Author: Pennsylvania Department of Forestry

Title: Report of the Pennsylvania Department of Forestry, for
the years ..., 1905 - 1906

Place of Publication: Harrisburg, Pa.

Copyright Date: 1907

Master Negative Storage Number: MNS# PSt SNPaAg070.3

<2084616>*Form:serial2 lnput:HHS EditFMD

008 ENT: 980409 TYP: d DT1: 1906 DT2:1911 FRE: g LAN: eng

010 sn 86045117

037 PSt SNPaAg070.3-071 .1 $bPreservation Office, The Pennsylvania State

University, Pattee Library, University Park, PA 16802-1805
090 19 634.908 $bP3 $l+(date) $cax $s+U1905/06-U1910/1 1
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090 20 Microfilm D344 reel 70.3-71.1 $l+(date) $cmc+(service copy, print

master, archival master) $s+U1 905/1 906-U1 91 0/1 911
110 1 Pennsylvania. $bDept. of Forestry.

245 10 Report of the Pennsylvania Department of Forestry, for the years ...
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1905-1906

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PENNSYLVANIA

OF FORESTRY,

FOR THE

YEARS 1905 AND 1906,

TOGETHER WITH SUGGESTIONS CONCERNING THE PRESENT NEEDS
AND THE PLTTIIRE POLICY OF THE DEPARTMENT

AND

PAPERS UPON SUBJECTS CONNECTED WIFH PBNNSYL71NIA FOfiESTRY.

HARRISBURG, PA.:

HARRISBURG PUBLISHING CO.. STATE PRINTBai.

1907.

OFFICIAL DOCUMENT,

No. 25.

r

./l^

PENNSYLVANIA

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

OFFIOIA L LIST.

THE STATE FORESTRY RESERVATION COMMISSION.

Robert S. Conklin, President, Columbia. Lancaster County.

J. T. Rothrock, M. D., Secretary, West Chester, Chester County.

John Fulton, Johnstown, Cambria County.

Mira L. Ltock, Harrisburg, Dauphin County.

S. B. Elliott, Reynoldsville, Jefferson County.

Meetings of the Commission are regularly held on the first Friday in each
month.

OFFICE OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FORESTRY.

Commissioner of Forestry, Robert S. Conklin, Columbia, Lancaster County.
Deputy Commissioner of Forestry, Irvin C. Williams, Esq., Royersford, Mont-
gomery County.
Clerk, A. Ehvyn Strode, West Chester, Chester County.
Clerk, George W. Howard, Chester, Delaware County.

(«)

OFFICIAL. DOCUMENT,

No. 25.

CONTENTS.

^

Page.

Letter of Transmittal -

Description of Illustrations «

Report of the Commissioner of Forestry for the years 1905 and 1906 ii

General Forest Administration , . „

The Hopkins Reservation j.

The Rothrock Reservation ..

The South Mountain Reservation ^^

The Stone Reservation ..

' 14

The Pennypacker Reservation, ^^

Tax Sales

Forest Taxation, .^

„ 15

Forest Nurseries ^^

Forest Planting *'

Grazing in the Reserves gi

An Experimental Walnut Plantation 23

An Object Lesson in Forest Planting, for Private Owners 25

Farmers' Wood Lots, o?

Bibliography of Farm Wood Lot Forestry 28

General Surveys, „^

Prosecutions

6i

Statement of the Amounts Paid for Road and School Purposes under

Act of April 5, 1905, ^^

Camping Permits ^g

SpecifiQ Forest Administration, 1905-1906, Mont Alto Division G«orge

H. Wirt ' „

Oti

Report of Improvement Cutting, Lewis Staley 73

Federal Refractories Company Lease yg

State Tuberculosis Camps on State Forest Reserves, Dr. J. T. Rothrock, 80

South Mountain Camp Sanatorium, 1905-1906, Dr. A. M. Rothrock 84

Table of Results at Camp Sanatorium ' 94

South Renovo Water Lease, 97

Water Supply Commission 99

Forest Roads, Fire Lanes, and Trails, Dr. J. T. Rothrock lOO

Fire Fighting in the Forest; Some Added Experience, Dr. J. T. Roth-
rock

^ ' 105

i^xcerpts from Rangers' Reports, jq^

The Collier's Cabin, Dr. J. T. Rothrock, ...^. .......... ....... no

Arborescent Flora of Lycoming, Northumberland, Snyder, and Union

Counties, Ephraim Gearhart, A. B 114

How Should Oud Future Forest Lands Be Taxed? Hon S. B. Elliott, '. 117
Game Preserves. .

tj. . ^ ' 124

statement of Contributors' Fund at Camp Sanatorium, Dr. J. T. Roth-
rock

limber Cut and Fire Losses In 1904 and 190.^, 140

(4)

(5)

OFFICIAL DOCUMENT,

No. 25.

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

{•X

„ ^ December 31, 1906.

Hon. Samuel W. Pennypacker,

Governor of the Commonwealth.

Sir: I have the honor to present herewith my report for the De-
partment of Forestry for the years 1905 and 1906. I have included
herein a number of suggestions relating to the present needs of the
Pennsylvania Forest Service and also looking toward its future
welfare. I have included notices of the Federal Refractories and
South Kenovo leases, the new game preserves, the experimental wal-
nut plantation in Clinton county and of the private planting by Dr.
Drake at Delaware Water Gap.

The work of the Department is increasing in volume. As the
area of the reserves is enlarged and systematic development under-
taken, it will be necessary to prepare ourselves to meet the greatly
increased burden of proper administration.

There are also submitted herewith the reports of State Forester
George H. Wirt, who deals with present conditions on the Mont
Alto division of the South Mountain reservation, and also with the
State Forestry Academy at Mont Alto; reports upon the Camp San-
atorium for Poor Consumptives at Mont Alto, by Dr. Addison M.
Kothrock, the resident physician in charge; four papers by Dr. J. T.
Kothrock on forestal and sanatorium subjects; statement of amounts
paid to townships for school and road purposes under the Act of
April 5, 1905; a paper on the "Arborescent Flora of Four Pennsyl-
vania Counties,'^ by Ephraim Gearhart, A. B.; report of improve-
nient work, by Lewis Staley, Forester; a statement of the contribu-
tors' fund at the Camp Sanatorium, by Dr. J. T. Rothrock, treasurer
of the fund, and statements of the amount of timber cut and the loss
by forest fires during the years 1904 and 1905, tabulated from infor-
mation collected by the Department.

J beg to tender you my thanks for the interest you have taken in
the work of the Department, and the ready compliance with which
you always received any requests relating to the business thereof;
also to the public press of the Commonwealth for the manner in
which it invariably approves the work of the Department of For-
estry.

I hav<' i\w honor to be, with great respect,

Your most obedient,

ROBERT S. CONKLIN,
Commissioner of Forestry.

(7)

OFFICIAL. DOCUMENT,

No. 25.

DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

1. Frontispiece. A stand of primeval White Pine forest near DuBois

Clearfield county. By means of planting and forest protection similar
stands of White Pine will be restored to the Commonwealth

2. A reduced copy of a map of the State of Pennsylvania showing the

Forest Reserves in black patches. These are drawn to the same scale
as the original map. In the southeastern corner of the State timber
land is too valuable to purchase for reservation purposes; in the west-
ern part of the State nearly all cut over lands are encumbered with
oil, gas, or coal leases, so that at this time no purchases have been
made w est of Clearfield county. The endeavor of the Commission has
been to purchase lands free of encumbrance

3. General view over a portion of the Mont Alto Division and the Caledonia

Division of the gouth Mountain Reserve, looking north by east from
the top of Snowy Mountain. The distant hills upon the Caledonia
Division have an elevation of about 2,000 feet, and are seven miles dis-
tant from the point where the photograph was taken. So far
details of the picture may be made out, it shows the
forested condition of this reserve

4. A corner of the experimental White Pine plantation in the Monaghan

field, Mont Alto Division, South Mountain Resei-\'e. These are the
young trees, the planting and measurement of which are described in

report of the State Forester at page The large oak in the

contains many well developed examples of "Witches'
Broom." A view of this same area is found in the 1903-1904 report of
the Department, at page 28. Here the young trees are shown two
years after planting, or as they appeared in the spring of 1904. The

Page.

11

as the
generally well

14

the

background

5. A

remarkable subsequent growth is therefore the product of three
season's growth 21

view of the State Camp in the heart of the Hopkins Reserve, (Clinton

points
Creek,

23

in
county, near the headwaters of the east branch of Big Run. The
cheap buildings shown are simply a refuge for our rangers, in the
rear of the buildings is the five acre tract containing the black walnut

plantation, described at page ofUhis report. The nearest

of contact with the outer world are Renovo, ten miles; Beech
sixteen miles; and Snow Shoe, twenty-two miles

6. One of the young trees in the Black Walnut plantation, at the State

Camp, Clinton county. The nut from which this young tree grew was
planted in November, 1904, photographed July, 1906, height of tree
about 24 inches. Illustration shows about an average tree Some are
considerably smaller, while others at that time were ' of greater
height, 25

7. "State Blazo." Wherever a tree of sufficient size is located upon the

outer lino of tracts owned by the Commonwealth this blaze

spicuously inscribed thereon. It consists of two crossed

lines cut through the bark to the wood with the bark then

between the lines forming the right and left angles,

glass outline. The exposed wood is then painted

a conspicuous object at long distances. The "State Blaze"

cut on the side of the tree facing the State's land

8. A view near Reynoldsville, Jefferson county, showing the natural

regeneration of White Pine from a stand of second growth at the

extreme left of the illustration. The measured distance

edge of the woods to the extreme point of regeneration

Jo this distance have the seeds of the mother trees been

the winds. Approximating the height of the fence

feet, the trees are shown to be about 65 feet

time about fifty years old. This

four years old and the other about seven

are close to the edge of the woods

at
in height, and
represents two sowings.

IS con-
slanting
removed
giving the hour-
white, and forms
is always

from the
is 600 feet,
carried by
about five
are at this
one about

30

The seven year old trees

(8)

(9)

53

10

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

10.

An ordinary n.ountaJn road in the Mont ah,, iv • •

Keserve after having- been lepai^^ by I'L^A^V?'^^ ^^"^^^ Mountain
The surface s vvpll rounrlf^ri r^fu].^ ^ "® Departnient of Forestry

Side Of the road nilr^b; ^urns^ho'^wJf' ^"^ ^^^^^ Procured at the
become muddy except to k very sli^hf^^^''/;, ^'^it^''"^' '^"""^ does not
hig-hway leading from Monriuo s^tation"^ o' .h'''^^ ^'^^^^ ^« ^^^ '^^^'^
and . also^the^main^east and vves/^^S I'n l^^ "^ilj^^^'^^:

Page.

serve,

11.

Zf ^n""'"!^""^'"*^ the"fr,o'^.Vta?n'"Thfs shows °h"„'' '^ ^ '""^^ locked
road may be spoiled bv th^ no„n„ shows how a good mountain

ness Of some drivers who hive So^^a^d^r^f^'"^^^' °^ ma«c?oSs-

I-'- Ihe rack saddle oulfit used in t;^h,-

securely fastened upon a Voodfr *^ ''"'''^' "'•'«• The two kegs are
water are taken in'^tire ,.os?tion sl^r wn'",'''?K'''''' ""<' ^^■"''" Hlled wtth
ment of a hose and fo ce Cmo to^.nh 'S'^ ""'' ''""■ Tlie attroh-
force to control many feet a in^ fh^ % ^"^ enables the flKhtimr

ten grallons each This nnf fif if '^*' '''^^'' °^ 'he file. The kesS ho^f
tice, and has been demonstrated en?" I"""'^'" '"'« fequenf p?ai-
The students at the Fores^rv a^?^*^"'''''''^ efficient for the nu.no,^
pack and the "diamond hftch •^such'?, "" '"^^ "^e art of tyinj^fhe
13 Th ^°^«'-"'"^nt pack trains, "^ '" "^""^ '" »>e regular United

tlin R:seTvr"a;d'"eq^Sip^ed" u'it'h IT' '''^ "^^' "" ''h^' South Moun '

H. Thf^^ofii^s "ci^ir^^r "^^

oft-'^A,"!""' "^"^^ '" cf bins like the one sho^vn"" '".^1 ^"^ "^^ ^^e
1.; r^-v, "'■''''^ ^'"'^'^ purchased by the Stat» fT>^' "'r" '"^'P«'J ^ "coal

15. Charcoal burning by the students „f.! „ ""^ ^ '°''<^^' reserve, ..

P^r^:-,t-£|~S -r--- --au'g-ht't ^
tbe ^cutting c. the wood^ f^ Z ^^^^^ Xt^^ k£^B

view of the gorge of Fish Dam Rnn" '' '.'J' "■ '

ton coimty, within the ^eecntrJ ere^; '," "'*' Hopkins Reserve Clin
er%"'''wer'"t''''^«^«'t"oTthrc'^^^^ Thi^sS^;

-^ran^etlU^lfr^e^nt^!''^ ","!"!--, -"'"-/^

100

16. A

102
104

105

106

110

113

124

OFFICIAL DOCUMENT,

No. 25.

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA.

Ki:iH)KT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FORESTRY FOR THE

YEARS 1905 AND 190C.

In the last report of this Derailment an extended statement was
made of the area of the then forest reserves, indicatinj,^ their loca-
tion as well as could be done at that time, no general surveys havinj^
been made. Until (he reserves are accurately surveyed and named
in accordance with a systesn to be developed we shall probably have
to designate them by the counties in which they lie.

In that report it was shown that on December 31st, 1904, the State
owned for forest reserves 549,50.^) acres and 22 perches of land lying
in 2;J diilVrenl counties. In the two years which have elapsed the
purchases have gone steadily forward, so that at this time the State
r( serves have a total area of 701,297 acres and 48.7 perches, distrib
uted as shown by the following table:

County.

Adams

Bedford, ...
Carrurt.n, ..

CVntic

Clearfield, .

Clinton

Cumberland,
Dauiihin,

Klk

Franklin, .

Fulton

Ifuntingdon,

Juniata,

l^aekawanna,
liyconiinp, .'.

Mifllin

Monroe

Pike.

I'otter

Snydt r

Tioga

Union

Wyoming;. ..

t

12. U^ I
7,190

63. 135
66.150

29.212

84.558
2,032
3,353
2, 263

38,733
5.841

52.543
1.724
2.853

52.339

47.074
6.006

51.542

66.614

JL'.216

4l',S65

49,994
1,176

701,297

64
49
116
81
S8
2S
2S
93

1*50 .5

35
139

54
147
118.7

32.8

51

81.9

70
108
132.2
7.6
144

48.7

In addition to the above areas now actually paid for and owned by
the Slate, there is under contract to be purchased an additional area
of about 100,1100 acres. As the purchase depends upon the market-
JilMlily of Ihe titles olTered, and as Ihose from whom we purchase
itic usually successful iu clearing away defects in titles, we mav
t'xpect that practically this whole additional area will shortly be
added in actual ownership.

( 11 )

OFFICTAT. DOCTTMENT,

No, 2i

COMMONWEALTH oF PENNSYLVANIA.

UKI'OKT OF TIIK ( M )MMISS1()M:k OF FOJiFSTKV

\ KAI^S iDor, AND 1I)()(>.

F()]{ THE

'" ^'"* '''^' '^'I""^ *•>■ i'''^^ iN'iwnlnicnt nil cxhMided stateiueiit was
"'«'<'•' *'^" '»'*' «"'<*•' "'■ iIh- ihcn loirsi ivsci-vcs. iiidicatin- (lirir loca-"
<:nn ;is well as could he (h.nr a.; iliai ii„,r, „(. -ciicial smvcvs liaviiio
'"'*'»' >"J'<1<'. ''nlil ihc i.srivrs a:c aciiiiaicl v survcvcd aiid named
in n.cnidancc wiili a svsirin lo 1,,' drvrlnpcd we shall pnd)al)Iv have
1«> dcsi.iznah' lii< iii !.v (he coiinlics in wliicli Miry li(^

•

In llial iM'|»o:i ii was shown i lial on I )('crMilnM' :Jlst, l!in 1. 1 hr Siah*
owned lor IniMsl reserves r>l!l.r,(;:, acics and l'L> iMMches ol h-ind Ivin-
in '2:\ dillrrenl eonnlies. In Mie Wm, vears which have ehij.sed I he
I'Michascs have -one sieaeily lorwanl, so ihal at this iiine tin- S(ale
i< serv. s have a Jolal area ol 7l)l/J!)7 a res an. I 4S.7 perches, distrih
nled as shown hv I he i'cdiowin^ tahh*:

' "niit V

Ailaiiis

J5f>||c.ii|. ..

•'••Mil.'

<'l»'aifiM, .
ciintMii

ClITlll.. ihlM.I.

i •itiii'liiti,

i:ik

J-i-iiiUliii, .

FultMi,

Huiaiiit;.|..ii.

.Iimiat;

l/inkau a una.
l.y<"HiitiL' . .
Millliii.
M'iiir-..f,

\'lk<

l'"lt.r

Stl.\ ill !•

'Pins^a

I 'riion

W > I'Mlitli; .

(0

Acres

i-Mi:{

64

7. ly 1

49

t;:^.l;!o

ne

(■•!. ir.ii

SI

•'<! •»!•»

^8

SL.V.S

23

•1 .!-.»

23

41*1

■J., L'c;:

:JS.7:!::

ir.d.r,

.".sn

• 1"

• )•!

•X'.i:!

i::»

-'.n:.:5

r.4
147

."•J.:!.T.»

lis. 7

»7.<i7»

::l'.n

♦;. GOi!

."1

:.!..■ « J

SI. ft

W.bll

7«i

iL'.L'u;

1' s

11'. :i;;

i::-2.-2

J:t.:''.»4

7.t;

1.17«

m

701,207

48.7

f" •i'ld!ii.:ii h, iheahovcar.-as now actually pai-! for ami owned hv
lli<- Sla!e, ilH-rc is uridc:- ccnn-ac| (,, !„. pnrcliased an addiiional area

"' ;''""" '^"'•' •"•'••-• \- 'I'" purchase depends upon ,!,. ,„arl«d-

•••'"'"> -' ""• ! = 'i«'s ollercd. and as Ihose Inmi whom we pnrchasc
.•"•e nsnally sncrssfnl in charin- away delVds in I'lles. wr „,av
<'Xh'H lhal praciirally ihis whole addili<»nal area will shortiv 1m
added in aclual ownership.

(11)

9

)e

12

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

No. 25.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

13

GENERAL FOREST ADMINISTRATION.

With the limited force at command the administration of the r^

Mont Alto division, where George H. Wirt has been Forester in
harge since 1902. Improvement cuttings are being made ove Lw
areas and roads and trails opened in an endeavor to make aU parts
of this division readily accessible from the administrative he.d
quarters at the Forest Academy. The necessity for 1 il i most !n"
parent especially in the case of Are. The reports of State Forester

tTon 'o? ^h " ""^""''' ""''' °'°''^' '" *^<^t-' -i»' the adminTstra

tion of this reserve. The work will gradually be extended ^ the

Ca edonia division and it is hoped within a reasonable tile Jo

ave tins whole reservation subjected to improvement work aTd to

have al the open areas planted up with selected species of ti!

timber trees; by a necessary increase of rangers to .^ua rd H. f

better than in the past, and as rapidly as P^s i^l bi"; tl^ J;:?,'

reserve of 44,000 acres into a condition where it mav be nit?,

example of what may be attempted and done in other localitir; "

As stated elsewhere, seven of our students at the L ^ .
had three years" traiuing or more and are 'ho- ^ "^-^ '

into the field and take ctarge of ditfeitit areas TT^ *" '"
iu the Held for a period of f' ur niont. s and n U.is Ji;; """ 'f"
made commendable progress in the work assigned hi. vT'''''
account of the work the young foresters are doing w be 'fom'
spectively under portions of this report devote,! fn 7 ! '"*'•

and surveys. . <Jevoted to forest nurseries

A recommendation made in the last reiiort i« f« m. •
ervation units and of the force necessa.y'to p^ Lol. d 'Xr T"
we still believe to be sound, and these ideas are hiUidtd 'o ''

n.-d out just as soon as possible. The youn-r nw- , l.^v f, '^''^

quitted themselves well and with the r in" "eas n" 1 '1 ' ''"" ""
seems to be no doubt that each will do e"d t "hi .^ TildM 7
Department, thus justifying the foundation of the ZldLT. ^ T
method of ins( ruction therein. Academy and the

The intention of the Department is to have each reserv.tinn ^
■guated by a suitable name, and to establish upon ear'. .",.!• "
istration headciua.ters. The forester ns^irr,.,.-. * m '''"'"■

ho its adminislrative head and a tV^Z .'"''""''"" ^^■"'
Academv will be expected to h. 1 / T"'"*^ '"''''''''■'^ "' "'^

to the best advanSrll an^ l'". r'";;'!^ ^^'"•'^"'^ ^''--
others employed thereon wiS report ^ Zt ;;^:i cSl^r'a^d

he in turn to the Depai'tment. One of his duties will be to open
each reservation witli necessary roads and trails so that in the
shortest possible time any portion can be reached from headquar-
ters. The reservation needs spoken of in the last report have to a
limited degree been met on the Mont Alto division, but on the other
reserves all this is practically in abeyance.

William L. Byers, Forester, has been assigned to the reservation
in Huntingdon county, with headquarters at Greenwood Furnace.
Since the first week in September he has been busily engaged in
exploring the reserve, locating suitable seed trees, gathering nuts
and seeds in the locality and preparing a nursery from which to sup-
ply all the seedlings needed for this reservation. He has placed
into good condition for the planting of seed in the spring about three
acres, and has planted black walnuts in open fields and other old
tracts near by. Instead of planting the walnuts first in the nursery
and then transplanting they have been placed at once in their perma-
nent positions. Under his direction and with the co-operation of
Ranger G. Edward Ross, the reserve at Greenwood Furnace has
been cleared up, some sales have been made of undesirable timber
and down wood and a thorough preparation is awaiting the more se-
rious work to follow next year.

John E. Avery, Forester, was assigned to the surveying corps in
Pike county, which is in charge of the county surveyor, Frank
Schorr.

Foresters William H. Kraft and Robert G. Conklin were assigned
to the surveying corps, respectively, in Centre and Snyder counties.

Lewis Staley, Forester, has been assigned to improvement work
on the Mont Alto division and his report of work done will be found
elsewhere.

Ralph E. l^.rook, Forester, has been assigned to the Mont Alto nur-
sery and under his care and direction it is hoped to develop this
nursery to a higher degree of efliciency. The available land for this
purpose is about five acres and scarcely more than a third of it has
been employed. He will break up and prepare the remaining ground
and jilant a large quantity of seeds next spring.

John Sweigert, Forester, is now on temporary leave of absence,
taking a further course at the Yale School of Forestry, and upon the
completion of his work there will return to Pennsylvania and be
assigned to a suitable reservation.

The reserves thus far named and designated are five in number,
as follows:

The Hopkins Reservation.

By resolution of the State Forestry Reservation Commission,
adopted April 25, 1900, the lands lying in Clinton and Center coun-
ties, between the Susquehanna river and Beech creek, are designated

14

REPORT OF THE

ni^^l 1 ^^- I>OC.

dna Known as tlio <^Wrw».i.- t^

Hopkins, a ZZ .^Z^Z^''''"" •'" "--• '>' "-• A. C.
devoted n-iend to the J.; ! o/lt ntZ.^r' T '-"^ — ^ -<J
tion is uot jet deiinitelv aseeit.Vnl, 1 ?''^^'^- '^''"'^ ''^^^^'va-
in that locality are completeT ' ' *'" °°* ''^ """' ^"'•ve.ys

Tlie Botliroek Keservation.
By resolution of the Sfnio i?-. ^ ^
adopted May 8, 1903 he landl , ^^^^^^ Reservation Commission
ing creek, in Mifflin'aid Juniata InV"' ''T' ''" ^^''^^ "^ Lick-'
Huntingdon county, are de. «. Ld aft?; "^^t^ ^f ^ ^^ ^^"^-V-
>n honor of Dr. Jos<-ph T RoH.roc] it ^*«t''™ck Reservadon,"

vania and the h.-st Connnitt ^ ^f F:rn:r;o;T*^'; °"*^''"^^'-
actn-e and devoted member of theConnn • *" ^^''^''' «"" ^n

ter to the Connuonnealth. Tl is tti.^ Tl' '"*" *^°"«»'tin8 fores-

bers of the Cou.n.ission in h "b ' m ^""' '" '"^ '■•^"«^^- '»«'"-
or consent. The tract i. I i'lil^ """^ '"'''°"' '"« knowledge

<lie reason that it lic^ m-ar , « ^ T , '""' '''" ^''^ «'''eefed, for

the land which he ;:;. e.^;* ,^1;°""' '''^'^^^■^-- -^^ -

"^'-'"iag school at Acadeni, jZat "'n^"" " '""' """'"

The South Mountain Reservation.
1>J resolution of the Sfafr> r

adopted February 3, 1!>(,5 al llandru'^ Reservation Commission,
"anna river and o'n t'he southeast iVideVftec'V"' ''' '"^'^-
are officially designated as the 4outl Mou„H ""^^''''''^ Galley,

-\t present the reservitinn ,<. ^^^?"ntain Reservation."

■yto and Caledonia,^;::;: ; ec^,;: Vost Tf i^ '''''^^'-' ^^^^
the former were at one time own d bv tTe loL A. "f """""""^
and passed directly from their control to /li^ T . "" *^''"'P'''°->'

n.ouwealth; and the other because it ,! «««ersh.p of the Com-

dens Stevens and bv Imn .Ul -d • C^ , ,? ' "T''' "^^'«'^' ^^ ^had-
Caledonia, in Venn^nt. and also f^ t ^ L^n H.al^ "f'^^ '•"""*-^-
<hcse lands passed directly from th. p , f "* *'' '•'"'S"^ I«'-t of

taring Company into Jll7ZiZ^':''l"^^ ''^-"^^ -'d Manufac

H is likely that future {.urc msesf, r.^T"" *'"""•
r-vaHon will largely increase b "onr i "nfr": *'"""""" «^«-
■s he case, convenient additional i Hs ons wm T T' " ^"^'^
d'v.smn assigned to a State Pon-ster w!n ^^ '''^'•t*"d ■'"'d each
and administrative force "^ *" ' •''^•^'•' ""h suitable headquarters

The Stone Rcseivalion.

I'le ssione Jfcseivalion
I5.V resolulion of the State Forest.-v u
adoj.ted F<.bruarv;5, mOo the I«n,i . • ""^''''^ahon Connnission

a.e Officially designat d ^ "h ""Stono"';""'""''^' '"" '''"«'• -'"^
former Governor William 1 Stonl T Reservation," i„ honor of

A. Stone, who approved the bill creating

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No. 25.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

15

the Department of Forestry, and who was and is one of the staunch
est friends the cause ever had in Pennsylvania. It is not going too
far to say that by reason of the earnest interest and co-opertaion ac-
corded this work by Governor Stone, Pennsylvaina is today enjoying
the advanced position which she holds among the States in her work
in forestry.

The Peunypacker Reservation.
By resolution of the State Forestry Reservation Commission
adopted he 7th day of December, 1900, the reserve located in ZZ
western Perry county is officially designated as the "Peunypacker
Reservation," in honor of Govertior Samuel W. Pennypacker who
has so worthilv. upheld the cause of forestry and during who^e ad-
ministration about 375,000 acres were added to the State reserves.

Tax Sales.
The purchases now made by the Department for forest reserves
are usually made direct from private owners, and fewer purchases
are being made at tax sales. The value of unseated land in Pennsyl
van.a is undoubtedly on the increase. Owners redeem lands more
readily and are loss ready to permit their lands to go to tax sa e
than formerly, except in cases where a tax sale is the only method
of removing an objection to title. ♦

JJI T"" t'^'ir''"'' '''''^'''^ ^y *^'^ '•*'P°'-t the Department pur-
hased only .50 acres at tax sales, and during this time no other
titles have^matured. The title to the above unredeemed tract of 50
acres has become indefeasible in the Commonwealth

The object lesson set by the Departm.^nt is rapidiv being l,>arned
by the citizens of the Commonwealth. Private owners of Lds are
tiaking a more serious endeavor to r,.tain their holdings and there-

ZJ,T ,' ^r"' ^''''^ '^ ^"™ *" ^'"»" -'tl> timber protection.
Lands winch five years ago might have been purchased for |1 an
acre can now scarcely be had for |2 per acre.

Forest Taxation.

ditlT'V;-^"""" i" IV'nnsylvania is still in a highly unsettled con-
TeZL r '.\''"'"^ ;« ^' the case in many of the oth.-r Common-
wealths which ai-e at(en,p(ing to make the tax burden upon forests
.B light as possible. To lighten the burden upon timber lands and

ZJZuT: T' ""^ <H-nmi„ate against seated and cuIMvated
and,s, an Wo do tins ,n a safisfactory „nd buslne.ss-lik,. mann.'r is a

s ii d,;"li f i' ""•:''."^^"' "'•''""^''- destroy the forests within
Its holders simply by raising ihe tax rate

The Constitution of Pennsylvania in Article 3, Section 7. prohib-

16

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

laws^ It further provides in the same section that the Oenerirrs

Zli ' "'' ' ''" ''""""^ '''"" ^-"- Public property used tor
pubhc purposes, actual places of religious worship places of bm-
.al not used or held by private persons or corporaiions for lofl '
and .nshtutions of purely public charity, and furthe "clares thnt

att:ru=*::;^zrb?vrd'" '-'- -''- -- - --"

ine n,st law of this kind is the Act of June 1 1887 P T 287
wherein, after designating the number of trees to the acre in order'

r %.7\tr' -r^-' --aL^ir:ot"e::rrc::r::^

cent' an7notr''f.n''""'' "' *'" ^''''' "'^ '•''^>«t<' «"«" be 80 ^r

Other attempts to lighten the tax burden and directed more esne
m ly to farm wood lots were made in the Acts of May 25th 18?7

8th 1905 P t'l 8 ./"'I' "l^^- 7' '' '""^"^^•' ^^ theLt 'f C'
^cn, 1J[)5, 1-. L. 118, also bj the Act of April 20th 1905 P T La

posea it. In order to procure tlio iw.nnfit ,.f n ^ • '

ers were re.u.ired (o 1„ i„? w r , *" ""*"' P'-^P^'i'^v own-

No. 25.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

IT

In the case of Tubbs vs. Tioga county, reported in 32 County Court
Reports, page 504, the constitutionality of the Act of April 8th,
1905, was directly brought into question, and, in an opinion filed by
Judge Cameron, this act is held unconstitutional. The intricacy,
difficulty of application, and impracticability of all the tax rebate
acts are thoroughly commented upon. It is" mv belief that the tax
rebate principle, upon which all the above acts are founded is
m l)ractice, clumsy and unsatisfactory and that the people of Penn-
sylvania will have to devise some other and better method for foster-
ing forest growth. For this reason the Department took no action
m an effort to carry the above case for review into a higher court
and IS willing to look to the Legislature for the necessary relief even
though this involve a change in the State Constitution.

One of the most patent facts is that the forest cover on non-agri-
cultural Pennsylvania lands is being taxed out of existence. Any
mducement to the owners of such lands to retain the forest is a step
m the right direction, and one of the first things to be done is to
remove the tax from ft species of property from which no income is
derived while growing into value, and which is always an expense to
the owner to maintain and protect. How best to accomplish this
IS one of the real problems confronting forest owners in Penn-
sylvania.

Some of the other States have followed the lead of Pennsylvania
and have enacted laws allowing tax rebates. In every instance, so
tar as I can learn, these laws are unsuccessful in operation and have
been practically abandoned.

In 1899 Indiana enacted a law giving partial exemption from tax-
ation to forested land. The law has been repealed because it was
found not to be practicable. Another attempt to enact a similar
aw for this State failed, and for this reason. In the report of the
Indiana Department of Forestry for the year 1905 is found their con-
clusion with respect to the working of the tax rebate j.rinciple, in
the following words: "I also do not believe that in the end the insti-
tution of forestry would be helped by tax exemption. Such a course
would remove forestry from the meritorious and place it upon a
charitable foundation. It would sufTer at any time the charitable
element was removed and consequently would be a menace instead
01 a t)eneflcial factor to the cause."

The State of Connecticut has attempted to foster forestry by insti-
tuting a system of tax exemption. This law, I am informed! is un-
succ-ssful and is not meeting with the ex,>ectations of those who
iramed it.

Massachusetts lias I he same experience to report
In Colorado. Main(^ Nebraska, New Ifampshire, Khode Island, and
Vermont there are laws exempting- from taxation for a period of
2—25—1906

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REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

fJ^L^'"""*'!" " ""'"""'•"»• In II. .™.i«n ot 1905 provided
■ «,h.Lr' ,""■"' "' " "•"""•" " "I-"', "li" were chaSd

setts, because thev reroo-nize thp nrinoir.1^ +v.^ '. iviassacnn-

..e,„„el;;r:;VL';r,Lr,7r;::'d;i'd\7.r;''"'

..rt™„l, J,Bh|„„„. „„, ,, ,„ remove, the"," ;i„rh,

rLi':;::r'rir'rrdrrre^'""""T"'^"'="

pelled to ent his timber before it is mnfurm^ ^o • ' ' '« ^om

The fact that Pennsylvania is today not working under t sitisfa.

So :nV,rt;;";; Tr rr"^"" '^ -•^^ - ^'^^ '' '-^ -' -

work .-n this Sato 4*^ "". '""" ""'^^ '"" '^"'^''''^ "^ "'••-^-
W,v u """^^ ''''^'■■^ '••^P^'t ''f ^he State Department nf

;erort?o7th;: ^T^v^'^Tr"'"'"^ "^'^^"^ ""- ^"^ -h e.r i;.

ZnTcntll ^^P'-"-^™^"* have dealt with it and innumerable com:

=;?---:-^^^^^^ - .4^; •:r:;i::;d-:i

renves-'irn '''',;" '' I^^P^*- ^f"*^!! was published in "Forest
i-eaves for (ho nion h of Fehrimv lonc „ j •_. , . roicar

entirety elsewhoro in H,i. I u. ' ^ *^ '^^"■'' '" ''♦'""•I '" '^^

There can be no doubt that the subject of forest taxation is a

No. 25.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

19

leading oiu^ wliicli the American people must think out and work out
for (hemselvcs, using- the experience of the Old World countries so
far as Iheir methods are applicable to American conditions and sys-
tems of finance.

Forest Nurseries.

Forester Kalph E. Brock has been entirely occupied this fall with
the work in the nursery at Mont Alto. He has broken and prepared
an additional area and has planted therein 15 bushels of white oak
acorns, 2 bushels of rock oak acorns, 37 bushels of black walnuts, and
10 bushels of pignut hickoiies, all gathered near by. In the spring
of 1906 2 bushels of pignuts were planted, 10 pounds of Norway
spruce, and 35 pounds of white pine. In the spring of 1907 it is ex-
pected that 100 pounds or more of white pine seed will be planted.

An inventory of the present stand of seedlings in this nursery
shows 281,785 of nine different species. The present hope is to en-
large the capacity of the nursery to about 1,000,000 seedlings in a
year.

In addition to the Mont Alto nursery, which is used in connec-
tion with the Forest Academy, and wherein students of forestry are
taught the principles of nursery practice, a new nursery is being
established at Greenwood Furnace by Forester William L. Byers.
The character of the tract of land selected for this purpose gives
promise of being suitable for the work. There are also many old
garden plots attached to houses formerly belonging to the Green-
Avood Furnace property which will be suitable for growing many
kinds of forest seedlings. One of the factors determining the loca-
tion of a nursery is the question of procuring labor, and this can be
had at Greenwood.

The planting of all kinds of forest seeds will be vigorously under-
taken in the spring of 1907. '^Ir. Byers has already in the ground
29 3-4 bushels of black walnuis and 1 1-2 bushels white oak acorns.

In order to provide a source and numbers of seedlings for planting
upon the northern reservations the Commission has decided to es-
tablish a nursery at some suitable point in Tioga county, if a tract
adapted for this purpose can be found upon State lands; and if not,
to lease a suitable tract for a term of years. A tract of five acres
has accordingly been leased from E. Matson, Jr., at Asaph, in that
county, for a term of five years, with the privilege of renewal and
the nursery will bc^ started at once.

Many large open areas exist upon the Stone Reservation, which
we can hardly expect to be re-forested except by planting. The
seed trees have been entirely removed by the lumbermen and nat-
ural regeneration is at a low ebb. The bleak hillsides and mountain
tops of Tioga county have long demanded this and the people of
that county are according a forest nursery a hearty welcome.

20

REPORT OP THE

A 4- n ^^- ^f>c.

.•- .:::;;'''::;*•,;:■:;:,,;:■:, ': ir'i;;,'" '""'■",■ -■'• -

inadvisabl.. „ow. *'""' '** »'"^'' ^s <<> mako it

«teps taken looking to tJatend """''^'''' ''"' "° ^"^-'^'

vau:nih;tS'i;;r::t::Hs;;„:%"" ^•^'^^"^•^ ^--^-^ «--

serves nnder his patro and ^ h " ^ '''"''''' *" ^"PP'-^ *''*^ ^e-
ming supplied him with a „t nVf T'^""'* '''' Department last
spruce and pinus pon^ o «' rBuJl t^'] 1 -"'^^^ '''''' "^'^^^^^
partment on the condition J, ^ " '"^ '"^P"''* ^^ "'e De-

1!)«C, he states tir ie pinl "V\"'"''-" '' ''"^ ""^ ''^ ^"^-ber,
others. The white pnc! amN '^™'' '' """'« '^•^^^^■- ^"•''" the
and that now he ha abouf 3 007"' "'"''''' ''' ""' ^'""*" "P ^^11.
anxions to extend hirwo, ;Tti?::i!:r7;^' "^''■^"^'^- "'^ ^^
Department is willin.. to sunnlv v .u ^'^ '''''^''''>' ^"^^ ^^^

rapidly as he can use them InL.r 'T ""' ""'''''^'^ ^'^'^^ ««
.Sparks cultivates Sis Is" n , • l^!!" ^^ f'T''^ ^ •'^ """"""• ^'••
of the Department ma v-v.lM J ^' , "'*'''"'''^ '" "'^' ^^ork
other rang^ers, ^-in^'l^ ^d , 'rr;;:;^;-^^^^^^^ «f

out suggestion from this office. ^^^""taiily by liim and with-

Forest Planting.
In the report of State Forester Wirf i
und some further account of H Z" ''J "'!" ^^'^*--^' -^^ be

Much Of the ^hi z::r:^r r ^r r^ ''''' ^^^ ^^'^^^ ^^ ^^^^•

Academy; first, becLs of e .\ L^^ ?"' '"' '"" ^'^^ ^^-^
and secondly, and most pa .uTu " to ""'T '''"' ''^^^^^^'
practice in forset planting iw ! ^A'" *^' ^'^"^^"^« '-^^^ual

164,650 young seedling "J., o tl ij;! ^'''^^^'"^^^ ^^^« ^^-^^^

1902, white pine, ... "^ ^^^"*^^••

1903, white pine,' ... ^^^00

1904, white pine! • ^'^^^

1904, catalpas, ... l.-^OO

1904, locust, ' '.' 3,500

1905, white pine, 5<^0

1905, white ash, ^^'^00

1905, western catali»a, ^^^^0

1905, chestnut, ' 3,000

1905, white oak, 3,000

3,000

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No. 25. DEPARTMENT OP FORESTRY. ^ fl

iM05, eliestnut oak, 8,000

1906, white pine 98,000

1906, white asli, 6,200

1906, locust, 8,350

The first planting was made on the top of the South Mountain in
the Mont Alto division in April, 1902, by way of experiment. The
young trees were two years old when set out at distances of four feet
and were protected by a rough fence. Today they are sturdy young
forest trees and for a period of years may be expected to make rapid
growth in accord with the well known habit of the white pine.

The view herewith, Plate No. 4, photographed December, 1906,
shows the condition of tlu^ planting at ])res('nt:
Measurements made in October, 1906, show the following facts:

Number of trees measured 3 553

Average growth in year 1906, inches, 12.085

Average growth in year 1905, inches, 6.989

Average growth in year 1904, inches, 5.897

Average total height, 1906, inches, 33.554

Maximum height gi^owth, 1906, inches, 31.50

White pine being the most valuable tree we have in Pennsylvania
and likewise the one which is most rapidly disappearing, more at-
tention is being given at present to white pine planting than to
any other species. Natural regeneration will also be looked to, and
in localities where seed trees exist this form of reforesting will
likely be adopted. A nolabh' <'xam|!le of what may be done by nat-
ural regeneration is shown by illustrations contained in the report of
this Department for the years 1901-02, IMates V., VI., VII., and XI.
At the present time the open areas in this neighborhood are studded
with young pine, ranging in height from a few inches to more than
two feet. All that is necessary there is protection from fire and
grazing cattle and the work is done. See also Plate No. 8, page 53,
this report.

For use in the nurseries the Department has recently purchased
from seedsmen 300 pounds of white pine seed and more will probably
be needed. The present year was not a good year for the Pennsyl-
vania pines and little was gathered: We have also purchased seed
of the sugar maple and the tulip poplar, and have collected large
quantities of white oak, red oak, and rock oak acorns, black walnuts,
hickory nuts, and some seed of the white ash.

CJ razing in the Reserves.

Up to the time of the adoption of rule 17 of the rules governing
the forest reserves, unrestricted grazing was permitted on forest
lands held for reservation i)uri)oses. If the grazing upon State lands

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No. 25. nKT'AliTMENT OF FORKSTIIV. [" U

JllOr), rlicsl lint o;ik *i,(}()0

HXM;, while piiir !)S,()()0

1J)()(;, while ,Msh (),20()

HHKJ, iocusl 8,350

The firsl ])hniliii«4 was niiuh' on Ihc top of* the Soiitli Mountain in
(he Mont AUo division in Apiil, I!M)l\ by way (d' experiment. The
youn^ Irees were two years old when set out at distances of four feet
and were protected by a ron«;h fence. Todjiv tliev are sturdy voun«»-
foresi Irees and for a jjeriod of years may he expected to make rapid
orowtli in accord with (he well known hahi( of the white pine.

The view herewilh. I'lale Xo. 1. photographed l)ecendK*r, 1000,
shows the ((mdition of the phmtiniLi at present:

Measuremen(s made in t)((ol)er, 1!)00. show (he foHowin^i facts:

Number of frees measured 3 ,-)5§

Aveia.iic j.;rowth in year lilOO, inelies, IlMIS.I

Avera<^e .i-rowth in yeai- rJO."). inches 0.980

Avei'age j^rowih in year l!IOt, inches 5.807

AvtM-aji-e total heiiiht. 1!)(M;, inches o:>.554

Afaximum height growth, 1!)0(;, inches 81.50

W hite pine being (he most valuable tree we have in Pennsylvania
and likewise the one wliirh is most lapidly disapi>earing, more at-
tention is being given at present fo white pine i>lanting than to
any other sj»ecies. Natural regenera(ion will also be looked to, and
in localities where S(hh1 ( i-ees (^xisf (his form of rc^foi'esting will
likely 1m' adojttcd. A tio'ahle exanijle of what mav be done by nat-
ural i-egeneiation is shown by illustrations «(uilained in the rejiort of
this Department foi- the yeais lOlll Oi'. IMales W, \'I., \'II., and XL
At the pi-eseiil lime the open areas in this neighborhood are studded
with young pine, langing in height from a few imhes (o more tlian
two feel. All that is necessary ther<' is profectiiui from fire and
grazing cattle and the work is done. See also I'late Xo. S, page 5:1,
f his report.

I^u* us<* in the nurseries the l)ei>artmen( has r(H'ently ]mrchased
fi'om seedsmen .*»00 pounds of white |»ine seed and more w'ill probably
be needed. The present year was not a good veai* for the Pennsvl-
vania pines and liith* was gatheied. We have also |)urchased seed
<d' the sugar maple and the tulip poplai*, and \va\\} collected lai'ge
<|uantities of white oak, red oak, and rock oak aeorns, black walnuts,
hickory nuts, and some seed cd" the white ash.

( Iia/ang in (he I\eserves.

I j> (o the time of tile adoption of iiile 17 of the rules governing
the forest reserves, unrest rided grazing was permit l<'d on forest
lands held f(u* reseivatiiui puiposes. If the grazing upon State lamls

22

REPORT OF THE

Off. IXk!.

was of modeiate or liiuite.l dmiacter probably no serious objection
could be urfT,.,! affiinsl the piaclic; biil, bavins once been per-
luidod, it rapidly yrcw (o an abuse of the privilege. Therefore it
became necessary for the Coniu.issiou to establish a rule whereby
the grazing of animals is permitted only under the direction of the
Commissioner of Forestry.

There has arisen in this S(a(e a i.radice of eatlk- deaU-rs buying
large numbers of y(ning animals in ihe ,si„in«, turning then, into
the wild lands of the State and allowing them to roam there at will
throughout the gio« iiig s( aKo;i. lU ,i;.,„)si;iiig upon Hie ground lib-
eral quantities of sail and oiiar rations the animals are attracted
to certain localities and in this way kept from wandering to too great
distances. In the tall „1 iIk u, . ,,„ , ,^ , ,,,„j, „j, ^,„, ^^j.^^,^^
finds them sleek and fat from tiieir sunnuer-s pasturage and then
places them upon the market. It is this particular kind of abuse
which made it necessary to adopt the rule. While this method of
grazing is objectionable when carried on by I'ennsylvanians it be-
L-ame more so wh<.n ihe r.sideiUs .,f bordering States fell into the
habit ot importing carloads of animals, which they would dump down
at the edge of the State lands and have them pasture thereon
throughout the season. In addition to doing this, it is known that
men on horseback carrying bags of grass seed would be sent through-
out the length and breadth of the wild lands of the State sowing the
seed in order to produce additional pasturage for the animals This
was such an abuse of the privilege that it could not longer be tol
erated.

Of what avail is it for the State to purchase large areas of land
for the purpose of inducing timber growth if all the young seedling
trees which arise from the forest floor are nipped otf by the brows
lag ammalsV Of what avail to plant large areas with seedling fo -
Tt\"'Z n J ''"' *" constantly at the mercy of cattle roaming
at large' lo the most casual observer it must become immediately
apparent that any attempt to protect or cultivate forests would be
waste of money and energy and wholly useless in the face of the
unrestrained grazing of cattle. While it may be true that some
persons feel the privilege which they have heretofore enjoyed has
been unfairly taken away from them, the wisdom of the rule is so
plainly evident that no other solution of the difficulty can reasonably
be arrived at. It certainly is the just duty of every owner of catt e
to be at the expense of feeding them and to provide for them in such
a manner that they will in no way interfere with the rights of his

TinLiron ^r"r.'^ tt' °' '''' '"^"^''•'••"^ •■'«"* ^« p-t'-

animals on he wild lands of another. The wild lands of Pennsylva-
n.a are subject to no such servitude. In this report the Common-

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No. 25.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

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wealth stands exacth^ in the role of a private citizen. While it is
true the restriction of grazinjj^ may have caused some inconvenience
and possibly loss of profits to those who have heretofore simply
seized upon the privilege, it is further true that any rule to be
adopted on the subject must apply equally to all persons in every
part of the State. The good of the many must not be sacrificed on
account of the inconvenience of the few, especially when that in-
convenience is founded upon no greater right than the grazing of
animals upon the lands of another.

AN EXPERIMENTAL WALNUT PLANTATION.

Hopkins Reservation.

In order to demonstrate the fact that it will be commercially
profitable to grow the black walnut tree in Pennsylvania an experi-
mental walnut plantation was begun by the Department in the fall
of the year 1904. A suitable tract of ground containing from four
to five acres was selected on the headwaters of the East Branch of
P>ig Run, in the heart of the Hopkins Reservation, Clinton county.
The location is the best that could be found at the time. It is in
a deep, wide swale, surrounded on nearly all sides by mountain
ridges, and has a southern exposure. The washings from the moun-
tain sides have been accumulating here for unknown centuii'^s form-
ing a deep, rich soil. The plantation was started under the direc-
tion of John Liggett, Esij., of Beech Creek. Men from the neighbor-
hood were employed and work was begun in October of that year.
The land was overgrown with a dense growth of brush. Many
stumps of forest trees previously removed for lumber purposes and
a number of burned stubs of trees killed by forest fires were on the
ground. The stubs were cut, the stumps blasted out, and the whole

area thoroughly grubbed and w orked over. Roots, stones, and other
obstructions were carried away or burned, leaving the ground
cleared, mellow, and n^ady for planting.

The tract was then marked out at right angles in rows eight feet
apart and (he walnuts planted at this distance. The nuts w^ere cov-
ered rather deeply for the ])ur|)Ose of ]>rotecting them from squirrels
and whal washings might take ])lMce fiom the* winter rains. A
slake was ])laced by th(» side of (\ach planlcnl nut. In this manner
2:^Tu\ plantings were mad<^ and left until the following spring. Fre-
quently two or thre(» nuts were ]>laced in a planting, so that if one
should fail to grow, others might. For protective purposes a three-

No. 25.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

33

c;

::£.

rt

•J.

5

X

wcallli stands exactly in Hm^ ioIc of a ])i'ivat(^ citizen. Whilo it is
true llie icsl licl ion of uiazinii may have caused some inconvenience
and possibly loss of jHotils lo those \\ho have h(M'etofore simply
seized npon the p!ivile<.i(\ it is fnither Xww tliat any rule to be
adopted on the subject must apj)ly o(|nally to all {persons in every
part of (he State. The ^'ood <d' the many must not be sacrificed on
account of tho inconvenien<(^ of the few. (^specially when Ihat in-
convenicMice is founded ii]M)n no ni'eater ri.uht than the <i^i'azinjj^ of
animals uj)on the lands of another.

AX i:\im:im-Mi:\tai. walmt plantation.

Hojd<ins Kcservation.

In order to demonstrate the fjict that it will be commercially
ja'ofitabh* to <^row the black waluni 1re<' in INmnsylvania an experi-
mental walnut plantaiion was beonn by the Depaitnienf in the fall
of the year 1!M)I. A snitable Had of mround containin;^ from four
l(» five acres was selected on the headwat<'rs nf the East I»i'anch of
Ib'u IJun, in the heait of ihe Hopkins Reservation. Clinton county.
The location is the best thai conld be fonnd at the time. It is in
a deei). wide suale. snrronnde<l on nearlv all si(b'S bv mountain
!'id«i'es. and has a sonllimi ox|iosui<'. The washinjis fi'om the moun-
tain sides have been a<-cuniulal iui: here for nnknowji centui 'S form-
ing- a deep, rich soil. Tin- ]»!anialion was started under tin' direc-
tion of John T.ijziictt. Es'i.. of l»cech Creek. Men from tin' nei.ulibor-
hood were employed and work was be^nn in October of that year.
The laml \\as ovei<irown with a dense urowth of brush. Many
stumps of f(U'est trees ])reviously removed foi- Inmber purposes and
a nnndKU* of burned stubs of trees killed by f(U'est fires were on the
^I'ound. The stubs wcie cut. the stumps blasted out. and the whole

area thoroughly ^lubbed ami worked over. Roots, stones, and other
obst luct ions were* cai-riinl away oi- bui*ned, leaving the ground
i-leared. nudlow. and irady foi- planlin^'.

The tract was then marked out at ri^ht angles in rows eiinht feet
apart an<l (he walnuts planted at this distance. The nnts were cov-
<'red i-ather deeply f(H' the jMiipose of pro! cct iniLi them from s<pii?-r(ds
and ulijit washini's inii.'ht take place fjom IIh- wintei* rains. A
slake was jilacrd by I he sitlr i^'i each planted nnt. Fn this mannei*
*J.*l.^:*» plant iniis were made and hd't nntil the follow iuii spring. Fre
• piently two or three nuts weir placod in a plantin;;. so that if one
should fail t(» ;;i'ow, others nii^ht. For prcdective pniposes a three-

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

.?»

24

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

strand fence of barbed wire was run around the tract to keep out
cattle.

The followinj,^ spi'ing, after the nuts had begun to sprout, the
plantation was seeded down to buckwheat for the purpose of de-
destroying the growth of bracken and other weeds which would be
likely to choke the ground. The result of this seeding was deter-
rent to promiscuous weed growth and the young walnuts showed
up all over the plantation in good style. A number of the nuts did
not sprout the first year, but remained in the ground, showing no
signs of growth until the spring of 1906. This being the second
season for the plantation, the ground was again seeded down, now
with rye, and when the crop was removed in July, the plantation
was nearly clear from foreign growth. In the meantime the late
sprouting nuts made a good start and those which grew the first
vear had in some instances reached a height of two feet. The accom-
panying illustrations will show the general character of the planta-
tion and one of the young, thrifty walnut trees. These photographs
were taken the last week in July, 1906.

At the time the plantation was started another small area near
by was cleared and planted as a nursery. Here the ground was
marked out in rows six feet apart and the walnuts planted at dis-
tances of one foot. Young trees have appeared plentifully all over
the nursery and will be used to fill in on the plantation where the
planted nuts failed to grow.

An inventory of the growing stock made in September, 1906,
shows that on the plantation proper are growing 1,767 young tree®,
not counting 193 extra trees, that is, those derived from the extra
nuts placed into the ground at the time of the first planting; so
that now, instead of there being but one tree at a given point, there
are sometimes two or three. These extra trees will also be employed
in filling in gaps where nuts failed to grow. In the nursery ready
to be planted are 350 trees. The number of points at which the
nuts failed to germinate is 586, or a little less than 25 per cent, of
the whode number of plantings made, showing that nearly 76 per
cent, of the planting was successful, with trees now well rooted and
in thrifty condition. The extra trees in the nursery and the dupli-
cates on the plantation lack only 43 trees of the number sufficient to
fill up all gaps.

The buildings shown in the illustration are those of the State
Camp. Here it was necessary to put up some sort of shelter for
forest rangers. The nearest habitations are ten miles to Renovo
and sixteen miles to TJeech Creek. Until November, 1906, it was not
regularly occupied, but only at such intervals as the duties of the
rangers required them to be in this locality. A ranger is now reg-
ularly placed at this point, whos(» duty it is to ]>atrol all the nearby

M

I' I

PLATE VI.— A Young Tree, Black Walnut Plantation.

No. 25.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

26

land lying in the heart of the reservation and to guard and develop
the Avalnut plantation.

The intention next season is to sow the ground with some variety
of grass seed to keep a clear area of at least two feet in diameter
around the young trees to fill in the gaps with plantings from the
nursery and with the duplicates, and to protect from trespassing
of every sort. It is expected that these trees will make rapid
growth from this time forward. Those which grew the first season
survived the winter killing. Within a few years the crowns of the
trees will completely shade the ground, thus enabling the planta-
tion to take on the true forest aspect. In order to develop strai<^ht
tall and limbless trnnks pruning will be regularly employed and
forking of the trees eliminated as much as possible

AN OBJECT LESSON IN FOREST PL.\NTING, FOR PRIVATE

OWNERS. ^imvAiii

The following sketch of what can be done individually in the mat
er of forest planting in this State is submitted for the benefit of
those private owners who may have lands not suited for agricul-
tural purposes, and which are now bare of merchantable timber It
may well be cted to the people of the Oommonwealth as an illustra
.on of what a little individual effort may accomplish. While tTs
true that forestry is a long term business and years mu.t elap e
before an adequate income can be derived, it must be remembered
hat a work of this character is an investment for a fut/r genera

.'n?' 7'"' ■? '" '""' " '"•'""'"'' "'•''♦ ^he exigencies of business do
not ordinar, y affect it. and that after allowing a reasonable m J"
for loss<.s which may be expected from the different c'l'ses affect
ng forest tr,>es. there yet remains to the fortunate possesso^of
such a plantation an inheritance which mav he of more rbTntia
worth than money at interest or cash in hand. «"^«tant,al

With the above thought, therefore in minH ti.„ r. ■ .

Forestry requested of L n. D. Drake DrwarrwrSTir
roe county. Pa., a reporf of what he had done in forest pI.nHn; Z
the further request that he permit the materia^^ to be "ei '„ Tv
manner. Tt is noodloss to ^nv fi..,f ^ n " ^^^^

J?rantod. • '^ '^^^^' ''''''' ''^'^y ^'onrfeonsly

nnrin.c: ihr fall of Hm4. tlim^ •icic^ ..r lo. i

No. 25.

df:partmknt of foresthy.

25

PLATE VI. -A V.iuiiK Tin-. MlacU Wiilnm I'hiinali.ni.

liiiKl lyiiiu ill 111.' hcjiit (if (li,. rosiMViilioii nii.l to siiiinl jiiid dovclop
(lie WJiliinl iil;iii(iiti(>ii.

Th.' iiilciilion II, x( sra.^oii is (o i<,n\ 111,, nioiind wiMi ssoiiie variety
of Bi'as.s s,.,.,l (o k,M-p ,1 ,l,.ar aiva ,if at lonsf two f,.,.t in (lia.nf.t,^r

•'"'■"""•' ""■ > «■ f''"<'« '0 fi" i'l tlH> flaps wifli plantiiiKs from the

n,irs,..y aii,l willi III.. ,lu,,li,a(..s, an.l t., ,„.o)..,t from tr..s[,assinK
of ..v..|y soil, ri is ...v|,..<rt(.,l (li,-,t ll,..s.. Ir,.,.s will iiiak,. rajiid
grnwlli from this lini,. forward. Tli,)s,. wliiili -,.,.„• ,|„. t■„.^^ ^,.^^^^
si.rviv<.d th.. winl..r killing, Milhin a f..w v..ars the .rowiis of tho
lr....s will .■..mpl..|..|y sha.h. ih.. f;ro„iid. ihiis ..iiahlin.. ih.. ,.laiil-i

lion I.I lak.. on th.. In.,, for.^st ,ns|i..r-t. In ord..r t v.h.p slrai"hl

l=i'l- •"Kl In.ilil.ss (rm.ks priinin.-- will h,. r...m.larlv .•mplov,.,l and
l.irkiiiji of Ih,. jr(.,.s i.liminat<.d as niii.h as possild..'

AN OTMRPT T.ESJSOX TX FOTJKST PL.VXTINO FOR PRIVXTR

OWNERS.

rii.. following sk,.t.h of what ,an 1... don., individnalh in tlio mat

-r of forost planting in (his Stat., is sn.,mitt,.d for (ho l„.nofit of

hos,. prival,. own,>rs who may havo lands not siiitod for a-rir-nl-

"■'•='1 P-rposos. and wlii,.li ar,. now har,. of nior-hantablo timh;. It

;'.'"• ",'■""• ''^'"^ ^" ""■ I"-I'l" "f n„. r monwoaldi as an illustrn.

to (hat f, roslry ,s a long |..,„, ,„„,„,.,, ,„,

'.'••>f ■•' work of this ..,iara..|..r is an inv..slm..nt for a fntiiro .....1.^.
'■"". -•".■.■.I in s,i..„ a ma.m.r dial th.. ..xig..„,,,.s of bnsi,;. ^

;-l;n.rdva,r....|i,..,m,||,a,af,..r allowing a r,.^
toi lossrs wlihli mnv he cxnoflcd from flw. nnv ^ '""^.ni

,. for..s, 1....... ih...... y,.( ....mains ,„ ,1,,. f.,,,inia... p s .',«

sn.Ii a plaiita(i„n an iiihoiilan,-,. wlii..l, mav 1„. of mo,.o sni .Zt;
wordi (han mo.ioy a( iM(..r..st or ,ash in hand -'"^■^'nnt.al

W.lh tho aliov,. Ihoi.ghi. ili,.,.,.f....... i„ mind. Ih,. ("o,„missio.,o,. „f

■:p;.;:T;;:;;::;:--,::;;-;-r::::;;;:-£'r

'>"'in,o jl,r r;,|| nC 1!M)| i|,,,,. .,,.,,,^ ^,,. ,. . ,

"■"'"' '••'"«<• i" hoiglii from on.. f.«rt

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

26 REPORT OF THE Off. Doc.

to two and one-half feet. It is his intention to take out the largest
trees and plant them on olhcM- areas in rows ten feet apart. When
the trees shall have matured every second tree is to be removed for
timber purposes, while the remaining;' trees are to be left standing
for the purpose of producing nuts.

The conditions of forest growth with which Dr. Drake became
familiar during his travels in Germany, France, and Switzerland in-
duced him to undertake the planting and cultivation of some of the
best timber producing coniferous trees. He, therefon^ imported
from Germany and France during the years 1904 and 1905 two to
three year old seedlings of the following species and in the quanti-
ties named:

White pine (Finns strobus), 200,000

German or Scotch pine (Finns sylvestris), 60,000

Norway spruce (Picea excelsa), 120,000

European larch (Larix europaea), 60.000

These young plants were set out in beds where they have been
allowed two years' additional growth. In the spring of 1907 it is
the owner's intention to transplant all into permanent plantations
at distances of about four feet, or 2,800 to the acre. This planting
is to be done on land which will not ])roduce any other crop.

Dr. Drake further reports that he has experimented with every
known species of coniferous tree and as a result finds that the trees
which are native to northeastern Fennsylvania are best suited to
his purpose and have given the best results.

The white pine and Norway spruce seedlings cost about 70 cents
per 1,000. No re])ort is made as to the cost of Scotch pine and Euro-
pean larch but it is fair to presume that these were had at about
the same rate. All these coniferous trees are commonly grown in
the forest nurseries of Europe. It is also stated that all the young
seedlings grew after replanting and are alive today.

As a concluding thought in his report Dr. Drake says: "I have
found that an important feature of the work connected with forests
is that a great part of it can be made to fit in with requirements of
agriculture; that is to say, that it can be done when field crops do not
require attention. Hence forest work alTords an excellent opportu-
nity to the real laborer or farmer when he has nothing else to do.'^

The above is a convincing illustration of what might be done in
a thousand instances all over this ('ommonwealth. We believe
that when our people more thoroughly api)ieciate the value of grow-
ing forests, what they mean to themselves and to the State, we may
expect furtluM' attempts al such praiseworthy efforts.

No. 25.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

27

FARMERS' WOOD LOTS.

Something should be done in Fennsylvania toward preserving and
maintaining the farmer's wood lot. It is just as important that
every farmer be provided with a wood lot as it is that the State
at large should have large forest areas devoted to general forest
preservation. All person^ familiar with the subject concede that
wild lands unfit for agriculture and not in anv wav connected with
farming should be favored in some manner by relieving the burden
of taxation. In the same way the farmer's wood lot should be fa-
vored. Many small wood lots would escape cutting if it were possi-
ble to relieve them of some of the tax burden. As stated in this
report elsewh(4*e on I he siibjeci of general forest taxation, some
definite concerted effort should be attempted by the legislature to
devise a method by which the farmer's wood lot could be placed in a
class of its own where it would receive some concession in the way
of taxes.

It is the oj)inion of practical faiiueis that if each Fennsylvania
farm were provided with a wood lot eipial to 10 per cent, of its area
the value of the farm would not only be increased, but the satisfac-
jion and convenience of the owner in having a wood lot from which
t() draw his ordinary wood supplies would be of much real worth
10 Fennsylvania agriculture. It may be said that if the maintenance
of a wood lot increases the value of the farm, that which promotes
the increase should bear its burden of taxation.

On the other hand, it is undeniably true that the taxing of the farm
>vood lot at the same rate as the arable land has been the means of
destroying thousands of such wood lots in this State. It is no un-
common sight to see a portable saw mill at work on a wood lot of
from five to ten acres, taking off practically everything. If the land
is not cultivated it is frequently used as a pasture, and since there is
no inducement to keep out cattle in order that the wood may again
grow^ up into value, the wood lot often becomes a wasted and un-
profitable area.

In Michigan the proposition has been made to assess farmers'
wood lots at the uniform rate of $5 per acre and that its assessed
value shall not be increased so long as the lot is permanently main-
tained in timber, as an accompaniment of the farm, and recorded
with the State Forestry Commission as a farm lot reserve, the man-
agement of which shall be under the direction of the State Forestry
Commission.

Most persons know trom experience that the price of coal in Penn-
sylvania 18 con»tantly on the rise. While thin in n« pla«« to din-

28

REPOFJT OF THE

Off. Doc.

CUSS the reason, the faef, nevertheless, remains. If every Penn-
sylvania farmer had a wood lot from which (o draw a part ofhis fuel
supply he would not only be saving money, which now he must spend
for coal, but would be in the enjoyment of a form of hc-ating which
IS not surpassed-the open wood fire. His wood lot would be inci
dentally doing these things which it is so well known Is the prov-
ince of the forest; namely, acting as a wind break, increasing the
flow of springs, adding to that valuable commodity, running water
on the farm, and thus rendering productive in a different sense that
which IS sometimes classed as waste land.

Most of the Stat<.s which have undertaken the business of forest
restoration are turning their attention to farm wood lots. Indeed
some of them have b.'gun in this very manner. The subject is ac'
corded distinct recognition in the Canadian forest reservation work
and m the countries of Europe. A farmer is requin-d bv law to
keep part of his area Mnd<.r forest cover, and mv not cut down a
tree until he first receiv(>s i)ermission from an oliicer of the forest
administration. While J'ennsylvania may not be prepared for the
stringent regulations <.mpIoyed in Kurope, our farmers would
doubtless of their own volition be glad to take advantage of anv in-
ducement looking in this direction.

A bibliograi)hy of various jiapers relating to farm forestrv in
Pennsylvania and elsewhere may not be out of place, and accord
ingly have apix'iulc-d the same below. It is hoped that these ref
erences to the subject may stimulate our ],eo|.le to a study of farm
forest conditions and with the assistance of the State Gran-e -vvi
cultural societies, and other bodies interested in the Pennsvlvania
farmer and his work, some concret(> plan may be devised for the gen
eral establishment and [.roteclion of farm wood lots.

Bibliography of Farm M'ood Lot Forestry.

"Economics of Forestry"'; Fernow, p. 116 et seq.
"A First Book of Forestry"; Roth, p. 184.
"Principles of American Forestry"; Green, p. 78.
"Hints to Faiiners;" Forest Leaves, Nov. 1887 p 12

"The Farmers' Interest in Forestry and Forestrv Associations"-
Forest Leaves, vol 2, No. 6, p. 89. "ciacions ,

"The Forest in One of Its Kelalions to the Orchard"- Forest
Leaves, vol. 3, No. 5, p. 08. ' ^

"How to Start Timber (irowing on a Farm"; Forest Leaves, vol 3

iNO. iy p. 101. • *^'

^^^'The New England Wood Lot"; Forest L,.aves, vol. 4, No. 10, p.

"Investment in Timber Lands"; Forest Jx'aves, vol 5 No 2 ,» 10
"Care of Wood Land"; Forest L.aves, vol. 5, No. 8, p.' 1 17. "

No. 25.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

^'Tlie AVood Lot Idea"; Forest Leaves, vol. 7, No. 3, p. 39.
^'A Study of the Chestnut Wood Lot"; Forest Leaves, voL 8, No.
10, p. 150.

"Wood Lots"; Forest Leaves, voL 8, No. 12, p. 187.

'^Forestry for Fanners"; Forest Leaves, voL 8, No. 12, p. 188.

^^Forestry and Silviculture at Westtown"; Forest Leaves, vol. 9,

No. 8, p. 121.

"Importance of the Farm to Apjriculture"; Proceedings of Ameri-
can Forest Congress, 1905, p. 42.

"Value of Woods as Shelter from Winds"; Report on Forestry,
1887, Hough, p. 272.

"Farm A^alue Increased by Timber"; Minnesota Forestry Report,

vol. 2, p. 61.

"The Foresting of Waste Land"; Minnesota Forestry Report, vol.

3, p. 29.

"'Planting Pine and S})ruce on Farms"; Minnesota Forestry Re-
port, vol. 10, p. 40.

"The Wood Lot"; Report Forestry Commissioner of Maine, 1904,

p. 46.

"Management of the Farmer's Wood Lot"; Canadian Forestry As-
sociation Report, vol. 3, p. 39.

"The Work and Influence of the Fx]>erimental Farms in Promoting
Tree Planting in the Canadian Northwest"; Canadian Forestry As-
sociation Report, vol. 3, p. 71.

"Appeal to American Farmers"; Arboriculture, vol. 1, No. 3, p. 47.

"Forests and Agriculture"; U. S. Agricultural Report, 1883, p. 453.

"Forestry for Farmers"; U. S. Dept. Agriculture Year Book, 1894,

V' 4§L

"The Relation of Forests to Farms"; U. S. Dept. Agriculture Year

Book, 1895, p. 333. „ tt a

"The W^ork of the Division of Forestry for the Farmer ; L. S.

Dept. of Agriculture Year Book, 1898, p. 297.

"The Practice of Forestry by Private Owners"; U. S. Dept. of Ag-
riculture Year Book, 1899, p. 415. „ tt a

"Practicability of Forest Planting in the United States ; U. b.
Dept of Agriculture Year Book, 1902, p. 133.

"Forest Planting and Farm Management"; U. S. Dept. of Agricul-

ture Year P»ook, 1904. p. 255.

-The Wood Lot"; Bulletin No. 42. U. S. Bureau of Forestry.
"Forestrv and Its Kffects upon the Farmer^; Report Pa. Dept.

.\gri(ulture. ISSn. p. 175. ,. ,. . . • ..i

7.s„ .slions in l?.-lalion to For.-stry": K.-port Ta. D.'l.t. Agr.cnl-

'r<ri'

ture, 1887, p. 83. ^ ^ * • „i+„..o

"Sanitary Influence of Forc^sts"; Report Pa. Dept. Agriculture,

1894, p. 300. •

.i

so

REPORT OP THE

Off, Doc.

"^^Jation Of Forests to the Farmer'^ Report Pa Donf \. • .
ture, 1896, p. 382. ^^port l a. Dept. A^rnoul-

^ ^Jorestr, for Farms"; C. S. Sar.ent; Garden and Forest, vo,. 8,

GENERAL SURVEYS.
Under the direction of Mr <^ v ^^r- j. *

owners indicated, corners estahli«l,«,i «. I, adjoining

roads, streams and inter or t'-at^i? an " ' ^''' '''*'"^' ^'^'^
The boundary line of the Hon A :. l '■' """ ^''^''^'''y >"dicated.

Following the snrvev of the M^n Z7 '" -'^T '' "•'^^■
vision was be-un The .If . "''"'"' *''^ Caledonia di-

marked, bnt'lhl "inter :r rr"!"::, tT/''^" ^-'>'«*<^^ -''
boundary line exclusive of wh ! . •■ ^^^" completed. The

Topographic sur^Z o tLsTtrZ " '"'"•^.;"^"' '^ '' ™»--
the students at the Fores" \cadom; T,^!"."^ " ' '' '''''''^ '«■■
come along to this point i ;he co^se Jiul ' '''''"' '' '""'^

and under the direction of thV T •'"''^""' '^'^'■*'''» ^^-^as,

duce a correct t.^T^M: Z ""' '^ ^^^"^^^^ *" P^

"3^2^10^ ;;:•:,:;::■: r. rjd -"r"""-""^ ^- --- ^-

county surveyor of Pi e county wl„ I! T''^" '"'''■ ^"-^"'^ «^^'°--
John Ayery. The survey wa,\^ »' ' "''''*•'""* ^"'■^^f*^'-

Greene and Palmyra JorshTps '/"" r ^'"'"'''^ ^""'^ t--^-^^^' '°
out the season. T^en . se^ T. f ". '''''^''' """' ""'•''« t^-^^^^h-
Hues accurately iTa.red Tit ,/''''" '"'■^*'^^*^'' «"'^ ^heir

tracts,oratot.offo;;'twor:;s :e;^;" ""^" "^^*'°-'

The computation show^ n^f +i • ^'"^^^ ^^-

reason of the closin- in of winf !"^'^°"«'' <'''"«>'* country. By
Becomber2M0,K;,b.,;.,-/,: :t;,f 7"'^' -« discontinued on
ing of sj.ring weather ' "'"''''' '"^* ""^ ^^'H' "'<> 'om-

PLATE VII.— The State Blaze.

30

RKPOIIT OP THE

Off. poo.

Ill

^^Relation of Forests io Uw Fminei"; Vu^povt Pa Drui \.nv
tni(M806, p. 382. ' '^ '^

-Forestry for Farms"; C. S. Sart^ent; (Jard(M. and Forest, v(,|, S,

GENERAL SURVEYS.

Under the direction of Mr. S. V. Winj^^ort. fornn.plv .onntv ., ,••
vovor of Franklin eo„ntv, a snrv., of ,1,,. .1,.,,,. Sontl, Mount, i R

190... 11,,, Mont AHo division was (irst survovd. nnd ,-, .•onn,I,.te

been e.re nly and a,...nrM(..l, nnuked. il„. n.nne.. of „„. ...lioi n 1
owners ind,.n<ed. ,orn..rs estn.dislH.d where thev were In- i . d
roads, streams and interior trots if .,, LxKinj;, and

mi , imiiNuiioi 'I'll IS. il any. are neenrate V indie.nted

The honndary line of the Mont Alio division n.easnres 04 n ile

Following: <he survey of the Mont .MIo division the OaledonV, di

r.dT,t ;;''"• ,"'•' '■^■"•'"'" '"'" "=•-' "•-' -".".'od a ;

IZuU ""■ ""''^ ''-''•' "«' -^"^ •'^^■" ->nipleted The

boundary hue. exelnsive of where it ton.hes MonI Mto is l- ' •

Topo.ra,.hie surveys on ih„.s. Uvo divisions 11:^^^^
the Students at Hie Fores! Vi-idnnv ti. i',v . ^i^^<M((itoi

duee a corre.t (o|«.j.rai.lii.- niap. ^ ''"'"

The survey of (he I>iK,. ,,,,,1 M„„,,„. Rrserv. lions »■ ,. 1
"St 27, 100(1. Th,. survev w,s „(., i .'"f ""'""^ "">« bejrun Auff-

•-■iii\(\ ".IS piaeed in ehar<'e of Ml' r-i..!.,!- c- 1

John \. •,,'.'" '"""'^ """ "'^<1 "« '"-^ --^<-l Foreste
<a-eene. I.., .:;:;,;;;:; '-f"" "" '•---" '-h1 traets. in

out the season. Tt '.: T'l '""T""" " '" '"■"''■ *"■"'"«"■

lin<.s .aeeuratelv niirl , t "="".'^"";" '""'' «--v-.ve.l nnd (heir

t.--.s.oratot.nlof '-J .:^^^^

™, . '"" i'<i< rs (iisiiosi'd of

Ihe coinputadon shows th;i 11. ;„

'-.son of Ih. .,!.;; :V '.'"''•' '^ "■■•""«" <lini.nlteou„trv. Uy
l><-<-o.nl,erl'| nioii I,?,, wi/u ", 1"'' "'"'' "•'" •"-^'"""""'l on
-« of spring woalhe; '•■'''■''''''"'''■■■'■''•'•'"''■- ■

«>'='...■. The noparinien, 1.:; '„;,;. a ;:.;;;:. f.i':'''-^ ;" ""■■'^""^'

PIRATE VII.— The State Blaze.

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

No. 25.

DEPARTMENT OF FOBESTKY.

31

on the tiftli floor of the Capitol, room 629, and a business-like system
of tiling and storing drafts and surveying data has been adopted, to
the great advantage of this work. Mr. S. T. Moore, of Milroy, for-
merly county surveyor of Miillin county, and a gentleman of large
experience in mountain work, has been placed in charge. The corps
in the field were started as early as possible and a detailed account
of their progress follows herewith.

The instructions sent them were very positive as to the field work.
Accuracy was required rather than speed. No marks to be made on.
the ground until the surveyor in charge was absolutey sure he was
correct. Great care was to be used not to injure property of adjoiners
while at work or going to or from work. All boundary lines to btj
marked in the usual way with one flitch and painted white. County
lines running through State forest lands to be marked with a flitch
and a notch above and a notch below and painted red. This was done
chiefly for the benefit of the wardens and in making reports and
arrests of trespassers. At all roads and paths the State Forest
blaze of the hour glass is cut on a tree and painted white. A good
sized path is cut along the white lines and the printed notices of
trespass tacked up by the wardens at frequent intervals.

The Seven Mountains crew is located at the tunnels on the line
of the Lewisburg and Tyrone railroad and near the junction of the
waters of Pine creek. Elk creek, and I'enn's creek, and is surveying
the lands situate on Taddy Mountain, the east end of Foe Mountain,
and the west end of liuiialo range. This corps is headed by Mr.
W. M. Grove,an energetic surveyor, living near Centre Hall, in Centre
county. Forester William H. Kraft was his assistant. His work
consisted of running out the lands purc-hased in that locality knowii
as the Gutshall land, William E. Smith lands, and William VVhitmer
and Sons Company land. This survey is difficult, chiefly in the dis-
tance to be walked to and from the work from boarding places, and
the fact that crossing l*enn's creek so often takes up much time.
This crew has marked and painted the line adjoining Penn's Val-
ley side, a little over 17 miles in length, and in order to do so has
surveyed for correct location almost 28 miles of mountain lines.

The Tussey Mountain corps is operating on the north and south
sides of Tussey Mountain, in Centre and Huntingdon counties, south
of Boalsburg and Pine Grove Mills in Centre county and near old
Monroe Furnace in Huntingdon county. This corps is in charge of
Mr. H. B. Hering, of Penn Hall, Centre county. These lands are
known as the Linden Hall Lumber Company's lands, the P. B. Crider
& Sons' lands, and the Logan Iron and Steel Company's lands.

This crew has finished about 14 mil(»s of lines marked and painted,
and in order to do so has run and tested almost double that amount
of mountain lines, as the lines of Tussey Mountain are badly located

32

REPORT OF THVI

II

Off. Doc.

unes included in this survey oxtend from the south side of Penn's

Z\ : t" ""''*" '''"' "^^^"'■" ""'' "f «tone Valley.
• Tlie Jacks Mountain corps is located at and near Troxelville Snv
der county and is running the lines of lands known .as thf Pardee
eTnalT '"^" """ ''"■'' ""™'^-« °^ smaller res ^Wd

^ru'i^s'Trchr :? u.xjitir :z:- ?"^— '

M. James Middleswa.-th, who il 'IlTr ^^^f .s'^ i;;:;tT::
dens. He had as his assistant Foiest.M- Kobert G Ponl-Ii,. t.

'%t 'rs ^;;r..:;;; ~ St= ' =-- "

Union county and is woTi- ! *'*' ""^ ''°*^ °'^«'' Hartloton,

Paddy Mount; ;owr:mr • ' "" "' *'"' ^"'^''"« ^--••^ -d

the fl'ats. This L'^i in ;C in;"^;;';:/'^?^' ^^""^ '°'^ ""^
ton. Mr. Hayes' falher wV n . ^^^ "'''^'•'*'' "^ ^^rtle-

ors and he is, the,^ o^ v.', v „ "'" """' «^'"-«tion of survey-

conflicting d^ta c^'^ie ii r;:;';;!';!' T'^v^'' ''- "-'^^ ^-'^

crew. He has completed the . „ * '''''' ''''"'^ »*>' this

15 miles of lines mostof ^ ^' " *'"'"*'"^' "^ '^ "tt'^' over

Valley, in U ion rnt; x .'Is .7 "' "" ""^''^■■" ^"^"^ «^ ^^^^'^
of November. ^' " """"^ '^"^ ''^••"•t*^'! about the middle

Of Montgomery run aSoose ^^ . X"^;? "'-^ ^'^^'""^ ''-'•-'-
supply for Clearfield borou-'h T '. T """^ ^'"-^ ''''''^f ^^ater
Cyus Gordon lands, the S er, h; . ^'V Co '■ ''T T ^'"' """•
tracts. This crew is in charge .IfMrt - ' ^'"^ ^^^ ^"'S«r

wensyille, one of the nioneer 1;; ""' '^ " -^'"""'' of Cur-

Mr. Moo.; did no?;eir I7s h r^H Htetr '^ f^' "^^"""^-
been greatly handicapped bv flw ,.1 . November and has

No. 25.

D-EPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

38

vear. Aftor <h(» surveys have been completed and drafts made, the
various reservalion areas may be accurately designated, the yoiinj;
for(^st(M's from th(» Academy assijjjned, working; plans made, and de-
velopment earnestly begun.

The instructions for carrying on the survey, sent to the surveyor
in charge of each corpg, are as follows:

To the SurveA^ors employed on State Forest Surveys:

The State Forestry Department desires in all its surveys uniform
lines and returns. In order to accomplish this, it requires all com-
passes to agree with the present established variation of each
county, and either run with the variation set off on the vernier, or
the proper calculation made before entering your day's running on
the dailv note blanks sent vou. This should make a line of ^^N4r)E"
in 1794 read ''K45E'' in 11)00. The present variation in the central
portion of the State is 5' 85' W. Chains must be tested at least
every April and October with United States standard. Chaining
must be done with chain held level, pulled tight and straight on the

line.

Notes should be taken in a book and transcribed by your assist-
ants each evening on our ^'daily note blanks," which can be sent
to the Department once a week, with the time of each man entered
on the back in ink. Notes should be taken of all streams crossed,
their local names, if any, the summit of all ridges and mountains
with their local names, old fields, old roads, ])ublic roads, telephone
lines, railroads, direction of How of streams, etc.

Should the notes be few for Ihe day, the same blank may be used

for the next day.

The names of the [)resen( owncM's of all adjoining lands should be
noted, the location of their corners, and the nature of the corners.

When you are satisfied that your line is correct, and not before,
mark the true line as closely as possible, so that the cutting crew
may follow it without trouble.

Be careful not to destroy old marks in making new marks. Re-
build all corners, making stone corners into good-sized heaps. Re-
witness all corners. It would be well, when running trial lines along
unknown lines to offset one rod over on the State lands, so that no
damage mav be charged against the Department for cutting young
timber. Care should be used not to cut th(^ larger young trees in
running lines. See that your corps do not trespass willfully upon
neighbors' rights as to fruit, fences, or buildings. Insist upon your
crew acting in a gentlemanly manner everywhere. If they do not,

discharge them at once.

Transfer any sketches you uu\y make in your field book to jour
daily note blank and carefully note north index on sketches.
3_25— 1906

pi

I''

34

REPORT OF TIIK

Oft. Doc.

PROSECUTIONS.

During the period covered by this report I am happv to state that
It was necessary to bring very few prosecutions. A "number of i„.

by want of knowledge of the location of lines. In most of the cases
m wh.ch zt occurred the cutting was accidental rather than mali-

wa ■ n?r.I'' '"'^°"°" '' '''''' ''"^^ ^'^ «- a-'idental cutt „l
was called to the fact that they had crossed the State's line and wo ;

arn^eyTertire:t"r:^^^^^^^^^^^ '-''-' -"---" '^ --^
int^t^itatiruT;: ^^^ '" "■" "'-""^^ *'"'"^^^^^ ^-^ *--^

From the South Mountain Keserve, |9q qq

From lands in Lycoming county, 4^4 30

From lands in Clearfield count/, 343 75

From lands in Huntingdon county, . . a^ nn

From lands in Pike county, !*!*!*.'.'*" 7 11

^o^l'I'T^? ''''' "^'"^""^ ^P"^"«"^' was'deiec^ted in n.novino-

TA . """^ ""^ ''"'^'^ ^'^^ ^'^«"^'d f«^ the defendant a hear

ing had before H. M. Small, justice of the peace at Mont Alto a the

IZllZZ:' Thfd r d ^^^r^-^ -- ^-^ *^0 and the cost H h
prosecut on Ihe defendant appealed from the decision of the ins

ZZ'l "iTu' ^"^^'"' '^^^^^^^ '' ^'^^^'^^ county, 'and'^:;

fesuu'nJ in T ' I 1 T' ^''' '''''' '^''^^'^ ^^ ^^^^'^^ '^'^ Chambersburg,
result ng ma verdict of accjuittal for the defendant, but wherein he

was directed to pay the costs of prosecution. The defenLn "ein'

unable to pay the costs of prosecution was committed to the c^;

"o 'li t;fr""^^' "^' '^'''''^^ approximately a month's time

On the 27th day of February, I.OO, one of our rangers in Monroe
county discovered Edgar LeBar in U.e act of cutting Imop pol upon
hind which was admitted to be State land. The de^ndL't lustS d
his at upon the ground that hoop poles are not timber in the sense
that the word is employed in the second section of the Act of Feb
i-uary 25, 1901, P. L. 11. A warrant of arrest for the defei Int was

ant bound over to answer in the Court of Quarter Sessions of Mon-
roe county. The trial before a jury was had on Mav 15th, llK)f r -
suiting in a verdict of guilty, from which verdid'and the ub ..

c": Tr""',^' ^^^ --'^ ^1- ^^^^-^dant appealed to the Su H^^^
Court of Pennsylvania as of May term, 1906, No. U.

No. 25.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

36

In the opinion handed down by Mr. Justice Morrison, of that
court, the judgment of the court below was affirmed on all the points
raised by defendant's counsel. This decision is of great value by
reason of the fact that it is the first in Pennsylvania which deter-
mines the status of a timber tree, or what is ordinarily compre-
hended by the term '^timber." The learned judge says, ''Tlie word
^timber' includes small and large growing woods, and of this we are
not in doubt. We quite agree with the court below that the hoop
poles came within the definition ^timber' and within the purview of
the statute of February 25, 1901." The court specifically disclaims
the doctrine that the word "timber" necessarily applies only to
large trees.

This decision likewise holds that a summary conviction before a
justice of the peace is not within the purview^ of section 2 of the
above Act of 1901.

By reason of the importance of this decision it is quoted herein in
full as follows:

Commonwealth*'

V.

Edirar La Bar.

In the Superior Court of Pennsylvania.

No. 43, January Term, 1907.

In the Court of Quarter Sessions of the Peace

in and for the County of Monroe.
No. 11, May Term, 1906.

Opinion by Morrison, J., Dec. 10, 1906.

Tlie defendant was indicted, convicted and sentenced under the
provisions of the Act of Assembly of February 25th, 11^01, P. L. 11.
Section 2 of the Act reads: "Any person or persons who shall kindle
fires ui)on anv of the forestrv reservations of this Commonwealth, ex-
cept in accordance with such rules and regulations as may be pre-
scribed bv the Forestrv Reservation Commission, or who shall cut
or remove any timber whatever, or who shall do or cause to be done
anv act that will damage forestrv lands or timber belonging to this

^ C^ t-'

Commonwealth, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon con-
viction thereof be subject to a penalty of not h^ss than |100 nor
niore than 1500 for each offense committed, with costs of suit, which
penalty and costs of suit shall be collected in the same manner as is
now provided by existing laws for like offenses committed on forest
lands belonging to individuals; all fines and penalties, when collect-
ed, to be paid to the Commissioner of Forestry, who is hereby di-
rected to i)ay the same over to the State Treasurer; provided, That if
the defendant or defendants neglect or refus(» to pay at once the pen-
alty and costs imposed lie oi' they shall be committed to the common
jail of the county wherein the offense was committed until such pen-
alty and costs are })aid."

•32 Pa. Sup. Ct., 228.

86

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

!l
u

If

While the record contains seven assijrnments of error, we think
all of the questions raised by them can be considered and decided
without considering each assignment separately.

1. The learned counsel for the defendant argues that the word
"timber" used in the Act should be held to mean trees of such size
that planks, boards, shingles and other lumber may be made there-
from. In support of this contention he sites several Acts of AssenT-
bly and several definitions of the word "timber' and the words "tim-
ber trees." In our opinion the Acts of Assembly and definitions
cited do not support counsel's contention.

The case of Shiffer v. Brofldhead et al.. 12G Pa., 260, is also cited
But an examination of that case shows that it has no ai)i,lication to
the present one. That was a contract for the sale of the white pine
and hemlock timber upon a certain lot of land, and while the contract
does not so state, yet it was held to have been made in view of the
custom of lumbermen in 1807. and that it clearlv refern-d to tr,...s,
of such sizes as were recognized by lumbermen in the region where
the contract was to b,> enforced. That case has no application to
the mischief existing in IflOl, and the Act then passed to remedy it
If we keep in mind the well-known fact that in 1001 there were vast
tracts of land in Pennsylvania which had been stripped of all iar-r,.
timber or "timbc-r trees." and that these barren, stripped lands
were nearly worthless and their condition was materially lessening
the water supply of the Commonwealth, we can readily understand
the legislative intent as expressed in the Act in question. Further-
more, it should be remembered that the maximum price allowed to
be paid for lands from which the la.ge timber had been stripped bv
the Forestry rommission, was in 1001. $r, per acre; Act of February
2,5th, 1901, P. L. 11.

To our minds these fa.ts dearly show that the Act in question
was not aimed solely at persons who cut trees suitable for sawin-
into lumber or "timber tre<>s" standing on the lands of the Common'"-
wealth. We think it is entirely witiiin the legislaliyc int<>nt ex-
pressed in the Act, to hold that the penalty provided therein ap-
plies to the defendant who was found to have cut 249 maple white
oak and hickory sticks or poles standing on the lands of the Com-
nionweallh. In point of fact, the defendant did not s.-riouslv deny
that he cut the hoop (wles desci'ibcd in the indictment

We have on our ..tah.le books s,.vera] Acts of Assembly
which show a clear legislative intent to encourage the growth and
protection of the smallest shrubs or saplings which luav in time
become "tin.ber trcs." In our opinion, in Ihese Acts '.he word
tunbcr .n.ludcs small and larg,. growing woods, and <.f this w
are not n, doubt. W.. .,ui(.. agree ^yi(h ,1,,. ,o,„.f ,,olow that the hoop
poles came within (he deHuition of "timber" and within the purview

No. 25.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

37

of the Statuto of Febniary 25tli, 1901. We have examined the def-
initions of timber in several of the dietionaries and cannot agree
that this word means, necessarily, large or "timber trees."

2. We have no doubt thai it was the duty of the court below to in-
struct the jury that ''if they believed the evidence they must con-
vict the defendant." Tt was i)roper for the court to instruct the
jury that the sticks cut were timb(^r, and leave the jury to find
whether or not they had been cut by the defendant on the lands of
the Commonwealth. We think that the testimony clearly shows that
the defendant went upon the lands of the Commonwealth and cut and
destroyed young growing timber, and when bro\ight into court for
his unlawful conduct he relies on the barest technicalities as a de-
fense, and we see no merit in such defense.

3. The defendant's counsel contends that the penalty named in the
Act of February 25th, 1901, must be enforced in a summary action
before a justice of the peace, and that the indictment and trial before
the court and a jury is illegal.

The Act defines the offense as a misdemeanor and fixes the penalty
and provides, ''That if the defendant or defendants neglect or refuse
to i>ay at once the penalty and costs imi)osed, he or they shall be com-
mitted to the common jail of the county wherein the offense was
committed until such penalty and costs are paid."

Tlu^ Criminal Procedure Act of March 31, 1800, P. L. 427, Section
32, provides: "The Courts of Quarter Sessions of the Peace shall
have jurisdiction and power within the respective * * * coun-
ties to try certain enumerated offenses;" and then adds: "the Courts
of Quarter sessions .shall also have the jurisdiction in cases of fines,
penalties or punishments imposed by any Act of Assembly, for of-
fenses, misdemeanors and delimiuencies, except when it shall be
otherwise expressly provided and enacted."

The otiense of cutting timber is made a misdemeanor by the Act
of 1901, and the penalty provided is to be enforced upon conviction,
but the Act does not provide that a justice of the peace shall have
jurisdiction to try (lu^ offender and impose the penalty. We are
safe in saying that no such thing is known to our law as trying a
defendant for a nnsdemeanor and enforcing the penalty, before a
justice of the peace, in the absence of express authority giving him
jurisdiction. We are without doubt that the remedy under the Act
of 1901 is by indictment in tlie Quarter Sessions.

We have manv Acts of Assembly providing for summary convic-
lions before a justice of the peace, but each of them expressly so
I)rovides in jilaiii terms. Some of these acts are the following: Act
of May 29, HMIl, 1*. I.. :;()2, regulating the catching of fish, etc.; Act
of April 1!), 190.-). V. L. 217, regulating the running of automobiles,
etc.; Act of June 8, 1881, P. L. 82, relating to malicious mischief to

%

38

REPORT OP THE

Off. Doc.

orchards, etc ; Act of April 22, 1905, P. L. 272, relating to classiflca-
tion of fish, etc. On the other hand we might refer to many Acts of
Assembly creating misdemeanors and providing punishments with-
out giving authority for summary convictions before a justice of
he peace and in each one of which the remedy is bv indictment in
the Quarter Sessions.

4. We are of the opinion that the Commonwealth is not required
to aver and prove that the defendant in the present case willfully
mahcously and knowingly cut timber described in the indictment
If the defendant went upon the lands of the Commonwealth without
authority and cut and destroyed growing timber, he is liable to the
punishment provided by the Act, and it is immaterial what his intent
may have been. This case is one of the class where the Common-
wealth IS not required to prove the gailty intent of the defendant.
The statute forbade the act and the defendant was bound to know
and obey the law. We consider the offense defined in the \ct in
question, properly construed, comes within the class of crimes dis-
cussed by the Supreme Court in Commonwealth v. Weiss. 130 Pa 247
wherein a guilty knowledge or criminal intent is not a necessary in-"
gred.ent to support a conviction. The language in the indictment
charging the defendant with committing the offense willfullv. mali-
ciously and knowingly may be regarded as surplusage.
The indictment will be good with these words eliminated
The assignments of error are all dismissed and the judgment or
sentence is affirmed, and appeal dismissed at the cost of the ap

Charles Frederick, a forest ranger in the emplov of the Demrt
ment. .-as indicted on May o.-^d. 1904 for the killing of a dog which

July 15th, 1904 rule for a new trial was discharged and the defen-

wh^ r ';': ': ^^-^ ^ '"'^ "' *'•' ""-^ ♦'^'^ '•"^^^ «' prosecution from
which verdict and subsequent judgment of the court an appeal to tZ
Superior Court was taken .Tulv 25th 1904 as of Vn IT t
term. 1905. returnable at Philadelphia " ''"""'"'^

.Although the shooting of this dog occurred on Pebruarv 27th 1904
;!; « ,1 Tr' ""'^ ' ^""•' ''^"'^ "f ^"^ "'^Pnrlment. the case wns

cid'erdor^^"""'^^ """ ''' "^""- "^ ^"^ «•--'•"■• ^^ -:

The Superior Court, in reversing the a.fion of the court below

^ nTv '^^'hWhaTrhe'd ^/"";^ "' ''"'''- «-^"-« l^ mO ^
cminty, held that the defendant had acted within the scone nf hi«

official capacity under the Act of March U. 190.., P. L. S^^nd th^t

No. 25.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

89

the law, by reason of his official position, did not raise against him
the presumption that the mere tact of the Idiling of the dog made
it a wilful and malicious killing; that this presumption was not to
be taken against him and the burden of disproving malice placed
upon him; but that the Commonwealth should have shown by affirma-
tive proof every ingredient entering into the misdemeanor charged by

the Act under which he was indicted.

The opinion of the Superior Court, which is of special value to

the persons in the employ of this Department, is as follows:

In the Superior Court of Pennsylvania.

Commonwealth*

V.

Chas. Frederick.

No. 34, January Term, 1905.
In the Court of Quarter Sessions of the Peace
in and for the County of Monroe.
J No. 12, May Term, 1904.

Opinion by Beaver, J., Jan. 17, 1905.

Defendant was indicted for the killing of a dog, under the pro-
visions of the Act of x\pril 24, 1903, P. L. 296, in which the dog is
added to domestic animals, the killing or maiming, etc., of which is
made a misdemeanor under section 154 of our penal code and pro-
vides:

''Every person who shall willfully and maliciously kill, maim or
disfigure any horse, cattle, dog or other domestic animals of another
person; who shall willfully and maliciously administer poison to any
such beasts, or expose any poisonous substance, with the intent
that the same shall be taken or swallowed by them, shall be guilty of
a misdemeanor; and being thereof convicted, shall be sentenced to
pay a line not exceeding |500 or undergo an imprisonment, by sep-
arate or solitary confinement at labor, not exceeding three years, or
either or both, at the discretion of the court; provided that the pro-
visions of this act shall not apply to the killing of any animal taken
or found in the act of actually destroying any other domestic
animal.^'

None of the assignments of error needs special discussion, except
those which lead to the interprelation put upon the word ''willfully"
by the court and the instructions to the jury in regard to the infer-
ence of malice to be drawn from the mere fact of the killing.

1. The points for charge were not read but there is a general an-
swer to them all in the charge of the court in which it was said: "The
defendant in this case has admitted that he killed this dog, so the
only question for you to consider is whether or not the defendant
willfully and maliciously killed this dog. The court is of the opin-
ion under the evidence that there is no question that he willfully

•27 Pa. Sup. Ct., 228.

1^'

40

KEPOKT OF THK

Off. Doc

killed fhedoK. Ho intondod <o kill it wl,,.,. hv did. li,. i„(o,.d(>d to kill
It <•« •los.'pli I)ii.|>.-..,.-s dojf." Tho .om-f, llu.ivfo,-,., ..scd tli." w,.rd
willfully as syn.^n.viiKHis will, intentionally and this would seem to
be the interpretation j.laced upon it in I'ennsvlvania, althouffh a dif.
ferent one has Wvn appli.-d in other jurisdietions. notably in Mas-
sachusetts (Com. V. Kneeland, ;{7 Mass. :>()(!, 220). In (^ni.' v Drum
58 Pa. !), Mr. Justice Agnew, presidium at the trial said, if an in-
tention tx, kill ..xists, it is willful.- This, it is true, was said in a
trial for homicide, but would seem lo be of general application

2. The court, in the charge to the jury, said: '-The other essential
for you to consider is whether or not he also killed it maliciously
There being no dispute under the (>videiK-e (hat the defendant killed
the dog, the court Ixdds that the burden of proof is upon him to
show that he did not kill it willfully and maliciously. From the fact
of his killing (he dog, malic <an be inferred, and it is incumbent
upon him to satisfy you reasonably (hat he did not do it mali-
ciously." A\-as this correct? It is tlu- serious .piestion in the case
By the Act of June 27, 188;{, 1'. L. 1C3. it is provided: '-Thai any
dogs pursuing elk or wild deer or fawns mav be killed by any per-
son, and constable or other town ollicial may kill any dogs that habi
tually pursue elk, wild deer or fawns ^^u(l the owner of such dog shall
be liable to a penalty of ten dollars for each elk, wild deer or fawn
killed by such dog." Under the fourth section of (he Act of June 4
!-f/: ^': .''■ ^-^' '* '^ Pi'ovided that -No p.-rson shall catch, take or
kill in this Commonwealth or, except as hereinafter provided have in
his or h..r possession, or under his or her control, aft.-r the saiue shall
have been so killed, any elk, deer or fawn save during the month of
November in ."ach year. No per.son or pers.)ns .shall at any time kill
or capture any deer in the waters of any (of) (h,. sireanis, pond« or
lakes within the State. Xo person or persons shall make use of do.r
or dogs Hi hunting any elk, de(.r or fawn within the State. Whoever
shall offend against any of lh<. provisions of this section shall be
liable to a penalty of one hundr'ed dollars for each olfense so com
mitted. or by imprisonment in the counly jail for a p.-riod of one day
01- each dollar of penalty imposed. .Vny dog or dogs pursuing or
killing any elk, de..r or fawn or following upon the track of anv elk
deer or fawn are hereby de.lar,.d a publir nuisance and mav be killed
by any person when so seen, and the owner of such dog or do-s shall
have no recour.se at law whatever."

The defendant was, according to (h,. undisputed evidenc... a sworn
officer under (he Act of Afarch 11. l!)(«. 1>. L. 24. "Conferrin.^ u,>on
persons employd, under exisling laws, by (he Commissioner of For-
estry, tor the ,uot,.ction of State Foreslry Reservations, after taking
the proper oath of ollice, the same powers as ar,- bv law conferred
upon constables and other peace ollicers; to arrest, without first pro-
curing a warrant, persons reasonably suspected by them of offending

No. 25.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

41

agaiiust the laws protcctins timber lands; also confeirinj-: upon them
similar i)()\vers for Uie ciifoicemeiit of th<' laws and rnles and regu-
lations for the protection of tho State Foreslry Keservations and
for the protection of the game and fish contained therein; and fur-
ther, conferring upon them power to convey said oifenders into the
proper legal custody for punishment; this act to apply only to of-
fenses committed upon said reservations and lands adjacent thereto."
The presumption arises in civil cases that an officer acting within
th(^ scope of his official authority does so in the discharge of an
official duty. It was said in (^ommonweaHh v. Slifer, 25 Pa. 23:
^^But the acts of public officers, where the rights of the public require
it, should be construed with liberality. There is always a presump-
tion that they are in accordance with the law. The presumption
can be repelled only by clear evidence of illegality." See Danville
Hospital v. Bellefonte Boro. Overseers, 103 Pa. 175. Whilst this
rule, as here stated, applies only to the discharge of official acts
within the limit of the official authority in civil cases, it seems to
us to bear, with even greater force, in favor of an officer who, in
the discharge of duty or of a supposed duty, acts within the limits
prescribed by an Act of Assembly, or in general for the public good.
The defendant in ((uestion was a sworn officer of the law. He
was permitted, under certain circumstances upon a State Forestry
Reservation or any lands adjacc^nt thereto, to shoot and kill a dog.
In the present instance an omj)loyee of the Commissioner of For-
estrv who is ox oflicio a game warden, kills a dog without a master,
and three miles from his master's residence. There is testimony
showing that the defendant had heard of the character of this dog
as a deer dog. Although the defendant saw a fox track, the testi-
mony is that the dog was not following that but going in a ditferent
direction. The defendant admits that he shot the dog. Does the
law, under these circumstances, imply malice? The rule applying
to the killing of a iJerson, or to the use of a deadly weapon, was ap-
plied by the court in this case. In Smith v. Com., 12 W. N. C. 196,
it was held that A, while a passenger in a railway car tilled with
people, in a spirit of frolic discharged a pistol, intending to shoot the
load into the floor of the car, and thereby cause a temporary fright
among the passengers. Without any intent on A's part the ball
from the pistol entered the foot of the prosecutor, inflicting a se-
vere wound. At the time of the discharge the pistol was held down-
ward, A standing in the aisle, and the prosecutor and other persons
standing behind him, in close proximity to him. On the trial of A
for the above offense, ujvon indictmeni alh^ging assault: Held, that
under the circumstances, defendant's act being recklessy and will-
fully done (without the slightest justification or excuse) the law of
itself would imply malice.

«

42

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

This, aldiougli quoted in mppovt of the position taken by the
court, has no application and „o analog., (o the present case. Here
IS a public sworn ofH.vr actinfj, if the conditions ar.> present within
the line of his official duty. Is he not entitled to th.. presumption
that the conditions which arc prescribed by the law are present so
as to make his act legal rather than that (he law raises a presump-
(lon from the mere fact of the killing of the dog that it is willfully
and maliciously done? The court below placed the burden of dis-
proving malice upon the defendant, and left it to the jury to say
whether or not his case, was made out. We think he should have
been allowed to start with the presun.ption in his favor, and that
the Commonwealth should have been compelled to show, by afflrm-
ative proof, evry ingredient entering into (he misdemeanor .•harg.-.l
m the indictment, under the Act of April 24, 1903, P. L. 29G We are
not to be understood as intimating that there was no evid.-nce in
the case from which the jury might have infc-rred n.ali.-e, bu( i( was
for them to make the inference from the fact, as presented in the evi-
dence, and not from the mere fact of the killing of the do- In
view of the conclusion which we have reached on this b.an.h of (he
case, It 18 not necessary to discuss the remaining assignments of
error.

Judgment reversed and a new venire awarded.

A STATEMENT OF THE AMOUNTS PAID FOK RO\D \\D
pT^uI: *"^'^^'"^^'« ^'^^^^^ 'i'"« ACT OP APRIL 5^ Um,

The purchase of large areas by the Commonwealth for forest re-
serves has in many instances withdrawn from taxation in certain
townships such an area of the township that the amounts colledible
for iHiad and sci.ool purposes became seriously depleted. Such
townships and school districts were hampered in their work for lack
of funds Under the Act creating the Department of Forestry it is
provided in section 8 that "all such foreslry reservation lands shall
be exempt from taxation from the time of their acquisition "

Ihe forest reserves bore no burden of taxation up to the time ot
the passage of the Act of PJOS, above cited. Whi^ most pZoul
recognise he fact that (he purchase of large areas of unproduct""
mountain land by the S.ate for reserve purposes is a commendable
act, they also feel that the State ought (o ..ontribnte son "h ng to
ward bearing the burden of local taxation. The State of New YoH-
pays such taxes upon her forest lands, so does Michigan, so do the

No. 25.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

48

states of Central Euro])e. AVitli lliis thought in mind therefore, the
Legislature enac^ted a statute which in full is as follows:

''An Act providing a fixed charge on lands acquired by the State
for Forestry Reserves, and the distribution of revenue, so derived,
for school and road purposes.
"Whereas, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania is acquiring large

tracts of land in its several counties for the purpose of establishing
forest reservations; and

^'Whereas, the purchasing of said lands by the Commonwealth
makes said lands exempt from taxation; and

^'Whereas, because of said exemption from taxation districts in
the several counties lose the revenue secured from said prior taxa-
tion, and works a hardship upon the citizens thereof, by compelling
them to make up the loss on school and road taxes thus brought
about:

"Section 1. Be it enacted, etc.. That from and after the passage
of this Act, all lands acquired by the Commonwealth for forest re-
serves, and now exempt from taxation, shall be subject to an annual
charge of three cents per acre, for the benefit of the schools in the
respective district in which said reserve or reserves are located, and
two cents per acre for the benefit of the roads in the townships where
said reserve or reserves are located.

"Section 2. The Commissioner of Forestry shall certify to the re-
spective school districts and townships throughout the Common-
wealth, in which forest reserves are located, the number of acres
owned by the Commonwealth in each district or township, upon ap-
plication of the treasurer or road supervisor of any of the said dis-
tricts or townships and the charge against the same; and shall, fur-
thermore, certify to the State Treasurer the number of acres afore-
said and the charge against the same and in favor of the respective
districts and townships. The State Treasurer shall, upon the ap-
proval of the propel warrants of the Commissioner of Forestry, pay
to the several school districts and townships the amounts due the
same from the Commonwealth, and derived under this act, upon due
application therefor made by the treasurers or road supervisors of
the said districts and townships.

'^\pproved the fifth day of April A. D. 1905."

In obedience to the direction of this law, the Commissioner of
Forestrv, so far as he was able, and without accurate survevs in
hand, estimated the amount of State lands held for reserve purposes
in all the townships and school districts throughout the State, pro-
cured the names of the supervisors of the townships and the names
of the treasurers of the school boards in order that he might draw
his warrants for the amounts chargeable thereon. The names of

44

REPORT OF THE

Ofe. Doc.

'I

the troasiirois woro easily obtainable from the Department of Pub
lie Instruction, but the matter of supervisors was more difficult, al
though a large part of the necessary information was obtained from
the records of the Department of Highways. The following tabu-
lated statement shows the payments which were made for the year
190o. Lands which were purchased in that year after the taxes
were levied are are not included in the list, for the reason that at the
time of settlement for the same, the grantors were required to pay
all taxes levied to date of settlement:

iif

ill

W'

Adams

Bedford, ...
Cameron, ..

3.464
3.363
4.146
828
141
4,717

Centre,

>•••••

Franklin

Hamiltonban

Menallen,

Colerain. [[[

Cumberland Valley,

Southampton

Gibson .:;:::; niigi

Grove 7 033

Independent district 11095

Shippen. {^ii}

Burnside 15,756

i^ollege 606

Ferguson g.OOO

Gresg 1,992

^a'ncs 11,793

$69 28

67 26

82 92

16 56

2 82

94 34

223 68

140 76

38 80

01 r -«o

Clearfield,
Clinton, .,

Cumberland.
Dauphin, ..
Elk

Harris,

Miles

Penn

Potter

Rush

Snow Shoe,

Spring

Walker. ...

Huston,

Karthaus,

Sandy,

Pine

Beech Creek,

Chapman '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. I9,m

Colebrook 1,816

Crawford, 671

East Keating '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 1.065

Gallagher 571

^'•"s^an ::::; 10,057

f^.'^a'- 1,212

If^^y 1,319

S^'y^^ •••, 18,676

Pme Creek 740

Wayne " c cii

West Keating :.::...::: l:^

8,608
8,137
6,370
2.226
3,038

803
1.100
1,350
7,341
4,017

610
7,649
9,048

Dickinson.

860

Franklin,

i^^^^s^"; ■...'..■. 3.354

g^"fzette 1980

Horton 900

Green 19 171

Juilford, 2 339

Hamilton.

522

Fulton

Huntingdon.

Ljetterkenny .■..■.■.■.■.:; 2.834

Metal, CCA

Peters 920

QuJncy ;;;;;; jq 933

Southampton 9*afift

Washington o'o^rt

Todd f'X??

Barree 'y.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 2218

^^^^ .'.*..'.".' 3.'564

12 12

40 00

39 84

235 86

172 16

162 74

127 40

44 52

60 76

16 06

22 00

27 00

146 82

80 34

12 20
152 98
180 96
381 72

36 32

13 42
21 30
11 42

201 14
24 24
26 38

373 52

14 80
110 22

49 50
17 20
67 08
39 60
5 66

243 42
46 78
10 44
56 68
13 20
4 40

218 66
49 60
41 00
74 92
44 36
71 28

•Decrewed by payment to Independent district, containing 11.095 acres.

$103 92

100 89

124 38

24 84

4 23

141 51

♦168 65

•45 16

332 85

58 20
472 68

18 18
60 00

59 76
353 79
258 24
244 11
191 10

66 78
91 14
24 09
33 00
40 50
220 2?
120 51
18 30
229 47
271 44
572 58
54 48
20 13
31 95
17 13
301 71
36 36
39 57
560 28
22 20
165 33
74 25
25 80
100 62
59 40
8 4'>
365 13
70 17
15 66
85 02
19 80
6 60
327 99
74 40
61 50
112 38
66 54
106 92

No. 25.

DEPAJITMENT OF FORESTRY.

County

Juniata,

T.a<k<iwanii:i,
LyconiiiiK. .

MifTliii,

Monroe,
Pike, ..

Potter.

Snyder,
Tioga,

Union,

Wyon'ing,

Franklin 2.300

Jackson, 18.177

Lincoln. . . .' 500

Logan, 2,780

Miller 1,007

Morrit- 625

Penn 313

Porter 3,259

Spruce Creek 1,400

Union, 573

Tod 1,197

West, 3,385

Lack 356

Milford 95

Tuscarora, 890

LehiKh 2,854

lirown, 11,798

("ummings, 13,400

McHenry 3,825

Plunketts Creek 5.903

Washington. 3.618

Watson 1.131

Armagh 14,064

Bratton 6,085

Brown 6,391

Decatur, 411

Wayne 297

Barrett 1,131

Middle Smithtield 2,017

I 'rice 2 474

Blooming Grove 11.291

Delaware 1,252

Dingman 3,839

Greene 2,366

Lackawiixen 2.156

Lehman 3.678

Milford 400

Palmyra 2.941

Porter 18.050

Shohola 410

Westfall 2.405

Abbott 914

Austin borough 684

East Fork 1.455

Homer 9.122

Keating. 4.440

Stewardson, 11 495

Summit 15,025

Sylvania 4,744

West Branch 399

Wharton 6,652

Adams 2,375

Spring, 4,914

West Bfav»>r 5,047

(Latham, 919

Df'lmar 4,918

Elk 8.719

Middlebury 1.365

Morris 5,751

Shippen 13.968

Hartley 16,196

Tjewis, 5,464

West Buffalo 2,613

White Deer. 586

Eaton, 1,177

.^>L'3, .-.60

$10,471 20

46

1

u
3

1

o<

A

-o

s

rt

1

E

u
o

u

VI

1

o

1

«M

y. 1 Township.

TJ

-d

J

cd

eC

o. •

C

CO

*j

*j m

CO

C cfi

3 oj

n

(U

o tfi

o ~

o

C 0,

Bl

<

<

<

46 OO

69 OO

363 54

545 31

10 00

15 00

55 60

83 40

20 14

30 21

12 50

18 75

6 26

9 39

65 18

97 77

28 00

42 00

11 46

17 19

23 94

35 91

67 70

101 55

7 12

10 68

1 90

2 85

17 80

26 70

57 08

85 62

235 96

353 94

268 00

402 00

76 50

114 75

118 06

177 09

72 36

108 54

22 62

33 93

281 28

421 92

121 70

182 55

127 82

191 73

8 22

12 33

5 94

8 91

22 62

33 93

40 34

60 51

49 48

74 22

225 82

338 73

25 04

37 56

76 78

115 17

47 32

70 98

43 12

64 68

73 56

110 34

8 00

12 00

58 82

88 23

361 00

541 50

8 20

12 30

48 10

72 15

18 28

27 42

13 68

20 52

29 10

43 65

182 44

273 66

88 80

133 20

229 90

344 8r>

300 50

450 75

94 88

142 32

7 98

11 97

137 r4

199 56

47 .50

71 25

98 28

147 42

100 !t4

151 41

18 3S

27 57

98 36

147 54

174 38

261 57

27 3<}

40 93

115 02

172 53

279 36

419 04

323 92

485 88

109 28

163 92

52 26

78 39

11 72

17 58

23 54

35 31

$15,706 SO

46

REPORT OF THE

Off. Do<'.

The following table represents the amounts paid under the above
act for road and school purposes for the year 1906:

.1

County.

■u .

Township.

to

21

Adams,

Bedford,

Cameron,

t

Centre,

Franklin

Hamiltonban

Menallen, ..........

Colerain,'

Cumberland Valiey.

Southampton

Gibson ■

Grove,

Independent district

Lumber

Portage] ............

Shippen .' " '

Burnside ] , .^ «„,

College, ! 17.001

Ferguson, ^^

Gregg, ,
Haines, .
Harris

3,577

3.4.-,0

5,210

1.432

141

5,617

20,339

29,142

12. 170

9.646

2,821

1,940

2,000

1,992

11,793

Clearfield,

8,137
6,370
4.762
3,038

803
1.100
1.350

495
7.861
4.017
1.621

Clinton.

Cumberland,

Hauphin,. .
Elk

Franklin,

Fulton

Huntingdon,

Crawford.
Fast Keating,

Galhigher

Grugan

Lamar, ..

Ix>idy .■■;.■

Noyes '"]

Pine Creek, ...

Wayne

West Keating,'

Dickinson

Southampton,

Jackson '. . .

Benezette, ....

Horton

Greene

Guilford

Hamilton '.

T-^tterkenny

Metal ; ....

Peters

Quincy "*

Southampton,
Washington, ..,

Todd

Barree "

Brady,

cefs ;.;;

Miles,' ....'.'.'.['.'..', i ^l'°ll

Penn

Potter, I

Rush ".'

Snow Shoe.

Spring

Walker ,

Covington ' I

Huston. '/[ i

Karthaus, . ...' I

Pike. ;;;; i

Pine

Sandy 1'>.''47

Beech Creek. ■'■.'. ■.;;;;; 0 S2

Castanea, ... ^-^^f

Chariman I ,„ F5

Colcbrook. . . ! 1^0^«

1,816

671

3.469

1.514

10,057

1.212

1,319

18.676

740

5,511

2.475

860

1.172

3.354

1.980

2S3

12.311

2.3.19

816

3.141

660

220

11.017

2,890

2,050

3.746

2,218

595

3,564

•Decreased by payment to Independent Dretrlc, containing I2,,70.M acre..

U

9
O.

■a

cd
o
k.

u

o

cd
a

o n>

$71 54

69 00

104 20

28 64

2 82

112 34

406 78

5S2 84

192 92

56 42

38 80

340 oa

12 12
40 00

39 84
235 86
231 78
162 74
127 40

95 24
60 76
16 06
22 00
27 00
9 90

157 22
80 34
32 42

208 94

12 20
ISO 96

4 52

381 72

36 32

13 42
69 38
30 28

201 14
24 24
26 38 '

373 52 !

14 80
110 22

49 50
17 20
23 44
67 08
39 60
5 66

246 22
46 78 '
16 32
62 82

13 20
4 40 i
220 34

57 80 I

41 00

74 92 !

44 36

11 90

71 28

o
o

o

o

Oi

c a.

$107 31

103 50

156 30

42 96

4 23

168 51

♦443 30

*676 0."

365 11

289 38

84 6}

58 20
510 03

18 18
60 00

59 76
353 79
347 67
244 11
191 10
142 86

91 14
24 09
33 00
40 50
14 85
235 83
120 51
48 63
313 41
18 30
271 44
6 78
572 58
54 48'
20 13
104 07
45 12
301 71
36 36
39 57
560 28
22 20
165 33
74 25
25 80
35 16
100 62
59 40
8 49
369 33
70 17
24 48
94 23
19 80
6 60
3.30 51
86 70
61 50
112 38
66 54
17 85
106 92

No. 25.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

4?

County.

Township.

•Juniata,

Lackawanna,
^.ycoming, ..

Mifflin.

Monroe

i *•....••.«•,

Pike.

Potter,

Snyder,
Tioga.

Union,

Wyoming ,

Franklin,

Jackson

Lincoln,

Logan

Miller

Morris,

Penn

Porter

Shirley

Spruce Creek

Tod,

Union

West

Lack

Milford

Tuscaroia

Lehigh

Brown

Cummings,

Gamble

McHenry

Plunketts Creek, .

Washington,

Watson,

Armagh

Bratton,

Brown

Decatur,

Menno

Union,

Wayne,

Middle ' Sniithfleid.

Price

Blooming Grove, .

Delaware

Dingman

Greene

Lackawaxen

Lehman,

Milford

Palmyra

Porter

Shohola

West fall

Abbott

Austin borough. .

East Furk,

Homer

Keating

Porta gt'

Stewaidson

Summit

Sylvania.

West Tiratioh

Wharti n

Adams

Spring

West Beaver,

Chatham

Delmar

Elk

MiiMubury

Morris

SliipTx-n •.

Hartley

r^ewis

West r.uffalo. ...

White Deer,

Eat .n

2, SCO
24,974

500
2,780
1,316

625

313
3,259
2.321
1.400
1,197

573
3.385

3.".6
95

890

2.854

12,338

14,003

3,380

3,825

7,121

3,618

1,131

15,244

8.105

7,117

411

258

202
4,128
1.131
2.017
2,474
11,391
1.252
4,240
2,366
2.156
3.678

400

2.941

19,181

410
2.. '.50

914

684
1.455
9.422
4.440
6.422
11,495
15.025
4,744

399
6,662
2,523
5,138
6.121

919
4,018
8.719
1,365
5.751
13.968
17,645
6,417
2,739

586
1,177

46 00
499 48

10 GO
55 60

26 32

12 50

6 26
65 18

46 42

28 00
23 94

11 46
67 70

712

I 90

17 80

57 08
246 76
280 06

67 60

76 50

142 42

72 36
22 62

304 88

162 10

142 34

8 22

5 16

4 04

82 56

22 62

40 34

49 48
227 82

25 04
84 80

47 32
43 12

73 56
8 OO

58 82
383 62

8 20
51 00

18 28

13 68

29 10
188 44

88 80
128 44
229 90
30O 50

94 88

7 98
133 04

50 46
102 76
122 42

18 38

98 36

174 38

27 30
115 02
279 36
352 90
128 34

54 78

II 72

28 54

$12,675 74

o
o

Xi

o

CO

u
o

p.

<

69 00

749 22

15 00

83 40

39 48
18 75

9 39
97 77

69 63

42 00
35 91
17 19

101 65

10 68
2 85

26 70
85 62

370 14
420 09
101 40
114 75
213 63
108 54

33 »3
457 32
243 15
213 51

12 33

7 74

6 06

123 84

33 93

60 51

74 22
341 73

37 56
127 20

70 98
64 68

110 34
12 00
88 23

575 43
12 30
76 50

27 42
20 52

43 65
282 66
133 20
192 66
344 85
450 75
142 82

11 97
199 56

75 69
154 14
183 63

27 57
147 54
261 67

40 95
172 53
419 04
529 35
192 51

82 17
17 58
35 31

$19,013 61

48 REPORT OP THE Off. Doc

RECAPITULATION, 1905.

Total acres, 523,560 at 5 cents per acre $26,178 00

Total acres, 523,560 at 2 cents per acre, for road purposes $10,471 20

Total acres, 523,560 at 3 cents per acre, for school purposes loiToe 80

126,178 OO

$26,178 00

RECAPITULATION, 1906.

Total acres, 633,787 at 5 cents per acre $31,689 35

Total acres, 633,787 at 2 cents per acre, for road purposes $12 675 74

Total acres, 633,787 at 3 cents per acre, for school purposes 19,013 61

$31,689 35

$31,689 35

CAMPING PERMITS.

It has been the policy of the State Forestry Reservation Coniniis-
sion to afford every privilej^e for recreation npon State lands which
wonld be consistent with the purpose for which the land was ac-
quired. Accordingly no restrictions are placed upon persons who
are permitted to go upon the reservations for camping, hunting, or
fishing, except in the case of campers. The stay for a camping party
is limited to two weeks at a time, and a permit must be procured
from this Dep>artment. The purpose of the permit is that a record
may be had of those who remain upon the reservation and neces-
sarily use fire. Should a fire occur in the locality occupied by a
camping party the application for a permit would be some evidence
with which to begin an investigation of the fire. In the case of
hunters and fishermen and others who are upon the reserve for pleas-
ure, without remaining over night, no permit is required. All that
is asked is, that all persons upon the reserve obey the rules and
laws made for the government of these lands.

Many of the European states charge a fee for the privilege of
hunting upon state lands, and from this source a large revenue is
derived. It is reported that Wiesbaden collects annually f 85,500, and
Bavaria, J65,000. The Wiesbaden State reserve is somewhat smaller
in extent than Pennsylvania's present holdings. Unlike the Euro-
pean states, we collect nothing from this source, but grant the priv-
ilege simply for the asking. No charge is made even for the issuing
of the permit.

Under section one of the act of February 25, 1901, P. L. 11, the
State Forest Reservation Commission is clothed with full power to
manage and control the forest reservations and to make rules and
regulations with reference to their control, management, and protec-
tion.

No. 25.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

49

The first rules governing the control of these lands were adopted
by the Commission August 5, 1904, and since then from time to
time, as experience has taught, changes in the rules were made as
became necessary. The rules, as at present constituted, are as fol-
lows :

RULES FOR THE GO\'ERNMENT OF THE STATE FOREST

RESERVES.

1. The game, fish, and forest laws of the State must not be vio-
lated.

2. Birds' nests must not be destroyed or in any other manner in-
terfered with.

3. Open camp fires or other fires must not be made, except in a
hole or pit one foot deep, encircling the pit so made by the earth
taken out.

4. Every camp fire or other open fire must be absolutely extin-
guished before the last member of the party using it leaves the
localitv.

5. Lighted matches, cigars, cigarettes, or hot ashes from pipes
must not be thrown upon the ground. In every case they must be
allowed to burn out or be otherwise extinguished.

6. Living trees must not be cut down or injured in any manner.
Dead and down timber may be used for camp fires.

7. No person shall be permitted to erect a camp who has not ac
cepted in writing the camping rules and received a camping permit.
When requested, every camping party, before selecting a camp site
or pitching a camp, must report to a forest officer on the reserva
lion, Avho will assign a suitable camp site within the region where
it is desired to locate. No camping party shall consist of more than
ten persons at one tin)e. Permits will be granted for a period of two
weeks only, but may be extended upon further application.

8. Every person receiving a camping permit must report to the
Commissioner of Forestry at Harrisburg any violation of law or the
rules for the government of the State forest reservation lands com-
ing under his observation.

9. No permanent camp or other permanent structure may be erect-
ed on the reservation.

10. The i)re-emption of any ground as a special camp site to the
exclusion of others who may desire to camp near, and who have
permission to camp on the State Forest Reservation lands, will not
be permitted.

11. All persons who desire to picnic uiK)n the State Forest Res-
ervation lands, remaining for a less time than a day, and not over
night, are not regarded as campers, and will not be required to ppo-

4—25—1906

REPORT OF THE

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cure a camping permit, but will be governed in all other respects
by these rules.

12. During the open deer season in each year, no dog of any
description shall be used for hunting purposes on the State Forest
Reservation lands, nor shall any such dog during that period be
taken by hunters into camps on said lands.

13. The making of fires by hunters who stand on deer or other
"runways'' is forbidden.

14. The placing of advertisements on the State Forest Reserva-
tion lands is prohibited.

15. Superintendents, wardens, detectives, and all other Reserva-
tion employes are required to remove immediately from State Forest
Reservation lands all persons who take deer running dogs thereon,
and to kill the dogs when found in pursuit of deer. They are also
required to remove therefrom all persons who do not properly guard
their camp or other fires so as to prevent destruction of State prop-
erty by the starting of general forest fires, and campers who do not
have proper camping permits.

16. All persons who desire to camp upon the State Forest Reserva-
tion lands must first apply to the Commissioner of Forestry. A
blank application, coutaining the rules for the government of camp-
ers, will be forwarded to the applicant, who must sign and return
the same to the Commissioner. If in proper form, in the absence of
other objections, a permit will then be granted.

17. All grazing of horses, cattle, sheep, and hogs upon the State
Forest Reservation lands is prohibited, except under direction of
the Commissioner of Forestry.

18. The breaking of trees or shrubbery or the pulling up of small
trees is prohibited, except for botanical purposes, for which a per-
mit may be procured from the Commissioner of Forestry.

TAKE NOTICE THAT

Persons who violate the laws or any of the above rules will sub-
ject themselves to immediate arrest without warrant, to be dealt
with according to law, and may be denied all future privileges of
campmg, hunting, or fishing on the State Forest Reservation lands.

All State Forest Reservation employes, without first procuring
a warrant, are vested by act of Assembly with power to arrest on
view all persons detected by them in the act of trespassing upon
forest or timber lands within the Commonwealth, under such cir-
cumstances as to warrant the reasonable suspicion that such per-
sons have committed, are committing, or are about to commit some
offense against any of the laws now enacted or herc^after to be enact-
ed for the protection of forest and timber lands. Thev are likewise
vested with similar powers of arrest in the case of offenses against

No. 25.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

II

these rules, or for offenses committed against the laws for the pro-
tection of the fish and game found within the State Forest Reserva-
tions.

All constables are requested, in case fire occurs within their town-
ships, to notify the constables of adjacent townships toward which
the fire is traveling.

COMMISSIONER OF FORESTRY.

The popularity of the reserves as camping and hunting grounds
is evidenced from the number of permits issued and their gradual
increase from year to year. In 1904, 243 permits were issued to a
total of 1,614 campers. In 1905, 379 permits were issued to a total
of 1,977 campers. In 190G, 421 permits were issued to a total of
2,303 campers.

Violation of the laws or rules by those to whom permits are
issued are exceedingly rare. Violation of the rules has occurred
usuallj^ through misunderstanding or ignorance. Probably not more
than one-half dozen cases of deliberate violation have come to notice
within three years, and in these cases we have refused to grant such
persons permits in the future. We believe that the deprivation of
the privilege for the first offense is an adequate punishment. Where
particular reparation is made and future promise not to violate the
laws and rules is given, the privilege will again be allowed, but
under the direct supervision of a ranger.

On the other hand we are from time to time in receipt of numerous
appreciative letters from persons who have enjoyed these privi-
leges. Many are couched in highest terms of commendation. The
people appreciate the privilege, and very few abuse it.

The streams on the reservations are being stocked with fish, and
the protection from fire has resulted in a large increase of game
birds and game mammals of all kinds. If hunting and fishing is to
continue in Pennsylvania as a recreation, those who are accorded
these privileges will soon realize that it is to their interest to •obey
the laws and the rules of the forest reserves. We believe that this
fact is fully realized at this time, and that this accounts for the
few violations actually occurring.

The form of the permit which is issued by the Department is
shown below. As a precautionary measure, it has been deemed ad-
visable to limit the number of campers in one party to ten, and to
require that all camps be placed one-eighth of a mile apart. Few^
hunting parties number more than ten persons. In case there is a
greater number in any party a few may be accorded the privilege
of hunting at different times. This is usually the case with every
large hunting party. By these means all have the privilege of a

52

REPORT OF THE

Off. EKJO.

tew days hunting and the eongrej^ation of an unreasonably large
number of hunters at one phice in the forest is prevented. Our ex-
perience has been that a small number is less likely to break the
rules of proper restraint and decorum than a large number.

PERMIT TO CAMP ON STATE FOREST RESERVATION

LANDS.

In consideration of having subscribed to the rules and regulations
for the government of the State Forest Reservation lands, permis-
sion is hereby granted to to

camp on said lands at

in accordance with application on file in this Department.

dated , 190. . . ., and bearing file number

This permit is good only for a period of two weeks from the date
hereof, but may be extended upon making further application, and
may be revoked for cause.

Before locating your camp report to

at , who will assign a suitable camping

site for your use, within the region where you desire to locate.

Dated at Harrisburg, Pa., the day of , 190. . . .

Commissioner of Forestry.

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No. 25.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

SPECIFIC FOREST ADMINISTRATION.

1905.

(iBOH(il II, WiHT. State Foreater.

Nursery.

The spring work of 1905 began in April and, as usual, in the nur-
sery. The first thing to be done was to replace the seedlings uplifted
by the frost during the winter, and then came the preparation of old
and new beds for transplants and seeds, transplanting, and seeding.
The nursery was doubled in size, now covering almost an acre. There
were transplanted about 2,000 two-year-old white pines. The seeds
l)lanted were:

1 bushel black walnuts.
50 pounds white pine,

10 pounds black locust, ^

7 pounds honey locust,

2 pounds balsam fir.

8 pounds Kentucky coffee tree.

This work of preparation of beds, planting of seeds, and transplant-
ing was done by the students at the Academy. The later work of
cultivation and weeding was under charge of a student but done by
small boys from Mont Alto. At the close of the fall work, the fol-
lowing inventory of seedlings was taken:

White pine, 3 years, 1,068

White pine, 2 years, 37,164

White pine, 1 year, 21,011

Red spruce, 2 years, 859

Black locust, 1 year, 8,274

White ash, 1 year, 6,214

Hhick walnut, 1 year, 145

Honey locust, 1 year, 1,905

Coffee tree, 1 year, ' 13

uuiking a total of 70,653 seedlings. In fall these were covered with
needles and leaves for protection over winter.

Plantations.

Following the nursery work was the making of two i)lantations.
One was on an old fioU] near Pond Town. About 15,000 seedlings

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REPORT OF THE

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taken from the nursery were placed at distances of five feet, the
seedlings being white ash, western catalpa, chestnut, white oak, and
chestnut oak. These seedlings were all one year old except the
white oak, which were two years old. The plantation was made in
various mixtures. Another plantation in which white pine was
planted pure was made in Huntingdon county near Greenwood Fur-
nace. Twenty-five thousand seedlings were planted, mostly two
years old. At Pond Town mattocks were used for making the holes,
and all the work was done by students from the Academy. In Hunt-
ingdon county, the field had first been scored out, five feet between
the furrows. Because of the mat of roots covering soil, even here
it became necessary to use mattocks. Men of the locality were hired
to do this work, four students doing most of the planting.

Brushing Out Roads.

During the spring about ten miles of road were brushed out and
made passable. This work was mostly on Green Ridge, being what
is known as the Caledonia Springs road, and extending from the
Caledonia Reservation line past Caledonia Springs to the Three
Springs, and thence to the top of Green Ridge and along the top to
the public road leading to Fairfield.

Improvement Work.

In Brandon's Hollow, there were cut 140 cords of fire wood and
3,000 feet of logs on land between the public road to the Sanatorium
and the creek from the bridge near Pearl of the Park Spring to
where young growth begins, in all about forty acres. On the top of
the mountain, just beyond the "stone quarry," on left side of ix)ad,
about fifty acres were improved. The preparatory marking of the
trees to be cut was done by students. The cutting was in charge of
a native woodsman. Each one of the second class of the Academy
was placed with a native woodchopper, and was taught how to fell
trees, chop and rank fire wood, cut logs, care for his axe and cross-
cut saw. All of the chopping was done in this manner. In Bran-
don's Hollow 'the wood was cut into fire wood, but on top of the
mountain it was simply cut into poles.

Under direction of Doctor Rothrock, the remainder of the pine
groves near the Sanatorium was thinned and pruned.

Charcoal.

At the foot of Snowy Mountain are plenty of dead chestnut poles.
About eighty cords of these were cut into four feet lengths and
stacked on two charcoal hearths. An old collier was employed to
do the coaling and we had a yield of from 2,000 to 2,400 bushels. By

No. 25.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

55

reason of the small scale on which the work was done, and at the
same time, because of the cost of labor, the undertaking was not a
successful one financially; however, it afforded the students an op-
portunity to see charcoal made right here at the school.

Dead Wood, Etc.

At various points on the reserve the sale of dead timber has con-
tinued through the entire year. Nearly 1,200 cords of this wood
have been sold. In the summer over 100 cords of wood were sawed
for use at the Sanatorium. In the fall the engine and saw were
brought down the mountain and set up at the school. Poles were
hauled down and sawed into stove lengths. The wood was sold at
a profit as fast as it could be put into shape. The poles were worth
f 1.25 p(^r cord on the ground. It cost |1.15 per cord to bring them
down, and |1.00 per cord to saw them, making a total value of |3.40.
The wood was sold at |3.75 per cord at the engine, or |4.25 delivered
in yv \i\ Alto.

Stem Analyses.

lu connectio'i with their studies, the first class made some stem
analyses of while pine and chestnut sprouts. The former were made
in the groves near the Sanatorium, and from them it was found that
these groves were about thirty-eight years old, and that they have
been producing almost two cords per acre per annum. The latter
were made for practice and proved little, from the fact that they
covered sprouts of a very young age.

Improvements About Academy Grounds.

During the year numerous improvements were made about the
Academy. Thirteen hundred feet of privet hedge was planted, the
yard almost entirely graded, new roads made around the buildings,
a new spring house put up, the Ltiildings painted and improved,
acetylene gas phint installed, baths put into Wiestling Hall, and
numerous smaller changes and improvements made. In the fall,
a new frame house for the janitor was built. The parade grounds
were partly graded.

Signal Tower and Outlook.

Just before fire season, and before fall school work began, the
studenis built out of rough timber an outlook fifty feet high, on the
point of Pine ICnob. It required but a short time and was a valu-
able experience for them. From it one can get a wide view of the
Cumberland Valley and of the mountains of the reserve.

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Seeds and Seed House.

Off. Dck:.

For the purpose of safely handling pine cones, a series of lath
frames was built in what is now known as the "Seed House.'^ These
are arranged so that the cones can be spread out on screens, having
plent}' of air circulating between them. Here the cones dry quickly
and avoid the moulding, which is noticed in cones dried in a heap.
The seeds drop through the screens to a canvas below, and from there
are gathered into bags. The screens now built will hold fifty bushels
of cones. About this quantity of cones was bought at 30 cents, de-
livered, and fro,ni them were taken four bushels of seeds with wings
amounting to thirty-seven pounds cleaned. The students galhered
almost four bushels of pignut hickories, four bushels of white
oak acorns, and probably six bushels of black walnuts. All of the
nuts and acorns were stratified for the winter. In connection with
their studies, the boys gathered a great variety of seeds, few of
which, however, will be planted.

Fire Drill and Fires.

During both spring and fall fire season the fire drill was con
stantly practiced, and on dry days students were stationed on high
points to keep a lookout for fire. With the exception of several
small fires occurring along the Waynesboix) Branch of the C. V. R.
R., none occurred during the year on the reserve. These fires were
promptly put out by the section men and no damage resulted.

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Survev and Deraarkation.

The survey of the exterior boundary of the reserve and the interior
tracts, together with the main roads crossing the res(Mve, is practi-
cally completed. A map is now in process of construction. These
lines are repainted each year and kept fresh so that there is no
trouble in following them.

School Work.

The school work of the spring closed about the last of April, the
students having completed the first successful year's work. During
the summer little studying was done, except in connection with the
practical forestry work. In September two additional instructors
were secured, one a graduate of Yale Forest School, and the other
a graduate of Franklin and Marshall College. They have made pos-
sible a higher proficiency in the work, also the carrying out of the
curriculum as planned. There an* now three classes of studcmts and,
for the most part, their work is distinct, especially so in the case
of the first year men. The steadily growing library has been a ma-
terial aid in the advancement of the work, and that it is appreciatedl

No. 25. DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY. 67

is definitely shown by the way in which the students make constant
use of it. The beginning of the physical and chemical laboratory
has also been installed, and is in use as far as possible in its still
incomplete stage. Advanced botany has been made possible by the
addition of compound microscopes and botanical outfits.

The following are some of the kinds of work done and the time
spent on the work by the students during the year:

Hours.

Classwork, 19,434

Field Botanv, 1,188

Practice in survey, » 1,016

Forest measurement 526

Working plan, l'^2

Improvement work, 2,014

Planting seedlings, 960

Seeds and seed house, j 962

Nursery, 4,327

Ranging and fire drill, 547

Fire lane, 152

Roads 193

Work about Academy, 1,315

Inventory and cleaning up, 362

Loading pulp wood, 68

Working at gymnasium, 72

Painting and placing signs, 24

Building outlook, 590 ^

P^xperiments on wood and in nur.'^ery, 56

Drill, 242

Building fence, 32

This list does not begin to show the variety of small jobs which
could not be classified, but it gives some idea of the work done.

Between January 1st, 1905 and January 1st, 1906, the following
amounts have been forwarded from the Reserve Superintendent and
Forester:

For 1,152 cords of dead wood, $576 00

For English siding charges 214 50

For rent collected, 63 50

For old lumber and buildings sold, 27 02

For fines, 7 50

For locust posts, 14 50

For cheslnut posts, 23 40

For old metal 62 86

For manure, 6 00

For firewood from improvement cuttings, 341 19

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For pulpwood, g^ ^g

For charcoal,- ,,....[ 104 23

For apples and cider, 14 75

"^^^^^^ $1,552 53

This total amounts to a revenue of over 7^ cents per acre, estimat-
ing the Mont Alto division to contain 20,000 acres.

Suggestions for Coming Year.

Since the survey of the boundaries is now completed, it will not
be long before a draught of the same can be had. It is important,
then, to designate as early as possible the Caledonia and Mont Alto
divisions of the South Mountain Reserve, as well as those sections
which shall be known as ranges, to be the limits within which each
ranger shall have specific duties. These division and range limits
as well as those of smaller .sections, known as compartments into
which the ranges shall be divided, should be natural boundaries as
valleys and crests of ridges, rather than surveyed lines or roads, 'for
the simple reason that they are permanent. Later and more gradu-
ally, then, the compartments may be divided into smaller areas ac-
cording to age or character of growth existing. In this way it will
be possible in a short time to determine just what is in the forest
the conditions existing, the place in which work should be done and
so on. Such a map aids materially in planning work and in keepin-
la record of past work. *"

It would be too early to specify what a ranger^s duties ought to be
but sooner or later it must be realized that it will be the ranger who
will be held responsible for the greater amount of work done within
his range. He will, of course, see to the refreshing of outside boun-
daries limiting his range and that no trespassing is being done He
will be the road supervisor within his range, seeing to opening and
repairing existing roads and at times, perhaps, superintending the
building of new roads. He should also be the timekeeper for all
work done within his range, the time to be accurately kept to-
gether with names of men working, place, manner, and cost of work
all of which should be turned over to the bookkeeper of the reserve
at end of each month to be recorded as part of its history He
would also look after much of the cutting and sale of wood within
his range and anything else which, according to the season of the
year, the Forester would plan for him.

The next Important question is that of a permanent force This
IS a necessity. Railroads have found that more satisfactory work
is done by a permanent section gang than that done by men picked'
up promiscuously at all seasons of iU year. There i. pi^^^y oi ^onfc

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

59

No. 25.

to be done on a reserve and (liis can easily be distributed over the
entire year, reiiuaiiem y of work is one iiiducenient to a valuable
man. He will work near his home foi- less luouey if he can count on
a continuous job, while no man would wait long on a -hit or miss"
job. With a permanent force of men the forest soon seems to belong
to them, and tlu v will do a great d( al toward creating a sentiment
for forest preservation and m times of tire they are always on
hand and willinu- lo tight it- Wi<^i '<^ "^^^^ ^'^ permanency a better
class of mm could be chosen, but other things will also determine the
(jualitv of the im^n, and first among these is the price of labor. In
this particular locality (Mont Alto) the shops of Waym'sboro and
the lumber mills of Virginia and West Virginia take the best men,
])aying them good wages. Not infrequently have lumbermen of-
fer(>d f2 a day and sometimes higher. The result is that every good
working man is busy. What men can be had are (4ther old, or young
and shiftU^ss.. This explains to a greatextent the cost of labor on
this reserves Had we a better wage scale more w(n-k would be
done with less mon(\v, because then a permanent force of good men
could be obtained and held.

Although the nursery has not coum- up to everybody's expecta-
tions, still 1 believe it is a good location and in a year or so will
exceed the ex])ectations. It iMMjuires careful woiking and handling.
The growth of hardwood seedlings could not be better anywhere,
and in old beds worked for th(^ past two years the conifers are up to
the averag(\ This nursery should be enlarged as rapidly as possi-
ble for the growth of both broad leaf and coniferous seedlings.

During the past two years a srudent from the Academy has been
].laced in charge of the nursery aiul fairly satisfactory results have
been accom|>lished as far as the nursery is concerned, but sometimes
at a detriment to himself, in that the nursery requin'd the time he
might have s|»ent more profitably with his classes at other kinds of
work. This latt<'r condition will be Intensified from now on. It
would, therefore, be advisable to obtain a reliable old gardener for
summer work and i)laee him in charge. The students, of course,
would do the s]>ring and fall work as before.

With the seedlings and stratified seeds now in the nursery I would
suggest the following:

1st. Plant the blanks in the cathedral pines with i)ine seedlings.
2d. IMant nuts and acorns and some walnuts on Irishtown farm,

near Pond Rank.

ad. Plant locust, ash and pines along Gettysburg ])ike, beginning
at reservation limits near Mount I^nion and working toward Cale-
donia Park.

4th. Plant honey locust as hedge along proposed ice dam at Acad-

emv.

The most desirable locations f(H' the continuance of improvcMuent

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work at this time are on the northwest slope of Pine Mountain
and on the northeast slope of Rocky Mountain, the latter being a
continuation of the cutting begun on what may be known as ''White
Oak Flat." The cutting on Pine Mountain would begin back of the
"sand pit," and extend toward Pond Bank. At least 500 cords of
firewood could be sold during the coming year in the neighborhood,
and each year the possibility of a market in Chambersburg and
Waynesboro is becoming better.

Perhaps the most serious problem before those in charge of res-
ervations is that of getting a value out of small material. For the
successful management of the work, both from a sylvicultural and
financial point of view this problem must be studied thoroughly and
solved at an early date. The one way which seems open at this time
is the introduction of some small establishment, as an acid plant, a
boxboard, lath, excelsior plant, or something of that nature. There
is a great deal of dead stuff going to waste on the reserve which
might profitably be used in this way. If so, money is being lost in
delay.

The question of roads on a reserve has been approached from
many sides by different people. It ij^ generally admitted that a
road system is a source of profit to the reserve, both as a protec-
tion from fire as well as a means of providing for transportation of
material. It goes without saying that roads save little or nothinc: at
best in (rnnsportation unless they are what are recognized as "good
roads.' Hence all main roads should be well built and passable at all
seasons of the year. At present most of the main roads are public
roads, and as such are under the control of the supervisors of town-
ships. These men are notorious for making roads bad rather than
good, and while, by law, .f25 per mile each year may be spent under
the direction of the Commissioner of Forestry, and now 2 cents for
each acre is paid to these supervisors for road purposes, the former
is not sufficient and the latter is not efficient. It is true that the
township should receive something in lieu of the taxes which it would
lose by reason of the reserves being withdrawn from the tax list.
But since roads are so important, since the management or reserves
mnst always be to the best inten^sts of the people, and since far bet-
ter roads would be built under direction of the Forestry Department
and for less money, these two laws ought to be superseded by one
law placing all roads within reserves absolutely within control of the
Department. This would relieve the townships more than under the
laws of today and better results would be had in carrying on reserve
work.

One of the best moves for protection from fire that the Depart-
ment has made is the issuance of camp permits with the require-
ments which attach to them. Last year there was just a little trou-

No. 2«.

DEPARTMENT OP FORESTRY.

61

ble between two camps arising from the fact that one failed to report
to any one in authority on the reserve, and I believe there was some
dispute as to location of the two camps. Nothing serious happened,
but all possibilities of that kind would be done away with if at
time of issuance notification of same or duplicate copy be sent to
Forester or Superintendent. Arrangements t^an then be made at
once for placing the camps satisfactorly before the hunting season
begins. There would also be on file on the reserve the names of all
parties located within its limits. Some regulation should be made
relative to hunting parties of more than ten who camp just outside
the reserve.The idea is to limit the hunting party on the reserve
for the benefit of the game. The same limit should be placed on all
companies hunting on the reserve, whether camping on State land
or not. The existing condition allows a company of twelve or more
camping at the edge of the reserve to use their entire force to drive
deer, consequently covering a larger territory and standing a better
chance of getting^ game. Those camping on the reserves, therefore,
do not have the same opportunity as those camping outside. This

should not be so.

During the past year several instances of probable destruction of
bee swarms on State land have been brought to notice. It need not
be argued that bees are of inestimable value in fertilizing the flow-
ers of our trees and thus aiding in reforesting. It seems to have
become common law in most districts of the State that when a man
locates a '^bee tree" and marks it, that it is his. That idea has
been limited since the establishment of the reserves, in that per-
mission must first be had before the tree can be cut. In most in-
stances ''bee trees" are not valuable for lumber and in cutting them
there is little loss so far as wood is concerned. This very fact, with-
out other consideration, has led to the granting of permission to
cut a ''bee tree" at a time when robbing the bee surely meant its
immediate death. There is a time in summer when honey has been
stored in sufficient quantities, that, if taken then, the bee has plenty
of opportunity to lay up a new store to keep it over the winter, but
this is impossible in late fall or winter. Some regulation should
be put upon the gathering of wild honey, except where the bee is
taken and cared for in artificial hives.

I would suggest that Dr. J. T. Rothrock's first idea in regard to
to the admission of students be carried out, namely, that a bond be
required of each appointee to cover during the first year, three-
fourths of the sum allowed for each student incurred in carrying on
the school; during the second year, two-thirds of the amount, and
during the third year one half Ihe amount. In addition, the contract
should be extended to cover five years inst(»ad of three, making it
possible for the State to expect at least two years' service after

b.

|4"

62

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doo.

graduation. The ^^ oik of the school is now of such a grade and the
demands of the State are such that these things are i)ossibl(\

During the first year's work at the Acad(nny there is little or no
use for horses. The first year men, as a rule, do not have to go very
far from the scliool to do any work which they have to do, conse-
quently wouhl save thnv by walking. The few times in which they
would need them hardly justify tlie keeping of tlieni. I would there-
fore suggest that only second and third year men be required to ob-
tain horses, and that at once definite requirements as to horse out-
fit be made known so that some uniformity may be establishcnl as
soon as possible. During the first year infantry drill can be substi-
tuted for cavalry drill and by the time horses are had the idea of
order and obedience already obtained will make possible the better
training: of the horses by the students. It also allows plenty of time
for good horses to be found.

It is unnecessary to state that each year should see material addi-
tions to the library, laboratory, and museum. There is room in tlu*
library for books by good authors on general natur(» and writings
of men and women who have lived close to nature and interpreted
it for us. But no matter how well established, or how well equipi}ed
Willi teachers, library, and ajiparatus, the work b^Momes dull and
monotonous to the students unless there is 'something to interrupt
occasfonally. The Academy is somewhat isolated and it is difficult
to keep in touch with the world except by reading. One of the best
thing^s that can be done along this line is to institute a lecture course
by means of which eight or ten first-class lectures may be had during'
the winter months. These lectures may be on general subjects. In
addition to this, an effort ought to be mad(^ by which Ave could have
several series of leclures to the stud(Mits during the summer or win-
ter on special subjects clos(dy related to forestry, givc^n by expeits.
And still of more im[)ortance and value would be a two-weeks' \ isir
to lumber mill, camp, or wood working establishments by the third-
year men.

No. 25.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

63

SPECIFIC FOREST ADMINISTRATION— 1906.

GuoRGE H. WiUT, Stat* Forester.

The forestry work done on the Mont Alto division of the South
Mountain Reservation during the past year has not been of a varied
character, nor has it been of great extent. Considering it in order of
sequence, during the year, we must first mention the fires of the
spring. About the last of April a fire was started by sparks from a
locomotive in the neighboihood of Roudlown. Although our ranger
was on the spot, he, with the assistance of several men, were unable
to beat out the fires in the fourteen or more dili'erent places where
the sparks touched the dry leaves. The train crew and the section
gang also helped, but to their discredit in both instances. A general
alarm was given and a number of men were gathered together, but
owing lo the high winds, and, still once more to the lack of a good
clean road in a region where there ought to be two of them, it be-
came necessary to fall back time after time until, after twenty-one
hours' work, the tire was surrounded. The next fire was maliciously
set near the head of McDowell's run and was finally suppressed after
a night's and afternoon's hard fighting. Then several small fires
were set on the top of Snowy Mountain, but they were quickly sup-
pressed and little damage resulted. In the fire at Pondtown be-
tween '2,im) and 2,50(1 acres were burned, and in tiie McDowell's
run fire about 010 acres.

During the fire season plantalion work was begun. About G,000
white pines two years old were planted at the Carbaugh place.
At the Irishtown farm 1 bushels of white oak acorns, 2 bushels of
l)ignuts, and (> bushels of black walnuts were planted. On the Cal-
edonia division, along the Chambersburg- and (lettysburg pike, were
planted about Tr),000 white pine, ash, locust, and walnut seedlings.
On the Seger farm, in Huntingdon county, five students from the
Academy planted 15.000 white pines. About 00,000 of these seed-
lings w(Te taken from (he Mont Alto nursery, the remainder having

been i)urchas(?d.

Improvement work was ne.\t in order. Academy students, under
direct i(in, maiked several areas, making in all about 100 acres, and
men were at once put to cutting the wood. From these areas about
175 cords of pole wood were cut and about 50 cords of cordwood.
Later, under direction of a graduate from the Academy, improve-

!5

I-*

I

M REPOIIT OF THE Off. Doc.

ments were begun near Pondtown, on a tract from which some very
nice shingle wood is being removed. An effort w^as made to have
wood cut by the cord, but up to this time only five cords have been
• cut, by contract. A number of telephone poles and tram ties have
been removed. On one locality considerable pitch pine had to be
removed owang to the work of the pine bark beetle.

During the year the only work done on roads was a small amount
or repairing on the road to the sanatorium and the brushing out of
about eight miles of old roads.

In the spring 2 bushels of pignuts were planted in the nursery,
10 pounds of Norway spruce, and about 35 pounds of white pine seed.
At the end of the summer the following were standing in the nur-
sery :

White pine, 1 year, 209,000

White pine, 2 years, 6,500

White pine, 3 years, 3^000

Norway spruce, 1 year, 60 000

Norway spruce, 2 years, lOo

Pignut hickories, 1 year, 2 550

Bull pine (ponderosa), 1 year, 500

Swamp white oak, 1 year, 50

Douglas fir, 3 years, 70

Coffee trees, 2 years, 15

Honey locust, 2 years, 3 qoo

Total, 284,785

In the fall there were planted 15 bushels of white oak acorns, 2
bushels of rock oak acorns, 37 bushels of black walnuts, and 10 bush-
els of pignut hickories, all of which were gathered in the neighbor-
hood of Mont Alto.

Wood ashes, decayed wood, leaf mould, etc., are being gathered
by the graduate student, who now has charge of the nursery, and
there is no reason why after one more year we ought not to turn out
from three quarters of a million to a million seedlings a year.
Enough beds have been thrown up for planting in the spring with
100 pounds of white pine seed. There will also be room in the ex-
tension of the nursery for 25 pounds of sugar maple, 14 pounds of
white ash and small quantities of yellow poplnr and larch, and the
remainder will b(^ filled with locust. The entire nursery now covers
over five acres.

About the Academy grounds most of the digging of ditches and
laying of drains and pipes is now completed, also the grading, and
from now on work done will show. Heretofore it has simply been
dig up and fill in again and when all was done nothing was

No. 25.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

66

changed, apparently. The new wagon shed and corncrib is a valu-
able addition to the set of buildings.

In connection with the school work, a tree garden has been started
on the Monaghan field, consisting of 25 plots, 50x100 feet, in which
various mixtures of species and pure plantations will be made and

carefully watched.

In connection with some timber which was being sawed for us,
some students followed the logs through the mill, with the following
results, as tabulated, showing that the mill cut ran 50 per cent,
higher than Doyle's rule. The saw was circular, with one-quarter
inch curf.

COMPARISON bp::tween log measure and mill. cut.

Good's Saw-mill near Quincy, Pa., July, 1906.

t3

i

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•

2

a

n

m

J>

H

.

*a)

1

m

s

9

>^

a

O n

uxi
V o

3

pa

3

e

o
0

to

u

*j

<u

CJ

o

^^

a

b

H

CQ

♦J

S'

£

f^

<a

c

^M

•—4

O

0)

S

Q

■r-<

S

s

H

«

«

20

13

2x8-5 iiiava

2x6-1 20
1X2V4-2 7i4

175 5-6 101

White Pine.

2x6x15-1 15

10

12
1«

8

8

12

7

8
10

6

5

11

2x6-2 20

2x4-1 6%

2x6-3 36

1x3-16 4(>

5x6-1 20

4x4-1 10%

2x6-4 48
■, /> - on

20% 5.6
36 12
40 23
20 2
10% ?
48 87
30 6.8

White Pine.
White Pine.
White Pine.
White Pine.
, White Pine.
White Pine, Knotty.
White Pine.

12
16

7 iAO-U ""

14 1 1x6-14 112
1x2-6 16

128 100

White Pine.

16

13 2VixlO-2 66%

'

1

21^x8-2 oJV4
1x6-1 8

128 SI

Pin Oak

10

1

21 3x16-3 120
3x18-1 45
1x14-2 23V3
1x3-2 ! 5
1x2-22 36%

15 1x8-2 16

230 181

1

1
White Pine.

12

140 91

1 2xS-7 112

1x12-1 12

16 , 4x4-9 216

White Pine

8

2x4-1 i 5%
1V4X4-1 4

105% 72

White Pine.

12

17 ..2x8-8 128
1x13-1 i 24

1
1

1x2-1

2

1

1

2x6-2
2x4-1

U

8

j 175 127

White Pine.

8

19

4x4-9

?S

1

2x9-1

12

I

t

1

2x10-1
1x9-4

13%
24

, 145%

112

White Pine.
4

1.438 11-12 951.

Durin<'^ the vear there has been worked out a system of bookkeep-
ing and'records which will be very serviceable in the future, not
only on this reserve, but on the others throughout the State.
5—25—1906

I

r •

66 REPOirr OF THE Off. Dee.

The oToss income from (he reserve from Jamiarv 1st, 1000, to l)e-
cember :nsi, IJMXI, is as follows:

Tolewood, 1434 79

Cordwood, 298 27

English siding charges, 129 50

Manure, 19-50

Rent, 27 00

i'osts, 31 86

Telephone i)oles, 131 OO

r^gs. 30 91

Charcoal, 81 69

Miscellaneous 5'^ 74

I ^—

Total, 11^237 26

In addition to tin* above, about 12r) eords of wood were taken to
the Sanatorium; |27.03 worlh of logs otTset a bill for sawing frame
stall*, and aboul |.")0 from English siding charges have g(me for re-
pairs to siding. Erom this it ai)j)ears that for the full twelve
months Ihe reserve has yielded a small advance over last year.

At the Eorest Acadc^my (he work has bcM'u progressing satisfac-
torily. The woik from January to May comple((Mi ihe regular term's
work and then in oi-der to bring the students up to the curriculum
the studies were prolonged on half time avcU into the summer. In
August a chang(^ was made in the teaching f<n'c(s due (o the resigna-
tion of Mr. J. Ered linker, ^[r. J. l\ \Ventling, formerly with the
Bureau of Eorestry at Washington, filled the place immediatelv, so
that no cessation of work was occasioned. In August the first class
was taken from the academy and placed on the reserves, as follows:

John E. Avery, surveying in l»ike county.
Ralph E. Brock, in charge of nurscM-y, Mont Alto.
William L. Jlyers, establishing nni*sery, (Jreenwood Eurnace.
Kobert O. Oonklin, sui'veving, Snvdcr conntv.
William H. Kraft, surveying, Centre county.
JAiw'ia Staley, in cluirgc of im|)rovcmcnt work, Mont Alto.
John A. Sweigert, who was in the same class, enteiMMl Yale Eorest
School in October on t(MU])orary leav(» of absence.

On September 1st a class of thirteen new students reported for
for duty. Whether or not it was the nniuinMuent of a .pOO bond
from each of Ww successful apj.licants that brought a class of which
the Academy may be proud, the fact remains thai they are a strong
class in every way. With the advent of the new class the curriculum
which follows was instituted, and at the close of (he year was found
^o have be<^n, for (he full term at least verv satisfactorv:

No. 25. DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY. «

Eirst year, first term, September 1st to December 20th, 16 weeks.

Arithmetic— 5 hours.

A thorough review of the fundamental operations. Particular
stress is laid on uuMisuraLion, simple and compound interest, pro-
gressions, annuities, and rentals.
Bookkeeping— 4 hours.

B(^ginning with a thorough drill on debit and credit, the student
is taken through simple journalizing and posting, closing of accounts,
trial balances and balance sheets. The use of cash book, purchase
book, sales book, checks, and common business forms is nu\de plain
by their use in actual tran.^actious in the class room.
Business law — 4 hours.

A thorough study of the elements of contracts and the rules of
practice in regard to them; also a consideration of the principles of
sales, warranties, agencies, and business partnerships.
Givil government— 3 hours.

A study of the development of our National gv.vernment, the
United States Constitution, Pennsylvania Constitution, local gov-
ernment, and taxes.

Constable's manual, forest, fish, and game laws, civil and crim-
inal law— 1 hour. • . ^ .

The duties of wardens and foresters in Pennsylvania as provided in
the law giving them constabulary power and other laws relating to
forest, fish, and game; also instruction in methods of bringing suits
for violations of law which are likely to come to the notice of those
employed on State reservations.
Phvsiographv — 4 hours.

A study of the princiides of physiograi)hy, also of the development
and wearing away of land forms. A study of thc^ physiographic
regions of the rnited States and of Pennsylvania in particular.

Botanv — G hours.

Morphology. A geiuM-al view of the study of plants, their gross
structure, and the transformations of ])lant organs in the course of
develoj)nient.

Algebra — 4 hours.

A thorough review of elementary algebra, covering simple and
quadratic equations, radicals, involution, evolution, ratio, and pro-
gressions.

First vear. second term, January 7th to May 1st, 10 weeks.

Bookkeeping — 3 hours.

A continuation of business practice with double-entry books; a
study of drafts, bills of exchange, contract reccu'ds, and single entry
books. The work closes with a study of the accounts and records
needed in carrying on the business of a forest reservation.

68

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

pi'

I

I 4 '

Physics — 5 hours.

A study of the laws of motion, iiiachiiies, properties of solids and
of fluids, sounds, light, heat, and electricity.

Botany — 6 hours.

Plant physiology. Constituents of soils and plants, food of
plants, and functions of various parts of plants. ,

Microscopic work in connection with lectures and references.

Chemistry — 6 hours.

Inorganic. A study of the simple elements and their properties,
especially of gases.

Forestry — 5 hours.

Introduction and general view of the subject; the history, devel-
opment, and bibliography of forestry; what it is and its importance;
forest geography, area, distribution, and composition of forests and
forest reserves; forest products, supply and demand, prices and sub-
stitutes; forest influences, on climate, soil, water, health, ethics, etc.

Geometry — 5 hours.

Plane geometry — lines, angles, circles, loci, etc., combined with
mechanical drawing and lettering.

First year, summer term, May 1st to September 1st, 16 weeks.

Nursery practice —

Preparation of seed and trans])lant bods, planting of various
kinds of tree seeds, transi)lanting and general care of nursery.
Plantation work —

Planting of nuts, seeds and seedlings in permanent locations.
Practical labor —

In woods, cutting eordwood, ties, posts, sawlogs, etc.
Systematic botany —

Collection and identification of plants.

Second year, first term, September 1st to December 20th, 1(5 weeks.

Forest utilization and protection — 6 hours.

Methods of harvesting, roads and transportation and preparation
of forest products for market; use of minor and by-products: pro-
tection from fire, insects, climatic injuries, man, and animals.

Botany — 6 hours.

Microscopic study of low^er forms of plant life, together with more
advanced work in physiology.

Dendrology — 5 hours.

Characteristics of trees of the United States and their range.

Geology — 5 hours.

Origin of rocks, their character and occurrence, together with fos-
sil contents.

Chemistry — 6 hours.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

69

No. 26.

Organic. A study of compounds and their properties, including
the compounds of carbon.

Second year, second term, January 7th to May 1st, 16 weeks.

Silviculture — 5 hours.

A consideration of the life history of trees and influences affect-
ing their growth; raising and tending seedlings, formation and
tending of forests, forest types, etc.

Timber physics and technology— 6 hours.

Structural, physical and chemical properties of wood; influences
determining above; diseases and faults and prevention of same; ap-
plication in arts, strength, etc.

Trigometry — 5 hours.

Plane trigonometry and logarithms; application of trigonometry

in surveying.

Dendrology — 2 hours.

Continuation of first term's work.

Meteorology— 3 hours.

The atmosphere, temperature, pressure, winds, moisture, weather
observances and predictions, and the factors of climate.

Political economy — 5 hours.

An introduction to economic science, dealing briefly with the
economic phenomena of life of the family, village, city, and nation.

Second vear, summer term. May 1st to September 1st, 16 weeks.

During summer practice is given in marking trees for thinnings
and improvement cuttings, laying out trails and wood roads. The
principles of forest mensuration are studied and numerous practical
operations involving these principles are carried on.

Third term, first term, September 1st to December 20th, 16 weeks.

Forest finance, economics and policy— 8 hours.

Ascertaining money value of forest properties and financial re-
sults of different methods of managements, rotations, etc.; commer-
cial relations of forests and relations of forests and forestry to polit-
ical economv; rights and duties of State in regard to forests and for-
estrv forestrv legislation; State administration and education.

Surveying— 8 hours.

The principles of plane surveying, use of instruments, problems
and practice. All work to be drafted and lettered. A map of from
ten to twenty acres must be made, showing roads, streams, cleared
areas, woodlands, houses, etc.

German — 5 hours.

A study of German grammar with oral and written translations
from English into German and German into English. Easy Ger-
man reading.

70

REPORT OF THE

Ofe. Doc.

Soil — 5 hours.

Formation of soil, constituents of soils, nitioj'vn in soils, soil
water, temperature, drainage and irrigation of small tracts, and
physical eff(M-ts of tillage and fertilizers.

Third year, second term, January 7th to May 1st, 16 weeks.

Forest management and working plans— 5 hours.

A consideration of the objects of forest managennnit, ideal condi-
tions, and the methods used in bi-inging forests to economics condi-
tions; preparation of plans for future management.

Leveling, triangulation, and to})ography— 8 hours.

Determination of heights by levels and barometers; the principles
of measurements by stadia; triangulation and map construction.

Road construction — 2 hours.

Survey, profile, construction and maintenance.

German — 5 hours.

A continuation of gramm*ar, composition and translation of easy
German; German texts.

Zoology— 8 hours.

Brief outline of the animal kingdom, a special studv of forest en-
tomology and of Pennsylvania animal life.

Third year, summer term, May 1st to September 1st, 16 weeks.

Practical work in surveying, leveling, and mapping. Work in for-
est administration.

During the year valuable additions have been made to the li-
brary and to the apparatus in all departments. The students have
had the benefit of the additions constantly in frecpient practical op-
erations where the various instruments are used.

The students, as usual, have done various kinds of ])ractical work
as, nursery work of all kinds, planting both seed and seedlings'
marking for improvement cuttings, chopping and ranking cordwood'
laying out trails, the various kinds of work in forest mensuration'
surveying, etc. '

Kules and Kegulations of the Stale Forest Academy.
1. The following shall be regarded as violation of discipline:

Demerits

1. Violation of rules of Academy or reserves 2

2. Insubordination, ' ' ^

.^ Tardiness at class, lalxu-, or other duty. ....... i

4. Neglect to :, study lesson without rcasonalde* ex-
cuse

1

No. 25. DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY. 71

5. Lack of faithfulness at labor, 1

0. Telling an untruth, 3

7. Profanity, 1

8. Indecent behavior or language, 1

9. Abuse of horse, 1

Any student receiving in one term 8 demerits or in one year 12

demerits or in all oO demerits, shall be expelled.

2. Hours of labor and study during the day will be varied accord-
ing to the work to be done.

3. Students shall be in (heir respective rooms and quietly at work
from 7:30 to 10 p. m. during winter and spring terms; during sum-
mer terms from 8 to 10 {>. m. At 10:15 p. in. students shall
retire.

4. Ea(th day's work shall be kei»t on monthly re])ort sheet and
turned in each week.

5. When not at work within working hours, studi^its shall be in
their rooms at study unless allowed elsewhere by permission of
person in charg(\

G. Ordinarily, no work is reciuired on Saturday afternoons; but
this in no way releases the students from duty or any of the rules
or reuuhitions of the Acadeinv or reservation.

7. Absence from the Acadeinv or Academv work is allowed only
by permission.

8. A student, when given ])er]nission to be absent from the Acad-
emy (vacation period includedi, must register with p<M'son in charge
where he can be reached by mail, telephone, or telegraph.

1). The privilege is reserved to i-ecall any student at any time while
on vacation or anv leave of absence.

«

10. Koonis are to be cared for by students occupyinj:^ them, subject
to insi>ection. Cleanliness, neatness, and order are recjuired. Any
damage done to room or furniture must be paid for by the students
occupying them.

11. All tools must be carefully handled and kept in good condition
by students using tliem.

12. Di'inking of intoxicating liipiors at any time, either at or away
from the Academy, is forbidden.

l.'i. Smoking will not be permitted in Wiestling Hall outside of
students' rooms.

14. Fire aims must not be dis<harged within lt)0 vards of anv
Academy buildings, exeepi in euH'rgencv.

15. Each student shall caie for his own horse, unless ])revented
bv absence oi* sickness.

At stable the oi'der of duty shall be:
Lead to water,
dean stalls.
Groom horses for at least twcMitv minutes.

' i

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72

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc

16. Meals will be served regularly as follows:

Week days.
Breakfast— 6:30 a. m.

Dinner— 12:05 p. m. (except Saturday, 12 ra.).
Supper— 6 p. m. (except Saturday, 5 p. m).

Sunday.
Breakfast— 7:30 a. m.
Dinner — 12:15 p. m.
Supper — 5 p. m.
Students must be in the dining room promptly at these hours.

17. Students must at all times be gentlemen.

18. Visitors are requested to conform, as nearly as possible to
the rules of the Academy. '

During the winter months entertainment is afforded by a number
of good lecturers on various subjects. Most of the lectures are il-
lustrated. Once a month a reception is held. Basket ball is the
favorite sport and the first team usually plays a number of games
with outside teams.

The following is the report of Mr. Stah^y, who has had charge of
the improvement work since September 1st of this year:

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

7t

REPORT OP IMPROVEMENT CUTTING.

Lewis Stalkv, Forester.

Prior to the State's owning the Mont Alto and Caledonia divisions
of the South Mountain Reservation large portions of them had been
repeatedly burned over every two to five years. When the charcoal
furnaces were in operation the company's employes would of
course, be ordered out to take measures to extinguish forest fires,
once they were started, but very little was done to prevent them from
being started. To my recollection fires have continued to burn
several days and occasionally a full week on this reserve in a single
season. Very often it was almost impossible to work near tlie
^^main header," because of the very dryness of the material in the
forest and the velocity of the wind.

After the furnaces went out of operation, in many cases, nothing
to any extent was done to extinguish fires except where citizens took
measures to guard their own property or their neighbors'. Just
why this condition of affairs existed will be more fully understood
when a little consideration is given to the fact that there was no law
giving a compensation for services rendered in extinguishing fires,
and consequently in many instances the fires actually burned them-
selves out, or, fortunately, a shower of rain would extinguish them.
Since the State owns the land conditions have changed materially.
A number of miles of old roads and trails have already been
opened and some are at present being opened on the Caledonia di-
vision. With good roads and trails available, cleared of all inflam-
mable material, fires are exceptional that cannot be guarded with
a few men; and until they are available no good results, if any, can be
expected along this line.

But what have been the results of continually burning the forests?
In some locations little tree growth exists, except scrub oak; in
other locations where fires were less frecinent there is a promising
growth of young sprouts and a few seedlings where tree ''standards''
have not been charn^d too hard to kill them; and in still other loca-
tions where the fire burned at night or, for some unfavorable con-
ditions, has not burned vigorously ,many of the trees have not been
absolutely killed, but they have been stunted, th(Mr bases charred,
and most of Ihem from the lumber point of view are entirely worth-
less. It is this kind of material that must be removed, allowing the
ground 1o be occupied with something from which returns can be
expected.

If

I

I.

•II!

■■Ill

^* HEPOHT OF THE off. Doc.

A popular idea of forestry is, that uo trees be cut, but in no wise is
It a practical one. Take a stroll into tlie forest. Clearly can be seen
all grouped together, crooked, straight, and damaged trees with tops
broken otf, dead and dying, together with some species which will
never make merchantable timber (one idea for which reserves were
established) no matter how long they remain in the forest.

Improvement cuttings should be carried on as fast as it is prac-
ticable to do so, and as fast as the material so removed can be dis-
posed of at a profit, and even sometimes without a profit. In many
locations on these reserves hundreds of cords of firewood, many
rails, fence posts, shingles, and some merchantable timber should be
removed, thereby encouraging the young, vigorous growth which is
held in check by this unprofitable material.

The cost of pioduction and the profit derived from improvement
cuttings vary greatly according to kind and quantity of material
taken out, proximity to market, location (whether steep slopes) and
so forth. Where firewood is the only product it would be unreasona-
ble to expect large returns, and from experience it might be well to
state here that in no case can the returns be large, because of the
conditions under which this work must be done. If, iu some cases
the income should ecjual the expense, that is all that can be expected'
To th(^ mind of a business man this may s(^em an unprofitable opera-
tion, but in all business o])eiatioiis a limited amount of preliminary
work must be done and n.oney invested before the business beconu^s
profitalde. Jn this cas<. it will be a great benefit h> (he remaining
stand and more than re])ay in the final yhdd.

On the (iuilford tract near l>ondtown lluM-e is a srattered stand
of chestnut, red oak, black oak, and rock oak, tngether with some
white oak, hiekory, and ash. Estimating from the t.e.s alreadv
cut this growth will average UU years old and from li> to '>S inein;
lu diameter. Aside from this stand there is a very promising stand
of abou the same kinds of species from .-> to Itl vears old white and
rock oak predominating instead of chestnut, as is the oider stand
Operations on this tract have already begun. About r,0 eords of
shingle wood have W.n cut, and from (he tops of the trees cord
wood IS cut, averagino. about one.,uarter of a cord of cord wood to
one cord of shingle wood. As to ,he cost of ,,rodu<.tion no exact
figures can be given, except for sawing and baling, but, approxi-
mately, It will be, per thousand shingles:

Cutting wood into lengths «i in

Sawing and baling '[ ^

Hauling to mill, ^ ^^

30

Making a total cost of, . ZTT^

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No. 25. DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY. 76

The market price of shingles at present varies from |4.50 to |5.50
per thousand, delivered, the price depending much upon the distance
they are to be hauled. About 150,000 shingles can be taken from
this one tract profitably. The time delayed in getting them out is
practically so much time robbed from the younger stand.

Aside from the chestnut, from which shingles may be cut, there
remain 35,000 to 40,0t)0 feet of red, black, and rock oak, which have
been on the decline for several years. For this kind of material
local mill men will pay |18.i')0 per thousand feet, per Doyle's rule, or
117.50 per thousand, per mill cut.

The (^xpense on this particular material will be as follows:

Per thousand.

Cutting into lengths, |2 50

Hauling to railroad, 2 25

Transportation to local mill, 2 00

Miscellaneous expenses, 1 00

This will make a total cost of, |7 75

and deducted from |17.50, [)rice per mill cut, will give a profit of
fl).75 per thousand feet. The slashings from which logs have been
taken can be cut into firewood and from this 30 to 50 cents per cord
can be expected as net profit. The tract just mentioned is one of
several which improvement cutting should cover in the near future,
and it not cut over soon the logs which can be turned into merchant-
able timber now will be worthless except for fuel in a few years.
Besides the deterioration in the value of the logs, the second forest
will be held in check by material alreadv on the decline.

Another location which is worthy of note is about 1^ miles from
Caledonia Park. This particular tract contains thousands of cords
of dead wood, the trees ranging from :{ to 12 inches in diameter.
The majority of the wood is j)in and red oak. Some chestnut and
other species may be found.

The question now arises, why is this wood not yielding some rev-
enue to the State when there is a great demand for it? Manv of
the local inhabitants would gladly use it, could th(\v obtain it at a
reasonable cost. There are two answers to the (piestion:

1st. The loads which must 1m' traversed in transportation are
scar(*ely passable with an empty wagon.

2d. The ccmditions under which this wood must be purchased are
such that most {mm'sous wanting wood cannot comply with them.
One of the conditions is that five cords must be cut into cordwood and
ranked before it will be taken u]) and measured. Another condi-
tion is that this dry, twisted pin oak above a certain diameter must
be s[)lit. The facts being such, most of the wood still remains in

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the forest and very little of it will be sold until conditions have been
materially changed.

Could these roads be made passable at a cost of from $15 to $20
per mile and the wood left in pole lengths instead of being cut into
cord wood, it is possible that several hundred cords could be taken
out in a short time. Besides yielding a revenue to the State it
would likely make some friends in the community, which is some-
thing that must be brought about in this locality.

FEDERAL REFRACTORIES COMPANY.

By Act of Assembly approved February 25, liiOl, F. L. 11, es-
tablishing a Department of Forestry, it is provided that "said Com-
mission is hereby empowered to make and execute contracts or
leases in the name of the Commonwealth for the mining and remov-
ing of any valuable minerals that may be found in said forest reser-
vations, whenever it shall appear to the satisfaction of the Commis-
sion that it would be to the best interest of the State to make such
disposition of said minerals; and provided that such contracts or
leases shall also be approved by the Governor of the Commonwealth
after the proposed contracts or leases shall have been duly advertis-
ed in at least three newspapers published nearest the reservation des-
ignated, for one month in advance of said contract or lease, and the
contracts or leases shall be awarded to the highest bidder, and he or
they shall have given such bond as the Commission shall designate
for the performance of his or their part of the contract, and The said
bond shall have been approved by the court of the county wherein
the contracts or leases are made.'^

Numerous requests had been received from citizens of Hunting-
don county and other localities for permission to remove the gan-
ister rock suitable for the manufacture of silica brick, from Short
Mountain; land owned by the Commonwealth for reservation pur-
poses in Morris and Porter townships, Huntingdon county. The
Commission advertised for bids in accordance with the language of
the above statute by placing the following advertisement in four
newspapers published in Huntingtdon county, nearest the tract of
land in question :

"DepartuH^nt of Forestry, Ilnrrisburg, Pa.

"The State Forestry Reservation Conmiission invites seah'd bids
for the ganister rock, suitable for the nianufa<'ture of silica brick.

5to. 25.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

77

on a basis of 2,240 pounds per ton, on all those certain tracts of land
situated in the townships of Morris and Porter, Huntingdon county,
Pennsylvania, in the warrantee names of Ann Brown, Mary Brown,
and Elizabeth Brown, and on what is known as Short Mountain. No
bids shall be considered at a less price than 5 cents per ton.

''The right to reject any or all bids is specifically reserved.

"The Commissioner of Forestry, or his representative, will be
at the Leister House, Huntingdon, on Tuesday, October 6th, 1903, at
3 o'clock p. m., where sealed bids will be received and opened.

"A copy of the conditions governing the leasing of the above right
may be had upon application to this office and all bids must conform
thereto.

J. T. ROTHROCK,
"President State Forestrv Reservation Commission.'^

The bids were opened in accordance with the advertisement,
whereupon it was discovered that the bid of Howard E. Butz, of Hun-
tingdon county, at 5^ cents per ton, was tbe highest and best bid
received. The Commission, on the Gth day of November, 11)03,
awarded to Mr. Butz the right to remove the rock.

A lease was thereupon prepared, giving to Mr. Butz for a period of
twenty years the right to remove the ganister rock, build such roads
and tramroads as would be necessary for the removal of the same,
and also the privilege of assigning the lease to a Pennsylvania cor-
poration to be formed for the purpose of erecting and operating a
plant for the manufacture of silica brick, at or near the borough of
Alexandria, Huntingdon county, which said assignment shall first be
approved by the lessor. The lease further provides that the lessee
shall give a bond to the Commonwealth in the sum of five thousand
dollars (|5,000), with the usual conditions, and there was submitted
the bond of the Fidelity and Deposit Company of Maryland in that
sum, which was approved and accepted by the Commission.

In accordance with the direction of the statute, this lease was ap-
proved by the Governor, and subsequently, in accordance with the
authority contained in the lease, Mr. Butz assigned his rights to a
Pennsylvania corporation called the ''Federal Refractories Com-
pany," incorporated solely for the purposes mentioned in the lease.

This company has erected a large manufacturing establishment on
lands adjoining State lands where the ganister rock is derived, and
constantly gives employment to about 150 men and boys.

The first rock was removed by the corporation during the month of
December, 1004, and since that time the removal has been going on
steadily month by month. The following table shows the amount of
rock removed and the amount of royalty paid to the (Commonwealth
to date:

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Royalty.

December, 11)01, )

January, 19Do, j ^ - r ^ v/ •

February, 1905, 515 tons, at 5|c, 28 35

March, 1905, 644 tons, at 5ic, 35 42

April, 1905, 831 1-3 tons, at 5ic, 45 72

May, 1905, 599 tons, at 5^c, * 32 95

June, 1905, 758 83-224 tons, at o^c, 41 71

July, 1905, 931 61- 224 tons, at 5Jc, 51 22

August, 1905, 993 15-56 tons, at r^r ni 63

September, 1905, 971 tons, at 5^c, 53 40

October, 1905, 921 33-56 tons, at 5Jc, 50 69

November, 1905, 1200 93-112 tons, at 5ic, 66 05

December, 1905, 1235 197-224 tons, at 5|c, 67 97

January, 1906, 1186 45-112 tons, at 54c, \ 65 25

February, 1906, 1053 21 32 tons, at 5ic, 57 95

March, 1906, 1350 65-112 tons, at 5Jc, 74 28

April, 1906, 1536 7-8 tons, at ^c^ 84 53

May, 1906, 1517 1-112 tons, at 5Jc, 83 44

June, 1906, 1441 13-56 tons, at 5ic, 79 27

July, 1906, 1379 51-56 tons, at 5^c 75 00

Au<,nist, 1906, 1315 45-56 tons, at 5^c 72 37

September, 1906, 1087 101-112 tons" at 5ic 59 83

October, 1906, 1090 205-224 tons, at 5U*,' 60 00

November, 1906, 1200 15-112 tons, at^^c (;g 00

December, 1906, 1192 207-224 tons, at 54c [[,[ (;.-) 61

P>om the above it will be seen that the royalties thus far paid
during the two years of the operation of this lease have amounted
to Jf 1,337.59, and f 93.00 additional was paid for timber removed
from right of way. This money has been deposited in the State
Treasury.

The tract of land covered by the lease contains 1,087 acres and
69 perches, which was bought for reservation purposes on January
21, 1902, at the price of .^2.75 per acre, or a total cost for land, with
all this mineral deposited upon it and a very fair settling of young
timber, of |2,990.44. The annual interest on the purchase price,
at two per cent, from the date of purchase to December 31, 19()6
(two per cent, being the rate fixed by law for Statc^ money on deposit),
amounts to 1295.72, and the fixed charge on the land for school and
road purposes paid in the years 19t)5 and 1906, under the act of April
5, 190.5, V. L. Ill, e(pials |10S.74, ov a total cost to date of |3,.394.90.
Jt will thus be seen that the above lease has yielded to the Common-
wealth a net revenue of 43 per cent, to date, without counting inter-
est on the instalments as received fnmi month to month.

It must also be considered that with this rock removed from the

No. 25.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

79

surface there will be produced better conditions for tree growth.
At the expiration of the lease, the State will have all the land
remaining covered with an improved stand of timber.

For twenty years there will have been provided for this locality
an industry giving employment to a large number of workmen. All
this inures to the benefit of the Commonwealth and of the people
of the community, and att'ords a legitimate profit to the corporation
which carries on this industry.

It is mor(» than likely that many similar oi)port unities for utiliz-
ing the collateral resources of the reservation will arise in the future.
The Forestry Commission have due regard for the interests of the
State, and will favor theii* develo]mient. It will do what it can
within the limits of the act to assist in bringing industries of a sim-
ilar nature to many mountain localities, always, however, having
due consideration that the interests for which the lands were pur-
chased and are held bv the Commonwealth shall not be affected.

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STATE TUBERCULOSIS CAMPS ON STATE FOREST

RESERVES.

J. T. UOTHROCK, M. D.

It is four years siuce what is now officially knowu as the South
Mountain Camp Sanatorium was opened. The period of probation
for it is over. There can no longer be any doubt that it is a trium-
phant success.

The importance of the movement, as a new idea, is the economy
with which it can be maintained, the inexpensive character of the
buildings required, and the large number of men and women who
can be aided by it.

If it be said that results are not so good in such a camp as in a
regularly appointed sanatorium (a point upon which there is ground
for a diiference of opinion), the reply is that these camps receive
and cure, or at least restore to seeming health, many who have not
and who will not be able to become inmates of more perfectly ap-
pointed institutions. The camps have a field clearly mapped out and
a mission, the importance of which cannot be doubted by anyone
who is sane and honest.

We have no desire to disparage the splendid results gained by
the skillful and devoted gentlemen who are working in other direc-
tions with the same philanthropic motive. We are not concerned
with the question as to whether climate or location is, or is not, a
factor in the cure of tuberculosis. We simply point to our results
and say these people came here ill, with little or no hope, and they
are now buoyant with hope and strong enough to take up the duties
of active citizenship again, and the cost to the State has been but
a trifle. We stand upon this and ask that larger support and wider
usefulness be given the camp idea.

To make a positive statement I will say that for the sum of ten
thousand dollars, comfortable cabins can be erected on the State
lands which will safely shelter one hundred people and that these
cabins will be good for at least fifteen years of constant service, al-
lowing for fumigation, etc.

F-urthermore, for the additional sum of ten thousand dollars all the
necessary buildings can be erected for the executive purposes of the
camp.

In other words, allowing a stay of one year to each inmate, there
would be shelter, air, and water provided during these fifteen years

No. 25.

DEPARTMENT OP FORESTRY.

for fifteen hundred people. This at a cost for buildings of twenty
thousand dollars, or, for each person, a cost of thirteen and one-third
dollars.

Each camp would require a physician, and under him a superin-
tendent, a matron, and a general helper. Beyond this no other em-
ployes would be necessary.

With these preliminary statements some further explanation of
the camp idea should be given.

The sums appropriated to the charities of the State approximate
those devoted to the public schools. Yet, as a matter of fact, a
large body of those for whom the charitable appropriations are made,
receive no benefit whatever from them. The public press has made
known the crowded and unsanitary condition of our insane asylums,
and in the institutions devoted to treatment of tuberculosis the wait-
ing list is often as long or longer than the list of the inmates. I think
it would be safe to sav that not more than one-third of the con-
sumptives of this Commonwealth who desire treatment in a State
institution are able to receive it. If it is a function of State govern-
ment to care for the one-third (and there seems to be no doubt that
it is so accepted), then it is equally the duty of the State to care for
the other two-thirds. Either all should be cared for or none. The
latter proposition is revolting to every humane or intelligent instinct.
The duty is upon us. We are, however, met by the fact that to accord
to all who have claims upon us. State care on the same expensive
scale as is now usually given would exhaust the revenues of the
State. Some cheaper form must be devised by which those who are
unprovided for can be taken care of. If there is, or can be, a method
cheaper than the camp system, which is effective, I do not know of it.

It may not be out of place here to call attention to some of the
opinions expressed upon this by prominent workers in the tubercu-
losis crusade of other States:

a

Denver, Colorado, October 15, 1906.

^'Dear Doctor Rothrock: —

^'I am in receipt of the reports of the Pennsylvania Department of
Forestry. The work in this connection (Tuberculosis Camp) is of
unusual interest, and oi)ens up a wide field which had never occurred
to me before. You are to be congratulated upon this special line of
work, and I trust that it will be possible for me to visit one of these
camps during one of my Eastern trips. I trust you will meet with the
success you deserve.

"Believe me, with kind regards,

"Very cordially yours,

"G. W. HOLDEN,
"Medical Director."
6-^25—1906

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REPORT OF THE

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"I am convinced that the only practical solution of the tubercu-
losis problem lies at South Mountain, and that you have discovered
the one feasible^ manner of stamping out the disease. I am urging
on my newspaper friends at every possible opportunity that they
use copy in reference to the disease and to one way in which it may
be conquered, by helping its i)oorer victims to live on KState lands.
I intend to go to Albany during the next session of the Legislature
and do what I can to have a bill passed providing for the founding
in this state of several camps modeled after yours at South Moun-
tain.''

*^l*ersonaIlv, I have no interest in the matter and shall have none
in the camps if they are founded.'' — Extracted from letter written
by the author of the "How to (ret Well Book," Mr. Francis DeWitt,
Saranac Lake, N. Y.

ariyi

"The idea is a splendid one." — Paul U. Kellogg, Secretary Publica-
tion Committee of Charities and the Commons, New York city.

^This camp (at Mont Alto) has simply done wonders." — See "Prac-
tical Sanitation," Bashore, page 128.

*^\nd this little colony is composed exclusively of consumptives.
It is probably the most cheaply founded and at the same time the
best natural sanatorium in the world." — Mr. Francis DeWitt, in
Philadelphia Record, of October 14, lOOG, p. 2, 5th column.

It w(^uld b(* easy to add to the above expressions of approval, but
these should be sufficient to indicate what is thought of the camp
idea by men who arc disinterested and competent to form
an opinion.

When the hunter receives ])(M'mission to camp on State lands he
do(^s not expect the Shiti^ lo fci d him. He takes his own food and
bedding, and as a rule he takes his own t(mt. A very large propor
tion of these hunters are men who have no especial fondness for
hunting. They confess that what they are in search of is an outing.
Year after year I have bcMm in louch with such ])ersona. Almost
invariably they return from th(Mr hunt feeling stronger.

There is in Pennsylvania a vast number of jM'rsons suffering with
"incipient tuberculosis" who would be glad to live in the woods,

No. 25.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

S3

just as the hunters do, if they had slielter, the presence of a physi-
cian, and some one lo diriMt and keep the camp in a sanatory condi-
tion.

The camp idea is simply to provide shelter and medical help for an

emergency.

To say that this is too primitive, that it involves danger to the
camper, and also to the adjacent community, and that it cannot be
a success is to fiy in the face of facts. It has succeeded. Its suc-
cess is phenomenal. There is no known reason why the benefits of
the svstem should not be enormouslv extended, and we ask our State
to maintain the lead, which it has already taken, in this new i)ublic
benefaction.

These camps are not intended lo interfere? with more liberally
appointed institutions. They are to sui)plement them. It is an
appalling fact that there are hundreds of worthy citizens of this
State who each year ])ass from a hopeful to a hopeless condition
while wailing foi- a chance to be cared for. When provision is mad<^
for them it will be soc-n enough to abandon a i)lan which has already
commended itself to nuiny thousands of our citizens, and which has
alr(^ady returned in Icealth so many sufferers to the ranks of pro-
du(!tive, self-sup]iornng citizenslup. Abandon it when you can offer
a substitute, but not before.

This, however, is not the only aspect of the problem. It has been
said that to use the forest reservation as camp sites for consump-
tives would be subveisive of the j)urpose for which the land was
purchased. The objection is not well taken. On the contrary, it
would be distinctlv helpful to the whole forestrv movement.

I'hilanthropisls have over and ovc r asked what shall we do with
those in whom th(^ disease is arrested, who are able to do light work
and whose condition would be improved by it? Farm colonies have
been suggested. No doubt this is a ste]) in the right direction.

I think it mav be said that the danger to a communitv from a
body of consumptives would be less if they were isolated on a forest
reservation than if en)j)loyed on a farm adjacent to, or in the midsf
of a large population.

Pennsylvania will reipiire that millions of seedling tr(»es be an-
nually raised and made available foi' tians))lanting on the forc^st
reserves. It is quite within the truth to assert that hundreds of
such convalescents could be advantageously utilized in nurseries, on
the reserves, the jn'oduct fumigated, and then forwarded to points
where recpiired for planting.

The work is light, healthful, in the open air, and in every way
suitable to this chiss of peoj>le. In fa(*t, among the students who
are now being trained as foresters in the Forest Academy, at Mont
Alto, therc^ are those who have already been rescued at the camp,

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REPORT OF THE

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and who have adopted the forestry calling because of its suitability
to their cases, and who are rendering good service and becoming
stronger.

Willow culture, and the manufacture of wicker, or rustic work,
could be carried on to advantage in these camps and the product
placed, after disinfection, upon the market.

The forestry interests of the State may well welcome to their
assistance just such help as convalescent consumptives could render.
I would, therefore, recommend that at least two additional camps
be started as soon as the requisite legislative authority and help can
be had.

THE SOUTH MOUNTAIN CAMP SANATORIUM, 1905.

A. M. RoTHKOCK. M. D., Camp Physician.

During the summer of 1902 a party of gentlemen was camping
in a white pine grove on the mountain four miles east of Mont Alto,
near the road leading across the South Mountain range from Mont
Alto to Fairfield. The location was an ideal one in the midst of
thousands of acres of State forest reserve, and with an abundance
of good, pure water near at hand. One of the party was an asth-
matic, and at first he, like the rest, was living under the canvas
shelter of a tent. For his greater comfort during the damp weather,
however, a little cabin eight feet square was erected out of some old
lumber from a house just torn down at the foot of the mountain.
From this cabin started the present camp; eight others, each ten feet
square, being built for the benefit of consumptives desirous of camp-
ing on the State land.

These first shelters were all put up with money contributed by pri-
vate individuals before the meeting of the next Legislature, at
Harrisburg, took place. All were located first in an old pasture
field about three hundred yards from where the present camp now
stands.

At the meeting of the Legislature in 1903, the sum of $8,000 was
appropriated for the erection and maintenance of a consumptive
camp at Mont Alto.

The original location had proved to be somewhat too low for rainy
weather, so a new site was selected higher up and across the road
from the former one. Here a clearing was made in the pine grove
and the present camp begun. An assembly building, an office build-
ing, six cottages (each with three rooms and two porches), and a

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

85

Spring house were built, and a water system installed. Then the
old cabins were hauled over on skids and put in a row with the new
cottages. Two more cabins were afterwards added, and the ladies
ol the Phoenixville and Kennett Square Clubs generously contributed
another cottage large enough to accommodate four persons. We can
now care for twenty-six patients, besides having houses for our
various employes who live on the grounds.

During the first two years of the camp's existence all that we were
able to offer our patients was the shelter, the fuel, the water, the
medicines needed, and the services of the matron and the doctor.
Last spring, however, the Legislature, by their larger appropriation,
made it possible to add a kitchen and dining room to our plant, and
the benefit derived from this help has been most pronounced. Here-
tofore all had been required to furnish their own food and to pre-
pare it for themselves, and, as can be very readily seen, the best
results were not possible under such conditions. Many a patient
was not physically able for the labor of cooking and dish-washing,
and the task once completed the appetite was often lost. Others,
again, did not know how to cook, and with all it meant that much
time was spent over the stoves that could have been far better em-
ployed in the open air.

The camp is located in Franklin county, in the midst of a State
Forestry Reservation of 45,000 acres in the South Mountain range.
Mont Alto, on the ^^'aynesboro branch of the Cumberland Valley
Railroad, is our nearest railway station, and it is four miles distant
at the foot of the mountain. The altitude is about 1,650 feet above
the sea level. It is situated on the eastern slope of the mountain,
and the hills rise up like the sides of a basin some 300 or 400 feet
above it. This basin is opened up by mountain passes to the south-
west and northeast and east, is well wooded and watered, and has
a sparse collection of houses scattered over its area. The woods
afford good hunting, and the streams are well supplied with brook
trout. The summer temperature is very seldom oppressive, there
being a buoyancy in the air during even our hottest days that is
most invigorating, and our nights, even during the warmest weather,
are comfortably cool. The change in the nature of the atmosphere
is most noticeable after climbing up the mountain road from the
valley, and there seems always to be a fine, rest-giving breeze as the
summit is reached. During the winter months the temperature as a
rule falls somewhat below that of the lower lands on either side of
us, though it has several times been observed during the past win-
ters that the mercury was lower in the Cumberland Valley than it
was with us in camp, due to the tendency of the colder, heavier air
to descend the mountain slopes. The coldest weather we have re-
corded was one day in the winter of 1903-1904, when the thermom-

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oter rt'gistored sixteen degrees below zero. It should be rcineiiibered,
howevei*. that this was an nnusuallv severe winter, and that this
was our coldest day recorded during this winter.

The soil formation is rather more compact than might be desired,
as the admixture of a little more sand would have better served the
purposes of a sanatorium. Still for all that it does answer very well
indeed, and no ditHculties have ever aiisen from it. "We have one
very great advantage here, namely, our freedom from all outside
sources of atmospheric contamination. Situated well up above all
the vallev towns and surrounded bv thousands of acres of forest
lands, the air comes to us absolutely pure from (^very direction,
Again, so far as we know, we have no adverse infhn^n'es surround-
ing our camp. \Vc jire so isolated that there seems to be no dread
on the part of those about us that our family of consumptives may
do them anv harm.

I.

We have a most abundant supply of splendid water for all the
purposes of our camj), or a veiy much lajger one for lluit matter,
even during the driest weather. The water is \)'i\)i'(\ diri^ct from its
fountain source in the sidc^ of tli<* mountain to a spring house pre-
pared for it on our giouTuls, and is never exposed to the air until it
is distributed where we use it. The spring is a noble on(% never
failing in its flow, and lies well above all the surrounding habita-
tions.

When the camp was started it was more or less in the nature of
an experiment, but our results have been such as to prove it to be
an assured success, and it has fully n ali/ed all that was expected
of it. The fact is well known that in this grc^at Commonwealth of
Pennsyhania there are thousands of sufferers afllicted with tuber-
culosis in its early, curable stages who are unable to go beyond the
borders of the State in their search for health. The following state-
ment taken from a circular,* issued by 'The (Nnnmittee on the Pre-
vention of Tuberculosis of the Charity Oiganization Society of the
City of New York," nmy well be (pioted here:

''The Committee on the Prevention of Tuberculosis of the Charity
Organization Soci<'ty takes this opportunity, while the American
Tuberculosis Exhibition is being held at the Natural Tlistorv Mu-
seum. and while the subject of tuberculosis is prominently bc^fore
the community, to call to the attention of the medical profc^ssion of
the city of New York the conseipiences arising from the practice of
sending poor consumjitives to such states as Arizona, Colorado and
California. Extensive expcMic^nce has taught us that, difficult as
it may be for a poor man to recover from tuberculosis in this city,
he is better oft* hovo among his friends and relatives, where there
are more adiMjuate hospital and dispensary facilities, than he is far
from home, where he is thrown entirely upon his own resources, and

♦Dated November 27, 1905.

No. 25.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

87

where the great number of consumptives willing to work at the low-
est wages make the linding of employment, especially of suitable
employment, almost impossible.

^'Favorable results from clinuite can hardlv be looked for unless
at least flO per week can be sjx'ut for board and lodging. Tbe
stranger, who has spent a larg(* part of his savings on railroad fare,
soon finds himself without work, living in the poorest rooms, eating
the scantiest and cheajx^st food."

Manv and manv a familv has been saildened bv the loss of loved
ones who could not afford to travel to the more distant localities
which have already established their reputation for the cure of the
malady. It was for these citizens of our own State that the camp
was opened, with the hoj)e of giving back to them their health, and
proving again that an out of door life in Pennsylvania, lived under
the proper conditions, is as sure to bring its cure as it will in any
other portion of our broad land. Again, the more clearly it is proved
that consumption can be cured here in the mountains of Pennsyl-
vania, the better does it lik(Mvise (establish the fact that consump-
tive patients can be cured at or near their own homes under the
proper conditions of fresh air, food, and hygienic living and sur-
roundings. And it may today be safely asserted that the fact is
now well established that the disease can be so arrested or cured in
almost any portion of our State and the sufferer restored again to
a greater or less extent into the })roducing class of citizenship if he
or she will only faithfully follow out the proper line of treatment
long enough.

As stated earlier in this present report, camp conditions have in
the year just closed been improved v(*ry materially by the addition
of our kitchen and dining room. It is still necessary, however, for
any pati(Mit d(»siring to enter the camp to be w(dl enough to care
for himself and his (piart<»rs, look after his bedding, and attend to
his other household duties. AVe have no staff of nurses and no
hospital in the strict sense of the word, and are not ])repared to
care for those who are bedfast or far advanced in the course of the
disease. We have a most (excellent matron, Mrs. Andrew F. Klee,
who is always willing and able to render efficient service when it
is needed; but none the less the fact cannot be too strongly em-
jdiasized that W(» admit only incipient cases, those whom we really
hope to be able to benefit or cure. To be sure, at times cases will
conn^ in by mistake, who are not able to improve here, but such eases
we simply cannot keep. We will give them a fair, honest trial, but
then, if they do not improve, we are obliged to send them home. The
lime comes in the history of all fatal cases when it is cruel injustice
to take them from tlh'ir homes and submit them to (he rigors of
camp life. It means a shortening then and not a prolonging of their

I

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88

REPORT OP THE

Off. Doc.

lives, and it means, too, that their last hours are spent not at home
with their own, as they should be, but away amongst strangers.
When a patient has lost a large percentage of body weight, is suf-
fering from severe hemorrhages or exhausting night sweats, or
when a large area of lung tissue is seriously involved, we do not feel
the case to be one we are justified in admitting. Organic disease
of the heart or kidnevs is likewise considered a contra-indica-
tion.

To each man the State furnishes a cabin ten feet square, while for
our women patients we provide a three-room cottage with a front
and back porch built on. One such cottage is planned to accommo-
date two persons. The State likewise furnishes beds, chairs, stoves,
fuel, lanterns, and coal oil. Every one is expected to bring his or
her own bedding, and we do not wish mattresses. Blankets or com-
fortables make a bed just as soft, and can be much more thoroughly
aired and fumigated.

Our rules are but few, for we desire to place just as little restraint
upon our patients as is compatible with the idea of getting well and
behaving in a proper manner. We assume that all come here to
get well and that all know how to conduct themselves in a becoming
manner, without the burden of a long list of ''must nots" ever staring
them in the face.

Our rules rcMiuire that no patient go beyond the limits set for
the cainp without permission, and as these limits comprise perhaps
a thousand acres of wood land and meadow with two beautiful
views, there is no hardship here*; that when a patient leaves the
camp for more than twenty-four hours the cottage or cabin key must
be turned over to the matron; and when a patient leaves the camp
limits he is expected to report to the matron on his return. That
there must be no spitting on the ground, either in or out of camp, for
all our patients are instructed how to care for their sputa to pre-
vent its being a danger to others. We do not wish our patients
to use tobacco while they are inmates of the camp, for, in our
judgment, cases all do better without the use of tobacco, we will
not permit any improper use of alcoholic liquors, nor do we tolerate
profane or indecent language. A proper respect for Sunday is ex-
pected and required. Throughout the year, winter as well as sum-
mer, all are requir(ul to sleep with their windows open. The men
are not permit led to visit in the women's cottages, nor the w^omen in
the men's, and not more than four persons are allowed in a cabin
or cottage at one time. The^e rules about visiting have been found
necessary to avoid overcrowding of the little domiciles; once that is
commenced the pati(^nts might as well be at home. The Assembly
Building is provided for all indoor gatherings, and here we can al-
ways secure an abuudauce of fresh air,

No. 25.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

We cannot admit as a patient in the camp any one who is not a
resident of the State, nor will we admit anyone pot protected
against snmllpox by either vaccination or an attack of the disease
itself.

We charge each patient one dollai' a week and this includes cabin
or cottage, food, milk and eggs , medical attendance, medicines, fuel,
coal oil, and all the necessities of camp life but the laundry. We
give, in addition to the milk and (»ggs, three full meals a day and
we give our patients all the milk and eggs that they can take and
properly assimilate, the more the better, if it is digested.

Each, spring a small plot of ground is given to each patient to cul-
tivate, if so desired, and much good as well as much pleasure has
been derived from these little gar Jens. One patient last spring
gravely informed his friends that he intended to raise '^milkweed and
eggplants" on his.

There is a fine library in our Assembly Building, and a number of
the best magazines are sent regularly to camp. There is also a
good croquet ground which is a source of great amusement to all.
On every side of the camp are a number of beautiful woodland walks
and fair trout fishing is to be had in a number of our mountain
brooks.

Every second Sunday, through the unfailing kindness of the Rev.
Mr. Sell, we have religions services, and on Sunday evenings we hold
regular services again, while on Wednesdays the patients have Chris-
tian Endeavor exercises. Mrs. B. J. Gutknecht, the wife of our
stenographer and bookkeeper, is an excellent musician and as we
have a good oigan this foims a most attractive feature of our ser-
vices. It is suri)rising how well the patients sing and how many of
the hymns are well learned.

Health, like everything else worth having, must be worked for
and worked for hard, and there are some persons who do not seem to
realize this fact. Just here lies one of' the secrets of the success of
institutional treatment, as patients are tlu^n under a regular routine
and are under careful supervision to see that the prescribed routine
is properly carried out. We find the more a patient makes it a reg-
ular business to o^i^t well and the more he or she tries to follow out
faithfully our suggestions, the better our results are. Those who
neglect the details and forget that it is the search for health which
brought them here do not do so well. On the other hanil, care must
be taken to prevent some of the more zealous ones from overdoing
exercise, and it was on this account, as well as to prevent possible
risk to outsiders, that our camp limits were set.

The whole idea of our present day civilization is that those who
are too ill to care for themselves by honest labor must be cared for
and supported by their fellow citizens, and if such sufferers can be

i l!

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90

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

restored to health and returned to the producing class, so much the
better. Another and an equally forceful reason for these consump-
tive sanatoria is the equally well established fact of contagion of
the disease and the risk incurred to the well by the presence of such
sick in their midst. If every patient would always regard all the
laws of hygiene, such risk would be small indeed, but it is only too
well known that this is unfortunately not the case. Try as we will,
teach as we will, threaten as we will, there is always a certain num-
ber of consum])tives who will expectorate in the streets and other
public places, to the constant risk of thnse about them. There is
one sure wav to remedy thit<, and that is to isolate such cases under

• • •

proper hygienic surroundings where they can be cared for and cured,
if possible, or if not cured at least be made as comfortable as their
condition ])ermits.

Our routine of camp life is a simple one and one which has given
us very good results. At 7 in tlu* morning the rising bell rings and
at 7:30 we have breakfast. At 10 o'clock raw eggs and milk are
served and at noon comes dinner. At '^ in thi^ afternoon eggs and
milk are again serv(Hl, and 5 o'clock brings the supper hour, followed
again at 7:30 by the eggs and milk. At 8:4.") the bell rings for all to
go to their quarters and at 0 the retiring bell is rung. "Wednesdays
and Saturdays all are examined by the camp physician, who makes
also on other days two set^ of rounds, one in the morning, the other
in the evening, to see if anything is needed. On Wednesday morn-
ing all are weighed and tin* weights are recordiMl in the history
book along with the other facts pertaining to the jiatients, such as
the results of urine and sputum examinations and other details
which arise. We are thus enabled to kcM'p in close touch with all of
our inmates and know as nearly as j)()ssible just how each individual
case is ]>r()gressing.

As has been stated earlier in this report, we give three full meals
a day, believing we obtain better results therefiom than if a lesser
number were given. Esi>ecially, in our opinion, is it better in cold
weather, to keep a tubercular patient just as well fed as ])ossib]e.
The long hours spent sitting out in the cold demand ]>l('n^y of the
best and most nourishing food; otherwise so much of th(^ food goes
merely to keeping up the body temperature that not sufticient can
be spared for the building up of the system in its fight against the
disease itself.

• Our cam]> is but young, and we cannot trace back through a long
period of years the histoiies of those who have left us, but none the
less we have had most ])leasing results, and a nun)ber of our cases
continue* in (he best of h<'alth \>ith, as yet, no return of the dis<'ase.

No limit of time beyond which we will not keep our cases is set;

I

Ji .:

No. 25.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

91

i *'

on the contra r.y, we prefer to have them remain with us as long as
we believe we can be of benefit to them.

During the ^ear 1905 just ended there have been treated all told in
the camp 73 patients, and of this number 16 were remaining over
from the previous year, while the other 57 were admitted during the
year 1905. Out of these 73 cases 14 have been sent home as im-
proved, 8 more as very much improved, and 14 as cured, while 26
still remain in camp. This gives us 47 patients discharged during
the past year, and out of thes^e 47, 36 have either been benefited or
cured, or 76 per cent, of the total number. Of the remaining 11,
2 left in less than a week of their coming to camp, of their own ac-
cord, 8 were too ill to benefit and were, after a fair trial, sent home,
while 1 died in camp. She, however, was very ill when she came and
was suffering also from valvular heart disease. Failure of corapen-
s'ation occurred and it was impossible to send her home. All of our
26 cases remaining with us are doing nicely and 12 of thera are
heavier than thev have ever before been in their lives. Our steward
and our stenographer are both cured cases. Of the 14 discharged as
cured all are, as far as we can tell, doing nicely. One is in the State
Forestry Academy, two are farming, another is gardening here on
the mountain, another is our stenographer, while still another is our
steward. A seventh is in the drug business, an eighth is a domes-
tic, another was, when we last heard from him, traveling for a firm,
another is keeping her own home, and yet another is a school boy.
Of the three remaining, one works for the Pennsylvania Railroad
Company, another is living at home and told one of our inmates but
a few days ago that she felt perfectly well, while the third is also
living at home and is, as far as we know, still doing well.

In considering these results we must not forget the fact that it
has only been since the first of August that the addition of our
kitchen and dining room have made it possible for us to furnish
meals; but since that time the improvement in our results is most
evident.

We have been very kindly remembered by many of our friends and
books, periodicals, clothing, bedding, and money have come to ns
from manv sources, and we desire to thank these kind friends most
heartily for all they have done for us. Thwr thought of us has added
much to the comfort and pleasure of our patients here in camp.

The oft repeated statement that consumptives are a cheerful,
happy class of patients certainly holds good here. Back in the forest
in our little mountain settlement we have as bright and contented a
body of people that one could wish to find, and the life among them
far from being lonely or dreary is certainly a very happy one.

f f

93

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

THE SOUTH MOUNTAIN CAMP SANATORIUM, 1906.

A. M. RoTHROCK, M D., Camp Physician.

During the year 1906 we have treated all told 83 patients, and
of this number 24 were remaining over from the previous year. We
have discharged during the past year 49 cases, and of this number
25 are cured or have had the disease arrested; 12 have been very
much improved; 4 have been somewhat improved, though to a lesser
degree; 8 have left us unimproved and 5 have died in camp.

Of our deaths, 4 were patients that had improved decidedly in
weight and strength while with us; in two cases hemorrhage being
the immediate cause, and in the third a functional heart trouble was
suddenly aggravated and death ensued within 24 hours of the com-
mencement of the attack. The fifth took place in a patient sent to
us really to ill to benefit, and who had been only two weeks in the
camp. We had, however, desired to give the sufferer a fair chance
before sending him home as a helpless case.

Turning to the brighter side of our record, our percentage of dis-
ease arrested or improved is 83 per cent, of all cases discharged from
camp. This result, an improvement over the past year, I think can
be traced to the good accomplished by the camp dining room and
kitchen, which we were only able to start the middle of the previous
year, and there is every reason to believe that with a few more much
needed additions our results could be still further bettered and to a
considerable degree.

In some of our cases the results achieved have been most gratify-
ing and 15 of our 25 cases, marked disease arrested, left us weigh-
ing more than at any other time in their lives. The remaining ten
were all above their normal weight.

In one instance the patient was with us 149 days; when he en-
tered his weight was 136? pounds and when he left (weighing in
light summer clothing ,he tipped the scales at 191 pounds, a gain
of 54J pounds. His normal weight was 153^ pounds and his best
previous weight was 15g| pounds. When he entered camp hts
chest measurments were: expiration, 3U inches, inspriatlon, 34|
inches. On leaving his chest expiration was 32} inches, chest in-
spiration 38J inches. It must be borne in mind, too, that this was a
case where we permitted a liberal allowance of exercise the man
walking during the latter third of his stay, four or five miles a day.
Since leaving he has shown no return whatever of the trouble.

No. 25.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

93

Another instance equally pleasing in its results was the case of a
man who was with us in camp five months and tour days. He
weighed on entrance 124J pounds in heavy clothing. When he left
us, dressed in summer clothing, his weight was 157 pounds. His nor-
mal weight was 136 pounds. His best previous weight was 142
pounds. In his case the microscope showed when he entered nu-
merous tubercle bacilli and much mixed infection. When he left us
we were unable to find either tubercle bacilli or mixed infection in
the sputum, and his chest expansion had increased from 25 to 4
inches. He came to us running considerable temperature and
scarcely able to drag himself about. Long before leaving all tem-
perature had disappeared and he was able to walk two or three
miles a day with ease and comfort. He has been working ever
since leaving, following a regular out-of-door occupation and has
added five more pounds to his weight, and is holding his own nicely.

Another of our cases left us in the spring, worked until midsum-
mer, passed then a fair and rigid physical examination for the State
Forest Academy, and has been doing well there ever since and is
easily able for all the work, both physical and mental, necessitated
by the course.

These instances might be duplicated several times were it not for
the risk of rendering too cumbersome the report, and we therefore
prefer to collect into a briefer tabulated form our cases marked dis-
ease arrested.

Our 30 cases remaining in camp are doing well and we have good
reason to expect that nearly every one of them will leave us either
much improved or with the disease entirely arrested.

Each year our results have so far been better than during any pre-
vious year, and had we the means at our disposal to put In a few
much needed improvements they could be made even better.

As usual, our waitinc: list is a long one, much of the time showing
even more patients awaiting their turn to enter camp than we have
accommodations for in the camp. At present this list contains 31
names, some of whom will in all probability be beyond the reach of
help when their turn arrives. This has, unfortunately, proved all
too true in the past, for we have had a number of poor sufferers die
before we could reach their names and yet in making out our list we
only accept those cases we honestly feel we can help.

!'

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94

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doo.

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DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

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N

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

At the tbirty-third session of the National Conference of Charities
and Corrections, held in Philadelphia during May, 1906, an effort was
made looking toward procuring uniform statistics relating to the
population and finances of State institutions. By resolution duly
adopted, those having charge of the institutions are requested to
give a page in their reports setting forth a few of the important facts
in conformity with a blank prepared by the committee of statistics
of that organization.

The following is the suggested blank containing the desired infor-
mation relating to the South Mountain Camp Sanatorium :

Statistical Form for State Institutions.

Prepared in accordance with a resolution of the National Conference
of Charities and Corrections, adopted May 15, 1906.

Name of institution, South Mountain Camp Sanatorium, Mont
Alto, Franklin County, Pa.

Population.

Number of inmates present at beginning of fiscal year, October 1, 1905,

Number received during the year,

Number discharged or died during the year 1. .!!!!!.!!!!!!!

Number at end of the fiscal year

Daily average attendance (i. e. number of Inmates actually present) dur-
ing year '

Average number of officers and employes during'the year, .!.!..!!..'.'.'.'.'.'.'

15

10

24

23

22

20

16

14

17

14

2

4

23
47
42
30

81
6

EXPENDITURES.

Current Expenses.

1. Salaries and wages, $1,840 00

2. Clothing

3. Subsistence, 6^862 62

4. Ordinary repairs

5. Office, domestic and outdoor expenses, 685 14

i

Total, 19^387 jq

Extraordinary Expenses.

1. New buildings, land, etc.,

2. Permanent improvements to existing buildings,

V

Total

Grand total, J9^387 76

No. 25.

DEPARTMENT OF FOKESTRY.

97

Notes of Current Expenses.

1. Salaries and wages should include salaries of trustees or di-
rectors, if any.

2. Clothing includes shoes and also materials for clothing and
shoes if they are manufactured in the institution.

3. Ordinary repairs include all of those which simply maintain the
buildings in condition without adding to them. Any repairs which
are of the nature of additions should be classed with "permanent
improvements."

4. This item includes everything not otherwise provided for, e. g.,
furniture, bedding, laundry, supplies, medicines, engineer supplies,
postage, freight, library, etc.

Executive head (superintendent, warden, or other title.)

ROBERT S. CONKLIN,

Director.

THE SOUTH RENOVO WATER LEASE.

The question of an adequate water supply is one that is giving rise
to grave concern on the part of many municipalities located on or
near the larger streams of the State. The water supply which was
heretofore drawn from the streams has, by reason of the develop-
ment of various industries on the upper waters thereof, become
contaminated to such a degree that the citizens are driven to look
elsewhere for a supply of water fit to use for domestic purposes.
Where these municipalities are located near the State Forest Reser-
vations it is evident that the State Forestry Reservation Commis-
sion, under proper restrictions, might be able to furnish to the muni-
eipality a copious and pure supply of water. The Legislature ac-
cordingly passed the Act approved April 14, 1905, P. L. 156, which
is as follows:

"AN ACT
"To empower the Commissioner of Forestry and the Forestry Reser-
vation Commission to give to boroughs and other municipalities
the privilege of impounding water on forest reservations owned
by the Commonwealth, and of constructing, maintaining and
operating lines of pipes over and through the same for the pur-
pose of conveying water therefrom.

"Section 1. Be it enacted, &c., That the Commissioner of Forestry
and the Forestry Reservation Commission are hereby authorized and
empowered to give to boroughs and other municipalities of this Com-
monwealth, upon such terms and subject to such restrictions and
7—25—1906

• I

: !.

I

98

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

regulations as said Commissioner and Commission deem proper, the
privilege of impounding water upon any forest reservations now
owned or hereafter to be acquired by the Commonwealth, and of con
structing, maintaining and operating lines of pipe upon and through
said reservations, for the purpose of conveying water therefrom,
whenever in the judgment of the said Commissioner and Commission
it shall be to the public interest to do so.''

Under the authority of the above Act, an application was received
from the council of the borough of South Renovo, in Noyes town-
ship, Clinton county, setting forth that the water supply of the bor-
ough had recently become precarious; that, by reason of impur-
ities they could no longer obtain a supply from the Susquehanna,
and asked that they be allowed to build a conduit and an intake dam
at the head of Hall's run in this county, upon the State Forest Reser-
vation. This stream hends on the State land on the south side of the
Susquehanna just above the borough of South Renovo. The propo-
sition of the borough would involve the building of a line of pipe
over a mile in length. By erecting a suitable impounding dam as
suggested water could be obtained to give an adequate supply at all
times and fire protection to all parts of the borough. A lease was
therefore prepared between the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and
the borough of South Renovo, which was executed on the 28th day of
August, 190G, and provides, in brief, that the borough shall have the
privilege of entering the State Reservation, laying its conduit, and
building an intake dam, compensating the State for any timber tr^es
that may be destroyed in building this work. The lease further
states a maximum charge to be made by the borough for the use of
the water by its citizens. In unmeasured quantities for family or
household use no eharge greater than |12 per annum shall be made.
For manufacturing establishments using water in excess of house-
hold use, meter rates shall prevail. The minimum charge shall be 5
cents per 1,000 gallons, and the use of water by railroads shall only
be at meter rates. No charge shall be made by the State for water
used for fire purposes.

In order that a slight revenue might accrue to the Commonwealth
in return for the privilege granted and be in no wise burdensome,
the lease provides that the borough shall pay to the Commonwealth
25 cents per year for each dwelling house using water at the un-
measured rates and 1 cent per 1,000 gjillons for all water used at
measured or meter rates. The term of the lease is fixed at twenty
years and the borough is given exclusive control over the water sys-
tem.

The Commonwealth has retained the full right of supervision and
any time may step in to correct abuse or any attempt to use water in
violation of the lease. It is also provided that at the expiration of

No. 25.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

99

il

the term a renewal of the same may be had upon such terms as may
be found mutually satisfactory to the parties.

The granting of the above right to use water originating on State
land to the borough of South Renovo will be the means of building
up a thriving, young community that has everything to be desired
except an adequate water supply. The statement was made in the
course of the negotiations that unless a proper water supply could
be obtained at an early date the people of the town would be com-
pelled to look elsewhere for homes.

It must be quite apparent to every one that the privileges con-
ferred by the above act would be of inestimable value to many of the
interior towns of the State. The Commonwealth expects to exer-
cise its rights with great care and will in no wise permit an in-
fringement on its rights. In every such instance the Commonwealth
retains its rights to carrry on the work of forest preservation and
restoration and also undertakes to see that everything relating to
the privileges conferred shall be carried out in good faith.

T^E WATER SUPPLY COMMISSION.

The Commissioner of Forestry is an ex-olficio member of the Water
Supply Commission, which was established by act of the Legislature
approved May 4, 1005, P. L. 385. This Commission consists of five
persons, three of whom are appointed by the Govej-nor, and the other
two are ex-officio members, the Commissioner of Forestry and the
Commissioner of Health. The members appointed by the Governor
receive a salary, but the members of the Commission who are ex-
oflficio receive only actual expenses and no salary.

The decreased flow of streams in Pennsylvania, the great demand
made upon them for manufacturing purposes, and the pollution to
which they are subject by reason of the increase of population
and the multiplication of industrial establishments, are such un-
natural conditions that it became necessarv to devise some means
by which the water supply might be made cleaner and more abun-
dant, and kept so, as far as possible.

All applications for charters for water companies must first be
presented to the Water Supply Commission.

It is further charged with the duty of investigating the water
supply of the State and recommending and promoting such legisla-
tion as may be necessary for its convenient and equitable distribu-
tion, and extending its aid to communities in need of better facilities
for procuring a water supply.

la

100

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

The work which has been accomplished by this Commission since
it« creation is treated more in detail in its annual report, and no
further mention need be made here.

FOREST ROADS, FIRE LANES, AND TRAILS.

J. T. ROTHROCK, M. D.

Intercourse between men and transfer of products from one party
to another are essential elements of civilization. Roads are and al-
ways will be necessary. In general, it may be stated that the char-
acter of the roads in any district is an indication of the intelligence
of that community. The man who is satisfied with bad roads does
not belong to this period. His proper affiliation is with the past,
the trail and packsaddle period of our national life. He should
remove to Jamaica, where there is a tax on wagon wheels.

In order to realize how much of the wear and tear upon our ani-
mals, harness, and vehicles is due to bad roads it is only necessary
for us to compare the ease with which a horse in Belgium will draw
his ton and a half for a distance of from 15 to 30 miles a day and still
be a good horse after twenty years of such service, with the known
facts of our own hauling.

A few years ago I was in one of the most prosperous towns of this
Commonwealth and saw a carload of potatoes brought in from New
York State, hauled 150 miles across Pennsylvania, and then sold at a
fine profit to the shipper and the merchant. It was an agricultural
region, and I asked a farmer, don't you raise potatoes here? He
replied, "Yes, but the roads are so bad that we cannot get them to
market." This was in Pennsylvania. I have in no wise exaggerated
the facts, and though it may have been true that the roads in* that
locality were exceptionally bad, it is undoubtedly true that there are
very few portions of the State where the roads are exceptionally
good. I

Whatever may have been the merits of our road supervisor sys-
tem or its adaptation to an earlier day, it has outlived its useful-
ness. There is now within the limits of this State no known system
by which enormous sums of public money may be more certainly
squandered and absolutely sunk in the mud without any visible good
results than in the method upon which our roads are now misman-
aged.

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No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

101

It! I

It should be remembered, however, that our road system is local.
Each district elects its own supervisors and the condition of the
roads in any district may therefore be assumed to represent the
will of the majority of the people in it. Outsiders have therefore
no right to complain. If they do not like the roads they can of
course keep off of them. This is all true when a man is driving his
own business. When, however, he finds himself entrusted with the
management of State work the problem is changed. He may then
say, these roads may be good enough for yr>u, but they fail to measure
up to the necessities of the State. Therefore the State has a right to
and should care for its own roads.

For years hundreds of thousands of acres of land from which
the timber had been removed were swept by forest fires, the young
growth destroyed, and the vegetable mould burned. These areas
were passing into the condition of deserts and becoming nurseries
of inundations which swept away annually fabulous sums of property
in the valleys of the Commonwealth. It was evident that this condi-
tion of affairs was a serious menace to the future prosperity of the
State. There was no reason to think that the owner would under-
take to care for it, by rendering it productive. In fact, in many in-
stances the land was allowed to pass into the possession of the coun-
ties for non-payment of taxes.

To remedy this, and to restore the necessary proportion of tim-
bered land to cleared land which the needs of the State required, the
purchase of this land was commenced in Pennsylvania. No one sup-
posed that it was to remain uncared for, because it was bought with
the specific idea that it was to be cared for, and that the State would
do for it what the individual could not or would not do.

Yet, fully as this was understood, there was always a hitch when
the question of expense presented itself. The Forestry Department
did not care to advance faster than public sentiment allowed, for
to have done so would have been to halt the entire beneficent move-
ment. It appears now that the opportune moment has come to en-
large all of our plans and to undertake on a large scale to care for
the lands now held by the Commonwealth.

The road system of the forest reserves appears to be the logical
starting point. They can be reached as a rule by public roads,
which are seldom better than those alluded to on the first page of
this paper. But to go through them in such directions as their de-
velopment and protection require is, in most instances, impractica-
ble. In Clinton county the roads extending through these lands
have been practically abandoned, as, for example, the road leading
from Jersey Shore to Coudersport, or the road from Beech Creek to
Renovo. In Pike county a similar condition, in part, still exists.
For example, the road from Porter's I^ke to Bushkill via Forest

|i

!|i|i

riti

102

REPORT OP THE

Ofe. Doc.

Park. The road from Porter's Lake to the Knob had become im-
passable when it was taken hold of a few years ago by the Forestry
Department and placed in a fairly good condition, for a small sum
of money, sensibly and honestly expended.

There can be no forest protection or restoration until forest fires
are held in check. It is the worst possible use of public money to
spend it in planting trees until there exists a reasonable guarantee
that these trees can be quickly reached with proper appliances to
protect them against the flames.

It is therefore necessary that there should be commenced at once
a system of (a) roads, (b) fire lanes, (c) trails leading to sources of
water supply.

In order to eliminate all conflict of authority and to have the
work done in an intelligent way and on a permanent and economical
basis, all roads passing through the State Forest Reserves should be
under the control of the Department of Forestry. Where there now
exist in the reserves township roads, these should be placed in bet-
ter condition than, as a rule, they ever have been. And where suf-
ficient roads in addition, for State purposes, do not exist, they should
be promptly made.

At the Legislative session of 1905 an act was passed at the solicita-
tion of some of the counties, authorizing the annual payment to the
counties of 3 cents an acre for school purposes on all land held by
the State within the limits of that county, and a similar fixed sum
of 2 cents an acre was to be paid for road purposes. There is no
doubt that some such relief was necessary in the case of the schools
and the act was a well intended one. But the practical application
of the act in the matter of the roads has revealed some astounding
results. In one county the road tax of "the settlement" was reduced
by the amount received from the State for the lands, and the roads
within the Forest Reserve were totally neglected. In another in-
stance the recipient of the fixed charge for the road coolly pocketed
the money received, claiming that it was ])aid him by the Forestry
Department for the care of the State lands.

In 1905 Quincy township, Franklin county, received from the State
in the shape of a fixed charge on State lands $218.66. One might
fairly suppose it was to reimburse the township for work done on
the roads leading through the State lands, and the charge would
have been proper, fair, and just if such had been the case. As a
matter of fact, however, but an exceedingly small portion of it was
so expended, so far as I am informed. This does not imply any in-
tentional dishonesty on the part of the officials. It was simply fol-
lowing out the old custom of neglecting the backwoods districts,
which has been done for so many years that the injustice of it has
been lost sight of. Yet in that very township, when a road, upon

1

m

PIRATE X.— How a Good Forest Road is Destroyed. The Work of

one Team.

No. 25.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

103

which a population of several hundred citizens depended, had become
almost impassable, the Forestry Department was obliged to repair
the road in order to take the sick inmates of the State Camp in
safety from the railroad to the camp, and in order that supplies might
be hauled to the camp. See accompanying illustration of the road,
Plate 11. In driving through the gorge, of which the illustration is
a part, the mail and passenger carrier for the camp, in one year, actu-
ally shook loose or broke the frames on all his ^'Dayton" wagons.

It is not surprising (though it is worth alluding to), that in those
counties where vast bodies of land have passed into possession of
the counties for non-payment of taxes, no liberal minded citizen
thought of having Ihe county pay a fixed charge for school or road
purposes while the lands were so held, though the thought was
speedily suggested by Slate ownership.

Forest roads exist for several purposes, the chief of which are the
removal of products and suppression of fires. In a level district it
would be an ideal condition if these roads were straight, at regular
intervals and at right angles or parallel to fire lanes. As a matter
of fact, however, this will seldom be possible in Pennsylvania, owing
to the liillv or mountainous character of the districts in which most
of our reservations are located. ''Roads must begin somewhere and
go somewhere." In other words, they must be, or ought to be, con-
tinuous, from one important point to another. Hence they may have
ridges to cross, mountains to ascend from the level of the stream in
the valley to the summit of a divide. The important fundamental
rule to be observed in the location of such a road is, the grade should
always be an easy one. A long road is safer, cheaper, and better than
a steep one. Whenever the grade becomes so great that the wheels
of heavily laden wagons niusi be locked when descending ''so as to
drag," it is impossible to keep such a road in repair without great ex-
pense, and it is eciually impossible to haul a reasonable load up with-
out overtaxing a leam, and without consuming an unreasonable
amount of time. The line of loose stones on the road in Plate 10
shows the effect on a "well piked road" of locking one wheel on a
wagon which carried a load of 2h tons. The mischief was all done
in one trip by one wheel. These roads should be properly ditched
on the sides and rounded up in the center, and the breaks for the re-
moval of water should not be more than 100 feet ai)art on an as-
cending road. It is impossible to build a good road with a mudhole
for a foundation. The question of making a stone roadbed is left
out of consideration for the present as one to be settled by local con-
ditions. There are times when it is wholly unnecessary, and there
are times when it must be done.

It will probably be discovered that topographical conditions will
place most of the Reservation roads on the lower grounds, except

ii

III

I

104

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

where thej must ascend to cross divides. This would necessitate
that most of the fire lanes should run directly up the hills. As a
matter of fact, this is the exact relation found necessary by the
earlier lumbermen and charcoal burners. These fire lanes should
be at least ten feet wide. They should be kept clear of brush, and
made passable to pack animals always, and to wagons when the ex-
pense would not be too great. And there should be no area of more
than a mile square which would not be made.readily accessible by a
road or a fire lane, or by .both. For the first few years there would
be a constant tendency for these fire lanes to grow 'shut. Judicious
annual cuttings would, however, soon remove this tendency, as no
roots can long survive unless there are leaves to nourish them.

Furthermore, where there exists a ridge, or a mountain axis there
should always be a road or a fire line over which a wagon could
plasfer from one end to the other. This is because it is often im-
possible to head a fire ott when it is ascending a steep slope, but
it is usually vastly easier to head it off on level ground or on
a descent, unless there is a driving wind and a "top fire.'' For
"back firing" purposes the importance of these "ridge roads" is very
great.

In addition to roads and fire lanes, trails must not be lost sight
of. Every spring which yields a sufficient supply of water should
be easily reached by a trail, if not by a road or fire lane. The
importance of this cannot be over estimated, first, because the trails
cost but little to make or to maintain, and second, because ex-
perienced forest tire fighters will realize the extreme straits in
which they have frequently been placed for want of even a few
gallons of water for backfiring purposes. Within a few years
members of the forestry force have carried water for backfiring
purposes in their felt hats when it was to be had in no other
way. Such a condition of affairs cannot Longer be tolerated.

During the spring of 190r» fire was allowed to burn over a hundred
acres of State land because water from a never failing spring on
State land and nearby was not available.

These examples are sufficient to show the need of, first, placing
the springs in such a condition tliat water can readily and'speedily
be dipped from them and, second, of always maintaining an open way
to the nearest water, whether spring or stream.

The question of expense is wholly subordinate, when one must
choose between failure or success in the general plan of the State
Forestry work.

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PLATE XI.— AN Ordinary Township Road, Mont Alto Division.

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No. 25.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

106

FIRE FIGHTING IN THE FOREST— SOME ADDED

EXPERIENCE.

J. T. ROTHROCK, M. D.

In the report of the Department of Forestry for the years 1903-04,
there was a brief description and an illustration given of the pack
saddle as an aid in fighting forest fire. So far as I am aware this
method of conveying water to the fire line had not before been used
and whatever credit attaches to it may well be claimed by the
Pennsylvania Department of Forestry.

From the first, wherever properly used, it has been successful.
Its function, however, is seldom on the front of an advancing fire,
for that would usually require a great body of water. It may be
depended upon for backfiring purposes.

It is probably useless to tell an experienced forest fire fighter of
the assistance to be derived from having two kegs of water (twenty
gallons) at his disposal when backfiring, for he will remember at
once the desperate efforts made to carry water in canteens, buckets,
or even in felt hats, from a distant spring to the firing
line.

It is only the inexperienced who doubt the value of the method.
To the veteran, it is a godsend.

In the spring of 1906, a fire was started on Snowy Mountain,
Franklin county. It was speedily suppressed, as we thought, by
a large force of men. An hour after we left the ground the fire
was raging again, and the force promptly returned to the scene.
Leaving out of question the origin of this second fire, we discovered
a condition of affairs which was somewhat out of the ordinary, in
that region, though common enough elsewhere. The soil was, owing
to decaying vegetable matter, much like tinder. It would almost
ignite from a spark, and then burn beneath the surface, travel,
and reappear on the surface and again start a blaze. Sprinkling,
or whipping out, or both combined, did not meet the emergency.

There were few effective tools on hand for trenching around the
fire, though we did the best we could under the circumstances.
Water was brought on the pack animals, the hose and force pump
attached to the kegs and the water forced vertically down into the
soil in the trench which we were able to make. Fortunately we were
able to secure enough water to thus head off the fire.

There is nothing new or striking in this method of heading eff

t!

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106

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

a ground fire. Tho important f^ct is the ease and certainty with
which it was done. I remember very well where a forest fire was
started in Sullivan county, in a soil composed of humus and sphag-
num moss, in an exceedingly dry summer. It required weeks to
suppress it, and every available method of conveying water to
the place was used. Our pack train would have solved the problem in
a single day.

We are now prepared to make another improvement in our method
of forest fire fighting. A fire wagon has been expressly built for
the purpose of conveying to a point, as nc^r the forest fire as a
wagon can go, everything the peculiar nature of the service requires
Every utensil is kept constantly on the wagon, and in perfect order'
All that is required is lo hitch Ihe horses to wagon and go On
the wagon are four men: 1st, the wagon master; 2nd, the driver- 3rd
the two men who are to use the force -pump. There are also'four
ten-gallon kegs filled with water for the pumps, a five-gallon keg of
fresh water for drinking purposes, six axes for brushing out a back-
firing hue, six rakes for clearing away the leaves, shovels and mat-
tocks for trenching or throwing earth on fire, canvass buckets for
carrying water, chains for dragging burning logs to safe points
pack saddles to carry water when tlu^ (^nd of the wagon road is
reached. Food for one day is ki^i^t in the wagon, and also an emer-
gency case of medicine.

The wagon master is held absolutely responsible^ for every article
on this wagon. He alone has possession of the key to the house
where the wagon is kept. H(^ and the driven- remain with the wa-on
to guard It, to issue the utensils and food an:l to remove the wagon
and the riding horses to a point of saf(4y if the fire advances to a
dangerous proximity.

Want of such preparedness has cost the State thousands of dol-
lars within a few years. It would scn^m that during the fire season
such fire wagons should be kept constantly out on the patrol in cer-
tain of our most fire infested regions.

It is probable that a portable chemical engine should be added to
the wagon equipment, and possibly adapted also to a pack saddle
Upon (his point, we await the result of experiments. Upon one point'
however, there is no doubt. The ^^lappy go lucky" methods of fight--
ing forest fires should be superseded at once bv a carefullv matured
plan, operated with the aid of anything and everything which will
lead to a promj)t suj)pression of the fire.

^ The m^ost costly, most dangerous, and moM unnecessarv element
m the whole forestry problem is the forest fire.

That it can be reduced is a certainty, providc^d the force is in-
structed, systematized, and properly equipped.

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No. 25.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY

107

4

EXCERPTS FROM REPORTS MADE TO THE DEPARTMENT BY

FOREST RANGERS IN 1905.

No fires.

Adams County.
Franklin County.

Seventy-five to 100 acres on Caledonia Division; little loss to
standing timber, as the forest was damp; supposed to have been set
on fire. Twenty-five acres in Allen's Valley; little damage; fire
started from lumber operation.

Bedford Countv.

Twenty-five acres of barren brush land; constables did their duty
and suppressed the fire at a cost of |19.00

Clinton County.

Fifty acres; little damage to standing timber; fire originated from
a lumbering engine.

Huntingdon County.

Small fire in brush; "I never saw a constabh* at a fire;" s<*t by an
engine. '

Juniata Countv.
No fires. '

Lycoming County.

About 400 acres; no loss worth mentioning; constables did their
duty; cost to suppress about |G0.00; origin unknown.

No fires.

Milfiin Countv.

Pike Countv.

About seventy fiv(^ acrc^s in Palmyra township, killing only a little
brush; probably started in cow ])aslur(% or by huckleberry pickers.

Three thousand acr<'s; all young timbci' killed; 100,000 feet destroy-
ed; constables did nothing; fire supposed to have b(M*n set ma-
liciously because of the re(piiring of a p(M'mit to camp on State land,
and by reason of jealousy, and the sn|>pression of timber stealing.

Seven hundred and sixty acres in Porter, Lackawaxen, and Bloom
lug (Jrove townshi[)s; little damage; no constables at this fire; set
by railroad or hunters.
8

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REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

109

- Potter County.

Three acres in Keating township; no loss to standing timber; fire
started from the railroad.

Eight hundred acres in Summit and Wharton townships; a dense
second growth destroyed; constables were present and did their duty;
fire was caused by railroad engines and burning of fallow.

No fires.
No fires.

Snyder County.
Tioga County.

EXCERPTS FROM REPORTS MADE TO THE DEPARTMENT BT

FOJtEST RANGERS IN 1906.

Adams County.
(See Franklin County.)

Bedford County.
Two hundred and twenty-five acres in November; loss small.

No fires.

Clinton County.
Franklin County.

Four thousand acres, running into Adams county; five fires, one
started from an engine; loss in all upwards of |1,()00. Fire on Dale
tract; little damage.

Fulton County.

Four hundred acres in Allen's Valley; ran into Franklin county;
7,500 feet destroyed; started from charcoal burning; constables in-
curred an expense of about $175.00.

No fires.
No fires.

Huntingdon County.

Lycoming County.

Mifflin Countv.

About 2,000 acres of sprout timber bnined in Brown township;
little damage; constables did their duty; fire maliciously started.

Pike County.

Four hundred acres in Green township; no large timber killed;
fire supposed to have been started maliciously.

Three thousand seven hundred acres in Porter township; 7,500
feet destroyed; all standing timber killed. The township elects no
constable.

Eight hundred and fifteen acres in Porter township; the young
growth hurt; older timber hot injured; loss about |500.00.

No fires.

Potter County.
Snyder County.

About ten acres in Adams township; little loss; constables present
and incurred an expense of about |12; fire accidentally started from
burning brush on private land.

Tioga County.

One thousand acres in Morris, Shippen, and Delmar townships;
little loss; constables were presc»nt and incurred an expense of about
1135.00; supposed to have started from the railroad.

I

110

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

THE COLLIER^S CABIN.

J. T. ROTUROCK, M. D.

Learned societies have thought it worth while to rescue from
oblivion, by publication of illustrations and descriptions, whatever
would throw light upon a departed or a disappearing civilization.
Oup general government has, with a like purpose in mind, devoted
vasts sums of money to publication of books concerning the modes
of life of our aboriginal tribes. Whatever illustrates human life be-
comes a link in the chain of universal historv.

Hence, I deem it woith while to illustrate a form of forest life
which at one time was quite common in this State, and which was
a necessary part of what was then the most important manufactur-
ing interest of the Commonwealth— the production of charcoal iron.

In the early history of this industry the wood from which the
charcoal was made was usually found near the homes of those who
cut it or burned it. But an enormous quantity was required. In
fact, in order to render their sui)ply of charcoal certain, it was often
the custom of the "iron masters'' to purchase ^'blocks of woodland"
containing from ten to twenty, or more, thousand acres. When the
wood adjacent to the furnace or forge was cut the "choppers" were
no longer able to live at their homes. The "coaling" was sometimes
ten to twelve miles from wheic the charcoal was consumed. Early
in the morning a huge wagon drawn by six fine, well trained mules
would start out, and it was often (nening before it returned with its
load.

As a rule, the men who "chopped and coaled" saw nothing of their
families from Monday morning until Saturday night, when working
on "jobs'' which were remote from the furnace where the brittle pig
iron was produced, or from the forge where it was converted into the
tenacious wrought iron.

All this was before the day when a saw mill was constantly with-
in easy reach. Wages were low. "Money was money." Boards had
first lo be bought and then hauh^l for miles. It was hardly worth
while jo make them by the tedious process of "pit-sawing."

The wood choj per and the collier in their power of adapting them-
selves to circumstances, were but one degree removed fmni the
hunter, who lived in the woods from choice. They sheltered them-
selves as best they could. This necessity evolved the cabin, an illus-
tration of which accompanies this sketch. Plate No. 14.

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110

KKPOKT OF THK

Off. Doo.

THE COLLI i:ir8 (:AI5I\

J. '1". KOTHHOCK, M. J>.

LociriKHl S0i-i('(u»s liav<^ thmi^ht It \v«iilli wliilc t
ion, hv publicalioii of illnsd-aiions and drsciiiMi

o rescue troi

11

obliv

ons.

wlial

ever

would thi-ow li<»lil ujK)M a d( pai-lcd ov a disapix'aiinj; civilization.
Our <j;('uci-al ^(»v«'iiinieii( luis. with a like jaiiposc in mind devoted

vasts sums of menev lo jMildical ion of \hhA<

of lif(^ of our ahoii^iiial nil

s concernin*; the modes

M'S.

\\'liatevei- illustrates human life I

)e

comes a link in ilie chain of univeisal hist

or\

liiW

lee, 1 deem il woilli while (o illusliate a form of forest life
which at one lime was (|ui(e common in (his State, and which was
a neeessarv j)art cd' wlial was ihen ihe most important manufactur-
inj*' interest of the Common weaK h I Ik- piodmlimi of cliarcoal iron.

In the earlv hisloiv oi this industiv ll

eharcoal wjis made was usuallv found

le wood from which th(

mar llie homes of tliose who

cut it or burned ii. \U\\ ;m enormous iiuantitv

fact

tl

in order to render Iheir sujtplv (d* <hai«oal rertain, it

was recpiired. In

was o

ften

le (•ust<un of the -ircm masters*' t<i purehase "blocks of wof»dland

containing from ten to twentv, or more il

wood adjacent to the fu?-naee cm- fo:-.i:
no lon<i(*r able to liv.' ai ilieir lionirs.

lousand aci-es. W hen th(

ten id tw(d\e mih's from where I he rl

<* was cut Ihe "ehoppers'' wer<»
The "'roalin^** was sometimes

in 11

lareoal w;is coiisumed. I']arlv

le mornijii»

Il hu:

:e wa.i:(»n drawn bv six line, well trained mules

W(Mild start out. and it was ofiei
load.

I <\riiiu.i; before il returned wiih il

As a rule, (he men win) ••chopped and couled
families fi-om Abmda.v UMUiniii; until S:iiur<l;
on "j(d»s" which were remote frcun ihe f

saw noihin;: of iheii-

w niiilit. w hen working

ui'na<-e wheie I he bril t h' pim

iron was produce<l. or from the fori;v where it was converted into tlie
tenacious wiMuiLihi inui.

All this was before i he da\ w I

icji a saw mill was constantlv with-

in easN rea<'h. W'auc

s Weie low

Abu

lev was iiiouev." Hoards had

tiisi lo be bought and then hauled for miles. Ii was hai-dlv worth

«' lo make theiu bv Ihe Icditms process of "pi! sawii

11"

whil

The w(»od choj pel- uml i Ik- collier in i heir |>o\\ .-r nf ;ida|»l in«: them
S(dves lo ciicuiiistances. Weie but (Uie dejiree removed frcuii the
hunter. wli(» Iive<l in ihe woods from <hoici'. The\ sheltered 11
s<dves as iM'st thev could. This iiecessitx e\(dved the ('abin. an illus-

lem

tratlon of which accompanies this skef.h. Plate No. 1 1

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INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

No. 25.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

Ill

It is doubtful whether oi* not there is iu use at this time in Penn-
sylvania one of these cabins. It is hardly likely that another one
will ever be built.

In order to secure an exact reproduction of the early form, I em-
ployed the three old men, whose photographs are found in the front
of the illustration, to build just such a cabin as they were accustomed
to live in when they were '"chopping and coaling for the furnace."
They are veterans, a few survivors of a once numerous, honest, and
vigorous class.

In building, the ground is first cleaned and leveled. Then four
forked posts, each from eight to ten feet long, are locked at the
top, much as soldiers stack their arms. The larger ends of these
posts are spread out to enclose the desired space, whicli is usually
about ten feet, with about thc^ same height in the center. The four
pojsts are supi>osed to stand on an imaginary circle which is now to
be completed by filling in the space between the posts with smaller
poles, ''butt ends" to the ground and snuiller ends in the apex of the
structure. These poles are carefully packed in, so as to make an
almost tight frame work when one stands inside and looks out. Over
these poles there is placed a thick covering of straw, when it could
be had, or of l(»aves when straw was not available. Then over all
a thick coating of dirt was thrown.

8uch a cabin, when completed, was supposed to turn rain or melt-
ing snow. Even if it did so completely, it soon became very damp
after a storm unless fire was kept up.

On one side, two openings were left, the one for a fire place and
the other for a door. The former being merely a fireplace, a curtain
of stones, to which one might have access from the inside. It was
seldom more than six feet high and often much less. It ensured
good ventilation undin* all circumstnnces. The doorway was just
large enough to allow one to enter Hie cabin in comfort, and the
door was made bv nailing two boards toucther bv m<»ans of cross
pieces. It was closed by leaning the door up against the doorway.

On a frame of poles within (h(» cabin a few boards were laid, and
on these straw, or clean leaves, over these the blankets and comforts,
which constitut(Ml th(» bed. were placed. Tln^ inmates slept with
their feet toward the fire and Iheii* heads back under the poles of the
opposite side. ;

If one disregards the aesthetic element, it might be safely said
that the woodsmen spent comfortable^ winters in these temporary
structures. They had plenty of food, good health, warm clothing,
and an abundance of fire wood. In addition to this it frequently
happened that there were several other cabins within easy reach.
The long winter evenings were passed b(^fore a roaring fire. Those
who Avere mechanically inclined made axe handles, splint brooms.

112

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

and often laurel root pipes. There was generally a ready sale for
these things at the nearest store. The pipes were especially in de-
mand, for it was the labor of love with the whittler to make them
both neat and unique, and time was squandered on them.

They were snaky places, these cabins, in summer. Often rattle-
snakes, copperheads, and blacksnakes would find their way in and
conceal themselves under the bed, or among the leaves and poles
overhead. They would appear unexpectedly, to the discomfort of
those dwelling in the cabins, and be found coiled up on the beds or
lying of a cool day before the fire. On one occasion when the
choppers were at dinner, a rattlesnake dropped from the poles and
leaves above, down into the frying pan which was on the table, and
which contained the meat the men intended to eat.

Yet I have never heard of anyone in these cabins being bitten
by a poisonous snake. A most truthful old woodman said to me:
"The snakes didn't seem to want to bite us. One morning I found
a rattlesnake curled up on the foot of my bed. He could have killed
me if he wanted to." As a safeguard the choppers in summer time
kept one or more toads in the cabin. So long as a toad was visible
they were sure there was no snake in the cabin. If the toads dis-
appeared the choppers became suspicious, and search through the
cabin was at once instituted.

The food of the men consisted principally of bread, salt pork,
potatoes, beans, onions, coffee, molasses, and occasionally applebut-
ter. It was brought into the woods usually by teams, which took
the charcoal out, or was carried in on the backs of those who con-
sumed it, if no teams came.

There was a deep, heavy frying pan, with three legs, a side handle
and a top, cast in the furnaces for the use of those '^working in the
jobs." It received a variety of names. Skillet, spider, dutch bake
oven, were all applied to it.

A favorite "mess" of the men was to slice what pork and potatoes
they thought they could eat, place them together in the skillet,
with a little water, put it on the fire, place the heavy cast-iron lid
on the skillet and cover the lid with a shovelful of coals, and "let it
cook." For a hungry man a more savory meal could not be found.
A robust chopper once said to me: "It is the kind of grub that sticks
to the ribs." The phrase was not elegant, but it was so expressive
that I often afterwards thought of the combination of nourishing
food, fresh air, and the immunity against disease which these men
possessed.

During the summer, or whenever the weather was fine, the cabin-
men were apt to sleep out of doors, in the woods. In fact, the cabin
was a good place to retreat into when, from storm or cold, it was
uncomfortable outside; but it was, after all, less pleasant than out-
side, in good weather.

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No. 25.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

113

The cabin was certainly well ventilated, so that the life of these
hardy, well-fed men was an open air one.

It had long been noticed that however much they might suffer
from aches and pains of a rheumatic character that they almost
never died from tuberculosis. Apparently they were immune. It
was certainly true that inhalation of carbonaceous dust did in the
anthracite mines produce what was known as miners' tuberculosis;
but here were these men constantly inhaling particles of carbon in
their out of door life, and seldom or never dying from tuberculosis.
Clearly the only explanation was that the one set lived in the
open air and the other in the impure atmosphere of an underground
mine.

Such was the known immunitv of the charcoal burner to the disease
that sixty-five years ago Dr. Abraham Rothrock, then practicing
medicine in Mifflin county, was in fhe habit of ordering his tubercu-
losis patients to go and live with the colliers. Neither he, nor any
of his contemporaries suspected that the disease could be conveyed
from one person to another by any other method than inheritance.
That it is ever so conveyed, is now doubted, though it is well known
fhat association of the tuberculous with the non-tuberculous may
lead to the development of the disease in the latter.

However, so far as I am aware, in no instance was the disease
contracted by the cabin mates of the afflicted person. An atmos-
phere in which one could contract the disease would be a bad atmos-
phere in which to live for a cure.

These facts are all highly interesting, now that so many imposing,
well-appointed buildings for cure of tuberculosis by fresh air and
generous feeding dot the land and work wonders which would
astonish the doctors who once believed in drugs and in keeping out
the night air. They serve to illustrate that great revolutions come
slowly, hardly ever in the lifetime of one generation, and that after
all, the collier's cabin must be regarded as one of the predecessors
of the sanatorium for consumptives.

8—25—1906

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No. 25.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

113

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Tlie cabin was ('ertaiiilv well v(»ntilated, so that tlie life of these
hardv, well-fed men was an open air one.

It had lonjj: been noticed that however much they mij^ht suffer
from aches and pains of a iheumatic character that they almost
never died from tuberculosis. Ap[)arently they were immune. It
was certainly true (hat inhalation of carbonaceous dust did in the
anthracite mines produce what was known as miners' tuberculosis;
but here were these men constantly inhaling particles of carbon in
their out of door life, and seldom or never dyinjj; from tuberculosis.
Clearly the onlv ex])lanation was that the one set lived in the
open air and the other in the impure atmosphere of an underground
mine.

Such was the known immunity of the charcoal burner to the disease
that sixty-five years a^o Dr. Abraham Rothrock, then practicing
medicine in MifYlin county, was in tlie habit of ordering his tubercu-
losis patients to go and live with the colliers. Neither he, nor any
of his contemporaries suspected that the disease could be conveyed
from one person to another by any other method than inheritance.
That it is ever so conveyed, is now doubted, though it is well known
fhat association of the tubcM'culous with the non-tuberculous may
lead to the d(n'elo])ment of the disease in the latter.

However, so far as I am aware, in no instance was the disease
contracted by the cabin mates of the afflicted person. An atmos-
phere in which one could contract the disease would be a bad atmos-
phere in which to livi^ for a cure.

These facts are all highly interesting, now^ that so many imposing,
well appointed buildiniis for cure of tuberculosis by fresh air and
generous f(HHling dot \\w land and work wonders which would
astonish the doctors who once believed in drugs and in keeping out
the night air. They serve to illustrale that great revolutions come
slowly, hardly ever in the lifetime of one generation, and that after
all, the collier's cabin must be regaided as one of the predecessors
of the sanatorium for consum])tives.

8— 25— 19(H>

INTENTIONAL SECOND EXPOSURE

114

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

THE ARBOKESCENT FLORA OF LYCOMING, NORTHUMBER-
LAND, SNYDER, AND UNION COUNTIES, PENNSYLVANIA.*

Ephraim Gearhart, a. B., Sunhury, Pa.

(Compiled June, 1906.)
ANGIOSPERMAE.

Orders and Species.

Habitat.

L..

10

1. MAGNOLIACEAE:

Magnolia grandiflora S,

glauca ( ?) ' .' L.

acuminata, L. ,

Lirlodendron Tulinifera

2. MALVACEAE:

Hibiscus Syrlacus, I

3. TILIACEAE: ■■,

TIlia Americana ;

pubescens js

4. RUTACEAE: !

Ptelea trlfollata Is

5. SIMARUBACEAE: ' "

Allanthus glandulosus

6. SAPINDACEAE: '

Aesculus Hlppocastanum ,

I'avia ;;;■.! s and

nava, j>j

Acer splcatum. . . • !.!!...!... ' .. ..'.

Pennsylvanicum . ^.[ .....[.

dasycarpum .........[.... \.

rubrum ..!!.."*!.!!.!..!

Pseudo-PIatanus jj

saccharinum, '

plantanoldes

Negundo aceroldes S arid L,

7. ANACARDIACEAE: ^ »• ana i.

Rhus typhina

glabra '

cot}"us. y^y^y.y.'.'.'.'.'.\'.'.'.'. '-L^and' N'y '.'.'.'.

cotlnoldes n

8. liRGUMINOSAE:

Cladastris tlnctorJa L

Roblnia Pseudacacia

hispida

Gleditschla trlacanthus, ....!..].,... , N arid TT

9. ROSACEAE:

Prunus Persica I

Persica laevls

'Jjr^';J;ana. '.\y.[y.'.]V.\\][\\: 's.' 'and N.',' '.'.'.

AUeghanlensIs 'l

jh'^asa ;..■."■.!■.■.■.■.*.;;;;:! nV, s.'and u.'.'

domestlca |_

Pennsylvanica .. i ]

Avium, '

r*eraf!us I

Virglniana ^^^ """!!!" l! i! l! ! l! i! rN.VJ=L' and t:.';

PadUR g

Pyrus Malus I '

angustlfolia s

corona ria !

communis

r*>'donia

pinnatiflda. ^i'* "ii!!"; "i!::::::: i «: and' T^;;': ! ii !

Aupuparia. ! j^. and P

Crataegus cocclnea g

tomentosa ' ' '

Amelanrhlor Canadensis, s and

HAMAMELIDEAE: , »• ana

Hamamelfs Virglniana !.

Remarks.

EhDmestlcated.
Native.
Native, frequent.
I Native, abundant.

- Cultivated, frequent.

Native, abundant.
I Rare, native (?).

i Native, frequent.

i

! Native, frequent.

Native, abundant.
Native, frequent.
Rare, native (?).
I Native, frequent.
Native, abundant.
Native, frequent.
Native, abundant.
Domestic, frequent.
Native, numerous.
Native, numerous.
Native, frequent.

Native, abundant.
Native, abundant.
Cultivated, frequent.
Cultivated, rare.

Cultivated, rare.
Native, abundant.
Cultivated, frequent.
Native, frequent.

Cultivated, abundant.
Cultivated, frequent.
Native, frequent.
Native, frequent.
Native, frequent.
Cultivated, abundant.
Native, frequent.
Cultivated, frequent.
Cultivated, frequent.
Native, frequent.
Native, rare.
Cultivated, abundant.

No. 25.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

ANGIOSPERMAE— Continued.

115

Orders and Species.

Habitat.

Cultivated,

Cultivated,

Cultivated,

Cultivated,

Domesticated,

Domesticated,

frequent,
frequent,
abundant,
abundant.

rare.

frequent.

I...

Native, frequent
Native, frequent.
Native, frequent.

Native, abundant.

No?thumbe^rland'"couS?''s^^^^ are used throughout this flora: L.. Lycoming county; N..

Thrspider^rL^nS" n'each ^^th? f'ouTc^oun'Jies?'"''^" '°""*^- ^""''^ "'^ ^"^'*^' '' mentioned

11. ARALIACEAE:

Aralia spinosa, L- ,

12. CORNACEAE:

Cornus florida

Nyssa sylvatica ....

biflora

13. CAPRIFOLrlACEAE:

Lonicera Tartarica, N.,

14. ERICACEAE: I

Rhododendron maximum, ■ L. ,

15. EBENACEAE.

Diospyros Virglniana

16. styracaceap::

Halesia diptera | S

17. OLEACEAE:

Fraxinus Americana

viridis | • •

quadrangulata • • •

sambuelfolia i •••

Chionanthus Virginica, N

18. SCROPHL'LARIACEAE:

Paulownia impeiialis,

19. BIGNONIACEAE:

Catalpa blgnoninides

specioya,

20. LAURACEAE:

Sassafras officinale j

Lindera Benzoin i

21. URTICACKAE:

Ulmus fulva

• Americana,

campestris,

Celtis occidentalis

Madura aurantiaca,

Morus rubra

22. ANONACEAK:

Aslminn triloba

23. PLATANACBAB:

Platanus occidentalis,

24. JUGLANDACEAE:

Juglans cinerea,

nigra

regia

Carya alba

amara

25. CUPULIFERAE:

Betula populifolia,

papyrifcra

lenta

nigra

Alnus incana

Corylus Americana

Ostrya Vlrginica

Carpinus Candiniana

Quercus alba

bicolor

rubra, •

palustrls

lllclfolla

aquatica

Remarks.

X. and L.

Native, rare.

Native, frequent.
Native, frequent.
Native, rare.

Native, frequent.

Native, frequent.

Native, frequent.

Native, rare.

Native,
Native,
Native,
Native,
Native,

frequent,
frequent,
frequent,
frequent,
rare.

Ij. and N.,

L.

and N.,
and N.,

S.

L,.

and L. ,

S.

26.

Castanea sativa, .
Fagus ferruginea,

sylvatica

SALICACEAE:
Sallx fragilis

alba,

Babylon lea

I

discolor,

Populus alba

tremuloides - ;

grandldentata N.

heterophylla

dllatata. ^,-

balsamlfera ^•

and Ti.

Imported, rare.

Cultivated, frequent.
Cultivated, frequent.

Native, abundant.
Native, frequent.

Native, frequent.
Native, frequent.
Cultivated, scarce.
Native, frequent.
Cultivated, frequent.
Native, frequent.

Native, frequent.

Native, frequent.

Native, frequent.
Native, abundant.
Imported, rare.
Native, frequent.
Native, frequent.

Native, frequent.

Native, frequent.

Native, frequent.

Native, frequent.

Native, frequent.

Native, rare.

Native, frequent.

Native, frequent.

Native, frequent.

Native, frequent.

Native, frequent.

Native, frequent.

Native, scarce.

Native, scarce in some,
but not so along rivers.
j Native, abundant.
I Native, frequent.

Cultivated, frequent.

Native, abundant.

Native, frequent.
Domesticated, frequent, (be-
comes almost native by
cultivation.)

Native, frequent.

Domesticated, frequent.

"Vatlve, frequent.

Vative, frequent.

Native, frequent.

Cultivated, rare.

iUre, native (?>.

' I

I' I

N!

lie

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

GYMNOSPERMAE.

Orders and Species.

Remarks.

27. CONIFEfRAE:

Plnus Strobus • ^^ ^,

monticola t Native, frequent.

rigida i Native (?) scarce (?).

Austrlaca i Native, frequent.

mitis Cultivated, rare.

resinosa .' Native, frequent.

inops Native, scarce.

Picea excelsa s "WnHT $f^^*.^®' scarce.

Tsuga Canadensis ' Cultivated, frequent.

Caroliniana V,' " ' Native, frequent.

Abies pectinata s Native, frequent.

Larlx Americana. ... Cultivated, scarce.

Thuya occidentalis Native, scarce.

dolabrata '.'.'.'.'. Native, frequent.

Juniperus communis Cultivated, scarce.

Virginlana '. * f; Native, frequent.

Salisburia adiantifolia. '.'.'.'.'.'. S","!^*J®^' frequent.

Cultivated, scarce.

No. 25.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

117

HOW SHOULD OUR FUTURE FOREST LANDS BE TAXED?*

Hon. S. B. Elliott.

The following is a tardy compliance with a promise made sev-
eral months ago to discuss in the columns of ^'Forest Leaves'' the
very important and pressing subject of taxation affecting the re-
forestation of the waste, barren, and cut-over lands in our State.

All observing persons, all land owners, and all those who have
to do with the lumber interests of our country, know that as con-
ditions now are no reforestation of those lands, whether naturally or
artificially attempted, can take place while fires are allowed to
devestate them or assessors allowed, as heretofore and now, to fix
such values upon them and the young timber growing thereon, as
may make it so unprofitable to owners as to cause them to refrain
from attempting it.

It is well known that in the past many owners of valuable tim-
ber tracts have been forced, from heavy taxation, to cut and throw
their product upon a glutted market to save that product from practi-
cal confiscation; and this sort of work has done much towards bring-
ing about the present deplorable state of depleted forests.

Forest fires can and must be controlled, and it is gratifying to
know^ that public sentiment is awakening to the necessity of it,
and that fires, especially upon State reservations, are less frequent.
While it may seem hopeless now, awakened public opinion brought
to bear upon the careless, heedless offender, and the law upon the
wilful one, will and must settle the matter without disagreement;
but it is not so with the question of taxation. Regarding that, men
may disagree, as their varied interests may be involved, but all
should adnjit that taxation should be so adjusted that it shall be
equal, just, and fair as possible, and the general welfare subserved.

There is no tax for State purposes levied upon land in Pennsyl-
vania, and whatever ma}^ be levied upon realty must, therefore, be
local. The rate of such local taxation varies with the needs of the
community, and only the so-called rural districts can, in the very
nature of the case, place a tax upon land with young and growing
timber on it. Therefore, any tax that shall fall upon land, conse-
quent upon growing young trees thereon, must, necessarily, fall
heavier upon rural districts than on towns and cities. That inequal-
ity should be relieved as much as possible, for the towns and cities
require timber as much as the rural districts.

•From "Forest Leaves," February, 1906.

'i!i

118

REPORT OF THE

Off. D-oc.

Article IX, sectiou 1, of our State Constitution, provides that "all'
taxes shall be uniform upon the same class of subjects.'' It is held
that, under this clause, land cannot be exempted from taxation, save
where it shall be used for public purposes. This view is certainly
logical and must be correct, and in the scheme I shall propose for
relieving young growing timber from taxation, until such time as
it shall reach an age wherein it shall have a commercial value when
cut, will in no way conflict with that conclusion.

There can be no truthful denial but that the assessor of the past
(and he of the present time is of the same mind), persistently laid
a heavy valuation upon all land having growing or standing timber
upon it, and what he has been doing in the past he will be almost cer-
tain to do in the future, unless positively forbidden.

Our Legislature has endeavored to circumvent him to a certain ex-
tent by providing fur a rebate of taxes, not to exceed forty-five
cents per acre, on land which may have three hundred or more grow-
ing young trees upon it, but he promptly puts that rebate out of
action by increasing the valuation on that or the remainder of the
owner's holdings, and in this it may be reasonably expected that the
county commissioners will uphold him. It must in some w^ay be so
fixed that it will be impossible to impose a tax on growing trees,
or the owner thereof, until such trees have a value as a merchantable
commodity if cut. Without that restraint no one need expect that
land owners will plant or care for trees when they must wait half
a century for returns on their investment and, in addition, endure
increasing taxation besides.

But can this be done? Can we separate the products of the land
from the land itself for the purposes of taxation? It is an estab-
lished principle in taxation that land laxt^s may be measured by area,
or they may be measured by rents— which, in a sense, is a product—
or by value; and no matter which system prevails we primarily fix
the value, in most cases, by what the land may produce. But sup-
pose the rental or product of the land shall not be available in any
possible way for half a century or more; can any one give a good
reason why such rental or product should be subject to an annual
and increasing tax?

That a tax should be levied and paid when the rental or product
is received or becomes of merchantable value is not questioned nor
proposed; but what is suggested is, that such an extension of time
should be given as will iK»rmit the holder of the land to be in a
position to realize on his, thus far, non-paying investment, and then
tax for full worth as on other property. In other words, tax the
land annually as land, according to the Constitution, but at no higher
rate than if no trees were growing upon it, and when such trees
arrive at a marketable age, and salable, if cut for any purpose, then
tax the trees, which are simply the product, as well as the land.

No. 25.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

119

i

Do we separate the land from its products in the matter of taxa-
tion in our State? Most assuredly. The act of the Legislature re-
ferred to (see act approved April 20, 1905), practically does that by
partially relieving the land of taxation. Timber growing on land
may be assessed to one party while the land is assessed to another.
The case is the same with coal — both products of the land. Whether
timber of suitable age, or coal lying in the ground, should be taxed
before removal for sale is a question not, at this stage of the argu-
ment, under consideration, but the United States Government, by
act of Congress, permits dutiable goods to be stored in bonded ware-
houses without payment of duty until removed for sale, and the law
is the same in certain cases where an excise duty — Internal Reve-
nue— is not collected until the goods are taken from the bonded
w^arehouses. But in regard to the timber trees referred to, the dif-
ference claimed between them and the young growing ones is, that
one is ripe and now merchantable, if cut, while the other is not, nor
can be for a long time, and the contention is that taxes should not
be levied until the growing trees shall have, at the time taxation
begins, a then present value.

In this State w^e do not tax colts or young cattle until they are
four years old — an age in which tliey are esteemed to have a mer-
chantable value. A farmer may thus make a business of growing
young cattle and young horses and disposing of them without being
subject to taxation at all. Thus is the product of the land separated
from the land itself in taxation.

The value of young trees is purely prosyyective. It may never ma-
terialize. Fire, disease, or insects mav destrov it. It has no mar-
ketable value until laru:e enough for use, and it cannot he conceived
that our Constitution contemplates taxing non-existent or prospec-
tive values. It is real ones, actual ones, present ones that should be
the subjects of taxation.

It is pertinent to remark that there is more or less land in every
county in our State that is unsuited for the general purposes of agri-
culture— land from which all merchantable timber has been removed
or killed by fire. All such is subject to taxation under our Consti-
tution, and, as the law now^ stands, any trees that may now exist
there, or may come to grow upon it in time, may be considered by
the assessor as having a value, when, in fact, the only value that can
be conceived is a prospective one. The assessor may assume such
value as he sees fit and add it, increasing it each year, to that of the
land for the purpose of taxation. That is our present system right
in the face of the fact that no revenue can be received for many
years, and the further fact that this prospective value may be wiped
out at any time by fire or disease. At the very best, land devoted
to tree-growine: cannot escape bearing a h^avy burden. It should

iii(i

120

REPORT OF THE

ore. Doo.

be placed in a separate class from that devoted to the general pur-
poses of agriculture. A little computation will show how unequally
it stands when compared with others.

It is certainly fair to assume that three dollars per acre is the
net annual income from cultivated land after taxes and all legiti-
mate charges in cultivating it have been considered. In forty years^ —
the time required for nearly all our valuable timber trees to
grow to be at all suitable for merchantable timber, and most of them
require sixty or more years — the sum received will amount to |120.
As the owner gets the money each year he has the use of it,, and it
is but right that interest should be added. Simple interest at five
per cent, would increase the sum to '^2^U), while compound interest
— and that is what should be reckoned — would make it amount to
$376.14.

Now, take an acre upon which trees shall be planted. No income
at all equal to cost of planting and care, up to forty years, can be
received, except in the case of one or two species of quick-growinf
trees used for special purposes, and, should no additional tax con-
sequent upon the growth of trees be put upon it, and a tax of only
three cents per acre be levied upon it to niec^t the requirements oT
the Constitution, the owner will, in forty years, have paid out $1.20
in taxes, and putting compound interest on this the amount will be
$3.76. One case shows a gain of |37G.14 and the other a loss of |3.76,
to say nothing of the use of the money inv(»sted in planting trees
and caring for them. One shows an- annual net return of five per
cent, on land valued at |60 per acre that in all probability was not
assessed at one-half that amount, and the other a loss of three cents
per acre on whatever sum you choose to value the land at. One must
look in vain for uniformity here.

But what can be said in defense of adding to the burden of the
timber land by assessing an assumed, prospective value upon it?
If such shall be persisted in it will amount to absolute prohibition
of reforestation in this KState. Under the very best system that can
be devised the owners of land will not be eager to engage in an en-
terprise that will take so long a time to materialize.

But can a better system that that now in vogue be devised? That
is the problem before us, and it is a very serious one. Taxation is
a profound and perplexing question and, at best, must be a matter
of compromise. However, the task of n^forming our system will
never be accomplished unless some plan shall be proposed, and, claim-
ing that a better plan is possible, Ihe following is put forth for con-
sideration:

Let a board of competent freeholders of the county be appointefl
by the court, or elected for that puri)ose, whose duty it shall be to
fix a valuation on any and all lands which the owners thereof shall

<

No. 26.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

121

elect to devote exclusively to growing trees of such species as are
suitable for merchantable lumber. This valuation to be made every
ten years, and in no case to be greater per acre than the lowest valu-
ation placed by the assessor on any non-agricultural, barren, tree-
less, or waste land of any sort within the county. An appeal ta
court from this valuation shall be allowed any land owner, and,
upon hearing, the court shall have power to determine the sum.

If any land owner, whether non-resident or resident, shall elect
to devote any portion of his land exclusively to tree-growing for
commercial purposes he shall give notice, in proper form, to the
assessor of the district in which such land may be located, and the
assessor shall at once report the same to the county commissioners,
who shall promptly lay it before the judge of the Court of Quarter
Sessions of the county. Thereupon the court shall call upon the De-
partment of Forestry of the State to appoint an expert in forestry,
who shall at once examine the premises and decide whether they are
suitable for growing trees of such species as will make good, mar-
ketable lumber, and to decide what species of trees shall be cared for,
if such are growing on the land, and also to decide what additional
ones, if any, must be planted, or whether all must be planted, and
In all cases to determine how many and what species.

If the report shall be favorable, and the land owner become obli-
gated to the country to conduct tree-planting and tree-growing on
said land in accordance with the directions and conditions which the
Forestry Department may formulate and exact, then, when so
planted or devoted to tree-growing, said land shall not be assessed
at a higher rate nor taxed more per acre than the valuation set
upon it by the board appointed for that purpose op the court, on
appeal, had fixed, until the trees growing thereon shall be large
enough to produce good, merchantable lumber and cut therefor. In
case of planted trees this period of time should not be fixed for less
than forty-five years, except where quick-growing trees shall be
raised, for special purposes other than sawed timber.

If, at any time, the owner of any such land shall fail to maintain,
in some stage of growth, such a number of trees as the Department
of Forestry shall deem requisite — a designation of such number to
be furnished the countv commissioners — ^then the lan3 shall be re-
moved from the list of tree-growing lands and be subject to taxation
us other lands in like condition are in the county.

Whenever the owner of any such tree-growing land shall deem
it advisable to cut down and remove any or all of the trees growing
thereon, he shall apply to the commissioners of the county for a
valuation of such timber trees growing thereon as he shall elect
to cut and remove for use or sale, and on such removal he shall pay
to the proper collectors a total tax of not more than two per cent.

M II

illi'll

I <i

122

REPORT OF THE

Off. rk)"?.

No. 25.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

128

on the sum fixed by the county coniniissioncM's. Appeal to the court
from this valuation shall be at all times a matter of right.

If any trees shall be removed at any time in order to permit a
better development of those remaining, the value of the trees so
removed shall not be liable to anv tax unless the value in the
vicinity shall be more than the cost of removal or sale, nor shall
such tirewood as may be necessarv for use in the owner^s house or
the house of any tenant thereon, in his service, be liable to any tax.

The tax which may fall due at the time of cutting of said trees
shall be a lien upon the same, and upon the laud on which they grow,
and when the same shall be cut and removed the tax must be paid
by the party so cutting and removing them.

Much detail is necessarily omitted in the foregoing, the object
being to show, in a general way, a method to relieve tree-growing
land from unjust taxation, yet give to the public fund its due and
equitable proportion of tax on property when that property becomes
of merchantable value, but not before.

If putting a tax on timber when sold shall not be thought advis-
able, then when the trees shall arrive at an age when some can be
profitably removed for sale, say at the age of forty-five years from
time of planting or electing to care for growing trees for lumber
that may be growing on the land at such time, a certain portion
of said land mav become taxable as timber land now is. If, on arriv-
tug at the age of forty-five years, oue'twentieth shall be set apart
for such taxation, and a twenlieth each year thereafter until all shall
become taxable, an age of sixty-five years w ill be reached. Some of
our timber trees will have then arrived at a suitable age for the
manufacture of lumber; but if the owner shall not then elect to
cut the timber he will be ])aying tax on his laud same as now. In
this system there should be no tax levied when the timber is cut,
for the tax began before that was fit and suitable for lumber.

But it may be said that in both these proposed systems the tim-
ber has all the time been growing in value, but has paid no tax.
True, but it has all the time been costing its owner money — the
use of money invested in the land and in the planting of trees and
caring for them, and he has received no revenue — nothing to pay
taxes w^th. The same can be said of buildings or constructions for
any purpose winch may be going on for the improvement of property.
But who claims the right to tax such improvements unlil completed,
providing they are ]>uslied forward to com[)letion as rapidly as pos-
sible?

To suppose that our National and State governments will be able,
from their limited holdings, to supply this country with the requis-
ite amount of timber that our civilization demands is to suppose
what cannot occiir. Individuals, municipalities, corporations, corri-

panies and trustees of estates must engage in tree growing and that
speedily, or there will be so disastrous a timber famine that the car
of progress in this country will not only cease to advance, but will
go backward. Some relief and protection to tree growing must be
given or it will cease. Whoever may engage in it will suffer enough
in waiting for it to mature and tying up money invested in the en-
terprise, and should be exempt from taxation in any form. Full re-
lief cannot be given under our Constitution, and it should be amend-
ed. It should conform to the changed condition of things. With us
tree growing is new. It is unlike any other enterprise, because of the
long period of time taken to bring returns. At present only such re-
lief as has been here suggested, or in some other form which will pre-
vent confiscation, can be given by our State. But the government
of the United States can and should aid in the matter. A bounty on
tree growing would be of far more benefit to the country at large
than a bounty on beet sugar, and a free distribution of tree seeds and
young trees of equal, if not greater, benefit than free garden seeds,

Since wTiting the foregoing I have discovered that Dr. J. T. Roth-
rock, former Commissioner of Forestry of this State, now of the For-
estry Commission, held substantially the same views of the injus-
tice of taxing growing timber that I have set forth. This he did in
an article entitled ^'Vanishing Industries," published in the Report
of the State I^oard of Agriculture for 1894, page 223, a part of which
is here given. I make this reference with great pleasure, as the
doctor thus saw, in the early days of the forestry movement, what
must sooner or later be met. I was not aware of this declaration of
the doctor's when I sent you the article, or I most certainly would
have given credit to this worthy pioneer whose clear vision saw what
should and must be done.
I Very truly yours,

; S. B. ELLIOTT.

^^As for the taxation of standing timber, one may as well come out
on distinct platform at once; it is wrong, both to the owner and to
the Commonwealth, but chiefly to the latter. It is false in princi-
ple, for it taxes a man for a benefit which he has not yet received.
If a timber owner holds land twenty years and then sells it at an
advanced price, he receives his increment and income, for both of
which he should pay. So also he should when he realizes on his in-
vestment by cutting the trees. But, taxing standing timber is not
only false in principle, but pernicious in its results, because it is
confiscating (practically) the lands, to avoid which the owner cuts
the trees, and so inflicts an injury (as things now are) on the State.
Let the State receive its income when the owner gets his. There are
known metheds of doing this.

9 i ;• i

124

REPORT OP THE

Off. Doc.

''It is objected that if growing timber is exempted from taxation, it
would work a wrong to the poorest counties, because it would leave
them without requisite funds for opening and repairing roads. This,
of course, would be bad enough, but is it any- worse than taking the
taxes and failing to repair the roads? The argument may prove too
much.

"Let us look just a little down into the future: This good road
question is a rising one. It will not down. It has come to stay and
we may frankly meet the issue. The State requires ready means
of communication from place to place. Without them we should be
largely at the mercy of the railroads. In proportion as these are
good we are less dependent on the railroads.

"Now, is it not possible that we should be taking a step on which
the wisdom of the future would pronounce favorably if we were to
do this?

"Remove the tax from standing timber until it is sold or cut. And
whatever revenue a township loses by thus exempting the timber, let
the State restore, to be expended under competent supervision in
maintaining a proper road system in that township;

"It will be observed that this grants the largest aid just where
need of development is greatest, and that the State helps itself as
much, or more, than it helps the townships."

GAME PRESERVES.

Under the provisions of the Act of May 11, 1905, P. L. 451, it is
provided that the Game Commissioners, with the assistance of the
Commissioner of Forestry, may establish preserves for game or
places of refuge to which game of all kinds nuiy retreat within the
forest reserves. The need of some such reservation has long been
apparent to sportsmen in this State and it is believed that their es-
tablishment will result in the keeping of large quantities of game
within the State in such localities where the game itself will receive
considerable protection.

The full text of the Act is as follows:

"AN ACT

"Authorizing the Board of Game Commissioners of the Common-
wealth of Pennsylvania to establish and maintain, within the
Forestry Reservations of this Commonwealth, preserves for the
protection and propagation of deer, wild turkey, partridge, quail,
wood cock and wild pigeons, and making an appropriation for
the purpose of stocking and propagating the same.

X

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No. 2g.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

126

"Section 1. Be it enacted, &c., That it shall be lawful for the
Board of Game Commissioners of the Commonwealth of Pennsyl-
vania, by and with the consent of the Commissioner of Forestry, to
establish within the State Reservations public game preserves, for
the protection and propagation of deer, wild turkey, partridge, quail,
woodcock and wild pigeons, subject to such regulations as may be
established by the Board of Game Commissioners.

"Section 2. That the sum of six thousand dollars, or so much
thereof as may be necessary, be and the same is hereby specifically
appropriated to the Board of Game Commissioners of the Common-
wealth of Pennsylvania for the purpose of the establishment of such
preserves and for equipping, stocking and maintaing the same.

In accordance with the above Act, upon request of the Game Com-
mission and acceded to by the Commissioner of Forestry, three game
preserves have been established. The first 'is located in the heart
of the Hopkins Reservation, at the headwaters of Fish Dam Run,
and includes an area approximately of four square miles. To mark
off' the boundary of the preserve a light iron wire has been carried
around and fastened to trees and sticks, and at a height so great
that it cannot interfere w ith the entrance or exit of game of any kind.
No other demarkation is made except a sufficient and necessary cut-
ting of the brush immediately upon the line, where the game patrol
may guard the preserve and also well posted with printed notices
stating the object of the preserve and requesting persons to keep
outside the wire.

The Fish Dam Run outer line was run during the early months of
autumn and a deputy game protector from the beginning of the open
season until th'e close has been kept rej^ularly on the ground. While
some little and unimportant dissatisfaction was felt by a few who
looked upon the reservation as their individual and exf^lusive hunt-
ing region, the project has in general met with the approval of the
peoi)le and it certainly will r(*sult in great ]>rotection to the game
in that region. Within the preserve there is a diversified surface
consisting of high mountain, low^ ravine, and many permanent
springs along the border of which gi'ass remains green thron<jhout
the year. It is believed that the game will soon learn that here it is
free from molestation and in case of pursuit will naturally retreat
within.

The second preserve has been established in Pine township, Clear-
fic^ld county, where warrants numbers 4202, 4263 and 4199 have been
set aside bv the Commissioner of Forestry for the use of the Game
Commission and around which a similar wire has been placed.

The third ])i'eserve has been locatinl in the h(»art of the Mont Alto
division of tlu* South ^fountain Reservation and the wire to mark its
limits is being put into position during the present winter.

As the act establishing game preserves does not relate to the pro-

126

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

tection of game lish, fishing is still permitted witliiu the preserve, but
no hunting or shooting.

It is understood and particularly stipulated that the protection of
game preserves shall in no wise interfere with the work of the Die-
partment of Forestry.

During the open game season all persons are forbidden to enter the
preserves, except those in the employ of the Department of Forestry
who may be called there on official business for the prosecution of
forestal work and employes of the Game Commission who have au-
thority to enter the preserves, but only for the purpose of remov-
ing a dead or wounded animal, or for the purpose of arresting per-
sons who may have violated the law or the rules of the preserve. In
the matter of hunting, however, the officers and employes of the
Department of Forestry and those of the Game Commission are upon
exactly the same footing as other persons, and no privileges of hunt-
ing are or can be extended to them to the exclusion of others.

From the good results which it is believed wull flow from the estab-
lishment of game preserves, and which has indeed already been evi-
denced, it is likely that the Game Commission with the assistance of
the Commissioner of Forestry will from time to time locate preserves
in other reservations.

STATEMENT BY DR. J. T. ROTHROCK OF MONEY RECEIVED
BY CONTRIBUTION FROM 11)01 TO DECEMBER 31, 1906, AT
SOUTH MOUNTAIN CAMP SANATORIUM; ALSO STATE-
MENT OF EXPENDITURES FROM THE SAME FUND FOR
THE SAME PERIOD.

' Receipts.

1901.

Mrs. Eckley B. Coxe, |100 00

Mrs. Arthur I^a, 25 00

Mrs. J. P. Lundy, 25 00

Miss Caroline Pearson, : 100 00

Aug. 7, Harrisburg Civic Club, per I^titia G. Brady,

treasurer, G5 00

1902.

Oct. 2, Mrs. Henry McCormick for camp, 50 00

Oct. 20, Mrs. Henry M-eCormick for cabins, 30 00

1903.

Jan. 3, Samuel Wagner and family, 50 00

Feb. 18, Miss Murray, 10 00

Feb. 25, Mr. William S. Harvey, 100 00

Feb. 25, Mr. George Tliomas, . 50 00

No. 25. DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

Aug. 3, Mr. W. H. Boggs,

Aug. 3, Mrs. Taylor Scarlett,

Sept. 20, Dedication collection,

Sept. 20, John E. Potter, Esq.,

Dec. 14, Mr. Frank G. Kennedy, Jr.,

Dec. 14, Mrs. J. P. Lundy,

Dec. 17, Mrs. Taylor Scarlett,

Dec. 17, Miss Carrie Shatter,

Dec. 22, Mrs. Taylor Scarlett,

1904.

Jan. 5, Helen May (''Willing Hands"),

Jan. 19, ,

Jan. 19, ,

Feb. 2, Mrs. Tavlor Scarlett,

Feb. 12, proceeds of lecture,

Feb. 12, Ladies^ Emerald Club, Waynesboro,

Feb. 13, Corwin Elden,

Feb. 13, Harrisburg Civic Club, Mrs. J. J. Chamberlain,

Feb. 29, George Elden,

March IG, Mrs. Taylor Scarlett,

March 22, Mrs. Taylor Scarlett,

March 31, Mrs. Taylor Scarlett,

Aoril 6, Mrs. Taylor Scarlett,

April 18, Mrs. Taylor Scarlett,

May 14, Mrs. Taylor Scarlett,

May 21, Mary S. Lundy,

June 21, sale of tent floor,

June 23, Mrs. T. B. Kennedy,

July 11, Mrs. Taylor Scarlett,

Aug. 16, W. P. Sharpless for C. M.,

Sept. 19, Mrs. E. B. Coxe,

Oct. 10, Mrs. Taylor Scarlett,

Nov. 24, Ellen P. Spurrier for Lancaster Branch Needle-
work Guild of America,

Dec. 19, Susan L. Jetfries for Wayne Saturday Club,

1905.

Jan. 10, Mary S. Lundy,

Jan. 14, Miss Esther G. Leggett,

Jan. 28, Josephine l*ape, treasurer Pennsylvania Women's

Press Association,

Feb. 4, Iris Club, Lancaster,

Feb. 23, Leonora M. Weand, Pottstovvn New Century Club,

March 5, Mary S. Lundy,

March IS, Miss Hanna R. Dixon, treasurer Kennett New

Century Club,

127

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00

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128 REPORT OF THE

April 11, Maria M. Coxe,

April 11, Matilda C, Markois

April 12, Sophia G. Ooxe,

April 15, Mrs. Frank Jacobs, West Chester New Cen-
tury Club,

May 15, Ijanghorne Sorosis, per Mrs. T. Scarlett,

May 15, Civic Sec. N. C. Club of Chester, per Mrs. Taylor
Scarlett,

July 13, West Chestia* N. C. Club for chairs for Assembly
Building,

Aug. 19, Fortnightly Club, Wyalusing, Mrs. C. J. Lewis,

Oct. 27, Mary S. Lundy,

Dec. 2, Mrs. J. H. Campbell, treasurer Women's Club, Me-
dia, being proceeds of bazaar held by Mrs. Trimble Pratt
and Miss Mary Wirz,

Dec. 7, Woman's Club, Media, Mrs. Trimble Pratt,

Dec. 8, Wayne Saturday Club, Mrs. W. K. Hawks,

Dec. 18, Woman's Club, Media,

1906.

Feb. 12, Anna C. Entrekin in ])ayment for Phoenixville
and Kennett Square cottage, money advanced by J. T.
Rothrock,

Feb. 15, Rebecca Coxe per Mrs. M. M. Coxe,

March 12, Miss Florence M. Dibert, Johnstown,

March 22, Forestry Committee of Langhorne Sorosis Club,
per Laura Hudson Curdy,

Feb. 26, Pittsburg Twentieth Century Club, per Miss
Dock,

April 17, Miss Martha Fisher, Wilmington, Del.,

May 11, received from Lavinia W. Shafer (per I. C. Wil-
liams), in final payment of Phoenixville's share of cot-
tage to J. T. Rothrock,

May 16, Mrs. George L. Armitage, treasurer New Century
Olub, Chester, Pa.,

July 13, Mrs. Annie M. Klee, Pennsylvania Lumbermen's
Association,

Sept. 4, John E. Potter,

Nov. 27, Ladies' Literary Club of Athens and Sayre, Pa.,

Dec. 19, Saturday Club of Wayne,

Dec. 19, Saturday Club of Wayne, per Florence M. Wood,

Dec. 19, Woman's Club, Phoenixville (T. C. Williams), to
furnish Phoenixville and Kennett Square cottage, ....

I

oft!. Doc.

100

00

100

00

200

00

5

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2

00

20 00

55

00

10

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25

00

114

50

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9

00

1

00

10 00

100 00

9 00

7 00

25

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3

00

5

00

20

00

25

00

6

00

5

00

15

00

3

00

27 50

12,544 77

No. 25. . tKEPARTMENT O^ FORESTRY. I2d

Exi)enditures.

1901.

For tents, |56 76

For lanterns, ^^

For pails, ^S

For wash basins, 10

For tin cups, 20

July 15, F. J. S., maintenance, 25 00

Aug. 15, F. J. S., paid H. Frankenfleld, 34 55

Aug. 15, F. J. S., two weeks' allowance, 16 00

Sept. 4, F J. S., two weeks' allowance, 16 00

Oct. 3, F. J. S., two weeks' allowance, 16 00

Oct. 24, F. J. S., stove, 22 00

Nov. 8, F. J. S., maintenance, 24 00

Dec. 12, F. J. S., maintenance, 16 00

Dec. 19, F. J. S., maintenance (during smallpox), 16 00

Dec. 23, F. J. S., and family, vaccination. Dr. Gregory, . . 15 00

(12 miles drive, Stroudsburg and return.)
1902.

Jan. 27, F. J. S., maintenance 20 00

April 14, F. J. S., maintenance, 10 00

May 22, F. J. S., maintenance, 10 00

Dec. 30, David Knepper, erecting cabins, 39 65

1903.

April 1, C. P. Miller & Co., oil stoves, &c., ' 38 35

April 3, David KnepjM'r, for cabins 116 05

April 3, material for bed ticks, 3 00

April 3, making bed ticks, Carrie Shafer 3 00

May 8, David Knepper. erecting cabins 22 00

May 26, F. S. Hickman, prinling camp regulations, 3 00

June 5, J. T. Rothrock, cost of plowing Sanatorium garden, 2 00

June 5, J. T. Rothrock. fumigating candles, 1 00

June 13, M. Elden & Son, 7 25

June 16, J. T. Rothrock, making bed ticks 13 55

June 22, F. S. Hickman, printing 5 50

June 22, cheesecloth ^ 20

June 22, fumigating candles, 1 00

July 1, sheets and pillow cases, ^ 50

Aug. 1, M. Elden & Son, making bed ticks, 17 81

Aug. 3, for drugs ^ ^^

Sept. 7, Howard Yeager, hymn books and expressage, . . 9 75

Sept. 20, paid towards improvements, etc., 26 66

Dec. 8, S. & (t. maintenance ^ ^^

Dec. 17, Mrs. Kh'c, for S. & C. maintenance, 18 00

Dec. 22, George Kauffman, for wood, 18 00

9—25—1906

130 REPORT OF THE

Dec. 22, Clias. Carbaugh, hauling,

Dec. 22, Will. Deywalt, wood cutting,

Dec. 22, Jas. W. Carbaugh,

Dec. 22, J. M. Kauffman,

Dec. 22, John Carbaugh,

Dec. 28, Jesse Thatcher, for formaldehyde,

1904.

Jan. 21, Chas. Carbaugh, hauling books to camp,

Jan. 28, Chas. Carbaugh, hauling,

Jan. 28, John A. Carbaugh, chopping,

Jan. 28, Jas. W. Carbaugh, chopping,

Jan. 28, Wm. Deywalt, chopping,

Feb. 12, C. S. Bradford, lecture expenses,

Feb. 14, sending G. home,

Feb. 24, S. maintenance,

Feb. 29, George Stal(\v, five cords wood,

Feb. 29, John Carbaugh, wood cutting,

Feb. 29, Wm. Deywalt, wood cutting,

Feb. 29, Chas. Carbaugh, hauling

March 10, Medicine,

March 24, Chris. Wagaman, wood,

March 30, Wm. Deywalt, wood cutting

March 31, J. W. Carbaugh, wood cutting

March 31, Chas. Carbaugh, hauling

April 5, G. H. Kauffman, wood,

April 5, W. P. maintenance,

April 6, Brinton & Worth, Seeds,

April 12, S. maintenance,

April 12, \\\ P. maintenance

April 18, C. Carbaugh, hauling,

April 18, George Staley

April 28, J. Kauffman, hauling,

April 28, J. W. Carbaugh, cutting wood,

April 28, W^m. Deywalt, cutting wood

April 28, W. P. maintenance

April 28, C. H. M. maintenance,

May 2, M. Elden & Son, supplies,

May 2, Chas. H. Hill, work for patients,

May 31, C. M. maintenance,

May 31, Wm. Deywalt, labor,

May 31, C. H. Hill, labor [[[[

May 31, David Knepper,

June 15, Jesse P. Thatcher, formaldehyde

June 21, C. M. maintenance,

July 12, Cljirenro Jones, drugs

July 12, J. P. Thatcher, ,[[][

Off. Doc.

23

80

16

00

14

00

2

00

1

00

17

50

50

15

70

7

00

11

50

15

50

14

60

8

90

5

00

10

00

11

10

9

60

18

70

3

38

10

00

9

75

9

25

29

00

3

00

5

00

5

68

5

00

5

00

11

90

6

00

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00

2

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00

5

00

5

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00

19

17

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8

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9

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30

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No. 25. DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

July 27, C. Carbaugh, hauling,

July 27, C. H. Hill, labor, . :

Aug. 16, Dr. Wingate, drugs and expressage,

Aug. 20, cash to C. M. from W. P. Sharpless,

Aug. 26, Mrs. A. H. maintenance,

Sept. 30, C. W. D. maintenance,

Sept. 30, W. L. S. maintenance,

Oct. 21, H. W^ Skinner, fountain syringe, . . .

Oct. 28, Mrs. A. S. H. maintenance,

Oct. 28, C. W. D. maintenance,

Oct. 28, W. L. S. maintenance,

Nov. 1, Mrs. Klee, skirts for Mrs. H.,

Nov. 1, C. E. Carbaugh, work on Sanatorium garden, . .

Nov. 1, C. E. Carbaugh, hauling Oct. 1 to Nov. 1,

Nov. 9, Jesse P. Thatcher, medicines,

Nov. 9, cash toward maintenance of patients,

Dec. 5, Mrs. A. S. H., maintenance,

Dec. 6, C. E. Carbaugh, hauling

Dec. 7, W. L. S. maintenance,

Dec. 15, C. P. Miller «Jt Co., springlKnise stove and pip(\. .
Dec. 19, medicines,

1905.

Jan. 10, medicines,

Jan. 10, Misses M. maintenance,

Jan. 30, three tons coal, John Green,

Jan. 31, Chas. Carbaugh, hauling,

Feb. 13, Misses M. maintenance,

Feb. 13, Miss S.,

Feb. 17, Miss S.,

Feb. 17, Misses M. maintenance

Feb. 24, Albert Carbaugh, labor,

March 1, medicines,

March 4, Miss S. maintenance

March 5, W^ L. S. maintenance

March 5, Mrs. H. maintenance,

March 7, lanterns, one-half dozen,

Feb.^14, l*aul von Boeckmaiin, pniMiinoxeter for camp use,

Feb. 18, Money advanced on Chester county cottage,

March 20, medicines,

April 3, porch Phoenixvilk* cottage,

April 12, John Green, 4,100 pounds coal,

April 14, Miss H. S. maintenance,

April 17, S. D. maintenance,

April 21, S. D. maintenance,

April 21, Miss H. J. S. maintenance,

131

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10 50

28

82

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00

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00

5

10

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00

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06

30

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00

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20 09

85

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5

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10

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5

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5

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70

15

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10

00

10

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23

96

12

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00

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00

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5

00

III I

132 REPORT OF THE

May 1, Mrs. Klee, maintenance fund, April and May, for

needy patients, t

May 1, S. D. maintenance,

May 1, Miss H. J. S. maintenance,

May 4, Miss H. K. maintenance,

May 5, medicines,

May 10, Miss H. S. maintenance,

May 10, S. D. maintenance,

May 13, medicines,

May 25, S. D. maintenance,

May 25, H. S. maintenance,

May 25, B. J. G. maintenance,

June 1, S. D. maintenance,

June 1, H. S. maintenance,

June 1, S. T. Oarbangh. labor,

June 3, freight bill, groceries, &c.,

June 5, freight on plants,

June 7, H. S. maintenance,

June 7, S. D. maintenance,

June 7, Mrs. Annie Klee, special fund for patients,

June 8, C. P. Miller & Co., oil stoves,

June 8, medicines,

June 9, freight on felt paper,

June 13, S. D. maintenance

June 13, H. S. maintenance,

June 13, B. J. G. maintenance,

June 14, C. E. Carbaugh, hauling mail, &c.,

June 14, J. T. Rothrock, lime,

June 16, medicines,

June 20, freight on felt paper,

June 24, B. J. G. maintenance,

June 26, S. D. maintenance,

June 26, H. S. maintenance

June 26, Wm. Deywalt, whitewashing cabins,

July 3, Wm. Deywalt, whitewashing cabins,

July 3, I. G. Roberts, papering, &c.,

July 5, Camp maintenance, Mrs. Klee,

July 5, S. I), maintenance,

July 5, B. J. G. maintenance,

July 5, H. S. maintenance,

July 13, B. J. G. maintenance,

July 13, S. D. maintenance,

July 13, medicines

July 13, M. Elden i^ Son, camp stores

July 13, W. B. Reed, flowers for camp,

Off. Doc.

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00

5

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5

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23

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5

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5

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96

10

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10

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20

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5

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5

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25

5

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5

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10

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20

50

2

50

25

5

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5

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10

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3

65

1

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30

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25

10

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5

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10

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\

No. 26. DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

July 13, Byers Bros., flowers for camp,

July 14, chairs and frcnght,

Aug. 1, B. J. G. maintenance,

Aug. 1, H. S. maintenance,

Aug. 1, S. D. maintenance,

Aug. 14, B. el. G. maintenance,

Aug. 14, S. D. maintenance,

Aug. 14, H. S. maintenance,

Aug. 15, C. E. Carbaugh, hauling mail,

Aug. 24, A. H. maintenance,

Aug. 24, S. D. maintenance, .

Aug. 24, H. S. maintenance,

Aug. 24, B. J. G. maintenance,

Aug. 24, I. G. Roberts, labor,

Sept. 7, B. J. G. maintenance,

Sept. 7, H. S. maintenance,

Sept. 7, S. D. maintenance,

Sept. 13, C. E. Carbaugh, hauling mail,

Sept. 25, B. J. G. maintenance,

Sept. 25, S. D. maintenance,

Sept. 25, H. S. maintenance,

Oct. 14, H. S. maintenance,

Oct. 14, S. D. maintenance,

Oct. 14, B. J. G. maintenance,

Oct. 14, C. E. Carbaugh, carrying mail,

Oct. 16, S. D. maintenance,

Oct. 16, C. E. Carbaugh, hauling mail

Oct. 18, B. J. Gutknecht, services as bookkeeper,

Dec. 15, Hiram Herman, sewing machine,

Dec. 18, Mrs. Klee, Christmas decorations,

Dec. 19, maintenance, T. B.,

Dec. 20, S. D. maintenance,

Dec. 22, Hiram Yerger, 10 blankets at |4.50,

1906.

Jan. 1, Rev. Amos Sell, for preaching,

Feb. 1, B. J. Gutknecht, clerical services

F'eb. 14, B. J. Gutknecht, clerical services,

Feb. 12, J. T. Rothrock, money advanced to Phoenixville

and Kennett Square cottage,

Feb. 15, Wm. Deywalt, labor,

Feb. 19, board of indigent patients, '. . .

March 7, Fifty copies ''How to Get Well Book,"

April 2, board for indigent patients,

April 2, Chas. E. Carbaugh, hauling wood,

April 24, telegrams concerning deceased member of camp,

133

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5

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10

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5

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2

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7

70

5

00

2

00

2

00

2

00

2 00

5

00

7

50

5

00

7

50

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35

00

2

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1

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10

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1

90

5

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8

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6

25

1

32

ill

134 REPORT OF THK

April 30, returning home goods of dec(^ased member of
camp,

May 3, expense of removing indigent patients,

May 3, board of indigent patients,

May 8, A. L. Sherk, paint for cabin roofs,

May 11, J. T. Rothrock, money advanced in erection of
Phoenixville cottage,

May 23, George C. Staley, labor and hauling,

May 23, Wm. Deywalt, labor,

June 14, Byers Bros., bedding plants,

June 14, for removing sick woman home,

June 14, O. E. Carbaugh, hauling,

June 14, special food for very sick patients,

July 2, George Carbaugh, labor,

July 2, Levi Carbaugh, labor,

July 13, Clarence Durr, roofing cabins,

Aug. 21, A. L. Sherk, material for roofing leaking cab-
ins,

Aug. 21, J. T. Rothrock, tent and flooring,

Aug. 25, Rev. Amos Sell, sundries, : .

Aug. 25, C. P. Miller & Co., wire cloth,

Aug. 25, C. P. Miller c^c Co., roasters

Aug. 25, S. A. Huber & Son, crockery,

Aug. 27, H. W. Smith, labor,

Sept. 1, H. W. Smith, labor,

Sept. 1, Wm. KaulTman, labor,

Sept. 5, C. P. Miller & Co.,

Sept. 15, Wm. Kauffman, labor,

Sept. 15, Harry W. Smith, labor,

Sept. 18, John K. Carbaugh, two days' hauling

Oct. 25, Andrew Klee, camp sundries,

Dec. 21, Mrs. Klee, camp sundries,

Dec. 22, board of indigent patients,

Dec. 31, balance on hand,

Off. Doc.

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52

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19

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2

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4

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5

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34

10

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3

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4

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3

19

3

75

3

00

6

75

2

80

5

38

5

38

4

00

6

60

5

00

3

00

66

47

$2,544 77

A word of explanation appears desirable. It will be noted in
the above statement that undcT expenditures there are frequent
charges for labor and repairs. Neither of these should properly be
paid for from the contributors' fund; but as both labor and repairs
were absolutely necessary for the comfort and welfare of the pa-
tients, and as there was no portion of the State appropriation avail-
able, we were driven to draw upon the contributors' fund.

We have endeavored to acknowledge promptly all monies or arti-
cles contributed by the friends of the camp. Occasionally, however

No. 25.

DEPARTMENT OP FORESTRY.

ia5

it has happened that packages or boxes have been sent without pre-
vious notice and without any markings to indicate whence the bene-
faction came. In some instances we were absolutely unable to
discover to whom our thanks were due.

Expenditures in the above list charged against the initials of the
indigent patient are so entered in order to save those persons from
possible embarrassment. The names in every instance can be given
if necessary.

DONATIONS MADE TO THE SOUTH MOUNTAIN CAMP SANA-
TORIUM TO AND INCLUDING DECEMBER 31ST, 1906.

1903—

Sept. 11, Mr. C. J. Heppe, 1107 Chestnut street Philadelphia, Pa.,
on representation of Mr. C. L. Rinehart, organ for chapel.

Sept. 11, Mr. Chas. Miller, swing.

Sept. 11, Rev. Joseph Stockton Roddy, Harrisburg, Pa., reading

matter. . »

Sept. 11, Woman's Club, Mechanicsburg, Pa., reading matter.

Sept. 11, Mr. R. N. Thomas, Jr., Bible House, 701 Walnut street,
Philadelphia, Pa., Bible and Testaments.

Sept. 11, Mrs. Samuel Fleming, Market Square Church, Harris-
burg, Pa., reading matter.

gept. 11, , 245 South Eighteenth street, Philadelphia, Pa.,

reading matter.

Sept. 11, Mrs. M. J. Elliott, Clairton, Pa., reading matter.

Sept. 11, Rev. Yohe, Mont Alto, Franklin county. Pa., ^^Religious

Telescope."

Nov. 25, contributions toward Thanksgiving dinner, viz, Mr. Benj.
Bloom, Chambersburg, Pa., 1 turkey; Mrs. J. H. Sharpe, Chambers-
burg, Pa., |5;' Messrs. Wilson Reynolds and O. W. Elden, 5 gallons
ice cream and apples; Dr. Stouffer, Gettysburg, Pa., 1 turkey; Dr.
O'Neil, Gettysburg, Pa., 1 turkey; Mr. Elmer Stouffer, Mont Alto,
Pa., buttermilk and apples. ,

Dec, Martha L. Pierce, Kennett Square N. C. Club, Kennett
Square, Pa., box clothing, box literature.

Dec, Helen May, 809 North 63d street, Philadelphia, Pa., "Willing
Hands" Association N. C. Guild, Philadelphia, box books and cloth-
ing.

Dec, Ladies Market Sipiare Presbyterian Church, Harrisburg,

Pa., box reading matter.

!!

*'i

136

REPORT OF THE

Off. r>Qii.

Dec, contributions toward Christmas dinner, viz: Mr. Elmer E.
Stouffer, Mont Alto, 2 quarts cream, 2 quarts milk, half bushel ap-
ples; Mr. M. L. Way, 2 turkeys.

1904—

Jan. 14, Mr. F. K. AValton, 1528 Cherry street, Philadelphia, Pa.,
magazines.

Feb. 1, Mr. Lindley C. Kent, Wilmington, Del., box magazines, &c.

Feb. 20, Young Women's Christian Association, Philadelphia, Pa.,
books and magazines.

March 22, Mrs. C. F. Hunter, Mont Clare, Pa., box books.

June 29, Mrs. M. F. Bingaman, 768 Washington boulevard, Chi-
cago, 111., 2 hot water bags, 1 throat water bag, games, gymnasium
apparatus, punching bag.

Nov. 10, Ladies of Kennett Square, Pa., box clothing.

Nov. 15, Margaret L. Yateman, secretary Kennett Square branch.
Needlework Guild of America, Kennett Square, Pa., package cloth-
ing.

Nov. 19, Philadelphia branch Needlework Cfuild of America, 110
South Seventeenth street, Philadelphia, Pa., bag underclothing.

Nov. 24, Mrs. Mary Linn Engle, 143 South Church street, AVaynes
boro, Pa., secretary Waynesboro branch Needlework Guild of Amer-
ica, box garments.

Nov. 24, contributors toward Thanksgiving dinner, viz: E. M.
Bender and C. E. Staley, Gettysburg, Pa.; Dr. R. W. Ramsey, Dr.
David McClay, E. O. Smiley, John K. Berger and George W. Klee,
Chamber sburg. Pa.

Nov. 26, Woman's Club, Phoenixville, Pa., box sundries.

Nov. 30, Women's Club, Phoenixville, Pa., furniture for Phoenix-
ville cottage, box clothing.

Dec. 13, Dr. J. T. Rothrock, 1 turkey.

Dec. 14, Saturday Club of WXyne, Wayne, Pa., 2 barrels, 1 box
containing wearing apparel, magazines, books, and edibles.

Dec. 23, Miss Mira L. Dock, Graeffenburg, Pa., 1 turkey.

Dec. 25, Miss Mira L. Dock, Graeffenburg, Pa., 1 grab basket.

Dec. 26, Mrs. Anna Oliver, Oliver's Mills, Pa., box books and maga-
zines.

Dec. 28, Mrs. C. F. Hunter, Mont Clare, Pa., Christmas presents
and fancy work. •

Dec. 28, Mr. Alfred S. Haines, Westtown, Pa., subscrii)ti<)n to
"Country Life in America."

Jan. 14, Miss S. W. Wiggins, 1918 Wallace street Philadelphia,
Pa., chairman Com. Dis. Literature Young Woukmi's Christian Asso-
ciation, Philadelphia, Pa., box literature.

Jan. 18, Miss JA^g^ett, Phoenixville, Pa., 4 mattresses, 2 folding
cots.

l\

•I

No. 25. DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY. 137

Jan. 21, Mr. Lindley C. Kent, Front and Monroe streets, Wilming-
ton, Del., box magazines.

Feb., Mrs. Anna Oliver, Oliver's Mills, Pa., ''Country Life in Amer-
ica."

Feb. 17, N. C. Club West Chester, West Chester, Pa., box bedding,
magazines.

1905—

March, Mrs. C. M. Wetzel, Wayne, Pa., books.

April 28, Mrs. Theo. N. Ely, Bryn Mawr, Pa., reading matter.

M'ay 3, Col. and Mrs. Bruce Ricketts, Miss Jean Ricketts, Wilkes-
Barre, Pa., box bedding.

May 3, Mr. Wm. B. Reed, Oak Grove Rose Gardens, Chambers-
burg, Pa., flowers.

Sept. 30, Mrs. F. G. Taylor, 33 North Lansdowne avenue, Lans-
dowme. Pa., 1 box books.

Nov. 8, Mrs. C. A. Shrigley, secretary Needlework Guild of Amer-
ica, Lansdow^ne branch, Lansdowne, Pa., package underclothing, tow-
els, &c.

Nov. 27, Mr. R. W. Downing, 1624 Locust street, Philadelphia,
Pa., box books.

Dec. 1, Mrs. Mary Linn Engle, secretary Waynesboro branch of
Needlework Guild of America, box clothing.

Dec. 4, Theo. N. Ely, Bryn Mawr, Pa., 2 packages magazines.

Dec. 9, Miss Mira L. Dock, Graeffenburg, Pa., magazines.

Dec. 16, Mrs. W. K. Hawks, Wayne Saturday Club, Strafford, Pa.,
1 barrel, 1 box and package containing wearing apparel, etc.

Dec. 16, Mrs. E. L. Campbell, Wayne, Pa., 1 package wearing ap-
parel.

Dec. 21, Mrs. E. O. Smiley, Chambersburg, Pa., clothing, etc.

Dec. 21, Miss Mira L. Dock, Graeffenburg, Pa., 1 large turkey.

Dec. 22, Mrs. H. E. Campbell, Royersford, Pa., literature, etc.

Dec. 22, Harrisburg Civic Club, Harrisburg, Pa., box bedding,
wearing apparel, &c.

Dec. 25, Rev. and Mrs. Amos Sell, Aram, Pennsylvania, pictures,
rolls, and apples.

Dec. 29, Miss Mira L. Dock, jGraeffenburg, Pa., 5 hot water bottles.

Dec. 29, Mrs. S. A. Elliott, Clairton, Pa., "Presbyterian Banner,"
"Christian Herald," and "Forward" subscriptions.

Cash contributions apart form regular contribution fund:

1905—

Nov. 22, Mrs. Elizabeth Roberts, West Chester, Pa., f3 00

Nov. 22, Mr. Bert Ludwig 50

/

Total, 13 50

:i

138

REPORT OF THE

Off. Doc.

1906—

Jan. 14, Mr. E. E. Stouffer, Mont, Alto, Pa., 1 basket apples.

Jan. 16, Civic Club, Harrisburg, Pa., per Miss Mira L. Dock,
Graeffenburg, Pa., $10 to purchase wood cart.

Jan. 16, Bradford Literary Club and the Woman's Club of Edge-
wood Park, per Miss Mira L. Dock, Graeffenburg, Pa., subscriptions
to the following periodicals: ''The Sunday School Times," "Outlook,"
"McClure's," "The American," "Harper's Weekly," and "Harper's
Bazaar."

Jan. 20, Mrs. M. S. Lundy, 1 box books.

Feb. 3, Mrs. Theo N. Ely, Bryn Mawr, Pa., box magazines.

Feb. 6, Harrisburg Hospital, Harrisburg, Pa., 1 bairel clothing.

Feb. 8, Hollidaysburg Tourist Club, per Mrs. H. A. McFadden,
Hollidaysburg, Pa., ladies outing flannel nightgowns.

Feb. 10, Tourist Club, Grafton, Pa., 2 hot water bottles.

March 27, Twentieth Century Club, Pittsburg, Pa., |25 for hot wa-
ter bottles and blankets.

April 11, Mrs. Thomas Mellon, Pittsburg, Pa., per Miss Mira L.
Dock, Graeffenburg, Pa., flO for hot water bottles and other neces-
saries.

April 11, Mr. John Fulton, per Miss Mira L. Dock, Graeffenburg,

Pa., 1 air cushion, 1 rubber sheet.

May 5, , barrel magazines.

May 21, Mr. E. O. Smiley, Chambersburg, Pa., collection flower

seeds.

May 21, Mr. Harry Ehret, Hanover, Pa., fruit.

June 27, Woman's Club, Phoenixville, Pa., box clothing.

July 10, Mrs. Elizabeth Roberts, West Chester, Pa., fruit.

July 12, ladies of the Lumbermen's Association of Pennsylvania,

5^25.00.

July 13, friend of the camp, $8 for fruit.

July 28, Wilson College, Chambersburg, Pa., box magazines.

Aug. 21, Pennsylvania Steel Company, Steelton, Pa., 8 boxes maga-
zines on technical subjects.
' Aug. 25, William S. Durr, York, Pa., box pretzels.

Aug. 25, Mrs. Elizabeth Roberts, West Chester, Pa., rolls.

Aug. 25, Mrs. Joseph Null, Mont Alto, Pa., rolls and apples.

Sept. 13, Miss Deitrick, Waynesboro, Pa., box magazines.

Sept. 13, Mrs. Amos Sell, Aram, Pa., basket cantaloupes.

Sept. 21, Miss Mary Pratt, West Chester, Pa., 2 baskets peaches.

Sept. 24, Mrs. William Dock, Waynesboro, Pa., basket cantaloupes.

Sept. 25, Mrs. J. A. Miller, Red Lion, Pa., box magazines.

Sept. 25, Dr. J. T. Rothrock, Mountain Side Sanatorium, barrel

cider.

Sept. 26, Mrs, Elizabeth Roberts, West Chester, Pa., 3 bushels

apples. _ , ,. __

No. 25.

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY.

139

Oct. 18, Mrs. Theo. N. Ely, Bryn Mawr, Pa., magazines.

Oct. 29, Mrs. Elizabeth Roberts, West Chester, Pa., box oranges.

Oct. 29, Mr. Benjamin Shriver, York, Pa., box pretzels.

Nov. 9, Needlework Guild, Waynesboro, Pa., per Mrs. Mary Engle,
president, box clothing.

Nov. 9, Mr. and Mrs. Eicholts, ^^'aynesbor(), Pa., box flowers.

Nov. 9, Mrs. Elizabeth Roberts, West Chester, Pa., 6 baskets
grapes.

Nov. 12, the Needlework (juikl, Lnnsdovvne, Pa., per Mrs. J. M.
Shrigley, secretary, box clothing.

Nov. 19, Miss Jane Watson, Doylestown, Pa., "Collier's Weekly."

Nov. 29, Miss Mira L. Dock, Graeffenburg, Pa., 2 plates of the
Capitol.

Nov. 30, Miss Clara A. Bonfeoy, 306 Wilbur avenue, Sayre, Pa.,
$5 and 1 box clothing.

Dec. 10, , barrel clothing and magazines.

Dec. 10, New Century Club, West Chester, Pa., 2 barrels clothing.

Dec. 14, Minnie C. Teeter, president Friday Constitutional Club,
Monongahela, Pa., box magazines.

Dec. 14, Ladies' Tourist Club, Mrs. H. A. McFadden, president,
Hollidaysburg, Pa., box ladies night wrappers.

Dec. 19, Saturday Club, per Mrs. M. W. Orme, Wayne, Pa., barrel
and box clothing and supplies.

Dec. 22, Miss Mira L. Dock, Graeffenburg, Pa., 6 pairs bedroom
socks.

Dec. 22, Ladies' Tourist Club, per Mrs. H. A. McFadden, Holli-
daysburg, Pa., box ladies' night wrappers and five pairs bedroom
slippers.

Dec. 22, the Misses Dock, Graeffenburg, Pa., 1 large turkey.

Dec. 22, Mrs. Charles Snyder, Liverpool, Pa., 1 turkey and pro-
visions.

Dec. 26, Mr. Harry A. Smith, Chambersburg, Pa., 1 large turkey.

In addition to the monev and other articles of value received at the
camp and reported as above, it is proper to add that three buildings
have been erected for the camp by parties other than the State.

One is by the Woman's Club of Phoenixville, Pa., and the New
Century Club, of Kennett Square, Pa., acting jointly. This is known
as the Phoenixville and Kennett Snuare cottage, and will accommo-
date four persons. The ladies of Phoenixville and Kennett Square
have furnished this cottage.

One cabin was erected by Prof. John H. Garber, of Philadelphia,
Pa. This will comfortably accommodate two patients.

One cabin was erected by Mr. Harry Copenhaver, of Lebanon, Pa.
This IS intended only for the occupancy of one patient.

Other money, ready to be contributed by friends of the camp, will

10

i

^\

140

REPORT OF THFJ

Off. I>oc.

be available for three more cottages when the proper time arrives
for their erection.

AMOUNT OF TIMBER CUT AND LOSSES FROM FOREST FIRES

DURING THE YEARS 1904 AND 1905.

Tabulated statements of the amount and kind of timber cut in
the State of Pennsylvania during the years 1904 and 1905 will be
found beginning at page 141 of this report. These amounts are
made from reports sent to the Department by those engaged in lum-
bering. The tables will show a steady decrease of the amount of
timber cut. This of itself is a significant fact.

The tables of fire losses show a most gratifying decrease, drop-
ping from a total loss of 1801,818 for the yi^ars 1902 and 1903, to
1199,792 for the years 1904 and 1905, which are covered by this re-
port. In this connection it must be remembered that the latter two
years were most favorable to the suppression of fires. Frequent
rains kept the forests damj) and no serious large fires occurred.
Freedom from fire must also be attributed to the watchfulness of
the citizens and the care which is exercised by the forest rangers
notifying those living near the reservation in regard to the manage
ment and putting out of fires; also to the assistance of railroad com-
panics in sending out gangs of workmen in an endeavor to suppress
fires which mav be set bv their engines. One notable case showing
the utter disregard of a railroad to respond to help at a fire which it
set is that of a fire which originated on the Mont Alto division of
the South Mountain Reservation in April, 1900, and which is more
particularly spoken of in the report of State Forester Wirt.

The standard by which the timber cut in Pennsylvania was re-
Tiuced from the number of feet reported to the various items
shown in the timber cut tables is as follows:

44 feet (B. M.) in 1 railroad tie.

5,460 feet (B. M.) in 1 car mine props.

1,000 feet (B. M.) in 1 cord wood.

25 feet (B. M.) in 1 mine tie.

1,000 feet (B. M.) in 7,500 lath.

1,000 feet (B. M.) in 3,500 shingles.

18 feet (B. M.) in 1 mine prop.

10 feet (B. M.) in 1 fence post.

8 feet (B. M.) in 1 fence rail.

100 feet (B. M.) in . 1 trolley pole.

150 feet (B. M.) in 1 telegraph pole.

'-»»

No. 25.

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