pelts. With this sizeable decrease in world production and the anticipated upward swing in the economy of the United States and Canada, the prospects of a more buoyant mink market in the next selling season look bright. A notable casualty of the poor mink prices of the last few years was the New York Auction Company of New York and it's Canadian subsidary, Canadian Fur Auction Sales Com- pany, located in Montreal. Both discontinued business in 1970. This reduction of the fur auction segment of the in- dustry may have hidden benefits to the Canadian fur trade in that the fur crop will of necessity be offered in fewer outlets and therefore in larger quantities — a feature which interests fur buyers. U.S. rancher organizations were again unsuccessful in their bid to obtain quotas on the importation of mink pelts into the United States market. Some 44 bills, which would establish quotas and restrictions in varying degrees, were lost with the termination of the sitting of the Congress. They could, however, be re-introduced to the next Congress. With a view to stemming the number of pelt-outs and make it possible for mink ranchers to continue in business, the Government of the Province of Alberta launched a pro- gram of guaranteeing loans for the fur farmers of that Province to provide the necessary operating capital. Similar programs are under consideration in some of the other provinces. In the present economic squeeze where large ranches are pelting out, there is the real possibility of having top- quality breeding stock, that took years to develop, pelted and its potential lost to the industry. Precautions in this area should be taken by the industry to ensure that Canada's prestigious position for producing the finest quality mink will not be weakened or indeed lost. The production of mink on Ontario ranches in 1970 was inconsistent. Some ranchers reported good to better than average production, whilst others reported less than average to poor production with no apparent cause for either varia- tion. From information obtained from the Fur Farmer's Reports covering 1970, the Ontario production per female 19 kept as a breeder was calculated as 3.2 per cent, and the mortality from all causes on ranches during the same period was 3.1 per cent. This represents a decrease of 0.3 per cent in production and an increase of 0.7 per cent in mortality as compared to 1969. The apparent natural reproductive de- ficiency of female mink is a matter that should command the attention of the industry and researchers. The current demand for long-haired furs for use in the manufacturing of fun-furs has ensured the purchase of the small production of ranch-raised fox pelts at good prices. The United States import duty on fox pelts was reduced to 22 per cent ad valorem effective January 1, 1971. A further reduction to 18.5 per cent will be effective January 1, 1972. Ontario fur farmers are somewhat concerned with the dwindling supplies of chicken offal which is available to them for mink food. The pet food and rendering companies have bid the price of the offal out of the financial reach of the fur farmer. It would appear that the situation will worsen when existing contracts held by fur farmers are up for re- newal. Other feed products appear to be in adequate supply. There were five cases of distemper reported during the year. In three cases, substantial losses were experienced with one of the cases suffering some 650 mink deaths. While preventative innoculation was carried out in this case, there was some evidence the mink had contracted the disease before the vaccine was administered. An accurate assess- ment of the incidence of plasmacytosis on Ontario ranches is difficult as ranchers carry out tests on their own without assistance or reference to the Ontario Veterinary College. All mink showing positive to the test are pelted, and in this manner the disease is controlled. The Ontario Fur Breeders Association held twelve monthly meetings of the Directors, as well as the Annual Meeting and two special general meetings of the members. A Field Day in October and a Live Mink Show in November were among the other educational functions held by the Association. Three delegates were appointed to represent the Association at the annual meeting of Canada Mink Breeders which was held this year in Kitchener, Ontario. During the year, the Ontario Fur Breeders Association presented a brief to the Minister of Revenue seeking relief from the tax under the Ontario Retail Sales Tax Act in those areas in which other farmers enjoy an exemption. The peti- tion was granted, and now the same agricultural exemptions apply to fur farming. The Association also presented a brief to the Government requesting the transfer of the licensing of fur farms from the jurisdiction of the Department of Lands and Forests to the Department of Agriculture and Food. This petition was also granted, and the jurisdiction, together with the Supervisor of Fur Farms, was transferred, effective April 1st. Henceforth, the yearly reporting on fur farms will be found in the annual report of the minister of Agriculture and Food. FISHERIES SECTION SPORT FISH AND HATCHERIES The objectives of the Unit are to encourage and promote recreational fishing within the biological limitations of the resource; to augment it where possible and desirable by the planting of hatchery fish and the development of additional fisheries; and to encourage wise use of the resource. Ontario is blessed with numerous lakes and streams, to- gether with great diversity in climate, geology, access and population densities. It follows, therefore, that fish manage- ment practices mList be both varied and flexible. Unit personnel, in conjunction with field staff, are in- volved in the planning and co-ordination of programs to assess the fishery and its degree of utilization by anglers; to determine the effectiveness of fish plantings; to establish angling seasons and regulations and to test their validity: to initiate habitat improvement; to study fisheries problems and to evaluate remedial action; to provide public access to natural waters and to acquire and develop public fishing areas; and to dispense information and promote the sports fishery. The production and distribution of hatchery fish stocks are important aspects of fish management in Ontario. An extensive system of fish hatcheries is operated, and the pro- gram involves the modernization of facilities, the application of new fish cultural techniques, and the experimental rear- ing of exotic and hybrid species for the Great Lakes. ANGLING REGULATIONS AND SUMMARY Nine short-term fish sanctuaries were established on specific portions of important, accessible spawning grounds for rain- bow trout in streams tributary to Georgian Bay and in two on Manitoulin Island. The period of closure will be from March 1st to the Friday immediately preceding the second Saturday in May. Wolfe Lake, Bob's Lake and Silver Lake, formerly on the boundary line between Divisions 9 and 1, were placed in Division 9. The part of the Cataraqui River lying south of the La Salle Causeway was placed in Division 1 1 . The boundary between Divisions 14 and 9 was established 20 along the northern boundary of Tweed Forest District from Highway No. 512 westward to Algonquin Park. The open season on maskinonge in Divisions 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 was established as the first Saturday in June to December 15th. The daily catch limit on lake trout in Division 10 was re- duced from five to three. The section of the Saugeen River, County of Bruce, having an extended fall season on rainbow trout, was extended upstream to the dam at Walkerton. The Summary of the Ontario Fishing Regulations was fur- ther improved in appearance and content. The written descriptions of Divisions were deleted to leave space for the display of more helpful information. The approximate locations of fish sanctuaries were indicated on the Summary maps. LICENCES Problems associated with the mercury contamination of fish in specific areas had their eltect on licence sales during the summer of 1970. Reductions in sales had been predicted, and they took the form of a 7.9 per cent decrease in the number of non-resident seasonal licences sold and a 6.8 per cent reduction in the sale of resident licences. Of equal interest, and perhaps related in some way, were two in- creases, i.e., a 5.2 per cent increase in the sale of non-resi- dent three-day licences and an 11.5 per cent gain in the number of non-resident organized camp licences. The domestic, or sport fishing, licence sales also regis- tered some changes. The non-resident smelt licence sales, which includes the non-resident bow and arrow fishermen, experienced a 48 per cent reduction in 1970-71. The sale of resident smelt licences increased slightly, while the angler's bait-fish seine licence showed a drop in popularity. The sale of domestic dip-net licences continued to increase and registered a 44 per cent gain in 1970-71. SALE OF ANGLING LICENCES Type of Licence 1968 1969 1970 Non-resident Seasonal . . 446,468 446,024 410,854 Non-resident 3-day . . . . 161,473 177,353 186,666 Non-resident (Organized Camp) . . 7,670 6,998 7,800 Resident 69,648 603,670 562,604 DOMESTIC OR SPORT FISHING LICENCES Type of Licence Number of Licences Sold 1968 1969 1970 Non-resident Smelt 4,870* 6,112* 3,155* Resident Smelt 3,941 4,493 4,623 Angler's Bait-fish 322 351 294 Domestic Dip-net 826 1,076 1,553 'Includes non-resident bow and arrow fishermen. LICENCE SURVEYS Answers received in an angling licence survey, conducted in 1970, reveal that 24 per cent of all Ontario males over 18 years of age purchased an angling licence in 1969. The figure was derived from a sample of the 608,000 residents who bought licences in 1969. Younger males and all female residents were exempt from the angling licence requirement in Ontario and not included in the survey; no statistics are available on the number of anglers in these categories. The survey disclosed that 82.5 per cent (501,600) of resi- dent anglers reside in southern Ontario (south of the French and Mattawa Rivers and Lake Nipissing). About 23 per cent (138,180) live in the Metropolitan Toronto-York County region. Another 4V2 per cent (28,330) are in the Hamilton area. In southern Ontario, 22 out of every 100 eligible males bought angling licences. In northern Ontario, nearly double this proportion, 41 out of 100, obtained an angling licence. The lowest ratio was displayed in the Windsor-Leamington region where only 13 out of every 100 eligible males pur- chased in angling licence. This contrasted with the Fort Frances-Ramy River District where 71 per cent purchased licences. The survey revealed a wide range in the ages of Ontario anglers. The 20-30 age group is almost double the 60-70 group. Most anglers are in the 20-40 age group, although there is a significant representation from the older ages. In fact, licences were purchased by fishermen in the 99-year group. This seems to prove that the sport of angling knows no age limit. EXTENSION Services to private landowners were first recognized as a separate program in 1968 with the appointment of extension biologists. In 1970, one head office and three field biologists (Lake Erie, Lake Huron and Lake Simcoe forest districts) staffed the program. The type of services presently available 21 is limited to the distribution of literature and advice, includ- ing field inspection, for landowners interested in developing a fishery or the fish producing potential of their property. In the six most southerly districts, private landownership ranges from 99 per cent in the southwest to 97 per cent in Lake Simcoe district, and 80 per cent and 74 per cent in the disticts of Lindsay and Tweed, respectively. Within this area, a sample survey of owners, with over 50 acres of land, indi- cated 61,929 owners with stream property and 25,503 owners with some fishing on their property. These figures show the potential demand for services in the future. PROVINCIAL FISHING AREAS Provincial Fishing Areas are located at Mount Pleasant, St. Williams, Normandale, Earl Rowe Park, Holiday Beach Park, Pinery Park, Wheatley Park, Cornwall Recreation Area, George Challies Pond (Morrisburg), Inverhuron Park and Hill Lake Hatchery. These 11 pond areas are operated under intensive man- agement to provide public fishing for brook trout and rain- bow trout. Most of the areas are near urban centers where opportunities for day-use angling are severely limited. In 1970, they had over 70,000 angler visits for 200,000 hours of angling and a catch of 51 ,000 trout. During the year, the Department acquired 190 acres on the Plane River in Mulmur Township, Simcoe County, for public fisheries development. WATER QUALITY STUDIES In Ontario, mercury was recognized as a potential pollution problem in the spring of 1970, and an extensive program of fish sampling was begun immediately by the Department in waters known to have received waste mercury from industry. Several waters, scattered over the province, contain spe- cies of fish with mercury concentrations well in excess of V2 ppm. These problem areas, all associated with mercury dis- charges from chlorine-alkali plants or pulp and paper mills, are portions of the English-Wabigoon-Winnipeg River sys- tem, St. Clair River, Lake St. Clair, Detroit River, eastern Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River, and the Ottawa River downstream from Ottawa. In addition, many lakes have been found containing fish of some species which are above the V2 ppm level (mostly V2 — 1 ppm). In these waters, no local sources of mercury from human activities are known; mercury deposits in water- sheds or atmospheric fallout are possible sources. Extensive testing is being carried out on fish and fish products entering the domestic and export markets to ensure that they comply with quality standards established by health authorities. Every effort is being made by many departments of the Ontario Government and the Canadian Government to resolve the mercury problem in Ontario as quickly as pos- sible and maintain the valuable sport and commercial fisher- ies which have been affected. Again in 1970, the Department, in co-operation with the Ontario Water Resources Commission, carried out a pro- gram of sampling on bottom organisms, aquatic vegetation, sediments and fish from the Muskoka Lakes watershed to provide baseline data on the levels of pesticides following the widespread use of DDT in these areas over the years. As a result of legislation enacted in 1968, the use of DDT for blackfly and mosquito control in such recreational areas has been prohibited. In this age of increasing industrialization, the Department is concerned about the possible effects to fisheries from heated water discharges from several large thermal Gen- erating Stations currently under construction or proposed for sites on the shores of the Great Lakes. One such site is on Lake Erie at Nanticoke where a large station is under construction and where a joint study, in- volving Ontario Hydro, Steel Company of Canada, Texaco Canada Ltd., Ontario Water Resources Commission and the Department, is under way to consider the possible effects of these heated discharges. As part of this overall program, the Department will begin a detailed three-year study on the fishery in the spring of 1971. NETTING CREWS The use of impounding gear (trap nets) is of increasing importance to fisheries workers. With this type of equip- ment, fish can be captured, examined or tagged, and re- turned to the water unharmed. Netting crews, stationed at Maple and Thunder Bay, provide trap nets for the use of District personnel on field projects and help to maintain such gear by repair or replacement. Field personnel are instructed and assisted on netting projects, and some of those, involving exceptionally large nets or difficult sites, are conducted by net section staff. The netting crew at Thunder Bay was engaged in ten field projects in northwestern Ontario in 1970. Two projects were of particular significance as they involved a demon- stration of the use of trap nets in the taking of whitefish in the Kenora area and the taking of crappies in the Fort 22 Frances district. Eight new trap nets were built for district use; two nets were remodelled; nine were overhauled and repaired; and seven were loaned out to districts. The staff at Maple participated in the collection of lake trout and yellow pickerel eggs for hatchery purposes. They provided numerous species of live fish for display at the Toronto Sportsmen's Show and the Canadian National Exhibition. In addition, they harvested smallmouth bass at two locations to assist the Ontario Water Resources Com- mission in their mercury studies; they transferred live pickerel from Tunnel Lake to Aubrey Falls Impoundment in northern Ontario; they harvested maskinonge in Lake Scugog to assist researchers in the study of sarcomas (lesions) on fish; and they gave instruction in the use and care of impoundmg gear to department staff at the Forest Technical School To augment or replace stock on hand, ten new trap nets and three retainers were built, four gangs of gill nets were hung, three small mesh trap nets were constructed for Research Branch, and some 97 nets were overhauled and repaired. Young anglers with rainbow trout. Mount Pleasant Provin- cial Fistiing Area. Photo by C. Van Cemerden. FISHERIES MANAGEMENT UNITS Units are established on large and complex lake systems to inventory, plan and manage the fishery resource. New Units were established during the year on Lake Huron at Owen Sound and on Lake Superior at Sault Ste. Marie. The biologist in each will co-ordinate the activities of several forest districts, assisting in the planning and im- plementation of fishery projects designed to use fully the commercial and recreational potentials of the two Great Lakes. A biologist came on staff to co-ordinate the activities of the ten Units and several, special fisheries investigations. Lake St. Clair. Unit quarters near the mouth of the Thames River were partially renovated. Work priorities were changed by the problems of mercury contamination in fish, and personnel were involved in the provincial loans pro- gram to commercial fishermen, and in studying the effects of mercury pollution on the sport fishery . Lake Nipigon. With the sounding of Ombabika and Pijita- wabik Bays, all the major bays in Lake Nipigon have been surveyed. Investigations indicated that the large silt load carried by the Little Jackfish River into Ombabika Bay has affected bottom fauna within one-half mile of the river mouth. Yellow pickerel were examined and tagged in the V\'abinosh River to determine the dispersal rate of this spawning population. In the same tributary, test-netting in- dicated that a substantial number of whitefish use the river for spawning. Northern pike were sampled and tagged in Mclntyre and Bonner Bays to assess the harvest by com- mercial and sport fishermen. Brook trout investigations con- tinued on several tributaries of the lake. Bay of Quinle. Investigations to assess the commercial and sport fisheries continued during 1970. The reduction in the harvest of whitefish and yellow pickerel appears related to environmental changes resulting from eutrophication. The sport fishery for yellow pickerel in Hay Bay is presently sup- ported by only the older year classes of fish. Approximately 850 yellow pickerel were tagged from the spawning runs on four tributaries of the Bay of Quinte, to measure the ex- ploitation by anglers and determine migration patterns. Unit personnel surveyed 23 tributaries of Lake Ontario to define the extent of sea lamprey populations. Kawartha Lakes. Came fish in Chemung and Buckhorn Lakes were netted and tagged to determine migration patterns. Scheduled creel surveys were used to determine angler suc- cess, total harvest and rate of recapture of tagged fish. In co-operation with Ontario Water Resources Commission, Unit personnel began planning a special study of the effects 23 of the removal of aquatic plants on fish populations and the deceleration of eutrophication. Lake of the Woods. Investigations of the interaction of suck- ers and spawning yellow pickerel were continued in the area of Nestor Falls and Blindfold Dam. Approximately 15,000 pounds of suckers were removed while tagging 1 ,200 yellow pickerel. Recaptures of tagged fish will cletermine the rate of angler exploitation and allow comparison of patterns of migration with those of shoal-spawning yellow pickerel. Black crappies have increased in importance to both com- mercial and sport fishermen. Consequently, studies were initiated on the Steven's Bay population, and trap-netting was demonstrated to commercial fishermen as a means of selecting black crappie without affecting populations of sub-adults of other game fish. Routine creel surveys and commercial catch-sampling were continued to determine relative age distribution of the harvest. Important game and commercial fish were collected to determine size-specificity of mercury contamination. Rainy Lake. Studies to determine the causes of fluctuations in recruitment rates of yellow pickerel were concentrated in Red Cut Bay and the North and East Arms. Incidence of yellow pickerel fingerlings decreased from 525 to 395 per acre between 1969 and 1970, but the 1970 estimates were greater than those for 1967 and 1968. Experimental netting in the East Arm, in co-operation with the Minnesota Conser- vation Department, indicated an increase in the abundance of older yellow pickerel from 1.6 to 4.2 fish per lift between 1966 and 1970. Creel surveys showed that in 1970 anglers harvested an estimated 31,000, 22,000 and 20,000 pounds from the North and East Arms and Red Bay, respectively. The respective catch rates were 0.19, 0.50 and 0.60 fish per angler-hour. The commercial harvest of black crappies in- creased by 310 per cent and, for the first time, exceeded the commercial catch of yellow pickerel. Because of the increas- ing interest in the black crappies shown by commercial fishermen, a survey and trap-net demonstration was carried out during June and July. Besides tagging 1,800 crappies for the investigation of their movements, the demonstration con- firmed the great increase in the black crappie populations. Nipissing-Timagami. During the spring, 612 yellow pickerel were tagged and released in Lake Nipissing. To continue this long-term study of the yellow pickerel migration, fifty marked fish were transferred from their home territory to another part of the lake. Creel surveys of resident and non- resident anglers were continued. Undersized sturgeon caught by commercial fishermen were marked and released. On Lake Timagami, 1,775 anglers were interviewed during the winter fishing season; most anglers were fishing for lake trout and whitefish, and these species constituted more than 90 per cent of the sampled catch. Lake Simcoe. More than 2,700 anglers were interviewed during the annual creel survey of the winter fishery; it was found that the average angler fished three hours a day. Spawn collection from yellow pickerel continued on the Talbot River during 1970; 260 quarts of eggs were collected, and 700 adults were tagged and released. Fifty quarts of spawn were collected from 250 fish during a continuing study of lake trout populations. Co-operative studies with the University of Guelph and the Ontario Water Resources Commission were continued. These projects included in- vestigations of the bioecology of smallmouth bass, suckers and smelt in the Pefferlaw River and Lake Simcoe. SPECIAL PROJECTS Georgian Bay. The study of yellow pickerel was continued in the Moon River area throughout 1970. Trap-netting was carried out during two periods, April 29 to May 22, and August 5 to 28. A total of 3,540 pickerel were captured; 2,617 were tagged with monel metal jaw tags and released. No estimates of the spawning population were made in 1970 to compare to the estimates of 22,500 pickerel in 1969 and 21 ,000 in 1968. Tag returns from all sources (not including spring trap- netting) totalled 537 and, as in the past, indicated that the pickerel population becomes widely dispersed after the spawning period. The rate of this dispersion appears to be dependent on the rate of water flow in the river. The 1965 year class was dominant in 1970, comprising 47 per cent of the spawning population. A creel census showed that 1,029 anglers spent 2,404 hours fishing and caught 96 pickerel in the river. The angler index of catch rate dropped from 0.07 to 0.04 mainly as a result of the decreased flow of water in the river. Angling success in the Shawanaga Basin appeared to be holding steady or slightly increased from 1969. The trend for pickerel tagged to move further afield after spawning was seen again in 1970. Over 45 per cent of the fish tagged in "inside" waters moved to off-shore waters, presumably to occupy vacant niches formerly inhabited by discrete off- shore populations. Commercial landings of pickerel continued to decrease, dropping from 23,483 pounds in 1969 to 15,228 pounds in 1970. The reason for this appears to be mainly a decrease in fishing effort. This study has succeeded in indicating the importance of the large population of pickerel spawning in the Moon 24 River, which supports the fishery tor some 40 to 50 miles along the eastern Georgian Bay shore. The tendency for Shavvanaga Basin pickerel to move into off-shore waters shows promise for the rehabilitation of the pickerel stocks in these areas. The importance of this area for fishing neces- sitates the continuance of these valuable monitoring and assessment studies. Bark Lake. Fall netting on the spawning beds in Bark Lake resulted in the capture and release of 228 lake trout of which 39 had previously been tagged. The remaining 189 were tagged before release. The return of tags by anglers was again encouraged and resulted in 20 recoveries in 1970. No evidence of the 1966 planting of hatchery fish was seen in the fall netting or the anglers' catch. Efforts to determine the average incubation period for lake trout eggs were con- tinued and resulted in an estimate of 107 days. Expressed as a function of temperature, the incubation may be said to represent 591.6 centigrade degree-days. During the period October 15, 1970, to January 25, 1971 (estimated incubation period), the Bark Lake water level was lowered a total of 12.9 feet. This long-term project was initiated in 1965 to determine the effect of extensive winter drawdown of water on the natural reproduction of lake trout; it will continue until 1975. Lac Seul. Investigations of the effects of water level fluctua- tions on fish production continued in 1970. Spawning areas for northern pike and yellow pickerel were assessed by heli- copter during spring break-up. Species and age compositions were measured by intensive netting operations in conjunc- tion with a sampling program of the commercial harvest. PROVINCIAL FISH HATCHERIES We have supplemented our rainbow trout brood stocks with a rapid-growing, fall-spawning variety that is not only desirable for the production of catchable fish but is also far more amenable to hatchery culture. Though not yet mature, this new stock will go far in meeting the growing demand from Provincial Fishing Areas. Public interest in provincial fish hatcheries is increasing, and the total of visitors to the hatcheries in 1970 was in excess of 94,000. The Chatsworth hatchery accommodated over 15,000 visitors and gave conducted tours for all organ- ized groups. The Normandale hatchery has developed three nature walks and provides a self-guiding, descriptive pam- phlet to augment the visitor's experience. Interest in the aquatic environment, and in fish culture in particular, is perhaps a reflection of the publics increased awareness of environmental problems and of their concern for our natural resources. The visiting public are welcome at our hatcheries seven days a week. Our conducted tours, of special benefit to school children, afford visitors an opportunity to observe spawning, incubation, and fish rearing procedures. Our extension service at present is generally limited to giving advice (and a limited amount of literature) on the development of private hatcheries and aquaria. However, several field trips were made during the year to assist in problem areas. Research continues into hatchery fish disease control and eradication, diet refinement, transportation requirements, and techniques for maximizing survival of hatchery fish following release. The nutritional requirements of hatchery fish are now met with specially formulated dry diets that replace the ground meats on which hatcheries were once dependent. The new diets have not only increased the productive potential of our hatcheries, but they also have a cost benefit six times that of the meat diets. An additional advantage of the dry diets is that they permit the use of automatic feeders with a subsequent reduction in labour and an improved food conversion. In the fall of 1970, the Pembroke hatchery was cleared of fish and completely sterilized in an attempt to rid the station of the lethal Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis (IPN) virus. Though drastic, such action is fully warranted to prevent the further spread of such contagious and lethal disease organisms. Our full complement of sixteen hatcheries in thirteen forest districts was operational in 1970. Neither North Bay nor Sandfield reached their full potential because of pend- ing repairs and renovations to facilities. An increased commitment of splake yearlings for the re- habilitation of Lake Huron (following the completion of sea lampres' treatment) has resulted in the need for increased hatchery production facilities. For economic reasons, ground water was investigated on Crown lands at the Chatsworth hatchery site. A significant water supply was located, and plans were developed for the Nicholson substation adjacent to Chatsworth hatchery. The productive potential of this new site is expected to approach 800,000 yearling splake annually. This program suffered one serious setback when over 300 highly selected and mature brood fish were either stolen or destroyed by vandals at both Chatsworth and Tarentorus hatcheries. Returns from initial plantings of splake in Lake Huron and Georgian Bay have been gratifying. Angler returns indicate 25 high survival and rapid growth rates. Assessment of their natural reproduction potential will be delayed until the fall of1971. Coho and chinook salmon were reared for Lake Ontario at Wiarton and Chatsworth hatcheries. Experimental plant- ings of coho in the western basin of Lake Ontario have proven successful in spite of heavy predation by sea lam- preys. Chinook returns will be delayed until their maturation in the fall of 1973 and 1974. In the meantime, continued plantings of coho are not only creating a new sports fishery in the populous Toronto area, but are affording a means of monitoring the effect of lamprey control measures em- ployed on these waters during the summer of 1971. The use of two-year-old hatchery lake trout in the Mus- koka lakes has been effective in enhancing a fishery which appeared doomed through the indiscriminate use of the pesticide DDT. Corrective measures have been taken to pre- vent continued pollution of these waters, but the residual influence of DDT has severely limited natural reproduction by resident fish. Provincial Fishing Areas, which provide quality angling in areas of high population density, were stocked with catch- able-size trout from Normandale, Chatsworth and Codring- ton hatcheries. A number of waters owned and operated by the Conser- vation Authority Branch of the Department of Energy and Resources Management were maintained in a like manner with catchable-size brook and rainbow trout from Chats- worth and Normandale. Studies of the characteristics of the Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis virus at Pembroke, in co-operation with the Veterinary College and the Department of Microbiology at the University of Guelph, produced significant results as well as a practical approach for eliminating the virus from our hatchery. University and Government research agencies were pro- vided with provincial hatchery fish for studies related directly or indirectly to improving our knowledge of fish- eries management. Included here are brook and rainbow trout and minnow species used for bio-assays by the Sea Lamprey Control Unit of the federal Department of Fisheries and Forestry and by the Ontario Water Resources Commis- sion in a mercury pollution study in the St. Clair River. Our commitment to the Great Lakes Fishery Commission for the rehabilitation of Lake Superior (500,000 lake trout yearlings annually), following sea lamprey control on these waters, fell short by 25,000 because of inadequate spawn available in the fall of 1969. The private hatchery operators of the province appear to have become self sufficient in fall-spawning rainbow trout eggs. Only 20,000 eyed eggs were requested for purchase from the Department during the 1970-71 fiscal year. A Minister's Committee was created to study and correct problems within the private hatchery industry. The intent is to develop a sense of independence and strength in the industry and within its organization, the Canadian Fish Farmers' Association. During 1970, the two private hatchery licences (a — for restocking purposes; and b — for human consumption pur- poses) were grouped into a single licence for the propaga- tion and sale of brook and rainbow trout and largemouth and smallmouth bass. A new licence covering the operation of a "fishing preserve" was initiated, and a licence to sell trout (applicable to wholesale and retail trade) was reno- vated. The new legislation was entitled Ontario Regulation 181/71 under The Game and Fish Act, 1961-62. 77V2-pound coho, taken by commercial fisherman in Georgian Hav nr.-ir Wa^aga Beach. Photo by T. Jenkins. 26 NUMBER OF FISH DISTRIBUTED FROM PROVINCIAL FISH HATCHERIES, 1970 Brook Lake Rainbow Yellow Hatcheries Trout Trout Trout Pickerel Other Species NORTH BAY Yg 114,350 — 97,700 _ _ _ _ PEMBROKE Eg 334,500 ____ — — Yg 222,129 ____ — — THUNDER BAY Fy — 13,760 _____ MIDHURST Yg 25,420 ______ *W!ARTON Eg — 68,404 2,177 — — — — *CHATSWORTH Splake Coho Yg 122,352 17,240 — — 247,786 147,230 — DORION EE 311,440 ______ Fg 421,400 29,700 10,000 _ _ _ _ Yg 52,610 237,300 57,450 — — 30,770 — II 3,830 ______ Ax 3,960 ______ TARENTORUS Fg 122,875 — — — ' — — — Yg 78,605 497,238 37,700 — 8,800 — — Ax — 16 — — 40 — — *SANDEIELD Smallmouth Bass Fy — — — — — 71,000 — Yg 150,065 ______ DEER LAKE Maskinonge Fy — — — — — — 2,700,000 Fg — — — — — — 27,350 Yg 126,000 20,240 _____ NORMANDALE Yg — — 78,934 _ _ _ _ II — — 22,143 _ _ _ _ CODRINGTON Yg 33,221 — 74,800 _ _ _ _ *WHITELAKE Smallmouth Bass EE — — — 12,700,000 _ _ _ Fy — — — 31,262 — 28,000 — Yg 84,700 188,000 _____ WESTPORT Largemouth Bass Fy — — — — — — 22,400 Yg 65,885 89,300 _____ SKELETON LAKE Fg — — — — — 28,500 — Yg 183,950 65,250 5,000 _ _ _ _ 27 NUMBER OF FISH DISTRIBUTED FROM PROVINCIAL FISH HATCHERIES, 1970 icontmued) Brook Lake Rainbow Yellow Hatcheries Trout Trout Trout Pickerel Other Species HILL LAKE Aurora Trout Fy — — 5,000 — 6,000 Fg 40,000 25,000 28,470 _ _ _ Yg 214,730 124,000 _ _ _ _ II 33,560 _____ Ax 1,620 1,572 _ _ _ _ 5^410,436 Fy and Fg kokanee from Wiarton, Sandfield and Clenora Research Station 2,448 F4 splake from Maple Research Station EE - eyed eggs Fy - fry Fg - fingerlings Yg - yearlings II - two year olds Ax - adults COMMERCIAL FISH UNIT The Commercial Fish Unit plays an integral role in the scientific management of aquatic resources for the optimum use and enjoyment of the people of Ontario. The development and management of the commercial fishery is accomplished by — collection and analysis of bio- logical and economic information on the harvest; planning and co-ordinating surveys to assess populations and to eva- luate the extent to which they are utilized; protection of the biotic potential through regulations (licences, seasons, quotas and size limits); and the implementation of programs that focus on the modernization of the industry, making it responsive to changing consumer requirements while adapt- ing to a dynamic, renewable resource. THE COMMERCIAL FISHERY In 1970, Ontario's commercial fishermen (including bait fishermen) harvested over 51.1 million pounds of fish with a landed value of 8.1 million dollars. The discovery of unacceptable levels of mercury in fish harvested for human consumption has had a major effect on the commercial fish industry. The areas where fishing has been restricted by regulations are — Lake St. Clair; St. Clair River; Detroit River; Lake Huron waters fronting Lambton County; Lake Ontario waters east of longitude 76° 50'; St. Lawrence River; Ottawa River; and the Wabigoon, English and Winnipeg River systems in the territorial district of Kenora. Despite this new problem, the industry continued to up- grade its operations. Total capital investment at the end of 1970 was 12 million dollars. More than 1,800 men were employed in the industry. However, the restrictions imposed because of mercury pol- lution curtailed the operations of those in affected waters. The commercial fishermen's catch of 46 million pounds is a decline in harvest of 27 per cent from 1969 and repre- sents an 11 per cent decrease in the return to the primary producer (based on landed value). Despite the decline in harvest, yellow perch and smelt caught in Lake Erie are still dominant in the provincial catch. Other important species in the Great Lakes fisheries are herring from Lake Superior, whitefish from Lake Huron, and white perch from Lake Ontario. The numerous northern inland fisheries are still the primary producers of yellow pickerel, whitefish, pike and sturgeon. Bait fish operations, an increasingly important part of the commercial fish industry, provide a valuable service to anglers. Culturing techniques and improved holding facili- ties have extended the period of supply and enhanced the quality of bait fish sold. Over 85.6 million minnows were harvested and sold for 1.6 million dollars. The bait fish industry, which is controlled through licensing, increased two per cent from 1969 to a total of 4,017 operations. FISHERIES DEVELOPMENT In the harvesting of food fishes, the techniques used by a diverse industry, ranging from the canoe and gill-nets of the 28 remote northern fisheries to the electronically equipped trawlers in Lake Erie, are not necessarily the most suitable for the proper utilization of the resource. The Department, in co-operation with the Department of Fisheries and Forestry, has initiated and is actively partici- pating in experimental projects designed to develop indus- trial or fishing techniques which are of economic advantage to the commercial fishing industry. Three such projects were undertaken in 1970. In an effort to diversify further the fishery in western Lake Superior, a project was designed to test the economic feasibility of trawling for smelt. A Lake Superior trawler and crew were hired to explore Thunder Bay and Black Bay for concentrations of smelt sufficient to support the develop- ment of a fishery. Trawling commenced on September 23 and continued through November 8. Adverse weather conditions severely restricted the experi- ment. However, the results obtained indicate that bottom trawling would be only marginally profitable during this season. In Lake Erie, a project was undertaken to determine the economic feasibility of using trawling gear to harvest yellow perch and coarse fish. A Lake Erie trawler and crew were contracted to fish from September to January. A wide variation in catches appeared to be due to a number of factors such as weather conditions, trawl-net type, size of otter board and concentrations of fish. This program will be continued in 1971. The third program was to provide technical upgrading and gear development for the northern inland fishery. The effi- ciency of trap-nets was tested and demonstrated for the selective harvest of whitefish from recreational waters. Sufficient quantities of whitefish were taken in the lakes tested to warrant the licensing of commercial operations. INDUSTRIAL SUPPORT In areas where fishing was restricted because of mercury pollution, financial assistance was made available to com- mercial fishermen in the form of interest-free demand loans under The Fisherj-es Loans Act, 1970. Another program of financial support, to that part of the industry affected by mercury, was made available through the Ontario Development Corporation and the Northern Ontario Development Corporation to assist commercial fishermen who could restructure or relocate their fisheries to exploit uncontaminated species. The organized marketing of fishery products through the Freshwater Fish Marketing Corporation in northwestern Ontario has, in general, produced a stability of markets and prices which had never before been realized by all the northern fishermen. The Corporation is presently testing the market with new products that are utilizing species of fish which have usually had little commercial value. During the sudden crisis created by the discovery of mercury contami- nation, the Corporation offered stability and efficient service to the industry in this area. The Fisheries Prices Support Board continues to provide service to the industry through stabilization of yellow perch prices. This program operates by buying these premium fresh-water fish and holding them in cold storage until the market is ready to accept the supplies. In 1970, prices remained strong and stable, which resulted in few fish being offered to the Board. The Department continued its participation in programs to assist the industry by providing field services for the Fishing Vessel Insurance Plan, a low-cost insurance program initiated by the Department of Fisheries and Forestry. Preparing to lift bag of herring into trawler on Lake Superior. Photo by I. A. Chappel. 29 Statistics of the Fishing Industry in the Public Waters of Ontario for the Year Ending December 31, 1970 QUANTITIES OF FISH LANDED (pounds) Lake Lake Lake Lake Georgian North Lake Norlhern Southern Total Total Species Ontario Erie St. Clair Huron Bay Channel Superior Inland Inland Catch Value Bowfin 2,108 35,476 15 — — — — — 1,084 38,683 1,138 Bullheads 236,319 41,678 _ _ 17 900 — 14,741 83,898 377,553 74,461 Burbot — — — 374 628 4,875 7,366 381,224 1,154 395,621 3,569 Carp 492,732 30,435 2,628 20,804 5,711 10,503 — — 138,787 701,600 85,671 Catfish 33,345 49,285 58 10,050 5,870 16 — — 5,262 103,886 28,869 Chub — — — 52,682 126,722 — 4,444 97,985 — 281,833 36,092 Eels 145,835 291 — _ _ _ _ _ 4,791 150,917 37,273 Freshwater Drum . 15,332 259,316 292 33,025 13 — — 138 1,885 310,001 9,470 Goldeye — — — — — — — 537 — 537 55 Lake Herring 24,967 — — 2,259 10,853 2,108 2,901,703 114,276 3,440 3,059,606 246,242 Lake Trout — — — 19 108 16 168,148 30,598 — 198,889 99,228 Lake VVhitefish 49,464 76 — 606,920 207,012 176,406 205,869 1,619,380 4,812 2,869,939 1,011,912 Northern Pike 17,777 1,736 837 453 8,102 20,580 3,554 695,488 3,620 752,157 86,889 Yellow Perch 985,395 19,998,810 3,171 244,922 24,501 6,569 7,816 16,478 32,163 21,319,825 3,424,888 White Perch 446,772 — — _ _ _ _ _ 5,011 451,783 58,491 Rock Bass and Crappies . . . 56,368 41,797 2,465 251 26 541 — 70,800 21,088 193,336 50,534 Round VVhitefish . . — — — 10,038 1,996 3,089 13,013 8,685 — 36,821 4,177 Saugers 25 — — _ _ _ 8,326 47,451 1,316 57,118 18,393 Smelt 165,015 9,401,972 — 1,915 2,377 — 353 — 493 9,572,125 436,798 Sturgeon and Caviar 1,072 114 — 1,408 1,455 11,419 974 30,964 9 47,415 65,037 Suckers 17,737 19,989 30,611 60,729 41,457 72,558 48,014 754,800 32,832 1,078,727 21,228 Sunfish 169,283 32,146 35 — — — — — 78,890 280,354 33,769 Yellow Pickerel .. . 9,673 25,668 42,523 20,942 52,233 34,974 8,612 1,211,443 — 1,406,068 633,418 White Bass 4,901 195,349 266 7,357 _ _ _ 334 1,767 209,974 45,889 Mixed Scrap "Animal Food" . 30,400 1,621,308 4,052 178,080 8,555 30,917 3,952 295,307 13,534 2,186,105 17,351 Total Catch 2,904,520 31,755,446 86,953 1,252,228 497,636 375,471 3,382,144 5,390,629 435,836 46,080,863 Total Value (S) 428,556 3,770,281 41,090 436,758 175,716 124,157 427,865 1,066,174 60,253 6,530,855 30 Statistics of the Fishing industry in the Public Waters of Ontario for the Year Ending December 31, 1970 COMMERCIAL FISHING EQUIPMENT Lake Ontario Lake Erie Lake St. Clair Lake Huron Georgia Bay North Channel Lake Superior Northern Inland Southern Inland Totals NO. OF MEN EMPLOYEC 204 403 51 99 84 39 118 745 93 1,836 FISHING BOATS 40' and over No. Tons. Value 4 45 38,000 132 3,444 2,699,919 — 27 505 406,151 19 195 219,868 9 188 83,000 22 335 264,200 9 77 67,832 — 222 4,789 3,778,970 20' to 39' No. Value 45 101,576 47 223,200 18 51,519 15 78,850 37 93,250 13 21,400 41 69,950 60 107,515 3 1,300 279 748,560 Under 20' No. Value 193 68,882 65 23,006 38 28,638 13 10,750 48 25,635 21 7,060 61 34,275 300 190,894 60 12,285 799 401,425 FISHING GEAR Gill Nets Yards Value 811,165 242,791 4,603,013 1,411,273 — 944,160 281,559 628,915 307,045 364,420 75,220 729,688 301,082 727,496 256,603 14,600 10,172 8,823,457 2,885,745 Pound Nets No. Value 1 150 184 63,000 432 185,244 2 2,500 30 45,900 20 15,000 11 10,341 47 37,700 — 727 359,835 Trap Nets No. Value 34 11,850 219 167,050 — 118 101,801 7 8,400 12 7,600 1 1,500 75 48,962 3 600 469 347,763 Hoop Nets No. Value 718 67,920 106 13,850 — — — — 1 210 99 9,290 560 35,400 1,484 126,670 Seine Nets Yards Value 1,561 5,530 6,223 23,293 2,100 6,500 — — 1,097 2,788 10,991 38,111 Night Lines Hooks Value 24,300 3,920 6,800 2,025 29,900 7,138 150 50 300 100 — — 900 75 3,300 335 65,650 13,643 Dip Nets No. Value 4 20 — 1 5 — — 3 45 8 70 Trolling Lines No. Value 18 860 — — — — — 18 860 Trawls No. Value 131 110,850 — — 7 7,700 — 138 118,550 SHORE INSTALLATIONS Freezers and Ice Houses No. Value 18 13,320 25 388,415 20 28,115 13 88,265 34 74,260 17 28,150 42 168,750 239 241,322 10 6,485 418 1,037,082 Piers and Wharves No. Value 32 11,400 47 70,049 17 13,616 13 9,150 40 36,850 12 10,150 48 30,850 166 75,664 9 1,143 384 258,872 Net Sheds No. Value 104 82,078 124 503,696 25 64,965 35 134,400 49 70,875 21 19,750 70 75,500 161 101,516 21 9,110 610 1,061,890 Total Value ($) 648,297 5,699,626 385,735 1,113,476 882,183 267,335 964,358 1,137,373 79,663 11,178,046 31 Statistics of the Fishing Industry in the Public Waters of Ontario for the Year Ending December 31, 1970 NEW CAPITAL INVESTMENT Equipment Engines Hulls Fishing Gear Wheelhouse Equipment Total Value ($) Lake Ontario Lake Eric Lake St. Clair Lake Huron Georgian Bay 24,781 $ 67,120 $ 5,442 $ 3,650 $ 8,735 8,503 21,552 5,680 2,100 14,564 49,594 200,233 37,148 26,379 25,212 929 29,162 574 2,880 2,790 83,807 318,067 48,844 35,009 51,301 North Channel Lake Superior Northern Inland Southern Inland Total $ 8,012 800 9,627 350 S 30,354 10,310 47,323 5,252 S 38,934 22,087 45,537 3,140 S 2,945 2,430 9,465 550 5189,973 88,026 450,518 45,627 18,789 93,239 109,598 15,390 774,144 Male and female kokanee, taken near Owen Sound in Georgian Bay. Photo by W. D. Marshall. FISHERIES INVENTORY UNIT The purpose of the Unit is to ensure that standardized fish- eries assessment surveys are conducted on the lakes and streams of Ontario. A continual refinement and standardization of survey techniques, and a search for and evaluation of better equip- ment, is necessary to maintain the high degree of efficiency demanded of our survey crews. More efficient echo sounders and conductivity meters were made available during the year for almost all crews. The new equipment reduced the time required to complete a lake survey and thus enabled crews to survey a greater number of lakes during the summer season. Grews are instructed according to rigid standards, and this year the training course was extended from one to two weeks to allow time for more detailed instruction and a practice lake survey. The course was attended by 19 per- manent staff members and 52 university students. During the summer, 812 lakes were surveyed, either for the first time or to update old or inadequate surveys. The surveys involved a detailed look at the chemical, physical and biological properties of each body of water. Echo sounding was carried out to determine depths for the later preparation of contour maps. Ghemical tests were made to record oxygen concentration, acidity and dissolved nutrients. Netting was carried out to obtain information on the fish species present. All observations were necessary for the sound management of the fishery and for other recrea- tional management practices. 32 Small fish, taken in sampling a body of water, are difficult to identify, but the determination of the number of different species is most important. A co-operative program has been arranged with the Royal Ontario Museum whereby ROW experts assist our crews in the identification of difficult spe- cies, in return, the Museum collection receives a large num- ber of fish from all parts of the Province. A total of 48 species were identified during the year. The experimental stream survey program was continued with a crew surveying major streams in Lake Huron and Lindsay Forest Districts. The surveys were based on new techniques developed the previous year. A stream survey manual is being written to serve as a guide for the crews of a larger stream survey program planned for the future. The determination of the age of fish, taken in sampling, is an important management tool, but accurate ageing requires a high degree of training. Expert scale readers in Toronto, Sault Ste. Marie and Thunder Bay are training other staff members to do this work. During the past year, the initial work was completed on the production of lake survey maps for public distribution. Many formats were studied by a wide selection of head office and field personnel, and the most desirable features were combined in a map that provides the information requested by the public in the best way. Sample maps were printed in the approved format. INDIAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT The policy of the Department in the major portion of northern Ontario favours local residents, mainly Indian bands, in the development of renewable, natural resources. The following projects were carried out during the past fiscal year under the Federal-Provincial Resource Develop- ment Agreement. Indian Delegates. Indians attended district meetings and took an active part in the planning of projects for their Reserves under the Agreement. Fur. Trappers and their families from James Bay were assisted in establishing themselves on vacant traplines in central Ontario. Lake Surveys. Intensive and short-term surveys were made of lakes to assess their potential for commercial and sports fishing. Commercial Fish Management. Commercial fishermen were instructed in the netting, cleaning and packing of fish in a project expected to improve substantially the quality of the product and its marketability. Advice was also given on camp sanitation, care of equipment and bookkeeping meth- ods. The use of trap nets of a special type was demonstrated to Indian fishermen on Lake of the Woods. Tourism. Indian bands have been assisted in setting up and operating a tourist industry. Goose camps are in operation on Hudson and James Bays and also at Fort Severn, Winisk, Attawapiskat, Kapiskau River, Fort Albany and Tidewater. In total, the camps grossed $112,500 in the fall of 1970. hiide Collection. Moose and deer hides were collected from hunters throughout the province, and 2,500 hides were dis- tributed at tanning costs to Indian bands for handicraft work or personal use. The hunter received a compass as a gift for his donation. Timber Management. Much of the Department's tree plant- ing on Crown lands in the north is done by Indian groups. At the same time, to assist Indians in managing reserve forests, the Department provides technical advice that in- cludes advice on reforestation, logging techniques and lumber production. Fish limit check by conservation officers at Pigeon River border crossing point, May, 7970. Photo by C. Van Cemer- den. 33 *^-^' -s:^,!* H \ -flb| y ■S 1 f ■b HHRB ■1 ■■■i^MB 1?^^^^ ^^ Zj - ^B^l J" M l^« 1 s 1 , ^ 'PA m S Mi Parks Branch is divided into three sections with duties and responsibilities as follows. RECREATION PLANNING Long-range planning for parks and related public recrea- tion areas. PARK PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT Detailed Provincial Park master plans and control of all park development according to approved plans. PARK MANAGEMENT Establishment and control of standards of park operations; direction of park interpretive programs; establishment of a nature reserve program; management of operating revenues and expenditures; compilation of statistical data; and man- agement of a program of public access points to water, and a system of canoe routes, hiking trails and snowmobile trails. CLASSES OF PARKS IN ONTARIO To meet the broad spectrum of present park requirements and to plan for the future, the Provincial Park system con- tains five different classes or types. Each offers different recreational experiences, and each provides varied facilities in keeping with the class purpose. • Class I, Primitive Parks are large areas of natural land- scape preserved for recreation, education and scientific observation. They are reserved from natural resource ex- ploitation and from major facility development such as serviced campgrounds. • Class II, Wild River Parks are significant rivers estab- lished for recreation, aesthetic or historic purposes. They are protected from the intrusion of incompatible land and water uses. • Class III, Natural Environment Parks, landscapes of out- standing aesthetic or historic significance, are established primarily for recreation and education. Other resource uses are permitted, providing they do not conflict with recrea- tion. Facilities and services may be limited so as to interfere as little as possible with the environment. Zones further protect special areas. • Class IV, Recreation Parks are areas of intensive recrea- tional use in which the environment may be substantially modified to accommodate park users. There are two sub- classes to this class: (1) Recreation Areas, which are day- use oriented; and (2) Campgrounds, which are camper oriented. These parks contain more fully-serviced facilities. • Class V, Nature Reserves are unique and representative natural areas established for scientific and educational uses. General public enjoyment is permitted, if it is not detri- mental to the area. A campsite. White Lake Provincial Park. RECREATION PLANNING Work continued in the search for future parkland for Ontario residents. Initial progress was made toward the implementation of the Niagara Escarpment Report. The 16,500 acres acquired to date, along with more than 4,000 acres controlled by the Conservation Authorities, represent a significant step in the direction of implementation recom- mended through the study report. 35 TOTAL ANNUAL VISITORS 1958 3,232,460 1959 HH 1960 mil immHi 5,106,352 mmHHI 5,692,598 1961 mm ■ 6,215,370 1962 mm mmHH mH 7,820,994 1963 HI ■mmH ■ 8,526,443 1964 HI mmHH ■ 9,139,975 1965 mi mmmH P 8,875,668 1966 mi ^^^^^H K 9,791,671 1967 mn HHHI mmiHi '"'''' ^^'^'' '' 1968 mn mmHH mmHI 9,440,21 1969 im mHHH mmHH1 10,459,936 1970 BB Hmmn ■■HHBH ^''''''2'' TOTAL ANNUAL CAMPERS Starting in 1963, the number of campers shown on renewal campsite permits were not included in the total camper statistics Work continued in the Canada-Ontario Trent-Severn- Rideau study. The recommendations of this study will pro- vide the basis of future Government Historic Canals. A major new direction was undertaken in Canada with the completion of background planning for Canada's first underwater park. This park, located at the tip of the Bruce Peninsula, is currently in the master planning stage, with an anticipated opening date in 1973. CORDS Phase I of the Canada Outdoor Recreation Demand Study (C.O.R.D.S.) is approaching completion. The combined effort of the ten provinces and the federal government has created data files from park user surveys, national household surveys, and an outdoor recreation facilities inventory. Phase II of C.O.R.D.S. involves the development of methodologies for interpreting the data collected and apply- ing these findings within the outdoor recreation planning process. The transition fron-i Phase I to Phase II began late in 1970. It is anticipated that Phase II will be completed late in 1972. TORPS During 1970-1, the inter-departmental Tourism and Outdoor Recreation Planning Study (T.O.R.P.S.) accomplished con- siderable progress. A technical committee on tourism and recreation research has been established. The conceptual framework for a systems model to simulate tourism and recreation behaviour has been completed, and computer programming has begun. A data bank, containing facts rele- vent to outdoor recreation planning, has been initiated. The systems model, as presently conceived, is referred to as a prototype model; and a program has been designed for its refinement as a research and planning tool. PARK PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT Late in the year, a thorough review of the Park Classification system was initiated. The experience gained in the years of its implementation since 1967 has provided an opportunity to assess its significance and effectiveness. This review, to be completed in the forthcoming year, will lead to a more refined and effective system. MASTER PLANNING The master planning program was substantially expanded during the past year. A policy report was received on 36 Algonquin Provincial Park from the Algonquin Park advisory Committee under the Chairmanship of Hon. Leslie M. Frost. A thorough review of this policy paper will lead to the establishment of a master plan which will guide future development and management. An Advisory Committee was established for Quetico Pro- vincial Park. This committee has undertaken an extensive program of documentation and public participation which will provide the basis for sound future management of this significant area. As a result of extensive planning studies, Killarney Pro- vincial Park vv'as designated as the second Primitive Park in Ontario. This outstanding landscape will provide an excel- lent opportunity for wilderness recreation within reach of an urban population. With these major planning programs, and with the con- tinuing studies on Lake Superior Provincial Park and 10 other parks, a major percentage of parks acreage is now under intensive management review. PARK MANAGEMENT Park use increased substantially in the 1970 season. The number of visitors increased by 16.4 per cent, and the num- ber of campers by 12.6 per cent, compared with 1969. A total of 12,172,254 visitors was accommodated in Provincial Parks during 1970; this number included 1,531,528 campers. As detailed below, eleven Provincial Parks were added to our parks system during 1970, bringing the total to 108. In addition, many natural and primitive zones were recom- mended during master planning. Carillon Provincial Park is a Natural Environment Park of 1,600 acres between Highway No. 17 and the enlargement of the Ottawa River caused by the construction of the Caril- lon hydro-electric power development. The park is located 10 miles east of Hawkesbury, not far from the Quebec border. Iroquois Beach Provincial Park is a Recreation Park of 345 acres with 7,000 feet of attractive sand beach on Lake Erie. It is located at the foot of Highway No. 19, beside Port Burwell. Sandbar Lake Provincial Park is a Recreation Park of 7,787 acres, midway between Kenora and Thunder Bay. It pro- vides camping and day-use facilities for travellers on High- way No. 17. It is situated on the forested area surrounding Sandbar Lake, five miles north from Ignace on Highway No. 599. Wild River Parks were established on the Mattawa River (8,143 acres) and the VVinisk River (415,400 acres). Six Nature Reserve Parks were established as follows: Gibson River, 415 acres; Matawatchan, 160 acres; Montreal River, 108 acres; Porphyry Island, 264 acres; Trillium Woods, 25 acres; and Waubaushene Beaches, 84 acres. INTERPRETIVE SERVICES Interpretation of natural and cultural resources to visitors in Provincial Parks is gradually developing into a program of services which is outstanding among comparable North American park systems. The interpretive goals are to trans- mit information about the environment, primarily to park visitors, and thereby to motivate wise use of resources, stimulate appreciation of park facilities, and enhance the visitors' recreational experience. Since 1944, when the interpretive program was begun, the annual number of interpretive contacts made with the public has increased to three-quarters of a million individual mes- sages. This spectacular growth has thus been more rapid than the growth in total annual visits to the parks. However, as increasing numbers of outdoor recreationists come from city centres, they require additional informational-educa- tional services for their proper orientation to park facilities and their enjoyment of the outdoors. Moreover, in serving sheer masses of recreationists, the Department must seek public participation In protecting the public trust; and interpretive messages have proven to be an important means of tackling conservation problems such as wilderness littering, overcrowding and vandalism. Through interpretive services, increased protection has been won for fragile components of the park environments; and current interpretive projects are helping to combat abuse of \\ ild flowers and threatened faunal species. Important program additions in 1970 included the de- velopment of several audio-visual programs. These slide-tape presentations were designed to help orient visitors to the provincial parks system, especially the park classification system; to encourage traditionally southern-park visitors to visit northern areas; and to enhance the visitors' under- standing of park management policies and environmental features. Over 100 publications were created; these related to individual provincial parks, interpretive trails, and natural and historical themes. New exhibits were developed for Algonquin Park bird life and mammals. Plans were con- ceived for an extensive series of exhibits relating visitors to the James and Hudson Bay lowlands. Services were expanded at Tweed District with the ap- pointment of an interpretive naturalist to the permanent park staff. A seasonal staff naturalist was assigned to Bon 37 RECORD OF PARK USE AND PARK FACILITIES IN 100 PROVINCIAL PARKS District and Park Park Classification Visitors 1969 1970 6,674 35,910 1,478 11,487 6,312 36,704 2,295 13,408 15,327 46,236 22,862 70,527 34,597 23,461 45,588 43,185 26,817 65,072 22,146 9,161 42,026 56,892 75,771 16,417 17,964 45,903 62,739 47,573 8,367 45,862 10,899 72,956 118,951 190,811 72,067 37,814 4,781 130,045 203,582 66,855 42,941 47,202 26,194 88,836 22,392 49,823 39,848 118,441 40,654 147,701 352,143 221,549 237,030 194,881 842,853 229,206 1,175,373 Campers 1969 1970 4,020 4,735 6,144 10,586 1,190 1,436 1,324 1,331 4,095 4,138 6,962 9,761 9,046 9,884 3,570 6,874 9,399 25,584 5,016 5,732 3,173 4,050 6,908 7,230 16,378 20,202 24,595 28,028 2,252 3,925 5,374 6,788 _ 216 17,943 17,175 13,223 16,615 22,254 15,474 3,979 4,327 10,631 12,494 8,866 11,239 26,309 28,299 5,810 5,486 2,788 3,302 19,310 20,074 27,581 18,804 123,725 139,722 Svvimmin; Camping Beaches Units (Fleet) 85 500 152 8,500 44 200 60 12,000 60 600 130 4,000 30 200 92 300 100 1,500 135 6,085 94 5,250 26 150 55 4,240 119 5,280 199 300 80 3,000 80 1,500 100 1,150 255 660 185 1,587 197 650 28 — 93 400 176 2,750 170 650 71 550 56 1,750 266 1,000 327 1,600 1,075 27,000 — 1,000 47 1,900 CHAPLEAU Five Mile Lake .... Recreational Park Ivanhoe Lake Natural Environment Missinaibi Lake .... Natural Environment Wakami Lake Natural Environment COCHRANE Creenwater Natural Environment Kettle Lakes Recreational Park Tidewater Natural Environment FORT FRANCES Caliper Lake Recreational Park Lake of the Woods. Natural Environment Quetico Natural Environment GERALDTON Blacksand Natural Environment Klotz Lake Recreational Park MacLeod Lake .... Recreational Park Neys Natural Environment Rainbow Falls Recreational Park KAPUSKASINC Nagagamisis Natural Environment Remi Lake Recreational Park KEMPTVILLE Carillon Recreational Park Fitzroy Recreational Park Rideau River Recreational Park Silver Lake Recreational Park South Nation Recreational Park KENORA Aaron Recreational Park Blue Lake Recreational Park Rushing River Recreational Park Sioux Narrows .... Recreational Park LAKE ERIE Holiday Beach .... Recreational Park Ippervvash Recreational Park John E. Pearce Recreational Park Long Point Recreational Park Pinery Natural Environment Port Bruce Recreational Park Rock Point Recreational Park 47,127 53,338 5,158 4,504 38 Comfort Nature Stations Picnic Museums, Hiking Boat Trailer (Flush Areas Exhibit Trails Launch Sanitary Toilets) (Acres) Centres (Miles) Ramps Stations Echo. The Algonquin interior program was expanded to demonstrate recreational skills to prospective interior users and to discourage littering. Interpretive staff were instructed at two in-service training courses, the Parks Certificate course and the Law Enforcement course. Research data were gathered in an ambitious program of environmental analysis for both parks facility planning and interpretive messages. Besides an intensive, broadly-based — 4 — 1 A X X cjata collection program expanded for Algonquin Park, his- — 17 — 1 X X torical and archaeological material were researched at each — 1 — — X — of the following parks and reserves: Lake Superior, Mattawa — 3 — 3 X X River, Samuel de Champlain, Fort La Cloche, Methodist Point, Sibbald Point, Peterborough Petroglyphs, Darlington, -|5 6 2 X Pinery, Killarney, Rock Point, Iroquois Beach, Missinaibi X 45 51/2 3 X Lake, Neys, Inverhuron, Burns Lake, Lake St. Peter, Rainy IYj -] X River Mounds, Quetico, and Blacksands. NATURE RESERVES X 100 — 2 1 X Nature Reserves are Class V parks as described under the — 10 — .5 2 X Park Classification System (1967), or they may be zones X 15 M 5 2 X within other classes of parks. These designated reserves will be living museums, encompassing both unique and repre- g -] X sentative segments of our flora, fauna, geology and physiog- -^ X raphy. Nature reserves serve an important role in research 21 X ^"'^ education when such use does not damage the values ■^ X fhe reserve was established to protect. 3 2 X To assist the Branch, there is an advisory committee to the Minister, consisting of experts in all fields of the natural ., w sciences and representatives of naturalists in the public sector. This committee is an indication of the broad fields of interest and study which should be represented in a com- pleted system of nature reserves. The committee is working — — X X with the Branch to establish such a system. They also con- — — X X cern themselves with recommending specific areas which — — X X should be established. . X X y Teams of ecologists (totalling eight persons) spent the entire summer of 1970 in the field carrying out inventory surveys of Provincial Parks, Park Reserves, and some specific — IX X locations on the Niagara Escarpment. These ecological — 2 X X inventories provide a description of the environment which — V2 X X is used for master planning, for site planning, and for inter- — — X X pretive planning. Where very high natural values are dis- covered, a nature reserve may be established. Twenty-two -| X different areas, varying in size from a few acres to many 2 X square miles, were surveyed. — — — — A co-operative arrangement with the International Bio- — — 1 X logical Programme was strengthened, and data indicating EC 4 2 X areas possibly suitable for nature reserves were exchanged. — — — — The programme concentrated on patented lands and Crown — — 1 X lands other than parks, park reserves and park proposals. continued . . . 39 — 6 — 2 — 5 X 3 X 5 _ 38 — 30 X 13 X 22.5 X 22 X 2.5 — 8 7 X 6 X 23 — 7 X 83 X 8 — 2 X 16 X 20 — 4.5 — • 15 1 X RECORD OF PARK USE AND PARK FACILITIES IN 100 PROVINCIAL PARKS Visitors District and Park Park Classification 1969 1970 Cam pers 1969 1970 32,706 45,511 5,463 5,737 13,049 12,139 7,968 9,793 23,406 20,553 5,212 11,681 25,855 22,522 12,754 16,229 20,614 17,376 20,758 21,999 3,978 4,766 40,231 53,682 9,511 10,072 36,266 45,671 20,641 20,054 Camping Beaches Units (Fleet) 433 18,500 165 1,600 476 1,200 128 6,900 — 7,200 170 3,100 168 700 324 2,000 215 1,600 146 — 154 350 40 — 595 2,000 100 550 725 2,000 187 900 Rondeau Natural Environment Selkirk Recreational Park Turkey Point Natural Environment Wheatley Recreational Park Iroquois Beach .... Recreational Park LAKE HURON Craigleith Recreational Park Cyprus Lake Natural Environment Inverhuron Natural Environment Point Farms Recreational Park Sauble Falls Recreational Park LAKE SIMCOE Bass Lake Recreational Park Devil's Glen Recreational Park Earl Rovve Recreational Park Mara Recreational Park SiJDbald Point Recreational Park Six Mile Lake Recreational Park Springvvater Recreational Park Wasaga Beach .... Recreational Park LINDSAY Balsam Lake Recreational Park Darlington Recreational Park Emily Recreational Park Ferris Recreational Park Mark S. Burnham . . Recreational Park Presqu'ile Natural Environment Serpent Mounds . . . Natural Environment NORTH BAY Antoine Recreational Park Finlayson Point .... Recreational Park Marten River Recreational Park Samuel deChamplain Natural Environment PARRY SOUND Arrowhead Recreational Park Grundy Lake Natural Environment Killbear Point Natural Environment Mikisew Recreational Park Oastler Lake Recreational Park Restoule Natural Environment Sturgeon Bay Recreational Park 506,257 553,794 49,270 60,025 297,811 434,970 79,588 105,726 — 160,101 74,090 62,409 16,876 63,686 122,071 165,881 119,431 98,225 142,113 143,515 210,198 217,901 49,438 56,585 351,768 366,789 49,351 97,110 294,462 290,777 142,672 145,390 67,386 76,311 947,941 975,631 99,727 98,599 148,602 137,990 109,336 138,904 12,342 14,827 276,791 412,952 148,323 198.490 8,885 3,570 57,293 56,873 67,577 69,086 53,938 27,953 62,046 81,923 175,549 186,220 308,733 260,253 54,610 64,537 153,279 130,122 24,365 37,683 34,822 74,791 19,740 24,879 26,452 34,517 16,417 18,353 33,425 36,529 18,491 18,516 769 692 8,222 9,385 11,306 13,789 10,026 11,019 11,149 14,279 31,907 35,656 40,438 42,700 8,568 10,166 17,831 19,424 5,316 6,620 7,622 7,682 400 400 274 450 130 30 135 216 224 330 535 1,035 300 183 225 87 39,000 1,500 1,500 1,150 7,000 800 216 1 ,000 1,400 900 3,800 14,000 1,500 600 4,000 150 40 Comfort Nature Stations Picnic Museums, Hiking Boat Trailer (Flush Areas Exhibit Trails Launch Sanitary Toilets) (Acres) Centres (Miles) Ramps Stations SNOWMOBILE TRAILS Snowmobiling was permitted on roads or specially desig- nated trails in many provincial parks during 1970-1. Approxi- mately 200 miles of marked trails and 700 miles of roads were available for this activity. Snowmobiles were prohibited from use in Long Point, Bass Lake, Mara, Springwater, McRae Point, Mark S. Burn- X 40 M 14 2 X ham, North Beach, Sandbanks and Killbear Provincial Parks. — 12 — — 1 X X 29 IX Snowmobiling was restricted to specially designated areas X 33 IX '" Rondeau, Algonquin, Quetico, Lake Superior, Pinery, Earl 5 Rowe, Sibbald Point, Darlington, Serpent Mounds, Emily, Balsam Lake, Presqu'ile, Outlet Beach, Bon Echo, Arrowhead, Samuel de Champlain, Killarney, Kakabeka Falls and Sibley ^12 EX — — X Provincial Parks. — 4 — 10 1 X X 19.5 EX 2 1 X An additional 300 miles of cross-country trails were X 10 — — 1 X established on Crown lands in Parry Sound, Lindsay and X 9.6 — — — X Tweed Districts. A considerable increase in recreational snowmobiling was made of the County Forest areas which Y -10 X X ^^^ under timber management Agreements with the Depart- , ment of Lands and Forests. X 4n ^ y Y X 21.5 - _ _ X ACCESS POINTS X 130 M 2 X X During 1970, maintenance and improvements were carried — 15 — X X o'Jf °" 3 total of 618 public access points across the prov- X 63 — ■ ince. The increasing use being made of these sites required X 262 — an expansion of parking and launching facilities in a number of areas. New development priorities were directed to pro- X 25 — X 120 M X 25 — — 20 — — 4 — X 110 M X 30 EC 1 X X — X X — X X 3 — X — X X _ X X — X X — X X 9 X X 3.5 X X 5 X X 4.5 X X — X X — X X 1.5 X X - X X continued . viding access to major waterways and highly productive fishing waters. CANOE ROUTES The rapidly increasing demand for canoe routes information was met in large part by a new publication, "Canoe Routes in Northern Ontario". This booklet summarizes 125 historic canoe routes in northern Ontario and provides essential data and further sources of information on 11,000 miles of canoe- 13 — — X X ing waterways. Detailed route descriptions and portage ^ 4.5 — — X X improvements were completed on approximately 5,000 X 20 — — X X miles of these routes. X 15 EC HIKING TRAILS X 1 — 3.5 X X Major emphasis was given to the planning of a co-ordinated X 8 — 5 X X system of hiking, equestrian and cross-country ski trails. 30 — 4.5 X X Additional short trails were developed in Agreement Forest X 10 — — X X areas. Major projects included the completion of a 45-mile X 2 — ■ — XX multi-use trail along the abandoned railway right-of-way from Parry Sound to Novar, and a scenic look-out trail at Aubrey Falls on the Mississagi River. 41 RECORD OF PARK USE AND PARK FACILITIES IN 100 PROVINCIAL PARKS Visitors District and Park Park Classification 1969 1970 Car npers 1969 1970 93,991 5,158 6,418 5,690 107,207 5,685 6,722 4,754 3,949 28,959 5,291 34,302 1,828 1,376 2,919 2,233 4,195 16,008 11,025 5,307 6,390 20,053 14,340 7,559 5,179 4,336 4,163 4,457 4,612 14,822 32,742 4,443 17,136 17,515 36,205 6,075 16,792 12,988 25,665 6,867 28,304 1,643 13,814 27,335 4,315 32,239 2,077 Swimminj Camping Beaches Units (Fleet) 1,233 3,900 45 150 95 4,000 115 1,000 8,100 112 1,800 278 10,800 64 300 60 600 48 9,240 92 550 132 1,300 135 600 76 5,000 136 1,200 64 — 82 100 119 1,800 30 — 200 2,000 200 500 400 2,300 60 1,000 482 10,900 — 26,400 4,000 354 13,200 124 1,600 205 3,600 PEMBROKE Algonquin Natural Environment Carson Lake Recreational Park Driftwood Recreational Park Bonnechere Recreational Park SAULTSTE. MARIE Batchawana Recreational Park Mississagi Natural Environment Pancake Bay Recreational Park SIOUX LOOKOUT Ojibway Recreational Park Pakvvash Recreational Park Sandbar Recreational Park SUDBURY Chutes Recreational Park Fairbank Recreational Park Killarney Natural Environment Windy Lake Recreational Park SWASTIKA Esker Lakes Natural Environment Kap-Kig-lwan Natural Environment THUNDER BAY Inwood Recreational Park Kakabeka Falls .... Natural Environment Middle Falls Recreational Park Sibley Natural Environment TWEED Black Lake Recreational Park Bon Ecfio Natural Environment Lake St. Peter Recreational Park Outlet Beach Natural Environment Sandbanks Natural Environment North Beach Recreational Park Lake on the Mountain Recreational Park WHITE RIVER Lake Superior Natural Environment Obatanga Natural Environment White Lake Recreational Park 658,785 5,642 9,431 8,399 679,295 6,083 9,242 10,888 19,669 32,266 124,051 36,280 41,139 149,667 6,927 4,272 5,474 9,369 4,332 58,819 70,048 58,065 73,483 78,149 92,780 70,321 89,148 27,147 30,411 29,725 28,127 61,767 274,715 15,895 55,135 76,390 263,598 39,504 81,787 61,495 138,991 26,675 315,761 58,299 68,332 70,317 168,414 21,833 338,401 99,184 81,524 111,684 21,884 74,992 213,814 64,186 68,585 43,260 11,566 23,018 39,858 12,195 23,594 42 Comfort Nature Stations Picnic Museums, Hiking Boat Trailer (Flush Areas Exhibit Trails Launch Sanitary Toilets) (Acres) Centres (Miles) Ramps Stations M&EC 27 X X X X X X 10 9 8 X X X X X X 10 . — 12 — 2 X 100 X 35 — 30 2 X 32 X 6 — • 25 X 10 X 35 — 90 X 200 — 980 — 60 X — 53.1 — 10 X 8 EC EX EC 1.1 — X 1 — X 7 1 X — 1 X 15 X X 65 — X X Vh ■ — ■ X — — X 15V2 2 X 3 X 4 3 X 2 2 X 1 4 X 1.3 — X vu X X V2 X X One feature of children's interpretive program. Earl Rowe Provincial Park. Photo by B. Colvin. 43 FOREST PROTECTION] BRANCH P v^ *'>'^-'mti;i>ikimfse^7-; Forest Protection Branch is divided into three sections with duties and responsibilities as follows. FOREST PROTECTION Forest Fire Control. Administration of The Forest Fires Pre- vention Act; organization of fire districts and the fire warden system; supervision of fire control planning and prepared- ness; fire prevention programs including a system of travel, fire and work permits; co-operative fire prevention and con- trol agreements with municipalities, railways, forest indus- tries and other agencies; detection of forest fires, and fire danger warnings; training of staff and co-operators in fire control techniques; prescribed burning; co-ordination of fire suppression; and movement of resources and emergency arrangements. Forest Pest Control. Prevention and control of damage by insects, diseases and other pests affecting forests under Department management; and advisory services. Communications. Planning, installation and operation of radio, telephone and teletype services for fire control and other Department requirements; and construction of spe- cialized communication equipment. AIR SERVICE Operation of a fleet of aircraft to meet flying requirements of the Department and special needs of other Government Departments; selection and training of pilots and air en- gineers; deployment of aircraft and crews; establishment of airbases, fuel distribution and caches; selection of aircraft equipment and development of special equipment; leasing and disposition of helicopters and other aircraft; checking pilot proficiency; and maintenance of aircraft. ENGINEERING SERVICES Planning mechanical equipment programs, budgetting for new and replacement equipment, standards for operation and maintenance of mechanical equipment, and vehicle fleet management; design, construction and maintenance of dams, docks, and other hydraulic structures, channel im- provement, and dredging; co-ordination and planning of capital work program and maintenance of facilities; and sign program. Fire across the lake. Staff photo. FOREST FIRE CONTROL For the decade 1961-70, forest fire occurrence averaged 1,450 per year while the average, annual acreage burned was 145,233. For the year 1970, 1,239 fires burned 56,160 acres of forest land. In terms of severity, i.e., burning conditions, 1970 was a moderate year. The main fire activity came with high to extreme danger periods in June and August when 310 and 469 fires, respec- tively, accounted for approximately 98 per cent of the acre- age burned. The majority of this acreage can be attributed to a series of lightning-caused fires in Sioux Lookout, Thunder Bay and Ceraldton districts during June. Thirty-three per cent of the 1970 fires originated from lightning. This is the highest percentage for this cause since 1961. Of the total acreage burned, 90 per cent resulted from lightning fires, a figure somewhat higher than normal. The statistics on man-caused fires are correspondingly lower than average, i.e., 836 fires or 67 per cent as compared to the norm of 80 per cent. FOREST FIRE CONTROL OPERATIONS Detection. The aerial detection systems in Kenora, Fort Frances, Ceraldton, White River, North Bay, Parry Sound and Lindsay districts operated with good result. Aerial systems employ aircraft as the basic means of de- tecting fires, and towers for providing supplemental cover- age in high-risk, high-value areas. Systems of this type offer considerable flexibility in that coverage can be more effec- tively programmed in accordance with fire danger and risk over a broad area. Over the next one to three years, it is anticipated that further districts will begin to phase out their fixed-point tower systems and adopt aircraft as the primary detection platform. Renewed emphasis is being placed on the public role in detecting and reporting forest fires. Over the years, the public sector has consistently given the initial report on 50 to 60 per cent of all fires. Planned effort in this area will bring further improvement to the over-all detection program. Suppression. The basic suppression force was 138 five-man- unit crews specially trained for fire control work. The crews were supported by 38 fire-bombing aircraft. This force took initial action on 913 fires. Municipal groups, organized under the fire warden sys- tem, handled 134 fires. The general public provided the initial attack on 161 fires. Timber licensees took action on 21 fires. 45 Fire control problems were encountered during the peak occurrence period in early June. Weather conditions con- ducive to fire spread, coupled with accessibility problems to the lightning fires, contributed significantly to the difficulty of the fire suppression job. One of the highlights of the 1970 season activities was a large-scale movement of trained unit crews, fire line super- visory staff and equipment from areas of low fire danger and occurrence to the active fire areas in the province. This was done in anticipation of worsening fire situations so that trained men were available for action in the areas requiring additional aid. This resulted in the most effective fire sup- pression effort possible under the adverse conditions. Fire-bombing aircraft played an important role in the fire suppression activities. These aircraft provided the initial at- tack on 161 fires and were used in support of ground crews in numerous other cases. The quick response of the special- ized aircraft to a fire report gives fire control personnel the capabilitiy, in many cases, of effectively holdmg a fire until ground crews can reach the scene. FIRE CONTROL TRAINING Fire Suppression Course I was presented to candidates from each of the three administrative regions by regional fire control instructors. A total of 64 Lands and Forests personnel successfully completed the course this year. Two repre- sentatives from the National Parks Service also completed the course. A grand total of 510 personnel have been grad- uated since 1962 when the course was first offered. Fire Suppression Couse II, containing material on ad- vanced fire behaviour, organization and management, was successfully completed by 24 senior supervisory personnel consisting primarily of Chief Rangers and Deputy Chief Rangers. A total of 57 people have been graduated from this course during the two years it has been given. The fire simulator was used at Course II. Four programs were presented to the candidates to demonstrate the equip- ment and to reinforce some of the concepts presented throughout the course. Staff participated in the organization and presentation of the National Seminar on Aircraft Management sponsored by the Associate Committee on Forest Fire Protection at Petawawa, Ontario, in October. FIRE PREVENTION Forest fire information was made available to the public m the Ontario-Quebec border regions through the facilities of the C.B.C. under an agreement between the governments of the provinces. Daily information on present and fore- casted fire danger, location of large fires and their history, and any imposed restrictions were assembled at one loca- tion for distribution to the French and Fnglish television net- work stations in that area. Fire prevention information was also provided through C.B.C. television stations in Winnipeg and Barrie. Radio stations and the press were used to convey forest fire information to people on a local basis. Legislation, establishing restricted fire zones, was enforced on a seasonal basis in the Wawa fume-damaged area of White River Forest District. Restricted fire zones were established for the period, August 14-24, in parts of Sioux Lookout and Thunder Bay districts and all of Fort Frances and Geraldton districts. Sudbury and Chapleau districts were declared restricted fire zones from August 14 to 31, as was White River from August 14 to 17. Restricted travel zones were declared in Ignace, Thunder Bay and Shebandowan Chief Ranger Divisions for the period, August 20-24. These measures were taken during a period of extreme fire danger conditions in an attempt to reduce the occurrence of man-caused fires. The four-minute program on Lands and Forests activities, carried on the C.B.C. northern network, provided a medium to advise the public in northern Ontario of the provincial fire situation and the expected fire danger conditions. DEVELOPMENT WORK Land-Based Fire-Bombing Aircraft. A study was undertaken to assess the use of wheeled aircraft to deliver long-term fire retardants to fires as a means of initial attack. The long- term retardants had been previously tested and proven as a valuable aid in fire suppression. A study area in northwestern Ontario was chosen, and operations research techniques were used to simulate the use of various types of land-based fire-bombing aircraft presently available to carry out the initial attack on fires in that area. A prototype base was established at the Dryden Airport for the month of August. The purpose was to familiarize operating personnel with this concept in fire control. Long- term retardant was delivered to fires using a Canso, Avenger and A-26 type aircraft under the guidance of an air attack boss situated in a bird-dog aircraft which accompanies the air tankers on each mission. 46 This exercise proved that land-based air tankers, working from strategic locations, can be a valuable asset to fire sup- pression in Ontario. Remote Sensing. An infra-red line scanner, specially de- signed for wildfire mapping, was mounted on a Turbo Beaver aircraft for the 1970 season. This equipment was the result of a project initiated in 1962. The Forest Protection Branch was vitally involved in the development of this equipment through the field testing of the various proto- types developed by Computing Devices of Canada. The 1970 season provided the opportunity for the infra- red scanner to demonstrate its ability to map forest fires through smoke and provide valuable information for sup- pression planning purposes. An in-cabin recorder provides an instant image of the fire, showing the actual fire edge and surrounding terrain detail. A PhiTran automatic weather station was obtained late in the fire season. This equipment consists of a master or base station and up to ten satellite stations. The satellite station records weather data such as rainfall, relative humidity, windspeed and temperature, and relays it via single side- band radio to the master station in code. The master station STATEMENT OF FIRE DAMAGE, 1970 Forest District Merchantable Cu. tt. Foreft protection equipment In storage. Thunder Bay Forest District. Photo bv C. Van Cemerden. translates the code for presentation on a teletype print-out. The information is sent automatically at preset times or can be obtained on demand. The range of the equipment is 80 to 150 miles. This type of equipment means that weather information, \ital to fire control planning, can be obtained from areas that could not previously supply this data. Forest Losses Immature Non Forest Total Losses Losses Losses S 5 S 383 1,206 1,156,598 716 303 1,304 1,155 1,735 6,429 1,390 2,144 4,442 8,950 11,722 170,442 6,618 4,064 16,852 3,880 955 7,394 — 755 2,376 171 46 217 250 208 458 2,701 349 3,493 336 80 425 40 — 40 2,075 1,466 6,265 100 28 128 50 — 54 Sioux Lookout 36,833,480 Kenora 6,596 Fort Frances 92,295 Thunder Bay 17,045 Geraldton 7,635,632 White River 198,552 Cochrane 72,951 Kapuskasing 49,168 Chapleau — Swastika — Sault Ste. Marie — North Bay — Sudbury 5,701 Parry Sound 264 Pembroke — Tweed 40,440 Lindsay — Kemptville 50 Lake Simcoe — Lake Huron — TOTALS 44,952,174 1,155,009 285 3,539 908 149,770 6,170 2,559 1,621 443 9 2,724 4 1,323,041 28,815 25,061 1,376,917 47 PRESCRIBED BURNING Fifteen prescribed burns were carried out in 1970, covering an area of 6,700 acres. The prime purpose of all prescribed burns was to prepare cut-over land for reforestation. FIRE DANGER MEASUREMENT Fire danger measurement in Ontario was converted to the new Fire Weather Index System, developed by the Federal Department of Fisheries and Forestry. The new system is a more sensitive measure of fire danger than the previous system, responding quickly to wind and long-term drought. GENERAL Nozzle crew competitions were held on a regional basis in 1970. The purpose of these competitions is to maintain a high degree of proficiency in preparedness and fire line con- struction and to encourage a team spirit among the fire- fighters of the Department. The regional winners were: Northwestern Region — Sioux Lookout Forest District Northeastern Region — Sudbury Forest District Southern Region — Parry Sound Forest District FOREST FIRES BY MONTH, 1970 FOREST FIRES BY DISTRICT, 1970 Forest District Fires Acres Sioux Lookout . Kenora Fort Frances . . Thunder Bay . . Geraldton .... White River . . . Cochrane Kapuskasing . . Chapleau Sault Ste. Marie Sudbury North Bay Parry Sound . . Pembroke .... Tweed Lindsay Kemptville . . . Lake Simcoe . . Lake Huron . . . Lake Erie Swastika TOTAL Ill 39,054 100 93 91 324 119 3,671 86 8,651 41 745 30 780 48 803 21 47 49 71 168 328 46 129 47 80 67 223 117 1,091 42 19 12 10 9 5 2 1 11 11 33 35 Month Fires April May lune July August . . September October . . November FOREST FIRES BY SIZE, 1970 Size Acres no 798 164 1,164 310 52,313 142 146 469 1,656 29 47 11 2 4 34 Fires .3 acre or less 645 4 acre to 10 acres . 508 10 1 acres to 100 acres 61 100 1 acres to 500 acres . . ... 11 500.1 acres and over 14 FOREST FIRES BY MEANS OF DETECTION, 1970 Means of Detection Fires Lands and Forests Fire Tower 210 Lands and Forests Aircraft 195 Commercial Aircraft 109 Private Aircraft 14 Lands and Forests Personnel 90 Other Provincial Government Personnel 23 Outside Agency Fire Tower — Other Public 598 1,239 56,160 48 FOREST PEST CONTROL In 1970, the spruce budworm continued to dominate the insect and disease problems, not only in Ontario but throughout eastern Canada. In Ontario, infestations of the insect were prevalent in three broad areas — west of the lakehead, the northeast, and in the southeast. In northwestern Ontario, as a result of the spraying projects in 1968 and 1969 in the Burchell-Shebandowan Lakes area, the budworm situation was relatively satisfactory in 1970. The new area of infestation around Northern Light Lake, mentioned in last year's report, was sprayed (see section on control), but preliminary results indicate a sur- viving population for 1971. In addition, a new area of in- festation, causing considerable concern, was discovered late in the season along the international border in the southern part of the Fort Frances district. The full extent of this infes- tation could not be determined before the end of the field season. Many of the separate infestations in northeastern Ontario coalesced into three principal areas. The infestation, centred on the northern part of the Chapleau district, enlarged to 6,500 square miles and extended as far west as Lake Superior Provincial Park; the Onaping infestation in the Sudbury dis- trict increased to 1,200 square miles; and the scattered in- festations in the Swastika district increased to 450 square miles. In southeastern Ontario, the total area of infestation in- creased from 1,200 square miles in 1969 to 2,500 square miles in 1970. The principal areas involved were the Ottawa Valley from about Stonecliffe to Ottawa, including eastern and south-central portions of Algonquin Provincial Park; east of Bancroft in the Tweed district; and in the northern part of the Lindsay district. The jack-pine budworm, which had subsided in north- western Ontario in 1969, declined sharply in numbers in the Pembroke district in 1970. This sudden development lead to cancellation of a planned spraying project near Lake Traverse. However, high populations of the insect continued to damage jack-pine stands particularly in the vincinity of the French River from Lake Nipissing to Georgian Bay, and south along Georgian Bay into Harrison Township. High populations also occurred south of lllfed Lake in the Parry Sound district. The only notable area of forest tent caterpillar activity was in the Fort Frances district where the insect continued to defoliate stands of poplar, west and north of the Town of Fort Frances, over an area of about 500 square miles. The European pine sawfly did not add significantly to the main body of its range in southern Ontario, the eastern boundary being a line roughly from Midland to Kingston. The insect occurs also on Manitoulin Island, and on ornamental plantings in the cities of Sault Ste. Marie, North Bay and Ottawa. The saddled prominent, an insect which only rarely occurs in outbreak proportions in Ontario, has been defoliating sugar maple woodlots in parts of the Lake Simcoe and Lake Huron districts since 1967. As predicted last year, the infesta- tions showed a distinct decline in 1970, and the large in- festation in the Parry Sound district collapsed. Infestations are expected to largely disappear by 1971. Two insects, which infrequently occur in outbreak pro- portions, caused widespread defoliation of hardwoods across northern Ontario. The large aspen tortrix, a close relative of the spruce budworm, defoliated trembling aspen over a total area of about 20,000 square miles, principally throughout areas of northwestern Ontario. The birch skele- tonizer browned white birch trees over a total area of at least 25,000 square miles at several locations from north- western Ontario to the Ottawa Valley. As noted in the 1969 report, the geographic range of the Dutch elm disease has largely stabilized, with only a small northern extension in the vicinity of the cities of Sault Ste. Marie and North Bay. Mortality of elms continued at an accelerated rate in the central part of southern Ontario. The scleroderris canker of red and jack pines continued to cause some mortality of regeneration of these species in several areas of northern Ontario. The most significant losses are in young plantations. In 1970, the disease was found for the first time in the Thunder Bay nursery. There were many additional insect and disease problems, but the foregoing are of greatest significance and interest to forestry. CONTROL OPERATIONS The total area sprayed in 1970 to control the spruce bud- worm amounted to almost 23,000 acres. In northwestern Ontario, the only area requiring spraying was in the general vicinity of Northern Light Lake — specifically, immediately to the south of the lake, at the east end of Granite Lake, and along the northern edge of Gunflint Lake — 11,000 acres in total. The 5,250 acres at Northern Light Lake and 2,250 acres at Granite Lake received two applications of the insecticide, fenitrothion, each application at 5.1 oz. per acre, and the 3,500 acres along Gunflint Lake received one application of 5.1 oz. per acre. The spraying was successful in arresting the infestation, but a sufficient number of insects survived to probably constitute a problem in 1971. 49 In northeastern Ontario, Ivanhoe Provincial Park and a portion of Missinaibi Provincial Park, both in the Chapleau district, were sprayed with the objective of keeping the trees green. Approximately 3,000 acres were sprayed at Ivanhoe, and 8,000 acres along the southern side of Mis- sinaibi Lake, with one application of fenitrothion at 4.3 oz. per acre. In southeastern Ontario, 800 acres of valuable white spruce plantations were sprayed in the Larose Forest to pro- tect the trees against further damage, and if possible, to achieve control of the infestataion. The objective was reached despite an unexplained failure of the first attempt, making necessary a complete second spraying almost 10 days later. The final spraying was a 5.6 oz. of fenitrothion per acre, with the core area of 80 acres receiving two ap- plications, each at the 5.6 oz. rate. Operations to control the white pine weevil totalled 4,300 acres. In the Sault Ste. Marie district, 2,200 acres were sprayed by air using methoxychlor at 2.5 lbs. per acre. Weevil damage was reduced by almost 75 per cent. The remaining 2,100 acres, in the Kemptville, Tweed and Lake Simcoe districts, were treated by spraying with portable sprayers, and by hand-clipping and burning infested leading shoots. Almost 5,000 acres of pine and spruce sprayed for control of sawflies, including pine sawfly, the European pine sawfly, the and the yellow-headed spruce sawfly. The Department continued to make through field collections, to build up a su used to control the European pine sawfly. spread infection by the virus, most of thi tributed free of charge to interested p owners. plantations were the red-headed ack-pine sawfly, a special effort, pply of the virus To obtain wide- s material is dis- rivate plantation Almost 500 acres of sod-covered sites were treated at the time of tree planting for control of white grubs, and 900 acres of similar sites were treated for control of mice where these pests threatened the survival of young plantations. The major tree-killing disease in the forests of Ontario is the white-pine blister rust. A substantial control program has been in progress for several years to protect the trees in specific areas managed for production of white pine. The disease is controlled by using the herbicide 2,4, 5-T as a spot spray to kill the other plants (wild currants and gooseberries) necessary in the disease's life cycle. In 1970, approximately 4,000 acres of high-value young pine stands were protected against the rust in parts of the Sault Ste. Marie, Pembroke, Lindsay, Tweed and Kemptville districts. The entrance of annosus root rot into southern Ontario plantations is prevented by the application of sodium nitrite solution to the freshly cut stumps during thinning opera- tions. In 1970, about 1,500 acres were treated in this way. COMMUNICATIONS The change-over of the High Frequency Radio System to Single Sideband continued throughout 1970. A total of 26 additional aircraft SSB transceivers (100 watts output on 10 channels) were purchased and installed early in 1970 in all remaining Turbo Beavers lacking SSB facilities. Additionally, all 10 piston engine Otters were installed with the SSB equipment as well as VOR navigational equipment. The entire fleet of 40 aircraft is now SSB and VOR equipped and some have DME (Distance Measuring Equipment) Trans- ponders and Radar. A one kilowatt 8 channel SSB base station was put into service at Maple as a local control operation prior to it being remotely controlled from the Parliament Buildings Communication Centre in downtown Toronto 20 miles dis- tant. Aside from the main transmit.'receive facility, this sys- tem includes six individual stand-by receivers and a tone operated remote control console. Radio communication is provided to all field office points. A large quantity of VHF walkie-talkie sets were supplied from the provincial fire-cache to the field offices, and the cache replenished by a purchase of 145 more. Telex continues to carry the load of communications be- tween Head Office and the field offices with 30 machines being operated in 1970. Due to the increased traffic load and number of multi-point messages, some manually oper- ated machines were changed to perforated-tape automatic operation. AIR SERVICE SECTION The Section currently maintains a fleet of 40 aircraft, oper- ated out of 24 bases, to meet flying requirements of the Department and special needs of other Government departments. Five Bell 47C4 model helicopters were leased for varying periods during the year to provide transportation in forest fire fighting and other Department operations. 50 HOURS FLOWN ON VARIOUS PHASES OF FLYING OPERATIONS, 1970-1 Lands and Forests Aircraft Fixed Wine Commercial Helicopter (Contract) Helicopter (Other) Total Detection 940:00 2,790:52 Suppression 1,136:50 1,133:55 Water Dropping 625:00 9:40 Pest Control 106:45 12:30 Transportation 1,069:25 228:00 Forest Protection, Total 3,878:00 Timber 1,470:25 Fish and Wildlife 3,940:00 Lands and Surveys 698:45 Parks 860:40 Research 325 :35 Department Administration 2,743:40 Inter-departmental 1,829:50 Total 15,746:55 5,124:31 63:40 606:40 8:00 29:10 157:30 22:10 403:15 2:35 3,816:42 3,280:40 645:15 148:25 1,454:55 4,174:57 99:00 571:17 23:17 18:40 107:20 130:00 865:00 219:40 661:15 93:55 94:55 54:35 375:05 119:40 428:00 113:35 136:30 47:10 5:10 9,345:57 1,902:40 5,309:02 863:07 979:25 380:10 3,226:05 2,079:30 2,484:05 730:25 24,085:56 Commercial Lands and Forests Aircraft Fixed Wing Helicopter (Contract) Helicopter (Other) Total Breakdown of Administration Ferrying 551 :15 Pilot Training and Testing 410:20 Transportation 1,782:05 Total 2,743:40 107:20 318:05 12:35 44:25 869:20 422:55 1,933:50 107:20 375:05 3,226:05 MERCY AND EMERGENCY FLIGHTS 1970-71 Number of Flights Department Aircraft 60 FHelicopter — Contact 5 Helicopter (Emergency Ambulance- Moosonee) — Total 65 Hours 99:25 21:35 107:25 228:25 Total flying time for the year accumulated on Department aircraft was 15,746:55 hours. The total number of passengers carried was 36,589, and the total load carried was 17,785,026 pounds. Sixty-five mercy and emergency flights were carried out by aircraft and helicopters, as well as an emergency ambu- lance service at Moosonee during spring break-up and fall freeze-up. These flights accounted for a total of 228:25 hours. During 1970-1, a new Beechcraft King Air 100 business machine was purchased to provide additional transportation requirements. 51 ENGINEERING SERVICES SECTION Engineering support continued to be supplied to head office operating branches and districts in those aspects of departmental programs requiring professional engineering, application of engineering technology and construction expertise. CAPITAL WORKS AND MAINTENANCE OF FACILITIES Co-ordination and planning of the major capital works program of the Department was effected through liaison with the Department of Public Works, Treasury Board, and affected branches, districts and regions. The projects in- cluded renovations to the Chief Ranger Headquarters at Pembroke, a fish production and experimental hatchery near Bath, a tree nursery office and shipping shed at Thunder Bay, provision for new Air Services office accommodation at Sault Ste. Marie, a fish production sub-station at Chats- worth, warehouse facilities at Sioux Lookout and miscel- laneous construction and building renovations. Planning and budgetting for maintenance and minor con- struction of buildings and other facilities, under the minor capital works program, was carried out. District staff or tender procedures were utilized on projects other than essential services provided by the Department of Public Works. Projects, ranging from painting buildings, repairing boats, and tower cabins to construction of gasoline storage buildings, junior ranger camps and staff quarters, were funded. MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT Approximately 1,400 vehicles of all types are in use by the Department with an increase to some 1,700 for peak periods, as well as tractors, loaders, graders, motorized toboggans, off-the-road equipment, boats, outboard motors, fire pumps, etc. A planned equipment program and an established policy with respect to repair of all mechanical equipment, acquisi- tion and replacement, equipment markings and colour, licensing, insurance coverage, and bulk purchase have be- come a necessity and form an integral part of the Section's responsibility. In addition, minimum standards for operating condition and general appearance of motor vehicles and trailers continue to be established to ensure safe, efficient and dependable operation. A vehicle fleet management program, implemented in three districts as a pilot study in 1969 and designed to pro- vide management and operating personnel with computer print-outs of information such as vehicle performance, fre- quency of repair, annual repair costs, and accident and replacement information, was completed and steps taken to implement the program province-wide by 1972. The information is designed primarily to assist in forming an acquisition and replacement policy based on statistical information and should lead to reduced out-of-service time and operating failures. Utilization of such information will provide the capability to minimize operation and mainten- ance costs. It will provide a complete inventory and form an effective tool for establishing vehicle complement distribution. SIGN PROGRAM Co-ordination of the Department sign program, in accord- ance with policy established by the Sign Committee, con- tinued. Type, quality, colour, symbols, production and erection specifications are being standardized to achieve public acceptance and to assist the Department in commu- nicating with the public while on or travelling through Crown lands or lands administered by the Department. A sign manual, designed to assist in identifying and ordering standard signs, was undertaken and will be available for use in 1972. WATER MANAGEMENT ENGINEERING Of increasing importance and concern are engineering pro- jects related directly or indirectly to water use and manage- ment. Projects undertaken include pre-engineering, design, construction and maintenance of dams, docks and naviga- tion locks and other hydraulic structures or facilities as well as improvements to flow channels and dredging. PRE-ENGINEERING SURVEY AND DESIGN Pre-engineering surveys were undertaken in preparation for design and construction of all hydraulic structures, or to assist in determining feasibility or cost. Projects included dams, the hydraulic parts of hatcheries at Chatsworth, Sand- field, Hills Lake and Balsam Creek; shore erosion on Lake Erie; wildlife management areas at Aylmer, Wye Marsh, Tiny Marsh, Hullett Marsh and Nonquon Marsh; water supply; provincial fishing areas; a floating bog restraining device; aid to navigation by dredging and provision of boat roller- ways and marine railways; lamprey control barriers; and docks, railway crossings and a number of other miscellane- ous projects. 52 CONSTRUCTION Construction staff completed the construction of water con- trol dams located at Omemee, LeCrou Lake, White Lake, Southampton, Pine Lake. Pevensey Lake, Sheldrake Lake, Billings Lake, Tiny Marsh, and Dryden Nursery. A water outlet control structure was built at Keewatin to present the uncontrolled discharge of waters from the west end of Portage Bay of Lake of the Woods. The structure will assist in determining total outflow from Lake of the Woods. A program to save Marentette Beach from erosion and protect cottages and low-lying farm lands was completed with construction of erosion control structures along 5,000 feet of beach on the easterly shore of Point Pelee imme- diately north of Point Pelee National Park. Installation of gabion mattresses, headwalls and groynes, as well as timber groynes and headwalls, clay dykes and stone-filled timber cribs, was completed and a three-year study program launched to determine their effectiveness. Other miscellaneous construction was completed, includ- ing a water storage pond at Widhurst Nursery, a sheet pile retaining wall at the Fisheries Research Station at Wheatley, a dock at Rondeau Provincial Park, and a lamprey control section in the Little French River. Construction was commenced on an outlet for Farren Lake, and a water control dam at Mackenzie Lake, and an access road was completed to the site of the Whitewater Lake Dam, scheduled for construction in 1971. MAINTENANCE Maintenance of h>draulic structures and docks were sched- uled on the basis of condition determined from inspection and reports submitted from districts. In addition to main- tenance of docks at MacDiarmid, Severn Falls and Rondeau Provincial Park, routine maintenance was carried out on locks at Port Carling, Huntsville, and Magnetawan. Mainte- nance of dams at the following locations was carried out. Watts Lake Kahshe Lake Finlayson Lake Port Sydney Fluntsville Magnetawan Minnow Lake Ahmic Lake Knoephli Falls Wood Lake Bala (North dam) Baysville Naiscoot Lake Oxford Mills Westport Lyndhurst Delta Birch Lake Tube Lake Manitou Lake Washagami Lake Nepawassi Lake Johnnie Lake Lyso Lake Minisinakwa Lake Penache Lake North Milne Lake Marten River Turtle Lake Tilden Lake White River Denbigh Summit Lake Dwyers Marsh Skootamatta Lake Malcolm Lake Baptiste Lake Weslemkoon Lake Paudash Lake Wakami River Chapleau Ivanhoe Lake Charlton Lake Gowganda Larder Lake Duncan Lake Kenogamisis Lake Shirley Lake Ragged Lake Rock Lake Booth Lake Galeairy Lake Opeongo Lake Burnt Island Lake Lake Traverse Bottle Creek Cordova Lake Salerno Lake Digby Lake Kasshabog Lake Round Lake Kinmount IMPROVEMENTS TO FLOW CHANNELS improvements to flow channels, by clearing debris and floating bogs, and the dredging, widening and deepening of flow channels, was carried out to increase efficiency in discharging water from Department-owned dams, to im- prove flow between controlled waters, or to decrease down- stream flooding resulting from the Department's operation of a dam. This year, major improvements were undertaken on Bernard Creek, the waterway connecting Pike, Crosby and Little Crosby Lakes, and Skeleton River. INSPECTION Of the 250 Department owned and operated dams, approxi- mately 15 per cent were inspected either as a result of requests or expressions of concern for the safety and protec- tion of down-stream interests or as a matter of routine. Reports were prepared and recommendations made to either repair or proceed to construction at some future date in each instance. ENGINEERING CONSULTATIONS The Section provides engineering consultation for design, construction or reconstruction of Departmental facilities. Engineering studies and reports are provided by staff or by utilizing the services of consultants specializing in given areas. Specialists in ground water supply, soil analysis, aerial surveying, hydraulics and erosion control were retained for specific projects. Of particular interest this year were two engineering reports — the first, an assessment of the flood damage in the Sault Ste. Marie-Sudbury area resulting from an intense storm which took place between May 30 and June 3rd, prepared by a staff member; and the second, a flood control study of the Onaping-Vermilion River water- sheds prompted by severe flooding in the Municipality of Dowling as a result of the May 30-June 3rd storm. The latter study was undertaken by a consultant. Feasibility studies were undertaken, and reports and costs estimates were prepared on matters related to equipment, water supply, and outdoor facilities for fish culture stations. 53 ■■■''■"sfc't LANDS AND SURVEYS BRANCH *^rtrS\ -•'.».; ^'■: -r ■" ^ f w H^' \ mi^i ti /#! Lands and Surveys Branch is divided into three sections vi-ith duties and responsibilities as follows. LANDS Administration of public lands and their disposition by sale, patent, vesting order, quit claim deed, lease, licence of occupation, or land use permit; release of reservations in patents, assignments and cancellations; and reservation of lands for public and government uses. LAND ACQUISITION AND PLANNING Recommendations and applications tor purchase of private lands for public uses; development and co-ordination of land use plans in all districts for the management of renew- able natural resources; Recreational Land Inventory Sector of Canada Land Inventory; co-ordination of departmental A.R.D.A. projects; liaison with Department of Agriculture and Food in private lands and with other Departments on the socio-economic implications of land use objectives; and access roads. Water Resources Management and approval of dams; licences of occupation for dams; flooding and diversions; issuance and servicing of Water Power Lease Agreements; engineering consultations; and feasibility studies, inspec- tions, and reports. SURVEYS Examination, recording and custody of original plans and field notes of restoration of original Crown survey points, retracement and municipal surveys, and surveys of Crown lands for disposition; map compilation; authorization of geographical names; and distribution of maps, publications and copies of survey records. Indians, collecting wild rice, Kenora Forest District. LANDS SECTION The principal function of the Section is the formation of departmental policies and objectives respecting the plan- ning and disposition of public lands. LAND TRANSACTIONS in Years ending March 31 Land LIse Other Permits Transactions Total 1971 7,218 3,630 10,848 1970 4,494 3,334 7,828 1969 4,930 3,140 8,070 1968 4,747 2,693 7,440 1967 4,555 2,756 7,311 The number of land transactions processed reached an all- time high during the year. The increase in the numbers of land use permits is of particular significance. There were in- creases in every category of permit issued. A portion of these increases resulted from the regularizing of a number of squatter occupations. The demand for summer cottage lots has increased stead- ily since 1966. A review of the summer cottage lots patented over the last 20 years shows the following: To Residents of Ontario 20,522 lots — 82.3% To Residents of Other Provinces 819 lots— 3.3% To Residents of Other Countries 3,586 lots — 14.4% Total 24,927 Average per year 1,246 All residential lots must be inspected and approved by the health authorities before being offered for disposal. This protects the health of the residents and of the environment. During the year, higher standards were adopted for resi- dential lots which are not supplied with public water and sewage systems. All townsite lots and summer cottage lots which did not meet the revised standards were withdrawn from disposition. In March, 1971, all cottage lots were with- drawn from sale pending the development of the policy to lease. The program for the development and operation of gar- bage disposal sites, serving the unorganized areas of the province, was continued and expanded. At the year's end, more than 400 disposal sites were being maintained. In co- operation with the local health units, a number of unsatis- factory sites have been closed. Strategically located and well maintained garbage dumps help to alleviate littering on public lands. Two new restricted areas were set up to control and regulate improvements on land. One of these, in the Arm- 55 strong area, northwest of Lake Nipigon, will encourage orderly residential development within Armstrong townsite. The other area was set up to control residential development in an area abutting Quetico Provincial Park. There are now 17 restricted areas in the Province; they have a combined area of more than 3,000 square miles. LAND ACQUISITION AND PLANNING SECTION The Section was formed in 1963 to implement the program announced in the Speech from the Throne in the fall session of 1962. This program anticipated the expenditure of $200 million over a twenty-year period for the purchase of land for recreation, wildlife management, parks, reforestation and other resource management uses. The Section is also concerned with an Ontario land inventory, special land-use studies, water management, and the administration of public forest roads. LAND ACQUISITION UNIT Since the program's inception until March 31, 1971, 449,599 acres of land have been acquired. During the 1970-1 fiscal year, 2,995 acres were purchased for the preservation of the Niagara Escarpment. In Rondeau and Algonquin Provincial Parks, a total of 14 leases were acquired in accord with the established policy of reverting these areas to a wilderness state for public rather than private use. During the year, the Treasury Board approved the pur- chase of 10 projects of 16,411 acres, and Ontario Parks Inte- gration Board approved another 32 proposals involving 3,561 acres. LAND INVENTORY UNIT The Unit continued to carry out an inventory of the lands of the Province for both national and provincial requirements. The national phase is the joint Federal/Provincial Canada Land Inventory Program which covers the agricultural and marginal agricultural areas of the Province. These lands are described in terms of physiographic and biological features and evaluated for their capability to provide recreational experience, forest and wildlife crops. Field work for recrea- tion, wildlife and forestry evaluations was completed on the Agreement area during the year. The cartographic production has been maintained at a high level. The following represents a summary of the num- ber of maps compiled and drafted. (a) Canada Land Invenlory Sector Map Scale 1 :250,000 1 :50,000 Recreation 25 522 Wildlife 28 538 Forestry 31 — (b) Ontario Land Inventory Sector Map Scale 1 :250,000 1 :50,000 Land Classification 26 — Forestry 26 — Wildlife — 400 Recreation 1 — ACCESS ROADS During the year, maintenance was provided and improve- ments carried out on 300 forest access roads comprising some 3,000 miles. This is an increase of approximately 500 miles over the previous year. In addition, a considerable mileage of abandoned logging roads was repaired for moose management purposes. As provided for under Part 1A of The Public Lands Act, 35 roads' with a total of 555 miles are now designated as public forest roads for traffic control purposes. Eight private forest roads, comprising 227 miles, are now under agreement with the Department for shared costs of maintenance. One of the most noteworthy of these is an interprovincial link which connects the towns of Cochrane, Ontario, and LaSarre, Quebec. This program, which provides for the public use of these private roads, will be expanded in the next fiscal year. WATER MANAGEMENT UNIT The Unit is responsible for the management of water re- sources through approval of dams under The Lakes and Rivers Improvement Act; setting the terms and conditions, and preparing water power lease agreements under The Water Powers Regulation Act; administration of licences of occupation for dams constructed principally for log driving purposes; and administration of the reconstruction of old dams. In addition, special engineering consultation services are provided in fisheries and waterfowl management projects. There was a total of 41 approvals of sites and plans for dam construction. Three water power lease agreements were completed and issued; two of these were renewals of lease agreements which had expired, and one was for a new power development. There were no licences of occupation 56 issued. The reconstruction of six dams was recommended. A water control study of the lower French River was completed. LAND USE STUDIES The Canada-Ontario, Rideau-Trent-Severn Study, to which the Section contributed, was completed as was the land-use plan for the North Georgian Bay Recreational Reserve. The "Lake Alert Project," a study to determine a method- ology for measuring the capacity of various lakes for summer cottage use was also started. Planning the appropriate future development of the Lake Temagami area of North Bay District also began. SURVEYS SECTION ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICES The main responsibilties of the Sub-section are the custody of survey records and the distribution of reproductions for use by government departments and sale to the public, and a similar distribution and sale of maps and publications produced by the Department and maps of the National Topographic Series produced by the Department of Energy, Mines and Resources, Ottawa. During the past year, the facilities of the Sub-section have been expanded to include the sale and distribution of county and district maps produced by the Department of Highways. An increase in the distribution of maps of the Provincial Topographic Series was due to the production of nine new sheets in the series and seven revised editions. Distribution of the Provincial Territorial Series and of miscellaneous maps also increased. An increased distribution of the National Topographic Series was again experienced due to the number of new- sheets in the 1 :50,000 and 1 :25,000 scales. Enquiries for historical and genealogical information were received and dealt with. There was a considerable increase in the number of plans and field notes of Crown subdivision and retracement sur- veys catalogued and filed in the survey record library. The demand for reproductions of plans, field notes and other survey records continued to increase. CARTOGRAPHIC MAPPING The program of mapping in the one-inch-to-two-miles Pro- vincial Series continued with the production of nine addi- tional maps and the revision of four existing maps in the series. The depicting of survey fabric and the extent of lands alienated from the Crown on these maps (begun the previ- ous year) was continued. The demand for maps showing this information was indicated by the increase in sales. The printing of each map had to be increased from 3,000 to 5,000 copies. A favourite fishing spot below Burleigh Falls. Lindsay Forest District. Photo bv T. Jenkins. 57 The tollovving Provincial Series maps were produced in five colours: Cold Rock, Sand Point Lake, VVabigoon Lake, Metionga Lake, Rowan Lake, Pakashkan Lake, Press Lake, Gulliver River, Seine River, Batchawana (2nd edition). Rid- out (2nd edition), Wakomata Lake (2nd edition), and Wene- begon Lake (2nd edition). Ten special-use maps were produced at the request of other Branches, mainly for land-use study purposes, as fol- lows: Map 24C — Islands in Lake Temagami, Trent-Severn River Area, Wolf Survey — Algonquin Provincial Park, Lake Temagami Study Area, North Bay Administrative District, Lake Alert Study, and fishing and hunting regulation map folders and questionnaires. A review of the popular Map 21, "Southern Ontario," of the one-inch-to-eight-miles series, revealed that the many changes in highway and cultural development, and those involving municipal organization, had rendered the map obsolete. The compilation of information for the production of a new base is now under way. The Ontario Map Catalogue, listing all maps produced by departments and commissions of the Ontario Government, was revised according to submissions from contributing sources; 750 copies were printed and distributed to uni- versities, libraries, and provincial and national government agencies. THE ONTARIO GEOGRAPHIC NAMES BOARD The Ontario Geographic Names Board's prime function is to provide and maintain a systematic nomenclature for the populated places and the natural and artificial geographical features of Ontario. In so doing, it accords first considera- tion to local usage in settled areas, and to historical factors in uninhabited or wilderness areas. In areas of sparse population having no historical record, commemorative naming is sometimes applied by the use of names of non-living persons — war casualties being one example. In situations where features have no known names, and where some form of provisional reference system is necessary for navigational, aeronautical, or survey purposes, an alphanumerical system of identification is being con- sidered. Pursuant to The Ontario Geographic Names Board Act of 1968, action was taken which resulted in the appointment of six persons to the Board. As the original and ex officio member of the Board, as well as provincial representative on the Canadian Permanent Committee on Geographical Names (CPCGN) since 1962, the Surveyor General served in the capacity of OGNB and 58 CPCGN member in all decisions affecting the official naming of places and geographical features within the Province. On July 20, 1970, an executive secretary was appointed to the Board as its second member. This was followed in November with the appointment of a secretary, bringing the staff to a total of three. The interviewing of persons, recommended for appointment to the Board, continued through the year. In the summer months, a student was employed to up- date the name card index system by adding geographical co-ordinate data to the cards. The annual meeting of the CPCGN was held on October 19, 1970, in Ottawa. The Surveyor General attended as mernber, and the executive secretary and assistant topony- mist as observers. During the year, a total of 109 maps and charts were examined with regard to geographical nomenclature and edited in terms of orthography, new names, rescinded names, and the accurate positioning of places or features designated. The following were revised. Provincial Series fplanimetric) 1" = 2 miles 5 1 :50,000 scale sheets 21 1 :25,000 scale sheets 79 Hydrographic charts 4 Forester Lake, Kenora Forest District. Photo by J. lenkins. The Board examined a total ot 2,904 place and geographi- cal feature names submitted for approval or rescission dur- ing the year. In close co-operation with the Toponymy Divi- sion of the CPCGN, 821 names were approved, 71 names were rescinded, and 12 name applications were corrected with regard to positional references. The up-dating of the name card file was continued throughout the year, and a total of 34 file card drawers were examined and revised. Particular attention was given to the revision of geographical co-ordinate information recorded in conjunction with each place and feature name. In the previous system, locational information was based on, and integrated with, Ontario Forest Resources Inventory base maps and their quadrangle references. The OFRI refer- ence is in the process of being replaced by more precise latitude and longitude data. A total of 920 new cards, with names and cross-references locating and describing geographical features, were added to the geographic names file. Several books in the OCNB collection and nearby Legis- lative Library were examined for historical and associated information which was transferred to cards. Over 50 new cards, incorporating names previously unrecorded, were processed. More than 225 inquiries concerning geographical nomen- clature were received from the general public and govern- ment departments. DRAFTING SERVICES The production of legal survey plans, resulting from depart- mental field survey activities, and the production of special- use maps, plans, charts and graphic illustrations, required by the operations of the Department, was continued by the Drafting Services Sub-section. The production of township plans to a scale of one inch to a quarter of a mile, by the sub-section drafting staff, was again supplemented by an additional twenty-one such plans pro- duced by commercial drafting firms under contract. The location and extent of all new dispositions of Crown land were plotted on office plans. This continuing activity provides an up-to-date graphic inventory of land status throughout the Province. The Sub-section compiled the land status information required for the preparation of the new, and revision of existing, one-inch-to-two-miles Provincial Series maps. LEGAL SURVEYS EXAMINATION Instructions for retracement, restoration, and subdivision surveys, to be performed both by Departmental surveyors and surveyors under contract, are prepared by this Sub- section. A responsibility of the Sub-section is the examination of compiled plans and plans of surveys required for the alien- ation of Crown lands to ensure compliance with depart- mental policy and statutes. These plans include those of individual cottage lots, commercial and industrial locations, water lots and Crown subdivisions. Returns from surveys, performed under instructions such as restoration, retracement and municipal surveys not required for the alienation of Crown land, were examined for compliance with statutes and instructions. Staff field surveyors, located at Tweed and Parry Sound, carried out surveys for administrative purposes. These in- cluded those required in the determination of encroach- ments on Crown lands and the resolution of problem situa- tions resulting from ambiguous wording of former Crown grants, as well as inspection, park boundary and improve- ment, and other miscellaneotis surveys. 59 -3^ J^ Personnel Branch is divided into five sections with duties and responsibilities as follows. • Staffing: Recruitment of staff, including Junior Forest Rangers; recruiting activities at universities and technical schools; job advertising; transfers and promotions; estab- lishment and complement control; and assignment of quali- fied employees to positions. • Classification and Job Evaluation: Ensuring that positions are properly classified and recommending the classification of positions; identifying and recording of organization and positions; ensuring that position specifications are pro- duced; classifying positions under the Delegated Authority; and developing class series. • Training: Co-ordinating and organizing Department train- ing courses; arranging for employees to attend courses given by outside agencies; liaison with Ontario Forest Technical School and Educational Leave Committee; analyzing Depart- ment training needs; evaluating courses; and special assign- ments. • Employee Relations: Counselling of employees; improve- ment of communications between field and head office staffs; investigations of problems relating to personnel; liaison with Staff Relations Branch, Treasury Board and Civil Service Association of Ontario; and maintaining Depart- ment program on alcoholism. • Office Management: Documentation of personnel rec- ords; attendance reports and leaves of absence recom- mendations; processing nominations to staff; transfers; separations; group insurance, major medical, and long term income protection plan applications and changes; merit increases; accelerated increases; salary revisions; maintain- ing personal files for regular and probationary staff; and providing statistical information to otherBrancheson request. STAFFING To provide the field and Head Office organizations with qualified professional and technical staff, the campus pro- gram was continued, but restricted to local universities and community colleges where graduate forestry technicians were available. Newspaper advertising was used to cover specialized positions not normally handled by the campus program. The junior Forest Ranger Program continued to be attrac- tive to 17-year-olds, and the total was increased to 1,860 boys, placed in 77 camps throughout the Province. CLASSIFICATION A review of positions on a three-year basis continued with an audit of work units to ensure validity and consistency in the application of the classification system. The Resource Technician and Resource Technician Senior Series were approved by the Department of Civil Service and established, effective October 1, 1970. A large number of employees benefitted financially by the introduction of this series, and more accurate classification of positions was made possible. TRAINING During 1970-71, training in the technical areas of the De- partment's work continued, through certificate courses such as lands, timber management, fish and wildlife, etc. In addition, management development courses, designed to cultivate and sharpen managerial skills, were made avail- able. Some merging of technical and managerial content in courses took place, for example in "Fire Suppression Course II." Increased emphasis was given to the consultative role of the Training and Development function. junior Forest Rangers at work, Obatanga Provincial Park. EMPLOYEE RELATIONS Another annual agreement was reached on hours of work for pilots and air engineers during the operating season. Effective communication was maintained with the Staff Rela- tions Branch and the Civil Service Association of Ontario. 61 Hon. Rene Brunelle chats with exhibit staff at Canadian Na- tional Sportsmen's Show, March, 1971 . Photo by B. Colvin. The review of existing personnel circulars was continued, and some revised circulars were issued. It is intended that the circulars will become a manual for personnel admin- istration. The objective of clear dialogue internally at Head Office, and between the field and Head Office, was pursued, and conditions were improved. The program of assisting the problem employee was main- tained and included aspects such as financial and emotional as well as alcoholic. The role of the supervisor was stressed at all meetings. The results of this program cannot be assessed on a short-term basis, but there are indications which support the continuation of such an endeavour. OFFICE MANAGEMENT The introduction of a Long Term Income Protection Plan for Ontario Government employees resulted in voluntary enrol- ment of approximately 75 per cent of the employees on staff. Effective March 1, 1971, the Plan was compulsory for all new employees. A team, comprised of members from the Systems and Procedures Section of Financial Management Branch and the Office Management Section, was formed to study Personnel Branch systems. The program was introduced to investigate the processing of information and determine management information requirements, with the objective of providing an improved Personnel Records System, and Management In- formation System for Personnel Branch, which would be compatible with other systems being designed for the De- partment, Department of Civil Service, etc. DISPOSITION OF PERSONNEL Disposition of senior administration staff, March 31 , 1971 Deputy Minister: G. H. U. Bayly. Assistant Deputy Minister: R. D. K. Acheson. Regional Directors: j. VV. Giles, Southern; j. VV. Lockwood, Northeastern; and L. Ringham, Northwestern. Branch Chiefs: R. R. MacBean, Accounts; Dr. C. H. D. Clarke, Fish and Wildlife; W. T. Foster, Forest Protection; R. G. Code, Lands and Surveys; G. H. Ferguson, Law; G. A. Hamilton, Operations; P. Addison, Parks; J. M. Taylor, Per- sonnel; Dr. VV. R. Henson, Research; and A. j. Herridge, Timber. District Foresters: G. P. Elliott, Chapleau; R. J. Burgar, Coch- 62 rane; R. A. Balkwill, Fort Frances; D. E. Gage, Geraldton; D. A. Fawcett, Kapuskasing; R. M. Christie, Kemptville; K. K. irizawa, Kenora; W. B. Clarke, Lake Erie; J. M. Halpenny, Lake Huron; F. E. Sider, Lake Simcoe; A. E. Walroth, Lindsay; W. L. Sleeman, North Bay; J. S. Ball, Parry Sound; T. W, Hueston, Pembroke; W. D. Tieman, Sault Ste. Marie; F. L. FHall, Sioux Lookout; G. A. McCormack, Sudbury; S. R. Hamilton, Swastika; R. A. Baxter, Thunder Bay; A. H. Pea- cock, Tweed; and J. R. Oatway, White River. Director, Ontario Forest Technical Scliool: R. W. Hummel. TOTAL STAFF, march 3i,i97i , Proba- Unciassi- ^^g^''^^ tionary tied Total Head Office 774 122 181 1,077 Field 2,045 286 1,325 3,656 Total 2,819 408 1,506 4,733 Total, March 31, 1970.. . 2,762 310 877 3,949 Total, March 31, 1969. . . 2,486 485 904 3,875 Total, March 31, 1968. . . 2,304 490 966 3,760 Total complement of regular and probationary positions, March 31, 1971 Total regular and probationary staff, March 31, 1971 Total vacancies in complement, March 31, 1971 3,336 3,227 109 ^STAFF TURNOVER, 1970-1 Resigned Dismissed Retired A forester speaks to children at a forestry field day in Lind- say Forest District. Photo by C. Van Cemerden. NEW EMPLOYEES HIRED, 1970-1 Male Female Total Head Office 68 45 113 Field 200 67 267 Total 268 112 380 PROFESSIONAL EMPLOYEES, march 31, 1971 Foresters .... Biologists .... Engineers ... Miscellaneous 257 88 11 50 Total 406 Employees Holding Forestry Technician Diplomas March 31, 1971 1,103 Licensed Scalers March 31, 1971 962 Deceased Super- annuated Inter-Dept. Transfers Misc. Total Head Office 42 3 4 9 14 1 9 12 25 15 8 6 11 88 Field 66 137 Total 108 7 23 10 37 23 17 225 *Statt turnover during the fiscal year was 6.97 per cent, the ratio of separations to the total of regular and probationary staff at March 37, 1977. 63 :.^^v ACCOUNTS BRANCH W^ vm m #t t Accounts Branch is divided into units with duties and responsibilities as follows. • Accounting: Supervision of accounting for entire Depart- ment; preparation of claims under Federal-Provincial agree- ments; compilation of costing reports; procedural control and safe keeping of assets; and financial liaison with Trea- sury Board, Provincial Auditor, and other Government Departments and agencies. • Revenue: Collection of revenue; maintenance of ac- counts receivable; supervision of accountable warrant funds; control of collateral securities; and issue of angling and hunting licences and park permits. • Expenditure: Preparation of payrolls; internal check and payment of accounts payable; processing of refunds: and preparation of data for Public Accounts. • Budget Preparation and Control: Compilation of esti- mates and forecasts; and expenditure reporting and control. • Finance and Cost Analyses: Financial evaluation of plans; and preparation of statistical and financial reports. • Accounting Systems and Procedures: Development of accounting systems; preparation of accounting procedural manuals; and development of costing systems. • Land Tax Administration: Administration of Provincial Land Tax Act; and assessments and appeals. • Internal Audit: Review and appraisal of accounting, fi- nancial and operational controls. • Systems and Procedures: Provision of systems improve- ment program for entire Department. • General: Data processing; and addressograph and mail services. FINANCIAI RFPORT comparison of receipts and NAAi MV.iAAi_ i\Lr w i\ I DISBURSEMENTS WITH THOSE OF THE For year ended March 3lst. 1971 PREVIOUS TWO YEARS (a) RECEIPTS (Branch) (b) DISBURSEMENTS 1969 1970 1971 1969 1970 1971 $ $ S $ $ $ Provincial Land Tax . 1,754,617 2,033,837 1,932,379 Forest Protection .. . 128,821 155,495 119,911 Timber 18,657,238 20,554,132 21,411,838 Lands and Surveys . . 1,952,266 2,389,615 2,260,366 Fish and Wildlife .. . 8,691,389 11,146,218 10,649,349 Parks 2,413,613 3,082,227 3,115,121 Other 181,460 157,161 175,600 Total Receipts 33,779,404 39,518,685 39,664,564 General Expenditure 58,719,539 61,452,670 71,501,137 Mount Pleasant Provincial Fishing Area. 65 RECEIPTS MAIN OFFICE Provincial Land Tax Sale of Maps, Publications, etc. STATEMENT OF RECEIPTS For Year Ended 1,932,379.12 175,600.01 $ 2,107,979.13 FOREST PROTECTION BRANCH Forest Protection Section Recovery of Fire Fighting Costs and Miscellaneous Air Service — Flying Fees 54,589.15 65,321.33 119,910.48 TIMBER BRANCH Timl^er Section Stumpage Charges Management and Fire Protection Charges Agreement Forests Logging Roads — Recovery of Construction Costs (Fixed Assets) Miscellaneous Reforestation Section Sale of Nursery Stock Government of Canada — Agriculture Rehabilitation and Development Project Costs (Prior Years Expenditure) $18,325,410.49 2,527,948.10 61,879.95 226,873.22 58,193.49 $21,200,305.25 180,678.19 30,854.71 21,411,838.15 LANDS AND SURVEYS BRANCH Lands Section Land Sales (Fixed Assets) Summer Resort Roads (Recovery of Construction Costs) (Fixed Assets) Land Rentals, Leases and Licences of Occupation Perquisites — Rentals Miscellaneous Park Rentals, Leases and Licences of Occupation Algonquin Rondeau Long Point Park Sundry Parks Surveys Section Recovery of Survey Fees Government of Canada — Agriculture Rehabilitation and Development Project Costs (Prior Years Expenditure) $ 1,088,146.96 100,820.85 464,482.62 200,817.84 40,841.96 12,937.69 12,527.28 340.00 1,304.70 $ 1,895,110.23 27,109.67 309,600.00 28,546.05 2,260,365.95 FISH AND WILDLIFE BRANCH Licenses, Royalties and Sundry Government of Canada — Federal share of loans to Commercial Fishermen Carried Forward $10,649,349.46 193,241.00 10,842,590.46 $36,742,684.17 66 AND DISBURSEMENTS March 31 St. 1971 DISBURSEMENTS DEPARTMENTAL ADMINISTRATION Minister's Salary — Statutory Salaries $ 2,545,477.10 Travelling Expenses 79,053.98 Maintenance and Operating 1,266,004.71 Damages and Claims Advisory Committee to Minister Grant to Canadian Council of Resource Ministers Unemployment Insurance Charges for Data Processing Services Workmen's Compensation Board Grant to Ontario Forestry Association Training and Development Statement No. 1 15,000.00 3,890,535.79 5,612.02 3,266.34 34,776.00 135,650.71 122,273.14 243,475.12 12,500.00 1,537,746.87 S 6,000,835.99 RESOURCE PROTECTION AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM Program Administration Salaries Travelling Expenses Maintenance and Operating Forest Protection Activity Salaries Travelling Expenses Maintenance and Operating $ 8,255,764.29 145,784.18 3,645,521.06 $ 2,770,487.67 139,571.28 650,764.24 $12,047,069.53 3,560,823.19 Extra Fire Fighting Wages, etc.. Maintenance and Operating Forest Fire Suppression Equipment $ 1,308,945.04 165,991.03 Maintenance of Locks, Bridges, Dams, Docks and Dredging Construction of Dams, Docks, Locks and Improvement to Flow Channels Less — Reimbursements of Expenditures — Government of Canada — Dam Construction Project Costs 1,474,936.07 119,813.86 972,019.13 $14,613,838.59 48,225.00 14,565,613.59 Timber Activity Salaries Travelling Expenses Maintenance and Operating Grants to Municipalities and Conservation Authorities Construction of Logging and Forest Access Roads (See Receipts) Less — Reimbursement of Expenditures — Government of Canada — Agriculture Rehabilitation and Development Project Costs $10,131,347.00 348,665.67 4,253,895.80 Carried Forward $14,733,908.47 164,142.89 1,457,597.37 $16,355,648.73 357,330.63 15,998,318.10 $40,125,590.87 67 KhLblr I b (Continued) Brought Forward $36,742,684.17 PARKS BRANCH Park Concessions — Rentals $ 157,411.87 Permits (All Parks) Vehicle $ 665,467.00 Campsite 2,258,079.00 2,923,546.00 Licenses — Guide 6,150.00 Ski-Tow Fees 5,965.00 Miscellaneous 9,624.94 Government of Canada — Agriculture Rehabilitation and Development Project Costs (Prior Year's Expenditure) (Fixed Assets) 12,423.12 3,115,120.93 REIMBURSEMENTS OF EXPENDITURES Government of Canada Agriculture Rehabilitation and Development Project Costs $ 738,418.38 Resources Development Project Costs 125,245.00 Fisheries Industrial Development Project Costs 17,951.72 Dam Construction Project Costs 48,225.00 929,840.10 CROSS RECEIPTS $40,787,645.20 Deduct — Reimbursements of Expenditures (See Contra) 929,840.10 NET RECEIPTS $39,857,805.10 Excess of Disbursements Over Receipts 31,643,332.70 $71,501,137.80 68 DISBURSEMENTS. Con.n.ed) Lands Activity Salaries $ 2,377,118.62 Travelling Expenses 118,538.54 Maintenance and Operating 355,924.41 Grant — Association of Ontario Land Surveyors Land Surveys Storage Dams — Control and Maintenance Annuities and Bonuses to Indians Construction of Summer Resort Access Roads (See Receipts) Maintenance Forest Access Roads Less — Reimbursements of Expenditures — Government of Canada — Agriculture Rehabilitation and Development Project Costs Research Activity Salaries Travelling Expenses Maintenance and Operating RECREATION PROGRAM Program Administration Salaries Travelling Expenses Maintenance and Operating Fish and Wildlife Activity Salaries $ 4,889,674.72 Travelling Expenses 279,410.18 Maintenance and Operating 1,550,744.57 Grants — Jack Miner Migratory Bird Foundation Inc $ 3,000.00 Ontario Waterfowl Research Foundation 5,000.00 Ontario Fur Breeders' Association Inc 5,000.00 Ontario Council of Commercial Fishermen 5,000.00 Payments of Wolf Bounty Less — Reimbursements of Expenditures — Government of Canada — Resources Development Project Costs $ 125,245.00 Fisheries Industrial Development Project Costs 17,951.72 Parks Activity Salaries $ 4,525,854.04 Travelling Expenses 123,142.62 Maintenance and Operating 1,685,297.51 Acquisition and Development of Land Less — Reimbursements of Expenditures — Government of Canada — Agriculture Rehabilitation and Development Project Costs Statutory Loans to Commercial Fishermen (See Receipts) Loans to Fishing Camp Operators Total Net Expenditure Brought Forward $40,125,590.87 2,851,581.57 200.00 855,162.37 3,327.71 42,504.00 196,777.69 1,502,130.24 5,451,683.58 283,158.50 1,507,339.71 66,961.52 354,323.62 $ 1,279,070.71 68,400.75 416,354.30 $ 6,719,829.47 18,000.00 68,014.00 $ 6,805,843.47 143,196.72 $ 6,334,294.17 9,183,323.83 $15,517,618.00 97,929.25 $ 386,482.00 45,753.74 5,168,525.08 1,928,624.85 1,763,825.76 6,662,646.75 15,419,688.75 432,235.74 $71,501,137.80 69 TOTAL EXPENDITURE ALLOCATE: For the Year Endei Programs Vote Total $ Activity Total S Sub-Activity Total 6,000,835.99 338,914.09 1,628,043.35 196,531.45 1,473,126.16 573,946.93 482,282.42 1,307,991.59 338,914.09 1,628,043.35 196,531.45 1,473,126.16 573,946.93 482,282.42 1,307,991.59 DEPARTMENTAL ADMINISTRATION (Pro-rated by Operating Activities) Main Office Accounts Legal Services Administrative Services Personnel Information and Education Junior Rangers RESOURCES PROTECTION AND DEVELOPMENT Program Administration (Pro-rated by Activities) Forest Protection Protection Services Communication Service Plant Maintenance Stock Control and Repair Air Service Extra Fire Fighting Maintenance of Locks, Bridges, Dams, Docks and Dredging Construction of Dams, Docks, Locks, and Improvement to Flow Channels Timber Timber Service Grants — Municipalities and Conservation Authorities .... Construction of Logging and Forest Access Roads . ., Lands Lands Service Lands Surveys Storage Dams — Control and Maintenance Maintenance — Forest Access Roads Annuities and Bonuses to Indians Construction of Summer Resort Roads Canada Land Inventorv 6,000,835.99 6,000,835.99 6,000,835.99 41,910,618.94 3,560,823.19 14,613,838.59 16,355,648.73 5,451,683.58 3,560,823.19 7,770,135.73 455,871.18 1,052,656.86 786,025.73 1,982,380.03 1,474,936.07 119,813.86 972,019.13 14,733,908.47 164,142.89 1,457,597.37 2,561,441.36 855,162.37 3,327.71 1,502,130.24 42,504.00 196,777.69 290,340.21 Research ... 1,928,624.85 1,928,624.85 41,910,618.94 41,910,618.94 41,910,618.94 70 O MAIN ACTIVITIES yiarcb31st,197l Statement No. 2 Forest Protection $ Timber Lands Fish & Wildlife Less irks Reimbursements of Expenditures (Federal Contributions) s 60,326.70 289,791.72 34,982.60 262,216.46 102,162.55 85,846.27 132,193.20 106,961.29 513,810.48 62,025.33 464,918.62 181,137.65 152,208.33 400,064.57 26,943.67 129,429.45 15,624.25 117,113.53 45,628.78 38,341.45 122,963.79 61,512.91 295,489.86 35,670.46 267,372.40 104,171.37 87,534.26 44,258.76 83,169.52 399,521.84 48,228.81 361,505.15 140,846.58 118,352.11 608,511.27 967,519.50 1,881,126.27 496,044.92 896,010.02 1,760,135.28 1,013,410.28 7,770,135.73 93,316.83 215,478.86 160,899.47 731,338.41 1,474,936.07 18,067.93 146,553.13 69,921.81 17,452.15 190,984.75 25,247.96 1,759,046.66 152,716.85 352,640.00 263,318.62 263,118.25 4,588.87 37,259.00 14,733,908.47 164,142.89 1,194,235.27 52,356.46 793,178.95 197,360.61 734,471.31 439,405.58 33,688.88 77,791.39 58,087.30 123,752.72 66,999,91 543,484.00 136,610.37 2,561,441.36 610,830.51 3,327.71 197,200.96 42,504.00 196,777.69 20,231.62 59,888.69 275,607.71 83,606.77 193,057.27 144,157.12 714,510.45 28,443.81 230,799.00 39,644.95 174,523.25 188,354.25 72,747.98 1,098,918.46 73,352.96 92,541.85 213,689.34 159,563.22 149,660.20 1,713.34 13,924.00 48,225.00 357,330.63 17,184.97 132,411.33 283,158.50 10,098.43 11,927,743.38 20,702,342.21 5,172,022.69 3,244,371.02 864,139.64 688,714.13 71 TOTAL EXPENDITURE ALLOCATEE For the Year fndi. Programs RECREATION Program Administration (Pro-rated by Activities) Fish and Wildlife Fish and Wildlife Services Grants Payments of Wolf Bounty Parks Parks Service Acquisition and Development of Land Vote Activity Sub-Activity Total Total Total s S S 24,087,287.23 1,763,825.76 1,763,825.76 6,805,843.47 6,719,829.47 18,000.00 68,014.00 15,517,618.00 6,334,294.17 9,183,323.83 24,087,287.23 24,087,287.23 24,087,287.23 STATUTORY Loans to Commercial Fishermen Loans to Fishing Camp Operators .... TOTAL CROSS EXPENDITURE Less — Reimbursements of Expenditures TOTAL NET EXPENDITURE Percentage of Total 432,235.74 386,482.00 45,753.74 386,482.00 45,753.74 432,235.74 432,235.74 432,235.74 72,430,977.90 929,840.10 ^2,430,977.90 929,840.10 72,430,977.90 929,840.10 71,501,137.80 n ,501,137.80 '1,501,137.80 72 O MAIN ACTIVITIES (Continued) arch 31st. 1971 Forest Protection $ Timber $ Lands S Fish& Wildlife $ Parks $ Less Reimbursements of Expenditures (Federal Contributions) $ 20,107.62 256,512.57 6,702.54 82,600.06 627,569.20 6,719,829.47 18,000.00 68,014.00 1,136,959.60 1,109,446.40 6,334,294.17 7,707,251.60 143,196.72 97,929.25 276,620.19 89,302.60 8,570,372.27 15,150,992.17 241,125.97 386,482.00 45,753.74 432,235.74 12,895,262.88 22,860,088.67 618,403.36 5,757,370.21 20,000.00 13,142,989.05 263,564.96 17,775,267.09 27,871.78 929,840.10 12,895,262.88 22,241,685.31 5,737,370.21 12,879,424.09 17,747,395.31 18.047o 31.11% 8.02% 18.01% 24.82% 73 M- LAW BRANCH P< I' i;H '.^t $^0^ The duties and responsibilties of Law Branch may be sum- marized as follows. • Policy: Establishing and reviewing Department policy with respect to legislation, regulations or administration; and integrating Department policies into those of the Govern- ment. • Interpretation of statutes and regulations. • Advice to branches and field offices on the legal position of the Department in all matters affecting it. • Preparation and Processing of agreements; briefs, opinions and memoranda on special subjects; leases; legislation; licences; office consolidations of statutes and regulations; pleadings; recommendations to Council; and regulations under the various statutes administered by the Department. • Services (miscellaneous): Collection of bad accounts; con- ducting litigation; conveyancing; representing the Depart- ment as Counsel m Provincial Land Tax Appeals and other hearings; settlements of claims and disputes; and title searching. • Liaison with federal officials on matters concerning fish- eries; federal canal systems, harbours and lands; and Indian reserves and rights of Indians, particularly regarding hunting and fishing. • Patents Office: Maintenance of records of Crown land and transactions respecting, and legal dispositions of Crown lands; advising the public on records; compilation of statis- tics; and preparation and engrossing of documents dispos- ing of Crown land including leases, letters patent and li- cences of occupation. LEGISLATION At the part of the Session of the Legislature that commenced on the 6th day of October, 1970, and prorogued on the 13th day of November, 1970, three statutes administered by the Department were amended. THE FORESTRY AMENDMENT ACT, 1970 Section 1 of The Forestry Act was amended by adding a new clause ab defining "municipality" so as to include a district and a regional municipality. This Act came into force on November 13, 1970, and appears in the 1970 annual statutes as Chapter 114. Aerial view of log booms, towed by tug, Sioux Lookout Forest District. THE PROVINCIAL LAND TAX AMENDMENT ACT, 1970 Paragraph 10 of subsection 1 of section 3 of the Act was amended to remove the liability to taxation of machinery used for producing power for sale. Subsection 1 of said section 3 of the Act was further amended by adding a new paragraph 16 exempting from taxation community centres in territory without municipal organization which have received grants under The Com- munity Centres Act. This Act came into force on January 1, 1970, and appears in the 1970 annual statutes as Chapter 116. THE TREES AMENDMENT ACT, 1970 Section 1 of The Trees Act was amended by adding a new clause a defining the term "county" so as to include a district and a regional municipality and a new clause fa defining "forestry purposes." This Act came into force on November 13, 1970, and appears in the 1970 annual statutes as Chapter 115. At the part of the Session of the Legislature that com- menced on the 30th day of March, 1971, and adjourned on the 28th day of July, 1971, one statute administered by the Department was enacted and amendments were made to seven other statutes administered by the Department. THE ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT, 1971 The purpose of this new Act is to provide a programme for the conservation, protection and propagation of species of wildlife and plants that are threatened with extinction and to protect the habitat of such species. Section 1 of the Act defines "Minister" as the Minister of Lands and Forests and "officer" as a Conservation Officer or Deputy Conservation Officer and includes a member of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police Force or the Ontario Pro- vincial Police Force. Section 2 places the administration of the Act under the control of the Minister of Lands and Forests. Section 3 authorizes the Lieutenant Governor in Council to make regulations declaring any species of fauna or flora to be threatened with extinction. Section 4 provides that an officer has the powers and duties of an officer under The Game and Fish Act, 1961-62. Section 5 creates an offence for wilfully killing or destroy- ing a species of fauna or flora declared to be threatened with extinction. 75 Section 6 imposes a penalty on summary conviction for contravention of the Act of a fine of not more than $3,000. or imprisonment for not more than six months or both. This Act came into force on July 23, 1971, and appears in the 1971 annual statutes as Chapter 52. THE CROWN TIMBER AMENDMENT ACT, 1971 Section 4 of The Crown Timber Act was amended to permit the Minister with the approval of the Lieutenant Governor in Council, to designate as Crown management units private lands, as well as public lands, on which trees are vested in the Crown and to enter into agreements for the supply of Crown timber from such units. A new section, section 15a, was added to the Act author- izing the Minister to direct licencees by written notice, to offer to specified mill owners or operators the first oppor- tunity to purchase timber. Subsection 1 of section 47 of the Act, was amended by adding a new clause k providing penalties for failure to comply with a direction of the Minister under new section 15a. A new section 53 was added to the Act providing that any regulation made under the Act may be limited territorially or as to time or otherwise. This Act came into force on June 17, 1971, and appears in the 1971 annual statutes as Chapter 23. THE FISH INSPECTION AMENDMENT ACT, 1971 The following amendments were made to the Act to bring it into line with recent amendments to the complementary Federal Act, the Fish Inspection Act (Canada). Clauses a, d and g of section 1 of the Act defining the terms "container," "inspector" and "processing" respec- tively were repealed and new definitions of these terms substituted therefor. Subsection 1 of section 6 of the Act was amended to pro- hibit the sale of fish intended for human consumption that is tainted, decomposed or unwholesome and subsection 1 of section 13 of the Act was amended by adding a new clause ab to authorize the Lieutenant Governor in Council to make regulations defining for the purposes of section 6 the expressions "tainted," "decomposed" and "unwhole- some." Clause d of subsection 1 of said section 13 was amended to allow exceptions in appropriate cases to the regulations relating to the care of the plant and establishment of processors. Clause / of subsection 1 of section 13 was amended by substituting the word "governing" for the word "prescrib- ing." This Act came into force on May 28th, 1971, and appears in the 1971 annual statutes as Chapter 19. THE FORESTRY AMENDMENT ACT, 1971 Section 2 of The Forestry Act was amended by adding new subsection 2a providing for supplementary forest manage- ment agreements with landowners, the term of which shall not exceed the unexpired term of the agreement supple- mented. This Act came into force on May 28, 1971, and appears in the 1971 annual statutes as Chapter 17. THE GAME AND FISH AMENDMENT ACT, 1971 A number of amendments were made to The Came and Fish Act, 1961-62, complementary to the transfer of the admin- istration of fur farms from the Department of Lands and Forests to the Department of Agriculture and Food. Paragraph 5 of section 1 of the Act was amended to in- clude in the definition of "domestic animals and domestic birds" any fur-bearing animal kept on a fur farm as defined in The Fur Farms Act, 1971. Clause a of section 2 of the Act was amended so as to make the provisions of the Act not applicable to fur-bearing animals kept on a fur farm as defined in The Fur Farms Act, 1971 subject to the provisions of new subsection 2 which provides that the Act applies to fur-bearing animals kept on a fur farm in respect of offences against sections 59 and 61 of the Act. Clause a of section 56 of the Act relating to the possession of fur-bearing animals during the closed season, was amended by deleting therefrom the reference to the pelts of mink raised on a fur farm. Clause b of section 57 of the Act was repealed and the following substituted therefor: (b) possess, engage in or carry on, or be concerned in, the trading, buying or selling of pelts. Subsection 2 of section 58 of the Act was repealed. Section 59 of the Act was repealed and a new section 59 76 substituted therefor requiring the written authority of the Minister before taking wild fur-bearing animals in the natural state for the purpose of transferring such animals to fur farms. Section 61 of the Act was amended by adding a new sub- section la requiring the payment of the royalty prescribed by the regulations before transferring any fur-bearing animal taken under section 59 to a fur farm. This Act came into force on June 17, 1971, and appears in the 1971 annual statutes as Chapter 30. THE GANANOQUE LANDS AMENDMENT ACT, 1971 The Cananoque Lands Act, 1961-62, was amended by add- ing a new section 3a providing for an alternative method of disposal of the ungranted part of the lands described in the Schedule to the Act. This Act came into force on May 28, 1971, and appears in the 1971 annual statutes as Chapter 18. THE PROVINCIAL PARKS AMENDMENT ACT, 1971 The Provincial Parks Act was amended by adding a new section 11a which provides for the erection of stop signs at entrances to and intersections in provincial parks. This Act came into force on May 28, 1971, and appears in the 1971 annual statutes as Chapter 16. THE PUBLIC LANDS AMENDMENT ACT, 1971 Subsections 2 and 3 of section 16 of The Public Lands Act were amended to make the provisions thereof applicable to a person who causes a building or structure to be erected or causes to be made any improvement on lands designated by the Minister as a restricted area without first obtaining a permit. Section 27a of the Act was amended making it an offence to deposit or cause to be deposited any material, substance or thing on public lands whether or not covered with water or ice, or both, without the written consent of the Minister or of an officer authorized by the Minister. Subsections 1 and 2 of section 27b of the Act were amended to permit the Department to control and govern the use of public lands by the erection of signs, and not merely to prohibit the use of such lands. New subsection 2 provides a penalty for the contravention of the provisions of subsection 1. Section 31 of the Act was amended to clarify the applica- tion and intent of the section. Where defective letters patent are cancelled and corrected letters patent issued in their stead, the corrected letters patent shall have the effect of correcting every instrument made prior to the date of such corrected letters patent by the patentee or any person claim- ing under or through him. Corrected letters patent may be issued notwithstanding that the land has been registered under The Land Titles Act. A new Part iV, consisting of sections 74 to 78 inclusive, was added to the Act which has the effect of assigning to the Minister of Lands and Forests the administration and control of the construction and maintenance of dams. Pro- vision is made for the expropriation of required lands under The Public Works Act and for the Minister to enter into agreements to effect the purposes of this Part. In the event of a declared emergency the Minister is given powers to enter and use any lands, alter natural or artificial features of land, construct or use roads on any land, construct sidings, water pipes, conduits or tracks on any lands or place on or remove from any lands any substance or structure. Any of these powers may be exercised immediately notwithstanding any provision of The Expropriations Act, 1968-69. This Act came into force on July 23, 1971, and appears in the 1971 annual statutes as Chapter 46. THE SURVEYS AMENDMENT ACT, 1971 In clauses / and k of subsection 2 of section 31 of The Surveys Act the word "establish" was changed to "re-establish." Clauses a and fa of section 34 of the Act were amended to transpose the townships of Eastnor, Lindsay and St. Edmunds in the County of Bruce from clause a to clause b with the result that in these Townships the side lines of unrun town- ship lots will be surveyed on the astronomical course of the appropriate side. Section 56 of the Act was amended by adding new sub- section 4a to provide for the situation where only part of the width of a road allowance is closed. In such case the whole width of the closed part belongs to the owners whose lands abut thereon. Section 60 of the Act was amended by adding a new sub- section 2 to permit regulations to be limited territorially or as to time or otherwise. This Act came into force on July 23, 1971, and appears in the 1971 annual statutes as Chapter 53. THE CIVIL RIGHTS STATUTE LAW AMENDMENT ACT, 1971 A number of statutes administered by the Department were 77 REGULATIONS Forty-one regulations made under the authority of Acts administered by the Department of Lands and Forests were made and filed during the fiscal year from April 1st, 1970, to March 31st, 1971. THE FOREST FIRES PREVENTION ACT O. Reg. 177/70 — New Restricted Fire Zone — White River O. Reg. 245/70— Amends O. Reg. 119/69 Change to Thunder Bay Fire District O. Reg. 357/70 — New Restricted Fire Zone — Chapleau O. Reg. 358/70 — New Fort Frances Restricted Fire Zone O. Reg. 359/70 — New Ceraldton Restricted Fire Zone O. Reg. 360/70 — New Thunder Bay Restricted Fire Zone O. Reg. 361/70 — New Sudbury Restricted Fire Zone O. Reg. 363/70 — New Sioux Lookout Restricted Fire Zone O- Reg. 364/70 — New Sioux Lookout Restricted Travel Zone O. Reg. 365/70 — New Thunder Bay Restricted Travel Zone O. Reg. 367/70 — New Revoking Restricted Fire Districts and Travel Zones THE FORESTRY ACT O. Reg. 243/70 — Amends O. Reg. 173/65 Changes Ft. Wm. Nursery to Thunder Bay Nursery THE GAME AND FISH ACT, 1961-62 O. Reg. 166/70 — Amends O. Reg. 25/69 St. Joseph Island open season for moose O. Reg. 172/70— Amends O. Reg. 229/63 Non-Resident Licence to Hunt Bear O. Reg. 244/70— Amends O. Regs 237/69, 391/69 and 433/69. . . Open Season for Game Birds O. Reg. 264/70 — Amends O. Reg. 114/68 Change in Hunting Format O. Reg. 277/70 — Amends O. Reg. 15/68 Transfer of Licence Privileges to New Owners of Game and Hunting Preserves O. Reg. 294/70— Amends O. Reg. 244/70 Bag Limit— Pheasant Pelee Island O. Reg. 311/70— Revokes O. Reg. 235/69 Open Seasons— Rabbits and Squirrel O. Reg. 324/70 — Amends O. Reg. 25/69 Open Seasons — Deer, iMoose and Black Bear O. Reg. 339/70— New Permit to Export Game O. Reg. 411/70 — Amends O. Regs. 277/68 and 369/69 Long Point Waterfowl Unit Hours of Hunting O. Reg. 412/70— Amends O. Reg. 229/63 $1 for lost licence O. Reg. 413/70— Amends O. Regs. 46/65, 172/65, 260/66, 368/66, 442/67, 113/68, 406/68, 427/68 and 319/69 Fishing Licences O. Reg. 436/70 — Revokes S.S. 8, 9 and 10 of O. Reg. 46/65 Repeal of provisions for Payment of Royalties on Commercial Fish Landings O. Reg. 441/70 — New Waterford Ponds Hunting Area O. Reg. 442/70— Amends O. Reg. 25/69 Three Day Deer Season— S. Ont. O. Reg. 473/70 — Amends O. Reg. 277/68 Long Point Waterfowl Management Unit — Hours of Hunting O. Reg. 555/70 — Amends O. Reg. 46/65 Commercial Fishing Licence Procedure O. Reg. 39/71 — Amends O. Reg. 46/65 Issue of Fishing Licences O. Reg. 49/71— Revokes O. Regs. 25/69, 318/69, 344/69, 405/69, 30/70, 98/70, 166/70, 324/70 and 442/70 Open Seasons— Deer, Moose and Black Bear O. Reg. 71/71 — Amends O. Reg. 46/65 Issue of Senior Citizen Licences O. Reg. 102/71 — Amends 46/65 $1 Fee for Duplicate Non-resident Licences O. Reg. 115/71— New Polar Bears 78 THE PROVINCIAL PARKS ACT O. Reg. 165/70— Amends O. Reg. 498 of R.R.O. 1960 Adds New Parks O. Reg. 183/70— Amends Reg. 498 of R.R.O. 1960 Adds Polar Bear Provincial Park O. Reg. 376/70— Amends O. Reg. 61/70 Adds definition of "Vehicle and Unattended Boats" in Quetico Provincial Park O. Reg. 114/71 — Amends O. Reg. 346/65 Establishing 13 new parks and amending 12 existing parks O. Reg. 290/70— Amends O. Reg. 183/70 Polar Bear Park THE PUBLIC LANDS ACT O. Reg. 379/70 — New Establishing "Restricted Areas," District of Rainy River O. Reg. 422/70 — New Restricted Areas — Thunder Bay District O. Reg. 455/70 — New Restricted Area — Thunder Bay District O. Reg. 517/70 — Amends O. Reg. 370/61 and 87/69 Sale of 5 waterfront properties in twps. of Kirkup, Watten, Bayly, Barrieand Kenora THE WOODLANDS IMPROVEMENT ACT, 1966 O. Reg. 182/70 — Amends O. Reg. 244/66 Private Forest Management Areas also amended by The Civil Rights Statute Law Amendment Act, 1971. This Act implements some of the recommenda- tions of the Royal Commission on Civil Rights with respect to the provision of appeals from administrative decisions and the modification of stringent forfeiture procedures and rights of entry on property. The following statutes admin- istered by the Department are amended: The Fish Inspec- tion Act, The Forest Fires Prevention Act, 1968, The Lakes and Rivers Improvement Act, The Loggers Safety Act, The Provincial Land Tax Act, 1961-62, The Railway Fire Charge Act, The Spruce Pulpwood Exportation Act, The Surveys Act, The Wild Rice Harvesting Act, The Wolf and Bear Bounty Act, The Woodmen's Employment Act. The Civil Rights Statute Law Amendment Act, 1971, came into force on proclamation and appears in the 1971 annual statutes as Chapter 50. References to statutes herein are to the statutes as they appeared in the Revised Statutes of Ontario, 1960, and Statutes of Ontario, 1960 to 1970. FEDERAL-PROVINCIAL CO-OPERATIVE AGREEMENTS Sea Lamprey Control and Fish Management Structure on the Saugeen River By an agreement dated the 25th day of February, 1970, be- tween Her Majesty the Queen in right of Canada repre- sented by the Minister of Fisheries and Forestry and Her Majesty the Queen in right of Ontario represented by the Minister of Lands and Forests, Ontario agreed to construct a sea lamprey control and fish management structure on the Saugeen River near the Town of Southampton in accord- ance with plans and specifications approved by Canada. The structure is to be operated by Ontario and the cost of construction shared equally by Canada and Ontario. Loans to Commercial Fishermen By an agreement dated the 28th day of April, 1970, between the Government of the Province of Ontario as represented by the Minister of Lands and Forests and the Government of Canada as represented by the Minister of Fisheries and Forestry, a program was established for the making of loans to persons engaged in commercial fishing in Lake St. Clair, the St. Clair River and the Detroit River where the taking of fish for commercial use has been prohibited by reason of unacceptable levels of mercury compounds in fish. The agreement provides for the creation of a Committee com- posed of representatives appointed b>- Ontario and by Canada for the purpose of implementing the program. The program is administered by the Minister of Lands and Forests and the cost shared equally by Ontario and Canada. On the 11th day of August, 1970, a similar agreement was entered into between the above parties to establish a pro- gram for the making of loans to persons engaged in com- mercial fishing in the waters of Ontario other than in Lake St. Clair, the St. Clair River and the Detroit River where the taking of fish for commercial use has been prohibited by reason of unacceptable levels of mercury compounds in fish. 79 ORDERS IN COUNCIL Orders in council recommended by the Minister of Lands and Forests in the Year 1970-1 THE CROWN TIMBER ACT 985/70 1132/70 1678/70 2273/70 2757/70 3388/70 83/71 613/71 987/70 1217/70 1679/70 2274/70 2758/70 3389/70 172/71 648/71 988/70 1229/70 1681/70 2275/70 2864/70 3390/70 173/71 660/71 989/70 1240/70 1682/70 2396/70 2915/70 3426/70 174/71 668/71 990/70 1261/70 1740/70 2403/70 3030/70 3432/70 190/71 685/71 992/70 1269/70 1882/70 2404/70 3150/70 3435/70 191/71 686/71 993/70 1316/70 1942/70 2405/70 3151/70 3464/70 262/71 687/71 994/70 1370/70 1946/70 2406/70 3158/70 3491/70 271/71 689/71 1002/70 1371/70 1947 70 2462/70 3159/70 3493/70 272/71 690/71 1003/70 1402/70 1951/70 2463/70 3253/70 3494/70 297/71 755/71 1024/70 1421/70 1952/70 2464/70 3255/70 3608/70 304/71 758/71 1028/70 1447/70 1953/70 2614/70 3263/70 3648/70 380/71 762/71 1029/70 1459/70 1963/70 2615/70 3264/70 3571/70 383/71 763/71 1043/70 1522/70 2021/70 2617/70 3324/70 3575/70 389/71 829/71 1102/70 1543/70 2025/70 2618/70 3325/70 3759/70 393/71 837/71 1103/70 1549/70 2086/70 2619/70 3326/70 3760/70 394/71 842/71 1104/70 1552/70 2090/70 2622/70 3334/70 3770/70 396/71 885/71 1113/70 1553/70 2104/70 2654/70 3335/70 3773/70 398/71 888/71 1119/70 1557/70 2166/70 2655/70 3337/70 3776/70 419/71 890/71 1120/70 1661/70 2207/70 2660/70 3361/70 3777/70 449/71 1121/70 1669/70 2210/70 2661/70 3375/70 3786/70 491/71 1122/70 1670/70 2270/70 2730/70 3376/70 3888/70 567/71 1123/70 1676/70 2271/70 2753/70 3379/70 3889/70 568/71 1124/70 1677/70 2272/70 2755/70 3387/70 3890/70 601/71 Five Mile Lake Provincial Parl<. Photo by D. Marshall. THE FINES AND FORFEITURES ACT 1589/70 THE FOREST FIRES PREVENTION ACT 1671/70 THE FORESTRY ACT 1663/70 THE GAME AND FISH ACT, 1961-62 1149/70 2276/70 3222/70 429/71 1222/70 2300/70 3236/70 631/71 1699/70 2819/70 3512/70 693/71 1837/70 2868/70 3992/70 1883/70 2869/70 189/71 2023/70 3090/70 343/71 THE MUNICIPAL ACT 1166/70 1707/70 80 3346/70 3462/70 THE NIAGARA PARKS ACT 1911/70 THE PROVINCIAL PARKS ACT 1135/70 1962/70 2651/70 1341/70 1968/70 THE PUBLIC LANDS ACT 691/71 979/70 1717/70 3360/70 211/71 986/70 1800/70 3362/70 298/71 1001/70 1805/70 3496/70 300/71 1044/70 2032/70 3498/70 346/71 1109/70 2100/70 3570/70 420/71 1128/70 2124/70 3577/70 422/71 1179/70 2408/70 3579/70 424/71 1225/70 2410/70 3612/70 526/71 1228/70 2626/70 3665/70 558/71 1287/70 2752/70 3801/70 564/71 1375/70 2912/70 3820/70 657/71 1380/70 2924/70 3941/70 661/71 1407/70 2928/70 22/71 688/71 1420/70 2950/70 34/71 764/71 1446/70 2980/70 47/71 777l7'[ 1584/70 3153/70 80/71 836/71 1617/70 3169/70 87/71 891/71 1697/70 3332/70 182/71 898/71 1698/70 3354/70 202/71 Forests and Her Majesty the Queen in right of Canada, as represented by the Honourable Jean Chretien, Minister of Indian Affairs and Northern Development, the agreement dated the 24th day of January, 1962, establishing a program of mutual assistance in the development and management of the annual renewable resources in Ontario, was amended with respect to expenditures and sources of funds for certain projects, set out in the budget for the period commencing on the 1st day of April, 1970, and terminating with the 31st day of March, 1971. STATEMENT OF PATENTS Port Dover Fisheries Research Unit By an agreement dated the 1st day of June, 1970, between the Minister of Transport for Canada and the Minister of Lands and Forests (Fisheries Research Branch) of the Prov- ince of Ontario, Transport granted permission to Lands and Forests to occupy and use certain lands comprising an area of 4,880 square feet and harbour facilities at Port Dover, Ontario, for a period of five years commencing on January 1, 1970, as a site for a Lands and Forest's Fisheries Research Unit. This agreement may be renewed for a further term of five years. THE SURVEYORS ACT, 1968-69 1715/70 IMPROVEMENT ACT 2817/70 178/71 2894/70 311/71 2969/70 498/70 3866/70 825/71 THE WOODLANDS 1340/70 MISCELLANEOUS 1000/70 2031/70 1588/70 2154/70 1714/70 2628/70 1743/70 2740/70 1910/70 2812/70 Development and Management of Annual Renewable Resources By an agreement dated the 12th day of May, 1970, between Her Majesty the Queen in right of Ontario, as represented by the Honourable Rene Brunelle, Minister of Lands and Slatemenl of Patents, etc., issued during the year ending March 31st, 1971. PATENTS Agriculture 4 City-Town 40 Free Grant 1 Miscellaneous 161 Summer Resort 1,519 1,725 LEASES Crown — Water Lot 22 Rondeau 1 Easement 1 Water Power Agreement 1 25 LICENCES OF OCCUPATION ... . 50 50 CANCELLATIONS Crown — Water Lot 13 Rondeau 8 Long Point 1 22 LICENCES OF OCCUPATION 64 64 81 OPERATIONS BRANCH Operations Branch is divided into six sections with duties and responsibilities as follows. • Ofiice Management: Equipment inventory; boat licens- ing; policy and procedure directive production; mimeo- graph and photo-copy reproduction service; Crown land records; staff uniforms; Legislative publication distribution; telephone credit card; telephone directory updating; iden- tification card; personnel directory; permit to carry fire- arms; revolver issue; Branch personnel records; and Branch financial and records management programs. • Purchasing: Purchasing of equipment, supplies and serv- ices; filling requisitions; leases and rentals; and arrange- ments for travel and conferences. • Central Supply Warehouse: Receipt, security and distribu- tion of equipment, supplies, uniforms and printed material. • Conservation Information: Publications; weekly news- letter and press releases; material for outside agencies; dis- play advertisements; photo and slide services; reference library and clipping service; and supply of information to public. • Conservation Education: Display material for Depart- ment exhibits; production and purchase of motion films; film supply service; program material for radio and tele- vision; and lecture service. • Accident Control: Administration of The Loggers' Safety Act; Hunter Safety Program; safety program in Provincial Parks; staff safety and first aid programs; and Workmen's Compensation. Two youthful hunter candidates are tested for safety in gun handling by a Conservation Officer at Maple District Office, following completion of a Hunter Safety Training course. Photo by T. Jenkins. OFFICE MANAGEMENT SECTION During the fiscal year, the reproduction facilities processed an average of 50,000 photo copies and 10,000 mimeograph copies per month. The continued management of the 187,000 active files, containing Crown land records, required the recording of 135 incoming documents and the filing and retrieval of 250 files daily. A total of 4,450 transactions (acquisitions and write-offs) were recorded in updating the equipment inventory; and 30 licences for boats were obtained. A total of 2,700 uniform requisitions were processed to supply approximately 1,100 regular staff and 900 summer casual staff (mainly parks) with rmiforms and replacement of uniform items. One thousand, two hundred and seventy telephone credit cards and 200 staff identification cards were issued during the year. PURCHASING SECTION The Section is vitally concerned with furnishing the means by which the work of the Department is maintained and furthered. In the year under review, activity continued at full pace. Basically, it was a matter of supply and demand with the Section ensuring that the Department's require- ments were met immediately and economically with the best quality available, and that the over-all best value was obtained for the money expended. With the continuing expansion of, and re-organization within, the Department, there were many, often involved, details of investigation and procurement. All requisitions were forwarded to Services Branch for processing, that is, the registering of all requisitions and the recording of same on stock record cards where applicable, and the ordering by direct purchase orders and by requisi- tions to Central Supply Services (formerly to the Queen's Printer) and the Department of Public Works. The Central Supply Division of the Department of Public Works came to the fore in this period by undertaking the purchasing, or performing the groundwork leading to pur- chasing, of supplies common to each department (e.g., duplicating supplies and bulk purchasing of paper). Over 11,000 requisitions were received. Many and varied details entered into the completion and involved corre- 83 spondence, telephone usage, interviewing, searching, cus- toms clearance, and the calling of tenders. Direct purchase orders issued totalled 7,756; Queen's Printer stationery req- uisitions, 5,314; Queen's Printer printing requisitions, 373; Central Printing requisitions, 730; and Public Works requisi- tions, 219. Directions and oversight were maintained of leases and rentals of property for the Department throughout the Province in conjunction with the Department of Public Works. Telephone service was also maintained in conjunc- tion with the latter department. CENTRAL SUPPLY WAREHOUSE SECTION During the fiscal year, the Section received a total of 417 tons of supplies and equipment and shipped a total of 267 tons, excluding mail. Shipments were made by express, freight, transport and mail and by internal supply to Depart- ment Offices. Thirty types of licences were distributed to District Offices and approximately 3,500 issuers on 16,500 invoices. The 2,450,000 licences included hunting, angling, bait fish, roll net, dip net, frog, guide, trapping, trap-line and dog. The distribution of Provincial Park Permits included 26,800 annual vehicle permits, 611,350 daily permits and 582,400 campsite permits. Department uniforms were stocked and delivered to per- sonnel on requisition. CONSERVATION INFORMATION SECTION The Section worked through various media during the past fiscal year to disseminate information on the protection and management of the renewable, natural resources under the Department's administration. RELEASES A newsletter of several pages carried Department news and regulations every week to all newspapers, broadcasting sta- tions and outdoor writers in Ontario. The mailing list of 3,309 (at March 31) included magazines, trade papers, forest industries, conservation groups, and outdoor recreation clubs, and a number of writers and commentators outside the Province. The French translation of the newsletter had a weekly circulation of 185. News of more than normal urgency was supplied directly to important news outlets. Conservation Spots supplied public service announce- ments to broadcasters in season, and Conservation Copy carried additional material to publishers. Special appeals were prepared occasionally for news media to enlist public support for Department programs. Information or prepared statements were supplied on request to outside agencies and to Department personnel invited to address public meetings or speak on broadcast programs. SERVICES During the year, 37,000 answers were returned by mail to persons asking for information on Crown land, outdoor recreation, nature study, forest tree planting, or forest indus- try. Numerous requests were answered by telephone. Many technical questions were forwarded to other Branches. The Photograph Library loaned 9,000 black-and-white prints and 1,300 colour transparencies to newspapers and magazines during the year. It supplied sets of slides or prints on request to illustrate lectures. It now has 44,000 negatives and 7,465 colour transparencies. Section photographers took photographs on assignment and supplied prints from the Darkroom. The Reference Library circulated periodicals and press clippings through Head Office. NEW PUBLICATIONS Listed below are the Department publications released dur- ing the 1970-1 fiscal year. The list does not include scientific papers, management reports, training manuals, reference texts, consolidations of Acts, posters, and Provincial Park leaflets. FISH AND WILDLIFE Summary of the Ontario Fishing Regulations, 1971 Summary of the Ontario Hunting Regulations, 1970 Provisional Summary of Big Came Hunting Seasons in Ontario, 1971 Summary of Ontario Regulations which apply to Trapping and Fur-Dealing, 1970 The Game and Fish Act and the Ontario Fishery Regulations, 1970 Division of Waters and Fish Sanctuaries, 1971 84 Bear Hunting in Ontario, 1967-9 Ontario Turtles Ontario Fish and Wildlife Review (periodical) OUTDOOR RECREATION Leave Nothing Behind But Ontario Hunting Casualty Report, 1969 Hunter's Handbook, Part I (50c) (revised) Why Hunter Safety Training? (revised) So You Want to Co Camping (revised) PROVINCIAL PARKS Northern Ontario Canoe Routes Quetico Provincial Park Canoe Routes (revised) North Georgian Bay Recreational Reserve Canoe Routes (revised) Provincial Parks of Ontario (revised) Algonquin Provincial Park (revised) LAND AND WATER The Ontario \Up Catalogue, 1970 FORESTS Planning for Tree Planting (revised) Care and Planting of Forest Trees (revised) Dryden Forest Station (revised) Thunder Bay Forest Station (revised) Orono Forest Station (revised) Your Forests (periodical) ADMINISTRATION Annual Report of the Minister of Lands and Forests, 1970 Statistics, 1971 Publications, 1971 Does Nature Have a Chance? (revised) CONSERVATION EDUCATION SECTION The Section conducts an educational program which con- sists of the type of appeals calculated to attract public interest and explain in easily understandable terms the need for the wise use of renewable, natural resources. VISUAL EDUCATION The Section's film library contains 274 titles with two or more prints of many of the titles. All films are available for loan to field offices. During the year, approximately 1,700 films were shipped to field offices in answer to requests received. Each district has its own projection equipment and access to regional film libraries as well as the head office film library. The Section also loaned 16mm motion picture projectors, 35mm slide projectors, screens and films to Provincial Parks offering an interpretive program to the public during the summer months. During the year, the following films were added to head office and field film libraries. Ahmeek — The Forest Engineer Bear Country The Beaver Beaver Valley Be Woods Wise Creatures of the Forest Ducks of Course The Farm Flames in the Forest Forests for the Future Go North! Headwaters Marsh Community Rise& Fall of the Great Lakes Safety Adventures — Out of Doors Seeds to Trees Soliloquy of a River Tree Portraits Trees and Their Importance Wildlands — Our Heritage World in a Marsh The Great Toy Robbery Your Friend the Water Several thousand feet of motion picture film were avail- able for use by television stations in Ontario. In addition, a set of ten one-minute television shorts was prepared for distribution to Ontario television stations. The shorts covered various activities of the Department such as reforestation, new water bombing planes, nursery opera- tions, timber scaling, training hose and pump crews, water fowl, tree pollination, provincial parks, and litter prevention. Production was completed on two films entitled "Be Woods Wise", a safety film, and "Go North!", a film about recreation in northern Ontario. A start was made on a new film depicting safe hunting practices; it will be completed in the next fiscal year. A set of ten one-minute television shorts, entitled "Vig- nettes of 1970" (distributed to Ontario television stations), was entered in the annual competition of the American Association for Conser^'ation Information and awarded Third Prize. Radio and Television. Radio and television stations through- out the Province have been most generous in their dona- tions of free time to the Department, and District Offices regularly take advantage of these opportunities to reach the public. EXHIBITS Visual conservation appeals are featured in the Depart- ment's exhibits at many of the shows and fairs in Ontario. The following major exhibits were handled through this Section. 85 A display In Department's exhibit at Canadian National Sportsmen's Show, March, 1971. Photo by C. Van Cemer- den. Canadian National Exhibition, Toronto. Fishes of Ontario: An educational display of 20 varieties of Ontario's sport and game fishes. Wildlife of Ontario: This display of 25 species of animals and birds is accompanied by valuable informa- tion for students and others interested in wildlife habits and habitats. Hunter Safety Training: A display of safe hunting practices and good hunting manners as taught in the Hunter Training Course. Timber: Three animated models showing good woodlot management and the forestry services offered by the Department. Indians: Two members of the Iroquois Six Nations Reserve demonstrated leather work, bead work and wood carving. Forest Protection: A cartoon display of eight causes of forest fires and how to prevent these care- less happenings. Also included — equipment used by a five-man forest fire fightmg crew. Information and Publica- tion Desk: For the purpose of answering enquiries regarding Department activities and services. The Conservation Poster Contest for elementary school children from six to fourteen years of age was held again this year. A Grand Prize of $100.00 was presented for the best poster. First, second and third prizes, in each of three age groups, in the amounts of $50.00, $25.00 and $15.00 were awarded. Thirty "Honour- able Mentions," ten in each age group, were presented with books. Central Canada Exhibition, Ottawa. An educational display of Ontario's fish and wildlife along with an illuminated map showing locations of the Provincial Parks, tree identification panels and a "seeds to trees" nursery stock. International Plowing Match, Lindsay. A display of wildlife, defective and illegal firearms, The Woodland Improvement Act, film theatre, and forestry practices. Royal Agricultural Winter Fair, Toronto. A display of nur- sery procedures — the growing and shipping of trees for reforestation projects; and a products-from-wood display, an anti-litter display, and good wildlife management practices. Canadian National Sportsmen's Show, Toronto. An over-all display of education in conservation covering fish and wild- life management, forestry. Provincial Parks, safe gun han- dling practices, Ontario fur fashions, forest protection, Indian handicrafts and children's conservation poster contest. Aid to Districts. Full co-operation was given to District Offices participating in sportsmen's shows and agricultural fairs such as the Western Fair at London, the International Plowing Match at Lindsay, the Timmins Sportsmen's Show, and the Canadian Lakehead Exhibition at Thunder Bay. 86 LECTURE TOURS The Department kept in touch with the public through talks to fish and game associations, schools, church groups, serv- ice clubs and youth organizations. Illustrated lectures were given on many aspects of the Department's work. A total of 2,810 lectures was given to audiences totalling 177,114 during the past fiscal year. The totals included 757 lectures to 80,304 school children and 910 lectures given by Ontario Forestry Association personnel to 26,958 persons. ACCIDENT CONTROL SECTION The safety program, aimed at reduction in loss of life, per- sonal injury and property damage, is continually develop- ing and through research entering new fields in safety training to improve the safety record of the Department. DRIVER TRAINING The driver training and testing program, which commenced in Pembroke Forest District on an experimental basis in 1970, has proven the need for the program in all districts. The program is being extended as funds and training staff become available. In Pembroke District, the accident frequency rate was reduced from 2.28 in the preceding fiscal year to 1.52 dur- ing the past year. THE LOGGERS' SAFETY ACT Safety education in the logging industry is of prime impor- tance especially among the smaller operators who do not have, or cannot afford, safety programs. Our safety officers give assistance in safety matters where needed when they are making inspections in the course of enforcing the Act. During the past year, our officers made more than 3,000 inspections under the Act. They advised on safety and issued warnings and stop-work orders for serious infractions of the Act and Regulations. During 1970, fatal accidents numbered twelve, a decrease of six from the previous year. HUNTER SAFETY TRAINING The upgrading of instruction was continued during the past year. All instructors, who wished to continue in the pro- gram, were re-tested in 1970. Qualified instructors now total 1,162. Each instructor is required to conduct at least one class per year to remain on the active list, and each must be re-examined every three years. During the year, 15,601 persons received training in safe hunting. SAFETY IN PROVINCIAL PARKS Field safety officers of the Section make frequent inspections in Provincial Parks and report hazardous or unsafe condi- tions to the appropriate authority for immediate remedial action. (The Section is not responsible for the beach patrol maintained in some parks.) Under the sponsorship of the Department, 55 canoeing- camping demonstrations were presented by the Ontario Safety League in seven Provincial Parks, beginning in Algon- quin and extending across the Province to Quetico. The demonstration was expanded last year to include the safe operation of car-top boats and low-powered outboard motors. In addition, demonstrations of first aid and artificial respiration were given by the St. John Ambulance Associa- tion. The park demonstrations received wide publicity on radio and television. WORKMEN'S COMPENSATION Department costs for Workmen's Compensation in 1970-1 were $262,824.53, an increase of $37,504.31 over the pre- ceding fiscal year. The total cost is composed of $102,519.04 for pensions, $18,187.01 for administrative costs, and $142,118.48 for medical aid and compensation. Compensable claims numbered 915, an increase of 161 over the previous year. The average cost per claim was $131.00, a decrease of $17.00. The decrease is misleading as the OSEP program commenced at the beginning of 1971; the majority of the claims were not finalized before the end of March, and their costs will be carried into the next fiscal year. Fire control costs totalled $8,882.26 of which $7,062.99 went to actual fire fighting. The total cost was 11 per cent above the previous year. Junior ranger costs amounted to $14,666.21, a decrease of $3,652.96 on the year although 178 more junior rangers were employed. Junior rangers accounted for $6,192.77 and senior staff for $8,473.44. During the year, there was one death for which a pension was established. Two new pensions were established for permanent disability. The Injury Frequency Rate was 18.5, an increase of 0.8 over the previous year. The rate is based on lost time in relation to man-days worked. The Lands and Forests Safety Trophy was won by Sioux Lookout Forest District with an injury frequency rate of 4.5. During the year, the District had a total of 44,863 man-days worked and two lost-time injuries. 87 v.«i 1 1*^ ♦* ' . Research Branch is divided into an administration group and three sections, each with its subordinate units, with duties and responsibilities as follows. ADMINISTRATION Supervises research programs, operates and maintains Southern Research Station, and provides accounting and personnel services and the following professional and tech- nical services. Biomatbematics and Statistics Drafting Electronics Library Mechanical Photography FISHERIES SECTION Great Lakes Units: Fisheries Research Stations at Glenora (Lake Ontario), Wheatley (Lake Erie), South Baymouth (Lake Huron), and Sault Ste. Marie (Lake Superior). Came Fish Units: Lake Trout, Brook Trout, Smallmouth Bass and Walleye. Discipline Units: Selective Breeding, Parasitology, Lim- nology, Productivity, and Technical Studies. FORESTRY SECTION Maple Units: Site, Tree Nutrition, Environmental Physiology, Forest Ecology, Wood Science, Seed, Tree Breeding, For- estry Economics, Mensuration, Fire Control, and Develop- mental. Field Units: Midhurst Research Unit, Southwestern (Maple), Southeastern (Tweed), South-Central (Dorset), Central (Sault Ste. Marie), and Northern (Thunder Bay). WILDLIFE SECTION The Wildlife Research Station is located in Algonquin Pro- vincial Park. The following units are located at Maple. Big Came Furbearers Predators Upland Came and Waterfowl Wildlife Diseases and Parasites A stage in the preparation of a display of the roots and stump of a white pine by Research Branch at Southern Re- search Station, Maple: the soil has been washed away with fire hose. The completed work was placed on permanent display at the Ontario Science Centre, Toronto. FISHERIES SECTION The fisheries research program reflects management needs as expressed by Fish and Wildlife Branch. Within these pro- grams, every effort is made to anticipate problems of a broad nature, which are likely to develop, and to seek solu- tions in advance. GREAT LAKES UNITS LAKE ONTARIO UNIT This program has three categories: cold-water fish studies, warm-water fish studies, and stream studies. The first em- phasizes the effects of fishing in stock changes; the second, the effects of eutrophication; and in the third, the more basic aspects of biological productivity. The program is supplemented by arrangements for co-operative research by agencies and individuals. The role of eutrophication in the deteriorative changes in the whitefish population has been added to other factors contributing to the decline of this species. The response of the species to anticipated eutrophication control measures will be closely observed. There was a serious decline in the whitefish catch. Indica- tions are that the lamprey density has changed little since the last report. The decline is attributed to an extreme re- duction in recruitment since the catch relied on the 1965 year class which is now much reduced in numbers. The fact that recent year classes have been progressively weaker is cause for serious concern for the future of this species. Results of plantings of lake trout, mostly as fingeriings, have revealed good survival to age 3. Survival beyond this is poor, and few fish old enough to spawn were ever cap- tured. The vulnerability of the trout to the whitefish fishery and to the sea lamprey account for its failure to survive and reproduce. Returns from splake planted in Lake Ontario in 1968 and 1969 have been very disappointing. They have not been sufficient to determine the success of early survival or that the dense sea lamprey population is responsible for the poor sampling results. Coho salmon, from plantings by Ontario and New York State, and chinook salmon, from New York State plantings, were recovered from the fishery — chinook for the first time. Since identification is difficult between immature rainbow, chinook, and coho, some difficulty has been experienced 89 in assessing data from untrained observers. A salmonid identification criteria table has been developed. A review of the Japanese salmon suggests that the species offers considerable potential as a new/ species for Ontario. A short paper describes some of the details of incubating walleye eggs and their thermal unit requirements. The upper lethal temperature among young-of-the-year walleye was again examined with results closely paralleling those of the previous year. Environmental monitoring observations showed in general that average values for chlorophyll and inactive chlorophyll or phaeo pigment, ammonia nitrogen, nitrate and nitrite nitrogen, phosphate, detergents changed little from earlier values. The results of a synoptic survey of oxygen content of Bay of Quinte water from Belleville to Picton confirm advanced eutrophication. A relatively large volume of water along the bottom of the Bay of Quinte was found to be seriously depleted of oxygen. The assessment of fish stocks indicated that yellow perch maintained its relative position, but that walleye reached an almost record low. A paper, entitled "The American Eel in Eastern Lake Ontario," reveals that eels enter the lake at age 6-8 years where they remain for up to 20 years before returning to the sea to spawn and die. Comprehensive investigations, involving the standing crop of fish in Shelter Valley Creek, provided the data on which it is proposed to produce an energy budget and to test various experimental techniques for their effectiveness in manipulating the system. LAKE ERIE UNIT Fish stock monitoring, using index fishing and net-run sampling techniques, showed a decline in smelt catches as well as yellow perch. Since next year's catch will depend largely upon the same year classes, it is anticipated that it will be no better and possibly smaller. Limnological studies were initiated in the western basin of Lake Erie and Lake St. Clair in support of the fisheries programs. Three inshore and three offshore stations in Pigeon Bay were selected for fortnightly sampling. Visibility values and temperature profiles were obtained at each station. Plankton was sampled, and phytoplankton quantity estimated. Water samples for nutrient, pigment and particulate organic carbon analyses were collected from near-bottom, mid-depth and near-surface of each station. Ten stations were selected in Ontario waters ot Lake St. Clair for fortnightly sampling. Two tributary stations were located on St. Clair River and the Thames River. Data col- lected were similar to those collected in Lake Erie. Studies of various aspects of the walleye population in the Thames River, Lake St. Clair and western Lake Erie were re- organized and expanded. A number of potential spawning locations, as characterized by gravel bottoms and fast flow, were mapped. LAKE HURON UNIT The program embraces two broad, major catagories: monitoring programs, in which the gross changes in species composition are .measured; and research programs, in which specific species of special importance to man are studied in greater detail than the monitoring programs provide. Results of pound net experimental fishing in South Bay document the following major trends. The alewife began its invasion in 1951 and increased dramatically to a peak in 1964. This was followed by a de- cline until 1968. Catches in 1972 and 1973 are expected to show a marked increase since both 1969 and 1970 hatches appear to have been unusually abundant. Whitefish catches have shown less fluctuation in abund- ance than any other common species. Fluctuations that have occurred have tended to compensate one another to pro- duce the most stable level in the history of the fishery. A 32 per cent increase in catch over the previous year was due to the abundant 1968 year class and may reflect a re- duced level of lamprey abundance. Cisco catches were down considerably. Cisco were ob- served to be feeding on young smelt rather than alewives as previously observed. Yellow perch catches were the lowest on record. White sucker catches have fluctuated less than other abundant species. Catches were considerably higher than the previous year which had been very low. Splake and kokanee catches were down by 82 and 97 per cent, respectively. South Bay Smelt Index Stations showed a slight increase in smelt abundance over the previous year. Adult alewife and kokanee catches were markedly down, while splake increased due to the catch of yearlings from a planting earlier in the year. Whitefish declined, while white sucker continued to increase steadily. 90 In northern Lake Huron, chubs have shown a steady decline. Earlier studies of whitefish, revealing the marked parallel- ism in the annual abundance indices tor sac fry, for young whitefish and for older age groups, suggest that the general level of year class abundance is established early in the life history of whitefish. Correlation studies also suggest climatic conditions during incubation and hatching may be influen- tial in establishing year class strength. Consequently, studies were initiated to attempt to learn what factors are contributing to mortality of whitefish eggs. Initial trials, using mathematical models to simulate the im- pact of factors affecting whitefish production, were under- taken. The over-all conclusion from the studies was that mortality reduction is the most important goal a fisheries manager can strive for in attempting to conserve an ex- ploited whitefish fishery. A splake study in South Bay is dealing with the detailed life history and population dynamics of highly selected splake. Included are survival, reproducitve success and tem- poral and spatial distribution. The high proportion of mature yearling females caught in shoal gillnets suggests that a substantial egg disposition might occur as early as 1971. The smallmouth bass fishery is expected to show improve- ment in the next two years because of strong 1968-70 year classes. Taking eggs from a Georgian Bay feofcanee. Photo by VV. D. Marshall. 1 ^ LAKE SUPERIOR UNIT The main objectives have been the development, refinement and application of methods for assessing the success of the sea lamprey program and the provision of an increasingly precise and detailed accounting of the response of depleted fish stocks, especially lake trout, to the fishery management measures taken on their behalf. The existance of significant qualities of mercury in lake trout has had considerable impact upon the sampling pro- gram since commercial fishermen have diverted attention to other species. A report, "Life history of rainbow trout in Batchewana Bay, eastern Lake Superior," based on a two-year study, vvas produced. Considerable effort has been expended in determining the best possible manner in which the extensive amounts of data required for this type of program can be processed. CAME FISH UNITS HARKNESS LABORATORY UNIT A full-time director was provided with duties that include completion of earlier research assignments, development of new projects appropriate to the Laboratory, and the respon- sibility for the conduct of projects which are parts of the programs of other research units which make data collection demands on laboratory staff. Another major responsibility is the co-ordination of the activities of the several co-operative research agencies and individuals who use the laboratory. A study was undertaken to assess the recovery of benthic populations in lakes treated with fish toxicants as part of a lakes reclamation program. Biological and harvest data were obtained for the Lake Trout Unit, Smallmouth Bass Unit and Brook Trout Unit, while appropriate services were provided for the Parasit- ology Unit. Demands of co-operative research projects in terms of accommodation, equipment and professional support were again substantial, and special programs were prepared for various visiting classes. LAKE TROUT UNIT Lake Opeongo census studies reveal that although the fish- ery has been variable, in terms of harvest and availability of the trout, it has remained relatively stable for about the last 20 years. It appears capable of sustaining an annual harvest over the long term of from 1,000 to 1,500 trout per year and a yield of 13 pounds per acre. 91 Two papers, "Long term effects of diet on the biology of the lake trout and the fishing in Lake Opeongo, Ontario" and "Trophic-dynamics of lake trout production systems," were published. A master map has been prepared showing the distribution of the lake trout in Ontario on a lakel by-lake basis for both native and introduced populations. BROOK TROUT UNIT This program consists of studies on two natural lake popula- tions and an assessment of the survival of hatchery reared fish in 18 lakes which lack natural brook trout reproduction. A manuscript has been completed describing the survival of salmonids in six lakes. It shows that lakes with fewest resident species yielded a higher return than those with more complex populations. Planted splake and rainbow generally yielded higher returns than brook trout. The low survival of planted fish was apparently the result of competition by resident fish species and predation by wild trout and fish-eating birds and mammals. Studies on planting methods indicate that air-dropped fish survive better when dropped into shallow water rather than deep water, but hand planting is superior to air drops in terms of survival. Preliminary results of an investigation into the feasibility of winter stocking show that the recovery of spring planted fish was considerably greater than from fall and winter plantings. Other experimental work involved artificial spawning facilities and attempts to condition young trout to avoid predators in the early stages of their introduction by planting. SMALLMOUTH BASS Studies were conducted to determine the existence of rela- tionships between such things as nest success, number of eggs and fry, and variability of year class. Creel census data suggest that the bass population in Lake Opeongo are undergoing a growth rate change that might result in a stunted population. Studies are continuing to determine the cause and possible technique to reverse this trend. Observations, made directly and indirectly of the life history, ecology and behaviour of bass, revealed sampling problems such as fish that, once trapped, return to the trap by preference, or those that refuse to enter a net, and the varied reactions of the fish to angling equipment in general. A study of the yearly life cycle of bass by direct under- water observation revealed the largest fish left the rock caves in which they spent the winter in late April and early May. All bass were out and feeding by the end of June. By mid- May, most adults were cruising the lakes and taking part in limited pairing. Males began nest preparation in late May on gravel bottoms, usually near logs or large boulders. Court- ship and spawning began at the end of May. Egg care by the male is minimal, but nest guarding continued throughout the night. Egg predation was limited but logperch persist- ently preyed on larvae. The young of the year moved to shallow water, and in late summer at about 2" in length started schooling. As fall approached, adults and sub-adults moved into deeper water and hid in rock caves. Sublimnos, the underwater research platform, continued to provide a habitat for underwater studies. These included under-ice observations carried on throughout the winter. A study was initiated to determine the nature of the prob- lem of potential oil spills in the Great Lakes in response to appointment to a contingency force to clean up the effects of such an event. WALLEYE UNIT A study on water transparency explains why walleye are much more vulnerable to daytime angling in lakes with low transparency levels than those with high levels. A complementary study of the influence of varying light intensity on walleye behaviour, especially feeding, was con- cluded and reported. A co-operative project with the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, to identify different phenotypes of walleyes through electrophoretic examination, was completed and a report published. A bibliography of about 2,100 citations concerning the walleye, sauger and blue pike has been completed and sub- mitted for publication. DISCIPLINE UNITS LIMNOLOGY UNIT The study of small lakes and ponds was expanded to include a study of the higher aquatic plants, phytoplankton, and a wider range of chemical characteristics. The inclusion of the higher aquatic plants is to relate their distribution and abundance to the physical and chemical properties of the respective waters and to the extent of eutrophication. It is hoped that indicator species may be recognized. Attempts to relate water chemistry and degree of eutro- 92 phication of the lakes and ponds to the size, soil types, physiography and other features of their watersheds are showing promise. SELECTIVE BREEDING UNIT The broad objective is to explore the potential of selective breeding, hybridization and genetic manipulation as a means of improving the quality of fish shocks or of modify- ing species characteristics to accommodate environmental changes. A serious loss occurred to the program when the entire stock of 305, age III parent hybrid splake was stolen or destroyed by vandals at one of our hatcheries. An additional 253 highly selected mature hybrids were stolen from another hatchery. In April, 1970, 25,000 F4 fingerling splake from selected parental stock were provided to the State of Michigan where they will be reared to yearling stage before being released in United States waters of Lake Huron. The same number were transferred to the Chatsworth Hatchery from where they will be transferred to our Lake Huron waters. The first major plantings of progeny from the Ontario brood stock were made this year. They consisted of 100,000 yearlings in Lake Huron, 100,000 in Georgian Bay, and 60,000 in South Bay. Studies of the life history and ecology of successive gen- erations of splake in natural conditions have been under- taken as a means of learning what to expect of their performance. Early maturing hybrids which are rejected in the process of selection for deep swimming may have their own spe- cific value. Although no better in their ability to perform in shallow water than brook trout, they do have hybrid vigour. Their performance is being tested in ponds as a basis for comparison with brook trout and rainbow trout. Such a study may suggest different selection procedures useful for such waters. PARASITOLOGY UNIT The survey of the parasite fauna of fish in Lakes Erie and Ontario was completed. A comparable survey of Lake Superior fish was initiated. Considerable attention has been given to the develop- ment of co-operative studies on parasites of particular im- portance by individuals at the LJniversities of Toronto and Guelph. A diagnostic service is provided to field offices, scientists in other agencies, and to the general public, for the identifi- cation of parasites, diseases and abnormalities. PRODUCTIVITY UNIT The broad objectives of lake classification are to provide a means of estimating the effects of environmental variables on yield of fish. A morphoedaphic index (total dissolved solids divided by mean depth) has been useful for this pur- pose and is being refined. TECHNICAL STUDIES A commitment was made in co-operation with Fish and Wildlife Branch to assess plankton populations in Lake Erie adjacent to the site of the Nanticoke Hydro development. CO-OPERATIVE RESEARCH Research projects, in co-operation with the Universities of Toronto, Guelph, York, Ottawa, Montreal, Waterloo and Dalhousie, Ontario Water Resources Commission, Canada Centre for Inland Waters, Atomic Energy of Canada, National Science Foundation, Macinnis Foundation, Royal Ontario Museum, and Ontario Department of Agriculture and Food, were carried out. FORESTRY SECTION The work of the Nursery and Plantation Unit was divided, with tree production and field planting studies being trans- ferred to Midhurst Nursery, and frost hardiness and dor- mancy studies continuing at Maple as the Environmental Physiology Unit. MAPLE UNITS SITE UNIT The present research program is not only oriented towards land classification, which deals with the relatively stable site features as a basis for assessing potential productivity, but it is also aimed at serving silviculture directly by dealing with the more variable site conditions and related actual productivity. The acquisition of an atomic absorption spectrophoto- meter, and improvement of other laboratory facilities, now allows expanded co-operation beyond other forestry re- search units to include fisheries and wildlife research pro- grams requiring analyses for metal elements including mercury. A study of the natural processes and relationships which influence fertility is underway. Selection of suitable areas for studies, relating to the inter-provincial fertilization program, continued. 93 Water table levels, soil moisture content, soil water poten- tial', and radial growth of red pine were measured through- out the growing season. Silver maple seedlings with divided root systems were grown in nutrient solution culture for a study of the effect of non-uniform moisture availability. Analysis of radial and length growth in the stem and root systems of four 33 year-old, 46-foot-tall red pine was com- pleted. Maximum length of roots approximated 23 feet. Average roots grew 16 feet in the first 12 years. Radial growth usually declined after 10-15 years following crown closure and increasing distance between roots and their carbo- hydrate supply. TREE NUTRITION UNIT Studies were conducted in the greenhouse and nursery beds to develop methods of fertilizing young outplanted trees on adverse sites. Changes in the foliar nutrient concentration and growth of container-grown trees, outplanted to a nur- sery site, are being examined to establish bench marks. Fertilization trials, in conjunction with annual growth measurements at various heights on the bole, were carried out. These measurements are being taken on black and white spruce, jack and red pine, and sugar maple to obtain comparative growth rates of different sizes and the annual volume increase. Sample plots were established in natural stands of trem- bling and large tooth aspen in the Madawaska Valley to study the growth and type and degree of defects. Studies will determine whether the defects are due principally to poor nutrition or to other factors such as frost damage, root fungi or rodents. ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY UNIT The aims are to determine the effects of various environ- mental factors on the physiological processes of trees, and to assist and improve nursery procedures and practices by the implementation of the findings. Emphasis is placed on determining the varying degrees of frost hardiness and dormancy of our native coniferous species throughout the year, and the development of methods of determining these characteristics. Indications are that during certain periods of the year, under natural conditions, the degree of frost hardiness is related to the degree of dormancy. FOREST ECOLOGY UNIT Studies continued on yellow birch and sugar maple relating to the optimization of the growth and development of established yellow birch regeneration and with character- ization of sugar maple defect especially with regard to fac- tors which regulate defect syndrome development. Additional evidence for the strong interaction between overhead and lateral competition, and their joint effects on height and diameter growth and the form and quality of yellow birch saplings, was obtained. Tentative evidence for the adverse effects of high light intensity, on internode elongation of yellow birch germina- tion, was gathered in a growth room experiment. Occurrences of bole damage due to insects and to frost cracking show definite chronological trends which are being compared to climatological data to determine the specific ecological conditions under which such high incidences occur. Winter sunscald was studied in relation to intensity of cut in a drumlin-situated stand with severe damage level. WOOD SCIENCE UNIT Investigations aim at defining the specific physical and chemical vsood characteristics which contribute to the supe- rior quality of the manufactured products, and to relate their characteristics to heritable and environmental factors. The principal species has been black spruce with new em- phasis being directed to develop a program on poplar in co-ordination with the Tree Breeding Unit. A contractural arrangement with the Ontario Research Foundation allowed that organization to conduct research on the anatomical and chemical properties of wood. The Faculty of Forestry at the University of Toronto has initiated studies at the post-graduate level in conjunction with Research Branch and the Foundation. SEED UNIT Studies continue of the effects of physical seed characteris- tics on the growth of seedlings. Included are investigations of the variability in growth and yield related to seed source, and management problems involved in production of seed on selected sources of phenotypically superior stands. Practical improvement in seedling growth due to separa- tion of seed on the basis of physical characteristics was obtained for black and white spruce and jack pine, at a maximum shippable size for tubelings. There is strong indication from experiments carried out for the spruces and jack pine, under greenhouse conditions at least, that germinative energy is related to subsequent 94 growth and that germination conditions and seed treatments have a marked effect upon germinative energy. TREE BREEDING UNIT The work of the unit continues to concentrate on four major projects: poplar and spruce breeding, white pine breeding, and hard pine breeding. The best selections of hybrid and native poplars were propagated and field tested. A major pilot project was in- itiated in co-operation with Timber Branch for poplar pro- duction in short rotations in southeastern Ontario. Twenty-three superior trembling aspen and cottonwood trees were selected from native Boreal Forest stands and from southern Ontario. They were established at the Maple nursery for testing purposes. One hundred and ninety-five superior new hybrids were also selected at Maple for clonal propagation and testing. The best 58 aspen hybrid clones, observed and propagated for three years, were selected for larger-scale propagation and field testing. The selected clones demonstrated excellent performance and showed a consistently good rooting ability of stem cuttings. As new spruce hybrids are obtained, it becomes possible to compare their performance and relate this to the planting stock currently used. Several experiments were started last winter, and results of preliminary nursery measurements for some of the hybrids are favourable, but field performance will be the criterion used to judge their value. In order to confirm the hybridity of interspecific hybrids, it is essential to readily identify a species or hybrid at an early age. A technique developed of examining cross- sections of primary needles seems promising. Vegetative propagation trials have produced good results in rooting of spruce. White pine studies were concentrated on developing and testing Pinus griffithil x P. strobus hybrids, on vegetative propagation, and on blister rust testing of the progenies of putatively resistant trees. Significant progress was made in vegetative propagation of white pines. Good rooters were found among the tested trees, and the development of white pine clones is anticipated. FORESTRY ECONOMICS UNIT The Unit's aim is to assemble, analyze and develop eco- nomic information which may be combined with biological findings in subsequent practical implementation. McCullough Lake sample plot area. May, 1970, showing re- generation in a 50-foot wide plot heavily thinned in 1961 . The basswood was planted: the white ash is natural. Photo by T. Jenkins. "-if It is engaged in collecting and maintaining information on the forest resources, forestry operations, and forest-based industries of the USSR and of the countries currently within the Soviet sphere of influence. MENSURATION UNIT This unit quantifies information which is basic to regional land use planning, to the regulation of cut in forest areas, and to various uses such as volume or growth estimation in routine management of the timber resource. Areas of work include the observation and measurement of forest stands, the determination of volume yield per acre, assessment of rates of growth, and the prediction of future wood production. FIRE CONTROL UNIT This unit was established during the year to study aspects of fire control. Work was directed towards the development of a long-range program. A review was initiated of completed, current, and pro- posed fire research programs, projects and studies in Canada and the United States. Assistance was provided to Forest Protection Branch pri- marily with detection assessment and improvement studies and the evaluation of certain fire retardant chemicals. DEVELOPMENTAL UNIT Modifications and improvements were made to the Tree Breeding greenhouse ventilating system, and a new design developed for exterior shade screens. An irrigation system, using recycled water for the tree nurseries on the Station, was designed and submitted as an improvement project. Assistance was given to other units and branches in de- veloping equipment, material and techniques peculiar to their requirements. ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES A study has been initiated to provide information on the North Simcoe District of the Toronto-Centred Region with respect to the capacity of the environment to attract and sustain outdoor activities without environmental deteriora- tion. The study group, directed by a member of Research Branch, is composed of personnel from various other branches. TUBED SEEDLINGS A variety of empirical tests, dealing with methodology of growing tubed seedling material in a greenhouse environ- ment, has been carried out at the request of Timber Branch. FIELD UNITS MIDHURST RESEARCH UNIT Several plantings were made in the Vespra and Kemptville District research areas and in Parry Sound District and other locations in connection with a number of projects related to practical problems in nursery operations or planting. The study of over-winter storage methods was continued at Orono Nursery. First-year measurements of survival, total height and terminal growth were obtained in the fall. Further studies to examine the influence of degree of hardiness were initiated at Orono and Kemptville Nurseries. SOUTHWESTERN FOREST UNIT One objective is the development of practical techniques for the selection, mass production, establishment and culture of fast-growing, veneer-quality phenotypes of the commer- cially important hardwood species in the lowlands and up- lands of southern Ontario. Tests were made using mounding and draining techniques for planting on poorly drained sites. Rooted material of silver maple, eastern cottonwood and jackii poplar were outplanted in Ellice, Beverly, Luther and Elderslie swamps. The objective of an upland program is the establishment of hardwood in suitable combinations on open sites and the rehabilitation of downgraded woodlots in southwestern Ontario. Special emphasis is placed on the use of high- quality poplar and poplar hybrids as early associates capa- ble of providing a balanced environment for the succession of climax hardwoods. A total of 2,000 unrooted cuttings of Populus euramericana were planted in five different locations to determine the effects of site on their rooting ability, survival and initial development. It was observed that cultural treatment and site quality play an important role in early development. SOUTHEASTERN FOREST UNIT Information, gathered from tests conducted, reveals that prescribed fire can be used successfully as a means of pre- paring a seed bed for yellow birch and for reducing compe- tition. One or two fires, taking place in successive autumns, can produce excellent seedbed conditions, providing the second (or only) burn occurs during a yellow birch seed year. In addition, the stand should be cut during the autumn or winter following the fire to ensure adequate light for height growth of the seedlings during their first growing season. The use of peat wedges for planting on shallow land was tested, using over 14,000 coniferous and hardwood trees. 96 An experiment to convert pure coniferous stands to mixed stands by hardwood underplanting continued, with plant- ings of poplar and red oak. SOUTH-CENTRAL FOREST UNIT Sugar maple growth data were obtained to develop growth prediction techniques for stands which have been modified by logging or other treatment. From the results, it is intended to formulate guidelines for marking and cutting to achieve increased growth of high-quality timber without impairing wildlife, recreation and aesthetic values. Approximately 100 acres of the Swan Lake Research Forest were examined and marked for improvement cutting to test the guidelines. Several groups of foresters and forestry technicians from District Timber Units and industry participated in free grad- ing and timber marking exercises at Swan Lake. CENTRAL FOREST UNIT Work consists of field and laboratory studies of nutrition and growth, and the productivity ecology of spruce, as well as species and racial variation in the spruce genus. Included are some limited studies of tree nutrition in relation to forest disturbance. A method has been developed to induce accelerated growth rate and enforced dormancy, involving varying day length and artificial low temperature regimes, in order to investigate taxonomical, physiological and genetical rela- tionships within and between spruce species. The method has been verified by successfully producing more than 70,000 spruce seedlings in a twelve-month period which are equivalent to three-year-old nursery grown stock. NORTHERN FOREST UNIT The purpose of the Unit is to carry out experimental work and investigations that will contribute to the effective silvi- cultural management of the forests of northern Ontario. A detailed review was initiated of the accumulated re- generation information provided from the long-term investi- gation of the effects of harvesting in the spruce-fir forest. Material is being assessed for its convertibility for use in a simulation model for predicting to maturity the status of young balsam fir stands. The first examination, of 500 assessment quadrats on the balsam fir seed tree control study, revealed the effectiveness of the control measures as well as the poor seed crop for the previous year. Balsam fir seed germination tests supported earlier results indicating unpredictability and generally very poor germina- tion success. Work on poplar was re-activated to study and evolve proper silvicultural management techniques for the ex- tremely large and increasingly important native poplar resources. An exploratory stem quality survey on young aspen suckers, which proliferate following mechanical harvesting in the spruce-fir forest, was completed. WILDLIFE SECTION Although the broad objectives of the wildlife research pro- gram remain essentially the same, there will be an increasing emphasis on the studies of ecosystems to meet a more comprehensive environmental responsibility. BIG GAME UNIT Dr. A. Bubenik, a specialist in ungulate behaviour and nutri- tion, joined the staff. A study of productivity and hunting morality of deer continued for the eighteenth consecutive year in the Canonto study area in Tweed District. From this it is antici- pated that techniques will be developed for reliable indices to population levels and the several factors which may affect them. An extensive browse survey was conducted over the entire area to measure long-term changes in winter food supply. A three-year study was initiated on a 200-square-mile area near Loring (Parry Sound District) to document changes in winter distribution of deer in and around a major yarding complex in an effort to determine causative factors. A moose habitat study was conducted in Sioux Lookout District to relate seasonal variations in the utilization of portions of the range by moose to food quality and quantity. A socio-economic study was conducted to test the hypo- thesis that the relative importance of potentially attractive features in an area is determined by the social background of the individual hunter, and the importance of each is modified by consideration of time and cost. An inventory of the moose and caribou in the Round Lake Indian Band Area was estimated by sample counts. The pur- pose was to evaluate the ability of the ungulate herds to provide a source of meat for the local residents, and to assess the feasibility of encouraging a hunter-based tourist trade. This is reported in an Indian development study in 97 northwestern Ontario "The Land and Resources of the Round Lake Ojibvva." The use of infra-red in remote sensing has been tested by the Unit staff in conjunction with their other studies. Tests have demonstrated that animals can be detected but not yet identified as to species. Work is continuing on the refine- ment of equipment and technique. PREDATOR UNIT The black bear has replaced the timber wolf as the major predator under invesitgation. Work on wolves is confined to laboratory studies on taxonomy, ageing techniques, and analysis of reproductive tracts. Aerial surveys of polar bears were conducted along the Ontario coast of Hudson Bay to maintain the surveillance of numbers and distribution. The ecological investigation of the black bear was con- tinued co-operatively with North Bay District. Studies included methods of capture, range and movements, popu- lation size, food habits, and behaviour. WILDLIFE DISEASES AND PARASITES The principal objective of these studies is to identify the disease and parasites present in the wildlife of the province and determine their frequency, incidence geographic dis- tribution and effects. A collection of black bear tongues and diaphragms was started to determine the status of trichinosis. A 10-year study of kidney worm in mink from Parry Sound District was completed; it involved 1,400 animals. A report on the study is in preparation. Examination of sick and dead ring-billed gulls indicated that the unusually high mortality may be related to high levels of DDT, Dieldrm and PCB's (polychlorinated bi- phenyls) in this species. Rabies has shown an appreciable decline from the pre- vious year. The red fox and striped skunk remain the most important wildlit'e vectors. Progress is noted in the develop- ment of an oral rabies vaccine for wildlife. Mr. D. H. Johnston of the wildlife research staff had the opportunity to investi- gate the European rabies situation while acting as a consul- tant to the WHO-FAO Co-ordinated Research Program on Rabies in Central Europe. UPLAND GAME AND WATERFOWL An analysis of the morphology of the prairie grouse popula- tion on Manitoulm Island began. It demonstrated that about 60 per cent of the birds there are hybrid prairie chickens crossed with sharp tail grouse. This is an unusually high hybrid ratio. A study of the courtship behaviour of these two species has indicated how their behaviour e\'olved and how it functions to prevent hybridization in most areas. A paper was published which discusses the shoulder spot display, its evolution and function in the grouse family. Recoveries from blue/snow geese banded in 1969 show that the bulk of the Ontario breeding colony moves west along the southern Hudson Bay coast and follows the Great Plains migration route via the Dakotas, Iowa and Missouri to their wintering grounds in Louisiana and Texas. Eggs from geese, herring gulls and common loons were collected for pesticide residue measurement. Levels of DDT and its metabolites and Dieldrin were negligible in goose eggs. In gulls, the levels ranged between 12.46 and 27.33 ppm which is not unusual in these species. Loon eggs showed an appreciable load of these contaminants. Studies on thickness of egg shells of loon eggs show a significant decline in shell thickness over the past decades. There is Holding a mallard duck for banding at Morrisburg Bird Sanctuary. Photo by B. Colvin. 98 some indication that environmental contaminants are re- sponsible for this change, but further studies are required to test this hypothesis. FURBEARER UNIT The high colony density and large proportion of water areas occupied by beaver indicate that the beaver population in Algonquin Provincial Park is nearly maximum. Previous trends in the population indicate that their numbers will decrease within a year or two, regardless of trapping effort. The beaver research project, which was part of an evalua- tion of the natural resources and the social and economic problems associated with resource utilization by members of the Round Lake Indian Band, showed densities of colonies comparable with other areas of the northern edge of the Canadian Shield. Indications are that populations could withstand a much higher trapping effort. A report in preparation of earlier studies of the ecology of marten in Algonquin Park showed this animal to be largely terrestrial in its activities, with a preference in both summer and winter for forest types containing a high conifer proportion. Analysis of 702 scats revealed a summer food preference for small mammals, particularly field mice, birds' eggs and young birds and berries. Insects were occasionally eaten. WILDLIFE RESEARCH STATION The facilities of the station in Algonquin Park were used for various parts of studies as reported above. In addition, 28 staff members and students from other agencies sponsoring wildlife research were accommodated. Accommodation was provided for a biological field course sponsored jointly by York, Queen's and Carleton Universities. TECHNICAL SERVICES This Section, a part of the Branch Administration, provides specialized professional and technical services in the follow- ing fields. BIOMATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS The course on the use of computers for statistical and non- statistical computations was repeated. The "Maple Model" was reformulated as a "growth" model, and from that a cutting model was developed. This appeared to demonstrate the thesis that, where plus stands of hard maple exist on deep fresh soils in Algonquin Park, a series of selective cuts at about 20-year intervals is likely to improve the quality of the stands in perpetuity. A system for quality-class, operational cruising of stands containing hardwoods was developed. Computer programs were written to compile the cruise tallies and to calculate the expected volume of wood and lumber to be recovered from the cruised areas. Simplistic models were developed to describe run-off characteristics of the five major river basins of northern Ontario, in terms of their mean annual temperature and precipitation regimes, and to predict the depletion of snow on the ground in terms of air temperature and its diurnal fluctuation. There has been substantial involvement on a Timber Branch Committee to analyze their information require- ments and to design a Management Information System. DRAUGHTING The Unit provided maps, charts and figures for reproduction in Branch reports and scientific journals. A map and aerial photograph library is maintained. ELECTRONICS UNIT This Unit was established on |une 1, 1970, by the transfer from Forest Protection Branch to Research Branch of D. A. Cooper, Communications Technician. Work has continued on the Forest Protection Phi-TRAN weather reporting system. A communication survey of the province has been completed, and there was consultation in the development of the infra-red fire mapper. LIBRARY The Library converted from the Dewey Decimal System to the Library of Congress Classification, providing a systematic arrangement of material according to subject matter. Ap- proximately 600 books were added. MECHANICAL The principal projects completed were: Flail scarifier, for planting site preparation in rough terrain, mounding plough, for deep ploughing in poorly drained land in southern Ontario; and fish conditioning apparatus, to condition hatchery fish to avoid predators following planting. PHOTOGRAPHY The staff photographer provides all photographic documen- tation in the laboratory and in the field required by Research Branch personnel. She provides black-and-white or colour, in still or in motion, employing macro, semi-macro, and micro, photographic techniques. 99 PUBLICATIONS Published during the year ending March 31,1971 Publications marked with an asterisk (*) are based on Re- search Branch data but written by former stati' members or as part of co-operative projects. FISHERIES SECTION Berst, A. H. and C. R. Spangler. 1970. Population dynamics of Fi splake (Salvelinus fontinalls x S. namaycush) in Lake Huron. ). Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 27: 1017-1032. Christie, VV. J. 1970. A review of the Japanese salmons (Oncorhynchus masou and O. rhodurus) with particular reference to their potential for introduction into Ontario waters. Ont. Dep. Lands Forests, Res. Branch, Res. Inf. Paper (Fish.) No. 37. 46 p. Christie, VV. J. 1970. Introduction of the cherry salmon Oncorhynchus masou in Algonquin Park, Ontario. Copeia 2:378-379. Emery, A. R. 1970. Fish and crayfish mortalities due to an internal seiche in Georgian Bay, Lake Huron. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 27: 1165-1168. Emery, A. R. Sublimnos: ■'Volkswagen" of underwater habi- tats. Science 168 (3927): 62-63. 'Faber, D. ). 1970. Ecological observations on newly hatched lake whitefish in South Bay, Lake Huron. In Biology of coregonid fishes. Papers presented at the International SymposiuiTi on Biology of Coregonid Fishes, Winnipeg, Site 14 in Talbot River survey, 1970. Photo by W. D. Marshall. Canada, Aug. 25-28, 1969. Univ. Manitoba Press, Winni- peg, pp. 481-500. Hurley, D. A. 1970. Seasonal changes in several biotic and abiotic constituent's at three stations in the Bay of Quinte. Ont. Dep. Lands & Forests, Res. Branch, Sec. Rep. (Fish.) No. 73. 50 p. Kerr, S. R. and N. V. Martin. 1970. Trophic-dynamics of lake trout production systems. In J. H. Steele (ed.). Marine food chains. Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh, pp. 365-376. Lawrie, A. H. 1970. The sea lamprey in the Great Lakes. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 99(4): 766-775. Leach, J. H. 1970. Epibenlhic algal production in an intertidal mudflat. Limnol. Oceanogr. 15(4): 514-521. *MacCallum, W. R. and H. A. Regier. 1970. Distribution of smelt, Osmerus mordax, and the smelt fishery in Lake Erie in the early 1960's. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 27: 1823-1846. Martin, N. V. 1970. Long-term effects of diet on the biology of the lake trout and the fishery in Lake Opeongo, Ontario. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 27: 125-146. Reckahn, J. A. 1970. Ecology of young lake whitefish (Core- gonus clupeaformis) in South Bay, Manitoulin Island, Lake Huron. In Biology of coregonid fishes. Papers presented at the International Symposium on Biology of Coregonid Fishes, Winnipeg, Canada, Aug. 25-28, 1969. Univ. Mani- toba Press, Winnipeg, pp. 437-460. Ryder, R. A. 1970. Major advances in fisheries management in North American glacial lakes. Amer. Fish. Soc, Spec. Publ. No. 7: 115-127. Spangler, G. R. 1970. Factors of mortality in an exploited population of whitefish, Coregonus clupeaformis, in northern Lake Huron. In Biology of coregonid fishes. Papers presented at the International Symposium on Biol- ogy of Coregonid Fishes, Winnipeg, Canada, Aug. 25-28, 1969. Univ. Manitoba Press, Winnipeg, pp. 515-529. *Tait, J. S. 1970. A method of selecting trout hybrids (Salve- linus fontinalis x S. namaycush) for ability to retain swim- bladder gas. j. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 27: 39-45. *Tedla, S. and C. H. Fernando. 1970. Some aspects of the ecology of the parasitic fauna of the gills of yellow perch, Perca flavescens. ]. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 27: 1045-1050. *Tedla, S. and C. H. Fernando. 1970. Some remarks on the ecology of Echinorhyncbus salmonis Muller 1784. Can. J. Zool. 48: 317-321. Uthe, j. F. and R. A. Ryder. 1970. Regional variation in muscle myogen polymorphism in walleye (Stizosledion vitreum vitreum) as related to morphology. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 27: 923-927. The following article may be obtained on request: Loftus, K. H. 1970. Mercury in our environment. Presented at meeting of N.O.T.O., Thunder Bay, Dec. 1, 1970. FORESTRY SECTION Farrar, J. L. and R. M. Rauter. 1969. Development of the ovulate cone in white spruce. In Proc. 11th Meeting Comm. Forest. Tree Breeding in Canada. 11:31. Clerum, C. 1970. Vitality determinations of tree tissue with kilocycle and megacycle electrical impedance. Forest Chron. 46: 63-64. Clerum, C. 1970. Drought ring formation in conifers. Forest Sci. 16: 246-248. Clerum, C. and E. M. Krenciglowa. 1970. The dependance of electrical impedance of woody stems on various frequen- cies and tissues. Can. J. Bot. 48: 2187-2192. Heimburger, C. 1969. Summary report on forest tree breed- ing 1966 and 1967. In Proc. 11th Meeting Comm. Forest Tree Breeding in Canada. II: 55-63. Mullin, R. E. 1970. Discontinuity in reforestation in practice and research. Sixth World Forestry Congress. Volume 2: 1483-1485. Mullin, R. E. 1970. Old field planting of white spruce in southern Ontario. Tree Planters' Notes 21(3): 27-30. Mullin, R. E. and W. R. Bunting. 1970. Frozen overwinter storage for red pine. Tree Planters' Notes 21 (4): 8-9. Rauter, R. M. and J. L. Farrar. 1969. Embryology of Picea glauca (Moench) Voss. In Proc. 16th Northeastern Forest Tree imp. Conf. 13-24. Rauter, R. M. and J. L. Farrar. 1969. Embryology of Picea glauca (Moench) Voss. Abstract in Proc. 11th Meeting Comm. Forest Tree Breeding in Canada. II: 289. StroempI, G. 1968. Relationships of fruit and seed form, size, weight and soundness of graded basswood fruit. Tree Planters' Notes 19. 22-28. Rauter, R. M. 1970. Rooting of cuttings from the Picea genus. Abstract in First North American Biology Workshop, Michigan. Zufa, L. 1969. Polyploidy induction in poplars. In Proc. 11th Meeting Comm. Forest Tree Breeding in Canada. II: 169-174. Zufa, L. 1969. Current work of the tree breeding unit. In Proc. 11th Meeting Comm. Forest Tree Breeding in Canada. II: 175-182. Zufa, L. 1970. Variation in rooting ability of Pinus strobus L. and P. griffithii McClelland x strobus L. Abstract in First North American Biology Workshop, Michigan. The following mimeographed reports are available on request: Rauter, R. M. 1970. Spruce breeding at the Southern Re- search Station, Maple, Ontario. Proc. 12th Meeting Comm. Forest Tree Breeding in Canada. 9 p. Zufa, L. 1970. Summary report on poplar and pine breeding in 1968 and 1969. Proc. 12th Meeting Comm. Forest Tree Breeding in Canada. 19 p. WILDLIFE SECTION Adorjan, A. and G. Kolenosky. 1790. Identification of hairs of selected Ontario mammals. Ont. Dep. Lands & Forests, Res. Branch, Tech. Ser. Res. Rep. (Wildlife) No. 90. 64 p. Lumsden, H. C. 1970. The shoulder spot display in grouse (Tetraonidae). In The Living Bird. Ninth Annual, Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology. The following mimeographed reports are available on request: Addison, R. 1970. Moose and caribou surveys, winters 1968-69 and 1969-70. In Indian Development Study in Northwestern Ontario: The Land and Resources of the Round Lake Ojibwa, Part II, Chap. 5. Standfield, R. 1970. Some considerations on the taxonomy of wolves in Ontario. Proceedings of a Symposium on Wolf Management in Selected Areas of North America. Thirty-fifth N.A. Wildlife and Natural Resources Confer- ence, Chicago, III. March 24, 1970. Standfield, R. and H. Smith. 1970. Beaver populations and habitat in the Round Lake Band Area. In Indian Develop- ment Study in Northwestern Ontario: The Land and Re- sources of the Round Lake Ojibwa, Part II, Chap. 6. DIRECTOR Henson, W. R., L. C. O'Neil and F. Mergen. 1970. Natural variation in susceptibility of Pinus to Neodiprion sawflies as a basis for the development of a breeding scheme for resistant trees. Yale School of Forestry Bull. 78. Yale Univ. Press. 71 p. Schein, R. D., R. B. Piatt, W. R. Henson and R. H. Shaw. 1970. Analysis of basic ecological research in the United States, 1966-67. Bioscience 20: 401-404. 101 vl Vi rJ^-^-C. *•*•" Timber Branch is divided into two sections and their sub- ordinate units, and one separate unit, with duties and re- sponsibilities as follows. TIMBER PRODUCTION SECTION silviculture Unit: Establishment and treatment of forest crops on Crown lands and Agreement Forests, and on private lands under The Woodlands Improvement Act agreements; collection, processing, storage, distribution and improve- ment of tree seed; production and improvement of planting stock; and development of new equipment and techniques. Advisory Services Unit: Development and direction of an active forest extension program on private lands; adminis- tration of forestry agreements with private landowners; administration of Agreement forests; administration of regeneration agreements with licensees on Crown lands; distribution of nursery stock; assessment of silvicultural programs; and editorial and administrative services for Branch publications. TIMBER SALES SECTION Forest Resources Inventory Unit: Continuing program of forest re-inventory on Crown lands; preparation of maps and compilation of reports for Crown Management Units; co-operative forest inventories on Company Management Units; preparation of contour plans for Provincial Parks; and air photo library and map photo service. Management Planning Unit: Supervision of management plan preparation; preparation of planning manuals and vol- ume tables; and direction of access roads programs. Licensing and Finance Unit: Issuance and control of timber licences; measurement of timber cut on Crown lands and Agreement Forests; development of new methods of meas- urement; licensing and registration of scalers; and prepara- tion of scaling returns. FOREST ECONOMICS UNIT Mill licensing; analysis of the economics of timber produc- tion, transportation and marketing; promotion of industrial expansion; and preparation of industry directories and re- gional reports of timber availability. A stand of 75-year-old red pine, Kenora Forest District. Photo by R. Johnson. TIMBER PRODUCTION SECTION SILVICULTURE UNIT The silvicultural operations of the Unit include the regen- eration and tending of forests on Crown lands, on lands managed under agreements such as Township, County and Conservation Authority Forests, and on lands managed under The Woodlands Improvement Act. Forests may be regenerated by natural or artificial means. Site preparation is usually necessary to disturb the forest floor and top soil, creating more suitable conditions for natural regeneration, seeding or planting. Site preparation also promotes better survival and growth. In natural regeneration, the forest crop is renewed by self-sown seed. Site preparation is done adjacent to a seed source, or the harvest system may be modified with the retention of strips of green timber or seed trees to provide the seed. Artificial regeneration may involve the site preparation of large areas for planting or seeding. Nursery stock is planted by machine or by hand. Container stock is planted by hand. Direct seeding may be done from the air or from the ground. Tending includes treatments such as cleaning, herbicide spraying for release, thinning, improvement cutting, and pruning during the life of the forest. While the Department, directly or indirectly, supervises all silvicultural activities on Crown lands, regeneration agreements have been signed with all major licensees whereby they may assume direct responsibility for approved planting projects. The companies receive payment at an agreed rate for work completed. Similarly, other projects, such as site preparation, may be performed by the com- panies. Under these agreements, 6,246,800 trees were planted on 12,437 acres in 1970-1; 17,580 acres were site- prepared; and a modified harvest cut was made on 1,359 acres. Acres Average Annual Cutover, 1967-70 371,600 Average Area regenerated without silvicultural treatment, 1967-70 143,800 Area regenerated by silvicultural treatment, 1970-71 123,100 103 SEED COLLECTION The inventory of forest tree seed in storage at the Ontario Tree Seed Plant at Angus, as of June 1, 1970, was about 2,420,000,000 viable seeds of 51 species, weighing 469,000 ounces, or over 14V2 tons, and valued at approximately $450,000. The year 1970 was a good crop year for pines and a number of other species, but only a low, medium crop for spruce. 1970 SEED CROP Bushels Species Collected White Pme 562 Red Pine 8,250 Jack Pine 7,510 Scotch Pine 222 Black Spruce 775 White Spruce 1,266 Black Walnut 5,975 Other Species 440 TOTAL 25,000 Seed Distribution. A total of 853,000,000 viable seeds was supplied from storage to carry out 131 seeding projects in the Province during 1970. This seed goes into three main programs — direct seeding, nursery stock production, and container stock production. TREE IMPROVEMENT Through application of the scientific principles of forest genetics, we are improving the quality and increasing the quantity of available seed. Our approaches include the selection of additional "plus trees," the development of seed production areas, and the planting of grafted trees in seed orchards. The program is concerned mainly with white pine, red pine, jack pine, white spruce, black spruce and red spruce. During the year, we collected 5,000 scions from "plus trees"; these were grafted at our co-operating nurseries. A total of 55.5 acres of seed produciton area was thinned, released or improved in other ways. The planting of 1,400 grafted trees was completed on 8.0 acres of seed orchard. A collection of 532 bushels of cones was made from seed production areas. AsofMarch31,1971 Seed Production Areas Seed Orchards Number Acres 29 365.7 11 107.5 NURSERY SOIL MANAGEMENT Soil management is primarily concerned with the collection of soil and plant samples from ten nurseries, evaluation of the chemical and physical analyses, interpretation of the analytical results into meaningful terms, and making the fertilizer recommendations for the next growing season. Also, our objective is to describe the relationship which exists between plant growth and the input of a particular nutrient. High soil fertility must be maintained if sustained maximum efficiency in crop production is to be realized. Nutrient deficiencies are corrected by designing and con- ducting experiments and trials in which the known limiting growth factors are evaluated and overcome. It is important Management foresters describe and demonstrate tree- pruning techniques at forestry field day field for W.I. A. agreement fiolders at Limerick County Forest, June, 1970. Photo by W. D. Marshall. to calibrate test results with the crop responses and make soil amendment recommendations of these test results. During the year, 474 soil samples and 461 plant samples were analyzed for chemical composition and physical properties. Herbicides are being tested constantly. When a new tech- nique in weed control proves effective in nursery practice, it is applied. Disease and nutrient studies are also being carried out on a co-operative basis with staff of Research Branch, Canada Department of the Environment, and the University of Toronto. SILVICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT The urgent need for mechanization of silvicultural activities directed the main effort in this field towards the develop- ment and testing of new silvicultural equipment. A prototype model of a new planting machine for use in Boreal Forest Regions of the Province was built and tested. Also, plans were prepared for a new multi-row, nursery stock harvester. The prototype model is expected to be built during the current year. In addition to the development of new equipment by the Department, evaluation studies began on commercially built equipment. One planting machine has already been tested under the joint Federal-Provincial program, and three additional units have been acquired for testing next season. Work continued in the interprovincial fertilization pro- gram with the establishment of eight installations in the northern part of the Province this summer. SPECIAL PROJECTS Junior Rangers. During July and August, the Department employs 17-year-old students under the Junior Forest Ranger Program. Some of these students spent part of their time doing work for Timber Branch. About 17,800 man-days were devoted to cone collection, nursery work, tree planting and forest tending. Correctional Forestry Camps. The Department supplied technical guidance for forestry programs carried out by seven forestry camps operated by the provincial Department of Correctional Services and the Beaver Creek Correctional Camp operated by the federal Department of Justice. The seven provincial camps provided a total of 20,761 man-days of labour for the Department. The men cleared road right- of-ways, camp sites, fireguards and compartment bound- aries; collected cones and burned brush; planted, pruned and thinned trees; and worked on cull tree removal projects and projects to provide improved habitats for wildlife. The men from the federal camp worked 3,321 man-days. SILVICULTURAL OPERATIONS, 1970-1 Crown Agreement Total Lands Forests Acreage Regenerat/on a) Natural —by site preparation .. . 14,293 — 14,293 — by modified harvest cutting 6,664 — 6,664 — by seed tree system . . 4,227 — 4,227 b) Artificial direct seeding —ground 5,377 — 5,377 —aerial 15,934 — 15,934 Planting —nursery stock 68,553 2,942 71,495 —tubed seedlings 8,086 — 8,086 Total Regeneration 123,134 2,942 126,076 Tending Hand cleaning 8,078 1,128 9,206 Herbicide spraying 16,701 335 17,036 Thinning, improvement cutting 5,742 2,564 8,306 Girdling, frilling, poisoning 5,060 531 5,591 Marking for improvement cut 18,771 109 18,880 Pruning 3,722 2,073 5,795 Fertilization, drainage .... 1,177 — 1,177 Total Tending 59,251 6,740 65,991 Total Area Treated 182,385 9,682 192,067 Site Preparation for seeding and planting 52,703 1,034 53,737 105 TREES PLANTED, 1970-1 Forest District Agreement Private Crown Land Forests Lands Other Nursery Container Nursery Nursery Nursery Total Trees Stock Trees Trees Trees Trees 3,298,500 244,000 3,542,500 2,828,000 152,000 29,300 3,009,300 1,636,900 315,700 249,975 2,202,575 7,058,600 99,000 7,157,600 5,128,000 280,800 5,408,800 260,300 1,371,100 2,584,200 4,215,600 2,440,700 187,400 2,628,100 100,000 11,000 1,410,671 1,521,671 27,200 248,200 3,530,332 3,805,732 431,300 2,938,520 3,369,820 130,000 47,000 1,759,294 1,936,294 2,146,000 411,000 69,325 2,626,325 666,600 606,225 1,272,825 2,692,000 433,000 82,000 653,000 3,860,000 2,385,300 799,300 92,325 3,276,925 1,598,700 96,900 1,695,600 5,271,200 533,200 262,225 6,066,625 5,228,300 2,221,500 6,550 7,456,350 3,651,800 502,800 276,275 4,430,875 865,500 144,100 1,684,250 2,693,850 1,585,500 714,300 2,299,800 246,555 246,555 246,555 Chapleau Cochrane .... Fort Frances . . Ceraldton .... Kapuskasing . . Kemptville . . . Kenora Lake Erie Lake Huron . . . Lake Simcoe . . Lindsay North Bay Parry Sound . . Pembroke .... Sault Ste. Marie Sioux Lookout Sudbury Swastika Thunder Bay . . Tweed White River . . . Unclassified . . TOTAL 48,999,100 6,803,500 2,334,700 16,339,867 246.555 74,723,722 ADVISORY SERVICES UNIT PRIVATE LAND FORESTRY The intent of the private land forestry policy is to improve the management of privately-owned forest land. Ultimately, the benefits of this improvement will be an increased flow of better-quality logs and other products for wood-using industries and greater returns to woodland owners. The private land forestry program provides a free advisory service to landowners on the planning and establishing of planta- tions and the tending and marketing of forest crops. Forestry Extension Activities included the following during the past year. Conducted tours for school groups and others at the forest tree nurseries and the Ontario Tree Seed Plant. Approx- imately 9,000 school children participated. Instructional tours for landowners with agreements under The Woodlands Improvement Act. Co-operation in the preparation and manning of exhibits at the C.N.E., the Ottawa C.C.E.A., the London Fair and the Royal Winter Fair. Districts prepared and manned over 60 exhibits at local fairs and exhibitions. Co-operation with the Ontario Department of Agriculture and Food in providing guidance to the Ontario Maple Syrup Producers' Association. Revision and production of publications required to in- terest and instruct landowners in essentials of private land forestry. THE WOODLANDS IMPROVEMENT ACT Under The Woodlands Improvement Act, 1966, landowners may enter into agreements with the Minister for improve- 106 ment of their lands throLigh tree planting and rehabilitation of existing woodlands. Department staff plant trees and carry out stand improvement in accordance with mutually agreed upon plans at no cost to the owner. The owner pays for the nursery stock and agrees to protect his woodland. The total number of agreements in effect March 31, 1971, was 1,925, comprising a total area of 112,072 acres. AGREEMENT FORESTS Section 2 of The Forestry Act authorizes the Minister to enter into agreements with the owners of lands suitable for forestry purposes for the management of such lands, and to make grants to any conservation authority or to any muni- cipality to encourage and assist it in the acquisition of lands that are to bo managed under such an agreement. A total of $164,142.89, to assist with the acquisition of 8,046.96 acres of land, was paid during the year. Canada will contribute $53,328.37 of the foregoing amount to Ontario under an agreement made between Canada and Ontario pursuant to their respective A.R.D. Acts. TREES CONSERVATION Under authority of The Trees Act, and with the approval of the Minister of Lands and Forests, counties or municipalities in territorial districts may pass by-laws with respect to priv- ate lands to restrict and regulate the destruction of trees by cutting, burning or other moans. Such by-laws have been passed by the following municipalities. Counties: Brant, Bruce, Dufferin, Elgin, Grey, Haldimand, Halton, hlastings, FHuron, Lambton, Leeds and Crenville, Lincoln, Middlesex, Norfolk, Northumberland and Durham, Oxford, Peel, Perth, Renfrew, Waterloo, Welland, Welling- ton, and Wontworth. Towmhipi: Brunei and Fludson. PRODUCTION TARGET Species Number of Trees White Pine . , Red Pine Jack Pine . . . , Scotch Pine . . White Spruce . Black Spruce , Other Species 6,325,000 16,113,000 10,494,000 1,563,000 39,169,000 18,808,000 5,715,000 TREE DISTRIBUTION To meet the demand for planting stock, sufficient seed is sown at ten forest tree nurseries for the production of 98,187,000 trees by 1973. PRODUCTION TARGET Number District Nursery of Trees Chapleau Chapleau 2,000,000 Kemptville Kemptville 12,228,600 Kenora Dryden 13,983,000 Lake Erie St. Williams 7,373,500 LakeSimcoe Midhurst 13,898,000 Lindsay Orono 9,075,900 SaultSte. Marie Thessalon 1,675,000 Sudbury Gogama 2,000,000 Swastika Swastika 17,910,000 Thunder Bay Thunder Bay 18,043,000 TOTAL qfi 187 nnn A demonstration of tree planter at forestry field day held for W.I. A. agreement holders in Simcoe County, October, 1970. Photo by C. Van Cemerden. TOTAL 98,187,000 107 SUMMARY OF THE FOREST ADVISORY AND ASSISTANCE SERVICES PROVIDED TO PRIVATE LANDOWNERS AND ORGANIZATIONS, 1970-1 Total number ot inquiries received 19,600 Number of field inspections made 4,404 (a) to advise on planting 1,767 (b) to advise on forest management 865 (c) to advise on maple syrup and Christmas trees 97 (d) for miscellaneous purposes e.g. insects, windbreaks 1,675 Number of management programs prepared 577 (a) advisory services programs 182 (b) Woodlands Improvement Act programs 395 Total number of acres of pri\ate forest land for which management plans were prepared 29,371 (a) advisory services programs 5,984 (b) Woodlands Improvement Act programs 23,387 Total number of trees planted on private lands 16,339,867 (a) advisory services programs 9,888,842 (b) Woodlands Improvement Act programs 6,451,025 Total number of acres of forest land treated during the year under The Woodlands Improvement Act 15,449 (a) reforestation 8,681 (b) Woodlands improvement 6,768 Total volume of timber marked under the advisory services program (a) saw timber 1,115,500 cu. ft. (b) pulpwood 3,700 cords Activities with youth groups — total number of groups 318 (a) 4H Forestry Clubs 21 (b) 4H Conservation Clubs 13 (c) Resource Rangers 7 (d) Other Croups — Boy Scouts, Girl Guides, etc 277 Public Education activities 1,218 (a) newspapers — articles 216 — paid advertisements 8 (b) number of radio and T.V. programs arranged 50 (c) number of field days and tours 363 (d) meetings with municipal or conservation authority officials 288 (e) number of demonstration areas established 6 (f) number of exhibits arranged 57 (g) miscellaneous 230 Hours spent on forestry instruction 109 (a) University of Cuelph 26 (b) Lakehead University 15 (c) Kemptville College of Agricultural Technology 50 (d) Ridgetown College of Agricultural Technology 6 (e) Sir Sandford Flemming College 8 (f) Cambrian College 2 (g) St. Mary's College 2 108 AGREEMENTS UNDER SECTION 2 OF THE FORESTRY ACT, AS OF MARCH 31, 1971 Agreement With Date of Agreement Acres Added 1970-1 Total Acres Government of Canada National Capital Commission .... Conservation Authorities Ausable River Catfish Creek Central Lake Ontario Crowe Valley Canaraska Region Grand River Hamilton Region Lakehead Region Long Point Region Lower Thames Valley Maitland Valley Metropolitan Toronto and Region Moira River Napanee Valley Niagara Peninsula North Grey Region Otonabee Region Sauble Valley Saugeen Valley South Nation River Sydenham Valley Upper Thames River Count;'es Brant Bruce Dufferin Grey Halton Huron Kent Lanark Leeds and Grenville Lennox and Addington Middlesex Northumberland and Durham . . . Ontario Oxford Prescott and Russell Renfrew Aug. 16,1961 — 3,632.00 Dec. 13,1951 4,299.00 Dec. 19,1962 — 501.00 Sept. 24,1963 — 195.00 Aug. 21,1963 — 200.00 Jan. 31,1947 — 8,548.60 Mar. 18,1952 — 5,866.37 Oct. 19,1962 — ■ 12.50 May 15,1958 — . 1,256.70 Dec. 2,1954 192.83 5,566.23 Aug. 12,1964 — 300.00 Apr. 1,1955 — 949.00 Apr. 11,1951 — 1,928.00 Nov. 28,1951 ' — 16,497.00 Oct. 28,1954 — 6,666.00 June 6,1963 — 186.00 June 25,1958 — 7,255.00 May 15,1963 400.00 2,220.00 Sept. 29,1959 — 3,816.00 Dec. 15,1952 50.00 13,623.00 Mar. 28,1960 1,413.00 3,842.80 July 13,1965 — 150.00 Apr. 11,1951 — 3,444.36 Nov. 15,1952 50.00 Jan. 20,1950 — 15,533.35 Nov. 26,1930 — 2,405.00 Dec. 21,1937 — 8,378.08 Mar. 14,1950 • — 1,498.63 Nov. 27,1950 — 1,439.00 Dec. 23,1953 — 75.39 July 5,1940 1,591.00 5,721.00 Apr. 24,1940 385.00 11,561.00 Apr. 3,1952 — 1,186.00 Mar. 8,1954 — 1,793.90 June 10,1924 15.63 5,834.63 July 9,1930 400.00 5,041.00 Sept. 1,1950 — 716.56 Mar. 15,1937 257.00 25,509.93 Dec. 26,1951 1,305.00 14,611.00 continued . . . 109 AGREEMENTS UNDER SECTION 2 OF THE FORESTRY ACT, AS OF MARCH 31, 1971 (contmued; Agreement With Date of Agreement Acres Added 1970-1 Tolal Acres Simcoe Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry Victoria Waterloo Wellington Wentvvorth Regional Municipalities Otiawa-Carlelon York Townships Bonfield Charloltenburgh Cramahe Cumberland Darlington Galway and Cavendish Machar Marlborough Mosa Torbolton Williamsburg Summary 1 Government of Canada . . . . 22 Conservation Authorities . . 22 Counties 11 Townships 2 Regional Municipalities . . . 58 Totals A portion ot a display at forestry field day held in Lake Sim- coe Forest District. Photo by B. Colvin. 110 June 19, 1925 Sept. 20, 1949 Aug. 10, 1928 Apr. 17, 1950 June 18, 1964 Nov. 27, 1952 July 30, 1964 Mar. 27, 1924 Apr. 1 1952 Apr. 1 1955 Jan. 4 1964 May 29 1952 Aug. 19 1964 Nov. 1 1952 Dec. 30 1963 Nov. 21 1953 July 16 1964 Mar. 28 1953 Oct. 19, 1962 562.50 1,045.00 330.00 100.00 2,055.83 5,561.13 430.00 8,046.96 22,145.24 3,611.45 8,319.00 710.48 1,100.00 989.30 1,160.00 4,825.08 60,00 175.00 162.00 808.44 140.00 619.00 90.00 200.00 144.00 430.80 400.00 3,632.00 87,322.56 138,229.94 3,229.24 5,985.08 238,398.82 DISTRIBUTION OF NURSERY STOCK AND CONTAINER STOCK, 1970-1 "Nursery Stock Species Educational Container Stock Private Crown Agreement or Miscel- Crown Total Lands Lands Forests Scientific laneous SulvTotal Lands Trees 2,195,577 4,596,700 240,700 32,576 7,065,553 621 ,200 7,686,753 5,900,850 4,516,175 698,500 876 11,116,401 945,700 12,062,101 532,950 12,293,925 204,200 726 13,031,801 2,844,700 15,876,501 1,479,325 7,950 351 1,100,000 2,587,626 2,587,626 3,959,000 16,821,465 1,078,700 2,126 21,861,291 393,300 22,254,591 84,725 11,786,374 75 11,871,174 1,961,000 13,832,174 507,675 8,100 426 516,201 516,201 375 351,525 25 351,925 351,925 233,500 4,225 101 237,826 237,826 148,625 36,275 26 184,926 184,926 65,375 7,500 251 73,126 73,126 63,825 675 100 64,600 64,600 169,400 20,875 351 190,626 190,626 237,650 26,225 851 264,726 264,726 311,775 52,450 426 364,651 364,651 100,150 775 1 100,926 100,926 269,600 2,000 125 271,725 271,725 79,490 123,137 112,600 2,551 317,778 37,600 355,378 White Pine Red Pine Jack Pine Scotch Pine . . . White Spruce . . Black Spruce . . Norway Spruce Red Spruce .... White Cedar . . European Larch Tamarack White Ash Red Oak Silver Maple . . . Carolina Poplar Black Locust . . . Black Walnut . . Other TOTAL 16,339,867 50,656,351. 2,334,700 41.964 1,100,000 70,472,882 6,803,500 77,276,382 'Includes nursery stock furnished to all provincial government departments and 2,290,200 trees purchased trom Kimberly-Clark Pulp and Paper Company Limited and Spruce Falls Power and Paper Company, Limited, under Regeneration Agreements with the Province oi Ontario. DISTRIBUTION OF NURSERY STOCK FROM DEPARTMENT TREE NURSERIES Year ending .Warch 31 Private Land Crown Land Agreement Forests Other Total Trees 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 11,505,775 31,666,580 22,508 43,194,863 9,597,300 33,958,451 212,165 43,767,916 9,016,400 34,752,240 154,045 43,922,685 10,791,980 38,551,572 140,516 49,484,068 11,312,900 34,481,899 3,225,055 49,019,854 9,542,325 41,839,242 330,894 51,712,461 10,219,517 44,248,398 337,255 54,805,170 11,956,165 40,183,862 17,123 52,157,150 14,246,964 47,365,642 1,010,890 62,623,496 16,339,867 50,700,888 1,141,964 68,182,719 111 TIMBER SALES SECTION FOREST RESOURCES INVENTORY UNIT Aerial photography was completed on 9,420 square miles covering parts of the Forest Districts of Cochrane, Swastika, Sudbury and North Bay during the past year. In the re-inventory program, field work was carried out on 4,000 square miles in the Management Units of Ranger Lake, Wenebegon, Peshu and Chapleau Working Circle II in the Sault Ste. Marie and Chapleau Districts. Forest stand maps and tabulated inventory data were completed on 13,877 square miles. This data covered the Management Units of Berens River and Lake St. Joseph Working Circle No. 1 in the Sioux Lookout District. The Multiplex machine was used to plot the contour and form lines of three Provincial Parks covering 3,900 acres. The photo processing unit produced 90,600 contact prints, 3,077 mosaics, 5,557 enlargements, 607 diapositives, 757 copy negatives and 4,694 square feet of repropositives. CROSS VALUE OF PHOTO PROCESSING PRODUCTION Year Cash Department Receipts Work Total 1967-68 $53,270.95 $30,842.42 S 84,113.37 1968-69 63,451.15 51,258.79 114,709.94 1969-70 79,280.06 53,496.76 132,786.82 1970-71 67,342.68 36,081.64 103,424.32 MANAGEMENT PLANNING UNIT The development of forest areas is based on management plans that provide detailed information about the volume of annual cut, cutting methods, regeneration treatments, road and camp locations, and other facts essential to orderly management. Standard management plans are based on inventory data gathered using photo interpretation, point sampling, and computer compilation methods. The information is entered in stand ledgers, which also serve as a record of changes. Standard plans have been prepared following the re-inven- tory of Crown management units started in 1958. The essen- tials of this type of planning are contained in the Manual of Management Plan Requirements. The initial management plans, based on the inventory method used prior to 1958, are retained until replaced with standard plans, and form the basis for the management of a large proportion of the Crown management units in the Province. Management plans form a framework into which operat- ing plans are fitted. An operating plan shows in detail the stands to be cut, regenerated, and tended, and the roads to be built and other improvements to be made to carry out operations on the management units. Crown Management Units. 87 units have an area of 102,738 square miles; 79 management plans have been prepared by Department staff. 33 standard management plans in force .... 23,483 sq. mi. 14 plans being processed for Ministerial approval 12,069 sq. mi. 32 initial management or operating plans in force 39,166 sq. mi. 8 management units not under plans 28,020 sq. mi. Company Management Units. 57 units have an area of 89,985 square miles, under licence to 38 companies; 57 management plans have been prepared by the licensees. 29 approved management plans 35,985 sq. mi. 11 plans being processed for Ministerial approval 11,244 sq. mi. 17 plans being revised or prepared 42,756 sq. mi. Agreement Forest Units. 60 units have an area of 360 square miles (230,351 acres); 60 management plans have been pre- pared by Department staff. 20 approved standard plans 103,397 acres 13 plans being processed for Ministerial approval 40,108 acres 27 plans in process of preparation 84,846 acres ACCESS ROADS A total of 107.8 miles of new roads was constructed, and 117.3 miles of existing roads were improved during the fiscal year. Road work was carried out under two categories. 7. Logging Access Roads are primarily designed for the ex- traction of timber products. The costs of the roads are recovered o\'er a five-year period through an increase in 112 stumpage rates on the timber which has been made acces- sible. 9.0 miles of new roads were built, and 7.0 miles were improved. 2. Forest Access Koads are built lor a variety of purposes such as timber extraction, forest improvement, forest pro- tection, hunting and fishing research, and other forest uses. 98.8 miles of new roads were built, and 110.3 miles were improved. SCALING Scaling is carried out in the Province to determine quan- tities of wood cut from Crown lands and Agreement Forests for revenue, for forest management, and for statistical anal- yses of economic conditions and trends in the wood-using industries. Continual attention to the fast-changing techniques of cutting and moving wood from the stump to the mill has encouraged and brought about new concepts of wood measurement. These resultant changes have, as well, been directed towards speeding up and simplifying scaling opera- tions at a minimum cost, while retaining control over the movement of wood. The most promising of the new wood measurement methods are tree-length scaling, weight scal- ing, and sample scaling. Computer analysis of scaling data and preparation of Crown charges accounts is now effective across the' Province and is the basis of a monthly billing system. For many years, Crown timber in the Province has been measured by licensed scalers. Such a task has not been with- out its difficulties. The physical extent of forest operations, the variety of forest products harvested, and the many meth- ods used to harvest timber highlight the problems facing the Department in using uniform wood-measurement practices for Crown timber throughout the Province. This uniformity has been achieved through a detailed definition of the scaling practices to be used, and standards to be observed, in measuring Crown timber and the require- ment that all persons desiring to measure Crown timber must prove their competence before being licensed to scale. The detailed definition of current wood measurement practices and standards have been published during the year in an up-dated, sixth edition of the "Manual of Scaling Instructions." Scaling examinations were held at Huntsville, May 22, 1970, and Pembroke, September 25, 1970. A total of 66 new scalers were licensed at the two courses, and 236 licences were renewed for a three-year period. Demonstrating the use of a mobile cone picker tower at Maple. Photo by B. Colvln. 113 CROWN TIMBER SALES, 1970-1 square Miles New Licences issued under Section 2 C.T.A 12.6 New Licences issued under Section 3 C.T.A 2,117.0 New Licences issued under Section 5 C.T.A 55.6 TOTAL 2,185.2 Abandonments: Licensed areas in the amount of 6,814.3 square miles were abandoned. Clearing brush in Larose Forest. Photo by B. Calvin. AREAS UNDER CROWN TIMBER LICENCE Areas in square miles, March 31 Licences Licences Licences under under under Total Year Section 2 Section 3 Section 5 Area 1967 ... . . . 2,006.5 104,269.9 nil 106,276.4 1968 ... . .. 1,704.2 104,134.6 74.0 105,912.8 1969 ... . .. 1,664.7 101,924.3 74.0 103,663.0 1970 ... . .. 1,497.6 98,661.9 115.8 100,275.3 1971 ... 302.7 95,201.3 142.2 95,646.2 114 VOLUME AND VALUE OF WOOD CUT FROM AGREEMENT FORESTS, 1970- Volume Value Sawlogs (cu. tt.) Poles, Posts (cu. ft.) .... Pulpwood (cords) 95,474.09 11,668.24 12,128.57 $11,267.64 1,786.15 37,337.78 Fuelwood (cords) 1,445.29 3,254.79 Miscellaneous 3,744.60 Total (cu. ft.) ... 1,260,920.43 $59,074.03 VOLUME AND VALUE OF WOOD CUT FROM CROWN LAND, 1970-1 Species Sohwoods White Pine Red Pine Jack Pine Scots Pine Pine — all White Spruce . . . Black Spruce . . All Spruce Hemlock Balsam Cedar Tamarack Conifers Total Hardwoods Maple Yellow Birch . . White Birch . . . Oak Beech Ash Elm Bassvvood .... Butternut Black Cherry . . Poplar Hardwood .... Total Total Wood Cut Volume Cu. Ft. 1 1 ,672 3,766, 115,283 14, 13, 1,949 14,290 187,646 1,519 11,464 147 11 243 861.65 555.39 569.80 020.75 961.71 313.67 202.94 325.60 211.56 498.30 568.15 ,249.93 ,150.28 4,806 4,058, 1,669 241 217 32 133 261 18 21,338 14,983 908.49 534.72 050.70 918.21 653.27 ,749.50 ,180.77 ,702.11 172.71 ,975.04 ,148.40 ,384.15 Stumpage Value 800,163.70 242,439.39 2,982,329.66 247.42 566.32 67,641.18 495,870.05 .6,763,417.34 40,457.90 239,737.12 5,764.59 279.08 5,861.75 348,022,489.73 $11,644,775.50 283,889.52 413,491.23 37,031.45 15,244.17 7,252.24 1,806.18 7,392.08 20,398.21 9.24 872.41 215,280.95 181,913.01 47,762,378.07 395,784,867.80 $ 1,184,580.69 $12,829,356.19 FOREST ECONOMICS UNIT Four major factors limited Canada's economic potential during the past year. The first was the economic recession in the United States which adversely affected Canada's growth and labour force performance during 1970. Canada's increase of real output was only 3.3 per cent in 1970 com- pared to a 4.9 per cent average annual rate for 1960-1970. The second factor was the appreciation of the Canadian dollar, which was floated on the world's money market as of May 31, 1970, and again had limiting consequences for economic growth, employment, and the profit position of export-oriented industries, such as the Canadian pulp and paper industry. Unemployment was at its highest level since the early 19605, and corporate profits were at their lowest since the Second World War. The third major factor was the spiralling and widespread inflation which had engulfed so many of the world's indus- trialized nations during the past several years and that had hindered Canada's ability to bring its own inflation problem under control. Stringent anti-inflationary measures, resulting in tight-money conditions, did undermine the nation's eco- nomic activity, but a decrease in the rise of consumer goods prices was achieved. The last factor to be mentioned is the continued deteriora- tion of the stability of the international financial system. In the event of failure to resolve basic foreign exchange diffi- culties, this erosion would have strong implications for the future viability of international trade and balance of pay- ments arrangements. All of these factors are international in scope, and only the repegging of the Canadian dollar, rela- tive to the United States dollar, could be controlled within Canada's political sphere. The Ontario forest products industry is an important inte- grated segment of the Canadian economy to the extent that it grows or declines in line with the national economy. Just as the economy of Canada experienced severe pressures during the 1970-1 fiscal year, so, too, did the provincial forest products industry. The international economic con- ditions described above had serious consequences upon the performance of the domestic forest products industry as indicated by several of their selling price indexes. Veneer and plywood prices remained fairly steady throughout the fiscal year, and by the first quarter of 1971 they showed some signs of reco\'ering the ground lost dur- ing their dramatic price decline experienced in the latter half of 1969. 115 Saw mill and planing mill product prices, similarly, re- mained relatively low, but were consistent during the latter three-quarters of 1970. However, financial outlays for hous- ing, the major consumer of these products, turned up sharply towards the end of 1970 and continued into 1971 increasing the demand and, in turn, the price levels of saw mill products. In 1970, there was a 9.5 per cent decrease in the number of dwelling starts in Canada as compared to the preceding year, but the removal of certain monetary re- straints and the lowering of the prime interest rate, coupled with the expanded federal and provincial government hous- ing programs, began to improve the market condition for the saw mill and planing mill industry by the first quarter of 1971. The lumber output of Ontario saw mills during 1970 was down approximately four per cent over the previous year for softwoods, and hardwood lumber production declined by almost 13 per cent when compared to 1969 production. In contrast, the production of pulp chips from saw mill waste material reached a total of 773,871 bone dry tons in 1970 which represents an increase of almost 74,000 tons, or 10.5 per cent for the year. While the pulp chip produc- tion graph for the 1960-68 period corresponded very closely to a 19 per cent compound interest curve, this rate has since decelerated, and the earlier anticipation of reaching the one-million-ton production mark during 1972 may not be realized. The export-oriented pulp and paper industry suffered heavily because of the unpegging of the Canadian dollar. Due to the ensuing appreciation of the Canadian dollar, relative to United States currency, this decision resulted in an immediate seven per cent decrease of revenues for pulp and paper firms selling in United States markets. Further- more, Canadian pulp and paper shipments to the United States dropped by almost 10 per cent for some months im- mediately ensuing the unpegging, thus decreasing these shipments by almost two per cent for the year. The world market for pulp and paper products softened once again, while domestic production rates dropped by approximately 10 per cent to almost 80 per cent of rated capacity. Another consequence of the unpegged dollar was that the Canadian pulp and paper industry was no longer able to compete in certain market areas of the United States. The Forest Economics Unit is fundamentally concerned with economic analyses pertaining to the production, util- ization, and marketing of timber and its products. Its other functions include the promoting of the provincial forest products industry, the gathering and compiling of certain forest products industry information, and the developing of the Timber Branch library. The Unit, also, performs a service function by providing advice and information relating to forest products industry development to other government agencies and private firms or individuals. SELLING PRICE INDEXES (1961 =100)* Veneer Saw Mills Pulp and and and Plywood Planing Paper Mills Mills Mills Year Month 1970— April 126.3 122.6 118.7 May 128.6 123.1 118.7 June 129.2 122.5 116.2 July 127.5 121.3 116.6 August 123.8 123.1 115.6 September 127.5 123.8 114.9 October 129.2 121.8 115.6 November 129.8 120.3 115.7 December 131.0 119.5 115.1 1971— January 132.3 122.0 115.1 February 133.8 129.4 114.7 March 136.7 135.0 114.8 'Source: Statistics Canada, Prices and Price Indexes 162-002). LICENSING OF MILLS Mills licensed under The Crown Timber Act, Section 45, are distributed as shown in the following table. The trend to- ward fewer primary mills still continues. Licensed Mills 1968 1969 1970 SAW MILLS Lumber capacity over 50 M fbm .... 27 Lumber capacity 10 to 50 M fbm ... 101 Lumber capacity under 10 M fbm . . 593 Miscellaneous sawn products 99 VENEER MILLS 29 PULP MILLS 25 TOTAL 874 31 30 92 89 596 583 96 104 30 28 24 24 869 858 116 LUMBER PRODUCTION BY ONTARIO SAW MILLS (in millions of foot-board measure) Spruce, f Administrative Balsam and Region Jack Pine Northwestern 173.8 Northeastern 274.9 Southern 16.7 TOTAL, 1970 465.5 TOTAL, 1969 462.9 TOTAL, 1968 443.2 (Totals may not add due to rounding.) Administrative Region Spruce, Balsam and Jack Pine Red and White Pine Other Soft- woods Total Soft- woods Birch Elm Maple Other Hard- woods Total Hard- woods Mining Timber, Ties, etc. Grand Total Northwestern . . Northeastern . . . Southern ... 173.8 . . . 274.9 16.7 2.8 46.4 83.9 0.8 23.8 176.8 322.4 124.4 1.2 19.0 12.0 0.6 23.1 14.6 78.4 1.6 5.5 43.6 2.9 39.5 156.8 18.6 18.6 11.1 198.3 380.6 292 5 TOTAL, 1970 . .. . . . 465.5 133.2 24.8 623.6 32.2 23.6 93.0 50.0 199.5 48.4 871.6 TOTAL, 1969 ... TOTAL, 1968 . . . . . . 462.9 . . . 443.2 155.1 176.0 31.3 25.4 649.3 644.5 42.4 43.8 32.8 23.6 104.1 103.3 49.3 51.4 228.6 222.1 73.9 54.8 951.8 922.2 ONTARIO-PRODUCED PULP CHIPS, BY ADMINISTRATIVE REGIONS, 1970 Northwestern Northeastern .Southern Region Region Region Quebec U.S.A. Production No. of Producing Mills 13 35 32 Quantity (bone-dry tons) 259,916 320,348 193,607 Percentage of Total 33.6 41.4 25.0 Consumption No. of Producing Mills 4 4 2 6 4 Quantity (bone-dry tons) 358,522 217,482 34,918 127,220 35,729 Percentage of Total 46.4 28.1 4.5 16.4 4.6 A bitternut hlckor)',n" db. hob. that will give a butt log ideal for the production of lacrosse sticks. Photo by B. Colvin. SUMMARY SUMMARY OF VOLUME AND VALUE OF TIMBER CUT ON CROWN LAND, 1970-1 Class Species Pieces Volume Equivalent Cubic Feet Stumpage CORDAGE Pulpwood Rough Pulpwood Peeled Veneer Bolts Fuel wood White Pine . . Red Pine . . . Jack Pine . . . Scots Pine . . Pine — all .. All Spruce . . Hemlock . . . Balsam Cedar Tamarack . . . Conifers . . . . Maple Yellow Birch White Birch . Oak Beech Ash Elm Basswood . . . Black Cherry Poplar Hardwoods . Total lack Pine . . . All Spruce . . Hemlock . . . Balsam White Birch . Poplar Hardwoods . Total All Spruce . . White Birch . Poplar Total Jack Pine . . . Tamarack . . . Conifers . . . . White Birch . 10,649.48 10,287.50 408,053.13 164.95 10.10 779,858.17 4,216.24 43,838.48 655.06 38.92 118.42 201.09 13.70 5,369.34 .88 .80 2.50 1.80 1.66 .36 134,926.64 16,944.03 905, 874, 34,684 14, 65,745, 358, 3,726, 55 3 10 17, 1 456, 11,491 1,440 206.30 437.70 516.19 020.75 858.50 302.51 380.40 269.24 680.10 308.20 065.70 092.65 164.50 393.90 74.80 68.00 212.50 153.00 141.10 30.60 376.45 242.35 ,415,353.25 119,784,995.44 16,081.29 63,082.59 11.80 7,987.41 768.92 26,099.40 465.99 1,608,129.00 6,305,281.50 1,180.00 797,791.35 68,746.40 2,316.531.60 46,599.00 114,497.40 11,144,258.85 943.01 2,336.10 15,482.66 80,155.85 198,568.69 1,316,026.10 18,761. 1,594,750.64 26,746.88 24,529.10 890,203.45 247.42 14.14 2,545,554.84 6,873.17 85,011.89 1,384.87 75.74 426.53 708.70 13.87 6,238.10 .88 .80 2.50 1.80 1.66 .36 93,308.25 22,772.66 3,704,117.61 39,437.30 231,259.17 20.65 16,934.23 844.41 28,767.48 396.10 317,659.34 3,307.51 2,273.42 12,763.83 18,344.76 1,044.79 88,807.15 582.45 9.49 806.65 4.75 1,495.81 127,193.85 939.81 6.08 516.80 3.04 118 SUMMARY SUMMARY OF VOLUME AND VALUE OF TIMBER CUT ON CROWN LAND, 1970-1 iConUnucd) Class Species Pieces Volume EquivalenI Cubic Feet Slumpage s CORDAGE (continued) Fueiwood Beech (continued) Hardwoods . . Total Total Cordage LOGS, LONG TIMBERS Pulp Logs White Pine .. Red Pine . . . . Jack Pine .... All Spruce . . . Balsam Cedar Tamarack .... Conifers .... Poplar Hardwoods . . Total Sawlogs (Cu. Ft.) White Pine .. Red Pine .... Jack Pine .... Pine — all ... All Spruce . . . Hemlock .... Balsam Cedar Tamarack .... Maple Yellow Birch . White Birch . Oak Beech Ash Elm Basswood . . . Poplar Hardwoods . . Total Veneer Logs (Cu. Ft.) White Pine .. All Spruce . . . 60.80 4,415.28 5,168.00 377,426.30 7,032.25 599,918.75 1,555,644.67 133,123,923.68 390,570 3,900 1,623,074 7,175,478 584,100 20 7,244 18,208 809,851.24 16,342.40 7,036,060.08 24,145,090.41 1,926,191.53 209.00 497.10 19,933.93 3,670.00 106,177.81 809,851.24 16,342.40 7,036,060.08 24,145,090.41 1,926,191.53 209.00 497.10 19,933.93 3,670.00 106,177.81 9,802,594 34,064,023.50 34,064,023.50 105,615 109,566 1,859,829 3,515 2,246,222 1,267 42,304 5,009 627 3,005 41,992 36 246,171 26,303 1,383,954.82 868,815.93 10,175,222.19 12,831.21 12,541,940.06 22,972.94 192,526.21 19,095.18 3,801.04 3,504.20 15,664.20 263,958.59 1,984.30 463.00 798.37 51.00 2,411.00 1,837,975.76 191,045.71 1,389,482.02 872,794.17 10,177,449.96 12,831.21 12,543,844.34 22,972.94 192,568.21 20,654.22 3,801.04 3,504.20 15,664.20 263,958.59 1,984.30 463.00 798.37 51.00 2,411.00 1,837,975.76 191,045.71 4,691,461 27,539,015.7 27,554,254.24 99 54,582 802.47 370,018.88 802.47 370,018.88 39.52 3,731.75 5,301.32 4,045,423.03 13,701.12 337.83 176,495.59 894,294.70 37,591.57 9.42 16.24 350.09 51.38 835.91 1,123,683.85 86,323.77 57,361.07 319,625.98 423.42 225,135.72 412.91 3,649.92 681.30 106.14 224.37 131.63 3,220.53 115.77 13.90 35.86 2.55 192.90 22,890.69 6,444.09 726,992.52 28.41 13,305.26 119 SUMMARY SUMMARY OF VOLUME AND VALUE OF TIMBER CUT ON CROWN LAND, 1970-1 (Continued) Equivalent Class Species Pieces Volume Cubic Feet Stumpage $ LOGS, LONG TIMBERS ed Territory Thunder Bay Ridout Township Stratton Township Carlow, Bangor & Monteagle Townships Godfrey Township Unsurveyed Territory Kenora District Unsurveyed Territory Kenora District Unsurveyed Territory Kenora District Unsurveyed Territory Kenora District Unsurveyed Territory Kenora District Tenn\son Township Tanner & Bennett Townships Unsurveyed Territory Algoma District Glenn Township McKinnon Township Esten Township Hodgins Township 1971 New 1973 New 1971 New 1975 Reissue 1972 Reissue 1971 New 1971 New 1971 New 1971 New 1971 New 1971 New 1973 New 1971 New 1971 New 1972 Reissue 1972 New 1971 New continued . 129 CROWN TIMBER LICENCES, 1970 -71 f-.w; ISSUED BY VIRTUE OF SECTION 3(1) OF C.T.A. Expiry Type of Date Licensee Location March 31st Transaction May 28/70 June 25/70 June 25/70 June 25/70 June 25/70 June 25/70 June 25/70 June 25/70 July 2/70 July 7/70 July 7/70 July 7/70 July 16/70 July 16/70 July 23/70 July 23/70 July 23/70 Laurent Duplin Searchmont, Ontario John B. Smith & Sons Limited 53 Strachan Avenue Toronto 3, Ontario George Everett Box 24, Espanola, Ontario Shuniah Contracting Limited R.R. *13, Thunder Bay, Ontario M.J. LabelleCo. Ltd. Cochrane, Ontario Roger Fryer Monetville, Ontario Remus Brothers Pembroke, Ontario Abitibi Paper Company Ltd. Toronto-Dominion Centre Toronto 111, Ontario James Gibson & Sons Limited P.O. Box 734, North Bay, Ontario Cochrane Logging Limited P.O. Box 1958, Cochrane, Ontario Bruce Shier & Frederick Shier Hunta, Ontario Elmer Pasanen South Porcupine, Ontario Abitibi Paper Company Ltd. Toronto-Dominion Centre Toronto 111, Ontario Maurice Lecours P.O. Box 1000, Hearst, Ontario Gilles Rousseau Lumber Limited Blind River, Ontario Jack Finch Emo, Ontario William Rothenburger 489 Lyons Avenue, Postal Station "P" Thunder Bay, Ontario Shields & Gaudette Townships Phyllis, Yates & Vogt Townships Nairn Township MacGregor Township Calder& Lennox Townships Cherriman Township Master, McKay & Petawawa Townships Unsurveyed Territory, Thunder Bay & Kenora Districts Notman, Stewart & Merrick Townships Beck Township Dargavel Township Lucas Township Goodfellow Township Bannerman Township Scarfe Township Tanner & Bennett Townships Harwick, Robbins & Jean Townships 1971 New 1980 Reissue 1973 New 1971 New 1975 Reissue 1972 New 1972 Reissue 1989 Reissue 1972 New 1971 New 1971 New 1971 New 1971 New 1971 New 1971 New 1973 New 1971 Reissue continued . 130 CROWN TIMBER LICENCES, 1970 -71 -n.-ed) ISSUED BY VIRTUE OF SECTION 3(1) OF C.T.A. Expiry Type of Date Licensee Location March 31st Transaction July 23/70 July 23/70 July 23/70 August 6/70 August 6/70 August 6/70 August 6/70 August 6/70 August 12/70 August 12/70 August 12/70 August 27/70 August 27/70 August 27/70 August 27/70 August 27/70 August 27/70 Lac Seul Land & Lumber Company Limited P.O. Box 627, Thunder Bay P, Ontario Meadowside Lumber Limited 1230 Fraser Street, North Bay, Ontario David Noik and Bernard Noik P.O. Box 516, Pembroke, Ontario Allan Lahaie & Son Port Loring, Ontario Victor Roy Britt, Ontario George W. Skidmore R.R. *2, Cochrane, Ontario Herb Shaw & Sons Limited 137 MacKay Street, Pembroke. Ontario Henry Johnson Timber Co. Limited 369 Queen Street East Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario Jamot Lumber Company Limited R.R. =1, Rutter, Ontario William Pickard Batchawana, Ontario The Great Lakes Paper Company Limited P.O. Box 430, Thunder Bay F, Ontario Ludger Otis c/o G. H. Veillieux, 73 Royal York Blvd. Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario Hoey & McMillan Limited Box 2019, Dryden, Ontario James Gibson 215 Mercury' Avenue, Atikokan, Ontario Allan Lahaie & Son Alban, Ontario Rene Champoux Searchmont, Ontario Buchanan Brothers (Ontario) Limited Box 419, Red Rock, Ontario Unsurveyed Territory Kenora District Charlton, BIyth & Lyman Districts McKay & Petawavva Townships Cox Township Mowat Township Kennedy Township White & Niven Townships Townships 22 and 23 Blair Township Township 26 Unsurveyed Territory Kenora & Thunder Bay Districts Hodgins Township SmellieTownship Tanner & Bennett Townships Hoskin Township Marne Township Unsurveyed Territory Thunder Bay District 1979 1973 1971 Reissue Reissue Reissue 1972 Reissue 1973 New 1971 New 1972 New 1972 New 1973 Reissue 1971 New 1975 New 1971 New 1976 New 1973 New 1972 New 1971 New 1971 New continued . 131 CROWN TIMBER LICENCES, 1970-71 -.-d; ISSUED BY VIRTUE OE SECTION 3(1) OF C.T.A. Expiry Type of Date Licensee Location March 31st Transaction August 27/70 September 3/70 September 3/70 September 9/70 September 9/70 September 9/70 September 9/70 September 17/70 September 24/70 October 8/70 October 22/70 October 22/70 October 22/70 October 22/70 October 29/70 October 29/70 Omer M. Williamson 1015 Colonization Road West Fort Frances, Ontario Weldwood of Canada Limited P.O. Box 395, Norwich Avenue Woodstock, Ontario Northern Forest Products Limited P.O. Box 990, Thunder Bay P, Ontario lames Vibert R.R. #2, Thunder Bay F, Ontario Regis Poulin 378 Frontenac Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario Jerry Rathwell Dryden, Ontario FIek Timber Company Limited Opasatika, Ontario Bay Lumber Limited Westree, Ontario V. & C. Logging Heyden, Ontario Rogerson Lumber Company Limited Port Loring, Ontario Rosaire Bouchard R.R. *1, Moonbeam, Ontario Alfred Isabella P.O. Box 119, Opasatika, Ontario Leonard Angus R.R. #1, Devlin, Ontario Chantier Co-operative De Barker P.O. Box 2, Val Rita, Ontario Howard Recoskie Box 521, Cochrane, Ontario H.D. Fryer Monetville, Ontario Tanner & Bennett Townships Unsurveyed Territory Thunder Bay District Unsurveyed Territory Thunder Bay District Inwood Township Township 27 Tustin Township Fleck Township North Williams & Dufferin Townships Shields Township Carlyle Township Nansen Township McCowan Township Unsurveyed Territory Rainy River District Barker Township Kennedy Township Falconer Township 1973 1971 1971 1975 1971 1972 1972 1971 1971 1974 1971 1971 1972 New New 1972 New 1971 New 1971 New New New New New New New New New New New Reissue continued . 132 CROWN TIMBER LICENCES, 1970-71 ^-.-d; ISSUED BY VIRTUE OF SECTION 3(1) OF C.T.A. Expiry Type of Date Licensee Location March 31st Transaction October 29/70 Kokotow Lumber Limited 5 McCamus Avenue Kirkland Lake, Ontario October 29/70 Abitibi Paper Company Ltd. Toronto-Dominion Centre Toronto 111, Ontario November 5/70 LudgerOtis c/o G. H. Veillieux, 73 Ro\al York Blvd. SaultSte. Marie, Ontario November 5/70 George Rousson R.R. ^1, Timmins, Ontario November 5/70 Nychuk Lumber Limited P.O. Box 56, Swastika, Ontario November 5/70 Kokotow Lumber Limited 5 McCamus Avenue Kirkland Lake, Ontario November 5/70 Buchanan Bros. (Ontario) Limited P.O. Box 419, Red Rock, Ontario November 5/70 Abitibi Paper Company Ltd. Toronto-Dominion Centre Toronto 111, Ontario November 5/70 Multiply Plywoods Limited P.O. Box 910, Nipigon, Ontario November 5/70 Consolidated-Bathurst Limited Box 68, Portage Du Fort, Quebec November 5/70 Consolidated-Bathurst Limited Box 68, Portage Du Fort, Quebec November 5/70 Consolidated-Bathurst Limited Box 68, Portage Du Fort, Quebec November 5/70 Consolidated-Bathurst Limited Box 68, Portage Du Fort, Quebec November 5/70 Consolidated-Bathurst Limited Box 68, Portage Du Fort, Quebec November 5/70 La Societe Co-operative De Mattice Mattice, Ontario Unsurveyed Territory 1971 Thunder Bay District Unsurveyed Territory 1971 Thunder Bay District McMaster Township 1971 Lockhart, Jocko & Eddy 1972 Townships Stratton Township 1972 Hartle & Burnaby Townships 1973 Fitzgerald & Deacon Townships 1972 Bronson Township 1971 McCrea Township 1971 Bisley Township 1971 New Goodfellow & Fallis Townships 1971 New Hodgins Township 1971 New Montrose Township 1971 New Sheba Township 1971 New Morel & Yarrow Townshi ips 1971 New New New New Reissue Reissue Reissue Reissue Reissue New continued . 133 CROWN TIMBER LICENCES, 1970 -71 -.-ed; ISSUED BY VIRTUE OF SECTION 3(1) OF C.T.A. Expiry Type of Date Licensee Location March 31st Transaction November 12/70 November 12/70 November 12/70 November 17/70 November 17/70 November 26/70 November 26/70 November 26/70 November 26/70 December 10/70 December 10/70 December 10/70 December 10/70 December 10/70 December 10/70 Consolidated-Balhurst Limited Box 68, Portage Du Fort, Quebec Leonard John Gulick Palmer Rapids, Ontario Frank Peterson Box 358, Kenora, Ontario Trilake Timber Company Ltd. P.O. Box 361 , Kenora, Ontario The Great Lakes Paper Company Limited P.O. Box 430, Thunder Bay F, Ontario W. C. Tough Limited South River, Ontario Dryden Lumber Company Limited Dryden, Ontario Polar Lumber Company Limited P.O. Box 880, FHearst, Ontario Cloutier Bros. Ltd. Strickland, Ontario GilliesBros. &Co. Ltd. c/o Consolidated-Bathurst Limited Box 68, Portage Du Fort, Quebec GilliesBros. & Co. Ltd. c/o Consolidated-Bathurst Limited Box 68, Portage Du Fort, Quebec GilliesBros. & Co. Ltd. c/o Consolidated-Bathurst Limited Box 68, Portage Du Fort, Quebec GilliesBros. & Co. Ltd. c/o Consolidated-Bathurst Limited Box 68, Portage Du Fort, Quebec Arrow Timber Co. Limited P.O. Box 1210, Hearst, Ontario William Pickard Batchawana, Ontario Fitzgerald & Deacon Townships Lyndoch & Griffith Townships Unsurveyed Territory Kenora District Haycock Township Unsurveyed Territory Thunder Bay District Loimt Township Unsurveyed Territory Kenora District Fushimi Township Alexandra Township South Lorrain, Strathy & McLaren Townships Biggar, Pentland & Osier Townships Fitzgerald Township 1971 1981 Reissue New 1973 New 1973 New 1971 New 1973 Reissue 1991 Reissue 1971 New 1972 New 1973 Reissue 1975 1971 Reissue Reissue North Canonto & South 1 Canonto 1975 Reissue Townships Bannerman Township 1971 New Township 26 1972 New continued 134 CROWN TIMBER LICENCES, 1 970 -ZTconun.ed; ISSUED BY VIRTUE OF SECTION 3(1) OF CT.A. Date December 10/70 December 17/70 December 17/70 December 17/70 January 14/71 January 21/71 January 21/71 January 21/71 January 21/71 January 21/71 January 28/71 January 28/71 January 28/71 January 28/71 January 28/71 Licensee Location Regis Poulin 378 Frontenac Street Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario Don Belkosky 37 Melville Road Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario Elgin Stoufter Minden, Ontario Elgin Stouffer Minden, Ontario Pick Timber Company Limited Box 65, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario Kokotovv Lumber Limited 5 McCamus Avenue Kirkland Lake, Ontario Vernon Armstrong 1600 Kings Highway P.O. Box 429, Fort Frances, Ontario Kokotovv Lumber Limited 5 McCamus Avenue Kirkland Lake, Ontario Weldwood of Canada Limited P.O. Box 395, Norwich Avenue Woodstock, Ontario Liskeard Lumber Limited 159 Faren Street, New Liskeard, Ontario Wilfred Paiement Earlton, Ontario Leonard John Gulick Palmer Rapids, Ontario Regional Logging Industries Limited P.O. Box 519, Dryden, Ontario Wm. Pollock & Son, Limited Englehart, Ontario Roy McDonald Whitedog P.O., via Minaki, Ontario Township 27 Unsurveyed Territory Thunder Bay District Sherborne & Stanhope Townships Stanhope Township Townships 24 and 25 Dunmore Township Tanner Township Bisley Township Unsurveyed Territory Thunder Bay District 1972 1971 1975 1973 1975 1972 1975 1971 1971 Expiry Type of .March 31st Transaction New New New New New Wallis & Tretheway Townships 1971 New Holmes Township 1972 New Abinger Township 1973 New Unsurveyed Territory Kenora District 1971 New Sharpe Township 1972 Reissue Unsurveyed Territory Kenora District 1972 New continued . 135 CROWN TIMBER LICENCES, 1970-71 ™,n.ed; ISSUED BY VIRTUE OF SECTION 3(1) OF C.T.A. Expiry Type of Date Licensee Location March 31st Transaction February 4/71 February 4/71 February 4/71 February 4/71 February 4/71 February 4/71 February 11/71 February 11/71 February 11/71 March 1/71 March 1/71 March 1/71 March 1/71 March 4/71 March 4/71 March 4/71 136 Dubreuil Brothers Limited Dubreuilville, Ontario James Gibson & Sons Limited P.O. Box 734, North Bay, Ontario Charles Leray R.R. #1, Keewatin, Ontario Grant & Wilson Lumber Limited Elk Lake, Ontario G. & B. Logging Limited 5 First Avenue, Wavva, Ontario Feldman Timber Company Limited P.O. Box 440, Timmins, Ontario Ernest P. Hoey 44 Wellington Street Sioux Lookout, Ontario William Milne & Sons Ltd. Timagami, Ontario Grant Lumber Company Limited Elk Lake, Ontario Maurice Lacoursiere Searchmont, Ontario Bert Taylor Construction Limited P.O. Box 103, Parry Sound, Ontario Orval Lougheed General Delivery Keewatin, Ontario Vic Pearson & Sons Limited Box 113, Fort Frances, Ontario Henry Bernard Chapeskie Barry's Bay, Ontario Canadian Johns-Manville Company, Limited, P.O. Box 610 North Bay Ontario Consolidated-Bathurst Limited Box 68, Portage Du Fort, Quebec Township 31 1971 Pbelps Township Unsurveyed Territory Kenora District Burt Township Township 31 Enid Township Unsurveyed Territory Kenora District Aston, Banting & Best Townships Dunmore Township Gaudette Township Freeman Township Unsurveyed Territory Kenora District Unsurveyed Territory 1972 Rainy River District Dickens & Jones Townships 1973 Leo, Dane & Best Townships 1984 Fitzgerald Township 1972 New 1975 Reissue 1973 New 1972 New 1972 New 1971 New 1971 New 1984 Reissue 1972 New 1972 New 1972 New 1974 New Reissue Reissue Reissue New continued . CROWN TIMBER LICENCES, 1970-71 rcon.n.ed; ISSUED BY VIRTUE OF SECTION 3(1) OF C.T.A. Expiry Type of Date Licensee Location March 31st Transaction March 11/71 Kokotow Lumber Limited 5 McCamus Avenue Kirkland Lake, Ontario March 11/71 Consolidated-Bathurst Limited Box 68, Portage Du Fort, Quebec March 11/71 Consolidated-Bathurst Limited Box 68, Portage Du Fort, Quebec March 11/71 Consolidated-Bathurst Limited Box 68, Portage Du Fort, Quebec March 11/71 Consolidated-Bathurst Limited Box 68, Portage Du Fort, Quebec March 17/71 GustavSotke P.O. Box 221 , Red Lake, Ontario March 17/71 William Saskosky P.O. Box 575, Red Lake, Ontario March 17/71 Hearst Transport & Lumber Company Limited Hearst, Ontario March 17/71 Murray Bros. Lumber Co. Limited Barry's Bay, Ontario March 24/71 J. E. Martel & Sons Limited Chapleau, Ontario March 24/71 Pembroke Lumber Company Limited P.O. Box201, Pembroke, Ontario March 24/71 Alexjaman Box 1495, Atikokan, Ontario March 31/71 Herb Shaw & Sons Limited 137 MacKay Street, Pembroke, Ontario March 31/71 Herb Shaw & Sons Limited 137 MacKay Street, Pembroke, Ontario March 31/71 Herb Shaw & Sons Limited 137 MacKay Street, Pembroke, Ontario Morel Township Deacon & Fitzgerald Townships Fitzgerald Township Stratton Township Edgar Township Unsurveyed Territory Kenora District Unsurveyed Territory Kenora District Fleck Township Clancy Township Sadler & Pattinson Townships White & Fitzgerald Townships Schwenger Township Niven & Dickson Townships Niven Township Bronson, Head & Stratton Townships 1972 New 1972 New 1972 New 1972 New 1972 New 1974 Reissue 1974 Reissue 1974 New 1972 Reissue 1973 Reissue 1972 Reissue 1973 Reissue 1972 Reissue 1972 Reissue 1972 Reissue 137