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REPORT

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FOR THE YEAR 1885.

REPORT OF THE

LIBRARY
NEW YORK

r VANICAL
GARDEN

28111 Auiiiial MeeliiiE Held at Wamiisliiiii, Decemlier 9, 10, IL 1885,

ALSO, A REPORT OF THE

Seiiii-Aniuiai MM HeM at Butler, June 10 and 11. 1885.

AND

"SECRETARY'S BUDGET."

L.A. GOODM/\N, Secretary, Wesiport, Mo.

JEFFERSON" CITY, MO.:

TRIBUNE PRINTING COMPANY, STATE PRINTERS AND BINDERS.

188G.

OFFICERS ELECTED FOR THE YEAR 1886.

OFFICERS FOR THE YEAR 1885.

President.
J. C. EVAXS, Harlem.

Vice Premdent,
E. P. HENRY, Butler.

Secretary,
L. A. GOODMAN, Westport.

Treasurer,
Z. S. RAGAX, Independence.

LFBr^A'^Y

President.
J. C. EVANS, Harlem. i^

I 'ice-Pj-e^?ldint, Q ,-

J. A. DURKES, Weston.

Secretary,
L. A. GOODMAN, Wesport.

Treasurer,
D. S. HOLM AN, Springfield.

LIST OF HONORARY MEMBERS.

Oeo. Hussman Napa, Cal.

Marshall P. Wilder Boston, Mass

T. T, Lvon Grand Haven. Mich.

C. W. Murtfeldt... Kirkwood. Mo.

Hon. N. J. Colman St. Louis.

MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURSL SOCIETY.

To His Excellency, John S. Marmaduke, Goveimor of the State of Missouri:

Believing that our report should he under the control of the State, and that we
should report to our Governor, as do our other State officers, I take the liberty of
addressing this report to you.

L. A. GOODMAN, Secretary.

STANDING COMMITTEES.

Orchards^

W. G. GANG, Parkvillb; CHAS. FATTERSGN, Kirksville ; D. S.

HOLMAN, Springfield.

Vineyards^
■GEO. E. MEISSNER, Bushburg ; JACOB ROMMEL, Morrison; C.

TEUBNER, Lexington.

Small FruitS'
S. MILLER, Bluffton; WM. HOPKINS, Springfield; JACOB

FAITH, MONTEVALLO.

Stone Fruits^
I). F. EMRY, Carthage ; E. F. HYNES, West Plains ; JACOB MAU-

INGER, St. Joseph.

Vegetables^
J. W. KIDWELL, Kansas City; Prof. L. R. TAFT, Columbia ; J. N.

MENIFEE, Oregon.

Flowers,
ROBT. S. BROWN, Kansas City; H. MICHEL, St. Louis; MRS.

WADE BURDEN, Springfield.

Ornamentals.,
Z. S. RAG AN, Independence; MRS. C. I. ROBARDS, Butler; R. E.

BAILEY, Fulton.

Entomology.,
MISS M. MURTFELDT, Kirkwood; DR. A. GOSLIN, Oregon; H.

SHEPLEY, Nevada.

Botany.,

Prof. S. M. TRACY, Columbia; G. C. BROADHEAD, Pleasant

Hill; FRANK BUSH, Independence.

Nomenclature.,
T. W. GAUNT, Maryville; J. B. WILD, Sarcoxie ; A. AMBROSE,

Nevada.

New Fruits .,
F. LIONBERGER, New Florence ; A. H. GILKERSON, Warbens-

BURGj W. B. STARK, Louisiana.

Ornithology.,
CLARK IRVINE, Oregon; A. W. St. JOHN, Carthage; W. H.

THOMAS, LaGrange.

Injurious Fungi.,
B. T.GALLOWAY, Columbia; Prof. W. TRELEASE, St. Louis ; C.

W. MURTFELDT, Kirkwood.

CONSTITUTION

OF ^HE

Missouri State Horticulturhl Society.

Article I. This association shall be known as the Missouri State
Horticultural Society. Its object shall be the promotion of horticul-
ture in all its branches.

Art. II. Any person may become a member of this society upon
the payment of one dollar, and membership shall continue on the pay.
ment of one dollar annually. The payment of ten dollars at one time
shall constitute a person a life member, and honorary members may
be elected at any regular meeting of the society. And any lady may
become a member by giving her name to the Secretary.

Art. III. The officers of this society shall consist of a President,
Vice President, a Secretar}'^ and a Treasurer, who shall be elected by
ballot at each regular meeting, and whose terms of office shall begirt
on the first day of March following their election.

Art. IV. The elective officers of the society shall constitute an
Executive Committee, at any meeting of which a majority of the mem-
bers shall have power to transact business. The other duties of the
officers shall be such as usually pertain to the same officers in similar
organizations.

Art. V. The regular meetings of this society, shall be held annu-
ally on the first Tuesday of December, except when otherwise ordered
by the Executive Committee. Special meetings of the society may be
called by the Executive Committee, and meetings of the committee,
by the President and Secretar}'.

Art. VI. As soon after each regular annual meeting as possible,.
the President shall appoint the following Standing Committees ; and
they shall be required to give a report in writing, under their respee-

MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

tive heads, at the annual and semi-annual meetings of the society of
what transpires during the year of interest to the society: Orchards,
Vineyards, Stone Fruits, Small Fruits, Vegetables, Flowers, Ornamen-
tals, Entomology, Ornithology, Botany, Nomenclature, New Fruits,
Injurious Fungi.

Art. VII. This constitution may be amended by a two-thirds
vote of the membersjpresent at any regular meeting.

HOW TO ORGANIZE A HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ALSO THE

CONSTITUTION FOR A LOCAL ORGANIZATION.

Any one much interested on this subject of Horticulture can or-
ganize a society if he will speak to five or six different persons who are
known to be prominent in this matter. Tell them that there ought to
be a society in your county, and as it is such a good fruit country, ask
them if they do not want to help organize one. You will hardly meet
a refusal, but will be met with the remark " that they do not believe
there is interest enough in your county to keep one up." Never mind
this, but make an appointment to meet in some office in town on some
Saturday. If you can get five to come together, organize and elect
officers. Make the meetings regular each month and on the same
Saturday. Some lawyer will let you have the use of his room to hold
the meetings. Have the meeting in the best town in the county even
if you have to go some distance to meet there. Talk this up until the
next meeting, and let each one promise to bring another. Do not ex-
pect to have every one belong, for they will not. Hold six winter
meetings (November to April) in the city or village, and at the March
or April meeting, select the places to hold the six summer meetings
(May to October) at the homes of the members. Make this a pic-aic
dinner, meeting about 10 o'clock, and after the dinner hold the meeting
and discussion; offer a few premiums for fruits and flowers, and have
a general good time. Do not be afraid of a dollar or two, but use as
much judgment in this matter as you would in any business of your
own, and you will succeed. Talk to your neighbors about it if they
are interested in fruit growing, if not, choose those who are so in-
terested. They will not be much help to you if they are not fruit

CONSTITUTION FOR LOCAL ORGANIZ A.TION. 9

growers. Make out a programme for the year, choosing one or two for
an essay at each meeting. When the reports of the standing commit-
tees are made, have it done in writing, and have a report at every
meeting. You cannot expect to have everything work in complete
order at first, and do not get discouraged if you tind trouble at the
start. Take your wives with you and have a good social time also. If
I can be of use to you at any time, I will come and visit you if it is
possible for me to get awaj^. I will try and bring some one with me
also to help along the good work.

L. A. GOODMAN,

State Secretary.

CONSTITUTION.

Articcle I. This Association shall be known as the Horti-
cultural Society.

Art. II. All persons interested in the subjectof Horticulture may
become members of this society by signing the constitution and paying
-annually to the treasurer the sum of one dollar: And provided
further, That any person paying at one time the sum of ten dollars to
the treasurer, may become a life member, and thereafter exempt from
annual dues : Provided further, That all ladies may become mem-
bers by signing the constitution without the payment of one dollar.

Art. hi. Sec. 1. The officers of this society shall consist of a
President, Vice President, Secretary, Treasurer and Executive Com-
mittee consisting of five, of which the President and Vice-President
shall be ex oMcio members.

Sec. 2. The President shall exercise a general superintendence of
the affairs of the society ; preside at all meetings of the society ; ap-
point all committees unless otherwise provided ; draw all orders on
the Treasurer as directed by the society, call special meetings of society
or Executive Committee when deemed necessary ; he shall be ex officio
President of the Executive Committee.

Sec 3. The Vice-President shall assist the President, and in hi'*
absence perform his duties, and be ex officio a member of the Execu-
tive Committee.

10 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Sec. 4. The Treasurer shall receive all moneys belonging to the
society; shall keep a just and true account of the same, from what
source received, and pay out the same upon the order of the President,
countersigned by the Secretary. At the meeting of the society on the

Saturday in December in each year, (or oftener if required by

the Executive Committee) he shall make a full and complete report of
all receipts and disbursements, and at the expiration of his term of
office, turn over all books, papers, and all money or other property be-
longing to the society, to his successor in office. The Treasurer, before
entering on the discharge of the duties of his office, shall enter into a
bond with sufficient security, to be approved by the President of the

society for its use, in the sum of , conditioned for the faithful

performance of the duties required of him in this section.

Sec. 5. The Secretary shall ke^p a full and complete minute ot
each meeting of the society, and the proceedings of the Executive
OommiUee. He shall receive and safely keep all books, periodicals,
stationery, seeds, fruits and other like property of the society subject
to its order; shall correspond as may be necessary with all persons or
societies as the welfare of the society may demand. He shall report
all the proceedings of the Executive Committee to the society at its
first meeting thereafter. He shall countersign all orders drawn upon
the Treasurer by the President under the direction of the society, and
have the care and custody of the seal of the society.

Sec. 6. The Executive Committee shall assist and advise the offi-
cers in the discharge of their duties ; prepare all premium lists ; make
all necessary arrangements for holding and conducting any and all
such fairs as the society may determine to hold, and such exhibitions
of fruit as the society may determine to make, and exercise a general
supervision over the same, and generally to provide for the arrange-
ments and business of the society.

Art. IV. The officers of this society shall be elected by ballot
from among its members for the term of one year. The annual elec-
tion shall be held at the regular meeting of the society on the Sat-
urday in December, where the general business of the society shall be
transacted. Vacancies may be filled at any regular meeting of the

society.

Art. V. The regular meeting of this society shall be held on the
— - Saturday of each month, at 1 o'clock p. m., at such places as the

society may select, at : Provided, That the meetings in

the months of May, June, July, August, September and October of each
year may, by a vote of the society, be held at the residence of any of
the members outside of the city.

CONSTITUTION FOR LOCAL ORGANIZATION. 11

Art. VI. Executive Committee may provide: (1st.) For the
payment of premiums to members of the society for the best display of
fruit, flowers or vegetables made at any regular meeting of the society v
(2d.) For essays on any subject of interest to the society, and arrange-
ment of program for the year ; (Sd.) And for determing the places for
each meeting of the society for the months of May to October inclusive^^

Atr. VII. Five members of the society shall constitute a quorum
at any meeting, and three members of the Executive Committee shall
be anthorizei to transact business at any meeting of the committee
duly called. Special meetings of the society or Executive Committee
may be held by order of the President or any three of the committee
on one week's notice to all members of the society or board (as the
case may be), given personally, or through the post office. Adjourned
meetings, may be held from time to time, as the society may deter-
mine.

Art. VIII. The funds of this society shall not be appropriated to
any purpose, without a vote of a majority of the members present at
any regular meeting of the society.

Art. IX. This society shall have the following standing commit-
tees, which shall be appointed by the President at the January meet-
ing in each year: Small Fruits, Stone Fruits, Orchards, Vineyards,
Vegetables, Flowers, Ornamentals, Entomology, Botany; to each of
which shall be referred all matters relating to those particular sub-
jects. Each of said committees shall consist of one to three members.

Art. X. This Constitution may be amended by a two-thirds' vote
of all members of the society, at any regular meeting : Provided^ That
notice of the intentioned' amendment shall have been given at least
one month prior to any action taken thereon.

Art. XI. The meetings of this society shall be governed by the
parliamentary rules usual for deliberative bodies.

Art. XII. Order of business :

1. Reading minutes of last meeting.

2. Keport of Executive Committee.

3. Report of Standing Committees.

4. Essays, or subjects for discussion.

5. Discussion.

6. Old business.

7. New businesss.

8. Report of Special Committees.

9. Adjournment.

LIST OF MEMBERS AND CORRESPONDENTS

GIVEN BY COUNTIES.

LOCAL SOCIETIKS ARE ALL PLACED AS MEMBiRS.

A good number of these names are correspondents, and not mem-
'bers^ but their names are placed as such to reward them for their an-
swers to our questions ; and we have the hope of their becoming mem-
bers. We should have a thousand members in our State.

Some members have not renewed their membership, but their
names are still retained on the list.

We live in hopes that we will some day have enough money given
us by the legislature so that all fruit growers may be members without
money and without price. But at present we need the few dollars we
thus get to help us along.

L. A. GOODMAN.

ADAIR COUNTY.

'Charles Patterson Kirksville.

Geo. Eice "

TV'. O Patterson

ANDREW.

•Wm . Ent Savannah.

•Gtl. Segesseraann. Amazonia.

,1. Zimmerman

W. S. King "

S. K. Falkner Whlteville.

ATCHISON.
•Geo. Steck Rockport.

AUDRAIN.
iB. F. Wild Benton City.

LIST OF MEMBERS AND CORRESPONDENTS. 13-

BAERY.

Isaac Stapleton Seligman,

BATES COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCLETY.

J. B. Durand, President Prarie City.

Henry Speers, Secretary Butler.

E, P. Henry, Treasurer "

Thos. Irisli Rich Hill.

S. ^y. Frederick Butler.

J. R. Harriman "

J. B. Innis ' '

Miss Ida Crume ' *

Mr. and Mrs. W. H, Halloway "

" " '• C. I. Robords "

" " " A C. Skinner.... "

" " " D. VV. Thompson "

" " ' • W. M. Wilson • '

" " " D. W. Garst * '

' ' " " M . Ryan "

" " '' .T.F.Boyd

'• -' •' W. Ritter

'• " '* • Johnson Hill "

" *' " I.W.Brooks Pleasant Gap.

' • " " A.va E . Page Reynord .

•• " '^ H.B. Francis Mulberry.

J. VV.Hall

D. C. Forbes Vinton.

W. P. AVhitney ....Adrian.

W. M. Stephens Lone Oak.

BARTON.

C. H. Fink & Son Lamar.

M. M. Spear '. "

S. G. Avery "

C. H. Shepley Nashville .

W. H . Thrapp INIilford .

BOONE.

Prof, and Mrs . S . M . Tracy Columbia .

" " ■■' ,J. W. S;inborn

" " '' L. R. Taft "

B. T. Galloway "

BENTON.

F. Schwettman Lincoln.

W. G. Mathews Fairfield.

14

MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETy.

BOLLINGER.

David L. Phelps Lutesville .

L. R . Johnson Patton .

BUCHANAN.

Mr . and Mrs . Jacob Madinger St . Joseph .

" " " S.N. Cox

H. T. Kelsy

Mr. and Mrs. N. P. Sommer

■J. W. Fleeinan

Mr. and Mrs . Hans Nielson

L. Zaigler

W. PJafferlie . .

L . G . Munger

J. L. McAleer

Hon . Joseph Grubb

Chris . Diegel

J. C. Bender

W. Wiediuan

H . Keene

John Hall, box 301

Karl Wiedman

Mr. and Mrs. J. Krischner

Gilbert Blake

BUTLER.

J. T. Tubb Poplar Bluff.

CALD\YELL.

Win . McCray Glassville .

CALLAWAY.

R . E . Baily Fulton.

D . M . Dunlap "

J. W. Mclntyre "

CAMDEN.

W. G. Brown Linn Creek

CAPE GIRARDEAU.

G. G. Kimmel Cape Girardeau.

LIST OP Members and correspondents. ». 15

CARROLL.

W. O. Crouch Carrollton.

CASS.

O. C. Broadhead Pleasant HilL

E.. A. Conover Peculiar.

W . B . Mandy Harrisonville .

Mr. and Mrs. T. J. Schat/ Lone Tree.

CEDAR.

1. . Liston Virgil City.

CHARITON.

G. W. Dewey ,. .Kej'tesville.

CHRISTIAN.

J. K. Weaver Ozark.

CLAY.

Mr. and Mrs. J. C. Evans Harlem.

Dan Carpenter Barry.

Mr. and Mrs. A. D. Barnes "

Mr. and Mrs. J. B. Johnson

Mr. and Mrs. Z. Todd

Sam'l Dooley

Chris. Sehroeder

D. T. Bronaugh

Conrad Aul Sm

thville.

CLINTON.

Worley Shinn Lathrop.

W. L. Culver Gravson.

COLE.

Fred. Yost Jefferson City.

COOPER.

Dr. J. B. Holman Boonville .

CRAWFORD.

n. C.Minter Keysville.

16 MISSOURI STATE HORTICaLTURAL SOCIETY.

DADE.

Jesse Hiatt liOckwood.

DENT.

E. T. Butler Salem.

DAVIESS.

Woodruff Nursery Gallatin .

DALLAS.

S . A . Latimer Lang Lane .

*

FRANKLIN.

J. Bagby & Son New Haven . ^

GASCONADE.

F. Fleischer Gasconade City .

Rommel & Sobbe Morrison .

Stone Hill Wine Co Hermann .

GENTRY.

C. G. Comstock Albany.

N. C. Shultz King City.

Mrs. E. B. Haven Berlin .

GRUNDY.

E. B. Cooper Trenton.

Jos. Sibbit Tindall .

R. S. VYynne Edinburgh.

Thos. Luke Trenton .

GREENE COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

M. J. Roundtree, Presiden" Springfield .

J. Kirchgraber. Vice-President "

D. S. Holman. Secretary • •

F. F. Fine, Treasurer "

Mr. and Mrs. Henry Scholton "

Dr. Lane "

Miss Emma Kirchgraber ' '

Miss Rosa Holman "

Miss Lilly Holman "

Miss Lizzie Roundtree "

Mr. and Mrs. W. C. Freeman Brookline .

LIST OF MEMBERS AND CORRESPONDENTS 17

Mr. and Mrs. E. H. Lair Springfield .

Mrs. F. F. Fine :

Mrs. D. S. Holman "

Mrs. M. J. Roundtree "

Mrs. Charles Goff' ; "

Mrs. W. H. Burden "

Mrs. Al. Demuth "

Mr. and Mrs. W. E. Sheffield .' "

Mr. and Mrs. W. H. Kitter "

3Ir. and Mrs. AV. M. Hopkins "

Mr. and Mrs. Jonathan Moore "

Mr. and Mrs. Barnes "

Mr. and Mrs. Meacham "

Hon. I. S . Haseltine Dorchester.

S. I. Hazeltine

Emmett Xewton Springfield.

Criss "

J^ohn Dailey "

•G. W. Hopkins "

W. M. Hopkins "

HARRISON.

Isaac M. Xeff Bolton .

HENRY COUNTY HORTICULTURE SOCIETY.

M. .1. Condon, President Clinton .

M. L. Bonham. Vice-President "

J. M. Pretzinger, Secretary. . ., "

^Y. A. Hastin, Treasurer "

W. H. Roberts "

HICKORY.

\l!hri8. Gerber Wheatland .

HOLT COUNTY HORUICULTURE SOCIETY.

N. F. Murry, President Elm Grove.

-J. N. Menifee, Vice-President Oregon.

J M. Hasness, Secretary "•

•C. Hoblozell, Treasurer "

George Meyer "

T . J . Kre c h "

D. Barbour "

John Bond "

John Callow "

S. L. Huiatt "

William Brodbeck "

H S— 2

18 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

S. Blanchard .'

T. B. Curtis

L. N. Howard

Henry Hughs

Mr. and Mrs. Dr. A . Goslin

Mr. and Mrs. Clark Irvine "

Mr. and Mrs. H. A. Dankers . . Corning.

Mr. and Mrs. J. W. Davis New Point.

Mr. and Mrs. N. F. Murray Oregon.

Mr. and Mrs. J. N. Menifee •'

HO\yAKD.

K. T . Kingsbury Estill .

A. S . Wolcott Fayette .

A. McCray "

HOWELL.

Mr. and Mrs. E. F. Hynes West Plains.

Mr. and Mrs. P. P. Dobozy " "

Dr.H. T. Smith " "

B . S . Hogan Willow Springs.

Mr. and Mrs. A. Harrison Olden,

G. L. Sessens "^

JACKSON".

Mr. and Mrs. Z. S. Ragan Independence.

Mr. and Mrs. L. L. Seller "

Mr. and Mrs. L. M. Sea "

Mr. and Mrs. J. T. Head "

George J . Dod Greenwood.

Mr. and Mrs. C. E. Kern Westport.

Mr. and Mrs. L. A. Goodman "

Mr. and Mrs. F. Eslinger "

Mr. and Mrs. J. A. Bayles Lees*^ Summit.

M . B . Butterfleld , " "

G. Threlkald Kansas City.

Mr. and Mrs. F. D. Atkins " "

Mr. and Mrs. William Kid well •. " "

Mr. andMrs. L. E. Bosley " "

Mr. andMrs. R. S. Brown " "

Mr. and Mrs. J. K. Cravens " '*

Mr. and Mrs. J. H. Lewis Blue Springs.

William Byers Kansas City.

JASPER COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

D. F. Emery, President Carthage.

Bennett Hall, Secretary "

LIST OF MEMBERS AND CORRESPONDENTS. 19

A. C. Carson, Treasurer •. "

W . H . Smith

M.I. Parker "

A. W. St. John "

P. Jackson "

J. B. Wild Sarcorie.

H. W. Wild "

J. K. Glassford Carthage.

H. W. Maxwell

L . C . Amsden '. '''

C. A. Emrj- Carthage.

D. L. Enny ' '

Z. T. Russell "

J. W. Baird "

W. J. Sieber "

P. Finn "

J. Ames "

W. C. Downs ~ "

Nicholas Siebert "

Z. Freeman , Joplin.

F. A. Hazen Dudenville.

JEFFERSON.

W. S. .Jewett Crystal City.

G. E. Meissner ' Bushburg.

"•o'

JOHNSON.

Prof. Geo. L. Osborne Warrensburg.

A. H. Gilkerson "

W. M. Mohler "

J. J. Cockrell ' •

M. G. MuUins Centerview.

Mohler & Son Cornelia.

KNOX.

Sinnock & Co Edina.

LACLEDE.

M. W. Serl Lebanon.

LAFAYETTE COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Dr. W. A. Gordon, President Lexington.

U. G. Phetzing, Vice-President "

C. E. Teubner, Secretary "

G. M. Catron, Treasurer "

H. S. Van Anglen Waverly.

.John Aull '. Lexington.

20 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

W. M. Poge * "

A. A. Leseuer "

Ethan Allen "

Geo. F. Maitland "

Fred Neet "

R. T, Paissell "

Zack . VV. Wright "

James Aull "

C. F. T;ane "

W. K. McChesney "

Kobt. H. Smith "

Dr. J. B. Alexander "

Robt. A Hicklin "

John S. Blackwell "

Mrs. Florida Graddy "

Mrs. M. V. Gordon "

Mrs. Cerelia Thomas "

Mrs. Jeannie Finley Shultz "

LAWREXCE.

Alfred Johnson Pierce City.

LE^YIS.

W. G. Downing Canton.

E. Burrows "

Frank Plarlan "

W. li. Thomas LaGrange.

H. C. Kirschbaum Tolona.

LINCOLN.

A. M. Shultz Troy.

LINN COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Ralph Smith, President . '. Laclede.

•Toseph Gamble, Vice-President Brookfield.

G. W. Martin, Secretary ' '

R. W. Davis, Treasurer "

A. P. Crosby "

James- Hall ' •

Danforth Chinney " '

W. D. Crandall "

W. L. Laing "

A. P. Wolverton Meadville.

J . W . Turner " .

S. A. Field "

L. D. Walbridge "

A. P. Swan Bucklin.

O. S. Fay Boomer.

LI^T OF 3IEMBERS AND CORRESPONDENTS. 21

. LIVINGSTOX.

J. W. Green Chillieothe.

H. v. Lewis Bedford.

McDOXALD.

S. G. Welborn Pineville.

MACOX.

Green Bros ■ Macon City.

J. M. Randall. .Callao.

I

MARIES.
D. W. Tainter Vienna.

MARION.

Wray Brown Hannibal .

W. S. Hallock

MERCER.

R. J. Lewis Princeton.

J. A. Kennedy Ravenna.

MILLER.

N.J. Shepard Eldon.

MISSISSIPPI.

W. T. Phoenix Charleston.

MONROE.
J. D. Hawkins Paris.

MONITEAU.
R. A. Snorgrass Tipton .

MONTGOMERY COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Judge Samuel Miller, President Bluffton . •

F. Lionberger, Secretary New Florence.

F . G aueteman, Treasurer

W . Loane

J. S. Drummond

D. P. Taylor

Ch . Laney

Fred Utz

22 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

MOEGAN.

Caleb Gunn Yersailles.

NEW MADRID.

C. C. Thomas Pt. Pleasant.

NEWTON.

H. Jaeger Neosho.

NODAWAY.
T. W. Gaunt Maryville.

OREGON.
Ben . Gunn Alton .

OSAGE.

Christ . Heyer Byron .

Jesse Moore Linn .

OZARK.

Wm . Mahan Almartha .

PETTIS.

J. H. Monsese Bearaan.

Phil. Pfeiffer Sedalia.

J. Laney Green Ridge.

Ed. Brown Sedalia.

G. H. Shepard LaMonte.

PLATTE.

Mr. and Mrs. W. G. Gano Parkville.

Mr. and Mrs. J. A. Durkes Weston.

Mr. andMrs. C. Thorp "

Mr. and Mrs. J. J. Blakely ... .Platte City.

W, R. Keller Weston.

F . HoUied "

J . P. Reichard "

PIKE.

Stark & Bros Louisiana.

PUTNAM.

J, T. Scott St. John.

LIST OF MEMBERS AND CORRESPONDENTS. 23

RAY.

Alex. Maitland Eiclimond.

RIPLEY.

J. G . Hancock Doniphan.

ST. CHARLES.

€has. Golterman Foristelle.

ST. CLAIR.

Wm. Hook Lowry City.

Mr. & Mrs. G. S. Allison Johnson City.

ST. LOUIS.

P. M. Keil.y St. Louis.

E. Hollister

3Iiss Mary Murtfeldt Kirkwood.

IsidorBush St. Louis.

Levi Chubbuck "

Geo. H. Gill Kirkwood.

SALINE.

J. T. Stewart Blackburn.

Wm.Folck Marshall.

SCHUYLER.
O. W. Morton Glennwood.

SHANNON.

Jas. McKinney Eminence.

N. Vandelft "

\ SHELBY.

Jas. Hanley Shelbina.

H. G, Bruce.. "

STODDARD.
Jesse Brown Lakeville.

24 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

TEXAS.
J. C. White Houston.

VERNON COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. ^

A. Ambrose, President Nevada.

H. Fuller, Vice-President ' •

H. Shepley, Recording Secretary "

E. R. Mererord, Corresponding Secretary Schell City.

D. W. Graves, Treasurer Nevada.

W. Scott Montevallo.

Jacob Faith "

F. H. King "

A. Ingraham Nevada.

J. Q. Thompson Walker.

Benedick Bros Enoch.

J. H. Logan & Sons Nevada.

H. M. Crouse ' '

Wesley Wilcox "

J. S. Hatten Sheldon.

WARREN.
J, E. Yocum Warrenton.

WASHINGTON.

Phil Rush Mineral Point.

WAYNE.

Henry Grilling Piedmont.

WEBSTER.
Geo. Lewis .Northview .

WRIGHT.

A. D. Hanks '. Mansfield.

S . W . Anderson Mt . Grove .

LlvST OF ^MEMBERS AND CORRESPONDENTS. 25

MISSOURI VALLEY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, KANSAS CITY, MO.

President, W. G. Gano Parkville, Mo.

Vice-President, L. A. Goodman Westport, Mo.

Secretary, F . Holsinger Rosedalc, Kas .

Treasurer. G . F. Espenlaub "

Mr. and Mrs. F. Holsinger "

Mr. and Mrs. G. F. Espenlaub "

Prof. G . E . Rose "

Mr. and Mrs. S. S. Ely "

Mr. and ]\rrs. S. S. Hogue Westport, Mo.

Mr. and Mrs. J. C. Dickinson "

Mr. and Mrs. L.A.Goodman "

Mr. and Mrs. J. C. Evans Harlem, Mo.

Mr. and Mrs. Z . Todd • '

I. Orwick "

C. Shroeder "

J. F. Howell "

Mr. and Mrs. C. E. Kern Kansas City, Mo.

Mr. and IMrs . I. D . Gregg "

Mr. and Mrs. W. A. Gosnell .• "

Mr. and Mrs. J. K. Cravens "

Mr. and Mrs . Wm . Kidwell "

H. Kretchmer "

S . C . Palmer "

Jesse Ray "

J. C.Blair "

Wm. Buttertield Lees Summit, Mo.

Dan Carpenter Barry, Mo,

Mr. and Mrs . W . G . Gano Parkville, Mo .

Mr. and Mrs. Z. S. Ragan Independence, Mo.

Mr. and Mrs. J. A. Bayles Lees Summit, Mo.

Williamson , Wyandott, Kas.

T . L . Hogue Glenn, P. O., Kas .

Mr . and Mrs . J . A . Durkes Weston, Mo .

Mr. and Mrs. Wm. Lewis Kansas City, Mo.

A. J. Threlkald. "

Mr. and Mrs . C . B . Warren "

E. Lindsey Westport, Mo.

Mr . and Mrs . Harvey Hughs ; Rosedale, Kas.

CENTRAL MISSOURI FRUIT-GROWERS ASSOCIATION, BOONVILLE,

COOPER COUNTY, MO.

President, W. A. Smiley Boonville.

First Vice-President, R . T . Kingsbury Estelle .

Second Vice-President, W. P. Thompkins Boonville.

Secretary, C. C. Bell • '

Treasurer, Fred . Boiler ' '

26 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

John Viertel Boonville.

•<:!. J. Fiddler "

Henry Dimple.. .

H. M. Myer

H. Eoberts

■C. J. Ingersoll

O. Carville

X(. Gieger, Sr. ..
L. Gieger, Jr. . .
H. Wooldridge. .

Joe Glahn

J. E. Elliott....
Will. Givens...

John Neef

Frank Neef

L. Smith

A. Walter

FOREIGN MEMBERS.

P. Underwood N. Lawrence, Kas.

E. J. Holman Leavenworth, Kas.

Dr . J . Staymen "

F. Wellhouse Fairraonnt.

E. F. Stephens Crete, Xeb.

G . S . Downend Sibley, Iowa .

E.G. Robinson Portland, Maine.

Thos. Fargher La Porte, Ind.

E . Taylor Edwardsville, Kas .

H. M. Hotlman Leavenworth, Kas.

J. W. Preston Blue Mound, Kas.

Perry Nixon..... Cherry vale, Kas.

A. H. Griesa Lawrence, Kas.

Sam'l Grondyke Eugene, Ind .

D.J. Purdy Mason City, Iowa

L. G. Atkins Watson, Mich.

MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

SUMMER MEETING HELD AT BUTLER, JUNE 9-11, 1S85.

Upon the invitation of the Bates County Horticultural Society, the
members of the society began to assemble on the 9th of June, and
were at once sent to their places of entertainment so kindly provided
for them. The whole of the 9th was spent in getting acquainted
among the people ol Butler, in the arrangement of the fruits and
flowers and ornamenting the church so kindly furnished by the Pres-
byterian church people.

Butler, Bates Co., Mo., June 10, 1885.

The members ct the Missouri State Horticultural Society began to
assemble at the Presbyterian church at an early hour. The weather
was cool and the diplay of fruit and flowers exceedingly fine.

More than fifty plates of late keeping apples ornamented a large
table in the center ol the room, while strawberries and flowers were
everywhere. Especially one star boquet of cut flowers from Phil.
Pfeiff"er, of Sedalia, which hung pendant from the back of the speak-
er's chair, called forth many expressions of delight.

The room was tastefully decorated with evergreen.

The house was well filled with an intelligent body of men and
women when called to order by the President, Col. Evans.

The exercises were appropriately opened by the song of '" Beulah
Land."

Invocation by the Rev. Pearson, of the M. E church.

A hearty address of welcome was delivered by D. Y. Brown,
Mayor of this city, which was responded to in like hearty manner by
Mr. Carpenter, of Clay.

28 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIErY.

THE ANNUAL ADDRESS.

BY PRESIDENT J. C. EVANS, OF HARLEM.

Ladies and Gentlemen of the Missouri State HoTticultural Society,

and Citizens of Butler and Bates Comity :

We have met to-day for the purpose of exhibiting af the products
of our toil, fair fruits, beautiful flowers and useful vegetables, and to-,
gain through the interchange of our thoughts and ideas information im-
portant to our success as horticulturists. We have come to this flour-
ishing young city on the invitation of the Bates County Horticultural
Society. We come hoping to have a meeting that will prove profita-
ble and pleasant to all. We trust we have chosen an auspicious time
and an auspicious place for this serai annual meeting, and that it will
excite a still greater interest in the work here and be an honor to this
beautiful and promising city.

As we meet from year to year we find much of pleasure in the so-
cial enjoymenf, and we learn much from each other's experience.

We are happy to note the progress made recently in this section
as well as in many other parts of the State by the organization of
county horticultural societies, and we say to all others that have not —
organize and let the good work go on until an abundant supply of the
best of fruits shall adorn the tables of every house in the land, the
poor laboring class as well as the prosperous farmers and wealthy peo-
ple of our cities and towns. Until fruits and vegetables become lead-
ing articles of food for all classes, and flowar^ and ornameatal trees and
plants adorn every home and lawn in the land, there will be a need
for these meetings.

Some of the members of this society have worked hard for a score
of years, and while we are proud of the progress we have made, we
must admit we have advanced but little beyond the A B C's in this
great work. We have learned many valuable lessons (some by dearly
bought experience), but the field for advancement is yet unlimited.
Large districts of our State are still untouched as far as horticulture is
concerned, and yet they contain some of the very best fruit lands in
the world. Prof. Badd, of Iowa, after an extensive tour of investiga-
tion in Europe and America, has decided that the apple district of the
world is here in Western Missouri, Eastern Kansas, and Northwestern
Arkansas.

SUMMER MEETING AT BUTLER. 29

At the great World's Fair at New Orleans recently, the contest for'
the gold medal was between these three States, and I am happy to be
able to say your own State of Missouri got it, Arkansas and Kansas
following close behind.

So let us take courage from these facts and go on until these
beautiful prairies shall emit the fragrance of the various fruits and
flowers, and even the forests shall give way to orchards, gardens and
vineyards.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY, L. A. GOODMAN, WESTPORT.

Mr. Pre8ide7it and memhers of the Missouri State Horticultural
Society:

Another six months have passed, and lam happy to give a good
report of our society.

The last few months have been eventful ones for our society. I
believe we have made more history and accomplished more successful
work than ever in the history of the society.

Our wonderful success at New Orleans was a glory to onr State, not
«ver before obtained. In that wonderful exhibition of fruits we came
out winners of the greatest number of premiums, medals and money
of any State in the Union. It is useless for me to repeat the number
of our awards, they are given in our last report for 1884. Enough, is
it to say, that we received the two highest awards given to any State
or society ; that we were awarded twenty-two other premiums, that
we will receive one gold and three silver medals ; and that we took
the premium on the three largest collections. 200 varieties of apples,
100 varieties of apples, and 50 varieties of apples. If it did not occupy
too much space, I would give you a list of varieties in each of these
exhibits. But that will not do, and we have certainly to congratu-
late our State on the work done by our society in this great show of
fruits.

With reference to the premiums taken at New Orleans, I have made
application to the II . S. Treasurer for our claim, and if there be any op-^
portunity to get it, 1 expect to get it. I believe that this should be
followed up, and that we make every attempt to get what justly be-
longs to us, as do the others.

30 MISSOliRI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

If this great exposition be kept up next year, we will have to do
something to make another display, and they will certainly pay up
these bills and premiums before they ask people to come again.

One other matter with reference to thi?. and that is, that whatever
honor has been gained at th^e World's Fair by Missouri has been
through the efforts of our State society. For of all the displays in the
Government Building from all the" Slates in the Union, the one from
Missouri stands prominently at the hottom. Our Commissioner cer-
tainly has been out of his place in charge of the Missouri display.
Notwithstanding he had $7,700.00 in his hands, he has done absolutely
nothing in the way of displaying the agricultural products of Missouri.
We cannot help contrasting his opportunity, the amount of money at
his command, a disgrace to the State, and the poor miserable failure of
his display ; <vith our opportunity, our means, about -$500.00, out of our
own pockets, and the wonderful success of our exhibition, an honor to
our State. Not only was our success in the horticultural hall, but even
in the State display we put some three hundred plates of fruit, accord-
ing to our promise to Prof. Sanborn.

We had an exhibition at one time of. nearly 2,000 plates of fruits
in both buildings, and left twelve barrels of apples in the cold storage
to keep up the display. And even these twelve barrels were wasted
by our Commissioner, as I am informed by our President.

THE WOKK OF THE SOCIETY.

Our society is taking the stand in the horticultural world, that I
have been working for two years to get. We now certainly command
the respect of our sister States and their societies. Day by day now
continually 1 receive words of encouragement, questions for informa-
tion, and calls for our reports. The horticultural papers of the country
are asking for them also, and asking for information from our State.
They begin to see that we are at work, and are making ourselves
known. Hundreds are asking about Missouri as a fruit State.

After our winter meeting in December, I took the manuscript
of our report to the State Printer at Jefterson City, and he agreed to
have the the work complete by January 10, 1885.

On the 5th of January I went with our display to New Orleans,
and did not return until the 1st February. Going to Jefferson City, I
found that not one page of the report had been started. After working
with them a day or two, 1 asked the assistance of the State Auditor,
and the matter was arranged, so that I received the books about April
1st. This work was a very provoking one. I had to go to Jefferson
City twice, and then go to the printers and remain for three weeks to

SUMMER MEETING AT BUTLER. 31

keep them at it, or we would not have had the report yet. I am hoping
for better arrangements the coming year.

Prof. .Sanborn of the State B:)ard of Agriculture, had his manu-
script ready last September, and just received the books.

As to the work done, I have obtained for the society about $600.00'
in help in our printing bill, which otherwise we should have had to
pay out of our appropriation.

I got an order for the paper for the report, which amounted lo
$150.00, from the State Printer, and then asked the State Auditor to
recommend the Legislature to give us $150.00 in the deficiency bill to
pay for the printing. This was received in due time, and with $150.00
out of our treasury, we have paid for our report.

One other thing I thought I would do while in Jeiferson City, and
that was to ask Senator A. M. Allen to introduce a bill giving us
$1,000.00 to help in the New Orleans display. This bill promptly
passed the Senate, and only through neglect failed to pass the House,
and was cut down to $500.00 to reimburse us.for money expended at
the World's Fair. This money has also been received and paid out to
those who paid money out of their own pcckets to help the display and
did the work of packing and arrangiiig; this will appear in the finanr
cial report. ,

It it had not been for the help in publishing our report which was
obtained, I fear we should have been bankrupt or obliged to cut short
our work. I fear that our committee on legislation did not do their
duty, and that what I succeeded in accomplishing was all there was
done.

I asked our friend^ the State Auditor, again to recommend our
usual appropriation and all printing done also for this year. That is
the way the matter stands now ; after this we will get our printing
done without having to use any of our State money, and it is well, for
we need it all. I find that all the members of the legislature are will-
ing, and were last winter, to give us what we might ask for ; and I be-
lieve if our committee had attended to it in lime we might have had
our appropriation raised to what other States get, and then we could
do more and better work. I am sure of one thing, that all we want is-
the money to pay for time spent and expenses of the workers, and that
then we can do as much as any other State. Give the money and we
will make this society » success. I am sure of it.

I sent out the following circular to members when Senator Allen's
bill was bf fore the Assembly, and as I said before, it was only through
neglect that it failed, for many members of the Assembly promised
support, and gladly assented to all I asked of them. As the matter now

-3:2 MISSOURI STATE IIORXICULTURAL SOCIETY.

stands we will get what I asked of the State Auditor, our usual appro-
priation, $2,500 for two years, and our printing done besides ; this is
better, much better than last year, but we should have double this
amount in order to do the work I should like to have done.

The following report was made to our members :

Secrktary's Office, '\

Missouri State Hokticultural Society, y

Westpokt, Mo., February 14, 1885. )

To Members of the Missouri State Society:

Yoa are well aware that our society made an exhibit of fruits at
New Orleans, and, 1 am glad to say, with grand success.

We have taken the three highest premiums given to any State or
society, viz. :

Gold medal and $200 on 200 varieties of apple?.
Silver medal and $100 on 100 varieties of apples.
Silver medal and $75 on 50 varieties of apples.

We also took two other silver medals and twenty smaller premi-
ums, amounting in all to $195; but this money will not be paid until
the close of the Exposition (even if it be paid at all).

We have done our duty as a society to Missouri, and she stands at
the front as taking more premiums than any other State in the Union.

Our society has been to an expense of about $500, and now we ask
our Legislature to refund this money to us and also give us $500 more
to keep up the exhibit to the close of the Exposition.

A bill has been presented in the State Senate by Senator A. M.
Allen, of Jackson county, for that purpose ; and now, I ask each one
of you^ as members of our State Society, to write to your Representa-
tive and Senator, asking them to vote for this bill.

It is only justice to the horticulturists and the society itself that
we get this assistance, and the return of the money spent. Missouri
has received the honor of having the best fruil display in Horticultural
Hall, through the efforts of our society. They should give us this
money in return, and they will, if you all ask them.

L. A. GOODMAN,

Secretary.

OUR report for ISSlf

After many drawbacks, after many hitches, after many ''trials
and tribulations," the report was completed, I find it takes much time
in this work and that I cannot give all my time as it should be done to

SUMMER MEETING AT BDTLER. 33

the work. For this reason you will find many errors in the report. I
shall be glad when I shall feel able io give it my whole attention.

This report has been sent to all the prominent horticultural papers
of the United States, and has been well received by some, been criti-
cised severely by others, and recommended highly by still others.

Some have said, '"it does very well for Missouri," as if nothing
good could come out of Missouri. Some have said, '"it lacks editorial
work which will disappear with experience," intimating that the sec-
retary should spend piore of his time at the work. Others have said
"that it is one of the best reports published by any Western State."

What it is, it is, and I am williui;; to let it stand on your judg-
ment.

We published 1,500 copies, 1,000 cloth, 500 paper ; of the cloth,
only 200 remain. We shall certainly need many more next year, and
will not have enough for this year, even.

SOME NEW APPLES.

The society has brought out three very excellent apples in the last
few years, and I believe we will yet find some apple just the thing we
want for our own State. The first is the "Gano," a seedling found by
W. (jr. Gano, of Farkville, Mo., a large, handsome, red apple, good
bearer and hardy. The apple has a bloom like the Lawver, and
although not the best m quality, it is a fair apple, very attractive to the
-eye and will sell well, good keeper, well worthy propagating.

The second is the '"Kankins," brought into notice by Mr. H. 0. Kirsh-
baum, of Tolona, Mo., a medium to large striped apple, very fine in
quality, juicy and sprightly, good bearer, hardy and good keeper. It
took the first premium as a new apple at the meeting at St. Joseph,
and came within one point of taking the premium at New Orleans. It
is from seed brought from Kentucky by Mr. Kankms fifty years ago.
It is worthy of propagation, and will become valuable in Missouri.

The above apples or scions have been distributed through the Mis-
souri society as a gift to the members. The parties having control of
them have been liberal enough to give many away and to sell to nur-
serymen in small lots at very reasonable prices. This is one of the of-
fices of this society, and if valuable apples can be brought to notice and
scattered through the State, we are doing a vast amount ot good, as I
believe tUere will yet be found apples which will keep well, sell well,
bear well and eat well in this our State.

H. R.— 3

34 MISSOUKT STATE HORT[CULTURAL SOCIETY.

The third is called the "Loy," and was found at the county fair
at West Plains, Howell county, Missouri, in October, 1885, and obtained
through Mr. E. F. Hynes, of that place. This apple resembles the
Willow Twii!;, is a medium to lari>;3, extra g^iod quality, i;ood keeper,
and tree said to be hardy and productive, very valuable annual bearer^
This apple took the premium as the best new apple at New Orleans,
although the ''Rankins" and it were on a tie for some time and only
received the premium by one point; well worthy propagation, and I
believe will become very valuable to our State. I took this apple with
a collection made at West Plains to New Orleans, because I thought
it a worthy apple, as a also took the Rankins because I thought it wor-
thy. On my return, I wrote to Mr. E. F. Hynes relating the fact and
asking hi.ii to give me a history of the apple. If favorable I wanted
to distribute through the society.

(This has been just exclusively in the hands of Mr. M. J. Round-
tree, of Springfield, and will be sold by him as soon as trees can be
grown.)

Another new apple called the "Shackleford" seems to be a very val-
uable one, perhaps as much so as the others. It is a very handsome,
large apple, good bearer, good keeper, tree hardy and early bearer, ex-
cellent quality and highlj'^ flavored. A cut of this is shown, and I hope
to have one for each of the other apples if possible for the nex.t report.
Some of these new apples may be worth thousands upon thousands of
dollars to our State, and it shall be one of the missions of this society
to bring them into notice and test them. (Apples from F. Harlan, Can-
ton, Mo.)

These apples should be tested this year in different parts of the
State. Prices are not high for this, and let us test them.

[From the Report of the Committee on New Fruits, Illinois State HorticulturaL

Society, 1885.]

But what of "new fruits, trees and plants?" This: We have trav-
elled some hundreds of miles in making our observations ; we have
seen and examined hundreds of specimens ; we have personally tested
a great many, and yet we have found a very small percent, of the new
fruits which are being hawked about the country to be really worth
the ground which they occupy.

But perhaps the most promising new apple before the public is the
*'Shackleford," a seedling from Clark county, Missouri. The tree is a
good grower, either in the nursery or orchard; is hardy and prolific^
bearing very young, and has the reputation of producing large and an-
nual crops. Four of these trees, planted in 1880, were visited by us in
October, 1884. We found them in the finest possible condition, and
loaded with large, showy fruit of good quality and flavor, the yield be-

SUMMER MEETING AT BUTLER. 35

ing a full third more than any Ben Davis of the same age. The tree
resembles the Willow Twig; in size, the fruit is very large: in color^
yellow ground, covered with crimson, and striped and splashed with
deep red ; in flavor, sub acid (■specimens of this fruit are herewith pre-
sented) ; it is a long keeper.

Two new (old) apples are so very promising in the west that they
must be noticed in this connection.

The Clayton and the York Imperial, both very large and fine look-
ing, very productive, hardy and early bearer. BDth these apples will
bring more than the Ben Davis wherever put upon the market in com-
petition with them.

Let all who can get a few of these scions or trees and test them.
The Clayton can be had of Z. S. Ragan, Independence, Mo., and the
York of F. Holsinger, Rosedale, Kansas.

RECOMMENDATIONS.

REPORTS.

First, our reports should all be bound; we have now about 400 of
1883 reports, and 400 of 1S84. Nearly all the bound copies are out,
and we are still receiving calls for more. If these could be bound they
would be of some service to us in the distribution. None of us like a
pamphlet, and when sent it often goes to the waste basket in the course
of the year. We need more of these anyway, and this is the best way
to get them.

After this we will need more than l,5uO of them, and 2,000 or 2,500
will be none too many lor the use of the society. Our printing is to be
done by the State, and I am not certain how many we will be en-
titled to.

LIBRARY.

We must have some standard books in our library. $150.00 can-
not be better spent than in buying some|books for our use. It has
iome to be a necessity. I hope the Executive Committee will order
this done. We should have a file of reports of all societies so far as
they can be obtained. We have in our library now the following books ;

36

MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

LIST OF BOOKS IN LIBRARY,

Missouri Reports. 186G-67-69-70-71— 2 each

Missouri Reports, 1872-73-74-75-70-78 79— 1 each.

Missouri Reports, 1S80 and 1881, combined

Missouri Report, 1882

Missouri Report, 1883, cloth, 100; paper, 400

Missouri Report, 1884, cloth, 200; paper, 400

Colorado Reports, 1882, 1883-4

Ohio Report, 1883-4

Ohio Ep . St., 1883

Massachusetts Report, 1883

West New York Report, 1885

Nova Scotia Report, 1885

California Report, 1883 ,

Mississippi Valley Report, 1883

Mississippi Valley Report, 1884

Michigan Reports, 1878-79-80-81-82—1 each

Michigan Report, 1883-4

Kansas Reports, 1881-82-83- 1 each

Wisconsin Report, 1884

Wisconsin Report, 1881-2

Indiana Report, 1881

Minnesota Report, 1883

Illinois Report, 1882-3 ,

10

7

50

1

500

600

2

3

2

1
2
1
1

25

50
5

10
3

10
1
1
1
4

Bushberg, Cataloge Grapes ; Downing, Fruits and Fruit Trees of
America; Rural Tastes, M. G. Kern, Columbia; Forestry Report of
'84; Science Report of '82; Iowa Agricultural College Report on
Fruits; Composition of Wheat and Corn, C. Richardson ; Sorghum, P.
Collier; Grasses of the U. S., Geo. Vasey ; Ornament School Grounds,
Michigan Horticultural Society; Cataloge of Insects at New Orleans,
C V. Riley ; two French papers on Phylloxera.

SUMMER MEETING AT BUTLER. 37

PAPERS.

In March I sent to the most prominent Horticultural papers in the
States asking them if they could afford to give us a copy of their paper
for the year for our library, at the same time sending them one of our
reports for 1884. In response to this I have received the following
papers, which are kept on file for the use of the memberp. We should
have a few dollars spent in binders, in which to keep[the papers as they
come, and a few dollars for a place to meet and keep them. I should
like to have the members alwaj's feel free to come to such a place
to talk over matters, read the papers or examine the standard works on
Horticulture or "Bugology." It seems to me that this is the province
of our society, and our usefulness is only limited by the money we have
for our use.

List of papers furnished the society by the publishers :

Kural New Yorker, New York City, N. Y.

American Agriculturist, New York City, N. Y.

Prairie Farmer, Chicago, 111.

Western Rural, Chicago, III.

Colman's Rural World, St/ Louis, Mo.

Journal of Agriculture, St. Louis, Mo.

Purdy's Fruit Recorder, Palmyra, N. Y.

Kansas Farmer, Topeka, Kas.

The Home Farm, Augusta, Me.
^ American Garden, Greenfield, Mass.

Ladies' Floral Cabinet, New York City, N. Y.

Farm, Field and Stockman, Chicago, 111.

Western Agriculturist, Quincy, 111.

Dakota Farmer, Huron, Dak.

Live Stock Record, Kansas City, Mo.

STATE ENTOMOLOGIST.

We did not get the much desired State entomologist, and now the
next thing to be done is to get some one to help us and help ourselves.
I believe $50 or $100 given to MIrs Mary Murtfeldt to assist her in the
study of this matter would be well spent. We ought to get our State
Board of Agriculture to take hold of this and give the money ; agricul-
ture needs it as much as horticulture, and I believe we can get the help
asked for. She is now one of the assistants in this work to Prof. Riley,
and could easily do this for us if called upon. I write this without her
knowing of it and do not know as it would be agreeable to her. But
this 1 do know, that it would be agreeable to us.

38

MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

The next meeting of this society will be held at Grand Rapids,
Mich., in September, and we should also be represented there. I am
holding in the cold stdrage some five or six barrels of apples consisting
of a number of varieties, which I expect to hold for that meeting. We
must also make a business of collecting specimens this summer, and
placing in cold storage for that meeting all the fine varieties and speci-
mens that can be had, and then finally make a grand show at that
time.

I believe, in fact I know, that the various fruit displays have been
more the means of calling attention to our State as a frait growing dis-
trict than have all other causes combined. It has cost only a few
hundreds of dollars, while the other means have cost many thousands
and with not half as good results. Our experience, our work, our re-
sults, our fruits, have certainly been a powerful factor in this grand
horticultural work.

FINANCIAL.

The following is the amount expended by the Secretary for print-
ing, postage on reports, other expenses :

Warrant No. 42, expenses of winter meeting

' "43, expenses at New Orleans, Jefferson City, postage

44, expenses on reports, express and postage on reports. .

45, binding reports, postage on 200, express and freight. . .

4G, postage on reports, 200, circulars and postage June
meeting

34 and 36, printing State reports

P17 50

77 35
101 SO
218 78

428 64

Nearly all the above expense is with printing, binding and sending
out the reports, and in preparing the report for the printer. It* being
necessary for me to make three or four trips down and then to remain
there for three weeks reading the proof.

The letter postage, postal cards, circulars, etc., are getting to be
quite an item in our account. I find more and more, that much work
can be done and has to be done by letter writing. Our work is con-
tinually growing and coming where I would like to see it, to a point
where one man is kept busy all his time.

All we want in this is the money to do the work and the work will
be done.

SUMMER MEETING AT BUTLER. 39

In May I sent out the following call for the report of the condition
•of fruits:

MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

JUNE FRUIT REPORT.

iFrom County. Made by .

Of

ORCHARDS.

What are the prospects for a full crop (give percentage, taking 100
:as a full crop, of

Apples - - Plums - -

Pears - - Cherries - -

Peaches - - Quinces - -

What varieties have the best prospect ?

Apple

Pear !

Peach

Plum

Cherr J'

Which of the above trees were injured by the winter ?

VINEYARDS.

'Give prospects for full crop of grapes.

What varieties were injured by winter ?

BERRIES.

Give prospect for full crop of:
Strawberries Blackberries Raspberries.

Varieties injured by winter :

Strawberries ,

•Blackberries

Haspberries

40 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIEIY.

Wishing to make a li^t of varieties adapted to every county in the
State, will you please give a list of the best, hardiest and most profit-
able varieties of the following for your county :

Apple

Pear

Peach

Plum

Cherry '

Grapes

Raspberries

Blackberries

Strawberries

Please answer and return to me before June 1st.

L. A. GOODMAN, Secretary.

Westport, Mo.

Also the following call for the State meeting at Butler :

Missouri State Horticultural Society,
Secretary's Office,
Westpokt, Mo., May 15, 1885.

)

The Semi-annual Meeting of the Missouri State Horticultural So^
ciety will be held in Butler, Bates county, Mo., June 9, 10 and 11 1885,
upon invitation of the Bates County Society.

It is the desire of the officers of the Society that we make this a
very pleasant and profitable meeting. To do this every member must
stop his work and make an extra eff"ort to be present. You certainly
can spare a day or two for the interest of the Society, and you will ga
home " enthused" with new life in the horticultural work.

The secretaries of the local societies will be expected to make a
report of their proceedings and of papers read during the last six
months, etc. Members from places where there are no societies will
please report for their counties the condition of fruits, and other
items. All the standing committees will bring in their respective re-
ports in writing — this is their duty.

Papers on any subject of interest to the Society will be gladly re-
ceived, and we hope no one will feel the least delicacy in bringing or
sending essays to the meeting. This is as much your work as ours, and
you can give us your experience, success or failure, that others may
profit by it. Write them, notify the secretary of the subject, and bring:
them with you to the meeting.

The papers that are to be read before the Society will cover a
variety of subjects, and cannot fail to interest and instruct every one.

SUrcMER MEETING AT BUTLER. 41

A pro2;ramme cannot be fully made out at this time, but will be ar-
ranged at the meeting to suit the members as they come.

Once more we urge upon you all to secure members for our
Society. We want workers ; get their names and give them to us.
Every member will receive the State Reports for 1883 and 1884, either
of which is worth the membership fee, ($1.00).

It is desired, also, to have a good exhibition of strawberries and
flowers; so be sure to bring your fine specimens of fruits and
flowers. Alter the meeting ice cream and cake will be furnished, the
strawberries will be eaten, and a good social time will be enjoyed
hj all.

Premiums will be awarded as follows :

For best box of each and every variety of strawberries considered
worthy, $1.00; second best, fifty cents.

Premiums of $1.00 for first, and fifty cents for second, will be
awarded to each of the following :

Best hand, table and va?e bouquets ; best basket, wreath and col-
lection of cut flowers.

The railroads have given us reduced rates. Full fare will be col-
lected in going, but only one-third fare on the return. The Missouri
Pacific Railroad require a certificate from the Secretary, and you will
have to purchase a round trip ticket at one and one third rate.

The Bites County Society promise free entertainment to all mem-
bers— and in fact to all who attend. Come, then, and bring the ladies
with you.

Once again we urge you to make an extra effort and come and
meet with us.

J. C. EVANS, President, L. A. GOODMAN, Sec'y,

Harlem. Westport.

A list of fruits being requested from each county for the informa-
tion of those wishing to plant out orchards or small fruits, they are ar-
ranged by counties in alphabetical order, so that a person can from
the location of the county have a very intelligent idea of what to plant.

I have asked for a list of the best, hardiest and most profitable of
each kind of fruit. This of course would give the best for all pur-
poses, the best for profit, the best bearer and the most regular.

Any one by adding to tkis list can get what he wishes for family
purposes, but the first idea should be to get good fruit, plenty of it>
and ascertain a crop as possible.

The county is given the list of fruit and by whom given.

42 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

I expect also a more complete list of all the varieties of fruits from
each horticultural society, and this will be a star to guide all in their
planting for a number of counties around where the society is located.

Our membership has increased, but more slowly than I would like ;
now we have nearly two hundred members, but not all pay their yearly
membership. We should have five hundred yearly members, or even
more.

The Rural New Yorker says, "that out of a population of over
:2,000,000, we should have 20,000 members." I hardly expect that, but
we must have more of our fruit men interested in the work we are
doing.

According to the action of our Executive Committee, all local
■societies now will be enrolled as members, and be entitled to the an-
nual report, provided the Secretary sends a report of the yearly meet-
ings, the papers that are read before the Society, and a list of the
members. This should certainly be an inducement for our fruit men
'to organize a society in their counties. I shall be glad when we can
have fifty societies in our State, all working to help the cause along.

The following circular was prepared, and is sent out with every
'book, and has been the means of starting other societies to work :

Missouri State Horticultural Society,^

Secretary's Office, >

Westport, Mo. )

Dear Sir: I send you our "Report for 1884," and trust you will
find something in it both to interest and instruct you in your fruit
growing If you have not renewed your membership I trust you will
do so now. If you are not a member I hope you will unite with us in
the good work. We should have at least five hundred members in our
:grand old State, and I hope you will help secure them. All new mem-
bers will receive the "Report for 1883" also. These Reports are filled
with essays, reports of committees, items, and other matter of interest,
and is worth more than 81. 00 to every fruit grower.

All county societies that send a list of their members aud officers
and a report of their proceedings for the year, will be listed as mem-
bers of our State Society and entitled to the Annual Report. Organ-
ize a society in your county and work with us.

Membership, $1.00 per year.

L.A.GOODMAN,

Secretary.

SUMMER MEETING AT BUTLER. 43

COUNTY SOCIETIES.

Let US have more county societies : A necessity to ourselves, to our
State, to our county, to our fruit growers, is a good society in different
parts of the State. A few of the fruit men — a dozen or so — are enough
to have a No. 1 horticultural society ia your county. And now that
the State society can aid you in this matter, I hope the fruit and vege-
table growers, nurserymen and fljrists will help in this good work.

I hope to see the time when we will not only have a semi-annual
meeting, but a quarterly meeting each in different parts of the State,
and thereby enthusing new life into that part where the meeting is
held. I expect to see this in the near future ; this is one of the goals
to be reached.

Farther than this, I hope and expect to go — and we will then have
the help we should have when our State will give us money enough to
do the work — I want three or four, chosen from the State society, who
will each month visit some one of our local societies, assist them in
their work, give them aid and advice.

When this 13 done I know a new era will dawn on our State work.

L. A. GOODMAN,

Secretary.

The following committees were appointed by the President :
Programme — E. P. ilenry, of Bates,

D. S. Holman, of Greene,
W. G. Gano, of PJatte.
Finance — D. N. Thompson, of Bates,
F. Holsinger, of Kansas,
A. Ambrose, of Vernon.
Obituary — M. J. Roundtree, of Greene,
Ave E Page, of Bates,
H. B. Francis, of Bates.
Fruits — Henry Speer, of Bates,
J. A. Durkees, of Platte,
Jacob Faith, of Vernon.
Flowers — Mrs. Robards, of Bates,

Mrs. Goodman, of Jackson,
Mrs. Ragan, of Jackson.
Final Resolutions — Z. S. Ragan, of Jackson,

M. J. Rountree, of Greene,
E. T. Hynes, of Howell.

44 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Oq Report of Secretary — D. S. Holman,

Dan Carpenter,
Z. S. Ragan.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON ORCHARDS.

BY D. S. HOLMAN, SPRINGFIELD.

Springfield, Mo., June, 8, 1885.

Missouri Hortieultural Society :

As a member of your Committee on Orchards, I am told that each
member is desired to report from his part of the State, I would then in
a few words report the orchards in my locality in Southwest Missouri,

In our report last year our orchards were reported in bad shape
from effects of severe winter of 1880 And while we cannot now report
exactly as we would have it, we are glad to tell you they are better. We
find that where fruit trees are so damaged by severe or untimely frosty
it cannot be readily determined how extensive the sad work has been.
In this case it is now five years, and every year some trees have died
from the effects of that cold November frost. About all of such are
out and new ones have their places.

The last winter was considered severe, but did not do much dam-
age to our orchards that is perceptable.

The present jear's growth of wood now being made and the health-
ful appearance of foliage are alike satisfactory.

The prospect for a crop of fruit is not so satisfactory. Our trees
ripened up early last fall a full crop of fruit buds — the peach buds and
more tender varieties of all the fruits were killed during the severity
of winter. The apples, pears and all hardy kinds of fruit buds came
through and gave a very fine show of bloom, which to some is a satis-
factory 'guarantee of full crop, but we have now learned that profuse and
beautiful flowers are not ripe fruit. At the base of these plump and other-
wise perfect fruit buds there was left sufficient cause for disappointment
of our hopes, such always causing the fruit to drop badly even though
profusely set. In addition to this, after a grand show of bloom by

SUMMER :N[EETING AT BUTLER. 45

everything but peach, there came a cold wave from the northwest on
the 6th of May, which brought a freezing rain, one-half day of snow,
followed by two nights' frost, which but for the foliage, all fruit must
have gone; the foliage saved them, but the shock to the young fruit
was too severe and made it drop badly, and it is dropping yet from all
varieties, leaving scarcely hope for one half crop.

The number and size of our orchards upon the Ozarks have in-
creased very much by last spring planting. While very many small
farmers have only planted fifty or one hundred trees for the home use,
others for the markets — for the money — have planted 1,000 and more,
some ten acres, some forty, and a few have planted even more.

Our orchards as they are, and with all the disparaging freaks of
weather, seasons and ravages, insect enemies, have solved the ques-
tion, will it pay ? A citizen of 8., who had a lucrative business,
bought 100 acres of land fifteen years ago and planted forty acres to or-
chard— apples, peaches and pears. I got his experience last week,
and it has been such to indue the abandonment of the old business ;
he built a large tvo story stone fruit house for storage, and is con-
vinced of its value by last year's use ; planted forty acres more and is
preparing lor another forty. He both shows and says it pays better
than anything else. Others are doing as near likewise as they can.
One of his neighbors has gone far beyond him, having quit a large
sheep busines and gone into '"Ban Davis," planting field after field of
nothing else.

Varieties in our orchards are being reduced to a few such as pay
best as we find it by actual trial. We have it now pretty well boiled
down to "Ben Davis." We replant all other varieties with this, and
in first planting for profit it is by large planters nearly solid Ben
Davis.

Treatment of our orchards varies from thorough annual cultiva-
tion to timoth}'-, clover, etc., with neglect. The last is passing away
and we are settling down to clover plowed under every one or two
years. With moderation and discretion in pruning we avoid the ex-
tremities of him who prunes excessively as well as of him who prunes
not at all. Much time and money have been lost by mistakes here at
the first, in planting and then in after treatment. Our orchardists
have, by working, watching and waiting, learned this, and they will
not forget it ; they will in future profit by the past and make correc-
tions.

Respectfully submitted,

D. S. HOLMAM.

46 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

REPORT ON ORCHARDS.

BY CHAS. PATTERSON, KIKKSVILLE, MO.

As a general thing, I think ajjples made a liberal promise at the-
time of blooming, though I have heard some reports of old Ben Davis
trees not blooming as freely as usual. Alter the fall of the blossoms,,
and until the fruit is of considerable size, I believe there is always ap-
prehension of heavy reduction, which, therefore, can hardly be accept-
ed as very discouraging. As tar as I know we may have a fair crop
yet, though I see no reason to predict a very heavy one.

But little damage to trees is perceivable yet, that can certainly be
referred to the past excessively hard winter. Some few trees in my
orchard and nursery were 'bark bursted," which will doubtless affect
them seriously in course of time, but fortunately it was only here and
there one, not confined to any particular varieties. It probably
occurred about the 18th of December, when the mercury suddenly-
went down to 12 degrees below zero, for which the trees were poorly
prepared by th^" previous warm and growing weather.

Of cherries we again have every promise of a very full crop, as we
had last year. However, this is not an unusual thing, but should serve
to stimulate more liberal planting, as there is scarcely any fruit to sup-
ply the home markets in this part of the State, however abundant the
"Crop may be.

I look for the time when native plums will be proved equally safe
to plant, but have to base my hopes on what I learn from a distance,,
rather than numerous instances around me, because so very few trees
have been planted.

Of peaches I am constrained to take a far less hopeful view. These
several hard winters in succession have played mournful havoc with
all the trees in this section, and the only estimate that seems safe, is
that they might as well all be dead. Still, If I had known the extent
of the damage in time, and had had the ground as available as it was
when I planted, I should have risked planting last spring again, as we
will surely have a succession of years sometime that will make them
as successful as they once were.

Grapes are fairly promising at this time, but may disappoint us-
before ripening the fruit, as they have done before in localities con-

SUMMER MSETING AT BUTLER. 4T

sidered better for them than this, and it would be rather anomolous if
we should reap fair crops when many others fail.

Strawberries, raspberries, blackberries, gooseberries and currants
are as promising as we could reasonably hope for. Scarcely any signs
of hard winter are perceivable among them, including strawberries not
covered. In blackberries I refer only to Snyder. Where I see any
others they are severely cut down. I look for the time as not far
distant when these shall be as common and popular among country
people as they are now in the cities ; when the mention of fruit will
not bring apples alone to their minds, but rather put all the small
fruits in the first place. I have begun rather late, but intend doing:
what I can hereafter to further this end, and if I should not live to see
it fully attained, I want some of you to bring me word of progress whea
you cross the river later.

I am glad to see that many of the foremost orchardists are begin-
ning to discover that meadow-sod is ruinous to orchards; that at least
occasional cultivation is absolutely necessary. But there is reason to
fear that most of our present orchards will go to distruction before
this intelligence is generally accepted.

PRUNING THE APPLE ORCHARD'.

BY J. B., DURAND, PRAIRIE CITY.

This is a subject of much importance to all apple growers, and one
upon which there is a great diversity of opinion, and whatever we say
upon the subject, here or anywhere else, we are sure to come in con-
tact with the theories or opinions of some.

What little I have to say now, 1 intend, shall be practicable. But,
says one who has observed my own orchard, " Sir, I would like ta
know where you put your ideas into practice, for most certainly your
orchard does not bear evidence of that kind of treatment." So prob-
ably I would better say that my ideas are obtained more from obser-
vation than from practical experience.

There is no subject connected with horticulture which runs sa
much to extremes as this one of pruning. One says that nature knows

48 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTDRAL SOCIETY.

best what she needs, and therefore says let the tree alone and it will
bear more fruit of just as good quality, and the trees will be a great
deal more healthy, and he leaves his trees alone until they are a dense
thicket of limbs and sprouts which entirely shut out the sunlight from
the inner portion of the tree, and makes it almost impossible to gather
the fruit, then nature begins and you will find many of the finest limbs
dying out, making a very unsightly object, and often leaving bad de-
cayed places that soon terminate its existence.

Another says you must have your trees with high tops so you can
get around them with a team, you must have an open top so the fruit
will ripen up nicely. He goes in with ax and saw, cuts out one half or
more of the top which so weakens the vitality of the tree that it is
soon gone. I do not believe in the ax and saw pruning at all, any limb
larger than a lead pencil should never be cut off', but in the first place
no limb that needs to come off should be allowed to get any larger.
Take a good thrifty tree two years old from the nursery, trim out the
top to just what should be left, leaving a center stem, with no forks,
nothing will be needed the tirst season except good cultivation.

The next season go over the trees twice, once in June and then
again about the first of September, and rub off" all buds, that have
started where you want no limbs, do this four or five seasons and your
orchard will need no pruning afterward.

This is the way I would have a new orchard attended to. But
again we must take things as we find them, and we will find but i'ew
orchards that have been treated in this manner. So now what shall we
do ? If your orchard has been overpruned, there is nothing much to be
done except to keep the water sprouts off' by rubbing off' the buds and,
you will find plenty of them to keep you busy.

If, on the other hand, it has not been pruned, about the middle of
June commence, and if your orchard is full of fruit there is not much
danger of your pruning too much, as the waste of Iruit is always staring
you in the face, but if you have no fruit be very cautious or you will
prune too much ; cut but little from the south and west sides of the
tree ; the north and east sides are always the heaviest ; cut out the cross-
ing limbs, thin out sparingly and cover all wounds with thick paint or
wax. I prefer the paint as it is more convenient ; cut no limbs larger
than one and a half inches only in extreme cases ; don't forget the paint,
as that is very important, an 1 don'c cut too much, better too little than
to much, if you have not enough you can cut again, but if to much it
is not so easily remedied. Be sure to follow up with the thumb and
finger pruning as soon as the buds start ; if it is a little late in the sea-
son they may not start before the next season, if you fail to do this,
.you will soon have a greater job on hands than before.

SUMMER MEETING AT BUTLER. 49

I believe that the cutting off of anythino; larger than a lead pencil
is a damage to the tree in proportion to the amount done, but on the
other hand, if we expect fine showy fruit, good size and well colored,
we must have an open topped tree that will let in the bright sunshine,
as that is very essential to high colored and fine flavored fruit.

June is the best time for pruning; the wood hardens sooner at that
season than at any other and the wound will heal over sooner. How-
ever it may be done at any time during the summer, fall or winter
months without much damage, but do not touch them in the early
spring ; that is the worst season ; better let them alone altogether.

DISCUSSION.

Mr. Kidwell asked how high to start the head.

Mr. Bur and replied about three feet.

Mr. Carpenter asked if fruit grown on the lower limbs of trees
headed three feet high was as good in quality and color as if headed
higher ?

Mr. Durand thought that there would be no difference.

Mr. Ragan thought variety should govern the heighth of heading,
as some varieties droop while others grown upright. He recommended
light pruning, but avoid all extremes.

Capt. Henry suggested that for a long life tree head high. But
do not do this all at once, but trim up the large limbs at the bottom so
as to keep them off the ground.

Jacob Faith cautioned planting forked trees. Head three feet
high; lean to the southwest; trim on the north northeast till two-
thirds of the top be on the southwest side. Do not plant deep.

L. A. Goodman illustrated by a diagram how to prune a tree.
Do not take the top shoot out at all. Do not trim at all the first year,
but gradually trim up afterwards.

Capt. Hines asked if the above would apply to peach and cherry
also ?

Mr. Goodman thought it would in part, but in practice it could
not be done.

Mr. Carpenter wished to enter his eternal protest against low-
headed trees, if for no other purpose than to save the knees of the
picker.

Mr. Durand found in his experience that in this windy country
it is almost impossible to raise a tree headed high, and preferred low-
heads rather than have no heads at all.

H R— 4

50 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

D. S. Holman gave a laughable example of high pruning. Spoke
of the sun-scald fouud on the south side of high pruned trees.

Mr. Carpenter asked if sun scald was made in summer or winter.

Mr. Holman replied " both,*' the}" are scalded in summer and
frozen in winter.

KEPORT ON NEW FRUITS.

BY F. LIOXBERGET, NEW FLORENCE, MO.

READ BY MR. PAGE.

L. A. Goodman^ Secretary:

You asked me to write a paper for the society on new apples. I am
afraid that I am not well enough posted on the subject to comply with
your request. I will, however, do the best I can, and you will have to
follow the old rule, ''to always take a Dutchman as he means or allow
him to speak twice." As to new apples we are testing quite a number
on our grounds and have grafted a few of each kind for the nursery.
We have one apple that originated in this county and was propagated
in a local way to quite an extent, it is called Smily's Red. We have to
propagate them quite largely to meet the local demand, for every one
that has seen the apples wants to get trees. The apple is large, coni-
cal, striped and shaded with red, very handsome and good, meat white
unsurpassed for cooking and evaporating, it needs but little sugar, if
any. Season, September ; trees very hardy, upright and annual bearer.
I will send you a few of the apples this summer.

Another very promising varietv is Lucy Pew. It originated in this
county. I have never seen the fruit, but parties that have, speak of it
in the highest terms. Besides these we are testing a number of other
seedlings, of which I think we can send you a few specimens of fruit
this summer.

Yellow Transparent we are testing as to its earliness, by having it
top-grafted on Early Harvest trees.

Red Bietigheimer is very highly spoken of here by parties that
have seen it in Germany ; they say it keeps well there, but here, how-

SUMMER MEETING AT BUTLER. 51

ever, it is classed among fall apples, and I doubt whether it will ever
amount to anything except to satisfy curiosity.

My partner, Mr. Gutemann, has come from the city of Bietigheim,
where he was engaged in horticulture. He claims that the Green Biet-
igheimer is a much better apple and better keeper. However, new
apples, in my opinion, ought to be well tested before they are intro-
duced to the public. I think it would be better if no new fruits could
be introduced exept through the societies of the respective States.

As it may be of interest to some of the members, I will here give
a report on my orchard, observations, etc. I have planted this season
about 350 apple trees. Most of them one year old, some, however,
were three years old. Although the three-year-old were good fresh trees,
the yearlings will outgrow them greatly by fall ; that is the prospect
now. My larger trees have come through the winter all right with the
exception of Wine Sap, which is slightly injured. I had a small por-
tion of my orchard in sod last summer, but as the trees did not grow
well enough to suit me, I ploughed it up early in September. Of course
it could not be harrowed then, and had to be left in that condition all
winter, of which the field mouse took advantage. I could not have fixed
a better place for them, the consequence was thata few of the trees got
gridled. It never pays to waste time with a poor tree. As soon as I
find a tree is injured badly I dig it up and put in another one. You
may try to doctor them up some times, but my experience is that they
are almost sure to go back on you afterwards. My peech trees were
badly injured. I have cut down a good many. Amsden does the worst
with me, while Steadly's Late and Foster are my best ones. The change-
able weather this spring has caused the leafs on my trees as well as on
others, which I am afraid will injure them still more.

Pears are growing fine. I have about eighteen varieties, Bartlett,
Olapp's Favorite, Flemish B, Kiefer and Le Conte show the most vigor,
while Sheldon grows the slowest of all, but they are healthy.

Quinces — Champion was killed to the ground, while R. Mammoth
and Orange came through all right.

Apricot — All the trees were killed, ilussian and all.

Cherries — E. Richmond, Late Duke and Reine Hortense are in fine
■condition, but all the sweet cherry trees were killed.

Plums — Wild Goose and Green Gage are my best, while Brad-
shaw, Lombard, etc., were injured.

With my dwarf trees I am getting along right well, except with
peach and apricot; these generally die before any design can be com-
pleted. Dwarf apples on the paradise I find very interesting if trained

52 MISSOURI STATE HORTICITLTURAL SOCIETY.

horizontally, especially in a well kept fruit garden. I have one trained"
so as to form the initials of my name, F. L. To get trees for such a^
purpose it is of the highest importance to get good healthy trees, or else
your labor will all be lost.

The latter part of August, 1884, I had set out a experimental bed
with strawberries. The ground had been well fertilized with barnyard
manure. I have set out a short row of twenty-five plants each, of the
following sorts: Cumberland, J. Queen, Daisy Miller, Big Bob, Crys-
tal City, Old Iron Clad, C. Jack, Piper, Manchester, James Vick and
Ida. They were all set out the same day, and treated alike ever since.
I find the following to do the best here : Cumberland, J. Queen, Daisy
Miller,01d Iron Clad, C. Jack and James Vick. It would be hard for me
to tell which of them I liked best. Piper is a fine grower here and very-
hardy, and is going to furnish a good deal of fruit. Crystal City is
claimed to be the earliest. It did not come in earlier with me than C.-
Jack, Crescent and Cumberland; but with my partner it was the earli-
est. It may do for a local market. Ida is very productive, but the
fruit does not average large enough. Manchester does no good with
me, though it seems to be doing fine on prairie soil. I saw some
in Montgomery City a few days ago that looked very fine. Big Bob —
Little Bob — would suit better for it. In my opinion the fruit of it will
never bring in the money the plants did a iew years ago. Besides
these, I have Crescent, Sharpless, Glendale and Downing, but am not
yet prepared to express myself about them, except the Crescent, which
I have seen lately at other places. From what I saw and heard of it^
it is certainly a safe one to plant. This report of course is based upon
the present prospect. May 26, 1885.

Raspherries — I have a number of varieties in my fruit garden near
the house, a few plants of each, in order to show to customers, while
the others I have in the field. These at the house had been a little
better cultivated last season, and for that reason were injured to a
great extent last winter. Cuthbert and Moody were not injured at
all. Turner was killed to within six inches of the ground ; the same
were Lost Rubies and Scarlet Gem. S. Colossal was greatly injured,
but is now making up for lost time. Caroline came out with slight
injuries, while Gregg is very badly used up. In the field the injury was
not near so great. Thwack, Doolittle, Staymans No. 2 and Crimson
Beauty I am not yet prepared to say much about. S. Colossal, I think,,
will furnish me the most fruit, though Cuthbert, Turner and Caroline
will not be far behind.

SUMMER MEETING AT BUTLER. 53

Blackherries — I cannot report, for I took up all of my vines and
planted a new plantation on poorer j2;round. I have Kittatinny, Law-
'ton, Snyder, Western Triumph and Needham's White.

" Gooseberries are doing fine. I have Houghton and Downing.

Currants — Could not say much of them at present. I have Red
and White Dutch, Cherry, White Grape, La Varssailes, Fay^s Prolific.

Grapes — I have but few, and could not say much about them.

Figs — I am training in the bush form according to Barry's Method.

i will lay them down in the fall, and cover them with earth. I had

my trees buried in the ground this winter, and they came through all

light.

F. LIONBERGER,

New Florence, Mo.
Society adjourned until 2 p. m.

WEDNESDAY, 2 p. m.

The first exercise during the afternoon session was the reading of
words of regrets from absent members.

Columbia, Mo., May 11, 1885.

Friend Goodman :

My disposition to go to Butler and meet your good and enterpris-
ing horticulturists, is good, but I am now, when I thought to get a
little relief, more busy than ever. Pleuropneumonia has given me
three days and nights work, and am just home. Am bothered all of
the time in the matter. Will come if I can. If not now, some time
in the future.

In much haste.

Most truly yours,

J. W. SANBORN.

Champaign, III., June 1, 1885.

Z. A. Goodman^ Esq.:

Dear Sir — 1 regret to again have to decline your kind request to
give you a paper on birds, but I am both too busy and too ignorant of

54 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the subject to make it possible for me to contribute anything further
on that subject at present.

So much of my time now goes to economic entomology that I
have done very little on the other topic since I was at Columbus. I
hope to find time to take that up again next y^ar.

Wishing you a pleasant and prosperous meeting, I am,

Very truly yours.

S. A. FORBES.

CoLUMRiA, Mo., May 23, 1885.

Dear Goodman:

Am sorry that I do not see any way to get to Butler meeting. I
have to go to New Orleans to-morrow, and fear I shall not get back in
time. Will be at meeting if possible.

» Yours,

TRACY.

KiRKWooD, Mo., May 28, 1885.

Mr. L. A. Goodman., Sec'y HortH Society:

Dear Sir — Your favor of 26th with programme for summer meeting^
of the Society and other enclosures is received.

If the distance were not so great, I should much enjoy attending:
the meeting to which you so kindly invite me, but as it is, and as my
father cannot leave his business, I do not think it will be possible.

I have very pressing work until after the 4th of next month, but
if 1 can in any way gain time to prepare them, I will send a few ento-
mological notes embodying some of my observations for the season.
If I do find time for such a paper, I will send it to you at Butler just
before or during the meeting.

Hoping that we may sometime have the Society meet with us ia
Kirkwood, instead of at such a distance, I am,

Yours sincerely,

M. E. M.

P. S. — I believe I have already acknowledged the receipt of your
last report, but I am not quite sure. In any case, accept my thanks
and my assurance that I was very much pleased with it, barring some
printers' errors, which I presume you did not have the opportunity to
correct.

The Rural New Yorker and some other journals gave the work a
deservedly favorable mention, which I was much gratified to see.

M. E. M.

SUMMER MEETING AT BUTLER. 55

Continuing the subject of orchards, the Secretary read the follow-
ing from T. W. Gannt, Maryville, Mo. : •
Mr. L. A. Goodman :

Dear Sir : I received the report of the State Horticultural So-
ciety for last year that you pent me. I have read its pages with much
interest. I desire to contribute my mite if you think it worthy a place
in the report of this year, for the benefit of all who have an apple or-
chard. I do not find in any books or papers that I have read that any
one has offered any specific against the attack of the saperda bivittata,
(Say,) the parent of the round-headed apple tree borer who deposits its
eggs on the body of the tree near the surface of the ground during the
months of May and June. Also the chrysobothris famorata, (Fabr.,) the
parent of the flat-headed apple tree borer who makes its appearance
during the months of May and June. The eggs are deposited on the
trunk and sometimes on the branches. The same remedy is good for
one as the other species. Some neglect their trees until nearly ruined
by the borers, then the only remedy is to cut them out, and thus the
tree is nearly ruined ; hence, all must agree that a preventive is better
than a cure. The following is a sure preventive if used as directed :

Take one gallon of soft soap, one and one-half (H) pints of flour of
sulphur ; mix well ; add a strong decoction of tobacco (home-raised to-
bacco), reducing the whole to the consistency of thick paint.

• OPERATION.

The soil should be removed from the collar of the tree, scrape all
the scaley bark from the body of the tree, if any, take a small hand
broom and give the body and branches a thorough dressing with the
mixture, replace the soil, apply through May and June; repeat the
dressing in case of a washing rain.

I would say that I give the above remedy to my customers who
buy trees at my nursery, and after using it say that they are never
troubled with borers.

A COMPLETE VICTORY.

Some six or seven years ago I observed in my Janneton apple or-
chard that shortly after the putting forth of leaves they became pale
and sickly in appearance. On a close examination of the trees, which
were about eighteen years old, I was utterly dismayed to find that my
trees were covered with the oyster shell bark louse. Some of the lower
branches died from the efl"ects of the tiny sap-suckers. I saw at once

56 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. '

that it was only a matter of short time and my Janneton orchard
would be no more. I was not long in deciding what to try. I pre-
pared a quantity of the borer preventive, formulated the same. I di-
rected my man to climb the trees with a bucket full of the mixture
and a small hand broom and dress with a heavy coating all the
branches and the bodies of the trees, beginning in the top of the tree
on branches as small as a man's little finger, working downward. This
was done in the first part of June, the proper time to do this in this
latitue, as the eggs hatch about that time. The result was highly grati-
fying, as one application was sufficient. The sulphurous fumes raised
by the hot sun was suflScient to destroy the tender lice. It is impossi-
ble for them to live in such an atmosphere. Since then my trees have
been dressed in beautiful dark green foliage every summer, with no
trace of lice, and bearing abundant crops of fruit. It will pay to rid
the trees of parasites.

Very respectfully,

T. W. GANNT.
Maryville, Nodaway County, Mo.

DISCUSSION.

Z. A. Goodman objected to gas tar being used as a wash for crees,
as it is apt to kill the trees.

Mr. Faith emphasized this objection unless the tar be used with
quick lime.

Mr. Spear, referring to the matter of pruning, stated that he had
made many mistakes in heading trees ; thought that the variety should
determine the heighth of the head ; don't believe the wine-sap can
be kept from the ground even if trimmed up six feet high.

Mr. Thompson^ of Butler, pa5tures his wine sap orchards with
horses, sheep and hogs, and finds that they trim the trees sufficiently.
This also rids the trees of the borer, and this part of his orchard far out
bears the part of the orchard not pastured.

Mr. Thompson., from Vernon county, stated that his orchard is
seeded to clover and he has had no fruit which seems to sustain the
remarks of D. W. Thompson.

The question of trimming in the light or dark of the moon was
raised as usual.

Mr. Faith prefers the light of the moon for trimming his trees,
when the sign is in the heart.

Mr. Cunningham., of St. Louis, although not a practical horticultur-
ist, asked if it would not pay to stack straw or corn stalks about peach

SUMMER MEETING AT BUTLER. 57

trees, as he hai known cases where such had saved the peach when
those on other trees were killed ; also spoke of wheat bran as a fertil-
izer.

Mr. Hynes, of West Plains, resented the implication of the last
speaker that the lands of Southwest Missouri were poor; thought that
the slope of the land upon which orchards are planted, should have
much weight in the matter of pruning; recommended the exercise of
prudence and judgment; all, or nearly all, trimming should be done
before the wood ripens.

Mr. Benedict asked the society if they endorsed the idea advanced
by Mr. Thompson that orchards should be fenced and pastured instead
of cultivated.

Mr Goodman stated that each man was responsible for his own
statements, and the society should in no way be held responsible for
any remarks made unless acted upon by the society.

President Evans would recommend pasturing orchards with sheep
storage ; tree, a iair bearer ; apple, very late keeper and very rich
flavor; has named them "Re qua Seedling."

and hogs, especially if an old orchard; yet judgment should be re-
quired.

Mr. Thompson^ from Vernon, again asserted that orchards well
tramped by stock receive benefit therefrom.

Mr. Bequa called the attention of the society to a seedling apple
which he lias raised in the county since 18ti9. He had on exhibition
some well preserved fruit which has had nothing but ordinary cellar
Capt. Henry spoke in favor of pasturing orchards, especially if
upon rich soil or highly fertilized; thought that trees should put out
at least a six-inch growth each year.

Mr. W. Scatty Irom Vernon county, recommended thick planting,
twenty feet apart.

Mr. D. Carpenter found in his experience that such planting
smothered out the trees and produced no good effects at all; recom-
mended planting Texas onions about each tree at planting as a preven-
tive against the borer.

Mr. Holman endorsed the above and added tansy to the list of
borer preventives; asked the gentleman who raises his apples by
*'horse power" if his horses be shod, at what age begin,

Mr. J. W. Kidwell thought that new land, no matter how rich,
needed fertilizing to rid it of a certain wild nature detrimental to the
orchard.

Mr. Hill planted his trees a rod apart and now finds them alto-
gether too close, and asked if it would do now to trim up.

58 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Mr. Hynes wished to ask farther in regard to tansy and Texas
onions ; v/as fooled on a receipt of that kind once, and thought that
maybe the borer in different localities might have different tastes, some
objecting to onions and some not.

Mr. Cunningham suggested the use of Limberger cheese, as that
also had peculiar smelling qualities.

Mr. Carpenter stated that each insect had its own peculiar food^
and in the insect taste could not be cultivated; stated that fruit spurs
must be renewed at least every four or five years, so that an orchard
may be pastured for a few years, but must then be cultivated to renew
the fruit spurs.

Mr. Hill recommended girdling trees to produce fruit.

Major Ra(/an sustained this idea, but thought that driving in nails^
chopping with hatchet, or tramping by stock, or any other method
which would check a too rank growth would result in a good fruit crop^

Mr. Faith has experimented with tansy for the last fifteen years^
It keeps the borer out but spreads all over the ground ; objects em-
phatically to girdling.

Mr. King had seen an orchard near Wellington, Kansas, mulched
entirely with onions with good results.

Mr. Scott recommended high cultivation.

note from j. p. moore.

Springfield, Mo., June 6, 1885.
2o the Missouri State Horticultural Society iii session at Butler, Mo.t

Being a member of the above named Society, and having no chance
to be present at the Semi- annual meeting, claim the privilege of writ-
ing for consideration of the above named honorable body what I know
jn regard to these varieties of applet, which in a measure have not re-
ceived that attention in this section that I tliink the}'^ deserve. I mean
the Willow Twig, the Trior's Red and the Ingram. We have of each of
the above named varieties, now sound, kept in an ordinary celler, sell-
ing, and have been for some time, at higher prices in this market.
They are good bearers, good apples, good growers, and the latter two,
hardy trees.

I am sorry that I cannot say that the Willow Twig is a long liver.

I have not known the Ingram ever to die; think the original tree
is still living, and the Prior's Red live long.

I have no selfish motive in penning the above; simply think they

merit more than is said in this paper. I only say what I know, hoping

some one may be profited by my experience.

J. P. MOORE.

SUMMER MEETING Ar BUTLER. 59"

THE BEST APPLES FOR MISSOURI.

BY PHIL PFEIFFER.

Sedalia, Mo., May 29, 1885.
Mr. L. A. Goodman., Westport^ Mo.:

Dear Sir — In response to your remark to write something for the
meeting of our Society, I would say :

Of apples, the most important fruit of Missouri, I think we should
still plant more winter apples to enable our State to get its proper
share of apples ; the Southern States will always have to procure from
the Northern and Middle States. Of the Summer, and even Fall ap-
ples, with the exception of the new Yellow Transparent and the
Maiden Blush, are already, in proportion to the amount of Winter
varieties, too many planted, and no better proof for this fact can be
brought than their respective market values.

I have never seen a Ben Davis sold for twenty cents a bushel here»
but have many times seen Summer and Fall apples, with the exception
of Maiden Blush, Orange or BelMower and Jonathan, sold at that
price. Why, then, do the farmers still plant more Summer and Fall
apples than they need for their own supply? Why do they not buy
their fruit trees where they may 'expect to be honestly treated, from
their nearest Nursery ? I am confident, though acknowledging that
the Tree-peddler stimulates the planting -cf trees and shrubs, thus
helping to beautify the country in general, that the majority of the
thousands of worthless apple trees that are growing, a burden rather
than a benefit to the hard working farmer in our State, nome from the
deceiving tree agent. It is a pity to see an orchard with nice looking
trees that are mostly poor varieties, being a constant loss and disap-
pointment, and a wise man is he who takes the ax and clears out such
frauds.

I say the apple is the prominent fruit for the farmer in Missouri,,
and we see it again this season, as all the reports to the Secretaiy will
show.

Near a good market, the Yellow Transparent, for its extreme
earliness, will be still very profitable; also will the Maiden Blush, too
well known to give a description of it. Of most all the other Summer

'60 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

and Fall apples, I think we have enough for market for the nearfuture
any way. Therefore, the long keeping winter apple that will sell in
the South, should be mainly planted for the next ten years in Missouri,
and there is no danger of growing too many of them. But an abundance
of good shipping apples will induce shippers to visit our State, and a
greater demand for the Missouri apple will be the result, whilst at
present four-fifths of the crop is unfit to stand the shipping expenses.

There is no branch of business where there is a greater ignorance,
manifested than in the planting of fruit trees, vines and berry plants,
and I blame, to a great extent, the unscrupulous tree-peddler for it, as
he, with his platebooks, and constantly new, and most of the time
worthless fruit, creates a terrible confusion amongst the manj'" farmers
who locate as farmers, but have not in the least been educated for that
purpose.

It does not matter how small a station is, if two car loads of first
•class Winter apples not more than three varieties, can be packed,
you will find a shipper to bring about one car-load of 300 empty bar
Tels, and buy your 300 barrels of Ben Davis, Huntsmans, Jonathan,
"Winesap, Rome Beauty or Newton Pippin.

More Winter apples, more pastures, more grass, less wheat, just
enough corn for home demand ; all the beef and milk cattle the popu-
lation will need, and we soon will see the farmer prosper. Besides the
varieties above mentioned, you should try the Langford's Seedling,
and the newest and longest keeping, hardy apple, the Salome, which
•may take the lead in a few years as the best keepers.

The following letter was read :

Glassville, Caldwell Co., Mo., May 26, 1885.

Mr. L. a. Goodman, Westpori, Mo.:

Dear Sir : Yours of the 15th inst. came duly to hand with your
friendly request asking the fruit growers of Missouri to be present at
the semi-annual meeting of the Missouri State Horticultural Society,
to be held in Butler, Bates county. Mo., June 9, 10 and 11, 1885. It
would afford me much pleasure to meet with the fruit growers of Mis-
souri at that time and place if it was in my power to do so. I will
probably have a light half crop of apples. Many of the trees seem to
be taking a rest this year, as they have produced large crops of fruit in
the past lew years. This rest will no doubt be very good for the trees,
and as we have about twelve acres in orchard there will likely be
plenty of apples for our own family and also for several families of our
children, and some to spare to others. During the past spring I care-

SUMMER MEETING AT BUTLER. 61'

fully pruned my orchard, taking off the dead limbs and a few of the
weak limbs. We ought, in my opinion, to prune our orchards rather
lightly each year, and be careful that the trunk of the tree is shaded
with leaves on the southwest side of the trees. When my orchard was
young I often shaded the southwest side of the trees either by fasten-
ing a board or corn stalks or long prairie hay to the
southwest side of the trees to ward off the rays of
the sun, as the continual freeze and thaw process going on during our
long cold winters, about ruined the sap vessels on the southwest side
of the trees, and then with the hot summer sun continually striking
against the diseased and sickly side of the trees, their ruin would about
be complete, esj)ecially if the llatheaded borer was at work in the dis-
eased part of the trees and the round headed borer was at work near-
the crown of the roots of the trees. And we will further suppose that
the man who is the owner of a sick orchard as I have described, is a
careless man. His orchard is about gone or will be all dead in a short
time ; and when the first fruit tree peddler comes along with his flam-
ing catalogue of pictured large apples that look so tempting to the eye
and palate of our good careless friend, he is charmed with the thought
of fine apples again and orders .$50 worth of trees to plant another or-
chard which will share the same fate as the first orchard. Therefore,,
all careful people who are planting orchards, especially men who
read and try to learn something about the chemical elements compos-
ing apple trees and what these elements are and in what proportion do
these elements or chemical substances exist in apple trees, and how
much lime ought we to sow in the orchard annually, and how much
potash, and how much of other substances is the trees compelled tO'
lose each year by its bearing process — all these subjects the would-be
successful fruit grower ought to try to learn, more or less. It is said
by our wise and learned men that the soil of Missouri is composed of
elements well suited to the production of apples of excellent flavor..
My oldest Janneton tree is thirty-one years old, or was planted in the-
orchard in the year 1854. They are bearing apples this year. If I was
to plant an orchard now for profit, after thirty years' experience in
Northwest Missouri, I would plant largely of Jannetons and Willow
Twigs. It will afford me much pleasure to give you any information in
regard to our fruit prospect in this part of Caldwell county, Missouri.
Hoping that your meeting at Butler, Missouri, may result in much,
good for the horticultural interests of our State, I remain

Yours, etc.,

WILLIAM McCRAY.

62 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

WHAT VARIETY OF APPLE TREES SHALL I PLANT THAT
WILL BRING J HE BEST RETURNS.

BY A. AMBROSE, NEVADA.

This question has been asked so often that it may seem out of place
at this time and at this meeting, where we find so many veterans in
horticulture, and I imagine I can hear every extensive fruit grower
within the sound of my voice answer this question even while I am
asking it, and more especially if perchance he be from Vernon connty.
True, this question has been asked hundreds of times and answered as
often. But has it been answered correctly ? This, of course, we cannot
tell ; neither do I expect that any person will answer this very impor-
tant question correctly.

The great trouble and most perplexing part of it is, that we are un-
able to see far enough into the future, and the only safe guide left us
is past experience.

Now, Mr. President, I haven't come here for or with the expecta-
tion of teaching anyone anything new on this, to my mind, very impor-
tant question, but rather to learn from others, that I may (as I am a
nurseryman) be the better enabled to understand what the planter
wants, as i must confess that at times I have been in grave doubt as to
what varieties I should graft extensively. Now, in asking the question
as to what varieties of apples pay best, I have had reference especially
to a commercial orchard, not even taking into consideration the apple
for the evaporator. Mr. President, at former meetings of this kind I
have noticed (and with some regret, too,) that there was, seemingly, a
strong inclination to jump the apple queslion, only giving it a passing
notice ; and why this is, 1 am unable to comprehend. I have very fre-
quently heard members spe^k of this as being the case, and expressing
surprise and disappoint^nent in nol having the apple more fully dis-
cussed.

Now, while I am not vt-iy largely engaged in growing fruit for
market myself, yet I have iiici gnod opportunities to learn from others
in the business, and I hav^^ mei ihem from all parts of Missouri and
Kansas, and I have conversed veiy fully with them on this subject, and
I have visited large orchards and have been shown through them by

SUMMER MEETING AT BUTLEK. 63

the owner, and in answer to my many questions (to be brief) they
usually answer me about like this as we go through the orchard :

Well, says the planter, here is Winesap ; very good apples, but
usually too small and not a regular bearer ; don't think I will plant
any more of them.

Here is Jauneton of good quality and a very showy apple and very
fair bearer, but not very profitable as a shipping apple, generally
speaking.

Here is Willow Twig, rather shy in bearing on some soils ; won't
plant any more of them.

Here is Raul's Jannet, a good apple, good keeper; not very regu-
lar in bearing, and don't bring as much money as something else ;
won't plant any more of them.

Here is Lawver. Ah, says I ; you surely will give this fine grow-
ing tree and handsome apple a favorite place in your orchard? No,
says the planter, I can't do it ; I am afraid to do it. I says, why ?
Well, it's late in bearing and it drops and — well, I wont plant any more
of them.

We go on a little farther, the planter stops. He says to me, point-
ing to a low spreading tree here is Missouri Pippin. Well, I says,
that has a good record. Yes, he says, so they tell me ; but then the
wood is very brittle, unable to hold up large crops of apples and re-
sist such heavy storms as we have in Southwest Missouri, and then it
is short lived. Well, says I, it bears very young and is a fine looking
apple. Oh, yes, he says, that's all so, but then — well, I guess I won't
plant any more of them, either.

Wego a little farther we come to the orchard proper, and I am
shown several hundred fine looking trees, healthy trees, trees that
would, seemingly, last a century, trees that stand there on the bleak,
open prairie with their large trunks and compact heads .that stand the
storms, the heat and cold alike.

Now, says the planter, these trees are Ben Davis, and this is the
kind that I shall plant in the future.

I noticed an article in the Prairie i^^rme/* sometime ago, in which
the writer took occasion to censure Mr. Goodman for his favorable
opinion of the Ben Davis, as expressed, I belive, in a Kansas City paper,'
and he goes on to state that in Illinois the Ben Davis tree is very
short lived and not a healthy tree. This may be true of the Ben Davis
in Illinois, but I know it is not the case in Southwest Missouri. He
also asserts that in time the consumers of apples would be better
posted, and that they would not use Ben Davis.

64 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

It occured to my mind at the time that the writer possibly was un-
der the impression that this Ben Davis was a new apple.

Now, Mr. President, I don't wish to occupy any more time on the
Ben Davis, but it does seem to me that it would be a good plan for
this body to recommend to the public a list of commercial apples and
a list for general family use. A list of apples endorsed by this sopietj
would be considered reliable. Any one who plants a large apple or-
chard now expects to make money by so doing, and it is very essential
that he plants right. And at this time, he need not make any serious
mistakes. With him it.is quite diiferent to the man who planted an
orchard fifteen years ago, for he has access to the experience of many
largo fruit growers who can and will give him the benefit of their past
experience, because horticulturists, as a rule, are a generous and un-
selfish people, and, Mr.'President, I know of no place better calculated
to educate and enlighten the new beginner in horticulture than at our
horticultural gatherings, and while the inexperienced can learn, the
older ones may, and for this, if for no other, our State society should
be looked to as the fountain head of horticultural knowledge, and in
conclusion, Mr. President, I would earnestly and most sincerly urge
upon every one interested in horticulture to the great importance of
becoming a member of the Missouri State Horticultural Society.

A. AMBROSE.

DISCUSSION.

CapU Henry thought it not advisable for the society to attempt to
present a list of apples for planting for profit.

Col. Evans said that in the early history of this society something
of the kind was attempted, but proved to be quite unsatisfactory, as in
different localities different varieties succeeded while others failed.

Major Eagan endorsed the remarks of Col. Evans. When the
State is divided into districts it will be time enough to recommend ap-
ples for general planting. Thought the Clayton a much better apple
than the Ben Davis; had long since discarded the Ben Davis; spoke
in favor of the Stach and York Imperial, also thought that the Requa
Seedling bids fair to excel the Ben Davis.

L. A. Goodman stated that of the four hundred reports received
from all over the State, not one failed to include the Ben Davis as one
of the best varieties to plant.

Mr. Francis thought that in different parts of the State the flavor
of Ben Davis might vary.

Mr Carpenter spoke in favor of the Baldwin as a good keeper, and.
bein^ a good rival for the Ben Davis.

SUMMER MEETING AT BUTLER. 65

Mr. Holmrn thought in making lists of apples for planting, two
should be prepared, one for profit and one for family use; had no suc-
cess whatever with the Baldwin. The Ben Davis represents money,
although it has nothing but show and late keeping qualities to recom-
mend it. It is altogether the best nursery tree.

Mr. xhnhrose asked for an expression upon the Missouri Pippin.

3fr^ Bur and has made his money out of the Jonathan, yet would
not recommend it for general planting; was not in full sympathy with
Missouri Pippen ; are not uniform in size and color; received good re-
turns from Grimes' Golden ; Baldwin has not succeeded ; fails to bear.

Mr. Faith could not endorse the Baldwin; it will take twenty
years before the Ben Davis can be superseded. People now buy to
please the eye. Some day they will buy to please the taste.

Mr. Spear endorsed the Ben Davis; suits'his taste, and was glad to
learn that the President could eat it too.

REPORT ON STONE FRUITS.

BY JACOB MADINGER, OF ST. JOSEPH.

St. Joseph, Mo., June 8,1885.

Friend Goodman — I regret much not to be with you at your meet-
ing, but I cannot attend on account of sickness. I sincerely wish you
a very pleasant time, and hope nothing will detain me from being reg-
ular in attendance hereafter. As for my report on Stone Fruits, I
would say that the sweet cherries were mostly winter killed ; only a
few are left, and those are inferior. Of the May Duke there is about a
quarter of a crop. The young trees of Early Richmond are a fair crop,
while the older trees did not set well. The English Morello has a full
crop. The plums and prunes bloomed and set well, but the curculio
took such a hold on them that when the time comes to gather them

H R-

66 MISSOURI STATE HORIICULTUKAL SOCIETY.

there will be very few left. Peaches are a complete failure, not even
the trees are left, being killed out almost all over the country.

Very respectfully,

JACOB MADINGEK.

The subject of the stone fruits was taken up with following dis-
cussion :

Major Ragan called the attention of the society to the fact that
a northern slope would not do for all varieties of peach. Objected to
a northern slope for the peach.

Henry Spear has not had success with the Amsden, while his
Brice's Early are in good condition, and concludes from this that the
two kinds are not identical, as some claim.

Dr. Smith stated that varieties which, with his neighbors, do not
succeed, does well for him. Hale's Early has always rotted with him.

Capt. Henry has noticed that in his Hales Early, the rot will
spread from tree to tree and finally spread to other varieties. Rot
always begins with the Hale's Early.

Pi'of. Taft thought that the rot shows a weakness in a tree and
unless weakened, will not rot.

Capt. Hynes could not say as to rot spreading from one variety to
another, but has known the rot to skip over trees in his orchard taking
all of one variety and leaving other varieties. Thought that under
growth or dampness was favorable to rot. Undergrowth must be kept
down.

Mr. Goodman stated that there are but three good cherries to
grow; English Morrello, Early Richmond and Ostheim.

Mr. A^nhrose thought the Wild Goose Plum, the only one which
can be raised.

Mr. Stark finds that the English Morrello is not hardy, and thinks it
has been over estimated.

Mr. Skinner finds his Wild Goose Plum all right.

Mr. Carpenter asked how to protect against the curculio.

Mr. laft recommended keeping chickens and shaking the curcu-
lio down to them mornings and evenings.

Mr. Skinner has tried tying sheep skin about his trees to keep off
the curculio, but without success.

Major Ragan suggested that plum trees which do not produce
should be cut down, as they are breeding places for the curculio.

Society adjourned to meet at 8 p. m.

SUMMER MEETING AT BUTLER. 67

WEDNESDAY EVENING.

The evening exercises were opened by prayer by Rev. Walker, of
the Presbyterian church, after which followed a song entitled "A thou-
sand Years." And this was followed by a duet by Mrs. Parkinson and
•daughter, a little lass of seven.

VEGETABLE PARASITES.

BY PROF. TAFT, OF COLUMBIA.

Success in horticulture is the reward of eternal vigilance. Fifty
years ago an orchard could be set out, or a vineyard planted and they
would rarely be imperilled by the attack of insects or blights. To-day,
however, there is not a single order of plants which does not have its
particular pest, and some number them by the hundred, while the
farmer gives less thought to whether he may be able to cultivate and
harvest a crop, than he does to whether he may be able to save it from
its insect and vegetable parasites.

The attention of some of our first scientists has for years been de-
voted to studying the habits of our insect pests, and their investiga-
tions have enabled them to devise means for preventing their devasta-
tions. If one begins in season it is only a question of time, and a sup-
ply of Paris green, hellebore, tobacco, kerosene, etc., as to whether he
or the insects shall have the crop.

The so called vegetable parasites give more cause for anxiety, as
many of them are so subtle and insidious in their attacks, that they
are able to completely infest the plant before their presence is per-
ceived, and they will then require but a day or two of favorable weather
to destroy the crop.

The vegetable parasites consist of such plants as draw their nour-
ishment from the living tissue of other plants. It is well known that
the dodder, mistletoe, and a few other flowering plants belong to this
<;lass, but it is not so well known that all of the smuts, mildews, blights,
■etc., which destroy our crops, are also parasitic vegetables.

68 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Many of them are so delicate and of such minute proportions that
the highest powers of the microscope are necessary for studying their
structure and classification.

One form of these parasitic plants are known as hacteria' They
are the lowest of all vegetable organisms, and are the sole cause of
putrefaction, the name given to the decomposition of nitrogenous sub-
stances, which takes place whenever they are exposed to the atmos-
phere. The germs are found everywhere in the air, and under proper
conditions they increase rapidly by division.

The so-called fungi are one stage higher in the vegetable kingdom.
They are divided into four classes, of which we may take as types re-
spectively (1) moulds, (2) smuts and mildews, (3) mushrooms and puff-
balls, and (4) truffles and ergots.

All fungi are very rapidly reproduced generally by means of spores
which are the result of the breaking up of sporangia, or mother cells.

Sometime the process of reproduction is very complex, as in the
case of Puccinia the mildew of cereals. The so-called resting spores
winter on the stems of grasses, and in the spring produce filaments,,
which enter the leaves of the bererry, and there develop the fungus,
known as ^Ecidium berberidis. This in turn produces spores which
enter the stomata on the leaves of grasses, and produce in them, and
in them only, the mycelium of Puccinia.

We may safely say that all plants are liable to the attack of veg-
etable parasites. When temperature and moisture are favorable to
fungoid development, and they rarely escape if they have been weak-
ened in any way. Once seated in their host, they will interrupt its
normal growth, and perhaps, cause death.

It is impossible to control the weather, and the only thing tfiat
can be done is to take such measures as will promote a healthy
growth.

In order to secure this, the soil for any crop should be in proper
condition, both physically and chemically ; neither too wet, nor toa
dry ; properly underdrained and with a. correct exposure.

The soil, too, should contain a sufficient amount of soluble plant
food to properly nourish the plant, and should be frequently stirred to-
prevent evaporation.

The seeds or plants used should be of selected stock and perfectly
healthy. They should be planted at such distances as will enable them
to obtain all the sun and air necessary for their proper development.
If anyone follows these directions, and a blight of any kind destroys
his crop, he can feel that he has done all in his power to enable it tO'
withstand such an attack.

SUMMER MEETING AT BUTLER. 69

In many cases as in the potato blight and rot, or the smut on corn,
rust, etc., nothing more than this can be done, but in certain other
•cases, particularly when trees and vines are attacked, there are various
remedies which we believe are at least beneficial.

As stated above, it is the weakest plants, that are most liable to the
attacks of the vegetable parasites, and they are also most injured by
them. • In some cases this^weakness is caused by over bearing, by
€old, by heat, by injuries, but generally it is the result (^i improper
food. The virgin soil of Missouri will produce healthy plants, but
after it has been cropped for five, ten or fifty years, some of the ele-
ments become deficient and unhealthy growth takes place.

Another, and a freqarent cause of weakness, aflfects plants grow-
ing in a very rich soil, or on land which has received an application of
a large amount of some nitrogenous fertilizer, as barnyard manure,
which will cause a rank succulent growth, and in the case of peren-
nials, prevent the ripenning of the wood, and the cold of the winter
will then be of serious injury to the plants.

The so called ^r«5/)e mildew^ which in some years injures the grape
crop of the country to the amount of hundreds of thousands of dol-
lars, is the work of fungi.

There are two forms of the fungus, known respectively as Feronos'
pora and Uncinula. They appear at about the same time, the first
resembling frost work on the under side of the leaves, while the
Uncinula^ by some considered identical with the European Oidium
lucTceri, gives a mealy appearance to both sides of the leaves, and in
some cases extends to the berries themselves. One of the best mycolo-
gists at the east recommends strewing sulphur over the leaves as a
remedy for the attack of the Uaoinula. The mycelium of Peronos-
pora, however, penetrates the leaves, and no external application can
destroy it. The only remedy is to furnish such a supply of mineral
food as will enable the vine to mature its fruit and also nourish its
parasite. The Peronospora causes the leaves to drop, but does not
attack the berries.

Prof. W. G. Farlow, of Harvard College, the authority mentioned
above, is of the opinion that tjiis dropping ot the leaves is a good
thing for the c-rop, as it lets in the sunlight and hastens the ripen-
ing.

On this point most botanists and horticulturists differ from him,
claiming that if the leaves are removed from the vine before the fruit
is ripe, the berries will lose in quality, especially in sweetness, and per-
haps drop before maturing.

70 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Whenever a vineyard is attacked by mildew, the leaves should be
carefulljT^ gathered and buried.

The grape rot^ which has committed such ravages in the Western
vineyards, has thus far baffled all the efforts of horticulturists to re-
strain it. By placing the bunches in small paper sacks so on after the
berries have set, the spore swill be prevented from developing, and a
crop can be secured.

When the vines are trained upon trellf^es, if two boards are nailed
together at an oblique angle, and fastened to the tops of the posts so as
to form a roof over the row, the radiation of heat will be checked and
the rot will not appear.

The so-called plum disease, in which the fruit developes into an
empty pod, is the work of a fungus known as Exoascus pruni.

The black knot, which in some localities has proved so destructive
to the plum and cherry, is caused by a parasite called Sph(je,ria morhosa.
The diseased wood should be cut away, as soon as discovered, at a
point at least a foot below the lowest point attacked. The branch
should be burned, and the knife or saw used should be carefully cleaned
before it is used upon another tree.

HhQ pear JZ^'^-A^ has been terribly destructive to the orchards of
the country, but no sure remedy has yet been discovered.

In discussing this disease great confusion often arises from the fact
that there are three or four diseases which are known by the general
name of pear blight.

One form is the leaf hlight which attacks pear seedlings, and pear
trees growing in exhausted soils. This is generally caused by a fungus
growth, but in seasons when the weather is unfavorable to fungoid de-
velopment, the same result, ^. e,, the dropping of the leaves and the
cessation of growth, is produced by aphides and red spiders.

The twig hlight attacks the new shoots of the apple and quince, as
well as of the pear, and is generally caused by a fungus. The infected
branches should be cut off and burned.

The form of blight which is most destructive is known as frozen
sap hlight^ and also as fire hlight. It makes itself manifest dunng the
growing season, and unless it is checked will destroy the tree.

Until recently the cause of the disease has been a matter of theory
and speculation, but thanks to the microscope and Prof. Burrill, of Il-
linois, a flood of light has been poured upon the subject. If a drop of
of sap from a diseased tree be examined with a microscope under a
magnifying power of 1,000 diameters, it will be found to swarm with
bacteria. *

SUMMER MEETING AT BUTLER. 71

The conditions which will be likely to cause the development of the
bacterial germs are those mentioned as applying to vegetable para-
sites in general. If the tree makes a late growth and fail to ripen the
wood, the alternate freezing and thawing of the unripened tissue dur-
ing the winter will bring about such a condition of the cells as will
invite the development of the germs. The same condition may be
produced by the rays of the sun when the trees grow in turf on soil in
which one or all of the soluBle elements required as food by the plant
have been exhausted.

The scahs and cracks which disfigure the surface of certain varieties
of apples and pears are caused by a fungus which has received the
name of Fusicladium.

The fact that these fungoid growths only infect trees when of a low
vitality, or when the tissues are in an abnormal state, was clearly shown
by the chemical and microscopical investigations of the peach yellows
carried on by Profs. Goessmann and Maynard, of the Massachusetts
Agricultural College. On the light soil of New England the weakness
was induced by the special exhaustion of the soil. Our trees are often
affected by the same cause, but on cur heavier soil we have more to
fear from a rank growth induced by the stimulating effect of the decay-
ing vegetable matter in the ground, or from the cessation of growth
during the spring, after the leaves develop, caused by the low tem-
perature of the saturated soil. The experiments at Amherst, and the
more recent ones of Prof. Penhallow at Houghton Farm, show that the
attack of the peach yellows can be prevented, and that a cure can be
effected by the application of mineral fertilizers.

The trees first experimented upon are now fifteen years old. When
they were taken in hand eight years ago they were badly infected.
They were cut back and heavily manured with chemicals. The trees
were brought back to a healthy state, and have since produced full
crops in favorable seasons.

For all of these diseases the preventive measures above men-
tioned as to location, drainage, condition of the soil, and health of the
trees used, will often be sufficient to ward off attack. The trees should
be carefully watched — protected from insects and vermin. The land
should be seeded in grass if the trees make too rapid a growth, while
if the growth is weak, or the trees show signs of the presence of these
parasites, they should receive an application of some mineral fer-
tilizer.

For this purpose a mixture composed of 50 pounds of muriate of
potash, and 100 pounds of ground bone, used at the rate of from two
to ten pounds per tree, will generally secure a healthy growth.

72 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

As the feeding roots run out farther from the trunk than the
branches, the circle manured should extend beyond the end of the
limbs.

Too much cannot be said as to the value of wood ashes as a manure
for all crops. Used either alone or with equal parts of ground bone,
they are the best fertilizer that can be obtained, as they furnish, in a
soluble form, all of the mineral elements required by a plant.

As in these diseases of plants, so it is with all, and if you keep the
plants healthy they will generally escape the attack of parasites, but
if you find that they have got them, try to feed both host and tenant.

L. R. TAFT.

DISCUSSION.

L. A. Goodman thought that the pear blight and yellows could not
be the same parasite, as they seemed to affect the trees differently.

Rev. Mr. Walker has saved his trees when attacked by pear blight
by striking with the face of a hatchet.

Major Ragan has no faith in any cure for pear blight; said there
were two kinds, frost blight and fire blight; pears in this climate are a
failure ; thought that during a whole life time we should be able to find
a remedy for this disease, but so far we haven't; thought it was caused
by sudden change of temperature.

PRIMITIVE HORTICULTURE AND THE GARDEN OF MOD-

ERN TIMES.

BY MRS. C. I. ROBARDS, OF BUTLPR.

The garden of my grandmother is none the less sacred to memory
because it contained so many old fashioned and unfashionable herbs
and flowers. Then grew the rue and tansy and fragrant thyme, the
sage and wormwood, and all the other wonderful plants whose uses
were only known to matrons of the olden time.

V

SUMMER MEETING AT BUTLER. ^ 73

The primrose and violet and the blood red peonies, the many col-
ored hollyhocks and the huge flauntinf^ yellow sunflower, all have
pleasant associations because of their hallowed connection with my
grandmother's garden.

Who ever had such majestic currant bushes that towered above
our heads, laden with their endless supply of green and red fruit, sug-
gestive of pies for good little girls and boys.

Who ever saw such wonderful beets and parsnips and carrots, and
such plethoric cabbage, that had never in all their lives associated
with white butterflies and disgusting green v/orms.

Because the roses only bloomed in June, was that any reason why
they should not be called perpetual ? When they had once bloomed in
grandmother's garden they had bloomed for us forever. The red, the
white and the yellow alike oast their sweet fragrance over our memo-
ries even down into the coldest wintry days.

Another source of happiness that my grandmother obtained from
her garden was the good degree of health she enjoyed, by the use of
the spade and hoe, thus giving a good appetite and long life to enjoy
the results of her own labor.

Long may our memories keep green that we may be permitted to
recall grandmother's pleasant home, the dearest spot on earth, to our
-childish recollections.

But modern horticulture, not content with supplying the wants of
the family, reaches out to convert gardens into great fields of vege-
tables, fruits and floweis. «
Greenhouses have been invented and constructed whereby the
most tender and beautiful plants, not only of our own, but distant
climes, may be kept blooming in midwinter.

By budding and grafting, the horticulturist has prolonged the sea-
son of weeks into months, of apples, pears, peaches and many other
fruits.

In our youthful days we were content with gathering a few quarts
of wild strawberries. Now the eager desire to convert everything into
gold has made the strawberry so great an article of commerce that not
only cars but trains of cars are daily laden lor distant shipment. The
remarkable progress and improvement in varieties of fruits and the
improved modes of culture are evidence of the progressive spirit of the
age.

Even though many new varieties of fruit have been the result of
what we may term accident, yet he who fairly tests their merits and
publishes them to the world, is no less a benefactor than he who manu-
factures them by the process of hybridization. While we may not

74 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

^_ •

agree with Darwin in regard to his theory of the evolution of man, yet
these principles we believe do apply to plant life.

Thus each new kind of fruit may possess in its germs an improved
new species that ma}' develop into a valuable improved variety'.

We are the active and honored agents under the control of one
who directs us for a wise purpose, and while we have not the ability
to make an apple or peach, we may, by His assistance in the introduc-
tion of some new fruit, so benefit mankind as to stand before the world
in the light of distinguished public benefactors.

Mrs. Parkinson favored the society with a solo.

THE POWER OF HORTICULTURE FOR MAN'S MORAL ELE-
VATION.

BY DAN CARPENTER, OF CLAY CO.

The moral improvement of society being of primary importance
and left to select my own subject, ray theme will be "The Influence of
Horticulture on Man's Moral Nature."

Irrelevant as it may be to the financial interests of our avocation^
it is not to be ignored in its relation to the good of our families and the
benefits of society.

We shall soon gather our mantles about us and go hence, leaving
our impress on the generation who shall succeed us, and it is of great
importance that our influence shall be for the good of mankind, and
our occupation properly appreciated for its mofal power as well as its
wealth-producing capabilities.

The moral improvement of man should be the grand aim of every
one, be the occupation in life what it may. Laws are made to restrain
evil, to encourage good. The nearer approach men make to the divine
the happier is society, and the less need of statutory enactments for
the protfection of person and property.

The occupation in life has much to do in shaping moral character
and elevating men's thoughts to the source of all good.

The law brings us in contact with strife and criminals and leads
the profession to look with indifference upon crime, contention and

SUMMER MEETING AT BUTLER. 75

alienation of friends. The attorney must plead for the success of his
client even if justice be defeated.

Medicine brings before its votaries suffering and misery in a thou-
sand forms, and they become inured to the woes of their fellows, pros-
per in business in proporti5n as others suffer, and are sometimes led to
"glory in human misery."

Commercial life leads to study of character, consideration of sup-
ply and demand, speculative gambling, and often to "sharp practices"
in order to "turn a penny,'' or even "beat" a friend.

The mechanical trades varnish defects — make rosewood of poplar —
put in time and use many dodges — employer and employed — to get
something for nothing.

No matter whether it be great corporations, large firms, or indi-
vidual enterprises, all use the "tricks of trade," more or less, to reach,,
by "short cuts," the desired end.

The politician becomes all things to all men in order to secure of-
fice.

The trades and professions all to a greater or less degree incline
men's thoughts to a based and demoralized desire to evade law, duty^
and obligation in order to succed in the accumulation of wealth at the
risk of moral character, debasement of societj"-, and the loss of eternal
happiness.

No reference need be made to the liquor traffic and kindred call-
ings whose destroying, damning influences are seen and felt every-
where, by everyone in all countries, and have been from the day Noab
planted a vineyard, made- wine, and got drunk, unto the present

Horticulture, on the other hand, has a refining, elevating and puri-
fying influence on men's thoughts, desires and actions.

In the beginning God inaugurated horticulture and placed the first
man in the garden to dress it — to prune and train the plants. Horti-
culture is the only God given and heaven-appointed occupation, ex-
cept the ministry.

Its author, pure, good and holy, could not otherwise than select an
occupation that would tend to elevate, improve and happify his so
lately created, intelligent, immortal creatures.

As Adam, before the tempter came, walked in the garden in the
enjoyment of holy communion and fellowship with God, so the intelli-
gent horticulturist of to-day, in the pursuit of the God given occupa-
tion, has his thoughts elevated to the great I am, his heart purified by
communion with God, and his love to his beneficient Creator increased
to a fervency and zeal not inspired by any other industrial occupation,..

76 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

God did not require him to till the soil planted to grain for 'bread:
nor to herd the flock that there might be meat^ but directed him to
dress the garden and eat of the fruits thereof. How happy must have
been the first man — the first horticulturist — in his purity and inter-
course with his divine companion.

The tempter left the place where " chaos sat enthroned with sable-
vested night," and winged his way "through their spacious empire up
to light," entered our world, " hanging by a golden chain " in eternal
space. Here with lying lips and flattering tongue beguiled them, and
they, stretching forth their hands, " ate the fruit of that forbidden tree
whose mortal taste brought death into the world and all our woe,"
with loss of Eden, and ever since, man has had to eat bread by the
sweat of his face.

What a change in the natural condition of the world, when the
ground brought forth " thorns and thistles and noxious weeds." What
a change in man's condition — from dressing the garden and eating the
fruit thereof, to tilling the soil amid thorns and thistles and eating
hiead by the sweat of his face. From horticultural recreation to agri-
cultural toil and sweat — the latter a necessity, the former still the joy
of life.

What sweet thoughts arise, how calm the reflections, how the
heart wells up in thanksgiving and praise, as we walk in the garden at
evening, delighted with the sweet perfume of a thousand flowers —
■*' alphabet of angels." How grateful when the dew-washed strawberry
and sparkling raspberry tempt and satisfy with the riches of their
flavor. The heart swells wUh thanksgiving as the vine yields its rich
aromatic fruit to our desires, and as the " Red-cheeked Melocoton "
and " Sturap-theWorld " drop their ambrosial riches to our eager
grasp. As we wend our way into the larger domain of the orchard
where the aromatic Birtlett, the blushing Flemish and delicious Seckel
greet us, our praises raise to God on high. From early Harvest to
White Winter Pearmain, every varying flavor adequate to the wants
of the most refined epicurean, call our thoughts upward to the banefi-
■cent Creator, who has so beautified and adorned the world, filling it
with every variety of fruit and flower, pleasant to the eye, refreshing
to the olfactories, and agreeable to the taste.

From the snowdrop, buttercup, and crocus, which rear their sweet
and delicate heads, it may through the snowy apron winter has let fall
on the lap of early spring, through every tint and odor of annuals to
the majestic queen of perennials, whose ottar is both the joy and sol-
ace of feminine loveliness, we are reminded of Him whose love and
•compassion are sweeter and more delightsome than the balm of a mil-

SUMMER MEETING AT BUTLER. 77

lion of flowers. Who in all the world sees so much of God in his avo-
cation as the intelligent votary of horticulture?

In the spring time the garden with its succession of health giving
vegetables and the nobility of perfume-laden flowers, the breath of
God still upon them; in the summer with its course of small fruits,
deliciously inviting, succeeded by the blood-purifying black berry and
the ambrosial fruit of the vineyard; in the autumn the nectar of the
peach and pear ; in the winter the ever ready staple that never cloys,
yielding sweet enjoyment of winter nights, while the bay window or
conservatory, even amid arctic snows, hold summer flowers, ex-
haling sweet perfume — all, all, at even-tide, call us round the family
altar, where from the great light of truth we read of His love, and on
bended knees offer our devotions to Almighty God, whose tender mer-
cies are over all his works.

In all the seasons the yesiv round, the lover of this vocation is
brought into close communion and fellowship with Him who gave man
his first occupation and walked in the garden in the cool of the even-
ing, as friend and companion of him who was made a little lower than
the angels.

With thoughts ever in such a train and such influences around
him, he must be depraved, indeed, if he be not elevated in moral char-
acter, refined in his tastes, chastened in his language, purified in his
thoughts, holy in his affections, thankful in his heart, and full of adora-
tion and praise to HTm who is the author of our ennobling avocation.

This was followed by a song, "All hail the power of Jesus' name,"
after which Major Ragan read the following paper :

ORNAMENTAL.

BY Z. S. RAGAN, OF INDEPENDENCE.

Ornamental is a very comprehensive term and will admit of being
applied to the attire of our persons, to architecture, etc. Yet, as ap-
plied to horticulture, we may be excused at the present for confining
the subject of this paper mainly to the cultivation of a taste for rural
improvements. Still the same spirit should prevail in town and city.

A century or two ago, it was the work of half a lifetime for the
pioneer to open up a farm to afford a comfortable family support, or
to build up a town or city. But the fast age in which we live, through

78 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the influence of genius and money, time and space are virtually anni-
hilated and territories converted into States and deserts, " to blossom
as the rose," and towns and cities spring up with a few changes of the
moon.

Agriculture and horticulture, the true foundation of all wealth
move silently hand in hand in feeding and clothing the million.
Horticulture, the flower of agriculture, has become the forerunner of
the adornment of both country and city homes. A too common an
error is that of ignoring professional talent in architecture and land-
scape gardening, since every one considers himself an adept in arrang-
ing his own residence without having made a study of either. Hence
many irreparable blunders which amount to both waste of time and
money.

Even those who have had some practical experience in other local-
ities, will find it to be important to consult the tree grower or landscape
gardener who has had the means of testing and observing what trees
succeed best in certain localities, and may know what and where to
plant.

If in architecture, the style, proper material, cost, etc. The orna-
mental embellishment of our homes not only enhances their value to
the owner of the property, but of his country and State and add to the
happiness of the family and neighborhood.

If this State society can in any way be instrumental in awakening
an interest upon this subject, in connection with fruit culture, it will
become a public benefactor, and must be an incentive to persevere in
extending and widening its influence. H. W. Sargent, Esq., says,
" the love of country is inseperably connected with the love of lioineP
Whatever leads a man to assemble the comforts and elegancies of life
around his habitation, tends to increase local attachments and renders
domestic life more delightful, thus not only augmenting his own en-
joyment, but strengthening his patriotism, and making him a better citi-
zen. And there is no employment or recreation which affords the mind
greater or more permanent satisfaction than that of cultivating the
earth or adorning our own property, " God Almighty, and indeed it is
the purest of human pleasures," says Lord Bacon. And as the first
man was shut out from Va^ garden^ in the cultivation of which no alloy
was mixed with his happiness, the desire to return to it seems to be
implanted by nature, more or less strongly in every heart In land-
scape gardening the country gentleman of leisure finds a resource of
the most agreeable nature, while there is no more rational pleasure
than that derived from its practice by him, who "plucks life's roses in
his quiet fields." The humble alike find pleasure in the ornamenta-

SUMMER MEETING AT BUTLER. 79

tion of their door yards and gardens, and flowers and vines bedecking
the humble cottage which is doubly ornamented with pictures and or-
naments within their means.

Fine collections of pictures and furniture are cut off from the world
in the private gallery. "But t,he sylvan and floral collections, — the
groves and gardens which surround the country residences of the man
of taste, — are confined by no barriers narrower than the blue heavens
above and around them." Mankind are imitative beings, and when
one adds anything ornamental, rare or beautiful to his home or sur-
roundings, it creates a desire and stimulates his neighbor to imitate, or
if possible, to surpass in the ornamentation of his or her own premises.
Thus the taste for the ornamental " gradually, but certainly creeps be-
yond the nominal boundaries of the estate and re appears in the pot
flowers in the window, or the luxuriant blossoming vines which clam-
ber over the porch of the humblest cottage by the wayside."

It would be a matter ot interest in a subject of this kind if we were
allowed space and time to give some detailed directions for the adorn-
ment of country and city homes, in their varied extent adapted to
their condition and surroundings, and some hints on landscape garden-
ing, together with the best and more appropriate trees and plants that
would most likely succeed and flourish in their several localities, the
order of arrangement, etc.

However, this would be too voluminous and the best we can offer
or suggest is to attend the meeting, and become members of the local
and State Horticultural Society, or confer with or employ a practical
landscape gardener as you would an architect if going to build.

The nurseryman, florist or most practical horticulturists from their
frequent meetings and discussions will be more likely to know what
has and will succeed, and what is likely to prove a failure or not give
satisfaction.

We are expecting something at this meeting as to what taplant by
R. E. Bailey, Esq., committeeman of Fulton, and another paper by 0.
W. Murtfeldt, Esq., of Kirkwood.

We cannot close this article without adding further Drecautionary
hints.

Presuming that persons have, through consultation with an archi-
tect, erected a comely residence with architectural beauty and modern
conveniences. The next thing in order will be to lay out a beautiful
lawn. In this we want no random or blunders, but a methodic and
careful arrangement of trees to be planted, the description and future
development of each tree must be taken i'lto consideration so as to pre-
sent crowding without regularity or symmetry. Since the ancient style

80 MISSOURI STATE HORTICTLTURAL SOCIETY.

of straight rows has been superseded by clumps and fringes, genius
and study are requisite to produce that natural beauty of expression
to be recognized by landscape gardening and taste of the present day

The elements of natural beauty should be characterized by simple,
easy and flowing lines.

Mr. A. J. Downing says : •' He who would create in his pleasure
grounds these more delicate shades of expression must become a pro-
found student both of nature and art; he must be able, by his own
original powers, to seize the subtle essence, the half disclosed idea in-
volved in the finest parts of nature, and to produce and develop it ia
his landscape gardening."

Guard well against crowding and filling out at first all vacant
spaces. As well as trees you want open spaces of smooth lawn with
intertices that aff'ord outward view at such points as most desirable^
Avoid all straight, regular set rows of trees, >as well as drives and
walks. Modern taste follows and improves on nature. Trees are set
in clumps and fringes, with occasionally isolated trees to secure natural,
easy flowing, graceful, quiet surroundings of nature.

It is no easy matter for a tyro to form a clump of three, four six or
eight trees, yet by closely examining examples in our best works on
landscaping, and by placing stakes and viewing them from difi"erent
standpoints, and at the same time contemplating the full development
of each tree, you may acquire an agreeable and pleasing arrangement..

In addition to the ornamental, allow me to urge the importance of
windbreaks. They may serve as a background or not. One thing is cer-
tain, windbreaks are valuable in many ways. If half the money that is
spent in building barns was spent in planting windbrakes, it would
add beauty and comford and millions in dollars and cents to the State
of Missouri. A good windbreak set on every farm of some good, hardy,
thrifty evergreens, in a very iew years will not only protect from
piercing Wintry blasts of snow, sleet and rain, but furnish a soft, warm
bedding for the stock to lie where they can breath pure air and not be
subject to surfeit by crowding and the changes from in and out-door
influences. Besides this ever acre of trees set in this way will be a
valuable investment to the owner, aside from being a benefactor to the
age in which he lives, by the increase of timber which induces rain
clouds. Whereas, by denuding our domain of its timber belts, it will
in time become a barren desert. Such has been the history of ancient
countries.

In 1882 I visited Indiana, where, in my early life, I sold orna-
mental evergreen trees from my nursery, and found many of those
trees were large enough to be sawed into lumber or posts, and were

SUMMER MEETIN(J AT BUTLER. 81

then worth five dollars per tree for telegraph poles. "Add their value
for ornament and we find it a profitable investment.

We are well aware that our government has a Department for
Forest}', and would not presume to supersede or detract from it any
honor, but as horticulturists lend our influence in aiding in the good
oause.

Lastly, but not least, windbreaks induce bifds to come and live
with us both winter and summer, and will be our greatest friends by
their daily and timely destruction of the many pests to be contended
with by the growers of fruits, grains and vegetables.

In connection with the ornamentation of homes, flowers come in
for a full share. In this department the ladies should lead off. To all
lovers cf flowers we would say, adorn your rooms with them, put them
on your tables, send boquets to your friends who have no flowers, or ex-
<}hange favors with those who have. Do not be afraid to devote a por-
tion of your time in their cultivation.

Women, alike flowers, if confined to the room, become effeminate
and weakly. Out door exercise in the sun and air will give vigor, color
and health and add to your happiness and prolong life.

To those who possess a lively and cultivated sense of the high
beauty of which landscape scenery presents to the eye, but who can
also see creation's God in every feature of the prospect. The painter
•can imitate, the poet describe and the tourist talk with ecstacy of
the sublime and beautiful objects which constitute the scene before
him; but he can only be said to enjoy them aright whose talents,
tastes and affections are consecrated to the glory of Him by whom "all
things were made, and without whom was not anything made that was
made." When the pencil that traces the rich and animated landscape
of mountains, lakes and trees, is guided by a grateful heart as well as
by a skillful hand, then the picture becomes no less an acceptable offer-
ing to God, than a source of well directed pleasure to the mind of man.

In every wonder he sees the hand that made it^n rivers, fields
and forests, the Prqvidence that ministers to the wants of man — in
«very surrounding object he sees an emblem of his own spiritual condi-
tion, himself a stranger and a pilgrim, journeying on through a country
of wonder.^ and beauties, alternately investigating, admiring and prais-
ing the works of his Maker, and anticipating a holy and happy eternity
to be spent in the Paradise of God, where the prospects are ever new,
and the landscapes never fade from the sight."

II R— 6

82

MISSOURI STATE fl(^TICULTURAL SOCIETY.

"Oh, for the expanded mind that soars on high,
Ranging afar with Meditation's eye !
That climbs the heights of yonder starry road,
Eising through nature up to nature's God»

"Oh, for a soul to trace a Savior's power,
In each sweet form that decks the blooming flower ;
And as we wander such fair scenes among.
To make the Rose of Sharon all our Song."^

Z. S. RAGAX.
INDEPENDE^'CE, Mo., June S, 1885.

Mr. Kidwell presented the following report from Committee on
Fruits, after which the society adjourned to meet promptly at nine
o'clock in the morning :

Butler, Mo., June 10, 1885.

Mr. President^ Secretary and Memhers of Missouri State Horticul-
tural Society :

Your committee to whom was assigned the duty of awarding
permiums on fruits and berries, would respectfully report that we ex-
amined and awarded the following premiums :

Name of berry.

Strawbeuriks.
Curab. Triumph, 1st.
" " 2d

Jumbo

Chas. Downing

Jersey Queen, 1st

To whom awarded.

W. C. Head, Independence

D. S. Holman, Springfield

Wm. Stephens, Butler

. ' J. C. Evans, Harlem *

. J. C. Dickinson, Westport

Amount.

" " 2d D. S. Holman, Springfield.

Crescent L. A. Goodman

Champion I J. C. Dickinson

Sharpless

Wilson's

Monarch

Golden Defiance.

Mt. Vernon

Longfellow

$1 oo

5a

1 oo

1 oo

1 00

5a

1 oa

5a

5a

5a

1 oa

50

50

5a

SUiMMER MEETING AT BUTLER.

83

Name of Berry.

To whom awarded.

Amount.

Currants

J. C. Evans

1 00

Cherry. 1st

'' 2d

J. R. Harriman

1 00

J. C. Evans

50

L. A. Goodman

Table boquet

Basket

$12 50
$2 00

Mrs. Taggart

2 00

Floral design

Phil. Peiffer

2 00

Mrs. C. I. Robards

2 00

Hand boquet

Mrs. L. A. Goodman

2 00 10 00

Total

$22 50

While there are no premiums to be awarded on apples, your com-
mittee cannot help referring to the very fine display of winter varieties
at this season of the year.

Such perfect specimens as the Ben Davis, Wine-sap, Willow Twig,
Pearmain, Missouri Pippin, Jonathan, White Winter Pearmain, Pryor
Red and many others, over sixty varieties in all, speak of the good
work accomplished by the untiring efforts of this society. Your com-
mittee have to especially note the new and fine winter apple presented
for the first time by Geo. N. Requa, of Butler, Mo.

It will certainly be a great and good acquisition to our already nu-
merous apple family, and it will be the province of this society to see
that it has a place in the list of good keepers.

The new plum, Mariana, from Texas, is worthy of a place in our
fruit gardens for trial.

Your committee would also note the fine plate of peaches displayed
by Mr. Sprague, of Butler, and last, but not least, the floral display,
the fine boquets donated by the ladies of Butler and Bates county, are
worthy of our highest praise, and speak volumes for them.

J. W. KIDWELL,
JACOB FAITH,

Committee.

Meeting adjourned.

84 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

VINEYARDS.

JUNE 11th — M0RNI2fG EXERCISES.

Z. A. Goodman read a letter from a man in St. Joe, wishing to sell
the society a secret for preventing grape rot.

A committee to investigate the subject of grape rot was moved and
carried.

Capt. Henry asked the best grapes for family use.

More's Early and Worden were recommended.

Mj\ Stark, of Pike county, stated, with him the Delaware did not
do well unless upon high, dry land.

Mr. Carpenter thought them best for the table use ; fertilizes them
from droppings from the hennery ; has had success with treatment.

Mr. Scott has not had success with grapes. The Concord, if trained
high, does fairly well.

Major Ragan said his Del a wares did well until about two years
ago; finds his vines this year attacked by a small, green worm, some-
thing new to him.

'S3

SMALL FRUIT.
Mr. Faith made the following report :

HOW TO GROW BERRIES.

BY JACOB FAITH, MONTEVALLO.

If farmers knew how little science and work it requires to grow
strawberries and raspberries, they would not do without these delicious
and wholesome fruits and the comfort it gives to the human family.
There is no fruit more welcome than the strawberry. It is the earliest
that comes to our table, and it adapts itself to more climates and soils
and is a surer crop than any other small fruit. It comes into bearing
the first and second year, and nearly every land and lot owner wants
^ fruit. Ground rich enough for potatoes and cabbage will do. Set

SUMMER MEETING AT BDTLER, 85

plants in April, May, June, October, November and December. I
prefer spring planting, as we get a full crop next year, and fall setting
requires more work the first winter in the way of mulching. Spring
planting will do without mulching. I prefer the matted row system.
For garden culture set plants eight to twelve inches in row, rows two
feet apart. For field culture, rows three and a half ieet to four apart.
Mark out with a cord or small plow. Have the rows straight. If the
plants are wilted soak in water, or if the ground is dry, pour one pint of
water to a plant. If your hand is not strong enough, or many are to
be set out, use a dibble or trowel to make a hole six to eight inches
deep and three to four inches wide to admit the roots to spread out fan
shape. If roots are too long, cut off one-third or more. Set plants a
trifle below the crown or deeper than they are set in their beds — press
dirt about the roots.

As soon as weeds make their appearance, or before, plow with
a cultivator with hoes set low. Then level the ground with hoe or
rake, and pull the runners to the middle of the row. They will soon
form a matted row, and occupy the ground instead of weeds. In this
way run cultivator a little further from plants every time you culti-
vate. Allow rows to get eighteen to twenty four inches wide, and all
runners or plants over that distance destroy with a rolling cutter. If
rows are too short for horse cultivator, do this work with hand cultiva-
tor or hoe. The more cultivation the better the crop, like potatoes.
Some strawberry growers run these beds only two or three years, and
then plow them up and set new beds. I have been very successful in
renewing my old strawberry beds. As soon as the berries are picked,
by plowing or cutting rows down to six or eight inches wide, fasten a
rolling cutter to plow. Then cut all tops off, till the six or eight inch
rows look as if nothing was there. Then in about eight days manure
■with barnyard manure or any well rotted material. Let a great deal
of manure fall in the furrow next to the row. Then plow and work
ground back to the row and level with a hoe or garden rake. Mulch
late in the fall when the ground freezes, one to two inches thick, ac-
cording to the material we use. Any material tHat has no seed in will
do, and will shade or hide the plants. The germ of the fruit buds is
formed in the fall, therefore the great importance of preventing heav-
ing of the soil. To do this, sudden freezings and thawings of the sur-
face mujt be guarded against and prevented. This is done by merely
scattering enough mulch over the surface to shade it. I prefer coarse
stable manure, and have used stock yard manure. The winter
rains and snows will carry all the strength into the ground,
leaving a fine mulch for spring. In spring loosen up this

86 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

mulch, or rake it between the rows in the paths. I have grown
strawberries after the first year's cultivation by only mulching two
feet, thick enough to smother plants and weeds, and left the other two
feet unmulched, and cut the weeds off with a mowing scythe. For
three or four years had tolerable good crops, but do not understand me
to advocate this lazy or slovenly way. Captain Jack, Crescent Seed-
ling and Crystal City will stand most neglect.

I grow over thirty varieties of strawberries. I would like to
give a description of their size, quality, hardiness, etc., but time and
space in your columns will not admit. I will name varieties that suc-
ceed best on iny soil in Southwest Missouri, commencing with the
earliest. Early Washington, Crystal City, Cinderella, Crescent Seed-
ling, Chas. Downing, Wilson's Albany, Miner's Prolific, Captain Jack,
Manchester, Big Bob, Cumberland Triumph, Jucunda, Sharpless,
Windsor Chief and Glendale. Remember those marked in catalogues
with an (H) are perfect blossoms, or hermaphrodite, and those marked
with a (P) are imperfect blossoms, pistillate?, the former producing full
crops by themselves, while the latter require every fifth or sixth row
of any of the former sorts planted among them as a fertilizer.

Raspberries, a delicious fruit, follow strawberries. Before late
strawberries are gone, early raspberries are ripe. This fruit is very
valuable for drying, and when berries are picked they are ready for
the evaporator like an apple that is peeled and cored. Raspberries are
delicious for the table, jelly and canning, andean be grov/n after the
first year with less work than corn for ten to twelve years without re-
newing the bed by cultivating and manuring, and much like straw-
berries adapted to almost all climates and soils. Set plants like straw-
berries. Set two to three feet in the row, and six to eight feet apart.
The first and second years plant between the rows potatoes, beans,
cabbage, etc., and cultivate first year like strawberries and potatoes,
and when canes are about eighteen inches high, cut back to eight or
twelve inches. That will cause them to throw out branches. Cut
them off again. Second year let canes grow two to three feet high,
according to the strength of canes and branches, fifteen to twenty -lour
inches if plants are wanted from the Black-caps. These are grown
from the tip of the new growth in August and September. As soon
as the tips are nearly bare of leaves and present a snakish, dark purple
color, put them into the ground one or three inches, and in a few weeks
they will form a fine matted plant, and can be transplanted by cutting
off the parent cane four to six inches above the root. If this layering
is neglected, they will make some plants. All red, of the Antwerp
family are increased by suckers or root cuttings, like blackberries.

SUMMER MEETING AT BUTLER. 87

The red are delicious for the table, jelly, canning, preserving, etc.,
but, like blackberries, not profitable for drying, as they will evaporate
too much. Set plants in row one to two feet, and rows six feet apart.
After first year keep rows cut down to ten and to fifteen inches wide.
Top when about three feet high. The red will do without topping or
•cutting back. But the Black cap and large sorts of blackberries will
not do. I have been very successful in growing strawberries and
Black-cap raspberries in the same row, by setting; one to three straw-
berry plants between the raspberry plants all about the same time.
Have had the first and second year a full crop of strawberries, and
have not lessened my raspberry crop, but it requires more manure.
If raspberries are topped right, they are not much in the way of pick-
ing strawberries. Shall plant two acres this way next spring.

Raspherries — Black cap succeed best for me. Tyler, Hopkins,
Centennial, Mammoth Cluster, Gregg, and of the red, Brandywine,
Thwack, Turner, Herstine.

Blackberries— Wihonh Early, Kittatinny, Snyder and Taylor's
Prolific. Have some newer varieties that may supersede some of the
kinds, but are not sufficiently tested yet. I market my berries in Ne-
vada, at ten cents to twenty-five cents a quart. I pay one to two cents
a quart for picking. They pick fifty to one hundred quarts a day. I
pay every night. Some of the pickers appear to be as rich as mil-
lionaires. I employ mostly girls. I would rather oversee fifty women
than twenty boys. The best sorts of berries can be grown for one
■cent a quart, and picked for two cents, making three cents a quart.
Who will do without this wholesome fruit ?

The following paper was prepared bj' S. Miller :

Bluffton, Mo., June 5, 1885.

Mr, Goodman : As chairman of the committee on small fruits, I
fear my report will not be a very flattering one.

A hail-storm on the 25th of May following a drought of three weeks
jgives the strawberry crop a poor show, although we still have a fair
crop of some varieties.

Cherries, a slim crop, except one Elton tree has a fall load. Straw-
berries are a very ordinary crop, except Crescent, Glendale and a new
one, Millei's Mo. 18, which has an enormous crop. Nigh's Superb, Mrs.
Garfield, Pipsr, Old Ironclad and Wilson are not worth their room here.
Howell's Prolific and Walter will also be discarded.

Hart's Minnesota has done better than any of the others that came
out at that time.

88 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Of the newer ones, Black Giaut is a farce. Ray's Prolific, promis-
ing, so is Prince of Berries. Daniel Boone, Grand Duke, Triple Crown
are passable. Sucker State a failure, all the popular varieties are
about alike. Jumbo, latest ot all from Purely, is simply Cumberland
Triumph, and nothing; else with me. Crawford's Cornelia promises to
be very valuable and late. His No. 6 is the lart;;3st berry on my ground
and of excellent quality. These are two that will likely be the coming
berries. That Miller's No. 18 is no seedling of mine, but was sent to me
by Geo. L. Miller, of Butler, Ohio, and is without exceptance one of
the most promising of all the new ones. Immensely productive, large
size, good quality and pretty firm. It has a slight Hautbois flavor, once
so popular in England.

Raspberries got pretty well cut with the hail, yet we will get per-
haps half a crop.

Blackberries I have only Snyder and Triumph left, they show for
a fair crop, although * * * the latter were injured by the
winter.

Grapes look well considering the severe winter and the hail re-
cently. All the tender varieties that were laid down look well. The
rest, nothing in the shape of fruit.

Plums, of which I only have Wild Goose, Louisa, Lombard and Dam-
son bearing, have a moderate crop on them. But press of work, has.
not given me time to smoke them or apply the remedies for the curcu-
lio, and I may lose most of them. I cannot be with you and if I could»
could not take anything along to make a display. It would be pleas-
ant to meet the fraternity but can't do so. Wishing you all a good
time of^t,

I am, yours truly,

SAMUEL MILLER

REPORT ON SMALL FRUIfS.

BY W. M. HOPKINS, KANSAS CITY.

Z. A. Goodman, /Secretary Missouri State Horticultural Societt/:

I send my report as committee on small fruits for this section of
the State.

SUMMER MEETING AT BUTLER. 89

Strawberries went through the winter in good condition, bloomed
heavily. Many berries of some varieties were killed by severe frosts
about the lOlh of May, the Sharpless being the most injured with
me. My crop of berries now picking is the poorest in many seasons,-
but somebody has raised berries, from the plut in this Kansas City
market at present, I am now" selling at lower figures than I ever sold
since I have been in the business. The market is completely demoral-
ized. I think commission men here have contributed no little in bring-
ing about this state of affairs, and to their sorrow, too. I learn they
have dumped hundreds of crates into the Missouri river the past week.
They have injured the grower elsewhere, themselves, and the grower
here. I hope they will see their folly in the future. I am often asked
the best strawberry to plant. This is a very hard question to answer.
If I were asked what not to plant, I could answer more correctly. So
far as my experience goes I would not plant Wilson, Downing, Ken-
tucky, Glendale, Minor's Prolific, Phelps or Warren. All these have
been popular varieties, but have all played out with me. I think well
of the Sharpless, Manchester, Finch's Prolific, Mount Vernon and
James Vick. Many of the newer varieties not yet tested by me may
prove valuable.

Raspberries. — The Black Caps will not make more than about one-
half crop. Reds, the same. Of the Blacks, the Hopkins is the least
hurt; this is the first time it has ever baen injured by winter-killing
before. The Cuthbert is killed to the ground with me, and Thwack
nearly as bad.

BlacJtherries — Snyder and Taylor, sound, do not know how they
are fruiting.

My strawberries are not worth showing. I am ashamed of them.

Kansas City, June 8, 1885.

The following letter was read :

Leavenworth, Kansas, June 2, 1885.

L. A. Ooodman., Secretary Missouri State Horticultural Society:

Dear Sir: Your circular stating the time of holding your State
meeting received. It would afford me much pleasure in meeting with
you, but we are in midst of our strawberry picking, and have to attend
to it. You ask if I can give "'something for your summer meeting." I
cannot do very much in that line, but as I am in the strawberries, Will
say a few words upon that subject that should be of interest to every
strawberry grower.

90 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

I planted some strawberry seeds in Feb., 1884, in pots in the house.
In April 1 set them out in the open ground and gave them no special
care or cultivation. Hoed them twice, and then pulled up the weeds
as they appeared afterwards. They generally grew very well for such
small seedling plants, aiid many made runners freely. I let them grow
without restraint, and they set runners as best they could. I gave
them no winter protection whatever, as I wished to test their hardi-
ness.

These seedlings are now all fruiting more or less for the first time.
Nine-tenths of them are worthless, but some show great promise. One
in particular I will mention, as all persons interested in strawberry
growing should see it.

This plant made a very strong and large stool, and then sent out
runners in every direction that covers a piece. of ground five feet by
ten. The mother plant has now seventeen fruiting stocks from eight to
twelve inches high, and have on them 158 perfect berries, which will
make, when ripe, more than a quart.

The runners from it have all set fruit, and the estimate made of
them by all who have seen them, to be a bushel of fruit when ripe.
These berries are all perfect, of large size, fine quality and handsome
•color.

This estimate in hill culture will make them yield over 43,000
quarts; in matted rows, four inches apart, 56,000 quarts; in neglected
hap-hazzard, as here, 27,000 quarts per acre. This is a big statement,
but can be corroborated by good men or any person who comes to
see it.

It is producing more from the mother plant than fifty plants of
either Mrs. Garfield, Atlantic, Jumbo, Diisy, Daniel Boone, Indiana,
Old Iron Clad, Longfellow, Warren, Big Bob, Jersey Queen, Manches-
ter, Miner's Prolific, Kentucky, Glendale, Bidwell, Wilson, Mt. Vernon
and Sharpless on my grounds.

I send with this what the Leavenworth Times says upon it :

''Dr. J. Stayman has on his farm a cluster of original seedling
strawberries which have been out only a year, and the tendrils have
spread so that the vines now cover a space about five by ten feet of
ground around the original plant. The latter '?ives promise of yield-
ingabout a quart of fine berries, while the "patch" growh from it will
yield nearly a half bushel. This growth is a subject of wonder among
the horticulturists in the neighborhood."

SUMMER MEETING AT BUTLEK. 91

This is correct except it should have been one bushel instead of a
half bushel, which is perhaps an oversight.

J. STAYMAN.

REPORT OF LIONBERGER & GUTMANN.

New Florence, Mo., June 9, 1885.
Z. A. Goodman:

We intended to send some berries to your meeting, but are afraid
that we could not get them there in good enough condition. We will
give you a short report on them : Our finest and best are Cumberland
and Jersey Queen ; next comes C.Jack and James Vick. Piper is also
fine, but the fruit is too dark. Old Iron Clad promised first rate up to
the last of May, but it all went to nothing; not a perfect berry could be
found. Manchester is gaining favor with us, the fruit is very fine. Ida
is worthless ; fruit is too small and too acid. Crystal City is not much
of a berry. Big Bob does poorly. Daisy Miller had some fine fruit,
but must wait another season before saying much about it. Crescent,
Sharpless, Glendale and Downing did not have a fair trial yet.

Respectfully, —

LIONBERGER & GUTMANN.

REPORT ON SMALL FRUIT.

BY .J0H3T S. DRUMONDES, NEW FLORENCE, MO.

Strawberries — I only had a few varieties in fruit this spring. Of
these I found Cumberland, Triumph, Iron Clad and Captain Jack the
best, but Crystal City did very poor with me, and Piper did very poor.
Cumberland ripened first, and of good quality. If I can get the plants
early enough I am going to set out a large plantation ia August.

92 MISSOURI STATK HORTICULTURAL SOCIEIY.

Baspherries — I have the following sorts : Cuthbert, Turner^
Thwack, Gregg, Shaffer's Colossal, Scarlet Gem. Caroline and Lost
Rubie?. Shafl'er's Colossal is of fine quality and good for home use,
Gregg I think a great deal oL I will have to try them further before
I can express my opinion.

Blackherries — I have the Kittatinny, which is the best with me. I
set them out this spring, and they will have a few berries.

Currants — Fay's Prolific, Big Cherry and White Grape. They
have not fruited yet.

Gooseberries — I have the Houghton's Seedling. It is the only
variety we have in fruit.

DISCUSSION.

Mr. Faith plants raspberries in rows eight feet apart; Snyder, the
coming blackberry ; manure every other year.

Cajpt. Hynes^ referring to remarks of Mr. Faith, thought it as bad
to swindle agents as for them to swindle you ; realized |158 from one-
fourih acre of Crescent; Charles Downing and Glendale also excel-
lent ; thought they had better flavored berries in his section.

Mr. Thompson ihoMght {.hdit noted fruit growers should not grow
worthless fruit even to sell to agents, as many honest planters are mis-
led by knowing that the fruit is grown by successful growers ; spoke in
strong terms against misrepresenting anything for the sake of making
money ; we should patronize our home men.

- Mr. Faith endorsed the above, excused any and all of his short
comings on the grounds of his being a Dutchman.

Major Ragan cited the case of a neighbor who planted an acre of
berries; kept them in hills, mulched heavily; kept off runners and
worked thoroughly, and by this process lost his crop. Question: "Will
it do to work in the spring ? "

Mr. Roberts thought spring working would hot do.

Mr. Faith endorsed the above; cultivate after berries are picked
and cultivate late.

Committee on Obituary made the following report :

RESOLUTIONS.

Officers and Members of the Missouri State Horticultural Society:

Your committee to whom is assigned the obituary notice of de-
ceased members, present the following report :

Whereas, Through the Providence of God, our friend, brother and
CO laborer, Dr. A. W. McPherson, of Springfield, Mo.,, a good man, af-

SUMMER MEETING AT BUTLER. 93

fectionate in his family, respected by his fellow-citizens, faithful to his
God, in the church of his choice, an original member of the horticul-
tural society of Missouri, always one of its most active and zealous
members, both as a private member and as an officer, has gone to his
eternal rest; therefore, be it

Resolved, By this society now in semi-annual session at Butler,
Mo., that through his dealh the society has lost a valuable counselor
and an efficient worker, and the horticultural interests of the whole
country have suffered a serious loss.

Resolved^ That we tender our heartfelt sympathy to the bereaved
family and relatives.

Resolved^ That a copy of these resolutions be forwarded to his
stricken family ; that they also be spread upon the records of the so-
ciety.

Kespectfully submitted by your committee,

D. S. HOLMAN,

Meeting adjourned until half past one.

AVA E. PAGE,
H. B. FRANCIS.

AFTERNOON SESSION.

The President being absent, the house was called to order by the
•Secretary and M7\ Carpenter tooked the chair.

WHAT ORNAMENTALS TO PLANT.

BY R. E. BAILEY,

READ BY MR. PAGE.

Mr. Robt. E. Bailey of Fulton, Mo., in a paper on the above sub-
ject read before the semi-anuual meeting of the Missouri Horticultural
Society, held in June, says :

In order to succeed in planting ornamental trees or shrubs, several
questions must be answered with a more or less positive " yes : "

94 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

1. Is ihe proposed tree or plant hardy aud adapted to the climate ?

2. Is it suited to the soil of the grounds of the planter ?

3. Is it suited to the size of the lot ?

4. Has it sufficient merit in beauty or novelty to make it desir-
able in the locality where planted ?

Many mistakes are made on the first point named. We in Mis-
souri, at least in ray part of the great State, have an almost arctic win-
ter and a tropical summer, sometimes accompanied by severe drought.
Some plants will stand the cold of winter but succumb to the heat of
summer ; so that the introduction of trees from Siberia or other cold
countries is not a sure indication of their ability to stand our entire
season. Many ornamental trees, especially evergreens, died in this
vicinity in the extreme hot and dry summer of 1881. The Norway
Spruce and the White Pine furnished a large number of victims.

The last two winters were unusually severe, the mercury marking
30° below zero in many places. So far as hardiness to stand extreme
cold is concerned, we may safely plant anything which has passed
without harm through these two trying seasons. Our native forest
trees have, of course, stood the test; and for them I wish to. make a
plea, especially lor the elm and ash. The famous botanist, Mr. Chaux,
pronounced the white elm the most magnificent A^egetable production
of the temperate zone. It is an interesting study, to note the wonder-
ful difference in the habits of growth of specimens of the elm. Some
are almost as erect as the Lombardy poplar ; others have pendulous
branches, rivaling the weeping willow. The variety known among
nurserymen as Fulva Pendula is very desirable for its luxurian growth
and elegant drooping habit. Its branches first shoot upwards and then
bend in graceful curves towards the earth.

The white ash seems not to meet with the consideration its merits
deserve. I have in mind an ash of great beauty, which stood in the
original forest, a small sapling, when the ground was cleared for the
pioneer's dwelling. It was left in the yard and was beheaded at sixteen
or eighteen feet high. It has grown into a tree with a trunk two feet
thick, with an immense head, the upper branches erect, the lower
pendulous, all radiating from the center, forming a most beautiful
globular head. Its shade is the family's favorite lounging place in the
summer, and in the fall its coloring is almost as fine as that of the
hard maple.

Wier's Cut-leaved Maple is another tree of surpassing merits. Its
deeply cut or lobed leaf, its combination of upright and of long,,
drooping, willow-like shoots make a picture of. wonderful airy grace-

SUMMER MEETING AT BUTLER. 95^

and beauty. I think it is also free from the tendency to split down at
the forks so objectionable in the common maple.

In striking contrast with the light and feathery appearance of this
maple is the Catalpa Speciosa, with its huge, rigid looking branches,,
and its large, deep green foliage. It is not adapted to small grounds.

The Salisburia or Maiden-hair tree, a native of Japan, has proved
hardy in this vicinity, and is a very desirable novelty, being so widely
'different from any other well-known tree. Its leaf is unique, resemb-
ling that of the Maiden-hair fern.

The European Larch stands the cold well enough, but may fail
when it comes to the test of the hottest and driest summers, unless in
a favorable location and well cared for. Its soft, feathery, evergreen-
like foliage is very fine. It is well worthy of more extensive trial..
When larger and deeper rooted, it will be likely to stand better than
when young.

Among evergreens I would name the Scotch Pine and the Siberian
Arbor Vitae as two varieties that seem to endure more vicissitudes of
climate and season than any other I am acquainted with. Many dead
White Pines may now be seen here. The cause of their death I know
not.

The Norway Spruce is a great favorite with nurserymen and
planters ; but for some reason specimens of large siza are very rare.

The Austrian Pine promises to be hardy with us. It has fine dark-
green foliage, and a picturesque roughness, which unfits it for planting
near the dwelling, but, viewed from a distance, it has a ^ood efl'ect.

Of course there are many other good, hardy and worthy trees be-
sides those I have named, but this list will suffice for the present..
From personal experience I know they succeed in this part of the
State.

Among shrubs I will name only one, the large Panicle Flowered
Hydrangea. If there is a member of this Society, or a reader of this
article, who has not this shrub, let him procure one next season. It is
perfectly hardy and in every way desirable.

All the trees named will, I think, fill the conditions as to hardiness
and merit. They will also grow in any soil of medium fertility, unless
it is wet and stagnant.

So much has been said, written and printed about care in digging^
and planting trees, that anything more on the subject would seem alto-
gether unnecessary; yet a little observation will convince any intelli-
gent person that more failures occur from bad work in this respect
than from all other causes combined. In my town each recurring
spring may be seen wagon-loads of trees, ten to fifteen feet in length,

«
96 MISSOUKI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

grubbed up from the ground, with roots from four to eight inches in
length. These trees are planted on the streets or lots in holes barely
large enough to contain their stumps of roots. The sod is replaced
around them. They make a feeble attempt to grow, but when the
ground gets dry and hot, not one in a hundred survives.

Let planters have their trees dug with long roots, plant them in
large holes, compactly tilled with good, mellow soil, and keep a space
of several feet around each tree well mulched or frequently stirred,
and success is almost assured.

DISCUSSION.

Major Ragan^dSiQX complimenting the paper read, wish to add to
the list of desirable trees the Yellow Linn.

Mr. Spears asked if White Ash succeeds upon high land.

Sec Goodman stated it was quite successfully grown about Kansas
■City. . Protested against tlie Soft Maple.

Mr. Carpenter asked regarding the Tulip Poplar or Tulip Tree ?

Col. Eoans said that with him they appeared to be quile hard}'.

REPORT ON ENTOMOLOGY.

BY FRANK HOLSINGER, OP ROSEDALE, KANSAS.

READ BY GEO. E. ROSE.

By request I will attempt a few remarks upon the curculio and
gougers which are so destructive to our stone fruits, and are at present
periling our apples. So numerous have they become that it is impos-
sible to secure a good specimen of plum without careful watching on
the part of the grower.

Until recently the plum q,wx(^\\\\o conotracheliis newupliar {^Qxh%V)
was considered the most destructive to our plum. It has other livals
now of prominent importance. In fact, the gouger, from my stand-
point, can discount it in destractiveness.

SUMMER MEETING AT BUTLER. 97

So well acquainted are our orchardists with the habits and charac-
ter of these insects that we hesitate in again coming to the front with
what, to some at least, has become commonplace.

The curculio is a small, grayish insect, about one-fifth of an inch
in length, having rough wing covers. When magnified, two distinct
humps can be seen on each wing case near the middle. Behind these
is a band of yellow ochre color, with some whiteish marks. The snout
is rather short. The female lays her eggs in the green fruit as soon as
formed, and until the stone becomes hardened, the period of opera-
tion extending over four or five weeks. In attacking the fruit it alights
upon the plum, and with its jaws, which are in the end of its snout, it
makes an iocission through the skin of the fruit, then runs its snout
obliquely under the skin to the depth of one-sixteenth of an
inch, moving it backward and forward until a sufficient cavity
is formed to receive the egg. She now turns around and
deposits the egg in the orifice, then turns, and with her snout
pushes the egg to the end of the passage. Her next move is to cut a
crescent-shaped slit just above the cavity containing the egg deposited,
and then press the flesh of the fruit down upon the cavity. This opera-
tion is doubtless to prevent the development of the fruit that would
otherwise take place at this point and possibly drawn out the larva
before being able to take care of itself. About five minutes are occu-
pied in the deposit of each egg. Some estimate that the curculio has
the capability of laying at least one hundred eggs.

The egg is of an oblong oval form, of a pearly white color, and may
be seen with the naked eye. Lift the cover with the point of a knife,
and you will see it if not already hatched. Three or four days is about
the time taken for them to hatch.

The young larva is a soft footless grub, with a horny head. It
feeds at once upon the fruit, growing as it channels its way to the stone,
around which it feeds until about: one-third of an inch in lenth, or un-
til grown, which it takes some three or four weeks to accomplish.

The irritation caused by the insect to the plum causes it to fall to
the ground usually before the larva is full grown. When it has fully
matured, it leaves the fruit and enters the ground, where it changes to
the chrysolis state, and in three weeks more transforms into a beetle,
and makes its wa^ to the surface and is free.

The insect is single brooded and hibernates in secluded places.
During very warm days the insect takes wing readily. But usually in
the morning and evening they are dull and stupid, and owing to this

II. R.— 7

MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTUBAL SOCIETY.

fact can be easily captured. They are found upon most stone fruit,
and the cherry is often attacked by them. The cherrj'' often remains
hanging until fully ripened, and thus the presence of the insect may be
overlooked.

In the apple and pear they are also found, but the egg seldom
hatches.

They are a native of this country, and during the past have fed
npon our wild plums.

Remedies — The curculio, when suddenly alarmed, folds its legs
close to its body, folding its snout under its body, and falls to the
ground feigning death. Owing to this pecularity they can easily be
captured by spreading a clcth upon the ground and slightly jarring the
tree. They fall upon the cloth and may be readily seen and picked
up. I use a wide mouthed bottle with a glass stopper to receive them,
as crushing between thum and finger becomes painful when they are
very plentiful. In capturing the insects, take several strips of muslin
large enough to span the tree ; sew up one-half the length of the cen-
ter strip, and tack each edge of your cloth to light strips of wood ; now
pass your cloth under the tree with the tree in the center, spreading it
out so that the cloth will be under two branches ; then jar the tree with
the ball of the foot (no danger of injury to the tree if care is used) ;
be active, as the insects soon leave oif feigning death and take to wing.
To guard your orchards you should begin making your captures as soon
as the trees are in blossom. 1 have never yet been too soon for them.
When the fruit is far advanced they take their departure to other pas-
tures. Frequently the apple is made to feel their attention.

There are many remedies given to guard against the curculo, but
none so efficient or simple as the cloth. All others are unsatisfactory
in some particulars.

Ihe Gouger. — What I have said on the curculio will apply pretty
generally to the gouger.

This beetle is larger than the curculio, with smooth wing covers.
The snout is longer than the thorax and projects downward, but can-
not be folded under the breast as in the plum curculio. It makes its
appearance about the same time in the spring as the curculio.

Instead of making a crescent-shaped slit in the fruit, it bores

a round hole. It is also an American insect, having lived formerly on

wild plums. It is single-brooded and passes the winter in beetle state.

It feeds on fruits of all kinds, although it has a preference for stone

fruits.

With its snout it drills a hole such as might be made with a hot
needle, the hole being round and surrounded by a black margin.

SUMMER MEETING AT BUTLER. 99

The grub, when hatced, burrows its way to the stone, and if this be
not already hardened, passes on to the seed where it transforms into
a beetle, which, when matured, eats its way through the flesh to the
side where it escapes.

If, however, the seed is too firm it passes into the ground, where it
changes ito a beetle.

The gouger, when feeding, makes many incisions, causing a hard,
knotty and woody place in the fruit. Fruit thus attacked does not fall
as those injured by the codling moth and curculio.

This insect can be captured the same as the plum curculio.

So numerous have they become that I think on my plantions at
least nine-tenths of the damage done the plums is the work of the
gouger.

A word on the apple curculio : Will say at this writing that they
are unusually busy, and I fear the total destruction of all my Ben Davis.
I e-nclose specimens attacked.

The apples affected do not fall, and when frequently bored are en-
tirely useless. This curculio, like the others, can be captured by jarring
them down upon cloths.

Respectfully,

F. HOLSINGER.

The following letter was read by the Secretary :

New Florence, May 28, 1885.

Z. A. Goodman^ Westport, Mo.:

Dear Sir : Enclosed I send you the paper for your meeting. You
will find it in two parts — a few words on new apples and a report on
my grounds. I am not as good a horticultural writer as I would like
to be, and you will therefore have to excuse me. I was born and
raised in Switzerland, and did not come to this country until I was
grown, and for that reason did not go to school any here. I in-
tended to say a few words on flowers, but I will leave that part to per-
sons who are better posted. However, I Will say that of course flowers
are not altogether neglected at my place. I had a fine display of tu-
lips this spring. My flower beds are now planted in collections of ge-
raniums, dahlias, verbenas, petunas, both single and double, gladiolus,
tuberoses, roses, etc.

For some time we have noticed in Gutmann's ground litile apple
trees to wither and die a few at a lime, both in nursery and orchard.
By investigating it alv/ays proved that ^he mischief was done by some

100 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

kind of a borer of a very large size. The stems of the trees were always
hollow, a mere shell. It was also found that the worm would work up-
wards, but we could never get any of the worms until recently one was-
captured. After we took up the tree, which was just dying, the worm
was noticed descending in the ground as fast as possible, but was cap-
tured about six inches under ground. He was about three-fourths of
an inch in diameter and from three to four inches long, a regular mon-
ster and a stranger to us. He was nearly white with black head. I
send you by mail a small section of the dead tree that he had worked
in. One end will show how completely it was cut off by the worm ; the
fact is, the tree fell down as soon as a little ground was removed.
These worms or borers have done a good deal of damage on Gutmann's
grounds. Now we would Ike to know how this enemy could be kept
in check. The specimen I send you is the largest tree that has yet been
affected.

Hoping that you will all have a profitable and pleasant meeting at
Butler, 1 remain

Yours, most respectfully,.

F. LIONBERGER.

Also the following :

Carthage, Mo., May 31, 18d5.

Z. A. Goodman, Westport, Mo.:

DftAK Sir : Yours with circulars came to hand last night. We
filled out blank together before v/e noticed there were two blanks. It
is rather hard to get the total per cent, of apples.

Mr. AVakefield's strawberries yield at the rate 8,800 quarts per
acre ; mixed Crescent and Wilson Albany might have been nearly
double that if the bed had been in proper condition.

The wheat crop has been greatly damaged by an insect I can best
describe by calling it the Hessian fly. It mostly avoids manured
ground and seeks the poorer land. So we see that the fruit growers
are not the only ones who have to fight " God's great army," the in-
sect world.

Mr. Sperry, of Carthage, showed me a worm that is devouring his
black caps, berries and leaves. The worm is of dark color, light col-
ored stripe along the side ; length, about one and one-eighth inch long.
I suggested that he put small bundles of poisoned grass and cabbage
leaves about under his bushes. It does its work in the night.

SUMMER MEETING AT BUTLER. 101

I have known a straw colored worm to go up apple trees at night
and kill some trees outright by removing every bud. I have killed
three and four dozen of them at a time under each apple tree. It
seems to me that showering trees v»'ith poison is the most effectual way,
but I have made hog and horse pasture of my fruit orchards, and feai
the effect of poison on the grass.

I doubt the profit of hogs in the orchards. The general use of
poison will surely be followed by accidents, but what else can we do ?

So long as we walk contrary to the "weightier matters of the law'
we must fight "the great armies" God sends among us and eat our
bread and fruit in the sweat of our face. "Because thou hast
hearkened to voice of thy wife," etc. You know how it reads.

A word to the wise, etc. — Fools won't be converted, though you
fcray them in a mortar.

Regretting my inability to be with you, etc., I remain

Yours,

L. O.AMSDEN.

DISCUSSION.

Mr. Hynes spoke of such a worm as described in the paper being
found in rotten roots of trees.

H. Spearc2i[\Qd. attention to a twig borer.

Prof* Taft thought these and similar twig borers would not be apt
to become numerous.

Report of Committee onn Secretary's Report was presented by Mr.
Holman and adopted.

Moved that remaining speeches be limited to five minutes;
adopted.

By motion the report of the Committee on Report was reconsid-
ered ; the question relating to appropriating fifty dollars for books for
the society discussed, and after being struck from the report, the report
was adopted.

102 MISSOURI STATE HORIICULTURAL SOCIETY.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON SECRETARY'S REPORT.

Butler, Mo., June 11, 1885.

OMcers and Members Missouri Horticultural Society :

Your committee, to whom was referred your secretary's semi-an-
nual report, respectfully report that we have carefully considered the
report cind most heartily endorse the same, and commend to the society
and the public. We wish to express our pleasure at the ad-
vancement of Missouri horticulture as evinced by your secretary's
report. Specially rejoice in your success before and in competition
with the world at New Orleans, and we feel permitted to place this
success to the credit of persistent and praiseworthy efforts of thi&
society, largely made by the secretary, president and the few best
workers. We rejoice also at the outlook so favorable to large possi-
bilities for the future. We recommend,

1st. That the secretary be authorized to have bound the unbound
reports of '83-1, and that the number for the present year be increased
to 2,000 and all be bound.

2d. That an appropriation of fifty dollars be made for an addition
to the society's library.

3d. That necessary binders for the papers taken and used by the-
society be procured.

4th. We commend to our members the secretary's suggestion in
reference to reduced rates on horticultural papers, which he proposes to-
obtain for all who may wish them.

We concur also in his suggestion in reference to the entomological
service, and we propose that an appropriation be asked of the State
Board of Agriculture of $100, for the purpose, and now ask the appoint-
ment of a committee to procure the appropriation at once.

We concur with the secretary in reference to exhibitions at Grand
Rapids, Mich., and that he be authorized to make the exhibition, and
that he make the usual call upon the members of the society to assist
in getting up additional specimens.

The financial part of said report we ask to be referred to the
finance committee.

Your committee do most earnestly concur with your secretary in
a call for increase of a working membership. It ought, in a State like
Missouri, to be 500 to 1,000, and we suggest that all members and all

SUMMER MEETING AT BUTLER. 103

local societies do this work of soliciting an increase of membership in
and from their respective localities.

We further ask, respectfully, that every live member of this society
see that his locality has an organized society auxiliary to this. Every
county in this State ought to have a local horticultural society for the
development of their county's horticultural interest, and as an aid to
the State society.

We are pleased with suggestions in reference to horticultural edu-
cation in our public or common schools, and hope to see something in
that direction as soon as practicable.

Before closing our report, we desire to express our approbation and
thanks upon the efficient, faithful, untiring labors of the secretary of
this society, and devotion to the cause of Missouri horticulture.

Respectfully submitted.

D. S. HOLMAN,
Z. S. RAGAN,
DAN CARPENTER,

Committee.

BIRDS IN HORTICULTURE.

BY CLARKE IRVINE, OF OREGON, HOLT COUNTV, MO.

Mr. ('larke Irvine in an address before the semi-annual meeting
of the Missouri Horticultural Society, thus spoke of birds as related
to horticulture :

While I write the birds are wild with joy. The glorious cardinal
red, who has been with us since February, cries : "What cheer? What
what, what ? " — his everlasting question in fair weather. The moment
the air becomes heavy and damp he changes his note which sounds as
though he were attempting to decline the Latin pronoun qiiivis. The
wrens are warbling, robins fairly bursting their throats with song. All
nature is vocal with the notes of our song birds. One day of the free,
glad harmony of these uncaged birds is worth a year of all the per-

104 MISSOURI STATE HORTICTLTURAL SOCIETY.

formances of the poor pining captives. For their music alone we might
well prize these denizens of the air and trees. But when we consider
their importance to agriculture of all kinds, it becomes worth our while
to study carefully their nature, habits, wants, etc. Owing to business
cares just at this time, I had concluded not to write, but fearing lest
no one else might do so, and knowing that one or two important sub-
jects require attention in connection with them, I will make the effort.
Referring to what was said in the paper read at the St. Joseph meeting
of our society about the Jays, several differ from my views, declaring
they do more harm than good. If it can be shown that the Jays are
such voracious,' irreclaimable cannibals of their kind, I say let them go.
But I persistently deny that they are useless. Charged with living
exclusively on flesh, grain and fruit, I ask how do they subsist during
the long fall, winter and spring months while they are so busy among
the trees? They are destroying millions of eggs of moths and insects
of various kinds. They are with us all the time, whereas nearly all
other birds are here but a few months, four or five at most. I insist
also that the Carolina mocking-bird, called cat-bird from one note he
makes, is one of the most useful of all his kind. He is especially the
great enemy of the tent-caterpillar, which is often a destroying pest over
thousands of acres. Those who make a specialty of raising certain
fruits become enraged at the ravages of this bird, especially among the
cherry trees. He is very fond of the little sour cherry and ''red Astra-
chan" apple. Instead of destroying the bird it would be better to de-
vote a small space to the fruit he likes so well. It will then be no
difficult matter to keep him away from you valuable fruit. For two
or three weeks this bird is very fond of fruit.

I will confine the remainder of my remarks to the Cardinal Gross-
beak and English Sparrow for special reasons. This Cardinal is the
glory and wonder of every orchard and house-yard where he makes
his home. He begins his melodious song in February and continues it
more or less till late in the tall. From February till July, in fine
weather, he sine's the day long. I do not know of any great benefit
derived from this bird "save the delight he gives to the ear and eye.
He loves grain, corn espeaially, but out of the cage he seems to con-
sume but little. Several of them make their home in my
orchard and yard and in surrounding orchards. In winter I
sometimes hang out a few ears of corn in the trees for them,
near the house. Yet they do not consume half a dozen ears there from
February till May. I particularly mention these birds because they
are the objects of an incessant warefare by people who seek them to
cage, and for their wings and feathers. I verily believe they will be

SUMMER MEETING AT BUTLER. 105

exterminated unless an end be put to this. The favorite native haunt
of this bird is in the great timber of the Missouri bottoms. 'Tis there
their enemies find them. Large trees are filled with traps and thou-
sands are caught. Of course this is in violation of the law. There is a
miserable, idle, vagabond, cunning class of people who do no earthly-
good the year long ; ignorant and slothful, they become half-civilized
and naturally imitate the barbarian in all their methods of making
enough to buy whisky and tobacco — their seeming sole earthly neces-
sities. They appear to have been born in their garments, which,
through long acquaintance with grease, have become unsusceptible ot
wear by friction and are everlasting. A wild hog (how they despise
stock laws), a fish or a biid supplies their meat, a hoe cake or even
parched corn answers for bread. But for their absolute need of whisky
and tobacco the birds might be safe. Between the eastern dealers and
these bird hunters are the middle men, as usual, who purchase the lit-
tle prisoners, their wings and feathers. Some means should be taken
to enforce the Jaw against these depredators. The number ot wings
and birds shipped east is very large.

Some years ago some one introduced the English Sparrow into an
eastern city park for the purpose of killing off certain worms that in-
fested the trees there. It was soon noticed that they did not touch the
worms but were ever down on the streets, among the horses' feet, like
little chickens, and thence to the house tops. Very little was thought
about it, but occasionally one could sec a joke in the papers about the
worms and sparrows. As time passed, some seven years, it was
observed that the birds had spread over into the larger towns of the
Eastern States, thence into those of Ohio and Indiana. About seven
years ago they were abundantin Quincy, Ills. Two years latter they
were at St. Joseph and Kansas City. I remember of thinking
then, "it was fortunate that these miraculously increasing birds
confined themselves to towns and avoided the country." It was
said that they drove all other birds away. Five years ago in
some Central Ohio towns, whfere, on account of their beautiful
parks and walks and gardens, many song birds congregated,
I found these foreigners had monopolized every spot they
wished, and I missed the whilom songs of boyhood's days. Inquiry-
elicited the fact that these little birds had driven the others off. Two
years ago, the first pair ever observed in' Holt county, so far as I can
learn, came to some of the railway stations, the broad overhanging
roofs of these buildings favoring them, and perhaps the telegraph wires
directing them. In the spring of '84 they were seen in our court house
park, a place well set out in varieties of forest trees. The roof of the

106 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

court house was evidently their nesting-jjlace. As so many birds visit
there, no one noticed them, until they were seen fi2;hting and driving
off, far out of sight, the robins and other birds. They were unusually
bold in the presence of passers-by. As soon as it was known what
they were, they were fired upon. From that moment no one could get
near a sparrow there no matter how busily these little birds were shriek-
ing, as soon as any one even looked at them, off they disappeared. A
pair visited a martin box in my yard, and for the first time in nineteen
years I missed the delightful chattering and ""poUy put the kettle on" .
of those birds. This year again they came and were killed, but now I
find a pair is hovering about, waking me of mornings with their
screeks, but disappearing as soon as looked at. They are nesting in
trees, barns and other places. Like some foul pestilence, they have
come to stay, and it is now certain that they will spread over the whole
land. They breed several times per year, it is said, and soon vaS't
swarms develop from a single pair. It now is for us to consider what
will be the result. Not long ago a scientific gentleman, writing to
some association in Europe, declared that " the introduction of the Eng-
lish sparrow into the United States will prove to be a national calam-
ity." Whoever did the work of introducing was foolhardy. A monu-
ment of mud should be erected to his memory. But we are to blame
for our apathy. Time was when their extermination would have been
a light work, but now it will require a general uprising and continual
effort to even keep them down. The least familiarity with the peasant
life of Europe, with its ballads, songs, proverbs and literature, must
have assured the person who introduced these winged rats of the dan-
ger. There they have ever been a nuisance, but owing to dense popu-
lations they are more easily kept down, being eatable where meat is
so dear. In addition to driving away other birds they ioul the roofs
and make cistern water unfit for use. The cruelty of this bird is known
from the immortal nursery song, "Who killed Cock Robin?'' Who of
all birds, beasts or men ? " I," said the sparrow. None but him. Thal>
strange genius Borrow, that prince of all travellers who ever tried to
write a book of travels, in his most interesting of all books, " The Bible-
in Spain," gives us a hint. He quotes a Spanish peasant as singing :

"May the Lord deliver us from evil birds three.

From all sparrows and friars and curates that be ;
For the sparrows eat up all the corn that we sow ;

The friars drink down all the wine that we grow ;
The curates have all our fair dames at their nod ;

From these three evil curses, O spare us Lord God."

SUMMER MEETING AT BUTLER. lOT

"A flock of sparrows will soon consume a sixty-acre field of wheat,"
is otten said in Europe. They have no song, their only cry is an eld-
ritch screech incessant and complaining. From the rapid disappear-
ance of all other birds before them 1 suspect they pick out their eyes,
eat their eggs and young. In a few years they will be equ^l to a con-
stant visitation of locusts if one may judge from appearances.

Cases of extreme deprivation have been imagined, of universal
wreck and ruin where silence and death reign alone. The poet begin-
ning his narrative: " I had a dream" he cries, then to himself whis-
pers— "It was not all ^ dream ;" and describing a borrow of great dark-
ness, he was the one to fitly describe what, beyond doubt, will result
when all our timber is cut off and none but these winged pests live as
birds save here and there perhaps a few vultures. The earth would be
no longer fruitful, and surely man could not live as he has lived. Our
race would become weak and incapable of grand, united effort, no
matter how energetic might be a few of the number. This weakness
would increase and the causes of it would increase, at least up to a
certain point. There is one more fact connected with this, then I am
done. This sparrow does not care for woods. He prefers house tops,,
martin boxes, eaves, and, if driven thence, betakes himself reluctantly
to trees closest to hand. He is by no means a forest ranger. The de-
creasing area of forest affects him favorably. The great misfortune
that is marching with swift and accelerated pace upon us, the timber
famine, will only extend his area, and of course exterminate all of our
most beautiful birds. How near is this timber dearth upon us? Some
who are authorities declare we destroy over twenty thousand acres of
timber per day, or over eight million acres per year; and in five years
an area equal to all Missouri were every acre densely timbered.
Another high authority declares we are in error about there being so
much timber in Canada; she has really no more than will supply her
own people when they come to settle her endless plain?. How soon a
tree can be felled ! How long it takes to grow it large enough to be
worth felling"! Were we all to start in at planting several acres each
per year, still the dearth must come ; we have waited too late. It is
disgusting to hear the insane simplicities uttered about this question.
"We will all grow timber." Pray how long does it take a tree to grow?

" Substitutes are invented ;" yes, but new ways of destroying tim-
ber are discovered faster than substitutes. However one thing is cer-
tain— we must very soon try how to do without lumber for awhile.
As this timber question is connected with the birds, " the trees, home
of birds," says Virgil, a few suggestions are pertinent. It seems to me
that, as a speculation, timber growing surpasses all others. There i&

108 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

not any risk about it; interest on the investment comes Very soon, and
the profits must become enormous. While men jump at lottery
tickets, railways, mines ancj. other enterprises, it needs only that some
parties set a conspicuous example. There are hundreds of young men
who have capital to invest. I am told that the heads of great houses
in Europe, on the birth of a youDger son or daughter, plant a 20 or 40
acre tract in good timber. By the time twenty-one years have elapsed
this has grown to be a fortune and is the dower of the child. Land is
yet very cheap here, and States pay a premium of two or three dollars
per acre per year to timber growers. In five years the thinnings will
be a paying crop, and finally a fortune. A company formed to culti-
vate in timber, for say 25 years, a certain number of acres per member,
could not but realize in time enormously, besides a yearly revenue
after a few years. But a thousand of such companies could not overdo
the business. Nothing so useful as this has been undertaken on a large
scale. Kansas has been having an arbor day for twenty years, so has
Nebraska; but all they have done can be consumed now in about
twelve days, even had the trees grown for forty years. Only let a few
companies be formed, let the press discuss the subject, and the thing
will become fashionable. The probability is that in twenty years from
this time every acre of good timber will be worth five hundred dollars
for the timber alone. It will not cost over thirty dollars to purchase
and plant and care for an acre in timber the first three years, in some
parts of the country.

La Grange, Mo., May 20, 1885.

N.

Z. A. Goodman^ Secretary/, Westpori, Mo. :

Dear Sir: I am in receipt of your card informing me of my be-
ing a member of the ornithology committee and asking a report for
the June meeting. As the meeting comes at a time when I am busy
with berries, I shall not likely be able to meet with you, but wish all
possible success to the efibrts and a pleasant, meeting generally.

I am unable to make a report, or to write on the subject of ornithol-
ogy that will stand a criticism scientifically, but can only speak of the
birds from my own observations.

With the first approach of spring comes the blue bird and the robin,
and as the season advances the numerous bird families are with us,
all, like the human family, hunting and working for something to eat
and to tuild homes and provide for their little ones. I invite nearly
all the birds by protecting them ; offer them free shelter and homes in
my trees and shrubs, and encourage them by gentle and kind treat-

SUMMER MEETING AT BUTLER. 109

ment to feel (as I hope they do) that they are always welcome and at
home here.

In the spring of 1884 I plowed up an old field that had been in sod
for some fifteen years and found the ground full of cut-worms. I
planted the field to watermelons, and as the plants appeared above the
ground, the cut worms commenced to destroy them, but our birds, went
to the rescue. Early in the morning and late in the afternoon, the
blue birds, robins, blackbirds, and various other birds would appear on
the ground in large numbers, and when a worm appeared in sight of
their keen eyes, he was carried away and destroyed, and the plants
were saved without an effort on our part to destroy the worms. The
crop of melons was large and fine, and the birds took none of them for
their services in the success of the crop. This spring we planted the
same ground to strawberries, and while setting the plants found some
of the worms still on the ground; but the birds were there, too, and
now when cultivating or hoeing the plants, the birds work with us all
day long, seemingly trying to aid us in return for our kindness to them ;
they help us make our plants and fruits, and we are willing to allow them
to take their share of all the fruits on the place. It is true, they may
damage and destroy some fruit for us, but as they come long before
the fruits are ripe, we feel they must save for us much more than they
take for themselves. It is better that the destruction is by birds rather
than by insects.

I find most birds do not eat strawberries, only on unfavor-
able, cold, wet seasons, when worms and insects are scarce. Some-
times the cat birds, meadow larks and robins, and some other kinds of
birds take a few berries, but it don't amount to much, as they usually
pick a berry and carry it off" from the field and eat it or feed it to their
young before picking another. I think blackbirds eat no strawberries
nor fruits of any kind; neither does the dove nor martin, yet they all
eat insects. I believe the martin to be a great moth catcher, but
whether codling moth or not, I cannot say. The wax bird or cherry
bird (sometimes called cedar birds), which visit a cherry tree in large
flocks — each trying to see how many cherries he can taste of — are, some
seasons, quite bad on strawberry patches, should probably be killed. I
sometimes kill them, as they don't appear to happen around us until
about the time cherries are ripe. I don't call them friends, neither do
I take kindly to the little grape birds

I fikid the blue jay and bee martin to be rank feeders on cut worms,
grubs, May beetles, etc., and though many class them as detrimental
to fruits, I number them in our bird family and call them our friends-
also.

110 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIEIY.

That many or all of our birds may destroy insects that would be of
some benefit to us I do not doubt, but if all birds were destroyed, I be-
lieve we would soon have to abandon raising a great deal of fruit we
now raise in abundance ; hence, I shall continue to protect the birds,
both because 1 believe them serviceacle to us and for their orna-
mental and musical benefit to us, to see and hear the happy birds
singing in the trees and air around us — to say nothing of their beauti-
ful songs at daylight, is sufficient compensation for all taken from us,
•even if they rendered no other services.

Truly yours,

WM. H. TH0MA8.

DISCUSSION.

Major Rag an i2iV0Ye^ the planting of wind-breaks and the encour-
aging birds to build therein.

Mr. Faith spoke in favor ot the birds although they take his first
strawberries.

Mr. Skinner stated that the English sparrows were in Butler three
years ago, but were not here now; believed in destroying the cats in
order to save the birds.

Rev. Pierce cited an instance where trees were planted especially
for the birds in order to save the other fruit.

Mr. Spear asked regarding the jay; classed him with the hawk,
an enemy to man.

CapU Hynes also wages war upon the jay while friendly to others,
especially the wren.

Mr. Kidwell protested against the destruction of the jay and cat
bird. They destroy the cut worms, taking those in preference to the
corn or berries.

Secretary Goodman destroys the jay, not to preserve the fruit, but
because they prey upon other birds which are much more useful to
man.

Mr. Skinner favorable to all birds except the butcher bird and
sparrow hawk.

Major Ragan thought the greatest bird enemy to man would
prove to be the English sparrow.

Mr. Kidivell thought that there is no cause to fear the English
sparrow; when ih-y need destroying Yankee genius would inve^nt the
proper trap.

For lack of time a number of papers were read only by title, and
are printed in the report, as follows :

SUMMER MEETING AT BUILER. Ill

THE RELATION OF THE FRUIT GROWN TO THE COMMIS-
SION MERCHANT.

BY 6. N. COX, ST. JOSEPH, MO.

The relations of producer to consumer, as well as those of buyer
to seller, while somewhat antagonistic in character, are yet helpful and
necessary to each other. Supply and demand furnish the basis on
which our commerce rests; whether it be foreign or domestic, or as
between individuals or communities.

When both parties to an exchange of products are brought to-
gether so that a mutual understanding can be had, there accrues to
€ach a benefit, in that the one has received a reasonable considera-
tion for what he has offered for sale, while the other has obtained what
in his estimation is of equal value. But this primitive sort of ex-
change is no longer practicable or desirable. With increased facilities
lor transportation, come new opportunities for the disposal of such
products as in the ordinary course of trade are only adapted for im-
mediate use. This is especially true of bolh fruit and vegetables. To
this advantage of a wider market there is one drawback, the necessity
that exists for the grower to frequently forward his products to a
market where he cannot in person attend to their disposal. This
necessitates their being placed with other parties, who will dispose of
them to the best advantage for his benefit. This is not always an easy
matter. The commission merchant has his own interests to look after
and guard, and these are sometimes at variance with those of the con-
signor. Yet, if the fruit-grower will carefully inquire as to the in-
tegrity, as well as the mercantile standing of those to whom he con-
signs hi.s fruit, he can safely trust their judgment in its disposal. In
order that the best results may be obtained for the grower, it is neces-
sary that he should take even more care in the preparation of his fruit
for market than if he was to accompany it himself. Nothing con-
tributes so much to the sale of fruit, especielly when offered on an
over-crowded market, as an attractive appearance of both package and
contents.

It frequently happens that consignments of fruit reach their desti-
nation to find the supply greater than the demand. This cannot be
avoided. The only thing is to trust to the honor and business qualifi-

112 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

cations of the consignee, and await the result. If this state of things
continues for any length of time, it will be necessary to look elsewhere
for a market. Fair dealing on the part of growers and commission
men is the only way in which both parties in interest can reap an ad-
vantage sufficient to justify a continuance of the relation. Let each
insist that the other shall fulfil honestly and thoroughly his part of the
contract, and there will be no conflict of interest, but both will be
gainers thereby.

SOME OF OUR NEEDS AND DIFFICULTIES.

BY J. W. TURNER, MEADVILLE, MO.

There is a long list of varieties of the different fruits, and in order
to succeed it is important that the planter plant varieties suited to Lis
soil and surroundings.

I have labored for years with thrifty growing but unproductive va-
rieties, and I know how discouraging it is, and how energizing it is to
have their place taken by productive kinds. It is the belief of the
writer that this is one of the greatest obstacles in the way of successful
fruit growing.

Every nursery salesman knows that nineteen out of twenty of our
farmers do not even know what varieties of apples to plant ; the making
of their selection is left entirely to the agent, except so many Ben
Dayis.

Somehow the belief has penetrated the public cranium that it
(the Ben Davis) is exempt from Eden's curse (so is every other worlh-
less thing, apparently,); and while nurserymen are striving to supply
the enormous demand tor it they are vainly wishino; that the people
would find out that our '"Missouri Pippin" is its equal in hardiness, and
that our "Grimes' Golden'' and "Lawver" are not far behind. We may
wish that people knew that the "Snyder" blackberry is absolutely
hardy and productive ; but we are left to wonder from the present out-
look whether it will ever be generally known.

SUMMER MEETING AT BUTLER. 113

A few, through toil and experiments and mistakes, learn some-
thing about horticulture ; and in the hour of their victory over diffi-
culties they are called hence ; their knowledge goes with them ; their
sons and successors follow and repeat all their blunders ; and thus it
goes, world without end- And so there is so little real progress made
that the bravest are sometitnes almost discouraged.

It is hoped, Mr. Secretary, your suggestion in regard to a library
for our State society will be seconded by every member of the society.
But that is not enough by far. If we fail to reach the farmers as a
•class we fail totally. Is there a better way than through a county so-
ciety ? I can think of none better: and what a good and grand work
it could and must do if it is ever done at all.

The whole business of fruit growing among the masses is rotten to
putrefaction and "smells to heaven." If the salt has not lost all its
savor, let it be speedily applied in the shape of a county society com-
posed of men full of faith and good works whom the planters can look
to for information and guidance. For the sake of our indivual pocket-
books wake up to this matter ; let us not supinely fold our hands and
say it is nothing to me.

Don't we remember awhile back when that Russian apple man
was around— how he sold thousands of dollars' worth in our county ?
Even some of the leading farmers bought largely and of course every-
body followed their good (?) example ; and now not a stump is left for
all that outlay. .

Let no one flatter himself that it cannot be done again ; and more-
over, it is only a question of time when it will be done again. If we ques-
tion the men who were taken in by these swindlers, we get the answer :
I did not much want anything, but he kv^pt on until I got tired of him
and I bought to get rid of him." A poor excuse; for he forgets all his
life long to be as kind to a respectable agent. Why should people be
forever robbed of their money by these irresponsible men who, if they
furnish what they pretend, it is an experiment to the man who buys ?
His hopes are disappointed. The thing has been repeated until many
good men believe the fates have conspired against them and they can-
not trust themselves to plant anything but something gotten up by an
extraordinary method of propagation or possibly Ben Davis apple.
These parties are always game for swindlers.

I believe it is within the reach of the county societies to remove
all this evil. We want varieties suited to the various soils all over our
State.

Each county can find them for itself. It seems entirely practica-

H R— 8

114 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ble for each to test varieties in different localities, and if means are
lacking for that purpose, every patriotic citizen will lend a helping
hand.

TWO GOOD FOREST TREES.

BY G. SEGESSEMAN.

It is justly lamented that the wealth that lies in our forests is rap-
idly diminishing, and that thereby also the climate is severely affected.
Not only is the area growing smaller and smaller; but the remaining
is also impoverished, the best timber being cut out while invalids and
useless trees are left to occupy the ground and rob the others of their
share of ground. One acre of cultivated and well cared for forest trees
would be worth more than ten acres of the kind we see commonly all
around. But it is useless to expect that planting and cultivating tim-
ber will take place before it can be shown that there is any profit in it
for the planter himself.

Among others there are especially two kinds of trees that promise
a pecuniary remuneration, just as well as if the land had been cropped'
with wheat and corn all the while. These are the black walnut and
the catalpa. The use of the black walnut tree is well known ; also-
that it is slowly disappearing in the old forests while the demand is in-
creasing, prices in the world's market having attained a very high rate.
To plant them the ground ought to be deeply plowed and prepared as
if for corn, and the nuts set as soon as they drop from the tree same
distance as corn in the hill, one or two nuts in one hill. Or the rows
be made six or seven feet distant and the nuts three feet distant in the
row. After planting the land is to be leveled by harrowing. This
and the following freezing will cover the track mxire or less till spring
time so that the squirrels, the worst enemy, may not so easily find
them as when only planted in the spring, when the want of food causes
these animals to dig them out one and all. After some years they need
thinning out, when two points are to be observed, viz.: that the besfe

SUMMER MEETING AT BUTLER. 115

specimens are left to remain, and that among these an equal distance
ought to be maintained as much as possible. The result will be
straight, valuable stems which may be cut finally in say, twenty-five
years after planting.

The use of the catalpa is many-fold, the besc timber to withstand
moisture; it is good for posts, stakes, sills, railroad ties, barrels,
shingles, etc. ; as cabinetmakers' material, it competes with walnut; as
an ornamental tree in lawns and alleys, it is highly appreciated. If
planted in proper distances along a line where fences are needed, it
serves as living posts. All these merits are multiplied by the quick
growth in which Teas catalpa excels even the Western or 0. speciosa,
one year old seedlings beating the latter by several inches, attaining a
height of two to four feet. The seed being very small must be sown in a
nursery, slightly covered, and in some way care must be taken that
the surface be prevented from parching lest the germ may not break
through. The spring following they may be transplanted definitely,
the stem cut off to the ground. Distance and culture the first two
years the same as with walnuts.

Amazonia, Mo., June 1, 1885.

A letter from M. H. Street, St. Library, Neb.

In a circular from your worthy secretary, he says : "We hope no
one will feel the least delicate in bringing or sending essays and pa-
pers on any subject of interest to the society." Ah, of interest, how-
few of us feel we are able to write such an article. He also calls for
our experience. Mine is limited, but I will give it :

As I expected, vines and bushes were badly killed. Snyder B.
B. killed from a few buds at the ends of the canes down to the ground.
Mammoth Cluster and Gregg raspberry killed about the same ; Tur-
ner and Cuthbert stood the best of all, and are at date, May 25th,
loaded with buds. Strawberry vines suffered badly. Downing seems
to have almost entirely succumbed to the cold ; Crescent is ahead and
lively, filling up with bloom and bud, but alas, I tear to no purpose, as
the Downings are dead, and the Wilsons and Captain Jacks are so slow
about blossoming; the* Crescents will not be fertilized. What can I
use for a fertilizer for them in place of Chas. Downing?

The common gray cut worm made sad havoc with the crowns of
plants in early spring, killing thousands of them, our patch being
within ten rods of the house (and no fences) We invited the hens
down there, and they would run up and down the patch diving here
and there, and now as soon as they are out of mornings
they^ make for the patch and seem to catch a great deal

116 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

of something, nor do we see so many cut worms. When the
hens show an inclination to scratch the mulch we drive them
of, and before berry time (if we have any) will keep them oflf alto-
gether. I had thought of sowing air-slacked lime over the plants, but
was afraid to risk it till some one gave their experience with its use.
I would ask if any of the members have ever tried it? In regard to
the plants winter killicg, I think soil, climate, etc., the cause, as fol-
lows : Soil, loose, sandy loam, so loose that unless mulched the hard
winds carry a man's field off in clouds, and from the middle of Oct. to
the first or middle of April, we have no rain, and the snow blows off
down to the mulch, consequently what little snow that thaws does not
keep the ground wet, and our intense cold (from 24 to 34 degrees below
zero) dry freezes them to death. I lost about a dozen fall-set grape
vines from the same cause, I feel pretty sure, for I watered them good
when I set them, and as soon as the ground froze covered them some
with earth and some with coarse manure, but they were dry and hard
this spring. There are more insects, worms, etc., to the square acre
here in Nebraska than any other place I saw, and anyone undertaking
fruit raising must make up their minds to do or die. Even our forest
trees are beset by the striped cotton- wood bug, box elder worm, rose
bugs, caterpillars, etc. By the way, last winter I spread ashes from
wood, cobs and cornstalks over a small plat of plants, and they were
the deadest lot of all. Was it the ashes that killed them ?

When we get down in Missouri, which we hope to do either this fall
or next, then we will attend and listen to the experience of older and
wiser ones.

Yours respectfully,

M. H. STREET.

SUMMER MaETING AT BUTLER. 117

REPORT ON SMALL FRUITS.

BY W. H. THOMAS.

LaGrange, Mo., June 8, 1885.
Z. A. Goodma7it -Esq.

Dear Sir : In answer to your request for a paper on small fruits
from Northeast Missouri, I have to say that this section of the State
pays but little attention to growing small fruits, hence but little can be
said by us. The past winter was very severe on the blackberries of
the tender varieties, such as Lawton, Kittatinny, etc., but the Snyder
came through all right, and is now full of blossoms, but few of that
variety has been planted as yet, so of course our crop of blackberries
for this season will be very light. The Black Cap raspberries were also
injured by cold weather to some extent, so our crop of them will also be
a little short. The red varieties appear to be uninjured, but very few
of them, however, are grown here. But of the strawberry crop a more
favorable report may be made, except as to prices, for we are now
right in the heavy part of the picking. The Wilson was badly dam-
aged by the freeze about a month ago, and the Sharpless and Chas.
Downing are almost a total failure, but the Crescent, the boss of ber-
ries, is uninjured, and, oh, my! what quantities of large fine berries
they are turning off, and all for the small sum of "one dollar a bottle"
— case — need I say, well, not quite so bad as that yet, for some are
selling for $2.00 per case.

We grow the Orescent, Wilson, Capt. Jack, Sucker State and Sharp-
less, and are trying a few others, but shall discard Sharpless for same
reason we had to give up Downing — too tender to .stand spring frosts.
I always plant in the spring as early as possible after plants are large
enough to take up. In planting a Crescent patch I plant two rows of
Crescent, then one row of Wilson, then two rows Crescent, then one of
Sucker State or Capt. Jack, and so on till all are planted. The Wilson
being an early bloomer is ready to fertilize. The first bloom of the
Crescent, the Capt. Jack or Sucker State both being late bloomers are
ready to take up where the Wilson leaves off, thus fertilizing all the
blooms on the Crescent, unless during unfavorable, cold, rainy weather

118 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

at blooming time, then much of the pollen falls to the ground, and the
Crescent failing to receive its full share imperfect berries or none at
all are formed.

Many writers say plant every fifth row with a good, strong, perfect
blooming variety, with the Crescent, and they will be properly fertil-
ized. That may do to write as theory, and may do to practice, pro-
vided the season is just right, and the perfect bloomer keeps right
along with the Crescent's blooming season, but I hav-e failed to find
such a plant, and experience has taught me it is not safe to plant that
way or depend on one V9riety alone to aid the Crescent.

I planted the Sucker State for the first time last spring, and now
pronounce it the most robust, best rooted, largest crowned plant I have
ever seen. (I have none to sell). I am taking a little fruit from them
this season, they are later and larger than Wilson, and I think produce
about the same; are not as firm as Wilson, but would sell for a Wil-
son anywhere, they look so much like them. I expect to plant them
quite largely next spring ; they grow and multiply nearly equal to the
Crescent ; bloom late ; a perfect bloomer, and berries ripen late ; I think
they are excellent to go with the Crescent. My plan of setting the
plants is to mark off the ground one way same as for corn, then one
man takes up the plants and straightens out the roots nicely, while
another takes the planter (an instrument or tool similar to a cooper's
adz, except the blade is straight and the hammer end of wood), and
with his right hand sends the blade (say two inches wide) into the
ground about four to six inches at an angle of about 45°, while with his
left hand he places the plant down side the blade at the same time
removing the blade and turning the tool so as to fetch a good stroke
on the ground with the hammer end down near the plant, and the
plant is firmly set, few fail to live, and the work is thus well, cheaply
and rapidly done; one good hand will set as fast as another will take
them up. I never allow plants to fruit same season they are planted.

Can't say any more this time — too busy with berries. 71 cases to-
day and threatening rain. I think my last letter to you was probably
addressed Weston.

LaGrange, Mo., June 23, 1885.

Z. A. Goodman^ Esq . Secretary:

Dear Sir: I wish to make a correction of my statement about
the Sucker State; when I wrote it was just getting ripe, and I thought
it looked very much like the Wilson. It is not near as firm as the Wil-
son but averages larger in size, and very much resembles the Cumber-
land Triumph in looks; quality not good ; otherwise I stand fully up

SUMMER MEETING AT BUTLER. 119

to all I said for it, on the limited trial I have had a chance to make of
it ; by another seascn I hope to know more fully its qualities. Straw-
berries all gone; season very unsatisfactory as to prices and quantity.
Raspberries just commencins;; crop of them is very light.

Truly, etc.,

'W. H. THOMAS.

Springfield, Mo., June 1, 1885.

Mr. L. A. Goodman^ Secretary Missouri Horticultural Society:

Dear Sir : As one of the Committe on Flowers, 1 beg to submit
the following :

The season is at least a month later than usual ; our annual roses
are now in full bloom, and they are usually gone by " Decoration day."
We had frost, snow and ice the first week in May, but it had no per-
ceptible effect on even the tender plants, like heliotropes, etc., except
to retard their growth a little. Following the old rule of bedding out
tender plants when the fruit trees were in bloom, ours were all planted
out, but we did not lose anything. Far greater attention is paid to
the care of lawns and gardens than ever before, and our nurserymen
report a great demand for plants, especially roses, geraniums, pansies
and verbenas, they estimate their sales at double the amount of last
jear, and at least $300.00 have been sent from Springfield for roses
alone to Qanesfullen, St. Joseph, Miller & Hunt, Dingee & Conard,
and others. (This was ascertained from the postmaster). I notice a
peculiar little red burr on the roses (bushes) I have never seen before ;
it looks something like a strawberry; cannot ascertain what it is. It
seems to be a fine season for flowers, if it is late.

MRS. WADE BURDEN.

FLOWERING SHRUBS.

BY J. A. DURKES.

In accordance with your request, dear Secretary, to write some-
thing that would be of interest to those who would attend this meet-
ing, what better subject could we present at this season than that of
flowers ?

<

120 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIEIY.

The shrub, whether planted for ornamental or floral purposes on
the grounds, fills a place at all times attractive and though it were but
an uncared for straggling bush, in some part of the spring or summer
when it may be covered with bloom the most obdurate and critical in
their taste would find a charm in —

" Each floral bell that swingeth.
Spreading its perfume on the passing air. "

Especially are shrubs desirable to the general planter. They are
hardy, need but little care and are easily propagated ; most can be
grown from cuttings, by layers, by dividing, by side-shoots and root
cutting. We said they would grow with little labor, but their response
to those little things we call high cultivation will be seen in the size»
richness and abundance of bloom, as well as the luxuriance and lustre
of the foliage.

Of the mode of training and culture, their useful adaptations in
ornamental planting is not our purpose now to speak, but to note some
of the most desirable, with their habits, that will give a succession of
bloom from early spring till summer late.

While the snow is still lingering on the northern slopes, the Daphne
ushers in the floral reign of spring, and before a leaflet appears, its
branches are

" Well attired and thick beset
With blushing wreaths investing every spray."

The golden bells of the Forsythia, half hidden amid the deep
green foliage, at this season the more attractive, is a pretty sight ; un-
fortunately, this is only half-hardy, and needs protection.

The excellence of the Juneberry cannot be praised too highly, its
white flowers covering the tree in April, and becoming very ornamen-
tal in fall by the purplish red hue of its leaves.

The Japan Quince, too, is a desirable shrub on account of its hardi-
hood and early habit of bloom j the appearance of its flowers are very
brilliant, and the poet has spoken of it in this strain :

" Wreathed in deep crimson buds — the fairy fires
That gleam and glow amid the wintry scenes,
Lighting their ruddj^ beacons at the sun."

To melt away the snow, as the days pass on and lengthen, the fra-
grance of the Golden Currant fills the air, the little Almond, pink and
white, enliven the scene, while their more stately sister, the Flowering
Plum, vies with them in the greater delicacy of her colors.

SUMMER MEETING AT BUTLER. 121

That old favorite, the Lilac, we cannot pass by ; for ages it has been
a plant for poetical inspiration. May comes and the floral crown re-
ceive? many beautiful additions.

The pretty Tartarian, or upright Honeysuckle, the Weigelia and
several varieties of Spirea are in bloom, and the Snowball too, tall

" And throwing up her silver globes —
Light as the foamy surf
The wind severs from the broken waves."

This is one of the most beautiful of all ornamental shrubs, and re-
ceives a place in every plantation.

The Rose Acacia, though a rambling shrub, always was a favorite-
with us.

The Philadelphus are all hardj^, giving abundance of bloom.

Of course every one must have the Queen of flowers, the Rose, to-
reign over their little floral kingdom. The Deutzia, too — who does not
admire it ? — outstretching its branches, laden with white blossoms

"Half-hidden 'mid its foliage green."

Other varieties of the Spirea now come into bloom.

The Sorreltree becomes very desirable and the more attractive
from the length of its blooming season, being from July to September.

The Altheas gladden the later summer with their various colors.

For a late bloomer the Stuartia must win its way into every col-
lection; this shrub is not so well known yet as it should be.

Many of the intervals of the blooming can be tilled by a selection
of climbers. Honeysuckles, Wistarias, Clematis and others.

The hardy. Perpetual Roses, too, go far in this respect.

The secretary called the attention to the offer of $1,000 by the
American Garden for the best new variety of strawberry, best raspberry^,
best grape, best gooseberry, best blackberry, best new fruit, best new
potato, best new vegetable, best new flowering shrub.

The secretary then read the following liberal offer made by E. H.
Libby, Greenfield, Mass., editor of American Garden :

THE AMERICAN GARDEN PRIZES OF f;i,000 FOR NEW FRUITS,,
FLOWERS AND VEGETABLES.

For the promotion of horticulture, the American Garden ofl"ers the
following prizes of $100 each, or silver plate of equal value. No vari-

122 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

eties now upon the market can compete. Plants or seeds are to be
sent to the committees for f>;rowing in their own grounds for trial,
under restrictions not to be propagated or sold. The prizes are to be
awarded to the originators :

a. The varieties put in competition are to be shown at three or
more State, National, or other equally important exhibitions, in 18S5
and in 1886, under the rules of the societies where exhibited. The
awards will be made by committees — chosen from among members of
the American Pomological Society for fruits, American Horticultural
Society for vegetables. Society of American Florists for flowering
plants — in the fall of 1886, or at such times as the committees shall de-
cide that the conditions have been met.

1. For the best grape which shall combine territorial adaptability
with superior shipping and table qualities. A vine with the current
year's growth, a portion of the previous year's growth, with all fruit
and foliage growing thereon intact, and at least six bunches of grapes
shown separately, to be exhibited as above {a). $100 or plate.

2. For the best strawberry which shall combine territorial adapt-
ability with superior shipping and table qualities.. A plate of not less
than fifty berries, and three plants with all roots, foliage and fruit in-
tact, to be exhibited as above {a). §100 or plate.

3. For the best raspberry which shall combine hardiness, pro-
ductiveness and superior shipping and table qualities. Same condi-
tions as for 2. To be exhibited as above («). $100 or plate.

4. For the best gooseberry which shall combine large size, pro-
ductiveness and freedom from mildew. Same conditions as for 2. To
be exhibited as above {a). $100 or pla4:e.

5. For the best blackberry which shall combine large size, good
qualit}', hardiness and productiveness. Conditions as for 2. To be ex-
hibited as above (a.) $100 or plate.

6. For the best new fruit, (a new species required) to thrive north
of Virginia and Kansas. To be exhibited as above (a). $100 or plate.

7. For the best new potato which shall combine superior quality,
productiveness, and freedom from disease. One peck to be exhibited
as above (a). $100 or plate.

8. For the best new vegetable, other than potato (either a new
variety or species), table and shipping qualities, and profitableness of
culture to be considered. To thrive north of Virginia and Kansas. To
be exhibited as above («). §100 or plate.

9. For the best new flowering shrub, which shall be hardy in the
Northern States east of the Rocky Mountains. To be exhibited as
above («). 8100 or plate.

SUMMER MEETING AT BUTLER. 123

10. Fer the best new herbaceous perennial flowering plant, which
shall be hardy in the Northern States east of the Rocky Mountains.
To be exhibited as above (a). $100 or plate.

We shall make no claims or conditions whatsoever that would in-
fluence the naming or disposition of the prize-winning varieties.

The competition is opeA to North America.

The names of the committees will be announced as soon as the lists
can be completed.

The above conditions will not be modified, except, possibly, to
simplify them.

We invite suggestions, to the end of making the above offers as
useful as possible.

Parties intending to compete are requested to inform the under-
signed, for record.

Reports of judges on any new fruits, flowers, or vegetables at any
exhibition in America are solicited.

(Signed) E. H. LIBBY.

Greenfield, Mass., Maj^ 1, 1885.

Committee on final resolutions submitted the following repo-rt:
REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON RESOLUTIONS.

Mr. President :

The committee appointed to draft final resolutions beg leave to
off"er the following :

Pesolved, That the thanks of this society are due for the use of the
Presbyterian church, in which we held our meeting, and especially to
the ladies of Butler for the gorgeous and beautiful decoration with
such a fine array and beautiful display of rare blooming pot plants,
together with a profusion of cut flowers, boquets, designs and festoons,
and for their interest and regular attendance during the meeting.

liesolved., further^ That our thanks are due the Bates County Hor-
ticultural Society and to the citizens of Butler and of the county for
their courteous, hospitable entertainment and untiring efforts to ren-
der our stay and meeting pleasant.

Resolved, further, That we are pleased to be honored by so many
reporters of the press, and also especially to Prof. Rose for his prompt-
ness in reporting the full proceedings of this society.

124

MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Resolved^ That the thanks of the society are di>e the Missouri
Pacific, Chicago & Rock Island, the C. & A., Wabash, and Kansas City
& Memphis railroads for reduced rates over each of their different
lines.

Respectfully submitted,

Z. S. RAGAN,
E. F. HYNES.

REPORT OF TREASURER.

RECEIPTS.

Balance last report

March 30, 1885, Deticiencj^ Bill (printing)

May 17, 1885, Deficiency Bill (New Orleans)

State appropriation

Membership

Total

EXPENDITURES.

April U, 1885, warrant No. 34, printing report. . .
May 20, 1885, warrant No. 36, printing (balance).

May 20, 1885, warrants Nos. 37, 38, 39, 40 and 41, expenses at World's
Fair

Jan. 1, 1885, warrant No. 42, expenses winter meeting

March 1, 1885, warrant No. 43, expenses Jeff. City, postage, etc.

April 1 , 18S5, warrant No. 44, expenses on report, express

May 1, 1885, warrant No. 45, binding report

June 1, 1SS5, warrant No. 40, postage on reports

June 1, 18S5, warrant No. 47, six months salary Secretary

June 1 , 1885, Tresurer's expenses

Total

Leaving balance

Total

$75 OO
450 00
500 00
750 00

82 oa

$1,857 oa

$395 84

32 80

484 00

117 00

77 35

101 80

218 78

62 30

250 00

32 10

$1,772 47
83 53:

$1,857 OO

J, C. EVANS, Treasurer.
Referred to Finance Committee, exaiwined and approved.

D.N.THOMPSON,
A. AMBROSE.

Committee.

SUMMER MEETING AT BUTLER. 125

Before adjournment President Evans extended an invitation to the
members and their friends to meet at Duncan's Hall at 8 p.m. to enjoy
a strawberry festival.

The invitation was heartily seconded by Mr. Thompson in behalf
of Butler and vicinity.

Sec. Goodman made a few appropriate remarks relating to asso-
ciations and friendships formed in these associations.

Mr. King, editor of the Wester?i Chronicle^ by request, presented,
the merits of his paper.

Also the merits of the Live Stock Record were presented by its
editor, H. E. Heath.

By motion, the ministers of Butler and their wives were made
honorary members of the society for the coming year.

The society was then favored with a beautiful song, " Weary
Gleaner."

After a permanent benediction by Bro. Walker, the society ad-
journed until next December to meet at time and place selected by
the proper officers.

REPORT

OF THE

MISSOURI VALLEY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

BY G. W. HOPKIRS, ESQ.,

WITH SOME OF THE PAPERS READ DURIXG THE YEAR.

Mr. President and Members of the Missouri State Horticultural S&-
ciety:

I herewith submit a brief report from the Missouri Valley Horti-
cultural Society :

Since my last report to your meeting at St. Joseph, we have passed
through one of the most severe winters I have ever experienced in this
State. This has been followed up by a very cold, wet. backward spring,
which has left its telling effect upon every kind of fruit.

Thousands of apple trees which were loaded with bloom and gave
promise of a bountiful crop, are now covered with a rich green foliage,,
but minus their fruit.

Peach trees have not only failed to bloom, but many are dead and
many are so badly injured as to make but a sickly effort in the forma-
tion of foliage.

Raspberries that have heretofore been considered iron-clad, hav»
had to succumb.

EEPORT OF MrgSOURI VALLEY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 1'27

Cherries that gave promise of an unusual large crop, have con-
tinued to drop until we can hardly expect half a crop.

Plums are almost a failure.

Strawberries, while passing through the winter uninjured, and
setting a heavy crop, when the picking time arrives are found to be
below the usual average size, and deficient in quantity.

Many varieties which were never known 1o rust before are now
badly afl'ected.

While the outlook for the horticulturist is not the most flattering
in this section of the country, let us not despair, but remember the
promise which is found in the good book that seed time and harvest
shall always come.

The winter meetings of the society were held in Kansas City at the
office of Vineyard & Wilkinson, with the exception of the April meet-
ing, which was held at the court-house.

Owing to the absence of many of the members attending the
World's Fair at New Orleans, and the extreme cold weather, some of
the meetings were not very largely attended. However, there were
always enough members who braved the storms to form a quorum for
the transaction of business. To this promptness which has character-
ized the members of the society in attending the monthly meetings,,
may in a large degree be attributed the success which has crowned the
efforts of the organization.

The display of apples up to the May meeting was unusually fine,,
and the society awarded premiums liberally.

The Society has made an arrangement with the Western Chron-
icle, a monthly paper published in Kansas City, by which a complete
report of the proceedings of the Society, together with all essays and
papers will be published in each number. By this means the ex-
perience and observation of the members will be widely disseminated'
throughout the surrounding country.

The May meeting was held at the home of Jesse Ray, east of the'
city. It commenced to rain early in the morning, and continued at
intervals throughout the day. The members began to drop in about
eleven o'clock, and continued to come until quite a crowd had col-
lected.

Mr. Ray had made preparations for a large crowd, and such huge
dishes of ham, chicken, cake, pies, etc., we only see at the summer-
meetings of the Society. Several ladies were present, and the mem-
bers enjoyed a good time, socially, until the hour arrived for business.

The Society is largely indebted to the ladies for the success of the
summer meetings.

128

MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

They know just how to tempt the appetite and supply the wants
of the inner man.

It is said if you " toucli a man's pocket, you touch his heart."

But I am one who believes that the shortest route to a man's heart
is reached through his stomach.

After dinner the meeting was called to order by Vice President
Goodman. Our worthy President, Col. Evans, having recently com-
mitted T^iatriraony ^ failed to show up.

This is the first time he was ever known to stay away on account
of weather, especially at the summer meetings, when he knew the
ladies would be present.

After spending some time in discussing the horticultural outlook
and listening to a very valuable paper on the sacking of grapes, the
Society adjourned to meet at the home of Judge Cravens on the third
Saturday in June.

The following is a list of officers and members of the Society for

18S5:

President — J. C. Evans.
Secretary — G. W. Hopkins.

F. Hoi singer.
Major Z. S. Ragan.
William Lewis.
J. C. Blair.
S. D. Gregg.
Eugene Lindsay.
Zatter Todd.
J. W. Williamson.
Harvey Hughes.
James A. Bayles.
Isaac Orwick.
J. 0. Dickerson. •
P. S. Brown.
A. 0. Threlkeld.
F. E. Robinson.
W. A. Gosnell.
Carl Shroeder.
T. McKinlev.

OFFICERS.

Vice-President — L. A. Goodman.
Treasurer— G. F. Espenlaub.

MEMBERS.

W. G. Gano.
J. A Durkes.
J. W. Kidwell.
H. Kretchmar.
W\ M. Hopkins.
J. K. Lantsenhiser.
Dan. Carpenter.
James Fisher.
C. E. Kern.
S. W. Saulsbury.
Major H. A. White.
' Jesse Ray.
C. B. Warren.
John Howell.
T. L. Hogue.
William Kaufman.
S. S. Hogue.
M. B. Newman.

MISSOURI VALLEY nORTICULTURAL SOCIETY REPORT. 129

HONORARY MEMBERS.

J. D. King. John K. Cravens.

Frolessor Rose. William Vineyard.

Mr. Wilkinson.

LIFE MEMBER.

G. S. Parks.

All ladies who attend the meetings are considered as honorary-
members.

In conclusion, I desire to say that I regret that it will not be pos-
sible for me to attend your meeting, and to indulge the hope that you
will have a very pleasant and interesting meeting, and that horticul-
tural interests will be greatly benefited by your coming together.

Respectfully,

G. W. HOPKINS,

Secretary M. V. H. S.

Following are some of the papers read during the year at the
monthly meetings:

VEGETABLLES.

BY C. E. KERN, WESTPORT.

Mr. Kern presented the following report:
Mr. President :

At the request of the chairman of the Committee on Vegetables,
I herewith present to this society a very brief report for the past
month.

The weather, with the exception of too much rainfall, which re-
tarded proper cultivation at the time it was needed the most, has
been all that could be desired for the perfection of vegetables. Prices
have been, with a few exceptions, very fair, with a good demand.
From my observations I am led to infer that there are not so many

n. R.— 9

130 MISSOUBI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

farmers eno^aged in the attempt to farm and garden at the same time
this year as there were last; the result is almost invariably disastrous
to them, as it is almost an impossibility to conduct a farm and a market
garden at the same time. They succeed usually in demoralizing
prices, thereby making market gardening unpopular.

The cabbage worm, that has been so troublesome in the past years^
is now commencing its work of destruction to the cabbage again. The
several methods advocated before this society for their extermination.
can be used at the present time to the greatest advantage to the pro-
ducer.

The earth flea, which was so destructive in Mkj, is still with
us, but is not doing much damage, as vegetation is so rank this month
it is almost impossible for them to do much injury at the present time*
Tomatoes that are maturing are rotting to some extent, caused by ex-
cessive moisture. All other vegetables that were properly cultivated
are doing as well, if not better, than they have done for some years.

Mr. Kern uses pyrethum to destroy the cabbage worm. Mixes
with flour, three parts of flour, one part pyrethum. Applies with gar-
den bellows.

Major Gano referred to a case where road dust was used with good
success. Ice water, quick lime, bran and other remedies wereoffered*

Mr. Durkees added sifted ashes to the list.

ENTOMOLOGY.

Major Frank Holsinger, chairman of the committee, offered the
following report :

PHYLOXERIA.

The grape has been suffering some time with a minute insect known
as phyloxeria. During the last few years much attention has been
given it, in hopes of saving our grapes from its ravages. So great has
been the destruction of the vineyards in France and Italy that it has
been considered a national calamity. These governments have ap-
pointed special committees to investigate and report, and large rewarda

MISSOURI YALLEV HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY REPORT. 131

• .

are ofl'ered for a remedy that will eradicate them. Other countries in
Europe have been visited by them.

Phyloxeria is purely an American invention, and one in which we
take very little pride. It doutless was carried to France from the
United States. Our American vines seem to resist it more than the
foreign vines. Until recently the Pacific Slope was exempt, but they
are there now, and promise to do great damage to the vines, as they
are largely of European origin.

The insect of two forms — those of the leaf produce greenish red
or yellow galls, of various shapes and sizes. The other form is that
upon the root, which is by far the more destructive. The first appear
upon the rootlets, causing swellings. As the insects increase they pass
to the larger roots, soon the plants are so badly injured as to be useless
cr die from their attack. Tbe first notice we have of this insect is by
Dr. Fitch, in 185-1, in the '"Transactions of New York State Agricul-
tural Society." Early in June there appears upon the leaves small
globular cupsbaped galls. Upon opening these globes you will find
from one to four of these greenish red or possibly yellow lice with
many very minute eggs of about the same color. Sometimes these
galls become over- populated, and they pass out and soon form new
galls. Frequently as many as four or five hundred eggs may be found
in a single gall. There are many generations ot them in a season, and
as the leaves become old and less suculent, they leave their cells,
wander off^, enter the ground and feed upon the roots, where they sub-
sist upon the young rootlets, which soon become diseased and die.

As soon as the plant is exhausted they pass off through the ground
in search of other food, which they soon find amid the interlacing of
adjoining plants. They remain in the ground torpid all winter, and
from their color — brown — are hard to discover. It is only the females
that have wings and can fly, and in this way migrate to other fields at
remote distances. As to remedies, there has as yet little been done to
check them. Bi-sulphide of carbon is said to be most efficient, being
very offensive and volatile it permeates the soil to a considerable dis-
tance and kills the insects without injury to the vine. Great care
should be taken to handle this substance, as it is very inflamable and
explosive. Holes are made about the plant and the substance is placed
therein. As myriads of them are known to crawl over the ground in
August and September, quick lime sprinkled over the ground is an
efficient remedy. Few insects as yet are found to prey upon them.

Mrijor Ragan objected to s^ddling upon America the origin of Phy-
loxeria ; thought it came from France.

Major Holsinger stoutly maintained the position taken in his
paper.

132 MISSOUKI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

•-

NEW VARIETIES OF GRAPES.

Mr, Espenlaub read the following essay :

The subject, '' New Varieties of Grapes," has, I fear, been assigned
to the wrong person, -as I have not invested much in the new high-
priced kinds, knowing that often the much lauded and high priced
prove inferior to old standard kinds which can be bought for a nickel
each. I invested three years ago in some Prentiss and after expend-
ing much time and patience I find it mildews every summer so that it
never ripens any wood to endure our winters, some of the plants gave
up entirely, others are only just alive, and I fear I will never succeed
in raising a Prentiss grape.

I have succeeded but little better with Adirondac, Baccus, Brigh-
ton, Walter, Senasqua, Agawam, Louisiana and Triumph.

Most of the Rogers Hybrids are going the same road. The only
kind of others is the Goethe, and it also was killed to the ground last
winter, though it is worth covering in winter.

Of all new kinds very few^ promise better than those that have the
Concord for one of their parents ; they all have the advantage of being
hardy enough to endure our winters, though very severe they have
proved to be of late ; they also suffer little or none from mildew as
they all have the thick leathery foliage on the Concord.

The next most promising class are those that have originated from
the almost worthless variety, the Taylor Ballit. They are mostly seed-
lings of the Elvira. These also are very hardy and healthy, and most
of Uiem very prolific ; they are most all while grapes. Perhaps one of
the most promising of these is Noah, it is very prolific, fair in size in
bunch and berry and of very good quality. There are some very good
seedlings of the Clinton, these also possess great hardihood, generally
have compact bunches, with rather small berries and are black, and
rank more as wine than table grapes.

The following essay was presented bj'- L. A. Goodman :

GROWTH OF PLANTS.

How plants grow, that is, how is this life growth produced, has
been the study of scientists for ages. What this life principle is, how

MISSOURI VALLEY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY REPORT. 133

it is formed, what brings it to life, what it is, is unknown. Sun and
water brings life out of a dry seed if the germ is not killed. Heat and
moisture seem to say to all seeds, ''Come, show yourself," and at once
they start into activity.

Did you ever see the live oats? Take some of them, wet them in
warm water, and in a few moments, holding them in the warm hand,
they will begin to show life. The workings and twistings, the legs
throwing themselves out this way and that until they finally turn
clear over and over They will go again and again. Keep them damp
and warm and they keep at work as if endowed with life.

What is this life, we know not. How does it show itself no one can
tell. Where does the vegetable end and the animal begin, is a ques-
tion hard to answer.

The swelling of the life germ produces a motion imperceptible to
us, but just as positive as is the motion in the animal, and that when
growth begins this motion begins. Scientists call this first principle
of growth or life in the plant, protoplasm. This is only observable by
the aid of the most powerful microscope, and is the lowest form of life,
just as an atom is the lowest form of matter.

Protoplasm is the life, then, of all growth, and what seems stranger
than all, this life is of itself capable of motion, and in the vegetable
cells it is the life principle. It is also capable of subdivision and that
of itself, so that growth is formed by this division of this life growth,
and that continuously forming the life of the cells of the plants and
thus the growth is continually forming.

Stranger still is it that this protoplasm is the life principle in the
lower forms of animals, and even of man himself, and stranger than
all seems to be the fact that there is no power of the microscope so
great as to be able to separate this life so as to be able to distinguish it.
Take this life principle and no one is able to tell what shall proceed
from it — vegetable, bird or man. Animal life, even to that of man,
seems to be exactly the same as that of vegetable life. Protoplasm is
the germ of all life, and in all the vegetable life this is the life princi-
ple— this is the growth or cause of growth.

Some of the lower animal life is like the vegetable — can be dried
up and kept so for years, and as soon as heat and moisture are applied
they seem to start into life just as the germ of the seed does.

Heat and moisture seem to bring this protoplasm to life, and from
its own power of motion and of division we have the growth of the
animal as well as the vegetable kingdom.

In all vegetable growfh we have the cell formation plainly seen,
and this protoplasm is the life in the center of the cells. These cells

134 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIEIY.

consist of the cell wall or membrane and its contents. The cell wall is
a thin partition of dead matter called cellulose. This cellulose has the
same constitution, as starch, oxygen, carbon and hydroiien. It is
white, tough, elastic and fibrous. You can see it in the skeleton of the
leaves, so often visible on trees where all the cells have been eaten off.

It is the frame work of all plants. In the first stages of life the
cell consists entirely of cellulose, but as plants grow the walls become
encrusted with resins and coloring matter. This forms the food of
herbivorous animals. This cell wall contains, while young, this viscid
flaid, like itself, protoplasm. As plants grow, or rather as this pro-
toplasm divides, plants do grow, and we see the elongation of the
roots, branches and leaves. When the woody matter forms, the fluid
evaporates and leaves a cavity filled with air. This is seen plainly in
the bark of trees, the pith and in the old wood.

This protoplasm clings to the cell walls as the cells grow, so as to
line it, and the interior of this space is filled with cell sap. This proto-
plasm still later forms a thin film, and a nucleus is formed and strings
of protoplasm form across the cell cavity from this nucleus. This in
young cells divides into halves, a wall of cellulose forms, and thus new
cells are formed. These take place so rapidly as to be almost without
number. These cells are only about 1-300 to I-IOOO of an inch, so that
a cubic inch contains from 25,000,000 to 100,000,000 of cells. Thus,
when you see a plant growing one or two inches per day you can
imagine the immense number of these divisions and cell formations
per day.

Prof. Gray states in his botany that a century plant throwing up
its flower stalk, six laches per day, formed every day twenty thousand
million cells, a number beyond our comprehension.

In the green parts of plants the protoplasm undergoes a change,
by which a part of it is broken up into granules, which contain a green
coloring matter called chlorophyl, and these granules are very numer-
ous in the surface cell of plants, and the color of the leaves seen through
the thin cell walls. tSimilar granules, but of difterent colors, are seen
in the flowers. What forms this color out of water and soil is a query.

This chlorophyl under the action of the sunlight separates the car-
bonic acid of the air and gives out oxygen to the air and carbon to the
plant.

Starch is formed by the carbon combining the oxygen and hydrogen
of water. This chlorophyl is only farmed by sunlight, for if it is with-
drawn the blanching process appears.

The plant seems to have the power to change the starch, mucilage,
sugar and plant fabric, one into the other as it may need. So that one

MISSOURI VALLEY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY KEPORT. 135

time a plant may have an abundance of one, and at a future time of
another of these substances. So that although these substances are
nearl}^ alike in chemical composition, and are in all plants, yet one will
lay up stores of sugar, starch or plant fabric as the case may be/ We
«ee this especially in Indian corn and the potato. This principal makes
•each variety of plant valuable in its own place and is the medicinal
properties of plants, the oils secreted, the coffee its valuable properties*
■castor oil bean, tea, Peruvian bark, &c.

Now, then, this power of changing can only be done in the young
«tate, and we can have a lesson from this on our fruit trees.

In the first place, then, all flowers are simply changed leaves, and
if these can be changed by any means in our power, then we have it in
our hands to get fruit buds. Now, few fruit growers and nurserymen
but what know that if we cut a ring out of the bark of the tree in time
in the spring the growth of buds will change into fruit buds, but that
if it is done too late it will do no good. This power to change is visible
in all plants as soon as the life of the tree or plant is threatened then
it changes its growth into fruit and seeds. But the opposite is also
true. Let a plant be injured after the forming of the buds or during
winter and they may be so injured that the buds will just open but
never set a bit of fruit; or if may be so injured that not one of the
buds will bloom, or they may be injured so they will not even form
wood growth.

All fruits, therefore, that form their fruit buds the previous year
and lie dormant can easily be told when injured or can be easily seen
as they form their buds, and can be made to change the growth buds
into fruit buds if taken in time. But all fruits and nuts which form
their fruit on the growth of the year can not be so easily seen in its
effects and they seem to be under different laws.

For instance, the grape has two sets of buds, but late in the season
no one supposes that it could change its growth into fruit bearing.
Nor the peach. If the buds for fruit are killed the tree has no power
to transform its growth buds into fruit buds, and yet the tree has this
power at the time of its early growth in the season. But in the walnut
chestnut and hickory the bloom buds are formed on the present year's
growth and the change can not be so easily seen- In the raspberry
blackberry and grape we find this same principle of growth, the young
shoots from the last years stem bringing the fruit. Now, if the cane is
injured by the winter, or the buds are killed, then the growth, although
it may set fruit (if not injured too badly), will never ripen them, and
■oftentimes it will not even bloom, although it may make a good growth.
In fact it is simply this, the fruit buds being a modified leaf, if ir)jured,
will return to its primitive form — leaf growth.

136 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The tree's structure is the bark. First the liber or fibrous bark, that
is, their inner bark. Second, the green bark, which contains he same
matter as the leaves, and is covered during the year with. Third, a
corky layer, whicli is the same as the cork now in use. Fourth, the
epidermis or skin which covers the whole. The whole of the growth is
made from this inner bark. Next to it comes the sap-wood, the grow-
ing part of a tree, and a layer is put on every year on the outer side
under the bark. Then the heart-wood which has changed color and
has little to do with the life of the tree.

The living parts of a tree are : First, the rootlets, at one extremity ;
second, the buds and leaves of the season on the other ; and, third, the
newest wood and the newest bark of the body. The new growth be-
tween the wood and bark is called the cambrian layer, and is so tender
that the least effort will raise the bark. But this is all composed of
cells, so young that it looks like mucilage, but the cells forming so
rapidly by division that a person becomes bewildered.

The leaves consist of the woody parts (ribs), and cellular part,
these cells being filled with the chlorophyl (that is, the green of the
leaves). The upper part close and glossy to shed the rain, the lower
part porus and open for the work of the tree, the breathing apparatus.

The trees and plants are, as before intimated, using up the carbonic
acid and giving out ogygen, while animals are using ogygen and ex-
haling the carbonic acid. Thus the growth of the plants are a medium
by which such matters are kept evenly balanced. What this life is,
just how it does its work, why it will take from the same soil the same
particles and [produce the apple, or the peach, or the grape, or the
strawberry, we can not tell, no more than we can tell why the same
grass will produce the hair on the horse, the wool on the sheep and the
feathers on the goose. And this problem will never be solved why
this same life principle, protoplasm, which we can not tell whether it
will produce apple, peach, grape, strawberry, horse, sheep or goose, will
if under the proper conditions do so. God only knows these things,
and His goodness and wisdom rules them all.

The paper lead to a spirited discussion relative to the changing of
growth buds to fruit buds by girdling or otherwise injuring the tree.

REPORT OF BATES COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 137

REPORT OF BATES COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

BY HENRY SPEER, SECRETARY, BUTLER, MO.

WITH SOME OF THE PAPERS PvEAD.

Butler, Mo., June 9, 18S5.
L. A. Goodman^ Secretary State Horticultural Society:

Dear Sir : I take pleasure in reporting to yon that our society is
in a reasonably prosperous condition. Owing to the severe winter and
bad state of the roads some of our winter meetings failed, but we have
had some good meetings and have had interesting papers and discus-
sions on the following subjects in the last six months :

Paper on '' Round Headed Borer," by J. B. Innis.

Paper on "Social Intluence of Our Horticultural Societies,'' by .J.
W. Hall.

Paper on " Raising Vegetables for Home Use," by Henry Speer.

Paper on "How to Have Strawberries for the Family," by C. I.-
Robards.

Paper on "The Codling Moth." by J. B. Innis.

Paper on "The Raspberry — Its Cultivation," by E. P. Henry.

Our members number forty-five, about half of them being good,
active members. The society promises to be useful in the future. We
hold summer meetings around among the members pic-nic style, and
have a good time.

138 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

THE SOCIAL INFLUENCE OF OUR HORTICULTURAL MEET-
INGS.

BY J. "W. HALL.

" Man cannot live by bread alone," was the saying of One who un-
derstood the many sides of human nature, and that each side needed
to be ministered unto. Now, in all the hurry and rush of life — the
buying and selling, the getting and losing — there is an unseen quantity
which is not sufficiently estimated or often considered in making up
life.

The exhibitions, county and State fairs, coming once a year, sug-
gests the benefits of fellowship among horticulturists. This is aided
through the influence of the frequent meetings of the minor socieiies ;
the love which every true horticulturist has for his labors; the pleas-
ure which he takes all alone in looking at his fine fruit, by his long
continued patience, perseverance and skill have been raised; the profit
received by all careful and thoughtful co laborers in this noble work ;
the excitement incident to competition — all these are good things and
have their place in the success of the business-
There is one thing that I wish to speak of, that, perhaps, has not
been noticed in the light that it deserves: that is, the kindly and
neighborly fellowship enjoyed by all at these monthly, semi pic nic,
social and business meetings du ing the past summer.

There is a practical side to this, one in my way of thinking of suffi-
cient importance, if rightly estimated, to insure the continuance of
these meetings, if there were no other considerations. This fellowship
brings out the finer feelings. Whatever has been said in sharp con-
troversy in expressing our different views and ideas in regard to the
subject matter before us, all is laid aside. The gentle, the kind, the
noble part comes to crown the man, and when, after a few hours of
seeing each other, receiving (he warm grasp of the hand as an expres-
sion of sincere frindship and congratulations, we separate, and as
we wend our ways homeward, we feel that it was good for us that we
were there.

Then there is, as we have intimated, a necessity for such fellow-
ship. The wear and tear of life to an average busy American is really

EEPORT OF BVTES COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIEIY. 139

awful. If there can be a few times ia the course of the year some-
thing which, for a few days, that will draw the jad«d mind from the
regular routine of every day duties, it would save ten years to life.
Yet the nature of this something is decisive. What can be a better an-
tidote (smooth and easy to take) than the exhibition of a large and
choice collection of beautiful ripe fruits? The collection made by
this society at our last monthly meeting for the World's Exposition at
New Orleans was added to and somewhat improved before it was sent
away. The few who saw it viewed it with mingled wonder and pleas-
ure and surprise.

THE CURRANT IN SOUTHWEST MISSOURI.

BY HENRY SPEARS.

In preparing a short paper for this meeting, I have chosen as my
subject my boyhood friend, the much neglected fruit, the currant; a
Iruit that is worthy of more attention than it has received in this part
ot Missouri in the past ; a fruit that is easily raised if its nature and
wants are studied ; a fruit tha*^ will occupy, if necessary, an out of-the-
way corner where the space will not be missed ; a fruit that makes an
excellent pie or sauce when green, and when ripe, eaten with sugar
and cream.it i5 no mean desert; and for jelly, in my estimation, it
has no equal. What can excel in color, consistency and flavor well
made currant jelly ? If the fruit, has been found that excels it for this
purpose, I for one have not yet seen it. The pleasant acid of the cur-
rant, ripening as it does, in the hotest part of the summer, is cooling
and healthy, and comes at a very opportune season.

Then I say, raise currants; raise plenty of them ; let the children
have all the ripe ones they want ; and if the chickens and birds should
get a few of them it will do them no harm. But hold on, says one ;
currants wont grow in Southwest Missouri. That is just what they told
me about timothy and clover when I first came to Bates countj''. But
to day we have as fine meadows and pastures as they have anywhere ;

1 40 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

and a visit to the garden or small fruit patch of any one who has really
tried to raise cnrrsk^ts will CDnvince the mosc skeptical that currants
can be raised even in Southwest Missouri. I do not know that they
could be raised profitably for market in this climate and on our soil*
I have not tried it and know of no one who has, and do not recom-
mend it ; but every farmer and l"ruit grower should raise a variety for
home use. The best soil for the currant is a rather heavy moist soil
with a northern exposure. I don't think it would succeed on sandy
soil with southern exposure. A little protection from the sun and
southwest wind, such as would be given by a fence or even a stone
wall, would be beneficial, but not absolutely necessary, cultivation and
mulching being the prime factors of success in its cultivation. I have
not experimented with any of the new varieties, and do not know
whether they are much improvement on the old Red Dutch or not, it
being all that I have tried to any extent.

The currant worm has not put in his appearance as yet with me»
and I have not heard of it in the county. The worst trouble is the
long, hot summer, as.it sheds its leaves early ; but this difficulty can be
overcome by heavy mulching.

HOW TO FURNISH THE FAMILY WITH AN ABUNDANT SUP-
PLY OF STRAWBERRIES THROUGH THE SEASON.

BY C. I. ROBARDS, BUTLER.

The rapid strides of progress that we are making in commerciar
intercourse and the improvements over the old ways and old things are
astonishing to every one who stops long enough in this flying age to
consider the results of man's inventive genius.

Thus by the shortness of time, by which widely distant latitudes
are brought to yield up their treasures, together with the increased
facilities for transportation in good order, we are given the privilege of
enjoying the daily use of fresh strawberries at least four months in the

REPORT OP BATES COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 141

year. But this is our peculiar day and time, and if we faithfully per-
form our duties as horticulturists we are here not only to enjoy these
privileges, but to test for the people and for ourselves every new fruit
that may seem to offer any new points of merit. It will not do for us to
believe that we have reached perfection in anything.

In the strawberry we are to consider improvement with reference
to productiveness, size, flavor, and adaptability to latitude.

In my opinion soil has less to do with the varying results of the
strawberry, except as to time of ripening, than with any other crop.
In other words, I believe the strawberry to be a plant of so easy cul-
ture that whether the land be wet or dry, sand or heavy clay, all diflS-
culties in the way of successful cultivation of this crop may be over-
come by judicious and proper cultivation in the growing season.

The great difficulty in the way of general planting of this crop
seems to be in an exaggerated estimate of the amount of labor requisite
to success.

Many men when urged to provide themselves with strawberry
plants, to aflnrd a fresh supply of this delicious fruit for their families,
have answered, "Oh, I haven't time to fool with those things." But
these same men will carefully pale in a large family garden at an ex-
pense of fifty or one hundred dollars, manure it sufficiently for a hun-
dred dollar crop of small fruits, and after having planted it to cabbage,
tomatoes, and potatoes, gather from it in the course of the season ten
to fifteen dollars' worth of vegetables.

This they do not call fooling. We would not say one word against
growing a reasonable amount of vegetables for the use of the family,
but if we can grow delicious fresh fruits for our wives and little ones to
bring smiles to their faces and color to their cheeks, and yet can raise
in the same enclosure, with very little more labor, all the vegetables
we need, why by all means let us have both and be happy. God made
all these things for our good. Let us not despise any good gift. But
we started with a proposition to inform how to have fresh strawberries
in abundant supply through the season.

If the plants are near the preparation of the ground is the first
thing to be considered. Now, I have no doubt that right here is where
many people have been deterred from taking the first step.

Many people seem to have an impression that either some peculiar
soil or some peculiar condition of preparation is required. I repeat,
that in my opinion any soil and any condition of soil will do to plant
in, so that it is in as goodorder as would be required for a crop of
€orn.

142 MISOSURI STATE HORTICULTUKAL SOCIETY.

As to enriching if., all that may be done, with good results in the
fall after the cultivation of the crop, is over for the season ; but give
good cultivation through the season to insure a good crop the next
year after planting. For family supply procure three hundred plants
of Crescent Seedling, fifty plants of Sharpless, one hundred plants of
Mount Vernon, fifty plants of Manchester. Plant two rows of Cres-
cents, eighteen inches by two feet apart, then one row of either of the
others at the same distance for garden culture.

Keep all runners off" during the season, and after the growing sea-
son is over in the fall — say about the first of December — cover all the
ground and plants sufficiently to hide them from sight with a coating
of hay or straw. Prairie hay or wheat straw are the best materials
for mulch.

While I would recommend the four above named well-tried
varieties for this latitude for all purposes, I wish to notice a few
other varieties of great promise that have been recently brought into
notice. The Phelps or old Ironclad presents some remarkable points
of merit. It seems to be very early, very large, as the young fruit
now indicates, but its most distinguishing feature thus far indicated, is
its great promise of productiveness. On plants set only late in the
spring of 1884 I counted 110 berries and blossoms set on a single plant,
Park Beauty, set also late in the spring of 1881 is very full of fruits
I am testing on my trial grounds at Batler also the Daniel Boone, Jer-
sey Queen, Hart's Minnesota, Cornelia, Jumbo, and many new sorts.
The Jumbo indicates a very larga fruit.

These new sorts, however, we hope to be able to report more fully
in regard to at the time of our next regular meeting.

Plant strawberries; plant hardy, productive and well-tried sorts ;
give reasonable, common sense cultivation, and you will have fruit in
abundance as long as your neighbors and have the sweet pleasure of
enjoying the fruits of yoar own labor.

KEPORT OF GREEN'S COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 143

REPORT OF GREENE COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

BY D. S. HOLMAN, SPRINGFIELD.

ALSO SOME OF THE PAPERS READ DURING THE YEAR.

Springfield, Mo., June 8th, 1885,
OfficeTs and Members Missouri State Horticultural Society :

We offer the followiag brief report from the Greene County Horti-
cultural Society, more from a disposition to obey the rule than to tell
the little we have done.

Oiir society since your annual meeting has made, we think, some
progress, but is working slowly. We really find that it is less difficult
to start a new society than revive an old one. There is a good horti-
cultural element in our county. The number of practical men who
gather the fruits of our labors is large, but the societies constant
monthly work is done by a few, as I presume is the case in most cases
of similar work.

The membership has still increased slowly, until our number is
about forty.

We have our business meetings monthly, and election of officers in
December for the ensuing year.

Horticulture in our portion of the State is becoming every year
more interesting, the field for society work seems steadily widening,
and we hope to do what we can.

We are happy to report the pleasure of an occasional visit by your
secretary and others of this society, and hope to have such pleasure
often repeated.

Upon a statement last winter by your secretary, that the State
society ought to have 500 members, our county society proposed to be
one of fifty to make it so by ten new members. We will do all we
promised and more.

We have been pleased and greatly profited by the work and reports
of your society, and by circulating these reports we find workers
drawn into both ours and the State society.

144 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

If to be auxiliary to a society like yours means to be fostered in
our horticultural purposes and aided in our efforts at work by kind
official visits to our society with the privilege and duty on our part to
reciprocate as lar as able, we feel honored to be recognized and will
do what we can.

SHADE AND ORNAMENTAL TREES.

BY M. J. ROUNDTREE, SPRINGFIELD, MO.

The subject of shade and ornamental trees is one of great interest
and is attracting the attention of all classes, especially the owners of
homes, large or small, to a greater extent than ever before. The home
(unless it is a new one) that is not ornamented with at least a few shade
and ornamental trees is exceptional, and the owner of such home is
generally set down as altogether deficient in taste and in those finer
characteristics which should be found in all heads of families. A home
(it such it could be called), which is entirely destitute of ^rees, shrubs
and flowers, notwithstanding it may boast of a fine mansion and be
complete in all of its appointments so far as buildings are concerned,
yet the entire absence of shade and ornamental trees, shrubs and
flowers would render such place bleak and cheerless in the extreme,
and the occupants of such a home, no odds how well provided for, could
never feel that just and well merited pride in and true love for it as
they would for the same home or even d cheaper one which was tast-
fully ornamented with a select collection of the finest shade trees, etc.
But the principal object of this essay is to refer to and enumerate a
few of the many varieties of shade and ornamental trees that can be
grown in this locality with perfect safety and full assurance of the
highest results, so far as beauty, utility and great longevity is con-
cerned. And as most planters desire to plant at least a fair percentage
of their shade trees so as to make quick growth, and secure shade at the
earliest time possible, I would recommend the white or soft maple as
one of the most desirable for th.^s purpose. And this rapid growing
tree, if properly cut back at the proper intervals, can be formed into

REPORT OF GREENE COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 145

one of the most beautiful of trees ; and it is especially adapted to streets
and avenues as it can be made to grow with ^reat uniformity on almost
any kind of soil. But it attains its greatest luxuriousness and beauty
on rich, loamy damp soil.

The American white ash is one of our very finest shade trees and
is becoming so popular that it now stands almost in the front as a shade
tree. It is now being planted largely in parks and on streets and
boulevards, and no American tree presents a finer form or greater
beauty of dark glossy green foliage than does this almost invaluable
tree. And when it is remembered that the ash is one of our most rapid
growers and valuable timber trees, we can scarcely say too much in
its praise. The sugar maple is so well known and is so universally ad-
mired that it is scarcely worth while to give it more than a passing
notice. But whilst it is a great favorite with the writer of this essay,
I deem it my duty to call attention to some objections to it. It is a
very slow growing tree in the nursery, and consequently cannot be put
upon the market at as low figures as many other trees. When trans-
planted it grows very slowly for two or more years. When planted in
rows, as for instance on streets, it is nearly impossible to maintain that
perfect uniformity so much to be desired and so easily obtained in
other varieties ; and lastly, it has a tendency to hold a large portion of
its dry and unsightly leaves in winter, and after it passes twenty-five
or thirty years of age it becomes scraggy and open and requires con-
siderable special treatment to keep it in good form.

The American white elm is one of our most desirable shade trees
and will maintain its symmetry and beauty for a greater number of years
perhaps than any other American tree that is easily transplanted. But
notwithstanding this variety of the elm is found growing from Wis
consin to the Gulf, it is not as healthy or hardy here as many other
of our indigenous trees, but it is comparatively safe to plant it here,
and it will no doubt maintain its popularity as an especial favorite
with the lovers of fine trees. The box alder is a rapid growing tree of
fine form, and is perfectly healthy and hardy, and should have a con-
spicuous place in all lawns and parks and also in all door yarJs where
the space is large enough to admit of a variety of trees. The American
Linden is a fine tree, and well grown specimens present a grand and
tropical appearance. It is somewhat ditficult to propagate from seeds
and is su'')ject to bo preyed upon by caterpillars, and is objectionable
merely on this account.

The Calalpa Speciosa, where a fast growing tree is desired for pur-
poses of shade, probably has no superior. Its rapid growth is most

H R— 10

146 MISSOURI STATE HORTICTLTURAL SOCIETY.

remarkable and (owing to its large leaves) produces a dense shade. It
also possesses the rare merit of producing wood that for durability is
surpassed by no other tree, not even by the Mulberry. It is
especially good for fence posts and is now being manufactured into
very fine furniture. There are several varieties of this tree, but so far
the Speciosa seems to be preferred, perhaps from the fact that it grows
more rapidly and is generally straighter than any of the other varie-
ties. The Norway Maple in some of its varieties is, where the soil and
other conditions are suitable, a most beautiful tree, even surpassing, in
the estimation of many, the sugar or hard maple. But it is an open
question with us as to whether it will succeed here and attain that
great beauty which characterizes it in certain localities east and north
of us. It seems to do exceptionally well in St. Louis and can be seen
in great beauty in Tower Grove and other parks in that city. But
whether it will do so well on grounds not thoroughly underdrained is
a question which so far has not been fully answered.

There are many varieties of the birch, some of which deserve a
place in all cases where it is desirable to plant a large collection of
trees. The white cut leaved birch will always attract the attention wher-
ever it is found. It is a tree of rare beauty and symmetry, and has other
peculiarities which will always attract the attention and admiration
of those who are truly lovers of the beautiful. The Alanthus and Syca-
more are not desirable trees on localities where finer trees can be
grown. But in many large cities it has been ascertained that these
trees can be successfully grown where all of the more desirable varie-
ties fail. These are among the few varieties which can survive the
deleterious influences of coal smoke and other poisonous gases which
accumulate in large cities.

But are we to be left without the cheering presence of green trees
and shrubs in winter? Must we pass through that cold and cheerless
season with ndthing to relieve the stale monotany which characterizes
the winters in this latitude ? The answer is plain and can be antici-
pated by you all. We have in this country a large number of ever-
greens, embracing nearly every conceivable form and color. In addi-
tion to our native varieties we have many kinds introduced from for-
eign lands, most of which do well with us. Of the evergreens in gen-
eral use, those which give the greatest satisfaction are as follows :
Norway Spruce, American White Spruce, Balsam Fir, Hemlock Spruce
and White Fine. The Englihh, Sweedish and Irish Junipers are all
fine and reliable and are indispensable, when the finest effects are de-
sired. For certain special purposes the Scotch and Austrian pines are
indispensable. The most common and fatal mistake made in the

REPORT OF GREENE COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 147

grouping of evergreens is in planting too many of them in front yards,
and in planting them too close to one another.

A few fine specimens well cared for grown at great distances apart,
produce a much finer effect than where they are crowded as we often
see thera in front yards. The greater number of them should be
planted well back to I he rear of the yard or lawn, and it is of the
greatest importance to have the lower growing varieties in the front,
and the taller ones in the extreme back ground, and they should in
almost all cases stand very much thicker in the back ground than in
the front. This rule is just as applicable to deciduous trees as to ever-
greens, except where it is desirable to have a thick shade. There
should in all spacious grounds be planted fine specimen trees, more
for ornament than for shade alone. Ornament should be the prime
object, and shade the incident. Evergreens should in nearly all cases
be planted in spring or early summer. Deciduous trees of most kinds
should, if possible, be planted in the autumn or early winter in soft
damp weather.

There are many other worthy and beautiful trees which are hardy
and well adapted to the lawn, the street, the park and the boulevard,
and which all, or most of them, are indigenous to our soil and latitude.
But even a passing notice of them would enlarge this essay into pro-
portions too great for the object in view and for the occasion for which
it is written. It is sometimes desirable for special purposes to secure
and plant trees which do not grow to large dimensions. There are
many small narrow door yards which would look better with those
semi-dwarf trees than with larger ones. Conspicuous among these is
the Horse Chestnut, the Chincapin, the Service or Sarvice and the
Sassafras; also the Cornus or Dogwood, the American Wild Crab and
certain specimens of the Hawthorn.

But all those grand and beautiful trees above enumerated are de-
ciduous, and when winter comes and breathes upon them its frigid and
icy breath, the beautiful foliage that rejoiced and fluttered in the soft
summer breezes, and trembled and pulsated as it were in sympathy
and harmony, and perfect rythm and unison, with that beautiful
anthem of nature which has been flowing in sweet and uninterrupted
numbers, since the dawn of creation.

The foliage once so beautiful withers and dies, and drifts and
scatters, and falls to mother earth, and forms a protection to the ten-
der herbs and roots which would otherwise perish. Thus the death of
the leaves subserve to protect and perpetuate vegetable life. And thus
we see the unerring working, of an unerring providence. The funeral
dirge of summer comes to us with an appalling plaintive wail as it

148 MISSOUKI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

shrieks and howls and finally dies away in the distance in stifled and
muffled moanings and sobbings. But like all of nature's methods and
moods these apparent cruelties and revenges in nature carry with
them compensations and blessings in disguise. After a period of
torpid and tranquil hybernation and rest, the soit, balmy, vernal breath
of spring breathes new life, and the great world of deciduous trees, plants
and shrubs again become as of yore, clothed and bedecked, and garn-
ished in indescribable beauty.

I cannot close this essay without adverting to what seems to be a
general conclusion with the average tree planter. A large number of
planters plant their trees in holes just large enough to hold the roots
when closely compressed together, and express great dissatisfaction if
the trees so planted, do not grow well. The truth is, trees of all kinds
should be planted in holes in a much larger area than the diameter of
the roots. And while it is true that trees often grow without cultiva-
tion or mulching, it is nevertheless true that thorough cultivAtion and
mulching will amply repay the planter many times over for the time
and expense of such work.

The writer of this essay is not so egotistical as to attempt a descrip-
tion of that most marvelous effect which is produced by the everchang-
ing and many-hued colorings and tints which take place in the autumn
foliage of many of our deciduous trees. The finest painter would not
presume to attempt a description of them. And when these thousand
and one tints are blended into one gorgeous effect in the landscape,.
the effect can be felt, but surely never has nor never can be fully de-
scribed. The beautiful halo which glorifies the landscape can never be
reproduced upon canvas. The fine sentiment that these grand and
beautiful scenes inspire in the cultured and esthetic mind, can never
be voiced by human lips. The poetic inspiration which comes invol-
untarily to the human soul amid these transcendent scenes, can never
be written. And hence, to the true lover of the beautiful in nature
there must forever remain conceptions and inspirations which cannot
be articulated or written in any language.

President and Members of the Greene County Horticultural Society r

In compliance with your request, 1 beg leave to submit the fol-
lowing essay upon the culture, storage and preservation of the potato^

The nativity of the potato, Solanocene Tuberosum, is upon moun-
tains, but little below the snow line, and in such a locality its season
of growth is short, just sufficient for the seeds to mature sufficiently to
germanate, and tho tuberf, after undergoing the changes necessary in.

REPORT or GREENE COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 149

their long winter rest, to sprout, on the disappearance of the snow
and the return of the congenial rays of the sun.

The potato is a pernenial. Its tops or stems and fibrous or feeding
roots die at the close of the season, after having provided underground
stems or branches stocked with buds to renew the growth of the plant
the next season, by one or more buds sprouting and sending up stems
bearing foliage and down fibrous roots — this new growth sends out
eome branches underground, which, in the course of the season,
thicken at their end as they receive a stock of nourishment prepared
by this year's foliage and become new tubers to live over winter and
make the next year's growth. These tubers are commonly supposed
to be roots, but they are not ; their eyes are buds, and the little scales
behind them answer to leaves, while roots bear neither buds nor
leaves. The fibrous or feeding roots, which grow from these subterra-
nean branches are very different in appearance from underground stems.
Now, it is evident that anything that tends to diminish the amount of
nutriment stored in the tubers, or to deteriorate its quality, will have a
deleterious effect upon its future growth, and if this store is dimin-
ished year by year in quality and quantity, so will the entire plant
g;row more feeble.

If the plant was moved nearer to the snowline, so that its season
of growth should be so short, that it could not mature seeds, nor lay by
a sufiQcient store of nutriment in its tubers to send up stout, vigorous
and healthful stalks, it would grow more feeble, until it would finally
become extinct. I will state, in order to make this article as plain
as possible, that the potato will, under favorable circumstances, be-
come indigenous to some portions of the Northern States and Terri-
tories, where the snow falls early before the ground freezes and lays
on all winter.

Now, if instead of moving the potato up, or farther north, which
would be equivalent, if we move it south, until the seasons are
much longer than is necessary for its growth and maturity, as is the
•case here, instead of being checked in its growth by frost at its proper
stage of growth, and its tubers stored, without exposure to heat and
light beneath their winter blanket of snow, as soon as the tubers
mature the feeding or fibrous roots, having performed their functions,
give way or die off, and the tops and foliage endeavor and do live for
a time by drawing sustenance from the store of nourishment laid by in
the tubers for the next year's growth, thereby deteriorating the quality
of its store of nutriment, both for food and for sending up vigorous
shoots and branches and foliage ; and thus being weakened, cannot
store its bountiful supply of nutriment as it would under more con-

150 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

genial circumstances, and thus it deteroriates year by year until our
best varieties become in a few years well nigh worthless.

Cultivators have been endeavoring to keep up varieties by fre-
quently ordering seed tubers from the North, which is entirely unnes-
sary, as we can grow better and more productive seed tubers in thia
climate than can be procured at the North, and all that is necessary
to produce tubers, stored with the greatest amount of nutriment for
sending up a stout and healthy plant, is to anticipate its natural season
of growth and habits; and we may commence with any run-down
stock of any desirable variety we may have on hands by planting
early varieties, early and in good ground, and give good culture, and
when the tubers grow to a size and condition that we term mature^
and before the fibrous or feeding roots and stems and foliage commence
to die and draw away the nutriment stored in the tubers for future use
of the plant in its next season's growth, take up the tubers and select
as many as is desirable to raise a sufficiency of seed tubers for next
spring planting, and spread them in the sun to wilt three or four days^
(and store the balance of the crop as to directions hereafter given).
This drying and wilting process changes the composition of their juices
and sap by absorbtion of light and heat, and other elements from the
atmosphere similar to that they undergo during their nine months
nest in their native home under their snow covering, and are ready for
another season's growth, and may be planted the 5th or 6th day at
most after digging, just as though it was spring again, in good, well
prepared ground, cut or not just as you prefer. I prefer whole tubers.
If cut, they should be cut say twenty-four hours before planting, so
that the cut surfaces may dry and heal somewhat before planting. It
is very beneficial to roll in plaster or dry ashes when fresh cut. Give
good culture, as for the early crop, and in the fall the growth of tops will
be checked about the right time by jack-frost. Late varieties that re-
quire too long a season to secure two crops may be held over until the
10th to last of June, so that they may have just sufficient time ta
mature by frost. Harvest as soon after frost as possible, and whatever
method of harvesting may be adopted, it is absolutely necessary to
nse some method to keep the tubers from exposure to sunlight and
heat, which gives them a disposition to sprout at a low temperature
during winter. Gather up as fast as dug out, and put in moist gunny
bags or anything that will exclude the light and heat, and prevent
wilting, until they are put into their winter quarters, which should be
perfectly dark and sufficiently moist to prevent wilting. If they sprout
before spring, it is evident that they have been exposed too much to-

BEPORT OF GREENE COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 151

light and heat. Now we are prepared with a stock of seed tubers to
commence raisinir potatoes right.

As to soil, I think it unnecessary to say much, as soils are as
diverse as opinions of men, and some may disagree with me and be
more correct than I. Each one must use such as he has. and any good
corn land, if properly enriched, will produce a good crop of potatoes. I
think a sandy loam is best. Plow as early in spring as possible, at
least twice for early varieties, and for late varieties plow the frround
and smooth with a harrow about each fortnight until 10th to last of
June, and mark both ways 2^ by 2^ fee<:, with a marker so constructed
as to mark several rows at a time, and then run a narrow shovel plow
in the mark both ways and pretty deep, and if it is desirable to obtain
the greatest yield for the seed planted, cut to single eyes, and if it is
desired to secure the greatest yield for the land, plant medium and
large tubers, whole. Drop one eye or tuber in a hill, and cover two or
three inches deep.

Take up the seed tubers from their winter quarters a week or ten
days before planting, and spread them in the sun, or some open, airy
place, to dry and wilt, and absorb the elements from the atmosphere
that puts them in a condition to sprout more readily and evenly. If
they are not dried and wilted, some tubers will be a week or two later
sprouting than others. Cutting should be done at least twenty-four
hours before planting, and if rolled in plaster or dry ashes, they ad-
here to the moist cut surfaces, and assist in drying and healing them,
and act as fertilizers to the young plants. A tablespoon full of any
of the artificial fertilizers, or a shovel of compost in each hill is very
beneficial, and to realize the best result it is necessary to give the
best of

CULTURE.

Before the plants are fairly up, drop a handful of ashes on the hills
and harrow both ways, which may injure afev/ plants, but will be very
beneficial in mellowing the soil and destroying weeds that are germin-
ating. When the plants are fairly up, cultivate with a narrow shovel
plow run deep and near the plants both ways, and follow with a hand^
hoe to destroy weeds left in the hills ; and in about ten days more cul-
tivate with a double shovel pretty deep, but not so near the plants as
before. And all subsequent culture should be shallow and as often as
is necessary to keep the surface thoroughly pulverized, followed with
the hand hoe each time to destroy anj- weeds that may have escaped
the cultivator, until the tubers commence forming. A clean and well
pulverized surface is as good if not the best mulch for all sorts of grow-

152 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ing plants. Go over occasionally and pull out or otherwise destroy
any weeds that have escaped. It is not uncommon to obtain with
good culture five or more pounds per hill, and one acre planted 2^x2|
contains about 6,876 hills, and five pounds per hill gives 34,380 pounds,
or 687 bushels per acre, which may be easily obtained by planting seed
raised and stored according to previous instructions.

HARVESTING.

Early varieties, to have the tubers keep and retain their highest
degree of perfection, and stored with the greatest amount of rich and
wholesome nutriment for human food and for the future use of the
plant, some directions have already been given ; and to secure such re-
sults it is necessary to closely observe several requisites, viz.: First,
harvesting just at the right time or before the feeding or fibrous roots
commence to die and the tops to draw away the nourishment stored in
the tubers. Second, keep the tubers from drying and wilting from ex-
posure to light and heat, by gathering them up as fast as dug and put-
ting tbem in a dark and moist place. It is the prevalent custom in har-
vesting to leave the tubers in the field a day or so to cure, and to spread
early varieties if dug early in an open and airy place, exposed to light
and heat to keep them from rotting — ^just the thing to rot them.

When the tubers are exposed to the light and heat (unnatural ele-
ments as nature puts them under ground in a dark, cool and moist
soil), they absorb elements from the atmosphere very rapidly, which
changes their composition and renders them unpalatable and unhealth-
ful, and therefore unfit for human food, and the drying and wilting
process that they undergo in this exposure puts them in a condition to
sprout at a very low temperature. We often see potatoes carried many
miles to market in balk in open wagons with no care even to shield
them from the hot rays of the sun, and see them exposed for sale spread
upon store floors and in open baskets, boxes and barrels on the side-
walks, and frequently in the sun ; and in this exposed condition their
nutritive juices are evaporated and foreign elements are absorbed un-
til the^ become somewhat of the consistency of the foliage and stems
of the plant in proportion to the amount of exposure. There may be
people who would relish potato tops for greens, but I think they are
few and greens would have to be S(!arce. Late varieties re-
quire the same care with regard to exposure as early va-
rieties. And here, allow me to again call your attention to the
importance of selecting a sufficient amount of the early varieties as
soon as dug to plant after three or four days' drying and wilting, to

REPORT OF GREENE COUNTY HORTICULTDRAL SOCIETY. 153

raise seed for the next sprirg; and in no case plant those of the first
crop if second crop can be procured. The first crop of early varieties
ehouid be put upon the market at once, or if it is desirable to hold them
over for winter or spring use they may be kept free from sprouts, and
in excellent condition by treating according to previous directions and
the following, with regard to

STORAGE AND PRESERVATION.

I have already given some ideas, and it only remains to give some
instructions with regard to the construction of suitable apartments for
storage, which should be somewhat after the order of cool storage for
fruit, only the temperature should never be permitted to fall below
freezing. A good storage apartment for the potato can be constructed
by digging a pit eight or ten feet wide and eight feet deep and as long
as desirable, which wall up and turn an arch of brick or stone with four
inch equare flues for ventilation through the arch about six feet apart
and high enough to extend a foot or so above the surface after the soil
that was dug out of the pit is returned over the arch. There should be
two doors 80 as to entirely exclude the light when passing in and out.
Such an appartment would range from 35 to 45 degrees. If early va-
rieties are harvested at the proper time, according to previous direc-
tions for first crop, early and late varieties and second crop early at
their proper time, and immediately stored in such an apartment, with-
out exposure to any drying or wilting process, all of their palatable
and nutritive qualities will be retained and preserved in their very
highest degree of perfection. In localities where water is liable to rise
in an unerground cellar, a good one may be constructed above ground
by building double frost-proof walls of brick or stone with the roof
packed with some non-conducting material, or chaff as sawdust ; and
if such a storage should prove too dry so as to cause the tubers to wilt,
they may be kept in good condition by covering them with damp
straw, forest leaves or some such material and by sprinkling occasion-
ally, just sufficiently to keep them moist ; but water should not by any
means be allowed to stand in the bins or barrels in which potatoes are
stored. Sufficient drainage should be provided to carry off all super-
fluous moisture.

By observing these requisites, potatoes may be raised in the
Southern States as successfully as here or at the north, only they at
the south should plant early varieties as early as the season will permit
and hold over a supply of the first crop in cool, moist storage to prevent
rotting, and then plant the second crop Justin time to mature by frost,

154 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

and plant late varieties so as to secure two crops, same as we in the
Middle States do early varieties. The only reason that the potato m
not cultivated and appreciated as much at the south as at the north is
because they are so dried and wilted by exposure to light and heat
that they become unfit lor food very soon after harvesting.

To raise new varieties from seeds, gather the seed balls that grow
on the tops ot the plants about the time that the tubers mature and
lay them away in a cool, shady place to dry, and when sufficiently dry
do up in papers and label. If it is desirable to obtain a cross between
any two varieties, plant the two desired varieties in alternate rows or
in alternate hills in the same row. Some varieties produce seeds
freely while others do not produce them at all ; so if it is desirable to ob-
tain a cross of a variety that does not produce seeds it may be planted
in close proximity to one that is known to produce them so that the
productive flowers may be fertilized with polen from the flowers from
the sterile variety.

Early in the spring put the dried seed balls into lukewarm water
and soak until they become sufficiently soft to crush and wash the
seed out. The best seeds will sink to the bottom ; collect the seeds
and sow early in a hot bed or in shallow boxes or on a warm border in
the garden same as tomatoes. They germinate readily and resemble
small tomato plants. Prepare a rich bed seven feet wide and as long
as desirable and mark both ways one foot apart, and when the plants
are one to two inches high, transplant one plant in each hill at the
point where the marks cross. Give thorough culture by frequently
rakinp' and otherwise pulverizing the soil, shallow near the plants and
deeper farther back or between the rows. Do not allow a weed to
grow on the bed, as one weed may rob and cause the finest variety on
the bed to appear inferior when dug. Make a plat of the bad and
designate each hill by a number. Note in a memorandum anything re-
markable during the season of growth concerning any or each number,
such as thrift, weakness heighth, time of flowering, color of flowers,
etc. The time of flowering indicates their season, whether early, me-
dium or late. As the tops show signs of maturity in any one or more
plants, dig the tubers and lable with their corresponding numbers and
store in a cool, damp and dark place. There will be as many varieties
as plants, and all colors and shapes.

Compare the record with regard to the numbers and select the most
desirable and promising for further trial and discard the others. It
will require three years to bring them to perfection. It is not desira-

REPORT OF VEKNON COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 155-

ble to disseminate any new variety unless it possesses some decided
superiority over any known variety of its season.

Very respectfully,

W. C. FREEMAN.
Brookline Station, Mo.

REPORT OF VERNON COUNTY HORTICTLTURAL SOCIETY.

BY DR. E. R. MORERORD, SECRETARY, SCHELL CITY.

At Home, Near Schell City, Mo., June 9, 1885.

Z. A. Goodman^ Secretary State Horticultural Society^ Butler,^ Mo.:"

Esteemed Friend : Enclose you this morning a communication
v/hich I intended to have bioueiht with myself to your meeting, but:
the long continued rains have made the pressure of farm work so great
that I can ill spare the time. I do not know what title to give it, as I,
like the old ambitious hen spreading out her wings in order to gather
all the possible chickens within reach, so I have struck out for ideas to
slap into my budget. 1 have another communication partially finished,
and if I can I shall try and get to you by mail before the close of the
session. This, the future of the fruit industry of Southwest Missouri-
Have no especial report, to make. Mr. Shepley has the figures for pros-
pects for fruit. Hoping you will have a good time generally,

Yours,

E. R. MORERORD.

In the issue of the Lamar Democrat of the date of April 23, 1885,
I find the following paragraph :

" P. C. Carr was in Lamar on Saturday, and he says the peaches
are not all killed on his place. He says that his last fall setting out of
fruit trees from the Ft. Scott nurserys are badly damaged, any many
of them winter-killed. He says he will deal with Fink & Son at home
hereafter."

156 MISSOURI STATE HORTXCTTLTPRAL SOCIETY.

It is not my purpose in bringing this paragraph to the notice of this
society to disparage Fink vt Son. or to praise the Ft. Scott nursery, or
to make any invidious comparison, for so far as I know both ure good
nurseries, both are deserving of public patronage, and endeavor to far-
nish first-class stock to their customers, but whilst nurserymen are
sometimes deserving of blame, and the ubiquitous tree agents very
often, in their anxiety to be considered sharp failed to bear in mind
the story of George Washington and his little hatchet, and ye little
cherry tree, and that it was forbidding in the decaloge to misrepresent
matters. And sometimes the fault lies with the purchaser, as there is
a most lamentable ignorance with many how to set out trees properly,
and if not properly set out, might as well not be done, lor it is a sheer
loss of time, money and labor. I am liberally inclined and disposed
to give praise where it is due and to lay the blame at the riaht door.

I am satisfied in this case that Mr. Carr, in attributing his ill suc-
cess to the stock from the nursery, has jumped to the wrong conclusions
in the matter, as my experience has been similar to his in the past sea-
son, and I know that it was not the inferiority or bad condition of the
stock furnished by other nurseries than that of Ft. Scott, but due to the
intense severity of the past winter, and possibly, too. Mr. Carr in set-
out his fruit trees, may not have taken particular pains to press the
dirt carefully around the stem and roots of his trees from bottom to
top. for tree planting is a nice job if done properly, and care and pains
to do it well mast be taken, if one desirous to realize success for trees
cannot be hogged in or banged in, and sutFered to earn their own liv-
ing as one might say and turn out a success, but as I have said before,
particular pains must be taken to set them properly, and they will con-
tinue to need care and attention as long as thev exist, and their exist-
ence will depend much on the manner and measure of cire and atten-
tion they will receive. It is my opinion that trees are oftener set in a
slip-shod way instead of being set out properly, and if the result is not
encouraging, then our friends, the nurserymen, and those abused tree
a£:ent=, catch thunder, and become the recipient of the ill-natured
blessing of the unfortunate novice.

In the course of this communication as I endeavor to illustrate my
reasons for believing that Mr. Carr has taken hold of the wrong sow by
the ears. I may throw out suggestions that may be of benefit to the
young tree planter as well as others, and if I can set one or two on the
^ight track I shall be amply repaid in writing up this long communi-
cation.

3 stated that my experience was similar to Mr. Carr's. and will
now proceed to state the facts. Last fall I obtained nursery stock

REPORT OF VERNON COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 157

from the other nursery there — that of the Ft. Scott, or Mr. Fink ct Son
nursery — consisting; of peach, apricot and apple trees that I know
came in good, sound condition and well packed. There was not twen-
ty-four hours delay in setting out those that were set. The peaches
and apricots were all set out in the orchard and about half of
the apple trees, and the planting job had to lay over Sunday, and by
Monday morning the weather became so inclement that the other
half of the apple trees had to remain healed in all winter. The setting
out of trees in orchard was done in my absence, but under my particu-
lar instructions, and may have been badly or well done, but the heal-
ing in was done under my immediate supervision. In healing the
trees were planted strung out in deep trenches, standing up, and with
the diit thrown up pretty well around them, particular pains taken to
fill the instertices between the tiees with tine dirt so as to have the
roots thoroughly protected from the air or cold, with the dirt well
pressed and packed. The men employed on the job thought I was
taking unnecessary pains, but if I had taken any less pains and pre-
cautions I believe I would have lost fully nine-tenths of my trees, for
all my peaches set out in the orchard died or were so badly damaged
that they had to be cut back almost to the ground. Over two-thirds
died. The apricots were a trifia less damaged than the peach trees,
and over one-third of my apple trees set out in the orchard died and
the rest more or less damaged, whilst a very slight per cent, of my
apple trees healed in were damaged. The extra care taken to throw
up the dirt and to have it well pressed, packed and set in deep trench
aided to protect and save the trees healed in ; also common sense and
observation would teach us that those trees set out in the orchard were
isolated and did not receive the same protection in the dirt in being
up in a mound around tliem, and their recent transplanting had in great
measure cut off their supply of stimulus and nourishment, ibr the or-
gans of nutrition did not have time to appropriate the food around
them, hence they were not in a condition to sustain the excess of cold
and had to succumb, and, too, there was another factor not generally
recognized that tended to preserve the trees healed in from the effects
of the cold. It is this: When trees are healed in thickly or bunched
closely together they will heat, and in a very mild winter as we have
had in years past in Southwest Missouri, this alone will kill them as
effectually as in the intense cold. Strawberries left too long in close
packages is a very good illusjtration in proof of this also. Th^re un-
doubtedly are evidences of the fact in the unnatural warmth that is
perceptible to the sense of touch amongst the the roots, as in the case
of sweet potatoes undergoing a sweat, but not to so great an extent ^

158 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

but this phenomena can be witnessed in very mild winters as we have
had in former years in this section. Another proof demonstrative of
this fact is in the formation of numerous slender rootlets and long,
tender iibrels, which in miid winters often grow a foot long or more.
Those I healed in last fall formed such from four to six inches long, not-
withstanding the severity of the weather the whole winter long. Whilst
speaking of this, I confess I have never sought to know whether the
trees set out isolated in the orchard ever form these rootlets during the
winter, but presume they do to a small extent, and more as the winters
are mild.

When it is necessarj'^ to heal out trees I take care to string them
out in trenches deep enough to set them two or three inches lower
than they stood in the nursery, and avoid leaving them long in pack-
ages as they come from the nursery, and if the weather at the time is
warm for the season I only throw a light coating of earth. As the
weather becomes colder I throw more dirt pretty well in and around
them, and take care to pack and press the dirt firmly around them ;
also take pains to fill the insterstices between them with fine dirt, so
their roots are well protected from air and cold. I prefer standing the
trees in trenches to lajing them down obliquely, as many do, for the
reason of having the roots in the trenches. They are better protected
from the cold, nor are the roots so liable to become exposed by
the dirt being washed away sometimes by heavy rains, and, too, I
have taken up an idea that when the trees are thus laying in contact
with the ground for over one-half or two-thirds of their length, that
portion of the bark thus in contact with the ground becomes some-
what tender and is apt to crack in the hot days of spring.

As I have said before tree planting is a nice job and requires pains
to make it euf^cessful. First, the ground should be well prepared by
deep ploughing or what is better, run through with a subsoil plough ; if
this cannot be done then more labor should be bestowed in making
the holes large and deep. The site should b» naturally or artificially
well drained.

An eastern slope is generally preferred, but a north slope will tend
to prevent the early blooming of your trfces, thereby save your fruit
from injury by late frosts. As to whether spring or fall planting is pre-
ferable there is a great variety of opinion; now I have done bo-th, also
at all times all alo-ig the winter when our winters were milder in the
southwest than iu t'-e p ist two winters, ^,nd I could not see any appre-
ciable difierence. In planting small fruits, however, fall planting is
preferable, us those planted in the fall will be more apt to bear a full
crop the next season. Wether it makes as much difference in the bear-

REPORT OF VERNON COUNTY HORTICULTUBAL SOCIETY. 159

ing of large frait trees I cannot say, but think that the care and atten-
tion to feed your trees will make more essential difference than having
planted in fall or spring.

The main point to observe, however, in planting in the fall, winter
or spring is that the ground should be in favorable condition, drier than
wet, say friable, easily crushed between the hands in fine particles,
and the weather not too cold to freeze. Sometimes it is difficult from
the weather being on the extreme to observe this in full, but we should
endeavor to get it as near as possible in the state mentioned above.

In very dry weather and the ground is parched it is best to grout
your trees thoroughly before planting by rolling the roots in large
tubs of water in which mud or earth has been dissolved, or in a muddy
hole in the ground filled with water ; avoid using your water too cold.
From well or spring let it be tempered by slight exposure to a warm
sun or by hot water from the kitchen stove. While I am at this I may
as well say do not water flowers, vegetables or plants with cold water
fresh from wells and spring, but the best way is to draw the water in the
morning and place it in barrels or tubs and let it have the benefit of
the warm sunshine during the day and use it late in the evening. Ttiis
grouting gives the roots a muddy plaster that furnishes moisture for the
roots' use better than the mere washing. The holes should be dug
large enough in width to allow the roots to be spread out in their
natural position, not bent back upon themselves, and deep enough to
allow four or five inches loose soil below the roots which can be filled
in with fine soil before setting the trees, and this will tend to give
little rootlets and tender fibres a fair start to gather nourishment from
the soil instead of spending their innate force in penetrating the hard
ground. It is astonishing how tar the little rootlets will push them-
selves through the hard ground or squeeze themselves down through
the narrow crevices of the rocks in search of food.

In order to learn we must observe dame nature, for she often
points the wa}' in no unmistakable language, so that he who runs may
read. The top dirt should be all lain to one side and the bottom dirt
to another side, and the top dirt should be thrown in first, not in great
spades full of hard clods that might pass for dornicks or bowlders, nor
in great swailing of loblollies of stiff mud as if a man was burying a
stinking dead horse and wanted to get the job done in the shortest
possible space of time in order to ease his olfactories, but the dirt should
be made as fine as possible by being chopped up with a spade, or what
is still better, crushed finely between the hands. Now right here per-
mit me to say that if a man is too much of a dude to use his hands in
this job he has no business there and had better get out of the way and

160 MISSOURI HORTICULTURAL SOCIEIY.

set himself up for a perambulating tailor or clothier sign board or pose
as a fancy barber pole ; now I dwell on this part of the programme so
strongly for the reason that there is a natural perversity to do this in
the wrong way than to do it in the right way for ninety and nine cases
out of a hundred who have not been brought up in their youth or
taught especially will use their spades like they would use a catapult
and wallop as big lumps of dirt as they can hoist against the trees,
knocking them out of line and 611 the hole in an uninidignified man-
ner, and care should be taken if you have a pig-headed assistaat who
is as obstinate and as wise in his own conceit and thinks the old man
is a crank and takes sly occassions to hasten the job by keeping up his
old habits, just bounce him right then and there.

Care should be taken to fill the interstices between the roots and
rootlets with fine dirt if possible so as to leave no vacant space around
the roots or the stem, and care, too, should be taken to press down the
dirt with the foot firmly all the way up as the hole is being filled up'
and well pressed all around afterwards. This pressing and packing of
the soil around the roots and stem of plants and trees is the great
secret of the success of man}', and Mr. Douglass of Waukegan, 1 under-
stand, whose experience has been great with evergreens, deems the lack
of this one precaution as the sole cause of over one-half of the Jailures
in making evergreens grow ; he recommends pressing, even a ramming
down of the dirt, so as to not injure or bruise the bark or roots. Ladies
will find it very beneficial in setting out plants in the garden or potting
house plants thus to press firmly and deftly with their fingers even the
most delicate plants, and gardeners in setting out tender tomatoes,
cabbage and sweet potato plants will find it pays to do so.

The tree should be planted or set in the ground just as deep as it
was grown in the nursery and no deeper, and if planted deeper will
retard the growth of the tree very much. The bottom dirt should come
in last as it is exposed to the action of light heat, air, moisture, sun-
shine and frosts, it will soon become as rich as the top soil thrown in
below, thus giving the young tree every opportunity to draw food and
sustenance from the soil within its reach.

I am convinced that on our wide prairies where the winds have
full sweep, it will pay the orchardist to set out wind-breaks of quick
growing forest trees, not only on the north side of thj orchards, but on
the south and west as well, as often in our winters at least in years
past the warm southwest wind comes with a warm breath and forces
our trees into premature bloom, and thus are nipped by late frosts. I
have noticed more than one season the fact, that when our fruits were
partially killed that they were less injured on the northeast side, and

REPORT OP VERNON COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 161

most fruit was seen on that side. I first noticed in seventy or seventy-
one this fact, as I took a tour of observation over our county, in order
to make a report to our State Board of Agriculture, and at the same
time first noticed that orchards that were protected on the south by
broad belts of timber and left exposed to the north, were less injured
by the frost than those lying on the south side of timber; for the same
reason on account of our southwest wind, the trees in being set out
should lean slightly towards the southwest, and the lowest limb should
be left on that side if possible, so as to protect the stem from the
scorching effects of our hot summer sun, and for the same reason the
most of our trees should be headed low.

It will also pay a handsome return, in my judgment, to stake oqr
trees when young, in orchards on prairies, for the continual twirling
and whirling by the winds of our trees and the wabbling about, beating
the earth back from the stem over half an inch or more, and leaving a
vacant space for five or six inches down, tend to retard the grov/th and
deforms the trees, also renders them more liable to be injured by severe
frost.

Too it is as necessary to trim the broken or bruised roots when
planting, as to trim branches and limbs in same plight above ground.
The trees should be planted as soon as possible, they are received from
the nursery if the weather or condition of the soil will permit, or else
properly healed in.

In bringing nursery stock from station or depot home the roots
should be well protected from the sun or frost, nor should the roots be
suffered to lay in the sun any length of time after removal from pack-
ages. If the roots are frozen on the way home from depot, they should
be at once placed standing (all covered) with water, and often this will
save them upon the same principle as the application of snow or cold
water to a frozen human limb.

The planting of trees should not be delayed too long after leafing
time, as it is generally a hard matter to make trees grow after leaves
have put out, and there are a few, perhaps, that are exceptions.

As to the amount of limbs to be trimmed off before planting, there
is a difference of opinion. J think the proper proportion that the total
amount of roots should slightly be in excess of the limbs. Peach trees
require more pruning, for that, as a rule, is too prone to make super-
fluous wood. I have observed that in setting out of shade trees on our
streets and parks and yards, as a rule they have little or no roots, and
scarcely anj'^ vestige of limbs, everything slashed off as if they were
mimicking a bobtail pony — a mere stick, as it were, stuck in the ground

HR— 11

162 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

and the consequence a dead tree or a sickly one and no shade, and
probably the attempt to create refreshing shade is given over as a bad
job. One in pruning must bear in mind that the limbs and leaves are
in a manner the lungs of the trees, and in their growth absorb plant
food from the atmosphere as well as the roots from mother earth, nor
should any substance be applied to the stem or branches that will
make them impervious to air or water, for that closes the pores of the
bark and causes as much injury to the tree as closing the pores of the
human skin, nor in a rash moment daub your trees with coal or gas tar,
for wherever applied it will kill the bark down to the stem, and acts
on the bark line a blistering plaster on human skin, only worse, for it
never heals up ; neither should pine tar bo applied unless well mixed
with soap to keep it from sticking. Nor listen to syren song of fertil-
izing trees with stone coal ashes, for I tried that once, seeing a flam-
ing advertisement going around. the papers of their great fertilizing
power, and they killed some twenty-five fine budded peach trees for
which I paid my friend, the nurseryman, fifty cents apiece, and have
learned that others have enjoyed similar experiences in acquiring the
knowledge of that one fact, that coal ashes will fertilize trees out of
exi?tence.

Lastly, he who would be successful in fruit raising must ever be
on the slert to make all the best possible use of his power of observa-
tion. He must be ready for any emergency; too, he must bear in
mind that eternal vigilance is the price of liberty, and eternal vigal-
ance all manner of insect depredations, climatic changes that wrecks
his hopes in the price'of horticultural success. He, too, must be imbued
with a love and zeal for fruit culture that is born of a faith almost akin
in depth and ferver to the reverence for Deity, whilst the many fluct-
uations and changes, accompanied with serious drawbacks that tend to
moderate his ardor or to check his enthusiasm in the pursuit he loves so
well, yet he derives more genuine heartfelt satisfaction in eliminating
from the soil of mother earth by his own good will and industry the
choicest blessing of all God's great beneficences, luscious fruits, for the
benefit of himself and his fellow-men, than the sordid miser in adding
heaps of his golden hoards, and verily I believe as firmly as anyone
can that our old friend Hopkius, of Kansas City, and Jacob Faith, of
Montevallo, enjoy more heartfelt, soul-stirring satisfaction from their
berry patches than W. H. Vanderbilt does from all his ill gotten mil-
lions, for indeed there is an indescribable pleasure and gratification in
successful fruit culture, that money cannot buy and none can know un-
less they have undergone its purifying sensation.

28TH ANNUAL WINTER MEETING

OF THE

MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

HELD AT WARRENSBURG DEC. 9-11, 1885.

The society met on Wednesday morning in the German Evangeli-
•cal Church, and the forenoon was spent in arranging the fruits and in
getting acquainted in accordance with the following programme.

Before the meeting, a telegram of greeting was sent to the Illinois
^tate Society in session at Centralia.

CIRCULAR.

It is the desire of the officers of the society that this meeting be the
best one ever held in the State, and every member is earnestly re-
quested to be present if it be possible. It depends upon you whether
the work so well begun the last two years, continue; if so, you must,
perhaps, make some sacrifice and help it along.

Our great State needs only to have its fruit men do their part, and
our fruits will show for themselves ; come, then, prepared for a part in
the programme and the discussions. Give your experince ; successes
or failures are alike valuable. Papers on any subject of interest to the
fruit growers are desired. Because your name does not appear on the
programme is no reason for your silence. Every one is urgently in-
vited to take part in the deliberations.

A "Question Box" will be upon the Secretary's table, where any
■question may be put. Or they may be sent to the Secretary previous

164 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

to the meeting. Any fruit (nams not known) may be sent to the Sec-
retary and it will be identified if possible at the meeting. Many va-
rieties of apples all through our State need identification.

The condition of our orchards is a matter of much interest and re-
ports are requested; also a list of fruits that have succeeded best the
past year.

The secretaries of the County Societies will report their success-
and their needs. Counties wheie there are no societies will be report-
ed by the members.

A premium of $1.00 will be given for the best plate of each and
every apple considered worthy. Also one of $3, $2 and $1 for the
best new apple. The new apples of our State are numerous and val-
uable, they are attracting attention, and all such are desired for exhi-
bition. We hope that something worthy of general introduction may
yet be found in our State.

The society will be entertained by the citizens of Warrensburg^
and your only expense will be the railroad ticket; so make it you bus-
iness to come, it is certainly your duy. In fact you cannot afford to
miss this meeting. Let every Horticultural society send a delegate or
two.

If all who can attend will notify the Secretary, previous to the
meeting, it will save much trouble and time at the meeting, for they
can then be assigned to their places at once.

L. A. GOODMAN, Secretary, J. C. EVANS, President,

Westport. Harlem.

PROGRAMME.

WEDNESDAY MORNING.

The forenoon will be spent in arranging fruits and reception of
members.

Appointment of committees: On Obituary; on Membership ; on
Finance; on Fruit Exhibits ; on Final Resolutions,

WEDNESDAY. 2 P. M.

1. Welcome Address.

2. Response.

3. Annual Address of the President.

4. Report of the Committee on- Orchards by W. G. Gano, Park-
ville 5 D. S. Holman, Springfield ; Chas. Patterson, Kirksville.

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING AT WARRENSBURG. 165

5. ''Best Six varieties of Apples for Profit and Best Twelve Va-
rieties for Family," by E. P. Henry, Butler.

6. "Some of the Newer Varieties of Apples, and Their Value for
Propagation," by F. Lionberger, New Florence.

WEDNESDAY, 7 P. M.

7. "Care, Cultivation, and Pruning the Apple Orchard," by N.
F. Murray, Oregon.

8. "ElYects of the Winter on our Orchards, and What ,Can be
Done to Help Them," by T. W. Gaunt, Maryville.

9. ''Parasitic Fungi," by Prof. S. M. Tracy, Columbia.

10. "Pears — Location, Treatment and Best Varieties for Plant-
ing,"' by J. A. Durkes, Weston.

11. "Forestry," by Prof. M. G. Kern, St. Louis.
liJ. Reports from counties.

THURSDAY, 9 A. M.

13. Report of Committee on Vineyards, by G. E. Meisner, Bush-
i>urg ; Jacob Rommel, Morrison ; C. Teubner, Lexington.

14. "What New Light Have We on the Grape Question," by Ja-
<job Madinger, St. Joseph.

15. Report of Committee on Small Fruits, by S. Miller, BlufFton ;
W. M. Hopkins, Springfield ; Jacob Faith, Montevallo.

16. "Best Three Varieties of Strawberries, Raspberries, Black-
berries — and Why ?" by P. Ames, Carthage.

17. Reports from J. W. Freeman, Brookline, and Z. T. Russell,
■Carthage, on Varieties of Small Fruits.

18. Reports of Horticultural Societies.

19. Question Box.

THURSDAY, 2 P. M.

20. Report of Committee on Stone Fruits, by D. F. Emry, Car-
thage ; E. F. Hynes, West Plains ; Jacob Madinger, St. Joseph.

21. Report of Committee on Vegetables, by Prof. J. W. Sanborn,
■Columbia; F, H. King, Montevallo; J. N. Menifee, Oregon.

22. " The Fruit Business from a Commission Man's Stand Point,"
by E. T. Hollister, St. Louis.

23. "The Nurseryman's Duty to His Patrons," by C. H. Fink,
Lamar.

21. " The Yellows, the Rust, the Mildew," by B. F. Galloway,
Columbia.

166 MISSOURI STATK HORTICULTURAL SOCIEIY.

25. Reports of Horticultural Societies.

26. Question Box.

THURSDAY, 7 P. M.

27. Report of Committee on Flowers, by R. S. Brown, Kansas
City; Henry Michel, St. Louis; Mrs. Wade Barden, Sprini!;field.

28. Report on Ornamentals, by Z. S. Ragan, Independence j C.
W. Murtfeldt, Kirkwood ; R. E. Bailey, Fulton.

29. '"' Language of Flowers," by Mrs. Dr. A. Goslin, Oregon.

30. " The Work of To-day," by Mr?. C. L Robards, Butler.

31. " The Green House Work," by Prof. L. R. Taft, Columbia.

32. Question Box.

FRIDAY, 9 A. M.

33. Report of Secretary.

34. Report of Treasurer.

35. Election of Officers.

36. Miscellaneous Business.

37. Report of Committee on Entomology, by Dr. A. Goslin, Ore-
gon ; H. Sheply, Nevada; Miss M. Murtfeldt, Kirkwood.

38. Report of Committee on Botany, by Prof. S. M. Tracy, Colum-
bia ; G. C. Broadhead, Pleasant Hill ; Dan Carpenter, Barry,

39. Report of Committee on Nomenclature, by T. W. Gaunt,
Maryville ; J. B. Wild, Sarcoxie ; F. F. Fine, Springfield.

40. A Paper, by Prof. Wm. Trelease, St. Louis.
4L Reports of counties.

FRIDAY, 2 p. M.

42. Report on New Fruits, by J. C. Blair, Kansas City ; A. H.
Gilkerson, Warrensburg ; H. T. Kelsey, St. Joseph.

43. Report on Ornithology, by Clarke Irvine, Oregon ; A. W. St.
John, Carthage ; W. H. Thomas, La Grange.

44. " Making Horticultural Displays," by J. B. Wild, Sarcoxie.

45. " Lessons Learned in Horticulture During the Past Year," by
Dan Carpenter, Barry.

46. Selecting Places for Next Annual Meeting and June Meeting.

47. Last Words.

48. Adjournment.

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING AT WARRENSBURG. 167

RAILROAD RATES.

The Missouri Pacific and leased lines, the Chicago & Alton, the
Wabash, the Chicago & Rock Island, the Kansas City, Springfield &
Memphis, the Hannibal & St. Joseph, Kansas City, St. Joseph &
Council Bluffs Railroads will kindly give return certificates through
the Secretary, at the meeting, so you can get the return ticket at one-
third fare. Pay full fare in coming to the meeting. But in buying
your ticket over the Missouri Pacific railroads be sure to get a con-
vention receipt from your ticket agent, when 3^ou purchase your ticket,
or you cannot get your return at one-third fare.

MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

WEDNESDAY, 2 P. M.

Meeting called to order by President Evans.

The meeting opened by singing, and prayer was ofi'ered by the
Rev. J. A. Lord, atter which the welcome address was given by Henry

Neill, who in a few chosen remarks gave the Society a hearty welcome

to the city of Warrensburg.

The response was made by C. W. Murtfeldt thanking them for
this very cordial welcome. We come here to help ourselves, and hope
to help you in this great work of horticulture.

A letter was read from the President of the Normal School, invit-
ing the Society to visit them.

Wakrensburg, Mo., Dec. 8, 1885.
To the President Mls&ouvi HoHicultural Society:

Dear Sir: In behalf of the Board of Regents and Faculty, I
take pleasure in extending a cordial invitation to your Society to visit
this institution in a body at some time during your present session.

Our school convenes for work at 8 : 10, central time, each morning,
and the most favorable time to see all, is at 8 : 15. We shall therefore
be glad to have your Society visit us at that hour at any time during

168 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

your stay in our city. I also extend a cordial invitation to members
to visit us at pleasure during any iiour of the day.

Respectfully,

GEO. L. OSBORNE,

President of Faculty.

Moved by C. W. Murtfeldt, that the Society proceed in a body to
the school.

A telegram was read from the Illinois State Society, sending greet-
ing to our Society session, and a response returned.

Centralis, III., Dec. 9, 1885.

To the State Horticultural Societi/ of Missouri^ in session, Warrens-
hurff, Mo.:

Brethren: The State Horticultural Society of Illinois sends fra-
ternal greetings. Hoping your meeting may be both pleasant and
profitable, and that your deliberations when given to the world, will
add much to horticultural knowledge.

JNO. M. PEARSON,
President.

REPORT ON ORCHARDS.

BY D. B. HOLMAN, SPRIN»J FIELD, MO.

OMcers and Members Missouri Horticultural Society :

As one of your committee I will report of orchards in Southwest
Missouri, and more particularly of Greene and adjacent counties, but
little changed since last report to this society. In tree or wood they
were not materially damaged by last winter's cold, and the present
year being one of more than usual moisture, they have made a very
satisfactory growth and have ripened the new wood very finely, and
all things now look favorable for a good fruit crop in 1886.

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING AT WARRENSBURG. 169

Our orchard vield this year was considerable, but not satisfactory.
Early, or at the usual season, our apple orchards gave us such show of
bloom as filled us with hope, only to be disappointed by a very cold
spell, with late frosts, that cut our crop to less than fifty per cent.,
making it an oil' year. Peaches, we had none ; pears, but few. Price
of apples to shippers, forty to fifty cents at picking season.

Our orchards are growing in number and size. Planting goes on
increasingly.

As you have a paper, Mr. President, on pruning, I will not intrude
by anything on that part of our treatment, nor would I feel authorized
to say much of cultivation, but hope you will allow an expression of
my growing conviction that we must cultivate and must prune our or-
chards if we would have symmetry and growth of tree, and uniformity in
size and good quality in fruit. And for young orchards we think of no
better crop than potatoes or corn. Among orchardists there is a keen
inquiry for the coming apple, every year, however, planting more and
more of Ben Davis.

Proposing not to bore you with length, I am.

Respectfully,

D. S. HOLMAN.

REPORT ON ORCHARDS.

BY CHAS. PATTERSON, KIRKSVILLE, MO.

The past season has not been a profitable one for apple orchards
in this part of the State, as a general thing. In fact, it has come as
near to being a general failure as has ever been known here since we
have had bearing orchards. Instead ot making considerable shipments
as has been done in previous years, even from what we thought short
crops, there have been very few apples shipped this year, and they
might have been wanted before spring. Yet a few orchards bore fair
crops, and of different varieties, making it difficult to designate any for

170 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

adoption or rejection, from this season's teachings. Even Ben Divis
has failed extensively in a majority of orchards, while in others it bore
a fair crop.

The most plausible and most readily accepted cause for this would
probabi}'' be the past series of severe winters. And there is no doubt
in my mind but extensive damage can readily be traced to this. The
very uncommonly severe spell we had about the middle of December,
1884 — twelve degrees below zero — after a warm, late fall, caught a
great many trees with circulating, unmatured sap, and actually bursted
the bark wide open lor as much as two feet from the ground, and
loosened it nearly or quite all round, which of course killed thetn out-
right. How many others may have been injured less visibly might be
estimated still higher. Some trees bloomed, set and matured a full
crop, but both leaves and friiit made a sickly, stunted growth, though
highly colored and resembling specimens of same varieties from the
extreme North. Part of these will probably die in a year or two, while
some may recover. Others may have been similarly injured by previ-
ous winters, and yet remain lingering between life and death.

But fortunately this is not near extensive enough to account for
the general failure. I have replaced, last spring and this fall, less than
ten per cent, in my own nine year-old orchard, from this and all other
causes, that occur in all seasons. Being in luxuriant growth from con-
tinuous cultivation, they must have been uncommonly susceptible. In
some older and some uncultivated orchards there was no siga of such
injury.

Beyond this I cannot attribute our failure to the severe winters.
It does not appear that fruit buds are killed by the winter, unless the
whole tree is killed. On the contrary, any injury to the tree, such as
borers, peeling oft' the bark, etc., causes it to set more fruit, as appsared
to be the case with some of my trees. But being generally charged
with the responsibility, as the most convenient and plausible cause,
their occurrence at this period is scarcely less unfortunate than if the
charge were true, because they serve as scapegoats, and divert atten-
tion from the real cause. Such damage as has actually occurred here
from winters, occurred orjly a few years ago in Arkansas, and I believe
Texas. Nursery stock was damaged worse there than any I ever had,
and orchards must have been the same, though perhaps less conspicu-
ously because there were fewer of them. Yet probably no one hesi-
tated to plant orchards there or thought of going farther south.

As I tried to indicate two years ago, I think grass-sod has killed
more trees and made more trees barren here than all other causes
combined. It seems to starve them almost as effectually as tying a

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING AT WARRENSBURG. 171

horse to a stake with plenty of food all around him. It may be more
severe on our prairies than some others, because they make the finest
of hay and a very close sod, but I see the same indications mentioned
even in New York. And the rule was there thirty years ago, that
when a tree made less than six to twelve inches of growth, it needed'
cultivation. Here I have searched whole orchards in vain for a two
inch cion.

Whenever the orchard is seeded down, it will go to bearing, like it
would from any other injury, and continue so for perhaps five to eight
years, and then it will surely begin to fail, to the great astonishment
and disgust of the owner. If it were a cow, he would probably feel of
the horns to guess if they were hollow, but scarcely dream of her hollow
belly, though almost visible between the ribs. The tree shows just as
unmistakable signs of starvation, by failing to make a lively growth of
wood, as well as making small, nurly fruit, yet he has probably never
thought of noticing: that. AVeeds or clover are not near as bad as grass-
sod, especially if no tramping of stock is allowed, but they cannot be
recommended as the best that can be done, unless clover is plowed
under as soon as it gets its full growth.

On these premises it seems very safe to predict that we will con-
tinue to have short crops and failures until we change our methods and
try to deserve better. I sometimes think it a very beneficent provision
that we cannot make anything without studying and working for it —
that it gives a laboring man a chance n(>t vouchsafed to the easy and
careless chaps. Bat at other times it seems we can put in a giod deal
of vain labor, too, because we know so little about nature and her
operations.

I had some rather bitter experience of that kind this year with the
codling moth.

I put paper bands on the trees in good time, and as soon as the
worms matured, we found and killed a goodly number, 'The trees were
free from scales, and the ground cultivated and hoed in raspbeiries,
etc., leaving apparently little other shelter for the worms. And what
we caught seemed to be in fair proportion to the number of apples
stung. Most of those stung this early fell to the ground at some time,
but I never could find a worm in a fallen apple, hence hogs or sheep
could not hive served me. I flittered myself with abundant success
in exterminating the first crop of worms, and thinkyetthat I did proxi-
mately clean them out, and according to the reports of their history,
that should have made me proximately exempt from the second crop.
When they became rather scarce in August, I began to think myself
safe. But judge of my disappointment, if you can, when they began to

ir2 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

len-double in numbers. After the first of September till apples were
gathered, we killed fally 10,000 worms, and of course had that many
or more wormeaten apples, and far more than any of ray neighbors,
near by or farther olf.

The stumblino; block is, where did all the moths come from that
laid these e^gs ? The only theory I can form is that they came from
town. There are a number of apple trees, especially crabs, scattered
inside of a half or three fourths mile of my orchard. Many of them
were loaded with apples, and very nearly all were occupied by early
worms. I found atone time thirty worms under the scales of one tree.
These, when transformed to raoths, must have found their way to my
orchard, as there were scarcely any breeding places for them nearer.
But other orchards, nearly and quite as contiguous, had no such un-
common proportion of worm-eaten apples as mine, which seems still
unaccountable.

The next and most important question is how to circumvent them
next year. I know sprinkling with Paris green or London purple is
recommended, and believed to be efficacious with some close observers.
But 1 fear they have had but few to contend with compared with
mine. However, with all my doubts and misgivings about it, I shall
have to go at it, if nothing more plausible is offered, but would like to
hear from all who have any experience or judgment on the subject.

With most people when you are done talking about apples, you
are through with the catalogue of fruits. I hope to see a change in this
before many years.

ESrly Richmond cherry trees bore all the fruit they could hold,
still there were very few in market, which I hope to improve on some
■day.

We had a few specimens of KeifFer pears on very young trees, and
all who tasted them when well ripened pronounced them good. No
blight so far.

Strawberries and Raspberries were a good crop, and people always
demand more of them. No perceivable hurt by winter, but we could
see that strawberries were some better where covered. Snyder black-
berries can also be called a full croD, though some chance canes failed
to perfect it, probably from injury by winter; other kinds were killed
to the ground, unless we except the Taylor, of which there are very
few, with no perceivable preference over Snyder.

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING AT WARRENSBURG. 173

REPORT ON ORCHARDS.

BY F. LIONBERGER, NEW FLORENCE.

CONDITION OF ORCHARDS.

Some of the orchards in this county* are in very fine condition^
though many of the trees were greatly injured last winter. There
are a great many young orchards coming on that look very fine and
promising, altogether according to the treatment they receive. Peach
trees are in very bad condition ; the old trees are so badly injured that
they will be of little use, and but few young trees are planted. The
prospect is that when we have a good season again for this noble
fruit that there will be no trees left to bear.

I, however, have no reason to complain about the condition of my
peach trees, but 1 gave them a very severe pruning last spring as well
as the spring before. Cherry trees are also in bad condition, with the ex-
ception of a few of the Morello varieties. The greatest trouble about or-
chards in my opinion, seems to be that a great many plant their trees too
close together, and that knowledge of horticulture is badly needed by a
good many, at least more than a good many possess. How such men
can be reached with practical information is a matter of great impor-
tance. It is not an uncommon practice with many to set out a lot of
trees and then to sow small grain among them, and thus stunt them
at the start, of which the borers are always ready to take advantage.

' We ought to have more local societies, and I think it would be a
good thing if some of tlie local papers would give a column for horticul-
ture, which the most of them would do if our experienced fruit growers
would assist the editors. In this way a great many could be reached
with practical information that otherwise could not be. Good varieties
of fruits could be recommended and some of the humbugs could be
shown up. A great deal of good could certainly be done in such a
way.

Again, we should see that every copy of our valuable reports be
given to men who would read them.

Arrangements should be made to bring our standard books on hor-
ticulture before the public as much as possible. It would help a great

174 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

deal if they could be got at reduced rales through the Secretaries of
our State Horticultural Societies.

DISCUSSION.

E. P. Henry finds that the coddling moth fills old rails, boards and
chips all around our towns, and think near towns they are much worse
than farther away; thinks we had three crops this year.

Samuel Miller finds the poultry a good protection to his fruit, and
poultry and pigs are a sure preventive, he thinks.

W. G. Oano believes, as does Mr. Miller, that hogs are the best pre-
ventive. ^

Mr. Murtfeldt says we must be particular in terms, and we must
say the larvce of the coddling moth and not the coddling moth ; thinks
it almost impossible for one alone to fight this insect, but wants the
neighbors to combine and exter.ninate them.

JV. F. Murry trapped the moths with cans of sweetened vinegar,
but find the hog the best preventive : uses up all the fallen fruit by
feeding to the hogs.

BEST SIX VARIETIES OF APPLES FOR PROFIT AND BEST

TWELVE FOR THE FAMILY.

BY E. P. HENRY, OF BUTLER.

The discussion of the subject of "Best Varieties of Apples," has
had a place in almost every meeting of this society since its organiza-
tion, and very properly so, I think, as my own experience and observa-
tion has taught me. It is surely the most practical as well as the most
important subject discussed to every apple grower. If a mistake is
made in planting the tree it can never be corrected. It is a subject of
interest to look over the reports of this society and examine the lists of
apples recommended by the society and by individuals. The The old-

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING AT WARRENSBURG. 175

est report I have is 1868. Raul's Janet then headed the list for profit,
and Ben Davis was at the other end of the list. There is but one apple
that has stuck to all the lists found scattered through these reports
and recommended by the society and by individuals as an apple for
profit to plant, and that is the Ben Davis. It has, I think, very justly
won its way to the head of the list, while Raul's Janet has drifted
from the head out of the chosen lew altogether.

Without hesitation, then, I will say that my first choice of an apple
for profit is Ben Davis; second, Willow Twig; third, Jonathan ; fourth,
Grimes' Golden; fitth, Minkler, and sixth, Huntsman; and I make
this acknowledgment that I never before left the Wine Sap out, even
of the four best,

«

For the family varieties, would name Early Harvest, Sweet June,
Sops of Wine, Lowell, Maiden Blush, Red Streak, Famuse, Grimes'
Golden, Minkler, Jonathan, Huntsman and Lady Sweet.

This leaves out a number of very valuable apples for the home or-
chard, and I will close by saying that this is only suggestive and that
you can add to it or take from it to suit your individual tastes.

DISCUSSION.

N. F. Murray thinks we should not leave out early apples. Ob-
tained as good prices for them as any others. Gives as his list of si.c,
Ben Davis, Winesap, Grimes Golden, Jonathan, E. Harvest, Summer
Pennock.

W. G. Gano would like to know if any one would plant a list of
six varieties for profit alone.

C. TF. Murtfeldt: If you flood the market with Ben Davis, you
will find the time come when you cannot sell them.

E. Liston thinks the time is coming when we cannot sell them as
well as other varieties. The Ben Davis will not hold in Southwest
Missouri, and thinks a great loss comes by rotting; and we must be
careful not to plant too many Ben Davis.

C. W. Murtfeldt thinks if we plant forty to eighty acres of Ben
Davis, we will rue the day. Great care should be exercised in plant-
ing.

N. F. Murray : We grow fruit for a different market than do
those of Eastern Missouri, and the Ben Davis are good for the North-
west and the mines, Colorado, Montana, etc. Thinks it is one of the
best keepers there are in the. country. If Ben Davis rots, it turns
black, and does not rot others. Is one of the best to evaporate. It is

176 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY,

one of the best to handle. Wants an apple equal to Ben Davis in all
things and of better quality.

J. P. Durand thinks we may yet get too many of Ben Davis, and
the tastes of all the west will reject the Ben Davis. Has in his orchard
the Janet, Ben Davis and Winesap, but does not know what to plant
now. Jonathan has paid better than Ben Davis, always nearly double
in his orchard.

D. S. Holman thinks that the call for the fruit is what we want,
and the call is for Ben Davis. There is no use to fight the Ben Davis,,
for it will take care of itself.

Hazeltine has planted 600 acres, and is continuing to plant. All
his sons are planting Ban Davis, and they are planting by the ten
thousands.

H. Shepley raises apples for the Texas market and the Ben Davis
has brought ten times as much money as all other varieties. Rome
Beauty does bear well. It is a much better keeper than any other
variety.

J/r. Workman of Indiana, thought that the Missouri Pippin would
come to be one of the best, but does not tind it so ; and all other things
in consideration, Ben Davis is the best.

11. E. Van Deraan of Kansas: The Ben Davis is the leading
market apple, and is still being planted. Think we have one better
in quality, and that is the York Imperial.

Van Houton of Iowa, needs something different up in Iowa, and
there must be something. Still believes the Ben Davis is one of best
for money in the whole western country.

Henry Speer thinks that the Ben Davis is a good apple in quality,
and is good enough to eat, at least for him, and the Ben Davis is the
most profitable of ?11 of forty varieties. Would like to know if it
would not be better to plant some summer and fall apples.

The Secretary names: Ben Davis, Willow, Minkler, Jonathan,
Grimes and Rome Beauty.

For Montgomery county, best six varieties of apples:
For market— Ben Davis, Jonathan, Rome Beauty, Winesap, G.
Golden and Huntsman's.

For family— ^. Harvest, R. Artrachan, M. Blush, Smylies Red,
Vandevere, Janeton, Winesap, Jonathan, S. Cider, N. Pippin, G. G..
Pippin and Pa. Red Streak.

F. LIONBERGER,

New Florence.

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING AT WARRENSBURG. 177

My views and experience of six best winter varieties of apples for
profit — first :

Ben Davis, 90 per cent.; Winesap, 3 per cent.; Rail's Janet, 2
per cent. ; Willow Twig, 1 per cent. ; Huntsman, 3 per cent. ; and
Grimes Golden, 1 per cent.

Twelve best for family use with me — first :

Ben Davis, 18 per cent. ; Winesap, 12 per cent. ; Maiden's Blush, 8
per cent. ; Early Harvest, 8 per cent. ; Grimes Golden, 8 per cent. ;
Huntsman, 8 per cent. ; Chenango Strawberry, 7 per cent. ; Red June,
7 per cent. ; Red Astrachan, 7 per cent ; Duches, 7 per cent. ; Keswick
Codling, 7 per cent. ; and Sops of Wine, 3 per cent.

J. M. PRETZINGER,

Clinton, Mo.

. Benton County, Dec. 10, 1885.
Z. A. Goodtnaii^ Esq , Secretary:

Dear Sir: Since I failed to hand you a list of apples, I will send
you one. The six varieties best adapted for market in my county are
Ben Davis, Jonathan, Rome Beauty, Huntsman's Favorite, Wine Sap,
and Maiden Blush, judging more from their productiveness than any-
thing else.

I believe it costs less to raise five bushels of Ben Davis than three
bushel of any other variety.

Yours very respectfully,

Lincoln, Mo. . F. SCHWETTMAN.

LaMonte, Mo., Dec. 9, 1^85.
Messrs. Gilkerson ct' Bros.:

Dear Sirs: I would like to attend you meeting, but I am not
feeling very well. You may put me down as one of your members,
and I will pay you for next year. I have tried a good many sorts of
apples, and find the following to do the best :

Summer. — K. B. White, Red June, Sweet June, Benoni, Lowell and
Summer Pearmain.

Early Fall. — Rambo, Fameuse, McLellan, Maiden's Blush,
Wealthy, Fall Orange, Orange Pippin and Gavenstein.

Early Winter' — Rome Beauty, Grimes, G. Pippin, Striped Sweet
Pippin, Belmont and Jonathan.

Winter. — Ben Davis, Willow Twig, Stark, Small Romanite, Lans-
ingburg'and Huntsman's Favorite.

H R — 12

178

MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Pears. — Burre de Anjou, L. B. de Jersey, Duchess d'Angoulme
-Worrell.

Now if the above will do any good you can turn it over to the Sec-
retary. Most of the above have been heavy for the last ten years.

Truly yours,

GEO. H. SHEPHARD.

Six varieties for profit: Lowell, 5 per cent; M. Blush, 10 per cent.;
Jonathan, 10 per cent.; Willow Twig, 10 per cent.; Janeton, 10 per
cent.;,Ben Davis, 55 per cent.

Twelve varieties for home use: Early Harvest, Duchess of Old-
enburg, Sops of Wine, Hightop Sweet, Lowell, Maiden's Blush, Mother,
Jonathan, Grimes' Golden, Willow Twig, Ben Davis and Janeton.

BuTLEK, Mo. HENRY SPEER.

Six varieties of apples best for profit : Ben Davis, Wine Sap, Maid-
en's Blush, Grimes Golden, Clayton and Jonathan.

Green Castle, Ind. W. A. WORKMAN.

LIST BY JACOB FAITH, OF JMONTEVALLO.

As I have been requested to make selections of apples, I make a
selection for timber soil. In this selection I have been governed
somewhat by the experience of others :

Orchard of 1,000 Trees.

Timber
soil.

Red June

5

Early Harvest

2

Golden Sweet

5

Sops of Wine

:^

Eamsdell Sweet

4

Bailej^ Sweet

5

Haskell Sweet

4

Ked Winter Sweet

4

Talman Sweet

2

Ladies Sweet

4

Cammac Sweet

3

Hi'ibardston Nonesuch

4

Lowell

5

Maiden Blush

8

Grimes (jl olden

15

Snow or Jb'amuse

12

Keswie Codlin

3

Winter Wine

8

Jonathan

30

Huntsuian

10

Smith's Cider

5

Little Red Romanite

100

Winesap

75

White Winter Pearmain

25

ANKUAL WINTER MEETING. AT WARRENSBURG.

1

179

Orchard of 1,000 Trees.

Timber
soil.

Missouri "Pippin ....

—

30

Willow T wig

100

Minkler

10

Rail's Janet

20

Ben Davis

495

Total

1,000

The above list for family use and market is too large if far from
market, and som© may think there are too many sweet apples, but sweet
apples are a better and cheaper feed for horses, cattle and hogs than
<5orn. For other sections of the country, this list would not give satis-
faction : this is for Southwest Missouri. I am in favor of dividing the
State into three divisions, Northern, Central and Southern, for the rea-
son that fruit that does well in one division of the State may be of no
account whatever in another. Take the Red Astrachan, for instance,
which bear well in some sections, but with me trees that are a foot in
•diameter will not average one-half bushel of apples to the tree. I am
highly pleased with the Secretary's Budget, and take great interest
in reading it. It is very complete, and our Secretary deserves great
credit for the judgment used in make these clippings, as he is pleased
to call them, but being a practical horticulturist he is qualified to select
just what is of "the most interest and benefit to members of the society.
I also believe that Mrs. Goodman, the Secretary's wife, is a great help
in his work, judging by her busy note taking at our last meeting. The
Secretary's report shows more work than one man can do.

180 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

SOME OF THE NEWER VARIETIES OF APPLES AND THEIR

VALUE FOR PROPAGATION.

BY F. LIONBERGER, NEW FLORENCE.

There seems to be quite a number of very fine seedling apples in
this county, which in my opinion are quite valuable for propagation..
The first I will mention is Smiley's Red, also called Thill's Favorite by a
few. The apples are medium to large, nearly red, unsurpassed for de-
sert, cooking and evaporating. A seedling that originated in the north-
ern part of this county with Col. Smily and was first brought to notice
by Mr. Thill Nichols, a local nurserj'-man. The trees are upright grow-
ers, very hardy and productive. Lucy Pew is another fine apple that
originate, with a Mr. Pew of this county. The apples are medium to-
large, roundish, greenish yellow, splashed with red, nearly red when
fully ripe, flesh white, sprightly sub-acid, calix closed, stem short, basin
rather deep and well formed, cavity deep, quality first rate. Trees.
hardy, upright, leaf of a yellow tint. They leaf out very early in the
spring, and are inclined to overbear. I consider this a very valuable-
apple, late fall.

Next to these I will mention the Logan apples, as I will call them.
In the year of 1806 and 1807 one Jonathan Bryan brought a quart of
apple seeds from Fleemen county, Kentucky, and planted them in
the southern part of this county (now Warren county). Out of these
seeds four valuable varieties were produced, which have never before-
been brought to notice.

The first I will mention is the

Logan. — The original tree is still standing and is in perfect health
yet, good for many years more. It is now about 49 years old, and the
trunk has a circumference of nine feet, while the circumference of the
top is about 180 feet. It may be called quite a historical tree, when I
mention that it stands in the neighborhood where Uaniel Boojae used to
live, and as he (Daniel Boone) died at a much later date, ir is a well
established fact that he has eaten apples from that tree. The apples
are medium to large, rounded, nearly red. The first apples always get
ripe in wheat harvest and then continue to ripen gradually until the
last of September. I have this fall picked apples from the tree a&

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING AT WARRENSBURG. 181

late as September 21, for the Montgomery County Fair, and after the
fair was over have sent them to Secretary Goodman. The trees have
never been known to miss a crop. I consider it very valuable.

Uthlout. — Is another apple out of the same lot of trees ; it is a very
fine early fall apple, of large size and good quality. The trees seem to
be hardy as well as productive.

Hornett is a very fine fall apple, medium in size, yellow and very
.good ; it is highly valued by all that know them. The trees are very
hardy and bear well.

Logan' s Late' — Also a seedling out of the same lot of seed. There
as but one tree in existence ; it stands now and always has in a hard
yard. The tree is now about 50 years old. I think that any tree that
can grow on such a place and get so old, can be considered very hardy.
The apples that I saw were medium to large, but neighbors tell me that
often they grow to be very large. • I think that this will prove to be a
very valuable apple, and can, I think, be yet improved to a great ex-
tent by getting young trees and cultivating them.

Within the last few days another valuable apple was brought to
my notice. There is but one tree and it was grafted in 1817 by
one Aleck Davidson, who first brought cions from a valuable seedling
from Greenville county, South Carolina to Kentucky, where he grafted
a tree or two, from which cions were brought to this State, and a number
of trees were grafted in 1817; one of them is yet standing. I was also
informed that v/hen this tree was grafted the Bryan orchard (a few
miles distant) was bearing finely. I will watch this apple the coming
season and will report accordingly.

The Secretary announced that there were present delegates from
the Iowa State Society: Geo. Van Houten, of Lenox, Iowa; from the
Indiana State Society, W. A. Workman, of Greencastle, Indiana ; from
the Kansas State Society, H. E. Van Daman, of Geneva, Kansas; and
they were all heartily welcomed to our society and invited to make
themselves at home in our midst, and take part in our deliberations as
•one of ourselves.

Society adjourned until 7 p. m.

WEDNESDAY, 7 p. m.

Meeting called to order by the President and the regular order of
"business taken up.

182 * MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

CARE, CULTIVATION AND PRUNING OF THE APPLE OR-
CHARD.

BY N. F. MURRY, ELM GROVE.

The subject or subjects you have assigned me, are all and each of
first importance to success in producing Missouri's greatest fruit staple*
and need to be well understood and diligently carried into practice by
every one who wishes or expects to make apple growing a success^
After all that has been said and written to educate the people and to
advance the fruit growing interests of our country, I am safe in say-
ing, from my own experience* and observation, for thirty years amon^
the people, east and west, that not more than one-fourth of the apple
trees planted ever reached the fruiting period, and a large per cent, of
those that do in their neglected condition escape the ravages of stocky
rabbits, gophers, borers and injurious insects, never become paying
trees. The very appearance of such orchards only tends to discour-
age and weaken the general interest in apple growing.

In what way can we accomplish a change for the better. I answer,,
by educating the people on these important qnestions, not alone by
precept, but by the example of more and more successful orchards.

Very much has already been accomplished in this direction by our
State and county horticultural societies, but the task is only begun. I
earnestly wish that our people throughout this great State, where God
and bounteous nature have done so much for man, could be fully
awakened and led to more fully appreciate the importance of this
great and grand subject. This done, and apple growing would receive
an impetus that would soon bring a degree of ^prosperity hardly yet
dreamed of. Fruit-growers, if true to our noble trust, we will do all
we can in this work through our organizations, and let us remember that
as individuals we have before us a wide and open field for much needed
and useful labor, and one in which we can accomplish a part of what
God requires of each one of us — that we do what we can to make the
world better and happier while passing through it.

In presenting my views on the first part of our subject, "care of the
apple orchard," we will start with the young trees just after planting.
Supposing them to have been good trees, planted in good average

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING AT WARRENSBURG. 183

soil — placed a little deeper than they grew in the nursesy — with tops
inclined to the southwest a few inches, so as to brace against the pre-
vailing summer winds, and branching at three to four feet from the
ground. Such being the condition of the j'oung orchard, I advise that
it be planted in root crops, melons, beans, or dwarf varieties of corn.

Cultivate such crops, and along with tbem cultivate the archard. Be
careful not to damage the trees with the implements used in cultition.
See that the whiffletree does not bark the trees. Hoe around the trees
when necessary to keep the soil clear of any weeds that the plow or
cultivator has not destroyed. Keep the soil loose by any means; keep
off all vines, such as morning glory, etc. While hoeing keep a close
watch for borers ; they may be detected by worm dust at the surface,
or by scraping gently over the bark for three inches below the surface
with a knife, and if a hollow sound is detected, or if the bark yields
under the pressure of knife or fingers, then cut till you find and kill
the worm. A piece of whale bone a few inches long, and no thicker
than a small straw, can be used in many cases to punch him to death,
and so save cutting the tree so badly. Cover such wounds on the
trees with soil.

Cultivation should cease in young orchards, especially if the
ground is rich, by about the fourth of July, so that the young wood
may ripen before winter sets in.

Late in autumn the trunks should be wrapped and tied up with
paper, hay, straw, corn stalks, or like material, to prevent rabhits from
barking them. This will also give quite a protection against hark-
huTsting. This wrapping should be removed early in summer that the
trees may receive the full benefit of air and sunshine.

Care should be taken to keep the trees in proper position during
summer, as they often get loosened by wind and bent over. They should
be straightened up and earth pressed firmly about them. A piece of
tough sod may be used and tramped into advantage. Should such
treatment fail to keep them in place, stakes may be used, but care
should be taken to so tie the tree to the stake that it will not be
rubbed and bruised on it.

The number of years that the apple orchard should be cultivated.
Most writers tell us ""for several years," and then leave us to guess
what is to be done thereafter. Many seem to think that when the
orchard comes into bearing it is able to take care of itself among grass
and weeds, hence leave the trees to their fate. I fail to see the con-
sistency of such a way of doing.

I am a firm believer in continuous cultivation. While the orchard
is young the income from the crops referred to will pay well for the

184 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

work, and when the trees shade the ground too much for such crops,
then cultivate for fruit alone.

TJiis is necessary in order to keep the ground mellow and moist,
and to cut the roots so as to multiply the small fibrous rootlets which
are essential to the highest condition of fruitfulness.

Have you ever taken into consideration the amount of w^ater that
a large apple tree, heavily loaded with fruit and leaves — or with leaves
alone, — will require in the hot summer days to keep up the supply
thrown off by the foliage and retained by the fruit? If so you will not
be surprised at seeing the leaves small, yellow and sickly, and the
fruit small and shriveled on the trees in hard soil, with grass, weeds, or
small grain robbing the little starved rootlets of their drink.

In cultivating care should be taken to keep the surface as level as
possible. If the land is poor or is a heavy clay a top dressing of stable
manure, sawdust, chips, ashes or lime, or a mixture of any or all of
these materials, may be given with great advantage.

If we expect continuous heavy crops of fine apples, year after year,
from the same trees, we should be as constant and as faithful in their
care, cultivation and feeding as the successful stockman is in the care
of his fine animals.

The cultivation of the bearing orchard should consist of plowing
the ground late in autumn, and of stirring it several times in early
spnng and summer before the trees are bent by the weight of fruit.

I recommend small mules, harness with no hames or anything else
sticking upward to injure the limbs of the trees ; also short whiffle-trees
as the best and most efficient outfit for this work.

Destruction of insects is one good result of frequently stirring the
soil and keeping it clean.

PRUNING.

While I unhesitatingly denounce the cutting and slashing gener-
ally practised, as worse than no pruning, yet I am a firm believer in
careful annual pruning, to begin with the young trees when first
planted.

Prune to shape and thin the top. Cut out all cross limbs, and see
that the head is evenly balanced on the trunk. Leave no forked trees,
for sooner or later they will split.

After the first full crops the tops will be spread with weight of
fruit, and for several years thereafter but little pruning will be needed
more than to cut out the broken limbs and suckers.

ANiJUAL WINTER MEETING AT WAKRENSBDRG. 185

In a few years it will be noticed that the trees have become more
or less drooping, and many of the lower limbs will be too near to, or
perhaps even touching- the ground.

At this period the pruning; should be confined mostly to thinning
out and cutting off tliese trailing under-limbs, and it will be found
necessary to cut some pretty large limbs. Whether with saw or knife
use the tool so as not to split or to even check below the cut off, and
paint thoroughly all cuts over one inch in diameter and no harm will
follow.

TIME FOR PRUNING.

I have a very decided preference as to when my trees shall be
pruned.

Watch the progress of the season, and just as soon as your trees
have begun to grow pretty fast, begin and finish as soon as possible.
There will .be but few, it any, suckers thrown out, the mechanical
pressure of the process of growth will tend to prevent checking, and
the new bark will soonest cover small cuts and partly cover large
ones.

Men, women and children of Missouri — with her plains and hills,
and her unnumbered variations of soil, from Iowa to Arkansas, from
the Mississippi to her western boundary, by nature the best of the
States for producing the greatest and surest crops of apples of the rich-
est colors, the highest quality, and of the widest range among the best
varieties — do not fear that you will not get paid for your work in the
necessary article of money, nor in the high and refined satisfaction of
results accomplished in one of the best of all employments, and re-
member that what pays tor doing at all pays best for doing well.

After which the following was read by W. G. Gano, of Parkville:

To the Missouri State Horticultural Society :

The productiveness of this section of our countr3^ in early times,
was wonderful. The young trees were no sooner introduced into the
soil when they would spring forUi with such strength and vigor as to
astonish us who have been accustomed to their culture in the old
Eastern States. Before we were prepared for it, our cellars were over-
flowing with the most beautiful, delicious fruit, God's best gift to man ;
so delightful to the sons of Missouri, that they doubtless felt that they
could justify our first parents in Eden for partaking so freely of all
the fruit of the garden, considering that it was the first growth of a
new country.

186 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

But change is written in indeJible lines all over the broad expanse
of earth. Elements, animate and inanimate, vegetable and mineial, all
alike pass the ordeal, and the careful observer will note the character
and rapidity of these changes. The scientist will study the forces at
work, and reveal the causes of the various eifects produced. The
skillful physician will carefully diagnose his case before he prescribes
for it.

In like manner should the horticulturist understand the nature and
wants of tree-life before he can deal wisely with the tree itself. This
can be accomplished only by close attention to the business, and we
are persuaded (hat no profession or calling requires more observation
and study than that of the horticulturist.

It is a lamentable fact, evident to every member of this profession^
that many — very many — orchards in this section of country have lost
their pristine vigor, and are fast becoming unprofitable and worthless..
This can be attributed to many and varied causes, the most potent of
which are sheer neglect, vile treatment and the want of proper food
supply for the trees. But the chief cause at the bottom of all is
ignorance, a want of the knowledge of the laws governing tree life.

I shall not attempt to present any special remedies to apply in
these cases; for the treatment should be about the same as that of an
orchard properly cultured and developed from its beginning, but
shall present a few suggestions for the treatment of orchards in
general.

The question arises, "Shall we cultivate our orchards?" and in
reply, I say yes ; but it must be done with the greatest care.

I think that young trees, as well as those bearing fruit, are far less
likely to suffer from drouth and the want of proper nourishment and
food supply, where the land is planted to a hoed crop, and after stirred
with a cultivator, than where it is in grass or in any kind of sowed
crop. When the trees come into bearing, we get finer fruit and more
of it from an orchard well fertilized and thoroughly cultivated. We
have known men to set out young trees in meadows and old pastures,
digging holes in the sod just suflScient to accommodate the roots, and
saying, " Why should anyone insist on trimming trees." In a few
years they smile at beholding these trees one mass of bloom, and later
inthe season, they are still more pleased to see them bending under a
load of ripening fruit. This they call productiveness, when it is more
often premature decay and death. It is no wonder that many trees die
the first cold winter. All over this State, many failed to grow this
and last spring. Many limbs and branches died this summer on ac-

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING AT WARRENSBURG. 187

count of two year's heavy crops which impaired the vitality of the
trees.

After such heavy cropping the trees loose their healthy appear-
ance, bearing a sickly color, and the once upright, elastic limbs are-
drooping and stiffened as with age. How could we expect them to
flourish in this condition ? Even the beautiful flowers loose their
bright pinkish color. The apples, instead of being rosy, crisp, juicy
and delicious, are colored with milldew, dry and insipid to the taster-
following a law of nature, '^ that like begets like," so sickly trees pro-
duce sickly fruit. Our orchards and markets are full of it, the conse-
quence of over-cropping and over-bearing. No intelligent farmer
would expect to get a remunerative crop of giain of one kind from-
the same piece of ground for twenty or twenty-five } ears in succession,
without a constant effort to keep up the fertility of the soil, and even
with such effort a rotation of crops is by far the wiser course to pur-
sue. But with the orchard there is no chance for rotation. When it i&
once planted, it is for a generation, and year after year the same draft
is made on the soil, increasing as the trees grow larger, until every
square foit of the soil is filled with a network of roots and fibers, tak-
ing up from every spot the elements upon which the life and vigor of
the trees depend. Hence, the great necessity of regularly adding ta
the soil such fertilizers as will best replace these elements, and supply
the constant draft made on the soil.

To cultivate an orchard successfully for growth and profit, com-
mercial fertilizers are out of the question. They would cost too much
for the doubtful profit in them, and were they as good as claimed, they
are by nature too stimulating and short lived. You would see its effect
in the tree but not in the fruit. Ashes, either leached or unleached,
spread broadcast over the ground, are of great value, and there is little-
danger of using too much.

While it is evident that by very heavy and constant manuring it is
possible to stimulate a too rapid growth ot the trees, resulting in short-
ening their lives, still my observation has led me to conclude that
where there is one thus injured by two much manuring, there are
scores that are more injured by not getting enough. Seed your orchards
to clover and pasture to hogs, and while you are converting the clover
and wormy apples to pork, you will be at the same time destroying the
codling moth, and fertilizing the ground. In fact, I know of no better
or more practical way than this in cases where the orchard is located oa
steep hillsides, where there is danger of the land washing by being
plowed.

188 MISSOURI STATE flOKTICULlURAL SOCIETY.

Plowing IS an important item, and we cannot be too careful to pre-
vent inj uring the trees. A. high-topped hame should never be taken in
an orchard, as it is very likely to break or buise the low branches.
Great damage is also done trees by the ends of the whifflatrees bruising
and mutilating the trunks, and I see no good reason why something
cannot be contrived to eifectualiy prevent this injury. I have seen a
cut ot a contrivance in the Michigan State Horticultural society's
report of 18S1, which may be practical. The whillletrees are carried
under the bodies of the horses, and a chain fastened to the center of
the evener is all that there is between the horses and the plow.

A very important matter connected with making orcharding
profitable is the pruning, and while it is true, as a general rule,
that the skillful orchardist may give his trees about such shape
as he pleases, still the pruning should be done with a thorough
knowledge of the natural characteristics of the growth of different
varieties of trees. For instance, no well posted fruit grower
will attempt to give a like shaped top to a Red Strawberry and
B. Ben Davis. The pruning should never be done in ahap-hazzard way,
but with an inleiligent idea of what form of tree is best adapted to the
different varieties. The extremes of a too compact and a too open top
should be avoided. With all varieties the skillful orchardist will be
able to secure a handsome, well rounded top sufficiently compact to
give the proper shade to both trunk and main limbs, and at the same
time sufficiently open to admit the amount of light and air necessary
to perfect the fruit of the more central portions of the tree. As to the
best time of the year for pruning much has been said and written, and
considerable difference of opinion and practice prevails, and while I
believe the time of pruning of less importance than the manner, still
I think it can be most successfully and skillfully done when the trees
are in both fruit and leaves, and all things considered, perhaps no time
is better adapted to this important work than the months of May and
June. From my experience as well. as from observation, I am of the
opinion that the profits of the orchard are augmented by heading the
trees low. On such varieties as Ben Divis and a great many other
varieties whose branches incline to a more lateral growth, thus giving
a low spreading top, I would start the top about four f^et from the
ground. While with such varieties that incline to a more upright
growth I would endeavor to give not over three feet of trunk. Trees
thus formed with their tops low will be more easily kept erect, will
have less fruit shaken off by wind, and the expense of gathering will
be quite a per cent less than from those allowed to grow much taller.

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING AT WARRENSBURG. 189

This brings us to the insect warfare, which to the fruit grower is
the most difficult obstacle he has to surmount. The migratory habits
of the moth, and the dilatory habits of the farmers, make it^quite diffi-
cult for those to succeed who attempt to rid their orchards of this pest.
Concert of action and persistent, unyielding purpose thioughout the
neighborhood is the most feasible plan that can be adopted to save our
fruit from such wholesale waste as the people of Missouri are now sus--
taining. Nearly one-half of our fruit is entirely destroyed, and a great
deal of the balance rendered unfit for market in consequence of allow-
ing codling moth free access to our orchards. Shall we not organize a
thorough and systematic warfare against the most potent enemy of
the fruit problem than has heretofore been organized in this section
and save at least a much larger proportion than we now do of this as
fine and delicious fruit as the world produces.

With all the failings of the orchard, a little cultivation, pruning
and mulching, and fighting the insects the best we can, will usually
reward the husbandman as well as capital invested in any other enter-
prise. It requires the exercise of at least a little plain common sense
to achieve success in raising fruit. Some people know it all at the
start, but the successful man gets his information at the other end of
the route. W. G. GANG,

Parkville.

EFFECTS GF THE WINTER GN GUR GRCHARDS AND WHAT

CAN BE DGNE WITH THEM.

T. W. GAUNT, MARYVILLE, MO.

Mr. President^ Ladies and Oentlemeji:

The duty has been assigned to me to analyize or look into the
cause of the evil effects of the winters on our orchards, and also with
a view of introducing some practical remedies. It is a subject that I
have been investigating for many years. It covers a great field of
practical thought. It is a subject that horticulturists and nurserymen
are alike interested in. We feel sore and disappointed when a severe
winter has robbed us of some fragrant flower, shrub or plant.

190 MISSOURI STATE HORTICTLTURAL SOCIETY.

Especially do we feel disappointment when we realize that the sever-
ity of the winter has impaired the vitality of the fruit buds of our
choicest trees, so much so that it is impossible for them to bring forth
fruit. In passing over the country, I have observed many orchards
set on low damp ground, and sometimes on seepy hillsides no better
than the low damp ground. Such situations are only fit for the growth
of willows, Cottonwood or low swamp brush, altogether an unfit situa-
tion for an orchard. Late rains have a tendency to stimulate a late
growth of trees planted on low situations, and thus the trees are not in
that matured condition to pass through a severe winter without being
seriously damaged or killed outright. The winter of 185i3-4 was very
damaging to young orchards set on damp ground. I noticed a thrifty
young orchard that was planted on high ground, many of the trees
were badly damaged, the bark split from the ground twelve to fifteen
inches up on the body, also the bark was loosened one half round from
the body of the tree, and notwithstanding the high situation was too
damp; a similar damage will occur to orchards on high or low ground
if the situation needs underdraining, and if during the mild winters
the trees on such locations come out without damage in the spring,
the fruit is not) to be compared with the finely developed, rich flavored
fruit grown on trees planted on high, dry land. I invariably recom-
mend planting an orchard on the best high dry ground, so that the
best results may be obtained. Orchards planted on high, dry situa-
tions mature their fruit buds and produce abundant crops. 1 never
heard of any orchard planted on blulFland that ever sustained any in-
jury by the winter, lam satisfied that the tender varieties injure almost
every winter ; that in the alternate thawing and freezing the sap ves-
sels are often damaged, and thus the flow of sap is retarded in its cir-
culation throughout the tree, hence the tree becomes prematurely old
and stunted; as a result, the Iruitis very inferior, not fit either fo? table
or market, running down to small scabby fruit such as the White
Pearmain, Early Harvest, Carolina June, and others. On the other
hand, the varieties Astrachan, Oldenburg, Northern Spy, Willow Twig,
Domine, and others, appear to withstand the severest of our winters,
and bring forth fruit to perfection, the old trees producing as large^
fine fruit as when they were young. Nearly all the orchards need a
very thorough underdraining at a depth of about five feet, using tiles
of four inch inside diameter.

The drains should be dug between each row of trees two rods
apart. This will relieve the whole situation at once, and prevent all
future damage of our orchards by the winter, in that the word
will mature well which will enable the tree to resist the action of the

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING AT WARRENSBURG. 191

frost. There will be no more splitting of the bark at the collar of the
tree. There will be no more immature fruit buds. The roots will be
relieved from the water pressure that in the past they have been com-
pelled to bear. I do not blame the surly winter which God hath or-
dained for a wise purpose for the damage of our fruit trees. I attach
blame to the men who do not plant their orchards on the highest
and driest situation on their farms.

I have a system of underdrains of near two miles on my place
that is doing its work night and day in a very satisfactory manner. It
is a cure for wet ground, the plants, vegetables, all kinds of grain,
small fruits and fruit trees all luxuriate in a soil that is well under-
drained. I can recommend it to every citizen of the State who owns a
farm, believing it to be the only remedy for bringing into successful
cultivation all the wet soils.

PEARS— LOCATION, TREATMENT AND BEST VARIETIES FOR

PLA.NTING.

BY J. A. DURKES, WESTON, MO.

The pear tree, in its wild state, is a native of Europe and Asia, ex-
tending from the Mediterranean sea northward as far as Sweeden —
eastward to China and Japan.

The culture of the pear is one of very ancient date. The great
length of time during which the fruit is in season for eating or culin-
ary uses, its superior delicacy and flavor, and the great beauty of the
tree has always maintained for it a very high interest in the annals
of horticulture.

Roman writers speak of it, mentioning many varieties and the
uses their excellence adapted them to.

The estimation of the fruit grew apace with the civilization of the
people, and the introduction of superior kinds.

So far had this improvement been advanced from tlie acrid wild-
ling that as early as the first part of the last century a writer informs

192 MISSOTRI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

US that in his time there were known two hundred and fifty sorts from
which seventy or eighty could be selected as the best, Du Hamel, a
celebrated French writer on fruits and arbor trees, 1768, gives one
hundred and nineteen of better sorts, to which he could add thirty or
forty more he did not esteem so well for culture.

The efforts of Dr. Van Mons and others during]; the first quarter of
the present century, gave an increased intersest in pear culture. The
result of their labors was an acquisition of many of the very best vari-
eties we cultivate now.

The number of kinds increased very rapidly during the century^
preceding the year'1831. During this period it reached from the amount
as stated to that of 677, and to this the additions made almost annually
are very numerous.

The tree is one of great longevity. In its native haunts, it generally
occupies soils and positions conducive to a very slow, firm growth,
just the opposite of the apple, as the latter fiourighes best in rich, deep,
loamy locations. The productiveness of the pear tree increases with
age. In our own land many fine old trees are found — become famous
by their age and the great crops they have borne.

With feelings of much gratitude may we of the present generation
look back upon the labors of the first settlers in their endeavors to in-
troduce the cultivated fruits of the gardens they forsook for a new
home. So soon as the little cabin was built, the clearing made, the
chosen seeds they had brought with them were planted. From these
seedlings have sprung most of our choicest native pears, such as the
Dix, the Sekel, the Sheldon, the Howell, and many others; of the orig-
inal trees, after an elapse of fifty and sixty years, many are still bear-
ing and in healthy condition.

This, certainly, demonstrates the fact (hat many places at least ex-
ist in the wide extent of this great land well adapted to the growing of
pears.

From the fact, perhaps, that it is not indigenous to this continent,,
and the kinds that have been produced from American seedlings as
well as those of European origin, being subject to the same disease
alike — the perfect adaptability of varieties to certain soils, situations
and localities, will still require many years of patient study, observa-
tion and experiment ; moreover, with a country so extensive.^a climate
so diverse in its changes, we could not hope for success with all and
failure with none.

The pear tree requires a dry situation, where drainage is perfect, a
moderate, rich loam, with subsoils at once dry and still retentive of
moisture, and where these overlie vast beds of limestone, it has been.

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING AT T\'ARKENSBURG. 193

considered of much advantage. Elevations and ridges, where the ash,
linden and the oaks are mostly found growing, seem to contain all the
elements desired for the pear.

The pear tree being an upright grower, the roots descend almost
straight, tar downward into the subsoils, while producing but few lat-
erals. It depends little on them for the supply of sood.

Pears budded on the quince should have locations more sheltered
and soils somewhat richer, with a subsoil more open and porous, the
TOots of the tree in this condition (as a dwarf) being more fibrous and
nearer the surface.

Cultivate the trees, but an excessive stimulus should be avoided.
After the orchard comes into bearing, its vigor can be kept up by top
dressings with manures, lime and ashes, and mulching with vegetable
litter. Plowing late in the fall will in many cases be very beneficial.
Every planter should be the judge to what extent his orchard may
need this, as no fixed rule can be given to meet all cases.

In cultivating the pear tree it should never be done later than
May. If the grass and weeds become too tall and thick cut down with
a scythe ; they, in turn, become a good fertilizer.

It will be seen by these remarks that in our choice of elevated,
perfectly'' drained sites, soils of a dry calcareous character and in mode
of cultivation, the aim is to produce an earlj^- summer's growth, a per-
fect ripening of the wood, and the flow of the sap entirely checked be-
fore the first cold changes come. The experience of most growers for
the past forty years has been, that where these conditions could be
attained, trees were less subject to blight.

In cultivating our fruit trees during late summer a second annual
growth is formed, which often is continued by mild and rainy weather
far into the season, sudden severe changes occurring in the weather,
freezing the sap in their cells, causing them to contract, hindering the
further flow. The sap loses its consistency, becomes thick, sour and
stagnates in the tree. Seasons and conditions like these we believe
to be the very root of the disease — pear blight, the best authorities
agree in this theory — our own experience of twenty five years has
given reasons to confirm it.

In training, a conic form is preferred, the limbs starting quite close
to the ground, the aim being to shade the trunk and larger limbs as
much as possible.

We otten permit trees to grow into a bush, throwing up several
stems from the root, either pear or quince, thus inducing a larger
amount of wood growth from the roots and dividing its powers among

H R— 13

194 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

many feeders. Where trees are located in rich and damp soils thi&
method has been very good.

In planting trees on quince it is advisable to place them deep in
the soil, far below the union of bud and stalk, making half standards
as soon as possible. Often a deep upward cut into the bark is made,
just at the point of union, believing, that the callousing of the wound
so made would induce an earlier growth of roots from this point than
if the trees were left to a natural growth. But little pruning is re-
quired after the tree has been formed and comes into bearing, thinning^
out the weak and interlacing branches, the cutting off here and there
of some straggling ones, to keep in a proper shape, will be all that is
needed, early spring is the best time for this work. Pinch back to
induce the formation of fruit spurs during the growing season (June
and July). The check of the growth by this also gives the tree an
advantage to resist disease.

In speaking of varieties for general planting, we have come to a
point of greatest difficulty; it is almost impossible to name any two
that would give the same results, even in a limited territory. There-
fore it is well to try many varieties, planting more largely of those
that have been tested in the immediate neighborhood.

We give a list of some of the older kind that have been thoroughly
tested in almost every part of the land and are known to succeed in
general where planted. Many new candidates are in the field, for
which much is claimed, and it is hoped that among them are such that
may prove themselves suitable to every part of the country.

The Bartlett, originated more than a century ago, stands at the
head of the list for general cultivation everywhere, at the east and the
west; duriug its season it leads in the markets.

For family and ameteur marketing no garden should be without
the Rostiezer, no summer pear will give greater satisfaction than this..
The Tyson, a native seedling, is one of our best summer pears. The
Giffard D'Amalis and Bloodgood are quite hardy and annual bearers.
The Howell, the Hovey, the Buffam, Steven's Genesee and Kirtland,
all American seedlings, have adapted themselves to many localities.

The Duchess, Flemish Beauty, White Doyenne, Louise Bonne and
Sheldon are excellent fall varieties.

The Beurre D'Anjon is known everywhere and its own merits are
the best recommendations for it.

For size, beauty and productiveness, the Beurre Clairgean ranks
high, the tree being an early and abundant bearer, and on our grounds-
has never shown any signs of blight.

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING AT WARRENSBURG. 195

Beurre Bosc, Doynne Boussock, D'Alencon, Lawrence, Beurre
Diel and Onondaga have proven in many sections to succeed admirably.

The Vicar, the Pound, the Winter Nellis, Easter Beurre and
D'Aremburg are hardy and productive kinds for winter.

The Seckel, the ideal of excellence among pears, has become a
universal favorite ; it is hardy, healthy and productive.

The culture of the pear is one of great and peculiar interest, the
great excellence of the fruit will always maintain for it renewed efforts
for general cultivation. Hoping, therefore; that some suggestion made
in this paper may stimulate an effort in that direction, we close with
these words of encouragement from the pen of the late Dr. Warder:
"Pears have been grown in this country; pears may again be grown
here ; pears are grown in some places ; they may be grown in many
others; let us then plant pears."

THURSDAY, 9 A. M.

By invitation the society visited the Normal School at the opening
exercise, after which they decided to move their quarters to that place
at the noon hour.

The meeting was called to order by the President, and after prayer
by Mr. Murtfeldt, the society took up the regular order of business.

VINEYARDS.

REPORT BY G. E. MEISSNER, BUSHBURG, MO.

Mr. President and Fellow Members:

In most parts of our State the '^rape passed through the very se-
vere and rigorous winter of 1884 to 1885 with comparatively slight

186 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

'injury, and notwithstanding the late and unfavorable spring, gave
promise of an unusually fine yield of fruit in the early part of sum-
mer, but alas ! the rot and mildew have once more thrown their bligbt-
ing influence over that promise, and we record another season of more
or less marked failure throughout a large portion of the State.

Fortunately we have a lew varieties which have shown their resist-
ance again to these dread fungoid diseases, and of these varieties the
Norton's Virginia and the Cynthiana still rank at the head of the list.
So lar as I have observed and heard, they have done remarkably well,
and probably have given full average crop.

The Elvira also has made its mark again, and, with the exception
of some localities, has suffered but little from the rot, and has gener-
ally given a fairly satisfactory crop. Our friend, Jacob Rommel, the
originator of the Elvira, may well be proud of the appreciation which
this grape has won, not only in this State but in many other sections
of our country. I believe, however, that the Etta, a seedling of the
Elvira, and another of friend Rommel's productions, will in time out-
rank its parent, being of a finer, better, more sprightly and vinous
quality, and valuable alike for the table and for wine.

The Ives, Perkins, Norton's Seedling, Lad}'^, Grenis Golden, Mon-
tefiore, Mason's Seedling, Pocklington, have, with us here, given toler-
ably fair crops and suffered less damage from rot and mildew than most
other kinds.

However, I will enter into no more details concerning varieties,
as both Mr. Rommel and Mr. Teubner, my fellow member on the grape
committee, have signified their intention of handing in their reports,
and will probably speak of the different kinds, and make a better report
on them than I am able, having had but little occasion myself for per-
sonal observation outside of our own vineyards, and in other parts of
the State.

I would rather say a few words on another subject, which is of
great interest to our American grape culture.

For the last five or six years the Perenospora viticola^ (our Amer-
ican Grape Mildew), has prevailed to an alarming extent in the Old
World, notably in Southern France and in Italy, and the ravages caused
by it in those countries have scarcely been less damaging to their
crops than the losses caused by the Phyloxera. Its effects on the Eu
ropean grape — and the entire vinifera class is especially susceptible to
it — have been precisely the same, as its effects here are only too well
known on varieties that are subject to it. Two years ago, already my
fnend and partner, Mr. Bush, expressed the hope in our Bushburg
catalogue, (page 4^), that some remedy would be found against this

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING AT AVARRENSBURG. 197

dread disease. Happilj'' this hope seems now to have been realized, and
in view of the importance of the discovery* of remedies, which seems
at the same time simple and efficacious, I propose to give you a brief
translation or extract of several articles treating on the question,
which have appeared in the November number of the ''^ Messager
Agricole^'' published at Montpelier, France.

One of the articles is a communication by Prof. Millardet of Bor-
deaux, entitled " On the Treatment of Rot and Mildew," {Extrait
des Comptes rendus <'>■ V Acadeinie des Sciences^ jSFo. cZm, o Octohre^
1885), in which he says : '' On the first of May last, I made a commu-
nication to the society cf agriculture of the Oironde, concerning a
treatment of the mildew by means of a comj^ound of lime and of sul-
phate of copper, (blue vitrei ). The knowledge of this mixture, the de-
termination of the proportions of the composing substances, the in-
struction as to the most favorable moment of their apj)]ication, are the
results of two years of study and experiment made with the help of
Mr. Ernest David, manager for Mr. NathanielJohnston, the proprietor
of the Chateaux Dauzac and Beau Caillou in the Medoc. In conse-
qnence of this communication several proprietors in the Medoc were
led to apply on a large scale the treatment which I had recommended.
Mr. Johnston alone, who entered upon it with a will, had the treat-
ment applied to fifty thousand vines on his two establishments. It is
the result of these exi)eriences which I take the liberty to submit to
the academy.

" To day, on the third of October, the treated vines present a nor-
mal vegetation ; the foliage is healthy and of a beautiful green ; the
grapes are black and perfectly matured.

''The non-treated vines, on the contrary, present the most misera-
ble aspect ; the most of the leaves have dropped ; the few which remain
sffe half dried up ; the grapes, which are still red, can serve for nothing
else than to make a ''piquette." The contrast is most striking."*

After some remarks on the varieties treated, etc., Prof. Millardet
gives the mode of treatment as follows: " In 100 litres (26^ gallons)
of water dissolve 8 kilo, (about 17^ lbs.) of sulphate of copper; also
make with 30 litres (about 8 gallons) of water and 15 kilo (33 lbs.) of
fresh (unslacked) lime a thick lime milk or lime wash, and mix it with
the solution of sulphate of copper. It will form a bluish pickle. The
operator, stirring it up, pours some of this in a can or bucket which he

*Prof. Millardet has accompanied his communication by photographs of a
treated and a non-treated vine, which indeed present an astonishing contrast, as
also the analysis which he gives of the most of the grapes, showing the difference
in the percentage of sugar.

198 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

takes in his left hand while with the ri2;ht, with a small whisk or
broom, he sprinkles or spatters the leaves, taking care to avoid touch-
ing the grapes with the compound. No danger to the person need be
apprehended."

" With Mr. Johnston 50 litres of the mixture have been sufficient
for the treatment of 1,000 vines.* The treatment has been applied
from the 10th to 20th of July; at some points it has been repeated a
second time, end of August, but without marked advantage. It is
shown that a single application is sufficient. The mixture, when it
has dried, adheres well to the leaves. After the treatment the vines
have gone through several heavy thunderstorms at the beginning and
end of August, and frequent rains in September. Notwithstanding
this, one can today easily recognize on half of the leaves the spots
where they have been touched by the compound, but even those
leaves which have not retained the least trace thereof are in as good a
state as those which still show the spots,"

'' It is not necessary that the leaves be entirely covered with the
preserving mixture. I venture to say that a single splash even on a
leaf will be sufficient."

Prof. Millardet insists upon a timely application and as a prevent-
ative treatment, saying that those who waited until their vines were
already rather seriously attacked reaped much less benefit from the
operation.

In concluding Prof. Millardet says: "There is a last important
point to be considered. Notwithstanding all care, it will happen that
some drops of the coppery mixture will fall on the grapes. Will the
copper be found again in the wine ? And if it should be found, would
it be in quantities sufficient that health could be affected thereby?
My colleague, Mr. Grayon, has promised me his help to study this
question. A trial made by him on SOO grammes (nearly 2 lbs.) of the
fruit taken from treated vines failed to reveal the presence of copper
in absolutely certain manner. The researches in this direction will be
continued, and I hope to be able, before long, to lay their results
before the academy."

In a discussion of this question at a meeting of the Agricultural
Society of the Herault, at Montpelier, the view is expressed that any
danger to health need hardly be feared in consequence of the infinitely
small quantity of the coppery compound which might adhere to the
fruit, if proper care has been bestowed while applying it to the vine.

* For our American vines here with their larger spread of vegetation, espe-
cially where grown on trellis, this quantitj^ would sufficeprobably for only one-half
or one-third that number of plants.

\

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING AT WARRENSBURG. 199

But another remedy, which is absolutely free from any objection
on this score, has been applied with remarkable success in Italy, where
it was recommended by the department and schools of Agriculture.
The brothers Belussi, near Conegliano, in the province of Trevise,
especially deserve great credit for the intelligent and persevering
manner in which they have experimented in this direction for a
number of years, until at last success has crowned their efforts. The
Messager Agricole contains communications on the subject by Prof.
Oerletti of the royal school of viticulture at Conegliano, Italy, report
by Mr. Dehirain, professor of agricultural chemistry at the school of
Orignon, France, and report by Prof. Velicogna of the imperial and
royal school of agriculture at Geritzia, Austria. These two gentlemen
were sent to Italy expressly by their schools to investigate the matter.
Their articles are too long to give you a complete translation of them.
They all agree, however, in reporting the most astonishing success of
the new remedy.

This remedy consists simply of a lime wash or "lime milk," as the
French call it, which is prepared in the proportion of 2^ kilo, (about
6| lbs.) of fresh lime slacked in 100 litres (26| gallons) of water. With
this liquid the vines are sprinkled abundantly, and from the middle of
May until the middle of August this operation is repeated five or six
times.

With this mixture no especial care need to be taken as it contains
nothing that is injurious to health, and even if some of the lime should
still adhere to the grapes when they are ripe, this could be easily
removed by washing the fruit in water.

In speaking of the results of the treatment Prof. Velicogna says :

" In every row of vines which had not been limed, but had been
sulphured energetically, and at several times on each vine and on each
cane not limed, the Perenospora (mildew) had made such ravages as I
have never seen before in our country. The 10th of this month, Sep-
tember, four-fifths of the leaves were lost. On some vines some canes
had no trace of foliage left. The grapes are few, badly nourished and
quite green. The shoots of this year are short, sickly and puny.

All the rows of vines, every plant, every cane, which from the mid-
dle of May to middle of August, has been limed five or six times, are
•completely exempt from the Perenospora, not a trace of the disease.
The vines have conserved all their leaves, whitened by the lime, but
large and fully formed, and of a dark green color when they are
wshed. As everywhere else there are not a great many grapes, but the
bunches are fine, well developed, well nourished and black as ink."

200 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIEIT,

Now anyone who knows how some of our finest grapes, the Dela-
ware, for instance, suffer from the mildew in unfavorable seasons, how
in many sections they cannot be grown at all for this reason, will ap-
preciate the high value of this^discovery of a simple'and practical rem-
edy, and its importance if it should prove equally efficacious here-
The Delaware is not only very rarely subject to rot, while it is very
susceptible to mildew, but doubtless if we could conquer the latter it
would prove one of our most valuable and profitable grapes to grow.
But I have strong hope that this lime treatment may also prove of
great service as a preventive aganst the grape rot, and if such should
really be the case, it would be the greatest boo;i for our Araerican
grape culture.

We propose to make thorough experiments with it next season,
and I would strongly urge upon all of you who are interested in the
grape, and who may have suffered in your vines from the ravages of
mildew and rot, to give the new remedies a fair trial, remembering,
however, that the efficiency any remedy depends entirely upon its
timely and through application. Life and health permitting, I^hope
we may be' able to compare notes, and report favoriible results at the
time of our next annual winter meeting.

Let us not despair of grape culture, because of a few consecutive
years of failure of some varieties, but let us take an example rather of
courage, energy and perseverance displayed by the people of the old
world, where the grape forms the principal source of revenue for such
large extents of country.

Forty 5'ears ago they were ravaged by the Oidium^ the European
grape mildew, which swept all over southern Europe, and soon reduced
the grape crops to a minimum, but they persevered, and finally, with
the discovery of the sulphur remedy, they conquered this foe. Hardly
had they recuperated and begun to feel secure again in their favorite
crop, when the Phylloxera came and utterly destroyed hundreds of
thousands of acres of the finest vineyards in the world. Undaunted by"
this they renewed the fight, and by the use of American resistant
stalks they overcame the evil effects of the Phylloxera.

While still struggling with the insect, the Perejiospora appeared
and ravaged southern Europe from Spain to Italy, crossing the Medi-
terranean even into Africa to the newly established vineyards of
Algiers. Now, by means^of these before mentioned remedies they see
their way to victory, also over the latest enemy of their cherished
grape.

If we look at wha:) they have overcome, we cannot help but to ad-
mire those people, but we must also profit by their example, and with

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING AT AYARRENSBURG. 201

an equal degree of intelligent perseverance, courage and energy, we
will surely also conquer the foes of American grape culture as they
hfive succeeded in conquering the no less formidable ones of the
European grape. Let us keep on in the good work, and profit from the
experience of others as well as from our own ; finally our efforts will be
crowned with success, and we will reap the merited benefits.

After which came a report by

JACOB ROMMEL, OF MORRISON, MO.

I

The grape growers of Missouri are still in a progressive condition,
regardless of the partly failures for the last few years. The grape
growers at present are composed of more practical men than in former
times, and making growing grapes more a specialty, likewise we now
have several large wine establishments making wine a specialty, and
buying the grapes from the grape growers and paying more for them
as they would generally bring in market for table grapes.

The growing of grapes lor wine and the making of wine is our
main dependence, as they are our main consumers of our grapes. With-
out this we should have been compelled to suspend mostly with our
grape growing. Therefore we look forward for grapes for wine making;,
and improve such. The following are grapes mostly growing :

Nortons, Cynthiana, Ives and Concord for red wine.

Catawba, Elvira, Martha, Goethe and Missouri Riesling for white
wine.

These have done best for a number of years.

There are on trial numbers of new ones ; many highly prized ones
have proven unreliable here, and there is quite an anxiety to produce
or to procure reliable grapes for wine making and we are in hopes to
find such out of the many new ones now on trial.

The last season has been a most unfavorable one, being wet
throughout, causing grapes to rot badly and many of them a total
failure.

The following kinds did best and produced the main bulk :

Nortons, Cynthiana, Ives, Elvira, Martha, Missouri Riesling and
Goethe.

Concords — Almost a failure by rot.

Moore^s Early — Much like Concord) larger in berries and better in
quality, earlier and not much afi'ected by rot.

Pocklington — A large, fine, late grape, rotted badly.

202 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Triumph — Not reliable.

Catawba — Light crop by rot.

Clinton and Bachus — Rotted badly.

Herhemont — Almost a failure.

Rulander — Likewise.

Black Hermann — One third rotted.

White Hermann — Little rot.

^7/z5er— Almost free from rot, rather a shy bearer.

Beauty — Almost a failure by rot.

Pearl — Rotted one-half.

Transparent — Oae-half rotted.

Monteiiore — Rotted but little.

£tta — Almost free from rot. \

Delaware Seedling No. [1 — Very little affected by rot, very fine and
productive.

Black Delaware — Was fine with but little rot.

Faith — Little affected by rot, fine in quality, very early, of medium
size bunch and berries.

Lady — Rotted but little ; it is much like Martha but better in.
quality and two weeks earlier in ripening and larger in berries.

Lady Washhigton — Almost a failure and not reliable here.

Greins Goldeti — Little affected by rot but poor in quality.

Marsalias — Almost free from rot, very productive but poor in
quality.

Conqueror — Rotted but little, a black grape much like Ives but
better in quality.

Hartford Proli/ic— 'Rotted badly.

Telegraph — Almost a total failure by rot.
. Delaware — Little affected by rot; however, poor grower and not
profitable.

Cottage — Rotted badly.

Neosho — A fair crop, very prolific but poor in quality.

Racine — Of no value except for arbor purposes on account of fine,
healthy foliage and rank growing habits.

Of the Roger's Hybrids, the Goethe is the only one reliable.

Early Victor — Did well, not much affected by rot, very early, val-
uable for market.

Noah — Has not proved reliable.

Creveling — Not reliable.

Those are grapes that have been cultivated for a number of years.

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING AT WARKENSBURG. 203

Newer ones have yet to show their test, one or two years will not
answer.

Experimenting is expensive combined with years of labor, and so
far, out of so many new ones, we have as yet iew of real value. The
same may be said of other fruits, especially of apples, the test of many
of the so highly praised ones have not proven to be what was expected
and now we fall back on some of the older kinds that were set aside for
the newer ones. It is strange that many of our newer fruits will retain
their merits for a short time only, and some of our older kinds main-
tain their merits so long.

REPORT BY CHAS. TEUBNEK, LEXINGTON, MO., MEMBER OF COMMITTEE ON

VINEYARDS.

In this vicinity grapes are not grown to any extent. There are
but five or six vineyards of a few hundred vines each. Some of our
farmers have a small trellis of vines, but these are left to grow at will,
or pruned in an insufficient manner. The Concord is the variety mostly
grown. Our climate and soil, however, is not unfavorable to grapes ;
in fact the soil on our river blull's is, I believe, well adapted to their
growth. The rot is usually less destructive than at Hermann or Co-
lumbia, Missouri. The past season, however, grapes rotted consider-
bly, in some places three-fouths in others half were lost, the whole
crop being about one-fourth. A neighbor of mine who has a small
vineyard (mostly of Concord) which receives rather more attention
and cultivation than that of others, lost over three-fourths of his crop
by rot. His few Norton's Virginia suffered like the Concord, except
one vine, which is trained on the east side of his house, and which
ripened a fine crop. His vineyard is on rather poor, sandy clay soil,
on the lower end of a western slope, the free passage of air draughts
being obstructed on the south by an orchard, and on the west by a hill.
The vines have been in bearing a number of years. Another neigh-
bor whose vines, partly cultivated, were on a rich loamy soil on a
hill with an eastern exposure, but surrounded on three sides by build-
ings and an orchards, also lost most of his crop by the rot. A
number of trellises on different farms, generally on rich prairie soil,
but uncultivated and left to grow at will, suffered less with rot, but the
remaining bunches, often many in number, had but a few straggling
berries, and these, on account of the excessively wet season, and lack

204 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

of prunine:, failed to ripen. A couple of Concord vines in ray yard,
one on each side of a walk, pruned and once summer pruned, bore
nicely, and were not much affected by rot. About one-half of the
bunches were sacked — in two pounds paper sacks — when the berries
were quite small ; these escaped the rot entirely, every berry being per-
fect, with a beautiful bloom and excellent in quality. The unsacked ber-
ries, though not rotting much, were to a great extent wormy, and the
others the birds got. A Janeton tree stood near one of the vines into
which some of the canes had grown, and as an experiment I pruned
one or two of these, but the bunches on them were not as large as
those on the main vine, and did not ripen up as well, besides being as
wormy and rotting as much as the unsacked bunches on the trellis.
The soil in which they are growing is a sandy clay, with a sub-stratum
of a sandy nature. The soil was bare and not loosened by cultivation^
and the surface well drained. The vines had plenty of access to sun-
shine and air.

Chickens had their range about and under the vines this year as
in the past years. I mention this fact to show that it did not prevent
the grapes from being freed from the ravages of the grape curculio^
In connection I will state that several varieties of plums, Chicasaw as
well as some to me unknown varieties of blue plums in the same yard
were so badly stung by the plum curculio that, although heavily set
with fruit, none of it matured.

What few varieties of grapes, other than the Concord, are grown
here, such as the Goethe, Catawba, Clinton and Taylor's Bullitt, suffered
as much and more than the Concord, the Goethe having been badly in-
jured by the previous winter. The Concord was also injured to some
extent by tne winter, but not enough to have cut short the crop. Lack
of knowledge in the culture of the grape is the principal drawback to
grape growing in this county.

DISCUSSION.

N. F. Murray— The grape planted near the steep hillside on
river bluffs pay exceedingly well. One instance where they have paid
exceedingly well— $300 per acre. Thinks that if grown higher up on
the trellis they would pay better and not rot.

Prof. Tracy— The cause of the rot is not a disease, but by spores
brought in contact with the grape itself. These fungi develop more
upon weak plants. No treatment of the vine will cure the rot. Bagg-
ing grapes is the only remedy and will not cost much.

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING AT WABRENSBURG. 205

Mr. Rohards — Has tried the bag business; covered fifty bunches
and found that where covered they did weW.

Mr. Workman^ of Indiana — Says they have tried bagging grapes,
and find it success ; finds they do better upan high trellis or trees, and
are a success.

Mr. Van Deman — Finds this bagging is not a complete success.

Mr. Galloway — Thinks the spores do not enter unless the grapes
are punctured.

Mr. Gano — Found at St. Joe a great number of excellent new va-
lieties, and they succeed much better there than here.

Mr. Workman — They will keep much longer than if not sacked.

S. Miller — Finds the Worden better than the Concord.

T. W. Gaunt — Thinks we need very high and dr^^ ground; need
underdraining, he thinks.

Prof. Tracy — Says it will do no good.

Mr. Miller — Has the highest land in the county of Montgomery,
and grapes rot the worst.

N. F. Marry — High training is the only success in his county.

3fr. Van Deman — This rot is sporadic and in the atmosphere, and
no cultivation will stop it.

E. P. Henry — Thinks all these men are correct in their views, and
this spread is through the air, but that it will not spread very far in
one season, but if one vine is affected it will soon spread to all in the
vineyard.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON SMALL FRUITS.

BY SAMUEL MILLER, OF BLUFFTON.

X. A. Goodman., Secretary of the Missouri Horticultural Society:

As my attendance at the annual meeting is uncertain, I will at

least give a report on the small fruits. Have written to the other

members of my committee to send me theirs or to send direct to you.
As usual the strawberry comes first, and as there was but a poor

show here the past season, I have not much to tell about them.

206 MISOSUBI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Crescent, Capt. Jack, Camberland Triumph, Hart's Minesota and
James Vick did pretty fair. Cornelia did splendidly and promises to
be our best late berry. I must not overlook Glendale, which had an
immence crop of fine fruit, while if not of the best quality, is well
worth having. None of the other new ones did any good. Jumbo is
simply Cumberland Triumph.

Of cherries we had the best crop that has been for eight or ten
years. One tree of Napoleon bore over a bushel of as fine cherries as
I ever saw. Some one says our bees deserve the credit for this crop;
as cherries are not sure unless bees are in the vicinity to fertilize the
blossoms.

Raspberries, a fair crop on the Centenial, Seneca, Mammoth
Cluster; Gregg a poor crop. Turner as usual full and good ; Crimson
Beauty, Scarlet Gem and No. 2 bore af5 well as could be expected in a
mass as I have them to grow plant?. Of the latter two we had berries
all summer until frost, when they still had fruit and blossoms. Schaff'er
was somewhat injured by the winter and the crop not large. Merllow
gave us some splendid berries of good quality from plants set out last
spring. If this proves hardy it will be a great treasure. Cuthbert had
no chance, as the beds were overhauled in digging up plants.

BlacJcberries — Lawton and Kittatinny have gone overboard with
me; Western Triumph was injured last winter and did not give a full
crop or near so much as I expected in the spring. Snyder is an Iron-
clad, bore a full crop of good berries, although not large.

Now, as to grapes, there was a pretty fair crop left alter all the rot»
The Concord rotted about the worst, as usual, and I have no use for it.
Worden will supersede it when it becomes known. Early Victor was
splendid and is still the best early one on my grounds. Moore's Dia-
mond is the earliest and best white one. Of the new ones. Lady Wash-
ington, Prentis, Jefferson, Peter Wiley, all brought fruit to perfection
in paper sacks, the only sure remedy against insects, rot and birds.
Marsala don't rot at all. Had sent me a bunch of a new grape by F.
B. Munrow, Denison, Texas, of great beauty and excellence; from
Geo. W. Campbell, Delaware, Ohio, two new seedlings, one white the
other black, that will vie with the best. The Ulster Prolific from
Cay wood <fe Son, Marlboro, N. Y., bids fair to take a place in the
ranks; a bunch of WoodrofFs Red from Michigan, not ripe, but large
and handsome ; from Pratt Brothers, Rochester, N. Y., a couple of
bunches of the Empire State which speaks for itself, and along with
the Niagara, will, if they prosper over a large extent of our country^
create a revolution in the grape trade.

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING AT WARRENSBURG, 207

The Niagara Co., of Lockport, N. Y., sent me a basket of the
Niagara grapes that surpassed any lot of out-door grapes I ever saw;
quality, first rate. There is still a bunch in my possession in excellent
condition (Nov. 6} and looks as if it would keep until Christmas.

And lastly, but by no means the least important, were two lots of
grapes from John Burr, of Leavenworth, Kansas, among which were
about the best native grapes I have yet tasted. I will neither give
their names nor numbers, as they are not before the public, except the
Jewell, which is now in the hands of Dr. Stayman of the same place..
This is about the earliest and best grape among the earJies, a week
earlier than the Early Victor.

Such progress in the grape line has never been shown before in
this country. When such grapes as Empire State and Niagara become
plenty there will not be so many car loads of California grapes come
across the Rockies.

SMALL FRUITS.

BY Z, T. RUSSELL, OF CARTHAGE, MO.

Member's Missouri UorticuUural Society:

By request of the Secretary of your society, I send the following
report on the varieties of small fruits as seen on my place the past sea-
son :

Chas. Doioning — Plant rusts, and is not productive, therefore not
profitable.

Crescent — Most productive and profitable by far of any sort yet
tried.

Crystal Ciz!y— Ripens first berries of the season, but one row of
Crescents will make a quart of ripe berries sooner than five of Crystal
City ; very shy bearer, and therefore of no value.

Capt. JacA;— Had expected much of this variety ; was a complete
failure, except a few berries that were allowed to remain of spring- set
plants, which were very fine.

Cumberland — Hardy, productive, large and fine, but light colored,
and too soft for shipment ; one of the best for home use.

:208 MISSOURI HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Danl Boone — Has not fruited with me yet ; its appearance is not
promising ; I doubt its proving to be of any value tiere.

Daisy — No fruit yet; plant looks much like Cumberland, though
I can see easily a difference.

Glendale — Good crop of large, very firm berries of dark color and
poor quality ; late; good shipper.

James Fi'cX;— First year's fruiting ; not a productive, large or de-
sirable in any way except in hardiness of plant, unless it does better
than it has this season.

Jersey Queen — Largest and finest berries I ever saw, and very
productive considering its size ; good quality, but too soft for much
handling.

Manchester — Large, well-shaped berries ; productive ; pleases me
very much; plant rather sensitive to heat and drouth, otherwise one
of the most desirable in the whole list for profit.

^i/i,e?'5— First season's -fruiting; hardy, very productive, large and
fine.

Old Iron Glad—Oi no value.

Wilson (genuine)— With this I am highly pleased ; very produc-
tive, firmest of all; requires good cultivation, otherwise will be too
small. It it continues to do as well as it did for me the past season,
it will be sometime yet before it is entirely superseded by newer sorts.

Wilson (as purchased from two different parties here) — Early and
productive, but small and soft ; plant a weak, rusty grower of no value
whatever.

Windsor Chief— Klmo^t as productive as Crescent; large, late
dark colored; valuable for home use and near market, but too soft for
shipment.

Woodwards No. i— Weak grower ; irregular in shape and size ; of
no value that I can see.

B id well— Hardy ^ productive and firm ; irregular in size and shape ;
ripens one side at a time ; is of excellent quality.

Black C'ia/i^— First year's fruiting; productive, large size, dark
colored and firm ; looksjlike overgrown Wilsons ; good quality, prom-
ising.

Mine is a clay soil, and runs all the way from very gravelly to no
gravel at all. The slope is to the south gently. The Capt. Jacks were
on gravel.

These notes are all made from memory, and may differ somewhat
from the form they would have received if made during the fruiting
season, but in the main they are correct according to this year's expe-
rience. I hope, however, that another year's experience will enable me
to change some of them very materially.

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING AT WARRENSBUBG. 209

Rasyherries and Blackberries — Of these I can't say much ; black
raspberries ripened in the following order: Davison, Tyler, Sonhegan
and^Doolittle, Mammoth Cluster, Duncan or Kentucky and (iregg. I
regard the Gregg as the most valuable of all, but as it is late, we need
an early sort also. This place is best filled, I think, by the Tyler, it is
one of the hardiest, earliest and largest we have. The Sonhegan is
very similar to it.

Red Raspberries— Of these I have only two. Turner and Thwack,
that I shall speak of at present. They are both hardy and productive.
Turner is the earliest and best quality; Thwack the firmest and most
profitable. They yield less aad are more expensive to pick than Black
Caps, and are therefore less profitable here since they each sell for
about the same per quart.

Of blackberries I have only three varieties, Brunton's Ey., Snyder
and Kittatinny. Brunton's is not as hardy as I would like; has been
killed the past two winters so badly that it bore no fruit to speak of.
Snyder is perfectly hardy, but the fruit is too small to be profitable
when there is a crop of Kittatinnies, but when that sort fails, the Sny-
der pays big, as people must have blackberries of some sort, and the
Snyder is really good, only it doesn't look so fine as the larger sorts.
Kittatinny is the best sort I have tried ; but it was damaged consider-
ably last winter by cold. It is very productive, very large and fine,
and sells better than any other sort. It is, however, somewhat subject
to rust.

With grapes, gooseberries, currants, etc., I have not had enough
experience to enable me to say anything that I think would be of
interest.

I would like very much to be with you at your raeetinj^ at War-
rensburg, but circumstances are such that it will simply be impossible.
I hoj)e, however, that you may have a good time and an interestiog
and profitable meeting.

n. R.— 14

210 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

KEPORT ON SMALL FRUIT.

BY F. GUTEMANN, OF NEW FLORENCE.

I will here give a report on the condition and prospect of small
fruits, based mostly upon experiments made on my own place.

At present my strawberry beds look very fine and have a fine
prospect for a good crop. 1 will here give my experience with the
varieties I have on trial and others that I have planted quite largely:

Crystal City — Has ]>rought in the most money for me, because
they were the first, ones to get up and were not infested with insects to
any extent. , At present the plants look excellent.

Ida — Was not infested with insects, but it is so utterly worthless
that I have pulled up all of the plants.

Cuntiberland—i^ one of my very best, but was troubled 'with in-
sects some ; I shall, however, plant them quite extensively. The plants
look very fine at present.

Jersey Queen — Is a noble berry and brings the top price in market
here, but will not fill boxes fast enough, a moderate grower with me.

Big Boh — Is worthless.

Daisy — Wants further trial with me.

Manchester — Is fine but quite subject to rust.

Crescent — On limited trial would say that it must be of great value
and expect to plant it extensively.

Fiper — A very robust grower, productive, but the fruit is rather
dark in color.

Captain Jack — One of my best, bat the plants at present look in-
diff'erent.

Iron Clad — Promised a great deal last spring but went into bank-
ruptcy. Whether it was the late frost or the insects that caused it, I am
not prepared to say.

James Fic^— The only fault I find with it is the berries are not
quite large enough.

Sharpless — Looks excellent at present, but that is all I could say
as it need further time.

Olendale — I like for a late berry, a robust grower.

Rasjpherries — I have a large collection but am not yet prepared to
express my opinion very extensively. I will just make a few remarks:

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING AT WARRENSBURG. 211

Shaffer's Collossal — Is ray best. Then Turner, Cuthbert and
Thwack. Lost Rubies did right well.

Scarlet Gem — Played off on me with its everbearing qualities;
Gregg was killed to the ground.

Doolittle — Is one of the best black ones I have; Moody is worth-
less; Caroline is a general favorite, but do not know what it will be
for market. Crimson Beauty and Staymans No. 2 needs lurther trial.

ESSAY ON STRAWBERRIES.

BY JACOB FAITH.

MoNTEVALLO, Dec 8, 1885.
Z. A. Goodman:

Dear Sir — I am very sorry indeed that I cannot attend the pres-
ent meeting of the society, but if I cannot be present in person I will
be in spirit, and hope that you may have a profitable meeting, and I
hope that the present meeting may be a notable event in the history
of the society.

Growing strawberries is in its infancy and has been kept in the
dark, but this wholesome fruit is finding its way into more general
cultivation. I have never in a single instance been asked the ques-
tion, will berries add health and comfort to the human family? but as
the wish to accumulate money predominates the question as generally
asked is this, is there any money in growing berries ? My answer is
this, that it is owing to locality, soil, climate and the proper selection
of varieties, also the distance from market, etc.; but as the main idea
in growing strawberries is tor the money there is in the business. I
will give a tabulated statement of my experience with several
varieties as to the cost of production per quart and the average price
Teceived and the approximate profit:

212

MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIEIY.

Varieties.

Crystal City

Crescent Seedling
Chas. Downing...

Glendale

Miner's Prolific. . .

Captain Jack

Kentucky

Windsor Chief. . . .

Cinderella

Cumberland

Manchester

Wilson

Big Bob

Sharpless

Col. Cheney

Jucunda

Lening's White . . .

o

• o

4 cents

2 "

2 •'

3 "
3 '•
3 "

3 "

4 "
6 "

10 "

20 "

12 "

40 "

10 "

G "

25 "

5 "

o
5*

2 cents.

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2 "
2 "

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m

1 cent.

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1

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1

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1

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1

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ft)

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15 cents

10 "
10 "

10
10

s

6

9

8

10

9

9

11

10

10

10

11

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35

7 cents.

4.T ' '

4^ "-

Ql ( I.

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loss 2 cts-

1 c profit

loss 2cts-

' 3^

' 15

' ^

• 32.

' 3i
\ c profit
loss Vl\ c-
2 c profif}

The above varieties were grown on light, sandy soil, well manured
with stable manure. In a different climate and on clay soil the result
would be different, showing that great care should be used in the
selection of varieties to suit soil and climate. My advice to inexper-
ienced parties would be to read the reports of Horticultural Society of
their State to get the benefit of the experience of leading horti-
culturists.

We have been very successful in saving our peach trees and also
the fruit by wrapping the trees with straw, slouph grass or corni
fodder or sugar cane, sown thick to make it grow fine. I have two
hands at the present time wrapping trees; the cost does not exceed
seven cents per tree.

We have two ropes with loops at one end ; put the rope around
the tree and draw gently while the man on the opposite side of the
tree holds the rope and keeps the limbs straight; when the rope is
drawn sufficiently tight, fasten, then place the second rope above the^

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING AT WARRENSBURG. 213

first and proceed as before. When the tree is well drawn together,
fasten with broom twine ; then take off , the ropes and proceed to put
on the straw, shingle fashion, commencing at the bottom, one man
holding the straw while the other puts the twine around and ties. Two
men will tie from 30 to 50 trees per day, according to size. After the
trees become seven or eight years of age they are somewhat difficult
to tie. The straw should be left on until the trees are done blooming,
and should be unwrapped on a cloudy day to keep the hot sun from
killing the tender fruit or bloom.

The Crystal City if planted on rich soil will make too many plants,
while if planted on poor soil it will be more productive, and the ber-
ries will ripen earlier. While the Crescent Seedling, Chas. Downing
and Capt. Jack being very productive, require rich soil to mature the
berries.

Early Washington, Wilson, Jucunda, Big Bob and'Manchester have
such short roots that they do not withstand the March freezing and
thawing, nor the hot dry summers of Southwest Missouri.

F. H. King is testing an accidental seedling found growing in clay
and among rock thrown out of the bottom of a cellar. It came up in the
summer of '83, and withstood the two severe winters following without
any protection whatever, which proves its hardiness ; being a pistilate, it
did not set any berries in '84, but made a dozen new plants in tha
spring ofg'85. King set a number of Lening's White as a fertilizer, and
the seedling plants were loaded with fruit. The plants resemble Capt.
Jack. The berries are oblong, ovate in size, larger than Capt. Jack, of
fine flavor and the firmest berries I ever saw. King has taken great
pains to increase the plants, and now has several thousand; will test
it thoroughly next season, and report at summer meeting. I have
^reat confidence in this new berry.

Below will be found the product of one acre of the best varieties
of strawberries :

Product 1,865 gallons at an average price of 30 cents per gallon

$559 50

Expense

325 00

Profit

1234 50

214

MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Of raspberries I will make the following report as the varieties
that have paid best on my soil, a sandy loam :

Varieties.

Tyler

Centennial

Missouri Mammoth
Mammoth Cluster. .

Gregg

Miami

Doolittle

Brinkle's Orange. . .
Davidson's Thorn . .
Lum's Everbearing

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d a
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3 cts,

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7 "

10 "

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1 cent

1

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P

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12J cts. 5J- cts.

12*

12

11

11*
11

10

12

10

20

4 "

n "

2 "

0 "
loss 4c

1 cent
loss 5c
1 cent

Of red raspberries the Brandy wine, Turner and Thwack pay best in
the order named. Henrietta is the largest red, but the canes winter-
kill badly ; does not pay.

Huve not realized much money from growing blackberries. Sny-
der, Kittatinny and Taylor's Prolific pay best in the order named.

In the above report I have named only such varieties as I have
thorougly tested. I am testing a number of the newer varieties with
which I am not sufficiently acquainted to make a satisfactory report,,
as my report is already too long. I will not give my mode of plant-
ing and cultivating, but will send that in time for publication.

DISCUSSION.

Van Deman — Gives the Hopkins a good name as one of the very-
best.

Murry — Likes the Hopkins best of all others.

Snyder is the very best blackberry in the north and is not so small
as some think, and if treated well will pay excellently.

Be careful about new varieties, Outhbert is a valuable red.

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING AT WARRENSBURG. 215

A. Ambrose— Y'lnd-s, the Snyder rusts as bad as Kittatinny.

E. Liston — Likes the Snyder blackberry and the Gregg raspberry ;
finds the currants do well on the north side of fence.

Van Houton^ (?/'/<?mj«^— Found the Snyder has been hardy for the
last ten years in Iowa; thinks mulching is one of the best preventives
of drouth.

E. P. ^ew.?/— Thinks that winter killed means summer killed ;
drouth is much worse than winter.

Ml. Fink — Finds that the Gregg winter killed worse than any
other variety; the Mammoth Cluster is much better.

CapU Hollister — The strawberry is the main stand by ; the Wilson
is the best for market of any or all others ; if well taken care of it will
pay the best of all others. The Chas. Downing is the second best and
have always paid well. Raspberries are not so profitable as are the
strawberry.

T. W. (yawnz!— One of his neighbors raises currants by mulching
with sawdust.

Mr. Workman— F'm^s, the Stone's Hardy is hardy, prolific, small,
but bears a long time.

BERRIES A COMING STAPLE CROP.

BY CHAS. PATTERSON, KIRKSVILLE, MO.

There is a latent demand for strawberries and blackberries, that
very few are yet aware of. By latent demand I mean the same as there
once was for a sewing machine, mower, and all other labor saving con-
trivances, as well as what are now staple fruits. No tired seamstress or
drudging house-wife was ever heard to wish that somebody would
invent a machine to ten-double their powers, or lighten their tedious
tasks. And it requires an army of "oily-tongued agents" to demon-
state its efficiency by actual work, before it could be brought into gen-
eral use. But as soon as this was done, the demand became active.
It very soon became a necessary article for all thrifty house-keepers.
Just so will berries of all kinds become articles of necessity, rather

216 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

than luxuries, as soon as people find out the use of them, and how
surely and easily a supply can be provided.

The cities are always first to be supplied with such things. Only
fifteen or twenty years ago there were barely strawberries enough in
the markets to supply the wealthy and extravagant for a few weeks,
and other berries were scarcely thought of. Now they have regular
fruit trains, bringing as high as fifty and a hundred car loads daily from
distant Southern States, prolonging the season several months. When
the cities get glutted, some of the surplus is re shipped to country
towns. Otherwise very few of the latter are well supplied, especially
if we except strawberries; not because they care less for them, but
because no one in the vicinity has happened to see the inducement to
fill the latent demand.

Like many others, I carried on a nursery for ten or twelve years
without growing or selling any berry plants worth mentioning. There
was so little sale for them that it would hardly have paid, and, to tell the
whole truth, I had not found out the good of them myself, and hardly
knew how easily I could have grown them. When planting my orch-
ard, I determined to plant one and a half acres of berries, so as to have
plenty of some kind of fruit until the orchard should come in bearing.
When the first full crop ripened, the second year after planting, I could
see that I would have a surplus, and would have to hustle around to
find sale for them. I soon found sales so good that only by peremp-
tory refusal did we get any to put up for ourselves. I four-doubled my
planting, and planned for drying a surplus, if any, but we have only
got a scant supply ourselves by the same arbitrary method although
another party here claims to have grown as many as 1 did. I have
now at least 25 acres planted in berries, mostly last spring, and have
made all arrangements to make it 40 acres next spring, including buy-
ing and paying for what plants I am wanting, which will surely enable
me to ship some to neighboring towns two years from next summer,
and possibly dry or can a surplus.

But the latter is a very distant contingency. The demand is more
likely to increase as fast as my planting. I have already frequently
sold one to three cases of six gallons to farmers living a distance from
town, and they could soon consume as much as the town people. If I
could carry them by the case into farmers' kitchens of this county, as
I can in town, I would risk 100 acres. Of course some of these custom-
ers will plant and grow their own berries as soon as they find out
more about them,- but it is very safe to trust their conservative, not to
say negligent tendencies, to not do so all at the same time. It is no
unusual thing for the blacksmith's mare and the shoemaker's wife to

/ ANNUAL WINTER MEETING AT WARRENSBURG. 217

go barefooted. They can all plead great pressure of work, which we
cannot well dispute, but nevertheless, where there is a strong will, the
way and time can always be found. I have been there, and know
what it is to have to go to mill and lay up the bars too, but if 1 had the
same pressure to go through again with my present knowledge, I could
grow a good supply of berries too — better than I could afford to do
without them.

To arouse and stimulate the will power, cause a want of berries to
be felt by the farmers, who never will have them for daily use unless
grown by themselves, is the object of this paper. I have already
proved that wherever they are offered at a reasonable price, city, town
and country people at once learn to consider them a necessity, or a
most desirable substitute for other articles of diet. We may be sure
that these enormous quantities are not all consumed b^'' the wealthy
and extravagant. They monopolize only the few that come from
Florida in February and March at $1 to 50 cents per quart. The com-
mon laboring people in moderate circumstances doubtless take the
bulk of the main crop, and even the poor, who have to consult economy
as severely as any of us, make them take the place of something else.

I would emphasize these examples as showing the drift of public
opinion, and the certainty of berries becoming as much a staple crop
as apples, at no distant day. An attempt to describe the enjoyment
and relish of them, would be as vain as to describe the taste of any
fruit we never saw or tasted. Eating a few out of hand, is no more like
having them regularly on the table, nor more satisfying than making
a meal on raw turnips. And even the first few meals may not be en-
joyed as much as expected, because the taste has to be somewhat
educated to anything. Nor is an occasional piece of berry pie, when
company happens in much of an educator. Homeopathic doses of
medicine may be well enough but when it comes to fruit, I prefer two
or three lifts with a table spoon, and then as much more of the same
or a different kind for a change and desert. It is a fact, that when
once accustomed to a liberal fruit diet, a man does not crave or need
as much meat. It is a fact, too, abundantly verified in my own ex-
perience, that it saves doctor bills, and enables a man to enjoy his
nourishment and his work. Where I used to be costive, bilious, rheu-
matic, etc., by spells, I feel a remarkable change, and have seemingly
entered on a new lease of life, after adopting fruit as a staple diet.
Oive a man a good dish of berries every meal from the time straw-
berries ripen till blackberries are gone, something over two months,
and I will trust him to provide a supply for the year round as soon as
possible.

218 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

There is no reason, at all valid, why the farmer cannot have a fult
supply of berries, both fresh in their season and canned or dried, as
well as the richest city people, and better, too. He is an object of
envy to them, because he can have fresher milk, cream and butter
than they can, and so he mi^ht have fresher berries, right from the
vines, against theirs that have been jolted over hundreds of miles and
exposed one to several days, necessarily often becoming more or less
stale. By far th§ larger part of the berries I grow are used for can-
ning, which people prefer to do themselves, because they get them
fresh and better than factory product, as well as cheaper.

If 1 were to fit up another location for the support of a moderate
sized family I would never think of planting less than half an acre of
berries, nor putting it off for a single season. We used and put up in
my own family of about ten persons, ninety gallons of berries last
season, and many were picked for immediate use and not kept account
of, besides all the pieplant, currants, gooseberries, grapes and apples-
we chose to use. Some seasons a quarter acre would furnish that
much, and others the half acre might come short of it, though they
are generally at least as sure a crop as corn and moreso than apples.

I would plant them in the orchard. In a young orchard they will
do quite as well as by themselves. In an old orchard I would manure
the ground and give plenty of room, and with good cultivation they
would be the means of saving the orchard from destruction by meadow
sod, as well as making a bountiful direct return. Plant rows six to
eight feet apart and two to three feet between plants. Keep the ground
well cultivated, so as to never be swamped in weeds or grass, begining:
early in spring. Top raspberries and blackberries as soon as there are
two — not over three feet high. Out back the branches agam about one
foot from the stem in the spring. Plant strawberries also as much as
five feet between rows, and keep cultivating aiid laying the runners
so as to make a matted strip, which will bear the next year. After
the crop is oflF, prepare the unoccupied strip and let the runners spread
over it, after which the old strip should be prepared for them to spread
j'Oung plants on next year. These alternations can be continued for a
number of years.

I aimed to make these instructions short, and certainly succeeded
in that, though I can see no essential additions needed, when supple-
mented by the judgment that every good farmer has. There is noth-
ing intricate or difficult about it, at least no more than in growing
corn. People are more liable to fail, as they do in growing fruit trees^
by imagining that because many such things grow wild therefore we

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING AT WARRENSBURG. 219

need only plant and gather fruit. That experiment has been tried so
often and with such uniform results of failure that we may as well save
repetitions.

THURSDAY, 3 P. M.

While the change was being made to the Normal School a visit to
the Springs was decided upon and carriages were brought out at 2 p..
M. and conveyed all the delegates to the Springs, and everyone ex-
pressed themselves as delighted with the beautiful place and the med-
ical properties of the spring.

After meeting in the Nori^al School at 3 p. m. the President called
the meeting to order.

A paper was read by the Secretary from Prof. TafU

REPORT ON VEGETABLES.

BY PROF. L. R. TAFT, COLUMBIA, MO.

In most sections of the State the past season has been a favorable
one for the growth of vegetables, but the prices realized for them'
have been quite low. The abundant crop has been a blessing to the
cultivators of small gardens for family use, and to those who purchase
their supply, but to the market gardener it has been qualified by the
fact that others, as well, have been favored with rich harvests, so that
he was obliged to sell at a low price, and thus his actual profits were
no more, perhaps, than would have been derived from a half crop.

The aim of the gardener is to raise larger and better crops than
his neighbor and in less time. The result of his efforts will depend on

220 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the location and condition of the land, on the quality of the seed and
the cultivation and care given the crop.

The land, if possible, should have a southern exposure and be
protected from the sweep of the north and west winds, while a supply
of water for irrigating; purposes is desirable. The soil should be open
and friable and contain a considerable quantity of sand. If it is too
compact this can be remedied by the application of from ten to forty
cords of coarse manure per acre, which will also provide food for the
sustenance of the crop. This should be spread in the fall, if possible,
and the land plowed in order that it may be acted upon by frost.

In the spring it should be cross plowed and worked with harrow
and drag, until it has been brought to a fine tilth. At the proper time
sow the seed so as to secure a succession, and, if possible, arrange the
rows that they may be cultivated by horse power. During the season
of growth stir the soil frequently, especially after a rain. If the vege-
tables are to be sold great pains should be taken in their preparation
for market, as the result of the sale depends as much on the taste and
neatness with which they are put up as it does on the quality of the
vegetables themselves.

The selection of the seed used should be carefully attended to.
" Poor seed is dear at any price," and the best results cannot be hoped
for unless a proper selection of varieties is made.

Out of over two hundred varieties grown the past year the follow-
ing are of especial merit :

Beans, Bush—l^ed Valentine, Golden Wa^ and Dwarf Horticul-
tural. PoZe— Southern Prolific and Dreer's Improved Lima.

Beet— As an early variety the Egyptian has at last found a rival
in the Eclipse, which has quality, high color, productiveness and per-
fection of form to place it among the best. Early Blood Turnip and
Dewing's Improved are valuable either for early or late planting.

Cabbage — To secure a succession, no better selection can be made
than Early Jersey Wakefield and Henderson's Early Summer for early,
and Fotler's Brunswick and Late Flat Dutch, as late varieties. The
Cauliflower requires higher culture than the cabbage. The Early Er-
furt is the surest header, but the Early Snowball presents the best ap-
pearance, if well grown.

The cabbage worm is the great drawback to the growing of cab-
bages, but a simple remedy by which they can be checked in their
ravages, is found in dusting the plants while the dew is on, with^dry
earth or ashes.

Celery — The Boston market still holds its own as one of the best
market varieties; the Dwarf White also is a valvable variety. The

ANNUAL WINTER MEEEING AR WARRENSBURG. 221

pink, red and golden varieties, are rapidl}'- coming into favor, and
should receive a careful trial White Plume, a self- blanching sort, is
early and can be grown without banking. The plants, however, are
tender and weak growers. It is a poor keeper, and lacks the crispness
and rich nutty flavor so desirable in celery.

Sugar Corn — As a very early kind, the New Cory seems to be the
best, as it is as early as the Marblehead, and the ears are a half larger.
Crosby's Early makes a good second early, while the New Amber
Cream promises well. Evergreen Sugar and Stowell's Evergreen are
as yet unsurpassed as late varieties.

Cucumber — Several of the vVhite Spine varieties are excellent,
either for table use or for pickbng, while Tailby's Hybrid for slicing,
and Green Prolific for pickling, are among the best.

Lettuce — The Simpson and Tennisball varieties are among the best
for forcing, while Salamander and Hanson are adapted for garden cul-
ture.

Onions— Yox early onions, where sets are used, the yellow and sil-
ver skin varieties are equally desirable. When they are grown from
seed no better choice can be made than the Yellow Danvers. The Red
Wethersfield is a great cropper, and the Silver Skin and Pearl are
mild table sorts.

Peas — The competition among the seedsmen causes them to fill
their catalogue with long lists of varieties, in the hope of exceeding
the number off'ered by their rivals.

Oftentimes an unscrupulous dealer re-names an old variety with a
high sounding name, and disposes of it to a credulous public at an ex-
orbitant price. This gives rise to a vast number of synonyms as is
seen particularly in the pea. Each seedsman has a variety generally
called by his own name, which is the earlist and most productive va-
riety known. As an example of this, we have Landreth's Extra Early,
Sibley's First and Best, Henderson's Earlist of All. If these varie-
ties are planted side by side, and given the same care, they will grow
to the same height, blossom the same day, ripen at the same time, and
yield the same number of pods, and in stem, leaf and pod, be exactly
identical.

For the earliest varieties, either of the three above mentioned,
would be recommendable ; for second early, American Wonder, Hors-
ford's Market Garden and McLean's Advance, are good, while the
Marrowfats and Champion of England, hold the first place as late va-
rieties.

Potatoes — Experiments by reliable persons have demonstrated the
folly of planting small tubers, or of pieces cut to a single eye. The

222 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

seed should ue medium size, smooth, sound and healthy, and the crop
will be fifty per cent, larger than can be obtained from single eyes.
Por early, the following varieties have done well, viz. : Early Sun-
rise, Early Ohio, Early Illinois, Early Harvest and Beauty of Hebron,
while Rural Blush, White Star, Corliss' Matchless, Peachblow and
Dakota Red are best for late varieties.

Radishes — French Breakfast, Chartiers and White Olive, are
among the best.

Squash— Summer — Pineapple, White Bush and Yellow Crookneck.
Winter — Essex Hybrid, Boston Marrow and Hubbard.

lomatoes — Acme, Perfection, Satisfaction, Favorite and Cardinal,
with Yellow Pear for preserving. The New Cardinal Favorite are of
especial merit.

7'wrn^/»— White Egg, Purple Top Globe and White Flat Dutch.

While the above named varieties succeeded best this year, it is
possible that, if the season had been a different one, they would have
been no better than hundreds of varieties, for which space forbids my
speaking.

The above list contains several new varieties, which seem to be all
that is claimed for them, and they deserve to go on the list. There are
also many promising varieties which need further trial to determine
their value.

VEGETABLES.

BY J. N. MENIFEE.

We horticulturists, in our eager pursuit for every kind and variety
of fruit, and how to grow them, and how to make the most out of them,
are liable to lose sight of other important branches of horticulture.
We offer premiums for and expect to see the best fruits on exhibition
at our meetings, but to see vegetables with the fruits is the exception.
Not so in our markets, for there is a demand for them there. Not so at
our tables, for they are a necessity there. Do we faithfully represent

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING AT WARRENSBUKG. 223

the horticultural interests of our State if this is true ? Until recently-
many had the erroneous idea that strawberries would not grow for
everybody, that there was some secret about the cultivation or man-
agement of them, therefore never tried to have them, but when the
subject was properly discussed,"lo ! all could grow them, and that on
almost any kind of soil.

Discuss the subject of growing celery. Let its real value be gener-
ally known, and its cultivation would be increased a hundred fold,
and people would cease to ask " which do you cook, the tops or the
roots?" But perhaps no other crop of equal value is so shamefully
neglected and grown with so little intelligence or care as the potato.
A little information about the seed culture and storing of this one veg-
etable would save us thousands of dollars annually. Among many
•other vegetables, the value of which is not appreciated, I would name
asparagus, cauliflower, salsify, rutabagas and mangel wurtzels.

The humble opinion of the writer is when the subject of growing
vegetables has been as thoroughly discussed as the subject of growing
fruit has been, our motto will no longer be hog and hominy, but fruit
and vegetables.

THE FRUIT BUSINESS FROM A COMMISSION MAN'S STAND-
POINT.

BY E. T. HOLLISTER, ST. LOUIS, MO.

The very unsatisfactory result of the sale of the past season's crop
has caused the horticultulist to search for the cause of the great de-
pression in prices, so as to enable him to avoid a recurrence of the same
thing, and in most instances inquiries have been made too far from
home to ascertain the true cause of his misfortunes.

The common carrier and commission merchant have both been
forced to submit to a large amount of abuse, the first being almost in-
variably accused by charging exorbitant prices for carrying the goods
to market, and the latter of almost all the items of negligence and dis-
honesty that occur to the mind of the unfortunate shipper.

224 MISSOUKI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

In searching lor the cause of his misfortunes, it would be well to
commence at home and ask himself if he is certain that his goods are
in a merchantable condition when sent to market, and if they are
in such shape as to make them inviting to the eye and palate of the
purchaser, or such goods as he himself would select were he a pur-
chaser instead of a producer.

It is a well known fact that fully three-fourths of the fruits sent to
market are packed in such a manner as to deceive the purchaser, and
to induce him to purchase a condsiderable quantity of worthless stuff to
get a small quantity of such an article as he wants; and the buyers
have become so accustomed to being imposed upon in this manner that
they look with suspicion upon all goods offered in the market, and
refuse to buy the honestly packed article, except at the price of the
"snide" packed goods, until after repeated trials they find a brand that
is always honestly packed, after which they always look for this brand
and willingly pay a better price for it than for other brands that look
equally as well upon the face ; but not as much as he would be willing
to pay were the market not full of the low priced goods with which he
is forced to compete.

The universal disposition of the American people to accomplish
great things has caused a great many of them to do what is forcibly
expressed by the slang phrase " bite off more than they can chew," or^
in other words, to plant more than they can properly cultivate and
reap, m.iking it impossible for him to properly cultivate and mulch
his berries, to prune his trees, thin out the fruit and protect it from its
insect enemies, things that are absolutely necessary to enable them to
produce such an article as will realize fancy prices when placed upon
the market, and when harvest time arrives he finds it impossible to
get a sufficient number of careful pickers to gather and pack his crop,
and, owing to his inability to personally see to the many details of
the business, almost every package goes to market with more or less
over-ripe or green and inferior fruit, making it unsalable except at a
greatly reduced price, much to the disgust and dissatisfaction of the
shipper.

The remedy for this great evil is for every one to plant no more
than he can thoroughly cultivate and place upon the market in good
condition.

If the crop is strawberries, pick the whole patch over seven days
in the week, neither picking them too green or allowing them to get
too ripe, and always leaving the sandy berries out of the box, which
should contain an honest measure of whatever sized package is used.

If peaches, they should all be of the proper degree of maturity ta

ANNUAL WINTER 3IEETING AT WARRENSBURG. 225

enable them to reach the market for which they are intended in good
condition, and should not be packed with a few nice specimens upon
the outside and a great amount of worthless trash in the middle of the
box, as, I am sorry to say, is the case in a great majority of cases.

If apples, place a fair sample upon the face with good, sound,
smooth fruit clear through the barrel, carrying the over-ripe, knotty
or inferior fruit to the evaporator, cider mill or pig pen, where it will
do you much more good than in the middle of the barrel where it is
usually placed, causing the purchaser to use language that would make
the packer blush with shame could he be present.

The fruit business of the country has become of too much impor-
tance to be conducted in the haphazard manner of the past, and unless
a radical change is effected, the producer will see the experience of
the past season repeated annually, and find the balance upon the
wrong side of the sheet.

The apple crop has never paid the producer what it could be made
to pay with proper management, because of the great haste of the pro-
ducer to get it into market and realize upon it. It is an almost uni-
versal custom, as soon as a few wormy apples fall upon the ground, to
go into the orchard and pick the whole crop, especially of fall fruit,
and in many cases a month before the proper time; and in this imma-
ture condition it is sent to market, where it ?s either sold for a very
low price or allowed to decay in the hands of the commission mer-
chant because,' on account of its utter unfitness for use, no one will
purchase it if they can get an article that nature has rendered
palatable.

Every orchardist should be prepared to take care of his winter
apples, FO as not to be forced to rush them into market in the fall
when the receipts are so heavy that they must in most cases be sold
to speculators who store them up for winter use, when they almost
always realize a handsome profit upon 'them, which might be realized
by the grower if he had patience to wait for it.

In conclusion, I will say that to malve a success of the fruit busi-
ness, it will be necessary for the ignorant to either learn or quit the
business, the dishonest to become convinced that the only way to suc-
ceed is to change their course ; for all to produce only what they can
place upon the market in good condition ; ship only good goods, such
as you would yourself purchase were you at the other end of the line ;
select a commission merchant that has a reputation, experience and
facilities for handling your class of goods in the most accessible large
distributing market, consign all your goods to him, giving him a regu-

n R — 15

226 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

lar supply, never dividing shipments with difTerent houses, and mak-
ing competition with your own goods, and placing them where the
buyers, who are accustomed to purchasing your brand, will not know
where to look for them, or changing from one market to another, as the
quotations happen to meet your lancy, and you will find that the result
of your season's business will be more satisfactory and your financial
condition better than those who pursue a different course.

DISCUSSION.

Mr. Murray thinks the important question of fruitgrowers i&
to get money to pay for our labor.

Mr. Hollister — Have good, clean barrels, well faced and well
packed, with even, good, sound fruit. Never use anything but barrels
for apples. Use common apples all through as well as on top of barrel.

^QUESTION BOX.

The Secretary read the following:

1. Will everbearing raspberries bear continually, and what are
they ?

Answer by S. Miller, gives the following:

Scarlet Gem, Staymen's No. 2, Miller's' Everbearing, Shafer's Col-
losal.

2. When shall we gather apples to keep well, early or late ?

E. P. IlenTy — Some varieties early, and others late to keep well ^
Jonathan needs early gathering; Rambo needs early gathering.

3. Describe the curculio ?'
Answer by C. W. Murtfeldt.

4. The Stannard apple, its value ?

Ans. Large, fine, showy apple, but of poor quality.

5. Is it practical to top graft apple trees ten' to fifteen years old ?
Ans. No; they sun scald^ Miller says he has done it successfully^

by taking three years to do it.

6. Will it pay to plant pecans ?

Yes, Mr. Hollister says, there is an unlimited demand, and thinks
it is one of the most valuable trees we could plant.

THURSDAY, 7 P. M.

Society met the Normal School, and was called to order by the
President, and the first on the programme was a paper on Flowers, by
Miss Ella Lytle, of High Hill, Mo.

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING AT WARRENSBURQ. 227

1 High Hill, Mo., December 3, 1885.

Mr. Chairman^ Ladies and Gentlemen of the State Horticultural
Society:

I have been called upon to write an essay, and it being my first
attempt will endeavor to be brief as possible, selecting for my subject
Flowers, as I find myself a great lover of them.

Flowers are nature's jewels, and deserving of a place in our hearts
as well as our homes; our homes are more cheerful by reason of their
presence. Even the dug-out or the log cabin of the pioneer is made
attractive by a vine creeping about the doorway pr above the window,
with its beautiful foliage and delicate flowers of delicate colors, and
fragrant scents, together with a few cultivated flowers, in its adornment.
Then let each home have a place for their cultivation. They will
reward us with both beauty and fragrance ; they will teach us import-
ant lessons.

The influence of flowers is potent upon all for good ; and sordid
must be the person who does not receive pleasure from them. How
the little children admire them, and love to pluck them from the bush,
and occasionally do, when mamma don't see ; from earliest infancy they
behold them with ecstacy.

The progress of our race is indicated by the care of flowers ; as we
grow in importance as -a people it is seen in the cultivation and love
cherished for them. No home would be complete without them. How
much sunshine they give us when sad and gloomy days appear, which
often do in the course of life. They show good taste and refinement ;
they teach us to love the infinite and remove from us the bad. Im-
mortality and vice can not exist where there is a proper appreciation
for flower?. How the invalid appreciates a boquet ; how beutiful the
table can be made to look when a boquet of delicate flowers appears ;
how much more cheerful and entertaining the parlor can be made with
the addition of a few flowers carelessly.arranged and set about for the
gi!iests to look upon ; how generous has been the Father in his dissemi-
nation of " Nature's Jewels." He has planted them upon every hill-
top and in every dell. How often, (when roaming about the hillsides,
and along branches, when I see a little panzy peeping up from its rocky
bed) do 1 recall child hours when I used to play about the branch and
among the hills gathering wild flowers and making wreathes, busy all
day long and never tire.

Hoping that you will excuse my limited paper.

Respectfully submitted,

ELLA LYTLE.

228 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

FLOWER AND FRUIT MISSIONS.

BY C. W. MURTFELDT, OF KIRKWOOD.

EMMIE.

u * * * * V And we passed to this ward where the younger children are laid :

Here is the cot of our orphan, our darling meek little maid ;

Empty you see just now I We have lost her who loved her so much —

Patient of pain tho' as quick as a sensitive plant to the touch ;

Hers was the prettiest prattle, it often moved me to tears,

Hers was the gratefullest heart T have found in a child of her years —

Nay, you remember our Emmie ; you used to send her the flowers ;

How she would smile at 'em, talk to 'em hours after hours I

They that can wander at will where the works of the Lord are reveal'd,

Little guess what joy can be got from a cowslip out of the field ;

Flowers to these spirits in prison are all they can know of the spring,

They Ireshen and sweeten the wards like a waft of an angel's wing ;

And she lay with a flower in one hand and her thin hand crossed on her breast —

Wan, but as pretty as heart can desire, and we thought her at rest.

Quietly sleeping — so quiet our Doctor said '' Po( r little dear,"

*^-** **********

The flower and fruit missions of our cities are among the most
beautiful charities. Generally and most appropriately they are con-
ducted under the auspices of benevolent ladies, although occasionally
a gentleman is permitted to take part in collecting and handling the
flowers, or to contribute a V or an X for the purchase of fruits or other
incidentals. People who live in the suburbs of our large cities, where
lands are not yet sold at so much per front foot, cultivate flowers on
purpose to supply the mission on a given day in each week, from early
spring until late autumn. It is no uncommon sight to see express
wagons filled with baskets full of flowers and boquets. These are
gathered by the children of the mission bands of the churches in our
suburban towns and either made up into small boquets, or brought loose
in baskets to be arranged by the ladies of the mission. When all is
ready these same ladies enter their carriages and start for the various
hospitals, asylums and homes for the friendless, and even for the pri-
sons, while the sick and poor living in private houses when known are
not forgotten.

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING AT WARRENSBURG. 229

It has been frequently noticed that Wednesday morning is most
anxiously awaited by the unfortunates confined in the institutions
named, and who knows but that the beautiful and fra<2;rant blossoms
gpeak to them of the fact that they are not utterly forgotten by their
heavenly Father or entirly cut oil' from the sympathy of our common
humanity?

Ten or twelve years ago I had the pleasure to read before this so-
ciety a paper on landscape gardening prepared by Prof. M. G. Kern.
(I am sorry he is not now present to follow ray paper by some practical
remarks on the cultivation of flowers). The meeting 1 speak of was
held at St. Joe. Among the gentlemen present was Judge Bliss of the
Supreme Court. The reading of that paper made a deep impression
upon the Judge, and he cited the case of a young gentleman with
whom he was personally acquainted. This young man was sick with
consumption ; he had been traveling for his health, had found little
relief and had come home to die. A ministering angel in the person of
a lady, who understood the benign and soothing influence of a few
well arranged flowers sent daily a boquet to the sick room. I belieVe
there was no romance connected with this benefaction of the flowers ;
but they spoke to the sick of sympathy and afl"ection ; they were in-
tended and very likely answered the purpose to call off his attention
from his suff"erings, and to point him to the better land ' where ever-
lasting spring abides and never fading flowers." The young man so
valued this particular act of kindness that he would not for a moment
allow anyone to step in between himself and his boquet. While the
Judge recited this incident he was so overcome by his feelings as to
utterly break down and begged to be excused.

While on a visit to " friends " in Minneapolis, who makes a bus-
iness of cultivating flowers, an order was received for a basket of flow-
ers to be placed by the bedside of a very sick man "like unto that sent
last Sabbath ; " it was the gift of a thoughtful brother; did the sick
man know who sent the flowers ? Who can doubt it? And so I have
drifted from the Flower Mission to the mission of flowers. There are
those who profess to understand their language, do you ?

In the course of human events there are birthdays, marriages, fes-
tivals, and, also, funerals. Moreover there are still other festive occa-
sions, such as concerts, family reunions, anniversaries of public and
private events ; openings of churches and other public buildings, fairs,
expositions, and let us not forget Christmas and New Year. What
would we do on all these occasions without flowers ? Can language
speak more plainly than the presentation of a well arranged and fra-
grant boquet offered by the bashful and timid lover to his '' best

230 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

friend?" And need she blush when she sends back that little blue
flower with yellow center called forget-me-not? Do these two under-
stand the language of flowers? But my purpose was — to return for a
moment to the flower and fruit mission — to incite my hearers to these
resolutions, viz.: "I will raise some flowers to give away ; I will soothe
and cheer the sick and the poor with their fragrance and beauty. If
possible, I will aid in establishing a Flower Mission in my city, town or
hamlet, and I will thus test the truth, that ' it is more blessed to give
than to receive ! ' "

ADDENDA. '

I am sure of a pardon, if I add what transpired in St. Louis during
Christmas week where the activities of the ladies of the flower mission
were again called into requisition. Said the president to me: "We
have received Ave barrels full of oranges, as fine as ever I saw, five
barrels of splendid apples, ever so many boxes full of ginger snaps ;
about one thousand pounds of candies, and two thousand beautiful
Christmas cards." Now, reader, do you wish to know what became of
all these contributions ? The following from the Globe-Democrat gives
you the desired information :

FLOWERS AND HOLIDAY GIFTS.

" Sick and in prison and ye visited Me," will be as Christ himself
has told, one of the reasons He will assign to the blessed for the favor
they will meet with at His hands on the great judgment day. The
ladies of the Flower Mission seem more than anxious to have those
words addressed to them, and the work they have been doing ^ives
guarantee of it. For some time past, as told in the Globe-Damocrat,
they have been making preparations to give their suff"ering proteges a
treat which would cause them to share in the general Christmas joy.
The^Presbyterian rooms have been constantly at their disposal, and
yesterday after they had put the last touches to bundles and parcels
they set out on their work of mercy, and these were the distributions
they made :

City Hospital — 145 bags of fruit and confections, 500 magazines
and books, 400 Christmas cards, basket of toys and a dozen lemons.
Female Hospital — 345 bags of fruit and confections, 300 books and
magazines, 325 Christmas cards, and a basket of toys. Poor House —
855 bages fruit and confections, 300 books and ijiagazines, 400 Christ-
mas cards, basket of toys. Girls' Industrial Home — 3 glasses of jelly,
1 box of candy, 1 picture scrap book and toys. Pacific Railroad Hos-

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING AT WARRENSBURG. 231

pital — 50 bags confections, 50 magazines. Good Samaritan Hospital —
60 bags fruit and confections, 60 magazines, 7 volumes German class-
ics, literature, a basket of toys and 60 Christmas cards. Ciiildren's
Hospital — One dozen home-made jellies.

Carriages were kindly loaned by Mrs. J. J. Mitchell, Mrs. Wm.
Gaus, Mrs. Maggie Ilendell and Mrs. Keener. The work has been ac-
complished by the efforts of the following ladies : Mesdames Barnard,
Coe, Crawford, Cooper, Cavan, Gaus, Hays, Street, Paufts, Smith, and
Misses Connon, McGarrah and Haynes.

The following formal document was drawn up by the ladies :
In rejoicing over the Christmas work of the Flower Mission, the
ladies desire to return their thanks to the many kind friends who have
made this effort to make some gleams of joy to the unfortunates in our
poor house and hospital so perfect a success. They are but the dis-
tributors of the bounty of others, and it would be a pleasant task,
did time permit, to mention each by name; this, is impossible, for
t'lere are legions. To the mayor, health commissioner, and to the ben-
efactors in the city and its environs, to each and all, the ladies hereby
rsturn their grateful acknowledgment.

BEAUTIES AND WONDERS OF THE FLORAL WORLD.

BY MRS. ^VADE BORDEN, OF SPRINGFIELD.

Flowers are our earliest instructors. Their silent lessons of purity
and grace leave their impressions on the mind at its most susceptible
period. We gaze with rapture on their unfolding beauties. We de-
light to decorate our persons with them and beautify our homes. We
bring them as offerings to the sick bed, and strew them over the bier
of the dead. The study of a single plant has been known to convert a
hardened sceptic, leading him from " nature to nature's God." This was
the mission of Picciola, the prison flower. Our very existence depends
on the larger plants and trees ; they furnish our food and medicine,
gratify our taste, afford the material for building and furnishing our

232 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

houses, provide the means of tranportation on land and water, besides
ornamenting our grounds and giving constant pleasure during the pe-
riod of their growth.

We have no more striking evidence of contrivance than in the
dispersion of vegetable life. Forests of beech wave in the Himalaya
at an altitude of fourteen thousand feet. The bottom of the sea is
clothed with an endless variety of green, red and purple algce, and the
dark caverns of the ocean are green with the enormous frauds of the
vine-leaved fucus. This genus is remarkable for the great length of
its stems, some of them extending three hundred and fifty feet; it
grows very rapidly, forming immense beds, often impeding navigation^

Lands of almost endless winter might have abundance of moss-
grass and lichen, and even poppies and ranunculus in sheltered spots,
while plants may be found in iiot springs at the temperature of boil-
ing water, and shrubbery has been known to flourish in the crater of
the Yesuvian furnace.

Vegetable life defies perpetual darkness ; seeds carried by the
birds have sprung up in caves where no ray of light could penetrate^
and grown to the height of two or three feet. The entire failure of
moisture seems to be the only insurmountable obstacle to the growth
of plants. DeCaudolle mentions a plant known as the Rose of Jeri-
cho, {Anastatica Hierschuntina\ growing in the arid wastes of Ara-
bia and Palestine; it becomes almost woody owing to the drought. Its
branches fold over each other till it assumes the form of a ball; its
seed vessels are tightly closed, and the plant adheres to the ground by
a solitary branchless root, in this condition it is easily swept away by
the wind. If it meet with water as it rolls along, the branches unfold,,
the pericarps burst and the seed which otherwise could not have ger-
minated readily sow themselves in a moist soil where the young plant
is able to support itself.

It is in the torrid zone that vegetation exhibits its greatest variety,
most vivid in color, stately in form, and of almost overpowering fra-
grance. The central part is celebrated for the abundance and gran-
deur of its flora. The same tribes which are the slender and humble
plants of northern regions, become lofty trees within the tropics. There
the Erethrina or Coral tree grows to a great height, and is covered
with brilliant crimson blossoms, while the Mimosa is conspicuous hj>
its airy foliage and golden flowers, and beautifies even the wastes of
burning Africa.

Equinoxial America astonishes all beholders with its lofty trees,
covered with creeping plants binding all together in a solid mass of
verdure and adorned with beautiful flowers, Humboldt says that

\

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING AT WARREN&BURG. 233

" when a traveler, newly arrived from Europe, first enters the forests
of South America, if he is strongly susceptible of the beauty of pic-
turesque scenery, he can scarcely define the various emotions which
crowd upon his mind, he can scarcely distinguish what most excites
his admiration, the deep silence of these solitudes, the individual
beauty and contrast of forms or the vigor and freshness of vegetable
life which characterize the climate of the tropics."

" It might be said that the earth overloaded with plants does not
allow them space to unfold themselves." The cactus family belongs
exclusively to the New World, while the beautiful and stately rose
tree seems to be entirely wanting as a native plant throughout the
southern hemisphere.

To the naturalist the changes in plant life from the poles to the
equator, is a very interesting study, in pursuit of which many an en-
thusiast has risked his life, enduring all kinds of hardships on artic seas-
or burning sands, and in climbing to almost inaccessible heights, more
than satisfied if he can discover some hitherto unknown variety of the
vegetable kingdom.

THE WORK OF TO-DAY.

BY MRS. C. I. R0EARD3, OF BUTLER.

The foundations of all good and noble enterprises like the bases
of those superstructures which are built to stand the wear of ages are-
only accomplished ,by great and well executed labor. On the con-
trary, visionary enterprises are the result of hasty effort and may be
compared to foundations of sand.

While it may be true that "there is nothing new under the sun,"
it is also apparent that work, as each moment arrives, may lead to the
seizure and application of circumstances or events, and these may lead
to remarkable developments for our good.

For instance, while it is true that the apple is no doubt the oldest
fruit of which we have any record, yet by the application of hybridiza-
tion by budding, by grafting, and all the skillful arts of development

234 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

and preservation, we have from the origin of the humble wild crab
the acknowledged king of all fruits.

1 see the necessity for work and the application of each present
moment, says one, but where is the pay and how soon will it come ?

1 have only to answer Ihat all compensation should not be meas-
ured by standard coin. Rewards for good deeds may be so numerous
and so related to each particular event, as to be unseen and unknown
to us until they arrive. But they are nevertheless just as sure and far
better pay than many promissory notes.

Presuming that I am speaking to lovers of horticulture only, 1 can
easily illustrate by saying plant the seeds of a few strawberries or
raspberries or sow the seeds of a geranium or rose, give them proper
attention and tell me whether you have not received more actual
pleasure by the unfoldinu- of each tiny leaf, by the indescribable joy
springing from the opening of the first lovely bloom and the crowning
pleasure of all in the development of some new character of fruit that
your fond anticipations lead you to believe may be of value to the
world, than if you had been presented any stipulated daily compensa-
tion for your labor. Nor is this all. Riches and fame even in the
most sordid sense by which the}' are viewed by all mankind may just
as surely lie in horticultural enterprises as in any other. Only in-
dustry, only close application (»t each day's opportunities, however,
will insure these rewards.

The work of to-day presents itself in such manifold shape and
meets us so obstrusively on every hand, that the industrious find great
difficulty in keeping ahead of its imperious demands. Every element,
every property in the universe invites, yea, impels to work.

From the glowing tropics, with its rich treasures of lucious, sun-
ripened oranges, bananas, lemons and figs, even to the barriers of the
frozen regions, the varying climes in their seasons put forth their
peculiar forms of vegetation, silently inviting us by the fragrant odors
of their bloom and the healthful and delicate flavor of their fruits to
work for their adoption, for their cultivation and development.

Wherever we go, wherever we look, some new fruit or flower
attracts our wondering admiration and excites an eager curiosity to
learn its history, to become its possessor and work out its destiny for
ourselves.

In the work of to day we have the highest illustration of the
truthful adage that " God helps those who help themselves." For as
some higher order of fruit or flower comes to the front in obedience to
the cunning manipulations of some patient seeker after improvement,
nature kindly takes up the work and sends her messengers, the sum-

ANNUAL WINTER 3IEETING AT WARRENSBURG. 235

mer winds and the toiling bees, to scatter the subtle seeds in the
mingling of yet other and improved forms of beauty and usefulness.

When once embarked in horticultural pursuits, not only can we
not afTord to stand idle, but its demands of every day become so irre-
sistable that there is no need lor asking what shall I do next. Day by
day, bud, leaf, bloom and fruit require oar presence and our attention.
Nourishing; food is demanded for plant and tree. Proper condi-
tions of soil must be maintained. Noxious weeds will spring up to
impel us to renewed labor. But these all. are friendly aids to this in-
dustry.

He who thinks that even the most persistent weed is a curse
makes a great mistake, for were it not for these uninvited forms of
vegetation the slothful person might argue that no cultivation is
required and neglect to give at the proper time that mellow and
healthful condition required to receive the nourishing showers.

While there are no secrets in horticulture, yet the complete appli-
cation of its requirements and the full adoption of its necessities are so
numerous that the farmer, the mechanic and the merchant find it im-
possible to carry to perfection and keep pace with all its demands.

Hence the labors of the florist and pomoiogist are demanded for
the whole world. These are the pioneers in a great and unlimited
industry that ever offers greater rewards for higher effort and that at
the same time makes its plans of work so apparent that all who will
may imitate. No life so humble, no position so exalted but that its
benefits are the same.

Nature, impartial nature, offers the same unadulterated fruit of the
vine, the same spicy, health giving apple alike to peasant and king.
In truth, horticulture is no longer a common pursuit, but properly
understood and practiced, is a distinct science.

By this road, then, stand tame and wealth to invite you to greater
effort. Through this gateway you may find the footprints of a Vick, a
Wilder and a Warder. In this honorable pursuit are found induce-
ments to temperance, frugality and industry and the consequent
results of long life and happiness.

Life among fruits and flowers produces cheerful influences over
the children, creates a love for home, and highest and holiest of all in-
ducements, creates a love for the bountiful Giver of all.

To the old home will cling the memories of the young men and
maidens who begin new life in other homes, and from the sweet influ-
ences implanted there will spring bright impressions to be adopted
and improved by them.

Thus the work of to-day is only the stepping stone to the work of

236 MISSOURI STATE HORTICTLTURAL SOCIETY.

to-morrow. If well done its beneficent results will never die. If
poorly done, though its effects may never be effaced, it were better it
had never been begun. We might well suppose that the primal occu-
pation suggested to man would receive the endorsement of Him who
sendeth the rain. We might also balieve that He who planted the
first garden would smile benignly upon those who adopt ,the work of
which he was the originator.

"• And the Lord God planted a garden eastward in Eden, and out
of the ground made the Lord God to grow every tree that is pleasant
to the sight and good for food. And the Lord God took the man and
put him into the garden to keep it and to dress it."

The words of holy writ ! What higher endorsement could we ask?

A vote of thanks was tendered these ladies for their very interest-
ing and valuable papers which they have presented.

DISCUSSION.

Prof' Oslorn said he thought they should have something to re-
member the Society by, and gifts from different men to the Normal
School were freely offered by

Stark Bros., Louisiana ;

jV. F. Mtirry, Oregon ;

W. A. TFbr^w«/i, Greencastle, Ind.;

Oeo- Van ITouten, Lenox, Iowa ;

B. T. Galloway, Columbia;
A. Ambrose, Nevada;
Samuel Miller, Bluffton ;

C. H. Fink d- Son, Lamar ;

D. S. Holman, Springfield.

Prof. Tracy gave an illustration of the self ringiog bell for green-
houses, so that different degrees of heat and cold can be known.

ProfJ.W.SanhorngdLve a lecture on '^ Fertilization," and dis-
cussed it from the standpoint of profit and loss.

The first efforts of our early settlers took all the best elements
from the soil, and now we have to replace some of these elements to
the soil. The crops have been running down until they are much be-
low what they should be.

The time has come in our State when we must take up this sub-
ject and begin the use of fertilizers.

If all this is true in the work of the farm how much more is it true
of the work of horticulture. It takes the brain of the horticulturist
to reach the best ends.

There are fourteen elements in the soil— three are found in all
soils, and these are the most valuable.

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING AT WARRENSBURG- 237

All fruits contain twice the amount of potash as do grains, and
hence need potash applied to the soil more than do our grains. Ashes
are, therefore, of the utmost importance in growing fruits, and care
should be taken of them and used. Scatter the ashes all over the
ground and not close to the tree.

The orchards are, first, deficient in potash.

Second, they are deficient in phosphoric acid. Bone meal will
supply it.

Third, nitrogen is a producer of foliage. Dried blood is a great
supplier of this element.

Chemical fertilizers are abundant and the most valuable. Yard
manure will supply all the elements but not always just what we
want. It should be fermented until it is fine and then can be applied
to trees and plants more easily. All manures should pass through the
fermenting process and is then more valuable. All manures should
be applied on the top of the soil and not be plowed in.

FRIDAY, 9 A. M.

The Society met at the Normal for chapel exercises after which it
was called to order by the President and a paper was presented by B.
T. Galloway on the " Rusts and Mildews."

RUSTS AND MILDEWS.

BY B. T. GALLOWAY, OF COLUMBIA.

We shall not attempt in this brief paper to mention all the diseases
commonly known under the above names. We will, however, de-
scribe a few of the commoner forms which appear every year, and cause
more or less damage to your trees, vines, etc.

238 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The first thing to be borne in mind is that the minute parasites we
call lungi are plants. They grow, produce fruit and finally die ; and,
like the higher plants, each owes its existence to a parent.

We will give a brief outline, showing how plants and animals are
classified, which will enable you to understand more fully the place
these plants occupy in the plan of nature.

There are two great departments in nature : First, the inorganic,
and, second, the organic world. The earth, the rocks, and all things
destitute of life, make up the inorganic world. The organic world
consists of plants and animals. Animals make up the animal king-
dom, vegetables the vegetable kingdom. In classifying the members
of both the above kingdoms we begin with the lowest forms and ar-
range them according to the development of their various parts.

The vegetable kingdom may be divided into seven divisions,
namely :

1st. The Protophytes. These are the simplest of all plants ; they
are exceedingly minute, and for the most part consist of but one cell.
The minute plants, known as Bacteria, belong to this division. Bac-
teria are all about us ; they are in the air we breathe and the food we
eat; they are present in all putrefying matter, and it has lately been
shown that these minute plants probably cause the disease known as
pear blight.

The next group of plants called Zygosporece, are mostly aquatic,
and are of no interest to you as horticulturists; the green slime so
abundant during ths summer months on ponds and all stagnant water,
is a good example. Oosporece is the name of the next group, and some
of its members are very destructive ; the white mould, {Peronosjyorm
infesians), which attacks the potato and causes such wide-spread de-
struction, belongs to this group. The disease of the vine, commonly
known as the American grape vine mildew, belongs to the same order
{PeronosporecB) as the fungus which causes the disease of the potato.
The next group called Carposporecti is far more important than any
of the preceding. Its members, commonly known as mildews, rusts
and smuts, are all more or less destructive, and taken collectively they
constitute the group commonly known as fungi.

The three groups remaining are Bryophi/ta Pieridophyta and
Phanerogamia Bryophyta, the mosses, liverworts, etc. Pierido-
phyta^ the ferns, horsetails, etc. Phanoerogamia^ the flowering^
plants.

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING AT WARRENSBURG. 239

Below is a tabular arrangement of the seven divisions :

f Kingdoms :
Organic world. < Animal,

( Vegetable.

Protophyta^
Zygosporece^

Oosporece, \Yung{.
Carposporece., )
Bryophyta^
Pter'idophyta,
Phanerogamia'

The several examples given are by no means types of their re-
spective divisions, we merely mention them because most of you are
familiar with them.

Keturning to the discussion of the fungi proper, we will first speak
of the fungal diseases, commonly known as mildews.

Mildew is a loose term and is used to designate a number of fungal
diseases. The gardner has his mildewed roses, verbenas, etc. The
housewife her mildewed linen. The shoemaker his mildewed leather,
and so on.

• Of the many destructive mildews, that which occurs on the foliage
of the grape vine, and known as the American grape mildew, is the
most common. As many of you know we have two diseases of the
vine differing materially from each other, and both are known under
the name of mildew. They resemble each other very little, and with
a little study it is quite an easy matter to distinguish one from the
other.

The first is known to botanists as Peronos2)ora viticola, (American
grape mildew) ; this fungus appears herein Missouri about the mid-
dle of July. Most of you are no doubt familiar with the spotted dis-
torted leaves that appear as if they had received a sprinkling of hot
water.

If we carefully examine one of these spotted leaves, we will find
on the under side of the leaf, opposite the spots on the upper side,
little tufts of a white, frost-like substance. Under the microscope
this white, frost-like substance, has the appearance of a miniature
crystaliue forest; bundles of delicate branching threads appear, and
on the extremities of many of the branches small globular bodies can
be seen. The small globular bodies called conidia serve to propagate
the fungus during the summer ; the little white tuits visible on the ex-
terior of the leaf are the stalks that serve to support the co/^^W^(^ or
summer spores. The vegetative body of the fungus called mycelium^
is internal, and the branches which bear the conidia reach the surface
through the breathing pores of the leaf.

The mycelium spreads through the tissue of the leaf, and obtains

240 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

nourishment from the cells by means of sucker-like branches called
Jiastoina.

As stated above, the conidia serves to propagate the fungus dur-
ing the summer. The germination of the conidia is a very interesting
process, and may be observed by any one having a compound micros-
cope. When sown in a drop of water they first absorb some of the
water and swell; soon lines of demarcation appear, and shortly after-
wards the walls of the conidia are ruptured, and a number of small
motile bodies escape. These little bodies called zoospores remain mo-
tionless for a few moments; soon, however, they begin moving, and by
means of two hairs or cilia^ with which each zoospore is provided,
they swim rapidly about. After moving about for some time, the cilia
drop off and the zoospore becomes motionless. Each zoospore then
sends out a tube, and if this is in the proper position, it enters one of
the breathing pores of the leaf, and gives rise to another crop of
conidia' Water is absolutely necessary for the germination of the
spores, and this is one reason why the mildew is more abundant dur-
ing a wet season.

The conidia or reproductive bodies are formed at intervals from
the middle of July until frost. The first frost destroys them, but be-
fore they are destroyed another kind of reproductive body is formed
on the internal mycelium. These bodies called oospores., fall to the
ground with the leaf^ remain dormant during the winter, and the fol-
lowing spring germinate. They are much larger than the conidia., and
are hidden in the tissue of the leaf. There are two investigating
membranes; the outer is thick, hard and colored, while the inner is
nearly transparent.

As stated above, they remain dormant during the winter and when
the leaf decomposes in the spring they germinate. In germinating
the oospore absorbs matter, swells and finally ruptures the outer mem-
brane allowing the inner membrane to escape. Enclosed within this
thin membrane is a number of zoospores and they are set free by the
bursting of the thin membrane. The zoospores are active for a time,
but they finally settle down and send out a tube the same as those
derived from the conidia- We have then the life history (beginning
with the winter spores in the tissues of the decaying leaf) about as
follows: The winter spores when they germinate in the spring, give
rise to a mycelium which in turn gives rise to the conidia or summer
spores. These conidia are blown about by the wind and when they
fall upon the proper host plant and there is moisture enough present,
they germinate, producing the internal mycelium which may in turn

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING AT WARRENSBURG. 241

give rise to a second crop of conidia ; this process continues until frost,
when the resting spores are formed.

The order Perono spore Ltd to which this fungus belongs contains
some very destructive species. Peronospora infestans is the potato
fungus which occurs in the leaves, stems and tubers of the potato.

P. ViciiV, forms a white coating on the leaves of the garden pea^
The reproduction and growth of all the above species agree with the
one on grape leaves.

The next group of fungi to which we invite your attention is
known to botanists as the order Eysiphacece. The members of this
order usually occur late in the summer, and they cover the leaves of
the plants they attack with a dirty white coating.

Unlike the members of the preceding order the vegetative por-
tion of these parasites is superficial, that it is on the exterior of the
leaf. One of the best known species as well as the most interesting to
you as horticulturists, is that which occurs on the leaves of the grape
and commonly known as ttie European grape mildew to distinguish
it from the American species already described.

This fungus is known to botanists as Uncinula spirallis^ and it is
believed that this species and one that occurs on the vines in Europe
are identical. At any rate as far as the life history of both have been
traced there is no difference between them. As stated above, the
plant body, which resembles a dense mass of cobwebs is on the exterior
of the leaf, and nourishment is obtained by means of irregular pro-
tuberances which project from the side of the mycelium, next the leaf.
It is believed by some that these projections penetrate the walls
of the cells next to the epidermis of the leaf, using the contents of
these cells in the building up of their own body.

These parasites are propagated during the summer months in the
following manner: The cobweblike threads on the exterior of the
leaf send up a number of short branches; these branches are cylin-
drical and at first one celled, but ultimately there are several trans-
verse partitions formed across the upper end of the branch, dividing it
into several cells. When these cells have attained the proper size they
separate from the stalks supporting them and constitute what is
known as the conidia^ or summer spores.

The conidia are blown about by the wind, and when they fall upon
the proper host plant and there is sufficient moisture and heat pres-
ent, they germinate and ultimately give rise to the white cobweb-
like thread from which they originated.

Late in the fall if we examine a leaf of any plant infected with
one of these parasites, we will find scattered among the white cobweb-
H R— 16

242 MISSOTRI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

like threads a number of small black globular bodies which appear to
the naked eye as mere specks. These small globular bodies, called
sporocarps^ contain one or more sacks, and these sacks contain the re-
productive bodies that live through the winter and germinate the fol-
lowing spring; consequently they are commonly known as winter
spores.

The life history, then, of the members of of this order, is about as
follows :

The old leaves containing the ripe sporccarps fall to the ground
and the following summer they decay and the sjyorocarps containing
the reproductive bodies are set free. Under the proper conditions the
reproductive bodies germinate, and ultimately give rise to the white
threads or mycelia^ from which in time arises the conidla or summer
spores already described.

We have then this important difTerence between the two mildews
Peronospora Viticola and Uticinula- spiralis), that attacks the foliage
of the grape which will enable anyone to distinguish one from the
other. Pero7iospora Viticola appears in the spots on the under surface
of the leaf, while TJncinula s])iralis covers the upper surface of the leaf
with a dirty white coating.

The members of the last order {ErysiphacecB) are exceedingly
common. Erysiphe lamprocarpa occurs on the verbena, and also on
various plants belonging to the sunflower family.

Podosphera Kunzi occurs on the plum. Erysiplie Martii often
attacks the cultivated pea, doing it great injury.

REMEDIES.

There are many preparations when applied to plants infested with
insects, either kills the insects outright or drives the intruders away.
And as soon as the cause of the trouble is removed, the plants usually
recover. In dealing with the fungi, however, it is somewhat different,
as in most cases the plant body of the fungus is internal. That is, it is
in the tissue of the plant infested.

It is almost impossible to destroy the fungus protected in this man-
ner by the tissue of the host plant. It must be remembered that this
work is yet in its infancy, and that little or nothing has been done to-
ward testing the effect of difl'erent preparations on fungoid growths.

There is yet another wide field for work and experiment, viz. : It
is a well-known fact that animals (man included) in perfect health are
less liable to disease than those that have had their vigor impaired by
some cause or causes. This is also true of plants, consequently what-
ever has a tendency to impair the vigor of a plant, subjects it to the

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING AT WARRENSBURG. 243

attacks of one or more of these parasites. We can impair the vigor of
our plants by giving them too much stimulating food, or we can im-
pair their vigor by not giving them enough of certain ingredients
necessary for plant growth.

A lengthy article might be written on this subject alone, but we
have not the time at our disposal. Learn, however, to feed your plants
properly; give them good cultivation, and you will find that they will
resist many of the insect pests which prey upon them, and also the at-
tacks of many of these parasitic fungi.

In returning once more to a discussion ef the mildews that occur
on the grape vine, we will mention some of the preventives that have
been us^d with success.

Tne American grape mildew (^Peronospora Viticola), which was
the first species described, is far more'destructive than the second form.
The plant body or mycelium, of this species you will remember is in-
ternal, and the branches which bear the reproductive bodies, forms
little white tufts on the under side of the leaf.

Now moisture is absolutely necessary for the growth of this fun-
gus, and the parasite is rarely found on leaves that are kept constantly
dry.

It is found that the grape is rarely troubled with mildew if the
leaves are protected from dew. We think it will pay any one hav-
ing only a few vines to protect them, either by artificial means or by
training them under trees.

Wm. Sanders says: "That a good locality for vineyards is one
where there is exemption from late spring frosts; from heavy dews
during summer nights, and from early frosts in autumn ; and the best
results will be found where ail these conditions exist, and failure will
follow in proportion to their deficiency.

About the cheapest method of fighting the disease is to select such
varieties for planting as are known to be able to resist the mildew.

The following list of American vines with regard to their resist-
ance to mildew was prepared by G. E. Meissner. I will read the list :

TABLE OF AMERICAN VINES (PRINCIPAL VARIEEIES) WITH REGARD TO THEIR

RESISTANCE TO MILDEW {Peronosporo)-

I. Category: almost entirely exempt, even in unfavorable seasons

sons and localities. Cynthiana, Norton's Virginia, Concord,
Hartford, Ives, Perkins, Champion, Cottage, North Carolina,
Elvira, Missouri, Riesling, Noah and Taylor.

II. Category: suffering somewhat, hut not serioufily^ in exceptionally

unfavorable seasons^and localities. Cunningham, Hermann, Ne-

244 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

osho, Dracut Amber, Lady, Martha, Telegraph, Mason's Seed-
ling, Black Pearl, Blue Dyer (Franklin), Clinton and Goethe.
III. Category: suffering seriously in unfavorable seasons, and ?io^ re-
coimnendable for localities usually', exposed to mildew. Herbe-
mont, Lenoir, Louisiana, Rulander, Alvey, Catawba, Diana and
Isabella.
Dusting the leaves with sulphur is a good remedy for the second
form {Uncinula Spiralis), hut sulphur has very little effect on the
Peronospopa^ because the plant body is internal.

A mixture of coperas and lime (five pounds of coperas to twenty-
five pounds of lime) has also been used with success.

The members of the next group of fungi to which I incite your
attention are exceedingly abundant. They are commonly known a&
rusts, and UredinecB is the name of the order to which they belong.
The plant body, or hypha, lives in the tissues of the host plant. The
hypha is composed of long, branching, colorless threads, and there-
productive bodies, known as spores, vary in color from orange red to
dark brown. The spores are formed beneath the epidermis, and when
they have attained the proper size they rupture the epidermis and ap-
pear to the naked eye as a rust like powder.

One of the most remarkable things concerning these plants is their
alternation of fruit forms. As an example of this we have occurrin/^
in spring on the young branches of the red cedar {Juniperus- Virgin-
iana) a fungus which forms a jelly-like mass. This fungus has re-
ceived the name Gytnnosporangium Macropus. It is now believed
that this is only one stage of a fungus that occurs on the leaves of the
pear, apple and hawthorn, and known under the generic name of Ro-
estelia. The full life-history of most of the plants belonging to this
order is unknown, but the life-history of those that have been traced
is about a3 follows :

Early in spring the leaves of many plants will be found spotted
with a number of wart like protuberances. If we examine these pro-
tuberances with a lens we will find that they consist of a number of
little cups, and that the cups are filled with an immense number of
orange-red, globular bodies. These cluster cups, as they are commonly
called, can be found on the leaves of the gooseberry, barberry, man-
drake or May apple, and many other plants. The orange-red, globuUr
bodies, called spores, are the reproductive bodies, and when they fall
upon the proper host plant they germinate and produce in the tissue
of the host plant a dense mass of mycelium. In a short time this my
celium gives rise to a second form of fruit, which ruptures the epider-
mis and forms reddish-brown postules on the leaf. The spores or re-

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING AT WARRENSBURQ. 245

productive bodies of this form are one-celled, and stalked. Late in
the summer the same mycelium that has been sending up the one-
celled, stalked spores, gives rise to bodies that are one to many celled,
and are supported on distinct peduncles. These bodies fall to the
ground with the leaf, remain dormant during the winter and the fol-
lowing spring germinate and give rise to the cluster cups first described.

The first stage is known as the jEcidiuin stage, and the spores
are called mcidiosporeS' '

The second is known as th6 If redo stage and the spores are
called uredospores.

The spores of the third stage are called teleutospores and they are
the last produced in that season.

There is usually another kind of reproductive organ present,
which has received the name spermagone. They are small, flask-shaped
bodies, filled with slender filaments. Some spermagonia evolve an
■odor, and insects are occasionally attracted by this odor, which, ac-
•ccrding to De Bary, resembles the odor of orange flowers. Very little
is known, however, concerning the (spermagonia^ and they are useless
in the determination of genera and species.

No doubt you are all familiar with the rust that occurs on the
leaves of the blackberry and raspberry. This fungus is known to bot-
anists as cacomma nitens. Very little is known concerning its life-
history, but as far as made out it is about as follows :

The vegetative portion of the fungus appears in the tissue of the
host plant early in spring, and at length forms a dense felt-like mass
of threads. These threads ultimately give rise to an immense number
of globular bodies, which rupture the epidermis of the leaf and ap-
pear as orange-red postules. The globular bodies are the spores and
they are at first chained together, but soon after they rupture the epi-
dermis they are dispersed and may be found scattered over the surface
of the leaf. Under favorable circumstances each spore is capable of
producing a new plant, and when we take into consideration the im-
mense number of spores we can understand how rapidly the disease
may be propagated. If we compute 300 postules as occuring on each
leaf (and this is no unusual number), and suppose each postule to con-
tain 150,000 spores we shall have then 4,300,000 spores on one leaf.

Only one stage of the rust is known, but no doubt the fungus is
only one form of one of the many rusts that occur later on. We only
know of one remedy for this disease and that is to dig up and burn all
infested plants. .Time expended in dusting the leaves with lime, ashes,
€tc., is little better than thrown away.

246 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Doubtless you all have noticed the white discolored spots on the
leaves of the strawberry. These spots are usually about one-fourth of
an inch in diameter ; the center of the spot is a grayish white, and sur-
rounding this is a dark colored stripe, which is about one-sixteenth of
an inch broad. This disease of the strawberry is attracting considerable
attention, and as frequent inquiries are made concerning the fungus,
we will briefly describe it: The disease is commonly known as the
strawberry white rust ; it is not a true rust, however, as it belongs to
another order differing somewhat from the VredlnecE. The vegetative
portion of the fungus is internal, it penetrates the leaf cells, causing
the white spots described above. The spores or reproductive bodies
are cylindrical, and they are supported on slender stalks, which are
about three times the length of the spore. When examined with a lens,
the spores and stalks appear as small mealy tufts in the center of the
white spot. Tiie disease is most active about the middle of May.
Plants attacked with the fungus have their leaf surface diminished ;
this, of course injures the berries as there is not enough sap elaborated
to properly mature the fruit.

Frank Earle, of Cobden, 111., is of the opinion that the disease
causes more damage toward the northern border of the strawberry belt.
He also says it is very hard to estimate the per cent, of damage caused
by it in anj' given season, as its action is quite local — some fields be-
ing badly injured, and others near by are but slightly affected. Wil-
son, Downing, Cumberland and Capt. Jack are mentioned as rusting
badly, while Crescent, Bidwell and Manchester are comparatively free
from rust. Dusting the plants with lime every two or three weeks, be-
ginning early in spring, is said to be the cheapest and best known
remedy for the disease. It is also claimed that mulching the ground
aroud the plants prevents the rust.

And now, in conclusion, I wish to urge you to learn all you can
concerning the habits of these interesting parasites, and also the hab-
its of the many insect pests which cause such a vast amount of damage
to your crops. In short, study nature and you will derive both profit
and pleasure from your work.

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING AT WARRENSBURG. 247

AN AKGUMENT ON FORESTKY.

BY M. G. KERN, COMMISSIONER OF FORRESTRY, ST. LOUIS, Mv).

The intimate relation existing between the people and the forests
of a countiy, has of late years become a topic of animated discussion
in the United States, although our forest resources have heretofore
been considered practically limitless. Scientists and students of polit-
ical economy, who, supported by the valuable statistics collected by
the National Government, have pointed out the danger of exhusting
from the primitive forests various species of timber most valuable in
the industries reaped by their philanthropic labors quite frequently the
name of alarmists. The elaborate discussion of so important a subject
should not fail to arouse the intelligent attention of the people, especi-
ally of those directly interested in the leading industries, which depend
GO certain regions of surrounding country for a constant supply of raw
material for their respective workshops.

The marvelous transformation of the country from a state of nature
into an empire ot agriculture and industry such as the world never
beheld before, has necessarily caused the destruction of untold acres
of primitive forests, and the waste of much valuable timber.

The evils incident to the destruction of the forests, recorded in the
history of the countries of the Old World, have been sensibly felt in
America likewise. Sudden changes in the climate, alarming diminu-
tion of the volume of the water courses, excessive droughts, destruc-
tive floods, and sweeping storms, and hurricanes have become the un-
welcome visitations, and must be attributed in great measure to the
great reduction of the forest area of the continent.

The leading centers of manufacture having used up the most val-
uable timbers of vast territories surrounding them, have been compelled
to extend into districts far remote from the factories for their indis-
pensable supply of material. The lumber industry has assumed the
most gigantic proportions, and bids fair to exhaust the forest wealth of
districts formerly supposed to be practically inexhaustible.

Our railway system, embracing fully 200,000 miles of track resting
on a bed of wood, undergoing a constant process of decay, demands
each year a quantity of the most valuable hard wood timber, and it

248 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

fairly baffles the imagination to divine the source of constant inex-
haustible supply.

Yet notwithstanding this enormous drain on the forest resources of
the land, no real scarcity has thus far been felt, nature's bounty being
still equal to the emergency. The intelligence of the nation, however,
is fully aroused to the imperative necessity of adopting a wiser policy
in the future than has characterized the past epoch of wasteful man-
agement of the nation's most precious inheritance.

Opinions, quite naturally, differ widely even in this respect. A
goodly portion of reasoners still indorse the French Monarch's saying,
"after me the deluge,"' believing that posterity will take care of itself.
True intelligence, however, recognizes the grave importance of deal-
ing wisely and in time with so important a national problem, as is
involved in the perpetuation of the timber sources of the continent,
to which the national prosperity is so closely linked.

Consulting the policy pursued by every well governed European
nation, we see that the government itself is the watchful custodian of
the forest resources of the country, protecting them by stringent laws
rigidly enforced.

Forestry is a branch of the Executive Government itself, which de-
rives an important revenue from that part of the public domain. With-
out this safeguard the wants of a great nation, inhabiting a compara-
tively limited area of country, could never be supplied. Only a system-
atic routine of planting and cutting timber can secure a never failing
supply.

Notwithstanding the radical difference existing between the politi-
cal system of Europe and America, and the mode of ownership of the
forest lands of both continents, we can nevertheless learn two import-
ant lessons from the European plan. The one is rigid protection of
the forest districts owned by the government itself, the other is the
necessity of the system of forest culture, by which alone the most val-
uable and indispensable timbers can be perpetuated and their gradual
extinction prevented.

If America would hold fast to these axioms and live up to them,
then her forest interests could be considered safe for all time to come.

We may point with eatisfaction to the vast areas of timbered lands
still intact and ready to yield their timber wealth at the shrine of na-
tional progress, and fancy that there is still enough for all possible
demands.

But let it not be gainsaid that this array of timbered territory is to
a great extent deceptive as to the quantity of timber valuable for in-
dustrial purposes contained therein. Much of it has often been picked

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING AT WARRKNSBURG. 249

over, the best timber being culled, leaving the forest a forest of fire-
wood instead of marketable material. The timbers of greatest value
disappear almost unnoticed amid the mass of wood, which accident
has produced and preserved.

Many admit that the most valuable part of the forests of the east
Atlantic and Midale States is already used up, but point to our un-
paralleled modern facilities of transportation, by which all needed
supplies can readily be landed at our doors.

We are told that the southern States have still an unlimited
quantity of the most valuable timber, and will gladly supply the
country after the northern forests are exhausted. But how long will
the timber wealth of the Gulf States hold out when the formerly quiet
and almost unexplored forests of the south are penetrated from all
sides by the railways. This timber region can be stripped of its orig*
inal wealth as readily and speedily as has been done in the northern
States.

Point to the Pacific coast, to the timber wealth of Oregon, Washing-
ton Territory, British Columbia and even to our Alaska acquisition, in
proof of the assertion that the continent is still limitless in timber sup-
plies, and you simply deceive the people by plausible arguments. Do
we not frequently hear and read this strain of reasoning proclaimed
by men and newspapers, who have every opportunity to know far
better.

The planting of timber trees most valuable and indispensable to
the industries, and in consequence becoming scarcer from year to
year, is the only safeguard against future want. Plant and cultivate
for a few years after planting, on a scale to some extent, at least, pro-
portioned to the demand for the kinds for which the greatest strain is
brought on the native forests, and you practically solve the problem of
the forestry for future years.

Let this rational proposition be accepted by the intelligence of
American agriculture, and be put into real practice where possible,
and scarcity of timber for house and railway construction, for fencing
and for the industries at large, will be neither spoken of nor feared.
The solution of the problem is an easy one indeed, based simply on
that axiom known to every farmer, however illiterate he may be, by
which he knows that seed time must precede harvest time, that he .
must work for what he wants to eat, to wear and to sell.

Yet how strangely unpopular is the proposition that trees must be
planted and cultivated hereafter by the tiller of the soil with many
whose cherished traditions run fondly back to the old timbered States, "
in which the clearing of the land was formerly the foremost occupa-
tion of the farming population.

250 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

A man indulging in obstinate and often stupid opposition to forest
culture will naturally feel himself safe in his position so long as he
stays inside the timbered regions of the western States, where he has
the full Tbenefit of the fertile prairie soil and timber enough on the
farm to whack away at to his heart's content. What learned plausible
arguments on the uselessness of tree planting some of these wise men
will shower upon their neighbors or upon the rising generation, which
has not ceased altogether to look for sensible advice to older men.

Tree planting to such is equivalent to park-making, which the
farmer would better let alone. But place one of them out there on a
stormy, howling Kansas or Nebraska prairie and keep him there for a
year or two and how differently will he feel on the subject of forest
planting; a protecting tree, a grove, a small fore*t, all planted by the
hand of an intelligent settler, will appear to him a real gift of Provi-
dence; and most likely he will go and do likewise. He will look in
wonder at cosy homes, big barns and miles of fencing, the material of
which was raised right there on that farm, not by the owner's grand-
father, but by himself within the last fifteen or twenty years.

• This is but a slight instance of the mighty movement in forest cul-
ture on the prairies, now fairly in vogue in the western and northwest-
ern States, a movement of far reaching influence and benefit to the
treeless portions of the country. It has been inaugurated and led on
by the Horticultural Societies of those States; and for it posterity will
bless the memory of many of the leading pioneers, who laid the foun-
dation of a horticultural system under which orchards and forests will
grow side by side, while happily no one will blame the forest for not
bearing a crop of fruit likewise, nor envying the span of ground on
which it grows, claim it for pasture for their stock.

The forest wealth of Missouri has been, and is still enormous. The
railways of adjoining prairie States rest to a great extent on ties grown
in Missouri forests. The annual cut and export of valuable timber for
various industrial purposes has in the past been very great and it is
still an important source of revenue to the people ; but signs of failing
begin to be sensibly felt.

The geographical distribution of forests through our grand and
fertile prairies is peculiarly advantageous to the demands of agricul-
tural pursuits, offering sheltering timber tracts to almost every prairie
district.

The evils incident to vast extents of treeless prairie are, therefore^
happily avoided by kind nature. Our State claims justly to be the
fairest portion of the glorious west. Our horticultural development
has attracted the attention of the whole nation to the advantages of

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING AT WARRENSBUBG. 251

of our State. Unfortunately, however, many wondering eyes followed
on© of our leaders in horticulture across the mountains, and are flirt-
ing at present with the tropical advantages of California. But never
mind, they will look our way again, and feel ashamed of ever slighting,
so fair a country as old Missouri.

But though surrounded by all this horticultural glory, can we af-
ford to ignore the leading progressive ideas of this day which have
ushered our sister prairie States on the pathway' of successful and pop-
ular culture, from which they are already reaping a rich harvest of
material benefits ? Let us reflect for a moment what a wealth of most
valuable timber might be raised on thousands of acres of alluvial lands
along the Missouri river, which being subject to periodical overflows,
are in greater part uncultivated, and given up to a spontaneous growth
of willows and useless brushwood.

«

How many thousands of acres of productive soil remain idle and
produce absolutely nothing to the tax-paying owner ? Suppose some of
these to be stocked with the catalpa, yellow poplar, the ash, and other
highly valuable economic timber trees ? A few years of cultivation
suffice to rase any plantation of trees, closely planted, to such a height
as to shade the ground and prevent the growth of weeds. Consider-
ing the insignificant price of seedling trees offered by the wholesale
nurseries of the west, it can truly be said that intelligent enterprise
in this direction is within the reach of all. The trees thus cultivated
in forest form will grow whilst the farmer sleeps, and as for the cash,
value of those cut out as growth increases, and the prospective value
of those remaining for future years, it may be quite useful and inter-
esting to farmers of our State to consult the experience of the success-
ful and extensive plantations of adjoining States, and profit by infor-
mation disseminated through th'e excellent manuals of forestry pub-
lished annually by the horticultural societies of Kansas, Iowa and
Nebraska.

Th*? manual published by the Forestry Association of Minnesota
serves likewise special and complimentary mention. In which year of
grace will Missouri's Report on Home Forest Culture be published ? The
answer to this timely question rests with the action of this time-hon-
ored society. With prohibition staring in our face, we may as well
resolve to transfer our sympathies from grape culture to progressive
forest culture, which no spirit of fanaticism will ever disturb or assail.

I have said above, that western and northwestern enterprise led
on, not by the live-stock men or by the grain farmers, as a class, but
by the horticultural intelligence of the people, has given to the tree-
less States a fair substitute for native forests.

:252 MissouKi state horticultural society.

Leading horticulturists have tested the hardiness and adaptation
to the climate, of every species of forest trees. One of their foremost
leaders has done most valuable service in the introduction and general
distribution of two of the most valuable timber trees, the catalpa and
the European larch, which latter is peculiarly suited to a nortiiern cli-
mate. The rigor of their climate forced them to ignore one of the
most valuable trees of the American Sylva. I refer to the cypress
•(^Taxodiiim Distichum)^ which grows spontaneously along the Lower
Mississippi as far up as the southeastern portion of the State.

A coniferous tree of rapid upward growth, a native of swamps and
alluvial overflowing lands, must surely be considered a valuable boon
for our ytate, in which we have millions of waste acres on which it
would rapidly grow if generally planted. The tree is beautiful and
very decidedly ornamental, and in consequence is used freely in parks
and ornamental grounds.

Various specimens tower in Lafayette Park above nearly all other
surrounding trees. Planted there about twenty-five years ago they
have attained a heighth of some sixty feet, and a thickuess of stem of
eighteen to twenty inches. If pine wood of the value of cypress tim-
ber can be thus readily grown at home, its general culture and a con-
sequent boom in Missouri enterprise can be only a question of time.

This native forest tree is worthy of more serious attention than it
has enjoyed until now. Let the intelligent leaders of the arboricul-
tural interests of our State resolve to investigate its value honestly,
biased by no prejudice against a modest tree growing wild in the
southern woods. And when in the fullness of time a welcome tidal
wave of progress in forest culture shall gently ripple the placid waters
of the Missouri river, dislodging, as we fondly hope, some of the sand-
banks of intolerance to modern ideas of improvement successfully in
vogue in other States, then shall we see the day when millions of this
almost unforgotten tree will tower up singly and in mighty forests
from the wide extended lowlands of our State, and when in conse-
quence there will be millions in its culture.

Examples set by the few, and followed by the many, have ever
been the stepping stones over which the progress of mankind has
passed from one epoch of development to another. To such happy
progressive influences we have to attribute in great measure the tri-
umphant strides made by American horticulture and arboriculture.
The fame of the early successful orchards has called forth more enter-
prise in planting than all the books and speeches of theorists could
■ever have set in motion.

The first successful groves and shady avenues planted on the bleak
prairies of the far west have fairly revolutionized the opinion the peo-

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING AT WARRENSBURG. 253

pie entertained as to their agricultural value — dispelling quite speedily
the idea of the existence of a great American Desert.

The early efforts in ornamental planting and artistic improvement
of grounds made in leading cities, have generated the rural tastes of
our country, whose evidences we meet around the homestead of refined
people.

The metropolis of our State has done some noble work in this di-
rection, the educational influence of which is felt in many progressive
rural districts.

Our State, however, needs a conspicuous and convincing illustra-
tion of practical and successful timber culture, by which the people
would be made acquainted with the most profitable timber trees,
suited to the soil and climate of the country, and by which not only
the possibility but more especially the ease and rapidity of lumber
growth would be demonstrated.

A-Ssistance to this important interest, if given by the Government
of our State, would be a wise investment of public funds for public
good. An opportunity of rare advantage presents itself for the ac-
complishment of this worthy end, while the improvement of a valu-
able tract of land recently purchased by the State is being discussed and
begun. This tract is situated in the vicinity of the thriving city of
Nevada, in Vernon county, and embraces 500 acres of land, both
timberred and open prairies, which has been selected for the erection
of a new asylum for the insane, an institution to be established and
maintained in accordance with the most enlightened ideas and expe-
rience of our day, by which the necessity of grounds harmonious to
the object is fully recognized.

In consultation with the Board of Commissioners in reference to
the design and planting of the grounds, I have presented an urgent
plea for a broad basis on which to plan the improvements of the
.future, securing sheltering and pleasant groves*to the surroundings of the
stately buildings, from whch a wide spread panorama of smiling prairie
scenery is visible in all directions.

The greater the sway of arboriculture and landscape gardening
the more attractive and curative will be the aspect of the grounds
gracing this model institution of our State. The plan, however, aims
at an object greater still than the mere embellishment of an asylum
ground. It contemplates the creation of a medium for the education
of the people, a public arboretum of forest culture, through which
much useful information in tree culture and rural taste might be dis-
seminated throughout the southwestern portion of the State, the won-

254 MISSOUBI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIEIY.

derful resources ot which are only in the infancy of their develop-
ment.

The valuable tract of land so advantageously selected, should
surely not unconditionally be given up to the unfortunate insane, when
by a wise provision it can be made of benefit simultaneously to the in-
sane and to the sensible portion of the people.

The Board of Commissioners have heartily indorsed these views,
and have adopted at their meeting the resolution offered by one of
their number, the Hon. E. W. Stephens, which reads as follows :

''" Resolved, That we invite th"e co operation of all horticulturists
interested in the advancement of practical and scientific forest culture
in bringing before the next. General Assembly a proposition to secure
an appropriation to make the farm belonging to the Insane Asylum No.
3, a living illustration of the principles of an enlightened system of
timber culture, to the advancement of which the efforts of the Di-
vision of Forestry of the National Department of Agriculture are
prominently devoted."

The invitation contained in the above resolution is especially ad-
dressed to the Missouri State Horticultural Society. The hearty co-
operation of its members with a timely movement for the advancement
of a national cause of great importance, is most confidently expected,
since many of them have stood for many years in the front ranks of
horticultural progress, let their influence be made manifest when the
time for action has arrived.

On motion, the President appointed a committee of five to report
upon this suggestion of beautifying: the grounds of the new insane
asylum at Nevada: 0. W. Murtfeldt, L. A. Goodman, D. S. Holman,
-J. A. Durkes and B. T. Galaway.

SOCIAL INFLUENCE OF HORTICULTURE.

BY CLARKK IRVINE, OREGON, MO.

Let US take wider views and if we discover aught relating to our
•main and central subject we may suggest something that will be of

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING AT WARRENSBUBG. 255

use. Horticulture may embrace anything of the vegetable order, on
occasion. Taking wider views regarding not only the things produced,
but their effects on society, there is hardly any question that may not
come into our discussions, which may thus become of interest to all
the dwellers in our region. And there is hardly any section of the
country where the people are so confined to a small number of pro-
ducts as in our own. It would seem that five-sixths of the labor is ex-
pended on cattle, swine and that great article for producing grease
— corn. Ours is the greatest manufactory of fat the world has yet
seen. Wherever the bone and muscle may be made we make the tal-
low and lard. Some men who might succeed admirably in other direc-
tions fail here regularly as graziers. While writing this I have just
had a suggestive experience. The miller passed along and asked if
"we wanted any buckwheat flour?" "If such an article, all buck-
wheat, can be had, we do." " That I guarantee. We ground it our-
selves, and it is all you will get; for, searching the county over, but
two hundred bushels can be found, all raised by one man who made
a lucky hit. Everything else he had failed."

Another man came with some celery in a sack. "I had to hide
this or you never would have got it," said he. " I had no idea I could
sell it, but every time I get in town my whole load is taken from me
by the first ones that see it. They tell me 1 could sell car loads of it
in St. Joe." Now the man don't know very well how to raise any-
thing else but celery. Every dozen stalks sell for from forty to fifty
■cents. With a little direction and encouragement he has a fortune in
his power, only that making is so much easier than keeping money.

An old lady who lives with her sixteen-year old boy on a small
bit of ground was making some nice presents to a comfortably estated
married daughter for her and her grand children. The daughter ex-
postulated, "Mother ! You connot afford to do this." "N-ever mind
about me. I have sold my onions well, and George has sold his ber-
ries. We are all. right. I sold twelve hundred dollars worth." These
are the things one likes to hear. They stand at the very foundation
of all the real strength and greatness of a nation. "The old woman
must have worked hard!" Possibly, but she knew enough to hire on
occasion. Do you know that there are men who would never dream
of running a saw mill without hiring, and yet will not hire help on a
160-acre farm ? Well, such men ought to run saw mills, not farms.
"The best fertilizer ever put on a farm is a big'rent," say English land-
lords, for then renters are forced to develop the power of every acre
-commensurably with the rent. Lord Brengham, speaking of North
British farmers in 1816, said the renter of a 400- acre farm there, leav-

256 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIEIY.

ins; 100 acres fallow, would hire by the year nine regular men servants,,
whose wages would equal SlOO per year each and board ; also, two
women servants at $30 each, besides extra hiring during seed time and
harvest, and would require fourteen plow horses and one saddle horse
and servant for my gentleman renter, who pays $3,000 per year rent and
all taxes, blacksmithing and other repairs, making at least $500 more.

He was proving how ruinous protection was to them because it
made them pay two prices for salt, leather, soap, candles, malt, while
by actually prohibiting the entry of the cheap corn, wheat and wool of
the United States and other nations it so over stimulated the prices of
British farm products that in two or three years over-production had
ruined all the British farmers who had no outside demand. [See his
speech in Parliament April 9, ISlfi.] At that time the British farmer
had no better market than we have. Yet he could afford all this out-
lay, live like a gentleman and lay up money. The fact is the limit to
the capacity of an acre has never been found. The farmer who fears to
fertilize and hire is like the merchant who fears to advertise. In truth
we are not farmers, "we are nettle trampers and scratchers," as I heard
a Nebraska pioneer say thirty years ago. It is true our laws cut us off
from the world's markets, but we of the crowding and expanding west
can greatly remedy that by going more into variety and exchanging
with each other. To illustrate, a young man who came from England
to Holt county seventeen years ago with nothing but his bare hands
soon got a small Dit of land. A big farming neighbor was hauling some
barley to the railway and grumbling at the price. "How much do you
get V asked young John Bull. "Thirty cents and be d— d." "Haul it
across the road to me for thirty and be blessed." said Bull. "You don't
mean it?" ''I do." "Cash down '^" "Yes ; cash down."

The whole neighborhood was amazed. Some said the Englishman
was going to make beer. People came to see about it, "What are
you going to do with that ?" "Feed it. Its the best horse feed in the
world," said the Englishman. "What! With corn all around us at
fifteen cents?"

That Englishman is now regarded as the most responsible man in
the neighborhood. Several of the men who thought him a fool have
long been bankrupt corn raisers.

To' think that in a county that has a reputation for fine cattle, and
where large numbers of cattle are fed and swine are exported in great
numbers and attention is given to horse flesh, that there if anyone
happens to grow a surplus of peas or beans or turnips, carrots, beets,
etc., he must send them to St. Louis or Chicago ; that there the professing-
stock fancier would look on the producer of said pulse or tubers with

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING AT WARREN8BURG. 257

wild amazed eyes if he should ask him to buy a few dozen bushels.
You may think that this is not strictly horticultural, but I am willing
to swear to the best of my knowledge and belief the other is not hor-
ticulture nor oxculture. No wonder some are beginning to declare
that fine breeds deteriorate in this American climate. The horticul-
turists who grow Hubbard squashes and Cuban Queens in their pump-
kin patches have made the same discovery as to fine vegetables. One
might suspect that many of us have become so full of the principles of
the circumlocution office that our whole efl'ort is "how not to do it."
We work hard enough. The severest critic must admit that we drive
and go ahead and expend elbow grease. Why is it, then, that for de-
cade after decade the same errors are practiced ? Simply because, as
it seems to me, the American people take no intellectual delight in
farm work and all connected with it. Other subjects are studied over
and carefully estimated. This fundamental, all sustaining and em-
bracing subject is left to be settled by mere physical force. Political
questions vital to it are tabooed. Read newspapers and you will see
much about our great industries. One might then conclude that agri-
culture or horticulture is no industry at all.

" What do you think of this new industry ?" asked one of our most
venerable, profound States — h'm — politicians of Sam. Kirkwood.
*'What is it?'' ''What is it? Why, man alive! the papers are full
of it; it's H combination of metals by which beautiful articles of house
furniture may be manufactured. It is supposed it will produce ten
million dollars worth in a year." "Ah !" said Sam., " I know an indus-
try that will beat that all hollow." " What's that ?" " Industry of old
hens ! Their eggs are worth filty million dollars." The venerable
statesman looked at him as a lost man, and went off wagging his ears.
This same kind of statesman would admire a silk industry, fostered
by a tax, not to protect growers ot silk, but manufacturers, while we im-
port eggs from Germany, and no poultryman's wife here can afford a silk
dress. If we can only save one million by enormous exertions in some
novel method while wasting a hundred millions in taxes — indirect —
and ruin to common labor, we have done a grand thing.

" Why," said Commissioner Le Due, " we actually pay out mil-
lions of dollars for tea. Think of saving all that by making tea here."
Accordingly, he expended several thousand dollars and made five
pounds of American tea almost as good as Chinese ! He iorgot that
all international commerce is but the trading of commodities, and we
pay for our tea in grain, meat and cotton to England who gives China
opium for tea. Put a few hundred thousand Americans to growing tea

H R— 17

258 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

instead of cotton and tobacco, and several million cattle and grain
growers exchange the world's demand /or their products for that of
our tea makers, and strangle over a poor article at several dollars per
pound. That is just the size of it. It is not saving money at home,,
but exchanging labor here should be the object. Save money, when
every nation with any sense makes its own money at will, whether of
gold, silver, copper, bronze or paper. A wave of the hand creates
money under law. Mot all the law-making in the world can create a
potato — nothing but that source of all wealth of man — brain-directed
labor in the earth.

It is a common complaint here that " I have fed cattle all winter
and they came out little better than than they were last fall." Had
there been greater variety of vegetable production this complaint
would not h(^ heard, for experience would have taught us long ago that
brutes as well as men require variety in nourishment. One may preach
constantly that a varied diet is needed, but unless we have it there can
be no practice, and theory soon passes into oblivion without practice.
Peas and beans contain more nitrogen than almost any other foodi»
'Huxley and Youman, in their little work on hygiene, tell us that ani-
mals fed exclusively on fat-producing food begin to die of nitrogen
starvation. The animal begins to absorb its own bones and muscles
and becomes really carniverous. The whole body becomes reformed
in a few months instead of seven years. Just think of an animal de-
prived of all bone producing food. A beautiful mare, owned by a for-
mer neighbor of mine, strayed off a short distance from home one fine
winter morning. The neighbors were out looking at and admiring her
when the owner came along — a man who thinks himself to be a great
farmer and is so reputed. Compliments were paid to him on his own-
ership of such a splendid animal. "Yes, she is my pet; I would not
take $500 in gold for her. Aint she a beauty?'" " She is very fat,""
said one. " She ought to be ; she just goes and eats corn with the fat-
tening cattle, and eats nothing else." " But why do you let her do
that," inquired a farmer? "O, I do it because I want to see how fat
she will get," replied he, patting and fondling her. Just then the mare
laid down to roll and in getting up she broke both hind legs square off.
This is an actual fact, and its like is by no means uncommon. The
spectators were amazed at this mysterious dispensation. One allowed
it was a judgrnencon the owner's vanity. All went ofl' puzzled; not
one seemed to suspect the cause — nitrogen starvation. The bones of
the animal were litetally honey combed.

Lately a farmer assailed the writer severely for " attacking the
grand staple product of the country," " The healthiest, heartiest horse-

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING AT WARRENSBURG. 259

I ever owned never would eat anything but corn and never seemed to
^et enougli. It was the largest horse I ever saw. Your theory won't
stand, sir." The bystanders were evidently well pleased, but I little
suspected what a triumph was near.

"I cannot help what you think, and can only give you my expe-
rience. But your horse must have got some other food, hay, clover, or
used hard lime water." " No, sir; cistern water and corn." "Well, all
I have to say is this: If the animal was as heavy and lived as you
say, I wonder his weight did not break his legs." "It did; one leg
broke by his weight. How is that?" exclaimed he. "That is just
what 1 have been trying to beat into your understanding. Bone is con-
stantly being exhausted and corn gives no bone supply." " You must
be right, then, for we examined into his ' carcase ' and the bones were
all like a sponge."

And thus, like multiplying vilanies, these proofs do swarm upon
us. Yet those twin-brothers of ruin, ignorance and carelessness, lead
us forever in the same ruts.

When one considers of only a few of the wastes and needless bur-
dens of society, the wonder is that there remains a tribe above the
Digger red men above ground. With thousands starving and millions
dropping into penury even a few abuses that exist waste more than
enough for all. Nothing saves the race but nature's wondrous liber-
ality. And yet we are fast doing our level best to exhaust that, with
only a few old antedeluvian Noachian " cranks " to comment on it.

Mangels, turnips and the like, if fed with corn, enable the animal
to digest almost as much again. During the pomp of summer, while
nature is sending above ground all the various grasses, stalks, fruits
and flowers, she is quietly storing in these roots all the nourishing
qualities of her green things, the juices of fruits and the exquisite
boquet of her flowers. In them is the concentrated essences of
meadow, garden and orchard.

In a great mangel one may imagine the consumate perfection of
spring, summer and fall seeding, growth and harvest. Then come the
leguminous expulse plants before named, all having their place, and
all should find infinite demand in this grandest region for manufactur-
ing flesh the world now has. There is nothing equal to diversified in-
dustries, but each should begin on the lowest planes and grow up by
reciprocity of demand and supply at home. Thus one nourishes the
other and all are connected by one beautiful chain, none owing boasted,
swollen, sickly importance, to petting, patronage and indirect robbery
of others. Each thus develops as the fiat of demand calls it, and
nothing is neglected or wasted. In this country the waste of material

260 MISOSURI STATE HORTICULTUKAL SOCIETY,

produced by care and toil is something stupendous, simply because
other things not demanded are done.

In 1854 it was precisely as the American Magazine of Boston in
1834 said, all the surplus productions and wealth of the nation were in
the rich south and west, and the people of New England having noth-
ing to export, must go to the south and west to get rich, or make more
than a bare living. To day ail the surplus of this nation is made south
and west. Yes, the wealth is created here, but the money which is not
wealth, nationally considered, is only the instrument whereby wealth
is exchanged, circulated and put in process for consumption, is all in
the east or' comes hence. Ah, if they could not produce exports, they
found out how to appropriate ours, export and exchange it for what
would get all we could ever make — banks, railways, telegraphs, tele-
phones, insurance, (fire,liie and accident), bonds, stocks — all are where
" no surplus is created, and they are too poor to raise exports." How is
this? It is like building all the houses at London, but going to Jeru-
salem for the tools.

In 1854 we were a jrreat and raightj'^ nation ; our growth in popu-
lation, manufactures and wealth, the wonder of the world. (See
speeches in Congress, and census for 1860.) Eighteen thousand new
manufactories were created between 1850 and 1860 — less than eighteen
hundred were started between 1870 and 1880 — and a much smaller per-
centage of capital invested than between 1850 and 1860. We added
125 per cent, to the national wealth in the first decade; in that of
1860-70, not over -36 per cent, (owing to the waste of war) ; but in that
of 1870 to 1880 we added still less, and by no means in the ratio of our
increase of population and its expansion over territory. Nebraska,
Kansas and Dakota may be said to have been almost created since
1870 with their miraculous product, but when we come to measure it
by the dollars, there is no increase — more bushels but less dollars —
" more turkey, no meat," as the Indian said. The " tramp '' is abroad,
a word and man unknown before 1870; and if it be said it is because
we have more people, I deny it, and prove the denial : because, what
with railway expansion all over the continent, so much more land was
made accessible by 1875, that as compared with 1860. We were actu-
ally a dense crowded population in Is60 compared to what we were in
1875, when there were over one million tramps marching or slouching
over the continent. Owing to theimmensf^ new territory opened to us by
1875, land fell down to nominal prices in the west, and the land mar-
ket was brought low all over the civilized world. No ; let us open our
eyes. Villainy in high places was and is the sole cause ; villainy so
deep that the people may never comprehend it. Officials, whose sal-

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING AT WARRENSBURG. 261

aries were less than their living, v/ho entered office poor, retired in
four years millionares. That makes suspicion assurance. But let us
leave this branch of horticulture, peculiar to Washington City and
State capitals, and come more to the point.

It is reciprocity of labor in our country that is desirable more
than " saving of money here at home." Far too much groaning is
made over what they say we buy; forgetting that we pay for it with
our surplus grain, meat, cotton, etc. So if we bought nothing
we could never sell anything; and this exchange of commodities
among neighbors, is the easiest, most profitable of all exchanges. Peo-
ple are made comfortable almost without knowing how it happened,
and are, comparatively, put in affluence. It is all profft nearly.
There is no middle man and no shaving. For instance, we might
manufacture as much again beef here instead of sending our
cattle to Chicago, where Pennsylvania and Ohio farmers select
the best, carry them home, put on several hundred more pounds,
return them to Chicago or take them elsewhere, and have buy-
ers hunt them up instead of being hunted up. Were their values
appreciated we could have for those vegetables a market right
here at our doors; our fine stock men and those who feed lor distant
marts would gladly take all that are offered, and find it to their inter-
est. There are men who, on their small places, raise such articles suc-
cessfully and send them to St. Louis or Chicago, in order to get money
enough to purchase a fine cow or a tew calves, and often find all their
profits absorbed by the time and expenses of transporting.

In this view, most important of all, is the encouragement given to
enterprising young men who own but a few acres, of hill land perhaps.
We should no longer see the owner of twenty acres in the bluffs plow-
ing corn furrows as though his were a gieat valley farm. No wonder
such men become discouraged and conclude that they and their be-
longings don't amount to much : but now see such men as horticul-
turists, employing brain and muscle on every square foot, and they
soon begin to realize their own importance. And these men are the
masses on whom rests the character and destiny of the States. These
are they under whose ingenuity and labor every rough, barren hill top
is to become a terraced blooming paradise. Inspired with the idea of
the importance and capacity of an acre, and reformed from the foolish
ambition of possessing nothing under a quarter section, we have seen
many of these owners of a few despised acres roused up from a life of
hopelessness and idling, to energy, industry and real manly pride.
They find that Providence is kinder than they thought, and that they
have, after all, as much clear money to spend as the man who is the

262 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

slave of his own large possessions, and wlio is only a steward to dis-
tribute their products while burdened under heavy and unpleasant re-
sponsibilities.

There is really a refinement begotten of employment in producing
fruits and vegetables. It is a nice, cleanly occupation, and where the
worker uses brains, education ol course follows. Surely, if in the mo-
notony of hammering stone, the man who uses the powers of observa-
tion and reason developed in him by the laws of the eternal, can be-
come a Hugh Miller — one of these who create a science even though
they may not prefix professor bsfore their names; if the humble ham-
merers of lapstones may have in the same way become world-renowned
botanists or linguists, and in that only real consist republic [of letters]
are not only companions, but leaders; teachers of princes, honored as
their guides, philosophers and friends. What may we not expect where
men stand upon their own acres in commune with nature herself,
through all her seasons, and employ the brain as a helm to direct the
hand? The person who follows any hand-craft thoughtless, hopeless,
must become boorish. The one who grows only potatoes as a reason-
inT;, progressive being, will soon find an infinite world of startling facts.
But men must be inspired with some hope, and see some goal possible
to reach. The good market, the gradual loosening of restrictions, and
increasing, though slowly, of means, these inspire the worker with hope.
To see a whole community that has lived for years as though con-
demned to a life little above vagabondism, utterly without a hope or a
thought beyond the poorest keeping of the body — to see such made to
feel that their opportunity is even better than that of most, and to
realize what they can do — perform — almost without limit, is one of the
most inspiring facts that can be. And to create such spectacles is the
grandest mission of horticulture, in its larger sense, as it passes beyond
my lady's garden and my gentleman's orchards and hot houses, to en-
ter the poorest cabin of the owner of even one rough acre and bids him
stand up an independent freeman who may become the equal of the
best citizens of any land.

I firmly believe that.while'we inculcate proper views of feeling, and
thus create a demand right at our own doors in ■•' the rural districts "
for the products of horticulture, we can do no greater good for our vici-
nages than by inspiring the numerous small holders with a true sense
of their own importance, and of the entire sufficiency of their homes
if they will but regard themselves as horticulturists.

P. S. — I might add that within my recollection, which goee back
almost fifty years, every great land holder I have known of has become

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING AT WARRENSBURG. 263

utterly bankrupt. They were all inspired with that " vaulting ambi-
tion"

»' "Which o'erleaps itself
And falls on 'tother side."

The following officers were elected for the year :

President — J. C. Evans, Harlem.

Vice-President — J. A. Durkes, Weston. ^

Secretary — L. A. Goodman, Westport.

Treasurer — D. S. Holman, Springfield.

FRIDAY, 2 p. M.

Report on Botany by Prof. S. M. Tracy and Prof. G. C. Broadhead,
Pleasant Hill.

DISTRIBUTION OF PLANTS IN MISSOURI.

BY G C. BROADHEAD, PLEASANT HILL.

1st. Distribution of trees and shrubs. — If we draw a line from the
southwest to the northeast corner of Missouri, we will have two dis-
tricts, which, as they became more remote, present a marked differ-
ence in the character of the flora. Northwest of this line we know of
but three trees or shrubs not found eastwardly, viz. : The choke-cherry,
Bartrain's oak and the aspen. But there are a good many east ot this
line which do not extend westwardly or northwardly. Among them
we include (which do approach very nearly, and in some places passes
that line) the flowering dogwood, huckleberry, sassafras, alder, seven-
dark {a spircea) trumpet creeper, etc.

264 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The southwest part of Missouri is chiefly timber, while in the
northwest we find that praiiie land predominates. In northeast Mis-
souri a timbered belt lies parallel to the Missouri river, from twelve to
twenty miles wide, and extending from St. Charles to Glasgow. A
similar strip also lies parallel to the Mississippi from Lincoln nearly to
Lewis. Outside of this prairie land rules. In St. Charles and Lincoln
there are wide low prairie bottoms adjacent to the Mississippi, and also
similar flat lands occur north of Hannibal. Similar prairie bottoms
are also found on the Missouri in the counties of Saline, Chariton^
Carroll, Ray and Jackson, but they are higher above the water than
those along the Mississippi.

On the south side of the Missouri river a line from near Arrow
Rock to Seneca would nearly separate the prairie lands from the
timbered. The counties in northeast Missouri, in the aggregate, would
probably average not over one-third timbered land. Those in the
northwest, although some of them are heavily timbered, would not
probably average one-tenth timber. Clay and Platte are exceptionally
well timbered, Ray and Carroll very well supplied with; Andrew
originally about one-half. In others the amount of timber is limited.
In the other counties, we would say that in the west half of the north-
west quarter of the State, the timber is chiefly confined to narrow par-
allel belts along the streams, becoming sometimes a mere fringe,
especially as we proceed northwestwardly.

There are a few prairies in the extreme southeast, but there are
also very extensive forests of large timber, chiefly cypress, black wal-
nut, sycamore, elm, poplar, gum, cottonwood and very large grape
vines. Passing from the southeast we enter upon the uplands and ap-
proach the Ozarks. We here find chiefly oaks, the white, black and
post. Associated with these in southeast Missouri we find the black
gum often quite abundant. Further west, in central and southwest
Missouri, on leaving the larger streams, we find that the country very
often partakes of the character of the well known " Barrens,*" chiefly
supporting a scrubby growth of blackjack and post oak and black
hickory, with tall grass. These may be considered as passage lands
between well recognized woodlands aud prairie, sometimes with good
soil but more often poor. The extreme western counties of southwest
Missouri consist nearly altogether of prairie lands, excepting the two
extreme southern.

The pine is not found native north of the St. Louis and San Fran-
cisco railroad. It often abounds beyond thirty miles south of that
railroad. It is not commonly found on limestone soils, but seems to
prefer a silicious soil and is found on flinty or sandy soils, especially s

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING AT WARRENSBURG. 265

it found on soils based on disintegration of tiie second sandstone, and
in south central and southeast Missouri the pine is often a guide to
the underlying geological formation. The pine of Missouri is the
p. mit'is.

The following is nearly a complete list of trees and shrubs of
north Missouri :

(I give common names chiefly.)

Crab apple, ash, prickly ash, blackberry, (3 species) Rubus trivi-
alis, a. vlllosus, R' canadensis, bladdernut, box elder, wahoo, button
bush, common wild cherry, cottonwood, Amorpha funticosa, A. canes-
coiSt (lead plant), bitter sweet, coral berry, Cornis serixea, C. panicu-
Lata, elder, red elm, American elm, Smilax or green brier, (several
species.) hackberry, (2 species,) common hazel, cassia, (2 species.)
Crataigus, (several species) pignut hickory, shellbark and thick shell-
bark hickory, yellow honeysuckle, iron wood, honey locust, white
maple, mulberry, linden, burr oak, rock chestnut oak, laurel oak, pin
oak, black oak, red oak, white oak, pawpaw, plum rose, (2 species,)
li. lucida and R. setigera, raspberry, red l)ud, sumach, (several
species.) poison oak, sarsaparilla, service berry, (rare) Virginia creeper,
black walnut, willow, (about 4 species,) red root, (2 species.) buckeye,
coff"ee bean, the latter two not always common. The bitternut hickory,
rare. The pecan abounds in the Missouri and Mississippi bottoms, but
I have not observed it west of Platte countj', and on North Grand
River I observed it as high up as Utica. It abounds on the Marais des
Cygne and Marmaton in western Missouri.

The muscadine grape, ( V. vulpina,) I have found in Montgomery,
Maries and southwardly. The black hickory, {Caya macrocarpa,)
abounds on some of the hills in the eastern and southern portions of
North Missouri, but disappears in going west. It occurs in the south-
east: Sugsir maple occurs in most of the counties in North Missouri,,
but is quite rare in some. It chiefly abounds near the streams flowing
into the Missouri and is found no further west than the Nodaway river.
In Adair county we find the sugar tree and white walnut near the
streams flowing into Chariton river, but they are rarely found upon the
bottoms of the Chariton. Cornus circinata I have only found on blufls
of Missouri and Mississippi rivers in eastern Missouri.

The white ash is a common tree.

Two species of rose are commoa throughout north and also found
in south Missouri, viz.: R. setigena and R. lucida. A smooth bark
rose I have found in AVarren county and in south Missouri. In St.
Charles we may find Vitis aestivalis, V. cordi folia, V. vulpina, V.
riparia- In western Missouri only V. riparia, V. cordifolia and rare-
ly V. aestivalis. V. indivisa is found nearly throughout the State»

^Q6 MISSOUBI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The red maple is found in Callaway county in and southeast Mis-
souri.

Pin oak { Q. palustus) abounds on wet bottoms and near streams
and near edge of prairies, but becomes rare in western Missouri.

Bartram's oak (^. heterophylla) has been observed in Shelby, Sul-
livan and DeKalb counties. The young leaves appear like those of the
laurel oak, but are lobed as they become older. Spanish oak occurs
rarely only in eastern and central and more common in southern Mis-
souri. Pawpaw is found nearly throughout the State, but chiefly
abounds on rich lands near large rivers. The plum {P. Americana) is
found throughout the State, but not so common in the southeast. It
has many varieties, some of no use.

The prums chicasa is, Gomvnon in eastern and southern Missouri,
but is not found in the northwest. I have observed it in Bates and
Lafayette, which may be its western limit. It also has many varieties.
Some are very fine. A smaller plum is found on Missouri hills in the
northwest, which may be another species or probably only a variety
of p. Americana.

The P. texana I have observed on Arkansas valley, in Kansas,
and have it grown from the seed in my garden, but the fruit is nearly
always diseased.

The seven bark {iieillia opulifolia) is found near Kirksville,
Linneus and Brunswick and gouthwestwardly, and is often found east
•of that line, but no further west.

The white oak is not found west of Nodaway river, and is also rare
in the border counties south of the Missouri river and south of Jackson
■county. The swamp white oak {Q. hicolor) abounds in eastern Mis-
souri, but is rarer in the west, and I have not found it west of a line
through Albany and Savannah.

The black haw {Vihurnam prunifolia) although very common
in eastern Missouri has not been found beyond a line through Gentry
and southwest to Buchanan.

Post oak and fragrant ?,\im.2i(ih {Rhus aromatica) I have not ob-
served west of a line a little east of Liberty, thence to Maryville. But
the fragrant sumach I have also found on head of Missouri river in
Montana.

The red birch is confined east of a line through Maysville, thence
to the mouth of Crooked river thpough Johnson and southwest through
Bates. Black Jack oak I have not observed in north Missouri west of
the last named line, but in south Missouri it occurs in probably all the
counties and its last occurrence west I have seen on sandy soil in
Woodson county, Kansas. In Kansas it invariably indicates the pres-
ence of sandy soil.

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING AT WARRENSBURG. 267

—— ' — ■ " ' I ' ' -■ ^

In south Missouri burr oak {Q. macrocarpa) is generally found on
rich bottom lands. In northern Missouri, alter passing north of Milan,
Gallatin, Trenton, Mavsville and St. Joseph, we find it very abundant
on the hills. This fact we have observed as far north as Minneapo-
lis, Minnesota, and it seems to be the prevailing tree on the hills
throughout. On the hills the bark seems whiter than on lower ground
and the tree is not so handsome.

The choke cherry {cerasers virginica) abounds in north Missouri
but is found no further south of a line passing through Knox to the
north of Medicine creek to Kingston and St. Joseph with one excep-
tion on Missouri bluifs, near Grand Pass.

The persimmon 1 have not found northwest of Liberty nor west of
Linn nor west of north line of Wabash railroad. It abounds east and
southward, and is abundant as first growth on prairies in Southwest
Missouri.

The dwarf variety of chincapin oak abounds in Northwest Mis-
souri.

Sassafras abounds in east and south Missouri, its northwest line
passing through Shelbyville, Huntsville, Brunswick, Malta Bend,
Cedar county, to southwest corner of Barton.

The red cedar may occur throughout, more abundant in southeast,
but very rare in northwest.

The blue ash occurs in east Missouri, and is probably limited by a
line through Palmyra, Glasgow and southwest.

The trumpet creeper, common in east Missouri, is also limited by
a line through Hannibal, Mexico, Glasgow and Bates county.

The dogwood (cormis iforida) abounds south and east of a line
passing through Bowling Green, Danville, Columbia, Arrow Rock and
southwest through Cedar and Newton.

Spice wood {Benzoni odoriferum) occurs on bottoms of large rivers
within the same limit as the last.

Hornhean (Car frhius Americana) is common in southeast Mis-
souri and in the counties along the Mississippi and on the Missouri as far
as Howard, thence it passes to the southwest.

In north Missouri white walnut is found as far west as Glasgow.
South of the Missouri w^e find it on Tabbo creek, thence southwest-
wardly.

Alder {ahius serrulata) is accasionally found south of a line pass-
ing through Bowling Green and Danville, and southwardly through
Cedar county. It is not found at all in northwest Missouri.

Leatherwood {Dirca palustus) is found on the creek near Fulton,
on Lost creek in Warren and Leatherwood creek in Iron county and
on Castor river.

268 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The wahoo elm {ulnus alata) and bumeJia occur in Missouri bluffs
east of Jefferson City and abound on Magnesian limestone hills in
south Missouri, but is not found in north Missouri.

The aspen {populus treimhoides) is found in Adair, Chariton anda
few other northern counties.

The cypress grows in the swamps of southeast Missouri.

The black gum is very common in southeast Missouri, growing
chiefl}'^ on uplands. The sweet gum becomes common south of Madison
county, and the sour or tupelo gum grows in the swamps of the south-
east. The catalpa is found on St. Francois river in Madison county.
Further south it is common. Hercules club {Aralea spinosa) is found
in Madison coucty and southeast. The yellow poplaror tulip tree is not
found wild north of Madison county. Rhamnus Carolinians is found
from Jefferson county southwardl3^ The chincapin ( Castanea punula)
I have found growing wild in Benton county, Arkansas. It may there-
fore be looked for in extreme southern Missouri. Several species of
huckelberry are found in southern Missouri, but are not found in north-
west and rarely in northeast ^Missouri. In north Missouri it is found
in Pike, Lincoln, Montgomery, and south of the Missouri river in
Cooper, Henry and southwest, but not north or west of that line.

A species of Viburnum is locally found in Monroe and probably
other counties of north Missouri.

PteleaTiifoUata occurs in the woodlands of Eastern Missouri, but
I do not know of its occurrence west of a line passing through Cole
and Vernon, although there is an isolated occurrence of it at Lane, in
Franklin county, Kansas.

TheAealea nudeilora^ a beautiful early spring bloomer, is found in
Southeast Missouri.

The witch hazel is only found in southeast Missouri.

I will now pass lightly over the occurrence of certain

SMALLER AND CHIEFLY ANNUAL PLANTS.

Of these a volume could be written.

Forty years ago there were no blue grass pastures in Missouri, and
the grass was only seen in yards around dwellings, and did not spread.
The wild plants had to be destroyed, which was only a gradual pro-
cess. The prairie grass and associated plants could not stand the ad-
vance of civilization, their life was crushed out, the iron weed ( Fer-
nonia) took their, place. The blue grass at first timidly appeared;
soon boldly usurped the chief place, and its progress was made cer-
tain. In the woods the hazel and wild plants acknowledged its
supremacy, and the blue grass was triumphant. The more the ground
was trampled upon the more the grass spread.

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING AT WARhENSBURG. 269

Fifteen years ago it only grew in Western Missouri where it was
sown, and was even rare in Saline county, and tlie wild grasses abounded
upon the praries. Three years ago I found blue grass growing every-
where in Saline county, in the yards, by the roadsides and amid the
hazel thickets. Although quite common in northeast Missouri, it is
not in south Missouri. In western Msssouri the blue grass usurps the
place of the blue stem (Audropogon).

In Kansas the Audropogon is moving west, and is usurping the
place and driving westward the bulfaio grass. Westward the grasses
progress.

In 1870 the Solanum ro stratum had just entered Missouri from the
western plains. Now it extends across the State. At that time the
Helianthus lenticus laris^so very abundant on the western plains, was
scarcely known in Missouri. Now it abounds in Bates, Cass, Carroll
and other counties, growing very luxuriantly on the Wakenda prairie.

The Cleome integrifolia has been also introduced from the west,
but does not seem to advance.

There are many other plants peculiar to certain localities entirely
wanting at other places. Only a few of which I shall notice.

The Anemone Caroliniauni is found in Bates, Cass and Vernon, but
more common in Kansas, The Vernonia Arkansana has advanced from
the south as far as Jasper county. The Amphyachyus dracunculoides
and Oenothera speciosa, although common in a ie^^ counties on our
western borders, are not found eastwardly, but range southwardly into
Texas. The Colllnsia veolacea coming from the south I have seen
abundantly at Carterville, in Jasper county, and near Butler, in Bates
county only. The Oxytropus lamlerti-, Yucca augutti folia and Pents-
temon grandiflora have only appeared in Atchison county, but are
common further west. The Oenothera Missouriensis is very common
in Kansas and have only rarely been found in Bates and Greene coun-
ties. One of our most beautiful gentians, the Gentlana puherula [has
almost disappeared from our prairies. The Gentlana quinqueifora I
have only found in Adair county. But I have said sufficient. There
are several particular zones of plants in Missouri. Our western plants
are many of them different from those of Eastern Missouri, and the
flora of eastern and southeastern Missouri has a marked different type
from that of the prairie counties.

270 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON ENTOMOLOGY— BENEFICIAL

INSECTS.

BY MARY E. MURTFELDT, KIRKWOOD, JIO.

The agriculturist incurs so much loss and disappointment from the
ravages of insects that he is very apt to include all the hexapod tribes
in a general sentence of condemnation. Iq so doing, however, he is
dealing very unjustly with a large number of species which are more
or less directly useful to him.

It will not be necessary for me to more than allude to the few,
though highly important species, whose products have a commercial
value, such as ihe silkworm, the honey bee, the cochineal and like
insects, and some others less generally known.

T he value of insects in the fertilization and especially the cross-
fertilization of many flowers is a comparatively recent discovery, for
which we are mainly indebted to the keen observation and patient in-
vestigations of the late Charles Darwin. In this relation it is difficult
for us to realize the extent of our obligations to the bees, butterflies,
moths and flies that hover, a winged cloud, over our fields and gardens
in summer. This discovery gives us the key to peculiarities in floral
structure, in which earlier botanists could see no significance, and ac-
counts for the presence of the otherwise useless nectar.

We gain an idea of our dependence on these small agents from
such facts as the impossibility of producing the seed of red clover in
New Zealand, owing to the circumstance that there was no native in-
sect to perform for the flowers the service so perfectly rendered by our
humble bee, of bringing the pollen to the stigmas. The soil and cli-
mate of the country were entirely favorable to the growth of this val-
uable torage plant, but as it required to be continually renewed with
imported seed, it could not be cultivated with profit. The difficulty
being finally traced to the absence of an insect adapted to the work of
fertilizing the ovules, and the humble bee being known to do this in
England, many unsuccessful attempts were made to introduce this in-
sect into the distant colony. Very recently, however, I learn that a
few queen bees have been safely transferred to that far southern clime,
and it now remains to be seen whether they will thrive in their new

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING AT WARRENSBURG. 271

habitat and fulfil the task assigned to them. This is one of many in-
stances where inspcts in pursuit of their own food or pleasure render
us indispensable service.

Another class of beneficial insects are the scavengers. These are
found mainly among the beetles and the two-winged flies. The office
of these species is to clear from oif the face of the earth all decaying
and air-poisoning animal and vegetable matter. Summoned by their
keen powers of scent, they come in swarms from their various retreats
and set to work with incredible force and rapidity to remove the cause
of offense. This is done in different ways, each species having a plan
of its own. Should a dead animal lie unburied or uuburned for a few
hours, hundreds of flies, with gauzy wings and bodies, of burnished
green and gold, will be seen hovering about it and depositing on every
part eggs already'' at the stage of hatching, and in less than a day
countless larva^ will be engaged in absorbing and re-converting into
living tisfeue that which defiled the earth and air. Meanwhile carrion
and burying beetles are no less active, cutting off larger or smaller
portions and interring them for the sustenance of their young, which
considerately hold their unsavory banquets deep under ground, where
neither human eight nor smell can be offended.

The decomposition of useless vegetable matter is hastened in sim-
ilar ways by other species of insects. And there are water scavengers
as well as those that operate on land, whose combined efforts greatly
aid in keeping pure and sweet, many otherwise disease breeding pools
and ditches.

The amount of food which insects furnish to fish and to birds, in-
cluding many game birds and domestic fowls, is another not inconsid-
erable, though indirect, benefit which should be placed to their credit
by man.

But the most generally recognized service for which the agricul-
turist is indebted to insects is from those species to which, in the per-
fect economy of nature, is assigned the task of keeping certain other
species in check. These may be divided into two classes, cannibal or
predatory insects and true parasites. All the orders of insects have
representatives in the former of these classes and nearly all in the
latter, but, broadly speaking, the predatory species occur among the
beetles and true bugs while the parasites are mainly two-winged or
four-winged flies.

The cannibal beetles include many of the most beautiful forms
and colors to be found in the order of the coleoptera. At the head of
this list may be mentioned the tiger-beetles, (genera tetracha and ci-
cindela,) swift in running and flight, of medium size — from one-half to-

272 MISSOURI STATE HOKTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

three-fourths inch in length — graceful in form and movement, and, in
many instances, richly colored and ornamented. These insects are not
unworthy of their fierce and beautiful fe-line namesake. They prey
indiscriminately on all other species that they are able to capture. The
larvae are as ugly as the perfect insects are attractive, characterized
by enormous head and jaws, sprangling legs and various abdominal
bristles and hooks. They bore vertical holes in the earth, sometimes
to the depth of ten or twelve inches and about one-fourth inch in
diameter. At the mouth of these holes they lie in wait for their prey.
The passing insect is seized with lightning rapidity in the vice like
jaws and dragged to the bottom of the tunnel and devoured.

Teirac/m virffinica^ Hope, the largest of our native species, of a
brilliant metallic green color, has been observed doing great execution
among the larvae of the Colorado potato beetle.

The ground beetles {carabiche), with few and unimportant excep-
tions, are fiercely predaceous, and as this family includes a vast num-
ber of species, it follows that they destioy a proportionate host, most
of which are destructive to field and garden products. The ground
beetles seldom rise in the air — some species being actually incapable
of flight — but their legs being long and strong they run with great
facility, with motions very similar to those of a hunting dog. As
their popular name implies, they are usually found on the
ground, but occasionally on the trunks of trees which they
have ascended in pursuit of their prey. Their larvae are
elongate, active, horny grubs that burrow in every direction un-
der ground, devouring all soft-bodied larvag that they may come
across. The most conspicuous species are the Kiniimaging Ground-
beetle {Calosoma scrutator, Fabr ), the Fiery Ground-beetle {C- calid-
ium, Fabr.), the Murkj^ Ground beetle {Havpalus calignosus, Say), the
Elongate Ground beetle {Pasimachus elongatus, hec), etc. The first
of these is a large and handsome beetle, over an inch long, with me-
tallic green wing covers, and the remaining parts of the body glitter-
ing in blue, gold, green and bronze. The second is somewhat smaller,
black in color, with three longitudinal rows of burnished, coppery im-
pressed spots on each wing cover. The Murky Ground beetle is dull
black, and almost regularly oval in form, while the Elongate species is
polished jet blaciv, margined with violet blue. These species are all
easily recognized and 8h<'uld never be wantonly destroyed. They
have been observed, either in their perfect or immature states, devour-
ing many of the most destructive worms and grubs that infest our
orchards and gardens, such as the canker-worm, the curculio, the cod-
ling moth and the larva of the Potato-beetle.

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING AT WARRENSBURG. 273

Another valuable group of beetles are the neat little Lady-bugs
or Lady-birds {CoccinelidiB)\ rather small, smooth, oval or hemispher-
ical beetles, of various colors, dotted or otherwise ornamented with
black or with a black ground, dotted with red or yellow. The beetles
are ol ten found on flowers, but the larvse are ferocious-looking, dark,
humpy grubs, whose favorite diet seems to be plant lice and scale in-
sects, of which they are among the chief natural enemy.

We have our allies, too, in many common-looking and mal-odorous
bugs. These do not tear their prey, as do the beetles, with sharply-
toothed jaws, but impale it on a strong-jointed beak and extract the
vital juices by suction. Among these are three or four species, popu-
larly designated " soldier-bugs." They are distinguished from the veg-;
etable. feeders chiefly by a relative stoutness of beak.

In the Order Hymenoptera the wasps kill great numbers of smooth
caterpillars and other soft larvc^ for food for their young. The large
solitary Sand wasps, or Digger wasps, store their cells with locusts or
cicadas, and one species even makes a specialty of the dreaded Taran-
tula of the South.

Among the predatory insects in other Orders may be mentioned
the Preying Mantis or Devil's-horse {Mantis Carolina^ Linn.), which
is one of the few carnivorous Orthoptera' This large and uncanny-
looking insect, which sits with its spiny fore-legs folded and elevated
and moves its triangular head on the long prothorax with such wary
and watchful movement, is well known throughout all the Middle and
Southern States, where it is an object of interest and amusement to
boys and of terror to nervous women and girls. It is, however, pow-
erless to inflict a wound of any consequence in the human skin and is
not in the least poisonous. But on members of its own class it springs
with cannibalistic fury and in the course of its rather long life num-
bers its victims by thousands. For this reason it should never be
killed.

Two or three tree crickets are the only other species in this Order
which I have observed to prey upon their kind.

The Order of Lepidoptera^ in which are found the chief beauties
of the entomologist's cabinet, and which also includes a large propor-
tion of the most voracious pests of the field, orchard and garden, con-
tains a tew species whose larvji^ are partly or wholly predacious. These
are found mostly among the Tortricidce and TincidcB, and are not
especially noteworthy, save as exceptions to the rule.

The Order Neuroptera has its Lace-wing flies. Dragon-flies, Hel-
gramites, etc , all greedy carnivorous species, but the Lace-wings alone

H. R.— 18

274 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL . OCIETY.

are entitled to prominence among the insects that assist man in reduc-
ing the numbers of plant lice and such small but noxious pests. It is
unfortunate that in applying insecticides to infested plants we so often
unavoidably destroy our small friends with our foes.

Jt is in the true parasites, however, that nature aifords us the great-
est aid in keeping in check the insects injurious to vegetation. These,
as was remarked at the beginning of this paper, are mainly Hymen
opterous or Dipterous. The species belonging in the first named Order
are four winged flies, bearing a distant resemblance in form to wasps,
but the females are usually provided with a conspicuous, excerted ovi-
positor at the tip of the abdomen, by which their eggs are inserted un-
der or into the skin of the unfortunate caterpillar or grub, which they
select as a nursery for their young. The latter are footless, maggot-
like worms, which, upon batching, burrow in the body of their victim,
by a mysterious instinct avoiding the vital organs, so that their miser-
able host lives until their growth is completed. They are more espe-
cially the foes of caterpillars, but many boring beetle larv^ie are also
attacked. The larger species, like those that attack the Cicropia and
Polyphemus moths are solitary. Others, like those often observed in
the Tobacco or Tomato worm are gregarious and will exist in great
numbers in a single individual. When read}'- to transform they make
their way to the surface and attach their cocoons by one end to the
skin, and we often see caterpillars entirely covered with these little
snow-white cocoons. The worms thus infested live in a torpid state
far longer than they would have done if healthy, but never have suffi-
cient strength to enter the ground to transform.

Another group of very minute four-winged flies (Proetotrypidce)
are Egg parasites, and destroy their victims in their earliest stages of
existence. Other small species infest plant lice and scale insects, caus-
ing the bodies of the former to become rigid as the parasite develops.
When the fly is perfected it cuts its way out through a small hole like
that made b> a fine needle.

The most important of the two-winged parasites are flies belong-
ing to the family Tachinai. They have the general appearance of the
common house fly, some species being larger and some smaller than
the latter, generally more bristly, and a few have brightly colored
bands crossing the abdomen. Among the species of this group that
have rendered the most important service to man are the Colt rado
beetle parasite, (^Eporista loryphorcB, Riley), the army worm para-
site, {E. leucanm, Kirk), and the red tailed flesh fly, {Sarcophaga car-
naria, Linn.), which feeds upon the eggs and young of the Rocky
mountain locust.

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING AT WARRENSBURG. 275

Another group of two-winged flies, which should by no means be
omitted from a list of beneficial insects, are the Syrphidm. In the per-
fect state these are medium-sized, slender flies, usually having the body
banded across with bright colors and are often found on flowers. The
larvge are disagreeable, slug-like maggots, which are among the dead-
liest enemies of plant lice, both of the root and leaf-feeding species,
and it is incredible how quickly they will devour an entire colony of
their '' small game." They also feed upon the eggs of larger insects
such as moths, beetles and bugs, thus exterminating in their incipiency
a horde of pests.

From the few examples here brought forward — to which, had time
permitted, I might have added as many more — it will be seen that we
have numerous friends directly and indirectly in the insect world. And
for the prominence of our foes among this class of animals we are, in
a certain sense, ourselves responsible.

Nature's balances are well adjusted, but man, in providing for his
necessities, according to the advanced civilization of the present age,
destroys these adjustments. He replaces the varied indigenous vege-
tation by cultivating thousands of acres to a single food-producing
plant. Very naturally the insects which this plant fosters multiply in
proportion, and their natural enemies are for a time unable to keep
them in check. But eventually the most serious pests become so re-
duced in numbers by parasites and predaceous foes of their own
class as to reader them comparatively harmless. This is illustrated by
the case of the Colorado potato beetle, which, upon its advent into the
more densely populated States east of the Mississippi, was almost exter-
minatingly destructive to the plants upon which it fed, but at the pres-
ent time gives very little trouble to the gardener.

Insects iutroduced from foreign countries, for example the codling
moth and the European cabbage butterfly, are more difficult to con-
quer, as their natural enemies are left behind, a id it requires some
years for indigenous parasitic species to develop the habit of preying
on them. Efforts have been made — but scarcely with pronounced
success as yet — to introduce the European parasites. This would cer-
tainly seem to be feasible if the task were intrusted to qualified col-
lectors, and would be the surest way of obtaining the ascendency over
this destructive pest.

In conclusion I must repeat, what every economic entomologist
has so otten urged, that the farmer and horticulturist should learn to
discriminate between his friends and his foes among the flying and
crawling myriads, and not ruthlessly crush with his foot the beetle
that is busily searching for the larvae ol codling moth or curculio, or

276 MISSOURI HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

beat to the earth the wasp or Ichneumon fly that chances to buzz near
his ear while purveying for its young, or even to scald out or drown
out too many of the pugnacious humble bees that fertilize the blos-
soms of his clover fields.

It is not always possible for us to distinguish at sight between use-
ful and noxious insects, but where the distinctions are broadly marked
it is to the interest of the tiller of the soil, especially, to make himself
familiar with them, in order to preserve from destruction the species
that are incapable of injuring him and which, as a rule, more or less
directly serve him.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON NOMENCLATURE.

T. W. Gaunt, Maryville, reports a list very similar to that adopted
by the A. M. Pomological Society and the names were amended to cor-
respond with that list.

The following is the list of revised names :

APPLES.
NAME REJECTED. NAME ADOPTED.

American Golden Pippin American Golden .

American Summer Pearmain American Summer.

Carolina Red June Carolina June .

Chenango Strawberry Chenango.

Cooper's Early White Cooper's Early.

Coxe's Orange Pippin Cox's Orange.

Danver's Winter Sweet Danver's Sweet.

Duchess of Oldenburg Oldenburg.

Early Eed Margaret Early Margaret.

Hubbardston Nonesuch Hubbardston .

Jewett's Fine Eed Jewett'sRed.

Kentucky Eed Streak Kentucky Red .

King of Tompkins County Tompkin's King.

Kirkbric'ge White Kirkbridge.

Large Yellow Bough Sweet Bough.

Marquis of Lome Lome.

Marston's Red Winter Marston's Red.

Otoe Red Streak Otoe.

Pleasant Valley Pippin Pleasant Valley..

Pyle's Red Winter Pyle's Winter.

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING AT WARRENSBURG. 277

NAME REJECTED. NAME ADOPTED.

Striped Sweet Pippin Striped Sweet .

Tewksbury Winter Blush Tewksberry Winter.

T wenty Ounce Apple Twenty Ounce .

CHERRIES.

Bigarreau of Mezel Mezel .

Early Purple Guigne Early Purple .

Empress Eugenie Eugenie .

Knight's Early Black Knight's Early.

CURRANTS.

Fertile d' Angers Angers.

Fertile de Palluau Palluau .

Knight's Large Red Knight's Red .

La Versaillaise Versaillaise .

GOOSEBERRIES.

Smith's Improved Smith's .

Woodward's Whitesmith Whitesmith .

GRAPES.
Hartford Prolific Hartford.

FOREIGN GRAPES.

CJalabrian Raisin Calabrian .

Early Silver Frontignai Silver Frontignan.

Lady Downes' Seedling Lady Downes' .

Mrs. Pince's Black Muscat Mrs. Pince's Muscat.

Wilmot's Black Hamburg Wilmot's Hamburg.

PEACHES.

Amsden's June Amsden .

Austin's Late Red Austin's Late .

€ole's Early Red Cole's Early.

Cook's Late White Cook's Late.

Crackett's Late White Crackett's Late .

Early Albert Albert.

Early Beatrice Beatrice.

Early Louise Louise.

Early Rivers Rivers.

Early Tillotson Tillotson.

Barker's Seedling Harker.

278 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

NAME REJECTED. NAME ADOPTED.

Hoover's Late Heath Hoover's Heatli .

Van Zandt's Superb Van Zandt .

Ward's Late Free Ward's Late.

PEARS.

Belle Epine Dumas Epine Dumas.

Beurre Bosc Bosc.

Beurre Clairgeau Clairgeau.

Beurre d'Amanlis Amanlis.

Beurre d'Anjou Anjou.

Beurre de Brignais Brignais .

Beurre Diel Diel.

Beurre Giffard Giffard.

Beurre Hardy Hardy.

Beurre Langelier Langelier.

Beurre Superfin Superfin.

Bonne du Puits Ansault Ansault.

Dearborn's Seedling Dearbon.

Doyenne Boussock Boussock .

Doyenne d'Ete Summer Doyenne.

Doyenne du Cornice Comice.

Dr. Bacbman Bachman.

Dr. Lindley Lindley.

Duchesse d'Angouleme Angouleme.

Duchesse de Bordeaux Bordeaux.

Golden Beurre of Bilboa Bilboa.

Jalousie de Fontenay Vendee Fontenay .

Josephene de Malines Josephine of Malines.

Knight's Seedling Knight.

Louise Bonne de Jersey Louise Bonne of Jersey,

Nouveau Poiteau Poiteau .

Paradis d' Automne Paradise of Autumn.

Supreme de Quimper Quimper.

Triomphe de Jodoigne Triumph of Jodoigne.^

Vicar of Winkfield Vicar.

Winter of Jonah Jonah.

PLUMS.

Boddfert's Greene Gage BoddjerJ .

Denniston's Superb Denniston.

OuUiu's Golden Gage Oullin's Golden..

Transparent Gage Transparent.

QUINCES.

Rea's Seedling Rea.

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING AT WARRENSBURG. 279

RASPBERRIES.
NAME REJECTED. NAME APOPTED.

Belle de Palluau Palluan.

Belle de Fontenay Fontenay.

Knevett's Giant Knevett.

Merveille de Quatre Saisons Four Seasons Red.

STRAWBERRIES.

Cumberland Triumpli Cumberland.

Hovey's Seedling Hovey .

Miner's Great Prolific Miner's Prolific.

Monarch of the West Monarch.

Neuman's Prolific Xeuman.

President Wilder Wilder.

Wilson's Albany Wilson.

THE DRAG.

Wherever introduced the drag is taking the place of the roller. In
almost every way it does better work. If the ground is uneven the
roller will not smooth it ; the drag will. If the clods are hard and dry,
and the rest of the ground loose, the roller will often simply push them
down without crdshing them ; the drag grinds them fine. If the lumps
are wet, the roller will be likely to press them into a sold mass, and
while the drag will often tear them to pieces, leaves them loose to be
dried by the sun and air. The best form of drag is made of oak plank
two inches thick, and about a foot or fourteen inches wide. If for four
horses, the planks can be about twenty feet long ; it for only two
horses, ten or twelve feet long. These are bolted firmly,together, over-
lapping about two inches. About two feet from each end of the front
plank, a strap clevis is fixed to receive the double-trees, and a team is
hitched to each, the driver standing on the drag behind. If the
driver's weight is not enough, stones or logs may be added. For a two-
horse drag, a hole is bored in the front plank about two feet on each
side of its center, and a chain is then passed through these holes, con-
nected with a clevis in front, to which the double tree is attached. —
American Affriculttirist.

LESSONS LEARNED DURING THE YEAR.

Jfrs. Burden plants roses deep.

Mr. Gilkerson plants no more King Apples.

3Ir. Gaunt plants no more Maiden's Blush.

Mr. Lionherger got rid of the borer by cultivating better.

280 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

SECRETARY'S REPORT.

BY L. A. GOODMAN, WESTPORT, MO.

Again, dear friends and members of our State society, we meet to
discuss our success and failures ; to meet one another and form new
acquaintances; to renew our old and to enthuse new life into our
work.

I congratulate you that we find so many of our fruit men who are
able and willing to help along this matter. Nothing succeeds like suc-
cess, and all we want to know of any matter here in the west is, that
it is going to be successful, and then we are willing to work, and work
with a will. We found this the case in our society work. It was hard
to convince the fruit growers of the State that we were in earnest and
expected to do something. After two years of work we find the case
changing, and now people are enquiring of us and seeking to become
one of us, instead of being afraid to be called one of our members.

Our work is growing more and more, and ppreading each year far-
ther east. The lump of leaven from the west of the State is extending
all over our great State. The only limit to our work and usefulness is
the money we have given us to expend in the cause, and it is well for
us to lay plans now for the increase of income

In all the realm of labor or professions there is nothing so fasci-
nating as the study of horticulture. There is something so attractive
in the work that very few ever give up the study when once well be-
gun, and then we see every man who has made his thousands in the
busy cities look forward to the time when he can enjoy himself on a
farm or in the horticultural field. We have then a glorious and wide
spread field open before us, one which needs investigation and study ;
one which presents the grandest opportunities for the student to enter;
one which is just entering on the threshold of science ; one which has
few known laws and many chances for experiment.

In this grand work, then, we have nothing to lose and everything
to gain; so that our greatest trouble in awaking enthusiasm in our
State society was to do something so that our people could be satisfied
that we are alive and not dead.

To accomplish this, then, was our first work, and this we did by
making our successful show at the World's Fair at New Orleans. Our

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING AT WARRENSBURG. 281

success there was remarkable ; in fact greater than that of any other
State in the union. This brought our State and fruits into notice more
than any other one thing, I believe, and to day we are reaping some of
tne benefits by the score of buyers all over our State.

Our next show of fruit was at Grand Rapids, and there the atten-
tion of those wishing to buy apples was most certainly attracted.
More than a dozen apple buyers and packers were continually plying
me with questions about where to buy, and I am sure that I speak
within the limits when I say that a score of apple buyers came to Mis-
souri as a result of that show of fruits ; so that the money expended
for this exhibit was returned to the State a thousand fold.

A display of fruits was also made at St. Louis, and probably the
best collection of fruits were there shown that had ever been seen at
the St. Louis fair. These exhibits, with others, have brought our so-
ciety into notice much more prominently than any other one thing
could have done, and in doing so has brought out a number of good
workers all through our State.

In making these exhibits your secretary has to acknowledge many
favors from members and especially our county societies in their gen-
erous assistance in these displays. They have all been a help to the
society and I believe have helped themselves very materially also.

We have started in the right direction and all we need is earnest,
hearty, united effort and we will show our sister States that Missouri
has a society equal to any in the land.

Since our June report, which was given at our June meeting, we
had an August report, and that report has been fully justified in its
predictions.

The crop of apples has been good only in some very favored places,
and there they have been very profitable. Some of the older parts of
the State they have been very poor indeed, and in the newer portions
they have been very good indeed.

Peaches have only been a success in the southern part of the State,
on the Ozark Mountains and on the southern slope.

In this report a list of fruits adauted to each county was desired.
They were given in many instances and will appear in their appropri-
ate place.

STATISTICS.

The need of statistics of the amount of fruit grown in our State
seems imperative, and, if possible, some arrangement should be made
with the State Board of Agriculture to get them.

282 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Our state is getting to be a wonder to the eastern people in the
amount of fruit it produces, and it is going to be a still greater wonder*
Not one-tenth of the fruit is grown that will be in the future. The
great possibilities of our State are just beginning to be known. I be-
lieve that I am right when I say that our State will be the greatest
fruit producing State in the union. I believe it possesses the soil and
the climate for this very end.

The Ozark mountains and the southern slopes are to be a vast
field for the orcbardist. There we have the mild climate, the heighth
above the sea, the protection of the pine trees and the higher points of
the mountains from the north winds. The protection of the woods
from the southwest " hot winds ;" the best of water, the best of soil,
the best of fruits, and consequently the best of health. The central
has the river bluffs, the fine prairies, the rich bottoms, plenty of
timber, plenty of prairie, to satisfy the most exacting agriculturist.

Here the apple is a success and the peculiar limestone formation
gives us the brightest colors to our fruits. The northern has much of
the warm soil and the climate just suited to produce many of those
northern apples that are so justly celebrated all over the world. The
small fruits also are a grand success all over the State, and it is a pity
that we cannot know what the worth of this is, as well as the wheat
or corn crop. I believe it is the duty of our State Board to help us in
this and let us call on them for it. They are anxious to have all our
resources known and they will help us.

The value of the apple crop alone in one of our counties, that of
Bates county, will amount to over ^1,000,000 this year. The apple crop
of our State is worth as much as our wheat or corn crop this past year,
and the whole crop of fruit would amount to much more. Estimates
are not worth much, but when based upon some fact and reports that
we are sure of, it comes very near the truth.

OUR COUNTY SOCIETIES.

Since our last meeting we have two or three new societies, and
good ones, too.

The Lalayette county society, the Montgomery county society;
both live and flourishing societies. Already they are being heard
throughout the press, and a valuable help will they be to their mem-
bers and the State at large.

When we can have fifty societies scattered over our State, all
working in unison and to the same end, all helping one another and
the State society, and the State society helping them, working mutu-

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING AT WARRENSBURG. 283

ally for each other, then we shall see a revival of our best efforts and a
grand onward step will be taken by our State.

No State has greater opportunities and no State has better men ta
do the work if they will only unite and make one grand pull all to-
gether. Our county societies are one of the strongest helps we can
get and it is a necessity that we should have them. If there is none in
your county, go home and organize one.

A MISSOURI FRUIT SHOW.

This has been a subject that our executive board have long desired,
and now it has been taken up by " Colman's Rural World," and the
question is asked, "why not have one?" Surely, why not?

The time has come when we must take some steps in this direc-
tion. How shall it be ? When shall it be ? Where shall it be ? These
are the questions. I believe the key to the whole matter is given in
that article in the ''Rural World."

Missouri can make one of the finest shows of fruit that can be seen
anywhere, and I hope we may have the opportunity to do so next
J ear. The display should be made by counties and county societies as
far as possible. Let each county collect all the fruit in its limits,-
place them in cold storage when they begin to ripen, and then about
the time of our fairs make a general display at our great city, St.
Louis. The St. Louis Fair Association would give us a good building
and considerable help, and at the time of the immense crowds that
visit the city during that time, many would be led to seek Missouri as
their home.

A place in that large exposition building would be grand for a
show of fruits, and in all probability space could be had. Let this be
done under the management of the State society and success is as-
sured, and you may be sure that the finest fruit show will we see that
was ever made in our whole country.

Let a committee have charge of the displays and every opportun-
ity given the counties to make a show. Let the judges pass on the
merits of the fruits, awarding medals for their displays. Let the fair
association set aside two thousand dollars or more for this work, and let
it be divided among the counties making the displays, giving each an
equal amount, provided the judges think the display worthy. Let this
display not only be a plate display of the different varieties, but let
some artistic work be done also. Let us give conspicuous place to a
display as well as a collection.

If a certain amount of money be set apart for each county or

284 MISSOURI STATE HORTICTLTURAL SOCIETY.

society, they will do their utmost to make a creditable display as well
as to make a large collection.

If the executive committee will take hold of this matter and urge
it forward there is no question about the success of the enterprise. If
our county societies can be assured of some money to pay their ex-
penses, they are willing to give their time and work for nothing.

NEW APPLES.

Again, I would call attention to some of our "new apples."

At the display in Michigan we had twelve new seedlings, very val-
uable, and at St. Louis, also, we had fourteen. Some of these are
very promising and we trust will prove a permanent improvement on
some of our old fruits.

In addition to those spoken of in the June report, namely:

The " Loy," a seedling, from Howell Co., Mo., which took the pre-
mium at New Orleans as the best new apple ; propagated and for sale
by M. J. Roundtree, Springfield, Mo.

The " Rankins," a seedling from Lewis county, which took the
premium at our last winter meeting as the best new apple ; propagated
by Chas. Patterson, of Kirksville, Mo.

The " Gano," a seedling from Platte county, resembling the Ben
Davis ; propagated by Blair & KaufFman, of Kansas City, Mo.

We have now a few other very promising apples :

The " Luke's Silver," a very valuable apple, of good quality, hardy
tree, very productive, and a great keeper. Thos. Luke, of Trenton,
Mo., is the originator and propagator. A sample is on the table, gath-
ered last September, taken to Michigan and then St. Louis.

The " Shackleford," an apple propagated by Frank Harlan, Can-
ton, Mo., resembles the Ben Davis, but of better quality; good, hardy
tree, very productive and good keeper. A sample can be seen on the
table. It seems to be one of the handsomest apples grown and hope
it will be valuable.

The "Howell" apple, a chance seedling, found in Howell Co.,
Mo., by Levi Smith, of West Plains, and said never to fail to bear;
good quality, fine keeper, large size and valuable. A sample is also
shown but not of full size, as most of them were given away before I
received them.

The " Freeman," a seedling, from Springfield, Mo., found by J. W.
Freeman, of Brookline, and said to be larger than Ben Davis, of ex-
cellent quality, beautiful in color (equal to a Lawver), a regular bearer

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING AT WARRENSBURG. 285-

and perfectly hardy. The sample shown was gathered on September
Ist, before it was nearly grown.

The "Lucy Pew," a seedling, from F. Lionberger, of New Florence,
Mo.; of beautiful color, fair size, good bearer and excellent quality.

The " Smiley's Red,-' another from the same party, and of very
fine quality and size, but of their keeping qualities I know nothing.
Samples of both are shown.

The apple called the " Fuqua," which was shown at our June
meeting, seemed to possess valuable qualities and nothing seems to be
against it but Its color. Probably we shall have a report from it dur-
ing this meeting by some of the members from Bates county.

A number of new seedlings are from F. Lionberger, of New Flor-
ence, Mo., and a report will be given on them as well as on that tree
that is over eighty years old and still healthy.

I was in hopes that we could have good samples of each when they
were of their best size and full growth, as then we could better judge
of their quality.

These new apples, we hope, will be of some value to our State,,
and it is well for us to test them, and that carefully. It seems as it the
apple should go out until it has had a test in more than one locality,
but the time it takes to do this and the universal success of most ap-
ples in our State does not compel us to this exclusiveness.

I am satisfied that there are hundreds of new apples all over our
State that are valuable and only need finding out to make a record
for themselves.

Let us then watch this closely, and whenever or wherever we can
find a new apple with a good record behind it, let it be brought out
and tested. What we want is an apple of size equal to Ben Davis
as productive, of as good color, as hardy in tree and of much better
quality and a number one keeper. When we find this we may begin
to examine the value of the apple. But if the apple has no decided
advantages over others now known it is useless to multiply varieties j.
we have too many now.

ENTOMOLOGIST.

Again I call the attention of the Society to the need of an ento-
mologist. It seems to me that if this matter was presented in the
right manner to the State Board of Agriculture they would do some-
thing for us as well as the farmers in this cause. A few hundred dol-
lars could at least be used to help some one of our students in the
cause to prosecute their studies more closely and extensively. I hope^
some action will be taken in this matter at this meeting.

286 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The insect depredations are the greatest drain upon our money
matters of any other one thing, and a few thousands spent in this work
would well pay.

PY RET BRUM.

In this connection I would again call attention of this Society to
the use of this valuable insect destroyer. It will kill the cabbage worm
and like insects more effectually than any other known remedy.

Mixed with five parts of flour it is a complete success used with
the little hand bellows ; mixed with water it can be used by spraying
on the plants.

LONDON PURPLE.

From many reports of the use of London Purple we see that it is a
complete preventive of the ravages of the codling moth. By using
one pound to forty gallons of water, and the force pump to spray the
mixture upon the trees, we find that we have a complete success.

Mr. Moody, of Lockport, says that he has gearing attached to the
wagon wheel that runs the pump, and that it costs him very little to
syringe his trees twice during the summer, and he says that we can
form no idea of the benefit to the orchard in freeing it irom insect life.
He believes that the use of it in a whole community for three years
will nearly exterminate the insect pests. It is well for us to try it.

TOBACCO.

For all small bushes and plants in the green-house this is one of
the best and cheapest, and 1 believe will yet be found one of the best
for out door work also. I hope it will be put to this good use in the
near future, where it may be a blessing instead of a curse.

•REPORT OF THE EXHIBIT AT THE AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY AT GRAND
, RANIDS. MICHIGAN. .

The work of making the collection for this society was put off un-
til September 1st, except the summer fruits, so as to get as much size
and color as possible on uur winter apples.

A trip wa-. made into snuih Missouri and a fine collection made at
Lamar, through C. B. Fink & Son and M. M. Spear on one day, and the
next I was at Springtieid, and with the assistance of Henry Scholton,
W. C. Freeman and D. S. Holman, a splendid collection of apples was
made there. Tne next day I was in Howell county, and spending two

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING AT WARRENSBURQ. 287

days there succeeded in p:etting; the best apples in our collection.
With the assistance of P. P. Dobozy, E. F. Hynes, Levi Smith and J.
O. Richardson, of West Plains; Geo. Loy, of Moody, and G. L. Sessins,
of Olden, a goodly number of varieties were collected. Besides these
a collection was sent in by the Bates County Society, of Butler ; Dr.
Morerord, of Schell City ; F. Lionberger, of New Florence; J. B. Wild
& Bro., of Sarcoxie, and many others in smaller lots but none the less
valuable.

The Missouri Valley Society also gave us a good collection for our
use.

I can point with pride to our collection of 150 varieties of apples,
50 of pears, 26 of grapes, 3 of quinces and 3 of peaches as being one of
the best in the hail, and to the success of the exhibit in receiving a
medal for the collection.

Some of the northern and eastern men opened their ej^es to the
beauty of our apples, and the remark was true that " westward the
star of fruit growing takes its way."

At this meeting I believe our fruits attracted more attention than
did any other display, and I am sure it was the means of bringing more
buyers into the western part of our State to buy apples than all other
causes combined.

The expenseof this show, all told, was $ 145.90, ot which $25 00 will
probably be returned by the express company. Our express charges
alone were $50.00, and we are expecting a return of one-half.

The fruit shows are one of the best means of advertising our fruit
crop, and always will pay.

ST. LOUIS DISPLAY.

The display made at the St. Louis Fair consisted of 180 varieties of
apples, 80 of pears, 30 of grapes, 3 of quinces and 3 of peaches, prob-
ably the most complete collection of fruits ever shown at that fair^
We received $55.00 in premiums and a diploma for the " best and
largest collection of fruits by any society or club of individuals." The
expense of this display was $65.00. Both of these expense accounts
will be referred to the finance committee for approval.

The work of the Secretary is one that is growing all the time, and
although one of pleasure and love to me, is one that takes more and
more time each year, and will soon occupy his attention completely.

Last year I sent out 3,000 circulars, wrote 1,000 letters and 1,000
postal cards, named many varieties of apples, answered many hun-
dreds of questions, and last but not least, enthused new life inco many
of our fruit growers and a few of our societies.

288 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The reports of our fruit crops have been of value to every county
that made one, and will hereafter ^row to be more so.

MEMBERSHIP.

Our membership has grown since our last, and I would recommend
that where the society has a correspondent in the county, who is not a
a member, he be made one to recompense him for his trouble of an-
.swering questions.

I have sent all such the report for 1885, and believe it well sent.

Every effort should be made to increase our membership, and all
it needs is the earnest co-operation of our members.

The experiment of placing all members of local societies as mem-
bers of our State society is a good one to keep up the interest in them,
and help us in many ways. But it makes a membership which does
not pay anythirig into our society, yet I believe still that it is the best
plan to awaken new interest.

The report for the last year has been well received, and the 1,00(>
bound copies are nearly all gone, only a very few remaining.

The 500 of those unbound, I will have bound according to the re-
commendations of the Society at the June meeting.

The next year's report will be bound by the State, and the number
of copies will be governed by the Printing Commissioners, composed
of Secretary of State, State Auditor and Register of Lands.

How many they will allow us, and when it can be done, will have
to be attended to hereafter. It will be necessary for the Secretary to
go to Jefferson City, make the necespary arrangements, and correct the
proof as fast as printed.

THE WORK OF THE SOCIEIY

«

For the year must still be the aggressive movement, one which will be
an onAvard step and an upward step. We must have more county so-
cieties organized, so as to get new life in this work of horticulture in
many parts of the State where there is no such thing as enthusiasm. It
is astonishing how much can be accomplished by the banding together
of a few men and women in this work. I will cite you a instance of
it: The Missouri Valley Society has been a power among us. The
Bates County Society has entered a new existence since our State
meeting there. The Holt County Society has built up a record for good
work, and enthused life into many a fruit grower, and are becoming
known all over our State. The Montgomery County Society, only a
few months old, has made itself heard, and has a number of earnest

ANNUAL WINTER ;MEETING AT WARRENSBURG.

289

workers. The Lafayette County Society, still young, has a good strong
list of members, and already the papers are seeking to publish their
reports.

Another item of importance is the visiting of these societies, and
assisting in the work as well in instituting new work in the counties
not organized.

Now, then, in conclusion, we are glad to meet one another here,
and form these new acquaintances. We are happy that we are engaged
in such a time-honored work — a work which we love above all others —
which brings health, wealth and wisdom ; a work which gives every
opportunity to learn and grow. And in this great work if we can only
pull together, and work together, and talk together, and reason to-
gether, we shall know no such thing as fail. Our cause will grow, and
we shall all be enjoj^'ers of this world. To this end we will always
labor, and with God's blessing upon us we will continue until he call
us hence.

TREASURER'S REPORT.

Date.

June

1, 18S5.

Aug.

31,

a

Dec.

12, 1SS5.

12,

12,

10,

1,

Nov

1,

Oct.

1,

Sept

1,

Nov.

30,

Sept

15,

Aug

15,

1,

July

1,

Received of J. C. Evans, Treasurer.

of State Treasurer

Warrant 72, premiums winter meeting.

Amount.

71, expenses of winter meeting

69, " of J. C. Evans, St. Louis

68, Six months salary of Secretary

67, H. N. Farey, printing

66, Postage and express (billj "* ,

65, " " " (bill)

64, cold storage , etc . , (bill)

63, Z. S. Ragan, expenses

62, exhibit at Grand Rapids

61 , postage (bill)

60, H. N. Farey, printing and P. O. cards

59, postage (bill)

$84 00

1,250 00

$1,334 00

36 00

52 60

18 20

250 00

13 50
12 87

14 24
26 00
11 30

145 90

7 26

18 75

21 83

H R— 19

290

MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

TREASURERS REPORT— Continued .

Date.

Amount.

I— 1 I—
a.

' ' 58, expenses summer meeting

" 57 , postage (bill)

$47 00
16 88

1, "

" 56, H. Jf Farey, printing

15 00

Total

$707 53

Leaving balance in treasury Dec. 12, 18S5. . .

626 47

Z. S. RAG AN,

Treasurer.
Refered to the Committee on Finance, and returned approved.

J. A. DURKES,
W. B. STARK,
E. P. HENRY,

Committee.
V
A resolution was passed referring the places of the June meeting

and of the winter meeting to the " executive committee" for their de-
cision.

The resolution referring to a committee the matter of a plantation
at Nevada, was reported upon by the committee as follows :

Your committee to whom was referred the resolution introduced
by Mr. Kern requesting the influence of this society to secure an ap-
propriation from the General Assembly for the planting or forest trees
on the grounds of Asylum No. 3, beg leave to report the following:

Resolved^ We invite the co-operation of the friends of horticulture,
in annual meeting assembled, to assist the securing of an appropria-
tion by our next Legislature sufficient for the improvement and plant-
ing of the grounds of Asylum Nu. 3.

We endorsed the resolution passed by the Commissioners of Insane
Asylum No. 3, and will, as a society, make every possible eflFort to im-
press our legislators favorably with the necessity of a liberal appro-
priation for the improvement of these grounds, by which the useful-
ness of the future institution will be greatly enhanced, and an oppor-
tunity afforded to illustrate the modern modes of practical forest cul-
ture to the people of the sculluvest and State at large.

D. S. HOLMAN,
J.W.SANBORN,
J. A DURKES,

Committee.

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING AT WARRENSBURG. 291

A resolution wes presented by G. W. Gano on the death of Chas.
Downing, with a request that it be printed in our next report.

Adopted, and the following tribute from his old friend is presented :
Resolutions were adopted expressing sympathy with our treas-
Tlrer, Z. S. Kagan, of Independence, for his affliction, and the Secre-
tary ordered to notify him of the fact.

CHAS. DOWNING— A DESERVED TRIBUTE.

The, following extract from the Presidential address of Hon. Mar-
shall P. Wilder at the recent meeting of the American Pomological
Society concerning one whose memory is preserved by all fruit lovers,
will be of interest to Prairie Farmer readers. After speaking of vari-
ous members. President Wilder continued : But he whom we could
least spare has been taken from us. Charles Downing, our beloved
friend, the upright man, and the great pomologist of America, is no
more ! The loss to our country and cause, seems now to be irrepara-
ble. But infinite Wisdom can not err, and we should be thankful that
he has been so long spared to us. Mr. Downing was born in Newburg,
N. Y., July 9, 1802, and died at his home in that city January 18, 1885.
His death is to me a most afflictive event. We were associated for nearly
half a century in efforts to advance the pomology of our country. Suc-
ceeding, as he did, his brother, A. J. Downing, whose eulogy it was my
sad duty to pronounce thirty-two years ago, he became the editor of
the " Fruits and Fruit Trees of America," all the editions of which have
been dedicated to my name. These circumstances have drawn us
more and more closely together by the ties of affection and friendly
regard.

REPORT OF COMMITTEE ON FRUITS.

We, the committee appointed lo report upon apples exhibited at
the present meeting of the Missouri State Horticultural Society, re-
turn the following:

There were twenty-seven plates of apples entered for premiums,
. as offered by the society. The number of plates exhibited in all is two
hundred and forty.

922 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

It is impossible for the committee to give praise to any one par-
ticular collection, as they do not know who the donors are, with one
exception, which we know is from our friend, A. H. Gilkerson, of War-
rensburg, Mo., and which is a credit to himself and to the society. In
fact the whole collection is one that we need not be ashamed of. A
great part of the collection has been presented by our worthy secre-
tary, L. A. Goodman, who has gone to considerable pains and trouble
to collect from all around, but as we do not know which they all are
cannot make a distinction ; four plates of pears that deserve mention ;
seven varieties of crab apples ; two varieties of persimmons, St,
Thomas and Ruby.

Of seedlings — Competing for premiums there were seven.

No. 50. Shackelford, a large showy apple much resembling Ben
DaAis in all respects, but not so highly colored.

No. 54. A handsome medium apple, or a little above in size, re-
sembling the Minkler in every respect, but a little sweeter.

No. 63. A medium to large well formed dark crimson red, quality
fair, a very handsome apple, resembling the Gano in size and color.

No. 64. A handsome pale yellow apple of medium size, fine in
texture, with a peculiar cocoanut flavor, a quite fine apple, by Mr. N.
J. Staley, of Warrensburg.

From Bates county^ Mo. — A medium sized greenish yellow and
shaded with red, promises to be a good keeper, and decidedly of good
quality.

A plate of fine sized apples, of the form of Ortley Pippin, together
with three other rather similar varieties. Most of these seedlings have
been picked before their proper time and placed in cold storage, there-
by detracting from their quality both in color and flavor.

A handsome collection of apples from Indiana, exhibited by W»
A. Workman, are worthy of special mention.

A keg of cider from Wm. Beyers, Kansas City, Mo., which
the committee deemed as falling under their care, not yet tested.

SAMUEL MILLER,
W. G. GANO,
J. B. DURAND.

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING AT WARRBNSBURG. 293

PREMIUMS AWARDED.

Gloria Mundi, D. S. Holraan, Springfield ; Gold Russet, D. S. Hol-
man, Springfield ; Ingrahan, D. S. Hoi man, Springfield; Gulp., N. F.
Murry, Elm Grove; W. W. Pearmain, N. F. Murry, Elm Grove; Rox
Russet, N. F. Murry, Elm Grove; Fall Pippin, N.F. Murry, Elm Grove;
Wagner, N. F. Murry, Elm Grove ; Missouri Pippin, H. Shepley, Neva-
da; Pennock, H. Shepley, Nevada; Ben Davis, H. Shepley, Nevada;
White Pippin, W, H. Hollaway, Butler ; Minkler, W. H. HoUaway,
Butler ; Willow Twig, W, H. Hollaway, Butler ; Janeton, F. Lionberger,
New Florence ; Vandevere, F. Lionberger, New Florence; Pennsyl-
vania Red Streak, F, Lionberger, New Florence ; Northern Spj^, F.
Lionberger, New Florence; Wine Sap, S. Miller, Blufi'ton ; Newton
Pippin, S. Miller, BlulTton ; Swaar, S. Miller, Blufi'ton ; Gilpin, A. H.
Gilkerson, Warrensburgj Huntsman, A. H. Gilkerson, Warrensburg;
Grime's Golden, A. H. Gilkerson, Warrensburg; Rome Beauty, A. H.
Gilkerson, Warrensburg ; Lansingburg, A. H. Gilkerson, Warrens-
burg ; Roman Stem, A. H. Gilkerson, Warrensburg; Fallawater, A. H.
Gilkerson, Warrensburg; Baldwin, A. H. Gilkerson, Warrensburg;
Lady, A, H. Gilkerson, Warrensburg.

BEST NEW APPLE.

1st. Mohler & Son, Warrensburg ; apple resembles Gano.
2d. F. Harlan, Canton ; apple resembles Ben Davis.
3d. P. P. Dobozy, West Plains ; apple resembles Minkler.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON FINAL RESOLUTIONS.

Resolved^ That the thanks of this society are due to the Mo. Pac,
K. C, St. L. & C. B.,(' Wabash, Memphis & C. & R. I. railroads for
reduced rates over their lines to members and friends attending our
annual winter meeting at Warrensburg, December 9, 10, 11.

294 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Resolved, That the thanks of this society are due to the German
Evangelical Church for the use of their house, and our only apology
for removing our meeting to another place was want of room to accom-
modate those wishing to attend.

Resolved, That our thanks are due to the State Normal School for
the use of their rooms, and many kind favors.

Resolved, That the thanks of the society are due to the local Hor-
ticultural Society, and the citizens of Warrensburg, for their kind re-
ception and many favors in conveying the society in a body to visit
mineral springs, and for the many kind favors and free entertainment
of members in attendance.

Resolved, That the thanks of this society are due to R. S. Brown^
F. D. Atkins, L. E. Bosley, of Kansas City ; Hans Neilson, of St. Joe,
S. M. Jordan and H. Michel, of St. Louis, for the presentation of many
beautiful flowers which added much to the floral display and to the-
pleasure of those attending the meeting.

Resolved, That the thanks of our society are due to the local press
of Warrensburg for favors shown us during our session.

Resolved, That our thanks are due to A. M. Gilkerson, who has
rendered much valuable service to members and friends of the society^

Resolved, That our meeting has been one of interest, profit and
pleasure to our society.

N. F. MURRAY,
H. E. VAN DEMAN,
D. S. HOLMAN.

Committee.

Geo. Van Houten, of Iowa Horticultural Society: Expresses
thanks for favors, and invites the society to send a delegate to their
society in January, 1886.

H. E. Van Deman, of Kansas : Expresses thanks for favors.

Samuel Miller : Has enjoyed the meeting more than any others,.
he believes.

N. T. Murray : Likes these meeting as well as anj'- one could, and
spoke of the ofiicers and especially of secretary's work in approval.

Moved that Prof. Osborn be made a life member. Motion carried.

After which a few parting words were given, and the society ad-
journed.

J

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS,

[The fi'llowing papers come under the head of Repoi-is From Counties.']

REPORT FROM ANDREW COUNTY FOR THE SEASON OF 1885.

BY G. SEGESSEMAN, AMAZONIA.

In spite of the preceding hard winter the prospect was for most of
the fruits still /aii till after the May frosts, which changed the aspect
completely.

Sm,all Fruits — Strawberries — Good crop, with prices reduced, yet
with an advantage for the local market, where costs for picking, pack-
ing, shipping and commission could be saved. Some sold in this way
at 10 cents, then down to 8^ cents a quart.

Raspberries — Half crop, at 10 cents a quart.

Blackherries — Almost none; only in a favored locality a patch of
Snyder brought a good crop, selling in the home markets at 10 cents a
quart (no boxing required). The same kind was winter-killed on other
sites, as well as Kittatinny, etc. The trade in currants and gooseber-
ries is not worth mentioning.

Apples — The poorest crop since 1875, with prices no better than
the previous season. Quality was inferior also, more wormy than ever.

Pears — Comparatively better than apples, but a good many of ill-
shape and stony ; sold at two to four dollars per bushel.

PeacJies — No kind of protection proved sufficient (tree protector
or laying down). On over 1.000 trees I did not find a singlp specimen.
Most of the trees are dead, or so crippled as to be of almost no value.

Plums — Chickasaw family good; others failed from insects.

Cherries — Half a crop, were in good demand ; a few trees died.

296 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

KEPORT FROM GREENE COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

BY D. S. HOLM AN.

Springfield, Mo., Dec. 5, 1885.

We desire ro keep our society on record by reporting to your body
as a private society. Ours, as a county society, is yet small, but steadily
growing ; almost every meeting brings to our number additional work-
ers.

Our meetings are monthly, also an annual meeting at the close of
the year, when we elect officers for the ensuing year, etc. The society
usually holds a semi-annual meeting in stawberry season, which we
make as pleasant as possible, in the way of displays of ilowers, berries,
etc., and a strawberry festival. We usually have a fair or fall show of
fruits. Last fall our agricultural friends gave us space in their new
buildings, and the best workers of our society made a creditable display
of the horticultural products of our county at the agricultural fair.

At our last meeting, on the 5th inst,, the society elected two dele-
gates to this meeting, not so much to help here, as if possible to help
ourselves by getting all the information, instructions and suggestions
given by your society for the benefit of auxiliary societies. The dele-
gates are the Secretary and Mrs. Wade Buren.

By vote of the Secretary I am instructed to invite you to come to
our city with your next summer's meeting, with the assurance of en-
tertainment free of charge during your stay. Our society desire this,
and ask it for our profit, which is sure to follow your meetings.

We propose to make the the incoming year one of work as well as
pleasure. Our President-elect, and three other members who have
come to us recently, are workers from the Missouri Valley Society, and
•we hope some of the elements of that old prosperous society's success
may be brought by them to us.

We have no hall, but little money and no debts, and of the latter
we mean never to have any. The field for horticultural work is large
and good. We are resolved to occupy it, and till] it in hope, till the
workers so increase that we may rejoice in success together.

ANNUAL WINTER MEETING AT WARRENSBURG. 297

REPORT OF THE BATES COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

BY HENRY SPEER.

In July, A. D. 1883, a call was publishad in the local papers for
those interested in horticulture to meet at the court house, in Butler
for the purpose of organizing a society, signed by E. P. Henry, L. P.
SicelofF, C. I. Robards. J. B. Innis, Henry Speer and W. H. Halloway.

On August 11th, 1883, the first meeting under the call was held.
Hon. J. B. Newberry was elected chairman, and Henry Speer secretary.

Committee on cosstitution and by laws were appointed to report
at an adjourned meeting in one month. Small meetings were held
monthly with some interest, but a permanent organization was not
lor.ned till February, 1884, when J. B. Durand- was elected president
and Henry Speer secretary, who were re-elected at the next annual
election, and still hold the same positions.

Owing to the inclement weather the society has missed a few, but
very few, meetings since its organization. It meets on the third Sat-
urday in each month, during the winter at Butler, and during the
summer it holds picnic meetings with its members, which are always
pleasant.

The June meeting of the State Society this year was held at But-
ler by invitation of our society, and the influence of that meeting has
been of great and lasting benefit to our society. The papers read dur-
ing the year have been varied and interesting, and the society has
come to stay. We made a small exhibit at the Kansas City lair which
paid all expenses, and left a neat little balance in the treasury, and as
an advertisement of our fruits and county, did a vast amount of good.
All kinds of small fruits made a fair crop with us. The apple crop was
spotted ; some orchards very full, others nearly a failure; shipping ap-
ples brought from thirty to fifty cents per bushel, and cider apples from
fifteen to twenty. The full amount of apples shipped from the county
has not yet been obtained, but will be in due season, and furnished to
the Secretary of this society.

Trees -and plants are at the present time in fine condition for a crop
next year, and, upon the whole, we have no just grounds for discour-

298 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

agement, and horticulturists are generally hopeful for the future,
and next season more fruits will be planted than ever has been in any-
one year in the history of the county.

KEPORTOFLAFAYETTE COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

BY CHAS. TEUBNER, SECRETARY.

This society organized at Leicington, Missouri, August 3, 1885,
with a membership of nine.

Its officers are : President, Dr. W. A. Gordon; Vice-President,
N. G. Phetzing ; Secretary, Ohas. Teubner j Treasurer, Ceo. M. Catron.

The constitution is paterned after the one published in the reports
of the State Horticultural Society. Meetings are held on the second
Tuesday in each month, during winter, in the court house, and in sum-
mer at the residences of the members. At each meeting new mem-
bers were added to the list, which now contains twenty-one, three of
them being ladies. Members in turn furnish an essay or lecture for
each meeting, the subject of which is then discussed. A blackboard
3x4 feet is used for illustrating the essays and lectures. Geo. F. Mait-
land gave an essay on strawberry culture in the last meeting, and
Chas. Teubner one on grape culture in the November meeting. At
the latter meeting an apple exhibit was held, in which twenty five va-
rieties were represented. Specimens of this exhibit were sent to the
Secretary of the State Horticultural Society, for the meeting of that
society at Warrensburg in December. The proceedings of our society
are published by the Lexington papers, so that non-members as well
as members may be benefited by our eflbrts. The apple crop in this
county was less than a half crop. Eary varieties, inferior in size, im-
perfect and wormy. Maiden's Blush good ; Jonathan, Huntsman, Rome
Beauty, Janeton, Willow Twig and Ben Davis, beins' the varieties
which did best, the latter especially. Young orchards had the most
fruit, some three-fourths crop. Old trees, as a rule, had but little fruit.
Most of the Janeton trees bore little or no fruit. Four Janeton trees

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. 299-

in a yard where the soil was not cultivated bore a full crop ; in a
neio;hboring field fifteen Janetons (culiivated on one side and a hedge
on the other) of same size and age as the former, and in similar soil,
had no fruit Many trees, (generally those which had made a strong
growth the previous season), were injured by the last winter, the bark
bursting and peeling off" on the southwest side of the tree.

Trees planted last spring did well. Little complaint of the borer.
Peaches, of course, none, and trees badly winter killed. Pears, espec-
ially Seckel, had a fair crop. Cherries, mostly Early Richmond and
common Morello, full crop. Plums, Chickasaw, in some localities
had a fair crop. Gooseberries, heavy crop. Raspberries, three fourths-
Blackberries, one-fourth. Currants, one-half. Strawberries, better
than ever before. Grapes, about one-fourth crop, rot the cause. Lead-
ing Iruit crop of the county is apples. All other fruits not grown suf-
ficient to supply home consumption, excepting strawberries, of which
some twelve acres were planted during the past and previous season
Spring and fall planting both practiced and successful. Matted row
system. Leaf roller in some old beds. Not much damage done^
Plants this season made an excellent growth and show strong fruit
crowns. Varieties : Crescent, Chas. Downing, Triumph, Sharpless,,
Capt. Jack, Kentucky, Wilson, James Vick.

WHY HORTICULTURISTS DISAGREE.

The old saw that doctors disagree applies equally to horticultur-
ists, and while in all probability a difference of opinion will exist
among them, in the future as in the past, yet there might and should
be more concurrence of opinion, if not in all matters pertaining to hor-
ticulture, at least in some. I have reference now more especially to
the difference of opinion given upon the mei its and demerits of certain
varieties of fruits, and of the small fruits in particula,r, in horticultural
papers by horticulturists.

Testimony upon a certain variety often widely differs, even from
horticulturists living in one neighborhood. The tyro in fruit growing
is no doubt often perplexed by the conflicting statements regarding
varieties of the kind of fruit he may want to plan^. Take the straw-
berry for instance. One grower will give the Wilson the preference,
while another equally high authority says the Wilson is unprofitable
■ with him. Both are trustworthy and give their honest opinions, no
doubt. AVith other varieties it is the same. Had each informant, how-
ever, explained the nature of his soil, mode of cultivation, climatic in-
fluence with'special reference to dry or humid atmosphere, or rainfall,
then the tyro would be enabled to form an intelligent and satisfactory

300 MISSOURI STATE H0RTICULTI3RAL SOCIETY.

opinion as to whether the variety in question would suit him or not.
The Wilson is a variety which needs rich soil and good cultivation.
Certain varieties will succeed on moderate soil, as the Triumph, others
will do well on sandy soil, some succeed on clay. Others again will
do well in a moist soil or season, while still others will do fairly well
on a dry soil, or in a dry season. Some, like the Crescent, often yield
well under indifferent treatment, while others require the very best of
care and cultivation. Some varieties will yield several years in suc-
cession while others will not.

If, therefore, horticulturists in sending reports to their papers, or
giving their opinions on certain varieties of fruits at the meeting of
horticultural societies, would also give their mode of cultivation, time
of planting, condition and quality of soil and plants, location, climatic
influence, etc., taking also into considerationthat the results of a single
season is no test. Then, I take it, by comparing such reports, the
needs of each variety would become apparent, and the testimony seem
less conflicting.

It is much the same in regard to preventives or remedies against
diseases of trees and plants, and insect depredations. Too many are
apt to theorize or jump to conclusions regarding the efficacy of such
remedies. To illustrate: Some time ago I saw a statement in a paper
that some one who was in the habit of using calomel for certain ills to
which his system was subject, tried the same remedy on one of his
trees which seemed ailing, introducing the dose through a hole bored
into the tree! The tree recovered, and of course the calomel rose in
his favor. Similar cases might be cited by the score.

I submit, therefore, that in order to enable a horticultural jury to
form an intelligent opinion, we should present all the facts in the case.

•SPECIAL REPORT OF A. CERTAIN APPLE TREE BORER AND

STRAWBERRY INSECT.

BY F. GUTMANN.

[This report was written in German and has been translated by F. Lionberger.]

I have discovered a destructive apple tree borer in my orchard this
summer and have given the matter a great deal of study by trying to
find out its habits and to have it identified.

The borer works upwards out of the roots, and I found where it

'miscellaneous papers. 80r

commenced ten inches under ground in the largest roots. It works
upwards until it reaches the surface of the ground when the tree be-
gins to wilt, and as soon as touched by some one or a little of the
earth is removed it falls to the ground. The borer eats all of the wood
as it goes, so that the stump, in many cases, forms a shell. Only one
and two year-old trees have been attacked. No borers have been
found since the middle of August and no trace whatever can be found
of them. I have examined the roots and the earth very carefully in
search of them but to no purpose. A full grown borer is from two and
a half to three inches long and very thick ; its head is brown with two
horn-like, crooked pinchers, like horns or fangs, under which very
sharp teeth can be seen. The head seems to run away back into its
body. The body is thick next to the head but is smaller a little further
back; the back, or main part, is very thick ; the tail end is slightly
flattened but is not black ; the color of the whole borer is nearly white.

I send sections of roots that have been infested, showing where
the borer had commenced its destructive work and how it worked its
way up.

A strange strawberry insect, at least a strange one to me, has also
been closely watched. It exactly answers the description of an insect
described by Prof. Riley in the July number of the American Agricul-
turist (German edition). Its scientific name is Anthonomur musculus.

The insect first attacks the flowers and afterwards the berries. It
has a very offensive smell, of which all of the fruit partakes that it
comes in contact with. As soon as the plants are disturbed the in-
sect runs off remarkbly fast. It seems to me that they first work on
the pollen of the flower because the pistilate varieties have not been
molested to any extent.

I have not heard of any one else that has noticed the little pests
except Mr. Hermann Willi, of Montgomery City, who says that they
infested all of his plants ; however, he did not study their habits any.

The following paper was given by delegate of Indiana State Society,
WALTER A. WORKMAN, OF GREEN CASTLE, IND.

I am here to bring the cordial greetings of the Indiana State Hor-
ticultural Society, and to express to you our interest in your continued
prosperity and welfare, and as Secretary Hobbs remarked, " gather the
good points of your meeting and bring them back for the edification of
my home society." However, I will give you the result of some jot-
tings made at our recent meeting, held at Purdue University, our ag-
ricultural college, located at Lafayette. The place is most appropriate

302 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

for such a gathering, furnishing inspiration to us in our laudable work.

The campus and gardens contain about twenty acres and is beauti-
fully laid out in walks and drives — a regular object lesson. Any
lover of the beautiful is filled with admiration as he beholds the grace-
ful winding hedges and well-kept lawns. Until this recent visit I didn't
appreciate the value of the hemlock as an ornamental hedge plant. I
doubt if there is anywhere to be found a prettier evergreen hedge than
is here seen of the Hemlock Spruce.

The most instructive as well as one of the most interesting exer-
•cises of our meeting was the address of Prof. J. L Budd, of Iowa, on
" Fruits of Northeast Europe." He had much to say of the cherries
of that country east of Moscow, which by the way must be their prin-
cipal fruit. From the fruit is made a sort of wine, and they have a
great surplus at times, since he spoke of seeing a whole train loaded
with cherries. The street shade trees are of cherry and the State lines
are marked by a row of the same tree. In one place was to be seen a
TOW of cherry trees 200 miles long. They have several thousand young
trees from that cold country on the experimental grounds at Ames,
Iowa, and since they stood rhe terrible cold of last winter it seems no
longer a question as to their perfect hardiness.

Barnabas C. Hobbs, a veteran in horticulture, and many other good
■things, added his testimony as to the value and hardiness of many of
the fruits grown in Russia.

Mr. Tuttle, of Wisconsin, remarked that he remembered a few
years ago when people were alarmed on the question of light for
their houses because whales were becoming scarce. Since that
problem seems forever settled by coal oil and electricity, so he thinks
fruits will be found to meet the exigencies of a AVisconsin climate.
And we agreed with him perfectly when he said he didn't want to live
in a State where fruit could not be grown.

New and old varieties of strawberries were discussed somewhat at
length.

Crescent still held its accustomed first place as a market variety
and for general cultivation, but Chas. Downing, in one section (about
New Albany), was more generally planted than any other, it being es*
timated by one grower that nine-tenths of all the strawberries of that
region were Downing.

The Parry and Cornelia received favorable mention. One grower
got doubly as much for the Mount Vernon as he obtained for Crescent,
since it came in later.

Cumberland was by many considered the best companion for the
Crescent, while others placed Gapt. Jack and others Sharpless as sec-
ond best on the list.

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. 303

Among raspberries, the first place is considerably disputed with
the Gregg; it is falling short of the expectations of many the few past
seasons, being badly damaged by winter and often setting more fruit
than was ripened.

One gentleman thought Mammoth Cluster was worthy as good a
place as Gregg, but he had very few to agree with him.

Hopkins, however, was well liked where known for its hardiness
and great bearing qualities.

But if I would tell you which of all the rest received most flatter-
ing notice I would say ShaefFer's Colossal, being considered ordinarily
hardy, wonderfully prolific and the very best for all culinary pur-
poses and canning.

Of the red varieties Turner and Cuthbert had very many admir-
ers ; also, the Crimson Beauty and Marlboro were well liked where tried,
but Hansel was not well liked because of its feeble stalks.

Among blackberries, Snyder was still generally considered best —
some even thought it the only kind needed. But the latter remark was
not well received, since the Stone's Hardy and Taylor are equally
hardy, and being later were considered valuable, thus extending the
blackberry season several weeks.

Ancient Britton (new to many of us) was highly recommended be-
cause of hardiness, large size and good quality of its fruit.

The grape and its culture received some attention at our hands,
but our State not being so well adapted to the vine as is yours the in-
terest was not lively. I noticed, however, that Worden was very fa-
vorably mentioned and the opinion expressed that it would eventually
take the place of Concord as the best for general cultivation.

The question of how to deal with injurious insects was well
handled by Prof. Webster.

Pyrethrium or insect powder dusted on the infested plants was
considered the most effectual remedy. Some objected to this treat-
ment since they found it did little more good than flour.

Prof. Webster then explained that it was a substance easily ruined
by being kept in an open drawer, as is usually the case at drug stores.
He said that a pure article ought to be mixed with an equal part of flour
and blown on with a small bellows or dusted through a muslin sack.
In the south it is used to kill house flies, and very eflectually rids the
house of these pests when blown among them early in the morning
while they are huddled on the ceiling and walls of the kitchen.

Inhaling the powder by the operator doesn't seem to injure him in
any way.

The paper by Prof. J. C. Ridpath, of Depauw University, on Hor-

304 MISSOURI STATE HOKTICULTUBAL SOCIETY.

ticulture in History, was one of the most delightful excercises of the
whole meeting, and was received with much enthusiasm, even if it was
more literary than horticultural.

When and how to plant was thoroughly discussed, and a casual
observer might have said that we agreed on nothing, but I think we
did generally agree on a few things, viz. : that in the latitude of 40
and further south trees are usually better dug and planted in the fall»
and that in the extreme north trees should be dug in fall and well
heeled in till the buds begin to swell in spring. This heeling in, how-
ever, is of great importance. Trees should be placed in a slanting posi-
tion on well drained land and covered with earth up to the branches^

When and how to prune likewise absorbed a good share of our at-
tention, and was discussed with animation. However, nearly the
same criticism might have been indulged in as in the planting ques-
tion concerning our disagreement. 1 will say, though, that there
seems to be a growing conviction with many that in time past we
pruned too much.

It was urged that we should shape our trees while young, and af-
terward, or when they come into bearing, only take out such sprouts
and limbs as seems absolutely necessary.

And that fruit trees be pruned when the trees are in full leaf since
then the wounds heal more rapidly, are less likely to throw out sprouts^
and the tendency is to check the too rapid grawth of trees, thereby
causing it to ibrm fruit buds. But if the object be the formation
of compact, well rounded heads so much admired in street shade
trees, that this class of trees should be pruned or shortened in about
the time buds begin to swell, the effect at this season being that the
end of every branch cut off throws out two or more sprouts.

Milton, Wis., December 10, 1885.
L. A. Goodman, Secretary:

Dear Sir: When this reaches you you will have had your 2Sth
annual meeting of State Horticultural Society.

Your circular programme is certainly the best 1 have seen lately,
and if carried out in^spirit and letter you must be having a very profit-
able session. I only regret that I could not be there to learn the "ins
and outs" of your horticulture as well as to make the personal ac-
quaintance of your convention-going fruit growers.

By the way, is it not remarkable that every horticulturist of broad,
progressive views loves to meet others of his class in conclave, and
can always be found — providence permitting — in such gatherings, while
the mere mercenary and fraudulent of our profession are conspicuously

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. 305

absent from the great gatherings of horticulturists. Such has been my
observation these many years in the northwest. I am glad to see your
efforts to bring out your new fruits. It is found that every distinct
locality will have Us varieties which prove of especial value. Your
Siate will not be an exception, and by bringing out new and adapted
fruits you will greatly add to your already famous productions in that
line.

Your hospitality to delegates is a good example, and you are for-
tunate in not being located, as are some of the State's societies, so that
you can "pass it around."

Your manner of grouping topics is most commendable, for by it
you save time and center greater interest on the general questions un-
der consideration.

I congratulate you on the accession of such a helper as Prof. Wra.
Trelease, and I will say further that he is "all gold" in his profession,
and will grapple some of your fungoid and insect problems with a vigor
that may astonish the southern mind.

I would also say '• our loss your gain," but we will hold on to him
for a part of the > ear, when your summer heats drive him and tamily
northward. '

Well if you were on my parallel, I might be able to instruct you
somewhat, but as it is I will only say that insect and fungoid enemies
are to be the greatest obstacles to success, and will demand your best
efforts to overcome.

It looks now as if your grand State was to be the "• Meca of apple
growing for tie west, and indeed for fruit growing in general. Your
spacious valleys, and high table lands; your sunny slopes and airy
heights, and above all your highly organized mineral soils and cen-
tral locations give you advantages which are combined in no other
State so widely as in Missouri.

Hoping to be with }'0u at your next annual meeting, I am,

Fraternally yours,

J. C. PLUMB.

SiBLEY, Osceola County, Iowa, Dec. 8, 1885.
Mr. L. A. Goodman^ Secretary:

Dear Sir : I inclose a representation of f<n "insect destroyer,"
patented Nov. 10, 1885. It has been my business the past season to
fully test its practical working, and it is a most wonderfuie success
lor the catching of destructive insects of noclernal habits, beer, moths,

H k— 20

306 MISSOTRI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

and the long list of moths, bugs and beetles so destructive of fruits,
vegetables and other farm products. I had hoped to exhibit ore of the
" destroyers " at your convention, either myself or through Mr. G. S.
Downend, one of your members from this vicinity, but he is detained,
and as I did not know of his inability to go until y^esterday, I cannot so
arrange my matters as to be present.

I inclose statements from of our most respectable citizens who have
seen its working; in most cases it was put directly under the care of the
parties subscribing. I am soon to have it illustrated by a cut, which will
appear in the Scientific American. Munn & Co. were my agents in
procuring the patent. They are to be from twelve to fifteen inches in
diameter ; the light inside of the glass cone is the attraction ; flying to
the light they strike the glass cone and are thrown down into the water
in the bucket, or other vessel below which is nearly full ot water. A
little kerosene oil upon the surface soon kills them all. I ask no better
recommendation than the results as shown each night by the catch.
I caught thousands of noxious insects in my one little garden though
they were attracted doubtless from a distance of from twenty to forty
rods. I have already arranged to introduce them extensively in the
coming spring and summer. Single ones, twelve inches in diameter, will
retail at $5.00 ea^^h. A liberal deduction will be made to the trade or
any associations that may order them in numbers. I should be glad to
have you interest your convention so far as practicable, for it id to be the
coming method of destroying the numerous destructive pests, small
and large, of fruits, vegetables, flowers, etc.

What is your membership fee ? and when will the next meeting be
held? Should be glad to hear from you at your convenience.

Most truly yours,

DUDLEY H. MANNING.

LIST OF VARIETIES OF FRUITS TO PLANT.

GIVEN BY COUNTIES.

The following questions were addressed to all counties of the State
and the answers are given from one party of each county. This list
will be a good guide to any one wishing to plant for profit.

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. 307

Wishing to make a list of varieties adapted to every county in the
State, will you please give a list of the hest, hardiest mnA most proMable
varieties of the following for your county :

Apple

Pear

Peach...

Plum ... .

Cherry

Grapes . •

Kaspberries

Blackberries

Strawberries

Please answer and return to me before June 1st.

L. A. GOODMAN,

Secretary, Westport, Mo.

ANDREW COUNTY— G. SEGESSEMANN, OF AMAZONIA.

Apple — Stark, Ben Davis, Haas, Wealthy, Grimes, Duchess, Ro-
manite, W. W. Pearmain, Willow Twig.

Pear — Sheldon.

Peach — Thurber (early and late), Crawford, Amsden, Honest John
and Heath Cling.

Plum — Wild Goose and Damson.

Cherry — Early Richmond and May Duke.

Grapes — Elvira, Concord, Norion, Cynthiana and Goethe.

Raspberries — ShafiVr's Colossal, Turner and Hansell.

Blackberries — Snyder, Kittatinny and Lawton.

Strawberries — Crescent, (Japl. Jack, Manchester, Prince of BeJ-
lies and Sharpless.

AUDRAIN COUNTY-B. F. WYLDE, OF BENTON CITY.

Apple — Early Harvest, Duchess, Maiden's Blush and Ben Davis.
Pear— Bartlett.

Peach — Alexander, Foster, Crawford's, Stump, Heath's Cling and
Bylleu's Late.

Plum — Wild Goose and Lombard.

Cherry — E irly Richmond and English Morello.

(irrapps — Concnrd.

Raspberries — Turner, Thwack, M. Cluster and Gregg.

Blackberries — Kittatinny and Snyder.

Strawberries — Wilson and Downing.

308 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

BUTLER COUNTY— JAMES F. TUBE, OF POPLAR BLUFF.

Apple — Ben Davis, Winesap, York Pippin, Red June and Early
Harvest.

Pear — Bartlett.

Peach — All do well.

Plum — Wild Goose and Chickasaw.

Cherry — May Duke.

Grapes — Concord.

Raspberries — Grow wild.

Blackberries — Grow wild.

Strawberries — Wilson and Crescent.

BARTON COUNTY— C. H. FINK, OF LAMAR.

Apple — Ben Davis, Willow Twig, Janet, Grimes' Golden
Duchess and Red Astrachan.

Pear — Seckel, BuflFun and Bartlett.

Peach — Arasdeji, Early York, Early Rivers, Stump, George IV.»
Reeves Yellow and Shipley Late.

Plum — Wild Goose, Weaver and Miner.

Cherry — Morello varieties.

Grapes — Concord and Martha.

Raspberries — Reliance.

Blackberries^-Snyder and Early Harvest.

Strawberries — Crescent, Chas. Downing, Capt. Jack and Sharpless,

BUCHANAN COUNTY— J. W. FLEEMAN, OF ST. JOSEPH.

Apple — Ben Davis, Red Davis, (a sport) Huntsman, Jonathan,
Janeton, Rome Beauty, Duchess, Summer Queen and Maiden Blush.

Pear — Bartlett, Duchess, B. Clarigeau, Bonne de Jersey and Seckel

Peach — The kind that will make the most firewood. Alexander,
Hale and Stump have been best with me.

Plum — Wild Goose and Newman. ,

Cherry — English Morello, Early Richmond, Late Richmond and
common varieties.

Grapes — Word en, Concord, Cottage, Moore^s Early, Champion,
Victor, Pocklington and Martha.

Raspberries — Gregg, Hopkins, Shouhegan, Turner and Cuthbert.

Blackberries — Snyder and Taylor.

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. 309

Strawberries — Crescent, Windsor Chief, with Jack and Downing
to fertilize wilH^

BATES COUNTY— J. B. DURAND, OF PRAIRlE CITY.

What are the prospects for a full crop '^.

Aplpe — Ben Davis, Jonathan, Janeton, Winesap, Willow Twig,
Rome Beauty and Maiden's Blush.
Pear — Bartlett.

Plum — Wild Goose and Damson.
Cherry — Morel lo and Early Richmond-
Grapes — Concord.

Raspberries — Gregg, Mammoth Cluster and Turner.
Blackberries — Kittatinny and Snyder.
Strawberries — Not acquainted enough to answer.

CARROLL COUNTY— W. CRANCH, OF CARROLLTON.

Apple — Ben Davis, Rome Beauty, Huntsman, Willow Twi^, Janet,
Winesap, Red June, Early Harvest, Maiden Blush, Rambo and Fulton.

CLAY COUNTY— J. C. EVANS, OF HARLEM.

Apple — Ben Davis, Winesap, Jonathan, Maiden Blush, Porter,
■Stark, Janeton.

Pear — Bartlett, Seckel, Sheldon.

Plum — Wild Goose, Chickasaw.

Cherry — Early Richmond, English Morello.

Grapes — Concord, Ives, Telegraph, Martha, Elvira.

Raspberries — Hopkins, Gregg, Turner, Thwack.

Blackberries— (1 give it up )

Strawberries — Wilson C, Crescent, Downing, Capt. .Jack.

CASS COUNTY-G. C. BROADHEAD, OF PLEASANT HILL.

Apple — Ben Davis, Early Harvest, Maiden Blush, Winesap, None-
such.

Pear — Bartlett.

Peach — Early Amsden, Excelsior, Early Crawford, Stump-the-
World, Heath Cling.

Plum— Only Wild Goose.

Cherry — Early Richmond, Morello.

Grapes — Concord.

Raspberries — Miami Black Cap.

310 MISSOURI STATE HORIICULTURAL SOCIETY

CEDAK COUiTtY— E. LISTON, OF VIRGIL^CITY.

Apple — Ben Davis, Red Romanite, Winesap, Missouri Pippin,
Pennsylvania Redstreak, Jonathan.

Pear — Lawrence; (pears blight); no good.

Peach — Smock, Heath Cling.

Cherry — Early Richmond.

Raspberries — Mammoth Cluster.

Blackberries — Snyder.

Strawberries — Charles Downing, Crescent Seedling.

COLE COUNTY— FRED. YOST, OF JEFFERSON CITY.

Apple — Winesap, Ben Davis.
Pear — Seckel.

Peach — Crawford's, Heath Cling ; most any variety does well.
Plum — Wild Goose only do well.
Cherry — Morello, only variety that bear well.
Grapes — Varieties that have been tried here generally fail.
Raspberries — Mammoth Cluster, Turner, Brandywine.
Blackbarris — L iwton not so apt to rust as otliar vi.riefci?>.
Strawberries — Wilson's, Green Prolific, Kentucky and Cumber-
land Triumph.

CALDWELL COUNTY— WILLIAM McCRAY, OF GLASSVILLE.

Apple — Rawle's Janet, Willow Twig, White Pearmain, White
and Yellow Beljfiower, Golden Sweet, etc., etc.
Grapes — Concord.

GREENE COUNTY— D. S. HOLMAN, OF SPRINGFIELD.

Apple — Astrachan, Harvest, Maiden's Blush, Grimes, Porter, Ben
Davis, Willow Twig, Minkler.

Pear — Duchess, Sheldon, Seckel, Bartlett.

Peach — Amsden, Troth, Haines, Stump, Mixou, (free and cling)
Smock, Heath Cling and Excelsior.

Plum — Wild Goose. .

Cherry — Richmond and English Morello.

Grapes — Concord, Moore's Early.

Raspberries — Mommoth Cluster, Turner.

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. 311

Blackberries — Snyder, Kittatinny.

Strawberries — Jersey Queen, Crescent, Cumberland, Mt. Vernon,
Captain Jack.

GENTRY COUNTY— C. G. COMSTOCK, OF ALBANY.

Apple — Ben Davis, Janet, Wiuesap, Willow Twig and W. W,
Pearmain.

Pear — Bartlett.

Plum — Miner.

Cherry — The Morellos.

Grapes — Concord.

Blackberries — Snyder.

Strawberries — Crescent, Forest Rose and Windsor Chief.

GASCONADE COUNTY- JACOB ROMMEL, OF MORRISON.

Apple — Ben Davis, Winesap, Janeton, Jonathan, Rome Beauty,
M. H. Pipin, Rambo and E. Harvest.

Pear — Seckel, Bartlett and Duchess.

Peach — Amsden, Hale's Early, Heath Cling, Baltimore Beauty
and Crawford's Late.

Plum — Wild Goose, Weaver and Damson.

Cherry — Early Richmond, May Duke and Early Morello.

Grapes— Concord, Ives, Elvira, Norton's, Cottage, Moore^s Early,
Lady, Early Victor and Pocklington.

Raspberries — Collosal, Greek, Centennial, Davison Thornless and
Turner.

Blackberries — Snyder and Wilson.

Strawberries — Iron Clad, Capt. Jack, Cumberland, Manchester,
Sharpless and James Vick.

• GRUNDY COUNTY— E. B. COOPER, OF TRENTON.

Apple — Ben Davis, Janeton, Smith, Cider, etc.

Pear — Anjou and Bartlett. My trees are too young to give a full
report.

Peach — Amsden, Alexander and Crawford's Early and Late. Out
of about 600 trees and 20 varieties 1 have not had one for four years.

Plum — Wild Goose, Yellow Egg, Damson and Weaver.

Cherry — Early Richmond and Morello.

Grapes — Worden and Concord.

Raspberries — Souhegan, Gregg and Tyler; Turner is all the red I
have tried.

N

312 MISSOURI STATE HOhTlCULTURAL SOCIETY.

Blackberries — Kittatinny and Snyder. When cut, back and well
manured Snyder is excellent.

Strawberries — Crescent, Bidwell, Iron Clad, and Capt. Jack.

I am trying Piper, Lacon, Windsor and Crescent, and all promise
well ; have discarded about 20 kinds, among them Sharpless, Glendale,
Wilson, Col. Cheny, Chas. Downing, etc.

HOWELL COUNTY— E. F. HYNES, OF WEST PLAINS.

Apple— Ben Davis, Winesap, Rome Beauty, Seek-no further. Ram-
bo and Maiden's Blush.

Pear — Seedlings and Bartletts.

Peach — Early Canada, Musser, Early York, Early Lydia, Surprise,
Nectar, Pennsylvania, Troth and seedlings.

Plum — Wild Goose and native seedlings.

Cherry — Early Richmond and seedlings (sour).

Grapes — Concord and native seedlings.

Raspberries — Turner, Doolittle, Mammoth Cluster and Gregg.

Blackberries — All kinds do well.

Strawberries — Crescent Seedling, Chas. Downing and Glendale.

HARRISON COUNTY— I. M. NEFF, OF BOLTON.

Apple — Ben Davis, Johnathan, Jane^on, Willow Twig, Rambo and
Codlin.

Plum — Wild Goose and native wild.

Cherry — Richmond and English Morrello.

Raspberries — Ohio Ever-bearing, Mammoth Cluster and Turner.

Blackberries — Snyder.

Strawberries — Capt. Jack, Monarch, Wilson and Crescent.

HOWx^RD COUNTY— A. S. WOLCOTT, OF FAYETTE.

Apple— Ben Davis, Winesap, Willow Twig, Janeton, Missouri Pip-
' pin and Rome Beauty.

Pear — Seckel, Buerre de Anjou and Flemish Beauty.

Peach — Seedlings.

Plum — Wild Goose and Damson.

Cherry — Early Richmond and Moreilos.

Grapes — Concord, Brighton, Talmage, Virginia Seedling and Wor-
den.

Raspberries — Gregg, Mammoth Cluster, Turner, Brandywine and
Davidson Thornless.

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. 313

Blackberries — Kiltatiny and Snyder.

Strawberries — Manchester, Orescent Seedling. Capt. Jack and
Chas. Downing.

HOLT COUNTY— N. ¥. MURRY AND DR. GOSLIN, OF OREGON.

Apple — Early Harvest, Caroline Red June, Red Astrichan, Early
Pennock, Rarabo, Aut. Strawberry, Ben Davis, Jonathan, Grime's Pip-
pin, Willow Twig and Winesap.

Pear — Seckel, Bartlett, Duchess and Sheldon.

Peach — Amsden, Hale's Earlj, SDump, George IV., Ward's Late
Free, Heath Cling, Shipley's Late Red and Smock Free.

Plum — Wild Goose and Miner.

Cherrv — Earlv Richmond and English Morello.

Grapes — Concord, Martha, Norton's Virginia, Cynthiana, Niagara,
promising.

Raspberries — Sauhegan, Hopkins and Gregg, Cuthbert, Hansel
and Turner.

Blackberries — Snyder and Taylor.

Strawberries — Crescent, Chas. Downing, Miner's Prolific, Sharpless,
Duchess and Bidwell.

JACKSON COUNTY— L. A. GOODMAN, OF WESTPORT.

Apple — Ben Davis, Willow Twig, Huntsman's Favorite, Early Pen-
nock, Sops of Wine, Porter, Grime's Golden and Smith's Cider.
Pear — Bartlett and Duchess.
Plum — Wild Goose and Miner.

Cherry — Early Richmond, Lieb and English Morello.
Grapes — Martha, Goethe, Norcons, Ives and Worden.
Raspberries — Hopkins, Gregg and Thwack.
Blackberries — Snyder and Taylor's Prolific.
Strawberries — Orescent, Downing, Fink's Prolific and Capt. Jack.

JASPER COUNTY— JAMES B. WILD & BRO., OF SAROOXIE.

Apple — Red June, Astrachan, Grimes' Golden Pippin, Lowell,
Maiden Blush, Rambo, Jonathan, Ben Davis, Winesap, Missouri Pip-
pin, Willow Twig.

Pear — Bartlett and Duchess.

Peach — Amsden, Early York, O. M. Cling, Heath 0,, Salway,
Stump, Smock free, Picquett, Goethe.

Plum — Wild Goose, Miner.

314 MISOSURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Cherry — Early Richmond, English Morello, Olivet.
Grapes — Concord, Ives, Diana; for wine, Cynthiana, Norton's.
Raspberries — Black Cap varieties.
Blackberries — Kittatiny.

Strawberries — Crescent, James Vick, Wilson. Kentucky, Capt.
Jack, Jersey Queen.

JOHNSON COUNTY— A. H. GILKERSON, OF WARRENSBURG.

Apple — Ben Davis, Huntsman, Janeton, Willow Twig, Rome Beauty,
Little RomaLite, Lancingburg G. Pippin, Red Astrachan.

Pear — Duchess.

Plum— Wild Goose.

Cherry — May Duke and Morello.

Grapes — Concord.

Raspberries — Black Cap and Gregg.

Strawberries — Capt. Jack, and varieties that are grown in thi&
county.

LINN COUNTY— J. W. TURNER, OF MEADVILLE.

Apple — Willow Twig, Red Janet, Missouri Pippin, Lawver,
Maiden Blush, Haas, Carolina Red June, Sops of Wine.

Pear — Flemish Beauty, Seckel's, Keiter.

Peach — Early Crawford, Heath Cling, Hale's Early.

Plum — Wild Goose, Weaver, Blackraan, Wayland.

Cherry — Early Richmond, Belle, Magnifique, English Morello.

Grapes — Concord, Pocklington, Martha, Moore's Early, Worden,
Elvira.

Raspberries — Doolittle, Early Ohio, Gregg, Tyler, (Red), Turner,
Culhbert.

Blackberries — Snyder, Taylor.

Stawberries — Cescent, Glendale, Phelps, Bidwell.

LEWIS COUNTY— W. H. THOMAS, OF LaGRANGE.

Apple — Ben Davis, Maiden Blush.
Plum — Wild Goose and Damson.
Cherry — Early May, or (Early Richmond).

Grapes — Concord, Moore's Early, Ives and Janesville, not much
profit in any.

Raspberries — All the Black Caps and all Reds as hardy as Turner.

Blackbesries — Snyder, or all others, if as hardy.

Strawberries — Crescent, Wilson, Sucker State and Capt. Jack.

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. 315

MONTGOMERY COUNTY— F. LIONBERGER, NEW FLORENCE.

#

Apple — Ben Davis, R. Beauty, Janetons (for home use), Hunts-
man's, Missouri Pippin, Maiden Bl'jsh, and a few others.

Pear — Bartlelt, Duchess and Louise Bonne de Jersey for dwarf.

Plum— Wild Goose.

Cherry— Early Richmond, Late Duke.

Grapes — Elvira, Martha, Ives, Lady Washington; think Concord
about as good as any.

Raspberries — Cuthbert, Turner, Thwack, S. Collossal, Gregi? and
Caroline.

Blackberries — Kittatiny and Lawton.

Strawberries— Cumberland, Jersey Queen, Daisy Miller, Iron Clad,^
Crescent, Capt. Jack and James Vick are all good.

<

MILLER COUNTY— N. J SHEPHERD, OF ELDON.

Apple — Janeton, Winesap and Ben Davis.^
Pear— Bartlett and L. B. de Jersey.
Peach — Crawford, Amsden and Alexander.
PluFii — Wild Goose and Damson.
Cherry — Common Red.

Grapes — Concord is the leading' variety here. I have Martha,.
Hartford and Niagara that stand the winter well.
Raspberries — Gregg and Cuthbert.
Blackberries — Snyder.
Strawberries — Wilson, Albany and Capt. Jack.

MONROE COUNTY— J. D. HAWKINS, OF PARIS.

Apple— Ben Davis, Janeton, Willow Twig, Winesap, Rambo and'
Summer Queen.

Pear — Doyenne, Seckel and A. Seedling.

Peach— Hale's Early, George IV., Crawford's Early and Late of the
old; Amdsden June, new.

Plum — AViM Goose, Miner and Coinmon Damson.

Cherrv — Eary Richmond and May Duke.

Grapes— Concord, Elvira, Delaware, Goethe (when protected), Mar^
tha and Clinton,

Raspberries— Mammoth Cluster, Gregg, Thwack, Cuthbert and'
Turner.

316 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Bl^ckberries^Taylor and Snyder.

Strawberries— Crescent, Windsor Chief, Cumberland and Chas.
Downing.

MORGAN COUNTY— CALEB GUNN, OF VERSAILLES.

Apple— Ben Davis, Rawles' Janet, M. Blush, Rome Beauty, Red
■June and Wmesap.

Peach— Crawford's Early and Late, Mixon (free), Heath (cling).
The Amsden is a short life tree.

Plum — Wild Goose, Damson and Chickasaw.

Cherry — Early Richmond, May Duke and English Morello.

Grape? — Concord.

Raspberries — Gregg, Mammoth Cluster, Turner and Philadelphia.

Blackberries — Snyder, Lawton and Kittatinny.

Strawberries — Sharpless, Kentucky, Bidwell, Prouty and several
others.

McDonald county— s. g. welborn, of pineville.

Apple — Ben Davis, Winesap, Arkansas Black, Lawver, Maiden's
Blush and Red June.

Pear — Seckel, Bartlett and De Anjon.

Peach — Seedlings are most hardy and profitable; Crawford's Early
and Late Mountain Rose and Heath's Cling.

Plum — Chickasaw, Wild Goose on plum stock.

Cherry — Early Richmond and English Morello.

Grapes — Concord, Brighton and Worden.

Raspberries — Turner, Gregg, Souhegan and Doolittle.

Blackberries — Kittatiny.

Strawberries — All kinds.

PUTNAM COUNTY— JAMES T. SCOTT, OF ST. JOHN.

Apple — Ben Davis, Limber Twig, Jonathan, Janet, Red Astra-
chan, Benoni Milam, Kirkbridge, White and Orange Pippin.
Pear — BarLIett.
Peach — None but seedlings.
Plums — Lombard's Bkck and wild.
Cherry — Early May and English Morello.
Grapes — Concord and Ives' Seedling.
Raspberries — Black Cap and Mammoth Cluster.
Blackberries — Wild and Kittatiny.
Strwberries — Wilson, as good as any I have tried.

MISCELLANEOUS PAPEKS. 317

PETTIS COUNTY— PHIL. PFEIFFER, OF SEDALIA.

Apple — Ben Davis, Janeton, Huntsman's Favorite, Winesap, New-
town Pippin, Rome Beaut}^ and Maiden Blush.

Pear — Seckel, Keiffer's Hybrid, Duchess, Red June, Early Har-
vest and Rarabo.

Peach — Alexander, Crawford's Early and Heath Cling, but I would
not plant another peach orchard here.

Plum — Wild Goose, Marianna (new), and Damson.

Cherry — Early Richmond, May Duke and Montmorenc3\

Grapes — Concord, Moore's Early, Champion, Missouri Riesling,
Pocklington, Ulster Prolific and Niagara.

Raspberries — Marlboro, Gregg and Souhegan.

Blackberries — Snyder and Kittatiny.

Strawberries — Wileon, Manchester, Parry, Monarch, Downing's
Prolific and James Vick.

RIPLEY COUNTY— J. G. HANCOCK, OF DONIPHAN.

Apple — Ban Davis, Winesap, all the pippins — about all that have
l^en tried here — Early aud Red June and Horse Apple.

Pear — Bell, Bartlett and LeConte.

Peach — Ams-deu June, Alexander — i.i fact all kinds do well here —
full crop every year, early and late.

Plum — Wild Goose, Chickasaw and Damson.

Cherry — Early May, Richmond aud Black Heart.

Grapes — Concord and Delaware ; most all varieties do well.

Raspberries — All varieties.

Blackberries — All varieties.

Strawberries — Wilson, Vick, Sharpless and Jumbo; all far as tried.

SALINE COUNTY— WASH. FOLCK, OF MARSHALL.

Apple — Early Harvest, Red June, Astrachan, Maiden's Blush,.
Snow, Rambo, Ben Davis, Mo. Pippin, Janeton, Huntsman, Willow^
Winesap and Jonathan.

Pear — Kdfi'er and LeConte.

Peach — No good.

Pear — Wild Goose.

Cherry*— Early Richmond.

Grapes — Concord. Moore's Early and Seedling.

Raspberries — Mammoth Cluster, Gregg and Turner.^

318 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Blackberries— Snyder, Mo. Mammoth and Kittatiny.
Strawberries — Mt. liose, Miner, Golden Defiance, Crescent, Wil-
son and Capt. Jack.

VERNON COUNTY— JACOB FAITH, CF MONTEVALLO.

Apple — Winesap, Ben Davis, Little Red Romanite, Red June and
Maiden's Blush.

Pear — Duchess, Bsrtlett and L. B. de Jersey.

Peach — Smock Free, Heath Cling, King of Earlies and Alexander.

Plum — Wild Goose, Miner and Golden Beauty.

Cherry — Early Richmond and E. Morello.

Grapes — Concord.

Raspberries — Centennial, Taylor, Mammoth Cluster, Gregg and
Brandywine.

Blackberries — Snyder, Taylor and Kittatiny.

Strawberries — Coas. Downing, Crescent Seedling, Miner, Capt.
Jack and Glendale.

WAYNE COUNTY— H. GRH^FING, OF PIEDMONT.

Apple — Early Harvest, Janeton, Winesap, Smith's Cider., Ban
Davis and Willow Twig.

Pear — Duchess and L B DeJersey.

Poach — Eariy and Late Crawford.

Plum — Wild Goose.

Cherry — Early Richmond.

Grapes — Concord.

Raspberries — Doolittle and Gregg.

Blackberries — Snyder.

Strawberries — Wilson, Albany and Crescent.

WASHINGTON COUNTY— P. RUSH, OF MINERAL POINT.

Apple — Ben Davis, Northern Spy, Janeton, Winesap, Prior's Red,
Maiden's Blush and Rambo.

Pear — Bartlett, Osborne and Summer have done the best.

Plum — Wild Goose.

Cherry — Gov. Wood, May Duke and Morello.

Grapes — Virginia Seedling.

Raspberries — Kittatiny and Snyder.

Strawberries — Wilson Albany. There are plenty of others that
would do well here if urged.

MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. 319

WEBSTER COUNTY— J. B. BANN>NG, OF MARSHFIELD.

Apple — Early Harvest, Red Astrachan, Horse, Rambo, Ortley
and Ben Davi?.

Pear— Bartlett.

Plum — Chickasaw and Wild Goose.

Cherr> — The old sour variety.

Grapes — Dracut Amber, Concord and Clinton.

Raspberries — Turner, Thwack, Dooliltle and Gregg.

Blackberries — Kittatiny. (Rusting some.)

Strawberries— Crescent, Downing and Wilson.

New Orleans Premiums and Medals..

For the information of those exhibitors who received rewards of
iijold and silver medals, I will state that the Committee on Awards
have decided adversely to the issue of the same, to only pay the cash
premium awards. Those exhibitors desiring to secure the medals can
do so at a cost of $7.50 each for the silver medals and $72 each for the-
gold medals.

As some premium exhibitors have expressed doubts about the
proper meaning or construction of a circular lately issued by Co). G.
A. Breaux, Chairman of the Comimittee on Awards of the World's
Exposition, I will say this, that it simply means what I have stated in
my various circulars to premium creditors, viz. : that the only resource
that wi\] be available for the payment of premium creditors will be the
purchase money realized from the sale of the buildings and property of
the World's Exposition Company tu the new American Expo.^ition
Company, the conditions of which sale have been heretofore explained.

Yours, etc.,

WM. H. jUUSON.

Comment is unnecessary.

L. A. GOODMAN, Secretary.

SECRETARY'S BUDGET.

The Budget consists of clippings from thefcllowing papers mostly.
They have kindly furnished a copy of their papers for the year to the
Secretary's office free of cost :

American A-griculturist,
Rural New Yorker,
Prairie Farmer,
Western Rural,
Farm, Field and Stockman,
Colman's Rural World,
Journal of Agriculture,
Kansas Farmer,

Western Agriculturist,
Home and Farm,
Farm, Field and Fireside,
Live Stock Record,
American Garden,
Ladies Floral Cabinet,
Orchard and Garden,

Small Fruit Recorder.

Also some clippings from other papers. The credit is given to all,
I believe.

The thanks of the Secretary and the society are tendered to those
publications who have so kindly furnished their papers for file with
the society.

Our Budget is arranged under the following heads :

1.

Grapes.

10.

Marketing.

2.

Birds and Bees.

11.

Small Fruits.

3.

Literary.

12.

Scientific.

4.

Vegetables.

13.

Forestry.

5.

Ornamentals.

14.

Stone Fruits.

6.

Flowers.

15.

Canning, etc.

7.

Manure.

16.

Orchards.

8.

Receipts.

17.

Insects.

9.

Miscellaneous.

18.

Rapers.

'■

L. A. GOOUMAN,

U K— 21

322 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

GRAPES.

GRAPES ON TREES.

The grape rarely fails when allowed to climb over trees. It mat-
ters not what kind of trees, or whether they be living or dead, if they
only have branches that the tendrils can take hold of. Astonishing
crops are produced in this way, even on vines that receive no care.
The most successful planters in the world plant trees and vines to-
gether so that the latter may have a suitable support. Many unskilled
farmers have blundered into the same method and have had abundant
success. A vine will make twice the growth in a tree that it will on a
trellis, and where an effort is made to have it occupy both, it is always
found that its main energies are expended in the tree. A newly
planted vine should have brush instead of a stake, as it has no means
of clinging to the latter. If the tendrils can find nothing to take hold
off, they continue in motion for a time, reaching in all directions, and
this is exhausting to the vine. For this reason skilled gardeners often
cut off the tendrils. When growing vines on stakes I have often driven
lath nails in convenient places for the accommodation of the tendrils.

Although grapes do so well on trees without much care, let no one
suppose that he can accomplish anything by planting vines at the roots
of established trees. The soil being preoccupied, the vine will not
have a fair chance. Plant it at a distance from the tree to be covered,
and after it has made some growth it may be brought to the branches,
where it will take care of itself. On nearly ever}^ farm there are
worthless trees that might be made to carry bushels of grapes.

Matthew Ckawford.

grapes fdom green wood cuttings.

A Canadian correspondent says: ''Being interested in grape
growing the question has come up, are vines grown from green wood
cuttings in all respects as good as when grown from ripened wood ?''

[Years ago when the public first became aware of the great march
taken in the progress of improvement of grapes, the demand was enor-
mous, and propagating from green wood resorted to in order to meet
the great demand. In a few years disease and disaster followed, and
it became clear thai the vital power of vines, so raised, was not equal

secretary's budget. 323

to that raised from matured wood. The practice was abandoned, and
since then but very little difference has been found in the supposed
hardiness of one kind more than another. Florists are now learning
the same lesson over again in the case of the verbena and carnation.
They are coming to the conclusion that the susceptibility of these
plants in modern times, to various diseases the}'' were exempt from
years ago, comes from weakened vital power through continuous pro-
pagation from immature or green wood. All the facts tend to confirm
this view, and though we do not suppose there would be any great in-
jury result from one generation of grape propagation from green wood,
it is dangerous to follow it through several. — Ed. G. M.]

Grape rot is proved to be a purely local mfection, caused by the
growth of a parasitic fungus, and not a disease pervading the circula-
tory system of tbe plant. The fungus has been identified, and its life
history traced; clusters of grapes protected by enclosure in bags of
paper or of cloth remain undiseased, while all the unprotected clus-
ters upon the same vine will rot ; individual berries, upon perfectly
protected clusters, have been successfully inoculated with the disase.
Those to which the spore of the Phoma was introduced rotted ; the
aremaining berries of the cluster were unaffected. — Gard. Monthly.

worden grape.

We have raised this grape for many years, and have found it uni-
iormly at least a week to ten days earlier than the Concord, the slight
variation here mentioned resulting from hot weather succeeding cool,
and vice versa. The Prairie Farmer gives the experience of W. K.
Mun3on,of Grand Rapids, who had in his five-acre vineyard an acre
each of Worden and Delaware, two acres of Concord, and the remain-
der of Martha and Brighton. He said that the one acre of Worden
has paid as much each year as all the rest of the vineyard. He had
found it ten days to two weeks earlier than the Concord, with a better
bunch, and larger and better berries. It sold for eight cents a pound,
Concords four and a half cents. He began picking September 8th,
Ooncord September 22d.

TRAINING THE GRAPEVINE.

Prof. L. H. Bailey, discussing in the Philadelphia Press methods
of traning grapevines, says: "Most vineyardists alon*? the older por-
tions of the favored east shore of Lake Michigan have given up all
elaborate methods of training. The vines are pruned as soon as the
wood thaws out in the spring, and the canes are then twisted around

324 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

a post lour or five inches in diameter, and secured by a four or six-
penny nail. Tlie vines are twisted in such a manner that one or two
nails holds them securely. This method of training has the advantage
of cheapness. It requires little labor, no wires or boards, and no large
and expensive posts. In large vineyards the outlay for twine for tying
vines to trellises is considerable. This method is exceedingly expedi-
tious. It renders cultivation much more easy also. Vines trained in
this manner are easily laid down for winter protection. In this north-
ern climate it is important that pruning be done in spring, as by that
means all winter killed wood is removed without extra labor. The
best and most productive vineyards that I have seen in Michigan are
upon light, sandy soils, even very poor soils. Growth is not large, bat
it ripens well ; fruit buds are formed in abundance,

GRAPE KOT.

Who can estimate the value of a remedy for grape rot ?

At the late meeting of the Ohio State Horticultural Society, F. C
Miller, of New Philadelphia, Ohio, reported that no rot had appeared
in his vineyard for three years, although grapes had rotted in his neigh-
borhood, xlll he does to prevent it is to sow about a quart of copperas
to the square rod early in the summer.

At the same meeting, Geo. W. Campbell read a paper showing

•that a solution of sulphate of copper and lime sprinkled on the foliage

had prevented grape rot and mildew in France. One of the professors in

the State University told me that neither the iron nor the copper

would do any good, but that it must be the sulphuric acid.

M. Crawford.

SOME GRAPE MISCOXCEPTIONS.

Messrs. Bush <S: Son & Meissonier, the well-known Missouri vine-
yardists. send to the Prarie Farmer this clipping from a prominent
paper of that State :

'•It is reported in the East that AustroHungarian grape growers
are importing American vines to replace their plants destroyed by the
oidium. European and American agricultural papers have for the last
few years claimed that the American grape vine is so robust that it
defies both the oidium and the phylloxera. As a matter of every-day
fact, no grapes are at present procurable for the St. Louis market,
owing to the ravages of the oidium, which destroyed almost the entire
crop of the year.'"

secretary's budget. 325

Commenting upon .this, the gentlemen remark. " Every line is
untrue ! No Austro-Hungarian grape growers are importing American
vines — they at most intend to import them next winter, provided per-
mission can be obtained. So far it is prohibited, and none can be sent
before late in November. Their plants are not destroyed by oidium'
and if they were, American vines would be no remedy. Ours are used
as a remedy against phylloxera. And thus we could show that every
line, from beginning to end, is erroneous. No resijectable agricultural
journal ever published claimed that the American grape vine defies
oidium, but simply that this kind of fungus does not exist here — while
the American fungi — mildew of another kind, 'Peronospora ' and ' rot,'
are much worse than oidium. Furthermore, grapes are and will be
procurable for the St. Louis market; if not as abundant as in some
years, it is not owing at all to oidium, which, as said, does not exist
here, but to rot, and the late season."

GRAPE MILDEW REMEDY.

I am well aware of the difficulty in dealing satisfactorily with a
fungus which may in a single night, with scarcely any warning,
manifest itself all over a vineyard, but it is a great point gained to
know how to check it, even if the knowledge may at tim^s be of little
practical avail in large vineyards. I would strongly recommend, there-
fore, the use of the ordinary milk kerosene emulsion prepared after the
formula given in my late official reports as U. S. Entomologist, with
from two to five per cent, of carbolic acid and the same percentage of
glycerine, and then diluted in twenty to fifty parts of water to one of
the emulsion, and sprayed upon the under surface of the leaves by
means of a cyclone nozzle of small aperture so as to render the spray
as fine as possible. A soap emulsion made with cresylic soap, and the
glycerine subsequently added, would doubtless prove an excellent
substitute. Prof. 0. V. Riley.

THE BEST grape VARIETIES,

We were shown over the vineyard of about five acres, consisting
of an acre each of Worden and Delaware, two acres of Concord, and
fifty vines each of Martha and Brighton. Replying to a question Mr.
M. stated : The one acre of Worden has paid as much each year as the
balance of the vineyard. I consider it the best blue grape grown. It
has all of the good qualities of the Concord, is from ten days to two
weeks earlier, of better bunch, which is very compact with larger
berries of better flavor. Our crop was contracted before picking, at

326 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

these prices : Delaware, Brighton and Martha, at 10 cents, Concord at
7^ cents, and Worden at 8 cents per pound. The earliness of Wordea
is shown by the fact. that we began picking them September 8th, and
Concords on the 22d,and even then the grocers complained so much of
the greenness of the latter, that we nid not pick any more of them for
three days." — Prairie Farmer.

OUT AMONG THE GRAPES.

The past has been a very favorable season for grapes at Mon-
mouth ; and if our readers wii) accompany us on a walk through our
specimen vines, of which we have a great number, we will point out the

«

good qualities and defects of the better known sorts. In order to cover
the ground we are under the necessity of making our remarks very
brief :

WHITE GRAPES.

Duchess. — Vine good, a strong grower and productive ; one of the
best in quality ; clusters large. Here we have a really valuable grape^

El Dorado.— ^ee description by Mr. Parsons in this number. It
fits the grape to an iota.

Francis B. Hayes. — Vine equals Concord. For description of
fruit look on '' Our Fruit Table."

GreiTCs Golden. — Vine good and productive ; cluster of good size
and showy j berries large ; it is a poor grapefor the table, and valuable
for wine only.

Jessica. — Very early and of splendid quality. The fruit is all that
can be desired for an early white grape, but the vine mildews very
badly.

Lady. — Vine good and productive; ripens early; desirable for
home use, but cracks so badly as to impair its value for market.

Lady Washingt07i. — A rampant grower with good foliage and very
productive, but ripens late and is lacking in quality ; may be profit-
able for market, but cannot be recommended for the table.

Martha. — Vine good and productive^; clusters handsome ; fruit
foxy and inferior in quality; profitable for market onl}^

Naomi. — Vine a strong grower, but mildews badly and fails to
ripen its fruit.

iVm^am.— Fulfills the claims made for it, save that it proves un-
usually susceptible to rot and mildew. We think this is a hybrid.

PocMington.— Vine sturdy and productive ; clusters very large and
handsome, but foxy, hard and cracking badly ; quite subject to rot.

secretary's budget. 327

Prentiss. — Mildews badly, and failed to ripen its fruit ; not recom-
mended.

RED GRAPES.

Agawam. — Vine good ; clusters of good size and good quality.

Berckmans. — Vine almost identical with Canton ; fruit almost
identical both in appearance and quality with Delaware, but ripens
late and is apparently a shy bearer.

Brighton. — A noble grape ; vine fully equaling the average, al-
though somewhat subject to mildew ; clusters of a good size, handsome
and of unsurpassed quality ; valuable for all purposes.

Catawha. — Mildews and does not ripen well with us.

Delaware. — Vine poor grower and mildews; fruit unsurpassed.

JeWerson. — Vine a poor grower and mildews very badly; fruit of
of excellent quality, but ripens too late to be valuable.

Norwood. — Almost identical in fruit with the old Catawba, which
it equals in quality, but ripens early; vine less subject to mildew,
although not so strong a grower; valuable.

Perkins. — Vine free from raidew and productive: bunch and ber-
ry of good size, handsome, foxy and of poor quality ; ripens early, but
is valuable for market only.

Poughkeepsie lied- — Vine very like Delaware; clusters large and
equally good.

Salem or Rogers'' No. 22. — Berry like Agawam in all respects.

Ulster Prolific. — Vine sturdy and mildew resisting for a good
grape ; see "Our Fruit Table."

Vergennes. — Vine good and productive ; cluster of good size and
form and well filled ; quality very good and ripens early; a valuable
grape.

Wyoming Red. — Vine of iron-clad properties and very productive ;
ripens among the earliest; sweet, foxy, with hard pulp, hence not re-
commended for the table, but profitable for market.

BLACK GRAPES.

August Giant. — Vine mildews badly; berries very large and
showy; clusters poor and of poor quality ; ripens early.

Bacchus is an improved Clinton and very much more productive '■>
for wine.

Champion. — The earliest to ripen ; vine unsurpassed and very
productive ; a profitable market grape, but too poor to eat.

328 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Clinton* — Free from mildew ; a strong grower ; recommended for
wine only.

Concord. — Still holds its own ; has as yet very few superiors, all
things considered.

Early Victor. — la this we find the finest qality of all early grapes ;
to our liking it is hardly surpassed by any ; bunch of medium size ;
vine in strong growth and mildew resisting paoperties nearly or quite
equals the iron-clad Champion; very valuable.

Hartford ProlifiG. — Vine good and productive ; would be very de-
sirable for market if it did not drop so badlj^ ; superseded by Early
Victor.

Herlert or Rogers' No. 44- — Fruit almost identical with Wilder,
but vine mildewed badly, hence not so valuable.

Highland. — Clusters enormous; vine good, but too late and of
poor quality.

Ives.— y me equals Concord in growth and productiveness ; fruit
of inferior quality until very ripe ; it colors early, but ripens in mid-
season; quite free from rot; recommended only for market and wine*

Monteiiore. — Vine a strong grower, mildew-resisting and very
productive ; here we have apparently a very valuable grape for wine.

Moore''s Early surpasses its parent, the Concord, in resisting mil-
dew, but is not so productive ; one of the earliest grapes ; it is very
valuable for table and market; larger in berry than the Concord.

Telegraph. — Vine good, very productive, early and handsome, but
of inferior quality ; much pulp ; superseded by Moore's Early and
Early Victor.

Wilder or Rogers J^o. -4. — Vine good and productive ; clusters
large and showy; quality excellent; ripens about ten days after Con-
cord and has but few equals.

Worden is an improvement on the Concord, being earlier, larger,
of better quality and fully equaling it in all other respects. — Orchard
and Garden.

secretary's budget. 329

BIRDS AND BEES.

BEES ARE POMOLOGISTS.

Not a few believe that bees injure fruit. They are frequently ac-
cused of injuring peaches, apples, berries and even grapes. I do not
believe this. But though it be correct the bees are the best friends of
the horticulturist. Did you evey think why ? Sex is not confined to
the animal kingdom by ony means ; plants are sexual. The sexual
organs are in the blossoms. For the blossoms to produce fruit the
ovules must be fertilzed b/ the pollen from the anthers at the summit
of the stamens, which falls upon the stigma and traversing the style of
the pistil reaches the ovary.

In this process of fertilizing, insects are important aids and in quite
a large number of cases are essential aids; and of all insects bees are
the most important workers. They seek the honey to be found in the
blossoms ; and while on this quest they disturb the anthers, knocking
the pollen upon their wings and bodies and in this way conveying it to
waiting stigmas. In a large class of flowers the work of insects is es-
sential to fertilization either because the stamens and pistils of the
blossom do not reach maturity at the same time, or the pistils are
turned away from the stamens, preventing the pollen from falling on
the stigmas, or else the anthers are below the stigmas, having the
same effect ; while other blossoms have no pistils or else no stamens ;
in all these cases self fertilization is impossible.

To fertilize such blossoms it would seem that the creation of the
bees had been especially designed, so well do they perform their woik.
First, the bees are formed just right to accomplish it. Then the
flower has the honey to attract the bee. And when the conditions are
most favorable the flower sends out a fragrance to yet further attract
the bee. Prof. Gray calls this fragrance the flower's advertisement.
But it may occur to the mind of the reader that the bee would visit
flowers of different species and thus occasion the greatest confusion.
Not so. The bee has a keen sense of taste and never mixes its nectars,
but as the nectar of all blossoms of each species tastes alike it confines
each vist to one species. Aside from this, having found nectar in one
blossom it would naturally seek in others having the same appearance
and fragrance. To get at the honey the bee must twist itself into all
possible shapes and positions, a wise provision of nature to sepure the
dislodgment of the pollen ; and she also doles out the nectar in small

330 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

quantities that the bee may be compelled to make frequent visits. It
is also a fact worthy of note that the blossom does not yield nectar
until it is ready for its part in fertilization.

This phase of the phenomena is curious enough to be interesting,
but there is an intensely practical aspect of the case. Nature would
not go to so much trouble for nothing, and if there was not an impor-
tant work for the bees to perform, there would not be these provisions
made for it. We are forced to the conclusion that where there are no
bees many blossoms will fail of being properly fertilized and hence
fail to mature fruit.

How much the fruit grower would lose by the total destruction of
bees it would be hard to estimate even approximately, but probably
it would far exceed any damage the bees will do by occasionally
puncturing a grape or peach. It is said that in a town in Massachu-
setts, so strong was the belief that bees injured the fruit, that an or^
dinance was passed obliging the bee-keepers to remove their bees to
another locality. After a year or two the fruit growers decided to have
the bees brought back as so little Iruit set upon the trees in proportion
to the blossoms which appeared. When we consider the work done
by bees, we are justified in calling them pomologists.

I am certain that bees injure fruit very little, if at all. Most of
the destruction blamed upon them is the work of other agents. The
jaws of the bee are too weak to puncture the skin of the most delicate
grape. Only after it is pierced does the bee harm the fruit.

John M. Stahl, in American Garden.

SOME PUGNACIOUS SPARROWS.

We may be pardoned for again calling the attention of Prairie
Farmer readers to the much talked of English sparrow, long enough
to quote the following interesting and phathetic incidents from a let-
ter to Science written by G. C. Henning, of Louisville, Ky. It gives
some positive evidence as to whether or not these feathered intruders
molest our native song birds, that the few remaining sparrow advo-
vates would do well to ponder upon. Mr. H. writes :

We had provided at my home in Hudson county, N. J., numerous
boxes for nests of blue birds and wrens in the trees, and before the in-
troduction of the English sparrow in New York in 1864, these were in-
variably occupied by the same family each spring ; additional nests
were always soon occupied. Any one acquainted with these pretty
little singers will understand the peculiar charm they lend to a coun-
try home. During the summer time the grove would be full of thrushes,
who would build their nests in the underbrush and fill the morning

secketary's budget. 331

and evening air with their melodious song. Within four years after
the introduction of English sparrows they had found their way to our
home, and immediately began harassing the blue birds, sometimes de-
stroying their nests. As soon as we noticed this we took the part of
our pets and fought the sparrows at every point. This was soon no-
ticed by the blue birds; and it, actuUly happened that when hard
pressed by the sparrows they would fly close to the house to attract
our attention to their trouble by plaintive cries. AVe succeeded in
protecting them for a few years ; but with the rapid increase of the
sparrows, the blue birds have left their former abodes never to return
to them except as travelers.

tragedies in bird life.

When we noticed that the wrens were harassed in a similar man-
ner, we made the entrance holes to the boxes so small that the spar-
rows could no longer enter. We then found that the wily sparrows
would take turns sitting on the perch in front of the opening until the
old wrens had left, or until the young ones had starved. In two cases
we found that the old wrens had been kept imprisoned until starved to
death. We tried to drive the sparrows off — shot them with guns,
caught them in traps, destroyed their nests, etc., etc., but all in vain.
The best way to drive them away seems to be to destroy their nests
without tiring ; then they will partly leave. They would fight the
brown thrush and scatter its eggs whenever opportunity presented
itself, and seemed to take particular delight in pulling their nests to
pieces to build their own with the debris.

FRUIT DESlRuYING HABITS.

Mr. Henning adds: In spring they destroy the strawberries to be-
gin with, and attack every variety of fruit except currants, gooseber-
ries and apples. They do not feed on cherries to make their living like
native birds, but merely take a bite of each berry, and destroy it wont-
only. AVhen pears are ripe they will peck large holes in them to drink
the juice. They generally appropriate half of our vineyard, and can-
not be frightened by "scarecrows." They invariably keep themselves
busy when not hungry, by picking off young sprouts, especially of tine
plants and rose bushes, though they do not spare trees. In addition to
the above they do not destroy worms which build a web, though they
probably destroy chrysalids or open cocoons in winter time when they
can find no other food. We have never seen them destroy worms in
summer time when grain, seeds and other food are plenty.

332 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

LITERARY.

LET US SING.

O. Painter of the fruits and flowers,

We own- thy wise design,
Whereby these human hands of ours

May share the worlv of Thine !

Apart from Thee we plant in vain

The root and sew the seed ;
Thy early and Thy later rain,

Thy sun and dew we need.

Our toil is sweet with thankfulness,

Our burden is our boon ;
The curse of Earth's grey morning is

The blessing of its noon.

Whj' search the wide world everywhere

For Eden's unknown ground ! —
That garden of the primal pair

May never more be found.

But blest by Thee, our patient toil
May right the ancient wrong, ^

And give to every clime and soil ^

The beauty lost so long.

Our homestead flowers and fruited trees

May Eden's orchard shame ;
We taste the tempting sweets of these

Like Eve without her blame.

And North and South and East and West,

The pride of every zone,
The fairest, rarest and the best.

May all be made our own.

Its earliest shrines the young world sought

In hill-groves and in bowers,
The fittest offerings thither brought

Were Thy own fruits and flowers.

And still with reverent hand we cull

Thy gifts each j^ear renewed ;
The Good is always beautiful,

The Beautiful is good.

—J. Q. Whittier.

sechetary's budget. 333

MANHOOD.

The most profitable industry the farm affords is the development
of character, of manhood in your boys and womanhood in your girls.
No farmer ever raised a crop half so valuable as a larg^ number of
sons — honest, intelligent, industrious, fond of home and all its endear-
ing associations, avoiding, as though a crime, the race-course, the dram-
shop, the gambling den and allied places of infamy. The richest
mother is the one that has the largest number of affectionate daugh-
ters— daughters that know of no place so dear as home and no
name so sweet as that of mother. Here let me say that I am a farmer
simply because the farm affords more real pleasure than any other
pursuit for which I am fitted. My pleasures do not evolve from what
I make from the farm but from what the farm makes of me. I do not
cultivate cereals, vegetables, fruits or flowers wholly for what they will
bring in the market, but rather for what they will make me worth in
the market. It is not the number of gladioli, the bushels of corn, or
the barrels of apples that I have harvested in the year, but it is the crop
of manhood, the yield of domestic happiness, that shows the true pro-
ductiveness of the farm.

C. L Allen, in Ladies' Floral Cabinet:

^ BOOK or NATURE.

The book for every farmer's boy to read is the open book of na-
ture. There was none ever written that contains one-half of the infor-
mation, none other half so facinating, none so perfect and pure. Na-
ture teaches us to dwell as much as possible upon the beautifnl and
good, and to ignore at all times the evil and the false.

Let us take a single tree for an object lesson and see what it will
teach us. Time will not permit of our discussing the phenomena of
plant life, and we will only say that vegetable and animal lives in no
way differ in principle : there is a perftct analogy between the two.
But in order to show you the pleasure there is to be derived from the
Btudy of the tree, we would say that all plants possess a real life — they
eat, drink, feel and think ; they sleep, breathe and secrete — in short,
perform all the functions of supply, repair, development and repro-
duction. The intelligence they manifest in searching for food is sim-
ply wonderful, while the actions of climbing plants in search of sup-
ports are equally strange. All these wonderful peculiarities of plants
are but little seen or appreciated. In fact, not one man in ten ever
saw the true roots of a tree, or knows that they are put forth in spring
simultaneously with the leaves and are shed with them in autumn.

334 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

To make the farm attractive, show the child its attractions; how
plants know when there has been a storehouse of food placed within
their reach, and will immediately turn their attention to it. Show how
each and every plant takes Irom the earth and atmosphere different
elementary substances, and hiw they are stored up for our use. Show
the child the plants' adaptation to the necessities of other living or-
ganisms in the localities where they Hre indigenous ; how that in every
locality the animal and plant support and sustain each other and
in the end consume each other. The breath of the ox is the food of
the plant upon which he fattens.

How interesting ir is to watch the plant industries as they are car-
ried on side by side, each doing its own work wisely and well and with-
out exciting in the least the envy of its neibhbor, and without con-
tention or strife. We see the maple collecting saccharine juices ; the
,pine, rosin; the popy, opiurn; the Oik, tannin, and so on through the
list. In our gardens the aconite collects a deadly poison which it
stores up in its tuber-, and by its side the potato gathers in starch for
the sustenance of man. The plant's adaptation to the soil and climate
in which it is to grow is one of the most beautiful and useful studies
.for the old as well as the young.

C. L. Allen, in Ladies^ Floral Cabinet.

A DAY or JUNE.

•
[ could write such a beautiful poem

About this summer day,
If my pen could catch the beauty

On every leaf and spray,
And the music all about me

Of brook and breeze and birds —
But the greatest poet living

Cannot put them into words.

So T may not write down the poem

As It came from the hand of God
Vw the wonderful worldless language

He writes on sky and sod,
In words that we tell our thoughts in,

That will make you feel and see
The beautiful, beautiful poem

This day has been to me.

If I might, you would hear all through it

The melody of the breeze,
•Like a fine and far-off echo

Of the ocean harmonies :

secretary's budget. 335

You would hear the song of the robins

Aswing in the apple tree, ^

And the voices of running waters

In their search for the great gray sea.

You would breathe the fragrance of clover

In the words of every line,
And incense out of the censers

Of hillside larch and pine ;
You would see through the words the roses,

With, deep in their hearts of gold,
The sweets of a thou and summers—

But words are so weak, so cold !

If I only could write the color

Of the lilac's tossing plumes.
And make you feel, in a sentence,

The spell of its sweet perfumes ;
If my pen could paint the glory

Of the blue and tender sky.
And the peace that crowns the mountains,

My poem would never die !

— Eben E. Rcvford in American Garden.

VALUABLE.

The best poems area legacy to the world of untold value. It is so
with the poetry of the farm. It not only brings comfort and happi-
ness to others, but possessions. Every dollar or day's work expended
in trees, flowers, lawns or hedges, is invested for the whole country
about. More than this. The value is not lost when we leave these im-
provements, but with all the added increments of the years of pleasant
thought and labor, they are handed down t:> futurity. How I honor
and bless the lady who planted the beautiful trees that now grace my
yard and shade my house. Her memory is renewed with each unfold-
ing leaf and growing bough. She has left me that which I could not
purchase with money or secure with my labot.

Whittier most appropriately puts the value of this entail into
rhyme.:

■* 'For he who blesses most is blest ;

And God and man shall own his worth.
Who toils to leave as his behest,
An added beauty to the earth."

336 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

THE REAL HOME.

What makes home is the light of love kept constantly burn-
ing on its altar, and which welds the tender, sacred ties of the family.
Persons who are too busy with the daily affairs of life to find time to
adorn and beautify their homes will soon permit the lamp of love to
burn low and dim on the altar of their hearth-stones, and then, blindly
ignorant of the cause of their unhappiness, they bewail at their lot and
marvel at their own wretchedness. The way to be happy is to make
your home beautiful and attractive, within, of course, the limit of the
means at your command. Intelligence, love and refinement cannot be
found in a home where there are only bare walls and floors, where
there are no books or papers on the table, no flowers in the yard and
no music in the hearts of its inmates.

J. G. Holland.

A FEW FACTS FANCIFULLY FORMULATED.

.SILEXT PLEADERS.

While traveling o'er the prairies wide,
We see along the highway side
Poor beggars ranged ; though not a word
They utter, yet our hearts are stirred
With tales they tell in mute despair.
They lift their shattered arms in air,
And tell of ills which they have known,
Of scathing blasts so often blown ;
Of piercing cold, of dearth and flood,
Which chill, or drj', or taint, their blood.
Their mangled trunks and broken limbs
A sight presents which well nigh dims
Our eyes with sympathetic tears ;
For sweet Pomona, many years
Hath nurtured with unsparing hand
These once fair products of the land,
Which now stand stark and almost bare
Of the rich dress they used to wear.
The luscious fruit they yearly bore,
Is found not now as 'twas of yore.

As human beggars on the street
Placard their woes — as seemeth meet,.
In printed words hung on the breast.

secretary's budget. 337

So these mute pleaders plead the best
In picturing sorrows to the eye.
These are the words they seem to cry :

THE FRUIT trees' PRAYER.

" O Master, we appeal to you ;

For many years we've thrived and grew

Upon the food dame Nature gave,

But, this exhausted, now we crave

The aid that you alone can give —

The food without which none can live.

Too long you've starved us in your greed,

You've cropped our ground, nor given heed

To Nature's tixed eternal laws ;

That ends result from equal cause.

That constant cropping must exhaust

The food stored up at endless cost;

The grass, with myriad mouths, devours

The food which justly should be ours.

Root out, destroy this thieving foe !

And, if you'd have us thrive and grow,

And give you fruit as once we gave.

And like good Christian trees behave,

Feed us from yon cattle yard ;

Stir us the soil, now stiff and hard.

Prune off our limbs, that now are dead,

And paint their stumps with oil and lead ;

From off our trunks the roughest bark

i>crape well ; and we will here remark —

A wash of soap or alkali

With a stiff brush if you'll apply,

'Twill brighten our complexion much.

And drive away the insects— such

As lay the eggs whose larvfe bore

Our vitals through ; and what is more.

Thus weakened, we cannot withstand

The freezing grip of Boreas' hand.

Cut out these grubs ; for now tliey sleep

Pent up within our bodies deep.

" Do all these things and you shall see,
Tbo' man to man ungrateful be —
Pomona pours her richest gifts
On him who cares for and uplifts
Her feeble children from death's door,
And thus befriends them con amore.

"Now listen to our final call ;
We speak to farhiers, one and all.

u R— 22

338 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTUBAL SOCIETY.

In these terse, emphatic words :

Plant evergreens to shield your herds,

Your orchards and your homes from cold.

These beauteous trees outweigh your gold ;

Enhance your pleasures every year.

And when the close of life draws near.

Your children's gratitude will fill

Your hearts with the prophetic ' Peace, good will.' "

— A. M. N. — From Wesiera Rural.

FARMERS AND BOOKS. •

The world teems with books on orchard management, and on
every other department of husbandry. Is it wise to spend a lot of
money on buying trees and planting an orchard, when a dollar is be-
grudged for some useful work on fruit culture ? The prejudice against
book-farming seldom voices itself nowadays; but it may be seen
plainly enough in the scarcity of good books on agriculture and horti-
culture in farmer's houses. It is the minority still who take a rural
paper. " Read and you will kaow," is as true about farming and gar-
dening as any other department of human knowledge. The accumu-
lated wisdom of ages on all subjects is embodied in good books and
scattered broadcast in useful periodicals. If a man shats and bars
bis doors against these, he metaphorically closes his windows to the
light of day, and must sit or walk in darkness — Cor. Rural Canadian.

This is a race track
Rounded and smoothed with care,
Thronged with horses and people
Every day of the fair.

o o o
These are the farmers' products.
Few and far between,
Viewed by reporters and committeemen,
Cared for by farmers green. '

— Stoiighton Sentinel.

Here is a little piece of poetry that seems to me pretty good.
There is great deal of truth in it, if it is short. Just think what a differ-
ence theve is between bread and liquor, and yet both come from the
same thing. There are a great many other things that we meet with
in every day life that will produce good or bad results — just as we
choose : '

secretary's budget. 339

A VOICE FROM THE CORX.

I was made to be eaten and not to be drank ;
To be husked in a barn, not soaked in a tank.

I come as a blessing when put in a mill.

As a blight and a curse when run through a still.

Make me up into loaves, and your children are feed ;
But into a drink, 1 will starve them instead.

In bread I'm a servant, the eater shall rule,
In drink I'm a master, the drinker a fool.

Then remember my warning! my strengtn I'll employ,
If eatento strenghten, if drunk to destroy!

FRUITS.

Think once more, my friends, of the great blessings which you may
•confer on mankind l)y the multiplication of good fruits. Next to sav-
ing the soul is the saving of health, and I know of no better means
'than an abundant supply of ripe fruits.

Fruits are the overflow of nature's bounty ; gems from the skies
which are dropped down to beautify the earth, charm the sight, gratify
the taste, and minister to the enjoyment of life; and the more we re-
alize thi|, the more shall we appreciate the divine goodness to us, and
■the duty of providing tiiem for others. *

Like morning's first light, that gladdens the sight,
So may the best fruits spread over the earth.
And when we shall reach that still fairer land,
And round the life-tree in mercy shall stand.
May each pluck its fruit, and nevermore feel
The serpent's sharp tooth, once close at his heel.

— Extract from an address hy the Hon. Marshall P. Wilder.

VEGETABLES.

A POTATO TRIAL AND EXHIBIT — BY THE EXPERIMENT DEPARTMENT OF IIOUGH-

TON FAhM.

The best method of cutting potatoes for planting has been long
disputed and a variety of con.fiicting opinions have been made public

340 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL - OCIETY.

In 1884 it was decided to try and contribute something to the knowl-
edge of thi subject, by making comparative plantings at Houghton
farm and instead of reporting the result in figures, exhibiting at va-
rious fairs, the pototoes themselves, just as grown, with such marks
and explanations as would enable everyone to judge for himself as to
the facts.

Accordingly, at the New York State Fair of 1884, the well known
potato grower, Mr. N. F. Pierson, of Seneca Castle, Ontario county,
was engaged to make up a collection of a few pounds each from 100
to 150 varieties successfully grown by him, to include a number be-
longing to all the established classes or families of potatoes. Mr. Pier-
son kept the seed through the winter very successfully and sent the
collection to Houghton farm in the spring of 1885. As received on
the first of May, the potatoes were in excellent condition, and repre-
sented 130 varieties, divided as follows : eight new, early varieties, 32'
approved early varieties, 24 new late varieties and 60 approved late
varieties.

The place selected for planting was part ot an old garden, cropped
for two or three years with onions and cucumbers for seed. The soil
was similar to the black soil so well-known in the onion growing dis-
tricts of Orange county. It was not first rate potato ground, but was
convenient for the purpose and well protected from interference and
accidents, which was an important point. The land, after t^^ing put
in a good mechanical condition, received a moderate and very even
dressing of muriate of potash and phosphatic lime, harrowed in.

The land was carefully laid out in squares, a space nine feet square-
being allowed for every variety. It was decided to plant the potatoes
in three different ways as to form of seed, and with three hills in each'
way, to guard against accident. This gave nine hills of every variety,
and the whole field was planted three feet apart both ways. A large
stake marked with the number of the lot, was set at the middle of
every square. It would have been difficult to find anywhere a piece of
land more uniform in every respect throughout its area, and less liable
to affect single hills of potatoes from local causes.

The potatoes were planted on the 20th of May, (the ground not
being suitable earlier), and as I selected and cut all the seed, while
my principal assistant, Mr. Emery, planted every hill, I am certain
that in this part of the work, all were treated exactly alike, and there
was no possibility of error. The squares of different varieties were so-
placed that the hills of like seedings formed rows across the field, and
the different kinds were planted in the same order as that in which
they were exhibited at the fairs. The earliest varieties were together

secretaky's budget. 341

at the left, and so on to the right, where the hitest varieties were placed.
Of every variety, three hills were planted with one fair whole potato,
about the size of a hen's egg; three others had in each hi)l one good-
sized piece of a good-sized potato, the piece having three or four eyes
on it; and the three remaining hills were planted each with one eye
upon a rather small piece cut Irom a good sized potato. It is needless
to add that throughout the growin,"^ season the hills of the whole lot
were treated exactly alike ; no operation was performed which would
affect the produce of one hill that was not applied to all the hills, the
same day. The nsual culture of field potatoes was followed, but very
little hilling was done.

The season was extremely unfavorable for the crop. During the
months of June and July the rainfall was less than tour inches, instead
of from ten to twelve inches for the same months in several previous
years. At the time, therefore, when the young plants most needed
water to make their growth, they got none, but were, instead, subjected
to most intense dry heat. It soon became apparent that this would
tell disastrously upon the productiveness of the crop, but as all vari-
eties and the different ways of seeding fared alike, it was felt that the
experiment might be profitably completed. The early varieties nat-
urally suffered most, and this was apparent to every one who saw the
exhibit. Abundant rains in August were of great benefit to the late
varieties, and these were mostly in vigorous growth when it became
necessary to dig them for the fairs. All were dug between the first
and the twelfth of September. At this time one of the early kinds
(the Bermuda Pink Blossom, an imported potato), was still green and
growing, and of the 88 late kinds, 50 were ripe, while 38 were more
or less immature.

The harvesting was carefully supervised by Mr. Emery, one hill at
a time, and everything half an inch in diameter was saved. The total
product of every hill, when dry and clean, (but not washed), was
weighed, all the tubers counted, the number merchantable counted,
and then the whole put away in a stout paper bag plainly marked, all
the facts being carefully recorded.

Exhibits of the products from these plantings were made during
the autumn at the New York State fair, Albany, the Orange county
fair, Newburgh, N. Y., the Deerfield Valley fair, Charlemont, Massa-
chusetts, the Hampshire, Franklin and Hampden counties fair, North-
ampton, Massachusetts, and at the Virginia State fair, Richmond.
The method of display at all these places was substantially the same.
On the exhibit table the potatoes were arranged in three rows accord-
ing to the different methods of cutting and planting the seed. One

342

MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

hundred and twenty-eight (128) varieties were shown, and the whole-
product of the three hills of every variety, that of each hill in a small
wooden tray by itself. There were thus 384 trays in all. The back
row of 128 were from the whole potato as seed, the middle row from
the usual cutting and the front row from the single eye planted.
Every hill or tray was plainly marked with the name of the variety
and the method of seed planting. Examined from left to right, every
row showed the effects of the same way of cutting upon different
varieties. From back to front, in sets of three, the same variety in
diff'erent ways. As a whole, the potatoes were inferior in quality,,
although in several cases, single hills produced from three to five
pounds. But that was immaterial, the exhibit was not intended as a
show, but as an object lesson, giving at a glance the results of these
three ways of planting. Large card? accompanying the exhibit, gave
the average results in figures. These may be condensed as follows:

AVERAGE OF 128 VARIETIES OF POTATOES.

Metliod of cutting seed.

Whole potato (back row) . . .
Usual cutting (middle row).
Single eye (front row)

» I O d rr

2" M

» fo • r;; o >-s
CO >-j I ti T 1

fD <C

5^013

I

28
13

10

^

5J

48
33

28

CO C

2.4

2.5

2.8

O

c -3 c

»2 %}'^

a o

316
215
185

o n>

8^

51
74;

86

One set of these figures may be deceptive; although it appears
that the average weight of the potatoes in the front row (single eye
planting), was the greatest, the number of large potatoes was greater
in the back row, and the largest potatoes were there also. Therefore
in every way of viewing it, so far as this one trial is concerned, the
planting of the fair-sized whole potatoes was the most satisfactory in
result. And this was not the result with a single kind, but the aver-
age of 128 different kinds, treated exactly alike in every respect except
the form or cutting of the seed. Henry E. Alvord,

— Rural New Yorker. Manager.

whole versus cut tubers for seed.

The results of numerous experiments in this direction may be
summed up briefly : as a rule, the more potato we have planted the

secretary's budget.

343

larger has been the yield. Large tubers have yielded more than small
ones. Large cuttings have yielded more than single eyes. When it
is remembered that usually but a single eye develops, it appears that
practically the chief difference between whole and cut tubers is in the
amount of potato used. The question as to how small the cuttings
may be safely made, appears to depend upon circumstances that the
potato grower cannot foresee. — Rural New Yorker.

MODERN GARDENING.

The old plan of having a little garden spot, spading it up and
tending it by hand, is the plan that presents itself to many a man's
mind when he is. urged to have a good garden. Naturally he thinks
this is a great deal of bother and it is. We do not blame a farmer for
not wanting to enter upon such a work. But that is not the way
gardening is now generally done on a farm. The garden is more like
a field than it is like the garden of our younger days. It is laid out so
that there may be long rows. The ground is plowed, and the horse is
brought into requisition to cultivate. In this way the garden is little
more trouble than the corn field. Hand labor is tedious and it is al-
ways expensive. We would advise a farmer to have a good garden
even if he must cultivate it by hand, but the way to do it is to plant
in long rows and cultivate it with horse power. If the tillage is by
hand by all means have the most improved implements. Speaking of
sowing seed, perhaps this would be a good place to give the quantities
of seed to sow a single row of one hundred yards. The following table
will show :

Asparagus 8 oz.

Beans, Bush 3 qts .

" Lima 3 pts.

" Pole 1 pt.

Beet 5 oz.

Broccoli \ "

Brussels Sprouts J "

Cabbage l" "

Carrot 3 ''

Cauliflower i "

Celery 3" "

Collards \ "

Corn l" pt.

Cress 4 oz.

Cucumber 4 "

Egg-Plant \ "

Endive 2" "

Leek 2 "

oz.

4 (

Lettuce 2

Melon, Water 2

" Citron 1 "

'Mustard 4 "

Okra 12 "

Onion 2 oz. for large bulbs

Onion 8 oz. for sets

Parsley 2 oz .

Peas 3 qts

Pepper J oz .

Pumpkin 2

Radish 6

Rhubarb 4

Salsify 4

Spinach 6

Squash 3

Tomato 1

Turnips 3

Persons not accustomed to handling sweet potatoes sometimes
find that they rot very freely. A sweet potato to keep well must be

344 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIEIY.

handled as carefully and tenderly as winter api3les. They bruise easily
and wherever bruised they will surely and speedily decay. They must
have a cool, dry place and it should also be dark. By cool is meant a
point below that which produces vegetable decay but not so cool as is
necessary for apples, that temperature would chill and rot them. It is
not necessary that they should be packed in leaves or anything of that
kind but they must be dry. They should be dried before being put
away, but the drying should be done in the shade as much as possible.
Sweet potatoes should never b3 piled up in any great heaps ; they keep
better when spread out a little so as to avoid heating. — Journal of Ag-
riculture'

TOMATOES ON POLES. • ^

It 19 said that training tomato vines to poles is at least a pleasura-
ble undertaking. Its profitableness we have not seen any mention of,
though the Rural New Yorker says that the fruit will be very fine
which would be expected. Ordinarily the tomato grows well enough
in the old way and for domestic purposes it takes but a few hills to
supply the largest demand. The paper referred to, however, advises
people as a matter of pleasure to set poles twelve feet high and train
the vines to them. It says that if lateral shoots are pinched off, con-
fining the vines to a single stem, and securing it loosely to the poles
by loops, it will reach the top of the poles. As a diversion at least such
things are worth trying.

HISTORY OF THE TOMATO.

According to Dr. Sturtevant, of the New York Experiment Sta-
tion, in relation to the history of the tomato, it was described by Eu-
ropean botanists in the tenth century, and was probably grown as a
fruit at that period ; but in the' seventeenth century it was as yet
grown in England merely as an ornament. In the early part of this
century it was grown for the Rome and Naples markets ; the Anglo-
Saxon race was, probably, the last to receive it as a food, and they
gave it the name it bears. In the seventeenth century Spaniards,
Portuguese and Italians used it very abundantly.

To this we may add, the tomato was introduced into the United
States early in the century as an ornamental plant, under the name of
Love apple. In the larger cities of the New England and Middle
States, and especially in the south, the tomato gradually found its way
into kitchens as an esculent. The taste increased under improved
methods of cooking. In 1831, the father (then of Newark, N. J.) of one

secretary's budgett. 345

of the editors of the Farm, Field and Stockman^ received an improved
variety from Italy in conneclion with seeds of the Spanish melon, and
was the first person in that citj'^ who used the tomato as a food. The
onildren soon learned to eat the fruit in its natural state ; a fruit now
more universally used and appreciated than any other. As a boy the
writer remembers being carefully warned by a good old aunt "not to
touch the 'love apples' — they are poison." The child had already
eaten the forbidden fruit at home. — Farm^ Field and Stockman.

THE VEGETABLE GARDEN. I

Where plenty of garden vegetables are required, frequent sowings
or plantings should be made. The ^ spring fever" ot vegetable gar-
dening is generally of short duration, and is at its height when the at-
tack first comes on. The owner of a small garden is apt to have it so
seriously that undue haste is made in all the operations; plowing or
spading is not halt done, the surface is barely stirred up enough to
show that some one Las been over the whole ground ; fertilizers are
improperly supplied, and plantings are made with hands uuguided by
■experience or judgment. All the seeds are put in on the same day,
and the work finished up as rapidly as possible. The result is, in some
<;ases, a surplus of vegetables for a short period, and none thereafter;
in other cases, at no time does the garden afford vegetables worthy of
the name.

For the best success a series of plantings should be made, com-
mencing with radishes and lettuce ; plant 20, early in the season as
the weather will permit, always b taring in mind that it is folly to put
seeds in the ground when it is cold and wet. A planting of radishes
should be made every ten days until the first of June, after which time
■do not plant again until September, as in this climate radishes in mid-
summer are worthless. Peas should also be sown in succession until
the first of June. Plant a few at a time, in order that the whole crop
may be consumed when in the best possible condition ; it is far better
to eat canned peas than half ripened ones from the vines. A planting
of peas can be made to advantage after early potatoes, if the proper
kinds are selected, and for this purpose " Henderson's First of All," or
others of that class are the best. It is folly to plant so late the large,
wrinkled varieties, as a crop of mildew would be secured in September
instead of a delicious vegetable. Two plantings of beets in spring and
one in August will keep up a succession of this vegetable, tender and
sweet. Sweet-corn should be planted every week, say twenty hills at
a time, from the first of May until the middle of Juiy ; this will afford
an ample supply for nearly three months. Beans should be planted

346 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTUR.

at intervals of three weeks, the last planting to be made about the
middle of July. This crop, if not wanted for snap beans, can be used
to good advantage for pickling.

A small planting of strap-leaf turnips should be made as early as
possible in the season, and another on the ground where the early peas
were grown. A later planting can be made, as well as one of ruta-
bagas, where the early potatoes were grown. In any vacant places, if
such there are in the garden, a small patch of spinach should be culti-
vated, if for no other purpose than to turn under as a vegetable ma-
nure. It is of the greatest importance to make an early and late plant-
ing of tomatoes. For the first, put out strong, stocky plants ; for the
second, dror> a seed or two in each hill of early corn, and as soon as
the corn is done cut the stalks to the ground, and a splendid crop of
tomatoes will be secured, which will be very useful after the first has
ripened its best fruit?. — From American Garden.

NATURE OP THE DISEASE.

The potato rot is a contagious disease which often spreads from
plant to plant and field to field with great rapidity. The disease at-
tacks the tops as well as the tubers, and is due solely, or primarily at
least, to the presence of a minute parasitic fungus, phytophthora infes-
tans. The life history of this parasite was carefully investigated many
years since by De Bary and other botanists, and is now well known.
The destructive effects of the fungus are generally first observed upon
the tubers late in the fall, but the disease is present much earlier in the
season, and may be recognized on the tops by a certain characteristic
blotched, black or brown-spotted, dead appearance. A more critical
inspection of the diseased tops would show numerous small white
spots scattered over the leaves and stems. When highly magnified these
spots are found to be mioature forests of slender stems growing up out
of the surface of the leaves and stems of the potato. These tiny stems
commonly branch and swell out at the ends into ellipsoid or oval bod-
ies, known as summer spores. These little spores are produced by mil-
lions and are so small that a million could easily lie side by side on a
square inch without crowding. Whan ripe they separate from the
stem by a joint and fall. Under the influence of water the livings
jelly-like contents of the si)ore may push out a long, slender tube, ca-
pable of growing down directly into any part of the potato plant to
begin a new cycle of growth, or may separate into several distinct por-
tions (swarm spores) which, being endowed with life and motion, burst
through the wall of the mother spore, swim about actively for a few

secretary's budget. 84T

minutes, and then either die or thrust out a slender tube, capable, as
in the other form, of becoming a nrature plant inside of the potato
plant. All this wonderful vital activity, so readily observed under the
microscope, takes place, as we have seen, in bodies small enough to
rest easily on the poin of a pin and light enough to be readily blown
from field to field.

The mature fungus lives in the tops or tubers of the potato, and is
also a minute affair. Its presence can only be detected by the micro-
scopist, but its capacity for mischief bears no relation to its size. It
consists of very numerous, colorless, irregularly branching, tube like
threads. These threads grow through the tissues of the potato more
or less rapidly, appropriating to their own use the nutrient juices of
the vegetable, and impoverishing its tissues so that they either break
down directly or are invaded by bacteria and other low forms of life
which induce putrefective decomposition. It is this mature fungus
which sends to the surface the white forests of tiny stalks bearing the
summer spores already mentidned. These spores live only a short
time, but the mycelium (the internal tube-like threads of the fungus)
is perennial and hardy. There is little, if any, differentiation of parts
or distinction of function in the internal portions of the fungus, and
consequently, unlike the higher plants, a new plant may, under favor-
ing conditions, arise from any least portion of it. In fact, any portion
of it is a complete plant in itself, being capable of gro'vth and repro-
duction.

There appears to be some hope of successfully combatting this fun-
gus more than in the case of almost any other similar plant parasite
which is equally widespread. The important facts to be considered in
devising preventive measures are (I): The fungus spreads from one
plant to another during the growing season by summer spores, rain-
washed or windblown ; and (2) it depends, primarily, for its spread
the following season upon its perennial mycelium (the tube-like
threads), always to be found in the diseased tubers and tops. It may,
also, possibly grow from resting spores found in the same situations,
although the existence of the latter is not settled beyond dispute.

PREVENTIVE MEASURES.

1. From what has been said it follows that the parasite may often
live over winter in the tops of decaying tubers left in the fif^ld after
harvest. Prudence would, therefore, dictate the complete removal and
destruction of such refuse. It should be buried or burned. It should
not be used for compost.

348 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTDRAL SOCIETY.

2. Store the harvested crop ill dry cellars, and sort over several
times, at short intervals, carefully removing from the bins every tuber
which shows the least ?ign of decay. Remove, also, to a separate pile,
those tubers which have been lying in contact with the diseased ones.
The sorting will be facilitated and the decay hindered by storing the
tubers in casks, barrels or small boxes. Potatoes buried in quantity
in fields will be likely to rot in toto during the coming winter if, by
chance, any infected tubers were buried with the sound ones.

3. Plant next season only tubers which are entirely sound, out-
side and inside. The black spots contain the fungus. Some tubers
may appear sound on the surface and be diseased within. Determine
the soundness of the tubers by cutting at planting time. To plant
diseased potatoes will insure a continuation of the rot.

4. Even if direction No. 1 has been followed, more or less of the
potato fungus will probably remain over winter in the fields ready to
grow if there is an opporl unity. Do not, therefore, plant in the same
fields as last year, nor in adjoining odes, nor near fields planted by
neighbors if some more remote locality can be found.

5. Take advantage of the prevailing direction of the wind. Our
summer and autumn winds are chiefly from points between south and
west. There is, therefore, a chance of escaping wind blown spores by
planting to the southwest of other potato fields, or to the northeast of
woodlan,ds or other large uncultivated tracts.

6. The growth of the parasite is favored by moisture and stopped
by drouth. It is rapid in rainy weather and when there are heavy
dews. Usually the rot is much worse upon clay land or other soils
which retain moisture. Choose, therefore, a light and dry soil for
planting.

It has been shown experimentally that, with only moderate water-
ing, the summer spores will penetrate the soil to a depth of several
inches, consequently " hilling up "' will not protect. The probabilities
are, also, that no substances can be dusted upon or otherwise applied to
the growing plants with much benefit. If some varieties of the po-
tato are less subject to the rot than others, a thing not improbable, the
present state of our knowledge does not enable us to say positively
which they are.

ft

HISTORY OP THE POTATO.

The early history of the potato is involved in obsurity. It has been
supposed that the plant was first found by Europeans in Virginia, and
that Sir Walter Raleigh carried it thence to England in the year 1586.
Raleigh never visited Virginia. He only furnished ships and means

secretary's budget. 349

to aid in planting a colony there. The most probable theory to my mind
is, that Sir Francis Drake, returnin": from explorations in the Pacific
Ocean, coasted along the western shores of South America, one of the
native habitats of the potato, and while in that region procured some
of the tubers which he carried with him to England. On his home-
ward voyage, he touched on the shores of Virginia, and took off the
discouraged colonists and conveyed them back to the mother country-
If this is correct, then this introduction probably occurred as early as
1565, this being the date of Drake's return from the west. The potato
was doubtless known to Europeans at an earlier date, as Columbus,
during one of his voyages, found a root cultivated on the island of Cuba,,
that was used for food by the natives, and this was no doubt the po-
tato.

Early European voyagers and travelers found the potato growing
in the Andean forests and along the Pacific coasts on both sides of the
equator, through several degrees of latitude. It was also found in cul-
tivation, the natives testifying that it had been in cultivation as an ar-
ticle of diet from time immemorial. Spanish and Portuguese adven-
turers probably introduced the potato into those countries at a very
early day, whence it probably made its way into Italy. It is quite cer-
tain that it was cultivated in Spain as early as 1550. The time of its
introduction into Ireland, where it has become so important as an ar-
ticle of food that a general failure of the crop results in a famine, is in
dispute, some claiming that it was from Spain by a sea captain in 1565,-
others that it was procured from Raleigh in England.

Germany received the potato in 1710. The government gave great
encouragement to its culture, even using compulsory means in some
instances, to promote its cultivation. Its importance in Germany as an
article of diet is. second only to what it is in Ireland. In France, where
the potato was introduced at the beginning of the 18lh century, it had
to fight its way to popularity against great opposition. The National
College of Physicians pronounced it poisonous. The Catholic priests
pronounced it an evil root because it was not mentioned in the Bible

Through the address of a courtier King Louis XIV. was interested
in the plant, and it was introduced into the royal garden?. The exam-
ple of the sovereign was followed by the nobles and thus it soon became
popular.

It seems strange to us that a plant that has so many qualities to
commend it should have required 250years to make its way to general
popularity, but such is the case ; and it was not till the beginning of
the present century that it came to be appreciated as its merits de-
serve.— ReV' L. J. Templin in Rural New Yorker.

350 MISSOURI HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The nature and causes of the potato rot now so prevalent in Michi
gan have been carefully investigated at the botanical laboratory of our
State University by Prof. y. M. Spalding and Erwin F. Smith, of the
'University of Michigan, and the latter gentleman has kindly furnished
the following article for publication in this report:

THE POTATO ROT.

The rot which has this season destroyed nearly one-third of the
potatocrop in Michigan, and a still larger per cent, in New York and
neighboring States is identical with that which caused the great famine
in Ireland in 1847. Michigan annually raises about 9,000,000 bushels
of potatoes, and though we are in no danger of starvation should the
entire potato crop be destroyed for a series of years, the loss of even a
third or a quarter of the crop bears heavily on the prosperity of the
farming community. The importance, then, of the potato crop, and
the probability of the return of the rot next year with Increased de-
structiveness should the season be wet, makes it desirable to give the
widest possible currency to sound knowledge of the nature of the dis-
ease and the measures which can be used to check its spread.

Now, if I am to rely upon my own observations, instead of on the
theory that a potato, being a cutting, cannot improve or deteriorate
by selection or cuttting, I should say that the potato is greatly modi-
fied in quantity of yield and quality of product by conditions ot soil
culture and by the season. A variety may do remarkably one season,
or under certain conditions, and be almost worthless another season
or under different conditions, and the different 'varieties vary greatly
in their susceptibility to such modtfications and to get the best pos-
sible result we must uotonly have a variety which is good, but which
wall respond most readily to the most favorable conditions ; but such
a variety will almost invariably be subjected to corresponding deteri-
oration, if it has to contend with unfavorable conditions ; so the ideal
potato of experts in different locations or circumstances would not be
ths same, and would be sure to be different from the ideal potato for
general culture. — W. W. Tracy in Rural New Yorker.

secretary's budget. 351

ORNAMENTALS.

PECAN CCLTURE.

Mrs. Shrewsbury, of Sherman, Texas, writes the following to the
Hoine mnd Farm:

There are twenty or more varieties growing here, about four of
which comprise the best, and all that is desired. To grow these it is
necessary to secure fresh nuts, as they cannot be relied upon to ger-
minate after being thoroughly dried; they should be planted as soon
as received. Plant shallow — say three inches — in open ground ; this
for the Southern States. In more northern latitudes I would recom-
mend putting the nuts in boxes of moist sand. Freezing is not neces-
sary, as with the walnut. The continued moisture will open the shell,
and if transferred in the early spring to open ground a few warm days
will cause them to germinate. When convenient they had better be
planted where they are to remain; or if planted in nursery rows they
should be reset in permanent position after the first season's growfh;
they will then be ten or twelve inches high, and if the soil was luose
and deep, the tap-root will probably be longer than the top. The sec-
ond year they will grow three or four feet, and the third year from
seven to ten feet. They will then be nicely branched and well estab-
lished. After this they will require very little care j in fact, it has been
my experience that they do as well, and bear sooner, when the land is
sown to pasture than when continued cultivation is given, tor their
long tap-roots seem to render them independent of the seasons, and of
surface scratching. I have found that good mulching for the first two
or three years is about all these require, and the best way to treat them.
Any one who has grown a walnut, a hickory or a peach pit, will have
no difiiculty in growing the pecan.

The cultivation of the pecan is not a new enterprise by any means,
nor is it confined to as narrow limits as many suppose. It is found
growing naturally in the Indian Terriiory, Kansas, Missouri, Illinoip,
Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas and Louisiana. During the past two or
three years 1 have sent nuts and trees to nearly every State and Terri-
tory in the Union.

It has been repeatedly suggested that the pecan should be grafted
ou the hickory. While it is well enough to experiment we should bear
in mind the fact that this being a success has not been demonstrated,
and in the absence of more reliable methods, planting the nuts will be

352 MISSOURI STATE HORTICHLTURAL SOCIETY.

the main dependence for some years to come. Again, seeing is believing^
and when one gets the nut he knows exactly what it is, and when he
plants that nut he can reasonably expect a tree that will produce, un-
der favorable conditions, as good fruit as he planted. Variations na
doubt do occur, but it has been my observation and I have repeatedly
demonstrated that the pecan reproduces its kind with remarkable uni-
formity.

The questions are frequently asked, on what kind of soil should
they be planted and at what age do they bear ? They succeed here on
all kinds of soil; in the rich, moist creek bottoms they grow faster and
larger, while on the dry, poor, saridy uplands it bears a year or two
earlier, though there seems to be no difi'erence in the quality of the
nuts. On ordinary uplands thev usually bear in six or seven years.

What are the propped s and profits of the business? is asked by
somf. Well, there are trees her.i fifteen years old that will shell out
eight bushels this year (forty-four pounds per bushel), or 352 pounds
per tree. There are usually forty frees planted per acre; the timber
is used for all purposes for which the hickory is adapted, and is equally
good for fuel. There are many pecan groves being planted in various
States. The oldest effort of which we have any knowledge was made
by a gentleman in Alabama more than filty years ago. lie carried
nuts to the vicinity of Mobile and planted them ; last year his daughter
stated in the columns of the Aew? York Sun that from these trees she
had repeatedly gathered three barrels of nuts (145 pounds per barrel)
from a single tree in one season; this would pay over .$1,000 per acre.
While we do not wish to awaken unreasonable expectations, we confi-
dently believe that pecan culture would pay hanlsomely anyone who
owns a farm or only a ievr rods of land. When not crowded by clo<5e
I^lanting, it is naturally of a spreading habit and makes one of the
most beautiful and symmetrically formed trees we have, and is fre-
quently planted in yards for this purpose. Many persons hesitate to
plant the pecans of this State in the North, but to such we would say
the (Madura) Osage Orange is also a native of Texas, and yet the seed
have been shipped to the bleak and cold prairies of Nebraska, Iowa
and Minnesota, and the industrious, enterprising farmers of those sec-
tions have made themselves hedge fences that will last longer than the
present generation.

SCHOOL GARDENS.

Is it not high time that our teachers were required to pass some
kini of an examination upon topics connected with every-day life in
the country? Children who grow up in the country and settle down

secretary's budget. 353

into rural life have some rights which the managers of our schools
should respect. What will a knowledge of permutations in arithmetic
or quadratics in algebra do for them in getting satisfaction out of farm
life? Not one teacher in five in the rural schools knows the names or
habits of the commonest plants or insects about the school house.
They notice a single specimen of the former only when possibly the
hand has passed over poison ivy, or samples of the latter in mosquito
and tly time. — Michigan Horticulturist.

A BIT OF LANDSCAPE GARDENING.

Eds. Country Gentleman: There are two common extremes of
sentiment in regird to the value of forest and ornamental trees which
are always opposed to rural beauty. The one extreme has to do with
the immediate neighborhood of the residence, the other with more
distant views of landscape.

It is certainly the common fault with country homes where any
attempt is made toward ornament, that too many trees and bushes are
allowed to grow. It is perfectly proper, indeed highly necessary, that in
the first days and years of onamenting a barren home, one should plant
thickly of a variety of trees and shrubs. There should be small groups of
spruces and deciduous trees of the rapid growing sorts, which will soon
afford shelter and privacy. But it is none the less important that
those clumps should be thinned just as fast as the individual trees be-
gin to crowd each other. To be sure one loves the trees which he has
planted and nourished, but it must be borne in mind that sentiment
should never stand in the way of beauty and utility. I do not like the
hackneyed advice which urges us to plant ornamental trees at such
distances as will be proper for them to occupy twenty years hence.
Such advice is discouraging; we must live in large part for the press-
ing present. Moreover, twenty years hence is but a point of time, and
it does not pay to forego the pleasure of nineteen years in order to en-
joy the perfection of the twentieth. What I always recommend to
owners of unadorned places, is to plant thickly; get an immediate
effect. And immediately thereupon I uige the injunction, strongly
underlined — do not neglect to thin out as soon as the trees begin to
crowd. One symmetrical and vigorous tree is worth three one-sided,
stunted ones. Clumps of trees soon grow into tangled thickets, the
delight of mosquitoes, moulds and vermin. They shut out sun and
health, and shut one in from enchanting glimpses of distant views.
The attractive clump has become an unsightly tangle, and soon all the
trees will have become so lop-sideJ that one cannot be removed with-

H. R.— 23

854 MISSOURI STATE HORTICTLTURAL SOCIETY.

out laying bare an unsightly side of its neighbor. This is no exaggera-
tion. The most difficult matter to press home to most people, in
the way of ornament, is the fact that there should be constant and
systematic thinning. It is a mistake to suppose that the surroundings
of a home should be fixed. The universal law of exchange applies to
the private grounds, as well as to the orchard or garden.

L. H. Bailey, Jr.

LAWN BEDDING — W. K. GIBSON, JACKSON, MICHIGAN.

The first requisite is a good lawn, with a strong, well enriched and
porous soil, capable of enduring the hot and dry periods, so common
during the summer mouths. This is especially necessary where trees
are to be planted, for the grass is sure to die out under the trees if the
ground there is hard and dry.

Before grass is sown, or sod laid, the ground should be deeply
plowed and enriched with plenty of well rotted manure, the surface
made even, stones and roots removed, and the soil thoroughly pulver-
ized.

If the lawn is a small one, avoid planting many trees which grow
to a large size ; one or two maj'^ be set, if desired, on the sides, or in
the corners, at a distance from the house. In front of the house keep
the lawn open and clear ; never plant evergreen trees at intervals over
a small lawn; always mass them in groups of not less than three or
four, where they will least obstruct the view from the house; one such
group will be enough. What is true as to trees is equally true as to
shrubbery; do not scatter them, for in so doing you destroy the beauty
of the lawn, and also lose the effect gained by grouping them. In
lawn bedding and planting, two questions continually present them-
selves: How can I preserve the beauty of an open lawn, and not
have it appear too bare ? How can I have my tree and shrub planting
most effective, and not destroy the beauty of the lawn? The answer
to both is obvious. The results sought can only be obtained by the
proper grouping of the trees and shrubs, and by a judicious selection
of varieties suitable for the places they are to occupy.

BED cedar.

It is the opinion of too many whose opportunities should have
taught them better, says a writer, that it requires nearly a century
for a red cedar to grow from the seed large enough to make a fence
post; but there is abundant evidence to prove that it requires but
from thirty to forty years for a tree to grow large enough, to be worth

secretary's budget. 355

for this purpose, one dollar. As 500 trees can be grown on an acre of
land, it is evident that on land that can be bought for ten dollars per
acre it would be a profitable tree to grow simply for posts.

LAWN EMBELLISHMENTS.

Shrubs are valued for their bloom as well as for form and foliage.
Each variety will serve some special end. As a rule plant in irregular
groups as directed for trees. At projecting points in shrub masses,
plant some hardy herbaceous perennials. Use vines for porches or for
covering a half dead tree-top or rubbish pile. Plant flowers mostly at
the side of the house in irregular but gracefully-shaped beds, and
about the trunks of trees when they are young, perhaps. No special
paths are needed about flower or shrub groups. Rock work is seldom
satisfactorj'^, and is only appropriate in a retired portion of the grounds.
A pile of shells, rocks and scoria in the front yard is sadly out of place.
Hesp them in some back and shady corner and you will find great
•delight in transplanting from the woods and meadows anassortment
of hepaticas, spring beauties, blood root, trilliums, bellworts, phloxes
and ferns. If you have a pond near by, introduce some water lillies,
cat-tail flags, pickerel weed, arrow head, and near by set some weeping
willows and birches and ashes. Do not despise flower, shrub or tree
because it is native or ''common." As a rule the best known is better
than the imported variety. Give thought and attention to all the de-
tails of making a pleasant home. It is a worthy work. You will be
surprised to find how much beauty can be attained at little cost, and
how rapidly everything hastens forward to the completed plan in your
own mind. You will have a constant comfort and a fresh hope real-
ized every year as the trees grow, and transformation follows trans-
formation toward the fulfillment of your original design.

Prof. W. J. Beal.

•

HARDY FLOWERING PLANTS.

In a paper before the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, Mr. E. L.
Beard recommended herbaceous perennial plants as being handsomer,
cheaper and more reliable than such bedding plants as require winter-
ing within doors and annual setting out. He named the following as
the m >st desirable : The Funkias, of which there are several species ;
several of the Hemerocallis ; Jackman's clematis; the Campanulas,
including carpatica and persicifolia ; the double and single pyre-
thrums; the red and white Dictamnus ; the several species and many
■varieties of Phlox ; the white, martagon, and Japan lillies j the white

356 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTUKAL SOCIETY.

and rose-colored Japan anemones; the many irises, with their various
colors ; the several herbaceous p^eoniee ; the bracteate, oriental and
other poppies; the columbines; the scarlet Lychnis ; some of the finest
hardy asters; dicentra, coreopsis, rhexia, adonis, etc. Such bulbs as
hyacinths, squills, crocuses, tulips, snowdrops, daffodils, etc., will not
be overlooked. — Country Gentleman.

THE HANGING GARDENS OF BABYLON.

An authority says : The hanging; gardens of Babylon were built
by Nebuchadnezzar to gratify his wife, Amytia. The gardens were
over 400 feet square, built terrace upon terrace until they were twen-
ty-seven feet higher than the walls, or 400 feet. The top was sustained
by a series of arches one above the other, and each terrace was bounded
by a solid wall twenty-two feet high. On the top arches were first laid
flat stones, sixteen feet by four feet; over these weeds and bitumen ;
then two rows of cemented brick covered by sheet lead, upon which was
laid earth sufficiently thick to nourish large trees^ The gardens were
thick with the blooming plants and shrub? which were admired by
Queen Amytia in her native Media. The different terraces and groves
contained fountains, parterres, seats and banqueting rooms ; in fact,
all the splendor and magnificence of Eastern art seems to have lav-
ished upon these gardens by King Nebuchadnezzar in order that his
Median bride should be happy in her new home. Fen cannot picture
the grandeur of the conception or the perfection of the execution, of
these gardens, which have been, and are the wonder of all ages. —
Western liuraU

FLOWERS.

A NEW RACE OF VERBENAS.

The handsome cut shows the new verbenas offered by Messrs^
Henderson & Co., who thus describe them :

" In 1883 we found among a bed of eeedling verbenas one seedling
which was entirely distinct from the others, and which was vastly su-
perior in size, substance and brilliancy of color. The foliage was alsO'
entirely distinct, being larger and heavier than the ordinary varieties,.
and the plants of wonderfully vigorous growth. In 1884 we succeeded
in getting a few hundred seeds from it, which "broke" into nearly

secretary's budget. 357

every shade of color, nearly every plant having the peculiarities of
the parent variety." — American Florist.

THE PERFUME OF ROSES.

In roses there are seventeen different sorts of scent. "Sweet Briar
-scent, as in the garden variety; Moss Rose scent, as in Common Moss
and family; Austrian Briar scent, as in Copper Austrian and family;
Musk Rose scent, as in Narcissus, old Musk and family; Myrrh scent,
as in Ayrshire splendens ; China Rose scent, an astringent refreshing
scent, as in old Monthly China and many others; Damask perpetual
scent, as in Rose du Roi, etc. ; Scotch Rose scent, as in the early
double Scotch ; Violet scent, as in White Banksia ; Old Cabbage scent,
as in the well-known double Provence ; Otto perpetual scent, as in
Oharles Lefebvre, Madam Knorr, etc. ; true perpetual scent, as in
Ohabrilland, Pierre Notting, etc. ; Old Tea scent, as in the old yellow
Tea or Magnolia Rose, and others almost unpleasantly strong for some
tastes; Sweet Tea scent, as in Goubalt, Marechal Niel, etc.; Hybird
Tea scent, as in La France ; Nectarine, or fruit scent, as in Socrater,
Jaune Dasprez, Aline Sisley, etc.; and the Verdier scent, represented
more or less by all the Victor Verdier hybirds, such as Eugenie Ver-
dier, Castellane, Countess of Oxford, Marie Finger, etc. The petals of
the highly scented varieties have ou their inner surface minute per-
fume glands or vesicles, containing the highly volatile essence, under
the microscope distinctly visible. Those on the petals of Sweet Briar
and Moss are almost visible to the naked eye. Mr. Curtis concludes
that the following are the most deliciously and powerfully-scented
varieties: La France, Goubault, Devoniensis, Marechal Niel, Bessie
Johnson, Madame Knorr, Pierre Notting and Charles Lefebvre."—
Tosarian.

THE VIRGINIA CREKPER {Ampelopsls quinquefoUo)

Is one of the most popular and best adapted for general uses ; it
has a dense and richly colored foliage ; the dark, glossy green of the
•older leaves is relieved by the light green of the young shoots, with
their gracefully curved tips. It is adapted to all good soils, and is
perfectly hardy in any exposure, even to the salty wind and spray from
the ocean. The long, graceful stems are rapid-growing and easily
trained in any direction, and it will cover a large surface with a dense
■screen of foliage. The flowers are not very conspicuous, but the loose
clusters of blue fruit, with their scarlet stems, are quite attractive for
some weeks after the foliage has fallen. This plant has two distinct

358 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

varieties; one clings by viscid disks, as does the Japan woodbine, and
will cling to smooth surfaces tenaciously, is slender-growing, with
reddish bark, while the other climbs by simple tendrils like the grape»
and cannot be attached to smooth surfaces except artificially, and is
stouter-growing, with gray bark.

The brilliancy of the autumn foliage of the Virginia creeper is un-
excelled ; even among the brilliant colors of the maples and oaks it is
conspicuous, the intense scarlet in dark and light shades is beautifully
blended with yellow. Many a hard, rough wall and ugly stump is
transformed into a thing of beauty with the graceful festoons ot the
Virginia creeper.

Another valuable climber is the "bittersweet" (^Celastrus scan-
dens) and its chief attraction lies not in the foliage but in the fruit,
for as soon as the frost has given the yellow clusters a severe pinching
the berries burst open their hard little coats, throw them back, and
disclose their bright orange lining and seeds within: and these cling
to their stems for a long time in the winter, and make a brilliant dis-
play when their surroundings appear dull and sombre.

This plant, like the Virginia creeper, is a rapid grower and adapted
to a great variety of soils and situations. It does not festoon so grace-
fully as the last, and has a foliage of a lighter shade of green, that
turns a uniform bright yellow shade in autumn. — Ladies Floral Cah-
inei-

grandmother's garden.

I've been back to grandmother's garden,

Where the dear old flowers grow
That she planted there and tended

In the summers long ago —
The sweet, old-fashioned flowers

That used to delight her so.

There are lilacs by gate and doorway,

And lillies, all in a row,
Whose blossoms we fancied trumpets

For fairy bands to blow ;
And southern-wood, spicily fragrant,

By the door-stone, worn and low.

Pinks that are rich with odors

Of clove and myrrh are there,
And I seem, when I smell their fragrance,.

To be in the house of prayer
In grandmother's pew, on Sunday,

Close by the pulpit stair.

secretary's budget. 359

I can see her there with her hymn-book

Open at "Wells" or "Mear,"
With a bunch of her garden "posies "

Between the leaves, and hear
The voice that has sung in heaven

For many and many a year.

Grandmother gave her flowers

To crown the maiden's head
When she stood at the marriage altar

And a wife's " I will " was said ;
And they came to her for blossoms

To shut in the hands of the dead.

I remember the summer morning

When grandmother heard the call.
Of the angel of death whose summons

Will some day come to us all ;
The June's first roses were blowing

Down by the garden wall.

" How sweet they are," she whispered,

" What dear things God has made :
I am going to dwell in His country,

Where the roses never fade."
Then she folded her hands on her bosom

And it seemed as if she prayed.

She looked so peaceful and happy

With her hands clasped on her breast,
Holding the flowers we brought her

That we fancied her taking a rest ;
'Twas the rest that's forever and ever,

Of all, the sweetest, best.

Over her grave in the churchyard

Her dear old flowers grow ;
But I think of her out in the garden

Of God, where His lillies grow ;
And I fancy she tends His flowers

As she used to here below.

— Eben E. Rexford in Ladies' Floral Cabinet.

ARRANGING CUT FLOWERS.

An article in St. Nicholas on arrangement of flowers contains the
following directions, which may be read by all who love flowers, and
have not the knack of arranging them to the best advantage in
bouquets and vases on the table :

360 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The color of the vase to be used is of importance. Gaudy reds
and blues should never be chosen, for they conflict with the delicate
hues of the flowers. Bronze or black vases, dark green, pure white,
or silver, always produce a good effect, and so does a straw basket ;
while clear glass, which shows the graceful clasping of the stems, is
perhaps prettiest of al!.

The shape of the vase is also to be thought of. For the middle of
a dinner table, a round ball is also appropriate, or a tall vase with a
saucer-shaped base. Or, if the centre of the table is otherwise occu-
pied, a large conch shell, or shell shaped dish, may be swung from the
chandelier above, and with plenty of vines and feathering green, made
to look very pretty.

Delicate flowers, such as lillies of the valley and sweet peas, should
be placed by themselves in slender tapering glasses; violets should
nestle their fragrant purple in some tiny cup, and pansies be set in
groups, with no gayer flowers to contradict their soft velvet hues; and
(this is a hint for summer) few things are prettier than balsam blos-
soms, or double variegated hollyhocks, massed on a flat plate, with a
fringe of green to hide the edge. No leaves should be interspersed
with these ; the plate should loofc: like a solid mosaic of splendid color.

Stifl"ness and crowding are two things to be specially avoided in
arranging flowers. What can be uglier than the great tasteless bunches
into which the ordinary florist ties his wares, or what more extrava-
gant ? A skillful person will untie one of these, and adding green
leaves will divide the same flowers into half a dozen bouquets, each
more attractive than the original.

Flowers should be grouped as they grow, with a cloud of light foliage
in and about them to set ofi" their forms and color. Don't forget this.

FLOWERS IN PERFUMERY.

In an elaborate paper on perfumery, furnished by Mr. Eugene Rim-
mel to the Society of Arts, London, and published in No. 391 of its
journal, scents in general use are classified in eighteen groups, and the
vegetable products used in this art are arranged in ten divisions, as
follows :

1. The floral series; namely, jasmine, rose, orange flower, cassia,
tuberose, violet, jonquil and narcissus ; the attar, or otto, of roses is the
most valuable product of this division.

2. The herbal series, comprising all aromatic plants, such as lav-
ender, spike, peppermint, rosemary, thyme, marjoram, geranium, pat-
chouli and winter- green, which yield essental oils by distillation.

secretary's budget. 361

3. The anclropogon series, which furnish the lemon- grass, citron-
ella and ginger-grass .oil.

4. The citrine series, comprising the bergamot, orange, lemon,
citron and lime, from whose rinds an essential oil is obtained by ex-
pression or distillation.

5. The spice series, including cinnamon,, cinnamon leaf, cloves,
mace, nutmeg and pimento.

6. The wood series, consisting of sandal wood, rose-wood, rhodi-
um, cedar and sassafras.

7. The root series, comprising orris-root and vetiver, called by the
Hi idooskus kus.

8. The seed series, composed of anise-seed, dill and caraway.

9. The balm and gum series, including balsam of Peru, balsam
of Tolu, camphor, myrrh, benzoin, storax and other gums.

10. The fruit series, including bitter almonds, Tonqain beans and
vanilla.

The artificial preparations and the animal perfumes make two
more series. The greatest number of the materials, amounting to
twenty eight, is obtained from the south of France and Italy, which is
the chief centre of manufacture for perfumery materials. The East
Indies and China furnish about twenty-one; Turkey, two; Africa,
two; North America, six; South America, six, and England four. The
only articles named from the United States are peppermint, sassafras
and wintergreen. — Ladies' Floral Cahinet.

GROWING PANSIES.

This one of the most popular flowers, and though it is popular,
and to be found in most gardens, comparatively few people understand
its cultivation with a view of obtaining the finest flowers. They will
go into the grounds of the florist and express amazement at the great
size and beauty of the pansies they see there, will forthwith purchase
a supply for their own planting, and will be charmed with them, and
be determined to grow the same on their own premises, though their
previous efforts have so singularly failed. When asked how thev had
been growing them, they often reply : " I got some from a neighbor,
who has large beds of them, but they are all so small." When told
that the}^ should sow the seed of the finest of those obtained from the
florist as soon as the seed was matured — say some time in August — and
that was the only way to have fine, large flowers, the idea was jumped
at. That is the way to get them. Every August the seed of the larg-
est and most desirable should be sown, and the old ones dug up and
thrown away. And we should say that this is easy enough to do when

362 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

it is once known. In the winter the plants should be lightly covered.
There are new pansies advertised every year, but any one growing them
carefully, and taking, as we say, the seed from the best every year, will •
be as likely as anybody to have large, new kinds, and will thus save
the expense of purchasing them, which, at most, last only for a single
blooming. — Planted' and Stockman.

PROTECTING ROSES IN WINTER.

My rose plants are in straight rows, four feet apart, and three feet
apart in the rows. Before it is time to cover them for winter (which is
usually from the 10th to the 15th of November), and while the plants
are free from trost, I bend them down near the ground in the direction
of the rows and fasten them there. I then place a row of boards
about eighteen inches wide (mine were made of three six inches wide
fence boards) on each side of the rows, and nine or ten inches from
the plants, thus, | | and let them stand until I wish to close them for
winter. I have a lot of leaves gathered and in a dry place, and after
the ground has become frozen and winter liable to set in, I put a good
body of the dry leaves on the plants, and bring the tops of the side-
boards together thu*, j^. I then throw some cow manure between the
rows, to be worked in in the spring; but before putting on the manure
I throw a little dirt on the lower edges of the boards, then close up
the ends of the rows with boards or dirt and all will be well. If I tear
danger from mice I put some poisoned meal into an old fruit can, and
place it on its side among the plants. My roses are planted where the
snow does not blow off, hut drifts over them more or less, which of it-
self is a great protection. In the spring, before it is time to remove
the covering fully, I open the boards at the top, giving the plants air \
but should a cold spell occur, it is but a few moments' work to close
the tops of the boards again, when all is safe. Oared for in this way,
I hardly ever lose a plant, and they come out in the spring looking as
fresh and green as when put to bed in the fall.

M. L. HiGQiNS, Minneapolis, Minn.

HANGING BASKETS.

There are a great many positions, both in greenhouse and parlor^
where hanging baskets make beautiful ornaments. How attractive a
hanging basket looks suspended from the centre of a large window,
when well filled with good healthy plants and vines drooping over the
edge. Not only is it enjoyable to the occupants of the house, but
from the outside it betokens love and comfort within. A few hanging

secretary's budget. 363

baskets suspended during summer along the front of the veranda are
always beautiful. In the greenhouse or conservatory there are a good
many places where they do well, especially in partially shaded spots.

In positions where the sun shines v?ry brightly there are few
plants which succeed well hanging close to the glass. There are some,
however, which are at home in just such a si' nation, requiring consid-
erable sun to insure a good supply of flowers, such plants as Epiphyl-
lum iruncatuin., Cereus ifagelliforniis and some of the bright flower-
ing Sedums. I may add another beautiful plant for the position, Cras-
8ula lactea^ which during the winter months produces from the point
of every well matured shoot a spike of beautiful star shaped pink
flowers. The above plants do best when growing in baskets alone,,
without any other associates ; they look better, flower more freely and
show their distinctive characters only when grown alone.

In pictures we often see fine looking terra cotta baskets filled with
ferns. I am led to believe from experience with ferns in terra
cotta baskets that the only place to see them looking well is in pic-
tures ; but in rustic baskets made from wood and in wire baskets lined
with moss some kinds do well, especially as individual plants ; best
for this purpose is JSfephrolepis exaltata^ which, if grown in wire bas-
kets, sends its fronds from the bottom and sides through the mesh«s of
the baskets and forms a large ball of beautiful and graceful appear-
ance suitable for either window, greenhouse or veranda. Davallia
Tijermanni'i^ Ooniophlehium^ subauriculattnn^ Platylornarotundi folia ^
Platycerium alcicorne, and many others of a hardy nature succeed
well in baskets if regularly supplied with water.

Hanging baskets of all kinds should be constructed to hold a large
body of soil, which is a necessary requisite to maintain for any length
of time food and moisture for the plants. Shallow terra cotta baskets
are poorly adapted for the well-being of plants. They easily dry out
and unless extra labor in watering is given, the plants will soon look
sickly ; there is also not enough soil in them to supply sufl^cient food
for succulent growing plants; only the cactuses mentioned above and
some of the oxalis do well in them. There is, however, a form of terra
cotta baskets which holds a reasonable amount of soil, looks attrac-
tive, and plants do well in them for a longer period than in any of the
shallow kinds. It is made in the imitation of a log of wood, and hav-
ing the color of the wood burned in, keeps unfaded as long as the bas-
ket lasts.

Wire baskets are the best for plants generally. If lined with a
good thickness of moss they retain the moisture for a longtime. When
they get thoroughly dry the best way to wet them is to immerse in
water and allow to remain until the soil is moist clear through.

364 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Some of the best plants for culture in baskets, especially when
grown as individual plants, are Fuchsia procumbens^ Begonia glauco-
phylla scandens, the beautiful pink blossoms of which drooping over
the edge of a basket are remarkably baautiful ; to fully show its beauty
it should b9 grown as a basket plant. English Ivy, trained all around
a basket, is excellently adapted for the parlor, enduring with impunity
the dry air of the room. For mixing with other plants, begonias of all
kinds, including the Red section, fine-leaved Dracaenas, Maurandias,
Vincas, Ivy-leafed Geraniums, Thunbergias, Tradescantias, Peperomia
.prostrata, and any easily grown drooping plants are suitable.

M. Milton.

THE SYMBOLISIM OF FLOWERS.

In all ages, and among almost ever}'- people, flowers have been
adopted as symbols, types and emblems of human combination, affec-
tion and loyalty. The reader need scarcely be reminded of the red
and white roses which were the badges of Lancastrian and York rivals
to the English throne.

But this symbolism of flowers dates back to periods far older than
the time of the Wars of the Roses. The ancient nations had their em-
blematic flowers. The special flower of the Hindoo, for instance, has
always been the marigold. The Chinese display as their national
.flower the gorgeous chrysanthemum.

The Assyrians, for ages, proudly wore the water-lily; Egyptians
delight most of all in the helliotrope, though the papyrus leaf, used by
the ancient Egyptians in place of paper, may also be regarded in a
high sense as the sj'mbolic plant of the land of the Nile.

Even the days of ths week, as we use them now, are named from
deities who had each his special flower: The Sun (Sunday), the sun-
flower; the Moon (Monday), the daisy; Tuesday (the god Tui's day),
the violet ; Wednesday (the god Woden's day), the blue monkshood ;
Thursday (the god Thor's day), the burdock ; Friday (the goddess Frea's
day), the orchis; and Saturday (Saturn's day), the horse-tail.

We also find that in our time the sacred days in the calendar of the
English church have all their flower or plant emblems, the piincipal
of which are the holly for Christmas, the palm for Palm Sunday, and
the amaranth for All Saints' Day.

Monarchs and nations have often had their symbolic flowers. The
thistle is the emblem of Scotland and the shamrock of Ireland. The
^/uer de lis is the badge of the royal house of France, and the amaranth
of that of Sweden. The rose blooms forever on the royal coatof-arms
of England. — Farm and Fireside.

secretary's budget. 365

PRUNING. ,

Shorten the shoots of young Fuchsias, Lemon-scented Verbena
and other plants that are likely to become too long and spindly ; a
short, stocky growth is more to be desired than long slender shoots.
In shortening the shoots of plants do not merely pinch oflF the tips, as
that is apt to cause the next end eye to grow out without inducing the
lower ones to start; but, instead, shorten the shoots well back, and
that will tend to cause all the lower eyes to grow out together.

REPOTTING PLANTS FOR FALL.

Plants that we have kept for winter blooming as Carnations,.
Chinese Primroses, Cyclamens, Callas and Libonias should not now be
repotted; but young plants of Fuchsias, Lady Washington Pelargon-
iums, Scarlet Geraniums, Petunias and Marigolds that we desire to
come into bloom between now and next June may be repotted Young
plants of Geraniums, Coleuses, Ageratums and other summer garden
flowers that have been wintered in small pots, or several in a pot, may
now if we have room for them, be shaken out and ropotted.

In repotting summer garden plants the ball of roots should be un-
ravelled, else in after months the matted ball will check the vigorous
root action of the plants and render them an easier prey to drouth than
would be the case were the roots disentangled.

Young plants raised now from euttings or seeds should be grown
along unchecked till they reach their desired proportions, hence
should be repotted as often as necessary.

Ferns should be repotted. If their present pots are large shake
out the Ferns and put them into smaller pots; if too small change
into one size larger only.

Over potting is very injurious to plants. Many plants will not
need repotting, but all need seeing to that the drainage is good, and
there are no worms in the soil. Camellias and Azaleas do not need
repotting eyery year, in fact, after they become large plants, once in
three or more years is enough. In repotting quick growing plants that
are to remain in the pots only a few weeks as "bedding" plants in
spring, or free- rooting plants in small pots at anytime, draining the
pots is needless; but in the case of Cyclamens, Pelargoniums, Cytisus
and other plants that we bloom in pots, draining is an advantage.

The drainage may consist of broken pieces of pots, pounded bricks-
or rotten stone or similar material, and over that some half rotted
leaves, dry chafty manure, or rough soii, but the common plan of a

M6 ' MISOSURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

bnnch of sphagnum moss is not to be commended unless the moss is
chopped up fine.

SOWING SEEDS.

If you have a greenhouse you can sow at any time; if a hot-bed,
after the middle of February; if only a cold frame, then not before
April ; if a window only, it depends on the warmth of the room
whether you sow at once or wait till the end of the month. Seeds re-
quire heat and moisture to induce them to vegetate, and light to de-
velop healthy seedlings.

For the window use pots, pans, boxes, plates, saucers, or anything
that will held a little soil and let surplus water drain off readily. Light
sandy soil as old leaf mould or fine wood soil mixed with sand is good ;
fill the vessel nearly to the brim, firm the soil by giving tbe vessel a
sharp tap on the table but don't pack the soil with your hand, sow
evenly over the surface and cover very thinly with fine earth. Then
water gently through a fine spray rose, and place the vessels near the
light but shade them from sunshine, and protect from draughts and
drip.

Remove each and every bit of mould-fungus as soon as you see it,
and when the seedlings come up, prick them off as soon as you can
handle them, into other pots or boxes. The great thing to guard
against in the hot-bed is "damp." Hot-beds must be ventilated else
the germinating seedlings are apt all to mould off.

Oentaureas ("Dusty JVlillers"), Yincas, Verbenas, Globe Amar-
anths, Cockscombs, Celosias, Golden Feather Pyrethrum, Lobelias
and other plants that take considerable time before they become large
enough to set out should be sown as soon as possible. Stocks, Asters,
Marigolds, Zinnias, single Dahlias and other rank and quick growing
plants are time enough in April. There is nothing gained by raising
plants so early that we have to keep them in stunted condition till we
can find room for them ; from the moment a seedling is started till it
attains its full proportions we should be ready to grow it along un-
checked, else we had better delay its existence till we can give it the
room and attention it requires.

RAISING PLANTS FROM CUTTINGS.

Soft wooded plants like Coli-uses, Iresines, Verb?nas, Ageratums,
Stevias, G^zanias, double white Feverfew, Nasturtiums, German Ivy
and Heliotropes root easily and quickly from cuttings at this time of
the year, so too do cuttings of the young growths of shrubby plants as

secretary's budget. 367

Fuchsias, Lantanas, Lemon scented Verbenas and Rose Hibiscuses.
The wood used should be the young succulent points and so tender
than when bent they will snap off. In the case of Coleuses, Alternan-
theras, Lobelias and many others it is only throwing time away "mak-
ing" the cuttings, just stick them in as you pluck them off, they will
root as well and readily as if they were "made." But Geraniums,
Dahlias, Heliotropes and many others root more evenly and usually
sooner when "made."

By "'making" a cutting I mean cutting it off under but close by a
joint and removing the two lower leaves. Thert^fore I should advise
amateurs to "make" their cuttings except incases where experience
has taught them that success is as certain when the cuttings are not
made.

Cuttings will strike in almost anything that is damp, from pure
sand to brick clay, even in water alone. But for spring w^rk I prefer
clean sand. — Wm. Falconer, in American Garden.

GREENHOUSE AND WINDOW PLANTS.

, The window garden and greenhouse should now (March) be gay with
bloom, and repay the earlier care. Bring potted bulbs from the cellar,
to give a succession of bloom. Those out of flower should have the
stalks cut away and the leaves allowed to grow until they turn yellow,
when the pots may go to the cellar. Insects, dust and dryness of the
air are the chief enemies of the window garden. The red spider is so
small that it is rarely seen. The leaves turn brown and soon fall. Ex-
amine the lower surface of the leaves with a magnifier; if a red or
brown mite is seen it is the red spider. Syringe the under side of the
foliage frequently and copiously, laying the plant on its side in a sink
or bath tub; this is the only remedy. For green fly or plant lice gen-
erally, syringe with tobacco water. Mealy bug and scale insects are
best removed by hand picking. If earth worms infest the soil of pots,
saturate the ball with clear lime water. It will not hurt the plants if
soon after watered with rainwater. If a very cold spell comes on re-
move the tender plants to the middle of the room at night, and cover
them with some light fabric or with newspapers. — American Agricul-
turist.

368 MISSOTRI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

MANURE.

POTASH FERTILIZERS FOR FRUITS.

At the Massachusetts Experiment Station some trials have been
made to determine the value of potash tertilizers for fruits. The re-
sults are reported as follows by Professor Winthrop E. Stone:

Potash fertilizers have decidedly improved the desirable qualities
of fruits. Wherever the percentage of this element has been raised
the change is accotnpanied by an increase of sugar and decrease
of acid. This, it is hardly necessary to say, is an important and de-
sirable change — a matter of dollars and cents. Other things being
equal, the fruit with the largest per cent, of sugar will bring the high-
est price. Moreover, less desirable varieties may be brought up to r«,
higher standard, thus giving value to some good quality, as hardiness
or prolific bearing. The fact that the quality and character of garden
and orchard products can be modified by the effect of special fertili-
zers is of immense importance in its practical as well as scientific bear-
ing.

CLOVER AS A FERTILIZER.

Clover seems to be the great scavenger of agriculture, a gross
feeder, capable of collecting the plant food of the soil held in solution
too dilute or too deep down for the roots of cereals to thrive upon it,
and of rendering the insoluble soluble, and storing it up in large quan-
tities and available from near the surface where the young roots of the
cereals can at once find and use them. Dr. J. G. Holland makes an
Irish character in one of his books say : "" The peg (pig) '11 ate wot
there won't nothin' else ate, and thin you kin ate the peg." This seems
to be the office of clover, to eat what the wheat can't eat, and then die
and let the wheat eat it. — Secretary Chamberlain.

HUMOR OF WESTERN FERTILITY.

" Speakin' of productive soil," said a man from the West, " the
half has never been told. A few years ago my wife said : * Why,
Bijah ! I b'lieve you've took to growin' again.' I measured myself,
an' I hope Gabriel'll miss me at the final roundup if I hadn't grown six
inches in two weeks. I couldn't account for it for some time, till at
last I tumbled to the fact that Ihar war holes in my boots, an' the

secretary's budget. 369

black soil got in there an' done its work. Did you see that boy that
was with me on the street this morning i' Looks like he war about 18
years old. Wal, about six months ago my wife sot our six-months-old
kid down in the plowed ground to pLiy, an' gents, I'll be doggoned if — .
But you wouldn't believe that if I told it. Yes, it's a wonderful coun-
try, gents ! I could sit here a year relatin' facts, but I must go and
splice our ISfoot ladder so I can pick some corn for dinner." And
this reminds Prairie Farmer of the illustrative story told us by a man
returning from " out west" when it did not extend beyond the Miami"
Valley in Ohio : '* Why," said he, "• I was ridin' along by a clearin' out
there enclosed by a worm fence. I heard a great squeal in' in the corn,
and stopped to see what it meant. Well, I discovered that a growin'
pumpkin vine was chasin' a sow. What was the result? Why the
vine got to the fence, grew right through and across the road between
my horse's legs, and there was a pumpkin on it as big as a half bushel
before the sow got to the fence. Fertile soil out there.'* — Prairie
' Parmer.

The idea of keeping an orchard in clover after it has attained an
age of five or si.v years, is one that we heartily approve ; but we think
there is a much better way of utilizing this clover than letting it rot
on the ground, and that is to graze it off with hogs. If there is one
place on the farm where the hog is pre-eminently in his sphere, that
place is in the orchard. Lazy though he be, he will there most industri-
ously watch for and save the falling fruit, and many a worm will find his
career ending in the production of juicy pork, instead of being permit-
ted to pass through his natural transformations, preparatory to bring-
ing forth fresh hordes of fruit destroyers. More than this, no other
animal, except the sheep, will so eifectually distribute the fertilizer,
manufactured on the spot from unadulterated materials, as the hog,
and if he be given a fair allowance of these materials, in the shape of
moderate rations of grain, he will not only manufacture, transport and
distribute this fertilizer free of charge, but will cheerfully pay for the
privilege of doing so.

HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES.

If any one supposes that the few active members of organizations
of this character set themselves up as Solomons and that their sole
mission is teaching others, they are mistaken. It is quite possible
that some men engaged in the growing of fruit who feel that they can
learn nothing at a horticultural meeting, are wiser than their neigh-

H R— 24

370 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

bors. If so, they are just the kind of men that are needed to come in
and help their less fortunate brothers out of the rut. Then there are
others in our societies who would not think of allowing their neighbors
to turn out and husk corn or prune trees five or six days in each year
for then for nothing; yet who permit, if not expect, a few of their
fellow members to spend twenty five or fifty dollars' worth of time
yearly in conducting the meetings and keeping their society alive and
keeping all hands posted, while they stay at home and settle with
their consciences by the payment of their paltry little dues, yet have
the good judgment to be among the earliest to seek and the keenest to
appreciate the annual volume of reports when it comes around, seem-
ingly unmindful of the fact, however, that those reports are the results
of solid labor. The best that can be said of such a brother is that he is
unreasonable and thoughtless in thfe matter of a fair division of labor ;
for who, if there were no moral or social obligations involved, would
not gladly pay his legal dues and let others do the work?

KEOEIPTS.

PARIS GREEN AND THE CURCULIO.

In the October number of the Fruit Recorder of the present year,
you invite the experience of those who have experimented with Paris
green upon the curculio. You will find a record of facts in this direc-
tion, from my pen in your paper dated August, 1884, and until some
tangible refutation can be produced by others to offset its value, it
should not be looked upon with distrust. That Paris green will ''do
the business" for the little Turk, I think is irrefutable — certainly it is
so from my own knowledge and trial for the last three seasons, and I
will say positivelj'^ that on very close investigation upon this year's
crop, I have not had one plum, prune or damson fall from the punc-
tures of a curculio ! But previous to the use of this remedy I looked
upon plum culture with an instinctive dismay almost ungovernable,
on account of its non-reliability. Oi course, it is not for me to force an
argument or intrude too much upon your columns concerning this cur-
culio remedy, but will simply crave a little space to show the sample
of some plum growers' logic when told of my experiments and results.
The whole batch of arguments produced by these men do not, how-
ever, amount to a "row of pins." William Creed.

secretary's budget. 371

PRESERVING FRUITS.

The Philadelphia Press says fruit and llowers may be preserved
from decay and fading by immersing them in a solution of gum arable
and. water two or three times, waiting a sufficient time between each
immersion to allow the gum to dry. This process covers the surface of
the Iruit with a thin coat of gum, which is entirely impervious to the
air, and thus prevents the decaj'- of the fruit or the withering of the
flowers. Roses thus ureserved have all the beauty of fresh plucked
ones, though they have been plucked several months. It is reliable
and something all may try.

NO BLUFFING.

Shall we allow blights and rots and mildews and insects to scare
us out of planting orchards? No! The indolent are driven out of
fruit-growing. The successful reap double reward for their industry,
thrilt and painstaking. The difficulties are only insurmountable for
those that consider them so. — Orchard and Garden.

PRESERVING RECIPE.

Salicylic acid is sold by most druggists at twenty five cents an
ounce, and half an ounce goes a great way in preserving, as there are
437^ grains in a single ounce. Mrs. Johnson's directions are: Into
one quart (or each quart) of soft water put thirty grains of salicylic
acid and six ounces of white sugar; boil until dissolved, and partly
cool. Prepare the fruit just as if to be canned ; then, without cooking
the fruit at all, fill jars or bottles of any kind with it \ then pour in the
salicylic and sugar solution until all the spaces in the fruit are filled
up to the top of the jars ; cork or cover in any way to keep out dust,
and set away just as if canned. Mrs. Johnson says she has now
•cherries and raspberries put up last year, all of which are in a state of
perfect preservation. This year she put np strawberries in the same
manner. It is probably just as applicable to peaches, plums, etc. The
small quantity ^f salicylic acid cannot be harmful — twelve f'rains to
the quart of fruit — as one in eating it would rarely consume over two
■or three grains of the acid if the liquid was taken. Salicylic acid was
first < btaiiied from salician obtained from the willow bark (salix), but
is now produced by chemical processes, we believe. It acts something
like quinine, but is given in much lorger doses — often fifty to one hun-
dred grains a day. — Prairie Farmer.

372 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Prof. A. J. Cook, in Rural New Yorker, recommends Paris green
(one tablespoonful to two gallons of water), or the kerosene emulsion^
as a. certain remedy for the grape flea beetle {Graptodera chalylea)^
and the apple flea beetle {G. foUacea)^ and their grubs Pyrethrum^
if fresh and used persistently, will also destroy the insects.

THE doctor's PRESCRIPTION,

"Nothing but a garden will do it. The pills and powders this-
medicine-case holds are no such panaceas for bringing the roses tO'
your cheeks or strength and activity to your system.-'

COPPERAS AS A PREVENTIVE OF GRAPE ROT.

I have reason to believe that copperas is a preventive of the grape'
rot. In a small vineyard in Massillon, Ohio, where a quart to the
square rod has been sown in July for three 3?ears, there has been no
rot, while other grapes in the same neighborhood have rotted more or
less every year. They formerly rotted in this vineyard.

M. Crawford, Summit Co., Ohio.

Salicylic Acid should not be used for preserving fruit in tin but
only in glass cans, so says the Philadelphia Press. We say, don't use
it at all either in tin or glass. Put the fruit in glass cans; scald them
well and seal them tightly, and it will keep till doom's day, and when
you eat it it will not turn your stomach into a drug shop. Be sure
that every chemical that will preserve fruit is not good for the human-
stomach, or for that of any other animal either, for that matter.

KEROSENE EMULSION.

Writing from Iowa a correspondent writes that last summer he saw
frequent mention of kerosene emulsion as an insecticide, and that he
has a curiosity to know how it is made. In answer we would say that
the simplest form is one-third kerosene and two-thirds milk. An-
other form is eight parts kerosene, one part soft soap and eight parts
water. Heat the soap and water to a boiling point, add the ker-
osene and remove the mixture from the fire. Add twenty parts of
water to this, and it is ready for use. It is applied with a syringe. For
many insects nothing is better, and it is neither expensive nor difficult
of application.

HOW TO CRYSTALIZE GRASSES.

Take one pound of alum to one quart of water and set it back of
the stove to dissolve, but do not boil, and when thoroughly dissolved

secretary's budget. 373

pour in a pitcher or tall jar. Have your bouquet arranged and tied ;
now suspend from the top of your pitcher or jar, stems up, and the
grasses well covered with the water; now set aside, and do not disturb
ifor twenty four hours, when you may take out and behold the beautiful
crystals formed there. — Journal of Agriculture.

HOW TO MAKE PLANTS GROW,

Success in house-plant culture consists in keeping the soil moist, not
xuet^ except in the case of the calla; in seeing that the leaves are kept
clean, which can be easily done by a weekly showering with a syringe
or water-pot with a fine rose nozzle; in keeping down spiders and the
aphis — water, above and below the leaves, in liberal quantities, applied
with a syringe being the remedy for the former, and tobacco smoke or
infusion for the latter; and in so regulating the temperature that it
does not exceed 85*^ or fall below 45'^. Keep between these ex-
tremes, as evenly as possible, if you would have it suited to your
plants. It is a good plan to cover them before sweeping, after that re-
move the covering and sprinkle them daily. Keep a vessel of water
■on the stove to evaporate and put moss between the pots, if you can,
to absorb water, which it will give off in sufficient quantities to ke«p
the air perceptibly moist about the plants. Give them all the light
you can. Don't have curtains at the windows where you keep plants,
unless you can put them aside during the day time.

Attention to these details and a carelul study of your plants will
soon enable you to grow them well. The more study you give the
matter the more intelligently you can do your work. — Our Countiy
Home.

INSECTICIDES FOR THE ORCHARD.

The U. S Bureau of Entomology, in one of its pamphlets, gives
the following directions for mixing the various insecticides. Our ex-
perience, however, leads us to suggest that the quantities named are
somewhat excessive, and may cause damage to the foliage in some in-
stances :

London Purple. — To 20 lbs. flour from i to | lb. is added and well
mixed. This is applied with a sifter or blower. With -10 gals, water :^
to ^ lb. is mixed for spraying.

Paris Oreen. — With 20 lbs. flour from f to 1 lb. is mixed and ap-
plied by sifting or by a blower. The same amount of the insecticide
to 40 gals, water is used as a spray.

Bisulphite of Carhon — For use in the ground a quantity is poured

374 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

or injected among roots that are being infected. Against insects dam-
aging stored grain or museum material a small quantity is used in an
air tight veseel.

Carholic Acid. — A solution of one part in 100 of water is used
against parasites on domestic animals and in their barns and sheds;
also on the surface of plants and among the roots in the ground.

Hellebore. — The powder is sifted on alone or mixed one part to 20
of flour. With 1 gal. of water \ lb. is mixed for spraying.

Kerosene. — Milk Emulsion : To 1 part milk add 2 parts kerosene,,
and churn by force pump or other agitator. The butter-like emulsion
is diluted ad libitum with water. An easier method is to simply mix
1 part kerosene with 8 of milk. Soap Emulsions In 1 gal. hot water
•^Ib. of whale oil soap is dissolved. This, instead of milk, is mixed to
an emulsion with kerosene in the same manner and proportion as
above.

Pyrethrum: Persian Insect Powder. — Is blown or sifted on dry ;
also applied in water, 1 gal. to a tablespoonful of the powder, well
stirred and then sprayed.

Tobacco Decoction. — This is made as strong as possible as a wash,
or spray to kifl insect pests on animals and plants.

Prof. Cook finds that flies don't like the air in his stable, owing to
the fact that he keeps his barrel of carbolic acid and soft soap — used in
destroying insects — there. Flies will always run away from this mix-
ture.

It is my belief that copper in the soil, derived from the prevfous
liberal use of Paris green to kill the potato beetle, destroys the germs
that cause the potato rot ; in the same way, a one per cent, solution of
sulphate of copper in water (four pounds to the 50 gallons) has been
found eff'ective to arrest the progress of mildew on the foliage and to
prevent the rot of the fruit in the wine districts cf Continental Europe.

I dwell on this point because I think a preventive of potato mil-
dew and rot and grape mildew and rot is to be found in sprinkling,
foliage and fruit with a one per cent, solution of sulphate of copper
(bluestone) in water early in June, and again once or twice during the
growing season. I am quite confident, too, potato rot will not be
found t;i be common where Paris green has been used for two or three
years in succession, and also that the treatment of the vines of a given
crop with Paris green two or three times in the growing season will
prove a preventive to a measurable extent. — B. F. Johnson, in Rural
New Yorker.

secretary's budget. 375

Thirty-five pounds whale oil soap and four gallons coal oil to one
hundred gallons of water is recommended by the California Horticul-
tural Commission as the most effective insecticide.

EXTERMINATING RABBITS.

A New Zealand farmer has recently reported to a government in-
vestigating committee his experience in clearing some 70,000 acres
which had been overrun by rabbits. For several years from 100 to 120
men were kept constantly employed With dogs in pursuing the rabbits,
but with little effect. Then the entire tract was inclosed with wire
netting and phosphorized oats were thickly sprinkled around the
"runs," with the result that four hundred to five hundred dead rabbits
were picked up every day for a long time. As a result of a year's
work some 300,000 rabbit skins were preserved and shipped to Eng-
land, where they brought four to six pence each. Before the introduc-
tion of poisoned oats about $25,000 yearly had been spent in fighting
the rabbits, but now this has been cut down to an almost nominal sum.
The method of preparing the poison is as follows : The oats were first
well boiled in a caldron holding about 120 pounds. A pound and a half
of phosphorus was then put in a bucket of water, and stirred carefully
until it commenced to ignite, when it was thoroughly dissolved. The
oats were then put into a barrel arranged for revolving rapidly, and
the phosphorized water was poured into it and the opening immedi-
ately closed. The barrel was then revolved, and the phosphorus
allowed to soak in the oats for about an hour, until the whole was
thoroughly amalgamated. There is no danger of the phosphorus
catching fire if properly handled. Little heaps of the phosphorized
oats are laid in lines all over the countrj'^, and at the end of three or
four days dead rabbits will be found in every direction. A farmer in
New South Wales has been experimenting in another way, but with
equally good results. Some seven hundred native cats were obtained
by him at a cost of about $500, and were turned loose in a rocky local-
ity which abounded with holes and had proved a welcome resort for
rabbits. At first no diminution in the number of the rodents was ap-
parent, but at the end of three months it was found that there was
hardly a rabbit left, and the cats were left masters of the situation.

376 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

MISCELLANEOUS.

MEDICINAL PLANTS.

It will be remembered by many that the American Pharmaceutical
Association has requested the Commissioner of Agriculture to adopt
measures for the introduction into cultivation in this country such of
the foreign medicinal plants as we can grow. The object is to have
these plants as fresh as possible and at prices as low as possible. A
very large amount of money is annually sent out of the country for
these things and for drugs that are made from plants, which might be
saved if the plants were grown here. The commissioner says there is
no doubt the most important medicinal j)lants, as the rhubarb plant,
the licorice plant, arnica, belladona, digitalis, opium poppy, and many
others are perfectly adapted to our climate, and could be cultivated in
perfection, as we know with respect to some of them, from experi-
ments made many years ago. Some other semi-tropical products, as
ginger, cinchona, vanilla, jalep and sarsaparilla, may in all probability
be successfull}'- cultivated in the extreme southern portion of the
country, and it would seem well that means should be taken to give
such plants a proper trial.

A new and powerful anfiesthetic remedy, prepared from the leaves
of a shrub called coca, or botanically Erj/throxylon coca, has been re-
cently introduced into medical and surgical practice. This shrub is a
native of Central and South America, and on account of the difficulty
of obtaining the leaves in a fresh and active state, it has been thought
highly desirable that the growth and cultivation of the plant should
be attempted in some locality within our borders. With respect to
our native medicinal plants and drugs, their collection and traffic have
been very greatly extended during the past decade, so that thousands
of people in different parts of the country, notably in the mountainous
regions of North Carolina, Tennessee, and in other southern and west-
ern States, are employed at certain seasons of the year in this enter-
prise. Fears are expressed that some of these plants are becoming
exterminated in their native habitats, and in respect to some of them —
as, for instance, the ginseng plant — the time has come when they may
probably be made the objects of profitable cultivation. — Rural World.

secretaey's budget. 377

AGRICULTURAL COLLEGES.

It is safe to say that the agricultural college should be independent
and separate, and not be combined in any way with any institution or
university where studies not of an agricultural nature are pursued.
This has been proved by experience. Those students who attend an
agricultural college do so always with a very strong and deliberate
determination to study and advance themselves in the science
of agriculture. And the same cannot be said of those students who
attend universities; it is not necessary to particularize, but such is the
fact. If a young man desires to follow up technological studies, he
will choose an institute of technology, and the same of agricultural
studies. The science of agriculture is important enough to deserve a
separate institution, and will show better results when the college is
carried on independently, and the course of study should be eminently
practical as well as scientific. — Cor. New England Farmer.

Fair Pomona, too, is rejoicing in the rapid extension of her king-
dom over the gardens and farms of the land. There are many indica-
tions that fruit cjilture is making rapid strides as an industry in all
parts of the country. Men of brains and experience and desire for
progress are forming themselves into associations for the promotion of
their work, and the old societies were never more useful than now.
The recent exhibitions have been remarkably complete and useful.
New varieties of great merit are being constantly introduced which
will increase the returns of cultivation. This year has seen marked
progress in varieties and methods, and general enlightenment on the im-
portance and possibilities of horticulture. The Iruit growers and gar-
dener occupy foremost places among the industries of the soil, and are
determined to keep there if organization and the spread of knowledge
can accomplish the object. — Ladies' Floral Cabinet.

The New York ^Yorld says : '* Southwest Missouri presents a fairer
iield for the emigrant than most sections of our domain. Good society,
schools, churches, spring water, a mild and salubrious climate, cheap
lands, the capacity for varied productions are not the least of the many
inducements that invite the restless enterprise of the Eastern and
Middle States to seek homes in Southwestern Missouri. Plenty of wa-
ter is found by digging thirty to sixty feet. The principal productions
are corn, hay, wheat and potatoes. Rye, sorghum, tobacco and flax
are grown to some extent. All kinds of vegetables do well, also all
kinds of fruit. An important and profitable industry is fruit growing.

378 MISSOUKI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

1

Southern Kansas, Texas, Colorado and New Mexico take the surplus
at good prices. One firm shipped this season to Texas alone 10,000
barrels of apples. All the tame grasses grow luxuriantly. Blue grass
is indigenous, and grows every place it has a chance and will do as
well as in the far-famed blue grass regions of Kentucky. Stock rais-
ins: is carried on to a great extent. But little feed is required in the
winter. The climate of Southwest Missouri is about the same as
Western Virginia. Rain falls regularly.

The New York Times says that if the owner of a 100 acre farm'
worth ^20,000, were to sell his property for cash he could not possibly
invest his money nearly so well as it was in the farm, for the interest
at five per cent, on the capital would not begin to provide him with
house, provisions, comforts and luxuries which he enjoyed on the farm^
but never took any account of in his book keeping.

COUNTRY LIFE.

The subtle charm of living in the country may be summed up in,
a word or two. It is the revival in our " embers" of something " that
nature still remembers," of a wild, open-air, primitive existence when
man was on a footing, both as friend and foe, with the animal tribes,
and rooted like the plants in his mother earth. We are twin births.,
everyone of us. A red and hirsute Esau contends with the smooth
Jacob of civilization. He is sure to get worsted in the end ; but he is
not dead, and will ever and anon muster his Bedouin forces for an on-
slaught upon the household gods and the sleek prosperity of his rival.
Evolution at times has to give away to revolution. ^Hence the town i&
ever overflowing its dykes, and spreading itself over the fields. The
child's vacation at grandfather's farm, the weary clerk's week or fort-
night out of the store or office, the emptying of all the brown stone
fronts in summer, the tribulations of " country board," the concourse
around a bit of grass or a spouting founting in a city square, even the
rowdy excur.-ion on a Sunday steamboat, are all forays of the gentle of
ungentle savage within us in search of the hunting grounds of a dimly
remembered past. We are always coasting along a primal continent
of Palms and painted Indians, whose wafted odors we faintly catch and
whose drifted blossoms cross our path till ;the crew, unmindful of
worldly wise old Ulysses, are crazy to go ashore.

And so we go into the country. And if we be truly inspired with
the "primal sympathy," we shall find in every sight and sound and
smell a soothing and a suggestion, which meet a deeper need than that

secretary's budget. 379*

of the senses. In the green pastures and beside the still waters He
restoreth my souL — Dr. F. N. Zabriskie in Christian Intelligencer.

FUNGI.

Dr. Bessy, of Nebraska, in discussing '^ungi at the American Pomo-
logical Society, said the difference between the largest and the small-
est trees was not so great comparatively as that between varieties of
fungi. There are three classes of fungi: one lives only on dead or de-
caying matter; one only on living tissues, and the third feeds on both
dead and living tissues; and to the latter class all the injurious fungi
belong. Bacteria belong to the latter class, and are so small that over
nineteen thousand millions could exist in a square inch under the bark.
The mildews, rust on leaves and grain, blight, fruit rots, and black
knot in trees are all the results of fungi. The attacks of fungi call for
the surgeon, and not for the chemist. Kemoval of the growing fungi is
a removal of the disease. This teaches us to keep close watch of the
fruit trees, and remove all diseased branches, burning tbem as soon as
seen. — ^Vestern Rural.

EXAMPLE AND INFLUENCE.

Many years ago a young man moved into a neighborhood where
but liltle fruit was raised, and started a moderate-sized nursery. The
farmers generally had apple orchards, which contained some "grafted
fruit," and much more " nateral " fruit. They had some " black cher-
ries" and a few " red cherries.'' None had ever seen garden strawber-
ries, and when they looked on the nurseryman's bed of the Hovey
near the time of its first introduction, fertilized with a row of Large
Early Scarlet, they were filled with admiration and wonder. They
were eager to obtain some of the same, and the nurseryman, wishing
to introduce them among his neighbors, off"ered the plants on the con-
dition that if good care was taken of them, and they grew, they should
cost nothing; but if they died they should be paid for. But so great
was the prevailing feeling of neglect in taking care of fruit, that only
one (a young woman) would take them on the prescribed condition.
Time passed on — the nursery grew — specimen trees bore many kinds
of fine fruit — many trees were bought and planted — enterprising or-
chardists made money from their improved plantations — and in the
course of fifteen years or more that neighborhood became famous as a>
fruit-producing region.

380 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Gardening for ladies.

The German, Flemish and Dutch women, who help husband or
father in his fields are strong, hardy women who rear a stalwart race.
Half the fine ladies who now find a few turns on a piazza almost too
much for them, would be all the better for a graduated scale of garden
work. Beginning with a quarter of an hour a day, they should find
at the close of a month that they could easily do their two hours, and
that they ate and slept as they never had done before, while they for-
got that such evils as blue devils and nerves ever had any existence. —
English Parliamentary Report.

France has agricultural schools for girls. One of the chief is near
Rouen, which has 300 girls from six to eighteen. The farm has over
400 acres. Twenty-five sisters are the teachers. The pupils are in
great demand on account of their skill as stewards, gardeners, farm
managers, dairy women and laundresses. Each girl has, on leaving,
an outfit and a small sum of money, earned in spare hours. If they
want a home, they can always return to Darnetel, which they are
taught to regard as home.

real agriculture.

Mr. A.. W. Cheever, well known as a sound and practical agricul-
tural writer, recently said in discussing his reasons for choosing the
profession of a farmer, " If beginning a business life again, with our
present feelings, we should select some kind of farming, and would not
go out of New England for it, either." There is a year's ration of
*'food for reflection" in this statement. Mr. Cheever frankly states
that farming is not without its drawbacks. Socially the farmer is be-
low the position he ought to occupy. Tillers of the soil have never
been the controllers of the world's wealth. Wealth and power have
belonged to the handlers of goods rather than to the producers. It has
been honorable to own real estate, but dishonorable to handle this
real estate with a shovel or plow. . In past ages, bread winning has not
called for a high degree of ekill. It is different now, but public senti-
ment will not change in a day. There is still an odium attached to
the tilling of the soil that will not "down." It crops out in our nursery
rhymes, aad lends a tone to the character of our school books and per-
vades the newspapers, and one of the worst features of the trouble is
that those who live on farms feel this state of affairs most keenly. That
a man with these facts in mind can still say that he would lollow the

secretary's budget. 381

same business again, ought to give hope and encouragement to
farmer's boys. A farm will not run itself; a lazy man will never get
rich, a man who will not work his brain will fail ; a man who will not
save, never will have property. Nature holds justice above generos-
ity. She gives every man just about what he earns by his own per-
sonal efforts. Some men cheat her for a time, but she has ways of
punishing her children that make things even. — Rural New Yorker.-

The Agricultural Gazette (England) prints a number of maxims
which if fixed in the memory, should possess a money value :

"For age and want save while you may,
No morning sun lasts a whole day."

"Frugality is an estate alone."

'•The early sower never borrows from the late one."

"It is better to have one plow goin^- than two cradles."

"He has a hole beneath his nose that all his money runs into."

"He that has it and will not keep it ;
He that wants it and will not seek it ;
He that drinks and is not dry,
Shall want money as well as I."

"He that gets money before he gets wit,
Will be but a short time master of it."

STARVATION AND HIGH CULTURE.

Mr. Norton Stated at a meeting of the New Jersey Horticultural
Society, says Orchard and Garden^ that a peach orchard near Trenton
had suflfered all the ills a peach orchard is heir to ; he thought it died
of actual starvation. There never was a fair crop. The orchard passed
into new hands, the old and dead trees were removed, the poor ground
was enriched and 5,000 trees planted. Among the fertilizers used was
a ton of kainit last spring, and two tons of bone, thoroughly intermixed
and incorporated with the soil. The result is stated to be marvelous ;.
and instead of the sickly trees of the former orchard, they are vigorous,
healthy and loaded with beautiful fruit exciting general admiration.

A FREAK OF VEGETATION.

In the mountains of Venezuela grows a remarkable tree. It is
found in rooky places, at heights of about half a mile. It is a stupid
looking tree enough at first sight. It is lofty and slender, and has stiff'
leaves that grow a foot or more in length. It looks much of the time
as if it were dead. In those regions there is a wet and a dry season.

382 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

and during many months at a time not a showei washes its leaves. It
bears very small, insignificant looking flowers. What is it good for,
this tall, slim trunk, with the dull, dead-looking branches? It is the
milk tree, the famous "palo de vaca," which Humboldt describes. He
first brought it into notice. It is an evergreen. Its sap is a delicious
fluid resembling the finest Jersey milk, only sweeter and richer than
even that. When the negroes are thirsty they cut into the side of the
trunk as one would bore into a maple for sugar water, and the milk
gushes forth in a great stream. It is both food and drink, so rich is it.
After a little time it grows thick and yellow, and a cream rises to the
top. It has a fragrant odor. When a caw tree is tapped the natives
hasten from all quarters with their bowls to catch the flow of milk.
The fluid is white. Sunrise is the best time to tap the tree, for then the
sap flows most abundantly. The tree gets its morning milking like a
cow. Humboldt was much surprised at discovering the cow tree and
finding that its milk was palatable and nutritious. His knowledge of
botany had taught him that most milky vegetable fluids are bitter and
burning to the taste. Some of them are poisonous. But here there
was one milky sap that put even great learning at fault. Attempts
have been made to cultivate the cow tree, and make it grow in other
localities than wher^it is found naturally, but in vain. As soon as it
is removed from its native mountains it dies.

1 ordered a Champion of the World Fuchsia from one dealer, and
a Phenomenal from another. When the plants bloomed, they were
exactly alike. I ordered a Safrano Rose from one dealer, and a Sunset
from another. Both proved to be the same in all respects. Here there
was a chance for dishonesty, since these two Roses resemble each
other so much that the man who sent the Safrano might have thought
he could pass it off on me as a Sunset. I ordered a Victor Hugo from
one florist, and a Mad. Blauvelt from another, and no one can detect
any difference in them. This is something that happens every year.
If you order from the same firm all the time, it is not likely that you
get the same plant, or variety, under two names, but if you order from
some other firm, you do. Do florists buy up stocks of plants and give
them a new name in their catalogues in order to make us think they
have varieties that other dealers do not have? It certainly looks so. —
Eben E Rexford in American Garden.

HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES.

The value of local horticultural literature, much of which is slowly
and laboriously put upon paper by hands unused to the work, is often

secretaky's budget. 383

UDder-estimated by those who do it. As far as it is the experience of
workers, a single page is worth volumes of guess work. If an editor
whose eye each week passes over the whole volume of current horti-
•cultural literature, takes the trouble to make extracts from the often
poorly printed and badly bound reports of an unknown society, that
society can take it for grar.ted that they are adding something to the
world's slock.

The exhibition of flowers, fruits and vegetables should be encour-
aged to the greatest extent, for in no other way can erroneous ideas be
so easily corrected.

The organization and carrying on of a local horticultural society
is no child's plaj'. Somebody must do a large amount of earnest, self-
sacrificing hard work gratuitously, before such an organization gains
•sufficient popularity and sbm ing to go it alone. None but those who
have tried it know the obstacles to be overcome. Even at this period
of horticultural advancement the aims and objects of such organiza-
tions are often misunderstood, and it takes a large amount of patience
and good na'ure to put some communities straight on the subject.

Toward bringing about the horiicultural millennium, I know of no
more powerful engine than the State Horticultural Society, if used
aright. It should have the best minds in the State among its mem-
bers; it should have a liberal appropriation of money. What more
could be wanted ? The methods I suggest for its work are the same
now employed by many church denominations and by the American
Sunday School Union. I would pay the secretary of a State horticul-
tural society a salary large enough lor him to devote his whole time to
the work. Like an agent for church extension I would have him visit
and encourage weak societies and establish new, and in every possible
way work up a practical sentiment in favor of empl ^ying and enjoying
to the fullest extent all the beauiiful atid good that nature permits to
grow out of the ground. A State horticultural society, like a State
.board of agriculture, should be aggressive in its work, pushing it, and
should not sit supinely down waiting for something to turn up. Its re-
ports should be up to the times, and if published promptly would se-
cure ten readers where but one is secured if a number of months inter-
vene between meeting and publication. The work that a live State
horticultural society, with one or more efficient local societies in each
county, can do in the line that I have briefly indicated, is great, and
sooner or later it will have to be done. L. B. Pierce.

384 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

SPRAYING BELLOWS.

In the way of labor-saving contrivances there is nothing that has
given us greater satisfaction than the Woodason spraying bellows
which are now sold by most seedmen. There may be other spraying appa-
ratus that will serve better, but not having seen or tried them, we speak
only of that which we can commend from experience. A single min-
ute is long enough to spray every part of a hen house ten feet equare,.
perches, roof and all. Kerosene is used and answers every purpose of
whitewashing, which requires much time and labor. For spraying
small patches of cabbages with Buhach or Pyrethrum powder mixed
with water, to rid them of the cabbage worm ; or currant bushes with
hellebore, to rid them of the currant worm, there is nothing more effi-
cacious. It is tiresome, however, to blow the bellows, so that where a
large number of plants or bushes are to be sprayed, spraying pumps
may be preferred. There are other bellows made for the distribution
of dry Buhach or Hellebore powder. It may, of course, be extended
with flour or plaster as desired.

The Rural began the use of these bellows years ago, and through
its commendation they are now used and greatly valued by many^
There is little about them to get out of order and their durability may
be estimated by the fact that a single pair of bellows has served us for
five years and is now as good as ever. — Rural New-Yorker.

HELP.

I wish to sav a few words about our help. Great mistakes are made
in not employing to the best advantage our own boys. By this I do
not mean the hours of work which they perform, but the employment
of their best energies. They are not trusted enough, and not allowed
to assist in the most important part of our work — the planning. And
because of^ this want of consultation they are led to hate the drudgery
of manuaf labor, and seek other places where there seem to be
some prospects of soon being a part of the power that controls move-
ments. There are boys of good intellect who grow up to manhood
upon the farm, and during all the years have not one word to say
about the management, and when they come to plan for themselves
are unequal to the emergency, because they have not been trusted
and led to manage. Farmers by this course with their boj^s are not only
doing injustice to their sons, but are doing the very worst thing for
their own success by not making their best help interested help.

In some branches of business it may be advantageous to have
the manual labor as near the level of machinery as possible ; but

secketary's budget. 385

this is not true with the labor of the farm and garden. It is impossi-
ble for us to be with all our men, or to use them altogether in a gang,
and it is a positive necessity that the help should not only have a
mind to work, but put mind in their work.

BUHACH.

This is the powder made in California from the flower petals of the
Fyrethrum cinerarcBfolium. When first offered for sale, the manufac-
turers sent a box of it for trial to the Rural Grounds. It was claimed
that it would kill every form of insect life — a claim which we found
to be but partly true. Nevertheless, in many cases it seems to us the
most desirable insecticide at present known. We tried it upon flies,
mosquitos, plant lice, caterpillars of various kinds, beetles, cabbage
worms, squash bugs, potato beetles and their larvct;, tomato worms,
currant worms, and finally upon the rose bug. Our reports have ap-
peared belore Rural readers from year to year, showing that, with the
single exception of the potato beetle, it has proven more or less eflect-
ual with all.

If used dry, it may be mixed with several times its bulk of flour.
But we prefer to mix it with water in this way: Take, for instance,
an ounce ot Buhach, wet this with alcohol and stirring it until it be-
comes muddy, add two quarts of water. This may then be poured into
the reservoir of the bellows as needed and thus sprayed upon the in-
fested plants, or if poured into a pail, any of the several kinds of force-
spraying pumps may be used. The bellows, however, will be found
much handier where but small quantities are required. It is said that
a pound of Buhach (preferably first wet with alcohol) will bear the
addition ot fifty gallons of water, and still kill the insects which re-
ceive the spray ; but we doubt it. It may be that the imported Pyre-
thrum powder is just as economical an insecticide as the California
Buhach. Never having tried it, we speak only of that which we have
tried, and that, too, with much satisfaction. Last year, for the first
time, the Buhach was sprayed upon the spirseas growing here, which
of all plants the rose bug attacks first. Though the bushes were alive
with these bugs, in ten minutes after the spraying not one was to be
found, some having flown ofl", the others dropped to the ground where
they seemed to wriggle either in agony, a sort of half paralysis or
drunkenness — it was hard to say which. Dwarf apple trees, grape-
vines and other plants were subsequently'^ sprayed with the same effect.

As is well known, this Pyrethrum powder is utterly harmless ex-
cept to insect life. — Rural New Yorker.
H R— 25

386 MISSOURI STATE HORTICTLTURAL SOCIETY.

MARKETING.

PICKING AND SORTING APPLES.

Deacon L. W. Weeks, of Marlborough, gives his method of harvest-
ing winter apples. Says the Maine Farvner:

" He selects enough large sized barrels to fill a spring wagon;
takes them to the orchard for filling; uses handle bnskets to pick in,
that are small enough to turn over inside the barrels. Have the pick-
ers fill their small baskets, which can be carefully emptied into the
barrels without bruising the fruit. Even eggs can be poured from a
basket if one knows how to do it. The barrels are not filled quite fall,
as they are handled easier and no apples are spilled by lifting the bar-
rels into the wagon, or by unloading them again. At the barn or cel-
lar, the barrels are taken from the wagon by two men, one on each
side, and are carefully emptied upon the ground or floor, for sorting
and barrelling for market.

By this method the apples can be picked and placed in the barn
or cellar ready for sorting, very rapidly and without bruising, and the
pickers have no responsibility about selection, as the apples are picked
clean from the tree. In harvesting fall apples that are to be sold im-
mpdiately, if the quality is good, the picking and sorting are done at
one operation, all inferior fruit being left on the tree, or dropped upon
the ground.

Mr. Weeks objects to pouring apples upon the ground under the
tree, to be sorted, as the grass is in the way of picking, and when car-
ried direct from the orchard to the barn or cellar, the sorting and bar-
relling can go on during rainy weather, or befoie the dew would be off
in the morning. He finds that it pays, in the long run, to sort well,
putting in no inferior specimens. A good reputation here as elsewhere
is worth attaining and keeping.

A PROFITABLE GARDEN.

Heny Pruetzman. one of the early settlers near Jamestown, Da-
kota, and a successful wheat grower on one hundred and sixty acres,
gays his experience with vegetables and small fruits, on a small inclos-
ure of twenty rods, convinces him that if he had taken up only five
acres and engaged in market gardening, he could have realized more

secretary's budget. 387

than he has from his one hundred and sixty acres in wheat. The past
year he sold from two hundred plants, six bushels of raspberries at
twenty cents a quart, making thirty eight dollars and forty cents;
from seventy five bushes he gathered five bushels currants, which were
sold at fifteen cents a quart, or twenty four dollars. He also sold
sixty-five dollars worth of rhubarb, all from the same plat. Receipts
from one-eighth of an acre, one hundred and twenty-seven dollars and
forty cents. The family, himself snd wife only, were supplied from
the same garden. — No. Dakota Farmer.

HOW TO TELL A RIPE MELON.

The rinds of melons when left on the vines to mature, generally
hecome hard and the pulp brittle, and when, under pressure, you hear
the inside crack or give way it may be reaiarded as a sure sign that the
melon is ripe, and has matured well on the vine.

If a melon remains on the vine until properly matured the side
that lays on the ground will be found to have changed from white to a
pale yellow, and upon close eximination numerous small pimples will
be noticed on the surface, particularly on the outer edge. These pim-
• pies never appear on those that are not ripe or have been prematurely
pulled.

Sometimes the desirable pale yellow color is produced prema-
turely by turning this pait of the melon to the sun for a day or two,
but the yellow thus produced is of much deeper shade. This in con-
nection with the absence of pimples will readily tell the experienced
eye how the color was produced.

If the skin will readily peel, leaving a hard, shelly appearance,
it is a good indication that a melon is ripe ; and also if it has a dull
brown appearance. All these signs are rarely seen at the same time,
but the presence of any one is sufficient to indicate the ripeness of the
melon. — Thos. D. Baird, in American Garden,

li: seems strange that fruit growers will not learn that neatness and
taste in packing are sure to be rewarded. We see this fact illustrated
every day. Where fruit is tossed promiscuously into a box or barrel,
without regard to size, shape or color, it simply will not command an
extra price, no matter how good it may be. Even the retail dealers
appreciate this fact. Two apple stands are often placed near each
other. One sells little, while the other does a good business. On one
the fruit is thrown into a confused mass ; on the other, the apples are
sorted and arranged as regards color, shape and size. It is needless to
say which one does the business.

388 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

GATHERING APPLES.

The apple harvest is at hand. It may seem that nothing? new can'
be said about so commonplace a subject as galhering this staple fruity
and yet we sometimes gain by the interchange of ideas upon the
simplest matters. We think the custom of many farmers of piling the
fruit upon the ground as it is picked, to be assorted and barreled later,
is objectionable for two reasons : It exposes the apples unnecessarily
to theft, and the work of assorting and putting into barrels must be
done in fair weather when time is in demand for other work. We have
found it preferable to deposit the fruit in barrels as it is picked, and to-
remove it to the fruit room the same day ; here it is comparatively
safe from theft, and where it may be assorted and barreled in unfair
weather.

For picking from tall trees, a long, light ladder is almost indispen-
sable. It is well to saw a notch in the lower end of the side pieces, in
the shape of an inverted letter V. In liffeing the ladder the sharp
points will take a firmer hold of the ground than if the end is sawed off
at a right angle. For picking, we have found a basket having a bail
preferable to one with a rigid handle, as the former is readily turned'
over in the bottom of a barrel. We have found it advisable to gather
as many of the apples as possible from the ladder before entering the
tree. The ladder oifers a better foothold than the branches of the tree,,
and a more convenient passage to the ground ; it is also usually less
injurious to the branches than are one's shoes, when standing much
upon the brances. We have found a fruit picker to be of value only
for gathering apples that cannot otherwise be reached.

For hauling the apples to the fruit room, we have found a simple
platform of plank, without side-boards, preferable to the wagon box.
for several reasons. The barrels may be set upon the wagon at the
front, middle or rear, and the necessity of rolling all forward is avoided,.
as the barrels may be extended a trifle beyond the edge of the plat-
form ; two may be set abreast, which is not possible when the ordinary
wagon box is used. In unloading, it is possible to take ofl" any barrel,
without the necessity of removing the others; thus it is easy to avoid
mixing the barrels of difierent varieties of apple:-.

When a rainy day comes, of which we have many at this season,
we spread a little soft straw upon the floor of the fruit room, pour out
the apples from the barrels and assort them, giving plenty of time to-
the work, and doing it thoroughly. — Our Country Home.

secretary's budget. 389

SMALL FRUITS.

HYBRID RASPBERRIES.

It seems strange that there should still be fruit-growers who doubt
that the different species of Raspberries can be changed and improved
by hybridization. Having been a practical experimenter for thirty
years, the restflts of some of my experiments in this direction leave no
doubt in my mind, and will furnish convincing proof to any one who
will take the trouble to investigate them.

In the year 1843 I planted in my garden what we then called the
wild White-cap Raspberry, that bore hard yellow fruit, of very poor
flavor. In the summer of 1845, before the flowers opened, I cut out the
stamens of several of these flowers and removed all the other flowers
from the bush. At the proper time I applied pollen of Franconia to
the pistils of these flowers that had previously been deprived of their
own pollen. Most of the plants raised from the seed of the berries
thus produced strongly resembled the mother both in plant and fruit ;
Tooting from the lips of the young canes, and never throwing up
suckers. But two or three of these seedlings bore long, soft red ber-
ries, threw up abundance of suckers, and could not be induced to root
from the tips. Now I ask the unbelievers in these matter, " Were
these two or three red seedlings hybrids or not?"

If there should still be any doubters, let me inform them of what I
did with these two red varieties above alluded to, and which I have al-
ways called hybrids. Believing that their natural characters had
been in a measure broken, and that I could again cross their flowers,
and by so doing I could in time combine all the good qualities of Rasp-
berries in one or two varieties. The following summer when they came
into flower I fertilized them with pollen from our best varieties,
amongst others, White Marvel of Four Seasons. The results of this
cross were some red, some white and some dark orange varieties, and
very much improved in fruit, but not one rooting from their tips like
their grandmother. From this generation of seedlings the three most
promising were saved, one light yellow, one orange, one red.

But believing the acme of perfection had not yet been reached,
another attempt was made. This time the pollen of Belle de Fontenay,
Hornet and Brinckle's Orange were used upon the pistil of the yellow
seedling. The result from the seed of these being a great many dis-
tinct varieties, four of them being very promising. One is considered

390 MISOSURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

an improvement on Belle de Fontenay, others resemble Hornet, but
are morp hardy, and another large, delicious yellow is now called
Diadem. The last named has the peculiarity of sometimes sending up
canes that produce red fruit, and some that produce yellow fruit, from
the same roots. If I were not prepared to prove this statement by
some of the most intelligent and prominent horticulturiets in Ontario,.
I would not have dared to make it. This is the only instance of this
kind I have ever heard of, and in my opinion constitutes proof positive-
of its hybrid character, and showing at the same time a strong ten-
dency to return to the original type. Charle.s Aknold.

[The above was written for The American Oarden by the late
Charles Arnold of J:*aris, Ontario, shortly before his death, and not only-
shows how carefully and systematically its author conducted his experi-
ments, but also furnishes an important contribution to pomological
science. — Ed.^

HUNGER AND QUALITY.

In speaking of the quality of fruit, a contemporary intimates that
a good appetite often has much to do with the quality of fruit. That
is, if a man is very hungry a very poor specimen of fruit will appear to
him to be excellent. That is true. But our contemporary goes on to
intimate that the alleged excellence of the wild strawberry is often de-
pendent upon the fierceness of the appetite. It says that it has known
people to hunt tor the wild strawberry until they were about famished^
and then think there was nothing like it. All that may be true, tco^
But hungry or not hungry there never was a strawberry yet grown that
is equal in flavor to the wild berry. We have improved the size and
appearance of the strawberry but have not improved its quality. Then
is the improvement a failure ? By no means. The improved berry
has enough to recommend it to counterbalance this, especially from a
commercial standpoint.

raspberry blackberry HYBRID.

Mr. Wm. Saunders, of Canada, during a brief call at this office^
spoke of hybrids which he had effected between the raspberry and
blackberry. We find in late English papers a new "pure black rasp-
berry" offered, which purports to be such a cross. It is called the
"Glenfield." It is largf^r than any black cap, though smaller than the
average blackberry. The advertisement reads : "By crossing a black-
berry with a raspberry, a fruit partaking of the shape, flavor and habit
of the raspberry (with just a perceptible and unusually pleasant taste

secretary's budget- 391

of the blackberry) — with the glossy black color and hardy character ot
the last mentioned — has been obtained ; while as regards productive-
ness, etc., it will vie with the very best raspberry yet known." This
seems not, as yet, to have been alluded to by American journals. —
Rural New Yorker.

WOMAN AS A FRUIT GROWER.

A young lady brought up on a farm, though receiving between the
ages of 15 and 20 the benefit of a first class education in a distant city,
was suddenly bereft of both father and mother. After the settlement
of the estate she found herself possessed of a farm of thirty acres, a
team of horses and the implements of farm work, together with the
sum of one hundred and fifty dollars in cash, with which to begin her
fight with the world. After due deliberation she decided to retain the
small farm and work it. It so happened that about two acres had been
set to strawberries some time before, which would bear its first main
crop the summer following her removal to the small farm. She im-
mediately had this bed cultivated and manured, doing all but the heavy
work with her own hands. The crop netted her about one hundred and
ten dollars. The next step was to increase the plantation, adding
raspberries, blackberries, etc., until now, to make a long story short,
less than six years from the time the work was commenced, the orig-
inal farm of ninety acres has been purchased and paid for in cash, too,
and is being rapidly laid out into orchards ; a poultry yard of no mean
dimensions adds vastly to the income, and a snug bank account is
ready for a rainy day. More than all, she has developed from a depen-
dent girl into a strong, healthy, self-reliant business woman; and the
secret of her success is good sense, a lack of that bane to American
girls, false pride, and an indomitable will and a determination to suc-
ceed.— Farmer and Household.

A Michigan strawberry grower practices straw-mulching of the
vines to keep the berries clean, and when the season is ended burns the
straw as it lies. The heat clears off the leaves and creepers from the
plants, besides destroying the seeds of weeds that lie on the surface,
as well as insects and larvae. After several years trial it has been found
that when rain comes new leaves start out from the crown of the plant,
which is uninjured by the fiery ordeal through which it has passed.
The vines are then cultivated as usual. The first burning over the
vines was an accident, but the result proving so good the practice has
been continued.

392 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

THE JEWELL STRAWBERRY.

When so high an authoritative body as the Massachusetts Horti-
cultural Society gives its approval to a new fruit it may be safe for the
agricultural press to recommend the same for the latitude to which it
is adapted. This was done by that society in the case of the Jewell
strawberry. At its June exhibition of this year it awarded this straw-
berry a silver medal " on its great merits as a new seedling." It is a
pistillate variety, the parentage of which was either Jersey Queen or
Prince of Berries, ripening in mid season, of lar-^e size, bright red and
very prolific. It originated and is being introduced by P. M. Augur &
Sons, Middlefield, Conn.

MOLES.

The American Garden says : Moles are by common consent
considered a nuisance and a pest in the strawberry field, and va-
rious devices are constructed for their destruction. Yet, although
moles destroy a few plants by undermining their roots, it is more than
probable that they are but blessings in disguise and that we would lose
more plants from the ravages of the white grubs than from the under-
ground work of the moles, if we should succeed in killing the latter.
That moles do not eat strawberry plants, but eat grubs, admits of no
doubt; audit is also observed that moles are found mostly in places
where grubs are most numerous. We have frequently followed the
mole tracks under rows of dead plants, and have always found on
their roots the peculiar marks of the gnawing of the grubs, proving
that the latter were already engaged in their destructive work, and
were only arrested in their mischievous progress by the timely arrival
of the mole, who, after having found his prey, would not follow the
same row on a fool's errand, but would make a short cut to the next
row, where his keen scent indicated another choice morsel.

ORIGIN OF THE LUCRETIA DEWBERRY.

We have counted 103 berries on a single stem but 28 inches long.
Many prominent horticulturists pronounce it a great acquisition, when
genuine, many spurious plants being ofl'ered and sold for the Lucre-
tia.

Its history is as follows : A soldier stationed near Beverly, West
Virginia, found it in the woods, a chance, natural seedling. After the
war he returned to the scene of his military exploits, married one of

secretary's budget. 393

Virginia's fair daughters and settled down near by, and remembering
his old favorite of war times, he sought out the plant, removed it to
his garden and gave it careful cultivation. Here it was seen by a son
of one of our neighbors. This young man's father saw the fruit in
1876, while on his way to Philadelphia, and upon his return to Ohio,
he told such sfories of the size, quality and fruitfulness of the plants
that we induced the old gantleman, whose name was Williams, to have
the plants removed to Ohio.

The plant is a trailer and can be easily and cheaply protected,
where necessary, though ours stood the intense cold of last winter
without any artificial protection whatever. It propagates from tips,
ripens usually about the middle of July. In quality it is sweet with-
out core. The color is a very bright, shining black.

N. H. Albaugh & Sons.

Covington, Miami Co., O.

MISSOURI strawberry VARIETIES.

At a recent meeting of the Lafayette Co., Mo., Horticultural Soci-
ety, Mr. Maitland stated that the favorable season has caused a growth
of strong and numerous fruit crowns, which promise a fine crop in
1886. His choice of varieties is: Chas. Downing, Crescent, Triumph,
Sharpless, Ironclad, Windsor Chief, Piper Seedling, James Vick, Park
Beauty, Daniel Boone, Manchester, Vineland, Mt. Vernon and Jumbo,
the last three for very late sorts.

Mr. Chas. Teubner gave as his choice Triumph, Crescent, Chas. Down-
ing, Captain Jack, James Vick, Hart's Minnesota, Jersey Queen and
Kentucky. He said that Triumph was fiue for home use, berries of
good quality aad uniformly large, and it did well on only moderately
good soil.

BEST STRAWBERRIES AND RASPBERRIES.

We made the inquiry recently of several of our best and most
eminent fruit growers, for their selection of three and of six of the
most valuable strawberries and raspberries, and received the follow-
ing answers!:

From T. T. Lyon, President of the Michigan Horticultural Society :
Strawberries — For market and matted row culture, Crescent, Miner's
Prolific and Champion. He would, perhaps, add Wilson as a fertil-
izer. For cultivation in hills, or very narrow rows — Sharpless, Bid-
well, Arnold's Pride. For six — add to the foregoing, Duchess, (for
ver3'^ early), Piper and Wilson, for the former list ; and Alpha, Maggie

394 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

and Bright Ida, for the latter. Raspberries — Among black-caps, Sou-
hegan, Tyler and Ohio, are all doing well as early varieties. Gregg is
the best late market sort, but is not good enough for home use. He
prefers Soubegan and Mammoth Cluster for flavor. Among the red
varieties, Parnell has a peculiar, spicy flavor, rather pleasant; Reder
is large, firm, very productive and excellent. Cuthbert, however,
stands worthily at the head, as the market variety of its class. [Bright
Ida and Alpha strawberries were raised by the late Charles Arnald, of
Ontario.]

From Parker Earle, fx President of the Mississippi Valley Horti-
cultural Society of Illinois : The Wilson is still regarded by him as the
most important variety of the strawberry, grown as a market sort, for
all places where it succeeds. The Capt. Jack is the next best shipping
berry; and this with Downing and Crescent will make a list of three
of the most valuable for market, where the market is near. Neither
Downing nor Crescent is a very good shipper in hot railroad cars.
Among raspberries, the Turner holds the first place for quality and
reliability, but turns dark too soon after picking to suit the many who
buy only from color. For such, the Brandywine is more successful ;
but is poor in flavor. The only drawback to the Cuthbert is its rather
dark color. It is hardy, prolific, large and good.

From E. Williams, Secretary of the New Jersey Horticultural
Society : First, Bidwell ; second, Sharpless ; third, Charles Downing,
for carrying qualities, and Miner's Prolific, Manchester and Crescent.
But for profit, based on productiveness, Bidwell would be last. For
home use, Charles Downing, Cumberland, Sharpless, Bidweil, Man-
chester and Crescent.

George W. Campbell, Secretary of the Ohio Horticultural Society,
says: " I have tested a dozen or more of the most highly recom-
mended new strawberries, but I do not find any which I regard, all
things considered, better than the old Charles Downing and the some-
what newer Cumberland. If the Manchester were staminate, or self-
fertilizing, I should be willing to add it as a third, as the plant is vig-
orous and healthy, and the quality fair, with large productiveness if
planted near a good staminate which blows at the same time. Sharp-
less has not met my expectations. It is vigorous and heaUhy, but the
blossoms are injured by late spring Irosts. The berries ripen irregu-
larly. For raspberries, I find nothing better than the Souhegan among
black-caps ; and for a late variety there is nothing better probably
than the Gregg. Hansell and Cuthbert promise well. I regard Shafler
with favor, for its large size, productiveness and strong growth. It
has a rather acid but high flavor. Ics only fault is its dull color."

secretary's budget. 395-

J. T. Lovett, nurseryman of New Jersey, who has thoroughly
tested all or nearly all the new sorts, makes the following selections :
Strawberries, named in the order of ripening, early, medium and late,
for market, on heavy soils — Warren, Sharpless, Manchester. On light
soils — Crescent, Wilson, Manchester. For home garden, on heavy
soils — Bidwell, Sharpless, Manchester. On light soils — Cumberland,
Miner's Prolific, Manchester. For the six most valuable sorts for mar-
ket, on heavy soil, add to the three above named, Duchess, Champion
and Glendale. For light soils for market, add Cumberland, Capt. Jack
and Kentucky. For home garden and heavy soils, add Warren, Mi-
ner's Prolific and Golden Defiance ; and for light soil, add Gipsy and
Mount Vernon.

Mr. Lovett gives the following list of select raspberries: Red
sorts, the order of ripening, Hansell, Reliance, Cuthbert, for home gar-
den ; and Brandywine instead of Reliance for market. Black varie-
ties: Souhegan, Hopkins, Gregg; with the only variation, for dry-
ing, of Ohio instead of Hopkins.

Franklin Davis, who was for many years an extensive fruit-grower
in Southern Virginia, makes the following selection : The best three
strawberries for market, Wilson, sharpless, Cumberland, for both mar-
ket and home use ; and for the best six he adds, Charles Downing,
Crescent and Trioraphe de Gand. The best three raspberries, Cuth-
bert, Brandywine, Gregg; and for the best five he adds, Reliance and
Turner.

Matthew Crawford, the widely known strawberry raiser of Ohio,
names as the best three strawberries,^ Cumberland, Harts' Minnesota
and Mount Vernon. For market, add Glendale, Capt. Jack and' Wind-
sor Chief, as being very productive, although not very good. Among
raspberries, the Shaffer siands at the head for size and productiveness.
Before this sort came out, the New Rochelle was. the most productive.
The Herstine, the best red, not being quite hardy, the Delaware is
chosen for its hardiness, good size and fair quality.

J. H. Hale, of Connecticut, who has tested more than a hundred
varieties of the strawberry, would plant more of the Manchester than
any other sort, on light, medium, or heavy soil. But being pistillate,
he would take Miner's Prolific to fertilize it, and as the next in value;
adding Windsor Chief for the third. For six, he would add Mount
Vernon, Crescent and Kentucky, in the order named. For family use,
he would plant Miner's Prolific as the best, and add Manchester and
Mount Vernon ; and for the six, add Crystal City, Sharpless and Ken-
tucky.

The reader will observe on looking over these selected lists, that

396 MISSOTRI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

among strawberries the following are special favorites witb several
cultivators: Miner's Prolific, Crescent, Sharpless, Wilson, Cumber-
land and Downing; while Bid well, Mount Vernon and Kentucky stand
high with a few. Among the raspberries, Gregg, Souhegan, Cuthbert
and Shaffer are especially commended for their value. Other and
newer sorts of high promise have received as yet a limited trial.

— Country Gentleman.

BLACKBERRY RUST.

A. H. Kiehl, who has had abundant experience with the orange
blackberry rust, writes to Colman''s Rural World., corroborating the
views which we have expressed on lormer occasions, and which are
held by others, that when rust gets into a plantation the only remedy
-IS to dig up and burn the plants as soon as the disease shows itself, and
if the patch is badly affected the best thing is to mow off and plow
up, and plant with other crops for two or three years, planting the new
patch in an entirely new place. The spores of this minute fungus are
blown by the winds and spread, and Mr. Kiehl has found that neither
road dust, lime, salt nor sulphur has the least effect.

CENTENNIAL BLACKCAP.

Samuel Miller, of Missouri, states in the same journal, that he re-
gards the Centennial as ''• about the most valuable blackcap raspberry
he has tried." It has a conical berry with'a shining black collar, and
Mr. Miller says there is a spurious sort which sprang up in the Cen-
tennial patch which has induced some cultivators to think the true
varietv worthless.

SCIENTIFIC.

THE MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDENS.

The eminently public spirited citizen of St. Louis, Mr. Henry
Shaw, who proposes to give his celebrated Gardens to the city on his
decease, for the enjoyment and instruction of the people forever, has
not waited for the event of his departure— which all hope may be long
postponed— to inaugurate his generous gift. He has already founded

secretary's budget. 39T

a school of Botany, endowing it with real estate which even now pro-
duces an income of over $5,000 a year. Prof. Wra, Trelease, an emi-
nent botanist among the younger class of men, has been placed in
charge, and inaugurated on the 6th of November. It has been made a^
department of Washington University. The whole movement so far
seems to indicate a bright future, and must be highly gratifying to Mr.
Shaw, the generous promoter of the measure. The Engelmann Her-
barium, and other famous material will, it is hoped, go to the charge
of this new department of the University.

Wood ashes contain all the required elements of plant nutrition
except nitrogen, 100 pounds of wood ashes contains 16 pounds of pot-
ash worth 80 cents, 3-^ pounds of soda worth 2 cents, 67 pounds of lime
and magnesia worth 8 cents, and 5^ pounds of phosphoric acid worth
26 cents. If we had to buy in market in the cheapest form, the man-
urial materials contained in 100 pounds of ashes, the co.st would be-
$1.16.

sleeping PLAN'IS.

During the year, and in connection with this experiment with the
clovers, the writer's attention has been directed to other plants assum-^
ing similar sleeping or nyctitropic movements. The oxalis shuts up
its flowers and leaves like umbrellas on the first approach of night, and
opens them at sunrise. The dandelion opens before six, where exposed,,
and closes about sundown. The little daisy that greets us by the way-
side, retires to rest each evening and rises to meet the early beams in.
the morning. The marsh marigold goes to bed at sundown and rises
with the sun. Tulips begin to prepare for repose about tea time and
are late risers. This feature in the life of most plants may be made a
most interesting and instructive exercise to observing boys and girls
whose homes are away from the city in the open fields of nature. — -
Prairie Farmer.

fire blight in the pear.

The December American Naturalist has a paper by Prof. J. C
Arthur, which is one of the most satisfactory we have read for a long,
time, and is well worthy of perusal by those'interested in intelligent
pomology. It is long since the Oarden&rs Monthly took the stand
that fire blight must of necessity be of fungus origin, because it was
not possible to introduce any supposition on the other grounds of cli-
mate, soil, modes of culture, etc., without the proposition carrying.

398 MISSOURI STATK HORTICULTURAL SOCIEIY.

with it its own refutation. If was evident that the cause, whatever it
might be, was local, and therefore induced by some special influence
operating on particular parts of a tree, wholly independent of the plant
itself. In other words, some parasitic action must be the acting power
in inducing fire b'ight. Though predisposed this way, we have not
hesitated to criticise theories offered in its defense, because we think
nothing should be accepted as science that will not bear every attack.
Professor Burrill's proposition that the disease was caused by the
presence of Bacteria, was fully in accord with our prepossessions ;
still we have not hesitated to point out occasionally, weak points;
and quite recently, in noticing another paper by Prof. Arthur, we had
occasion to observe that there was still left a doubt, whether what was
generally known as fire blight, was the disease Prof. Arthur had in his
mind. In this paper he has made it clear, that it is the genuine fire
blight with which he has been experimenting, though it is also clear
that some diseases, or perhaps forms of the real disease, but not the
genuine article, are sometimes confused. There is still one point which
the Professor does not seem to have observed, and which we think
very important to a correct diagnosis of the case, and that is, that the
point attacked is really but a very small portion of the branch — an
inch or two in most cases — and the rest of the branch is, as he states,
killed simply through the destruction in the ascent of the sap. Usually
the ringing of a branch, by which the sap would be obstructed, would
not result in an immediate blackening of the leaves ; they would grad-
ually wither, and finally die away brown instead of black; and this
reflection would indicate that there is yet something more than a mere
cutting ofi^of the sap supply. Still, the candid reader will have to ad-
mit that the results of Professor Arthur leave but little doubt that a
species of Micrococus, allied to Bacteria, is at the bottom of all the
trouble. It is only its "ways and means" that are yet to be found out.

BOTANY AND AGRICULTURE.

Eds. Country Gentleman. — It is a current notion among farmers
that the aid which botany is capable of rendering to agriculture is
small, both in amount and importance. This notion is co-ordinate
with another common idea, that the end and aim of botany is to class-
ify and name plants. This idea is the legitimate product of former
methods of teaching botany — methods which are still followed in many
or most high schools and academies, and probably in some colleges.
Under this method the student familiarizes himself with the names of
the parts of the flower and leaf, and with this knowledge traces a few

secretary's budget. 399

plants through a " key" in the botany and finds their names. In ad-
dition, he — or more commonly she — presses a few plants, sews them in
a scrap-book, and this so called herbarium completes her botanical
studies. This work is entirely superficial, and bears no more relation
to the pure science of botany than learning a tune by rote does to the
art of music. It is to be considered as nothing more than a school girl
accomplishment. Happily, this method is being superseded by better
methods — the " new methods," which induce the student to study what
the plant does and how it does it, rather than simply what it is. What
are the laws of plant growth? Ilow does the seed germinate? How
are flowers fertilized ? What are the plant's relations to soils, temper-
ature, moistare, intensity of light, to insects, and other active agen-
cies ? What is the physiology of diseases induced by un propitious sur-
roundings, by fungi and by insects ? What are the phenomena of cross
and close fertilization and hybridization ? What is the physiological
nature, and what the cause of changes produced by cultivation? What
are the influences of plants upon climate and soil, and upon insects
and other animals ?

These are some of the queries which modern botany seeks to an-
swer. This modern science is more recent than manj'^ people suppose.
It is only within the last decade that it has begun to receive an impulse
and general attention in this country. The subject is a peculiarly diffi-
cult one, and results come slowly. It contains as many or more practi-
cal problems, however, as does chemistry or entomology. The phe-
nomena of plant growth and plant biology are so intimately connected
with intricate and variable problems — such as weather, soils and cli-
mate— that their solution demands more time than does a purely chem-
ical or physical phenomenon.

There is nowhere a broader field for practical research than in
botanical science. A simple enumeration of common things which
the farmer ought to know about plants, and which the botanist is en-
tirely unable to explain, would fill columns. For instance, no one
knows if cucumbers and melons, or squashes and pumpkins, will cross
fertilize and produce the same year fruits half cucumber and melon,
or half squash and pumpkin ; and the experimenting which is necessary
to settle this seemingly simple problem is considerable.

We must look to well equipped experiment stations for the larger
results in botanical research as applied to agriculture. However,
there is individual work which the teacher of botany should do toward
making a practical application of the science. He should recognize
the tact that our botanies are of no aid to the classification and recog-
nition of cultivated varieties of plants, and that they have very little

400 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETT.

to do with agricultural problems of plant growth aud diseases. By
general consent, the domain of botany ceases when a plant is im-
pressed into cultivation. This should not be so. It is legitimately
the province of botany to follow a plant as long as it is a plant, and to
explain to its cultivator the laws of its growth and improvement. At
present, we need botanists in the garden more than in the field. The-
crying demand of horticulture is some system of classsification and no-
menclature which will enable the ordinary horticulturist to name ac-
curately an apple or a verbena. All our varieties of cultivated planta
have a number of names, and we are entirely unable to designate the
proper name., or to determine in many cases if the variety is really
new or worthy. The elegant system of botanical nomenclature can.
be applied, with some modifications, to cultivated plants. In a late'
number of the Country Gentleman^ 1 proposed an application of this
nomenclature. Our greatest need is for a system of classification
which will enable us to identify horticultural varieties. How shall
we classify all our varieties of apples? Surely not on size, color, fla-
vor, time of ripening or length of keeping. We must discover perma-
nent marks in flower and leaf and tree to aid us.

At the meeting of the Society for the Promotion of Agricultural
Science at Ann Arbor, Mich., Aug. 25, Dr. C E. B3ssey, of the Univer-
sity of Nebraska, proposed that botanists enter this unoccupied field'
which lies between botany on the one hand and horticulture and agri-
culture on the other, and claim it, as their legitimale possession. He
further submitted a general synopsis to which or to parts of which the
individual botanist can work with inestimable benefit to agriculture \.
I. Nomenclature and classification of cultivatied plants.

II. Researches in physiology of plants.

1. In growth and nutrition.

2. In reproduction.
a. Fertilization.

J. Germination.

e. Hereditary, cross breeding, etc.

3. Physiology of cultivation and improvement.
III. Researches in pathology, or science of diseases.

1. Lowered vitality.

2. Poisoning: e. ,^. from gases, soils, etc.

3. Temperature. >
a. Physiology of freezing.

}). Phjsiology of " scalding."

4. Insect diseases.

5. Fungoid diseases.

L. H. Bailey, Jr., Michigan Ag. College-

secretary's budget. 401

EXHAUSTION OF SOILS.

In discussing the exhaustion of soils the Rural New Yorker says:

"No country was ever blessed by nature with more productive soil.
She made the best possible use of the long ages prior to the settlement
of this country by white men, in forcing the most luxuriant growth of
vegetation, and by its decay and that of the annual crop of foliage, had
filled the soil with an amount of fertility that seemed exhaustless. So
thought our fathers, and so think now many of the occupiers of the
great fertile West. But a continual taking out and putting nothing
back would exhaust even the ocean. It has exhausted the millions of
acres of the older East, and it will exhaust the most fertile fields of the
West. A study of the census must convince any searcher that the
production of all our crops is year by year growing less and less. It
can not be attributed to a change of seasons for a series of years, but
can be only to one cause — the gradual exhaustion of plant food by our
unthinking and unwise course.

''The subject of husbanding the resources of our acres, and of
returning to our starving fields those elements of plant growth quite
or nearly exhausted, is yearly forcing itself more prominently upon
the attention of the farmers of at least the eastern half of our country ;
and the line is very rapidly extending westward. Millions of acres
that once produced magnificent crops of the various grains, even west
of the great lakes, are now lying vacant, or barely paying for the most
shiftless cultivation. The question cannot be seriously considered too
soon, even by farmers on the now rich and productive prairies west of
the great rivers. Every train that passes eastward is loaded with a
portion of their fertility, much of it in the crude, and barely remuner-
ative state of bran, oil meal, and the coarser grains, and, to the shame
of the farmers, even in the bones of their animals, while the returning
trains carry back nothing in the nature of plant food.

"Though western farmers may think they have no need of such
knowledge, they should not fail to thoroughly post themselves, and
those farmers who do so, and who take advantage of this knowledge,
will, bye and bye, be looked upon as the 'lucky ones' who have the
richest farms in the vicinity in which they live."

SUNSHINE.

There is, indeed, one fact in the distribution of sunshme over the
•earth's surface that seems paradoxical. The farther north we go the

HR— 26

402 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

more heat does a given area of land receive in a summer's day from
the sun.

This is because the summer day lasts twelve hours at the equator^,
and longer and longer as we go north, until arriving at very high lati-
tudes there is no sunset. Why, then, the colder northern climate?
Because the winter day is as short as the summer day is long; and
through the winter vast masses of snow and ice accumulate and chill
the whole year. Yet the fact remains, that an acre of wheat receives-
more of direct sunlight in a summer's day in Ohio than in Mexico, and
more in Canada than in Ohio. It is also known that wheat matures in
fewer days in Canada than in Ohio, and in Ohio than in Mexico. This
shows the influence of sunlight in ripening grain and fruits.

Xenos Clark.

why are some trees hardy?

In a note appended to Mr. Tuttle's criticisms of Professor Budd
(^Prairie Farmer.^ Jan. 2,) we stated, in effect, that the smaller the
water-carrying pores or cavities in the wood of a tree or shrub, the less
would be the expansion and contraction at any one point, or at all
points, by freezing and thawing, and that other things being equal, it
would seem that the finest grained wood should be the hardiest in a
changeable climate. A particle of water one-hundredth of an inch in
diameter expands one nine-hundredth part of an inch in freezing*.
and the elasticity of the fibres may be supposed to stand that strain.
But a water cell one-tenth of an inch tjirough would, in freezing, ex-
pand one-ninetieth of an inch, and this might rend and disorganize the
structure enough to kill the life of tjie tree or shrub. Mr. Tuttle gives
some illustrations of fine and coarse grained structures, which appar-
ently militate against this explanation. His statement that hardiness
is an inhericed quality does not at all explain the secret or cause of the
hardiness. The graft or .progeny is merely a continuation of the pa-
rental tree structure.

Mr. Vincent's theory brings in a factor that may explain it. Water
is one of the exceptions to the general rule that heat expands and cold
contracts. Nearly all solids continue to contract by cold and to ex-
pand by heat. Water contracts by cooling, down to about 09°, but
expands on further cooling, so that in simply sinking from 39° to 32°,
it expands over one-ninth of its bulk. Now, as we understand it, Mr.-
Vincent explains that in the hardier woods the pores are filled with
starch particles instead of water, and starch being a solid substance^
expands and contracts but little with the changing temperature. This
is theoretically borne out by the fact that fully ripened woods, that is>

secretary's budget. 403

woods in which the pores are well filled with starch or woody fibre,
are less affected in winter than the immature wood. The subject is
well worth further experiment, observation and discussion, all of which
may lead to valuable practical results.

While on this subject, we will refer to one query of Mr. Tuttle,
why is one side of a tree affected by intense cold, while the other side
escapes ? This is very readily explained by the fact that the sun's
rays and their absence, and the frequent warm and cold breezes,
change the temperature of the wood on the side, or sides, exposed to
them, quite enouo;h to change the contained sap or moisture above and
below the 32°-39° temperature many times during autumn, winter and
early spring, and the consequent expansion and contraction of the
wood structure may thus permanently and fatally disorganize it.

INJURIOUS FUNGI.

At the recent Grand Rapids meeting of the American Pomologi-
cal Society, Prof. 0. E. Bessey, of Nebraska State University, deliv-
ered a very interesting address upon injurious fungi, illustrating the
subject with numerous large colored charts. The following is our ab-
stract of a portion of what he said : For a number of years nothing
was known of fungi becaikse students were not taught anything as to
the structure of plants ; all that was required being to learn the names
and classification of the flowering plants and ferns in the student's
region. It is not surprising then that men who have been through a
course in botany should have vague notions as to fungi, for they have
been obliged to get their knowledge of the vegetable kingdom by
home reading. But there is a new school of Botany springing up in
this country, which gives attention to vegetation : to the habits and
the modes of the reproduction of the lower plants. A fungus is as in-
teresting as an oak, and receives as much attention as the latter at the
hands of botanists. From such botany and botanists, pomologj'' and
all branches of horticulture and agriculture may confidently hope to
derive great benefit. The plants included under the name of fungi
are numerous. They are manifestly different, and all cannot be treated
alike. A dozen may grow on the same tree and no two of them bear
any resemblance to each other in structure or habit.

Black Knot. — The black fungus is more harmful than all the rest put
together, as the disease it conveys to its host is extremely infectious.
The black knot of the plum and cherry is a good illustration, though a
somewhat complex species of the black fungus. The fuDgus may be
killed by certain poisons, or it may be stimulated to greater activity

404 MISSOUKI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

by other means. Let us not forget that the fungus involved is a real
plant which is at all times as subject to its environments as are the
larger plants with which we are much more familiar. The disease on
the other hand is a pathological condition of the affected tree, shrub
or herb. The fungus is not the disease, but the agent which brings about
the conditions of disease, and removal of it, will sometimes result in a
restoration of normal, healthy condition, but in the great majority of
cases, the diseased condition once established, the removal of the fun-
gus can not restore health. It is almost impossible to find a remedy
that will cure the disease caused by fungus. You may cut off the fungus
and the remainder of the tree may be healthy. The knife is the only
remedy.

Treatment. — Ever}'- parasitic fungus should be removed before
it reaches its contagious period. The dead leaves and twigs killed by
the fungi of the preceding summer should be burned during the fall
and winter, lest they afford shelter to the resting fungi. There are
many substances which are poisonous to different parts of the fungi,
and which maybe used in their destruction. Sulphur, and the many
sulphuric compounds, are efficacious, if used in the case of those fungi
which are upon the infant plants.

HOW FREEZING BENEFITS THE SOIL.

It is a well-known fact that water in the act of freezing, expands
considerably, and with a force that is irresistible. It is the freezing of
water in their crevices and pores that causes the rocks to be gradually
worn down and "weathered," as it is called, into soil. It is this also
which is continually reducing the soil to finer fragments, and which
breaks up the hard clogs and mellows the ground. Fall plowing or
spading assists this effect by breaking up the compact soil into lumps,
which are further broken into small particles. As water and air can
only act upon the surface of these particles, it is clear that the smaller
they are, the more surface is exposed to the weather, and the soil is
made soluble. If a block of hard soil of 12 inches cube is exposed to
the weather, there are 864 square inches only of it affected ; if it is broken
up into cubes of one inch, 10,368 square inches are exposed to these
beneficial influences; if the soil is further broken up into fragments of
one-twelfth of an inch, there are more than 124,000 square inches thus
affected. This fact shows how greatly the effects of frost benefits the
soil, and therefore how necessary it is that the land should be fall
plowed and opportunity given for this beneficial action of the weather.
In the garden, even, all the soil possible should be spaded before it
freezes. — American Agriculturist.

secretary's budget. 405

USES OF VEGETATION.

The proper function, or one of the right uses of all vegetation,
is to produce food and clothing for us from the refuse matter of our
large towns. Every little green leaf, apart from its individual beauty,
has a share in the great work of purification which all leaves carry on.
In malarious countries the blue or fever gum tree is now largely planted,
because it grows rapidly, and its roots and leaves suck up moisture so
quickly that a few of these trees actually drain any swamp or marsh near
or in which they are planted. It is so with our own poplar trees, which
in wet, low-lying places act most efficiently as the best of natural
drains for a stagnant bit of marsh or land. Now, if you drain a swamp
in the ordinary way you simply carry pollution from one place and de-
posit it in another place ; but tree roots suck up offensive matter, and
tree leaves actually purify it. The leaves throw off pure water by
evaporation, and with it life-giving oxygen, instead of the poisoned
gases of the atmosphere. What is true of large trees is in degree equally
true of the smallest window x)lant. The highest mission of plants is
not merely to please our eyes with color, our mouths with delicious
fruits; not only do they do this and more, but they are ever silently but
surely eating up what is impure and injurious to ourselves in the atmos-
phere and in the earth all around our homes ; and any dwelling in which
plants are well and healthily grown will be more likely to be a clean
and healthy house than if the plants were not there. — Ladies Floral
Cabinet.

DOUBLE STOCKS.

" Mrs. Theodosia, B. S.," San Buena Ventura, Cal., asks : " Will
you kindly inform me through the columns of the Gardeners' Monthly.,
why pot-grown seeds of stocks are superior to those grown in the open
ground?" Stocks grow to the greatest perfection here (where we
never have frost) and seed well. I raise several varieties of seeds,
in different colors. I have difficulty in disposing of them to florists, as
they all wish pot-grown seeds. As the flowers of double stocks are
barren, so they cannot be used in hybridizing. I cannot see why pot-
grown seeds are superior to open ground seeds.

" Henderson says in his ' Hand-book of Plants :' All that is ne-
cessary to have plenty of double flowers in stocks is, to have seed from
strong, vigorous single plants. I have found from experience that he is
correct ; nothing could be finer than our stocks from open ground seed.
Yet it seems impossible to convince florists East of this.

406 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

" I will be greatly obliged if you will give me the desired infor-
mation "

To answer our correspondent's questions clearly, we shall have
to go over some scattered ground. It will require close attention ;
but the reader will be repaid by a full knowledge of the whole subject.

First, we must remember that plants do not flower at all until
there has been some check to the vegetative force. If the tree grows
very vigorously, we have to root prune it, or in some other way injure
or check the growing force. We put this in another form of express-
ion, and we say — the intensity of the reproductive or seed-bearing
force is inversely with the plant's hold on life.

Secondly, we may remember that a flower is made up of metamor-
phosed leaves. The calyx is an organ, but little removed from a leaf;
the corolla is formed from leaves still further advanced. Stamens are
leaves, and pistils the organs more particularly related to reproduc-
tion, are leaves quite distinctly removed.

Thirdly, a double flower is one that has not advanced towards the
reproductive stage further than to form petals, with perhaps a few sta-
mens, and makes no seed.

We see from all, that a double flower is the product of a plant, or
a portion of a plant, that has had* its vegetative powers but slightly
checked. This has been actually tested by experiment, by the present
writer, and an account formed one of his earliest scientific papers, now
getting on to near a half century ago. A large number of plants of
the six-week stocks were taken, and a few seed-vessels from the first
flowers, when the plant had barely passed its vegetative state were
taken ; and separately were taken seed from the last flowers on the
secondary branches, and when the plant was about to die. The result
was the production of nearly all double flowers in the first lot, and
single flowers in the second.

We now sum up all in the following conclusion : High vegetative
vigor is unfavorable to the production of single flowers.

Carrying this to the direct question of our correspondent, it will
not matter so much whether plants are pot grown or not, except in so
far as this may aid or assist vegetative vigor. In some parts of the
world first-class pot-culture would aid vegetative vigor, and then a
good portion of double flowers would certainly result. And it is no
doubt from this experience that florists have learned to look on pot-
culture as the necessary means to a good strain of double flowers.
Plants left to outdoor chances, would be much more likely to have
vegetative vigor impaired, and produce strains of single flowers.

But anyone can see that it is possible to teed well, and get a plant

secretary's budget. 407

to live vigorously in the open ground ; and, on the other hand, to
border on starvation in a pot under glass ; and if this were the rule,
the great run would be against and not in favor of pot grown plants.

No doubt, if this lady perseveres, she will be able to show that her
out-door seed is just as good for double flowers as that raised under
glass.

We have gone into the subject at some length here, because it con-
cerns not only the production of double stocks, but also because the
answer to her questions affects the whole range of practical horticul-
ture.— Gardener'' s Monthly.

LARGE AND SMALL POTATOES FOR SEED. ,

The past season's experiences ought to solve the question as to
whether small potatoes are as good as large ones for planting. The
scarcity of potatoes last spring occasioned the planting of many small
inferior tubers, and the resulting crops will convince many that there
was little lost from using the small seed. At least this has been the
result ot" my observations in this section. In my own experience
small- sized potatoes of the Beauty of Hebron variety have produced
a crop of excellent variety and size, but of small yield. The same is
true with the Burbank variety planted later, both varieties yielding as
:fine tubers as I ever grew, the yield, however, being small. A cir-
cumstance has lately come under my observation, which has had con-
siderable weight in my mind in deciding this question. A party came
to me last spring after I had finished planting potatoes, and after I had
sold all of my surplus seed with the exception of a bushel or so of my
small potatoes, the culls from previous assorting, which averaged but
little larger than a hickory nut in size. Seed being very scarce, the
party referred to decided to take these small specimens, and although
I freely expressed my belief that they were too small for seed, they
were planted. The soil was favorable, being a clover and timothy sod,
and somewhat to my surprise the vield and size of tubers is large for
this season. I am decided in my own mind that the only advantage
in large potatoes over small ones for seed, is in the extra amount of
nourishment which the large potatoes afford the young plants during
their earlier stages of growth. The difference is much less on rich
than on poor soil, because on rich land the young potato plants require
less early nourishment, and are better able to take care of themselves.
For this reason I am not in favor of cutting potatoes to a few eyes, as
recommended by some potato. growers. Much better results will be
•secured, t believe, especially on light soil, by planting whole tubers
and thinning out the stalks, leaving but two or four to a hill. In this

408

MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIEIY.

way the large stout tops are produced, which are better able to resist
the effects of drouth or the depredations of insects, and usually such
strong-growing tops (unless of over-size) will produce large potatoes
and a desirable yield. — Illinois Journal of Agriculture.

GRAPES AS FOOD AND MEDICINE.

There is no fruit which can be grown with as much ease and cer-
tainty, annually, as the grape. It is not the first time we have said it,
and in all probability it will not be the last. The same fruit which is
the most valuable as food and medicine is also the one which gives the
least trouble in cultivation. Why should we not be thoroughly enthu-
siastic on this subject and irrepressible in our often repeated advice :
Plant a vine, and when you have planted one plant more.

The quantity of grapes, says Dr. Irving 0. Ross, of Washington^
D. C, that one may eat with impunity, is something astonishing. Per-
sons at the European grape cures consume from three to six kilos (six
to twelve pounds) daily. Grapes constitute a perfect nutriment, which
includes in remarkable proportions the nitrogenous albuminoid and
respiratory principles indispensable to a good alimentation. According
to the analysis of a French chemist, a striking analogy exists between
the juice of the grape and woman's milk. This chemist finds in 100
parts of each substance, as follows :

Albuminoid and nitrogenous matter

Sugar, gum , etc :

Mineral substsnce

Water

Human
milk.

Grape
juice.

1.5

11.0

1.3

I

1.7"
12 to 20
0.4

86.01 75 to 84

Some of the affections which the grape may be used for as a re-
parative medicinal agent of great value are those arising from troubles
in the digestive functions, diseases of the liver and spleen, suppression
of the hemorrhoidal discharge, menstrual derauj^ement, catarrh of the
air passage and the state of general exhaustion that keeps up all
troubles of the respiratory apparatus. The Doctor also says, that
over-worked persons may derive from the vegetable milk of the lus-
cious but inoffensive grape a rational means to re establish the physio-
logical conditions of clear thoughts and correct expression.

secretary's budget. 409-

From all Ihisit appears that there are great stimulating proper-
ties even in the unfermented juice of the grape; and as this is free
from alcohol, all can take not only a little, but a good deal, " for their-
stomach's sake."

ARE LIVING PLANTS IN R003IS HEALTHFUL?

The general impression seems to prevail that growing plants in the
house are injurious to health, and we know of many instances where
they have been turned out of doors simply because their influence on
the atmosphere was considered deleterious. This conclusion seems
very strange when we take into consideration the fact that but for
vegetation we could not exist at all. The leaves of plants, trees and
shrubs purify the atmosphere upon which we subsist, restoring it to its
normal condition, rendering it healthy and salubrious when vitiated by
the breath of animals. The plant feeds upon that in the atmosphere
of the living-room that is injurious to us, and in return gives us an at-
mosphere adapted to our necessities. It is by no means uncommon to
hear this objection raised against plants by him who is constantly
poisoning the atmosphere with tobacco smoke. While we are confi-
dent the plant in the living room does far more good than harm, we
are also confident that the moral influence the geranium exerts upon
the household is far greater than that which evolves from an old pipe,
or even the best Havana cigar.

STEAM HEATING.

1 quote from Prof. Silliman, of Yale College, as follows :
''In passing into a state of vapor water absorbs nearly six times
as much heat as is required to raise it from 32° to 212°. This increase
of heat would render a solid body red hot by daylight and still the
steam produced by it has only 212° of sensible heat. This quantity of
heat is twenty and one-half times as much as an equal weight of air
can contain and is consequently capable of heating to the same point
twenty and one-half times its own weight. The thermometer indicates
only 212° of heat in steam at the atmospheric pressure, and still it is
susceptible of proof that the steam has really absorbed nearly six
times as much heat in becoming vapor as the water from which it arose
absorbs in passing from 32° to 21ii°. That the steam really contains
this prodigious quantity of heat (essential to its condition as a vapor)
we know is an established scientific fact, but it is stowed away, so to
speak, in the steam, in a perfectly hidden and insensible manner, and
hence it has been called latent heat of steam. But the instant the

410 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

steam is condensed by reconversion into water, this enormous quantity
of heat is liberated and becomes sensible heat, available to warm the
surrounding air, both by radiation and conduction, or by immediate
contact. A careful study of the operation of this beautiful law will
render clear the fact, so mysterious otherwise, that a comparatively
small radiating surface heated by steam should prove sufficient to heat
a large volume of air without at any time itself passing the limit of
312°. The latent heat of steam is 1728°. S. F. T.

FORESTRY.

RAPID GROWTH OF THE SOUTHERN YELLOW PINE.

We have always maintained that the newspaper dread of a tim-
ber famine comes from ignorance of American forest trees, and from
a study only of English forest literature. In that country trees grow
slowly ; in our country they grow rapidly. As soon as there is the
slightest chance of a scarcity here, and that there is a profit in its growth,
forests will be planted, and we can soon get all we want. The Fcorida
Dispatch tells us that in good southern pine lands so great is the growth
of Pinus pahistris^ that in twenty-five years it is large enough to cut
for timber. Instead of legislation to preserve old rotten forrests, it
will be to the profit of the nation to encourage the clearing as rapidly
as possible, so that new planting may take their place.

Dr. W. Thornton Parker, in the Sanitarian, puts the case in a very
sensible way, and we quote parts of an article which is very readable
to the end.

He says: "For many years our people have given considerable
attention to this subject of forest culture, but instead of exercising
their influence in the direction of forest culture and protection where
it is most needed, many seem to content themselves with planting as
many trees as possible in our parks and streets and on their private
grounds in our cities and towns. This love for the beauty of foliage
has often been too extravagantly bestowed, and the societies formed
for the planting are not always under the direction of the wisest, and
the planting, from a sanitary point of view, has not yet received much
attention. To plant as many trees as possible seems to be the only

secretary's budget. 411

rule, and this is limited only by the means of the planter and the
amount of land at his disposal.

" Where the grounds about our country houses are extensive the
luxury of shade trees can be indulged in; but healthy shade without
perfect ventilation and circulation of air is impossible. The soil, to be
fit for man to live on, must have the rays of the sun to bathe it and the
fresh warm air to come in contact with it. A soil damp and over-
shaded to such an extent that the sun never reaches it, is unfit for a
playground for our children or a retreat for adults; indeed, such a
place is a veritable death trap for many infants and weakly persons,
both in summer and in winter.

" Houses overshaded are not healthful, and too many trees near
sleeping and living rooms exercise a very injurious influence. It would
seem as if these truths must be too well known to need any statement,
but a journey through many of our towns the past summer and careful
investigation have convinced me that this undesirable condition of
things is only too common, and has become a positive injury in almost
every direction."

THE EFFECT PRODUCED BY FORESTS ON SPRINGS AND RIVERS.

Hon. Cassius M. Clay said before the American Forestry Congress,
at Cincinnati: I move in the sphere of experience with more cer-
tainty. I remember when thfe forests were hardly broken here that
springs of water were very frequent and perrennial. The rivulets and
creeks and rivers had a perpetual flow. These have now changed.
The rivulets and creeks are now dried up in summer, and the fish so
often caught by me in earlier years are gone. Not one spring in a
thousand remains. Indian corn was generally planted in March, and
the rains and exhalations of moisture from the surroundings made
crops successful every year. Now the destruction of the forests has
lost to us that bed of leaves which was a perpetual reservoir of water
for springs and evaporation, aided by the treading of the hard surface,
the rainfall, if the same as of old, rushes ofl" at once, sweeping the soil
into the Mississippi delta. The dry winds absorb not only the" ancient
humidity of the air, but drink up the subsoil evaporation, so that our
winters are longer, more changeable and unendurable.. Corn can
hardly be safely planted till late in April, and drouth too often ruins all,
in spite of our best efforts.

Dr. J. D. Hooper, of the Royal Key Gardens, says : The presence
of forests plays a most important part in storing the rainfall and yield-
ing up gradually to the strearrls a continuous supply of water. More-
over, the rain is retained by forests on the surface of the ground ; it

412 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

gradually permeates to the subsoil, and so feeds the underground water-
bearing strata upon which springs and wells must eventually depend.
Dr. Marsh in his writing '' The Earth as Modified by Man," says :
The protection afforded by the forests against the escape of moisture
from its soil by superficial flow and evaporation, insures the perma-
nence and regularity of natural springs, not only within the limits
of the woods, but at some distance beyond its borders, and thus con-
tributes to the supply of an element essential to both animal and veg-
etable life. As the forests are destroyed, the springs that flowed from
the woods, and, consequently, the greater water courses fed by them,
diminish both in number and volume. My own recollection suggests
to me many instances of this sort; and 1 remember one case where a
small mountain spring, which disappeared soon after the clearing of
the ground where it rose, was recovered about twenty years ago by
simply allowing the bushes and young trees to grow upon a rocky
knoll, not more than an acre in extent, immediately above the spring.
The ground was hardly shaded before the water reappeared, and it has
continued to flow without interruption. The hills of the Atlantic
States formerly abounded in springs and brooks ; but in many parts of
these States, which were cleared a generation or two ago, the hill pas-
tures now suffer severely from drought, and in dry seasons furnish ta
cattle neither grass nor water.

THE A3IERICAN FORESTRY CONGRESS.

«

The American Forestry Congress held its fourth annual meeting:
in Boston, Mass., September 22, 23 and 24, and at it an unusually large
amount of practical information was brought together from all parts of
the country. This association is growing more and more in import-
ance, and its main object is to stir up public sentiment in regard to
the more economical use of our timber resources, and while it advo-
cates the preservation and improvement of the woods covering our
mountains and hillsides, it advises the planting of trees on waste and
barren places in the eastern and in the treeless regions of the western
States. That the importance of its aims begins to be quite fully ap-
preciated at large, might be inferred from the fact that each of the
New England States had sent officially appointed delegates; while
Canada, Ohio, and Nebraska sent representatives, and even California
did not think a journey of 6,000 miles too much for her delegate to
this convention.

Nobody can be, or ought to be, more directly interested in this
question than the farmers, who are in many respects dependent for
success on the preservation and proper distribution of forests over the

secretary's budget. 413

liill-sides, for these break the force of, and temper the cold winds in-
jurious to the farm crops; they induce and in some localities perhaps
increase the rainfall, and at all events equalize the water flow in
springs; and yet how often, when the farmer could have a wood lot
growing up from the sprouts, are the cattle allowed to roam in it and
destroy the young trees ; and how many worthless and worn-out lands
are there on our farms, where crops do not pay, and trees would be a
valuable addition.

The Commissioner of Agriculture, Hon. Norman J. Colman, mani-
fested great interest in the discussions, and in his address said that,
according to his experience in planting trees, if the soil is properly
prepared, nothiug was more sure to grow. Other speakers related
their experience in raising profitable crops of trees on almost worthless
land. An interesting paper on the time of planting evergreens was
read by Mr. C. W. Strong, a well known nurseryman. The planting of
evergreens has always been held to be practicable during the month
of May, but Mr, Strong was sure that August was a much better time
for transplanting them. The wood is then hardened, the earth is warm
throughout, and danger from frosts during the night is not to be
feared. He had transplanted many evergreens from a low soil to the
north side of a hill with perfect success, and considered the question of
August planting settled beyond cavil.

The cultivation of the Osier Willow and the Red Cedar was recom-
mended by Mr. Hersey, of Massachusetts, after an experience of forty-
five years. It does not require 100 years to grow cedar to muturity,asis
generally supposed. His trees at thirty to forty years of ag^were
worth one dollar each for fence posts, which he maintained was a
good investment on land worth $10 per acre, the price his poor gravelly
loam would bring. The Osier Willow requires a warmer soil ; the
sand of the river bottoms, subject to occasional overflow, is the best.
Planting may be started from cuttings as well as from roots. The first
crop is of no use; but the second year the willows grow from five to
seven feet, surpassing all imported willows. A clear profit for basket
work willows of $60 per acre yearly may be attained. This figure seems
to have been largely exceeded by a willow farmer in Georgia, who has
set out some 80,000 plants, and claims a profit of .$200 per acre. When
we consider that the importation of prepared willows and willow-ware
into this country amounts to more than $200,000 worth every year, this
would seem a profitable field for many a farmer, who has the proper
soil at his disposal. The outlay necessary is not great and the returns
come in soon and steadily every year.

414 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

A paper of particular interest to agriculturists was read by the
secretary of the association, Mr. Fernow. He stated that attempts
were being made in Germany not only to put sawdust in proper shape
for shipment, but to grind up the brushwood for bedding and manuring:
purposes. He showed that while the wood litter was for its physical
properties preferable to straw in the stable, experiments had shown
that in the field as manure it was by no means inferior, in its action,
to regular baruyard manure, and the feeding value of straw far sur-
passed its value for bedding and manuring. If such materials could
be cheaply prepared and baled, many of the lumberman's difficulties-
might be avoided, and a great benefit provided for agriculture.

The magnitude of the subject of forestry and the many interesting
sides to the question, were made evident by a large number of valuable,
practical papers on a great variety of topics, presented at this meeting ;
and when we hear that the products of the forest in one year are
worth $800,000,000 — more than ten times the value of all the gold and
silver dug from our mines, and a good deal more than that of all our
coal and metals of every sort — that not even the vast corn crop equals
this amount, and that no other is in such danger of permanent ex-
haustion, we must admit that, from a mere economic standpoint — to
say nothing of any indirect beneficial influences of forest preservation
— the matter of proper management of these resources is of national
importance.

After the sessions, which lasted the better part of three days, a
practical illustration of the teachings of the Congress was furnished by
an exf ursion to the plantation of Mr. Jas. S. Fay, at Wood's HoU on
thft coast of Massachusetts. Worthless and barren, worn-out pastures
on this gravelly soil had been seeded in the most primitive manner by
sowing on the snow without any preparation of the soil whatever, and
a dense, excellent growth of Scotch pine, from twenty to thirty years
old on over 150 acres, was the results, which a European forester pres-
ent pronounced most remarkable under the unfavorable conditions.
That forest planting on land worth ^10 per acre could yield a profitable
crop was demonstrated here by an experiment of no mean dimensions.

If every farmer who has such barren, unsightly places would spend
a little thought, a little work and a small outlay of money on them, he
would soon be repaid in money as well as in the enjoyment which a
clump of thrifty trees planted by himself and yielding shade to his
cattle and shelter to his crops would afford.

It is to be hoped the report of the American Forestry Congress
will be printed, and made accessible to our thinking farmers, who but

secretary's budget. 415-

for an absence of correct information, would lono; since have paid that
attention to tree forests which they deserve.

The secretary of the association, Mr. Fernow, is a trained forester,
and always ready to give information to those who apply to him at 13
Burling Slip, New York. — '•^ Forester^' in Rural New Yorker.

PREPARE THE GROUND FOR YOUR GROVES.

The Iowa Homestead has these remarks which may be applicable
to other localities as well :

Every year we hear farmers wishing for a more southerly climate,
where the winters would be shorter and the cold less severe. They do
not seem to reflect that a hundred miles south means a damper atmos-
phere and a cold, by reason of the dampness, practically as severe both
on man and beast. But it is in the power of any farmer to have the
temperature of one hundred miles south without its dampness, by sur-
rounding his buildings with a dense grove of trees. We are amazed at
our own folly and blindness in not seeing this years ago.

We had groves, of course, but they looked to the protection of the
house and ornament rather than utility. It was only the experince of
"the absolute waste of feed in lighting zero and blizzards that brought
us to see the necessity of protection to the dumb beasts who could not
plead their own cause.

We mention this because farmers who wish to plant groves next
spring should prepare the ground this fall. They should plow for broad
belts, should make selection of their varieties, should find out where
they could be had at best advantage and thus get ready for the im-
portant work of planting in the spring.

WHAT TO PLANT.

Anything, we reply, rather than nothing. Soft maple and cotton-
wood beat nothing a long way, but we would not advise bothering with
them. Several distinct objects may be in view. One is protection
from storms, another ornament, still another, the future value of tim-
ber for posts, ties or lumber.

For a temporary protection to feed lots in the shape of a wind-break^
we know of nothing better than Russian Mulberry. It is hardy and
grows rapidly and close.

For a permanent wind-break there is nothing like the evergreens.
American or white pine is grand, but will not endure the tramping of
stock. Scotch pine will, but is more straggling in its growth.

416 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

A Russian mulberry hedge, with an evergreen belt north of it and
twenty feet at least distant, the mulberry to be cut away when not
-needed, will protect any stockyard and repay the expense many fold.

In any selection of trees for ornament or forest planting, the white
ash should not be forgotten. It is hardy, easily cultivated and beauti-
ful. We are so far greatly pleased with the Catalpa. We cannot pass
any of our groves without stopping to admire, and notice travelers all
turn their heads to that side of the road.

They will grow on the slightest provocation. Planted in rows, five
feet apart, they will in two years shade the ground completely and
smother out weeds in three.

As to their value for posts, we can only rely on what others tell
us, with an uncertain allowance to be made against any timber grow-
ing on prairie soil.

The poplars and willows brought from Russia by Prof. Budd are
full of promise. They grow as easily as Catalpas and grow readily
from cuttiugs. The laurel-leaved willow, salix lauri-folia^ is the most
beautiful of all willows and should have a place on every lawn and in
every grove.

But by all means plant groves if you would give comfort to your
family, beauty to the landscape, value to your farm, thrift to your
stock and dollars to your bank account.

A grove of valuable trees is a monument to your memory more
durable than marble.

STONE FRUITS.

A PEACH TREE ENEMY.

The Elm-bark Beetle, Phloiotrihiis liminaris^ which formerly con-
fined its devastations to the elm principally, to-day attacks also fruit
trees, especially peaches and cherries, and causes considerably more
injury than is generally supposed. I noticed lately a small peach
orchard, every tree of which was infested, and the stems thickly cov-
ered with gum, while the previous year all were healthy and bore a
crop of fine fruit. It has been stated that these insects attack only

secretary's budget. 417

sickly and dyin^ trees, but I have positive proof that this is a mistake,
as they have killed three year old cherries, plums and peaches that
presented a most luxuriant growth and healthy general appearance.

The full grown insect, a minute cylindrical beetle about one-tenth
of an inch long and one thirteenth ot an inch in diameter, issues from
the bark the latter part of August through holes so small as to be
nearly imperceptible, over which the cuticle closes after the insect's
exit. The beetles continue to appear on the surface until freezing
weather. In about four days after their appearance, they bore a hole
back through the bark, the full size of the perfect insect. All the ma-
terial they thus remove passes through them, their castings being
merely the borings, yet it is not for the purpose of obtaining food that
they gnaw these apertures, but to provide a place in which to deposit
their eggs, and also to furnish a receptacle for their dead bodies.

After the female insect has deposited her eggs in the bottom of
this hole, into which she fits so snugly that it is difficult to extract their
bodies, she dies, forming a perfect shield for the eggs. As no traces
whatever of the dead insects are discoverable the following season, I
am led to the conclusion that their bodies serve as the first food for
the young larvae.

On the approach of warm weather the following spring, the eggs
hatch ; the larva^ begin to feed on the alburnum, and radiate in jogged
lines in all directions from their breeding place for about an inch in
circumference. They are so numerous under the bark that they un-
dermine it completely. But the insects and the holes in the bark are
so small as to escape attention until the mischief is done and the tree
dies, yet the jets of gum on the surface are plainlj' visible and cannot
■escape the attention of the observer. •

As a remedy, carbolic soap and diluted potash, used alternately,
liave given satisfactory results. They should be applied to the trees
in April, and again in August and September. A. J. Caywood.

WESTERN PEACHES.

The peach tree in the West has had a hard time of it, and to a
large extent has given up the ghost. In Michigan, as is well known,
the yellows played havoc with the orchards, encouraged by the mis-
taken policy of not giving a heroic treatment at once and destroying
the trees as rapidly as the disease made its appearance. But the
Michigan peach growers finally got down to business, encouraged by
the laws of the State — if the word encouragement may be permitted

H R— 27

418 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

in this connection — and now the State will soon be growing peaches-
again with its old time energy. At least the growing trees promise
well. The Missouri Horticultural Society sends out a report under date
of August 22d, in which it announces that the peach trees are in very
poor condition. In the northern half of the State one-half of the trees-
are reported dead, and the other half as badly injured. In the south-
ern part of the State, however, the crop is good.

The unfortunate experience which many of our peach growers have
had will doubtless cause them, or many of them, to shun peach grow-
ing in the future. But we assume our old position in such matters
which is this: Success does not invariably attend any branch of hor-
ticulture or other farm pursuit. This is a world of cloud as well as of
sunshine. Cholera kills our hogs ; disease thins our herds of cattle ;
storms and grasshoppers destroy our crops, and winters kill our trees.^
But we average pretty well in any branch of farm industry, that is as
well in one, as a rule, as we do in another. The growing of fruits is in
Its infancy, but in this section of the country we have overcome some
of the formidable difficulties, but there are difficulties yet to be over-
come. But we shall succeed. Our western people are not made of
stuff that permits difficulties to thwart it. We shall yet be able to get
rid of everything but hardy varieties, and every branch of fruit culture-
will be a paying industry. — Western RuraU

WILD GOOSE PLUM.

The general failure of this plum at the East (and elsewhere) is its-
want of productiveness. A. H. Gaston of Illinois, writes to the Prairie
Farmer that he has discovered that the flower is imperfect, and needs
fertilizing by some other wild variety growing near it. He sold a tree
to a purchaser 15 years ago, who set it in an open space in a wild plum
thicket. It has borne good crops for ten successive years, and this
year produced 200 quarts (six bushels), which sold for ten cents a quart,
or 120 for the crop. We give this statement for what it is worth, and
if there is no error about it, it will be worth much. Although the wild
goose plum is not of high quality, its very handsome appearance, and:
ripening, as it does at the North, early in August, render it a desirable
market sort if heavy crops can be had from the tree. — Country Oen-
tleman.

THE ROBINSON PLUM.

The Bobinson plum is one of the most promising of the new
varieties now before tte public. It is a seedling originated in Putnam
county, Ind., from seed brought by Mr, Picket from North Carolina

secretary's budget. 419

nearly 50 years ago. It was first introduced to public notice six years
ago, when Dr. J. H. Robinson, in a paper read before the Putnam
County Horticultural Society, described the variety, highly praising its
merits. It was named after Dr. Robinson by this society. J. W.
Ragan, in his report to the Indiana Horticultural Society, 1881, says :
"The Robinson bore one-third crop of good smooth plums, 12 trees
yielding more than 25 bushels. Fruit slightly oblong, nearly round,
with an indistinct suture ; color, a pretty marbled red on a yellowish
ground; flesh, when fairly ripe, very fine, almost sweet ; juicy; when
cooked it is one of the best (having almost no trace of that bitter
astringency ot some of the Chickasaw varieties), and very rich. This
is from experience. A fine canning plum ; seed very small,

ROLLING STONE PLUM.

J. S. Harris, of Minnesota, stated at a meeting of the Wisconsin
Horticultural Society, that a native plum called the Rolling Stone, had
been introduced by O. M, Lord, of Minnesota City, the fruit keeping
nine days after picking, while the skin peels as easily as that of a to-
mato for table use or for canning. It has something of the flavor of
prunes. The original tree, twenty years old, is in good condition and
bears well. It is not probable that the quality would suit eastern cul-
tivators, but the plum may be valuable in the Northwest, where it
would endure the cold winters. — Country Gentleman.

A HARDY PEACH.

The Kilbourn or Canada Iron Clad is probably the hardiest good
peach known. For an early large peach, almost equal to the Early
Crawford and but a few days later, we have found the Wager to be a
marvel of productiveness and hardiness. But we would advise all who
wish to try it to rely on budded trees rather than on seedlings. This
"reproduction from the seed" has proved to us a rather uncertain
business.

THE YELLOWS.

"Dying with the yellows," said the individual in the seat next to
me as he pointed to a peach orchard, near which our train was passing
rapidly. "Dying with the yellows," exclaims the grower, when he sees
the leaves of the trees turn to "that color. "Dying with the yellows."
You hear it wherever peaches are grown and see it in every paper
which publishes fruit reports. It is an ever ready excuse and a handy

420 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

reason. But what is it ? Nothing but genuine, unadulterated starva-
tion. The seat of the disease is in the soil, not in the tree, and should
be treated accordingly, so remarks a contemporary. — Western Rural.

The peach-growing centre is gradually moving south. A few
years ago there were great orchards in New Jersey. Then Delaware
was the chief producer. Now Maryland and Virginia are coming to
the front. The largest peach farms are in Maryland. The EoundTop
Farm has 125,000 peach trees. On the estate of Col. Watkins there are
120,000 trees. A peach tree's usefulness is over after ten or twelve
years of life, and the soil in which it grows is unfit for peach culture.

LIST OF PEACHES.

An extensive grower of peaches for market in Michigan, who aims
to secure a regular succession of ripe fruit from near midsummer till
frost, gives the following list: Alexander, Mountain Rose, Early
Crawford, Foster, Wager, Late Crawford, Oldmixon, Smock and Hill's
Chili.

CANNING, ETC.

CIDER MAKING.

Fresh pure cider is a wholesome and delightful drink, but there is
very little made that is pure and free from the taint of rot and filth.
The cider miller, though by no means without blame, may be less so
than his customers, who often take apples to mill, which, from the fact
of their having been in contact with manure, a cow would not eat un-
less under the pressure of starvation. To make cider, fit to be used as
a beverage, all but sound apples should be rejected. As long as these
mills are almost always situated near a running stream of water, it
must be considered, should the apples be dirty, a great sin of omission
to crush the fruit without previous and thorough washing.

To make a really good champagne cider the freshly expressed juice
should be filtered to free it from solid matter. Cleanly washed sand
and animal charcoal are the best for a filter, though clean cotton may
do. Clean casks are indispensable. The cask should be thoroughly
soaked, if possible, by letting a steady stream of clean water run into

secretary's budget. 421

it (keeping it full all the time) for a number of days, or washing with
water and lye. Fumigate with sulphur. Casks which have contained
spirits are very good.

Put a faucet into the cask, fill it full of juice, and place it in a cool
cellar. Then put in the bung, but leave a small opening for the escape
of the gas produced in the process of fermentation, and bung up per-
fectly tight before fermentation has fully ceased. The cask should
now be left undisturbed until spring, in fact, the longer the better.
There is no need of bottling cider thus made. Draw from the cask,
and if necessary, admit air by the small aperture on top, but never
more than absolutely needed to allow the escape of the fluid through
the faucet when open.

To keep apple juice through the winter in an uncured (unfer-
mented) state, add one pound of whole mustard seed to the barrel.
One ounce of salicylic acid, which is often recommended, will effectu-
ally stop all tendency to fermentation, but being injurious, should
never be used ; while mustard seed is perfectly harmless.

A HOME MADE FRUIT DRYER.

While on a visit to the farm of Mr. J. D. Ellis, Polk county, Ore-
gon, a representative of this paper saw a very good fruit dryer that had
been built on the place by the proprietor at a cost of about ten dollars.

This one was made entirely of rough lumber, and answers the pur-
pose admirably, though if it were of matched lumber it would no
doubt economize much heat and save considerable fuel.

In dimensions it was about eight feet square and the walls ten feet
high, put up in box fashion and rested upon the ground without floor,
with battens over the cracks on the outside, roofed with shakes and
had no ceiling overhead. Cleats were nailed horizontally up the wall
upon which rested other strips of lumber, this forming racks to hold
the trays, which were also made of lumber. A common box stove
about two feet in length to which was fitted a T joint from which an
endless link of common six-inch stovepipe formed along each of the
four sides of the building in a horizontal position. At the further side
from the stove another T joint sent the pipe through the wall and by
an elbow and other joints carried the smoke above the roof and so
formed a splendid draft to the stove.

A thermometer is kept on the inside, and to regulate the heat to
the proper temperature a box with slatted sides and a trap door placed
in the top of the roof forms a ventilator. If a structure on this plan
were made of dry matched lumber its cost would be nominal, and with
intelligent management would prove, as even this one does, a great

422 MISSOTRI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

economizer of fruit in a much better state than by the old sun-drying
practice, and a source of considerable profit on a farm with an orchard.
During weather cr periods when other work could not be done, this
would furnish easy and profitable employment to the men folk. — North-
western Farmer.

A CHEAP FRUIT DRIER.

The Farmer'' s Call has the following proposition for a cheap fruit
drier : Suppose a small octagonal building, not over six or seven feet
across, and of a convenient height. In the center, on the floor, a com-
mon box stove, or a cook stove would answer. Over this, on a frame
support, best made of a bar of iron, set an octagon shaft, to turn in a
socket. Into this shaft have a proper number of arms mortised, reach-
ing outward horizontally. On these arms stretch cheap cloth, or other
suitable material, for shelves for the fruit. On one or more sides a
series of sliding windows may be arranged, at which the operator or
operators can stand outside and arrange the fruit, the shaft being re-
volved for that purpose. Other requirements can easily be imagined.
We believe that for twenty or thirty dollars an evaporator can be built
on such a plan, that would be just as good and far cheaper than most
of the costly concerns in use; and any carpenter with brains could
build it.

CANNING.

Recently the statement has been published that fruit had been
successfully i^reserved by simply heating it to boiling and then tying
cotton batting over the mouth of the jar ; but this process has natur-
ally been looked upon with suspicion by house-keepers, who have
learned by sad experience the fatal efi'ect of the admission of a very
little air to a can of fruit. At the Kansas Agricultural College, how-
ever, this method has been put to the test of careful experiment by
Mrs. Kedzie, teacher of household economy and hygiene, who reports,
through the Industrialist^ that it has been a perfect success. She
says:

" In the college kitchen laboratory, experiments were tried with
five kinds of fruit, including tomatoes, and the results were perfectly
satisfactory in every case, not even a particle of mould forming in the
can. In most cases the cotton was simply tied over the canful of hot
fruit; in some cases there was a piece of white paper put on first to
prevent the cotton from' dropping down and becoming juice-soaked.
This seems to be the preferable way. The cotton is taken just as it

secretary's budget. 423

comes off the roll, the thickness being about as it unwinds, and it is
tied down with strong twine.

" If this should be as successful with all fruit canners as here, there
is no longer need for patent fruit cans; for any bottle with a wide neck
•suitable to receive the fruit, or any jar with glazing which is perfect,
to allow no entrance of air through its walls, will be all-sufficient for
(keeping the fruit for winter use.

ORCHARDS.

LARGE OR SMALL APPLES.

A tree bearing five barrels of small apples, would have to furnish
plant-food for twenty-six thousand two hundred and fifty seeds, while
the tree bearing ten barrels of large apples has to furnish plant-food
for only fifteen thousand two hundred seeds, and a relative proportion
for core and skins. The five barrel apple tree bears three thousand
seven hundred and fifty apples. The ten barrel apple tree"
bears one thousand eight hundred apples. The five barrels of
small apples, after deducting the cost of picking and mar-
keting, would not bring in more than two dollars. The ten
barrels would afford a net profit of not less than ten dollars,
and frequently twenty dollars. It is clear, that instead of a tree bear-
ing three thousand seven hundred and fifty apples, we want a tree
bearing one thousand eight hundred apples. How can we bring about
the change? Taking off half the fruit would do it. I have tried this
plan. But before it can become general in our large orchards, we
shall have to have a new generation of farm men. As a rule, anything
which checks the growth of an apple tree, throws it ipto ex-
cessive bearing. It would seem, therefore, that the true plan is to
adopt some method of increasing the vigor of the trees, such as prun-
ing, fallowing and manuring. — American Agriculturist.

THE SWEET PARADISE.

Apples are considered to be more nourishing than potatoes, which
require other food with them to render them satisfying to bodily needs.
Apples are medicinal, too ; a noted physician used to say that he used

424 MISSOURI STATE UORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

no medicine himself but apples and abstinence whenever he felt out
of sorts. Sweet apples are more nutritive and more grateful to a ten-
der stomach than sour, and comparatively few know how excellent
many sorts are, cut, sliced and baked. Baking imparts a much better
flavor than stewing. Some years ago I planted an avenue line with
that exceptionally erect and handsome grower, the Winter Sweet Par-
adise— a sort which carries its heavy and regular crops well in the in-
terior of its stately head, and so it is not bent out of shape by the
weight. I began to think I had too much fruit of that particular sort,
but find them so good, after being an hour in the oven, that I value
them more than ever, and I can readily sell any superabundance in
this region of mines and works. G.

Tyrone, Penn.

SOIL AND FRUIT.

It is thought by some experienced fruit growers that the kind of
soil has much to do with the quality of the fruit, and especially with
the keeping qualities of apples. This maybe true, and in selecting:
sites for the orchard this should be kept in mind, and the selection
made with reference to the production of the finest fruit.

As a nurseryman and orchardist of long experience, I have been
often disappointed in trying to get specimens quickly by top grafting
on old trees. Not always, but generally, I have got specimens from
the young trees quite as soon as from the grafts. But I have found
exceptions enough to show how the belief has come about. If we top-
graft a variety that is late in coming to bearing when root-grafted or
budded on small seedlings, and do this top-grafting upon a variety
that ripens up its wood and stops growing quite early in the season^
the scion will be forced into the same habit, since it must stop growing
when the sap stops coming. Even this cannot be said without a little
qualification, because the leaves of a late growing scion on an early
maturing tree will keep green longer than the rest of the tree. But
as poor Josh Billings said of laziness, that there is no cure for it, yet a
second wife will hurry it a little, so a scion on such a tree will be
checked enough to form fruit buds quicker than on a tree maturing
later. Thus I find that the late-bearing Prolific Sweeting bears much,
earlier top grafted on the Tetofsky, but I am suie that the Tetofsky
top-grafted on a Prolific Sweeting would not bear so soon as a root-
grafted Tetofsky.

Here, I think, is the source of error in this matter. When people
have grafted a late bearing and late growing scion on to an early ma-

secretary's budget. 425^

turing sort (I mean that matures its wood early) they have got fruit
earlier than on the young trees and they have hastily concluded that
such is the universal rule. — T. H. Hoskins, Newport, Vt., in JV. E.
Homestead.

In the summer of 1884, in company with another, I made excursion
here and there in Champaign county to see for himself the condition
of orchards, and to note on what soils and in what situations apple and
pear trees were most vigorous and fruitful. One of these was down
the east bank of the Salt Fork of the Vermillion of the Wabash. This
country was settled between fifty and sixty years ago, the emigrants
coming from Ohio and Indiana, and taking up lands on the edges of
the timber. Here, orchards were planted, and in one of the oldest I
observed three or four apple trees remarkable for their size and vigor,
and laden with fair, smooth, and for the quantity on the limbs, large-
sized fruit. Curiosity being excited, a closer inspection was made,
and it was found that each one of these trees had one or more hog- wal-
lows under it of greater or less size. The site of the orchard was orig-
inally moist, if not wet, and close alongside it, and on the creek's banks,,
many of the gigantic burr oaks, blackwalnuts, blueashes and other
noble timber trees of the primeval forest growth, were still standing.
On this occasion I remember I asked myself the question : If the lar-
gest and most valuable of our timber trees grow best in a soil wet six
months in the year, and moist twelve, why not the apple ? — B. F. S.
in Country Gentleman.

HOW TO USE CRAB APPLES.

J. C. Plumb, writing in the Westei'n Farmer, says :
As this fruit is universally plenty and fine this year, while in many
sections the larger apples are very scarce, it is well to know some of
the many ways of making the Siberian family useful. The sweet and
subacid varieties are valuable for eating out of hana, for baking and
sweet pickles, and for these purposes alone find a ready market at the
prices of the best apples. But the common acid varieties, from the
Transcendent down to the Soulard, and the native crab of the woods,
have their uses, the most common of which are:

Apple Jelly. — Stew until well cooked with water only sufficient
to cover the fruit, drain and press gently through a double cheese-
cloth ; sugar equal to juice, "pound for pound ;" boil twenty minutes ;
skim twice, and it is ready for the glass or crock. If glass is used they
should be taken from hot water. When cold lay a white paper on the
jell, and tie another over the top of the crock. Less sugar may be used.

426 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

but it will require more boiling. If the juice be poor the jelly will be
thin and cooking makes it dark colored ; so for a very nice article only
the best material should be used.

Canned Apples. — Prepare as before, being careful to have all per-
fect fruit ; sweeten to taste and seal up as other fruit. The new way
is to put in any sweet earthen Jar. Lay a clean paper on the fruit and
over all tie a double fold of cotton batting. The same care must be
used in having the fruit hot as in ordinary canning. We found this
entirely successful last year. Keep in cool cellar until wanted in
•winter.

Marmalade. — When the fruit is cooked, as before, press the pulp
through a colander, add one-half pound of sugar to a pound of apple,
and put down with the batten covering.

Spiced Apples. — Is made the same way, with the addition of spices
to suit the taste.

Sweet Pickles. — Steam the fruit until a fork is easily pushed
through it, being careful not to overdo them ; jar with a pickle as fol-
lows: For each ten pounds use three pounds of sugar, one quart of
vinegar, two ounces of cinnamon, two ounces of cloves. Boil and pour
over the apples while hot.

In all the above work, we consider the best granulated sugar the
■cheapest.

Dried Apples. — We are this year trying the northern plan of dry-
ing our Transcendents by punching out the core with a tin tube one-
half inch in diameter, and stringing and hanging in the hot-box over
the stove. With good sound fruit this is quickly prepared, and when
•only well wilted can be safely kept by packing in clean crocks or tubs
with the air excluded with the cotton batting. We expect to have the
ifinest grade of dried fruit we have ever used. The skin of nearly the
entire Siberian family is so thin that it is not in the way when the
fruit is cooked for use, and even this year there are enough of them
to fill a large gap in the loss of the apple crop.

RENOVATING AN OLD ORCHARD.

F. K., Richmond, Ind., asks : "What is the best thing to do with an
old orchard ? I had it all trimmed up nicely, but it fails to bear fruit.
The trees appear very healthy, and look as though they ought to bear
heavily. The orchard is in grass, and has been for several years."

Keply:— The best thing will be to plow the grass under next
spring, cultivate in beans or potatoes through the summer, give it a
;good dressing of stable manure next winter (1886-7), and seed down to

secretary's budget. 427

clover in 1887. If you are not willing to plow it up, give it twenty tons
per acre of good stable manure this winter, and half as much annually
every winter hereafter. In this case the manure should be spread
with a brush harrow or smoothing harrow. — Faim and Fireside'

SOIL FOR APPLE ORCHARDS.

The statement that orchards succeed best on low and moist land
in some places at the west, appears to apply only to certain localities.
Secretary Rockwell, of Warsaw Horticultural Society (111.), says that
the trees on dry upland have done best in that region, and that
orchards which presented a compromising appearance after the last
intensely cold winter, afterward recovered more completely than was
expected, with a promising crop. He writes to the Prairie Farmer
that on good land with thorough cultivation, trees are vigorous and
thrifty ; on poor land there were many dead and dying trees. A re-
markably flourishing orchard in that neighborhood, of 400 trees, has
received good cultivation, and the trees are examined every year for
borers.

CLOVER FOR ORCHARDS.

J. A. Fetters gave an account of his orchard management to a
Tueeting of the Ohio Horticiiltural Society. The orchard has been
twenty years in bearing, and the trees are as thrifty as ten years ago.
It is kept mostly in clover, occasionally breaking it up and sowing
again to clover. The hogs are kept in the orchard all the time, but
■when the fruit is ripening they are driven to closed quarters every
night, and in the morning before turning them out again the apples are
gathered which have fallen. From sixty trees, six hundred bushels
were gathered. It is well to bear in mind that clover would be detri-
mental to the success of the orchard if manufactured into hay and
drawn from the ground yearly ; while with a sufficient number of swine
to keep it eaten down, the clover and swine together would keep the
orchard in fine condition. On land not naturally rich, an additional
top dressing with manure would be important.

WOOD ASHES FOR FERTILIZINa ORCHARDS.

A lady of Seneca Falls, N. Y,, inquires how to use wood ashes
for fertilizing an orchard; in what quantities, and at what season of
the year.

When wood ashes are spoken of as a fertilizer we very naturally
have our thoughts mainly upon the potash they contain, and regard

428 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

them as a special fertilizer, but they contain all the mineral ingre-
dients of plant foods. Few commercial fertilizers have as large a per-
centage of phosphoric acid as hard wood ashes. Here is an analysis of
the ashes of oak wood : One hundred pounds of the ashes contained^
potash, 10 lbs. ; soda, 3.6 lbs. ; magnesia, 4.8 lbs. ; lime, 73 5 lbs. ; phos-
phoric acid, 5.5 lbs. ; sulphuric acid, 1.4 lbs.; chlorine, 0.2 lbs.; silica,
1.1 lbs. Some of .these ingredients are contained in compounds diffi-
cult of solution. If treated, as manufacturers of superphosphates treat
bones, with sulphuric acid, the effect of ashes on crops would be much
more rapid than if applied as they come from the fire. But that is
taking more trouble than farmers and orchardists can be expected to
take, and the crude ashes may be used with very good ultimate effects.

An application of anywhere from 100 to 200 pounds of the ashes to
an acre would afford a fair supply of the potash and phosphoric acid»
the most valuable ingredients. It would require a very heavy 'dressing
of barnyard manure to furnish as much of those minerals as would 100
pounds of ashes. The barnyard manure would supply more nitrogen,
but the wood ashes would furnish much larger proportions of phos-
phoric acid and potash.

As to the season of the year, we would apply them whenever we
had them, as soon as possible. Fall or winter, when the ground is bare,
is a good time. Phosphoric acid and potash will not leach through the
soil and waste, like nitrogen, but will be slow in dissolving. If ashes
are to be applied without treatment by sulphuric acid, the sooner they
can be brought in contact with the solvents contained in the soil, na-
ture's great laboratory, the better.

As to how to use them, the most direct and economical way is to
scatter them directly over the roots that absorb the food to supply the
growing trees and fruit. In an orchard of bearing age there will not
be many feeding roots or rootlets near the bases of the trees. The
greater part would be found near the extremities of the branches, ex-
tending a short distance beyond. We think if such special manures
could be spread upon a strip, beginning about two-thirds of the dis-
tance from the bases of the trees to the extremities of the branches^
and extending about half as far beyond the extremities of the branches
as the space occupied under them, they would be applied where they
would do the most good. There would be but little use in applying
them near the body of the tree, where there are few except old, large
roots, or far beyond the uttermost extent of the branches where the
feeding roots will not reach for years to come. We think that barn-
yard manure, spread over the area named above, would do the apple
trees much more good than the same amount spread over the entire
surface of the ground. — American Rural Home.

r'S TJTTBftRT. 429

SECRETAKY'S BUDGET.

NOTES ON PEARS.

The list of really valuable pears is much shorter than our nursery-
men would have us think, although some of the catalogues are epitomes
of reliable information ; among others, tbat of Ellwanger & Barry I al-
ways refer to as authority, as I do to Campbell's on grapes. These cata-
logues, when trustworthy, are the most valuable of all helps to the
amateur growers.

From experience with most of the leading varieties, I should now
plant the following for a general home orchard: For summer: Bart-
lett, Clapp, Petite Marguerite, Tyson. For autumn: Belle Lucrative,
Burre Superfin, Duchesse, Howell, Seckel, Sheldon, Onondaga, Anjou,
Clairgeau. For winter : Lawrence, Jones, Winter Nelis and Josephine
de Malines. To this list five or six others might be added that would
be generally quite as satisfactory. Rev. E. P. Powell.

PEAR BLIGHT.

Prof. Arthur does not tell us what these germs are, but we suppose
them to be bacteria. One thing is certain, these germs or bacteria
that are rising from "damp spots" into "the air when dry" have great
power of discrimination, and select the same kind of trees though situ-
ated hundreds of feet apart, neglecting the intermediate trees. The
only trees I had killed the first yeai, 1881, were the new Frederick of
"Wortemberg, one growing on high land, with a gravelly subsoil ; one
on soft, black soil with clay underneath; and the third somewhat
similarly situated, but each one from 300 to 1,000 feet from the others.
The next year four St. Michael Archangel trees were attacked just in
the same way ; three of them recovered, but the fourth is in a bad way,
full of blighted limbs, with pears hanging on the live ones. My crop
from the four trees this year was eight bushels.

I do not see that any of the experiments in inoculation are of any
value. There is no doubt that there is just as likely to be sap poison-
ing among vegetables as blood poisoning among animals. We all know
how careful surgical men are of blood poisoning from diseased animals,
and a diseased limb is quite as likely to contain a substance sure
poison to living tissues. Inoculating a tree does not tell us what is the
cause of the blight. That is what we want to know.

I do not look upon the blight with any great fear. With about
3,000 pear trees 30 to 40 years old on my own grounds, and neighbors
adjoining with 1,000 more, where no blight has ever appeared except
iipon a few of my own trees, and all that were attacked having fully

430 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

recovered, except some 20 or 30 quite dead, and bearing this year one
of the largest crops, without ever cutting off a blighted twig or limb at
any time, I read with complacency the dictum, "promptly remove-
every trace of the disease, and burn the branches," and enjoy the en-
thusiasm of the theorists. C. M. Hovey.

APPLE SCAB AND LEAF BLIGHT.

The following interesting abstract of an article by Prof. Wm.
Trelease in the 1884 report of the Wisconsin Experiment Station, was
prepared by Mr. Louis H, Pammel, a former special student of Prof^
Trelease.

In the first annual report of the Wisconsin Agricultural Experi-
ment Station, Prof. Wm. Trelease contributes a valuable paper on the-
Apple Scab and Leaf Blight, which deserves attentiun from every
thorough- going fruit grower. The apple leaf blight or mildew, so-
troublesome in recent years, is caused by a parasitic fungus, known
botanically as Fusicladium deudrilicum. The fungus causes the
leaves to have rounded, velvety spots, which are of an olive greea
color when young, but become darker with age, and in some cases,
almost black. The spots vary considerably in size, and may easily be
detected, most frequently on the upper side of the leaf ; at times they
are found to attack young twigs. These spots are the fruiting portion,
of the fungus, which has a concealed growing portion, which is a cor-
ruscation of one of these spots. The fungus in some way effects an.
entrance into the outer wall, or epidermis of the fruit, where it de-
velops a mycelium of closely interwoven, colorless threads. This com-
pact mass of cells, called the stroma, as it increases in thickness, soon
bursts the detached cuticle and produces, in contact with the air, a
comparatively small number of short, heavy, brown, and sometimes-
branched threads, which finally bear brownish, mostly one-celled
spores, but occasionally, in some of these spores there is found a cross
partition, a little above the middle, thus making it two-celled. These-
spores germinate by sending out a slender tube, which penetrates the
cuticle of the leaf and there develops in a new mycelium. In the
apple scab, the surface of the apple is disfigured by brownish or nearly^
black spots, which appear at first as little pustules, surrounded by a
ragged white border. Older scabs have an irregular and somewhat
flaky surface, and are generally checked by pale brownish cracks..
Some apples are so badly covered with this crust that very little healthy
skin remains. A section shows that it consists of a fungus which lives
in the cavities of the thick walled epidermal cells, where its mycelium^
grows at the expense of these and the cells immediately beneath.

secretary's budget. 431'

them, forming a compact, colorless stroma, which can scarcely be dis-
tinguished from mildew under the leaf cuticle. The exposed mycelium
soon produces a sparse development of olive-brown threads, which
are sometimes divided into short cells, that break apart and serve tO'
multiply the fungus. In many cases the cells grow much larger, and
in course of time they produce spores of a greenish-brown color, usu-
ally one celled, but sometimes with a single cross partition. It appears,,
from studies made, that the apple leaf blight and scab are the same
thing, which in the one case lives beneath the cuticle, and in the other
in the epidermal cell?.

The effects of leaf mildew on the tree are injurious in a marked'
degree. Not onlv is the starch and other assimilated matter of the
injured leaves more or less completely lost, but these organs are so-
deformed as to be of little use. Assimilation has become interrupted'
by the fungus, so that the reserve material has been reduced to such-
an extent that the next year's fruit crop will be greatly diminished-
Among the varieties most subject to the leaf blight we may enumerate :
Westfield Seek-no-further, Tallman Sweet, Large Yellow Crab, Trans-
cendent, Brier Sweet Crab, Late Strawberry, Fameuse, Walbridge and
Haas. Most Crab hybrids and Russian varieties are less liable to at-
tack than those mentioned in the above list. The Scab also has its.
favored sorts. Among these may be mentioned the Fameuse, Early
Harvest, Northern Spy ; while Duchess, Alexander, Golden Russet
and Wealthy, scab less.

In the orchard of Mr. Hatch, of Ithaca, Richland county, Wis-
consin, 99 per cent, of Fameuse and Walbridge, 40' per cent, of Haas,.
20 per cent, of Tlum's Cider, 10 per cent. Pewakee, 5 to 10 per cent.
Tetofsky, and something less than 5 per cent, of Duchess, scab injuri-
ously in bad years. Numerous specimens of apples brought into the-
Chicago market this year are very badly affected by the 1 ungns disease..

REMEDIES.

Better system of drainage and more open planting. Leaves should
be raked together on a still and damp day and burned. Prof. Burrill'
suggests pruning away any unnecessary growth that is most affected,
then syringing the tree with an emulsion of kerosene oil made with,
soap and water.

CLOVER IN AN ORCHARD.

A correspondent asks the Michigan Farmed' if there is any better
substitute for a hog pasture in an orchard than June clover,, and says.

432 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

white clover has been recommended. If it is better, when should it
be sown? With wheat or alone? etc.

To this a correspondent replies through the Farmer:

This question could be answered by the monosylable no ! but it
would seem from the last paragraph that some question has arisen in
this correspondent's vicinity, or among his friends somewhere, as to the
merits of the two clovers, red and white, for a hog pasture. Perhaps
the white clover advocate objects to red, because it checks the growth
of young trees, and the objection is a valid one while the orchard is
young — say for the first five years after setting, but when the orchard
begins to bear nothing is better for it than to seed it to June clover,
and pasture or feed the hogs there. If the orchard is kept well fertil-
ized for the first five years, and the ground well tilled with a hoed crop,
there can be no objection then to seeding to clover and let it remain.
June grass, and doubtless white clover, will, in time, come in gradually
as the clover gradually dies out, but hog pasturing will sustain the fer-
tility, and produce sufficient growth for an annual crop of fruit.

A young orchard is frequently treated to a kind of savagry, to which
-most other farm productions would succumb. It is often planted in a
light soil, either natural or made so by constant tillage, and kept in a
crop, because most people think sowin,^ or planting must follow plow-
ing, and the farmer, in most neighborhoods, who would manure a young
orchard, and not grow a crop on the strength of it, would be considered
a crank in farming, or at least very improvident.

If this correspondent's orchard has been treated to constant crop-
ping until the verge of sterility is reached, (we prefer to consider this
a supposable case,) then a very liberal dressing of the best barnyard
manure should be spread over the entire surface, after plowing shallow
in the spring, and thoroughly worked in with a cultivator or harrow,
along with spring rye one bushel to the acre, and clover seed at the rate
of a bushel to about eight acres. There would be in this supposable
case almost an absolute certainty of a catch of clover, and the orchard
would be started on a career of proflf to the owner, both as a pasture for
his swine, and for a purveyor to the family table. The trouble with half
the Michigan orchards to-day is that they are literally starving to death.
Planted on light soil, they have been kept in cultivation until the crops
ceased to be profitable and the trees have ceased to grow. The sur-
face roots have been kept feeding in the subsoil because the annual
plowing has shaved off" the surface feeders and compelled them to go
deep or die. The farmer who says his orchard has ceased to bear
and is unprofitable, ought to be hauled up to the confessional, and his
sin exposed. He has kept sucking at his one orange under the delusion

secretary's budget. 433

that the pap was perennial, and he throws away the peel, disgusted
that it isn't permanent.

KIND OF CROPS, AND HOW LONS TO CULTIVATE.

I answer this from my own experience. I set my trees 28 feet apart
each way, and planted to corn six rows each way, leaving four feet
from trees on each side. Pumpkins planted between the trees yielded
very large crops. This I did for four years. Each season when the
corn was hardening, I let in the hogs, a few at a time, keeping as much
cut down as they could eat, so they would not be tempted to tear down
that which was left standing. As a result, I had my hogs well fattened,
and the stocks and offal left on the ground helped to enrich the
orchard. The trees grew finely. After four years 1 sowed one-half to
rye among the corn before turning in the hogs ; the other one-half to
mixed grasses, except a small corner seeded down to buckwheat for the
bees. The rye made a fine growth, and furnished splendid pasture for
the hogs. I let the hogs run on this rye for three years, but never cut
it. On the fourth year I had a fine crop of" cheat," and trees were in
fine condition. I then plowed under the '' cheat " and sowed to clover,
and my orchard is healthy, vigorous and in splendid condition to-day.
— Prairie Fanner'

THE HOLLY AUSTIN CRAB ORCHARD.

Mr. Holly Austin's crab orchard near North Madison comprises
1,200 trees of the Hughes Crab variety, planted upon twenty-five acres
of land. The trees are set thirty-two feet apart and are fifteen years
old. Not a dead limb or a diseased apple is to be seen. The trees have
their natural shape, never having been trimmed except with a pruning
knife the first three seasons. In consequence the lower branches, heav-
ily laden with fruit, rest upon the earth and the upper branches rest
upon them in succession. We never saw trees so heavily laden with
apples. Many single trees bear from fifteen to twenty bushels. Mr.
'Austin estimates five bushels to the tree as an average, which we would
think a small estimate. The orchard has been a steady and sure bearer
and has yielded seven crops. It is good for twenty years yet, and
the cider made from the Hughes Crab by Mr. Austin is said to be un-
excelled in any market. There are but two other such orchards in this
part of Indiana, one owned by W. P. Levy and the third by Argus
Dean. Our farmer friends will ba repaid by a visit to this apple
orchard. — Madison (^Ind^ Courier.

H R— 28

434 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The Press says that " Mr. Caywood can't understand why people
are not allowed to buy fruit for its beautiful appearance on the table
alone. They buy flowers with no taste at all. Why decry beautiful
fruit because its flavor is not the best ?" Mr. Oaywood may have refer-
ence to the Lawson (Comet) Pear, or possibly to the Kieff'er. We would
humbly answer that it is better to buy flowers for their beauty and
fruits for their quality, since the one is not fit to eat while the other
gives us the most delicious and healthful of foods. But Mr. Caywood
overlooks the fact that the most delicious fruits are, as a rule, the most
beautiful.

INSECTICIDES IN THE APPLE ORCHARD.

[We were much interested in listening to the reading of Prof.
Forbes' account of his extensive and carefully-made experiments,
which as conducted thus far, and to be continued next year, are of
great service to the fruit-growers of this State and elsewhere. We
look a complete copy of the whole paper, but give here a synopsis of it
prepared by our associate, Mr. Weed, which contains the leading
points. — Ed. Prairie Farmer.]

At the Centralia meeting of the Illinois State Horticultural Society
last week. Prof. S. A. Forbes, State Entomologist, read an exhaustive
paper giving details and conclusions concerning the experiments he
has been carrying on the past season, with London purple, Paris green
and lime as remedies against the codling moth and curculios. In con-
cluding the paper he gave the main points so plainly and concisely
that we quote them :

(1.) The investigation was undertaken to test the efficacy of lime
and arsenical poisons as insecticides for the codling moth, and apple
and plum curculio in the apple orchard.

(2.) Owing to the scarcity of apples, ^nd the abundance of apple
insects, the season was the most unfavorable possible for the success
of these remedies.

(3.) The insecticides were applied suspended in water, the Paris
green in the ratio of 1^ ounces to four gallons, the London purple in
half that quantity, and the lime in indefinite amount.

(4.) The spraying ^with Paris green began when the apples were
about as large as currants, and four days later with the London purple
and lime.

(5.) All the trees were thoroughly sprayed eight times between
June 9th and September 3d.

(6.) The fallen apples were gathered six times from. July 16th on-
ward, and those remaining were picked as they ripened.

secretary's budget. 435

(7.) All the apples, both fallen and ripened, 16,529 in number,
were examinred individually for insect injuries, and those due to the
codling moth and curculio separately noted.

(8.) As a result of the examination of 2,418 apples from trees
which had been sprayed with Paris green, and of 2,964 others from
trees which had not been so treated, checked for comparison, the end
of the season showed 21 per cent, of the sprayed apples had been in-
fested by codling moth, and 67.8 per cent, of those not so treated ; while
22.4 per cent, of the poisoned lot had been infested by the curculio
and 20,3 per cent, of those not sprayed. That is to say, treatment with
Paris green had been entirely ineffective for the curculios, but have
saved something more than two-thirds of the apples which would other-
wise have been damaged by the codling moth. It should be remem-
bered in this connection, that the Pans green not only serves to pro-
tect the apples from attack, but by destroying the insects, must assist
to lessen the amount of insect injury in succeeding years. Analysis
of apples one week after treatment with Paris green, a heavy storm in-
tervening, gave abundant evidence that this insecticide could not be
safely applied for some weeks preceding the harvesting of the fruit.

(9.) As a result of the comparison of 1,205 apples from a single
tree sprayed with London purple, and 2,036 apples from a check tree
not so treated, it appeared that 49 per cent, of the former were affected
by the codling moth, and 58.8 per cent, of the later, and also that 23
per cent, of the first lot of apples had been invaded by curculios, and
23.6 per cent, of the second lot. The London purple thus saved about
one-sixth of the apples which would otherwise have been sacrificed to
the codling moth, and like the Paris green, it was without effect upon
the curculios. In comparing these results with those derived from the
Paris green experiment, it must be remembered, however, that the
spraying with London purple began four days later than that with Paris
green, and that only one-half the amount was used. It should be fur-
ther noted that both were applied to the limit of serious damage to the
foliage, conspicuous as early as the last of July.

(10.) 1,706 apples obtained from a tree treated with lime, as com-
pared with 1,825 apples collected from a tree of the same variety used
as a check, show that 53.9 per cent, of the former contained the apple
worm, and 49.8 per cent, of the^latter, thus indicating the uselessness
of this substance against the codling moth. A similar application made
to a tree heavily loaded with fruit, bearing 3,555 apples, and placed in
comparison with a tree of another variety, bearing only 820 apples,
serves merely to show that the ratio of codling moth injury to the fruit
•of a single tree depends largely upon the number of apples borne. The

436 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

lime had no injurious effect whatever upon the foliage. Here as in the-
other cases we found that the curculios were entirely unaffected by the
insecticide application. In fact, I believe we may fairly^conclude from
this year's work that it is useless to attempt to combat the plum cur-
culio in the apple orchard by insecticide applications to the fruit.

(11.) As bands for traps serve only to capture the apple worm
after it has done its mischief, and hence interpose only a general pro-
tection against future attack, and are liable to be rendered ineffectual
by the neglect of one's neighbors, the use of Paris green will serve at
least as a valuable addition to remedial measures against the codling
moth. Since it may be safely applied, however, only to the spring
brood, it is best to use both bands and insecticides, each measure sup-
plying the deficiency of the other.

FINAL CONCLUSIONS.

(12.) Attending only to the picked apples, and condensing our
statement of results to the last extreme, we may say that, under the
most unfavorable circumstances, Paris green will save to ripening^ at
a probable expense of ten cents per tree, seven-tenths of the apples
which must otherwise be conceded to the codling moth; that London
purple will apparently save about one fifth of them ; and that lime
will save none. Furthermore, all these applications are without effect
on the apple and plum curculios in the apple orchard.

(13.) Our observations upon the life history of the codling moth
merely confirm the statement of previous observers in this latitude, ta
the effect that the insect is double brooded. It is apparent, however,,
that the first attack is not made upon the apple until this has reached
the size of a small pea. For next year, I propose, if the conditions ar&
at all favorable, to carry on these experiments on a larger scale, ta
vary them in such a way as to show the smallest quantity of the poison
and the fewest applications that will effect the purpose of protection,
and to thoroughly test other remedial measures than those we have
studied this year.

The orchards that continue to bear are those that either stand on
naturally strong land, or are kept invigorated by manure either spread
on the surface from the yard or distributed by hogs. The latter plan
is much the readiest way of keeping up the fertility, and it don't mat-
ter if the soil is never again broken, except by the primeval plow
which the hog employs.

secretary's budget. 437

APPLE CURCULIO.

Mr. Kellogg, of Wisconsin, sends us some apples that have been
"the prey of the apple curculio. As the apple grower who is familiar
with the subject is aware, the apples are of gnarly, deformed condi-
tion. However, there are many who do not understand why apples
present this appearance. It may be that years pass and no trouble of
this character is noticed in the orchard, but suddenly there comes a
season in which the fruit is badly injured. It is sometimes difficult to
recognize the best known varieties so terribly are they deformed. They
will be small in size, irregular in shape, with ridges and bumps; and
in every depression examination will show a little black dot, which
gives the apple the appearance of having been drawn down to that
point, as a cushion would be drawn down by a thread. As before said
many do not understand what the trouble is. This is the work of the
apple curculio. It makes its appearance the last of May or the first of
June. They attack the fruit with their long, slender snout, drilling a
small hole about a tenth of an inch in depth, and scooped out at the
base. The holes are made principally for the purposes of food. Some,
however, are for the deposit of eggs. Wherever they sting the apple,
growth stops, and about the hole which the sting makes, a hardness
appears, which, preventing further development, causes the irregular
surface of the apple.

As to remedies, a writer says that the fact that they go through
the chrysalis state in the fruit, while it hangs on the tree, makes it
difficult to destroy them, except by gathering and destroying the stung
fruit. This would be attended with much labor and care. The fact
that they seem to prefer the native crab and thorn apples, and the fact
that among cultured pears and apples there are some varieties to which
they take a special liking might be taken advantage of, and by sacri-
ficing the fruit on these trees the great bulk of the beetles might be
destroyed with much less difficulty. The same remedies used against
the plum curcu'io, are said to be used in checking this pest also, but
owing to differences in their character and habits, the remedies cannot
all be used with the same degree of success. The apple curculio is
much less inclined to drop from the tree when disturbed by sudden
jars; the length of time during which it is depositing its eggs, and the
length of season required to reach maturity, would make it necessary
to greatly prolong the contest to be as effectual. Covering the fruit
and the trees with soot from burning coal tar might make it so offensive
to them, as to drive them to some other tree or orchard, but whether
it would be possible to use enough, even of this disgusting stuff, to

438 MISSOUKI STATE HOKTICULTUKAL SOCIETY.

drive away an insect so utterly depraved in taste as to relish the wild,,
bitter crab apple is a question. As remarked in regard to the use of
"poisonous compounds to kill the plum curculio, which is now recom-
mended for the codling moth and has been indorsed by some of our
leading fruit growers and even entomologists, there seems to be no
reason to suppose that this remedy would be any less eflfectual with
the apple curculio than with the others mentioned. It may be possible
to furnish the beetles with inviting shelter, near at hand, for winter
quarters and then to destroy home and occupant. Those afflicted with
this and other pests should carefully observe their habits and try all
possible, practical means to effect their destruction.

INSECTS AND REMEDIES.

INSECTICIDES.

The following are the insecticides enumerated by Prof. Riley, in-
the catalogue of the exhibit of Economic Entomology, at the New Or-
leans Exposition: Arsenical mixtures, namely, London purple and
Paris green — two cautions to be avoided — inhaling the dust, and pur-
chasing the adulterated Paris green, which may be known by its color ;
bisulphide of carbon, for underground work, and stored grain ; borax,
for roaches ; camphor, for dry goods ; carbolic acid, one part in a hun-
dred of water ; hellebore, one part in twenty of flour, or four ounces in
a gallon of hot water, and sprayed on currant bushes; petroleum, milk
or soap emulsion ; pyrethrum, blown on dry, or sprayed, one table-
spoonful to one gallon of water; soap-suds, for aphides, and all soft-
bodied insects; tobacco decoction, for insects on plants.

Pyrethrum may be applied by mixing with water, or as a powder..
In the latter case it still remains effective when considerably diluted
with flour— a fact not neglected by unprincipled vendors. The liquid
mixture— a tablespoonful to two gallons of water— may be sprayed on
to plants, or in stables and poultry houses, or may be rubbed directly on
to animals being pestered by lice or flies. The powder may be
dusted on to animals and plants by use of a bellows. In the same way
it may be used in rooms to kill flies and mosquitoes, or, if preferred,
as the dust is obnoxious to the neat housewife, it may be placed on
papers in parts of the room.

secretary's budget. 439

Of late it has been found to be a merciful provision to rid our do-
mestic animals of flies which are often so very annoying. This use not
only affords great relief to the horses, but often nearly as much to the
person who has to drive them. To use this insecticide for such pur-
pose, put a small teaspoonful into a pint bottle of warm water, keep it
tightly corked, and every two or three hours, as the case requires,
sponge the horses off thoroughly on the legs, under the lower jaw,
about the loins and about the sides.

The great difficulty m the use of pyrethrum comes from the fact of
its frequent adulteration, and worthless character, possibly from being
long kept in open boxes, or simply wrapped in paper. This objection,
however, is not without easy remedy.

la the first place, if we purchase buhach, especially if we procure
direct from G. N. Milco, Stockton, California, we shall be quite likely
to secure a pure and fresh article, as he grows it extensively, and can
hardly afford to send out an inferior article, even though he was
minded to do so. Il is easy to give our druggists his address, and to
tell them of the nature of this article, so that they will keep it in air-
tight vessels. — A. J. Cook, in Michigan Horticulturist.

insects and remedies.

Most of the second evening se.-sion at American Pomological Society
was profitably given up to an illustrated lecture on "Economic Ento-
mology," by Prof. A. J. Cook. He said, in part, "Destructive insects are
increasing every year, and the problem of warring against them is be-
coming very important. Many of them are more formidable by reason
of the few bird foes met in this country. Some insects are changeable
in tastes and habits, leaving one kind of plant to attack another, or
eating up one vegetable and then feeding upon another. Eternal vig-
ilance alone can save the harvest. Until recently California was abso-
lutely free from insect depredations ; but now it is infested as badly as
the other States. All insects have their enemies and a knowledge of
these is absolutely necessary to the successful farmer or fruit grower.
Their habits and life should be more carefully studied, and the best
means of extermination ascertained. The census shows that the known
damage done by insects in a single year in this county (Kent county,
Mich.), was over $2,000,000, and the unknown damage would, doubtless,
amount to as much more. Large areas of certain crops favor insect at-
tacks. Wild cherry trees near an apple orchard are a partial protec-
tion from tent caterpillars, the former being more desirable food.
France pays liberally for the difTusion of knowledge concerning these
insect pests, and the remedies, but our Government is doing next to

440 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

nothing in this direction. More experiments and more discussion
among farmers are greatly needed. Birds are natural enemies of the
insects, and yet many seem bent on destroying these feathered friends
of the fruit grower. I know that Paris green and London purple will
destroy the codling moth. Sprinkle the trees just after the blossoms
fall ; once is enough, no trouble about it, and it's a perfect protection.
But lice, and other sucking insects, are not injured by this process.
They need the kerosene emulsion." The lecturer was deluged with
questions from all sides after closing his remarks, and it was almost
impossible to take them one at a time. He answered good-naturedly
as far as he was able.

Mr. Augur had found the apple maggot attacking tender winter
varieties as well as fall sorts. Prof. Cook : '"Turn in hogs to eat up
the fallen fruit." Mr. Woodward: "I prefer sheep, protecting the
trees with wire cloth, or some offensive wash if necessary." Mr.
Moody; "For the codling, I have used the spray with entire success
every time. It also destroys many other insects. I use half a pound
of the poison mixed with 100 gallons of water, and throw the liquid
over the trees with a force-pump. No danger from poison in using the
fruit. I have used it so strong that it killed the leaves, and yet even in
August not a trace of the poison could be found on the fruit, either
with the microscope or hy chemical analysis. I use the fruit in the
winter, and my friends often say, 'Why, how well you look!'" Mr.
Hathaway: "Would it not be dangerous to turn stock into the or-
chard soon after the spraying ?" Prof. Cook : '^I have mown the grass
under the trees immediately after spraying, fed it to horses, with no
harm resulting; but it is better to wait until after the poison has been
washed away by rain." Mr. Woodward: "I feel quite certain that I
once lost several sheep which had eaten such grass soon alter spraying.
It is hadly safe; better wait a little."

THE APPLE TREE BORER {Sapevdu Bivittata)

Essay read before the Montgomery County, Mo., Horticultural
Society, by F. Lionberger, secretary.

I suppose that every orchardist in this part of the country has
been forced to make the acquaintance of the apple tree borer as it is
very troublesome. At the same time I doubt not there are but few
that know the beetle that deposits the eggs in May and June.

The beetle is striped brown and white, and is about three-fourths of
an inch long. The beetle lays the eggs early in the spring in the bark of
the trees near the ground, where there are any crevices or rough places.
A tree with smooth bark is seldom attacked. As soon as the white

secretary's budget. 441

grubs come out of their eggs they at once commence to cut into and
around the tree in the inner bark, but as they grow larger they gener-
ally go into the harder wood and work downward toward the roots.

However, they will not, as some suppose, keep up their destructive
work from year to year, but when full grown will build a nest out of
splinters inside the trunk and change into a beetle.

I will here give a number of well-tried remedies :

1. The first and best remedy in my opinion is clean culture, with
a top-dressing of manure now and then, in order to secure a good
thrifty growth, and to keep the bark at the base of the trees smooth as
possible; such trees are seldom attacked; while a slow-growing,
neglected tree with a lot of rubbish and weeds around the base are
just the conditions the beetle looks for when depositing her eggs.

2. The beetles fly around and are the most active just after night
sets in ; therefore, if fires are built through the orchards a few times
during spring at the proper time a great many will fly into them and
perish.

3. I have often seen the borers kept out by planting a bunch of
common tansy under each tree. The beetles do not seem to like to
hunt for a hiding place among a bunch of tansy. Care, however, must
be taken, not to let the bunches grow too large, or of course they will
themselves prove injurious.

4. Judge S. Miller recommends to wrap the trees with common
paper early in the spring so that it will go into the ground a little.
This will keep the beetles away if done at the proper time. I have
tried it.

5. Dr. B. F. Dunkley, of Dunksburg, Pettis county. Mo., says that
for thirty years he has kept the borer out by using the following wash
«arly in the spring : Take two thirds soft soap, one-third pine tree tar,
put in water enough to make a thick paint, then add one pound of sul-
phur and boil it together, use while still warm.

6. Jacob Faith, of Montevallo, Mo., an extensive fruit grower,
uses the following wpsh very successfully: Take four pounds of sul-
phur, one-half bushel of lime, slack with hot water, or soap suds boiling
hot, and stir well, then add one-half gallon of crude carbolic acid and
one gallon of soap, stir well while hot ; ready to use when cold. For
rabbits, put in one gallon of gas tar instead of soap.

7. The Tolysolve preparations put up in cans ready for use are
also recommended by some. I have never tried them.

Any of the above remedies I would consider good if applied at the
proper time. — F. Lionberger in ColmarCa Rural World.

442 MISSOURI STATE HORTIOULTURAL SOCIETY.

THE CANKER WORM.

This destroyer of the foliage of the apple tree appears to be con-
stantly spreading in various portions of the Western States. It has
largely extended in some parts of the East, while in others its progress
has been promptly checked. It seems remarkable that the owners of
farms,who will employ very prompt means to turn maurauding cattle out
of their wheat and corn fields, will look on and do nothing to rid orchards
of this equal destroyer, which may be easily and readily extirpated by
spraying early in the season with Paris green. For large orchards, fill
with water and with a seven-hundredth of its part of Paris green, or
its equivalent with London purple, one of the wagon tanks used by
steam threshers, and drive through the orchard and shower the trees
with a force pump. A pound of Paris green will treat an acre; and
with these appliances fifteen acres may be gone over in a day. For
smaller orchards barrels will do. We have known whole neighbor-
hoods thoroughly cleared of the canker worm in this waj^ where it had
before infested thousands of trees. This remedy seems to require many
repetitions before all owners are willing to apply it.

THE RED SPIDER.

C. L. Allen, who has had much successful experience in the culti-
vation of ornamental plants, said at the meeting of the Society of
American Florists,- that the red spider is a small and beautiful insect^
and as it is customary with many to abuse and misuse the weak, this
insect has come in for its full share. Like other spiders, this is
carnivorous, and never ate a plant in its life, and he regarded it as a
friend and not a foe. A healthy condition of plants from care in
watering, repels the minute destioyers the red spider feeds on, and
thus drives it away. Mr. Allen greatly amused the meeting with the
theory ascribed to Darwin, of the fertilization of red clover by the
bumble bees, namely, that as the field mouse destroys the bumble bee
nests, and cats destroy the mice, and that the reputed patrons of cats
are old maids, therefore, the amount of red clover in any locality is in
proportion to the number of old maids residing there — for they protect
the cats, which destroy the mice, which eat the bumble bees, which
fertilize the clover blossoms.

secretary's budget. 443

FIGHTING OUR INSECT BOES.

The lecturer at the third evening meeting held in connection with
the recent State Fair at Rochester, Thursday, September 13, was Prof.
J. Henry Comstock of Cornell University, who took for his topic the
"Insect Enemies of the Fruit Crop," and urged the necessity of system-
atic and combined action by horticulturists, requiring, for the best re-
sults, "concert of action over a considerable area." To show what may
be accomplished in this manner, the speaker gave an interesting ac-
count of recent operations in California, Three years ago, many mag-
nificent orchards in that State were found completely overrun by in-
sects. "So great was this scourge in some sections that the price of real
estate was seriously affected." 'The beautiful Santa Clara valley espe-
cially, in the vicinity of St. Jose (one of the finest fruit sections Prof.
Comstock has ever seen in journeys extending the whole length and
breadth of the country) "was so overrun by scale insects and other
pests that the residents were greatly discouraged, and people from
other sections were loth to invest there."

- Prior to this time, the grape growers of the State, aroused by the
discovery that Phylloxera had attacked their vines, had secured the
establishment of a board of "State Viticultural Commissioners," charged
with the duty of studying the enemies and diseases of the vine, and ad-
vising proper means of combatmg them. It was found, however, that
no part of the law creating this body could be made exactly available
for the benefit of the scalebug-infested orchards of San Jose, and the
fruit-growers of that section took counsel as to what they could do for
themselves. "The most serious pests they had to contend against were
scale-insects. These creatures at that time had been studied but little
in this country; in fact the two most common species that were over-
running the San Jose orchards were unknown to science until Prof.
Comstock described them a year later." Various means of destroying
them had been suggested, but practical experience was lacking. The
growers determined to experiment., and did so, by a committee, on a
large scale and with great care, noting the effects of the washes tried,
both on the insects and on the trees, and finally deciding pretty defi-
nitely on the best treatment.

Meanwhile, fruit-growers in other sections of the State had become
aroused, and had secured a great enlargement of the duties of the
State Viticultural Commissioners. This body was now empow-
ered to prevent the introduction and spread of fruit diseases and fruit
pests of all kinds, by enforcing quarantine regulations, with heavy
penalties for their violation. A law was also enacted providing for

4i4 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

the appointment of county boards of horticultural commissioners,
authorized to examine susjpected orchards, nurseries or single trees, as
well as fruit-packing houses, store rooms, sales rooms and other places,
and to enforce thorough disinfection in the event of their discovering
'•scale-bug, codling-moth, red spider or other noxious insects liable to
spread contagion dangerous to trees or fruit, or their eggs or larvas."

"It is now two years," the lecturer proceeded, "since the passage
of these laws and the publication of the results of the experiments of
the San Jose committee. The results brought about are wonderful.
The growth of public opinion has been toward a hearty support of this
war against insect pests." A letter recently received from Dr. S. F.
Chapin (one of the San Jose committee, and now Vice-President of the
State Board, and Inspector of Fruit Trees) says :

"Most of our serious fruit pests are held in subjection to so great
an extent that where the effort is carefully made, large crops of very
choice fruit are gathered where, two or three days since, almost total
failure was experienced. Notably is this the case here at St. Jose
^ * * ; the scale insects are now overcome by those who make the
effort. * * * This work has been done almost wholly by the judi-
cious application of concentrated lye. * * * Coal oil is not now
used. * ^- * I can name orchards in which trees are now being dug
out which were washed with coal oil two years ago — trees which at the
time were not killed and which were thought to have escaped harm
from the oil, but which have since died. * * * Regarding the cod-
ling moth, the careful methods so clearly demonstrated the past season
as successfully combating that pest, have been practiced this season
by many growers, and have been successful beyond anticipation. * * *
In our county of Santa Clara, the fruit product as returned to the county
assessor for 1882, was $1,611,800, while two years ago the value was
^976,475. The assessment of the county has an increase over last year
of ^3,552,529, principally owing to the increased value of fruit land."

After remarking upon the encouragement afforded to Iruit grow-
ers everywhere by this California experience. Prof. Comstock wisely
urged " the desirability of concert of action on a small scale if we are
not to have State action, or while such action is being brought
about. Let the people of a town unite, and wonderful results will be
attained 3 if a whole town cannot be brought to take steps of this kind,
then let a neighborhood unite, or even two or three neighbors." The
first step, of course, is to ascertain j ust what insect enemies are present,
and then learn their complete life histories, in order to attack them
effectively. The book called "Insects Injurious to Fruits," (written by
William Saunders, and published last spring by J. B. Lippincott & Co.,

secretary's budget. 445^

of Philadelphia, who will mail a copy to any address on receipt of the
price, $3), was highly recommended as "the best single work on ento-
mology which the American fruit-grower can obtain " — confirming the
opinion expressed by an editorial in the Country Gentleman, of June
14, page 482.

The lecture closed with brief directions for recognizing and attack-
ing the more important insects that endanger the safety of the apple
crop — a crop of vast importance in the fruit-growing region around-
Rochester. These may be classified as below :

ATTACKING THE FOLIAGE.

Weh or Tent Making. — 1. The apple tree tent caterpillar, which
appears in spring, and uses his tent only as a house. Remedy : Burn
the tents with kerosene torch at some time when the insects are in
them. 2. The fall web- worm, which appears in July and August, and
uses the tent both for residence and pasturage ; these may be burnt
out at any time.

Not Making Wels.—Z. Yellow-necked apple tree worm ; 4. Red
humped apple tree caterpillar. All caterpillars of each of these two
species keep together, and denude the limbs of foliage. Remedy : Cut
off* infested branches. 5. Canker-worms, fall and spring; these are
measuring worms, and the female imago cannot fly. Remedy : Prevent
the females from climbing up the trunks. 6. Green plant lice, very
abundant the last two years in spring, but not very generally greatly
injurious. Remedy : Dip ends of branches into strong soapsuds.

ATTACKING THE FRUIT.

7. The codling moth is the chief, and is to be caught in bandages
around the trees, which bandages must be frequently examined. Or
spray the trees early in spring with Paris green.

ATTACKING THE TRUNK.

8. Scale insects are in some sections very destructive. Remedy :
Spray the trunks with strong lye, or use whale oil soap. — Country
Gentleman.

446 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

PAPERS.

HOW I HAVE TAUGHT HORTICULTURE TO BEGINNERS.
[Read before tlie Illinois Horticultural Society at Centralia, Dec. 8-10, 1885.]

During the last year I have had the honor of instructing, as I be-
lieve, the first class in horticulture ever organized in connection with
an otherwise strictly literary institution in the country.

Without text-book or curriculum it was no easy task to provide,
from day to day, for the succeeding lesson.

Assuming that the student was somewhat familiar with the re-
lated sciences — botany, geology, chemistry, meteorology, zoology, etc.,
or that he was to receive such instruction from the proper teacher, I
only proposed to give him such practical hints as would enable him to
apply his scientific knowledge to the every day affairs of life.

Horticulture is an art, not a science. It is a branch of agriculture
and includes pomology, vegetable gardening, landscape gardening,
floriculture, the proi)agation of trees and plants, or the nursery, for-
estry, etc.

The botanist studies the structure and habits of plants with a view
to their classification and scientific arrangement. For this purpose he
prefers the natural plant — the one which best represents its species
and not the cultivated plant. In this particular he differs from the
horticulturist, whose greatest delight is in causing nature to succumb
to the influence of his arts.

The botanist pursues his highest scientific investigations through
a study of the wild rose with its simple flower of five petals, and, as a
scientist, fails to admire the gaudy queen of the garden, while the hor-
ticulturist finds his greatest delight in producing the widest deviations
from nature's ways.

Our handsome flowers and luscious fruits are the products of the
" art which does mend nature."

Varieties are the result of domestication. The apple of the for-
ests of Europe, from which our numerous varieties have sprung, was
scarcely an edible fruit ; and had it remained uninterrupted in its nat-
ural forests unto this day it would have continued to reproduce its
species {jpyvus malus) with the same and almost definite character of
its offspring as characterizes our maples and beeches of the wild-
woods.

secretary''s budget. 447

But man sought a better fruit than he found wild about him, so
the crab was transplanted to his garden ; and from repeated propaga-
tion and careful culture, husbanding with jealous care every advance,
he has slowly but surely led the captive far away from its original type,
until we, in the happy possession of our pippins and pearmains, have
almost forgotten their lowly origin and the patient labors of those who
have, through their intelligence, wrought these changes.

This we term an art — the art of horticulture. First we have a
simple species : from this we develop the disti ict variety.

If we plant a seed of an apple we expect, as a result, an apple
tree. It may be, as to quality of fruit and other desirable character-
istics, a great improvement upon its immediate progenitors ; yet it is
an apple, nevertheless.

We call this a variety. Varieties of marked character result, as
shown above, fro.n the ameliorating tendencies of what we call do-
mestication.

If, therefore, we plant seeds, we multiply varieties of the species
to which the seeds belong.

These new varieties do not all prove to be better in the desirable
■qualities than were the parents. Indeed, with all our arts and skill, it
is only the rare exception that rewards our labors with satisfaction,
while the " ninety and nine " may show decided tendencies to degener-
acy, for nature is ever struggling against us.

It will be seen, therefore, how uncertain, even after securing a
valu.^ble variety, are we in its possession, as with the growth and decay
of the original tree or plant would come the certain loss of our favorite
variety. But here again art comes to the rescue, as with the slow but
steady advance of knowledge and skill in the production of desirable
varieties comes also our skill in their perpetuation and multiplication
by propagation. ,

We propagate a species by planting the seed, a variety by other
and often purely artificial means.

There are classes of fruits and plants which we cultivate and ad-
mire that, when established in a distinct or desirable variety, are self-
propagating. To this class belong the strawberry and raspberry ; the
one through its runners or ofi'-shoots, the other by tips and suckers.
These and many others propagate in this way, and rapidly, without
artificial means, while the gooseberry and currant, and many other of
our small fruits, shrubs, etc., are self-propagating, but, unaided by art,
are less rapid in their multiplication. With some we practice layering
as a means of extension ; others we propagate by cuttings, and there
are yet others with which we must resort to even more difficult and

448 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

strictly artificial modes, such as budding and grafting, if we would
enjoy a continuation of a desirable variety ; and there are still others
which require even greater skill and ingenuity, with appliances and
fixtures rendering their propagation critical and expensive.

But nature has placed bounds and limits, beyond which we cannot
go. While we may materiallv change the habits of a species in the
production of varieties and in their subsequent extension by propaga-
tion, we must follow the line of affinities in the selection of stocks on
which to propagate. No human skill will ever succeed in causing a
peach tree to grow on an apple stock.

Nearly related species of a genus, as the pear, apple, quince, or
hawthorne, or, as the peach, plum, apricot, and other stone fruits, can
be used as stocks — the one for the other — but far better results may
always be expected trom the pear on pear, apple on apple, peach on
peach.

With the propagation of varieties comes the care and culture of the
young and tender plants. This is the work of the nurseryman. His
skill consists in the care, culture and training of the plant or tree ta
that age and strength of constitution fitting it for transplanting into
the orchard, the garden, the forest or the pleasure grounds.

Perhaps the most dangerous and critical period through which our
favorite is destined to pass, is the transplanting from the nursery to
the permanent grounds. Great skill and an intelligent understanding
of the wants and habits of the tree or plant are here required if we
would obtain satisfactory results. But our cares do n(^t end here.
Much will depend upon our judgment and wisdom in the selection
and preparation of our grounds, and in the after-care and attention
bestowed both upon the soil and its occupants. A practical knowledge
of geology and botany will aid us in laying a good foundation — the
one in the selection of soils, the other in determining the species-
adapted. A study of meteorolgy and zoology will guide us in provid-
ing against the vicissitudes of our climate, and in warding off the at-
tacks of insects and other animal pests.

Pruning should be disciplinary or curative : disciplinary in guiding
the young tree or plant in the way it should go ; curative in removing
dead, maimed or diseased parts. In either case, as with the skillful
surgeon, the highest aim should be the spilling of the least possible
blood. Quack horticulturists and quack surgeons often make serious
work by the too free use of the knife.

In esthetic horticulture the reward of our labors is in the pleas-
urable enjoyment we feel in its results. Our pleasure is proportioned
to the degree of culture we enjoy. We designate those who follow
horticultural pursuits from this standpoint as amateurs.

secretary's budget. 449

Economic horticulture offers a more substantial reward in her
golden fruits. While those who have a natural adaptability to the
calling will usually succeed best, there are many who follow horticul-
ture for the living they find therein.

In either case, to best husband the result of our toils, we must
know how and when to harvest our crops and what disposition to make
of them afterwards in order to reach the highest fruition of our labors.
I have now briefly outlined the course of study which I have fol-
lowed as a teacher of horticulture.

Each process, in the progress of the course, has been illustrated as
fully as it was possible to do by a practical application of the lessons
taught; yet we have labored under the great difiiculties, which might
naturallj'^ be expected, in inaugurating a new department in an insti-
tuion of the character of the one I have the honor of representing.

It is quite probable that but few of the students whom I have
taught will follow horticulture as a pursuit, yet I have tried to impress
them with the thought that, in the years to come, they may look back
to the simple lessons they are now receiving with pleasure, if not with
absolute profit; for, after all, we recognize and admire the person as
fulfilling, to the highest degree, our ideas of a useful and well developed
man or woman who has a practical knowledge of what we term every
day affairs. — W. H. Rag an, Dupaw University, Greencastle, Ind.

A MISSOURI FRUIT SHOW.

The importance of this undertaking, as suggested in previous issues,
is enhanced the more one thinks and talks about it. The Missouri
Horticultural Society, at its annual meeting last week in Warrensburg
considered it and thought very favorably of it. We could not find a
member present that was not in favor of the effort, and all were of the
opinion that it should not only be attempted, but that every means
should be employed to insure its success. Eaough is now known of
the value of cold storage to justify us in saying that many of our early
and even perishable fruits can be so preserved as to show them along
with the later and hardier varieties.

It has been suggested that not only the fruits but vegetables also,
and the cereal grains and their products as well, should be exhibited,
and that possibly with all these there might be combined a flower
show. With the fruits of the earth we are concerned, because in sug-
gesting the effort our aim and desire was to demonstrate to the world
what Missouri can do and is doing to-day. Thousands of people at a
distance, who have never seen Missouri's claims in these regards pre-
H R— 29

450 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

sented, have an idea that it is a swamp, a wilderness, a veritable border
Indian hunting ground, not only uncultivated, but not susceptible of
cultivation.

They have little or no idea of our flocks and herds, our pastures and
dairy products, our orchards and nurseries, our universities, colleges,
normal and other schools, our large cities and equal civilization to the
oldest States of the Union ; no idea of our population, the fertility of
our soil, the extent of our cultivated and pasture lands, and but little if
any knowledge of the State, unless it be the term of derision invented
for political purposes. Poor Old Missouri.

Now, then, it is the wish to so present the products of our orchards
and of our fields, as that every one that sees them shall pronounce the
State one of the finest in the Union, the people abreast of the times in
all that can evidence enterprise, intelligence, thrift and commercial
progress ; for the State that can show the finest fruits and the best pro-
ducts of the soil, must be accredited to possess good farmers and first
class business capacity. We have no State Board of Immigration, no
means voted by the legislature to disseminate information abroad cal-
culated to attract the sons of the progressive and hardy farmers of th&
Northern and Eastern States, or of foreign countries ; hence what is
done in this regard must be done by private and individual enterprise,,
and by the officers of local and State associations.

The enterprise which has made the State what it is to- day, must
take hold of the means at their command and spread their goods, wares^
and merchandise before the world, at such time and place as that they
may be seen and admired by the greatest number, and the fame there-
of go out through all the land. We know no better time, no more con-
venient place than the St. Louis fair, managed in the interest of agri-
culture, attracting crowds by thousands from all parts, and nearlj
every State. But the work of maturing the plan of operations and of
putting the machinery into operation by which the enterprise is to be
brought to a successful issue, rests with our State societies and their
enterprising officers. — Colman's Rural World.

A MISSOURI FRUIT SHOW.

We believe in advertising our own goods, our own county, our own
State. We believe in doing it thoroughly and well, in order that all
who ought to know might know, and if they don't want to know we
will make them anyhow. Some think ignorance is bliss, we do not ;:
particularly when the bliss consists in knowing nothing of our grand
State and its grander future. There is hardly a crop prominently known
to American horticulture which it is desirable to cultivate that cannot

secretary's budget. 451

be grown in Missouri as abundantly, and with as good or better returns
as in any State in the Union. The people of other States do not know
thi^j, and not knowing do not appreciate it when told. Thousands of
men pass through Missouri every year with their wives and families
and the wealth they have acqaired and settle in other and less favored
States because they know nothing of this State.. They know nothing
of our productive lands, of our immense orchards, our wheat and corn,
our cattle and sheep, our colleges and schools, our churches, and social
and domestic surroundings, and the peace and plenty which permeate
our rich and noble State, because it has not been advertised in every
paper, at every railroad station and road side inn, and on the granite
hillsides of their own States; because their country has not been de-
luged with highly colored pictures and fairly-worded pamphlets de-
scribing it as it has of the States and Territories beyond ; therefore they
go farther and do not fare as well as they would if the}^ knew some-
thing which we could tell them of Missouri. Such ignorance is not
bliss, neither is it desirable or profitable.

The great St. Louis fair has done much to advertise St. Louis, for
many have attended it from a distance, either as exhibitors or sight-
seers, who have carried away with them impressions of i(s magnificence
and of the extent of its manufactures and commerce. But whilst
these in a measure must convey an idea of the surrounding country
and the i^roductiveness of the land to sustain such a city it does so
only in part, and a very small part at that. True, when we make a
show of grandly improved stock it conveys an idea of our advanced
farming, but the exhibits are open to the world, and the stock one sees
is as likely to be from Maine or Kansas as from Missouri. A.nd what
is true in that regard of stock is equally true of nearly everything
shown at the fair.

We want something that shall show the capacity of our orchards
and the quality of our soil as a State ; something that shall command
the attention and the admiration of other States and of other peoples
far and near, that shall convince them that Missouri is worthy of atten-
tion and deserving of more than a passing notice, that shall impress
them in such a way as to compel them to cry for more ; then will they
discover, what many thousands ought to have known years ago, that
this is one of the grandest States in the union, and the one above all
others in which they can settle to advantage both to themselves and
their children after them.

There are many ways of doing this and in a council of prominent
men there would develop a great variety of opinions as to which is the
best. We are just now presenting an idea for the consideration of the

452 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

members of the Slate Horticultural Society, and one which they can
make work to advantage, viz : a Missouri Fruit Show, a show that
shall command at once the attention and the admiration of all and
whose very greatness shall compel its publication far and wide even if
it does not bring the people to see it. Such a collection of fruit as we
contemplate could be made from the counties of Missouri and the
largest ballon the St. Louis Fair Grounds would-be too small to con-
tain it. Each one of fifty counties would take pride in collecting,
packing and displaying its own productions and in making the most
and best of them and a committee of the State Horticultural Society
have the superintendence of the whole.

Should the society contemplate such an effort we doubt not the
Fair Association would afford them space, though we have not ap-
proached'them on the subject, and facilitate the enterprise all they
properly could. vVill the enterprising secretary, Mr. L. A. Goodman,
think of this and submit it to the society at its annual meeting ?

As a pomologist he was world-renowned for his knowledge, ac-
curacy and good judgment, and as such had longer experience than
any other man of whom I have any record in this or any other country.
His books will ever be precious memorials of good fruits and good
men ; of a life whose great object was to make others happy in the en-
joyment of the beauties and bounties of creation, and which has been
a blessing to our world. For more than a generation he edited the
"Fruits and Fruit Trees of America,'' first written by his brother forty
years ago. With the progress and expansion of pomology, this work
grew under his hand to such an extent that he might well have
claimed to be the author; yet, with characteristic modesty, he pre-
ferred to lay his laurels upon his brother's grave. This encyclopaedic
work, in its many successive editions, is now the generally recognized
authority in regard to the multitude of fruits described in it.

Charles Downing is dead, but his spirit is still with us, and will
continue to inspire our souls, and the souls of those who shall succeed
us, as long as a love of the beautiful in nature, of rural pleasures, and
of domestic comfort shall have a place in the heart of mankind. His
star has now set, but it has left a golden record which shall illumine
the annals of pomology while the earth shall bring forth the fruits
which he so much loved. His works are a rich legacy to the American
people, and an enduring monument to his memory.'

HORTICULTURE AT THE FAIR.

The Horticulturists of Missouri have reason to be proud of the
oflScers of their State Society. They are workers, sure ; hard workers,

secretary's budget. 453

and what they do is not only well but intelligently and effectively
done. They have now shown at the Ne\^ Orleans Exposition, at the
meeting of the American Pomological Society at Grand Rapids, Mich-
igan, and at the St. Louis Fair ; and at each have won first honors. In
mentioning these places we do not lose sight of other exhibitions they
have made, or other honors won ; but a society capable of winning at
these can win anywhere, if they have but the energy and the intelli-
gence to enter the list.

The exhibit made last week at the fair was a grand one, but it told
only a part of the story. It only exhibited what could be done, and,
too, what will be done within a very few years if these gentlemen are
at the helm ; for the merits of Missouri as a fruit growing State are
only partly known, and its capacity but fairly developed. Presently
we shall have more county societies, all acting in concert, gathering'
together the best of their products, and first exhibiting at the place of
their growth for home encouragement and then in one grand central
aggregation in St. Louis at the great fair to be seen and known of all
men.

Fifty county societies, properly oflScered, could gather together the
best products of their respective counties and show them every year at
their own fairs and make such a display as would astonish the people
themselves ; then if the best of those fifty exhibits could be all sent to
St. Louis and each shown by itself, as Bates county, Jasper county,
Platte county, Jackson county fruit, it would inform the people of the
world more and better of the culture and progress of its people and
their horticultural and agricultural capacities than any other one
thing. Such an aggregation of fruit from this one State would fill the
largest hall on the fair grounds and make a show the like ot which had
never been seen before ; and we have no doubt the fair association
would cheerfully accord the space.

As it was, the State Horticultural Society made an excellent show
with 172 varieties of apples, Si of paars, 20 of grapes, 5 of quinces and 3
of peaches, besides a large collection merely for display occupying al-
together 400 plates. In the exhibit we found 15 varieties of new seed-
ling apples, some of which were very promising, but of which more
hereafter. Mr. G. H. Shepherd, of La Monte, Mo., made the next
largest and best show, consisting of nearly 300 plates. His was the
finest exhibit made by one individual at the department. Michigan,
•Iowa and Arkansas were also represented, the latter being especially
fine. These with other and smaller individual displays made alto-
gether a very fine show which attracted attention every hour of the
day and every day of the fair. It was one of the best made in recent
years. — Cohnan^s Rural Woi'ld.

454 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

AMERICAN -POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

T. T. Lyon, of Michigan, made the State speech of welcome at
Grand Rapids to the American Pomological Society. P. Barry re-
sponded. Mayor Curtis extended a welcome to the city. This was
responded to by Mr. Barry. President Angel also made a speech of
welcome.

The following States were represented: New York, New Jersey,
Pennsylvania, Michigan, Massachusetts, Ohio, Georgia, Texas, Minne-
sota, Nebraska, Virginia and Indiana. Canada was also represented.

The first real business was the election of officers and the follow-
ing was the result: Marshal P. Wilder, president; Patrick Barry, 1st
vice-president; Benjamin D. Smith, treasurer; Charles W.Garfield,
secretary. Prof. Beal's services as secretary were recognized by a res-
olution of thanks. Prof. Beal has been a hard-working, faithful secre-
tary.

Among other things, the president's address contained the follow-
ing:

Ours is truly an American society. It has raised the standard
of excellence by which our fruits are judged, discouraged the cultiva-
tion of inferior sorts, and thus educated the taste of the public for
those of better quality, so that kinds once common in our markets
have become obsolete, and are now considered unworthy of propaga-
tion. In doing this portion of its work it has discarded by general
consent more than 600 varieties, either worthless or superseded by bet-
ter sorts. It has established a uniform system of rules, by which
fruits are to be known and judged. But, what is of the higest impor-
tance, it has instituted a much needed reform in the nomenclature of
fruits, by which all long, unpronounceable, indelicate, inappropriate
and superllnous words are to be suppressed in the dedication of our
fruits.

One of the grandest achievements of the society is its catalogue of
fruits, published biennially, with isothermal divisions and columns for
fifty States, Territories and districts, in which are recorded the fruits
which may successfully be grown in those divisions, with stars to des-
ignate the merits and seasons of each. This is a work of great merit,
and not attempted by any other society. Few things in the history
and progress of American pomology have been more efi'ective in the
past and more promising of valuable results in the future than our
system of State reports. They embrace correct information from trust-
worthy persons, having special reference to the varieties most success-
fully grown ; new kinds worthy of special notice ; the chief obstacles to

secretary's budget. 455

successful fruit culture in each district, and correct information in re-
.gard to the extent and progress of fruit culture in each section of our
•country, and are published under the supervision of the chairman of
the general fruit committee of our society, and contain a vast fund of
information not elsewhere to be found. The reports constitute a mine
of pomological wealth, and contain not only ail the modifications and
changes which may have been made in collecting information concern-
ing the culture of fruits, but also in the naming of them, synonyms by
which they are known ; the most desirable varieties being designated
in our catalogue by stars, according to their several merits.

The American Pomological Society has performeed an immense
labor through its meetings and its committees, in correcting confusion,
and it is wonderful to contrast the early condition of pomology with its
present mature state. Its future labor will be continuous and of vital
moment in introducing new and valuable varieties; and what will be
of the greatest importance, maintaining an accurate nomenclature. It
■will inform fruit growers in every State and Territory what fruits they
are to look to for successful culture. But most important of all, its busi-
ness will be to give to American pomology a high character as a sci-
ence ; to prevent the appearance of mere money making, and petty
attempts to impart undue prominence to new favorite and laudatory
names. The continued aim of the society will be to mamtain a posi-
tion of dignity, integrity and impartial usefulness. The special aim
of the society should be to enlist in its active membership all the best
-elements of our country, and to form, as far as possible, a closer rela-
tion with all existing State pomological and fruit growers' societies.

Let us have no more names of generals, colonels, captains, presi-
dents, governors, monarchs, kings or princes, mammoths or Tom
Thumbs, or such titles as Nonsuch, Seeknofurther, Ne-plus-ultra, Hog-
pen, Sheep-nose, Big Bob, Iron Clad, Legal Tender, Sucker State, or
Stump the World. These were suggestions made in my last address
to which I still adhere and from which I have nothing to take back.
The terms Pearmain, Pippin, Beurre, Doyenne, Bon Chretien, etc., ap-
plied to apples and pears, once described classes of fruit which are
now so confused and blended that the names have lost their signifi-
cance. The cases are very few where a single word will not form a
better name for a fruit than two or more. These reforms have been
adopted in the catalogue of the American Pomological Society, and
•other prominent horticultural and pomological societies have voted to
adopt the improved nomenclature, and I desire to ask the co-operation
of all pomological and horcultural societies in this and other countries
in carrying out this important reform.

456 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

And now in fulfillment of my promise to urge upon you while I
live, the importance of producing from seed, new improved varieties
of fruits, adapted to the various soils and climates of our vast terri-
tory, I have substantially to repeat what I have said in my former ad-
dresses. These are the means which God and nature have provided,
for the improvement of our traits, and the better we understand and
practice them the nearer shall we approach to that divine beneficence
which gives flavor and richness to our fruits, and to the senses the
highest types of beauty, grace and gratification.

Thus from time to time 1 have spoken to you, and, were these my
last words, I would again impress them upon you as of the utmost im-
portance. With a careful study of the tendencies of varieties, and a
judicious selection of parents, as breeders, we shall ^o on to produce
fruits which will be adapted to every climate or condition of our land
where any species of fruit may be grown. When we see what nature has
done without the aid of manipulation, in the cold regions of the north, as
in ilussia, from whence came the Oldenburg and Tetofsky apples, the
Black Tartarian cherry, and other good fruits, as seen by Prof. Budd
and Mr. Chas. Gibb, who can doubt our ability to produce fine fruits
even in the colder regions of our country ?

AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIEIY — TWENTIETH BIENNIAL MEETING.

The evening session of the society on the first day was taken up
by a popular lecture on '' Injurious Fungi," delivered by Dr. C. E.
Beseey, of the Nebraska State University. His paper was illustrated
by a series of charts, and the members were deeply interested in what
he said, and yet he failed to add greatly to the list of preventives and
remedies. He spoke first of the bacteria family, which exists every-
where within a few thousand feet of the earth. The house-wife in her
process of canning simply excludes the air to keep out bacteria. The
family of mildews was next alluded to, a cross-section of mildewed
Concord grape leaf being shown; as the resting-spores of the grape
mildew are in the leaves which fall to the ground in the fall, it would
be a good plan to burn the leaves. Blight was the next family de-
scribed ; not the disease known by that name, but the fungi producing^
it. These were fully illustrated, and their method of operation was
explained. The black fungi, he said, is perhaps the most injurious
family, next to bacteria. In the mildews reproduction is both by non-
sexual and sexual influences ■ viz. : by breaking off and separating
into individual spores in the first case, and by the falling of the rest-
ing-spores with the leaves, thus carrying the fungi over the winter in
the latter instance. Speaking of the black-knot in the plum and cherry

secretary's budget. 45T

tree, he said that in the spring the parasitic threads multiply in the
bark and finally burst out, the surface at first being a lot of little
epores ; then the trouble is very infectious. Resting-spores carry it
over the winter. Ergot on rye and strawberry rust also belong to this
family. But beyond the first or early stage of this black fungi he knew
nothing — did not know what it did the rest of the year, hence could
not take care of it. ""There is great need," said he, "of finding out
the whole life history of these fungi. Somebody with plenty of time
and mone> should take up this subject. It must be borne in mind
that fungus is a plant. It grows. It may be killed by poisons or stim-
ulated by favoring conditions. Remedies for the diseases thus pro-
duced are almost impossible. You cannot restore a plum limb affected
with black knot ; you can only cut it off. Fungous diseases call for
the surgeon, and not for the practitioner, who restores by remedies.
The knife is the only remedy, though it may take the whole tree, and
even the orchard at times.

Regarding preventive measures it is very important that all para-
sitic fungus should be gathered and destroyed. Nearly every fungus
produces resting-spores ; these come when the fungus is dying. If de-
stroyed, then, of course the trouble is removed. This, then, is the time
to attack it. Burn up the dead leaves and twigs lest they afford shelter
to these spores. As poisons, or fungicides, many things can be used ;:
sulphur and its compounds, borax, salicylic-acid and several other
things might be mentioned. But all must be brought in direct contact
with the fungus, hence of course they are utterly useless in destroying
the internal parasites."

At the conclusion of the paper the reader was applauded, and re-
ceived a formal vote of thanks. •

At the morning session of the second day a paper on the same
subject was read by Prof J. C. Arthur, of the New York Experiment
Station, the reader, however, confining his remarks more especially to
blight. He said experiments had shown that blight could be intro-
duced into healthy pear limbs by minute particles of diseased tissue,.
or the viscid substance accompanying the disease. A week after such
insertion the bark begins to blacken, but the leaves show no affection
until the limb is practically dead, which will not be for two or three
weeks ; then the leaves die very suddenly, most likely during hot
weather or a warm rain. He had only succeeded in inoculating the
disease through the leaves by using the very youngest leaves, and then
only with much difficulty. He watered the roots with countless billions
of pear blight germs, but could not introduce the affection that way,,
nor in any matured branch, but he had succeeded almost invariably

458 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

with the young and succulent growth. After the bark and outer por-
tion of the branch are blackened with the disease, the sap of the tree
■continues to pass through the center of the limb for a time ; hence the
prolongation of life in the leaves and ends of the branch. Blight can
be propagated only by natural processes ; tying afiected branches in
healthy trees failed to impart the disease. It lives in the branch
through the winter. Disease germs enter the tree through the ten-
■derest tissues at the ends of the branches and in the flowers, usually in
early spring, but where they come from is yet a mystery. Germs will
grow in perfectly dead matter of almost any kind, especially in any
•starchy or analogous substances. A particle of blighted pear twig
placed in a solution of corn meal and water, boiled, would fill the
liquid with germs in a day or two. The course of the disease is usually
about as follows :

" The germs in a diseased tree escape to the surface in a sticky
•exudation ; washed free by rains, they drop to the ground, and multi-
plying indefinitely in decaying vegetable substances, either beneath
the trees, or in marshy or wet places at a distance. Here they may
pass the winter and even live for years. They are borne in the air,
when dry, by the wind, or carried up by evaporation. Then, coming
in contact with the moist surface of tender twigs or the center of the
flower, the germs find entrance to the tree, and thus the reproductive
process goes on. We have proved absolutely that the germs only cause
the pear blight, and, further, that the germs are of a specific kind."

The scientific name of the specific bacteria, which produces the
pear blight, he said, is Micrococus amylororus. The pear tree is espe-
cially liable to blight by reason of its succulent habit of growth.
Apple trees, being of more solid growth, are not usually attacked or
injured to any great extent.

Various pertinent questions were asked by different members at
the close of the Professor's instructive paper, but he was unable to
give any very conclusive answers. For instance, in replying to the
question, "What shall we do to prevent the pear blight?" he said:
*'While I was studying the disease, half my orchard blighted before I
knew it. I know of no remedy so far. An antiseptic over the grow-
ing shoots, if it could be kf^pt there, would, of course, protect them,
but the rains would wash it off."

Mr. Moody had used sulphur and lime for some years past, and had
not been troubled with blight during the last five years, in an orchard
•of 10,000 trees ; but Prof. Arthur has no faith in it as a preventive. In
his opinion, no washes or applications to the soil can have any influ-
ence upon the blight. "Do not fertilize heavily ; don't let the trees

secretary's budget. 459

grow too fast," he said. "To get the best fruit, we want the trees to
grow as fast as possible, but to prevent the blight, they should grow as
slowly as possible."

It was with great difficulty that the pear blight questions and dis-
cussions were shut oif by the chairman, so great was the interest man-
ifested in the subject.

A paper on "Protection from Frost*' was then read by Prof. Lazen-
by, of the Ohio Experiment Station. In the comparative tests between
TQulched and bare ground, it was found a temperature of from three to
five degrees greater was maintained where no mulch existed. This, he
thought, proved that mulching strawberry beds is disastrous. It pre-
vents absorption of heat during the day and radiation at night. As to
the ifse of smoke, while it keeps the temperature up in a house where
it can be confined, he does not consider it of any special value in the
open air. Mr. Rogers, New Jersey : "From five to seven degree is the
iiifference in favor of bare ground, I think. This has been a long set-
tled fact in ray State."

Mr. Scott, Michigan : "I have tried the smoke in the field ; it's a
pretty sight, but of no practical value."

A note from F. K. Phcenix, Wisconsin, on the same subject, was
then read, though it contained no new suggestions of special value.
Speaking of using explosives, and the vibration of noises, he said, "I
don't know how much it would take to scare off the Frost Devil, but
noise is cheap in America. I most profoundly believe in the human
mastery and control of earthly elements and conditions." Mr. Morrill,
Michigan: "I prefer to mulch; it brings profit in dollars and cents.
It keeps the blossoms back later, thus protecting them, even though
the temperature under the mulch falls lower."

Mr. Pierce, of Ohio, then read a paper on the "Conduct of State
and Local Horticultural Societies." He opposed addresses from out-
side speakers, and thought the fairs and exhibitions should be held in
the country around the fruit growers, rather than in the towns and
cities. Secretary Garfield then made a few remarks on the same sub-
ject, agreeing with Mr. Pierce with regard to having exhibitions in the
country, "The whole family, everybody, should be interested," he
said. "When the father plants the tree, let the wife hold it, and the
children stand ready to water it."

"Lessons of the World's Fair" was the title of the next paper, read
by Mr. Goodman, of Missouri, Secretary of the State Society there.
Flat tables, and five apples or pears to a plate, a glass structure lighted
from above as well as the sides, were among desirable features for
fruit shows he thought. Better rules for judging were also urged, a

460 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

certain scale of points being desired, by which to decide. He found
Missouri could raise just as good apples as Michigan. ^'Our Ben Davis
grown on the 37th parallel, is much better than yours at the North. I
don't wonder that you despise this apple as it grows here. I think
some of our Southern varieties would become good keepers at the
North, The pear exhibit at New Orleans was poor. We have no gen-
uine winter pear in the West. I have learned that." Among other
lessons learned at New Orleans, Mr. Goodman said, was patience ; they
had to wait and wait, and were still waiting, at least for the premiums
promised. He also alluded sharply to the cold storage facilities prom-
ised by the management, which exhibitors never got, and he spoke of
many blunders and shortcomings there, going out of his way to arraign
the management with sarcastic bitterness, so much so, in fact, as to
bring Parker Earle, Chief of the Horticultural Department, at New
Orleans, promptly to his feet at the close of the paper. He defended
the management courteously and manfully. Said he, "I've listened
with satisfaci ion to the paper. It contains many good suggestions;
but some of the statements are based upon misconception. The cold
storage promised was fully provided, and it was the best on the con-
tinent. If my friend did not use it, that is no fault of the manage-
ment. There was no charge for cold storage. The exposition has
enough real faults to answer for without having matters that are un-
true imputed to it. As to the character of Horticultural Hall there,
everybody was surprised at its peculiar adaptation for the preservation
of the fruit. The oranges kept admirably; the apples remained in
perfect preservation for over four months."

NOTES FROM AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

[From Rural New Yorker,]

THE BEST STRAWBERRIES. — BY PARKER EARLE.

" I consider Crescent best of all with me. I fail with almost all
other kinds. I use several kinds of fertilizers ; all seem to be success-
ful. I am now planting Sharpless as a companion almost exclusively."
Commissioner Colman : " Why is Crescent better than Wilson?" Mr..

secretary's budget. 461

Earle replied: *' Because we can grow it and get it to put into the mar-
ket, which we can't do with the Wilson." Mr. Green : " 1 am unable
to name any one variety that is better than all others." Mr. Oolman
found the Wilson best. Mr. Earle said: "The rust troubles us greatly
in southern Illinois; we cannot grow the Wilson for this reason. Cres-
cent escapes the rust so far. Then, the Tarnished Plant Bug is another
terrible enemy with us, preventing successful culture of most other
kinds." Mr. Morrill, Michigan : " Down on the Lake shore we grow
immense crops of strawberries for the Chicago market. We use Ores-
cents for early on light soil, and Sharpless for late on heavy soil." Dr.
Hape: " Sharpless is best in Georgia, especially in the vicinity of At-
lanta. We have none of the troubles spoken of by Mr. Earle." Mr.
Engle, Pennsylvania : " We grow Sharpless mainly ; Crescent is more
productive, but it does not sell as well and never brings as much money."
At this point a member started

BIO STRAWBERRY YARNS

By telling how he raised a pfetty large strawberry ; for the contagion
spread at once until each member seemed desirous of telling a bigger
story. The irrepressible Dr. Hexamer alluded to the mammoth Presi-
dent Lincoln berry shown at the New York Horticultural Society's
meeting some years ago, which measured, he said, 14| inches in circum-
ference. He said members might believe, or disbelieve it, as they chose ;
but it was a fact. But just as everybody was content to award the
honor of the biggest strawberry to the Empire State, a gentleman from
that obscure corner of the universe known as Khode Island, arose
for the climax, and I'll assume he doesn't want his name published.
He said a nest of rabbits was once found in a good sized strawberry
raised in his State ; he never measured the berry. After this period of
amusement rather than profit. Chairman Barry finally shut oif the big
stories and the society took up the discussion of

BLACKBERRIES.

Stone's Hardy Blackberry, as compared with the Snyder, was asked
about. Mr. Lyon : "■ It is too small, although as hardy as Snyder ; but
too small for market." Mr. Johnston, N. Y. : "I find it very hardy,
better than Snyder, but small. I believe all the hardy blackberries ai*e
small. It continues longer in bearing than Snyder. We think well of
it." Mr. Green inquired about theTecumseh ; but in vain, there being
no response. Mr. Plumb, Wisconsin, spoke of the difficulty in laying
down blackberry canes for winter. Mr. Woodward asked about the

462 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Evergreen Blackberry. Mr. Green said it was of no value, though very-
pretty. Mr. Morrill asked information about the Mammoth Dewberry^
receiving no response. Mr. Lyon, speaking of the Early Harvest, said
it did not succeed with him ; he had found it very tender. Mr. Morrill :.
" I have it growing quite extensively, but have been deceived as to its
hardiness. It was killed to the snow line last winter. But from 500
hills protected, I picked nine cases of sixteen quarts each. For its sea-
son, with winter protection, it will doubtless prove a good sort. It
holds color well after picking ; is black and glossy, and ships well." Mr..
Scott, Michigan : " With me it kills dead as a door nail every winter."
Others gave similar reports. Mr. Munson : '^ The Brunton and Early
Harvest belong strictly to the South. We have grown both for years,
Brunton was worthless at first, but when the Harvest was planted with
it, both succeeded well. They resemble each other very much. Brun-
ton is the hardiest in our climate, as to rust and drouth. Both are very
prolific, producing from 5,000 to 6,000 quarts per acre."

Mr. Hobbs, Indiana : " We cannot grow Early Harvest, it is too
tender. The Lucretia Dewberry is hardy with us, bat poor in quality.'^
Speaking of the latter, Mr. Campbell said : " It originated in Miami
county, Ohio. It is very prolific, large and handsome, and when per-
fectly ripe, it is as good as anything I ever tasted in the way of a black-
berry, but it must be entirely ripe." Mr. Scott : " I have fruited Taylor's
Prolific six years ; quality much better than that of Snyder ; a week,
later ; does not turn red after shipping." Mr. Green : •' The Taylor is a
remarkable berry, very productive and the largest we have. Downing
considered it among our best hardy sorts." Mr. Phillips, Michigan : "It
succeeds well with me; bears heavy crops on the lake shore at Grand
Haven, while Early Harvest kills right down.'' Mr. Hobbs : " Taylor's
Prolific originated in Indiana ; it is not as hardy as Snyder, but larger
and much better in quality to my taste." Mr. Lyon : " I discover little
diff'erence between Snyder and Taylor as to hardiness. Regarding the
Lncretia Dewberry, one great trouble is, the fruit being so near the
ground becomes covered with dirt.

Mr. Morrill, on being asked to describe his method of laying down
blackberry canes, said he dug away the soil on one side, bent over the
canes, and threw dirt over them and passed on to the next in the same
way — a very simple matter, he said. Mr. Ililborn, Canada: "I have
tried the Taylor for six years, but have never been able to raise a quart
of the fruit yet." Mr. Gibson : " In Colorado the hardiness of black-
berries and raspberries is not so important. We cover everything in
that shape out there ; we don't look for a berry that will stand our win-
ters. Quality and productiveness are the points with us. In covering.

secketary's budget. 463''

for winter, in addition to bending over from the roots, we plow the soil
up against the canes."

RASPBERRIES.

Some of the newer and a few of the older raspberries were next
discussed, beginning with the Caroline. A member found it insipid
though hardy. Mr. Green considered it an excellent berry. So did
Mr. Rogers. He said it was too soft for market, however. Mr. Taylor
wanted to know if there was any difference between the Tyler and
Souhegan, and was told their origin was quite distinct, Souhegan hav.
ing been sent out a year before Tyler was known.

Shaffer's was next called. Mr. Scott : "A great bearer — better
than anything else ; color too dark to sell well; excellent for canning ;:
not so good for eating fresh." Mr. Augur: ''It does admirably in
Connecticut; a strong grower; brings good prices; one of the most
profitable sorts." Mr. Hobbs : "Strong grower ; most productive ;.
largest in size; color somewhat against it; but one of the best for
cooking we have." Mr. Hathaway: "I agree with Mr. Hobbs, and,
besides, it is more hardy than anything else almost." Dr. Hape: "It
succeeds admirablj'^ South; don't think it is fully appreciated through-
out the country," Mr. Munson : "If we could succeed with raspberries
at the South it would be very valuable there. I would be glad to hear
from others at the South as to Raspberry growing ; it is a failure in
Texas." Virginia reported fair success with Shaffer's, but preferred
Herstine. Mr. Johnson : "I think very highly of it, especially for
evaporating, for which purpose I would especially recommend it. I
have never heard any complaint of the favor. My family like it well."
Mr. Bennett, Michigan : "The color is against it, even here in Grand
Rapids; it is too soft for shipment; one of the largest and best for
canning ; would raise it if confined to one berry." Dr. Hexamer : "If
the Shaffer can be eaten with the eyes shut it is all right. It is all very
well to talk about educating the taste, but it is a most unprofitable
busines ; better cater to the tastes already existing." Mr. Streeter,,
Ohio : "I think well of it ; it has more good points than any other."
Mr. Ohmer: "A strong grower, of muddy color; berry large ; excel-
lent for cooking ; lowest priced berry in the Dayton market ; people
must shut their eyes in order to eat it." Mr. Lyon proposed to drop
the Shaffer discussion and the chairman so directed.

Mr. Morrill inquired about the Nemaha. Mr. Green had found it
hardier and better in quality than the Gregg. Mr. Scott: "I have
1,000 plants of it; it is fully as productive as Gregg." Mr. Munson:.
"I would like to hear about the Marlboro, as to hardiness and its

464 MISSOURI STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

ability to stand drought, at least." Dr. Hape : "I have tried it one
season. It stood the sun well in Georgia, and did well generally."
Mr. Collins, New Jersey: "I can speak well of it ; it's a fine berry.
Its weak point with us seems to be its prolonged period of ripening. I
fear it will not ripen promptly enough together for our market. It
-grows and produces well, quality not very good." Mr. Augur: "I
have fruited it a little. It is certainly early and productive — no ques-
tion about that. In quality I call it good, not the best. Its fine
appearance and earliuess will probably sell it." Mr. Manning: "I
saw it growmg at Col. Wilder's place ; it grew well, but there seemed
to be very little quality'about the fruit." Mr. Hooper: "It seems to
succeed finely along the Hudson river." Mr. Green: ''I think it is
destined to become a very popular raspberry. It is not high in quality,
however." Mr. Hobbs: "Vigorous, hardy, productive, of good size,
about as good as Hansell." Mr. Gibson: "I am very much pleased
with it, indeed; it must prove valuable for market; very early and
solid; larger than anything I have fruited ; quality from fair to good."

Mr. Morrill asked about Rancocas. Mr. Woodward : "A very
good berry; have not tried it thoroughly yet, but it seems worthy of
cultivation." Mr. Collins : "Produces its crop early." Mr. Engle: "I
fully indorse what has been said of it. I think it has come to stay."
Dr. Hexamer: "I talked with five New York commission dealers, who
have handled the Marlboro to some extent. Four of them considered
it the most profitable for market of all sorts ; the fifth preferred Cuth-
bert. The Rancocas ripens its entire crop in from eight to ten days."
Mr. T. T. Lyon aaked about the Hilborn ; he thought it was fine
flavored and of good size. Mr, Hilborn : "I have fruited it now for
about seven years, and find it the most profitable sort I have. It is
about as early as Souhegan." Commissioner Colman wanted to know
about the Parnell. It did well with him. Dr. Hexamer: "I think it
is not much cultivated now; there are many sorts much better." Mr.
Colman : "It has outlived many other varieties with us."

Mr. Hobbs: "What about the Crimson Beauty ? It is a good, strong
grower, hardy, of beautiful color, better than Hansell or Marlboro.
Its only failure seems to be its habit of dropping off the bush in pieces."
Mr. Lyon : "I find it to bear many imperfect berries of late years."
Treasurer Smith asked about the Souchetti, which be said the Presi-
dent liked very much. Mr. Engle: "I fear Crimson Beauty is going
to fail in several respects, although the quality is good." Mr. Green
^'I never could get a perfect berry from it yet, after four years' cultiva-
tion. It's a poor thing." Mr. Scott said the same thing of it. Mr.
Moore, speaking of the Souchetti : "1 think it finer in quality than any

secretary's budget. 465

sort spoken of here to-day, but not fit for <^eneral culture." Mr. Miles,
of Delaware, considered Crimson Beauty of no value. Turner was
ten times as good, he said.

CURRANTS.

Fay's Prolific Currant was inquired about. Mr. Smith, Massachu-
setts, does not like it ; it will not succed with him. Mr. Rogers : "Oae
of the best and most promising in New Jersey." Mr. Scott, and others
from Michigan, spoke well of it, as did Pennsylvania and several other
States. Mr. Lyon : "We have a peculiar difficulty with currants of
late : the borer eats off the bush near the roots. The onlv kind that
has escaped so far is the Victoria." Mr. Augur asked about Lovett's
Improved, "It is a great bearer ; larger than Red Dutch, not as large
as Cherry." H. H.

• LANGUAGE OP FLOWERS.

At the last monthly meeting of the Missouri Valley Horticulturists,
Miss Lizzie Espenlaub paid the following beautiful tribute to flowers,
in a paper entitled the " Language of Flowers : "

When in the beginning God created man and breathed into him
the spirit of immortal life, he gave to him two natures, the one earthly
and fit for his rude contact with the physical world ; the other to reach
from the mortal to the immortal. Through this nature man is able to
rise above this cloud-obscured home, and dwell in the pure light of the
spiritual.

At the dawn of the race, as the shepherds watched their flocks on
the mountain slopes of their early Arian home, they saw the Spirit of
the Eternal One speaking to them from the starry hosts above ; and
the beautiful flowers at their feet told of the wonderful Creator.

"If Nature put not forth her power
About the opening of a flower,
Who is it that could live an hour ? "

Nature is a great book spread out before us. Pages of the geolo-
gists are the rocks beneath us, the astronomer's chart the stars above
us, but the botanist's the lily of the valley, violet, harebell, anemone,
etc.

The geologists and astronomers are wonderfu^l and mysterious, but
the botanists beautiful and simple, appeals to the soul.

HR— 30

466 MISSOURI STATE UORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

As a nation rises in civilization, poetry and the love of flowers go
hand in hand. The Scotlander sings of the bonny brases of his native
hills. The Switzer gazes on his snow capped Alps and the beautiful
flowers blooming at the foot of the avalanche. They love the grand
and the beautiful of their native land. The grandeur without the
beauty would be deficient.

The "Language of Flowers" is supposed to have been used by the
earliest natives, but the Greeks are the first of whom we have any trust-
worthy records. They carried it to a very high degree, using flowers
as types of everything interesting, i^ublic and private.

The "Language of Flowers" was cultivated by the countries of con-
tinental Europe ; but after the decline of the power of Rome little at-
tention was given to it. But we see it revived in the Middle Ages^
when it was greatly developed by the Roman Church. The variety of
flowers that adorned the altar enabled the worshiper to distinguish be-
tween feasting and fasting ceremonies. ,

Flowers have played an important part in all the mythologies.
Oak was the patriot's crown, bay the poet's, and myrtle the crown for
beauty. The olive was the the emblem of peace, and the ivy the
emblem of Bacchus. A poet thus characterizes the ivy:

" The ivy, that staunchest and firmest friend,

That hastens its succoring aim to lend

To the ruined fane, where in youth it sprung,

And its pliant tendrils in sport were flung.

When the sinking buttress and mouldering tower

Seem only the spectres of former power,

When the ivy clusters around the wall,

And for tapestry hangs on the moss-grown hall,

Striving in beauty and youth to dress

The desolate place of its loneliness."

The significance of many flowers is derived from their properties^
the amaranthus being called by the Greeks the "Never-fading" because
of its duration.

The daisy has received much attention from the poets. Shakes-
peare says "its white investments figure innocence."

While Montgomery thus apostrophises:

This small flower to Nature dear.

While moon and stars their courses run.
Wreathes the whole circle of the year,

Companion of the sun.

It smiles upon the lap of May,

To sultry August spreads its charms,
Lights pale October on his way,

And twines December's arms.

secretary's budget. 467

'Tis Flora's page : in every place,

In every season, fresh and fair,
It opens with parennial grace.

And blossoms everywhere.

On waste and woodland, rock and plain.

Its humble buds unheeded raise ;
The rose has but a summer reign,

The daisy never dies.

The rose, by universal suifrage, is made the queen of flowers, and
has a symbolism varying with its color. Wordsworth thus rejoices in
the union of the 'houses of Lancaster and York, whose emblems were
the red and white roses :

Her thirty years of winter past, the red rose is revived at last ;

She lifts her head for endless spring, for everlasting blossoming ;

Both roses flourish red and white ; in love and sisterly delight,

The two that were at strife or blended, and all old troubles now are ended.

Flowers are also the emblems of several European countries, as the
Fleur-de-lis of France, the Thistle of Scotland, the Shamrock of Ireland.

Flowers speak to us in a silent language and are linked with all
the finer sympathies of our natures.

The sweet blossoms that cover the greenwood are the delight of our
childhood, they deck the chamber of old age and are the last sad gifts
of sorrow to the dead.

Flowers are the bright remembrancers of youth ;
They waft us back, with their bland odorous breath.
The joyous hours that only young life knows,
Ere we have learnt that this fair earth hides graves.
They bring the cheek that's mouldering in the dust
Again before us, tinged with health's own rose ;
They bring the voices we shall hear no more.
Whose tones are sweetest music to our ears ;
. They bring the hopes that faded one by one, '

Till naught was left to light our path but faith,
That we too, like the flowers, should spring to life.
But not, like them, again e'er fade again or die.

OUR REPORT

Our report has been full to overflowing this year, and I am sorry
to say that I was compelled to leave out a number of valuable essays
and condense others from members of our local societies. But the
value of many of the papers in this report will, in a measure, compen-
sate us for this, and above all

THE REPORT OF PROF. TRACY

Will be of invaluable benefit to us all as a book of reference, and we
can point with pride to the " Best Report " our society has ever pub-
lished.

L. A. GOODMAM,

Secretarv.

iisrxDEx:

PAGE.

Address of the President 27

Argument on Forestrj% M. G. Kern 2i7

Annual report of Treasurer 289

Annual report of Secretary 280

Annual meeting (28th) 163

Best apples to plant, list of 176

Committees, standing 5

Constitution for Local Society 9

Constitution for State Society 6

Correspondents and members 12

Committee on fruit on the table 82

Committee on fruit on the table 291

Committee on Secretarj^'s report, report of 102

COUNTY SOCIETIES.

Bates County 13

Central Missouri 25, 26

Greene County 16

Holt County 17, 18

Jasper County 18, 19

Lafayette County 19, 20

Missouri Valley 25

Montgomery County 21

Vernon County 24

Linn County 20

Delegate from Indiana, report 301

Discussion on the apple 49, 64, 175

Pruning 56

Stone fruits 66

Vegetable parasites 72

Vineyards 84, 204

Small Fruits 92, 214

Entomology 101

Election of officers 263

ir. INDEX.

ESSAYS.

PAGE.

Pruning the Apple Orchard, J. B. Durand 47

Best Apples for Missouri , Phil Pfeiffer 59

Best Apples for Missouri, A. Ambrose 62

Vegetable Parasites, Prof. L. R. Taft 67

Primitive Horticulture and Modern Gardens, Mrs. C. 1. Robards 72

Power of Horticulture for Man's Moral Elevation, Dan Carpenter 74

Ornamentals, Z. S. Ragan 77

Ornamentals, R. E. Bailey 93

Birds in Horticulture, Clarke Irvine '. 103

Birds in Horticulture, VV. H. Thomas 108

Relation of the Fruit Grower to the Commission Man, S. N. Cox Ill

Some of our Needs, J. VV. Turner 112

Two good Forest Trees, G. Segesseman 114

Flowering Shrubs. J. A. Durkes 119

Growth of Plants, L. A. Goodman 132

Best six Apples for Market, and best twelve for Family, E. P Henry 174

Care of Orchards, N. F. Murry 182

Care of Orchards, W. G. Gano 185

Etfects of the winter on our Trees, 'J'. W. Gaunt 189

The Pear, J. A. Durkes 191

Berries the Coming Crop , Chas. Patterson 215

Fruit Business from a Commission Man's Standpoint, E. T. HoUister 223^

On Flowers, Ella Lytic 227

The Flower and Fruit Mission, C. W. Murtfeld t 22S

Beauties of the Floral World, Mrs. Wade Burden 231

Work of to-day, Mrs. C. I. Robards 233

Rusts and Mildews, B. T. Galloway 237

Distribution of Plants in Missouri, G. C. Broadhead 263

An Argument on Forestry, M. G. Kern 247

Social Influence of Horticulture, Clarke Irvine 2.54

FP.UITS TO PLANT, GIVEN BY COUNTIES.

Andrew 307

Audrain 307

Butler 308

Barton 308

Buchanan , 308

Bates 309

Carroll 309

Clay 309

Cass 309

Cedar 310

Cole 310

Caldwell 310

Greene 310

INDEX. III»

PAGE.

Gentry 311

Gasconade 3U

Grundy 311

Howell 312

Harrison 312

Howard 31 2

Holt 313

Jackson 313

Jasper 313

Johnson 314

Linn 314

Lewis 314

Montgomery 315

Miller 315

Monroe 315

Morgan 316

McDonald 31G

Putnam 316

Pettis 317

Ripley 317

Saline 317

Vernon 318

Wayne 318

Washington 318

Webster 319

Fertilizers— Prof. J. W. Sanborn 236

Gifts to Normal School of Nurserymen 236

How to organize a society 8

Honorary members 3

LETTERS.

J. W. Sanborn 53

S. A. Forbes 53

S. M. Tracy 54

Mary E. Murtfeldt 54

T . W, Gaunt ; also valuable receipts 55

J. P. Moore 58

Wm. McCray 60

President of Normal School , 167

J. C. Plum 304

D. H. Manning 305

Members and correspondents 12 to 26

New Orleans premiums and medals 320

Officers 3

Officers elected 3

Programme of winter meeting 164

IV. INDEX.

PAGE.

Prizes of $1,000 offered by Am Garden 121

Premiums at summer meeting 82

Premiums at winter meeting 293

Obituary 92

Question box 226

REPORTS.

Secretary^Semi-annual 29

Some new apples 33

Recommends 35

Committee on Orchards, D, S. Holman 44

Cbas. Patterson 46

On new fruits, F. Lionberger 50, 180

On stone fruits, Jacob Madinger 65

On small fruits, Jacob Faith 84

Samuel Miller 87

Wm. Hopkins 88

W. H. Thomas 117

Dr. J. Staymen 89

Lionberger and Gutman . 91

J. D. Drummond 91

Entomology, F. Holsinger 96

F. Lionberger 99

L. C. Amsden 100

Committee on Secretary's Report 102

Obituary 92

Flowers, Mrs. Wade Burden 119

Committee on final resolutions 123

Of Treasurer, semi-annual 124

Annual 289

Missouri Valley Horticultural Society 126

Papers read— Vegetables, C. E. Kern 129 to 130

Entomology, F. Holsinger 130

New grapes, G. F. Espenlaub 132

Growth of plants, L. A. Goodman 132 to 136

Bates County Horticultural Society 137 to 143

Papers read— Currant, H. Speers 139

Influence of meetings, J. W. Hall 138

Strawberries, C. I. Robards 140

Greene County Horticultural Society 143 to 155

Papers read— Ornamentals, M. J. Roundtree 144

Potato, W. C. Freeman 148

Vernon County Horticultural Society, Dr. E. R. Morerord 155

On orchards, D . S . Holman 168

Chas . Patterson 169

F. Lionberger 173

On vineyards , G . E . Meissner 195

Jacob Rommel ■. 201

Chas . Teubner 203

INDEX. V.

TAGE.

On small fruits, Samuel Miller "205

Z . T. Russell 207

F. Gutman 210

Jacob Faith 211

On vegetables, Prof. L. K . Taft 219

J. N. Menifee 222

Of Committee on Entomology, Miss Mary E. Murtfeldt 270

Nomenclature, T. W. Gaunt 276

Of Secretary, annual 280

Recommends statistics 282

Missouri Fruit Show 283

New apples 284

Entomologist 285

Insecticides 286

Of exhibit at Grand Rapids 286

St. Louis 287

Work of the Society 288

Membership 288

Of Committee on tree planting at^ Asylum No. 3 290

New seedlings 292

Final resolutions 293

Andrew county, G. Segesseman 295

Greene county, D. S . Holman 296

Bates county, Henry Speer 297

Lafayelte county, Chas. Teubner 298

Of delegate from Indiana, W. A. Workman 301

SECRETARY'S BUDGET.

Grapes 322 to 328

Birds and bees 329 to 331

Literary 332 to 339

Vegetables 339 to 351

Ornamentals 351 to 356

Flowers 356 to 368

Manures 368 to 370

Notes from American Pomological Society 460 to 467

APPENDIX,

FLORA OF MISSOURI.

Br S. M. Tr<ct.

State University, CoLKmbia, Mo.

The following catalogue is, I believe, the first publication of any
list of the plants of the State, excepting a '•Partial Catalogue of the
Phntsof Illinois and Missouri," published by Mr. Geyer about 1842
which has long been out of print. The present catalogue was com-
menced more than five years ago, but the press of other important
work has prevented its earlier publication. Even now there are doubt-
less many species which are not iiiclu led as there are some sections of
the State which I have been unable to vi>it, and from which I have
found it impossible to obtain lists. The counties along the central
part of the Southern boundary, and the ex'reme Northern and North-
eastern portions of the State have not yet been carefully studied.

The sources from which this catalogue has been made are; the
herbarium of the State University which includes valuable collections
made by the Stat^ Geological Survey, Prof. Swallow, Dr. Pech of
Louisiana, Mr. Geyer and Dr Engelmann of St. Louis and others ; the
"Flora of Jackson County "■ and extensive notes Irom Frank Bush of
Independence; notes and specimens from Prof. G. C. Broadhead of
Pleasant Hill, Geo. VV. Letterman of Allenton ; Mrs McCluney of Se-
dalia, and many others. I am indebted to Prof. Trelease of Washing-
ton Ufiiveri-ity for access to the Riehl collection of Missouri plants, and
to Mr. B. T. Galloway of Cjlumbi^, who has done the entire work of
preparing the list of grasses, and has furnished notes upon many other
plants. Free use has been made of the various published works of Dr.
Gray, and the government reports of King and Wheeler. During the
past twelve years 1 have visited many parts of the Stat;e, and have pre-
served a careful record of plants observed in the different localities.
Nearly every plant named in the catalogue has been carefully exam-
ined by myself, and doubtful specimens have been referred to Dr.
Gray, Vasey or other recognized authorities for verification. I have

FLORA OF MieSOURI.

endeavored to make the list accurate and have not included species of
whose presence here I was not fully satisfied.

The arrangement of the catalogue is made to conform. to that of
Bentham and Hooker, and the nomenclature to that of ""Gray's Flora
of North America," and ''Gray's Manual" fifth edition. In giving
localities I have, in most cases given the names of the counties where
found, loliowed by the names of the person who collected the specimen
now in the University herbarium, or reporting its presence. The cata-
logue contains the names of 123 orders with 1786 species and varieties.

From the present incomplete list it will readily be seen that the
State has four well defined botanical regions. First, river bottom
lands extending along the entire length of the State on the East and
through its central portion along the Missouri river, and its larger trib-
utaries. Second, the swamp region of the Southeast. Third, the Ozark
region, including the hilly and broken country which covers a large
portion of the State South of the Missouri river. Fourth, the prairie
region which includes a large portion of the State North of the Missouri
river, together with the Northwestern portion of the part of the State
South of the Missouri river. In the extreme Northwest, the flora as-
sumes a character much resembling that which is typical of the West-
ern plains. The constantly changing character of the flora of a newly
settled country, makes it practically impossible to make a list which
is complete in all its details, as new plants are yearly introduced, or
are found in new localities driving out the earlier forms and producing
constant changes. When the State was organized our hills and prairies
produced an abundant growth of buff'alo grass which soon gave place
to the blue joint which is, in turn being driven out by the more valu-
able blue-grass. With cultivation came purslane, dandelion, lambs-
quarter and hosts of other troublesome weeds from the East, and
within the last ten years the prickly solanum has immigrated from the
far West and now seems perfectly at home in the streets of St. Louis.

It is earnestly desired that the catalogue be made as complete as
possible, and to this end botanists and all others are requested to send
notes and specimens of plants not named in the present catalogue, or
from new localities. All such specimens will be placed in the Uni-
versity herbarium, and duly acknowledged in future editions of the
catalogue.

December 31, 1885. •

CATALOGUE.

KANUNCULACEtE.

. Crowfoot Family.

1. Clematis Fremonti, Watson. . Virgin's Bower.

Franklin, Jefferson, Washington, (Letterman), St. Louis,
(Eggert).

2. Pitcheri, Torr & Gray.

Bates and Jackson, (Bush), Boone, (Tracy), Harrison and
Livingston, (Broadhead), Iron, (Galloway).

3. Viorna, L. Leather Flower.
Cass and Greene, (Broadhead), Greene, (Shepard).

4. Virginiana, L.

Boone, (Tracy), Cole an i Eastward, (Broadhead), Missis-
sippi, (Galloway), Pike, (Pech).

5. Thalictrum anemonoides, Michx. Meadow Rue.

Boone, ( Tracy), Greene, (Shepard), St. Louis, (Geyer and
Kellogg).

6. Cornuti, L. Tall Meadow Rue.
Boone, (Galloway.) Cnss, (Engelmann.) Lincoln and Linn,

(Broadhead), Pike, (Pech), St. Louis, (Murtfeldt).

7. dioicum, L. Early Meadow Rue.

Iron, (Broadhead).

8. purpurascens, L. Purple Meadow Rue.
Greene, (Shepard), Jackson, (Bush), Miller, (Winick),

Pike, (Pech).

9. Anemone acutiloba, DC. Wind Flower.

JeJQferson and St. Louis, (Letterman,) Stone, (Shepard).

10. cylindrica. Gray. Long-fruited Anemone.

Greene, (Shepard), Mercer, (Broadhead).

11. decapetala, L. Carolina Anemone.
Bates, Cass and Vernon and in Western Mo. only, (Broad-
head), Greene, (Shepard), Rare in Jackson, (Bush).

6 FLORA OP MISSOUitT.

12. dichotoma, L.

Jackson, (Bash), St. Louis, (Murtfeldt).

13. Hepatica, L. Liver leaf.
Pike, (Pech), St. Louis, (Kellogg and Mur'.feldt), Central

and Eastern Missouri, (Broadhead).

14. nemorosa, L. Wind Flower,
Boone, (Tracy), Howard and Knox, (Broadhead), St. Louis,

(Murtfeldt).

15. parviflora, Michx. Small flowered Anemone.

Knox and along Mo. river, (Broadhead).

16. patens, L., var. Nuttalliana, Gray. Pasque Flower.

. St. Louis, (Murtfeldt).

17. Virginiana, L. Virginian Anemone.
Boone, ((Tailoway), Cole, (Broadhead), Jackson, (Bush),

Pike, (Pech) St. Louis, (Reihl).

18. . Penn^ylvanica, L. Pennsylvanian Anemone.

Bjone, (Tracy), Warren, (Broadhead).

19. Myosurus minimus, L. Mouse-tail.

Jackson, ( Bush), Miller, (Winick), Pike, (Pech), St. Louis,
(Murtfeldt).

20. Ranunculus abortivus, L. Small-flowered Crowfoot.

Common.

21. var. micranthus, Gray.

Boone. (Galloway), B -nton, (Swallow), Jackson, (Bush),
Miller, (Winick) St. Louis, (Gdyer).

22. acris, Z., Buttercup.

Chariton, (Swallow).

23. aquatiiis, L., var. tricophylluB, Chaix. Water Crowfoot.
Adair, Jasper, St. Charles and Western Mo., (Broadhead),

Pike, (Pech).

24. var. stagnatili?, UC.

Little Blue river, Jackson, (Bush).

25. fasc'cularis, Muhl. Early Crowfoot.
Jackson, (Bush), Pike, (Pech), St. Louis, (Geyer).

26. multifidus, Pursh. Yellow Water Crowfoot^

.Jackson, (Bush), Pike, (Pech).

27. muricaius, Z.,

Miller, (Winick).

28. Pennsylvanicus, L. Bristly Crowfoot

St. Louis, (Murtfeldt).

CATALOGUE.

29. recurvatus, Poir. Hooked Crowfoot
Boone, ( Tracy), Jackson, (Bush), Miller, (Winick), Pike,

(Pech).

30. repens, L. Creeping Crowfoot.

Common everywhere.

31. rhomboideus, Goldie.

Greene, (Shepard).

32. sceleratus , L. Cursed Crowfoot.

Jackson, (Bush).

33. Hydrastis Canadensis, L. Yellow Puccoon.

Rich woods throughout the State, but nowhere abundant^

34. Isopyrum biternatum.

Boone, (Tracy), Jackson, (Bush), Jefferson and St. Louis,-
(Letterman), Western Mo., (Broadhead).

35. Aquileg'ia Canadensis, L. Columbine.

Common every wiiere — A white, flowering variety common
in Jackson, and a yellow in Buchanan — (Broadhead).

36. DelpMnium azureum, Michx. Larkspur.

Common everywhere — A white flowering variety in Jack-
son— (Bush).

37. exaltatum, Ait. Tall Larkspur.

Lincoln, (Broadhead), Miller, (Winick).

38. tricorne, Michx. Dwarf Larkspur,

Common.

39. Ajacis, L.

Adv. along railroads — Jackson, (Bush).

40. ^ctsea alba, Bigel, White Baneberry.

Greene, (Shepard and Bush), St. Louis, (Murtfeldt).
4L spicata, L., var. rubra, Mx. Red Baneberry.

Boone, (Galloway), Iron, (Broadhead), Pike, (Pech).

42. Cimicifuga racemosa, EIL Black Snakeroot.

Greene and Wright, (Bush), Iron and Wayne, (Letterman),
St. Louis, (Murtfeldt).

43. Nigella Damascena, L.

Becoming spontaneous in Jackson, (Bush).

MAGNOLIACE^
Magnolia Family.

44. Magnolia glauca, L. Sweet Bay.

Missouri, (Torr and Gray).

A. E. — 26

8

FLORA OF MISSOURI.

45. liiriodendron Tulipifera, L. Tulip Tree.

Butler and Southeast Mo. (Letterman), Mississippi, (Gal-
loway.) Not found north of Madison, (Broadhead).

Papaw.

Cupseed.

Moonseed.

ANONACEtE.
Custard Apple Family.

46. Asimlna triloba, Dunal.

Common everywhere.

MENISPERMACE^.

Moonseed Family.

47. Calycocarpum Lyoni, Nutt.

St. Louis. (Shepard).

48. Cocculus Carolinus, DO.

Barton, Cole, Yernon, (Broadhead).

49. Meuispermnm Canadense, L.

Common everywhere.

BERBERIDACEtE.

Barberry Family.

50. Caulophyllum thalictroides, Michx. Blue Cohosh.

Green, (Shepard), Jeiferson along the Meramec, (Letterman),
Pike, (Pech).

51. Podophyllum peltatum, L. May Apple.

Common everywhere.

NYMPHE^CE^.
Water-Lily Family.

52. Brasenia peltata, Pursh. Water-Shield.

Barton, (Broadhead), Perry, (Demetrio), Putnam, (Swallov/).

53. Nupliar advena, Ait. Yellow Pond-Lily.

Barton, Iron and Western Mo. (Broadhead), Boone, (Tracy),
Green, (Bush),

54. Njmplisea odorata. Ait. White Pond- Lily.

Barton, (Broadhead), Buchanan and Mississippi, (Gallo-
way), Pike, (Pech).

55. tuberosa, Paine,

8t. Louis. (Murtfeldt).

CATALOGUE. • 9

56. Nelumbivim luteum, Willd. Chinquepin.

Boone, St. Louis, (Tracy), Buchanan and Cass, (Broadhead),
Pike, (Pech), Jackson, (Bush), Pettis, (McCluney).

PAPAVERACE^.

Poppy Family.

57. Papaver somnifer um^ L. Common Poppy.

Spontaneous about gardens.

58. Argemone Mexicana, L. Prickly Poppy.

Boone, (Galloway), Jackson, (Bush), Knox and Ralls,
(Broadhead), Pike, (Pech).

59. var. albiflora,'D. 0.

Jackson, (Bush).

60. Stylophormn diphvllum, Nutt- Celandine Poppy.
Jefferson and St. Louis, (Letterman), St. Charles, (Broadhead.)

6L Sanguinaria Canadensis, L. Bloodroot.

Common everywhere.

FUMARIACEJE.

Fumitory Family.

62. Dicentra cucullaria, DC. Dutchman's Breeches.

Common everywhere.

63. Canadensis, DC. Squirrel Corn.

Boone, (Tracy),

64. Corydalis aurea, Willd. " Golden Corydalis.

Boone, (Galloway), Cass, (Broadhead), Pike, (Pech), St.
Louis, (Riehl).

65. var. occideutalis, Englm,

Miller, (Winick).

66. var. micrantha, Englm.

St. Louis. (Engelmann).

67. crystallina, Englm.

Cass, Livingston, Vernon, (Broadhead).

68. flavula, Raf.

Boone, (Tracy), Jackson, (Bush).

CRUCIFER^.
Mustard Family.

69. Nasturtium Armoracia, Fries. Horseradish.

Common in old garden*.

10

FLORA OF MISSOURI.

70. lacustre, Gray, Lake Cress.

Greene, (Shepard), Pike, (Pech).

71. limosum, Nutt.

Jackson, (Bush).

72. obtusum, Nutt.

Jackson, (Bush), St. Louis, (Murtfeldt).
\ 73. oMcinale^ R. Br. True Water Cress.

Adventive at Kansas City, (Bush).

74. palustre, DC. Marsh Cress.

Greene, (Shepard), Jackson, (Bush), Pike, (Pech), St.
Louis, (Riehl).

75. var. hispidum, F. & M.

Jackson, rare. (Bush).

76. sessiliflorum, Nutt.

Jackson, (Bush).

77. sinuatum, Nutt.

Along rivers in woods. Jackson, (Bash), St. Louis,
(Murtfeldt).

78. sylvestre, R. Br.

Pike, (Pech).

79. Barbarea vulgaris, R Br.

Pike, (Peeh.)

80. AraMs Canadensis L.

Common.

81. dentata, Torr. & Gray.

Jackson, (Bush).

82. hesperidoides, Gray.

Jackson, (Bush). Pike, (Pech).

83. hirsuta. Scop.

Boone, (Tracy), Pike, (Pech).

84. laevigata, DC.

Boone, ( Tracy).

85. Ludoviciana, Meyer.

St. Louis. (Riehl & Murtfeldt).

86. lyrata, L.

Jefferson, (Letterman.)

87. patens. Sulliv.

Greene, (Shepard).

88. Cardamine hirsuta, L. Small Bitter Cress.

Boone, (Tracy), Cass, (Broadhead), Jackson, (Bush), Pike,
(Pech), St. Lduis (Geyer).

89. — var. sylvatica. Gray.

Jackson, (Bush).

Yellow Cress.

Winter Cress.

Sickle Pod.

CATALOGUE.

11

Mountain Water Cress.
Pepperwort.

90 rhomboidea, DC Spring Cress.

Boone, (Tracy), Cass and Polk, (Broadhead), Pike,
(Pech), St. Louis, (Riehl).

91. rotundifolia, Michx.

Greene, (Shepard).

92. Dentaria laciniata,Muhl.

Common.

93. multifida, Muhl.

Knox, (Broadhead)
94.. Ijeavenworthia aurea, Torr.

'• Missouri," (F. L. Harvey.)

95. Michauxii, Torr.

St. Louis and Franklin (Letterman)

96. Silene aurea, Nutt.

Greene, (Shepard).

97. Vesicaria Shortii, Torr. & Gray.

Greene, (Broadhead).

98. Draba brachycarpa, Nutt.

Jackson, (Bush), St. Louis, (Geyer).

99. Caroliniana, Walt.

Boone, (Tracy), Cass, (Broadhead), Clay, (Bush), St.
Louis, (Geyer & Letterman).

100. var. niicrantha. Gray,

Jackson, (Bush), St. Louis, (Murtfeldt).

101. cuneifolia, Nutt.

Boone, (Tracy), Greene, (Shepard), St. Louis, (Letter-
man).

102. nemorosa, L.

Lewis, (Egeling).

103. verna, L. Whitlow Grass.

Boone, (Galloway).

Biadderpod.

104. Hesperis matronalis, L.

Nat. in Boone (Tracy).

105. Sisymbrium canescens, Nutt. Tansy Mustard.

Benton, (Swallow), Jackson, (Bush), Pike, (Pech), St. Louis,
(Geyer & Murtieldt).

106. oMcmale. Scop. Hedge Mustard.

Common.

107. Ihaliana, Gaud. Mouse-ear Cress.

Boone, (Tracy).

108. Erysimum asperum, DC. Western Wall-flower.

(Torrey and Gray.)

12

FLORA. OF MISSOUBI.

Charlock.
Black Mustard.

109. var. Arkansanura, Nutt.

Franklin, Jefferson, St. Louis, (Letterman).

110. cheiranthoides, L. Wormseed Mustard.

(Torreyand Gray.)

111. Thelypodium pinnatifidum, Watson.

Jackson, (Bush).

112. Gamelina sativa, Crantz. False Flax.

Cass, (Broadhead).

113. Brassica alba, Gray. White Mustard.

Boone, (Tracy), Jackson, (Bush), St. Louis, (Murtfeldt).

114. Campestris, L.

Jackson, in old Helds, (Bush)

115. nigra. Gray.

Common everywhere.

116. rapa, L.

Jackson, in old fields, (Bnsh).

117. Capsella Bursa-pastoris, Moench.

Common everywhere.

118. Lepidiuin intermedium, Gray.

Jackson, (Bush).

119. ruderale, L.

Jackson, (Bush), Miller, (Winick), St. Louis, (Torrey
and Gray).

120. Virginicum. Wild Pepper- grass.

Boone, (Tracy), Cass, (Broadhead), Jackson, (Bush),
Pike, (Pech), St. Louis, (Geyer).
12L Thlaspi arvense, L. Pennycress.

Jackson, (Bush).
122. Raphanus Baphanistrum, L. Wild Radish.

Polk, (Broadhead).

Shepherd's Purse.

CAPPAKIDACE^.

Caper Family.

123| Cleome integrifolia, Torrey and Gray.

Clay, (Broadhead), Jackson, (Bush).

124. pungens, Willd.

IPettis. (McCluny,)

125. Folanisia graveolens, Raf.

Jackson, (Bush), St. Louis, (Murtfeldt).

CATALOaUE, 13

CISTACE^,

Rock-Rose Family.

126. Helianthemum Canadense, Michx, Frost-weed.

Cass, (Broadhead), Greene, (Shepard), Pike, (Pech).

127. Lechea major, Michx. Pin- weed.

Greene, (Shepard).

128. minor, Lam.

Greene, (Shepard), Pike, (Pech), St. Louis, (Riehl),
Southwest Missouri, (Broadhead).

129. tenuifolia, Mx.

Greene, (Shepard).

130. thymifolia, Pursh.

Pike, (Pech).

VIOLACE^.

Violet Family.

131. Viola blanda, Willd. White Violet.

Boone, (Tracy).

132. Canadensis, L.

Pike, (Pech).

133. canina, L. var. sylvestris, Reg. Early Blue Violet.

Greene and Knox, (Broadhead), Pike, (Pech).

134. cucullata. Ait. Blue Violet.

Common everywhere.

135. var. cordata, Gray.

Boone, (Tracy) Pike, (Pech), St. Louis, (Geyer).

136. var. palmata, Gray.

Common everywhere.

137. delphinifolia, Nutt.

Common everywhere.

138. hastata, Michx.

Pike, (Pech), Boone, (Galloway).

139. lanceolata, L.

Livingston, (Broadhead).

140. pedata, L. Bird's-foot Violet.

Common everywhere.
14L var. bicolor.

Boone, (Tracy), Greene, (Shepard), St. Charles,
(Broadhead), St. Louis, (Murtfeldt).

14 FLORA OP MISSOURI.

142. primulsefolia, L.

Jackson, (Bush), St. Louis, (Tracy).

143. pubescens, Ait.

Common everywhere.

144. rostrata, Pursh. |

Miller, (Winick).

145. rofundifolia, Michx. Round-Leaved Violet.

Boone, (Tracy).

146. sa^ittata, Ait. Arrow-leaved Violet.

Common everywhere.

147. striata. Ait.

Common everywhere.

148. tricolor^ L.

Cass, (Broadhead), Pike (Pech),e5ca/)e<:^.

149. var. arvensis.

Boone, (Tracy), Jackson, (Bush), St. Louis, (Murtfeldt).

150. lonidiuin concolor, Benth. & Hook. Green Violet.

Common in rich woods.

POLYGALACE^.

Milkwort Family.

15L Polygala ambigua, Nutt. Milkwort.

Jackson, not common^ (Bush).

152. incarnata, L.

Cass, (Broadhead,) Greene, (Shepard), Jackson, (Bush),
Pettis, (McCluny.)

153. Nuttallii, Torr. & Gray.

S. W. Missouri, (Broadhead).

154. sanguinea, L.

Greene, (Bush & Shepard).

155. Senega, L. Seneca Snake Root.

Boone, (Tracy), Greene, (Shepard).
166. verticillata, L.

Boone, (Galloway), Greene, (Shepard,) Jackson(Bush),
Pike, (Pech),St. Louis, (Riehl).

CARYOPHYLLACEtE.

Pink Family.

157. Saponaria oMcinalis^ L. Bouncing Bet.

Common about old gardens.

CATALOGUE. 15

158. Silene antirrhina, L. Sleepy Oatcbfly.

Jackson, (Bush), Miller, (Winick), Pike, (Pech), St. Louis,
(Riehl).

159. noctiflora^ L. Night-flowering Catchfly.

St. Louis, (Murtfeldt).

160. regia, Sims. Royal Catchfly.

Common in Southern Missouri.

161. stellata. Ait. Starry Campion.

Common everywhere.

162. Virginica, L. Fire Pink.

Butler, (Letterman), Iron, (Broadhead), St. Louis,
(Riehl).

163. liychnls Oithago^ Lam. Corn Cockle.

Common in wheat fields.

164. Cerastinm arvense, L. Field Chickweed.

Miller, (Winick).

165. nutans, Paf.

Common everywhere.

166. oblongifolium, Torr.

Boone, (Tracy).

167. viscosum^ L. " Large Chickweed.

Boone, (Tracy), Jackson, (Bush), Pike, (Pech), St.
Louis, (Murtfeldt).

168. vulgatum^ L. Mouse- ear Chickweed.

Pike, (Pech).

169. Stellaria media-, Smith. Common Chickweed*

Boone, (Tracy), St. Louis, (Murtfeldt).

170. longifolia, Muhl. Long-leaved Stitchwort.

St. Louis, (Riehl).
170^. borealis. Big. Northern Starwort.

Boone, (Galloway).

171. Arenaria lateriflora, L. Sandwort.

Jackson, (Mann).

172. Michauxii, Hook.

Livingston, (Broadhead).

173. patula, Michx.

Jackson, (Bush), Washington, (Riehl).

174. Pitcheri, Nutt.

Common everywhere.

175. squarrosa, Michx. Pine-barren Sandwort.

Jeff"erson, (Letterman).

16

FLORA OF MISSOURI.

176.

stricta, Michx.

Greene, (Broadhead).

Pearlwort.
Corn Spurrey.

Whitlow-worfe.

Forked Ohickweed.

Purslane.

177. Sagina procumbens, L.

St. Louis, (Riehl.)

178. »Sperg:ula arvensis^ L.

Boone, (Tracy.)

PARONYOHIE^.

179. Paronychia dichotoraa, Nutt.

Osage, (Broadhead.)

180. Anycliia dichotoma, Michx.

Common.

181. var, capillacea, Torr.

Jackson, (Bush & Mann.)

PORTULACACE^.

Purslane Family.

182. Portulaca oUracea., L.

Common in gardens.

183. Talinum teretifolium, Pursh.

Common south of Mo. River.

184. Claytonia Caroliniana, Michx.

Boone, (Tracy,) Greene, (Shepard.)

185. Virginica, L,

Common everywhere.

ELANTINACE^.

Waterwort Family.

186. !Elatine Americana, Arnott.

(Watson, in King's Fifth Report.)

HYPERICACEJS.

St. John'' swort Family.

187. Ascyrum Crux- Andreas, L. St. Andrew's Cross.

Greene, (Shepard).

188. Hypericum adpressum, Barton. St. John's- wort.

Jackson & Henry, (Bush). ,St. Louis, (Kellogg).

Spring Beauty.

Waterwort.

CATALOGUE. " 17

189. angulosum, Michx,

Mississippi, (Galloway).

190. aureum, Bartram.

Pike, (Pech).

191. Canadense, L.

Greene, (Shepard).

192. corymbosum, Muhl.

Boone, (Tracy), Jackson, (Bush), Miller, (Winich), Pettis,
(McCluney), St. Louis, (Murtfeldt).

193. Drummondii, Torr & Gr.

Greene, (Bush), St. Louis, (Riehl), S. W. Mo., (Broadhead).

194. ellipticum, Hook.

Pike, (Pech).

195. graveolens, Buckl.

Pike, (Broadhead).

196. mutilum, L.

Greene, (Shepard), Jackson. (Bush), Pike, (Pech).

197. nudiflorum, Michx,

Greene, (Shepard).

198. prolificum, L. Shrubby St. John's-wort.

Common.

199. pyramidatum, Ait. Great St. John's-wort.

Jackson — rare^ (Bush).

200. Sarothra, Michx. Pine-weed.
Greene, (Shepard), Iron & St. Louis, (Letterman).

201. sphaerocarpon, Michx.

Barton, Cass & Pike, (Broadhead), Boone, (Galloway).

MALVACE^.

Mallow Family,

202. Malva cn5/)«, Gray. Curled Mallow.

Jackson-e5C«joec? — (Bush).

203. rotundifolia, L. Common Mallow.

Common everywhere.

204. sylvestris^ L. High Mallow.
Jackson, (Bush), Miller^ (Winick), St. Louis, (Murtfeldt).

205. Callirrhoe digitata, Nutt.

Greene, (Letterman), Jasper & Lawrence, (Broadhead).

206. involucrata, Gray.

Jasper, (Letterman).

207. triangulata, Gray.

Mississippi, (Galloway).

18

FLORA OF MISSOURI.

Velvet Leaf,
Rose Mallov;^

208. Malvastrum angustum, Gray. False Mallow.

Cass, (Broadhead), Jackson, (Bush), Pike, (Pech), St. Louis,
(Letterman).

209. Sida hispida.

Cass, (Broadhead).

210. -spinosa, L.

Common everywhere.

211. Abutilon Avicennce, Gaertn.

Common everywhere.

212. Hibiscus grandiflorus, Michx.

St. Louis, (Letterman).

213. militaris, Cav. ' Halberd Leaved Mallow.
Cass, (Broadhead), Jackson, (Bush), Pettis, (McC)uney),

Pike; (Pech), Mississippi, (Galloway).
21i. Moscheutos, L. - Swamp Rose Mallow.

Barton, (Broadhead), Mississippi, (Galloway).

215. Syriacus^ L. Shrubby Althea.

Cass, (Broadhead), Pettis, (McCluney).

216. Trionum^ L. Bladder Ketnaa.

Commo.n everywhere.

TILIACEiE.

Linden Family.

217. Tilia Americana, L.

Common everywhere.

LINACE^.

Basswood.

Flax Family.

218. Linum Bootii. Englm.

Cass, (Broadhead).

219. perenne, L.

(Watson, in King's Fifth Report).

220. rigidum, Pursh.

" Missouri," (Mrs. Jjincoln'e Botany).

221. striatum, Walt.

Pike, (Broadhead).

222. sulcatum, Riddell.

Jackson, (Bash), Maries, (Broadhead).

223. usitatissimum, L. Common Flax.

Occasionally escaped.

CATALOGUE.

19

224.

Virginianum, L.

Common.

GERANIAG^.

Geranium Family.

225. Geraniuni Carolinianum, L.

Common.

226. disaectum., L.

Pike (Pech).

227. maculatnm, L.

Common.

228. Robertianum, L.

Greene (Shepard).

229. Floerkea proserpinacoides, Willd.

St. Charles (Egeling).

230. Oxalis corniculata^ L.

Pike (Pech).

231. var. stricta, L.

Common.

232. violacea, L.

Common.
2o3. Impatiens fulva, Nutt

Common.
234. pallida, Nutt.

Common,

Carolina Cranesbill.

Out- leaved Cranesbill.

Wild Cranesbill.

Herb Robert.

False Mermaid.

Yellow Wood Sorrel.

Violet Wood Sorrel.

Sootted Touch-me-not.

Pale Touch-me-not.

RUTACE^.
Rue family.

235. Zanthoxylum American um, Mill.

Common.

236. Ptelea trifoliata, L.

Common, except in N. W., (Broadhead).

Prickly Ash.
Hop Tree.

SIMARUBEtE.

237. Ailanthus glandulosus, Desf. Tree of Heaven.

Booue and St. Louis, (Tracy), Jackson, (Bush).

20 FLORA OP MISSOURI.

AQUIFOLIACE^.

Holly Fatnily.

238. Ilex decidua, Walt.

Common in Southern Mo.

239. laevigata, Gray. Smooth Winterberry.

(Swallow).

240. opaca, Ait. American Holly.

Butler, (Letterman), Mississippi, (Galloway).

241. verticillata, Gray. Black Alder.
Boone, (Swallow), Iron, (Letterman), Mississippi, (Galloway),

Pike, (Pech).

CELASTKACE^.
Staif-Tree Family.

242. Euonymns Americanus, L. Strawberry Bush.

Boone, (Tracy),* Eastern Missouri, (Broadhead), Mississippi
and New Madrid, (Galloway).
343. atropurpureus, Jacq. Waahoo.

Common everywhere.

244. Celastrus scandens, L. Climbing Bitter-sweet.

Common everywhere.

RHAMNACE^.

Buckthorn Family.

245. Berchemla volubilis DC. Supple-jack.

Butler, (Letterman), Stone, (Broadhead).

246. Khamnus Caroliniana, Walter. Buckthorn.

Iron & St. Louis, (Letterman), Common S. E., (Broadhead).

247. lanceolatus, Pursh.

Boone, (Galloway), Jackson, (Bush), St. Louis, (Letterman)
Western Missouri, (Broadhead).

248. Ceanothus Americanus, L. New Jersey Tea.

Common everywhere.

249. ovalis, Bigel.

Northern and Western Missouri, (Broadhead).

CATALOGUE. 21

VITACE^.
Grape Family.

250. Vitis asstivalis, Michx. Summer Grape.

Rare West, common elsewhere.

251. bipinnata, Torr. & Gray.

Common Southeast.

252. cinerea, Engelm. Ashy Grape.

Common on river bottoms.

253. cordifolia, Michx. Frost Grape.

Common.

254. indivisa, Wild.

Common Southward.

255. palmata, Vahl.

Banks of Mississippi above St. Louis, (Eggert.)

256. riparia, Michx. Frost Grape.

Common everywhere.

257. rupestris, Scheele. Sand Grape.

Banks of the Missouri river Southward.

258. vulpina, L. Muscadine.
Montgomery, Maries and Southward, (Broadhead).

259.' Ampelopsis quinquefolia, Michx. Virginia Creeper.

Common everywhere.

SAPINDACE^.
Soapberry Family.

260. .^sculus flava, Ait. Sweet Buckeye.

Common.

261. glabra, Willd. Ohio Buckeye.

Common, excepting Westward.

262. Pavia, L, Red Buckeye.

S. E. Missouri, (Letterman).

263. Acer dasycarpum, Ehrh. Soft Maple.

Common in low grounds.
364. . Pennsylvauicum, L. Striped Maple.

Iron, (Galloway).
265. rubrum, L. Red Maple.

Callaway to S, E. Missouri.

22 > FLORA OF MISSOURI.

266. saccharinum, Wang. Su2:ar Maple.

Common elsewhere but not found west of Nodaway river.

267. var. nigrum, Gray. Black Maple,

Boone, (Tracy), Jackson, (Bush),

268. Negiindo aceroides, Moench, Box Elder.

Common everywhere.

269. Staphylea trifolia, L. Bladder-Nut

Common.

ANACARDIACE^.

Cashew Family.

270. Khns aromatica, Ait. Fragrant Sumach.

Common everywhere excepc extreme Northwest.

271. copallina, L. Dwarf Sumach.

Common everywhere.

272. cotinoides, Nutt.

Mississippi, (Galloway), St. Louis, (Broadhead).

273. glabra, L. Smooth Sumach,

Common.

274. Toxicodendron, L. Poison Sumach,

Common.

275. var. radicans, Torr.

Jackson, (Bush), Miller, (Winick).

276. typhina, L. Staghorn Sumach.

Common.

277. venenata, DC. Poison Dogwood.

Greene, (Shepard.

LEGUMINOS^.
Pulse Family.

278. Baptisia alba, R Br. False Indigo.

Miller, (Winick), Sullivan, (Broadhead).

279. australis, R. Br. Blue False Indigo.

Benton, (Swallow), Greene, (Bush).

280. leucantha, Torr. & Gray.

Common.

281. leucophaea, Nutt.

Common.

282. tinctoria, R. Br. Wild Indigo.

Lewis, (Egeling).

CATALOGUE. 23

283. Crotalaria ^agittalis, L, Rattlebox.

Franklin & St. Louis, (Let terman), Jackson, (Bush), Pike,
(Pech), common in S. W. Mo. (Broadhead).

284. Liupinus perennis, L. Wild Lupine.

Mississippi, (Galloway), St. Louis, (Murtfeldt).

285. Medicago sativa^ L. Lucerne.

Spontaneous about old gardens.

286. lu'pulina, L.

Pettis, (McCluney).

287. Melilotus alha, Lam. White Melilot.

Common about old gardens.

288. oMcinalis, Willd. Yellow Melilot.

Jackson, (Bush).

289. Trifolinm arvense^ L. Rabbit-foot Clover.

Mississippi, (Galloway).

290. . pratense^ L. Red Clover.

Common everywhere.
29L procumbens, L. Hop Clover.

Boone, (Galloway).

292. reflexum, L. Buffalo Clover

Boone, (Tracy), Greene, (Shepard), Pike, (Pech), St.
Louis, (Letterman).

293. repeas, L. White Clover.

Common everywhere.

294. stoloniferum, Muhl. Running Buffalo Clover.

Common everywhere.

295. Psoralea canescens, Michx.

Pike, (Pech).

296. esculenta, Pursh.

Bates & Cass, r«re— (Broadhead), Miller, (Winick),
St. Louis, (Letterman).

297. melilotoides, Michx.

Bates, (Broadhead), Miller, (Winick), St. Louis, (Let-
man).

298. Onobrychis, Nutt.

Pike, (Pech), St. Louis, (Letteiman).

299. tenuiflora, Pursh.

Common.

300. Amorplia canescens, Nutt. Lead Plant.

Common everywhere.
801. fruticosa, L. False Indigo.

Common everywhere.

AR-27

24 FLORA OF MISSOURI.

302. Dalea alopecuroides, Willd.

Cass, (Broadhea':!), Jackson, (Bush), St. Louis, along
R. R., (Letterman).

303. aurea, Nutt.

On White River. (Nuttall).

304. Petalostemon candidus, Michx. Prairie Clover.

Common everywhere.

305. villosus, Nutt.

Mississippi, (Broadhead).

306. violaceus, Michx.

Common everywhere.

307. Tephrosia Virginian a, Pers. Goat's Rue.

Common everywhere.

308. Wistaria frutescens, DC. Wistaria.

Mississippi, (Swallow), Ray, (Broadhead).

309. Kobinia Pseudacacia, L. Black Locust.

Common everywhere.

310. Astragalus Canadensis, L. Vetch.

Common everywhere.

311. caryocarpus, Ker. Ground Plum.

Boone, (Tracj), common in Western Missouri, (Broad-
head).
312 distortus, Torr. & Gray.

Franklin, (Letterman), G'-eene, (Shepard), Pettis,
(McCluney), West. Mo.. (Broadhead).

313. gracilis, Nutt.

(Watson, in King's Fifth Report).

314. Mexicanus, A. DC.

Common everywhere.

315. microlobus. Gray.

(Watson, in King's Filth Repor!)

316. Plattensis, Nutt.

Greene, (Shepard).

317. racemosus, Pursh.

On White River, (Nuttall).

318. Oxytropis Lamberti, Pursh. Loco.

Atchison (Broadhead).

319. Glycyrrhiza lepidota, Nutt. Wild Licorice.

Pl^itte & Vernon, (Bush), St. Louis, (Letterman).

320. Stylosanthes elatior, Swartz. Pencil Flov^er.

Common.

CATALOGUE. 25

321. Desinodium acuminatum, DC. Tick-trefoil.

Common.

322. Canadense,DC.

Jackson, (Bush).

323. canescens, DC.

B:)one, (Gallowaj'-), Jackson, (Bush), St. Louis, (Murt-
feldt).

324. var villosissimum, T & G.

Cass, (Broadhead), Pike, (Pech), St. Louis, (Drum-
mond).

325. ciliare, DC

Greene, (Shepard).

326. cuspidatum, T. & Gray.

Jackson, (Bush), Pike, (Pech).

327. Dillenii, Darl.

Jackson, (Bush). Pike, (Pech)^

328. lUinoense, DC.

Jackson, (Bush & Mann).

329. laevigatum.

Pettis, (McCluney).

330. Marilandicum, Boott.

Jackson, (Bush), Pike, (Pech).

331. nudiflorum, DC.

Greene, (Shepard), Jackson, (Bush), Pike, (Pech).

332. paniculatura, DC.

Cass, (Broadhead), Jackson, (Bush), Pike, (Pech).

333. pauciflorum, DC.

Greene, (Shepard), Jackson, (Bush), Pike, (Pech).

334. rigidum, DC.

Jackson, (Bush), Pettis, (McCluney), Pike, (Pech).

335. rotundifolium, DC.

Greene & Wright, (Bush).

336. sessilifolium, Torr. & Gr.

Cass, (Broadhead), Jackson, (Bush), Pike, (Pech).

337. tenuifoliura, Torr. & Gr.

Greene, (Shepard).

338. viridiflorum, Beck.

Cass, (Broadhead), Pike, (Pech).

339. Lespedeza capitata, Michx. Bush Clover

Common.

340. hirta, Ell.

Wright, (Bush).

26 FLORA OF MISSOURI.

341. procumbens, Michx.

Mississippi, (Galloway).

342. repens, Torr. & Gray.

Common.

343. reticulata, Pers.

Jackson, (Bush).

344. var. angustifolia, Maxim.

Jackson, (Bush), St. Louis, (Murtteldt),

345. Stuvei, Nutt.

Marion, (Broadhead).

346. violacea, Pers.

Common.

347. var. divergens. Gray.

Jackson, (Bush).

348. var. angustifolia, Gray.

Jackson & Wright, (Bush).

349. Vicia Americana, Muhl. Vetch.

Jackson, (Bush).

350. Oaroliniana, Walt.

Boone, (Galloway), Greene, (Shepard), Iron, (Broad-
heac).

351. LathjTUS maritimus. Big. Beach Pea.

Pike, (Pech).

352. palustris, L. Marsh Vetchling.

Boone, (Tracy), Pike, (Pech), Ray, (Swallow).

353. Clitoria Mariana, L. Butterfly Pea.

Boone, (Galloway), Iron & Madison, (Broadhead).

354. Amphicarpsea raonoica, Nutt. Hog Pea-nut.

Cass & Jackson, (Broadhead), Pike, (Pech), St. Louis,
(Murtfeldt); also a white variety in Cass & Jack-
son, (Broadhead).

355. Apios tuberosa, Moench. Ground-nut.

Common

356. Phaseolus diversifolius, Pers. Wild Bean.

Cass, (Broadhead), Jackson, (Bush), Pike, (Pech).

357. helvolus, L.

Jackson, (Bush).

358. pauciflorus, Benth.

Jackson, (Bush), Pike, (Pech), St. Louis, (Murtfeldt).

359. Gymuocladus Canadensis, Lam. Kentucky Coffee-tree.

Common everywhere.

CATALOGUE.

27

360. Gleditschia monosperma, Walt. Water-Locust.

Howell, (Tracy), Mississippi & New Madrid, (Gallo-
way), Wright, (Bnsb); raooth of Missouri & Mer-
amec Rivers, (Lettermau).

361. triacanthos, L. Honey Locust.

Common everywhere.

362. Cassia Charaascrista, L. Partridge Pea.

Common.

363. Marilandica, L. Wild Senna.

Common.

364. nictitans, L. Wild Sensitive Plant.

Greene, (Shepard), Pike, (Pech), St. Louis, (Murtfeldt),
Wright, (Bash).

365. obtusifolia, L.

St. Louis, (Riehl).

366. Cercis Oinadensis, L. Red bud.

Common everywhere.

367. Desmantlius brachylobu?, Benth.

Cass, (Broadhead), Jackson, (Bush), Pike, (Pech), St.
Louis, (Letterman).

368. Sclirankia uucinata, Willd. Sensitive Briar

Common everywhere.

ROSACEtE.
Hose Family.

369. Prunus Americana, Marshall. Wild Plum.

Common.

370. Chicasa, Michx. Chickasaw Plum.

Eastern, Central and Southern, but not in Northwest.
37!. Pennsylvanica, L. Wild Red Cherry.

Adair, (Broadhead), Pike, (Pech), St. Louis, (Murt-
feldl).

372. pumila, L.

Mipsouri, (Torr. & Gray).

373. serotina, Ehrh.

Common Northwest.

374. Virginiana, L.

Common everywhere.

375. umbellata, Ell.

Miller, (Winick).

376. Spiraea Aruncus, L Goat's Beard.

Pike, (Pech), St. Louis, (Letterman), Wright, (Bush.)

Dwarf Cherry.

Wild Black Cherry.

Choke Cherry.

28 FLORA OF MISSOURI.

377. betulifolia, Pallas.

Putnam, (Swallow).

378. salicifolia, L. Meadow Sweet.

Boone, (Tracy), Greene, (Shepard), Jackson, (Bush).

379. tomento?a, L. Steeple-Bush.

Boone, (Tracy), Clark and Cooper, (Swallow), Harri-
son, (Broadhead).

380. Xeillia opuliiolia, Benth & Hook. Nine-Bark.

Boone, (Tracy), Jackson, (Bush), Eastern and Southern
Mo., (Broadhead).

381. Gillenia stipulacea, Nutt. American Ipecac.

Boone, (Tracy), Pike, (Pecb), Common South of Mis-
souri river.

382. trifoliata, Moench. Bowman's Koot.

St. Louis and Iron, (Letterman).

383. Bubus Canadensis, L. Dewberry.

Common everywhere.

384. cuneifolius, Pursh. Sand Blackberry.

Pike, (Pech).

385. occidentalis, L. Black Baspberry.

Common.

386. strigosus, Michx. Red Raspberry,

Common.
, 387. trivialis, Michx. Low Bush Blackberry.

Common.

388. villosus, Ait. High Blackberry.

Common.

389. var. frondosus, Torr.

Jackson, (Bush).

390. Geum album, Gmelin. Avens.

Common in dry woods.

391. macrophyllum, Willd.

Nodaway, (Broadhead).

392. rivale, L. Purple Avens.

Pike, (Pech), St. Louis, (Riehl).

393. triflorum, Pursh. Three-Flowered Avens.

(Watson in King's 5th Report.
39i. vernum, Torr. & Gray.

Common in Southeast.
395. Virginianum, L.

Jackson, (Bush), Pike (Pech), St. Louis, (Murtfeldt).

• CATALOGUE. " 29

396. Fragaria vescf), L. Strawberry.

Greene, (Shepard).

397. Virginiana, Ehrh. Strawberry.

Common.

398. var. Illinoensis, Gray.

Jackson, (Bush), Miller, (Winick), St. Louis, (Murt-
feldl), Pettis, (McCluney).

399. Potentilla argentea, L. Silvery Oinque-foil.

Greene, (Shepard).

400. arguta, Pursb.

(Torrey & Gray.)

401. millegrana, Engelra.

Jackson, (Bush).

402. Canadensis, L. Five-finger.

Common everywhere.

403. var. simplex, T. & Gray.

Boone, (Tracj), Greene, (Shepard).

404. Norvegica, L.

Common.

405. paradoxa, Nutt.

Jackson, (Bush), S'. Louis, (Letterman).

406. rivalis, Nutt.

Jackson, (Bush).

407. var. pentandra, Watson.

Jackson, (Bush).

408. supina, L.

Jackson, (Bush), St. Louis, (Riehl).

409. . Agrimonia Eupatoria, L. Agrimony.

Common everywhere.

410. parviflora. Ait. Small-flowered Agrimony.

Jackson, (Bush), St. Louis, (Murtfeldt.)

411. Kosa blanda, Ait. Early Wild Rose.

Common.

412. Carolina, L. Swamp Rose.

Boone, (Tracy), Common South of the Missouri river.

413. lucida, Ehrh. Dwarf Wild Rose.

Common everywhere.

414. nitida, Wild.

Jackson, (Bush).

415. rubiginosa^ L. Sweet Brier.

Naturalized in Boone, (Tracy).

30 FLORA OF MISSOURI.

416. setigera, Michx. Climbing Rose.

Common. Occasionally found with very double flowers.

417. Pirus angustifolia, Ait. Narrow-leaved Crab Apple.

Jackson, (Bush), Mississippi, (Galloway), St. Louis,
(Tracy).

418. arbutifolia, L. Choke-Berry.

Holt, (Broadhead).

419. coronaria, L. Crab- Apple.

Common everywhere.

420. Cratcegus apiifolia, Michx. Hawthorn.

Butler, (Lettermau).

421. arborescens. Ell.

Mouth of Meraraec river, (Letterman), St. Louis.
(Engelmann),

422. coccinea, L. Scarlet-Fruited Thorn.

Common.

423. var. yiridis, T. & G.

Miller, (Winick).

424. cordata, Ait. Washington Thorn.

Boone. (Tracy), St. Charles, (Broadhead).

425. Crus-galli, L. Cockspur Thorn,

Common.

426. flava, Ait. Summer Haw.

Boone, (Tracy), Putnam, (Swallow).

427. Oxyacantha^ L. English Hawthorn.

Boone, (Tracy), Montgomery, (Broadhead).

428. spathulata. Michx.

Boone, (Tracy), Miller, (Winick), St. Charles, (Broad-
head).

429. subvillosa, Schrad.

Boone, (Tracy), Jackson, (Bush), St. Louis, (Letter-
man).

430. tomentosa, L. Black Thorn.

Common everywhere.

431. var. pyrifolia, Gray.

Boone, (Tracy), Jackson, (Bush).

432. var. punctata, Gray. /

Boone, (Tracy), Jackson, (Bush), Pike, (Pech).

433. Amelancliier Canadensis, Torr & Gray.

Boone, (Tracy), Pike, (Pech).
Common South of Missouri river, but rare North.

CATALOGUE. 31

434. var. alnifolia, Gray.

Jackson, (Bash).

435. var. obloDgifolia, Gray.

Greene, (Shepard).

SAXIFRAGACE^.

Saxifrage Family.

436. Saxifraga Forbesii, Vasey.

St. Louis, (Letterman).

437. Mitella diphylla, L. Bishop's Cap.

Jefferson, (Letterman), St. Louis, (Kellogg).

438. Heucliera Americana. L. Alum Root.

Marion, (Broadhead).

439. hispida, Pursli.

Cass, (Broadhead), Greene, (Shepard), St. Charles, (Ege-
ling).

440. villosa, Michx.

Pike, (Pech), St. Louis, (Murtfeldt).

441. Hydrangea aborescens, L. Wild Hydrangea.

Missouri River bluffs, (Broadhead), Pike, (Pech), St.
Louis, (Tracy).

442. radiata, Walt.

Greene, (Shepard).

443. Itea Virginica, L.

Pike, (Swallow).

444. Ribcs aureum. Parsh. Missouri Currant.

Common in rocky woodlands.

445. Cynosbati, L. Gooseberry.

Boone, (Tracy), Gasconade, (Broadhead).

446. gracile, Michx.

"Independence Co." (Nuttall).

447. rotundifolium, Michx. Gooseberry.

Common everywhere.

ORASSULACE^.
Orpine Family.

448. Sedum acre, L. Mossy Stone-crop.

Gentry, (Broadhead).

449. pulchellum, Michx.

Common.

32

FLORA OF MISSOURI.

450. stenopetalum, Pursh.

Greene, (Shepard).

451. Torreyi, Don.

Southwest, (Broadhead).

452. Penthorum sedoides, L.

Common in wet places.

Ditch Stone-crop.

HAMAMELAOE^.

Witch- Hazel Family'

453. Hamamelis Virginica. Witch-Hazel.

Iron, (Letterman), Only Southeast, (Broadhead).
464. liiquidambar Styraciflua, L. Sweet Gum.

Common Southeast.

HAL0RAGEJ2.

Water- Milfoil Family.

455. Myriophyllum scabratura, Michx.

Jackson, (Bush), Pike, (Pech).

MELASTOMACEtE.

456. Rhexia Mariana, L.

Mississippi, (Trac^O-

457. Viiginica, L.

St. Louis, (Geyer).

Deer Grass.

LYTHRACE^.

Loosestrife Family.

458. Ammania humihs, Michx.

Cass, (Broadhead), Jackson, (Bush), Pike, (Pech).

459. latifolia, L.

Cass, (Broadhead), Jackson, (Bush), Pike, (Pech), St.
Louis. (Murtfeldt).

460. Didiplis linearis, Raf.

Greene, (Bush).

461. Cuphea viscosissima, Jacq. Clammy Cuphea.

Cass and Jackson, (Broadhead), Miller, (Winick), Mis-
sissippi, (Galloway), St. Louis, (Riehl).

CATALOGUE. 33

462. Ijythriiiii alatum, Pnrsh. Loosestrife.

Common.

463. Nessea verticillata, H. B. K. Swamp Loopestirfe.

ONAGARACEiE.
Evening Primrose Family.

464. Epilobium angustifolium, L. Great Willow Herb.

Pemiscot, (Swallow).

465. coloratum, Muhl.

Boone, (Tracy), Jackson, (Bush), Pike, (Pech).

466. Jussisea pilosa, H. B. K.

St. Charles, (Egeling).

467. Ludwigia alata, Ell. False Loosestrife.

Jackson, (Bush).

468. alternifolia, L. Seed Box.

Pike, (Pech), Common South of Mo. River.

469. lineal is, Walt.

Pike, (Pech).

470. palustris, Ell. Water Purslane.

Jackson, (Bush), St. Louis, (Riehl).
47L polycarpa, Short & Peter.

Jackson, (Bush).

472. (Enotliera biennis, L. Evening Primrose.

Common everywhere.

473. var. grandiflora, Lindl.

(Watson, in King's 5th Report).

474. fruticosa, var. linearis, Watson. Sundrops.

Jefferson, (Tracy).

475. glauca, Michx.

Webster, (Swallow).

476. linifolia, Nutt.

Cass and Webster, (Broadhead), Franklin, (Letter-
man).

477. Missouriensis, Sims.

St. Louis and Ozark Mountain region.

478. riparia, Nutt.

Mississippi, (Galloway).

479. . serrulata, Nutt.

Atchison & Vernon, (Broadhead).

34- FLOR \ OF MISSOURI

480. sinuata, L.

Clay & Jackson, (Bush), Pettis, (McCluney), Pike,
(Pech), Vernon, (Broadhead).

481. var. minima, Nutt.

Jackson, (Bush).

482. speciosa, Nutt.

Cass & Jackson, (Broadhead).

483. Gaura biennis, L.

Common. ^

484. filipes, Spach.

Pettis, (McCluney).

485. parviflora, Dougl.

Jackson, (Bush).

486. Circaea Lutetiana, L, Enchanter's Nightshade.

Common.

LOASACEJE.

487. Mentzelia oligosperma, Nutt.

Not rare on dry plains.

PASSIFLOKACE^.

Passion Floioer Family.

488. Passiflora incarnata, L. Passion Flower.

Mississippi, (Tracy), Pemiscot, (Swallow).

489. lutea, L.

Common from St. Louis South and West.

CUCURBlTACEiE.

Gourd Family.

490. Echinocystis lobata, Torr. & Gray. Wild Balsam Apple.

Common.

491. Sicyos an^ulatus, L. Star Cucumber.

Common.

CACTACEtE.

Cactus Family.

*

492. Opuntla Missouriensis, DO. Prickly Pear.

Found occasionally, (Broadhead).

CATALOGUE. ' 35

493. Rafinesquii, Engelm.

Greene, (Shepard), Jackson, (Bush).

494. vulgaris, Mill.

St. Louis, (Murtfeldt).

FICOIDE^.

495. MollugO verticillata, L. Carpet Weed.

Boone, (Trary), Jackson, (Bush), Pike, (Pech), St.
Louis, (Riehl).

UMBELLIFER^.

Parsley Family.

496. Eryngium prostratum, Nutt.

Butler, (Letterman).

497. yuccaefolium, Michx. Rattlesnake Weed,

• Common.

498. Sanicula Canadensis, L. Black Snakeroot.

Jackson, (Bush), Miller, (Winick), St. Louis, (Murt-
feldt).

499. Marilandica, L.

Common,

500. Erigenia bulbosa, Nutt. Harbinger of Spring.

Common in woodlands.
50L Bupleurum rotundifolium, L. Through-wax.

Southwest, (Broadhead).

502. Cicuta maculata, L. Musquash;Root.

Common.

503. Slum cicutsefolium, Gmel. Water Parsnip.

CaoS, (Broadhead). Jackson, (Mann), Pike, (Pech).

504. Pimpinella integerrima, DC.

Common.

505. Cryptotaenia Canadensis, DC. Honewort.

Cass, (Broadhead), Jackson, (Bush), Pike, (Pech).

506. Osmorrliiza brevistylis, D. C. Hairy Sweet Sicily.

Pike, (Pech), St. Louis, (Letterman).

507. longistylis, DC. Smooth Sweet Sicily.

Common in rich woods.

508. Cliaeropbylliim procumbens. Lam. CherviL

Common.

509. Teinturieri, Hook. & Arn.

Jackson, (Bush).

26

FLORA OF MISSOURI.

Mock Bishop- weed.

Angelico.

Meadow Parsnip.

Angelica.
Great Angelica.

510. Discopleura Nuttallii, DO.

Common everywhere,

511. Liig^usticum actseifolium, Michx.

St. Louis, (Letterman).

512. Thaspium aureum, Nutt.

Common.

513. barbinode, Nutt.

Boone, (Tracy), Cass, (Broadhead), Greene, (Shepard).

514. trifoliatum, Gray,

Johnson and Madison, (Broadhead).

515. var. atropurpureum, T. & Gray.

Jackson, (Bash),

516. Angelica Curtisii, Buckl.

Pike, (Pech).

517. Archaiigelica atropurpurea, HufFm.

Jackson, (Bush).

518. Gmelini, DO,

Pike, (Pech»).

519. hirsuta, Torr & Gray.

Greene, (Shepard), Iron, (Letterman).

520. Peucedanum loeniculaceum,Nutt.

C^ss, (Broadhead), Jackson, (Bush).

521. Arcliemora rigida, D. 0.

[Greene, (Shepard).

522. Heracleuin lanatum, Michx.

Cass, Clinton and Linn, (Broadhead).

523. Polyta3nia Nuttallii, DC.

Jackson, (Bush).

524. Conioselenium Canadense, T. & G. Hemlock Parsley.

Booiie, (Crac^), Sullivan, (Broadhead).

525. Daucus Carota, L. Carrot. »

Occasionally persistent in old fields.

526. Pastinaca sativa, L. Parsnip.

Occasionally naturalized.

Cowbane.
Cow-Parsnip.

ARALIACEJE.

Ginseng Family.

527. Aralia nudicaulis, L.

Boone, (Tracy), Pike, (Pech).

528. quinquefolia. Gray.

Common in rich woodlands.

Wild Sarsaparilla.

Ginseng.

CATALOGUE. 37

529. racemosa. L. Spikenard.

Iron, (Broadhead), Pike, (Pech), St. Loais,(Letterman.)

530. spinosa, L. Hercules' Club.

Becoming common South.

CORNACEiE.

Dogwood Family.

531. Cornus asperifolia, Michx. Rough-leaved Dogwood.

Common.

532. circinata, L'Her. Round-leaved Dogwood.

Bluffs of Miss, and Mo. Rivers in Eastern part of
Slate.

533. florida, L. Flowering Dogwood.

Common, except Northwest.

534. paniculata, L'Her. Panicled Cornel.

Common.

535. sericea, L. Kinnikinnick.

Common.

536. stolonifera, Michx. Red-osier Dogwood.

Johnson, (Bus-h), Mississippi, (Galloway).

537. Nyssa multiflora, Wang. Sour Gum.

Common South.

538. uniflora, Walt. Large Tupelo.

Common Southeast.

CAPRIFOLIACE^.

Honey suckle Family.

539. Sainbucus Canadensis, L. Common Elder.

Common everywhere.

540. Vibumum dentatum, L. Arrow wood.

Common.

541. lantanoides, Michx. Hobble-bush.

Madison, (Broadhead), St. Louis, (Tracy).

542. Lentago,L. Sheep-berry.

Jackson, Greene, (Bush), Miller, (Winick), St. Louis,
(Letterman).

543. Opulus, L. Cranberry- tree.

St. Louis, (Murtfeldt).

38 FLORA OF MISSOURI.

544. prunifolium. L. Black Haw.

Not found west of Gentry and Buchanan, (Broad-
head), common Eastward.

545. Triosteum perfoliatum, L. Fever- wort.

Common.
64G. angustifoliura, L. Narrow-leaved Fever wort.

Miller, (Winick).

547. Smyplioricarpus vulgaris, Michx. Buck-bush.

Common everywhere.

548. liOnicera flava, Sims. Yellow Honeysuckle.

Common.

549. glauca. Hill.

Buchanan, (Broadhead), Jackson, (Bush).

550. grata, Ait. American Woodbine.

Daviess, (Broadhead).

551. hirsuta, Eaton. Hairy Honeysuckle.

Halls, (Broadhead).

552. parviflora, Lam. Small Honeysuckle.

Jackson, (Bush), Pike, Pech), Ralls, (Broadhead).

553. sempervirens. Air. Trumpet Honeysuckle.

Jackson, (Bush).

RUBIACE^.

Madder Family.

554. Houstonia angustifolia, Michx.

Bdtes, Butler, (Broadhead), Wright, (Bush).

555. caerulea, L. Bluets.

Clay, (Broadhead).

556. minima, Beck. Small Bluets.

Pike. (Pech), St. Louis, (Geyer).

557. purpurea, L. Purple Bluets.

S^ Louis, (Riehl), common Southwest, (Broadhead).

558. var. ciliolala. Gray.

Greene, (Shepard).

559. var. longifolia, Gray.

Laclede, (Broadhead), (Miller, (Winick), St. Louis,

(Geyei).

560. var. tenuilolia. Gray.

St. Louis, (Murtfeldl).

CATALOGUE. 39

56!. Oldeiilandia glomerata, Michx.

Greene, (Shepard), Pike, (Pech).
502. Ceplialantliiis occidentalis, L. Button Bush.

Common along streams.

563. Diodia Virginana, L. Button Weed.

Mississippi, (Galloway).

564. teres, Wait.

Common Southward.

565. Galium Aparine, L. Goose Grass.

Common everywhere.

566. asprellum, Michx. Rough Bedstraw.

Cass, (Broadhead), St. Louis, (Riehl).

567. Arkansanum, Gra}'.

(Engelmann).

568. circaezans, Michx. Wild Licorice.

Boone, (Tracy), Jackson, (Bush), St. Louis, (Riehl).

569. concinnum, T. & Gray.

Common.

570. latifolinm, MicSx.

Boone, (Tracy,) Greene. (Bush).

571. pilosum. Ait.

Pike, (Peoh).

572. trifidum, L. Small Bedstraw.

Cass, (Broadhead), Jackson, (Bush), St. Louis, (Riehl).

573. triflorum, Michx. Sweet-scented Bedstraw.

Jackson, (Bush), Pike, (Pech), St. Louis, (Murtfeldt).

574. virgatum, Nutt.

Iron, Jefferson, St. Louis, Washington, (Letterman).

VALERIANACE^.

575. Valeriana pauciflora, Michx. Valerian.

(Gray in Flora of N. A.)

576. Valerianella radiata, Michx. Corn Salad.

Bates (Broadhead), Boone, (Tracy), Jackson, (Bush).

577. stenocarpf?, Krok.

Jackson, (Bush).
678. chenopodilblia, DC.

Boone, (Galloway).

A. R.— 28

40 FLORA OF MISSOUEI.

DIPSACE^.

Teasel Family.

579. Dipsacus sylvestris, Mill. Wild TeaseL

Franklin, St. Louis, (Letterman). Greene, (Shepard).

COMPOSITE.

Suniiowei' Family.

580. Elephantopus Carolinianus, Willd. Elephant's Foot.

Boone, (Tracy), Jackson, (Bush), Pike, (Pech), St.
Louis, (Letterman).
58L Vernoiiia Arkansana, DO. Ironweed.

Common Southward.

582. altissima, Nutt.

Cass, Pettis, (Broadhead), Jackson, (Bush)

583. Baldwinii, Torr.

Eastern Mo., (Gray).

584. fasciculata, Micbx.

Jackson, (Bush), Pike, (Pech), St. Louis, (Murtfeldt).

585. Noveboracensis, Willd.

Common.

586. var, latitolia. Gray,

Greene and Jackson, (Bush).

587. Eupatoriumt ageratoides, L. White Snake-root.

Common.

588. altissimum, L.

Common.

589. aromaticum L.

Jackjon, rare, (Bash), Pettis, (McCluney).

590. coelestinum, L.

Pike, (Pech), St. Louis, (Tracy), Southern Mo., (Broad -
head).

591. perloliatum, L. Thoroughwort.

Common everywhere.

592. var. cuneatum, Eng.

Eastern Mo., (Engelmann).

593. purpureum, L. Joe Pye Weed.

Common.

CATALOGUE. 41

594. serotinum, Michx.

Jackson, (Bush), Pettis, (McOluney), Pike, (Pech),
St. Louis, (Murtfeldt).

595. sessilifolium, L. Upland Boneset.

Boone, (Galloway), Wright, (Bush).

596. Kuhnia eupatorioides, L.

Cass, (Broadhead), Jackson, (Bush), Pike, (Pech), St.
Francois, (Galloway).

597. Liatris cylindracea, Michx. Blazing Star.

Common.

598. elegans, Willd.

Boone, (Galloway), Nodaway, Pike, Ralls, (Broadhead).

599. graminifolia, Pursh. var. dubia. Gray.

Pike, (Pech).

600. punctata, Hook.

Jackson, (Bush).

601. pycnostachya. Michx.

Audrain, (Tracy), Cass, (Broadhead), Jackson, (Bush).
Pettis, (McCluney), St. Louis, (Murtfeldt).

602. scariosa, Willd.

Common everywhere.

603. spicata, Willd.

Jackson, (Mann).

604. squarrosa, Willd.

Common.

605. Aphiacliyris dracunculoides, Nutt. -^

Common Westward, (Broadhead).

606. Grindelia lanceolata, Nutt.

Wright, (Bush).

607. squarrosa, Dunal.

In a tew Southwestern counties.
60S. var. nuda. Gray.

St. Louis, (Gray in Flora of N. A). ^

609. Ai^lopappus ciliatus, DC.

(Gray in Flora of N. A).

610. Solidago bicolor, L. ' Golden Rod.

Boone, (Galloway).

611. var. concolor, Torr. & Gray.

Wright, (Bush).

612. Canadensis, L.

Common.

42 FL0R4 OF MISSOUB.I.

613. var. scabra, Torr. & Gray.

Jackson, (Bush).

614. Drummondii, Torr. & Gray.

Boone, (Tracy) St. Louis, (Drumraond).

615. Gattingeri, Chapm.

St. Louis, (Letterman), Wright, (Bush).

616. lanceolata, L.

Jackson, (Bush).

617. latifolia, L.

Pike, (Pech), St, Louis, (Letterman).

618. Missouriensis, Nutt.

Common on dry prairies.

619. nemoralis, Ait.

Boone, (Galloway), Jackson, (Bush), St. Louis, (Murt-
feldt).

620. patula, Muhl.

(Gray in Flora N. A).

621. petiolaris, Ait.

Greene. (Shepard), Wright, (Bush).

622. puberula, Nutt.

Butler, (Letterman).

623. radula, Nutt.

Jackson, (Bush).

624. Riddellii, Frank.

St. Charles, (Egeling), St. Louis, (Engelmann).

625. rigida, L.

Common-

626. rupestris, Raf.

Jackson, (Bush).

627. serotina, Ait.

Jackson, (Bush), St. Louis, (Murtfeldt).

628. var. gigantea, Gray.

Cass, (Broadhead), Jackson, (Bush), Pike, (Pech).

629. Shortii, Torr. & Gray.

Wright, (Bush).

630. speciosa, Nutt.

Common Westward.

631. var. rigidiuscula, Torr. & Gray.

Jackson, (Bush), St. Louis, (Engelmann).

632. tenuifolia. Pursh.

Common Westwards

CATALOGUE. 43

633. ulmifolia, Mnhl.

Boone, (Tracy), Jackson, (Bush), Pike, (Pech).

634. Chaetopappa asteroides, DC.

(Gray in Flora N. A.)

635. Boltoiiia asteroides, L'Her.

Jackson, (Bush), Pike, (Pech).

636. var. decurrens, Engelm.

St. Louis, (Egj];ert).

637. latisquama, Gray.

Cass, (Broadhead), Jackson, (Parry), Pettis, (Mc'
Cluney.
•638. A-ster anomalus, Engelm.

St. Louis, (Engelmann), Wright, (Bush).

639. * azureus, Lindl.

Common.

640. cordifolius, L.

Boone, (Tracy), Cass, (Broadhead), Pike, (Pech).

641. difiusus. Ait.

Cass, (Broadhead), Pike, (Pech).
■642. Drummondii, Lindl.

Jackson, (Bush), St. Louis, (Torr. & Gray.)
643. ericoides, L.

Jackson and Wright, (Bush), St. Louis, (Tracy).
■644. var. villosus, T. &, G.

(Gray in Flora, N. A.)

645. grandiflorus, L.

Pike, (Pech).

646. jnnceus, Ait.

Greene, (Shepard).

647. laevis, li.

/ Common.

648. linariifolius, L.

Wright, (Bush).

649. longifolius. Lam.

St. Louis, (Murtfeldt).

650. multiflorus, Ait.

Common.

651. Nova3-Anglia3, L.

Common.

652. olongifolius,Nutt.

Cass, (Broadhead), Jackson, (Bush),

44 FLORA OF MISSOURI.

653. paludosus, Aif.

(Gray in Flora, N. A.)

654. patens, Ait.

Greene, (Shepard), Wright, (Bush).

655. paniculatus, Lam.

Cass, (Broadhead), Jackson, (Bush).

656. ptarmicoides, T. & Gray.

Common Southward.

657. recticulatus, Pursh.

Cass and .Jackson, (Broadhead.)

658. sagittifolius, Willd.

Greene, (Shepard), St. Louis, (Drummond),

659. salicifolius. Ait.

Cass, (Broadhead), Jackson, (Bush).

660. var. subasper.

St. Louis, (Drummond).

661. sericeus, Vent.

Common.

662. Shortii, Boot.

Pike, (Pech.)

663. tenuifoHus, L.

Jackson, (Bush), St. Louis, (Martfeldt).

664. Tradescanti, L.

Boone, (Galloway), Jackson, (Bush).
865. turbinellus, Lindl.

Common everywhere.

666. undulatus, L.

Boone, (Galloway).

667. Erigeron annuus, Pers. Fleabane.

Common everywhere.

668. bellidifolius, Muhl. ^

Common.

669. Canadensis, L.

Common.

670. divaricatus, Michx.

Common.
67L glabellus, Nutt.

''Missouri," (Nuttall).

672. Philadelphicus, L.

Common everywhere.

673. strigosus, Muhl.

Common.

CATALOGUE. 45

674. Pluchea camphorata. DC. Salt-marsh Fleabane.

St. Louis, (Murtfeldt).

675. Anteniiaria plantaginifolia, Hook. Everlasting.

Common.

676. Gnaplialiuni decurrens, Ives. Everlasting.^

Boone, (Galloway).

677. polycephalum, Michx.

Boone, (Tracy), Green and Jackson, (Bush), Pettis,
(McCluney), St. Louis, (Riehl).

678. purpureum, L. Purple Cudweed.

St. Louis, (Riehl).

679. Inula Ilelenium^ L.

Boone, (Tracy), Jackson, (Bush).

680. Polymnia Canadensis, L. Leaf Cup.

Pike, (Pech), St. Louis, (Letterman).
68!. var. radiata. Gray.

JacksoD, (Mann).

682. Uvedalia, L.

Butler and St. Louis, (Letterman.)

683. Silphium integrifolium, Michx.

Common.

684. laciniatum, L. Rosin Weed.

Common on dry prairies.

685. perforatum, L. Cup-Plant.

Common.

686. terebinthinaceum, L. Compass Plant.

Common on wet prairies.

687. Berlaiidiera Texana, DC.

Southwest Missouri, (Gray).

688. tomentosa, T. & Gray.

(Gray in Flora, N. A.)

689. Partlienium integrifolium, L.

Common.

690. ciliata, Willd. Hairy Marsh Elder.

Greene, Jackson, (Bush), Pike, (Pech).
69L frutescens, L.

Boone, (Galloway).
692., xanthiifolia, Nutt. Marsh Elder.

Common.
693. Ambrosia bidentata, Michx. Ragweed.

Cass, (Broadhead), Greene, (Shepard), Iron, (Letter-
man).

46 FLOEA OF MISSOURI.

694. trifida, L. Great Ragweed.

Common everywhere.

695. var integrifolia, T. & G.

Jackson, (Bush).

696. artemisigefolia, L. Bitterweed.

Common.

697. psilostachya, DC.

Common Southward.

698. Xanthiuin Canadense, Mill. Cocklebur.

Common everywhere.

699. var. echinatum, Gray.

Boone, (Tracy), Cass, (Broadhead), Jackson, (Bush).

700. spinosuin^ L.

Perry, (Deraetrio).

701. Heliopsis I^evis, Pers. Ox eye.

Miller, (Winick), St. Louis, (Tracy).

702. gracilis, Nutt.

Wright, (Bush).

703. scabra, Dunal.

Jackson, (Bush).

704. Eclipta alba, Hasskarl.

Jackson, (Bush), Pettis, (McCluney), Pike, (Pech),
St. Louis, (Kiehl).

705. Echinacea angustifolia, DC. Purple Cone-Flower.

Common ever^' where.

706. purpurea, Moench.

Common.

707. Rudbeckia bicolor, Nutt. Cone-Flower.

Wright, (Bush).

708. fulgida. Ait.

Common.

709. hirta, L.

Common.

710. laciniata, L.

Common everywhere.

711. speciosa. Wend.

Jackson, (Bush), Pettis, (McCluney), St. Louis,
(Riehl).

712. subtomentosa, Pursh.

Jackson, (Bush), Pike, (Pech).

713. triloba, L.

Common.

CATALOGUE. 47

714. I^epacliys pinnata, Torr. & Gray.

Cass, (Broadbead), Jackson, (Bush), Pike, (Pech).

715. Helianthus angustifolius, L Sunflower.

Ralls, VernoD, (Broadhead )

716. annuus^ L. • Common Sunflower.

Very common West, and becoming so East.

717. decapetalus, L.

Pike, (Pech).

718. divaricatus, L.

St. Louis, (Riehl).

719. doronicoides, Lam.

Common westward.

720. giganteus, L.

Pettis, (McCluney), Pike, (Pech), St. Louis, (Engel-
mann).

721. grosse-serratus, Martins.

Coracnon.

722. hirsutus, Raf.

Cass, (Broadhead), Jackson, (Mann).

723. laetiflorus, Pers.

Cass, (Broadhead), Pettis, (McCluney), St. Louis,
(Murtfeldt).

724. Maximiliani, Schrad.

Wright, (Bush).

725. mollis, Lam.

Common.

776. occidentalis. Riddel!..

(Gray in Flora of N. A.)

777. • orgyalis, D. C.

Vernon, (Broadhead).

778. petiolaris, Nutt.

Jackson, (Bush).

779. rigidus, Desf.

Common.

780. strumosus, L.

Jackson, (Bush).

781. tracheliifolius, Willd.

(Jackson, (Bush).

782. tuberosus^ L, Artichoke.

Occasionally escaped.

783. var. subcanescens. Gray.

St. Louis, (Engelmann).

48 FLORA OF MISSOURI.

78i. Verbesina helianthoides, Mx. Crownbeard.

Common everywhere.

785. Virginica, L.

Iron. (Letterman).

786. Actinomeris Fquarrosa, Nutt.

Jackson, (Bush), Pettis, (MeCluney), Pike, (Pech), St.
Louis, (Murtfeldt).

787. alba, T. & G.

Perry. (Demetrio).

788. Coreopsis aristosa, Michx. Tick-seed

Common.

789. var. mutica, Gray.

Jackson, (Bush).

790. auriculata, L.

Greene, (Shepard), Pettis, (McOluney), St. Louis,
(Riehl).

791. discoida, Torr & Gray. _,

Pike, (Pech).

792. gladiata, Walt.

Newton, (Broadhead).

793. grandiflora, Nutt.

Common South./est. ^

794. involucrata, Nutt.

Greene, Jackson, (Bush).

795. lanceolata, L.

Greene, Wright, (Bush), St. Louis, (Letterman).

796. palmata, Nutt.

Common.

797. pubescens, Ell.

(Gray ia Flora of N. A.)

798. senifolia, Michx.

St. Louis, (Drummond).

799. tinctoria, Nutt.

Common about old gardens.

800. trichosperma, Michx. Tick-seed Sunflower.

Boone, (Tracy), Pike, (Pech).
80L tripteris, L. Tall Coreopsis.

Cass, (Broadhead), Jackson, (Bush), Lewis, (Egeling).

802. verticillata, L,

Lewis, (Egeling), Pettis, (MeCluney).

803. Bidens Beckii, Torr. Water Marigold.

St. Loui?, (Beck).

CATALOGUE. I 49

804, bipiiinata, L. Spanish Needles.

Comtnon everywhere.

805. cernua, L. Small Bur- Marigold.

Common.
808. chrysanthemoidep, Mx Large Bur-Marigold.

Jackson, (Bush), Pike, (Pech).

807. connata, Muhl. Swamp Beggar-ticks.

Common everywhere.

808. frondosa, L. Common Beggar-licks.

Common everywhere.

809. Hymenopappus tenult'olius, Piirsh.

(Watson in King's 5th Report).

810. Heleniuin autumnale, L. Sneeze-weed.

Common.

811. nudiflorura, Nutt.

Pike, (Pech), St. Louis, (Letterman).

812. tenuifolium, Nutt.

• Jackson, (Bush). Migrating toward St. Louis along.

L M. R. R, (Letterman).

813. Gaillardia aristata, Pursh.

(Gray in Flora of N. A).

814. pinnatifida, Torr.

(Gray in Flora of N. A.).

815. Dysodia chrysanthemoides, Lag. Fetid Marigold.

Common.

816. Anthemis arvensis, L. • Chamomile.

Waste places, St. Louis, (Murtfeldt).

817. Coiula, L. May- weed..

Along roadsides everywhere.

818. Achillea Millefolium, L. MilfoiL

Common everywhere, and becoming a troublesome
weed Westward.
8L9. Matricaria discoidea, DC. Wild Chamomile.

St. Louis, (Engelmann).

820. Clirysanthemuiii Leucantliemum^ L. Ox-eye Daisy.

Boone, (Galloway), Jacl^son and Randolph, (Bush),
Pettis, (McCluney), St. Louis, (Murtfeldt).

821. Tanacetuin y?/Z^«?^e, L. Tansy.

Common in old gardens.

822. Artemisia annua^ L. Wormwood.

Jackson, (Bush).

823. biennis, Wild. Biennial Wormwood.

Jackson, (Bush), St. Louis, (Riehl).

50 FLORA OF MISSOURI.

824. Canadensis, Michx.

Pike, (Pech).

825. caudata, Michx.

(Torrey & Gray).
•826. dracunculoides, Pursh.

Jackson, (Bush), 8t. Louis, (Engelmann).

827. frigida. Wild.

(Torrey & Gray).

828. Ludoviciana, Nutt. Western Mugwort.

Common.

829. vulgaris, L. • Common Mugwort.

Common westward.
S30. Senecio aureus, L. Squaw- weed.

Common everywhere.

831. var. Balsamita, T. & G:

Jackson, (Bush).

832. lobatus, Pers. Butter-weed,

Common.

833. tomentosus,Mx. Wooly Ragwort.

Pike, (Pech).

834. vulgaris, L. Common Groundsel

Boone. (Tracy).

835. Cacalia atriplicifolia, L Pale Indian Plantain.

Common in damp woods.

836. reniformis, Muhl. Great Indian Plantain.

Boone, (Tracy).
■837. suaveolens, L. Indian Plantain.

Pike, (Pech).

'838. tubrosa, Nutt. Tuberous Indian Plantain.

Common.

■839. Erechthites hieracifolia, Raf. Fireweed.

Common.

840. Artium Lappa, L. Burdock.

Common in rich ground.

841. Cnicus altissimus, Willd. Tall Thistle.

Common.

842. var. discolor, Gray.

Jackson (Bush).

843. arvensis, Hotf. Canada Thistle.

Very rare, but has been found in Cass, Jackson and
one or two other counties.

CATALOGUE. 51

844. lauGeolatus, Roif. Common Thistle.

Common.

845. Virgiuianus, Pursh.

Greene, (Shepard).

846. Apog'on humilis, Ell.

Bates, Cass, (Broadhead).

847. Krigia Virginica, Willd. Dwarf Dandelion-

Common Eastward.

84?. Dandelion, Nutt.

St. Louis, (Engelmann).

849. Cichorium Intyhus^ Cichory..

, Greene, (Shepard).

850. Hieraciiim Canadense, Michx. Canada Hawkweed.

Cass, (Broadhead).

851. Gronovii, L. Flairy Hawkweed.

Pike, (Pech), Wright, (Bash).

852. longipilum, Torr. Long- bearded Hawkweed.

Greene and Jackson, (Bush).

853. scabrum, Michx. Rough Hawkweed..

Wright, (Bush). ,

854. Preuaiitlies aspera, Mx. Rpttlesnake Root.

Common.

355. allissima, L, Tall White Lettuce..

Wright, (BusL).

856. racemosa, Mx.

Greene, (Shepard).

857. crepidinea, Mx.

Pike, (Pech), St. Louis, (Riehl).

858. Troximon cuspidatum, Pursh.

Common.

859 Taraxacum officinale, Weber. Dandelion..

Common everywhere.

860. Pyrrliopappus Carolinianus, DC. False Dandelion-

Greene, (Shepard), Madi.son, (Broadhead), Missis-
sippi, (Galloway).

86L scaposus, DC, ^

Bates Jind Vernon, (Broadhead),

52 FLORA OF MISSOURI.

862. Liactuca scariola, L. Prickly Lettuce.

Jackson, (Bush) "Thoroughly naturalized in St.
Louis during the last eight years, and has now
taken to the woods."— (Letterman.)

863. Canadensis, L.

Common.

864. integrifolia, T. & G.

Boone, (Tracy), Jackson, (Bush), St. Louis, (Murtfeldt).

865. hirsuta, Muhl.

Jackson, (Bush).

866. Ludoviciana, DC-

Jackson, (Bush).

867. Floridana, Gaertn.

Common along old fences.

868. acuminata. Gray.

Jackson, (Bash), St. Louis, Murtfeldt.

869. Sonclius oleraceus, L. Sow thistle.

Common.

870. asper\ Vill. Spiny-leaved Sow-thistle.

Common everywhere.
87L arvensis^ L. Field Sow-thistle.

Boone, (Galloway).

LOBELIACE^.

Lobelia Family.

872. Lobelia cardinalis, L. Cardinal Flower.

All parts, but becoming rare.

873. inflata, L Indian Tobacco.

Boone, (Tracy), Jackson, (Bush), Pettis, (McCluney),
Pike (Pech), St. Louis, (Murtfeldt).

874. Kalmii, L.

Knox, (Broadhead).

875. leptostachys, A. DC.

Common.

876. puberula, Michx.

St. Louis, ( Tracy).
S77. spicata. Lam.

Common.
878. syphilitica, L. Blue Lobelia.

Common everywhere.

CATALOGUE.

53

CAMPANULACE^.

Campanula Family.

879. Specularia leptocarpa, Gray.

Common Westward.

880. perfoJiata, A. DC. Venus' Looking glass.

Common everywhere.

881. Campanula x\mericana, L. Tall Bell-flower.

Common.

ERICACE^.

882.
883.
«81.
885.
886.
887.
888.
889.
•890.
891.
892.
893.

Black Huckleberry.

Dwarf Huckleberry.

Farkleberry.

Heath Family.

Gaylussacia resinosa, T. & G.

- Miller, (Winick).
dumosa, T, & G.

Newton, (Broadhead).
Vacciiiium arboreum, Marshall.

Common South and Southeast.
corymbosum,L. Swamp Blueberry.

Greene, (Shepard), Iron, (Broadhead).
Pennsylvanicum, Lam. D»varf Blueberry.

Common Southeast,
stamineum, L. Deerberry.

Iron, (Letterman).
vacillans, Solander. Low Blueberry.

Boone, Howard. Greene and Southeast.

Arctostapliylos Uva-ursi, Spreng.

Southeast, (Broadhead).
Leucothoe racemosa. Gray.

Madison, (Broadhead).
Khododeiidron nudiflorum, Torr.

Madison, (Broadhead).
Scliweiiiitzia odorata, Eil.

St. Louis, (Murtfeldt).
Monotropa uniflora, L.

Bearberry.

Purple Azalea.

Sweet Pinesap.

Indian Pipe.

Common from Pike, Boone and Jackson Southward.

54 FLORA OF MISSOURI.

PRIMULACE^.

Frimrose Family.

89L Dodecatheon Meadia, L. Shooting Star.

Common.

895. Androsace occidentalip, Pursh.

Franklin, St. Loui?, (Letterman), Jackson, (Bush),
Pike, (Pech).

896. Steironema ciliatum, Raf. Loosestrife.

Common

897. lanceolatum. Gray.

Cass, (Broadhead), St. Louis. (Riehl).

898. var. hybndum. Gray.

Jackson, Randolph, (Bush), Miller, (Winick).

899. longi folium, Gray.

Boone, (Tracy), Greene, (Shepard), Madison, (Broad-
head).

900. Lysimacliia stricta, Ait.

St. Louis, (Murtfeldl).

901. nummularia, L. Moneywort.

Escaped from gardens in damp ground.

902. Anagallis arvensis, L. Pimpernel.

. Jackson, (Bush), St. Louis, (Murtfeldt).

903. Samollis Valerandi, L. Water Pimpsrnel.

Pike, (Pech).

904. var. Americanus, Gray.

Greene, (Bush), St. Louis and Southeast, (Letterman).

•

SAPOTACEtE.

Sapodilla Family.

905. Bainelia lanuginosa, Pers. Bumelia,

Occasionally from Missouri River bluft's Southward.

906. lycioides, Gsertn. jScuthern Buckthorn.

St. Louis and Southward, (Letterman).

907. teDax,Willd.

Miller, (Winick).

CATALOGUE.

55

EBENACE^.

Ebony Family.

908. Diospyros Virginiana, L.

Common except Northwest.

Fersimmoa.

OLEACE^.

Ash Family.

White Ash*

909. Fraxinus Americana, L.

The most common species.

910. pubescens, Lam. Red Ash*

Jackson, (Bush), Saline, ((ialloway).

911. quadrangulata, Michx. Blue Ash.

Common Eastward from Chariton, Howard and Greene.

912. sambucifolia. Lam. Black Ash.

Boone, (Galloway), Callaway and Cedar, (Broadhead).

913. viridis, Michx. f. Green Ash.

Boone, (Galloway), Jackson, (Bush), Ralls, (Broad-
head).

914. Forestiera acuminata, Poir.

Pike, (Pecb), Bank of Mississippi at mouth of Mera-
mec River, (Letterman).

915. Ohionanthus Virginica, L. White Fringe.

Mississippi, (Galloway).

APOCYNACE^.

Doghane Family.

916. Amsonia Tabernsemontana, Walt.

Common.

917. Apocynum andro^agmifolium, L.

Boone. (Galloway), Greene, (Shepard), Jackson, (Bush),
St. Louis, (Murtfeldt).

918. cannabinum, L. Indian Hemp.

Common everywhere.

919. var. hypericifolium. Gray.

Pike, (Pech), Putnam, (Swallow).

A R - 29

56 FLORA OF MISSOURI.

ASCLEPI ADAGES.

Milkweed Family.

920. Anantherix connivens, Gray.

Franklin & St. Louis, (Letterman), Miller, (Winick).

921. Asclepiodora viridis, Gray.

Jackson, (Bush).

922. Asclepias Oornuti, Decaisne. Silkweed.

Common everywhere.

923. incarnata, L. Swamp Milkweed.

Common.

924. Meadii, Torr.

Cass, (Broadhead), Jackson, (Bush), Putnam, (Swal-
low).

925. obtusifolia, Michx.

Cass, (Broadhead), Jackson, (Bush).

926. paupercula, Michx.

Gentry, (Swallow).

927. perennis, Walt.

Mississippi, (Galloway).

928. phytolaccoides, Pursh. Poke Milkvjeed.

Iron, (Broadhead).
i)29. purpurascens, L, Purple Milkweed.

Common.

930. quadrifolia, Jacq. Four-leaved Milkweed.

Common.

931. rubra, L. Red Milkweed.

Boone, (Galloway), St. Louis, (Murtfeldt).

932. Sullivantii, Engelm.

Cass & Uaviess, (Broadhead), Jackson, (Bush).

933. tuberosa, L. Pleurisy Root.

Common everywhere.

934. variegata, L.

Boone, (Galloway).

935. verticillata, L. Whorled Milkweed.

Common.

936. viridula, Chapm.

Miller, (Winick),
93T. A cerates lanuginosa. Decaisne. Green Milkweed.

White River, (Nuttall).

938. longifolia. Ell.

Common.

CATALOGUE. 57

939. viridiflora. Ell.

Cass, (Broadhead), Jackpon, (Bush), Pike, (Pech).

940. var. lanceolata, Gray.

Jackson, (Bush). ^

941. var. linearis, Gray.

Jackson, (Bush).

942. Enslenia albida, Nutt.

Jackson, (Bush), Lawrence, (Swallow), St. Louis,'
(Murtfeldt).

943. Vincetoxlcum nigrum^ Moench.

Jackson, (Tracy).

944. Cronolobus Carolinensis, R. Br.

Franklin, Iron and St. Louis, (Letterman).

945. laevis, Michx. var. macrophyllus, Gray.

Greene, (Shepard).

946. obliquus, R. Br.

Madison, (Broadhead).

•

LOGANIAOE^.

Logania Family.

947. Spigelia Marilandica, L. Pink Root.

Madison, (Broadhead), St. Francois, (Tracy).

GENTIANACE^.

Gentian Family.

948. Sabbatia angularis, Pursh. American Centaury.

Common.

949. stellaris, Pursh.

Clay, (Mann).

950. Gentiana alba. Mahl. White Gentian.

Common Westward.

951. Andrewsii, Griseb. Closed Gentian.

Jackson, (Bush), St. Louis, (Letterman).

952. angustifolia, Michx. Narrow-leaved Gentian.

Pettis, (McCluney), Ripley, (Broadhead).

953. puberula, Michx.

Common.

954. quinqueflora. Lam. Five flowered Gentian.

Adair, (Broadhead).

58 FLORA OF MISSOURI.

955. Bartonia tenella, Muhl.

Collected in Missouri by Swallow. No locality given.

956. LimnantherQiiin lacunosum, Griseb. Floating Heart.

•'Missouri," (Meehan).

POLEMONIACE^.

Polemonium Family.

957. Phlox amoena, Sims. Sweet William.

Greene, (Shepard), Livingston, (Broadhead), Miller,
(Winick).

958. bifida, Beck.

(Gray's Manual, 5fh Ed).

959. divaricata, L.

Common everywhere.

960. glaberrima, L.

Clay and Saline, (Broadhead), Jackson, (Bush), St.
Louis, (Letterman).

961. maculata, L. Common Wild Sweet William.

Common everywhere.

962. paniculata, L.

Common.

963. pilosa, L.

Common.

964. procumbens, Lehm.

B lone, (Galloway).

965. reptans, Michx.

Boone, (Tracy), Clay, (Broadhead), Knox, (Linn),
Pike, (Pech).

966. Polemonium reptans, L. Greek Valerian,

Common in damp places.

HYDROPHYLLACE^.
Waterleaf Family.

967. Uydropliyllum appendiculauim, Michx. Waterleaf.

Common.

968. macrophyllum. Nutt.

Jackson, (Bush).

CATALOGUE. 59

969. Virginicum, L.

Common.

970. Ellisia Nyctelea, L.

Common in damp soils.

971. Phacelia bipinnatifida, Michx..

"Missouri," (Meehan).

972. fimbriata. Michx.

Pike, (Pech), St. Louis, (Riehl).

973. parviflora, Pursh.

, Greene, (Shepard).

974. var. hirsuta. Gray.

Greene, (Shepard), Jasper, (Broadhead),

975. Purshii, Buckl.

Clay, (Broadhead).

976. Hydrolea affinis, Gray.

Butler, (Lettermann).

977. quadrivalvis, Walt.

Mississippi, (Galloway).

BORRAGINACE^.
Borrage Family.

978. Heliotropium tenellum,Torr. Wild Heliotrope.

Franklin, Greene, Iron and St. Louis, (Letterman),
Wright, (Bush).

979. Indioum., L. Indian Heliotrope.

Butler and St. Louis, (Letterman), Mississippi, (Gal-
loway).

980. Cynoglossum officinale^ L. Hound's Tongue.

Common about old gardens.

981. Virginicum, L. Wild Comfrey.

Boone, (Tracy), Jackson, (Bush).

982. Echinospermum Virginicum, Lehm. Stickseed.

Common.

983. Mertensia Virginica, DC. Virginian Cowslip.

Common in damp woods.

984. Myosotis arvensis, HofFm. Forget-me-not.

Pike, (Pech).

60

FLORA OF MISSOURI.

985. verna, Nutt.

St. Louis, (Geyer).

986. Lithospermum arvense^ L. Cora Gromwell.

Jackson, (Bush), St. Louis, (Murtfeldt).

987. angustifolium, Michx. Narrow-leaved Puccoon.

Common.

988. canescens, Lehm. Alkanet.

Common on dry hills.

989. hirtum, Lehm. Hairy Puccoon.

Common.

990. latifolium, Michx. Wide-leaved Puccoon.

Jackson, (Bush), Miller, (Winick).

991. Onosmodium Carolinianum, DC. False Gromwell.

Jackson, (Bush), St. Louis, (Murtfeldt).

992. var. molle, Michx.

Cass, (Broadhead), Jackson, (Bush).

993. Virginianum, DC.

Jackson, (Bush), Pike, (Pech).

994. Echium vulgare, L. Blue-weed.

Jackson, (Bush).

995. Symphytum oMcinale, L. Oomfrey.

Boone, (Galloway).

^CON VOLV DL ACE^.

Morning Glory Family^

996. Ipomcea coccinea, L. Cypress vine.

Jackson, (Bush).

997. hederacea, Jacq.

Jackson, (Busb), Miller, (Winick), St. Louis, (Murt-
feldt).

998. lacunosa, L.

Common.

999. pandurata, Meyer.

Common.

1000. purpurea, Lam.

A troublesome weed.

1001. Quamoclit, L.

Greene, (Shepard).

1002. Convolvulus sepium, L.

Common.

Man -of the Earth.
Morning Glory.

Bindweed.

CATALOGUE. 61

1003. spithamseus, L.

Greene, (Shepard).
1001. Brewerla aquatica, Gray.

Scotland, CSwallow).

1005. Evolvulus argenteus, Pursh.

Franklin and St. Louis, (Letterman), Potosi in Wash-
ington (Gray's Manual, 5th Ed.)

1006. Cuscuta arvensis, Beyrich. Dodder.

Greene, (Shepard).

1007. chlorocarpa, Engelm.

Jackson, (Bush).
lOOS. compacta, Juss.

Boone, (Tracy).

1009. cuspidata, Engelm.

St. Louis, (Eggeri).

1010. glomerata, Qhois.

Common.

1011. Gronovii,Wi]ld.

Pike, (Pech).

1012. tenuiflora, Engelm.

(Watson in King's 5th Report).

SOLANACE^.

Nightshade Family.

1013. Solanum Oarolinense, L. Horse-Nettle.

Common everywhere.

1014. Dulcamara, L.

Boone, (Tracy), Jackson, (Bush), Pettis (McCluney),
St. Louis, (Murtfeldt).

1015. nigrum^ L. Nightshade.

Common.

1016. rostratum, Dunal.

Very common in Western Missouri, and spreading
Eastward along railroads. Sometimes erroneously
called "Canada Thistle."

1017. Physalis angulata, L. Ground Cherry.

St. Louis, (Riehl).

1018. Philadelphica, Lam.

Jackson, (Bush).

1019. pubescens, L.

Boone, (Tracy), Jackson, (Bush).

62

FLORA OF MISSOURI.

1020. lanceolata, Gray.

Cass and Jackson, (Broadhead), St. Louis, (Geyer).

1021. var. hirta, Gray.

Jackson, (Bush).

1022. var. laevigata, Gray.

Jackson, (Bush).

1023. Virginiana, Mill.

' Jackson, (Bush).

1024. viscosa, L.

Common everywhere.

1025. 'Sicandra physaloides, Gaerfrn. Apple of Peru,

Boone, (Galloway), Jackson, (Bush), Pike, (Pech), St.
Louis, (Murtfeldt).

1026. JjjcinTa~vuIffare, Dunal. Matrimony Vine.

Common about old gardens.

1027. Datura Stramonium^ L. Jamestown "Weed.

Common Northwest.

1028. latula, L.

Common.

1029. Nicotiana longiflora. Wild Tobacco.

Jackson, (Mann).

SCROPHULARIACE^.

FigwoH Family. '

Moth Mullein.
Mullein.

1030. Verbascum Blaitaria. L.

; Common along roadsides.

1031. Thapsus^ L.

Common in old fields.

1032. liinaria Elatine, Miller. Toad Flax.

St. Louis, along Mo. Pac. R. E. (Letterman).

1033. vulgaris^ Miller. Butter- and -eggs.

Common.

1034. Collinsia verna. Nutt.

Common.

1035. violacea, Nutt.

Bates & Jasper, (Broadhead). \

1036. Scrophularia nodosa, L.. var. Marilandica, Gray. Figwort.

Common.

4

1037. Cbelone glabra, L. Snake-head.

Pike, (Pech) St. Louis, (Letterman).

CATALOGUE. 63

1038. Peiitstemon gracilis, Nutt. Beardtongue.

Greene, (Shepard).

1039. grandiflorus, Nutt.

Atchison, (Broadhead).

1040. laevigatus, Solander

Banks of Mississippi River.

1041. var. Digitalis, Gray.

Common.

1042. pubescens, Solander.

Common Eastward, rare Westward.

1043. Mimulus alatus, Solander. Monkey Flower.

• Common.

1044. Jamesii, T. & G.

Greene, (Shepard).

1045. ringens. Gray.

Boone & St. Loui?. (Tracy), Jackson, (Bush).

1046. Oonobea multifida, Benth.

Jackson, (Bush), Pike, (Pech), St. Louis, (Riehl).

1047. Herpestis rotundifolia, Pursh.

Cass, (Broadhead), Jackson, (Bush).

1048. Gratiola aurea, Muhl. Hedge Hyssop.

St. Louis, (Geyer).

1049. sphaerocarpa, Ell.

Jackson, (Bush).

1050. Virginiana, L.

Cass & Knox, (Broadhead), Pike, '^Pech), Randolph,
(Bush).

1051. Ilysanthes gratioloides, Benth. False Pimpernel.

Common.

1052. Limosella aquatica, L. Mudwort.

Jackson, (Bush).

1053. Veronica agrestis^ L. Field Speedwell.

St. Louis, (Tracy).

1054. Anagallis, L. Water Speedwell.

Greene, (Shepard), Jackson, (Bush).

1055. arvensis, L. Corn Speedwell.

Common.

1056. peregrina, L. Purslane Speedwell, .

Very common in cultivated ground.

1057. serpyllifolia, L. Thyme leaved Speedwell.

Boone, (Tracy), Marion, (Broadhead). Pike, (Pech).

1058. Virginica, L. ' Culver's Phys!c.

Common.

64

FLORA OP MISSOURI.

1059. Buchnera Americana, L. Blue Hearts.

Barton & Bates, (Broadhead), Greene, (Shepard), St.
Louis, (Riehl).

1060. Seymeria macrophylla, Nutt. Mullein Foxglove.

Boone & St. Louis, (Tracj), Cass, (Broadhead), Jack-
son, (Bush).

1061. Gerardia auriculata, Michx. • Gerardia.

Cass, (Broadhead), Jackson, (Bush), St. Louis, (Murt-
feldt).

1062. flava, L. Downy Foxglove.

Pike, (Pech), Wright, (Bush).
1063 grandiflora, Benth.

Greene, (Shepard), Miller, (Winick).
106i. pedicularia, L.

GreeLe, (Shepard).

1065. purpurea, L.

Common.

1066. quercifolia, Pursh.

Osage, (Swallow), Pike, (Pech).

1067. setacea, Walt.

Wright, (Bush).

1068. Skinneriana, Wood.

Jackson, (Bush).

1069. tenuifolia, Vahl.

Common.

1070. Oastilleia coccinea, Spreng.

Common everywhere.

1071. sessiliflora, Pursh.

Greene, (Shepard).

1072. Pedicularis Canadensis, L.

Common in rich woods.

1073. lanceolata, Michx.

Greene, (Shepard).

Purple Gerardia.
Smooth Foxglove.

Slender Gerardia.
Painted Cup.

Lousewort.

OROBANCHACE^.

Broomrape Family.

1074. Aphyllon uniflorura, T. & G. One Flowered Cancer Root.

Common.

1075. Epipheg'US Virginiana, Bart. Cancer Root.

Missouri, (Meehan).

CATALOGUE. 65

LENTIBULACE^.

Bladderwort Fainily.

1076. Utricularia minor, L. Small Bladderwort.

St. Louis, (RiehJ).

1077. vulgaris, L. Great Bladderwort.

Common in ponds.

BIGNONIACE^.
Biqnonia Family.

1078. Bignonia capreolata, L.

Common Southeast.

1079. Tecoma radicans, Juss. Trumpetvine.

Common South of Pike, Boone, Pettis and Bates.

1080. Catalpa bignonioides, Walt. Common Catalpa.

Common.

1081. speciosa, Warder. Hardy Catalpa.

Undoubtedly indigenous along Black River where Let-
terman procured logs three feet in diameter.
Also found frequently in other localities, where
perhaps it has been planted.

PEDALIACE^.

1082. Martynia proboscidea, Glox. Unicorn Plant.

Common.

ACANTHACE^.

Acanthus Family.

1083. Oalophanes oblongifolia, Don.

St. Louis, (Riebl).

1084. Ruellia ciliosa, Pursh. '

Common.

1085. var. longifiora. Gray.

Jackson, (Bush), St. Louis, (Murtfeldt).

1086. strepens, Nees.

Common from Pike and Cass Southward.

1087. Dianthera Americana, L. Water Willow.

Common.

66

FLORA OF MISSOURI.

VERBENACE^.

Vervain Family.

1088. Phryma Leptostachya, L. Lopseed.

Common in rocky woods.

1089. Verbena an^usti folia. Michx. Narrow-leaved Vervain.

Common on dry hills.

1090. Aubletia, L.

Common South and West.

1091. bracteosa, Michx.

Common along roadsides.

1092. hastata, L. Blue Vervain.

Common in waste places.

1093. oMcinalis^ L. European Vervain.

Mississippi, (Galloway), Pike, (Pech).

1094. striata, Vent.

Common.

1095. urticifolia, L.

Common along roadsides.

1096. Lippia lanceolata, Michx.

Common.

1097. nodiflora, Michx.

St. Louis, (Riehl).

1 098. Callicarpa Americana, L.

• Miller, (Winick).

LABIATJE.

Hoary Vervain.
White Vervain.

Fog-fruit.

French Mulberry.

Mint Family.

1099. Trichostema dichotomum, L.

St. Louis, (Riehl).

1100. Isanthus cseruleus, Michx.

• Common on barrens.

1101. Teucrium Canadense, L,

Common everywhere.

1102. Colliiisonia Canadensis, L.

Iron and Wayne, (Letterman).

1103. Mentha Canadensis, L.

Common on low grounds.

Blue Curls.

False Pennyroyal.

Wood Sage.

Horse Balm.

Wild Mint.

CATALOGUE. 67

llOtl. var. glabrata, Benth.

Jackson, (Bush).

1105. piperita^ L. Peppermint.

Common about gardens.

1106. viridis^ L. Spearmint.

Jackson, (Busb), St. Louis, (Murtfeldt).

1107. Lycopus rubellus, Moench. Water Horehound.

Greene, (Shepard).

1108. sinuatus, Ell.

Common.

1109. Virginicus, L.

CommoH on river bottom lands.

1110. Cunila Mariana, L. Dittany.

Common from Pike and Callaway South and West.

1111. Pycnanthemum lanceolatum, Pursh. Mountain Mint.

Greene, (Shepard), Pike, (Pech).

1112. leptopodon, Graj.

Greene, (Shepard).

1113. linifolium, Pursh.

Common.

1114. muticum, Pers. var. pilosum. Gray.

Greene, (Shepard), Jackson, (Bush).

1115. Torreyi, Benth.

Jackson, (Bush).

1116. Calamintha glabella, Benth. Calaminth.

Miller, (Winick).

1117. Nutallii, Benth.

Greene, (Shepard).

1118. Melissa 6>/^cmaZ^«, L. Common Balm.

Common.

1119. Hedeoma hispida, Pursh. Mock Pennyroyal.

Common in dry, rocky places.

1120. pulegioides, Pers.

Common everywhere.

1121. Salvia azurea, Lam. Sage,

Cass, (Broadhead).

1122. var. grandiflora, Benth.

Jackson, (Bush), St. Louis, (Murtfeldi)*
1128. lanceolata, Willd.

Common.
1124. lyrata, L. Lyre-leaved Sage.

Cass and St. Charles, (Broadhead), Iron and Wayne,
(Lettermau), St. Louis, (Murtl'eldi).

68

FLORA OF MISSOURI.

Horse-mint.
Wild Bergamot.

Catnip.

Ground Ivy.

Skullcap.

1125. Monarda Bradburiana. Beck.

Common everywhere.

1126. fistulosa, L.

Common everywhere.

1127. punctata, L. Horse-mint.

Greene, (Shepard), Mississippi, (Galloway), Pettis,
(McClaney).

1128. Blephilia ciliata, Raf.

Common.

1129. hirsuta, Benth.

Common in damp, open woods.

1130. Liophanthus nepetoide$, Benth. Giant Hyssop.

Common along fence?.

1131. scrophulariaefolius, Benth.

Cass and Jackson, (Broadhead), Pettis, (McCluney).

1132. Nepeta Cataria, L.

Common about old gardens

1133. Glechoma^ Benth.

Common in damp places.

1134. Scutellaria canescens, Nutt.

Common on hillsides.

1135. galericulata, L.

Jackson, (Bush).

1136. lateriflora, L.

Common.

1137. nervosa, Pursh.

Pike, (Pech).

113?. parvula, Michx.

Common everywhere.

1139. pilosa, Michx.

Wright, (Bush).

1140. saxatilis, Riddell.

Miller, (Winick).

1141. versicolor, Nutt.

Common along river banks.

1142. Brunella vulgaris, L

Common in pastures.

1143. Physostegia Virginiana, Benth.

Common.

1144. v.ar. speciosa. Gray.

Common Westward.

Self-heal.
False Dragon-head.

CATALOGUE.

69

1145.

Marrubinm vulgare, L.

Common about old gardens.

Horehound,

1146.

Leonurus Cardiaca^ L.

Motherwort.

Boone, (Tracy), Jackson, (Bush),

Pettis, (McCIuney),

St. Louis, (Riehl).

1147.

Maryuhiastrum^ L.

Pike, (Pech).

s

1148.

liamiuiii ainplexicaule^ L.

Oa:s, (Broadhead).

Dead Nettle.

1149.

Stachys a«pera, Michx.

Common.

Hedge Nettle

1150.

var. glabra, Gray.

Jackson, (Bush)

1151.

cordata, Riddell.

Jackson, (Bush).

1152.

hyssopifolia, Michx.

"Missouri,"' (A. Wood)

1153.

palustris, L.

Common.

PLANTAGINACE^.

Plantain Family.

1154. Plan tago cordata, Lam. Plantain.

Not rare.

1155. heterophylla, Nutt.

Boone, (Tracy).

1156. lanceolata, L. Ribgrass.

Boone, (Tracy), Jackson, (Bash).

1157. major^ L. Common Plantain.

About dooryards everwhere.

1158. Patagonica, Jacq.

Boone (Galloway), St. Louis, (Kellogg).

1159. var. gnaphalioides, Gray.

Clay and Jackson, (Bush)

1160. var. aristata, Gray.

Boone, (Tracy), Jackson, — rare— (Bush), Lewis (Ege-
ling), Pike. (Pech).

1161. pusilla, Nutt

Common.

70 FLORA OF MISSOURI.

1162. Rugellii, Decaisne.

Franklin, Jefferson, and St. Louis, (Letterman), Greene,
(Shepard).

1163. Virginica, L.

Common.

»

1164. ' var.longifolia, Gray.

Jackson, (Busb), St. Louis, (Murtfeldt;.

ARISTOLOCHI A.CKM.

Birthwort Family.

1165. Asarum Canadense, L. Wild Ginger.

Common in rich woods.

1166. Aristolochia Serpentaria, L. Virginia Snakeroot.

Boone (Galloway), Greene and Jackson, (Bush), St.
Louis, (Tracy).

1167. Sipho, L'Her. Dutchman's Pipe.

Mississippi, (Galloway).

1168. tomentosa, Sims.

Common Southward.

NYCTAGINACE^.

Four o'clock Family.

1169. Oxybaphus albidus. Sweet.

Jackson, (Bush).

1170. angustifolius. Sweet.

Common Westward.

1171. hirsutus. Sweet.

Jackson, (Bush).

1172. nyctagineus, Sweet.

Common.

PHYTOLACCACE^.

Poke Family.

1173. Phytolacca decandra, L. Poke root.

Common in rich soil.

CATALOGUE. 71

CHENOPODIAOE^.

Oooaefoot Family.

1174. Cycloloma platyphyllum, Moquin. Winged Pigweed.

Clay and Jackson, (Bush), Franklin and St. Louis
alon^ Meramec River, (Letterman).

1175. Chenopodiiim album, L. Pigweed.

Common everywhere.

1176. yar. viride, L.

Jackson, (Bush), Pike, (Pech).

1177. ambrosioides, L. Mexican Tea.

» Common.

1178. var. ant/ielminticum, Gray. Wormseed.

Jackson, (Bush), St. Louis, (Riehl).

1179. Boscianum, Moq.

Jackson, (Bush).

1180. Botrys^ L. Jerusalem Oak.

Along river bottoms.

1181. capitatum, Watson. Strawberry Elite.

Boone, (Tracy).

1182. hgbridum, L. Maple-leaved Goosefoot.

Common.

1183. murale, L. .

Jackson, (Bush).

1184. urbicum, L.

Common.

AMARANTAOE^.

Am,aranth Fam,ily.

1185. Amarantus alhus, L, Pigweed-

Boone, (Tracy), Jackson, (Bush), St. Louis, (Murt-
feldt).

1186. Blitum, L.

Cass, (Broadhead).

1187. hybridus, L.

Common.

1188. hypochondriacus, L. Red Amaranth.

Booue, (Tracy), Pike, (Pech)

A R— 30

•r2

FLORA OF MItiSOURI.

1189. paniculatus^ L.

Jackson, (Bush).

1190. retroRexus^ L.

Jackson, (Bush).

1191. spinosus L.

Common everywhere.

1192. Acnida rusocarpa, Gray.

Jackson, (Bush).

1193. tuberculata, Gray.

Jackson, (Bush).

1194. Iresine celosioides, L.

Butler, JeflFerson and St. Louis, (Latterman)

FOLYGONACE^.

Thorny Amaranth.
Water-leaf.

Buckwheat Family.

1195.
1196.
1197.
1198.
1199.
1200.
1201.
1202.
1203.
1204.
1205.
1:^06.
1207.

Sheep Sorrel-

Curled Dock.

Rumex Acetosella^ L.

Common everywhere. • *

Britannica, L. Pale Dock

Greene, (Shepard), Jackson, (Bush), Pike, (Pech).
conglomeratus, Murr. Small Green Dock

Boone, (Galloway), Pike, (Pech)
crispus, L.

Common.
Engelmanni, Ledeb.

''Missouri," (A. Wood),
maritimus, L.

Along Missouri river.
ohtusifoUus^i L

Common.
Salicifolius, Weinm.

Jackson, (Bush),
verticillatus, L.

St Louis, (Kellogg).
Polygonum acre, H. B. K.

Common.
amphibium^L.

Cass, (Broadhead).
aritolium, L. Halberd-leaved Tear-thumb

Greene, (Shepard).
aviculare, L. Goose-grass

Common about door-yards.

Golden Dock.

Bitter Dock.

White Dock.

Swamp Dock.

Water Smartweed.

Water Persicaria.

CATALOGUE. 73

1208. Convolvulns, L. Black Bindweed.

Common.

1209. dumetorum, L. Climbing False Buckwheat.

Common.

1210. var. scandene, Gray.

Jackson, (Bush).

1211. erectum, L.

Boone, (Tracy), Jackson, (Bash), Pike, (Pech).

1212. Hydropiper, L. Common Smartweed.

Common everywhere.

1213. hydropiperoides, Michx. Wild Water Pepper.

Common.

1214. incarnatum, Ell.

Boone, (Tracy), Jackson, (Bush), Pike, (Pech).

1215. Muhlenbergii, Watson.

Jackson, (Bush).

1216. . orientate, L. Princes' Feather.

* Escaped Irom gardens.

1217. Pennsylvanicura, L.

Common.

1218. Persicaria, L. Lady's Thumb.

Boone, (Tracy), Jackson, (Bush) St. Louis, (Murt-
feldt).

1219. ramosissimum, Michx.

Common.

1220. sagittatum, L. Arrow-Leaved Tear-Thumb .

Pike, (Pech), St. Francois, (Galloway).

1221. tenue, Michx.

Greene, (Shepard).

1222. Virginianum, L

Common.

1223. Fagopyrum esculentum, Moench. Buckwheat.

Occasionally escaped.

LAURACEJE.
Laurel Family.

1224. Sassafras officinale, Nees, Sassafras.

Common, except Northwest, A tree cut by Gallo-
way in Mississippi county, was 125 feet high to
where the top had been broken off, and meas-
ured eighteen feet in circumference at seven feet
above the ground.

74

FLOKA OF MISSOURI.

1225. liindera Benzoin, Meisner.

Common.

1226. melisssefolia, Blume.

Greene, (Shepard).

Spice Bush.

THYMELEACE^.

Mezereum Family.

1227. Dircapa lustris, L.

Common Eastward.

Leatherwood.

EL^AGNACEtE.

Oleaster Family.

1228. Sheplierdia argentea, Nutt.

" Missouri," (A. Wood).

Buffalo Berry.

SANTALACE^.

Sandalwood Family.

1229. Comandra umbellata, Nutt.

Common.

Bastard Toad- flax.

LORANTHACE^.

Mistletoe Family.

1230. Phoradendron flavescens, Nutt. American Mistletoe.

Common in extreme Southeast.

SAURURACE^.

Lizsard's- 2ail FamiLy^.

1231. Saururus cernuus, L.

Lizzard's Tail.

Common.

CATALOGUE. 75

CERATOPHYLLACE^.

Hornwort Family.

1232. Ceratophyllum demersum, L. Hornwort.

Jackson, (Bush), Pike, (Pech).

CALLITRICHACE^.
Water Starwort Family.

1233. Callitriche Austini, Engelm. Water Starwort.

''Missouri," (Gray's Manual, 5th Ed).

1234. heterophylla, Pursh.

Greene, (Shepard).

1235. verna, L.

• Jackson, (Bush), Pike, (Pech).

EUPHORBIACE^.

Spurge Family.

1236.

Euphorbia commutata, Engelm.-

Franklin, Jefferson & St. Louis, (Letterman).

1237.

corollata, L.

Common.

1238.

dentata, Michx.

Common.

1239.

dictyosperma, F. & M.

Clay & Jackson, (Bush).

1240.

discoidalis, Chapm.

Franklin, Jefferson & St. Louis, (Letterman).

1241.

Geyeri, Engelm,

Jackson, (Bush).

1242.

heterophlla, L.

Boone, (Tracy), Jackson, (Bush), Pike, (Pech)

1243,

humistrata, Engelm.

Common.

1244.

hypericifolia, L.

•

Common.

1245.

maculata.

Common.

76 FLORA OF MISSOURI.

1246. m,arginata,V\xv&h.

Introduced from the West.

1247. obtusata, Pursh.

Pike, (Pecb).

1248. petaloidea, Engelm.

Cass, (Broadhead).

1249. serpens, M. B. K.

Common.

1250. serpyllifolia, Pers.

Miller, (Winick).

1251. Croton capitatus, Michx.

Common.

1252. glandulosus, L.

Franklin, Jefferson & St. Louis, (Letterman), Greene,
(Shepard).

1253. monanthogynus, Michx.

Common.

1254. Texensis, Mull.

Jackson, (Bush),

1255. Acalypha Virginica, L. Three-seeded Mercury.

Common.

1256. var. gracilens, Gray.

Jackson, (Bush).

1257. Caroliniana, Walt.

Greene, (Shepard), Pike, (Pech).

1258. Bicinns communis^ L. Castor Bean.

Occasionally persistent about gardens.

1259. Sebastiana ligustrina, Mull.

St. Louis, (Geyer).

1260. Tragia macrocarpa, Willd.

Henry, (Bush).

1261. urticeefolia, Michx.

Greene, (Shepard), Miller, (Winick),

1262. Crotonopsis linearis, Michx.

Franklin, Jefferson and St. Louis, (Letterman).

URTICACE^.

Nettle Family.

1263. Ulmus alata, Michx. Winged Elm.

Common from Callaway and Cole Southeast.

CATALOGUE.

77

White Elm.

Slippery Elm.

Corky White Elm.

Hackberry.

1264. Americana, L.

Common everywhere.

1265. falva, Michx.

Common.

1266. racemosa, Thomas.

Boone, (Tracy), Jackson, (Bush)

1267. Celtis occidentalis, L.

Common.

1268. Morus lubra, L. Red Mulberry.

Common.

1269. alba, L.

Occasionally escaped.

1270. Madura auranliaca.

Newton, (Swallow), Spring river, (Tracy).

1271. TJrtica dioica, L.

Common.

1272. gracilis, Ait.

Common on moist ground.

1273. Laportea Canadensis, Gaudich.

Common.

1274. Pilea pumila, Gray.

Common in shady places.

1275. Bcehmcria cylindrica, Willd.

Boone, (Tracy), Jackson, (Bush), Pike, (Pech).

1276. Parietaria Pennsylvanica, Muhl. Pellitory.

Common on rocky banks.

1277. Cannabis saliva, L. Hemp.

Common.

1278. Humulus Lupulus, L. Hops.

Common.

Stinging Nettle.

Wood Nettle.

Clearweed.

False Nettle.

' PLATANACE^.

Sycamore Family.

1279. Platanus occidentalis, L. Sycamore.

Common along streams.

JUGLANDACE^.

Walnut Family.

1 280. Jug'lans cinerea, L. Butternut.

Common except West and Northwest.

"^8 . FLORA OF MISSOURI.

1281. nigra, L. Black Walnut.

Common.

1282. Carya alba, Nutt. Shell-bark Hickory.

Common.

1283. amara, Nutt. Bitter-nut Hickory.

Common.

1284. aquatica, Nutt.

Butler and common in low lands Southeast, (Letter-
man).

1285. olivaeformis, Nutt. Pecan.

Common along rivers except in Northwest.

1286. porcina, Nutt. Pig-nut Hickory.

Common.

1287. sulcata, Nutt. Large Shell-bark Hickory.

Common along streams.

1288. tomentosa, Nutt. Mockernut.

Common except West and Northwest.

? From four localities in the State I have received nuts

which are apparently from a hybrid of C. alba and C.
olivaeformis. They are certainly diflFerent from any
recognized species, but more study is necessary to
determine their true relationship. (Tracy).

CUPULIFER^.
Oak Family.

1289. Quercus alba, L. White Oak.

Common except West of the Nodaway River.

1290. aquatica, Catesby. Water Oak.

Common Southeast.

1291. bicolor, Willd. ' Swamp White Oak.

Common except in extreme Northwest.
1293. Catesbsei, Michx.

"Missouri," (Engelmann).

1293. cinerea, Michx. Upland Willow Oak.

(Swallow in Geol. Survey Rep.)

1294. cocci nea, Wang. Scarlet Oak.

Common.

1295. falcata, Michx. Spanish Oak.

Common Southward.

CATALOGUE. 79

1296. heterophylla, Michx. Bartram Oak.

Cooper, DeKalb, Shelby and Sullivan, (Broadhead),.
Pettis, (Swallow).

1297. imbricaria, Michx. Laurel Oak.

Boone, (Tracy), Miller, (Swallow), St. Louis to Butler,
(Letterman).

1298. Leana, Nutt. Lea's Oak.

Butler, St. Louis and Washington, rare, (Letterman).
Pettis, (Swallow.)

1299. lyrata, Walt.

Common in Butler and swamps of S. E. Mo, Six
trees found near Allenton in 1883, the first time
observed so far North, (Letterman).

1300. macrocarpa, Michx. Bur Oak.

Low lands South and on high lands North.

1301. Michauxii, Nutt. Cow Oak.

Butler and swamps of Southeast, (Letterman).
1,302. Muhlenbergii, Engelm. Chestnut Oak.

Common.

1303. nigra, L. Blackjack Oak.

Common.

1304. obtusiloba, Michx. Post Oak.

Not West of Liberty and Maryville. Common else-
where. (Broadhead).

1305. palustris, Du Roi. Pin Oak.

Common except Northwest.

1306. Phellos, L. Willow Oak.

Common Southeast.

1307. prinoides, Willd.

Common Northwest.

1308. rubra, L. Red Oak.

Common.

1309. var. runcinata, Engelm.

Miller, (Swallow), St. Louis, (Engelmann).

1310. tinctoria, Bart. Black Oak.

Common.

1311. tridentata, Engelm.

St. Louig, (Engelmann).

1312. quinqueloba, Engelm.

St. Louis, (Engelmann).

1313. Oastanea pumila, Michx. Chinquapin.

Barry, Cedar and Jasper, (Broadhead).

80

FLORA OP MISSOURI.

1314. vulgaris, var. Americana, Walt. Chestnut.

Swallow reports one lar^e tree in New Madrid.

1315. Fagus ferruginea, Ait. Beech.

In Southeast only.

CORYLACE^.
Hazel Family.

1316. Ostrya Virginica, Willd.

Common.

1317. Carpinus Caroliniana, Walt.

Common except Northwest.

1318. Corylus Americana, Walt.

Common.

Hop Tree.

Hazel Nut.

BETULACE^.

Birch Family.

1 319. Betula alba, var. populifolia, Sp.

Common along streams.

1320. nigra, L.

Common except Westward.

1321. Alnus incana, Willd.

Mississippi, (Galloway).

1322. serrulata, Ait.

Common except Northwest.

White Birch.
Red Birch.

Speckled Alder.
Smooth Alder.

SALICACE^.

Willow Family.

1323. Salix aZ5a, L.

Introduced.

1324. var. vitellina. Gray.

Introduced.

1325. amygdaloides, And.

Jackson, (Bush).

1326. Candida, Willd.

Iron, (Broadhead.)

White Willow.
Golden Willow.

Hoary Willow.

cataloguh. 81

1327. cordata, Muhl. Heart-leaved Willow.

(Watson in King's 5th Report).

1328. var. rigida, Muhl.

St. Louis, (Geyer).

1329. var. angustata, And.

Putnam, (Swallow).

1330. discolor, Muhl. Glaucous Willow.

Greene, (Shepard), Southern Mo., (Sargent).

1331. humilis, Marsh. Prairie Willow.

Boone. (Tracy), Greene, (Shepard), Jackson, (Bush),
St. Louis, (Geyer).

1332. longifolia, Muhl. " Lon^-leaved Willow.

Boone, (Tracy), Jackson, (Bush), Putnam, (Swallow).

1333. lucida, Muhl. Shining Willow.

Jackson, (Bush).

1334. nigra. Marsh. Black Willow.

Common.

1335. petiolaris. Smith. Petioled Willow.

Jackson, (Bush).

1336. sericea, Marsh. Silky Willow.

Jackson, (Bush), St. Louia, (Murtfeldt).

1337. tristis, Ait. Dwarf Gray Willow.

Pike, (Pech).

1338. Fopulns alba, L. Silver Poplar.

Introduced.
1-339. angulata, Ait. Angled Cottonwood.

Jackson, (Bush).

1340. balsamifera, L. Balsam Poplar.

Boone, (Galloway).

1341. grandidentata, Michx. Large-toothed Aspen.

Boone, (Tracy), Wright, (Bush).

1342. heterophylla, L. Downy Poplar.

Common Southeast.

1343. monilifera. Ait. Cottonwood.

Common, especially Northwest.

1344. tremuloides, Michx. American Aspen.

Common Northward.

CONIFER.^.
Pine Family.

1345. Janiperus communis, L. Juniper.

Greene, j( Shepard).

82 FLORA OF MISSOURI.

1346, Tirginiana, L.- Red Cedar.

Common on hilly woodlands.
1347 Pinus mitis, Michx. Yellow Pine.

Letterman reports this from nineteen counties in the

Ozark region.

1348. Taxodium distichum, Richard. Cypress.

Common in the swamps of the Southeast.

ARACE^.
Arum Family.

1349. Arisdema Dracontium, Schott. Dragon Root.

Boone and St. Louis, (Tracy), Jackson, (Bush).

1350. triphyllura, Torr. Indian Turnip.

Common.

1351. Oroutium aquaticum, L. Golden Club.

Boone, (Tracy).

1352. Acorus Calamus, L. Sweet Flag.

Common.

•

LEMNACE.E.

Duckweed Family.

1353. Lemna gibba, L.

Pike, (Pech).

1354. paucicostata, Hegel.

Jackson, (Bush), St. Louis, (Gray).

1355. Torreyi, Austin.

(Gray's Manual, 5th Ed).

1356. Speirodela polyrrhiza, Schleid.

Cass, (Broadhead), Jackson, (Bush), Pike, (Pech).

TYPHACEJE.

Cat-tail Family.

1357. Sparganium eurycarpura, Engelm. Bur-reed.

Common.

CATALOGUE. 8 3

1358. var. androcladum, Gray.

Greene, (Shepard).

1359. var. Nuttallii, Gray.

Cass, (Broadhead).

1360. Typha angustifolia, L. Narrow-leaved Flag.

The most common specie; Westward.

1361. latifolia, L. ' Common Cat-tail Flag.

Common elsewhere, but rare Westward.

NAIADACE^.

1362. Naias Indica, var. grabillima, Braun.

" Missouri," (Engelmann).
13tj3. Zannichella palustris, L.

Pike, (Fech).

1364. Potamogeton hybridus, Michx. Pond Weed.

Boone. (Tracy), Jackson, (Bush), Perry, (Demetrio).

1365. var. spicatus, Engelm.

St. Louis, (Geyer).

1366. natans, L.

Common.

1367. pulcher, Tuck.

St. Louis, (Engelmann).

1368. pusillus, L.

Jackson, (Bush), Perry, (Demetrio).

1369. Spirillus, Tuck.

Boone, (Tracy).

ALISMACE^.
Water Plantain Family.

1370. Alisma Plantago, L., var. Americanum, Gr. Water Plantain.

Common.

1371. Echinodorns parvulus, Engelm.

'^ Missouri," (A. Wood).

1372. radicans, Engelm.

Pike, (Pech).

1373. rostratus, Engelm.

Jackson, (Bush).

1374. Sagittaria calycina, Engelm. Arrowhead.

Greene, (Shepard).

84 FLORA OP MISSOUKI.

1375. graminea, Michx.

Jactson, (Bush), Pike, (Pech).

1376. heterophylla; Pursh.

Jackson, (Bush), Pike, (Pech).
1377 lancifolia, L.

Putnam, (Swallow), St. Louis, (Tracy).

1378. variabilis, Engelm.

Common.

1379. uligniosum, Engelm.

St. Louis, (Engelmann).

HYDROCHARIDACEiE.

Frog's hit Family.

13S0, LimnoMuin Spongia, Richard. Frog's- bit.

Marion, (Swallow).

1381. Anacharis Canadensis, Planchon. Water Weed.

Jackson, (Bush).

1382. Vallisneria spiralis, L. Eel Grass.

St. Louis, (Tracy).

ORCHIDACE^-
Orchis Family.

1383. Orchis apectabilis. ^ Showy Orchis.

Boone, (Tracy), Greene, (Shepard), Perry (Demetrio),
Pike, (Pech). '^

1884. Habenaria cristata, R. Br. Rein Orchis.

Perry, (Demetrio).

1385. lacera, R. Br. Ragged Fringed Orchis.

Pike, (Pech).

1386. leucophasa, Gray.

Cass, (Broadhead). Jackson, Bush).

1387. virescens, Spreng,

Miller, ( Winick), Ralls, (Broadhead), St. Louis, (Let-
term?n).
1888. Spiranthes cernua, Richard. Ladies' Tresses.

Jackson and Wright, (Bush), Mississippi, (Galloway), Pike
(Pech).

CATALOGUE. 85

1389. gracilis, Big.

Boone, (Galloway), Jackson and Wright, (Bush).

1390. graminea, Lindl., var. Walteri. Gray.

Not rare Southward.
1891. Pogronia pendula, Lind!.

Clay, (Mann), Jackson, (Bush), Pike, (Pech).
1392. Calopogon pulchellus, Nutt.

Greene, (Shepard).
1-393. Bletiaaphylla,'Nutt.

Sf. Louis, near Allenton, rare, (Letterman).

1394. Microstylis ophioglossoides, Nutt. Adder's Mouth.

Pike, (Pech).

1395. lilparis liliifolia, Richard. Twayblade.

Greene, (Shepard), Marion, (Swallow), Miller, (Winick),
Pike, (Pech).
139f5. Corallorhiza multiflora, Nutt, Coral-root.

St Louis, (Letterman).

1397. odontorhiza, Nutt.

Pike, (Pech), St. Louis, (Kellogg).

1398. striata, Lindl.

Perry, (Demptrio).

1399. Applectrum hyemale, Nutt- Putty-root.

Boone, (Tracy ), Jackson, (Bush), Jefferson and St Louis,
(Letterman). Rare.

1400. Cyprlpedlum caudidum, Muhl. White Lady's Slipper.

Common.

1401. parviflorum, Salisb. Small Yellow Lady's Slipper.

■* Common.

1402. pubescens, Willd. Large Yellow Lady's Slipper.

Common.
1408. spectabile, Swartz. Showy Lady's Slipper.

Cass, Linn and Mercer, (Broadhead), Putnam, (Swal-
low).

AMARYLLID\CE^.

Amaryllis Family

1404. Hymenocalli? maritimum.

Butler, (Leitermaij)

1406. Agave Virginica, L, False Aloe.

Madison, (Broadhead), Wright, (Bush).

86

FLORA OF MISSOURI.

1406. Hypoxys erecta, L.

Common everywhere.

miDACE^.
Iris Family

1407. Iris cuprea, Pursh.

Jackson, (Frye),

1408. versicolor, L.

Common.

1409. Virginica, L.

St. Louis, (Letterman).

1410. Pardanthus Chinensis, Ker.

Common about old gardens.

1411. Slsyrinchluin anceps, L.

Common everywhere.

1412. Nemastylis gemmiflora.

'' Missouri, " (T. Gardner).

Star Grass.

I'ellow Iris.

Large Blue Flag.

Slender Blue Flag.

Blackberry Lily.

Blue-eyed Grass.

DIOSCOREACE^.

*

Yam Family.

1413. Dioscorea villosa, L.

Common.

Wild Yam.

SMILACEJE.

Smilax Family.

1414. Smilax glauca, Walt. Greenbrier.

" Missouri," (Swallow)-

1415. herbacea L. Carrion Flower.

Common.

1416. var lasioneuron, Hook.

Montgomery, (Broadhead).

1417. var. pulverulenta, Gray.

Jackson, (Bush).

1418. hispida, Muhl.

Boone, (Tracy), Callaway, (Broadhead), Greene,
(Shepard), Fike, (Pech).

CATALOGUE.

87

1419.

Pseudo China, L.

Boone, (Galloway,) Pemiscot, (Swallow).

1420.

rotundifolia, L.

Common.

142^.

tamnifolia, Michx.

" Missouri," (Swallow).

142?

tamnoides, L.

Mississippi, (Galloway).

LILIACE^.

Lily Family.

Wild Garlic.
Wild Onion.

1423. Allium Canadense, Kalm.

Common.

1424. cernuum, Roth.

Common.

1425. mutabile, Michx.

Jackson, (Bush).
1426 stellatum, Nutt.

Greene and Jackson, (Bush).

1427. Northoscordum striatum, Kunth.

Common.

1428. Muscari hotryoides Mill.

Eicaped from gardens.

1429. Camassia Fraseri, Torr.

Common.

1430. Polygonatum biflorum, Ell.

Common.

1431. giganteum, Dietrich.

Common,

1432. latifolum, Desf.

Pike, (Pech).

1433. Asparagus oMcinalis^L.

Escaped from gardens.

1434. Suillacina racemosa, Desf.

Common

1435. stellata, Dasf. False Solomon's Seal.

Pike, cPech), St. Louis, (Tracy).

1436. Yucca angustifolia, Pursh. Bear Grass.

Atchison, (Broadhead).
AR— 31

Grape Hyacinth.

Squill.

Small Solomon's Seal.

Great Solomon's Seal.

Asparagus.
False Spikenard.

88 FLOKA OF MISSOURI.

1437. Lilium Canadense, L. Wild Yellow Lily.

Oass and Iron, (Broadhead), Pike, (Pech).

1438. Oatesbsei, Walt. Southern Red Lily.

Clark, (Broadhead).

1439. Philadelphicum, L. Wild Orange-red Tily.

Common.

1440. superbnm, L. ' Turks-c *p Lily.

Jackson, (Bush), St. Louis, (Murtfeldt). ^ r

1441. var. Carolinianum, Ohapm.

Jackson, (Bush).

1442. Erythronium albidum, Nutt. White Dog-tooth Violet.

Common.

1443. Americanum, Smith. Yellow Adder's Tongue.

Knox, (Linn), Pettia, (McOluney).

1444. Ornithogalum uinbellatum^ L. Star-of-Bethlehem.

About old gardens.

1445. Uviilaria grandiflora. Smith. Bellwort.

Boone & St. Louis, (Tracy), Jackson, (Bush).

1446. perfoliata, L.

Common in rich woods.

1447. Trillium cernuum, L. Nodding Trillium.

St. Charles, (Broadhead).

1448. erythrocarpum, Michx. Painted Trillium.

Pike, (Pech).

1449. erectum, L. Purple Trillium.

Boone, (Galloway), St. Charles and St. Louis, (Broad-
head).

1450. grandiflorum, Salisb. Large White Trillium.

St. Louis, (Kellogg).

1451. recurvatum. Beck.

St. Charles, (Broadhead).

1452. sessile, L.

Common.

1453. Melanthium Virginicum, L. Bunch-flower.

Common.

1454. Veratruin viride. Ait. Indian Poke.

Boone, (Tracy).

1455. Woodii, Bobbins.

Pike, (Pech in 1842). Abundant along the Meramec
in Jefferson county, " now the only known local-
ity," (Letterman).

.CATALOGUE. * 89

1456. parviflorum, Michx.

Marion (Swallow), Pike, (Broadhead).

1457. Zyg'adeiius glaberrimus, Michx.

St. Louis, (Murtfeldt).

1458. Tofieldia glabra, Nutt. False Asphodel.

Miller, (Winick).

JUNCACE^.

Rush Family.

1459. Luzula campestris, DO.

Boone, (Tracy).

1460. Juncus acuminatus, Mich. Rush.

St. Louis, (Murtfeldt).

1461. var. debilis, Engelm.

Jackson, (Bush).

1462. var. robustus, Engelm.

"Missouri," (Engelmann).

1463. var. legitimus, Engelm. ,

Jackson, (Bush).

1464. brachycarpus, Engelm.

Vernon, (Broadhead).

1465. marginatus, Rosth.

Miller, (Winick), Vernon, (Broadhead).

1466. nodosus, L.

Common.

1467. var. megacephalu?, Torr.

Jackson, (Bush).

1468. scirpoides, Lam.

Bike, (Pech).

1469. var. polycephalus, Engelm.

St. Louis, (Riehl).
1470* setaceus, Rostk.

Pike. (Broadhead).

1471. tenuis, Willd.

Common.

PONTEDERIACEtE.

Pickerel-weed Family.

1472. Pontederia cordata, L. Pickerel Weed.

Common.

90 * FLORA OF MISSOllKI.

1478. Heteranthera grarainea. Water Star-grass.

Maries, (Broadhead), Pike, (Pech).

1474. limosa, Yah]. • Mud PJaintain.

Jackson, (Bash).

COMMELYNACE^.

Spiderwort Family.

1475. Commelyna Yirginica, L. Day Flower.

Common.

1476. hirtella, Yahl.

Mississippi, (Galloway).

1477. Cayennensis, Richard.

Mississippi, (Galloway).

1478. Tradescantia rosea, Yent. Spiderwort.

Boone, (Tracy). Greene, Ralls and Texas, (Broadhead).

1479. Yirginica, L. Common Spiderwort.

Common.

1480. var. flexuosa, Watson.

Common.

XYRIDACE^.

Yellow-eyed Grass Family.

1481. Xyris flexuosa, Muhl.

Common.

CYPERACE^.

Sedge Family.

1482. Cyperus acuminatus, Torr.

Cass, (Broadhead), Jackson, (Bush).

1483. compressus, L.

Jackson, (Bush).

1484. dentatus, Torr.

Pike, (Pech).

1485. diandrus, Torr.

Boone, (Tracy), Callaway, (Broadhead)^ Jackson,
(Bush), Pike, (Pech).

1486. Engelmanni, Steud.

. Jackson, (Bush).

CATALOGUE. 91

1487. erythrorhizos, Muhl.

Jackson, (Bush), St. Louis, (Riehl).

1488. filiculmis, Vahl.

Jackson, (Bush), Pike, (Pech).

1489. flavescens, L.

St. Louis, (RieM).

1490. inflexus, Muhl.

Jackson, (Bush), Pike, (Pech), St. Louis, (Riehl).

1491. Michauxianus, Schult.

Jackson, (Bush).

1492. ovularis, Torr.

St. Louis, (Murtfeldt), Vernon, (Broadhead).

1493. phymatodes, Muhl.

Common.

1494. rotundus, L., var. Hydra, Gray.

St. Louis, (Riehl).

1495. Schweinitzii, Torr.

Jackson, (Bush), St. Louis, (Letterman).

1496. strigosus, L.

Boone, (Tracy), Jackson, (Bush), Vernon, (Broadhead).

1497. tetragonus. Ell.

St. Louis, (Riehl).

1498. Kyllingia pumila^ Michx.

Jackson, (Bush), Pike, (Peck), St. Louis, (Letterman).

1499. Dulichium spathaceum, Pers.

Oass, (Broadhead), Franklin, Jefferson and St. Louis,
(Letterman).

1500. Hemicarpha subsquarrosa, Nees.

Jackson (Bush).

1501. Eleocharis acicularis, R. Br. Spike-Rush-

Jackson, (Bush).

1502. compressa, Sulliv.

Jackson, (Bush), Pike, (Pech).

1503. intermedia, Schultes.

Jackson, (Bush).

1504. obtusa, Schultes.

Common.
150.5. palustris, R. Br.

Jackson, (Bush), Pike, (Pech).
1506. tenuis, Schultes.

Jackson, (Bush), St. Louis, (Geyer).

92

FLORA OF MISSOURI.

1057.

Scirpus atrovirens, Muhl.

Bulrush.

Jackson, (Bush), Pike, (Pech), St. Louis

, (Riehl).

1508.

fluviatilis, Gray.

Bates and Jackson, (Bush).

1509.

lineatus, Michx.

Common Eastward.

1510.

polyphyllus, Vahl.

Pike, (Pech), Vernon, (Broadhead).

1511.

pungens, Vahl.

Boone, (Tracy), Jackson, (Bush).

'

1512.

sylvaticus, L.

/

Pike, (Pech).

1513.

supinus L. var. Hallii, Gray.

St. Louis, (Engelmann).

1514.

Torreyi, Olney.

Jackson, (Bush).

1515.

validus, Vahl.

Jackson, (Bush), Pike, (Pech).

1516.

Eriopliorum gracile, Koch.

Pike, (Pech).

Cotton Grass.

1517.

Fiiiibristylis autumnalis, R. & S.

Common.

1518.

capillaris, Gray.

Common Eastward.

1519.

spadicea, Vahl., var. castanea, Gray.
Jackson, (Bush).

.

1520.

Rhynchospora corniculata, Gray.

Butler, (Letterman).

Beak Rush,

1521.

Scleria triglomerata, Michx.

Jackson, (Bush).

Nut Rush.

1522.

Carex aperta, Boott.

Jackson, (Bush).

Sedge,

1523.

acutiformis, Ehrh.

Jackson, (Bush).

1524.

arida, Schw. & Torr.

Pike, (Pech).

1525.

aristata, R. Br.

Pike, (Pech).

1526.

bromoides, Schk.

Pike, (Pech).

1527.

crus-corvi, Shutt.

Bates, (Bush).

CATALOaUE. 93

1528. conjuncta, Boot.

Jackson, (Bush).

1529. Cherokeensis, Schw.

Missouri, (A. Wood),

1530. cristata, Schw.

Pike, (Pech), St. Louis, (Geyer).

1531. conoida, Schk.

Pike, (Pech).

1532. cephalaphora, Muhl.

Jackson, (Bush), Pike, (Pech).

1533. Davisii, Schw. & Torr.

Jackson, (Bush), Pike, (Pech).

1534. echinata, Murr.

Jackson, (Bush).

1535. eburnea. Boot.

Pike, (Pech).

1536. filiformis, L.

Pike, (Pech).

1537. grisea, Wahl.

Jackson, (Bush).

1538. granulans, Muhl.

Jackson, (Bush).

1539. HitchcockJana, Dew,

Jackson, (Bush).

1540. hystricina, Willd,

St. Louis, (Riehl).

1541. intumescens, Rudge.

Pike, (Pech).

1542. lagopodioides, Schk.

Jackson, (Bush).

1543. lupulina, MuhL

Jackson, (Bush), Pike, (Pech),

1544. laxiflora, Lam.

Jackson, (Bush), St. Louis, (Riehl).

1545. var. blanda. Boot.

Jackson, (Bush), Pike, (Pech).

1546. var. intermedia, Boot.

Jackson, (Bush).

1547. var, latifolia. Boot.

Jackson (Bush).

1548. Meadii, Dew.

Jackson, (Bush), St. Louis, (Geyer).

94 FLOBA OF MISSOURI.

1549. Muhlenbeigii, Schk.

Jackson, (Bush), Pike, (Pech),
1650. monile, Tuck.

Jackson, (Bush).

1551. Novae- An gliae, Sch\v.

Pike, (Pech).

1552. oligocarpa, Schk.

Jackson, (Bush), St. Louis, (Riehl).

1553. pubescens, Muhl.

Jackson, (Bush), St. Louis, (Kiehl).

1554. Pennsylvanica, Lam.

Jackson, (Bush).

1555. riparia, Curtis,

J«ckson, (Bush),

1556. Richardsonii, R. Br.

Jackson, (Bush).

1557. retroflexa, Muhl.

Jackson, (Bush).

1558. rosea, Schk.

Common.

1559. var. minor. Boot.

Jackson, (Bush).

1560. var. radiata, Dew.

Jackson, (Bush), Pike, (Pech).

1561. stenolepis, Torr.

Jackson, (Bush).

1562. Steudelii, Kunth.

Jackson, (Bush).

1563. sparganoides, Muhl.

Jackson, (Bush).

1564. var. minor, Boot.

Jackson, (Bush).

1565. equarrosa, L.

Common.

1566. Shortiana, Dew.

Jackson, (Bush), St. Louis, (Geyer).

1567. straminea, Schck.

Cass,. (Broadhead), Jackson, (Bush).

1568. siccata, Dew.

Pike, (Pech).

1569. stipata, Muhl.

Common.

CATALOGDE. 95

1570. sterilis, Willd.

Jackson, (Busb).

1571. stricta, Lam.

Common.

1572. striata, Michx.

Jackson, (Bush).

1573. trichocarpa, Muhl.

Jackson, (Bush).

1574. Tuckermani, Boot.

Pike, (Pec h),

1575. tentaculata, Muhl.

Pike, (Pech).

1576. triceps, Michx.

Common Eastward.

1577. tetanica, Schk.

Jackson, (Bush), St. Louis, (Riehl).

1578. umbel] ata, Schk.

Common.

1579. virescens, Muhl.

Greene, (Shepard).

1580. vulpinoidea, Michx.

Common.

1581. Vaseyi, Dew.

Jackson, (Bush).

1582. varia, Muhl.

Common Eastward.

1583. Willdenovii, Schck.

St. Louis, (Geyer).

GRAMINE^.

Grass Family.

158i. Paspalum fluitans, Kth.

Jackson, (Bush).

1585. leeve, Michx.

Common.

1586. setaceum, Mich.

Common everywhere.

1587. Panicum agrostoides, Muhl. Panic Grass.

Common.

96 FLORA OF MISSOURI.

1588. amarum, Ell.

Cass, (Broadhead), Jackson, (Bush).

1589. antumiiaie, Bosc.

Boone and Mississippi, (Galloway).

1590. capillars, L. Old-witch Grass.

Common everywhere.

1591. clandestinum, L

Common.

1592. crusgalli, L. Barn-yard Grass.

Common everywhere.

1593. var. hispidum, Gray.

Common everywhere.

1594. depauperatum, Muhl.

Common.

1595. dichotomum, L.

Common everywhere.

1596. glabrum, Gaud.

Boone, (Galloway), Jackson, (Bush).

1597. latifolium, Muhl.

Common from Boone Southeast.

1598. microcarpum, Muhl.

Jackson, (Bush), Jefferson, (Tracy), Mississippi, (Gal-
loway).

1599. var. sphaerocarpon, Vasey.

Jackson, (Bush).

1600. proliferum, Lam.

Common.

1601. sanffuinale, L. Crab Grass.

Common.

1602. scoparium. Lam.

Mississippi, (Galloway).

1603. virgatum, L. Switch Grass.

Common along streams.
1601. viscidum, Ell.

Jackson, (Bush).

1605. Setaria ^lauca^ Beauv. Foxtail.

Common.

1606. Italica. Kunth. Millet.

Common in cultivation, occasionally escaped.

1607. verticillata, Beauv. Brown Foxtail.

Common.

1608. viridis, Beauv. Green Foxtail.

Common.

CATALOGUE. 97

1609. Cenchrus tribuloides, L. Sand bur Grass.

Common Northwest.

1610. Spartiiia cynosuroides, Willd. Cord Grass.

Common in damp soils.

1611. Coix lachryma, L. Job's Tears.

Cultivated and occasionally persistent.

1612. Tripsacum dactyloides, L. Gama Grass.

Cass, (Broadhead), Jackson, (Bush), St. Louis, (Gal-
lo\vay).

1613. Zizania aquatica, L. Wild Rice.

Common in swampy lands.

1614. Leersia lenticularis, Michx. Fly-catch Grass.

Boone and Mississippi, (Galloway).

1615. oryzoides, Swz. False Rice.

Common.

1616. Virginica, Willd. Cut Grass.

Common.

1617. Erianthus ?accharoides, Michx.

Occasionally in swampy lands Southeast.

1618. Andropogon dissitiflorus, Michx. Blue joint Grass.

Common.

1619. macrourus, Michx.

Madison, (Broadhead).

1620. provincialis. Lam.

Common.

1621. scoparius, Michx.

Common.

1622. Chrysopogon nutans, Banth. Wild Sorghum.

Common.

1623. Sorghum halep&nse, L. Guinegf Grass, or Johnson Grass.

Introduced and sparingly naturalized.
162i. Phalaris aruudinacea, L. Reed Canary Grass.

Common.

1625. Canariensis, L.

Occasional about dwellings.

1626. Antlioxantlium odoratura, L. Sweet Vernal Grass.

Common in door-yards.

1627. Alopecurus geniculatus, L. Water Fox tail.

Common in cultivated ground.

1628. var. aristulatus, Munro.

Jackson (Bush).

98 FLORA OF MISSOURI.

1629. pratensis, L. Meadow Foxtail.

Common from Boone Southwest.

1630. Aristida gracilis, Ell. Poverty Grass.

Common in rich soil.

1631. oligantha, Michx.

Common on thin soil.

1632. purpurascens, Poir.

Common along roadsides.

1633. purpurea, Nutt.

Common along roadsides.

1634. ramosissima, Engelm.

Greene, (Bush), Mississippi, (Galloway).
1625. var. uniseta, Engelm.

(Vasey in ''Grasses of U. S.")

1636. Stipa avenacea, L. Black Oat-Grass.

Livingston, (Galloway).

1637. spartea, Trin. Porcupine Grass.

Cass, (Bioadhead).

1638. Oryzopsis melanocarpa, Muhl. Mountain Rice.

Pike, (Pech).

1639. Millium eifusum, L. Millet Grass.

Pike, (Pech).

1640. Muhlenbergia capillaris, Kunth. Hair Grass.

Common in Boone, (Galloway).

1641. diffusa, Schreb. Nimble-Will.

Common.

1642. glomerata, Trin.

Howell, (Tracy), Jackson, (Bush), Lafayette, (Gallo-
way).

1643. Mexicana, Trin.

Common.

1644. var. filiformis, Muhl.

With the preceding.

1645. sobolifera, Trin.

Common.

1646. sylvatica, T. & G.

Jackson, (Bush).

1647. Willdenovii, Trin.

Common Westward.

1648. Bracliyletrum aristatum, Beauv.

Common.

CATALOGUE.

99

1649. Phleum pratense. L.

Common in cultivation, and occasionally

1650. Sporobolus asper, Kunth.

Jackson, (Bush).

1651. cryptandrus, Gray.

Boone, (Galloway), Jackson, (Bush).

1652. heterolepis. Gray.

Common on prairies.

1653. vaginseflorus, Torr.

Common southward.

1654. Agrrostis elata, Trin.

Boone, (Galloway), Schuyler, (Tracy).

1655. iDerennans, Tuck.

Common.

1656. scabra, Willd.

^ Common.

1657. vulgaris, Michx.

Common on damp soil.

1658. var. alba, Vasey.

Common.

1659. Cinna arundinacea, L.

Common.

1660. Deyevixia Canadensis, Beauv.

Jackson, (Bush), St. Louis, (Galloway).

1661. confinis. Kunth.

Jackson. (Bush), St. Louis, (Galloway).

1662. Ammophila longifolia, Benth.

Lafayette, (Galloway).

1663. Deschampsia caespitosa, Beauv.

St. Louis, (Galloway).

1664. flexuosa, Trin.

St. Louis, (Murtfeldt).

1665. Holcus lanatus, L.

St. Louis, (Galloway).

1666. Danthonia spicata, Beauv.

Common.

1667. Cynodon dactylon, Pers.

St. Louis, (Galloway),

1668. Schedonnardus Texanus, Steud.

Mississippi, (Galloway).

1669. Bouteloua hirsuta. Lag.

Saline, (Galloway).

Timothy,
naturalized.

Bent Grass.

Twin Grass.

Hair Grass.

Red Top.

Wood Reed-Grass.
Blue Stem.

100

FLORA OF MISSOURI.

1670. racemosa, Lag.

Boone, (Galloway), Jackson, (Bush).

1671. Eleusine Indica^ Gaert.

Common.

1672. Leptochloa mucronata, Kunth.

Jackson, (Bush).

1673. Triodia sesleroides, Torr.

Common.

1674. Arundo Donax.

About old gardens.

1675. Phragmites communis, Trin.

Common Southward in wet places.

1676. Kceleria cristata, Pers.

Common.

1677. Eatonia obtusata, Gray.

Common.

1678. Pennsylvanica, Gray.

Common.

1679. Eragrostis capillaris, L.

Common.

1680. Frankii, Meyer.

Common.

1681. major. Host.

Common.

1682. minor Host.

Common.

1683. pectinacea, Gray.

Common.

1684. var. spectabilis, Gray.

Boone, (Galloway), Jackson, (Bush).

1685. pilosa, L.

Common.
168^. Purshii, Schrad.

Common.

1687. reptans, Nees.

Boone, (Galloway).

1688. tenuis. Gray.

Boone, (Galloway), Jackson, (Bush).

1689. Melica mutica, Walt.

Common Northward.

1690. Diahrrhena Americana, Beauv.

Boone and St. Francois, (Galloway).

Yard Grass.

Reed- Grass.

Melic Grase.

CATALOGUE. 101

1691. Uniola latifolia, Michx.

Common in rich woods.

1692. Dactylis s'omerata, L. Orchard Grass.

Common in cultivation and occasionally naturalized.

1693. Poa alsoedes, Gray. ' Meadow Grass.

Boone, (Galloway),

1694. annua, L, Low Spear Grass.

Common everywhere in cultivated ground.

1695. arachnifera, Torr. Texas Blue Grass.

Introduced from Texas and apparently becoming
naturalized.

1696. brevifolia, Muhi.

Booue, (Galloway).

1697. compressa, L. Wire Grass.

Common.

1698. debilis, Torr.

Boone, (Galloway).

1699. flexuosa, Muhl.

Common.

1700. nemoralis, L.

Boone, (Galloway).

1701. pratensis, L. Blue Grass.

Common everywhere.

1703. serotina, Ehrh. Fowl Meadow Grass.

Common.

1704. sylvestris, Gray.

Boone, (Galloway), Jackson, (Bush).

1705. trivialis^ L. Rough Meadow Grass-

Jackson, (Bush), St. Louis, (Galloway).

1706. Glyceria arundinacea, Kunth. Reed Meadow Grass.

Boone, (Galloway).

1707. Canadensis, Trin.

Boone, (Galloway), Jackson, (Bush).

1708. fluitans, R. Br.

Jackson, (Bush).

1709. nervata, Trin.

Common.

1710. Festuca duriuscula, L. Fescue.

Boone, (Galloway), Jackson, (Bush).

1711. elatior, L. Meadow Fescue.

Boone, (Galloway).

1712. nutans, Willd.

Common.

102 FLORA OP MISSOURI.

1713. ovina, L. Sheep's Fescue.

Boone and SK Louis, (Gallowaj'"), Jackson, (Bush).

1714. Shortii, Kunth.

(Dr. Vasey in '' Grasses of U. S.")

1715. tenella, Willd.

Boone, (Galloway), St. Francois, (Tracy).

1716. Bromus ciliatus, L.

Common.

1717. var. purgan^. Gray.

Jackson, (Bush).

1718. Kalmii, Gray. • Wild Chess.

Boone, (Galloway).

1719. racemosus, L. Upright Chess.

Common.

1720. secalinus, L. Cheat or Chess.

Common everywhere.

1721. sterilis, L.

Boone, (Galloway).

1722. Lolium perenne, L. Rye-Grass.

Naturalized.

1723. var. Italicum, Yasey. Italian Rye-Grass.

Sparingly naturalized.

1724. Agropyrum caninum, R. & S.

Boone, (Galloway).

1725. repens, Beauv. Couch-Grass.

Found occasionally where it has been introduced. -

1726. Hordeum jubatum, Huds. Squirrel-tail Grass.

Occasional Westward.

1727. pulsillum, Nutt.

Occasional about old gardens.

1728. Elymus Canadensis, L. Wild Rye.

Common.

1729. var. glucifolius. Gray.

Common along river banks.

1730. Sitanion, Schultz.

Jackson, (Bush).

1731. striatus. Small Wild Rye.

Common.

1732. var. villosus, Gray.

Jackson, (Bush), St. Francois, (Tracy).

1733. Yirginicus, L. Wild Rye.

Common.

CATALOGUE. 103

1734. Asprella hystrix, Willd. Hedge hog Grass.

Common.

1735. Ariinclinaria tecta, Muhl. Cane.

Common in extreme Southeast.

EQUISETACEtE.

Horsetail Family.

1736. Equisetuin arvense, L. Horsetail.

Common.

1737. sylvaticum, L.

Greene, (Shepard).

1738. robustum, Braun,

Jackson, (Bash), St. Louis, (Letterman).

1739. var. affine, Engelm.

Jackson, (Bush).

1740. hyemale, L.

Common.

OPHIOGLOSSACE^.

1741. Opliioglossum vulgitum, L.

Iron, Jefferson & St. Louis, (Letterman), Jackson,
(Bush).

1742. Botrychium ternatum, Swz.

Vernon, (Broadhead).

1743. var. lunarioides, Milde.

Common.

1744. Virginianum, Swz.

Butler & St. Louis, (Letterman), Jackson, (Bush).

1745. matricariagfolium, Braun.

Iron, (Broadhead),

FILICES.
Fetn Family.

1746. Polypodiumincanum, Sw!z.

Mississippi, (Galloway), St. Louis, (Letterman).

A. R.— 32

104 FLORA OF MISSOURI.

1747. vulgare, L.

Boone, (Tracy), Mississippi, (Swallow), St. Louis, (Let-
terman).

1748. Notholseana dealbata, Kunzp.

Boone, (Tracy ), Jackson, (Bush).

1749. Adiautum capillus-veneris, L.

Christian, Greene and Stone, (Shepard), Madison,
(Broadhead).

1750. pedatum, L.

Common.

1751. Pteris aquilina, L.

Common Southward.

1752. Cheilantlies lanuginosa, Nutt.

Common,

1753. tomentosa, Link.

Cole, (Wheeler's Report.)-

1754. vestita, Swz.

Common Southward..

1755. Pellea atropurpurea, Link,

Common.

1756. gracilis, Hook.

Boone, (Galloway), Newton, (Broadhead).

1757. Woodwardia Virginica, Smith.

Common.

1758. Asplenium angustifolium, Michx.

Common.

1759. ebeneum, Ait.

Common.

1760. ebenoides. Scott.

Franklin, Iron, Jeft'erson and St. Louis, (Letterman)

1761. Filix foemina, Bernb.

Miller, (Winick), St. Louis, (Letterman).

1762. parvulum, M. & G.

Christian. (Shepard), Greene and Jackson, (Bush).

1763. pinnatifidura, Nutt.

Greene, (Shepard).

1764. thelypteroides, Mich.

Common.

1765. trichomanes, L.

Miller, (Winick), ^t. Louis, (Letterman).

1766. Camptosoriis rhiznphyllus, Link.

Common everywhere.

CATALOGUE. 105

1767. Pheg-opteris hexagoaoptera, Fee.

Common from B )one Eastward.

1768. Aspidium acrostichoides, Swz.

Common.

1769. Lonchitis, Swz.

Madison, (Broadhead), Miller, (Winick).

1770. marginale, Swz.

St. Louis, near Allenton, (Letterman).

1771. spinulosum, Swz,

Butler and St. Loui^, (Letterman).

1772. Thelypteris, Swz.

Butler and St. Louis, (Letterman).

1773. Cystopteris bulbifera, Bernh.

Common.

1774. fragilis, Bernh.

Common.

1775. Oiioclea sensibilis, L.

Jackson, (Bush), St. Louis, (Letterman). Scotland,
(Broadhead).

1776. Woodsia obtusa, Torr.

Jackson, (Bush), St. Louis, (Geyer).

1777. Dicksonia pilosiuscula, Willd.

Scotland, (Broadhead).

1778. Osniuiida cinnamonea, L.

Franklin, (Letterman).

1779. Claytoniana, L.

Pike, (Pech).

1780. regalis, L.

Butler and 8'. Louis, (Letterman).

SALVINIACE^.

1781. Azolla Caroliniana, Willd.

Howell, (Swallow), .Jackson, (Bush).

LYCOFODIACE^.

Club- Moss Eamily.

1782. Lycopodium dendroideum, Michx.

Madison, (Broadhead).

106 FLORA OF MISSOURI.

SEL AGIN ELL ACEiE.

1783. Selaginella rupestris, Spring.

Adair, (Broadhead), Jefferson and St. Louis, (Letterman).

ISOETACEiE.

1784. Isoetes echinospora, Diirien, var. Braunii, EDgelm.

Jackson, (Bush).

1785. Engelmanni, Braun.

'* Missouri," (Gray's Manual, 5th Ed.)

i

I*'

New York Botanical Garden Librar

3 5185 00259 0642

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