-

REPORT

OF THE

Montana Livestock
Sanitary Board

AND

State Veterinary Surgeon

Including Reports of Chemist and Bacteriologist and
Pathologist and Summary of Work

For the Biennium
December 1, 1930, to November 30, 1932

"VOLUME I. NUMBER 14

NAEQELE PRINTINQ CO.. HELENA, MONT.

Montana State Library

3 0864 1005 0985 3

Montana Livestock
Sanitary Board

PERCY WILLIAMSON. President, MilesCity

R. F. CLARY. Vice-Pres., Great Falls

C. J. McNAMARA, Big Sandy

W. H. DONALD, Melville

A. M. MOORE, M.iiion

BERT ORR, Dillon

W. J. BUTLER

Secretary and Executive Officer

State Veterinary Surgeon

Director of Laboratories

VOLUME 1

XUMBER 14

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***«***«**

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Montana Livestock Sanitary Board Laboratories

Helena, Montana,
December 1. VXV2.

Honorable J. E. Erickson,
Governor of the State of Montana.
Helena. Montana.

Sir :

In compliance with Section 3292, Revised Codes of Montana. ,1921.
we transmit herewith the report of the Montana Livestock Sanitary Board
and the State Veterinary Surgeon for the biennium December 1. 1930,
lo November 30, 1932.

Respectfully.

MONTANA LIVESTOCK SANITARY BOARD.
W. J. Butler, Executive Officer.

REPORT OF THE

Montana Livestock Sanitary Board

Helena, Montana,
December 1. 1932.

Honorable Livestock Sanitary Board,
Helena. Montana.

Sirs :

In compliance with Section 3292, Revised Codes of Montana. 1921,
there is herewith presented the report of the State Veterinary Surgeon
and Executive Officer of the Montana Livestock Sanitary Board for the
biennium December 1. 1930, to November 30. 1932.

There were five meetings of the Livestock Sanitary Board held dur-
ing the year 1931.

The first meeting was held at Helena. Montana, on Tuesday. Janu-
ary 13th: the second meeting, which was the regular annual meeting,
was held at Helena. Montana, on Wednesday. April 15th: the third meet-
ing was held at Bozeman, Montana, on Thursday, May 7th: the fourth
meeting was held at Helena. Montana, <>n Wednesday, June 24th and the
fifth meeting was held al Helena. Montana, on August 19th.

There were two meetings of the Livestock Sanitary Board held din-
ing the year 1932; the annual meeting of the Board was held at the
State Capitol. Helena, Montana, on April 4th, and the second meeting
was held at the State Capitol. Helena. Montana, on Wednesday, Novem-
ber 16th. 1932.

At these various meetings matters of importance to the livestock in-
dustry were discussed and acted upon. All actions, regulations or orders
promulgated by the Executive Officer were approved by the Board. Com-
plete minutes of all meetings are on file in the Secretary's office at
Helena. Montana.

LIVESTOCK SANITARY BOARD

It is unfortunate that this Department may not seek publicity for
the work that it accomplishes. Publicity, while it might gain the Board
more recognition, would undoubtedly render its work more difficult of
accomplishment and might be productive of unwarranted financial diffi-
culties and unnecessary trade restrictions.

On account of depressed conditions that exist throughout the nation

and the outlook for decreased appropriations, we feel that it is not

amiss, however, at this time to cite in a concrete manner some of the
accomplishments of this Board.

i MONTANA LIVESTOCK SANITARY BOARP

The members of the Livestock Sanitary Board are appointed by the
Governor. They act without compensation, receive no emoluments of any
kind but are entitled to their actual traveling and subsistence expenses,
if such a claim is presented. The total amount of expense money paid
to members of the Livestock Sanitary Board from 1J>21, when the Act
creating the present Board was passed, to the present date. November
30th, 1932. amounts to $107.46. We doubt if there is a Board in exist-
ence in this or any other part of the world that has operated for 12
years on $107.40. and we doubt if any Board has ever given a more effi-
cient and conscientious service than the Livestock Sanitary Board of
Montana.

The Board appoints its Executive Officer who acts as the State
Veterinary Surgeon without additional compensation, and the Executive
Officer appoints his deputies witli the approval of the Board. The exec-
utive Officer and the Livestock Sanitary Board corps are the only ones
that receive compensation.

Inasmuch as this Board of livestock men give their time without
compensation it follows that they watch the operations of their employes
very carefully and that they supervise the expenditures of monies with
a just and discriminating eye. A financial statement of the operations
of the Livestock Sanitary Board corps is forwarded each month by the
Executive Officer to the members of the Board. Likewise a news letter
of livestock disease conditions found in the various parts of the State
and methods for the control and eradication of such disease is forwarded
each month to the members of the Board and to every member of th?
Livestock Sanitary Board corps. In this way the Board is kept ennver
sant with the expenditures and the Board and their corps are kept con
versant with disease conditions existing in the State.

The instructions of the Board to their Executive Officer are:

'TO GET THE MOST POSSIBLE SERVICE OUT OF EVERT
DOLLAR EXPENDED AND TO KEEP EXPENDITURES AT
ALL TIMES AT AS LOW A FIGURE AS IS CONSISTENT
WITH EFFICIENT. ADEQUATE AND USEFUL SERVICE TO
THE LIVESTOCK INDUSTRY AND THE STATE OF MON-
TANA."

That this has been accomplished is demonstrated by the remarkable
freedom of our livestock from disease. Montana is the third largest state
in the Union. It is true that Montana does not have a large human
population but this Board does not deal with human beings, it deals
with livestock, and Montana has one of the largest livestock populations
in the United States. There are very few, if any, states that appropriate
a lesser amount of money for the control of livestock diseases, poultry
diseases and supervision of milk and cream production than does the
State of Montana. One state with a livestock population comparable with
that of Montana has expended in the past 15 years upwards of fifty

STATE VERERINAR"? SURGEON 5

million dollars in the control of Bovine Tuberculosis alone, not to men-
tion additional expenditures for the control of other livestock diseases,
poultry diseases and the supervision of milk and cream production.

It is because of the Montana Livestock Sanitary Board and the Legis-
latives of the State of Montana fore-seeing the necessity of preventing
the introduction of disease into our State and the necessity of controling
and eradicating disease within the State of Montana that our herds are
comparatively free from disease. If legislaitve action had not supported
the Livestock Sanitary Board, Montana would not he in the enviable
position it is now with regard to the healthiness of her livestock, and
if disease had been permitted to get a good foothold In our herds ic
would have required enormous sums of money to eradicate it from these
herds. Brief mention may be made of some of the diseases eradicated
from our State.

Loot and mouth disease, which if it had ever gained a foothold in
our State when it was shipped within our borders from a central live-
stock market, would not only have wrecked the livestock industry but
would have destroyed the foundation of many of our financial institu-
tions. This disease was eradicated within a few months after its intro-
duction into the State.

A few years ago 18 counties in the State of Montana were quaran-
tined by the Federal Government on account of cattle scabies. These
quarantines all have been released and at the present time not one
single case of cattle scabies is known to exist in the State of Montana.

Sheep scabies, a menace to the sheep industry, has not existed within
the State of Montana for the past 13 years. Thirteen years ago a ship-
ment of scabby sheep was imported into the State. Fortunately, by rea-
son of legislative action, imported sheep were required to be quarantined.
This shipment of sheep was quarantined, the disease discovered and
eradicated without it ever exposing or affecting one of our native ani-
mals. To keep sheep scab out of Montana has required constant vigi-
lance. It has required the establishment of line camps ; stationing of
line riders at vantage points and the sleeping out of range riders in
sub-zero weather to prevent the surreptitious trailing of exposed and
diseased sheep across the Montana State line.

Some years ago the Federal Government and sister States contem-
plated quarantining the entire State of Montana on account of Dourine
in horses. Such an action would have been disastrous to our horse in-
dustry and many of our financial institutions, as tins quarantine action
was contemplated just previous to the sale of our horses for war pur-
poses. This quarantine was averted by reason of the reputation of the
Livestock Sanitary Board for efficient and decisive action in controlling
livestock disease. Dourine was eradicated from our horses and today
not one single case of dourine is known to exist in Montana.

Glanders, which is considered an incurable disease, and which is
dangerous not only to horses but also to man. and winch for a few

6 MONTANA LIVESTOCK SANITARY BOARD

years existed to an alarming extent, has also been eradicated from the
State of Montana. Not one single case of glanders is known to exist
in the State of Montana at the present time.

Rabies, the most disastrous and availing of all diseases and which
may infect all warm blooded animals and human beings, has likewise
been eradicated from the' State of Montana.

Anthrax, another disease that attacks all warm blooded animals, in-
cluding man, and which is very fatal, has not been known to exist in
the State of Montana for the past three years.

Tuberculosis, which at one time existed in our dairy herds to an
alarming extent, has been reduced to fourteen one-hundredths of one
per cent. Just a few years ago in one district in Montana, upwards of
40 per cent of our dairy cattle were affected with tuberculosis. Not one
single case of glandular bovine tuberculosis has existed in that district
for the past three years. If the Montana Livestock Sanitary Board had
not done one thing other than to eradicate tuberculosis in that district
and to reduce the incidence of bovine tuberculosis in the State of Mon-
tana to fourteen one hundredths of one per cent, then it would have
been justified in spending every penny it has ever spent. The work of
the Livestock Sanitary Board has probably prevented the spread of tuber-
culosis in children and the incidence of human tubercidosis in Montana
as much as any other one agency.

Dr. Charles Mayo has made the statement that twenty-five per cent
of all tuberculosis in children and five per cent of tuberculosis found in
adult humans may be directly attributed to bovine (cattle) infection.

The American Journal of Public Health and the Nation's Health of
August, 1932, in an editorial has the following to say :

••* * * Following closely on this in Amei"ica, comes the report
of the Committee on Prevention and Research of the Interna-
tional Society for Crippled Children showing that ten to fifteen
percent of cases of bone and joint tuberculosis are of bovine
origin; that of children who suffer from tuberculosis, from 0 to
5 years, twenty-one percent, and five to sixteen years, twenty-
six percent are infected by the bovine germ. The knowledge of
these facts has not yet spread through the country. Most of
those who have received this knowledge has been, to put it mildly
astonished. Translating these figures into deaths and cases, it
means that 3,500 to 4.000 children die annually in this country
from bovine tuberculosis, and that at least eight thousand cases
occur. * * * The public owes a debt of gratitude to our Bureau
of Animal Industry and to state and city officials in their ef-
forts to suppress bovine tuberculosis."

STATE VETERINARY SURGEON 7

Tin* Montana Livestock Sanitary Board may be likened to a fire
department. The veterinarians of the Livestock Sanitary Board may
make many investigations which prove to he unnecessary but if they
tail to make one necessary investigation of a serious disease then the
results may he as disastrous as a forest fire that gets away during a
high wind in a dry season. It may be good economy for this Department
to use quick methods of transportation or to send two or more special
investigators to investigate disease. It may be necessary for the Board
to use means that appear on the surface to be expensive. It is the end
that justifies the means. It is the policy and it is the function of the
Livestock Sanitary Board to prevent disease rather than to allow it to
start and then attempt to control or eradicate it.

FINANCES

The livestock industry of Montana taxes itself by a special tax for
the support of the Livestock Sanitary Board and for the payment of
animals ordered destroyed by the Livestock Sanitary Board. In the case
of tuberculosis in dairy cattle, the destruction of diseased animals is
as much a public health protection as it is a protection to the livestock
or dairy industry, and yet the State itself does not pay one cent for this
protection. There is no question but that the work of the Board in con-
trolling bovine tuberculosis has prevented thousands of children from
contracting tuberculosis.

For many years, even before the State passed a budget act require-
ment, the Livestock Sanitary Board required a budget. The office force,
the Laboratory, the Executive Officer and the Field Veterinarians and
Inspectors were all placed on a strict budget and that budget may not
be exceeded in any one month or year, except on the specific authority
of the Executive Officer : and it is to be remembered that all acts or
orders of the Executive Officer have to be approved or disapproved by
the Board at its first subsequent meeting.

All salaried field employees are required to submit a weekly report.
giving in detail their activities for each day in the week. They are re-
quired to report immediately the appearance of any serious or dangerous
livestock disease.

There is some confusion in the minds of the public with reference
to District and Resident Deputy State Veterinary Surgeons.

District deputies are salaried deputies in charge of Livestock Sani-
tary Board activities in a designated district. They operate on a strict
budget.

Resident Deputy State Veterinary surgeons are practising Areterina-
rians. They do not receive a salary and may only incurr State expense
when specifically instructed to do so by the Executive Officer of the
Board. They make many investigations as practising veterinarians and
do much work for the benefit of the State without incurring State ex-
pense. Resident deputies likewise operate under the Board budget re-
quirements.

8 MONTANA LIVESTOCK SANITARY BOARD

During the last two years the receipts from the special tax on live-
stock Ikis decreased approximately $40,000.00. This is a decrease in tax
money of approximately sixty-six and two-thirds per cent and twenty
per cent in total monies appropriated to the Board for operations and
payment of indemnity.

To meet this lessened income every employee of the Board, including
resident deputies, has taken a reduction in salary or per diem of from
ten to twenty per cent. It has also required the curtailment of field
expenses and much necessary work.

The curtailment of disease control work, to say the least, may be
unfortunate. If we have a serious outbreak of disease in our livestock
and if livestock die, that is an economic loss and we generally survive
economic losses even though painful. If these livestock diseases are
transmissible to the human family that is another matter, far more seri-
ous than the loss of money.

The work of the Livestock Sanitary Board has prevented consider-
able disease in the human family. In milk work alone several outbreaks
of scarlet fever and septic sore throat have been prevented or aborted.
In addition to these diseases the work of the Livestock Sanitary Board
has undoubtedly prevented the transmission of tuberculosis, diphtheria,
typhoid fever, anthrax, rabies, glanders, blastomycosis, ringworm, taenia
infestation, undulant fever and others of lesser importance to the human
family.

In this connection we respectfully refer you to the Report of the
Bacteriologist and Pathologist.

LEGISLATION

There has been no change requested in the law creating the Montana
Livestock Sanitary Board as enacted in 1021. There is no request for a
change or an amendment of any kind at this time.

This Montana statute has been cited many times in other states as
an example of good legislation. The taxpayers of Montana have been
saved considerable money by reason of there having been no changes
requested or initiated since its enactment twelve years ago.

The Twenty-second Legislative Assembly added to the duties of the
Livestock Sanitary Board and passed a separate act providing for the
sanitary inspection of slaughter houses and the inspection and grading
of meats intended for human consumption. This legislation is on a par
with previous legislation relative to Livestock Sanitary Board activities.
It is perhaps what may be termed '"Legislation of the Future," in that
money was not appropriated to put this .act into operation and depressed
conditions at the present time will undoubtedly prevent its operation
for a few years to come. Nevertheless, it is good legislation.

Meat has proved to be one of the greatest of all body builders.
Scientific investigation has proved that good healthy meat is one of the
best, if not the liest. source of protein. It is protein that builds the body

STATE VETERINARY SURGEON 0

and repairs body waste. Carbohydrates, such as cereals and most vege-
tables, simply supply beat units. They do not make muscle or body
tissues. It is protein that builds and repairs. Naturally a food product
;is valuable as meat, to he at its best, must be free from disease and of
prime quality.

In the not far distant future all communities, cities and countries
will require meat and meat food products to be properly inspected and
graded to protect the public against diseased or inferior grades of meat
and meat products. The Montana Legislature is to be congratulated in
passing this progressive and advanced legislation.

LITIGATION

There has been no litigation connected with this Department during
the past biennium. This makes the eighteenth consecutive year that the
Livestock Sanitary Board has not been taken into the District Court or
the legality of its regulations or the fairness of its orders questioned.

SCOPE OF WORK

This Department has found it necessary to include within its scope
of work disease control in all classes of domestic animals and poultry.
wild animals, wild game birds and fish, and the control and supervision
of milk and cream production.

RESEARCH LABORATORY

The Research Laboratory Located al Bozeman is operated under a
cooperative agreement between the Montana Livestock Sanitary Board
and the Montana Agricultural Experiment Station. It is doing excellent
work for the stock interests of Montana. Several conditions peculiar to
our western ranges have been cleared up which will result in considerable
saving to our stock growers.

HORSES

There were no cases of Dourine or Glanders found in horses during
the last biennium.

ENCEPHALOMYELITIS

Encephalomyelitis, a disease of horses that has entailed considerable
loss in several of our sister states, does not exist in the State of Mon-
tana.

This is fortunate as there are embargoes against the movement of
horses and hay from areas where this disease exists. The War Depart-
ment is particularly careful and cautious in purchasing horses or hay
in states where this disease exists.

This disease is caused by a filterable virus and may at times be
confused with cerebro-spinal meningitis, botulism or the disease called
forage poisoning.

3 0 MONTANA LIVESTOCK SANITARY BOARD

DISTEMPER

We have had a few cases of distemper reported but in most cases
the condition was readily amendable to treatment and prevention of spread
was secured by isolation of infected animals and proper vaccination of
exposed animals.

WORMS

In most sections of Montana worm infestation is quite prevalent in
horses. In the western section of the State where we have swampy
ground, infestation by the sclerostome worm will at times present itself
as a minor problem. Sclerostome infestation is often mistaken for swamp
fever or possibly spinal meningitis and is at times called mountain fever.
With the proper treatment horses infested with this worm may make a
complete recovery or at the very worst a decided improvement. The. con-
dition known as scerostomiasis may be controled by proper treatment
of horses once a year in sections where the sclerostome worm is very
prevalent.

CATTLE
Tuberculosis

In cooperation with the United States Bureau of Animal Industry,
in 1931, we tuberculin tested 142.853 cattle with a percentage of twenty-
two one-hundredths of one percent reactors.

In 1932, in cooperation with the United States Bureau of Animal
Industry, we tuberculin tested S2.C49 cattle with fourteen one-hundredths
of one percent reactors.

All that section of Montana lying west of the Rocky Mountain di-
vide is a Modified Tuberculosis Free Accredited area. We have nineteen
comities certified by the United States Bureau of Animal Industry and
the Livestock Sanitary Board, cooperating, as Modified Tuberculosis Free
Accredited areas. They are the following counties:

Beaverhead. Daniels. Deer Bodge. Flathead. Granite, Bake. Lincoln.
Mineral. Missoula. Pondera, Ravalli, Richland. Roosevelt. Sanders, Sheri-
dan, Silver Bow, Teton and Valley. Toole and Wibaux counties are in
the process of accreditation and should be added to the Accredited area
list in a few weeks.

We are in hopes that post mortem inspection of properly identified
range cattle at abattoirs where Federal inspection is maintained will be
accepted by the United States Bureau of Animal Industry as a means of
adding range and semi-range cattle to accredited areas in lieu of the
tuberculin testing of such cattle, as is now required.

JOHNE'S DISEASE

Two years ago Johne's disease, which is sometimes called "para-
tuberculosis." was discovered in an imported bull. This was the first
time that Johne's disease had ever been reported in the State of Montana.
While Johne's disease is also called "para tuberculosis." it is not tubercu-
losis in any form; neither is it associated with tuberculosis in anv wav.

STATE VETERINARY SURGEON 11

It is a condition caused by an acid fast organism which in many re-
spects resembles the organism causing tuberculosis but, as has been
stated, it is not tuberculosis and is not to be confused with tuberculosis.

The condition affects the digestive tract resulting in an intermittent
diarrhea, considerable emaciation and eventually death. It is a very slow
developing disease. In experimental studies conducted at Cornell it is
stated it took five years for the disease to develop. It is a disease that
so far has not been amendable to any known treatment. However. Spicer
regards the organism of Johne's disease a mere saprophyte of the diges-
tive tract of cattle that only becomes pathogenic or disease producing
when the animals affected have become enfeebled by the over-production
of milk and lack of mineral salts in the ration. Spicer states that a
calcium deficiency is the actual cause of Johne's disease and that the
administration of bone meal, phosphate and carbonated lime are means
of preventing it.

If these statements are correct, we will be able to prevent, if not
actually cure. Johne's disease in a very practical and inexpensive manner.

SCABIES

Neither sarcoptic nor psoropptic mange of cattle is known to exist at
lids time in flic State of Montana.

ANTHRAX

Anthrax lias not been reported or observed in Montana for the last
three years.

BANG'S DISEASE

Bang's disease is commonly referred to as infections or contagions
abortion.

In 1931 we blood tested 16,873 cattle for Bang's disease with 23
percent reactors.

In 1932 we blood tested 19,076 cattle for Bang's disease wifli It
percent reactors.

We have done a great deal of work on this disease and we have
carried on numerous experiments in an effort to cure Bang's disease.
With repeated intravenous injections of acriflavine we have prevented
actual abortions but we have not cured infected animals. An animal in-
fected with this disease may appear perfectly healthy and carry her
calf to maturity and give birth to a living, healthy calf, but at the same
cime she may be a spreader of the disease and infect susceptible animals.

In conjunction with the United States Bureau of Animal Industry
we are carrying on experiments with a vaccine for the prevention of
Bang's disease. So far these experiments may be classed only as hope-
ful as nothing is yet definite or positive in the way of a preventative.

This disease is of added importance as it may lie transmitted to the
human family. When it occurs in the human family it is called Undu-

1? MONTANA LIVESTOCK SANITARY BOARD

land Fever. Ir is of particular importance that t lie virulent type of this
disease, that is transmitted to the human family, he prevented from in-
fecting our dairy cattle.

A pamphlet has heen prepared on Bang's disease which will he for-
warded to any interested stockman.

VESICULAR VAGINITIS

In practically every herd where we have found Bang's disease ami
where sterility was a problem we have found vesicular vaginitis. For-
tunately this disease is amendable to treatment. In herds where vesicular
vaginitis is the ause of sterility with a resultant poor calf crop, owners
of such herds may he assured of a materially increased calf crop by
following the outline of treatment recommended by tb.2 Livestock Sani-
tary Board.

If has been our observation that many stockgrowers do nor give seri-
ous enough attention to sterility or non-breeders. They take it as a
matter of course. By careful analysis of figures furnished us by certified
public accountants we are led to the conclusion that on most ranches an
SO percent calf or lamb crop is the dividing line between profit and loss.
The more the percentage is helow 80 percent the greater the loss. The
higher the percentage above SO percent the greater the profit.

BLACKLEG

Blackleg made its appearance in quite a number of cattle in 1931.
so much so it was necessary for us to register a complaint with the
United States Bureau of Animal Industry with reference to the quality
or potency of blackleg vaccine that was being sold. It was our findings
that a number of blackleg vaccines apparently were not of sufficient.
strength or potency to properly immunize animals against the more viru-
lent strains of the blackleg organism.

In sections where blackleg is particularly virulent we recommend that
our stockmen vaccinate suckling calves and re-vaccinate these calves again
after they have been weaned. Where animals are vaccinated after they
are weaned, in badly infected districts, we recommend that a dose and
a half or a double dose of vaccine be given.

We believe that the blackleg bacterin will prove even more potent
and give a more lasting immunity than blackleg aggressin.

During the year 1932 blackleg has not been as prevalent as it whs
in 1931.

COCCIDIOSIS

This disease as usual makes its appearance during inclement weather
and generally during the winter months. With a change of feed together
with internal antiseptics, animals in most instances make a complete re-
covery. A pamphlet on this disease has been prepared by the Livestock
Sanitary Board and will be mailed to any interested stockman.

STATE VETERINARY SURGEON 13

HEMORRHAGIC SEPTICEMIA

Several cases of hemorrhagic septicemia have been reported during
the last biennium but this disease is not of serious importance as yet to
the stock industry of Montana. It is of serious importance to feeders as
animals oftimes contract this disease when shipped through public stock-
yards. We believe that by shipping direct from our range areas to the
feed lots, without going through public stockyards and that with vaccina-
tion and proper handling of cattle en route that the incidence of this
disease may be very materially reduced.

STRANGLES

A rather peculiar disease made its appearance in cattle during the
fall of 1931. We had never seen this condition before and we knew of
no one in this country who had ever seen it previous to 1931.

The disease, as it occurred in cattle, resembled strangles in horses
in that abscesses would form on the body of the animal, generally in the
abdomen just in front of the umbilicus. Our laboratory made many ex-
aminations and in all material forwarded pure cultures of a streptococcus
were demonstrated. The disease was apparently not serious, the animals
recovered even if given no treatment but it did cause loss of flesh. In
our observations of this condition we came to the conclusion that the
small horn or buffalo fly. which Congregates on the abdomen of cattle,
might be a carrier of this infection and spread it from one animal to
the other.

It would appear also from our observations that this disease in some
way is connected with drouth conditions. It occurred only in areas where
we had a severe drouth.

There have been no cases of strangles in cattle observed or reported
during the year 1932.

VENEREAL NECROBACILLOSIS

The venereal form of necrobacillosis was found to exist in three bulls
in eastern Montana during the fall of 1932. This is the first time that
this condition has ever been observed in cattle in Montana. When the
trouble made its appearance it was rather alarming to the stockgrowers
in the district where the disease occurred. Fortunately, however, this
trouble is amendable to treatment and was confined to three bulls.

BLASTOMYCOSIS

Blastomycosis in a hoy was reported to this Department by Dr.
Thomas L. Hawkins. Physician and Surgeon at Helena. Upon investiga-
tion we found that this boy lived on a farm adjacent to Helena. Ex-
amination of the cattle on this farm disclosed a calf, that the boy had
been handling, affected with blastomycosis. There is no question but
thai the disease was transmitted from the calf to the boy. Blastomycosis,

14 MONTANA LIVESTOCK SANITARY BOARD

which resembles ringworm to some extent, is, to say the least, disagree-
able and is quite resistent to treatment.

The infection in the boy was cleared up. The infection in the animal
was cleared up by treatment with tincture of iodine.

LUNG WORMS IN CATTLE

In western Montana lung worms (dietyocaufus viviporus) were found
infesting the lungs of calves. The calf pasture on this particular ranch
was on bottom lands where there was a slow-running creek which was
continually being dammed up by beaver, resulting in the flooding of the
meadows. We are of the opinion that deer infested with lung worms
caused the original infestation of this pasture. Authorities state that
lung worms in deer may be transmitted to cattle. In this particular sec-
tion it is reported that deer are infested with lung worms, although this
is merely hearsay evidence from hunters and has not been proved by this
Department. The owner was advised to keep calves and cattle away
from this pasture and not to vise it unless its use became absolutely
necessary in winter months. While this may not eradicate lung worms
infestation on this particular ranch, we believe it will very materially
reduce the losses.

MEASLES

(Cystieercus Bovis)

The so-called measles in cattle is caused by the larval stage of the
human tape worm, the Taenia Saginata. Measles cannot be transmitted
from cattle to other cattle but if a human being eats of a portion of meat
containing these living larva then that human being will become infested
with the tape worm. Taenia Saginata. The only way that cattle may
become infested with these larva is to pick up tape worm segments
dropped by a human being.

There have been a number of cases of measles found in cattle fed
on beet tops and in beet fields. Investigations disclosed that in many
cases beet workers infested with the Taenia Saginata which is not at
all uncommon, use beet fields and adjacent shrubbery as a toilet. Cattle
grazing over these areas naturally become infested.

The cycle starts with the human being, is transmitted to cattle and
back again to the human family.

The Montana State Board of Health and County and City Physicians
cooperated with the Livestock Sanitary Board in preventing further infes-
tation with this parasite. The State Board of Health gave very material
assistance and placed a special investigator in the incriminated area.
Meetings were held, beet growers were interviewed and the condition ex-
plained to them. Movable field toilets were provided and other sanitary
procedures outlined and followed so that it is our expectation that cysti-
cercus bovis infestation will lie very materially reduced if not eradicated
in the lately infested areas.

STATE VETERINARY SURGEON 15

MALIGNANT EDEMA

This disease is not to be confused with blackleg, though it has some-
times been confused with blackleg. Like blackleg it must have a definite
port of entry, that is a wound or an abrasion of some kind. Ordinarily
it only occurs in sporatic or isolated cases but when animals are con-
gregated on contaminated areas quite a number of animals may become
infected. This happened during the year 1!)32 in a herd of cows, ar
calving time. These cows were calving on an old bed ground in a creek
bottom where there were a number of eaten-off willow sprouts and a
quantity of short, sharp brush. It is our opinion that this damp, dirty
bed ground became infected and that in calving, probably severe lacera-
tion of the genital tract resulted from the cows lying in the brush along
the creek which provided a port of entry for this infection.

No further loss was incurred when the cows were removed from the
infected bed ground.

This is called to your attention to point out how essential it is that
all animals at calving or lambing time he provided with clean uncon-
taminated bed grounds or sheds.

ULCERATIVE STOMATITIS

This disease is characterized by a degenration and sloughing of the
mucous membrane or lining of the mouth. In some instances this slough-
ing condition may extend further down the digestive tract. It may be
confused with foot and mouth disease.

In one section of central Montana ulverative stomatitis caused con-
siderable individual loss. The farm on which this condition occurred
was particularly dirty, rendering the cure of the disease rather difficult.

The effective method of handling this disease and preventing its
spread requires strict isolation of the infected animals and a thorough
cleaning and disinfecting of the contaminated premises.

This disease is called to your attention on account of the possibility
of its being confused, in its inception, with foot and mouth disease.

URINARY CALCULI

This is not an infectious or contagious disease. It is simply a me-
chanical condition where lime deposits get lodged in the urethra of male
animals and prevent the elimination of urine. It is sometimes called
"water belly." The urine gets dammed up in the bladder : the bladder
ruptures ; the urine escapes into the abdominal cavity ; hence the name
"water belly." Unless the mechanical stoppage is relieved by severing
the urethra or the lime deposits removed the result is invariably death
to the animal.

Observations have led us to believe that drouth conditions are a
decided factor in the incidence of this disease. We are of the opinion
that it is not so much a question of concentrated lime salts in the water
supply as it is a lack of certain vitamines or other complex chemical

16 MONTANA LIVESTOCK SANITARY BOARD

substances in the food supply that inhibit the proper assimilation of
calcium. It is also quite possible that mouldy food, improper castration
or other conditions that favor or produce local foci of infection play an
important part in the formation of urinary calculi.

Many eases of this trouble were reported in l!t.-!l from all sections
of Montana. A considerable number of these cases were relieved by
proper surgical treatment.

There have been no cases of urinary calculi reported during the
summer or fall of 1932.

A leaflet with drawings illustrating this condition has been pre-
pared and will be forwarded to interested stockmen.

SHEEP

Scab

Sheep scab does not exist in the Stale of Montana and has not existed
in our native sheep for the last 10 years.

LIP AND LEG ULCERATION

Lip and leg ulceration, which is a form of necrobacillosis and which
at one time was rather prevalent, for the past biennium has been con-
spicuous by its absence, only one or two cases being reported to this
Department.

FOOT ROT

Foot rot, which is also considered a form of necrobacillosis, has
been much less prevalent during the past biennium than during the pre-
vious biennium. We attribute this to proper treatment and our sheep-
men taking necessary precautions against the occurrence of this malady.

The Veterinary Research Laboratory at Bozeman has published a
very timely pamphlet on foot rot and its treatment, which will be for-
warded to interested stockmen.

LAMB DYSENTERY

Weather conditions have been so favorable during the past biennium
that there has been practically no lamb dysentery in the State. The
Veterinary Research Laboratory staff at Bozeman have done considerable
work on this disease and have proved conclusively that it is not the same
disease that is present in England and for which the English people
have developed a vaccine. Apparently the disease is influenced by incle-
ment weather more than by anything else. The secret of prevention is to
have our lambs born under conditions where they can be taken care of.
kept warm and not subjected to inclement weather. If our sheep growers
desire to lamb out early then they must provide not only clean lambing
sheds but they must provide proper facilities within these lambing sheds
for keeping young lambs warm and dry in order to prevent the occur-
rence of lamb dysentery. This type id' dysentery has not been observed
in May lambs born under range conditions.

STATE VETERINARY SURGEON I"

STIFF LAMBS

This condition has been reported previously and we will only reitev
ate that there are two conditions which cause stiff lambs. One is im
proper calcium assimilation and the other is a bacterial infection thai
sets into the lambs system at the time of birth or at the time of dock-
ing or castration.

Dr. Hadleigh Marsh, of the Veterinary Research Laboratory, has
lately demonstrated that the organism which causes swine erysipelas Is
also a causetive agent of arthritis in lambs.

Every precaution should be taken by sheepmen to prevent the intro-
duction of infection through the navel cord at time of birth or through
the castration or docking wound at the time of such operations.

Immediately after the lamb is horn its entire navel cord should be
immersed in iodine or an effective disinfectant. The navel curd should
not simply be swabbed with the disinfectant but entirely immersed in
the liquid.

When lambs are castrated they should never be thrown back into a
dusty or muddy corral but should be thrown out or turned loose imme-
diately on grassy, well-sodded, uncontaminated areas.

The same procedure should also be followed when a lamb is docked.
We believe that a hot iron pineher, heated to a cherry red is the most
practical method for preventing the introduction of infection at tic
time of docking.

BLACK'S DISEASE

A condition in sheep which resembles blackleg Has been found to
exist in several small farm flocks in the Bitter Roo1 Valle3 and which
we believe is identical to Black's disease, as reported by Turner of Aus-
tralia. For a more detailed report of this disease we refer yen to the
report of the Bacteriologic and Pathologic Laboratory-

WORMS

We had considerable tape worm infestation of our sheep during the
spring of 1032. The tape worm in practically all instances proved to be
the moniezia expansa. Fortunately this condition is amendable to treat-
ment. We have had apparent success with the copper sulphate-nicotine
solution in the same proportion that we use for stomach worms. That
treatment is:

Copper Sulphate "1% ounces

Blackleaf 40 1 ounee

Water 1 gallon

Si:.': Four ounces to a grown sheep, two ounces
to a lanih. The animals treated are to be kept off
feed for from twelve to twenty-four hours before
receiving the medicine and in twenty-four to
forty-eight hours after receiving the medicine
they are to be moved to fresh pastures.

J 8 MONTANA LIVESTOCK SANITARY BOARD

Apparently water conditions have had considerable to do with the
spread of this tape worm. It is advisable for sheepmen to keep their
sheep away from stagnant waters or pot-holes and practice tepee herding
where it is possible to do so. It is realized that where water is scarce
tepee herding offers many difficulties but if we continue to herd sheep
over the same ground, bed them down night after night on the same
bed grounds and hold them around the same water holes day after day.
if one animal is infested with a parasite of any kind it is almost a cer-
tainty that a great majority of the sheep in that hand will become in-
fested or infected with the parasite.

It is a well-known fact that animals may not graze over their own
excreta or the droppings of other animals without incurring consider-
able risk of developing disease.

We realize that reservoirs arc necessary for the conservation of
surface water hut nevertheless reservoirs and stagnant pot-boles make
ideal nests of infection and are ideal places for the spread of livestock
disease.

We recommend that our stockmen, wherever possible, develop a sub
terra nea n water supply for their livestock. The geographic structure of
Montana indicates many snberranean sources of artesian water. Artesian
water for our livestock will save thousands of dollars in the animals
winter food consumption and will very materially aid in conserving flesh
during the winter months and put the animal in a better condition to
put on flesh during the summer grazing season.

LIVER FLUKES

Liver fluke disease is caused by a flat oval, leaf-shaped fluke-like
worm (Fasciola hepatica). This parasite may infest any ruminant, that
is any animal that chews its cud. It may also occasionally infest other
animals, including man. Sheep, however, are the principal sufferer.
Closely following sheep come goats, deer, elk and cattle.

The life Cycle of this parasite is particularly interesting. The adult
fluke is found in the bile ducts and liver substance of the affected ani-
mal. It may produce one hundred thousand eggs. These eggs get into
the intestines along with the bile and pass into the outer world with the
droppings of the animal. Eggs which reach water, hatch ; those which
remain on dry land do not hatch. Eggs which reach water hatch in
about 11 days liberating an embryo fluke called the miracidium. These
miracidium swim around in the water until they reach a right-handed
snail. They do not attack or penetrate into a left-handed snail. By
right-handed snail we mean a snail whose opening is to the observers
right, when the peak or point of the snail is held upper-most. Why these
miracidium do not attack or penetrate into a left-handed snail is a
phenomenum that no one as yet has explained. Two stages of the fluke
develop within the snail. The time for this development may be any-
where from 50 to 80 days. When the final development of this stage
has taken place the immature fluke is then called the cercariae. For
every miracidium that penetrates into the snail body anywhere from lii

STATE VETERINARY SURGEON 10

to 100 ceroariae may emerge. These cercariae arc tad pule Like in shape.
They wiggle about in the water, lose their tail, excrete a sticky sub-
stance in which they encyst themselves. They may attach themselves by
means of this sticky substance to grass, or they may float around on
the surface of the water. Susceptible animals, when they cat grass with
these encysted cercariae on it or drink water which contains these en
cysted cercariae. become infested witli the liver fluke. When these en-
cysted cercariae are taken into the stomach the cysts arc absorbed and
the young flukes liberated. These young flukes then bore through the
walls of the intestines of the animal, set into the body cavity and in
about 14 days reach the liver. When they reach the liver they penetrate
the liver capsule, finally ending up in the bile ducts where they grow
to sexual maturity and the whole cycle starts over again. The time re-
quired for the completion id' the life cycle from egg to egg is from six;
to eight months.

This condition causes a rather severe loss in sheep in infested areas.
In cooperation with the Zoological Division of the United States I.urea.i
of Animal Industry we have located most of these infested areas in
Montana and at a later date contemplate a concerted drive to rid these
infested areas of righit-handed snails by means of copper sulphate treat-
ment. If there are no right-handed snails in which the miracidium may
develop then we will have no flukes. Individual sheep arc treated with
carbon tetrachloride with very favorable results. The individual treat-
ment of cattle with carbon tetrachloride is dangerous and is not recom-
mended.

One of the interesting findings is that we have never observed this
condition in animals in the eastern range section of Montana. It is prac-
tically without exception confined to the districts west of the Rocky
Mountain divide.

This parasite is of economic importance, not only to stockgrowers,
but also to wild animal life, as in some sections deer and elk become
very badly infested, causing a condition which is known to hunters as
"rotten livers."

LUNGERS

We are sorry to report that nothing new has been determined on
this disease. It appears to remain about stationary in its occurrence.
We are quite positive that there has been no great spread of disease dur-
ing till' past two years but it takes its toll from our sheep flocks every
year. The United States Bureau of Animal Industry is still working on
this disease, as is our Veterinary Research Laboratory, and we hope that
eventually something definite will be developed to aid us in preventing
this benign, slow but rather fatal Infection.

BIG HEAD

The Department veterinarians have investigated several outbreaks
of big head. This condition is apparently not of an infectious or con-
tagious nature. We believe it is due to the animal becoming sensitized
to some particular plant or substance and that this sensitization is

20 MONTANA LIVESTOCK SANITARY BOARD

brougbl out or manifests itself when the animal is subjected to adverse
weather conditions or excessive sunlight. In big head a number of ani
mals become affected within a few hours of each other.

There is also a condition that resembles big head but which is more
sporatic in nature that is not due to a sensitization hut is caused ap-
parently by some micro-organism, probably a filterable virus.

The best treatment for big head is to get the affected animal into
protected shade and let it absolutely alone. Bland emollients or lard
may be applied to the head but under no condition should the affected
animals be driven hurriedly to shelter. Some recommend scarifying or
cutting the affected areas and letting the fluid escape but such a pro-
cedure is questionable. We prefer getting the animals into shelter and
shade and th?n letting them absolutely alone.

URINARY CALCULI

We seldom observe urinary calculi in sheep. Early in 1931, however,
one feeder of lambs suffered rather a heavy loss from this trouble. The
condition is similar to that described as urinary ealculi in cattle. These
affected lambs had been fed mouldy corn. There is no medicinal treat-
ment that will correct this condition once it develops. The remaining
lambs in the band were taken off the mouldy corn feed and no new
cases developed. It has been demonstrated that mouldy corn may cause
a similar condition in hogs.

MEASLES IN SHEEP

(Cystioercus TViiuH'ollis)

The post mortem appearance of sheep measles is somewhat similar to
measles in cattle, only infestation is usually found in the peritoneum.
pleura and liver. The main difference is thai measles in sheep is due
lo the larval stage of the Taenia Hydatigena. a tape worm of the dog
and possibly coyote and wolf.

There have been several casts of measles in sheep reported. In each
instance the dogs on the sheep ranch were wormed out and it is hoped
no further infestation of sheep will occur.

SWINE
Hog Cholera

i-og cholera occasionally occurs in Montana but not to the extent
it does in most of our sister states.

During the year 1931 hot: cholera was found to exist on 13 premises.
During the year 1932 hog cholera was found to exist on nine premises.

Again we appeal to our hog growers to avoid the feeding of un-
sterilized garbage. While hog cholera is not at this time prevalent in
Montana, nevertheless if we feed hog-cholera-infected garbage the disease
will make its appearance on more and more farms. It is also not un-
reasonable to presume that as the incidence of the disease increases the
virulency of the disease will also increase. If the virulency and the

STATE VETERINARY SURGEON 21

incidence of the disease increases it will not be many years before we
will be confronted with the same problem in controlling hog cholera as
the bog growers of the middle west now face. If proper vigilance is
exercised and hot; growers and bog feeders will follow the recommenda-
tions of the Livestock Sanitary Board, the disease, bog cholera, will never
become a menace to the hog growing industry of tins State.

WORMS

Hogs are quite susceptible to worm infestation and more hogs art
lost in Montana from worm infestation than from bog cholera. We recom-
mend to all swine growers that they handle their hogs in accordance with
the McLean County System and that they use every precaution to pre-
vent worm infestation.

MEASLES IN SWINE

Fortunately only one case of measles in swine has ever been re-
ported in Montana. This condition is due to tbe larval stage of the
Taenia Solium, a tape worm of man. The cycle is similar to that de-
scribed under measles in cattle. Tbe one case in question of swine
measles occurred several years ago. It was discovered on a farm where-
an employee, a recent arrival from southern Europe, was found infested
with the Taenia Solium. We say fortunate, because T. solium infesta-
tion is rather serious. Infestation with the T. saginata (from cattle
measles) is annoying and inconvenient, but it is not considered serious.

WILD ANLMALS AND FISH

This department has done considerable work in the investigation of
disease in wild animals and fish and also in fur-bearing animals which
will be readily recognized by reviewing the report of the Bacteriologio
and Pathologic Laboratory.

DOGS

Rabies has not existed in tbe State of Montana during the last
biennium.

POULTRY

The amount of work done for the poultry industry best may be
realized by a review of the Baeteriologic and Pathologic Laboratory re-
port and also a review of tbe tabulated report of work done by this
Department.

In 1931 we examined 186,552 fowls.

In 1932 we examined 73,162 fowls.

For a further report on Poultry we refer you to the report of the
Pathologist and Bacteriologist.

DAIRY INSPECTION

Dairy inspection continues to be one of the main projects of this
Department. Dairy inspection is not spectacular work but it is a very
important work, although routine in its nature. Through proper dairy
inspection, together with laboratory examination of milk, many outbreaks
of disease in children are prevented or aborted in their inception.

22 MONTANA LIVESTOCK SANITARY BOARD

For the guidance of the various municipalities in the State of Mon-
tana a uniform milk ordinance has been drawn up by the Livestock
Sanitary Board which has the approval of the United States Publh
Health Service and the Montana State Board of Health.

The milk supply of Montana is particularly good, better than the
milk supply of most communities, states or countries. This has been ac-
complished through the cooperation of our milk producers with the Live-
stock Sanitary Board in the production of a safe, wholesome milk supply.

Unfortunate financial conditions which exist at the present time
undoubtedly have been an incentive for owners of a few cattle to bootleg
milk. They have surreptitiously sold milk in various communities; they
have cut prices as they only intend to be in the milk business for a few
months, discontinuing when the winter season comes on and milk pro-
duction becomes more expensive. A situation of this kind is indeed un-
fortunate, both to the public as well as to the milk producers who comply
with the law. take out a license, improve their dairy and pay substantial
taxes. Cheap milk sometimes, in the long run. is the most expensive. It
is not a safe procedure for anyone to shop around for cheap milk any
more than they would shop around for a cheap surgical operation.

We realize very forcibly the unfortunate financial condition that
exists and we know that on a number of our small farms the only im-
mediate financial return is through the sale of milk and cream. We
realize, also, however, that all milk and cream that is to be consumed
in its raw state should be produced only in the most cleanly and sani-
tary manner and milk that is not safe-guarded against the introduction
of infection should not be permitted to beb sold as such for public con-
sumption. Milk is the most ideal of all foods but is unfortunately one of
the most easily contaminated of foods. If candy were made in as dirty
;'. place as some of these small farm dairies, there are very few of us
that would eat candy, and yet candy is not nearly as susceptible to in-
fection or contamination as milk.

The milk producer that is complying with the laws and regulations.
who endeavors in every possible way to produce a clean, safe product,
and who is continually adding to his equipment and whose taxes in-
crease with every addition to his equipment, is entitled to adequate pro-
tection as is the consumer of milk. An adequate system of milk inspec-
tion cannot he state- wide in its scope. The unincorporated town can-
not enforce anil should not be required to enforce regulations which
should be required in larger communities. The protection of the milk
consumer and milk producer must necessarily rest with the individual
municipalities in cooperation with the State.

In 1931 the Livestock Sanitary Board issued 955 dairy licenses.
In 1932 the Livestock Sanitary Board issued 887 dairy licenses.

MILK PLANTS

In 1931 the Livestock Sanitary Board issued 34 milk plant licenses.
In 1932 the Livestock Sanitary Board issued 28 milk plant licenses.

STATE VETERINARY SURGEON 23

SLAUGHTER HOUSES

In l!t:!l the Livestock Sanitary Board issued 85 slaughter house

licenses.
In 1932 the Livestock Sanitary Board issued 74 slaughter house

licenses.

It may not be amiss to call the attention of our Legislature to the
tact that never has the Livestock Santitary Board received any special
appropriation from the General Fund for dairy inspection or for the work
of controling the sanitary production of milk and milk products.

Neither has the Legislature ever appropriated money to the Live-
stock Sanitary Board for the inspection of poultry or the prevention
of disease in poultry.

Also, it might he well to call the attention of the Legislature to the
fact that none of the fees collected for dairy, milk plant or slaughter
house licenses accrue to the benefit of this Department but are turned
into the General Fund. We believe that the Legislature in all fairness,
inasmuch as they never appropriated money for this additional work
delegated to the Livestock Sanitary Board, should provide for these
license fees to accrue to the Livestock Sanitary Board.

BACTERIOLOGIC AM) PATHOLOGIC LABORATORY

We desire to call to your special attention to the excellent work per-
formed by the Bacteriologic and Pathologic Laboratory and to the in-
creased amount of work that the laboratory staff has performed.

We do respectfully request that you read over very carefully this
report. It is not only instructive but you will find it decidedly inter-
esting and will he amazed at the scope of work that the laboratory staff
is calico upon to perform.

CHEMICAL LABORATORY

We also desire to call your attention to the excellent work of the
Chemical Laboratory and request that you read the chemical laboratory
report over very carefully as you will find it instructive and interesting.

STOCKGROWERS

The stockgrowers of Montana have placed confidence in the Livestock
Sanitary Board and its veterinarians and inspectors. It is this confidence
and the excellent cooperation stockmen have given to the Livestock Sani-
tary Board corps that has made their work successful and agreeable.
Without such confidence and cooperation livestock disease control work
would not lie successful.

COOPERATION

The work of the Livestock Sanitary Board is highly specialized.
Its work is not duplicated nor overlapped by any other State Depart-
ment. We are indeed fortunate, however, in receiving much helpful co-
operation, not only from the stockgrowers themselves, but also from
State Departments and Institutions.

24 MONTANA LIVESTOCK SANITARY BOARD

We appreciate and thank the Stale Board of Health, County, City
and practicing physicians, City Milk Inspectors, the Animal Husbandry
Department at Bozeman, the State Experiment Station and the County
Agents for the splendid cooperation they have given the Montana Live
stock Sanitary Board.

UNITED STATES BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY

Again we desire to record our appreciation of the work of Dr. J. W.
Murdoch, Federal Veterinarian in charge of the United States Bureau
of Animal Industry activities in Montana, and to his excellent corps of
veterinarians.

Dr. Murdoch has made the cooperative work of the United States
Bureau of Animal Industry and the Montana Livestock Sanitary Board
particularly agreeable and effective. He and his Veterinary corps have
rendered splendid service and arc to be particularly complimented for
their handling of cattle scabbies on the Crow Indian Reservation and
adjacent lands and for the excellent program of area work in Montana.

LIVESTOCK SANITARY BOARD CORPS

There are not many veterinarians in Montana but what the veterina-
rians lack in number they make up in quality. I know of no state in
the Union that has a bettor, more efficient or more loyal corps of field
veterinarians than the State of Montana and the Livestock Sanitary
Board.

APPENDED REPORTS

There is attached to this report the report of the Bacteriologic and
Pathologic Laboratory- Also the report of the Chemist to the Livestock
Sanitary Board.

There is also appended a summarized report of the. work accom-
plished by this Department in conjunction with the United States Bureau
of Animal Industry for the past biennium. Also a report of livestock im-
portations for 1931 and 1932.

We respectfully call your attention to the amount of work performed
by this Department. During the biennium 1931 and 1932 we inspected
4.142,098 animals. 25!».714 poultry and made 23.124 meat inspections or
a total of 4.424,1)36 inspections. To do this it was necessary for the
deputies of the Livestock Sanitary Board to travel 357.299 miles.

It is to be remembered that there are no county veterinarians or
city veterinarians in the State of Montana. All inspections made for
the control and eradication of infectious-contagious diseases of livestock
and poultry are made by members of the Livestock Sanitary Board corps.

i Signed ) W. J. BUTLER,

Executive Officer.
Montana Livestock Sanitary Board.

Report of the

Pathological and Bacteriological
Laboratory

December 1, 1930 to November 30, 1932

During the years li>31 and 1932, 47,793 specimens have heen ex-
amined in this laboratory. The material consisted of blood, serum, tis-
sues, skin scrapings, pus exudates, feces, parasites, meat, milk, water,
ice cream, feeds, plants, and milk containers for sterility. The species
of animals represented in these specimens are cattle, horses, sheep,
swine, chickens, turkeys, geese, ducks, pheasants, blue grouse, dogs, foxes,
mink, antelope, elk, deer, porcupine, fish, squirrels, eats, rabbits, badgers,
prairie chickens, canary and man.

The rather marked increase in the number of specimens as compared
to the biennial report of the previous two years, which showed <i.7(io
specimens examined, is in the main due to the increased number of ag-
glutination tests conducted for Bang's disease and to the increased
number of milk samples which were examined in this laboimatory.

The following is a classified list of the examinations made, giving
the number of positive and negative diagnoses lor each condition:

Report of the
Pathological and Bacteriological Laboratory

Positive Negative

Abortion, cattle 6,602 29,347

Abortus Infection, human 2 3

Abortion, goat 0 1

Abortion, swine 3 2

Abortus B., isolation tissues 1 7

Abscess, cattle 4 0

Abscess, spinal, cattle 1 0

Abscess, rabbit 4 0

Abscess, horse 1 0

Abscess, Streptococcic, cattle 4 0

Abscess, Streptococcic, liver, cattle 1 0

Abscess, mink 2 0

Abscess, Internal, deer 2 0

Actinomycosis 12 4

Anaplasmosis 2 1

Anthrax, cattle 0 17

Anthrax, human 0 2

Air Sac Mites, Avian 1 0

Amaurosis. Avian 1 0

Arthritis, lambs 2 0

Ascarid Larvae, liver, cattle 1 0

Beeillary White Diarrhea, avian 36 16

26 MONTANA LIVESTOCK SANITARY BOARD

Positive Negative

Bacillary White Diarrhea, turkeys 0 9

Blackleg, cattle - 31 13

Blackleg, sheep 1 3

Botulism 1 3

Blackhead, turkeys 5 0

Bighead. sheep 1 0

Brooder Pneumonia, chickens 1 0

Black's Disease, sheep 6 0

Black's Disease, cattle ... 0 1

Blastomycosis, cattle — - 1 0

Beef Measles 1 0

Bumble Foot, canary 1 0

Cholera, swine " 3

Cholera, turkeys 5 0

Cholera, chickens 4 0

Carcinoma, clog 1 0

Carditis, chicken 1 0

Coccidiosis. cattle 11 3

Coccidiosis, sheep 1 1

Coccidiosis, dog — 2 0

Coccidiosis. turkey 1 0

Coccidiosis. rabbit 6 1

Coccidiosis, chickens 12 1

Distemper, dog 1 . 0

Distemper, cat . 1 0

Dermatitis, swine 1 0

Enteritis, chickens 4 2

Enteritis, Necrotic, swine 2 1

Enteritis, prairie chickens 1 0

Enteritis. Infectious, cat 2 0

Emaciation, chickens 3 0

Emphysema, turkey 1 0

Fatty Degeneration, liver, chickens 2 0

Fatty Degeneration, liver, swine 2 0

Fibroma, cattle 2 0

Fibroma, liver, chicken 1 0

Fibroma, sheep 1 0

Flukes, cattle 11 0

Flukes, deer 0 1

Flukes, sheep 2 0

Gout, avian 1 0

Hemorrhagic Septicemia, cattle 6 13

Hemorrhagic Septicemia, sheep 6 4

Hemorrhagic Septicemia, swine 0 1

Hepatitis, swine 1 0

Hepatic Degeneration, chickens 1 0

Helio Dermatitis, cattle 2 0

Hepatitis. Mallard duck 1 0

STATIC VRTKHINARY SUUGEON

27

Hemoglobinuria, cattle

Human Throat Culture

Inflamation Oviduct, chickens

Infectious Bronchitis, avian

Johne's Disease

Keratitis, Infectious, cattle

Leukemia, chickens

Lung Worms, cattle

Laryngotracheitis, chickens

Laryngotracheitis. turkeys

Laryngitis, human

Malignant Edema, cattle

Malignant Edema, sheep

Mastitis, cattle

Meningitis, horse

Mineral Disorders, avian

Malnutrition, sheep

Malnutrition, cattle

Metritis, cattle

Melanosis, swine

Malnutrition, canary

Mange, Follicular, dog

Nephritis, sheep

Neoplasm, liver, cattle

Nephritis, cattle

Neoplasm, chickens

Xecrobacillosis. cattle

Xecrobacillosis, hogs

Necrobacillosis, sheep

Necrobaoillosis, liver, cattle

Navel Infection, sheep ....

Nicotine Poisoning, cattle

Osteoma, canary

Pericarditis, chickens

Pericarditis, Traumatic, cattle

Pox. fowl

Pox, cattle

Peritonitis, chickens

Peritonitis, Turkey

Pneumonia, chickens

Pneumonia, cattle

Peritonitis, snow goose

Paralysis, general, mallard duck

Paralysis, range, chickens

Pyoinetra. swine

Peritonitis, antelope

Pneumonia, sheep

Paralysis, cattle

Positive

Negative

1

0

1

0

2

0

9

1

8

0

1

0

14

3

2

0

4

0

1

0

1

0

3

1

1

0

1

0

3

0

1

0

2

0

1

0

1

0

1

0

1

0

1

0

2

0

3

2

1

0

2

0

22

4

5

0

5

0

o

0

1

0

1

0

1

0

2

0

1

0

2

0

1

0

11

0

4

0

17

0

4

0

1

0

1

0

5

0

3

0

1

0

2

0

1

0

28 MONTANA LIVESTOCK SANITARY BOARD

Positive Negative

Proventriculitis, ulcerative, chickens 1 0

Parasites, external, deer 1 0

Parasites, external, chickens 4 0

Parasites, external, dog - 0

Parasites, external, cattle - 0

Parasites, external, rabbit 1 0

Parasites, external, hog , 1 0

Parasites, intestinal, dog 15 5

Parasites, intestinal, horse 1 0

Parasites, intestinal, sheep 13 0

Parasites, intestinal, hogs 2 0

Parasites, intestinal, chickens 46 2

Parasites, intestinal, cats 2 1

Parasites, intestinal, duck 2 0

Parasites, intestinal, turkeys 2 0

Poisoning, water hemlock, cattle 2 0

Poisoning, salmon, cat 1 0

Poisoning, strychnine, dog 2 0

Plant poisoning, sheep 2 0

Rabies, dog 0 2

Roup, diphtheritic, chickens 5 1

Roup, diphtheritic, turkeys 1 0

Roup, nutritional, chickens 1 0

Roup, ocular, chickens 2 0

Ring Worm, cattle 2 2

Ring Worm, dog 1 0

Ruptured liver, chickens 1 0

Scab, sarcoptic, cattle 17 49

Scab, cattle 0 56

Scab, sheep 0 4

Scab, horses .,... 0 4

Sarcoma, chickens 1 0

Sarcoma, cattle 4 0

Snuffles, rabbit 2 0

Strangles, cattle 1 0

Sweet Clover poisoning 2 0

Tuberculosis, chickens 15 3

Tuberculosis, turkeys 6 2

Tuberculosis, cattle 10 6

Tuberculosis, swine 1 4

Tetanus, cattle > 1 0

Torticollis, rabbit 1 0

Urinary Calculi, sheep 4 0

Urinary Calculi, cattle 2 0

Ulcerative Stomatitis, cattle 1 0

Miscellaneous Specimens 0 29

No diagnosis 0 19

Sub-Total 7,181 29,660

STATE VETERINAY SURGEON 20

Positive Negative

Milk for Bacterial Counl 1,956 0

Milk for Streptococcic Determination 1.149 3.724

Milk for K. Ooli Determination 492 1.365

Milk flor Abortus Agglutinins 27.". L,299

Milk for Bacillus Abortus Examination 0 2

Milk for Tuberculosis Examination 0 1

Milk of Goat for Bacterial Examination 1 0

Milk for Anthrax Examination 1 0

Meat for Food 9 6

Water for Bacterial Count 71 0

Water for B. Coli Determination 25 63

Water for Streptococcic Determination 3 14

Containers for Sterility 27 0

Blood Samples Hemolyzed 310 0

Blood Identification 3 0

Feed Examination 6 0

Cream for Bacterial Count 42 0

Cream for Streptococcic Determination 10 25

Cream for B. Coli Determination 20 15

Plant Identification 6 0

Milk Samples for Chemical Examination 16 0

Meat Identification 6 0

Eisb Identification 1 0

Hemolytic Streptococci, human 3 0

Bacteria] Examination of Fox Viscera 1 0

Bacterial Examination of Eggs 12 0

Sub-Total 4.443 6.514

TOTAL 11.624 36,174

Total Number of Cases in Laboratory 47,798

In addition to the regular diagnostic ami advisory work done by the
members of this staff in the Laboratory in the past two years, a rather
large number of field investigations have been made throughout the State
to assist, not only the livestock men themselves in controlling various
conditions, but also to assist the various veterinarians scattered through-
out the State, in making a diagnosis of some more or less obscure con-
ditions.

In viewing the work done in the past two years by the members of
the Laboratory staff, it is apparent that the major portion of the field
work done has consisted of both regulatory and investigational work on
Bang's disease (Infectious Abortion) . This is a problem which has in
the past and is at the present time, causing severe losses to the live-
stock industry of Montana. We know of no one single condition which

30 MONTANA LIVESTOCK SANITARY BOARD

in itself is as detrimental to the profitable production of both beef and
dairy herds as Bang's disease. Taking these things into consideration it
would only be consistent with good economy that we should spend a
large portion of our time dealing with this disease.

MILK ANALYSES

In reviewing the report of the Laboratory for the past two years
there is a marked increase in the number of milk samples examined.
In 1931 we established as a routine measure a most complete examina-
tion of the milk sold by the retail dairies of Montana. This examination
consisted of not only the routine bacterial counting which is practised in
the majority of laboratories but also of an examination first for patho-
genic strcpococci. These organisms are responsible in a large measure
for septic sore throat, certain forms of arthritis and many other internal
disorders. It was our practise when these organisms were found in a
composite milk sample from any dairy to have our deputies secure under
aseptic conditions individual milk samples from each animal in the herd,
which were again examined and all animals eliminating these organisms
in their milk were removed and isolated from the milking string and
steps taken to correct the condition in tbese isolated animals or in milk
to be used for human consumption.

Second, this examination also included a Bacillus coli determination
which in itself is important for two main reasons. First, the Bacillus coli
organism is of the same general group of organisms as that of typhoid
fever and while we want to make it very distinct that the Bacillus coli
is in no way responsible for typhoid fever and is not of necessity asso-
ciated with the organism causing typhoid fever, nevertheless in the ma-
jority of cases the source of these two organisms in contaminated ma-
terial is the same. If we can eliminate milk which is carrying B. coli
we can also, by the same methods, eliminate possible sources of typhoid
contamination. Second, this examination is important because of the
fact that while the Bacillus coli organism is found in many cases as
the normal habitant of the intestinal tract (human) when it is intro-
duced in excessively large numbers it may result in severe infectious
dysentery. This is especially true in small children or convalescents. In
following this procedure we have found that a large percentage of high
bacterial counts are due to the presence of Bacillus coli in the milk.
Therefore, it is apparent that by locating the source of contamination
and preventing its presence in milk we can in many cases reduce to
normal otherwise high bacterial counts.

Thirdly, an examination was made of all milk received in our Labo-
ratory for the presence of abortion agglutinins. Due to the expense in-
volved and to the limited number of men available for this work it has
been impossible for us to carry on a routine blood testing program for
Bang's disease (Infectious Abortion) in all dairy herds in Montana.
This examination of milk enabled us. in many herds where finances did
not permit the blood testing method, to advise the owner as to the prob-
able extent of abortion infection in his herd and it also enabled this

STATE VETERINARY SURGEON 31

Department to Locate the more badly infected herds and to render assist-
ance in places where it would probably produce the greatest benefits.

While we were carrying on this method of milk analyses we were
able to note a marked decrease in the bacterial counts of the milk from
the various cities of Montana. We were" able to note also an increase
in the physical cleanliness of the milk, due in a large extent to the
increased supervision and to the fact that by this method of testing we
were in position to advise (he dairymen as to the probable source of
contaminating material in his milk. It is extremely unfortunate at the
present time, due to financial conditions, it has become necessary for
us to discontinue, as a routine measure, the test for streptococci, B. coli
and abortus agglutinins.

BLACK'S DISEASE

For the past several years we have had reported and have investi-
gated severe losses in certain farm flocks of sheep in the Bitter Hoot
valley. These losses have not been extensive at any one time but have
extended over a period of several months or years, with a loss of one
or two animals at a time, which have resulted in the agrogate loss being
considerable. Investigational work in this condition has been hindered
due to the fact that these animals die very suddenly and show almost
immediate post mortem decomposition. This was unfortunate because
a diagnosis was dependent upon a bacteriological examination of the
specimens. However, in the past year we have been more fortunate and
have been able to observe and secure specimens almost immediately fol-
lowing death. This condition resembles blackleg in certain respects and
because of this fact it is necessary to impress upoD you that if a casual
and hurried post mortem were made an improper diagnosis would prob-
ably result. This disease affects animals of all ages but appears to attack
more readily animals in good flesh. We find rather consistently the
following post mortem changes in Black's disease:

Dark discoloration of the musculature and subcutaneous edema.
However, these two changes are not so well marked in animals posted
immediately following death but manifest themselves in a few hours,
probably being due in a large measure to post mortem decomposition.
Hemorrhagic inflammation of the abdoniasum (fourth stomach i and in-
testinal tract : affusion of fluid in the abdominal, pleural and pericardial
cavities: the last mentioned change being one of the most consistent and
diagnostic features of this disease, rapid decomposition and bloating.
This disease was first described by Turner of Australia, and in reporting
this condition he found that at no time was this disease present where
he did not have liver flukes associated. Essentially this is true of the
condition observed in the Bitter Root valley, although there is certain
evidence to show that liver flukes may not be always an associated con-
dition. An organism has been isolated in this Laboratory which we feel
positive is the eausetive factor in this disease. Vaccines have been pre-
pared from this culture at the Veterinary Research Laboratory and are
now being tested experimentally in the Bitter Root valley.

32 MONTANA LIVESTOCK SANITARY BOARD

POULTRY

In the last two years there has heeii considerable work done with
reference to the maintenance and improvement of a profitable poultry
industry in Montana. We feel that with economic conditions as they are
today that the poultry industry offers one means whereby many people
in Montana may successfully produce a livable income. It is with this
thought in mind that as far as finances have permitted we have done
everything to help make the poultry industry of Montana a successful
enterprise as far as the health of the individual flock is concerned. We
wish to assure this industry that whenever finances are provided we
are ready to carry on disease control work in poultry in a more ex-
tensive manner.

In July, 1931, a joint paper was published in the Journal of the
American Veterinary Medical Association by Doctors Hadleigh Marsh,
D. M. Warren and A. ('. Morrow on. "A Study of the Tuberculin Sensi-
tization of Cattle Showing Tuberculous Lesions."

A joint paper was presented at the 1932 meeting of the United States
Livestock Sanitary Association at Chicago by Doctors W. J. Butler and
D. M. Warren on ''The Control of Bang's Disease in Range and Semi-
Range Cattle."

Respectfully submitted.

D. M. WARREN,

Bacteriologist-Pathologist.

State Veterinary Surgeon

REPORT OF THE CHEMIST

of the

Montana Livestock Sanitary Board

During the biennimii just past two thousand and throe samples nave
been examined in this Laboratory, one thousand five hundred and ninety-
nine of this number consisted of milk and cream samples submitted by
inspectors authorized by the Livestock Sanitary Board. These samples
were taken directly from retail milk wagons, dairies, creameries and
retail stores and were analyzed in this Laboratory for butter fat, solid.-:,
sediment and preservatives. One hundred samples of milk and cream
were brought to the Laboratory by milk dealers and consumers. These
samples have been analyzed free of charge and without prejudice, and
the results have been interpreted to the person submitting the sample
with an endeavor to aid the producer and consumer alike in the produc-
tion and purchasing of wholesome milk products.

With few exceptions, the milk and cream samples examined have
been found to conform to the standards adopted by the Livestock Sani-
tary Board. There is, however, always room for improvement and it has
been the experience of this Department that frequent inspection of dairies
and laboratory examinations of dairy products are necessary in order
to keep the attention of the producer focused on the necessity of the
proper handling of dairy food products.

Three hundred and four samples of a miscellaneous nature' have
also been received directly from stockmen, farmers, veterinarians and
public officials. These samples consist of a great variety of specimens
for examination including examination of stomach contents and animal
tissues for various kinds of poisons, examinations of water in order to
determine its fitness for livestock watering purposes, examination of
livestock food products, examination of suspected poisons, identification
of weeds and their examination for poisonous ingredients, examination
of crude oil for emulsifying purposes, mineral examination of bones for
the diagnosis of mineral deficiency and the examination of stock medi-
cines, germicides, etc.

Several cases of livestock poisoning have again come to the attention
of this Laboratory. The principal stock losses by poisoning have been
accidental or caused by the careless use id' arsenical insecticides, and
strychnine rodent poisons, while a few cases of poisoning by copper, lead
and cyanide have been noted.

Many cases of plant poisoning have been reported to us. Some of
these cases have been caused by plaid poisons which were identified in
the plant and in the stomach contents, such as oxalates from grease
wood and mangle and sugar beel tops and also from hydrocyanic acid
found in wilted flax and sugar cane leaves.

34 MONTANA LIVESTOCK SANITARY BOARD

A large number of cases of canine poisoning by strychnine, appar-
ently with a malicious intent, have been brought to our attention.

In some sections of the State the shortage of water and poor water
supplies have caused much loss and sickness of livestock. Laboratory
examinations of such waters have been made in many cases and the water
found to be unfit for livestock use. It is felt by this Department that a
field examination of the stock water in the prairie sections of the State
would reveal many cases of the use of poor stock water and be of ma-
terial value to the stockmen in those sections.

If has been the aim of this Department to assist the stockmen and
farmers in every way possible and to make a quick and thorough exami-
nation of each specimen submitted with a view, especially in the poison-
ing cases, to determine the cause of the loss and prevent more unneces-
sary losses.

The following list gives the material and nature of examinations con-
ducted in this Laboratory during the period from December 1st. 1930 to
.November 30th. 1932, inclusive.

REPORT OF THE

CHEMICAL LABORATORY
December 1. 1930 to November 30, 1932

L,ab. No. Specimen and Nature of Examination Result

1006 Solution Acriflavine for chemical analysis

1007 Stomach contents of horse for poisons Negative

100S Water for mineral analysis

1009 Water for mineral analysis

1010 Sheep bones for chemical analysis

1011A Stomach contents of horse for poison Negative

1011B Stomach contents of horse for poison Negative

1012 Sample of sheep urine for analysis

1013A Suspected poison for analysis Arsenic

1013B Stomach contents of cow for poison Arsenic

1014 Stomach contents of hog for poison Arsenic

1015 Bovine stomach contents for poison Negative

1016A Sample of oat hay for poisons Negative

1016B Sample of sheep urine for analysis

1017 Sample of liver for arsenic test..... Negative

1018 Stomach contents of cow for arsenic Negative

1019A Suspected poisoned oats for analysis Arsenic

1019B Stomach contents of cow7 for poison Arsenic

1020 Capsules for poison analysis Strychnine

1021 Stomach contents of hogs for poisons Negative

1022 Alfalfa hay for arsenic analysis Negative

1023A Ground feed for poison analysis Negative

1023B Stomach contents of hog for poison Negative

1024 Water for mineral analvsis

STATE VETERINARY SURGEON 35

1025A Ground feed for poison analysis Negative

1025B Ground feed for poison analysis Negative

1025C Ground feed for poison ami lysis Negative

1026 Suspected poison liquid for analysis Pot. Cyanide

1027A Wheat for poison analysis Negative

1027B Paper for poison analysis Negative

1028 Stomach contents of calf for poison Negative

1020 Hay for cyanide test Negative

1030 Chicken hones for analysis

l():;i Water for mineral analysis

1032 Urinary calculus for analysis

1033 Stomach contents of dog for poison Strychnine

1034 Bovine stomach contents for poison Negative

1035 Bovine stomach contents for poison Negative

1036 Boviue stomach contents for poison Negative

1037 Sample of stock feed for analysis

1038 Bovine stomach cotnents for analysis Negative

103!) Milk for chemical analysis

1040 Stomach contents of cow for poisons Negative

1041 Water for mineral analysis

1042 Bovine stomach contents for poisons Negative

104.'! Stomach contents and liver of cow for poisons. Negative

1044 Wheat for poison analysis Copper

1045 Stomach contents of sheep for poisons Negative

1046 Ground feed for poison analysis Negative

1047 Stomach contents of cow for poisons Arsenic

1048 Stomach contents of cow for poisons Lead

1049 Unknown suhstance for chemical analysis Common Salt

1050 Stomach contents of calf for poisons Arsenic

1051 Fig pulp for poison analysis Negative

1052 White powder for chemical analysis

1053 Stomach contents of dog for poisons Strychnine

1054 Stomach contents of dog for poisons Negative

1055 Beet pulp for poison analysis Negative

1056 Water for chemical analysis

1057 Stomach contents of sheep for poisons Negative

105S Stomach contents of hog for poisons Negative

1059 Two samples of water for fitness for livestock

1060 Sample of water for fitness for livestock

1061 Sample of water for mineral analysis

1062 Crude oil for emulsifying purposes

1063 Salt for chemical analysis

1064 Stomach contents of sheep for poisons Negative

1065 Water for chemical analysis

1066 Urinary calculi for analysis

1067 Suspected poison for analysis Sodium Nitrate

1068 Oil cake for analysis

1069 Stomach contents of horse for poisons Negative

1070 Sample of meat for poison analysis Negative

36 MONTANA LIVESTOCK SANITARY BOARD

Lab. No. Specimen and Nature of Examination Result

1071 Sample of urine for analysis

1072 Depilatory for analysis

1073 Stomach contents of calf for strychnine Negative

1074 Stomach contents of cow for strychnine Negative

1075 Stomach contents of dog for poison Strychnine

1070 Stomach contents of horse for poisons Strychnine

1077 Water for mineral analysis

107S Water for mineral analysis

1070 Three samples of water for mineral analysis

1080 Stomach contents of cow for poison Lead

1081 Bovine stomach contents for poisons Negative

1082 Oats for strychnine analysis Positive

1083 Bovine stomach contents for poisons Negative

1084 Bovine stomach contents for poisons Negative

10S5A Bovine stomach contents for poisons. Negative

1085B Stomach contents of hog for poisons Negative

1080 Stomach contents of dog for poisons Negative

1087 Water for mineral analysis

10SS Mineral stock feed for analysis

loxo Water for chemical analysis

1000 Water for mineral analysis

1091A Sample of dirt for poisons Negative

1091B Sample of dirt for poisons Negative

1091'C Sample of bovine stomach contents for poisons =. Negative

1092A Sample of dirt for poisons Negative

1092B Bovine stomach contents for poisons Negative

1093 Bovine stomach contents for poisons Negative

1094 Water for mineral analysis

1095 Suspected poison for analysis Lead Arsenate

1096 Bovine stomach contents for strychnine Negative

1097 Bovine stomach contents for poisons Negative

1098 Stomach contents of cow for poisons Lead

1099 Salt for chemical analysis

1100A Stomach contents of sheep for poisons Negative

1100B Stock salt for poisons Negative

1101 Stomach contents of dog for poisons Strychnine

1102 Bone meal for analysis

1103 Grease wood leaves for oxalates Positive

1104 Stomach contents of cow for poisons Lead

1105 Stomach contents of sheep for poisons Negative

1100 Medicine for analysis

1107 Stomach tissues and liver of sheep for poisons Negative

1108 Bovine stomach for poisons Negative

1109 Stomach contents of cat for poisons Negative

1110 Stomach contents of sheep for poisons Negative

1111 Stomach contents of steer for poisons Strychnine

1112 Foot rot medicine for analysis

1113 Stomach contents of sheep for poisons Negative

STATE VETERINARY SURGEi »N

T7

Lab. No. Specimen and Nature of Examination Result

1114 < tats for strychnine test Positive

1115 Meat for poison analysis Negative

1116 Ground food for poisons Strychnine

1117 Farm disinfectant for analysis..

HIS Alkali salt from lake bed for analysis

1119 Stomach contents of cow for poisons Negative

1120 Two samples of water for mineral analysis

1121 Water for mineral analysis

1122 Stomach contents of cow for poisons Arsenic

1123 Stomach contents of sheep for poisons Negative

1124 Bovine stomach contents for poisons Negative

112." Bovine stomach contents for poisons Negative

1126 Bovine stomach contents and liver for poisons Negative

1127 Sample of grass for poison analysis Negative

1125 Stomach contents of sheep for poison Negative

1129A Weed for identification and Prussic acid Negative

112!)1» Bovine stomach contents for poisons— Negative

1130 Bovine stomach contents for poisons.—. Negative

1131 Water for mineral analysis

1l."»2A Stomach contents of cow for poisons Arsenic

1132B Water for poison analysis Negative

11.*'.:; Stomach contents of antelope for ihhsou Negative

1134 Sugar cain stalks and leaves for Prussic acid Positive

1135 Oats for poison analysis Negative

1136 Stomach contents of cow for poisons Negative

1137 Water for mineral analysis

1138 Four sample's of water for mineral analysis

1139 .Milk for chemical analysis

1140A Stomach contents of cow for poisons Negative

1140B Five samples of suspected poison Sodium Cyanide

1141 Water for mineral analysis

1141! Stomach contents of pig for poisons Negative

111."! Cotton seed cake for analysis

1144 Water for chemical analysis

114." Salt for poison analysis Negative

114(i Crop from turkey for poison analysis Arsenic

1147 Bovine stomach contents for poisons Arsenic

1148 Stomach contents and tissues from cow tor poisons . Negative
114!» Stomach contents of sheep for poisons Arsenic

1150 Stomach contents of cat for poisons Negative

1151 Three samples of bovine stomach contents for poisons Negative

1152 Cream to he tested for preservatives. Negative

1153 Water for mineral analysis

1154 Water for mineral analysis

1155 Stomach contents of cow for poisons Oxalic Acid

1156 Stomach contents of sheep for poisons Negative

1157 .Meat for poison analysis Negative

1160 Bovine stomach contents for poisons Negative

::s

MONTANA LIVESTOCK SANITARY BOARD

Lab. No. Specimen and Nature of Examination Result

1161 Water for mineral analysis...

1162 Stomach contens of pig for poisons Negative

1163 Crop and gizzard of prairie chicken for poison Negative

1164 Water for mineral analysis

1165 Water for mineral analysis...

1166 Stomach contents of pig for poisons... Negative

1167 Water for mineral analysis

1168 Bovine stomach contents for poisons Negative

1169 Crude oil for emulsifying tests

1170 Water for mineral analysis

1171 Bovine stomach contents for arsenic. Negative

1172 Stomach contents of sheep for poisons Negative

1173 Two samples of bovine stomach contents for poisons Negative

1174 Stomach contents of calf for poisons Negative

1175 Bovine stomach contents for poisons Negative

1176 Water for mineral analysis

1177 Bovine stomach contents for poisons Arsenic

1178 Milk for chemical analysis for preservatives Negative

117!» Vermifuge powder for chemical analysis

1180 Hay for cyanide analysis Negative

11S1 Water for mineral analysis

1182 Stomach contents of dog for struchnine Positive

1183 Stomach contents of dog for strychnine Positive

11S4 Tissues from pigs and pig feed for poisons Negative

1185 Bovine stomach tissues for poisons Lead

1186 Mineral stock feed for chemical analysis

1187 Liver and stomach contents from pig for poisons. Negative

1188 Bovine stomach contents for poisons Lead

1189 Stomach contents for poisons of dog Strychnine

1190 Sample of meat for poison Strychnine

1191 Bovine stomach contents for poisons Negative

1192A Canned fish food for chemical analysis

1192B Canned fish food for chemical analysis

1193 Fox food tonic for analysis

1194 Stomach contents of calves for poisons Negative

1195 Bovine stomach contents for poisons Negative

1196A Fish food for chemical analysis

1196B Fish food for chemical analysis

1196C*Fish food for chemical analysis :

1197 Stomach tissues of cow for poisons Negative

1198 Stomach contents of cow for poisons Negative

1199 Meat for poison analysis Negative

1200 Contents of crop of chicken for poison Negative

1201 Stomach contents of pig for poisons Negative

1202 Bovine stomach contents for poisons Negative

1203 Bovine stomach contents and organs for poisons Arsenic

1204 Research on bovine absorption of arsenic

1205 Stock salt for poisons Negative

STATIC VETERINARY SURGEON :{:•

Lab. No. Specimen and Nature of Examination Result

1206 Bovine stomach contents for poisons Negative

1207 Stock feed for poison analysis..—. Negative

1208 Stomach contents of calf for poisons Negative

1209 Meat for poison analysis Positive

1210 Stock salt for chemical analysis

1211 Two samples of washing powder for analysis

1212 Four samples of hypochlorite solution for analysis

1213 Stomach contents of sheep for poison Negative

1214 Sample of meat for poisons Strychnine

1215 Bovine stomach contents for poisons Negative

1216A Bovine stomach contents for poisons Arsenic

1216B Bovine stomach contents for poisons Arsenic

1217 Hypochlorite solution for analysis

1218 Stomach contents of horse for poisons Strychnin"

1219 Sample of hay for poisons Copper Arsenic

1220 Wtiter for mineral .analysis

1221 Crop of turkey for poisons Strychnine

1222A Stomach contents of dog for poisons Negative

1222B Stomach contents of sheep for poisons Negative

1223 Bovine stomach contents for arsenic Negative

1224 Bovine stomach contents for poisons Strychnine

1225 Stomach contents of horse for strychnine Negative

122C Analysis of crude oil for emulsifying purposes

1227 Stomach contents of pig for poisons Strychnine

122S Oats for poison analysis Strychnine

1229 Stomach contents of dog for poisons Strychnine

1230 Stomach contents of dogs for poisons Strychnine

1231 Stomach contents of dog for poisons Strychnine

1232 Stomach contents of horse for poisons Negative

1233 Stomach contents of lanth for poisons Negative

1234 Bovine stomach contents for poisons Negative

1235A Stomach contents of horses for poisons Negative

1235B Oats suspected of containing poison Negative

1236 Bovine stomach contents for analysis Cyanide

1237 Stomach contents of sheep for poisons Negative

1238 Stomach contents of sheep for poisons Negative

1239 Stomach contents of dog for poisons Strychnine

1240 Stomach contents of horse for arsenic Negative

1241 Stomach contents of moose for poisons Negative

1242 Bovine stomach contents for poisons Arsenic

1243 Water for mineral analysis

1244 Bovine stomach contents for poisons Negative

1245A Water for poison analysis Negative

1245B Stomach contents of calf for poison Negative

1246 Wheat for poison analysis Negative

1247 Water for mineral analysis

1245 Hypochlorite solution for analysis

L249 Bovine stomach contents for poisons Negative

Ill

MONTANA LIVESTOCK SANITARY BOARD

Lab. No. Specimen and Nature of Examination Result

1250 Stomach contents of dog for poisons Strychnin"

1251 Bovine stomach contents for poisons Arsenic

1252 Stomach contents of (log for poisons Strychnine

1253 Stomach contents of cow for poisons Arsenic

1254 Bovine stomach contents for poisons... Negative

1255 Stomach contents of calf for poisons... Negative

1256 Water for mineral analysis

1257 Three samples of compressed stock food for analysis

1258A Ten samples of mill tailings for cyanide analysis Negative

125SB Water for poison analysis Negative

1259 Hypochlorite solution for analysis

1260 Bovine stomach contents for poison analysis Negative

1261 Stomach contents of dog for poisons-. Strychnine

1262 Stomach contents of sheep for alkali poisoning Negative

1263A Oats for poison analysis.... Strychnine

1263B Bovine stomach contents for poisons. Strychnine

1264 Sample of meat for poisons Negative

1265 Stomach contents of sheep for poison Negative

1266 Bovine stomach contents for poison Arsenic

1267 Three samples of water for mineral analysis.

iLMiS Stomach contents of cat for poison Negative

1269 Bovine stomach contents for poisons Negative

1270A Two jars of stomach contents of pigs for poison Strychnine

1270B Sample of oats for poisons Strychnine

1271 Two samples of stomach contents of pigs for poison Negative

1272 Stomach contents of lamb for poisons Negative

1273 Contents of crops of chickens for poisons Negative

1274 Bovine stomach contents for poisons. Negative

1275 Water for strychnine examination Positive

1276 Bovine stomach contents for poisons Negative

1277 Two samples of meat for poisons Strychnine

1278 Oxalate analysis of grease wood leaves

1279 Soap for Titer test

1280 Stomach contents of dog for poisons ..Strychnine

12S1 Bovine stomach contents for arsenic Negative

1282 Two samples of milk for preservatives Negative

1283 Sample of milk for poisons Negative

1284 Paraffin for poisons Negative

1285 Beef snet for chemical examination for adulteration

1286 Bovine stomach contents for poisons Negative

12S7 Bovine stomach contents for poisons Negative

12SS Butter for chemical analysis

128!) Two samples of bone for chemical analysis

1290 Bovine stomach contents for poisons Negative

1291A Bovine stomach contents for poisons Blasting Powder

1291B Black powder suspected of containing poison Blasting powder

1292 Stomach contents of calf for poisons Negative

129." Bovine stomach contents for poisons Lead

STATE VETERINARY SURGEON 41

Ijab. No. Specimen and Nature of Examination Result

1294 Contents of crops of chickens for poisons Strychnine

1295 Sugar beet tops for poison analysis Negative

129G Two jars of bovine stomach contents for poisons Arsenic

1297A Stomach contents of cow for poisons Negative

1297B Mangle tops for oxalic acid Positive

1298 Hay for poison analysis Negative

1299 Research on sugar beet tops for oxalates

1300 Bovine stomach contents for poisons Negative

1301A Bovine stomach contents for poisons Hydrocyanic Acid

1301B Flax for poison analysis Hydrocyanic Acid

1302 Bovine stomach contents for poisons Arsenic

1303 Stomach contents of a horse for poison Negative

1304 Water for mineral analysis

1305 Stomach contents of a horse for poisons.. Negative

1300 Two samples of stomach contents of horses for poisons .. Negative

1307 Native alkali salt for analysis

130S Ground feed mash for poisons Negative

1309 Prepared dog feed for analysis.

ANALYSIS OF MILK AND CREAM SAMPLES

From Dec. 1, 1930 to Nov. 30, 1932

1,599 Official samples of milk and cream.
100 Unofficial samples of milk and cream.

Respectfully submitted,

VIRGIL A. WILLSON,

Chemist.

42 MONTANA LIVESTOCK SANITARY BOARD

INVESTIGATIONS SYNOPTICALLY ARRANGED

Including; Cooperative Work with the United States Bureau of
Animal Industry

HORSES

Dourine, 1931

Number of horses blood tested 1

Number reacting to test None

Dourine, 1932

Number of horses blood tested 1

Number reacting to test None

Glanders, 1931

Number of horses reported and suspected of being affected

with glanders, mallein tested 79

Number reacting to test None

Glanders, 1932

Number of horses reported and suspected of being affected

with glanders, mallein tested 367

Number reacting to test None

Miscellaneous Inspections, 1931
Number of horses inspected for miscellaneous diseases 131

Miscellaneous Inspections, 1932
Number of horses inspected for miscellaneous diseases 1,775

Scabies, 1931

"Number of horses inspected for scabies 5,032

Number infected 48

Number of horses dipped for scabies, 1st, 2nd and 3rd dippings.— None
(*Blackfeet Indian Reservation)

Scabies, 1932

*Number of horses inspected for scabies 3,587

Number infected 50

Number of horses dipped for scabies, 1st. 2nd and 3rd dippings 4.931

(*Blackl'eet Indian Reservation)

Importation Inspections, 1931
Number of horses clinically inspected and mallein tested

at destination : 81

Number reacting to test None

Importation Inspections, 1932
Number of horses clinically inspected and mallein tested

at destination 20

Number reacting to test None

Number of horses clinically inspected at destination

shipped for immediate slaughter 3,404

STATE VETERINARY SURGEON 43

Tested and Inspected at Port of Entry, 1931

Number of horses clinically inspected and mallein tested al

port of entry 99

.Number reacting to test None

Number of horses clinically inspected at port of entry 75

Number of horses clinically inspected at port of entry shipped

for immediate slaughter 7,422

Tested and Inspected at Port of Entry, 1932

Number of horses clinically inspected and mallein tested at

port of entry 6

Number reacting to test None

Number of horses clinically inspected at port of entry None

Inspections for Interstate Shipment, 1931

Number of horses mallein tested for interstate shipment 6,455

Number reacting to test None

Number of horses clinically inspected 6,260

Number of horses inspected, 1931 25.635

Inspections for Interstate Shipment, 1932

Number of horses mallein tested for interstate shipment 5,465

Number reacting to test None

Number of horses clinically inspected 870

Number of horses inspected, 1932 20,492

Number of horses inspected, 1931 25,635

Number of horses inspected, 1932 20,492

TOTAL NUMBER OF HORSES INSPECTED. 1931 AND 1932 46,127

CATTLE

Tuberculosis, 1931

Number of dairy cattle tested for tuberculosis 15,107

Number reacting to test 29

Percentage of reactors 0019

Number of other cattle tested... 118,969

Number reacting to test 288

Percentage of reactors 0024

Tuberculosis, 1932

Number of dairy cattle tested for tuberculosis 33,040

Number reacting to test 40

Percentage of reactors 0012

Number of other cattle tested 42,366

Number reacting to test 77

Percentage of reactors 001S

Accredited Tuberculosis Free Herds, 1931

Number of cattle tested for accredited herds 4,782

Number reacting to test Noue

Accredited Tuberculosis Free Herds, 1932

Number of cattle tested for accredited herds 5,128

Number reacting to test None

44 MONTANA LIVESTOCK SANITARY BOARD

Retests of Imported Cattle, 1931

Sixty-Ninety day tests 930

Number reacting to test None

Retests of Imported Cattle, 1932

Sixty-ninety day tests 251

Number reacting to test None

Cattle Tested at Port of Entry, 1931

Number of cattle tested at port of entry 4

Number reacting to test None

Cattle Tested at Port of Entry, 1932

Number of cattle tested at port of entry None

Number reacting to test None

Number of cattle tested at destination 35!)

Number reacting to test None

Tests for Interstate Shipment, 1931

Number of cattle tested for shipment 3,061

\ innber reacting to test None

Tests for Interstate Shipment, 1932

Number of cattle tested for shipment 1,505

Number reacting to test None

Total number of cattle tested for tuberculosis, 1931 142,853

Number reacting to test 317

1 'ercentage of reactors 0022

Total number of cattle tested for tuberculosis. 1932 82,64!)

Number reacting to test 117

Percentage of reactors .0014

TOTAL NUMBER OF CATTLE TESTED FOR TUBERCULOSIS,

1931 AND 1932 225,502

TOTAL NUMBER OF REACTORS 434

PERCENTAGE OF REACTORS. 1931 0022

PERCENTAGE OF REACTORS. 1932 0014

Cattle Scabies, 1931

*N umber of cattle inspected for scabies 73.4S4

Number of cattle inspected and dipped, including

1st, 2nd and 3rd dippings 8,716

(*Crow Indian Reservation)
Number of cattle inspected for scabies, exclusive of

Crow Indian reservation 109,899

Number of cattle inspected and dipped, including

1st. 2nd, 3rd and 4th dippings 1.635

Cattle Scabies, 1932

♦Number of cattle inspected for scabies 74,581

Number of cattle inspected and dipped, including

1st and 2nd dippings 14,340

(♦Grow Indian Reservation)

STATE VETERINARY SURGEON »&

Number of cattle inspected for scabies, exclusive of

( 'row Indian reservation 101.907

Number of cattle inspected and dipped, exclusive of Crow Indian

reservation, including 1st. 2nd. 3rd and 4th dippings. 20.172

Miscellaneous Cattle Inspections, 1931

Number of cattle inspected for miscellaneous diseases 37,140

Number of cattle blood tested for contagious abortion 16,878

Miscellaneous Cattle Inspections, 1932

Number of cattle inspected for miscellaneous diseases. 31,885

Number of cattle blood tested for contagious abortion 19,076

Cattle Inspected at Port of Entry, 1931

Number of cattle clinically inspected at Tort of Entry 149

Number of cattle clinically inspected upon arrival in State 1,074

Cattle Inspected at Port of Entry, 1932

Number of cattle clinically inspected at Port of Entry 4

Number of cattle clinically inspected upon arrival in State 756

Inspections for Interstate Shipments, 1931

Number of cattle clinically inspected for interstate shipment 29.571

Inspections for Interstate Shipments, 1932

Number of cattle clinically inspected for interstate shipment 10,932

TOTAL NUMBER OF CATTLE INSPECTED 1931 261,668

TOTAL NUMBER OF CATTLE INSPECTED 1932 254.577

TOTAL NUMBER OF CATTLE INSPECTED 1931 and 1932 516,245

SHEEP

Scabies and Miscellaneous Diseases. 1931

Number of sheep inspected for scabies and miscellaneous diseases.. 553,602
Number found affected with scabies None

Scabies and Miscellaneous Diseases, 1932

Number of sheep inspected for scabies and miscellaneous diseases 568.248
Number found affected with scabies None

Importation Inspections, 1931

Number of sheep inspected and quarantined 178,656

Number of sheep dipped and quarantined including 1st and

2nd dippings None

Reinspection Imported Sheep 88,908

Number of sheep inspected at Port of Entry None

Importation Inspections, 1932

Number of sheep inspected and quarantined 152,020

Number of sheep dipped and quarantined including 1st and

2nd dippings None

Reinspection Imported Sheep 124,800

Number of sheep inspected at Port of Entry 17

Inspections for Interstate Shipment, 1931

Number of sheep inspected for interstate shipment 1,190,701

46 MONTANA LIVESTOCK SANITARY BOARD

Inspections for Interstate Shipment, 1932

Number of sheep inspected for interstate shipment 706,434

Number of sheep inspections 1933 2,011,807

Number of sheep inspections 1932 1.551,514

TOTAL NUMBER OF SHEEP INSPECTED. 1931 and 1032 3,563,381

Number of goats inspected for interstate shipment 5

SWINE, 1931

Number of swine inspected for various diseases including

Hog Cholera 9,798

Number of premises infected with Hog Cholera..- 13

Number of swine inspected at Port of Entry 13

Number of swine inspected for interstate shipment 1.980

Swine, 1932

Number of swine inspected for various diseases including

Hog Cholera 3,005

Number of premises infected with Hog Cholera 9

Number of swine inspected at Port of Entry 11

Number of swine inspected for interstate shipment 170

Total number of swine inspected 1931 11,791

Total number of swine inspected 1932 3.105

Total number of swine inspected 1931 and 1932.... 14,986

POULTRY. 1931

Number of fowls inspected for tuberculosis and various diseases 186,552

Poultry, 1932

Number of fowls inspected for tuberculosis and various diseases 73,162

Total number of fowls inspected 1931 and 1032 250.71 1

DOGS, 1931

Number of dogs inspected for various diseases 704

Number suffering from rabies None

Number inspected for interstate shipment 360

Dogs, 1932

Number of dogs inspected for various diseases 13

Number suffering from rabies None

Number inspected for interstate shipment 200

Total number of dogs inspected 1931 and 1932 1.286

GAME AND FIR BEARING ANIMALS, 1931

Number of animals inspected for various diseases 68

Game and Fur Bearing Animals, 1932

Number of animals inspected for various diseases None

Total Number of Animals Inspected. 1931 2,312,103

Total Number of Animals Inspected. 1932 1,829.995

Total Number of Animals Inspected. 1931 and 1932 4,142,008

STATE VETERINARY SURGEON 47

MEAT INSPECTIONS, 1931

Number of carcasses inspected 11,486

Number of carcasses condemned - 9

Meat Inspections, 1932

Number of carcasses inspected 11,638

Number of carcasses condemned - 9

Total Number of Meat Inspections. 1931 and 1932 23,124

Total Number of Carcasses Condemned. 1931 and 1932 18

GRAND TOTALS

Total Number of Animals Inspected, 1931 and 1932 4,142,098

Total Number of Fowls Inspected, 1931 and 1932 259,714

Total Number of Meat Inspections, 1931 and 1932 23,124

TOTAL NUMBER OF INSPECTIONS. 1931 and 1932 4,424,936

Total Number of Cattle Blood Tested. 1931 and 1932 35.949

MILES TRAVELED BY DISTRICT DEPUTIES AND SHEEP
INSPECTORS

Ante Railway Foot Horseback Team

1931 137,685 4,0S6 12 SO 31

1932 152,545 2,287 13 284 74

Total 290.230 6.373 25 364 105 297,047

ESTIMATED NUMBER OF MILES TRAVELED BY RESIDENT

DEPUTIES

Auto

1931 35.000

1932 25,252

Total 60,262 60,252

NUMBER OF MILES TRAVELED. 19:J1 and 1932 357,299

MONTANA LIVESTOCK SANITARY BOARD

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