Wli Report of the Proceedings -of the Third Entomological Meeting Held at Pusa, 3rd to ISth February 1919 ^1 LIBRARY OF I885_l©56 Z,pj^> /^ REPORT ^Proceedings of the ^hird Entomological cMeeting Held at Pusa on the 3rd to 15th February 1919 In Three Volumes Edited by T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER, r.n., f.l.s., f.e.s.. f.z.s., Imperial Entomologht VOLUME III CALCUTTA BUPEKINTENDENT GOVERNMENT PllINTlNG, INDIA 1920 Price per complete set of 3 Vol*. R». 17 A*. 8. I Agents for the Sale of Books Published by the Superintendent of Government Printing, India, Calcutta. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 68-74, Carter Laae, B.C., and 25, Museum Street, London, W.C. Grlndlay & Co,, 54, Parliament Street, London, Luzac & Co., 46, Great Bussell Street, London, W.C. W. Thacker & Co., 2, Creed Lane, London, B.C. T. Fisher Unwin, Ltd., 1, Adelphi Terrace, London, W.C. Wm. We Lon B. H. Blackwell, 50 & 51, Broad Street, Oxford. Deighton Bell & Co., Ltd., Cambridge. Oliver and Boyd, Tweeddale Court, Edinburgh. E. Ponsonby, Ltd., 116, Grafton Street, Dublin. Ernest Leroux, 28, Rue Bonaparte, Paris. Martlnus NijhoS, The Hague, Holland. IN INDIA AND CEYLON. Thacker, Spink & Co., Calcutta and i Newman & Co., Calcutta. B. Cambray & Co., Calcutta. 8. K. Lahiri & Co., Calcutta. B. Bancrjee & Co., Calcutta. Butterworth & Co. (India), Ltd., Calcutta. The Weldon Library, 57, Park Street, West, Standard Literature Company, Limited' Calcutta. Lai Chand & Sons, Calcutta. Ulgginbothams, Ltd., Madras. V. Kalyanarama Iyer & Co., Madras. U. A. Natesan & Co., Madraa. s. Murthy & Co., Madraa. Xhompsou & Co., Madras. Temple A Co., Madras, r. E. Eama Iyer & Co., Madras. Vas A Co., Madras. E. M. Gopalakrishna Kone, Madura. Thacker & Co., Ltd., Bombay. A. J. Combridge & Co., Bombay. D. B. Taraporeyala, Sons , by Major F. C. Fraser ... 898 59. The comparative invisibility of Papilio deiiiolcus during flight, by Dr E H Hankin "... 900 60. The forms of Papilio polytcs, by Professor E. B. Poulton . . . .903 •61. The importance of insects to fisheries in India, by Dr. Baini Prashad . . 906 ■62. Note on a musciphagous wasp, by T. V. Ramakrishna Ayyar ... 909 63. Notes on the life-history of Cknitao ocellatus, by T: V. Ramakrishna Ayyar . 910 •64 Notes on the life-history of Polyptychus dcntatus, by T. V. Ramakrishna Ayyar 914 65. Some observations on the Ufe-history of an Erotylid breeding in Itahan millet, byP. V.Isaac •■..•...!... 919 66. The life-history of the Mminga stem-borer, by T. V. Subramaniam . . 922 67. Notes on the Ufe-history of the Pollu flea-beetle (Longitarsus nigripennis) of pepper, by T. V. Ramakrishna Ayyar . . . . ... 925 ■68. On some of the bionomics of Bruchidse, by R. S. Kasergode .... 928 -■69. On the insect parasites of some Indian crop-pests, by T. V. Ramakrishna / 'i' 1 /) J, ^yy^^ 931 //oi^'^ 70. Hints on coUectmg and preserving insects, by T. Bainbrigge Fletcher . . 936 71. A method of preserving butterflies and other insects, by Dr. E. H. Hankin . 974 72. The importance of collecting, by Dr. D. Sharp 976 73. Note on a very curious Geometrid larva, by T. Bainbrigge Fletcher . . 978 74. Indian Epipyropida;, by T. Bainbrigge Fletcher 978 <^/^ / - 75. Indian Fossil Insects, by T. Bainbrigge Fletcher .982 ^ f ^.0^ 76. The desirability and practicabiUty of the preparation and pubUcation of a general catalogue of all described Indian Insects, by T. Bainbrigge Fletcher 989 77. A sketch of our present knowledge of Indian Microlepidoptera, by E. Meyriok . 999 78. The Trichonymphid parasites of some Indian Termites, by Captain Frodano •''«M«11° 1009 79. GenitaUa of some Ceylonese Hesperiadse, by W. Ormiston .... 1022 80. On the BoUworm parasite described as Phogas Ufroyi by Dudgeon and Gough, by Professor C. T. Brues . . ... . . . . io26 81. Some recently noted South Indian Melolonthid* of economic importance by P. V. Isaac _ •' jQ.,g { iii ) VOL. Ill „ CONTENTS. Papers read and'the Meeting^contd.. 82. Notes on two Psyllid galls exhibited, \rith remarks on Indian Psjllidse, by T. V. Ramakrishna Ayyar 1030 " 83. Note on some swarming Fulgorid Bugs, by T. V. Ramakrishna Ayyar . . 1032 84. Eumastacina? from South India, by T. V. Ramakrishna Ayyar . . . 1033 85. Suggestions regarding publication of communications on Indian Insects, by C. C. Ghosh 1034 86. The preparation and reproduction of scientific illustrations, by A. W. Slater . 1043 87. J^antern Slides (E.rJnbilion and discussion) 1048 88. Note on the decimal method of subject-indexing entomological literature, by C. Beeson ". 1048 89. Note on Plant Imports into India, by T. Bainbrigge Fletcher . . . 1052 90. Entomological Education in Agricultural Colleges {General Discvssion) . 1070 91. Some aspects of Economic Entomology in India, by C. C. Ghosh . . . 1073 92. The Organization of Entomological Work in India ((?e«craZDi«cussi'07j) . . 1081 Closing Speeches 1094 List of Resolutions passed by the Meeting ... ... 1097' Index 1101 LIST OF PLATES Paob. Plate 130. Larva of Caligula cachara 836 131.-^ • r 877 132. I • I 878 133. ^Breeding cages of different types -^879 134. [ 880 135.J (^ 881 136. Feeding Borer larv£e ; Tile-cago for termites . . . .883 137. Pusa Insectaiy . 889 138. „ „ 890 139. Cages for wood- boring beetles . . . . . . . ' 892 140. „ „ 893 141. Bembexlunata 909 142. Cantao ocellatus {Cohaied) 910 143. Polyplychus dentatus ......... 915 144. Anadastus sp. (Coloured) 919 145. Moringa stem-borer ........ 922 146. Collecting outfit, e.g., nets, traps, ete 943 147. ,, „ „ „ 946 148. „ „ „ 947 149. „ „ „ „ 949 150. Store-bos 950 151. Setting and mounting insects ... . . . . • 951 152. Forceps, knives, glass-bottomed box 952 153. Killing insects 953 154. Pinning and setting of insects ....... 955 15.5. „ „ „ 957 156. „ „ „ 959 157. Storage of papered insects ........ 960 158. - „ „ .962 159. „ „ 963 160. Insect-cabinet 968 161. „ 969 •162. A Geometiid\a.i\a, on Beptapleurum 978 163. Epipyrops evryhrachydis 981 164. Indian Fossil Insects . . . ' 988 165. „ 988 166. . „ „ 988 167. Acrocercops resplendens 1006 168. Trichonymphid Parasites of Termites 1021 169. „ „ „ 1021 170. „ „ . „ ....... 1021 171. Genitalia of Ceylonese Hesperiadae 1023 172. „ „ 1024 173. Two Psyllids and their galls 1030 174. Fulgorids 1031 { V ) b2 ^j LIST OF PLATES Plate 175. Phyllochoreia mmakrishnai, Bol Paob. 1033 176. Preparation and Reproduction of Illustrations .... 1043 177. „ " '• - - - 178. . (Coloured) . • 1045 1046 180. Fumigation box, sketch and external measurements . • • 1063 X81. „ „ (closed up for fumigation) . 1064 182. „ .. (open) Proceedings of the Third Entomological Meeting VOLUME III 836 ■ PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 47.— THE LIFE-HISTORY OF CALIGULA CACHARA. By J. Henry Watson, F.E.S. (Plate 130.) The following notes on the partial Life -History of Caligula cachara are not complete as no larvae survived longer than the middle of the fourth age. It was most disappointing as they appeared to be thriving to the end of the third age, but no doubt it was due to the food they were fed upon, the common English Hawthorn, Crataegus oxyacaniha, which was evidently unsuitable for them ; but of course that is one of the points one has to contend with m breeding exotic larvae, the natural food plant of which is unknown. The species is for the present included in Caligula but I think it should not be included in this genus, nor in the genus Didyoploca to which C. 'simla and C. japonica are now referred. Unhke Caligula japonica, where the ovipositmg is like our British Satumia carpini (that is, laid in closely-packed sheets or regularly round twigs), the ova of G. cachara are in httle groups irregularly laid and un- evenly covered with brown cement giviag them a streaky appearance. The size of the egg is about 2-5 X 1'5 mm. The ova were laid from a female paired to the same male for two successive nights but which separated each night before dawn. They were laid 19th to 23rd March. Those laid on the 22nd and 23rd were without cement and quite white and were deposited at a foot away from where the female was caged, evidently by propulsion ; none of these last ones hatched ; the others hatched 13th to 17th April. The lai-vae on first hatchmg are about 3-5 mm. long and are pale . milk-blue on the dorsal surface shading down the sides to greenish- blue, more prominent on the first four segments and reminding one of the last two stages of D. simla and the last stage of some larvae of D. japonica. During feeding in the first stage the larvae changed from miUi-blue to green, yellowish on moulting. Head, glossy black with a few scattered forward projecting creamy hairs. Carapace yellow, kidney-shaped ; with a black glossy kidney- shaped mark, on anterior edge of which on both sides of the median hne a similar yellow mark ; anterior edge of each having a flat spindle-shaped yellowish tubercle with forward projecting hairs similar to those on the head ; on lateral posterior edge of this segment an oval black spot surrounding the first spiracle ; in front of it in a Une with the lower edge of black carapace, a small yellowish flat tubercle with a few hairs longest in the middle. Feet black, glossy and with very few ha'rs. The oval black spot and the aforementioned tubercles form the lateral Page 836. Larva of Califjitla cachava ; a, thoracic shield, first instar ; h. thoracic shield, third instar ; c, larva in fourth instar, half-grown, magnified. 7" PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 837 row of tubercles and spots and- their relative position on the sides of the larva is nearly the- same all through the first stage, except that the spots on the second and third segments are longer and obhquely set and on all other segments are behind the spiracle, as it is set on the extreme anterior edge of spot. The seiond and third segments have a blood crimson oval mark on each end of which is set a pale trausj^arent yellow tubercle with slender yellowish spines curving mostly dorsally and backward, and is very noticeable. Forward and also behind in a dorsal ■hue is a long black spot broken at the intersections ; both at the fore and hinder lateral edges, other spots (the submedian row of black spots). Lateral ruga (the infraspiracular line of Packard) is more yellowish and not very pronounced. Abdominal legs greenish yellow. Suranal plate same colour with a broad heartshaped black centre and edged anteriorly with black. Anal legs with small black spot. There is a slight varia- tion in the amount of spots and markings of these larvae. Larvae spun up 21st April. Moulted 24th April. Length end of first age 7 mm. Second Age. The first larvae moulted 24th April, aged eleven days. Head and feet glossy black. Dorsal surface milk-white, lateral surface pale-gold. The black spots along the sides are broken up and the cara- pace is now only edged behind with a narrow line of black which extends in a median line to the anterior edge. Dorsal tubercles of second and third segments are larger and of the crimson colour of the oval raised spots they spring from and with short carneous spines and a very short white hair in the centre. The rest of the dorsal and all the subdorsal tubercles have a very long white hair in the centre of each, which is wanting on the subspiracular row. Suranal plate triangular and nar- rowly edged black. Anal legs with curved black mark. In this stage the whole larva is covered with fine milk-blue hairs from body, longer from the tubercles, except those from carapace ; last two Segments and subspiracular tubercles pale maize yellow. Comparing it with D. japonica and D. simla of same age ; whilst C. cachara resembles D. simla in fourth age, but with the addition of four red tubercles, D. japonica is all black and the dorsal tubercle hairs of second and thnd segments are the longest. These in cachara are the shortest and spring from large red dorsal tubsrcles. Ths, dorsal line of tubercles in japonica are relatively taller and armed with stronger spines than cacliara where except for the two red pairs they are only papillate. Length of larva at end of second age about 10 mm. Third, Age. Moulted 5th May, aged 23 days. Hardly differing from last excepb that the black marks are more broken and scattered, ending abruptly just above the yellow lateral ruga and re-appearing faintly 838 rEOCEEDIXGS OF THE TIIIED ENTOMOLOGICAL JIEETING below. The head has now a pale inverted V-shaped mark. Length at end of third age 19 mm. Spun up 16th May ; moulted 19th May. Fourth Age. Is very like third in general appearance and is shown half grown in this age in sketch the length when 43 days old being about 38 mm. The head has now a pale upper lip as well as the pale V mark. It is a pity the unsuitableness of the food showed itself by them going off one by one. I hope one day to complete the life history. I have here [exhibited] some specimens of the various stages of Caligula cachara which Mr. Watson has sent for exhibition at this Meeting. Mr. Watson has made a special Study of silk-moths for many years and pro- bably knows more of them than anybody else. We are much indebted to him for sending this paper on the early stages of gne of our Indian species. 48.— LIFE-HISTORIES OF INDIAN MICROLEPIDOPTERA. Bij T. Bainbrigge Fletcher. R.N., F.L.S., F.E.S., F.Z.S., Imperial Entomologist. (Abstract.*) This abstract gives little more than a list of names of Species with their food plants so far as is known but it will perhaps serve to indicate what is kno\^^^ and the numerous gaps in our knowledge. Pterophorid^. Diacrotricha fasciola, Zell. — Known from Ceylon and Pusa. Larva in flowers of Averrhoa bilimbi and A^carambola. Buckleria ])aludicola , Fletcher. — Ceylon and Khasis. Larva oir Drosera burmanni. Buckleria xerodes, Meyr. — Cejdon to Nagpur. Larva on Gynandropsis, Buckleria defectalis, Wlk. — Throughout Plains. Larva on Boerhaavia. Buckleria wahlbergi, Zell. — Throughout India and Ceylon. Larva on Oxalis sp. Sphenarches caffer, Zell. — Throughout India, Burma, Ceylon. Larva on Cajanus indicus, Dolichos iablab, Lagenaria vulgaris, Liijfa sp.. Hibiscus mvtabilis, Averrhoa bilimbi, Biophyium sensitivum and Mimosa pudica. Oxyptihis lactucce, Fletcher.^Dehra Dun. Larva on lettuce. * The original intention was to publish this paper in extenso in these Proceeding* but it has run to such a length that it is considered desirable to publish an abstract only and to issue the complete paper elsewhere. PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 839' Oxyptilus epidectes, Meyr. — South India ; Burma ; Ceylon. Larva on Biophytum sensitivum. Oxyptilus chordites, Meyr. — Colombo ; Karwar. Larva on Cahjcopteris florihunda. Oxyptilus pelecyntes, Meyr. — Khasis ; Ceylon. Larva on Scutellaria discolor. Oxyptilus causodes, Meyr. — Peradeniya ; Pusa. Larva in fruits of DiUenia retusa. Xyroptila vaughani, Fletcher. — Ceylon. Larva probably in fruit of DimorpJiocalyx glabeUvs. Deuterocopus alopecodes, Meyr. — Karwar. Larva on Vitis sp. Deuterocopus socotranus. Rebel. — Plains of India, Burma, Ceylon. Larva on flowers of Vitis quadrangularis and F. trifolia. Deuterocopus planeia, Mep-.— Ceylon -; South India; Khasis; Burma. Larva on flowers of Leea sambucina. Deuterocopus rifsemcB, WlSm. — Ceylon ; Coorg ; Assam. Larva on Leea sambucina. Platyptilia- citropleura, Meyi-.^Ceylon ; Khasis. Larva in seed-pods of Begonia sp. Platyptilia taprobanes, Feld. — Ceylon to Pusa ; Khasis. Larva on Scutellaria discolor. Platyptilia pusillidactyla, Wlk. — Throughout India, Burma, Ceylon. Larva in flowers of Lantana camara. L. indica and Lippia gerninata . Platyptilia brachyniorpha, Meyr. — Plains from Ceylon to Pusa ; Burma. Larva on Celsia cormnandeliana and on unnamed Solanaceouy plant. Platyptilia direptalis, Wlk. — Hills of India and Ceylon ; Puf^a. Larva on Teucrium quadrifarium and Scutellaria discolor. Platyptilia molopias, Meyr. — Ceylon Hills. Larva on Teucrium tmnen- tosum. Platyptilia cacalice, Fletcher. — Coimbatore. Larva in flower-head of Cacalia coccinea. Platyptilia gonodactyla, Schifi. — Darjiling ; Rawalpindi. Larva on Tussil- agofarfara in Europe. Stenoptilia zophodactyla , Dup. — Throughout India and Ceylon. Larva on Sopubia trifida and Blumea balsamifera. Exelastis liophanes, Meyr. — Throughout India, Burma, Ceylon. Larva' on Oxalis. Exelastis atotnosa, Wlsm. — Plains of India. Larva on Cajanus indicm and DolicJios lablab. Ptcrophorus lienigianvs. Zell. — Throughout India, Burma, Ceylon. Larva on Solamim melongena (on Artemisia vulgaris in Europe). 840 PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING Pterophorus monodadylus, Linn. — North- West India ; Kashmir. Larva on Convolvulus in Europe. Alucita niveodactyla, Pag. — Hills of India and Ceylon. Larva on Ipo- mcea sp. Steganodactyla concur sa, Wlsm. — Ceylon ; Coorg ; Belgaum. Larva in unexpanded leaves of Argyreia sp. and Ipomoea populifolia. Agdistis tamaricis, Zell. — Karachi ; Peshawar. Larva on Tamarix gallica. Cabposinid^. Meridarchis scyrodes, Meyr. — Plains of India. Larva in fruits of Zizyphus jujuba. Meridarchis reprobata, Meyr. MS. — Nagpur ; Surat ; Kashmir. Larva in fruits of Eugenia jambolana and cultivated ohve. PHALONIADiE. C'lysia ambiguella, Hb. — Assam ; Burma. Larva in flower-buds of vine in Europe. Phalonia Tiybridella, Hb. — Dharmsala. Larva in seed-heads of Picris hieracioides in Europe. TORTRICID^. Capua invalidana, Wlk. — India, Ceylon. Larva on leaves of betel- vine. AdoxopTiyes privatana, Wlk. — India, Burma, Ceylon. Larva in flowers of Lantana camara. Homona coffearia, Nietn. — India, Ceylon. Larva on tea, coSee, Lantana camara. Homona menciana, Wlk. — India. Larva on Lantana camara. Cacoecia micaceana, Wlk. — India, Burma, Ceylon. Larva on guava and broad-bean. Cacoecia epicyrta, Meyr. — India, Ceylon. Larva in fruits of Dtiranta and guava, flower-heads of Lantana camara. Cacoecia isocyrta, lAe.jx. MS. — Pusa. Larva on lucerne. Cacoecia pensilis, Meyr. MS. — Madras. Larva boring into orange fruit. Cacoecia compacta, Meyr. — Pusa. Larva on leaves of Salix sp. Cacoecia dispilana, Wlk. — India, Burma. Larva rolling leaves of honey- suckle. Cacoecia philippa, Meyr. — Abbottabad. Larva on leaves of Hedera. Hlodemis trigrapha, Meyr. — North East India (Hills). Larva on berries of Viburnum (1) Pandemis ribeana, Hb. — Himalayas. Larva on Cratcegus, Rosa, Prunus, Pyrus, Quercus, Phatmius, Fraxinus, Bctula, etc., in Europe. PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 8il Tortrix semialbana, Gn. — Himalayas. Larva on Lonicera, Rosa, Cheli- donium, Lilium, Urtica, etc., in Europe. Tortrix dumitana, Tr. — Kashmir. Larva on Lomcera, Urtica, Hedera, Riihus, Umbelliferee, Quercus, etc., in Europe. Harmologa miserana, Wlk. — Assam. Larva on Ficus spji. in Australia. Cnejphasia argenlana, CI. — Himalayas ; Kashmir. Planostocha cumulata, Meyr. — Ceylon, South India. Larva on Lantana camara. Eboda obstinata, Meyr. — Ceylon ; Pusa. Larva rolling leaf of Cardios- permum Sp. Peroned siderota, Meyi-. — Peradeniya. Larva mining twigs of Cinna- momum camplwra. Peronea epidesma. Low.— Ceylon ; Pusa. Larva on leaves of Polyalthia longifolia. EucosiiiD^. SpilonotarJiothiajMeyv. — India, Ceylon. Larva on guava and Eugenia jambolana. Acroclitacheradota,M.ejT. — Ceylon; Pusa. Larva rolling leaves of Ficus . religiosq. Acroclita ncBvana, Hb. — India, Ceylon. Larva on blackthorn, holly, Yaccinium, etc., in Europe. Acroclita vigescens, Meyr. MS. — Pusa. Larva on Cordia mgxa and 0. latifolia. Ancglis glycypJiaga, Meyr. — Pusa ; Abbottabad. Larva on sugary excre- tion of Phromnia marginella (Homoptera). Ancylis lutescens, Meyr. — ^Hdshangabad ; Pusa ; Gauhati. Larva rolling leaves of Zizyphus jujitba. Ancylis cyanostoma, Meyr. — Pusa. Larva in spun leaves of Zizyphus jujuba. Diplonearcha insinuans, Meyr. — Peradeniya. Eeared from Psyllid gall on Ficus. Eucosma critica, MejT. — Plains of India. Larva on Cajanus indicus. Eucosma melanaula, Meyr. — Plains of India ; Khasi Hills. Larva on Cajanus indicus, Pkaseolus aconitif alius, P. mungo, P. radiatus, Florida beggar-weed. Eucosma bcdanoptycha, Meyi-. — Plains of India, Ceylon. Larva on Pongamia glabra. Eucosma clepsidoma, Meyi-. — Coimbatore. Beared from gall on un- identified plant. Eucosma conciliata, Meyr. MS. — Pusa. Larva on flowers of Biitea frondosa. 842 FEOCEEDIXGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL StEETING E^lcos7na faneJki, Linn. — Dharmsala. Larva in stems and roots of Artemisia vulgaris in Europe. Eucosma zelota, Meyr. — Abbottabad. Larva spinning up rose leaves. Eucosma stereoma, Meyr. — Pusa. Larva in flowers of Pilhecolobium dulce (or Inga dukis). Eucosma melanonema, Meyr.— Khasi Hills. Larva spinning up flowers of Bhus semialata. Crocidosema plebeiana, Zell.— Pundaluoya ; probably throughout India also. Larva on Malvaceae. Bactra trucidenta, Meyr. — Plains of India. Larva in stems of Cypenis rotundus. Polychrosisfetialis, Meyr. MS. — Pusa. Larva in flower-head of Leucas sp. Polychrosis ceUifera , Meyr. — Colombo ; Pusa. ■ Larva on leaves of Eugenia ■ jambolana. Lobesia ceolofu, Meyr. — India, Ceylon, Burma. Larva on flowers of Cajanus indicus, Lantana camara, Leucas cejyhaJotes. Lobesia genialis, Me}T. — Ceylon, South India. Larva on flowers of Lantana camara: Argyroploce cHharistis, Meyr. — India, Burma. Larva in flower-head of Leucas sp. Argyroploce iUepida, Butl. — India, Ceylon. Larva in fruits of Nephelimn litclii, Feronia elephantinn, Cassia fistula, C. occidentalis, Tamarindus indica, Mgle marmelos, Sesbania acideata, S, grandiflora, Acacia arabica, Citrus aurantium. Argyroploce aprobola, Meyr. — India, Ceylon. Larva on leaves of mango, litchi, rose, Cassia tora, Polyalthia lo)igifolia, Lantana camara, also eating rose buds and Dahlia (?) flowers. Argyroploce c^nchropis, Meyr. MS. — PuSa. Larva in fruits of Cordia myxa. Argyroploce ebenina, Meyr. — Karwar. Larva on leaves of Diospyros. Argyroploce erotias, Meyr. — India, .Ceylon. Larva boring mango shoots [?], webbing leaves of mango, Loranthus, Cynoglossum, and Lantana camara. Argyroploce leucaspis, Meyr. — India, Ceylon. Larva rolling Htchi leaves. Argyroploce paragram7na,M.ejT. — Pusa ; Gauhati. Larva boring bamboo shoots. Argyroploce poetica,Meji. — Ceylon; Palnis ; Pusa. Larva rolling leaves of Polyalthia longifolia. Arg'yroploce rhynchias, MejT.— Ceylon. Larva in pods of Canavalia in Mauritius. Argyroploce semiculta, Meyr. — India, Ceylon. Larva rolUng terminal leaves of Alseodaphne semecmpijolia. PEOCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 843 Argyroploce tonsoria, Meyr. — Ceylon. Larva in fruit of Barringtonia racemosa. Laspeyresia koenk/ana, Fb. — Plains of India and Burma. Larva on leaves of Melia azadirachta ; also on Jasminum sambac (?) Laspeyresia hemidoxa, Meyr. — Khasi Hills ; Malabar. Larva boring shoots of pepper vine. Laspeyresia leucostama, Meyr. — Ceylon ; South India ; Assam. Larva rolling leaves of tea. Laspeyresia capparidana, Zell. — PuSa. Larva boring stem of Capparis horrida. Laspeyresia mamertina, Mejnr. MS. — Pusa. Larva on leaves of Loranthus. Laspeyresia ptychora, Meyr. — India ; Ceylon. Larva in pods of Yigna sinensis in Rhodesia. Laspeyresia pycnochra, MejT. MS. — Coimbatore. Larva in pods of agathi (Sesbariia grandiflora) . Laspeyresia malesana, Meyr. MS. — Coimbatore. — Larva in pods of Parkinsonia and Cassia corymbosa. Laspeyresia dwdalota, Meyr. — Pusa. Larva on flowers of Cassia fistula. Laspeyresia jaculatrix, Meyr. — Plains of India. Larva on leaves of Dalbergia sissu. Laspeyresia tricentra, Meyr. — Plains of India and Ceylon. Larva boring shoots of Crotalaria juncea. Laspeyresia pseudonectis, Meyr. — Plains of India. Larva boring shoots of Crotalaria juncea, Phaseolus mungo and Dolicfios lahlab. Laspeyresia torodelta, Meyr. — Plains of South India. Larva boring young shoots of Dolichos lablab. Laspeyresia pomonella, Linn. Kashmir (?). Larva in fi-uits of apple, pear, etc., in Europe and America. Laspeyresia pulverula, Meyr. — Himalayas ; Khasis ; Bred from sal {SJiorea robusta) logs. Pammene isocampta, Meyr. — Peradeniya. Associated with Lecanimf- sp. Pammene theristis, Meyr. — Ceylon ; Kumaon. Larva at roots of Sal (Shorea robusta) seedlings. Chlidanotid^. (No life-histories of any Indian species are known.) GELECHIAD.E. Sitotroga cerealella, OKv. — Throughout India, Burma, Ceylon., Larva on grain, bamboo seeds. Telplmsa nielanozona, Meyr. — Puea, Larva mining leaves of EupJiorbia nivulia. 844 TEOCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAI, MEETING Aristotelia ingravata, Meyr. — Pusa ; Peshawar. Larva forming gall in twig of Tamarix. Idiophaniis chiridota, Meyr. — Peradeniya. Reared from Psyllid galls on Eugenia. Istrianis a-auropa, MejT. — Dharwar. Larva on leaves of Butea fron- dosa. Efhysteris cherscea, Meyr. (oschophora, Meyr.).— Plains of India, Ceylon. Larva in dry vegetable refuse. Epiihedis studiosa, Meyr.— Peradeniya ; North India. Larva on dried plants and on stored rice. Phthm-imcea heliopa, Lower.— Plains of India, Burma, Ceylon. Larva boring in stem of tobacco. Phthmimcea blapsigona, Meyr.— Madras ; Central Provinces. Larva in buds of brinjal. PJitliorimcea opermlella, Zell. — Throughout India {? except Punjab and Assam). Larva in potato tubers. Phthorimcea ergasima, Meyr.— Pusa. Larva mining brinjal leaves. Stomopteryx nerteria, Meyr.— India, Burma, Ceylon. Larva on ground- nut, Cajanus indicus, Psoralea corylifoUa. Platyedra gossypiella, Saunders. — India, Burma, Ceylon. Larva in cotton seeds, less commonly on Hibiscus abelmoschus, Abutilon tndicum, hollyhock, Thespesia populnea, Hibiscus esculent us and H. cannabinus. Gelechia tamariciella, Zell.— Plains of North India. Larva on Tamarix. Stegasta variana, MejT. — India, Ceylon. Larva on leaves of Cassia tora and Jasminum sambac. Onebala blandiella, Wlk.— India, Burma, Ceylon. Larva rolling leaves of dead-nettle. Zalithia diluticornis, Wlsm.— India, Ceylon. Larva on dry leaves and twigs. Thyrsostmna glaucitis, Meyi.— India, Ceylon. Attached to mango. Dactylethra Candida, Stainton.— Calcutta ; South India. Larva in gall on stem of wild -indigo (? Tephrosia purpurea). Lecithocera crypsilychna, Meyr.— Bassein Fort (Bombay). Larva on leaves of Ipomcea arvensis. Lecithocera effera, Meyr. — Coimbatore. Larva on leaves of Ipomcea batatas. Brachmia engrapta, Meyr. — Lahore ; Coimbatore. Larva on leaves of sweet potato {Ipomcea batatas). Brachmia arotrcea, Meyr.— India, Burma, Ceylon. Larva rolling rice Brachmia idiastis, Meyr.- Pusa. Larva rolling Panicum leaves. PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING' 845 Brachmia insulsa, Meyr. — Plains of India. Larva on potato leaves. Brachmia xeropkaga, Meyr. — Madras ; Orissa. Larva in nest of Stegody- phus sarasinorum (a social spider). Helcystogramma hibisci, Stainton. — India, Ceylon. Larva rolling leaves of Hibiscus esculentus. Autosticha authcema, Meyr. — Peradeniya. Larva in heliciform case on moss-covered rocks. Autosticha chernetis, Meyr. — Peradeniya. Larva in galleries on moss- covered rocks. Autosticha exemplaris, Meyr. — Coimbatore. Bred from refuse in fork of tamarind tree. Autosticha protypa, Meyr. — Ceylon. Larva in galleries on lichen. Paraspistes palpigera, Wlsm. — South India, Burma, Ceylon. Larva ia pods of Cassia corymbosa, C. flora, Crotalaria, and indigo. Hypelictis albiscripta, Meyr. — North Kanara. Pupa amongst Salix Strobisia amethystias, Meyr. — Peradeniya. Larva ip fungus-bed of Termites' ne t. Trichotaphe geochrota, Meyr.— Bassein Fort (Bombay). Larva on unidentified plant. Dichomeris ianthes, Meyr. — Plains of India and Ceylon. Larva on indigo, lucerne, Cyamopsis. Dichonieris evidantis, Meyr. — Pusa. Larva rolling leaves of Dalbergia sissu. Anarsia acerata, Meyr. — South India. Larva on Cajanus indicus. Anarsia altercata, Meyr. — Pusa. Pupa on Sesbania sp. Anarsia didymopa, Meyr.- — Pusa. Pupa on Capparis horrida. Anarsia ephippias, Meyr. — Plains of India. Larva on indigo, groundnut, soy-bean, moth, urid, mung. Acacia sp. Anarsia epotias, Meyr. — Pusa. Larva on Tamarix twigs. Anarsia exallacta, Meyr. — Pusa. Larva on Cajapus indicus. Anarsia idioptila, Meyr.— Pusa. Larva on leaves of Cassia fistula. Anarsia melanoplecta, Meyr. — Plains of India. Larva boring in mango shoots. Anarsia omoptila, Meyr. — Coimbatore. Larva on leaves of Cajanus indicus. Anarsia sagittaria, Meyr.^Pusa. Larva boring top-shoots of Zizyphus jujuba. Anarsia sagmatica, Meyr. — Pusa. Larva rolling Loranthus leaf. Anarsia veruta, Meyr.— Pusa. Pupa on Inga dulcis leaf. 846 PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING Chelaria pJmcelota, Meyr. — Peradeuiya. Bred from Psyllid galJs on Mallotus fhiliffinensis. Chelaria rhicnota, Meyr. — South India. Larva on mango flowers. Chelaria scopitlosa, Meyr. — Karwar. Larva boring shoot; o' Careya arbor ea. Chelaria sfathota, Meyr. — India. Larva on mango leaves. CEcia cecofhila, Staudinger. — India. Larva probably on domestic rubbish. Metachandid^. (Nothing is known of the early stages of this Family.) COSMOPTERYGID^. AnatracJiyntis simplex, Wlsm. — India, Burma. Larva in cotton seeds and dry vegetable refuse generally. Anatrachyntis jalcatella, Stainton. India, Ceylon. Larva in lac, on cotton shoots infested with scales, in rotten pomegranate. Probably a refuse feeder. Anataradis flmnigera, Meyr. — Pusa ; Coimbatore. Larva in gall in stem of Indigo f era lini folia. Pyroderces albilineella, van Deventer. — Ceylon ; South India. Larva in pods of indigo and Cassia corymbosa. Pyroderces semicoccinea, Stainton. — India. Bred from stems of Cajarms indicus (larva a refuse-feeder ?). Pyroderces promacha , Meyr. — Plains of India. Bred from stem of Cajanus indicus (larva a refuse-feeder ?). Pyroderces callistrepta, Meyr. — North Bihar. Larva mining teak leaves. Limnoecia inetdcypha, Meyr. — Peradeniya. Pupa between spun leaves. Limncecia peronodes, Meyr. — Pusa. Larva on bamboo (? predaceous on Coccids). ■Cosmopteryx mimetis, Meyr. — India, Ceylon. Larva mining leaves of Cyperus rotundus. Cosmopteryx bambusce, Meyr. — Pusa. Larva mining bamboo leaves. ■Cosmoptenjx ' phceogastra, Meyr. — Pusa ; Coimbatore. Larva mining bean leaves. Cholotis crypsiloga, Meyr. — Coimbatore. Larva on Acadia. Cholotis pachnodes, Meyr.— Pusa. Larva on Tanmrix twigs. Aganoptila phanarcha, Meyr. — Ceylon. Bred from galls on imdetermined tree. Microcolona citroplecta, Meyr. — Coorg ; Pusa. Larva on Eugenia jani- bolana ? Batrachedra arenosella, Wlk. — India, Ceylon. Larva amongst seeds of Juncus. PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGIC.\L MEETING Batrachedra silvatica, Meyr.^AJmora. Bred from tw'gs of Finns folia (? larva predaceous on Rifersia).^. | CEcOPHOEIDiE.B Endrosis lacteella, SchifEermiiller. — India (Hills). Larva on dry vegetable refuse. Borkhausenia fseudospretella, Stainton.— Hills of India and Ceylon. Larva on seeds, dried plants, skins, etc. Macrobathra nomcea, Meyr. — Coimbatore. Bred from dry refuse in fork of tamarind tree. Tonica barrowi, Bingham. Maymyo. Larva on Bombax malabariciim, Tonica nivijerana, Wlk. — India, Ceylon. Larva boring in shoots of Bombax malabaricum. Tonica terasella, Wlk. — Sikkim ; Karwar. Bred from pupa on bamboo leaf. Tonica zizyphi, Stainton. — India, Ceylon. Larva in folded leaves of Citrus and Murraya (? also on Zizyphus). Cryptolechia arvalis, Meyr. — South India. Larva between spun leaves of Carey a arbor ea. Porthmologa paraclina, Meyr. — Surat ; Pusa. Larva on Zizyphus pijuba. Pseudodoxia cretaia, Meyr. — Ceylon. Larya in case on lichens. Pseudodoxia linmlus, Eogenhofer. — Ceylon. Larva in case on lichens. Pseudodoxia palinifsesfa, Meyr. — Hazaribagh. Larva in case on mango twigs. Pseudodoxia picrophwa, Meyr. — Ceylon (Hills). Larva in case on lichens. Pseudodoxia sepositella, Wlk. — Ceylon. Larva in case on lichens. PromaJactis cornigera, Meyr. — Almora ; Chamba. Bred from log of Pinus longifolia. Promalactis semantris, Meyr. — Himalayas ; Assam. Bred from logs of Shorea rohusta and Eugenia jambolana. Aristeis ihwaitesii, Meyr.— Ceylon. Larva in case on Eugenia caryophyl- Icmm. Physoptilid^. Pkysoptila scenica, Meyr. — South India. Larva in shoots of Careya arbor ea. Xyloeyctid^. Ptochoryctis simbleuta, Meyr. — SyUiet. Larva in case on tea, eating bark. Antithyra vineata, Meyr. — Peradeniya. Larva in case on lichens. Odites atmopa, Meyr. — Kandy ; Pusa. Larva on leaves of Melia azadi- rachta. 848 PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING Odites bambnsw, Wlsm. — Ootacamund. Larva rolling bamboo Odites hederce, Wlsm. — Ootacamund. Larva on ivy leaves. Odites melititis, Meyr. MS. — Coimbatore. Pupa on field-beans. Odites spoliatrix, Meyr. — Plains of India. Larva in nest of a social spider {Stegodyphus sarasinorum). Procometis trochala, Meyr. — North Bihar. Larva on dry leaves and stems (once found boring sugarcane). Nephantis serinopa, Meyr. — Ceylon ; Southern India ; Bengal ; Lower Burma. Larva on leaves of coconut and palmyra palms. Stenomid^. Synchahra rhomhota, Meyr. — Assam. Larva on leaves and bark of tea. Stenoma ichnwa, Meyr.^Nortb Kanara. Larva on leaves of Symplocos spicata.^ ^ P' Orneodid^. (No early stages of any Indian species are known.) COPROMORPHID^. (No early stages of any Indian species are known.) Heliozelid^. Antispila argostoma, Meyr. — Pusa. Larva mining leaves of Vitis trifolia. Antispila aristarcha, Meyr. — Karw^ar. Larva mining leaves of Vitis sp. HELIODINIDiE. Stathmopoda hemitorna, Meyr. — South India. Bred from refuse in fork of tamarind tree. Stathmopoda theoris, Meyr. — ^Plains of India and Ceylon. Larva on dry vegetable refuse ; also reared from lac. Stathmopoda sycopliaga, Meyr. — Pusa. Larva in fruits of Ficiis glomerata. Stathmopoda hasiplectra, Meyr. — Hardwar ; Siwaliks. Larva in seeds of Albizzia lebbek ; also reared froni lac. Stathmopoda prcealhata, Meyr. — North Bihar. Bred from fallen fruits of Ficv^ bengalensis. Stathmopoda sycastis, Meyr. — Peshawar. Larva in ripe fruits of Ficus carica. Stathmopoda ovigera, Meyr.— Plains of India and Ceylon. Larva pre- daceous on Pulvinaria on Fims glomerata. PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 849 Stathmopoda cidvlatrix, Meyr. — Almora. Bred from twigs of Pinus longi folia. CEdematopoda venusta, Meyr. — Jabbalpur. Bred from colonies of lac insect. (Edematopoda cypris, Mejrr.^Kandy. Bred from colony of lac insect. CEdematopoda flammifera, Meyr. — Pusa. Larva boring mango shoots. CEdematopoda clerodendronella, Stainton. — Calcutta ; Bihar. Larva web- bing top-leaves of Clerodendron infortunatum and Anisomeles ovata. Eretmocera impactella, Wlk. — ^Plains of India. Burma, Ceylon. Larva webbing top-leaves of Amarantus. GlYPHIPTERYGIDvE. Hilarographa caminodes, Meyr. — Ceylon. Larva in roots of cardamom and wild Zingiberaceous plants. Imma mylias, Meyr. — Ceylon ; South India. Reared from pupa on tamarind bark. Phycodes minor, Moore. — India, Ceylon, Burma. Larva rolling leaves of Ficus spp. Phycodes radiata, Ochsenheimer. — India, Ceylon. Larva rolling leaves of Ficus spp. Simaelhis ophiosema, Lower. — India. Larva on bamboo. SimaetJiis ortliogona, Meyr. — ^India, Burma, Ceylon. Larva on Sireblus sp. Simaethis cegijptiaca, Zeller. — Simla ; North Bihar. Larva webbing tender leaves of Ficus glomerata. Simaethis fabriciana, Linn. — Himalayas ; Kashmir. Larva on Urtica and Parietaria in Europe. Brenthia coronigera, Meyr. — Pusa. Larva on leaves of Cordia m,yxa. Choreutis bjerkandrella, Thimb erg .—North India. Larva on Blumea balsamifera (?) ; on Carduus, ImiUt, etc., in Europe. BlASTOBASIDjE. Blastobasis spermologa, Meyr. — Ceylon ; South India ; Pusa. Larva in tea-seed and in fallen fruits of Fic^ls glomerata. Blastobasis decolor, Meyr. — India, Ceylon. Larva in fallen fruit of Ficus glomerata. Blastobasis crassifica, Meyr. — India, Ceylon. Larva in pods of Crotahria juncea. Blastobasis transcripta, Meyr. — Almora. Larva on twigs of Pimts longifolia (? predaceous on Ripersia). Exinotis catachlora, Meyr. — India, Ceylon. Larva in flower-heads of Leucas sp. c2 850 PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING Prosintis florivom, Meyr. — Madulsima ; Pusa. Larva on flowers of mango, Holcocera pulverea, Meyr. — Plains of India. Larva on lac and lac insects, SCYTHRIDID^. (The early stages of no Indian species are known.) Elachistid^. • (The early stages of no Indian species are known.) Hyponomeutid^. Argyresthia iofleura, Meyr. — Almora. Larva on twigs of Finns longi- folia (? feeding in shoots). Prays citri, Milliere. — India, Ceylon. Larva on flowers, shoots and fruita of Citrus spp. Hyponomeuta tnalinellus, Zeller. — Poona (?). Larva on Pyrus in Europe, Hyponomeiita lapidella, Wlsm. — Dharmsala. Larva on wild Salvia. Atteva fabriciella, Swederus. — South India ; Bombay ; Central India, Larva on Ailanthvs excelsa. Atteva niveigutta, Wlk.- — North-East India. Larva on Ailanthus excelsa, Mtherastis circulata, Meyr. — Travancore. Larva on Eugenia jamboJana. Coniocritis pieria, Meyr. — Ceylon ; Assam. Larva on bark of Hevea brasiliensis and tea. Ethmia assamensis, Butler. — Himalayas ; Assam. Larva on (?) Ehretia serrata. Anticrates lucifera, Meyr. — North Kanara. Larva on Sideroxylon tomen- tosiim. • C0LEOPHORID.S;. (The early stages of no Indian species are known.) Gracillariad^. Lithocolletis triarcha, Meyr. — Pusa. Larva mining cotton leaf. Lithocollelis virgulata, Meyr. — Karwar ; Pusa. Larva mining leaf of Butea frondosa. Lithocolletis conisia, Meyr. — Pusa. Larva mining leaf of Triumfetta neglect a. Lithocolletis iteina, Meyr.— Pusa. Larva mining Salix leaf. Lithocolletis clarisona, Meyr. — Peradeniya. Larva mining leaf of Urena lobata. Lithocolletis banhinim, Stainton. — Calcutta. Larva mining leaf of Bauhinia purpurea. Lithocolletis dorinda, Meyr. — Pusa. Larva mining Desmodium leaf. PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIED ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 851 Lithocolletis ganodes, Meyr. — Parachinar. Larva mining apple leaf. Liihocollelis incunata, Meyr. — Karwar. Larva mining leaf of Strous lanthes callosus. Lithocolletis neodoxa, Meyr. — Pusa. Larva mining leaf of Cajanvs indicus. Phrixosceles plexigrccpha, Meyr. — Pusa ; Coimbatore. Larva mining green pods of Cajanus indicus. Eficefhala chalybacma, Meyr.^India, Burma, Ceylon. Larva in flower buds of Ccesalpinia fulcJierrima. Eficefhala albifrons, Stainton. — India. Larva in fruits of Phyllanthus niniri. Acrocercofs penfaJocha, Meyr. — Karwar. Larva mining mango leaf. Acrocercofs ordinatella, Mejrr. — Ceylon ; South India ; ? Burma. Larva mining leaves of Litsea sp., Alseodaphne semecarfifolia and camptor. Acrocercofs sufflex, Meyr. — Pusa. Larva mining leaf of Terminalia cataffa. Acrocercofs quadrifasciata, Stainton. — Calcutta. Larva mining leaf of Vrena lobata. Acrocercofs prosacta, Meyr. — Pusa. Larva mining sweet-potato leaf, Acrocercofs fhceosfora, Meyr.- — Belgaum ; Pusa. Larva mining leaf of Eugenia jambolana. Acrocercofs terminalice, Stainton. — Calcutta. Larva mining leaf of Terminalia cataffa. Acrocercofs cathedraa, Meyr.— India. Larva mining l«af of Achyranthes asfera. Acrocercofs orthostacta, Meyr. — Pusa. Larva mining leaf of Sida cordi- folia. Acrocercofs austerofa, Meyr. — North Kanara. Larva mining leaf of Bauhinia furfurea and B. variegata. Acrocercofs resflendens, Stainton. — North India. Apparently attached to Ficits religiosa (?) Acrocercofs tricyma, Meyr. — Pusa ; Khasis. Larva mining leaf of Blumea lacera. Acrocercofs cemula, Meyr. — India. Larva mining Cynoglossum leaf. Acrocercofs isonoma, Meyr. — Pusa. Larva mining mango leaf. Acrocercops isodelta, Meyr. — Ceylon ; South India. Larva mining leaf of Colehrookea offositifolia. Acrocercops gemoniella, Stainton. — Plainb of India. Larva miuing leaves of Semecarpus, Anacardiiim, Achras sapota and (?) sugarcane. Acrocercops barringtoniella, van Deventer. — North Kanara. Larva mining leaves of Barrvigfonia spicafa and Careya arborea. 852 I'ROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING Acrocercops lysihathra, Meyr. — Pusa. Larra mining leaf of Cordia lafifolia. Acrocerco'ps phractopa, Meyr. — Pusa. Larva mining leaf of Ficusinfec- toria. Acrocercops geomelra, Mep'. — Pusa ; Coimbatore. Larva mining leaf of Cordia myxa. Acrocercops Injphantica, Meyr. — Pusa. Larva mining leaf of Ccesalpinia bonducella. Acrocercops hierocosnia, Meyr. — Pusa. Larva mining Ktchi leaf. Acrocercops auricilla, Stainton. — Calcutta : Pusa. Larva mining leaf of Swietenia mahagoni. Acrocercops telestis, Meyr. — Pusa ; Coimbatore ; Moulmein. Larva mining leaves of Trewia nudifiora, Gmelina arborea and Eugenia jambolana. Acrocercops desiccata, Meyr. — Peradeniya ; Pusa. Larva mining leaf of Ficus glomerala. Acrocercops ustiilalella, Stainton. — Calcutta ; Peradeniya. Larva mining young ebony leaves. Acrocercops sytigramma, Me3T. — Plains of India. Larva mining mango leaves. Acrocercops labyrinthica, Mejn:. — Pusa. Larva mining Trema leaf. Acrocercops allactopa, Meyr. — Karwar. Larva mining leaf of Eiigenia jambolana. Acrocercops bifrenis, Meyr. — Belgaum. Ijarva mining leaves of two unidentified plants. Acrocercops brochogramma, Meyr. — Peradeniya. Bred from leaves of Hibiscus sp. Acrocercops crystallopa, Meyr. — Karwar. Larva mining leaf of Memecy- lon amplexicaide. Acrocercops cylicota,MejT. — Karwar. Larva mining leaf of Colebrookea oppositifolia. Acrocercops diatonica., Meyr. — North Kanara. Larva mining leaf of unidentified j)lant. Acrocercops elapJiopa, Meyr. — Karwar. Bred from Total creeper. Acrocercops erioplaca, Meyr. — Pusa. Larva mining in leaf of Termi- nalia catappa. Acrocercops extenuaia, Meyr. — Karwar. Larva mining leaves of un- identified shrub. Acrocercops hemiglypta, Meyr. — Karwar. Larva mining leaves of un- identified plant. Acrocercops loxias, Meyv. — Jodhpur. Bred from Eugenia jambolana. Acrocercops macroclina, Meyr. — Karwar. Larva mining leaf of Wagatea spicata. y PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 853 Acrocercops pharopeda, Meyr. — Karwar. Larva miniug leaf of unidenti- fied creeper. Acrocercops scandalota, Meyr. — South India. Larva mining leaf of Helicteres isora. Acrocercops scenias, Meyr. — Karwar. Larva mining leaves of Changana bush. Acrocercops scriptulata, Meyr. — Karwar. Larva mining leaves oi? Ter- minalia paniculata. Acrocercops tenera, Meyr. — Peradeniya. Larva mining leaf of Schleichera Acrocercops triscalma, Meyr. — Karwar. Larva mining leaf of Wagatea spicata. Acrocercops vanula, Meyr. — Karwar. Larva mining leaf of Terminalia tomentosa. Liocrobyla paraschista, Meyr. — North Kanara ; Pusa. Larva mining leaves of Cajanus indicus, Butea frondosa and Desmodmm gangeticum. Slomphastis plectica, Meyr. — Plains of India. Larva mining leaves of Sebastiana chamcelea and Jatropha gossypifolia. Parectopa coccinea, Wlsm. — Ootacamund. Larva rolling myrtle leaves. Parectopa labrodes, Mejn:. MS. — Pusa. Larva mining Desmodium leaves. Cyphosticha coerulea, Meyr. — Pusa ; Coimbatore. Larva mining leaves of Dolichos lablab and Cajanus indicus. Gracillaria acidula, Meyr. — Pusa. Larva mining leaf of Phyllanthus emblica. Gracillaria octopunctata, Turner. — India. Larva rolling leaves oiDal- bergia sissu. Gracillaria zachrysa, Meyr. — North- West India to Assam. Larva mining and folding apple leaves. Gracillaria theivora, Meyr. — India, Ceylon. Larva mining and rolling tea leaves. Gracillaria soyella, van Deventer. — Ceylon ; Plains of India. Larva rolling leaves of Cajanus indicus and Atylosia candollei ; in leaves of Soya hispida in Java. Gracillaria iselwa, Meyr. — Peradeniya. Larva on Spondias mangiferce. Gracillaria ?? coffeifoliella, Nietner. — Ceylon. Larva milling coffee leaves. Epermeniad^. Epimarptis philocoma, Meyr. — Karwar ; Khasis. Larva in web on unidentified plant. Idioglossa triacma, Meyr. — Khasis ; Pusa. Larva on leaves oi Vommelina bengalensis. 854 proceedings of the third entomological meeting Amphitherid^. (Tte early stages of no Indian species are known.) Plutellid^. Acrolepia manganeutis, Meyr. — India, Ceylon. Larva on stored yams. Phtella maculipennis, Curtis. — Throughout India, Burma, Ceylon. Larva on cabbage, cauliflower, radish, mustard, candy-tuft and other cruciferous plants. Lyonetiad^. Leucopiera sphenograpta, Meyr. — Plains of North India. Larva mining leaf of Dalbergia sissii. Phyllocnistis chrysophthalma, Meyr. — North Kanara. Larva mining leaf of Cinnamomum zeylanicum. PhyUocnistis cirrJiophanes, Meyr. — North Kanara. Larva mining leaf of Aheodaphne semecarpifolia. Phyllocnistis citrella, Stainton. — India, Ceylon ; ? Burma. Larva mining leaves of Citrus spp., j^gle marmelos, Murraya koenigii, and Jasminum sorniac. Phyllocnistis habrochroa, Meyr. — North Kanara. Larva mining leaves of "Chcli." Phyllocnistis helicodes, Meyr.- — Pusa. Larva mining leaf of PolyaltMa longifolia. Phyllocnistis selenopajMejT. — Peradeniya. Larva mining leaf of Melia azedarach. Phyllocnistis synglypta, Meyr. — Dharwar. Larva mining leaf of small unidentified shrub. Phyllocnistis toparcha, Meyr. — Coimbatore. Larva mining leaf of grape- ^^J^e. Bedellia somnvlentella, Zeller. — Peshawar ; North Coorg. Larva mines leaves of Convolvulus, Ipomoea, etc. Crobylophora daricella, Meyr. — India, Burma, Ceylon. Larva mining leaf of Plumbago. Bvcculatrix crateracma, Meyr. — Pusa. Larva mining leaf of Bombax malabaricuwv Bucculatrix exedra, Meyr. — India. Beared at Pusa from unidentified plant. Bucculatrix loxoptila, Meyr.^Attur (Madras). Larva on leaves of Caravonica cotton. Bucculatrix nxndax, Meyr. — Pusa. Pupa on leaf of Dalbergia sissu. Bucculatrix rerax, Meyr. — Pusa, Larva cu leaf of Trewia nudiflora. PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 855 Petasobatlira sirina, Meyr. — North Bihar. Larva on top-shoots of inciigo. Opogona chalinota, Meyr. — India, Ceylon. Larva in dry stems of Poly- podimn quercifolium. Opogona flavofasciata, Stainton. — India, Burma, Ceylon. Larva in fungus-comb of termites' nest. Opogona prcecincta, Meyr. — Coimbatore. Associated with a termite. Opogona lachanitis, Meyr. — Plains of India, Ceylon. Larva in fungus- comb of termites' nest. Opogona fnmiceps, Felder. — Ceylon. Larva on coconut. Erechthias zebrina, Butler. — India, Ceylon. Larva probably a refuse feeder. Pyhetis mitnosce, Stainton. — Plains of India and Ceylon. Larva in seeds of Acacia arabica, Cassia fistula and C. corymbosa. DecadarcMs dissimulans, Meyr. — Ceylon. Larva on dead bark and wood. Tischeria ptarmica, Meyr. — Puri. Larva mining in leaf of Zizyphus jujuba. Opostega myxodes, Meyr. — 'Pusa. Larva mining leaf of Cordia myxa. Tm-EiDM. Melasina energa, Meyr. — Ceylon. Larva in tube in ground, feeding on dead leaves. Melasina granulans, Meyr. — Peradeniya. Larva in tube, feeding on lichens. Melasina campestris, Meyr. — Pusa. Larva in tube in ground, feeding on dead leaves. Myrmecozela leontina, Meyr. — Kulu ; North Bihar. Larva in tube in ground^ feeding on dead leaves ? Myrmecozela tirieoides, Wlsm. — Plains of India. Larva on dry tobacco leaves ? Myrmecozela ? corticina, Meyr. — PuSa. Larva boring bark of Ficus bengalensis. Machceropteris halisfrepta, Meyr. — Plains of India and Ceylon. Larva in tube in ground, feeding on dead leaves ? Hypophrictis inceptrix, Meyr. — India, Ceylon. Larva in flat case, in nest of Cremastogaster. Hypophrictis ? plana, MejT. MS. — Pusa. Larva in flat case, on mango trunk. Hypophrictis sp. — Pusa. Larva in flat case, in nest of Polyrhachis. Scardia sistrata, Mejv. — India, Ceylon. Larva boring into fungus (Polyporus and Pomes). Euo-otala nucleafa, Mej-r. — A'^sam. Bred from log of Shorea robusta. 856 PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD EKTOMOLOGICAL MEETING Hapsifera rugosella, Stainton. — India, Ceylon. Larva boring in dead wood. Hapsifera seclusella, Wlk. — India, Ceylon. Larva in farmyard manure. Setmnorpha inseclella, Fb. — Throughout India, Ceylon, ? Burma. Larva on dead animal and vegetable matter. Latypica albofasciella, Stainton. — Plains of India. Larva boring bark of Ficiis bengolensis. Atabyria hucepliala, Snellen. — India. Larva boring in fungus. Elegistis ci^cularis, Meyr. — Ceylon. Larva tunnelling in dead wood. Lepidoscia globigera, Meyr. — Ceylon (Hills). Larva in case, on lichens. Tinea opsigona, Meyr. — Plains of India, Ceylon. Larva on animal horns ?? Tinea fnigivora, Meyr. — Coimbatore ; Burma. Larva in dry fruits of Trichosanthes. Tinea pellionella, Linn. — Throughout India, Ceylon, ? Burma. Larva in case, on woollen cloth, feathers, hair, etc. Tinea pacJiy.spiln, Meyr. — Ceylon ; Travancore. Larva in case, on flaimel, fur, etc. Tinea fuscipunctella, Haworth. — India. Larva in case, on dried fruit, inbirds' nests, etc. MacrcEola inquisitrix, Mejrr. — Pusa. Larva in case, on dead insects, etc. Tineola bisselliella, Hummel. — Peshawar. Larva on hair, wool, etc. Trichophaga abruptella, Wollaston. — Throughout India. Larva on furs. Crypsithyris hypnota, Meyr. — Peradeniya. Larva in case, on lichens. Crypsithyris longicornis, Stainton. — Calcutta ; Pusa. Larva in case, feeding on lichens ? Crypsithyris mesodyas, Meyr.— ^Peradeniya. Larva in case, on lichens. Monopis dicycla, Meyr. — Ceylon ; Calcutta. Larva on woollen cloth. Monopis hemicitra, Meyr. — Ceylon ; South India. Larva in Mantid egg- mass. Monopis monachella, Hubner. — Throughout India, Burma, Ceylon. Larva amongst rubbish, in birds' nests, in skins, etc. Incurvariadjs. (There is only one doubtfully Indian species whose early stages are unknown. Adelid^e. (No early stages of any Indian species are known.) peoceedings of the third entomological meeting . 00 i Nepticulid^. Nepticula argyrodoxa, Meyr. — Pusa. Larva mining leaf of Desmodium sp. Nepticula isochaica, Meyr. — Pusa. Bred from cocoons on leaves of Phylkmthus emblica. Nepticula liochalca, Mejrr. — Pusa. Larva mining leaf of Cyperus rolun- dus. MlCROPTERYGIDJL. (Only one species of this Family has been discovered in India and its early stages are quite unknown.) 49.— EXHIBITION OF DRAWINGS, BY MAJOR F. C. FRASER, I.M.S., OF EARLY STAGES OF INDIAN BUTTERFLIES. Last year Major Eraser very kindly sent me a note-book containing *^- Fle'oher a large number of coloured drawings of the early stages of Indian Butter- flies. In some cases the complete life-history is shown and in many ^-- cases I think that we have no published information on these early 50.— THE LIFE-HISTORY OF ORIHEZIA INSIGNIS. (Abstract.) By K. KuNHi Kannan, M.A.,. F.E.S., Senior Assistant. Entomologist. Mysore. This pest was discovered for the first time in the Nilgiris by a European planter in 1915. It was sent in for identification by Mr. Anstead. When it was determined as Orthezia insignis, it was decided to test the effect of its attack on Lantana. In the course of observations, the life-history was studied of which the following are the more important details. The insect moults three times, the Luterval between successive moults being roughly about two weeks. In about two to two and a half months the insect begins to reproduce, the total number of young produced varying from 80 to 110. The total period from hatching to death is about four and a half months. The insect is not much attended by ants and the honey-dew is more of a sohd nature and little in quantity. Transmission experiments on the hues described in the Bulletin on Scale Insects of Coffee (Dept. of Agri., Mysore) failed to induce the species of ants experimented with to cany the intect to their nests. The insect retards the growth of Lantana and finally kills it. One bush on which it was mtroduced, measuring about three feet high and four feet in diameter, was killed in three years. 858 PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING There is reason to believe that when bushes are thick and adjoining, the effect will be accelerated. The insects failed repeatedly to thrive on coffee and tea-plants in pots. In more natural conditions it may catch on as it has done elsewhere. Orthezia insignis is not a very desirable inject to introduce even to reduce Lantana. It is highly undesirable to bring in such insects. It is not found in India and we must be careful not to introduce it. It was not introduced. No ; I know that it was not deUberately brought in to India. What I meant was that it is not desirable to spread it about in India. At Bangalore they were working out the hfe-history of Orthezia. I had the opportunity of going to Barwood Estate in the Nilgiris in 1917 and saw the planter there. He told me that in 1915 he saw that this scale had wiped out a hedge of Lantana. He sent specimens to Mr. Aristead, who sent them on to Dr. Coleman at Bangalore. Dr. Coleman advised its immediate destruction, saying that it had a number of host- plants and was very dangerous. It was reported that the insect had been destroyed, but I found it still present in numbers on the Lantana bushes in 1917. It is a very undesirable thing and even for experimental purposes it should not be Lutroduced. It is a pity that these things are not reported at the time. Even for destruction of Lantana this Scale-insect is not very efficient. I remember seeing it on Lantana around Diyatalawa when I was in Ceylon about twelve years ago ; and there it occurred in a patchy sort of way and, although it did check back the bushes actually attacked, it did not occur sufficiently generally to do any real good in checking Lantana. 51.— THE FUNCTION OF THE PEOTHORACIC PLATE IN BRUCHUS CHIN EN SIS. (Abstract.) By K. KuNHi Kannan, M.A., F.E.S, Senior Assistant Entomologist, Mysore. The function of the H-shaped chitinous plate in Bnicluis has remained obscure ever since it was noticed first by Riley. There has been even some m'sapprehension that it was used by the Biuchid larva for excava- tion into the seed. It has, however, been proved that it has no direct share in boring. The structure stands on a movable fold on the prothorax and is thrust against the egg-shell which in B. chinensis is fixed on to the PHOCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 859 seeds. This leaning of the process agains* the egg-shell is necessary, firstly because the larva has no functional legs and therefore cannot get a grip on the seeds to use the mandibles, secondly because the larva is so short and thick-set that it has no neck to bend the head, so that the bending of the head has to be effected by fixing the H-shaped structure at various angles. When it is fixed forward the mandibles work on the hind end of the hole. When fixed behind the head is freer and the mandibles work on the front side of the hole. For deeper excavations the process is fixed along the rim of the hole at a point from which the head works on either side. The structure appears to vary a good deal in different species of store— as well as free- living forms and, before a study of the various forms is made and correlated with the habits of the species concerned, the account of the function of the structure in the genus cannot be said to be complete. Attempts in this direction are being made in Mysore. 52.— SOME INSECT PREY OF BIRDS IN THE CENTRAL PRO- VINCES. By E. A. D'Ab«eu, F.Z.S., Curator of the Central Mvseum, Nagpur, While making a representative collection of the avifauna of the Central Provinces for the Nagpur Museum, I made it a point to record the con- tents of the entire alimentary canal of almost every specimen secured. Six hundred birds were thus examined and a list of the contents of their stomachs has been published in No. II of the Records of the Nagpur Museum. I now intend to give a list of the insects taken by the various birds and also a list of the birds examined which included insects in their dietary. OPvTHOPTERA. Forficulidce. — Fourteen species of birds had taken these insects, namely, the Pied Myna, a flycatcher, a chat, two wagtails, the Hawk- Cuckoo, a water-hen {A. phoenicunis), two plovers, two sandpipers and a ■spoonbill. The Black Ibis and the Spotted Owlet pa took of these insects more freely. The Earwig taken from Tickell's Blue Flycatcher was Labidura riparia. Bla'tidcB. — Cockroaches were noticed in the stomach of a Grey Hornbill and repeatedly in those of the Yellow-fronted Pied Wood- pecker. Man^iicB.— Mantids were taken from seven birds including Dicrurus ater and Acrocephalus stentoreus. Of identified species Humhertiella indica was taken by Sylvia, jerdoni, Hierodula westivood. by th ■ Grey 860 PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING Hornbill. P ed CVested' Cuckoo and Jungle Owlet ; and Schizoccphaius ■ bicornis by the Cattle Egret. Acrididce. — Locusts and short-horned grass-hoppers are, as is well known, eaten by most insectivorous birds. They were taken by all or most of the species of Babblers. Warblers, Shrikes, Wagtails, smaller Ow's ; by some of the Drongos, Thrushes, Chats. Pipits ; Cuckoos ; Harriers ; Herons ; Egrets ; Ibises ; by the Eoller ; Bee-eater ; Pitta ; Buzzard Eagle and Kestrel ; and to a lesser extent by a water-hen and Jungle fowl. As a destroyer of grass-hoppers, I think the Cattle Egret would come a good first, although much of his hunting is done near tanks. A second place would perhaps be given to the Buzzard Eagle, the Harriers, the Kestrel, the Eoller, the smaller Owls, the Common Myna and the Black Drongo. Tetrigince. The Tetrigince were all taken by water-havmting birds, e.g., the Whistling Thrush, the Swallow, four Wagtails and two Egrets. Tryxalince.' Tryxalis turrita or allied forms were taken by the White-eyed Buzzard Eagle and the Cattle Egret. Epacromia dorsalis by Dissemurus paradiseus and Glaucidmm radia- tmn. Oedipodince. Oedaleus {Gastrinmrgii,s) marmoratus was taken by the Roller, Jungle Owlet, Montagu's Harrier and the Black Ibis ; other Oedipodinee were noticed in the Swallow, Sirkeer Cuckoo and grey Jungle Fowl. PyrgomorpliincB. Atractomorpha cretmlata and species of Ch:otogonus were taken in quantity by the Buzzard-Eagle and Cattle Egret. Chroto- gonus (rachyptenis was identified from the Roller. Dicrurus ater and Petrophila cyaneus also accounted 'or Chrotogonus. Acridince. Acridinw were observed in 21 species of birds. The genus Catantops was taken by the Kestrel and Jungle Owlet. The species Cyriacanthacris ranacea by the Sirkeer Cuckoo, Coucal, Montagu's Harrier, Kestrel and Cattle Egret. Teralodm monlicollis by the Coucal, and species of Oxya by the Common Myna and the Indian Wren Warbler. LocustidcB. Locustids were taken by the Bulbid {M. hceinorrhous), two Warblers, two Shrikes and the Cattle Egret. Conocephalus indicus was found in Lanius lahtora. Gryllidw. Crickets, excluding mole-crickets, were eaten by the following birds :— Grey Wagtail, Grey-headed Wagtail. Indian Pitta, Crested Swift, Buzzard Eagle, Spotted Owlet, Common Sandpiper, Spoonbill, Black Ibis, Cattle Egret and Pond Heron. Tridachjlince were taken by Motacilla melanope ; Gryllodes sp. by the Pitta, Black Ibis, Cattle Egret and Pond Heron ; Brachjtrypes sp. by the Spotted Owlet PHOCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 861 and Black Ibis and Liogrylhs himacidahis by the Black Ibis. Mole- crickets {Gryllotal'pa africana) were taken by tBe Pied Myna, Indian Pitta, Spotted Owlet, Brown Crake, Common Sandpiper, Cattle Egret and to a great extent by the Black Ibis. Neuroitera. TermitidcB. Termites were taken by the following birds and the first four appear to be more partial to them : — AcridotJieres trislis, Gallo- ferdix sfadicea, Cmsorius coromandelicus, Smrogrmmmts indicus, Cyornis tickelli, AntJius comfestris, Mirafra erythroptera, Brachypternus aurantius, Gallus sonnerati, Perdimla asiatica, Turnix piignax, and Dicrurvs ater. Winged individuals were only taken by the Drongo. Odonata. Adult Dragon-flies were taken by but four species of birds : — the Malabar Whistling Thrush, two Bee-eaters and a Hobby. Adult Agrionids by the Black-naped Flycatcher, Grey Wagtail and Pond Heron. Dragonfly nymphs of the family Anisoptera were taljen by most water-frequenting birds as listed below, viz., Grey Wagtail, Blue- headed Wagtail. Spur-winged Plover, Wood Sandpiper, Greenshank, Ruff, Common Snipe, Pintail Snipe, White Ibis, Spoonbill, White-necked Stork, Eastern Purple Heron, Large Egret, Cattle Egret, Pond Heron, Brahminy Duck, Little Grebe. Agrionid nymphs were taken by the following : — Wood Sandpiper, Marsh Sandpiper, Cattle Egret, Little Grebe. Efhemeridce. Ephemerid nymphs were taken by Gallinago ccelestis HEMEEOBIIUiE. ChrysofincE. A species of CJirysopa was taken by Franklin's Nightjar and a Chrysopa larva by the Little Ringed Plover. ; Hymenoptera. Hymenoptera (ants excluded), chiefly of small size, were found in the stomachs of the following birds : — MacMolofhus haplonotus, Dumetia hyperythra, Alcippe pJtceocephala, Dicrurus ater, D. longicaudahis, Dis- semurus paradiseus, Hypolais rama, Prinia socialis, P. inornata, Lanius nigriceps, Tephrodornis pondiceriamis . Graiicalus macii, AcridotJieres tristis, Alseotiax latirostris, Terpsiphone paradisi, Rhipidura albifrontata, Petrophila cindorhyncJia, Hinindo nepalensis, Molacilla personata, M. citreola, An'hus rufulus, Merops viridis, Lophoceros birostris, Macropteryx coronata, Caprimulgus tnonticoJa, Athene brama, Pernis cristatus and Falco siibbuteo. 862 PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING Ichneumons, Cuckoo Wasps (Chrysis fvscijjennis) and Pompilids, including Salius favusf were taken by the Eacket-tailed Drongo. and other Fossores \>y Alcifpe phceoccphalu. Polistes hebrcevs was also taken by Dissemunts 'paradisevs and Eumenes conica by a Grey HornbUl. Apidce. Bees were taken by Merops viridis, Bicrurus hngicaudatvs, Pernis cristatvs and Macropteryx corormta. Apis florea, A. dorsata, and Anthophora confusa were all taken by Merops viridis, and Apis florea by Macropteryx coronata. Formicidw. Ants were found in the stomachs of 42 species of birds, chiefly Crows, Babblers, Warblers, Shrikes, Drongos, Wagtails, Chats, Thrushes, Swallows, Flycatchers, Larks and Pipits. They were taken to a greater extent by all the Wood-peckers, the Wryneck, the Red Spiir-fowl, the Common Myna and the Pied Bush Chat. Ponerince. These ants were observed in Hiricndo nepalensis, and Lobopelta ocellifera was observed in Laniiis erythronotus and Pavo cris- tatus. MyrmecincB. Cremaslogaster subnuda was taken by Argya caudala, Brachypternus avrantius, lynx torquilla and other myrmecine species by Cyornis superciliaris, Dicrurtts ater, Hirundo nepalensis, Alcmda gulgula and Platalea leucorcdia. Camponotince. Camponotus compressvs was taken by Corvus splen- dens, Argya malcolmi, Crateropus canorus, Sylvia jerdoni, Temenuchus pagodarum, Acridotheres tristis, Siphia parva, Cyornis tickelli, Pralincola caprata, Petrophila cyaneus, Pitta brachyura, Brachypternus aurantius^ Galloperdix spadicea, Amaurornis phceniaurus, Ibis melanocepJiala and Pseudotantalus leucomelanus ; C. irritans was taken by Cyornis super- ciliaris, Gecinvs striolatus and Brachypternus aurantius ; other species of Camponotus were taken by Dissemurus pardiseus and Sylvia affinis. (Ecophylla smaragdina was taken by Sturnia malabarica, Cyornis tickelli and Brachypternus aurantius, and Polyrachis by Duwetia hype- ruthra. COLEOPTERA. Coleoptera, either in the adult, larval, or pupal stages, were found in the stomachs of 108 species of birds. CicindelidcB. Tiger-beetles were taken by but four birds, namely, itis dubia, Inocotis papillosus, Ardeola grayi and Podicipes ims. Carabidw. Carabidaj were found in the following birds : — Dicrurus ater, Lanius erythronotus, Cyornis tickelli, Hirundo nepalensis, Molacilla personata, Anthus rufulus. Pitta brachyura, Coracias indica, Macropteryx coronata, Amaurornis akool, Totanus hypoleucus, Inocotis papillosus, Pseudotantalus leucocephalus and Podicipes albipennis. Of identified PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 863 species Scarites indus was taken by Coracias indica ; S. seminigosus by Inocotis papillosus ; Clivi)ia striata by Pseudotantaliis leucocephalus ; MalcBHUs sp. by Dicrunis ater and Coracias indica; Plalymetopus (?) erebiics by /. papillosus ; Chlmnius hamifer by Cyornis tickelli ; Ch. margi- nifer by I. papillosus and P. leucocephalus ; Ch. circumdatus, Ch. rugidosus, Ch. nigricans, Ch. chalcothorax, Pheropsophus cardoni, Ph. catoirei and Ph. occipitalis by Inocotis papillosus. HaliplidcB. Haliplus angu.stifrons was taken by Nyroca ferruginea and Podicipes albipennis. DytiscidcB. Dytiscids were taken by Macropteryx coromta, Mgialitis dubia, Totanus glareola, T. stagnatilis, Gallinago ccelestis, Ibis melanoce- phala, Inocotis papillosus, Platalea leucorodia, Ardeola grayi, Pseudo- tantalus leucocephalus, Dissura episcopus and Podic'pes albipennis. Laccophilus anticatus was taken by T. glareola and P. albipennis ; Cybister confusus by D. episcopus and P. leucocephalus ; Cybister tripunc- tatus by Ibis ivdanocephala ; species of Ctjbister were also taken by P. leucorodia and P. leucocephalus ; Hypophorus ater and Eretes sticticus were taken by P. leucorodia and the larvae of Hydaticus and Cybister by Ardeola grayi. StaphylinidcB. Posderus sp. was taken by Motacilla maderaspatensis and other species by M. personata and Macropteryx coronata. SilphidcB. A Silphid grub was noticed in the stomach of Motacilla melanope. CucujidcB. A specimen was noticed in Dissemurus paridis tis. Cryptophagidce. These beetles were taken by Hirundo mstica. Coccinellidw. Chilomenes sexmaculata was found in Aegithina tiphia and Molpastes hcemorrhous ; Thea cincta in Sylvia affinis ; Scymnus sp. hxPrinasocialis, Cotile sinensis and Macropteryx coronata. Dermestidw. A grub was identified from the stomach of Inocotis papillosus. Btjrrhidw. A specimen had been taken by Liopicus mahrattensis. HydrojMlidce. Berosus decrescens was found in Motacilla melanope ; Hydrophilus olivaceus in Ibis melanocephala, Inocotis papillosus, Platalea leucorodia, Dissura episcopus; and other Hydrophilids were seen in Totanus hypoleucus, T. stagnatilis, Pavoncilla pugnax and Podicipes albipennis. Gantharidce. A firefly was found in the stomach of Herodius alba, but it was most probably first eaten by a frog. CleridcB. Necrobia rufipes was found in Orthotomus sutorius. BuprestidcB. Buprestids had been taken by Dendrocitta rufa, Argya -.aalcomi, Aegithina tiphia, Chloropsis jerdoni, Lanius nigriceps, Graucalus VOL. Ill 864 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD EXTOMOLOGICAL MEETING macii, Tememtchiis fagodarum, Lophoceros brrostris and Glavcidiwn radiatiim. Elateridce. Click-beetles occurred in Lanus lahlora, TememwJms fagodarum, Rhipidvra fectoralis, Hirundo nepalensis, Mofacilla citreola. Pitta brathyura-, Inocotis pap-illosiis and Platalea levcorodia. Lacon sp. occurred ii Atnavrmnis fhceninmts, and Elaterid grubs were found in Acndotheres tristis, Cvmlus canonts, Centrofvs .sinensis, Sarcogranimus indicus and Gallinago coelestis. Teneh ionida. Platynotiis ferforatvs was found in Lanius hhtora > ^patnim depresstim in Oriolus kundoo and Thanmobia c mhaiensis ! ather species of Ofatriiw in Pelrophila cyamis. Pitta hradiyma^ and a larva in Inocotis fopillosvs. Bhytinota impolita was seen frequently in Petrophila cyanvs and Inocotis papillosns and other Tenebrionids in Mixornis rvpricopilhis. Lnnivs nigriceps, Motacilla melanope and Bvbvlcvs ccn-omandus. Anthicidce These small beetles were seen in Motacilla .melanope. Lariada. Bruchvs sp. was taken by Arachnechthra zeylanica and Perdicula asiatica ; Spier. ■ phagus sp. by Cyanecvla svecica ; other Bru- chids by Pyctorhis sinensis, Hypolais rama and Macropteryx coronala. Chrysomelida>. These eetles were found in 22 species of birds. CassidincB were noticed in the Swallow, as well as Nodostoma sp. and Cocassida piidi vnda. Scelodonta sp. was noticed in Dinnetia hyperythra and Crypt ocephahis sehestedti in Prima inornata and Hirvndo rustica. Flea beetles, Clia'tocnema sp.. had been eaten by Cisticola cursitans, P inia socialis, Hypolais rama, Motacilla madeiospatensis, M. citreola, M. melanope and Podicipes albipenms. Cer. mhycidcE. Longicorn grubs had been taken by Liopicvs mah- rattensis and lyngipicvs hardiirickii, and a single small Lorgicorn was found in Podicipes albipenms. Ciircvlionidce. Weevils had been eaten by 28 species of birds. Species of Apion alone were found in 18 stomachs, chiefly Babblers, Warblers, Swallows, Wagtails and Sandpi[ ers. Species of Tanymecvs were foimd in Dicrurus ater, Gi-aucalus macii, Ibis melanocepJiela and Platalea levcorodia ; MyUocerus in Aa-ocephahs diimetorvm, and Lixvs brachyrrhimis in Graucaliis macii. Scarabceidce. Coprids were noticed in 23 species of birds, chiefly Drongos, Shrikes, Myuas, Thrushes, Swallows, Wagtails, Bee-eaters, 'Nightjars, Owls, the Hobby, Plovers, Sandpipers, Water-hens, the Spoonbill and the Cattle Egret. OrtihopJiagvs sp. was noticed in Aaridotheres tristis, Pitta brachyura, CaprimidgKs mcnticola, Amavrornis phanicurvs, Sarcogrammus indicus, and Platalea leucorodia ; Gymnopleurus sp. in Glaucidium radiatum and PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 865 A. fhcsnicurus ; Heliocopris sp. in Bubo bengalensis ; Trox sp. in Capri- mulgus monticola and Rhyssemus sp. ia Amaurornis akool. The Dynastid, Heteronychus lioderes, was taken by Inocotis papillosus and Bubulcus coromandtts. Melolonthids were noticed in Glaucidium radiatum and Melolonthid larvae were noticed twice in Inocotis papillosus ; in one instance as many as 101 specimens were taken. LEPIDOPTERA. Caterpillars had been eaten by 58 species of birds. These were the Tree-pie, 2 species of Tits, 4 Babblers, the lora, Chloropsis, one Bulbul, 2 Drongos, 6 Warblers, 1 Creeper, 6 Shrikes, 3 Mynas, an Oriole, a Flycatcher, 2 Chats, the Baya, 4 Wagtails, 2 Pipits, 3 Sunbirds, the Pitta, 4 Woodpeckers, 5 Cuckoos, 1 Owl, 1 Dove (a single instance), the Stone-curlew, Greenshank, Spoonbill, Pond Heron and Grebe. Hairy caterpillars were taken by Lanius nigriceps, Cuculus canorus, Hierococcyz varius and Taccocua leschenaulti. Of identified families Arctiadce were taken by Cuculus canorus ; Lymantriadce by Hierococcyx varius ; Pyralidie by Campophaga sykesi, Oriolus melanocephala, Cuculus canorus and Cisticola cursitans ; Cossid(e by Liopicus mahrattensis and Brachypternus aurantius ; Noctuidm by Machlolophus haplonotus, Dicrurus ater, Cyornis tickelli, Graucalus macii, Cyanecula suecica (Agrotis sp.), Anthus rufulus, Pitta brachyura and Brachypternus aurantius ; Geometridce by Alcippe pkcBocephala, Dicrurus ater, Cisticola cursitans, TepJirodornis pondi- cerianus, Campophaga sykesi, Cuculus canorus and Glaucidium radiatum. A Lycsenid caterpillar was taken by (Edicnemus scolopax. Adult Lepidop- tera were found in only a few cases. Phylloscopus affinis and Capri- mulgus monticola had taken moths which could not be identified. Noc- tuids were noticed in Prinia socialis and Caprimulgus monticola ; Pyrahds in Perecrocotus erylhropygius ; Geometrids • in Campophaga sykesi ; Arctiadse in Alseonax latirostris and Sphingidse in Dicrurus ater and Coccystes jacobinus. A Drongo was seen taking a. Tasar moth on the wing. Pupae had been eaten by Chloropsis jerdoni, Salpornis spilonolus and Coccystes jacobinus, and batches of insect eggs were found La Paru^ atHceps,Argyamalcolmi,Aegithinatiphia, Sturnopastor contra, Motacilla melanope, Anthus rufulus, Caprimulgus monticola and Taccocua lesche- naulti. DIPTERA. Diptera were taken by 34 species of birds, chiefly Warblers, Flycatchers, Swallows, Wagtails, the Bee-eater, Cattle Egret and a few others. Maggots were repeatedly found in quantity in Corvus splendens ' d2 866 rEOCEEDIXGS OF THE THIRD EXTO.MOLOGICAE MEETING and other dipterous larvse in three Wagtails, two Thrushes and the Black Ibis. MyceiophiKdce. Fungus-gnats had been taken by Mthopyga seheriae. StmtiormjiadcB. Sargus sp. was taken by Ibis melanocephala. Tahanidce. Chrysops dispar was taken by TepJirodornis pmidicerianus and RJiipidura pectoralis ; Tahanus rubidus by Bubulcu^ coroniandus ; other Tabanids were taken by Motacilla tmderaspatensis and B. coro- mandus. CUcyropidcE. These flies were taken by Hirundo rustica. Diopsidce. These were taken by Podicipes albipennis. Trypetidce. Trypetidce were taken by Copsychus saularis and the larvae by Prinia socialis and C. saularis. OrtalidcB. These flies were noticed in Podicipes albipennis. Afithomyiadce. Ardeola grayi partook of these flies freely. MvscidcE. Pycnosoma flaviceps was taken by Terpsiphone paradisi and other blue-bottles by Alseonax latirostris, Culicicapa ceylonensis and Merops viridis. Musca damestica is eaten by Motacilla maderas- patensis and Bnbulcus coroiuandus and other Muscids were found in most of the Flycatchers (A. latirostris, C. ceylonensis, T. paradisi, R. pectoralis) and Bubulcus coromandiis. Muscid lar^^ae are much taken off carrion by Crows. Tachinidce. TacMnidce were taken by Terpsiphone paradisi. "Hippoboscidce. A specimen was noticed in the stomach of Astur badius.- Rhynchota. Pentatomidce. Pentatomids seem a favourite diet with birds. Hahjs dentaius was taken by Tephrodornis pondicmanus, Brachypternus auran- tius and Lophoceros birostris ; Eusarcocoris sp. by Cisticola cursitans ; Coptosoma indicum by Prinia socialis ; Cydnus sp. by Macropteryx coronaia ; Geotomus sp. by Hirundo eryihropygia and M. coronata, and other Pentatomids by the following birds, — Dendrocitla rufa, Argya malcolmi, Dumetia hyperythra, Pyctorhis sinensis, Aegithina tiphia, Disscnmrus paradiseus, Orthotomus sutorius, Lanius nigriceps. Pericrocotus rosius, Graucalus macii, Sturnia malabarica, Temenuchus pagodarum, Sturnopastor contra, Petrophila cincloryncha, Motacilla maderaspatensis, M. melanope, M. borealis, Anthus rufulus, Glaucidium radiatum, Franco- linus pondicerianus, Amaurornis akool, Platalea leucorodia, Herodias alba and Bubulcus coromandus. Coreidce. These bugs were noticed in Orthotomus sutorius axiA Pitta Lygoeidce. Lijgwus hospes was taken by Francolinus pondicerianus and other Lygeeida by FranJdinia gracilis and Motacilla nmdera-fpatensis. PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 867 Pyrrhocoridce. Dysdercus cingulatus was taken by Molpastes hwnior- rhous and other bugs of this family by Inocotis papillosus. Hydrometridw. Gerris sp. was taken by Myiophoneus horsfieldi and Podicipes albipennis and other Hydrmnetrids by Motacilla melanope. Reduviidce. Ectamocoris cordiger was taken by Inocotis papillosus and other Reduviids by Anthus campestris. Cimicidce. A bed-bug was found in the stomach of AcridotJieres tristis: Nepidce. Laccotrephes ruber was taken by Ibis melanocephala and Dissura episcopus, and Ranatra filiformis by Podicipes albipennis. NaucoridcB. Heleocoris sp. was taken by Inocotis papillosus. Belostoniidw. Belostoma indica was taken by Botaurus stelldris, and Sphonvdema annulatmn by Grus antigone. NotonectidcB. Enithares sp. was taken by Myophoneus horsfieldi and Platalea leucorodia, Anisops sp. by Platalea leucrnvdia ; Notonectids were also taken by Pseudotantalus leucocephalus, Ardeola grayi and Spatula clypeata. Corixidce. These were taken by Motacilla citreola. Fulgoridce. Fulgorids were observed in the stomachs of Phylloscopus affinis, Cotile sinensis and Anthus maculatus. MembracidcB. Membracids were eaten by Phylloscopus affinis, Prinia inornata, Hirundo rustica, H. nepalensis and Brachypternus auran- tius. Cercopidce. Cercopids were taken by Acanthopneuste viridanus. Jassidce. Jassids were noticed in Maxiornis rubricapillus, Terpsi- phoneparadisi, Piprismna squalidum, and Macropteryx coronata. Aphididce. Aphids were taken by Pyctorhis sinensis, Hirundo nepalen- sis, Motacilla citreola, Aethopyga seherice and Liopicus mahrattensis. Arachnida. Spiders had been taken by 34 species of birds, a False-scorpion {Cher- netidce) by Salpcrrnis spHmwtus and the mile Trombidum grandissimum by Corvus macrmhynchus. Of ticks Hyalomma cegyptium was found in Corvus splendens and C. macrorhynchus and Boophilus australis in Acri- dotheres ginginianus. Insectivorous or partially insectivorous birds inhabiting the Central Provinces which were examined. 1. Corvus splendens — Indian Crow. 2. Dendrocitta rufa — Indian Tree Pie. 3. Parus atriceps — Indian Grey Tit. hus haplonotus — Southern Yellow Tit. PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 5. Argya caudala — Common Babbler. 6. Argya malcolmi — Large Grey Babbler. 7. Crateropus canorus — Jungle Babbler. 8. Dumetia hyperythra — Rufous-bellied Babbler. 9. Pyctwhis sinensis — ^Yellow-eyed Babbler. 10. Alcippe phcBocephala — Nilgiri Babbler. 11. Mixornis rubricapillus — Yellow-breasted Babbler. 12. Myiophoneus Jiorsfieldi — Malabar Whistling Thrush. 13. Aegithina tiphia — Common lora. 14. Chlaropsisjerdoni — Jerdon's Chloropsis. 15. Molpastes hcemorrhous — Madras Red-vented Bulbul. 16. Sitta castewewew^ns^Chestnut-bellied Nuthatch. 17. Dicrurus ater — Black Drongo. 18. Diemrus longicaudatus — Indian Ashy Drongo. 19. Dissemurus paradiseus — Larger Racket-tailed Drongo. 20. Salporius spilonota — Spotted-grey Creeper. 21. Acrocephalus stentoreus — Lidian Great Reed Warbler. 22. A. dumetoram — Blyth's Reed Warbler. 23. Orthotmnus sutorius — Indian Tailor Bird. 24. Cisticola cursitans — Rufous Fantail- Warbler. 25. Franklinia gracilis — Franklin's Wren- Warbler. 26. Hypolais rama — Sykes's Tree- Warbler. 27. Sylvia jerdoni — Eastern Orphean Warbler. 28. Sylvia affinis — Indian Lesser White-throated Warbler. 29. Phylloscopus affinis — Tickell's Willow- Warbler. 30. Acanihopneiiste viridanus — Greenish Yellow- Warbler. 31. Prinia socialis — Ashy Wren Warbler. 52. P. inornata — Indian Wren Warbler. 33. Lanius lahtora — Indian Grey Shrike. 34. L. nigriceps — Black-headed Shrike. 35. L. erythronotus — Rufous-backed Shrike. 36. Tephrodornis pondicerianus — Common Wood-shrike. 37. Pericrocotus roseus — Rosy Minivet. 38. P. peregrinus — Small Minivet. 39. P. erythropygius — White-bellied Minivet. 40. Campophaga melanoschista — ^Dark-grey Cuckoo-shrike. 41. C. sykesi — Black-headed Cuckoo-shrike. 42. Graucalus macii — Large Cuckoo-shrike. 43. Oriolus kundoo — Indian Oriole. * 44. 0. melanocephalus — Indian Black-headed Oriole, 45. Sturnus menzbieri — Common Indian Starling. 46. Sturnia mulabarica — Grey-headed Myna. PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 47. Temenuchus pagodarum — Black-headed Myna. 48. Acridotheres tristis — Common Myna. 49. Sturnopastor contra — Pied Myna. 50. Siphia parva — European Red-breasted Flycatcher. 51. Cyornis superciliaris — White-browed Blue Flycatcher. 52. Cyornis tickeUi — Tickell's Blue Flycatcher. 53. Alseonax latirostris — Brown Flycatcher. 54. Culicicapa ceylonensis — Grey-headed Flycatcher. 55. Terpsiphone paradisi — Indian Paradise Flycatcher. 56. Hypothymis azurea — Indian Black-naped Flycatcher. 57. Rhipidura albifrontata — White-browed Fantail Flycatcher. 58. R. pectoralis — White-spotted Fantail Flycatcher. 59. Pratincola caprata — Common Pied Bush Chat. 60. P. maura — Indian Bush Chat. 61. Cercomelafusca — Brown Rock Chat. 62. Cyanecuh, suecica — Indian Blue Throat. 63. Thamnobia cambaiensis — Brown-backed Indian Robin. 64. Copsychus saularis — Magpie Robin. 65. Geocichla cyanonotus — White-throated Ground Thrush. 66. Petrophila cinclorhyncha — Blue-headed Rock Thrash. 67. P. cyaneus — Western Blue Rock Thrash. 68. Ploceus baya — The Baya. 69. Cotile sinensis — Indian Sand Martin. 70. Hirundo rustica — The Swallow. 71. H. nepalensis-^Hodgson's Striated Swallow. 72. H. erjfthropygiaSy]Les's Striated Swallow. 73. Motamlla alba— White Wagtail. 74. M. personata — Masked Wagtail. 75. M. maderaspatensis — Large Pied Wagtail. 76. M. melanope — Grey Wagtail. 77. M. borealis — Grey-headed Wagtail. 78. Motacilla beema — Indian Blue-headed Wagtail. 79. M. ctYreok— Yellow-headed Wagtail. 80. Anthus maculatus — Indian Tree-Pipit. 81. .4. rufulus — Indian Pipit. 82., .4. campestris — Tawny Pipit. 83. Mirafra erythroptera — Red-winged Bush Lark. 84. Galerita deva — Sykes's Crested Lark. 85. Ammomanes phwnicura — Rufous-tailed Finch Lark, 86. Aethopyga seherice — Himalayan Yellow-backed Sun Bird. 87. Arachnechthra asiatica — Purple Sun Bird. ,88. A. zeylanica — Purple-rumped Sun Bird. 870 PEOCEEDIXGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 89. Piprisoma squalidwn — Thick-billed Flower Pecker. 90. Pitta hrachyura — Indian Pitta. 91. Gecinus striolatus — Little Scaly-billed Green Woodpecker, 92. Liopicus mahrattensis — Yellow-fronted Pied Woodpecker, 93. lyngipicus hardwickii — Indian Pigmy Woodpecker. 94. Brachypternus aumntius — Golden-backed Woodpecker. 95. Chrysocolaptes festivus — Black-backed Woodpecker. 96. lynx torquilla — Common Wryneck. 97. Coracias indica — Indian Roller. 98. Merops virid.is — Common Indian Bee-Eater. 99. Lophoceros birostris — Common Grey Hornbill. 100. Macropteryx coronata — Indian Crested Swift. 101. Caprimulgus monticola — Franklin's Nightjar. 102. Cuculus canorus — The Cuckoo. 103. C. poliocephalus — Small Cuckoo. 104. Hierococcyx varius — Common Hawk Cuckoo. 105. Coccystes jacobinus — Pied Crested Cuckoo. 106. Taccocua leschenaulti — Siikeer Cuckoo. 107. Centropus sinensis — The Coucal. 108. Bubo bengalensis — Rock Homed Owl. 109. Athene brama — Spotted Owlet. 110. Glaucidium radiatum — Jungle Owlet. 111. Ninox scutulata — Brown Hawk- Owl. 112. Butastur teesa — White-e3^ed Buzzard-Eagle. 113. Circus cineraceus — Montagu's Harrier. 114. Astur badius — The Shikra. 115. Pernis cristatus — Crested Honey-Buzzard. 116. Falco subbutea—The Hobby. 117. Tinnunculus alaudarius — The Kestrel. 118. Turtur suratensis — Spotted Dove. 119. Pavo cristatus — Common Peafowl. 120. Gallus sonnerati — Grey Jungle Fowl. 121. Galloperdix spadicea — Red Spur Fowl. 122. Pefdicula asiatica — Jungle Bush Quail. 125. Amaiirornis akool — Bro\^^l Crake. 126. A. phcenicurus — White-breasted Water Hen. 127. Gallinula chloropus — The Moorhen. 128. Gru^ antigone — The Sarus. 129. (Edicnemus scolopax — Stone Curlew. 130. Cursorius coromandelicus — Indian Courser. 131. Sarcogrammus indicus — Red- wattled Lapwing, 132. Hoplopterus ventralis — Spur-winged Plover. TROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 871 133. Mgialilis duhia— Little Ringed Plover. 134. Himantopus cawrfif^MS— Black-winged Stilt. 135. Totanus hypoleucus — Common Sandpiper. 136. T. glareola— Wood Sandpiper. 137. T. ochropus—Gieen Sandpiper. 138. T. stagma^ifo— Marsh Sandpiper. 139. T. /mscus— Spotted Redshank. 140. T. ^?o« are of wire gauze with about 16 meshes to the inch. The other two walls are of glass. The entire framework and the roof and floor are made out of galvanized iron sheet. We also use similar cages of a smaller size measuring 12 inches in height about 8 inches across each Page UTS- Glass Dish (left) and Battery Jar (right) with whole (right) and perforated (left) metal covers. Page Si9. PEOCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 879 side. When required for small parasites, etc., thin muslin or silk gauze is gumme^ over the wire gauze. Zinc Cylinders. For Nymphtda deininctalis the glass jars proved too small. The caterpillars require rice plants growing in water, so that they can float and swim in water and crawl upon the plants. For them the zinc cylinder illustrated in PI. 131, fig. 1 was used. These cylinders are either with or without a bottom. Those with a bottom can be used as aquaria. In the case of Nymphiila depunclalis caterpillars, one with a bottom was used. Living rice plants were transferred into it with a quantity of earth and it was partly filled with water. A long stick, stood in the middle, supported the muslin which formed the covering. The zinc cylinders without a bottom can be pressed into the ground over living plants and when the plants are low the wire gauze cover illustrated in figure 2 serves the purpose well. For taller plants the covers shown in PI. 133, fig. 2 are used. The cylinders are made out of thin galvanized iron sheets and are 2 feet in diameter. All round the top on the outside there is a channel about an inch in depth and breadth which can be filled with kerosenized water to prevent access of ants or escape of creeping insects. On the inside the top is provided with a sloping piece intended to prevent escape of insects. This can, however, be done away with. The cage illustrated in PI. 135, fig. 1 is made by pinning thin muslin on a wooden frame. The bottom is made of wooden board. The door is on one side and is fitted with a long muslin sleeve. This is a very useful cage and serves many purposes better than the zinc breeding cages. Moths and flies kept in it do not dash against hard surfaces as in cages having glass or wire gauze sides in their flight or attempts at escape. Therefore in such cases the risk of injury to them is very small. Also the sleeved door is more advantageous than the hinged door of zLnc cages. There is hardly any possibility of insects escaping through it during manipulation. Having provided ourselves with the principal apparatus required, we can now proceed to consider the various groups into which insects may be classified according to their feeding habits and hence according to the manner in which it is necessary to rear them. In this way insects may be classified as : — (1) Scavengers of dead — • (a) animal matter, (6) vegetable matter. (2) Predators on otljer animals. VOL. Ill E PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING. (3) Parasites of othet (rt) external parasites, (6) internal parasites. (4) Feeders on living plants : — (a) leaf-eaters, (6) leaf-miners, \ (c) gall-makers — (1) in leaves, (2) in petioles, (3) in stems ; (d) borers — (1) in stems, (2) in roots, (3) in flowers, (4) in fruits, (5) in seeds ; (e) root-feeders, {/) sap-suckers. (5) Aquatic insects. Scavengers of dead animal matter, such as many Sarcophagids, Muscids, Phorids and other Diptera, and Scarabeeids, Silphids and other Coleoptera, require moist conditions and should be provided with moist food and moist earth. They are easily reared as a rule if their appropriate food is placed on a little earth. A few Lepidopterous and Coleopterous feeders on dead animal matter (such as Trichofhaga on furs. Tinea and Anthrenus on woollens, and Nec- robia on dried meat) are also easily reared in the presence of their particular food, but require fairly dry conditions. Scavengers of dead vegetable mutter, such as those beetles which live in dry grain or wood, depend little on external c<)nditions and can be reared out easily. But those which feed in rotting vegetable matter, such as Nitidulids, require to be kept under moist conditions. Predators. Among the predators which bite, the Mantids, Carabids, Coccinellids, as also the Phorids and Syrphids and those which suck, the Myrmeleonids, Ascalaphids, Chrysopids, Pentatomids and Reduviids, require an ample supply of food and are indifferent to dry or moist condi- tions. The Carabids, however, pupate undergrovmd and require a supply of moist earth. The larvse of stinging predators, Eumenids, Sphegids, etc., and in fact all Hymenopterous larvse except .probably those of Tenthredinidd which behave like caterpillars, require a good deal of Pug& SSO. Fig. 1.— Zinc cylinder. Fig. 2.— Cover for zinc cylinder. Payc 881. mOCEEDlNGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 881 care and delicate handling although they are not affected very much by a little dryness or moistness of conditions in which they are kept. External Parasi'es on other animals, such as the lice and bugs found on vertebrate and the dipterous parasites of birds and bats, require to be reared on their special hosts as a rule. Fleas, however, do not imdergo their transformations on their hosts and are easily reared under dry .conditions. Internal Parasites of vertebrates, such as (Estrids, when full-fed larvae are obtained on expulsion from their hosts, can be reared easily if they are kept in moist earth and not allowed to dry up. The same procedure is followed with Tachinid parasites of insects. When internal parasites emerge from eggs, larvae or pupae which tappen to be under rearing in the glass jars, they are easily observed and collected. When perforated covers are used for the jars in which minute parasites are expected the wire gauze of the covers should either be very fine or be protected with silk gauze or muslin. When it is intended to rear out parasites especially we use the cage •shown in PI. 13-5, fig. 2. It is made of wood. Parasites appear in the tubes when they can be collected. The door is on the end opposite to that in which tubes are fitted. Another pattern is the one shown in figure 3 and this kind of cage has been largely used for the introduction of the bollworm parasite in the Punjab. It is made of wood and has two ■covers, one of wire gauze and the other of glass or wood. The glass remains above the wire gauze. When parasites come up through the wire gauze they are visible through the glass. When too much green stuff is placed inside the box, a quantity of moisture collects under the glass. The parasites are caught in the drops of moisture and are drowned. Without the glass cover the box works fairly well when it is intended to let out the parasites, a wooden cover being used in this case. The leaf-eaters form the most numerous group of those insects which feed upon living plants. Some of them feed openly on leaves, biting them from the top or margin, or gnawing holes in their surface. It is unnecessary to quote examples as this form of feeding is quite common. Some roll individual leaves and feed while living inside the rolled leaves, for instance, Sylepta on cotton, Eublemma on brinjal and Margarodes (Glyphodes) indica on cucurbitaceous plants. There are others which bind several leaves together and feed similarly whUe living inside them, for instance, Chapra mathias on rice, Phycita infusella on cotton and Eucosma critica on Cajanus indicus. Among the leaf-eaters we can include those which nibble the leaf surface like the Efilaclina grubs. All these require a supply of fresh leaves. The ideal condition woidd be to keep them on living plants growing in soil and covered witli cage : or e2 882 PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING on plants growing in pots which can be introduced into breeding cages when necessary. This however is only possible when one deals with a few kinds of insects and with only a few specimens of each kind. Even then some are such voracious eaters, for instance, the Sphingid cater- pillars, that it is difficult to keep only a few individuals supplied with sufficient potted plants. Besides it is not always possible to foresee what insects may require to be fed and to have sufficient plants ready for them beforehand. Therefore it is absolutely necessary to use some kind of handy cages in which the insects can be kept confined and fed with leaves. Such cages are essential when we want to study individual larvae very closely. Leaf-feeders kept in cages require to be given a constant and regular supply of fresh leaves, which should be fresh and neither dried up nor wet when given. If leaves are of necessity gathered in a wet condition, they are best dried by placing them in the centre of a dry towel or cloth and wliirling this around by the corners, so that the moisture is driven out by centrifugal action without bruising the leaves. Care must also be taken that no predaceous insects or other animals are introduced with the leaves. When only a few insects are under rearing in one cage, it is well to count them when fresh food is given, to make sure that none are removed and thrown away with the old food when it is removed. Young caterpillars especially are very delicate animals and should not be handled if it can be avoided. They also require tender leaves of their foodplant as a rule. Leaf -miners, among which can be included also those which min& under the epidermis of the green bark like that of cotton. For a few examples we can name Acrocercops, RhynchcBnus and Eugnani'plus on mango leaves, PhjUocnislis on lemon leaves, Hispa on rice leaves and Trachys on jute leaves. It should be remembered that in the case of all these, as in the case of the majority of miners of this description, the larvEG complete their larval life in the same mine and cannot form a fresh one even when they are provided with suitable leaves. They live inside and feed on moist tissue. Therefore it is essential that when the leaves containing them are plucked from the plants they should be kept moist as long as possible. For this purpose the glass dishes and jars are in- valuable. In some cases the use of wet blotting paper is necessary or a layer of moist earth may be placed at the bottom of the cage. There are a few miners which can migrate to fresh leaves and form fresh mines in them, for instance, the caterpillars of Phthorimcea ercjasima and the grubs 'of Pkdyprin amlreivesi. Eearing them is easy, as they can be supplied with fresh leaves as long as necessary. I'age SS3. / \\ CM ^ ~> q d . Y v^ y J PKOCEEDlNGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 883 Gall-formers on leaves, for instance, Psyllids and Cecidomyiads, require the same care and treatment as leaf-miners. Gall-formers in the petioles of leaves, like Clitea picta on Mgle marmelos. The petioles should be prevented from drying. The use of glass dishes is essential. If necessary, moist earth or wet blotting paper should be used and by the use of perforated brass covers growth of mould can be entirely checked. Gall-formers in stems, such as the Cecidomyiads in Cucurbitaceous plants and Buprestids and Curculionids. In order to be able to rear them the galls should be kept moist. Like the leaf-miners they cannot be transferred into fresh stems. Borers in iivigs and green stems, for instance, the larvae of Chlumetia transversa and Alcides frenalus in mango twigs. Chilo and Sesamia in maize, rice and allied plants, Scirpophaga in sugarcane, Nupserha in soybean and Phaseolus stems. Many examples can be quoted from among the Bup- restids, Cerambycids, Curculionids, Noctuids, Pyralids and Flies which are among the worst pests of plants. Among them some like Scirpo- phaga and most Buprestids do not fare well if transferred to fresh stems and they are better reared in the stems in which they occur. Of course the stems should be prevented from drying and glass jars are useful for the purpose. The others can easily be transferred into fresh stems and the best method is to bore holes at the ends ol: the pieces of stems intended to be given as food with the pointed end of a pair of forceps or with a gimlet. The larvas are put into these holes and they bore in well. In some cases however the larvae leave these holes and cannot find their way back and in order to make them stay there, the following plan may be adopted. A longitudinal slice is cut but not detached from the stem and a portion of the interior of the stem below this slice is scooped out with a knife to afford enough room for the larva to be put in. The larva is placed there and the slice closed and secured with thread. (PI. 136, fig. 1.) For larger borers in woody stems or dry wood, such as the longicorn grubs we find in mango, orange, jak and many other trees, large pieces of stems should be taken and holes bored in them with augers. The larvae are put in these holes, the mouths of which are best plugged with a piece of wood or cork. In the case of those which work in fresh moist stems it is desirable to keep the stems moist as long as possible. We do this by keeping the pieces of stems covered with moist saw-dust. Be- sides keeping the stems moist the sawdust serves another useful piu-pose. When the larvae happen to bore out of the stems they find themselves among sawdust and are not at all inconvenienced even if immediate attention is not forthcoming. In some cases they are actually observed 884 PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING to bore through the layer of sawdust. Apparently the sawdust partly as food. These borers are such slow growers that they tax the rearers' patience sometimes. There is hardly a case in which one has to wait for less than a year before the adult is obtained. Two or three years are not uncommon. Examination of the stems in which the borer larvae are placed should be made with great discretion. Frequent exami' nation causes disturbance which the larva; cannot endure. Then during examination the stems should be split or opened with the greatest care and patience as the exact whereabouts of the insect is unls:nown and it is likely to be injured. It may have formed its pupal cell and may be pupating or may have pupated. Disturbance at this time is often injurious and in the majority of cases leads to the death of the insect. Some of the borers in dry wood, especially the Buprestids, cannot endure transference and have to be reared in the wood in which they occur. Root-borers, such as HepiaUds, require the same treatment as stem- borers. Among this class may be included borers such as Cylas formi- carius in sweet potato tubers ; such can be reared out easily. Borers into Jlower-huds or larvae which eat petals of flowers, require a supply of fiesh flower-buds and flowers and can be reared easily. Of the insects affecting fruits, the fraitfly larvae require a supply of moist earth to pupate in and, as in the case of all Diptera, the pupae should be kept moist and not allowed to dry up. A layer of moist earth should be kept at the bottom of the glass jars or troughs and the fruits containing the maggots should be placed on the earth. The maggots when full-fed will go into the earth and pupate there. When the fmits are succulent like pumpkin and give out a large quantity of water on decomposition it is better to use an extra large quantity of dry (not moist) earth. The dry earth absorbs the water and becomes moist. Otherwise the excess of moisture may cause the pupas to rot. In rearing these flies it may be necessary to dispense with glass or metal covers for the jars and keep them covered with muslin. Many larvae bore into fruits for the seeds which they eat. Common examjjles are Etielki boring Khesari {LatMjrns sativus) and other pods, Heliothis armigera, Exelastis and Catochrysops boring arhar pods, and Virachola boring pomegranates. Such larvae require a supply of green pods and fruits and are easily reared. Bruchids do not require any fresh food to be supplied and are reared in the pods or rather seeds in which they occur. Root-eaters, e.g., Melolonthid, Elaterld, Curcuhonid and ChrysomeUd larva?, live underground and are best kept in glass jars ^vith ample moist earth and provided with roots, principally of grasses. The roots supplied must be fresh* PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETINQ 885 Although called root-eaters the food of many of these insects is not definitely known. Many Melolonthid grabs, for instance those of Anomala polita, have been reared wholly on farmyard manure, while others are known definitely to attack living plants, e.g.. Anamala bengalen- sis on sugarcane. Probably many of them depend on a variety of food. In the case of caterpillars and termites of course there is no cause for doubt. The food of TipuHds and Asihd lai-vae, which are ordinarily taken to be root-eaters, is not definitely known in India. GnjUotalpa africana is definitely known to be both herbivorous and predacious. Of the Elaterid larvae some are certainly predaceous, e.g., Agrypnus fuscipes, others may be both predaceous and herbivorous. Whatever their food the larvae which live underground in nature must be kept in moist earth, and as the larval life of most of them is very long, it is an advantage if the earth in the rearing cage can be kept moist for long periods without being required to be changed. Numerous Melo- lonthid grubs are reared at Pusa every year. They live for about a year and are kept in glass jars and dishes and, if glass covers are used, it be- comes hardly necessary to change the earth even once. Metal covers are unsuitable for the purpose as they allow evaporation to go on. When it is not necessary to change the earth there is very Uttle disturbance of the insects. As the food of most of these underground larvae is unknown, attempts to rear them from their young stage frequently fail. It is therefore advisable to collect the larvae in the advanced state of growth and then their rearing is almost always successful. When the food is known and ' a supply of it can be kept up, they can be reared without much difficulty provided the earth in which they are made to live remains always moist. One Agrypnus fuscipes larva lived in the Insectary for over two years. It was fed with caterpillars and Melolonthid and Scarabseid grubs. Similarly Gryllotalpa africana was reared from the egg stage, being fed with Uve fly maggots only for about 5J months. Sucking insects, which hve by sucking the sap from living plants — the plant — sucking Heteroptera, Homoptera and Phytophthires — require hving plants. We usually grow plants in pots and, when convenient, keep the potted plants on which the insects feed in zinc breeding cages (PI. 133, fig. 1) or cover the plants with muslin or silk gauze. Some of them are however amenable to feeding in glass jars with portions of their foodplants from which they can obtain enough juice. Leptocorisa variconiis has been reared on ears of Setaria ilalica, Riptortus on pods of Cajanus indicus, Nezara viriclula on pods of Cajanus indicus and Phaseolus radiatus and Aspongopus on succulent stems of pumpkin. When they get abundant juice they can be reared in this manner. In fact some of H»b PHOCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING them in nature have adapted themselves to this habit, for instance, mealy-bugs {Pscvdococcus nipce) and Tiagid bugs (Recaredus sp.) on seed potatoes in store. Inducing oviposition. In order to observe and note details of life- history it is often necessary to rear out adults or collect them from the fields and make them lay eggs iii confinement. All insects will not oviposit easily under such conditions. They require the conditions in which they lay eggs in nature or at least conditions as far as possible similar. Almost all plant-feeding insects require Uving plants in order to oviposit. Sometimes when gravid females are obtained from outside they deposit eggs even when kept confiiied i)i a small pill-box, because then egg-laying is a necessity with them. Special means have to be adopted to get eggs fi-om different insects. It is not possible to give here our whole experience. We can only refer to a few cases. It is generally difficult to induce butterflies to oviposit in confine- ment. They require living plants and a large amount of space to fly about in and may have to be fed with sugar or honey syrup. We keep them in the side-cages of the Insectary which give them sufficient room to fly about. Potted plants are supplied. Feeding is done according to the following method. The syrup is placed in a glass crucible or watch-glass. The butterfly is held in one hand between the thumb and forefinger with the wings turned over its back and with a pin in the other hand the proboscis is stretched out and its end dijjped in the spnip. For moths the large-sized zinc breeding cages (PI. 133, fig. 1) are used, potted plants being placed in them when necessary. These cages also serve for bugs, sawflies and many kinds of beetles. Ant-lions can be made to oviposit in these cages on a layer of fine dry sand placed on the bottom. For grasshoppers we use the side-cages of the Insectary. Into one of these cages one pair of HierogJyphus hanian was introduced in 1905. , Since then we have been carrying on the progeny of this pair. Every year young nymphs hatch out about June. They are fed and develop, deposit eggs in the earth of the cage in October and November and then die. The eggs in due course hatch about June again. In order to be able to observe the details of oviposition in the case of grasshoppers and other insects which thrust their eggs into the ground, they should be pkced in a cage with four glass sides and provided on the bottom with a block of wood two or three inches high and in size about half-an-inch less in breadth and width than the internal breadth and width of the cage. This wooden block is covered with a very thin layer of earth which however fills the quarter-inch space left all around between the block and the glass sides of the cage. The grasshoppers, PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 887 finding insufficient depth of soil on top of the block for oviposition, are then forced to oviposit against the glass through which their motions may be watched. The space between glass and wooden block may be varied with the size of the grasshopper under rearing. For Heliompris bucephalus a small cage is unsuitable. The beetles were therefore placed in a large side cage in the Insectary. They at once bored mto the earth. Fresh cowdung was placed on the surface of the earth and was taken down by the beetles through 'tortuous galleries up to a depth of about 4 feet. Oviposition was successful and a brood was reared out. It is easy to get soil-living termites to estabUsh colonies in glas.? jars. The jars are filled with moist earth which is somewhat pressed down and an artificial hole is made in the earth by forcing a pencil or stick into it. From among the winged termites which appear at the time of their annual flight a pair, consisting of a male and a female, is picked out and placed in this hole. Very soon they lay eggs and workers and soldiers appear in due course and are observed to form tunnels. Many colonies of Odontotennes assmuihi were established in this manner in the course of the last five years. In the jars the development of the colonies caimot be properly traced. For this purpose the tile cage illustrated in PI. 136, fig. 2 was devised. It was made by a local potter. It has three chambers with two partition walls in the middle. But the chambers communicate with one another by means of holes in the partition walls. Besides these chambers there is a cavity at one end meant to serve as a reservoir for water. The idea was that the water kept in this reservoir would slowly soak and keep the tile moist. In actual practice however it waS found that the water fi-om this reservoir soaked so rapidly and so much that the chambers became too damp for the termites. Therefore water is kept in a separate vessel and a wetted wick of cotton lint is used so that one end of the wick is dipped in the water and the other end rests on the tile. By this means just sufficient water is soaked up by the tile to keep it moist. The face of the tile is well smoothed by bemg rubbed on a flat stone. The chambers are covered by glass plates through which the insects inside are visible. In order to produce darkness in the chambers, on top of the glass plates are placed other glass plates on which black paper has been pasted. When it is necessary to observe the insects the upper plates are lifted up. A pair of the winged termites, usually those which have shed their wings, are placed in one chamber in the tile and are allowed to occupy whichever chamber they prefer. The majority of those tried established colonies in the first chamber, i.e., the one next to the source of water and none selected the third chamber. Colonies of Odontotermes assmuthi have lived in these tiled cages for about eOO PKOCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING four months and have then dwindled and died. Some of the colonies in glass jars were buried underground in the compound inside the jars ; one of these hved for a year. The tile cages we use measure about 12 inches in length and about 4 inches in breadth. The thickness from face to back is about one inch. The inside dimensions of the chambers are about 3x3x4 inches. Colonies of Microtermes obesi were similarly established in glass jars and also in the tile cages. But they seemed to be more deUcate than Odontotennes assumuthi and died quickly. S&ine general hints on rearing. It is advisable to examine the cages every day in the morning or better still, both morning and evening and take out the insects which have emerged. Butterflies ar.d moths are better taken out as soon as their wings have hardened or they may sj^oil the scales on the wings by fluttering in the cage. Flics are better left for a day or two ; if killed too soon their wings collapse and shrivel. Beetles should be left for two or three days or their colour does not develop properly. Bugs and grasshoppers should also be left in the cages for two or three days to allow them to harden their wings and develop colour. In the case of large specimens, for instance, Sphingid moths, Saturniad moths, larger butterflies, etc., it may be necessary to trairsfer the pupse from small rearing cages to zinc breeding cages so that the imagines on emergence may crawl up the wire gauze wall and hang and develop their wings properly. Otherwise the result is a specimen with crumpled undeveloped wings. If the rearing cage be large a few long sticks stuck into the earth or stood against the walls may serve the purpose. Cannibals. The rearer will find by experience that some insects, which are normally plant-feeders, develop into voracious cannibals when kept in close proximity to their fellows under conditions of confinement. If, on counting them, caterpillars are found to have disappeared without visible reason, cannibalism may reasonably be suspected. Such larvae must of course be reared separately. Recoids. A very important part of rearing is the proper recording of full descriptions and accounts of all the stages of all insects under rearing. These may either be Cage-slips kept on separate uniformly- sized sheets of paper placed under, or at least with, each cage or may be kept in a register or note-book. In any case, each separate lot of insects reared should be provided with a separate number corresponding to the Cage-slip or entry m the register, and the reared specimens should have this number entered on their labels, so that, in after time, there is no possible doubt as to the actual specimens to which the records refer. Page. SSO. ^.^^tC^^kiS^M^^E^- Fig. 1.— The Pusa Insectary. Fig. 2.— Details of double door to Insectary. PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 889 No time or trouble that can be taken to make these records complete and accurate in all respects can possibly be wasted. If drawings of the various stages, and of any details of them, can be made, so much the better ; and all such drawings also should be fully identified with the number of the Cage-slip or entry in the register. Preservation of Early Stages. Another important pomt m rearmg is the preservation of material of the early stages. Caterpillars may be blown and most other larvse preserved in spirit. Empty pupa-casesi and cocoons should be preserved pinned with the individual specimens which have emerged from them. Pupae, even of the same species, often vary considerably in thejwo sexes and therefore it is important to see that the pupal shell of each individual imago is correctly paired off with it. How often one sees series of bred specimens in collections and how seldom are they accompanied with even their empty pupa-cases. Yet it is certain that a close study of pupal stracture will often throw very valuable light on the affinities of the insects concerned ; and, to carry out work on these Hnes in India, it is essential to preserve all the material possible in order that it may be available for study. Quality and Quantity. One advantage of rearing insects is the ob- taining of perfect specimens of the adults for the collection. Another advantage, which is often lost sight of in India, is the ease with which not only good but long series of an hisect may be obtained. Especially when an unknown insect, found doing damage in its larval stage, is under rearing, endeavour should be made to rear and preserve a long series of adults in order that amply sufficient material may be available for determination of the species concerned. Insedaries. The foregoing remarks have been made more especially for the general collector who has no special facilities for rearing other than those afforded by an ordinary room or verandah. It may, however, be useful to add here a description of an Insectary, or building specially designed for and devoted to the rearing of insects, such as we have at Pusa. The Pusa Insectary (PI. 137, fig. 1) is a masonry building having one large hall 40 feet long, 24 feet broad and 16 feet high. On the south side it has a verandah about 40 feet long and 10 feet wide with a tiled roof. Against the walls on the east and west there are four cages on each side. These side cages measure 6 feet x 5 feet each and have brick walls up to a height of about 5i feet from the bottom. Above the brick walls right up to the roof wire gauze is fitted into wooden frames and encloses the cage completely. The roof slopes from the wall of the main building outwards and is made of glass which is protected from hail by wire-netting over it. Each cage 890 PROCEEDINGS OF THK THIKD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING is filled with earth up to the height of the brick walls. The earth is watered as necessary and remains moist throughout the year. At first only two of these cages had cemented bottoms. Termites, crickets and even beetles often appeared in the other cages which had no cemented bottom and therefore communicated with the soil below. All the cages have now been provided with cemented bottoms. They do not communi- cate mth one another but each has a panelled door fitted with glass panes and opening into the hall. Insects are sent in to Pusa from various places in India and as some of them may not occur in the neighbourhood of Pusa or in Northern India, the Pusa InSectary, in which they are intended to be reared, is built on a plan which prevents their escape from confinement even if they escape from the rearing cages. The doors and windows are pro- tected with wire-screen having about 12 meshes to the inch. This is not fine enough for very small insects. But no case of introduction of ,au undesirable insect into the locality has happened during the last fourteen years. With the same object in view the outer doors are pro- vided with double flaps, the outer pair of which is of wire gauze (PI. 137, fig. 2) ; one pair of these flaps can be shut before the other pair is opened ; thus the entrance of any insect from outside or the escape of any from inside can be checked. This is satisfactory so far as flying insects or large creeping ones are concerned but is no protection against small creeping ones. In fact, ants are a trouble throughout the hot weather and the rains. In order to prevent them an ant-channel of re-inforced concrete was added all round the wall at a height of about a foot from the ground. The channel is about one inch deep and is kept filled with water mixed with phenyle or crude oil emulsion. In order to prevent leaves and grasses being blown into the chamiel and affording bridges for ants to cross over it was necessary to have a shade of galvanized zinc sheet (see PI. 137, fig. 1) over it. The ant-channel works Satisfactorily. But as the floor was of bricks set on edge and not of concrete, ants were able to come up anywhere in the floor from below the foundation. In order to prevent this the floor has recently been concreted. Still, however, we have not been able to get rid of ants altogether. The walls, not being plastered from ovitside, ants have found enough room to estabhsh nests in them. When future insectaries are buUt, in order to make them really ant- proof the following arrangements illustrated in PI. 138, fig. 1 might be tried. All round the building at about the groimd level there should be a cemented fucca drain which may be a shallow one. This will prevent water settling at the foundation and also ants from establishing nests ^ _,^ Water Cbcvnnel Fig. 1.— Plan for foundation of an insectary in order to make it ant-proof. Fig. 2.— Ant-preventing stand. PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 891 there. At a height of about six inches from the ground-level the entire floor including the walls should have in one complete sheet a layer of reinforced concrete not less than two inches thick. This will prevent termites as well as ants from coming up from below. Above the layer of cement concrete all round the wall on the outside there should be an ant-channel of reinforced concrete, the channel being about 1| inches deep and about 2 inches wide. About 2 inches above the channel a brick should project out of the wall and act as a shade over the channel. The walls of the insectary should be plastered both inside and outside, thus leaving no room for flying queen ants to establish nests in them. The plinth of the building may be about 3 feet from the ground- level. The floor should be cemented. The space between the floor and the layer of concrete below may be filled with dry sand. This will afford additional protection against ants and termites and make the floor proof against damp. Inside the building the furniture should be plain tables and shelves for rearing cages, etc. It is desirable to have removable tables and shelves which can be taken out and cleaned if silver fish get access and prove troublesome. If water-troughs etc., are required, they should be of reinforced concrete or at least with cemented walls. If brick walls are left unplastered and with siirki or cement pointing dust settles in the chinks and converts them into favourite breeding places of Macraola inquisitrix. Chinks in the walls and tables afford hiding places for the silver fish also. Therefore they should be avoided as much as possible. Ants and silver fish are really pests of the insectary. The former get into rearing cages and attack the insects. The latter nibble away dates and records from the cage-slips. Therefore it is necessary to keep both away from the insectary as far as possible. As regards the structure of the building, there should be large windows and as many of them as possible. They should all be protected with wire gauze, say of not less than 16 meshes to the inch and provided with flaps on the outside which can be shut when necessary, for instance, against driving rain. When ample ventilation is ensured by the provi- sion of as many large windows as possible— a condition which is present in the Pusa insectary — the temperature inside the insectary does not vary to a great extent from that prevailing outside. Therefore the insects kept in the insectary are not affected to a great extent by the artificial conditions incident to rearing indoors. When this condition is secured the observations recorded in the insectary approximate very closely to those recorded outside. This has been verified in the case of numerous hibernating and a?stivating insects and all stages of them, riz., eggs, 892 PSOCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING larvae, pupae and adults, which have been kept under observation both in the insectary and outside in the fields. In the Plains of India it is not necessary to have the conditions of a green-house or glass-house for rearing insects. Nor should there be any discrepancy between observa- tions carried on in the insectary and those, under actual field conditions. When however no separate insectary is built it is preferable to carry on rearing in the verandah of a house. The verandah can be enclosed with wire gauze and in order to prevent ants the legs of rearing tables can be placed on ant-proof stands as shown in PI. 138. fig. 2. The stands may be of wood or stone and the channels in them should be kept filled with water or phenyle water to prevent ants crossing the water or mos- quitos breeding in it. 55.— BEEEDING CAGES AND GENERAL INSECTARY TECH- NIQUE FOR WOOD-BORERS. By C. F. C. Beeson, M.A., I.F.S., Fmest Zoologist. (Pis. 139— 140.) When the study of the wood-borers of valuable forest trees was commenced a few years ago at Dehra Dun, it soon became evident that one could not isolate the important species and investigate their life histories as separate items of research. The borer fauna of a forest tree is a complex association of species from several families of Coleoptera, e.g., Anthribidse, Scolytidae and Platypodidae, Ciu-culionidse, Ceramby- cidse, Lamiadse, Buprestidse and Bostrychidse, with occasional species of Cossidse, Arbelidae and Hepialidse. The proportions in which the species occur in a particular tree are influenced primarily by the time of year at which the tree dies and the time of occurrence of the swarming periods of the beetles, that breed in it. It is possible, for example, for the available bark space of a dying or recently dead tree to be occupied by surface breeders such as bark beetles, Buprestids, small Longicorns, etc., to such an extent that heartwood borers and shothole borers are unable to effect an entrance and establish their galleries. Or it is possible for a large Longicorn to arrive first on the scene and monopolize the sapwood to the exclusion of small shothole and pinhole borers, etc. As a check on field work it was decided to breed out the borer fauna on a large scale in the insectary at Dehra Dun, and to correlate the emer- gence records so obtained. The usual procedure followed is to fell selected trees in forest divisions at intervals throughout the year, and to cut off lengths from the felled trees at one month or two month intervals and rail the logs to Dehra. Page S9:2. Types of breeding cages used for wood-borers in the Forest Zoologist's Insectary. Galvanized iron cages in which the air and wood humidity can be regulated. PKOCEEBINGS OF TUE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING HVi The first year's work showed that the breeding cages used were un- suitable for the purpose. At that time the only cages available were of the usual cubical shape with glass and wire gauze sides and a large door at one side. Their principal defects were the rapid desiccation produced in the log and the difficulty of preventing the escape of minute insects when manipulating the emerged material through the large side- doors. Special patterns of cages were therefore devised for this purpose. Plate 139 shows various types of cages tested before satisfactory results were obtained. The cages in the two upper rows are of deodar wood with a square of wire gauze let into the roof and a hinged door forming one side. The cages in the fourth and fifth rows are of loon wood with a square of wire gauze in the roof, a sliding door at one end, and a small hinged door in front. The cages in the bottom row are similar in principle but of different design and dimensions to accommodate logs of different sizes. In all these types the capture of the emerged insects is effected by attraction to light. At first large test-tubes and glass bottomed boxes were used, but it was found that, although insects readily entered these traps, they were also able to leave them and return to the cage. Glass retort-shaped bulbs were therefore substituted for tubes and have been used ever since with complete success. The wooden cages used, however, did not eliminate the difficulty of desiccation resulting from the long periods (one to two years) for which the logs must be kept. Even with logs 4 feet long and 3 or 4 feet girth much more heartwood moisture was lost in the insectary than would be lost by the tree lying in the shade of the forest and exposed to rainfall. Waxing the ends reduced the loss, but insufficiently. The evaporation of moisture also caused considerable warping and cracking of the wood work of the cages (some of the cages in the photograph show this). We have therefore adopted galvanized iron cages as the standard design. These are illustrated in the 3rd row of Plate 139 and on a larger scale in Plate 140. The dimensions vary. Those shown are 18 X 12 X 12 inches but we also use larger sizes capable of holding fairly representative sections of the tree trunk. The door frame is made of seasoned shisham and all the contact joints of the door and the frame are lined with felt or velvet. The neck of the attraction bulb is held in a velvet lined cylinder in wooden blocks screwed on either side of the iron sheet forming the door. These cages are quite satisfactory, as they allow the regulation of the rate of evaporation by means of desiccators and humectators to suit all classes of timber, and conditions of atmospheric humidity. Some have recently been fitted with hygrometers. 894 PHOCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING No trouble is experienced from moulds. In any case mould grows only on the cut surfaces of the log just as it does on felled logs in the forest. For work on a larger scale outdoor cages are available (11' x 65' X 11' and 6|'x6|'x 11') ; these are constructed of wire gauze ^'^" mesh and angle-iron frame-work. Cages with brick walls and glass roofs are also used. They are fitted with automatic emergence traps on the principle of the window screen for house flies. The cages of the tyi^es described give only emergence records. The exact length of the life-cycle is obtained by direct inoculation of logs with eggs of the borer under investigation. In order to determine the lengths of the various stages, full-fed larvae of known ages are extracted from infected logs and transferred to tubes with moistened wood dust. The atmosphere of the pupal chamber is saturated and these conditions are easily reproduced in the tubes and maintained by waxing the corks. The tubes are kept in the dark at temperatures corresponding to insec- tary or outdoor conditions and the changes of the insects observed. No saprophytic moulds grow in these tubes, but parasitic fungi such as Botrytis bassiana readily develop and permit one to eliminate the diseased larvae at an early date. From experimental observation in tubes one can determine the length of the pre-pupal period, date of pupation, date of transformation, and length of the immature beetle period. When the beetle is mature it emerges by eating its way through the cork. Interpretation of Emergence records. The correlation of the emergence records of wood-borers is obviously best conducted by graphical methods but before one can construct curves it is necessary to eliminate certain errors. Theoretically the daily emergences recorded in the breeding cage notes are correct ; in practice errors arise from careless examination or unavoidable neglect of the cages and other sources. Plotting the daily emergence figures as recorded may therefore give misleading results. Two methods of correction are employed, geometrical and mathematical. The first method may be used for smoothing off accidental irregula- rities in the curves of a single series of observations. The accumulated daily totals are plotted and a crave djawn with reference to the points ; the curve values are substituted for the observed values and the theore- tical daily values calculated by difference. In comparing the data for different series (of the same species) of the same quality but of different weight, the observed values are reduced to a common standard by the method of the weighted mean. A clearer comparison is obtained by combLniug the daily values in groups of 5 or 7 ; PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIKD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 895 it is found that this method of grouping also facilitates comparison with rainfall and temperature values. Descriftion of plates. Plate 139. Various types of cages used for wood borers. Plate 140. Galvanised iron cages in which the air and wood humiditj' can bo regulated. 56.— NOTES ON NIGHT-FLYING DRAGONFLIES. By Major F. C. Fraser, I.M.S. "^ Dragonflies are so obviously sun-loving insects that it coines as a surprise to find that there are certain species which adopt nocturnal habits. Mr. Morton, writing to me from Edinburgk in 1917 mentioned that some of the Odonata, more especially the larger Aeshnines only appeared on the wing after dusk, when as a rule, they flew for quite a short period, usually for about 15 to 20 minutes. A similar habit is commonly adopted by some of the Sphingidse but until the receipt of the letter quoted I was not aware that it was applicable to dragonflies, my exjjerience being that these insects usually retire fairly early in the day and that few are found on the wing after 3 p.m. Mr. Morton's letter induced me to make a few trial excursions at dusk in the hope of securing some night-flying Indian species and as a result I was able to take five of such, three of which may be said to be purely night-flyers, whilst the other two, although seen on the wing throughout the day, continue their activities until long after dusk, in fact until they are no longer discernible in the darkness. Four of the species belong to the subfamily Libellulinse whilst the fifth is a Gynacantha. All thus belong to the suborder Anisoptera and I know of no Zygopterous species which adopts such habits. The following are some notes made on the five species mentioned above : — • 1. Bracliythemis contamiiwta. This is one of our commonest Indian dragonflies and is seen on the wing from dawn until long after dusk, apparently employing the later hours for pairing as well as feeding. Both sexes may be seen hawk- ing for food throughout the day apparently oblivious to one another's presence, the females usually being in excess of the males, a quite con- trary fact as compared with most other dragonflies ; but after dark several males may be seen mobbing solitary females. 896 PEOCEEDISGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 2. Bradiiwpyga giminata. This insect is about the only true example of cryptic colouring in Indian dragonflies. Itself the colour of stone or cement, it usually selects such materials to rest upon during the day. In Madras I have seen it settled on the plastered sides of wells, in Elephanta Island and Poona it is often seen resting on granite rocks in which places it is well- nigh invisible. At dusk it leaves these situations and hawks freely in the open. Before dusk it may commonly be seen hunting for mosquitos in the darkened verandahs of bungalows. In the latter situations they have a habit of coming to rest in large numbers on the ropes of chicks, 20 to 30 sitting in close alignment and sleeping there throughout the night. 3. Tholymis iillarga. In Bombay iillarga appears on the wing soon after 6 p.m. and from then onward tUl long after dusk a continuous stream of the insects may be seen pursiiing each other round the borders of tanks. The males are the first on the wing and by reason of the opalescent patch on the hind- wings, which has a distinctly luminous effect not unlike phosphorescent paint, it is easily distinguished. The females appear later and, as they have not the same distinctive mark as the male, they are seen with difficulty. The luminous mark is obviously a recognition mark of sexual importance and is the only example I know of among the Order although it has a close analogy in the white recognition marks found in the males of several species oi jungle-haunting Zygoptera. 4. Zyxomma fetiolatiim. This dragonfly resembles one of the New World Aeshnines in that it limits its flight to a very short period during the 24 hoiu-s. The duration of this is usually for about 20 minutes after sundown. In Poona I have seen it first appear at any time between 6-30 and 7 p.m. and as suddenly disappear shortly after 7 p.m. I have taken it after dark by striking at its shadow as seen silhouetted against the light reflected from the surface of water. The insect may be beaten up from dense jungle during the day and then taken by tracking it to its next resting place. Usually it flies only a few yards and then comes to rest. Sometimes it may be seen flying during the day over densely- shaded pools in deep jungle or not uncommonly it is seen hawking mosquitos in the depths of a deep well. There is one such well in the Empress Gardens, Poona, where petiolatum may almost invariably be seen during the day but it must be noted that it never leaves these fastnesses until after dusk. (I have PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIED ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING »97 noticed T. tilkirga flying in similar spots during the day and it is well known that night-flying butterflies will take to the wing during the day in dark, shady jungles). 5. Gynacantlia baymlera. This very local insect appears on the wing only after night has set in for good. At such times specimens may only be taken by watching for their silhouette against the evening sky and as they have a rapid, skipping flight, this is done with difficulty. It is more easily captured by beating it up during the day from its resting-places in deep jungle arui then observiag where it comes to rest again. Usually its flight then is but for a short distance, some 20 yards or so, but on account of the invisibility of its wings and the foliage-green colouring of its body, it is not easily recognizable amongst the foliage. The wings of the last three species are remarkable for the fineness of their neuration and delicacy of structure and I note that other Gijnacanthce resemble them in this respect so that it may well be that the species of this genus are all night- fliers. The food of all consists of mosquitos although I have occasionally seen them making a meal off the smaller moths. If the mouth of any one be examined directly after capture it will be found stuffed with an im- mense number of mosquitos ; very probably the insect makes the most of its time and then retires to finish the meal at leisure. Major Fraser's observations are not only interesting but economically Mr. Fletcher. important because, as he notes, these night-flying dragonflies seem to feed principally on niosquitos. I expect that most of us have seen dragonflies on the wing at dusk but have merely put them down as belated individuals capturing their suppers. These species are not at all easy to catch as a rule but I have no doubt that, now that attention has been ■ directed to them, we shall be able to make considerable increases to the list of night-flying species. Certainly we have several at Pusa including at least one large species, which I have as yet been unable to catch. 57.— NOTE ON THE LAHViE OF CATOCHRYSOPS STB ABO FEEDING ON CYC AS. By Major F. C. Eraser, I.M.S. In Madras it would probably be impossible to examine any single plant of Cijcas which has not suffered from the depredations of a small caterpillar, the larva of a Lycsenid, Catocliryso-ps straho. In the Horti- cultural Gardens, Mount Road, I noticed that every plant was eaten and at one time of the year when Cycas throws ,up its young crown of leaves, 898 PEOCEEDI^GS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING the ova and larvte of this pest may be seen in hundreds, eating their way . into the foliage. In 1911 I made some interesting micro-photographs of these insects at work but regret that they are not at hand, having been packed away for the " duration of the wai:." Apparently two species of Catoclinjsofs feed upon Cycas, as de Niceville mentions that he fed C. jtandava on it in Calcutta, but my own observa- tions have only been on straho. I cannot give, with reliability, from memory, the dates when the plant puts on its new crown of leaves, but in Madras this takes place twice annually and one of these periods happens to coincide with onS of the broods of straho. At such a time several of the butterflies may be seen hovering around any of the plants and if the young, tender leaves be examined, they will be found swarming with ova and young larvse. The latter eat their wa}'^ rapidl}- into the substance of the juicy stems and many are quite hidden in the cavities so formed. If the larvae are in great numbers, as they usually are, the whole of the crown of the plant is entirely destroyed and as straho will or can only feed on the young parts, only the first-comers reach maturity, the last perishing from starvation ; they are literally eaten out of house and home, the adults not being above making a meal ofi the smaller ones, as the supply of food runs out. In Madras, the crown of leaves which coincides with the advent of straho is entirely destroyed, only a few shrivelled and stunted stems remaining which look as if they had been blasted with fire and, were it not for the fortunate circumstance that it throws up a second crown and thus dodges the parasite, the whole of the plants would be wiped out in a single generation. As it is, the growth of the plant annually is exactly halved and I have foimd it possible by examining a plant in my own compound to trace the alternate attacked and imattacked crowns, the history of which is written on the trunk of the plant. C. straho has at least two or three broods in the year, the food of the odd broods being several species of leguminous plants, but I believe the main brood depends for its livelihood on Cycas and it ought to be possible by protecting this plant during the period it is putting on its new foliage to check the spread of the pest. 58.— SPIDERS AS CHECKS ON I-EPIDOPTEROUS LARV^. By Major F. C. Eraser, I.M.S. The important economic part played by spiders as checks on the multiplication of Lepidopterous larvae is well illustrated by the following notes made on the larvae of Acherovfia styx in 1907 and again in 1910. PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD EKTUMOLOGIC AL ilEETiNG 899 Several full-grown laivte were found feeding on jasmine, all being detected by searching for their droppings on the ground beneath the bushes, a method of detection of great utility when applied to the larger larvae. This led to a search for more juvenile specimens on the foliage and, whilst doing so, the presence of a very large number of empty egg- shells was noticed. Over a hundred were counted in a short space of time and when some of these were examined under a powerful lens, they were seen to present a minute ragged hole, about the borders of which was a small collection of dried debris. Now, the larvae of most of the Sphingidae invariably make their first meal off the empty egg-shell, so that it was obvious that an early and untimely fate had met the former occupants of the eggs. A further search revealed another interesting fact, viz., that there were a large nimiber of leaves which bore the basal portion of an egg or eggs still adhering to their surface and each of these presented a small hole somewhere in the neighbourhood of its centre. This was easily explained by the fact that, when the newly hatched larva has finished all the egg-shell it can manage (it rarely manages to nibble off the base of the shell, as this lies flush with the surface of the leaf and so is difficult for the larva to negotiate), it proceeds to make the following meal from the middle of the leaf. These tell-tale punctures in the foliage are an easily-seen guide for detecting the young larvae but in the present case although some fifty consecutive leaves were examined, all of which were holed and on nearly all of which the basal portion of an egg was found, only seven young larvae were detected, most of which were only two or three days old. Whilst searching for the ova and larvje, an interesting phenomenon was observed which served to explain the presence of the derelict egg- shells. A small spider was observed standing over an egg which from its bright green and translucent colour was evidently occupied by a developing larva. The spider stood motionless facing the egg as if it were crystal-gazing but on approaching it carefully so as not to disturb and frighten it away, and making an examination of the egg with a powerful lens, it was observed that the larva was quickening and could be seen moving within the egg-shell. It was actually eating its way out and the minute jaws could be seen enlarging the hole of exit. It was obviously these movements which had attracted the spider which now stood waiting until such time as the hole would become large enough for it to extract the larva from the egg. Some five minutes later it suddenly sprang upon the egg and in a short space of time seized and dragged the mangled corpse of the larva from the egg and thereafter departed with its prey. On examining the empty egg, a httle moist debris was seen 900 PEOCEEDIXGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING clinging around the hole tlirough which the caterpillar had been dragged and this accounted for the collection of debris seen in the previous shells. This iacident was not an isolated one, for it was seen repeated on several occasions and at other times spiders were detected in the act of devouring larvae a few days old. The destruction of the Sphingid larvse therefore, before even they leave the ova. works out at 86 per cent, and probably another 10 per cent, are destroyed by the same agency in the first week or two of larval life. I do not think the larger larvae suffer much from the attacks of spiders but as their number is still further reduced by preying Hymenoptera and birds, not much more than one or two per cent, can come to maturity. The above-mentioned larvae are not the only species which are attacked in the egg stage for I have noticed that the Papilioninse are also checked in a similar way, P. jjolytes for instance. For some time I was under the mistaken impression that the empty eggs were sterile ones but the above observations furnished the key to the truth. The deposition of sterile eggs in nature I imagine must be very rare. It may be noted here that spjiders never attack those larvae which are protected by ants and if one be placed on a bush inhabited by such, it will beat a hasty and ignominious retreat, always provided that it is able to escape the furious onslaught of the protecting hordes. 59.— THE COMPARATIVE INVISIBILITY OF PAPILIO DEMO- LEUS DURING FLIGHT. By E. H. HANKIN, M.A., Sc.D., Chemical Examiner to Government, United Provinces. It is possible that the following remarks on the colouration of a butter- fly, Papilio demoleus. may be of interest from the point of view of the application of colours for use in camouflage, with especial reference to the painting of military aeroplanes so as to secure invisibility when seen from below. Since it was proved, some years ago, that the decoration of butter- flies has nothing to do with sexual attraction, no satisfactory explanation has been put forward as to its nature. In some cases there can be no doubt that it serves the purpose of concealment. In other mstances it warns enemies of the unpalatability of its possessor. Neither of these exijlanations will apply to P. demoleus. This butterfly in size and colouring has a superficial resemblance to the English Swallow-tail butterfly. In freshly-hatched specimens the upper surface of the wing has a chequer pattern of black and primrose PEOCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 901 yellow. At the inner margin of the hind wing is a spot of dull reddish brown. When settled on a flower it keeps its wings fully expanded, slightly dihedrally-up and often in quivering movement. It makes no attempt, in my experience, to hide its red spot by covering it with the hind wings. Hence in this position it is an extremely conspicuous object, and in the absence of other evidence, one would be inclined to suspect that its colour-pattern was meant to serve as a warning to enemies. If its coloiu-ing is meant as a warning then this butterfly must either be unpalatable or must be regarded as being unpalatable by its enemies. But the frequency with which damaged specimens are seen makes it very unlikely that it bears this character among the birds in Agra. On examining the underside of this butterfly facts are found that militate strongly against the idea that its colour-pattern serves as a warning. Underneath, the ground' colour is not black but dark brown. Most of the yellow areas are larger than those of the upper siirface. Hence the general effect is that the colouring is lighter below than above. It may be suggested that this difference is a compensation for the under- side being in shadow ; such an explanation would be satisfactory if the purpose of the colouring was concealment but has very little meaning if, as has been suggested, its purpose is display. Further, the hind-wing, on its underside, possesses six more or less rectangular areas and an eye- spot all of dark ochre-yellow bordered with blue and black. Why, it may be asked, should this butterfly have evolved this elaborate pattern on the underside of its wings where it is invisible to birds when the insect is at rest ? Let us now consider the appearance of the insect when in flight. When flying slowly it is conspicuous, perhaps as conspicuous as when settled. But when in fast flight it is extraordinarily difficult to see. It appears to me merely as a grey flash. I have had a good deal of practice in observing insects in flight and I know of no other insect that so completely loses its distinctive appearance when flying fast. I have noticed this peculiarity of P. demoleus both in the present season and last year, I have seen it when I was making no attempt to catch the butter- fly and when therefore my attention was not distracted by movements ' of the net. From the point of view of inconspicuousness when in flight the under- side of the wing of P. demoleus is perhaps more important than its upper surface because when disturbed it flies off with gain of height and travels at ten or more feet above the ground. A bird that had swooped down to attack a settled demoleus would therefore, as a rule, be below the escaping insect and would see the underside of its wings perhaps a little more than fcljcir upper surfaces. 902 PROGEEDINGS OF TfiE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING Experts in camouflage will probably be able to form an opinion as to how far tbe inconspicuousness of demoleus when in fast flight is due to its colouring and how far it is due to its speed. It is in fact a fast- flying butterfly. If it is considered possible that the pattern is one that makes for invisibility, experiments with low-flying aeroplanes similarly coloured might give results of scientific interest and possibly of practical utility. A singular change in the colouring of demoleus takes place with age. At the beginning of the monsoon season the only specimens seen flying are survivors from the previous season. In two or three specimens that I have examined in this condition the dark ochre-yellow of the under-surface has faded to a tint not markedly different from the yellow of the rest of the wing. But, as though in compensation, the yellow of the upper surface has greatly deepened. The red spot had faded on the under surface but not on the upper side. It seems probable that the fading of the under surface tends to reduce conspicuousness when the insect is hidden and at rest during the cold and dry seasons of the year. The hind wings of these old specimens are very frequently damaged as though from the attacks of birds. A second butterfly is found in Agra that is' somewhat markedly inconspicuous when in flight. Its name is Jiinonia lemonias. It differs in its flying habits from P. demoleus in that it generally flies at a height of about a foot or two above the ground. A bird that was chasing it would probably keep on a higher level and would therefore see more of the upper surface of its wings, especially as when flying it often makfis short glides with its wings in the horizontal position. It is of interest to notice that the upper surface of each wing of this butterfly has a large eye-spot of blue, black and orange brown that recalls the colom-ing of the spots on the underside of P. demoleus. Note. — The substance of the above remarks was communicated to the Comptroller of Munitions Inventions, who forwarded my letter to the Camouflage School in Kensing- ton. A report received therefrom stated that the upper wing of the insect (Papilio demoleus) was photographed. The pattern was cut out of the resulting print and the parts weighed. The weights thus obtained gave the proportions of the component colours. The colours were then exactly matched and painted on a spinning wheel in the same proportion as occurs in the wing of the butterfly. Both surfaces of the wing were treated in this way. On spinning the wheel the resulting colours were for the upper surface a moderately dark olive green and for the lower an earth colour. Spinning these two colours togetl)er, as would occur when the insects wings are blurred in flying, was found to result in a khaki colour. " It is also noteworthy," the report states, " that this colour almost exactly matches one of the colours found most useful in the concealment of low-flying aeroplanes from overhead observation." Dr. Hankin's paper is an excellent example of the fact that even the commonest of insects repay study. Pajdlia demoleus is an abundant PEOCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 903 species, indeed a pest, in most parts of India. Wlien disturbed, its flight is extremely swift, as you all know, and it certainly is difficult to follow with the eye then. How far that is due to the mere rapidity of the flight and how far it is due to the blending of the colours of the wings, I should not like to say. Possibly some of us may be able to make observations on it in the near future. Another point brought out by Dr. Hankin's paper is the manner in which entomological observations may prove of great utility in other fields. In the present case it has been suggested that, if the colours of the imderside, especially of the hind-wing, in Papilio demoleits make lor invisibility during rapid flight, such a scheme of colour might be applied to military aeroplanes in order to reduce their visibility when flying low. How far such a thing is practicable and how far a colour- scheme which might reduce visibility against a glaring Indian sky would produce the same result under European conditions, I cannot say, but Dr. Hankiu"s remarks are certainly suggestive. 60.— THE PROPORTIONS OF THE FEM.4LE FORMS OF PAPILIO POLYTES, L.. IN THE DIFFERENT PARTS OF ITS GEO- GRAPHICAL RANGE. By Edward B. Poulton, D.Sc, F.R.S., Felloic of Jesus College, Oxford, and Hoj)e Professor of Zoology in the University. The investigation here suggested is of great interest and importance and at the same time very easy to carry out. AU that is required is to breed the butterflies from indiscriminately collected larvae in each locality and send the specimens to me at the University Museum, Oxford, so that they may be sexed and recorded. Additional value will be given to the investigation by obtaining as full and accui'ate a record as possible of the relative proportions to each other and to their mimics in the same locality of the two models, Pajnlio hector, L., and P. aristolochice, F. If it be found impossible to breed the forms of pohjtes, interesting results may be gained, although of much less value, by the indiscriminate collec- tion of the butterflies, particularly if all or as nearly as possible all the specimens seen on any given occasion are taken. A short abstract of the results already obtained will show the great need for further investigations. Ceijlon. Mr. J. C. F. Fryer has recorded in Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc., iow(?.. Series B, Vol. 204 (14th November 1913), p. 249, the results of breeding from 155 indiscriminately collected wild larvse, viz., 66 males, 40 male-like females {cynis, Hubn.), 24 ronwlus, F., females inimicking P. hector, and 25 polytes, L., females mimicking P. aristolochice. It is suggested that these results may be significant. 904 PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING " In Ceylon, therefore, if the above statistics are reliable, the ratio between the mimetic and non-mini etic females is one which might be- expected if it be assumed that there is no selection in favour of either of these forms of female ; under these conditions the population is stable in composition and may remain so indefinitely. " On the whole question, however, no final conclusions can yet be drawn, for, in the first place, the numbers obtained from the statistics may quite possibly be a coincidence, while in the second the effects of the phenomena discovered in connection with the fertility and mating of the species are quite unknown. Possibly the conclusion which can be drawn with the greatest confidence is that the extraordinary mimicry in the female sex is at present of little importance to the population of the butterfly in Ceylon. (Ibid, p. 250). " I have not at present been able to set beside Mr. Fryer's ratios those derived from breeding in other areas but the following evidence, quoted in all cases from the Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., goes far to disprove the general application of the conclusions set forth in the above-quoted paragraphs. West slopes of Ashamboo Hills, North-West of Cape Conwrin. In this locality in the extreme south of India, J. Williams Hockin collected (1905-16) 30 males, 1 cyrus female, 12 polyles females, 21 romuhs female, 1 female intermediate between the last two. Of the 12 polytes, 4 were stichiiis ■nith no white in the hindwing cell, 4 polytes with conspicuous white, and 4 intermediate. The female intermediate between polytes and romnlus was an interesting form, indistinguishable from some of the forms of theseus, Cramer, from Borneo. As regards the models Mr. Hockin considered Jiector decidedly commoner than aristolochice and indeed the commonest Papilio in the district, aristolochice being second, and polytes third " but-several lengths behind." (1917, Ixxx-lxxxiii.) The Ceylonese polytes females, although in a closely adjacent area, are very different in that the stichiiis form is almost unknown while the- hind- wing cell of the great majority is conspicuously white-marked, a fact which, it can hardly be doubted, is related to the abundance in Ceylon as compared with India of forms of aristolochicB with a white cellular spot in the hind wings (Kothsd. and Jord., Nov. Zool., II, 1895, p. 248). North Kanara. According to the extensive experience of T. R. Bell, largely derived from breeding, the cynis form is excessively rare ; it was in fact only once obtained and then by capture. Of the two mimetic forms, both abundant, romulus was perhaps the commoner. (1914, xcix-c.) Nei^ghbourhood of Madras City. Out of 45 females taken on two days in 1915 by Prof, and Mrs. Fyson, 23 were pokjtes and 22 romulus ; PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 905 34 males were also captured. Twelve hector were taken and, on another day, one arislolochice. (1915, xcii-xciv.) Singapore Island. In 1916 Dr. R. Hanitscli collected 27 males, 8 of the cyriis female and 9 of the polytes female together with 5 of the models of the latter. (1916, Ixxvi-lxxviii.) Later in the same year he collected 34 males, 5 cyriis and 9 polytes (1917, xxx-xxxiv.) The mainland (Johore) opposite Singapore Island. Dr. R. Hanitsch received from his collector 12 males, 3 polytes female and 1 cyriis female (March 1917), and a second example of the cyrKS female (July 1917) together with 3 jnales taken on the same day and 8 males somewhat earlier. (1917, xxx-xxxi, Ixxxiii-lxxxiv.) These results from Singapore and mainland are very different from those recorded by Dr. Seitz who only remembers the polytes female in this locality. (1913, p. xxxii.) The Hongkong and Macao Districts. The male-like female cyrus is, on the evidence of most naturalists, much the commonest form of the mimetic forms ; romuliis is unknown and the polytes female rare, as is its model, arislolochice. Of 10 examples from Stonecutter's Island in Hongkong Harbour 4 were males and 6 cyrus females. (1913, xxxi- xxxiii.) I think it will be agreed that the results summarized above are suffi- cient to show how important it is to obtain evidence on a more extensive scale, and especially to carry out, in as many localities as possible, Mr. Fryer's method of breeding from indiscriminately collected larvae. I suppose that you all know that Papilio polytes is remarkable in m,, Fletcher^ having three forms of female, all different from one another. There is firstly the form cyrus, which is lilie the male, secondly the form polytes which resembles Papilio aristolochice, and thirdly the form romulus, which mimicks the female of Papilio hector. I have here specimens [exhibited] of these forms of females and of the two other Papilios, P. aristolochice and P. hector, which they mimick. We at Pusa have tried some breeding experiments with Papilio polytes and I have here [exhibited] specimens of two generations reared from a captured female. As you will see, the females reared in this lot belong to the forms cyrus and jmlytes. We have not bred any romuliis here as yet, although romulus does occur rarely at Pusa. In this connec- tion I may note that Papilio hector, the model for the romulus form, does not occur at Pusa ; I have seen it from Nagpur, where it is rare, but from nowhere north of that. It will be of considerable scientific interest if any of you can assist by rearing Papilio polytes in numbers from known parents and 906 i-EOCEEDlNGS OF THE THIED ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING the resulting specimens either to Pusa or direct to Professor Poulton. It is not easy to rear them in numbers ; at least, we have not found it possible at Pusa to rear mo\e than two generations, so far. If you will collect specimens of P. polyles, taking indiscriminately all the examples seen at one time in any one place of P. fohjtes, P. hector and P. aristolochice, that will also be useful, as giving us an idea of the relative proportions of occurrence of the different female forms and of the species which they resemble. Another Papilio which would well repay breeding in numbers is Pafilio memnon which has numerous distinct forms of females, some tailed and some tail-less. In Java both tailed and tail-less forms have been bred from one batch of eggs, but I do not think that P. memnon has ever been reared oii any scale in India. I am sure that I am endorsing the feelings of this Meeting in saying how grateful we are to Professor Poulton for sending us this paper. 61.— THE IMPORTANCE OF INSECTS TO FISHERIES. By B. Prashad, D.Sc, Officiating Director of Fisheries, Bengal and Bihar and Orissa. Most people are quite unaware of the influence of insects on iisheries and fishes and to them the title of this short paper would certainly sound very strange but it should be distinctly understood that the insect fauna of a given area of water exerts not only a potential but a real influence on the fishes living in it. For a pisciculturist, therefore the knowledge of the insect life of his fisheries is of as great an importance as that of the vegetation of these waters. From these facts it is quite apparent that the problems involved in fisheries are neither simple nor one-sided, and require for their solution a very serious research into all types of aquatic plants and animals, besides a thorough understanding of the general biological conditions of the fisheries in question. In this paper I have considered in a general way the relations of insects to fisheries. Scarcity of information on the various heads does not allow of a more detailed treatment and it is wdth great diffidence that this incomplete paper is presented before the Entomological Conference. But then the object of the paper is to show our ignorance of the various problems, and il possible, to enlist by so doing the sympathies of the entomologists and others for helping us in the solution of these problems. The total number of scientific workers in India is very small and it is only through co- operation with one another that any real progress can be made under the existing circumstances. It will not be out of place to point out here that the importance of the investigations like the present one is as great to PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 907" the entomologist, tlie sanitary departments and the general public aa- to the pisciculturist. Every one agrees that the question of public health in the tropics, more so than anywhere else, is very seriously involved in the discovery of efficient means for the destruction of mosquito larvse. Several species of fish have been credited as being efficient agents in this connection, but I am sorry to have to say that the most unsystematic way in which this work has been carried on, has resulted in making the problems more obscure and involved. However, we will have something more to say about it further on. To a layman the word insect essentially conveys the idea of small terrestrial six-legged animals that can fly by means of specially developed structures — the wings. Undoubtedly insects are most numerous on land, but then all of them cannot fly as indeed all are not terrestrial. A large number are permanently aquatic and a still larger number pass the earlier stages of their life-history in water. The very keen struggle for existence on land has probably resulted in these insects taking to the aquatic medium, where food in the form of plankton and aquatic vege- tation is most plentiful and though hosts of enemies exist to devour the helpless eggs, larva?, pupae and even the adult insects, yet the chances of escape are far greater in water than on land. The question as to whether the ancestors of insects were terrestrial or aquatic crops up, but a discussion of it would be quite out of place here. A point that deserves mention in connection with insects that pass the earlier stages of their life in water, is that the time spent in the water is comparatively short, as indeed is the whole life-cycle. This is largely to be explained by the abundance of food resulting in rapid growth and prolific breeding but there are exceptions, for cases of hibernation for long periods in the larval stage are quite well known in the case of large numbers of insects. The direct bearing of many of the above detailed factors is very little on the fish-life ; still, insects, like plankton, exercise at all times a very great influence on the fishes in any area. The relations of insects, as indeed of most influences in the sphere of life, have to be considered from two difierent points of view, whether they are of any use or they are in any way injurious 1 We will consider these two sides separately. Useful insects. In the distribution of fishes food acts as a very im- portant factor, and according to the efiects of this ecological factor fishes are divided into various groups ; of these groups we are here con- cerned with the pelagic and littoral fishes only. Both these types of fishes depend largely on the plankton or insects, for their food, and in accordance with it show special modifications of the mouth and the alimen- tary tract. They frequent only those part's of the streams, lakes or ponds •908 PEOCEEDIl'TGS OF THE THIHD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING where such food is most plentifiil. Indeed, the names of the groups themselves are given according to the habitat rather than the food eaten by the difEerent kinds of fish. As is evident, the fish very seldom could get hold of the adult insects owing to the latter flying above the surface of- water, but cases are known where fairly large fishes remain swimming near the surface in the evenings and jump out of water to pounce on the insects flying near the surface. An import^ant use of this habit is made by the anglers who use artificial and fresh flies as baits for these fishes and the fish rising to these attractive but deceptive baits get hooked and supply the anglers with a nice form of sport. Some of the beetles, bugs and other insects that live permanently in the water are either too active for the fish or have a very hard chitin and are, therefore, usually avoided by fish. Some interesting observations on this Jatter head have been recorded. The fish were found to learn gradually by experience the futility of securing such undesirable types of food and later avoided them altogether. The most important part of the food of fish from amongst the insects are the larval stages of some orders of insects. These larvae abound in most waters, subsisting on the vegetation, the protozoan animals and the small Crustacea, and are in turn eaten in large quantities by the fish. The chitinous covering of these larvae is very thin and poorly developed, and the comparatively large quantity of fleshy substance of their body is very important as food to the fishes when compared to the quantities of small Crustacea that must be eaten to get an equal quantity of nourishment. Whereas for obtaining enough plank- ton fish have to take in large quantities of water and to strain the plankton from it ; they have only to dart a number of times at the comparatively large insect-larvae and very soon to obtain equal quantities of food. Our information in India regarding most of these points is most scanty. In Europe and America where systematic experiments have been carried on, larvae of the may-flies {Ephemeridw), dragon-flies {Odonata), some of the Neuroptera, and amongst the two winged-flies {Diptera) those of the families of crane-flies (Tipulidce), mosquitos {C^dicidw) phantom- larvae (Corethra), harlequin-flies {Chironomidce), Dixidce and others, have been shown to form a large quantity of the food of some fishes. In fact, a celebrated Carp-culturist suggested the desirability of increasing the mosquito larvae in the carp-ponds by specially devised means for increasing this soiurce of the food supply of the fish ; he was naturally ignorant of the harm that would accrue if larvae escaped from the fish and developed into the adult mosquitos. AUthesame the fishes are im- portant agents in keeping down the numbers of these objectionable insects. A very important economic use has been claimed from the sanitary point of view for utilising the fish as destroyers of mosquito larvae. Un- Page 900. Bcmbex lunata (x^). PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 909 fortunately the habits of the various indigenous fishes have not Seen studied in this connection, and without ascertaining the suitability or otherwise of the various fishes for this work, they haye been indiscrimi- nately used for this purpose ; very large sums of money have thus been wasted. If the whole problem were scientifically tackled and the most useful species in this connection discovered, the gain would be immense. This is, truly, considered to be work for pure science, though the fact is quite ignored that the work of applied science has very often failed owing to lack of information on the various points from the pure scientific side. For example, in connection with this problem the habits of the more hardy type of small surface- feeding fishes, the structure of their mouth, the quality and quantity of the food of these fishes under natural conditions, besides the question of their acclimatisation to new surroundings should be thoroughly inquired into, before they are used for destroying mosquito larvfe. 2. Harmjul insects. Some of the insects have been shown to be of immense use to fish, but others are ec[ually injurious. The large aquatic beetles (Coleoptera), some of the beetle larvae, the bugs {Hemiplera) and some dragon-fly larvse consume large quantities of the plankton, which as has been stated ab-eady forms the greater part of the food of some fish, and thus these insects stand out as very strong competitors with the fishes. They are injurious in another way also, in that they destroy large numbers of otherwise healthy fry of various fishes by gnawing and eating away their opercula, thus hindering the processes of respiration. They may exert some other influences also but then our information about all these is so very meagre. The Fisheries Department is trying its best towards the solution of all these problems and would be very grateful for any help that it may receive at the hands of entomologists and others. 62.— NOTE ON A MUSCIPHAGOUS WASP (BEMBEX LUNATA). By T. V. Eamakrishna Ayyar, B.A., F.E.S., F.Z.S., Ag. Government Entomologist, Madras. (Plate 141.) It is well known that species of the Bembecine wasp genus Bembex are in the habit of collecting flies and storing them in their nests. There are also interesting accounts of these by observers like Peckham in America and Fabre in Europe. But, being the first time I noted an Indian species {Bembex lunata) doing this, I have brought this to your notice just to know whether any others have seen this in this or any other species of Bembex. 910 PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING The first time I saw this was at Hillgrove (2,000 feet) on the Nilgiris where this wasp was very actively collecting flies of sorts attacking the body of a cow. The flies happened to be species of Stomoxys, Lyperosia, and Philcematomyia — all biting flies. I again noted this phenomenon at Tanjore in the Plains where the' flies were collected from cart bullocks. I was not able in this case to identify the flies. I am sorry I was not able to follow the wasps in both cases to their nests. I believe this appears to be interesting from a veterinary point of view also. Does the reader of this paper know whether the wasps stupefy the flies r I am sorry- to say that I could not observe this point. Species of Bembex are usually found in sandy places but they are so quick on the wing that it is generally very difficult to observe them. Bingham, in his Fauna volurne, notes that they prey on Diptera and states that some Indian species do not close their burrows but keep them open and supply their larvae with fresh food. I am not aware, however, that the species of Diptera so taken have been definitely determined before. 63.— NOTES ON THE LIFE-HISTORY OF CANTAO OCEL- LATUS, TH. By T. V. Eamakrishna Ayyar, B.A., F.E.S., F.Z.S., Ag. Government Entomologist, Madras. ^ (Plate 142.) During the months from May to July this gay-coloured Pentatomid is found in numbers on Trewia nudifolia, an Euphorbiaceous tree growing abundantly along the banks of the big tanks adjoining the Agricultural College, Coimbatore, South India. Due to the striking colouration and its habit of feeding quite exposed on the tender leaves and succulent fruits of the tree, this bug many a time attracts the attention even of the layman. So far as I am aware, very little is on record regarding the early stages and habits of this bug although the insect has been known to science for over a hundred years past. According to Dixon this insect is sparingly found in the Borghat (Bombay) in April-May and appears to play an important part in the pollination of the Moon tree {Macaranga roxburghii).- Green states that in Ceylon this species is- found gregariously twenty or thirty together on single branches of trees. Lefroy in his Indian Insect Life has a word about the insect's habit of sitting on its EXPLANATION OF PLATE 142. Cantao ocellatus. Fig. 1. Branch of Trewia nudiflora with bugs on it, natural size. Fig. 2. Female bug brooding over egg-mass, natural size. Fig. 3. Eggs, newly-laid (on left) and ready to hatch (on right), magnified. The natural sizes are shown by the smaller figures within the dotted circles. Fig. 4. Parasite on eggs, magnified. Fig. 5. Larva, first instar, magnified. Fig. 6. Larva, second instar, magnified. Fig. 7. Larva, third instar, magnified. Fig. 8. Larva, fourth instar, magnified. Fig. 9. Larva, fifth instar, magnified. (In figures 4 — 9 the natural sizes are shown in the smaller figures alongside each of the magnified illustrations.) PLATE 142. CANTAO OCELLATUS. PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 911 The following notes form a summary of the observations I have been able to make on the life-history and habits of this insect in South India. ■ Distribuiibn. I have noted this insect in Coimbatore, the Mysore uplands, the Bababudins and on the Western Ghats, commonly in summer. Besides Trewia I have found this insect occasionally breeding on Kigelia pinnafa in company with another conspicuous bug, Catacan- tJius incarnahis, Dr.-, in the Western ghats and on the Mysore uplands. Life-history. As is usual with most bugs, the metlicd of coupling is in opposition. The sexes remain united for a long time — even as long as 36 hours sometimes — and numerous couples are seen in May-June^ which-appears to be the breeding season. Egg. Egg-laying does not occur soon after the sexes separate but it generally takes place from two to four days afterwards ; at any rate, this was the case in captivity. The eggs are generally laid on the lower surface of tender leaves, though they are also found at times deposited on fruit clusters. In captivity the act of egg-laying was never noticed during the day time. The eggs are laid in groups, the number in each group varying from 10 to as many as 150. The eggs in each group are closely packed together in parallel rows and each of them is cemented to the plant surface. In shape each egg is cylindrical and attached to the plant surface by one of the poles of the cylinder ; the height of the egg is 1-5 mm. while each measures 0-87.5 mm. across transversely. The egg surface is smooth and, imlike that of many other Pentatomids, there is no separately marked lid or sculiJtured operculum provided ; but the region of the egg cap can be made out as a transparent shining circular area on the top pole of the egg. In colour the just-laid egg-cluster is glistening yellow-white ; especially the upper pole through which the future larva emerges is very glossy ; this colour gradually changes to a deep orange as the hatching, time approaches. At this latter stage the pink eyes of the future nymph are seen through the tran.sparent egg-shell as two bright spots. This insect is one of the few and interesting examples of insects exhi- biting what may be called ' parental care.' The mother-bug sits on the eggmass and continues to do so from the time, the eggs are deposited until after they hatch out into young ones. In some cases I have observed the mother remain in the sraue position some time even after all the young larvae have moved away from beneath her body. All this time the parent insect does not take any food and while in this posture the slightest disturbance makes it vibrate the antennae in a characteristic manner as though in defence, and bring its body closer to that side of the eggmass 912 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE TIIIKD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING where the disturbance is felt. The egg mass in some cases is fairly big and the parent is not able to cover the whole mass while it sits over it. In one case where I got a group of eggs collected from a tree with the mother mounting tuard over them. I observed that, while those eggs well covered by the parent's body retained their normal colour, those at the edge and away from the mother's reach developed a dark tinge and eventually in about twa days minute black wasps'" emerged from the eggs instead of bug larvae. Evidently the parent resting on the egg- mass serves to some e.xtent as a preventive against the eggs getting parasi- tized.f A s'imilar case of parental care is described in the Transactions of the Entomological Society for 1904 by Dodd in the case of another Pentatomid, Tectocoris lineolci, var. bcinksi, Don. In from five to seven days the eggs hatch ; all the young ones do not emerge together. An interval of several hours intervenes between the hatching out of the first nymph and the opening of the last few eggs of a group. First instar. Length 1-5 mm. The tiny larva has at this stage a roughly oval shape with the upper surface convex from above. The antennse and limbs are comparatively well developed; the distal joint of the antenna ls slightly swollen. The rostrum extends almost to the tip of the abdomen along the ventral side. The general colour is orange ; eyes bright scarlet ; antennae, rostrum and legs transparent brown. In about half an hour after emergence the colour of the limbs, thorax and the dorsal region of the abdomen changes to a paler hue. Two fairly distinct and one faint dark patches appear on the abdomen. All the larvae coming .out ofone egg-batch remain feeding gregariously on the fruit or the leaf surface for a pretty long time — in some cases even up to the second or third moult. During the first stage the creature is quite helpless, the slightest external disturbance often affecting it very much. Second instar. Length 3 mm." Head, antennae, legs, rostrum, con- nexival spots and transverse bands across abdomen get a shiny bluish brown colour. The head and thorax get a metallic greenish tinge, the abdomen becomes pinkish ; the antennal joints are pinkish proximally, connexivum bluish black. Three transverse patches of blue black colour are found across the abdomen dorsally ; of these two one is dumb-bell- shaped. The general shape of the body becomes changed due to a ten- dency on the part of the anterior portion of the body to be drawn forward. * This parasite appears to be same as Teloioiiiifs indi, Gii'ault, foimtl on Pentatomid eggs. t This fact has also bojn mentioned by Fletcher in his Sudh Indian Insects, page 34, figure 17. PROCEEDINGS OF THE XUIED EMTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 915 The rostrum now extends slightly beyond the abdomen and can be seen from above ; the distal joint of the antenna is slightly swollen. At this stage also the larvae are gregarious and not very active ; but they often manage to remain together hidden either under a leaf or on the unexposed surface of a fruit. The second moult takes place after four days. Tliird instnr. Length 5 mm. At this stage the posterior end of the thorax shows a tendency to become pointed backwards to form the future scutellum. Soon after the second moult the larva has a uniform pinkish colour and the rostrum has a whitish tinge. After an hour or more the ground-colour now becomes changed to a reddish ochre and the metallic spots at the connexivum appear clearly. The rostrum reaches beyond the abdomen. The scutellum aj)pears pointed posteriorly at the median line. The larvae still feed gregariously but in hiding. In another four days the third moult occurs. Fourth instar. Length 8 mm. At this stage the rostrum is slightly shorter and just reaches the tip of the abdomen. Head, thorax, legs and rostrum metallic blue ; abdomen above and below reddish ochraceous with two transverse and one dumb-bell-.shaped patches of dark brown on the dorsal surface of the abdomen. The head is drawn forwards and the three regions in it are clear ; the rudiments of the wings appear on each side of the body as blunt processes of a metallic hue. The scutellum is found gradually moving backwards over the abdomen. The larvas at this stage begin to separate and remain feeding hiding under leaves. In another four ■ days the next stage is assumed after another moult. Fijth instil r. Length 12 mm. The rostrum at present reaches only the third abdominal segment. The wing-pads and scutellum are distinct and have moved backwards well over the abdomen. The latter is bluntly pointed behind and reaches the first dumb -bell- shaped transverse band on the abdomen ; the \\'ing-pads extend a little beyond. The prothoracic spines now appear and though small are distinct, sharp and pointed back- wards. In colour the antennae and rostrum are dark, the region of the legs from coxa to tibia reddish ; the tibia; and tarsi of a shining metallic green colour. Head, thorax and scutellum shining metallic green. The lateral margins of the prothorax orange. The metallic bands on the abdomen are broader and prominent. The abdomen below gets a darker tinge especially at the midventral region. In a week's time the last moult takes place and the adult condition is assumed. The following table of rearing in captivity show the approxi- PEOCEEDINUS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING mate period occupied by each stage in tlie development of the insect in- two cases. 1 2ndsUge 3ra stage 4th3t.e 5th stage AJuIt TOTAL 1 1 1 14th May 19th May 2 20th May 24th May 23MMay 29th May 27th May 2na June 31st May 5th June 4th June 9th June 12th June 16th June 28 days. 27 d.ys. Thus the adult condition is reached in about a month's time from the date of egg-laying. The sexes. — There is a good deal of individual variation in the adults', nor can males and females be easily distinguished by any definite colour markings. The male is generally smaller in size and has, so far as I have observed, a more pronounced colouration. In a number of specimens of the adults examined I found that the bluish-black spots on the ventral side of the abdomen are generally more in number in the females than in the males. One very interesting thing about this bug is that it is an annual visitor to the locality, coming about May and disappearing in July. For the rest of the year I have never found a single specimen anywhere in the vicinity of the College. And the season between May-June is the shooting and fruiting season of the food plant Trema. 64.— NOTES ON THE LIFE-fflSTORY OF POLYPTYCHUS DEN- TATUS. By T. V. Ramakeishna Ayyar, B.A., F.E.S., F.Z.S., Acting Government Entomologist, Madras. (Plate 143.) Rothscliild and Jordan in their classical memoir on the Sphingidae. of the AVorld record only two species of the genus Polyptyclnis as found in India, the rest of the species, about thirty in number, being recorded as African. Of the two P. dentatits is the subj ect of this paper. Although there are two or three previous references to this insect, whatever is on record regarding the earlier stages of this insect is very meagre and imperfect. He'arsey has devoted a couple of lines to the larva of this insect as found at Barrackpiu: and he calls it Smerinthus denticulalus in the Proceedings of the Entomological Society (1864) Vol. Ill, p. 100. Forsayeth in his paper on the Lepidoptera of Mhow in the Transactions of the Entomological Society for 1S84, p. 395, refers to this insect and gives a very brief and meagre description of a fairly well-grown larva. These Page 915. i, PROCEEDINGS Of' THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 'J 15 are the only references to the early stages of this insect. Rothschild and Jordan, speaking of the larval stages of these Ambulicine hawk-moths, -say that the first stage is not known of any of these larva?. I believe therefore that the early stages of this insect will probably be of interest. The following is a brief summary of the different stages in the life-history of this Sphingid. Food-plant. The early stages of this moth are spent exclusively on Cardia stibcordata, a plant which appears to be a native of the Asiatic Archipelago and not common in India, only being grown here and there in gardens. In Coimbatore on a solitary plant of this kind in the estate I have found the early stages of this insect, almost all through the year — especially from July to March. It is not generally seen during the summer months. Egg. The eggs are of the usual Sphingid type, fairly big, spherical and seedlike in shape. They are found deposited singly both on the upper and under surface of the leaves. In captivity the eggs laid by one moth pumbered over thirty. The egg-surface is smooth and in colour it is glistening yellowish white ; it measures 2 mm. across. Very often the egg is parasitized by a small dark Chalcidid wasp which has been found to be a new species by Girault who has given it the name Anastatns coimbatorensis. The egg takes from five to ten days to hatch. Soon after hatching the larva often feeds on the egg-shell. The first stage. The just-hatched larva measxires 9-5 mm. The head is very slender and elongated, spherical, smooth, made up of two hemispheres with a median ventral groove. The prothorax is slightly swollen. The usual posterior horn on the anal segment is present, measuring 1-25 mm. It is very slender and directed straight up verti- cally ; the tip of the horn is forked. Just behind the horn are two small sharp tubercles which are only clearly seen when observed carefully. The general colour of the body is a uniform pale greenish-yellow ; ocelli dark, the horn pinkish. The legs and prolegs have the colour of the body. The whole body is fringed with numerous minute white tubercles. Within a short period of two days the first moult takes place, and the second stage is reached. Very little of the moulted skin is found in the cage in captivity ; probably the larva feeds on it. The second stage. Length 11 mm. Body is still slender and elongate. The striking feature of this stage is the appearance of'a vertical cephalic process not generally seen in most cate'rpillars. No trace of it is found in the caterpillars when it hatches out of the egg and it appears only after the first moult. This head-process, when closely observed, is made up of two elongated pieces very closely approximated together and made 916 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING to appear as one ; it measures 2 mm.; each of these is fringed with minute sharp tubercles. The head is wedge-shaped and with the cephalic process appears more or less like that of a goat. The tail-process is promment (3-5 mm. long) and kept almost upright. The whole body is fringed with minute tubercles. Those along the mid-dorSal line form a sort of median dorsal ridge. The general colour of the body is a pale green. The head process is transparent greenish-white and the tail process is pinkish-brown. Head pale greenish ; rest of body yellowish-green. Spiracles are seen as minute dark spots. There is a median dorsal small dark brown patch on the prothorax. During theSe earlier stages the caterpillar exactly resembles the ribs of the backside of the Cardia leaf, so much so that it is difficult to make out the presence of the larva on the leaf imless closely observed. Before the next moult the larva grows to 16 mm. At this stage marked changes ill the form and colour take place. The head and tail horns elongate with the body. The former becomes distinctly differentiated from the body by its peculiar triangular shape with the dorsal horn. The general colour of the body, although still pale yellowish-green, brown and purple colour markings appear all over the dorsal surface. The dorsal region of the head around the base of the horn is dark ; the rest of the head light yellowish-green. The whole of the head process has a dark brown colour. The head and the process are covered with numerous minute tubercles. The dorsal region of the prothorax has a pinkish median stripe which at the posterior boundary of this segment expands into a prominent black spot. From behind this area, viz., from the mesothorax backwards to the posterior horn on the last abdominal segment, there is a series of pinkish-brown spots arranged in pairs along the mid-dorsal region. The thoracic legs are purple-bro^vn and the prolegs whitish- green. The posterior horn is purplish-brown, 5 5 mm. long, straight and covered with minute tubercles. The posterior two or three pairs of spiracles are distinctly seen aS dark brown spots. At this stage the larva moults a second time and assumes the third stage. One week is spent in the second stage. Third stage. Length 18 mm. There is no change in the general appearance and colour. In front of the head are found two bluish- black streaks, one on each side of the clypeus, beginning from the ocellar region and extending backwards, both these meeting at the foot of the cephalic hom, ocelh and mouth parts olive brown. The spiracles appear clearer. When the larva m.oves about the cephalic process is kept erect and not directed, forwards. At this stage the larva exactly resembles the central main rib of the back of a Cardia leaf. Within another week the third skin is thrown off. PROCEEDINGS 01" THE TUIED EXTOMOLOGICAL MEETlKG 917 Fourth stage. Length 20 mm. Tail process 8 mm., head process 5-5 mm. The anal process at this stage is comparatively very long, deep bluish-black, and fringed with tubercles. General colour of the body is light yellowish-green above and pale green at the sides and below. Head-process vertical and dark brown. Along the dorsal region wedge- shaped brownish marks appear along middorsal region bounded on each lateral side by a long row of prominent yellowish-brown tubercles. The body as a whole is fi-inged with minute white tubercles. At this stage the head and tail processes look almost similar in form and colour and it is often difficult to say which is head and which is the tail of the larva when casually observed. In another six days the next moult takes place. Fifth stage. Length 30 mm. Tail horn 10 mm., head process 5 mm. The tail horn is horizontal and the cephalic process vertical. General colour pale yellowish-green with the wedge-shaped brown spots along the dorsal region ; each of these gives out a short lateral streak. Spiracles brown ; legs purple brown. Head and tail process bluish-black. The next moult takes place in another week's time. Sivth stage. Length 40 mm. — Tail horn 10 mm., extending 8 mm. beyond the body. The head-process is short though prominent. No m^ked changes in form and colour are noticed. The larva grows stouter, larger and more cylindrical in shape. It also becomes voracious, feeding on the foliage. Tail process bluish-black ; facial streaks, legs and spiracles purple-brown. In seven or eight days more another skin is thrown off. Seventh stage. Length 46 mm. At this stage of the life of the larva the head process is finally lost. The posterior horn is still present. It is pointed and somewhat curved and extends a little beyond the anal seg- ment. The whole body has a light greyish-green colour. Jliddorsal region along the whole length of the bod}' is divided off from the two lateral regions by a longitudinal row of prominent tubercles on each side of this region. These tvro rows of tubercles begin at the prothoracic region and meet at the base of the horn on the anal segment. These tubercles have a pinkish colour. In this mid-dorsal region, which is of a yellowish-green colour, there is an interrupted transverse band of purple on each segment. There is a continuation of each of these bars at the sides drawn antero-posteriorly in a tangentic mamier. The anal horn is grej'ish fringed with numerous small pmk tubercles. Spiracles brown. Head and piothorax greyish-green ; legs purple-bro\ui. The claspers are edged with purple. During this last stage the larva feeds voraciously and grows in size lapidly. At the same time colour changes also occur. Just before pupa- tion a well-fed larva reaches 80 mm. The body becomes long, cylindrical 918 PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING and stout. The anterior region is thinner than the abdominal end, which is stouter. The head is more or less triangular. The anal horn is prominent and curved. The whole body is fringed with minute whitish tubercles. The two longitudinal rows of tubercles on the dorsal surface are prominent and the individual tubercles are bigger and really made up of two or three smaller tubercles around a bigger one. The general colour is green with the difference that the region on the dorsal surface between the two longitudinal rows of spiracles is bright green while the sides and ventral portion of the body have a bluish tinge. Each row of tubercles appears as a pinkish line from the prothorax to the anal horn ; the latter is pale green and studded with tubercles. Mouth parts brown ; legs purplish-brown. Prolegs and claspers with purple edges. There are six clear and one or two faint whitish tangent stripes at the sides ; the last one meeting the horn is clearer than the rest. .This stage lasts from twelve to fourteen days. At the end of this period the larva stops feeding and descends into the soil to pupate. Pupa. The larva gees three or four inches into the soil and more if the soil is not hard and easily penetrated ; there it makes a cell of earth, and after this it changes into the pupa. The pupa inside the earthen cocoon is 36 mm. long. It is thick anteriorly, and bluntly pointed behind and chocolate brown in colour. There is a short forked spine at the anal end : — The pupal period lasts twelve to fouiteen days. The following is a table showing period of pupation in different cases. Date of pupatio 7th December 30tli July • 24th February 21st October 2l8t November Date of emergence 29tli December. 13th August. 9th March. 2nd November. 3rd December. The development period thus takes in all about nine to ten weeks, the period being occupied as below : — eggs a week, larva 48 to 50 days, pup a 12 to 14 days. The period of each stage is found to differ slightly according to seasonal variations. General remarks. The larva is easy to rear. I have never caught the adults in nature. As stated .before, the most interesting feature in this caterpillar is the presence of a head-horn in the early stages of the caterpillar, a character which is not common in most Sphingidse. PLATE 144. ANADASTUS SP. EXPLANATION OF PLATE 144, Anadnsfus sp. aillct sho%ving (a) mark loft by oviposition, and {li) egg Fig. 2. Egg ; magnified ( x 20). Fig. 3. Young larva ; magnified ( x 20). Fig. 4. Full-grown larva ; magnified ( X 8). Fig. 5. Pupa ; magnified ( X 8). Fig. 6. Beetle : magnified ( X 8). ' Fig. 7. Stem from which imago has emerged, showing (c) exit. . u PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 919 5.— SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE LIFE-HISTORY OF AN EROTYLID BREEDING IN ITALIAN MILLET. By P. V. Isaac, B.A., Entomological Assistant, Agricultural Department, Madras. (Plate 144.) I. Introduction. Recently a small Erotylid beetle, a species of Languria* attracted considerable attention to itself as a pest of Italian millet [Setaria italica]. Without exaggeration it may be said that during certain seasons the beetle did more damage to the crop on the College farm, Coimbatore, than all other insects combined. Apparently the msect has not been noticed elsewhere although on the above farm they were numerous enough, and found in almost every field, the worst infestation being in certain small plots attached to the Insectary. //. General Observations. A summary of the general observations is as follows : — (1) The first sign of injury is a withering earhead, the stalk of which when pulled smartly breaks at a ring a few inches above the ground. (2) The damage is done by a grub which neatly rings the stem from inside. The cut, which extends almost up to the epidermis, not only causes the flow of plant sap to discontinue, but also makes the stem liable to break in a strong wind. (3) The gmhs were not found in the stout central stem of every clump, nor were they seen to attack certain thick-Stemmed strains of Italian millet. (4) A good number of stallcs having snapped yielded nothing, while others with very little or no sap passing up the ring yielded more chaff and less grain or no grain at all. ///. Life cycle. Considering the amount of damage this pest was responsible for. ir was decided to make a study of its life-history. The egg. The egg is 175 mm. long, cigar-shaped, smooth, shiny, and cresm-coloured. In about two days, except at the tips, it becomes orange. * Since determined as a speoiea of Anaiastus (aee ante, page Z\Q). — -Editor. 920 I'EOCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING Just-hatched larva. 2 mm. long, yellow. Head large and provided with strong mandibles, and short antennee. Close to the base of each antenna and just posterior to it is a group of four small eye-spots, one below the other. The ultimate segment bears a pair of fleshy pseudopods. Mature larva. 8 mm. long ; legs very small ; abdominal .segments large and distinct. There is a pair of short chitinous spines on the dorsal surface of the last segment, directed cephalad. The anal pseudopods are prominent. Pujxi. 7 mm. The newly transformed pupa is yellow but later on it becomes darker and tinged with reddish-brown at the tips of the appendages. The eyes at first present the appearance of a group of light brown specks but finally form into large black dots. A transverse row of spines is present on the dorsal aspect of every abdominal segment except the last one, which has instead a pair of very strong spines occupy- ing a terminal position and curved slightly towards the anterior. The dorsal spines become larger and more pronounced as they approach the posterior end. A jjair of spines directed caudad are present on the ventral surface of the seventh abdominal segment. Hairs are found on the vertex, on the anterior and posterior margins of the large prothoracic shield and also interpersed with the dorsal spines. The total life cycle is : — egg 5 to 6 days, larva 25 days, and pupa 14 days. About four days have to elapse after emergence for the beetle to leave the shelter of the stem. IV. Habits. . The eggs are laid singly in the stems at some point from one to six inches above the soil. This takes place during the second month of the crop when the stalks are rapidly elongating and the ears are being put out, and eggs are laid only in stems in which the central hollow has begun to appear. The egg is thrast in at some spot just within an inch above a node. As elongation of the internode in grasses i^ confined to the jDortion just above the node this region is softer and more vulnerable than the portion farther up and is therefore selected for oviposition. Oviposition always leaves a mark ; though it is often impossible to trace it on the stem itself. But on the outer leaf-sheath it remains distinct as a small dry oval patch,, bearing three punctures in a hori- zontal row. The side olies seem to be caused by some lateral .Supporting structures on the ovipositor. The egg is passed in through the central one and this is therefore the only puncture that extends into the stem. There is only one egg laid in an internode and it has its long axis in a line with that of the stem. Though the egg is laid within an inch above a node, due to the rapid elongation of the stem as mentioned above it PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD EXTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 921 may be seen closer to the upper node than to the lower and also far above the level of the impression left by the oviposition on the outer sheath. The grub as soon as out of the shell travels about in the hollow and on reaching the base feeds a little on the pithy lining of the inner wall. It next attends to the ringing of the stem, which is begun on the second or third day after hatching and is accomplished in a few hours. The cut goes completely round and is so deep that it almost reaches the epidermis. The question that arises is " what purpose does this ring serve ?" The labour bestowed and the skill displayed premise something more than an effort to supply with humble toil the modest wants of the day. In all probability it is intended to prevent the plant-sap from rising up. From now the grub is to be found above the ring. It is a moderate feeder and does not go about in search of a palatable morsel. Remaining above the ring and content with the adjacent tissue, as it grows it finds itself in an enlarging chamber. If the grub gets moist it is sure to die. This calamity is prevented by the ring which prevents plant-sap from rising up and by the accummulation of frass at the ring. It may be noted here that a single stem may be infested with more than one grub. There may at times be as many as four. But always • there is only one grub in an internode and it never bores through into an adjacent one. When full-grown the grub pupates within the stem. If the stem now snaps at the ring, as occasionally happens, the mass of frass accumulated there, as mentioned before, acts as a plug and keeps the pupal chamber closed and the pupa safe. The beetle on emergence has the exoskeleton soft and of an amber colour. But very soon the normal hardness and hue is gained and within five days after emergence the full-fledged adult cuts a small hole in the wall of the stem and creeps out. The beetles are shy creatures, but a close observer can locate them, moving up and down the leaves or stems. They seldom take to flight, a habit which makes hand-picking easy when control methods are V. Conclusion. It may be stated in conclusion that the beetle has habits well calculated to ensure success. Eggs are laid during the second month of the crop and they grow into adults in a month and a half. A generation is there- fore produced before it is time to harvest the crop. 922 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 66.— THE LIFE-HISTORY OF THE MORINGA STEM-BORER. Btj T. V. SuBRAMANYAM, B.A., Assistcuit to the Government Entomologist, Madras. (Plate 145.) This paper deals with the life-history of a lougicorn beetle boriag into the branches of the moringa plant {Moringa jderygosperma), the drumstick plant of South India. This plant is economically very important, at least in the Madras Presidency, where its long sticklike fruits are largely used in the preparation of vegetable curries and are considered to be extremely nutritious. The leaves and flowers are also extensively used. The insect has not been identified correctly and has been Sent to experts for identification. A stray grub was seen one day bormg inside a moringa twig and the adult when reared oixt at the Insectary was found to be this beetle. Afterwards a pair of these beetles were caught during copulation and made to lay eggs in captivity and the life-history was completely studied. The insect is not a serious pest but it is seen occasionally scraping away the bark of the plant when an adult and boring in moringa twigs during its larval stage. The insect, the larva of which is found boriag inside the branches of the plant, is one of the Lamiadse, a Family of comparatively large-sized beetles, generally recognized by their hard and robust bodies and long filamentous antennae. The beetle has not been identified yet ; I believe it is a species of Monohammus. The adult beetle is half to three-fourths of an inch long and an eighth of an inch in breadth. ' The prothorax and the wings, which cover the whole body on the dorsal side, are brown in colour with dark grey patches here and there. The under-side of the body, the vertex of the head, the labrum and the basal segment of the mandibles are covered with thick grey pubescence. The head is bent down under the prothorax. The mouth-parts are well developed and adapted to the bark-eating habits of the insect ; the labrum is orange in colour and the mandibles hard and black ; maxillse are well developed. The antennae are long and filamentous, arising from the inner curvatures of the large black eyes. Each antenna consists of twelve segments covei-ed by short, soft, grey hairs ; the basal segment is short and stumpy and the first few segments have a row of long black hairs along the mner side. The prothorax is long and cylindrical. There are four visible abdominal Segments. The legs are yellowish brown covered by grey pubescence and end in two claws. The insect has not been noted as a serious pest. But just before 1 left for Bombay I found a whole tree attacked. The injury is recognized Piigc 922. Morinfja stem-borer, a. eggs in situ in stem ; b, c, larva in tunnel in stem; d, larva magnified ; 4 x4 ; /, beetle mignifie4 x2|- egg magnified x7 ; ; e, pupa, magnified PEOCEEDINGS OF THE TUIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING by the twigs drying at the tip and absence of leaves on them. The attack begins at the tip and the grub bores towards the main stem. Only a few beetles have been collected and a few grubs foimd boring into the stem. No alternative food-plant has been noted. The beetles were once supplied •with agaiJii branches ; but they never took to this food and began eating only when moringa twigs were given. Life-History. There is no sexual difference in the beetles exceptiug that the males are a little smaller than the females in size. The female lays its eggs inside the stem of the food-plant. In two or three days the egg hatches into a tiny grub which begins at once to bore into the stem at its centre ; it remains inside the stem imtil it becomes full-grown when it leaves the stem and pupates outside. In about a week or ten days the adult comes out of the pupa. Egg. Eggs are laid in hollow cavities, excavated by the mother, in the stem. The place in the stem, where the eggs are, is indicated by a small mark on the stem where the bark has been scraped ofE by the mother beetle. In the centre of this patch is a small hole which leads into the cavity in which the eggs are laid. This cavity is oval in outline and generally contains two eggs, although occasionally there may be only one. Though only two or at the utmost three eggs are laid by an indivi- dual at a time, the total number laid by it will be large as the beetle goes on laying eggs for a number of days. The beetle that was under observa- tion at the Insectary laid about fifty eggs during the time it was in capti- vity— who knows how many it may have laid before it was caught ? The eggs are long, cylindrical, and whitish in colour ; they have a slight curvature on one side and measure 1 mm. in length. On the second day after the eggs are laid the grubs inside are clearly seen through the egg-shells and on the third or fourth day the eggs hatch into tiny little grubs, so that the egg-period may be roughly said to last only two or three days. No. Eggs laid on Eggs hatched on Egg period 1 1st May 1917 . 2nd May 1917 . Days 2 5th May 1917 . 7th May 1917 . 3 7th, 8th May 1918 . Cth, 10th May 1917 . 2 4 10th, 11th June 1917 12th, 13th June 1917 2 5 12th, 13th June 1017 loth, 16th June 1917 3 6 13th, Uth June 1917 10th, 17th June 1917 3 924 PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIHD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING Tlie grub comes out of the egg-shell by bursting it open at one end by its hard mandibles and wriggling out. A peculiarity noticed was that in most cases two eggs were laid at a time side by side in a cavity but only one grub was to be found in the cavity afterwards and the other egg or the grub hatched out of it was missing. In one instance only the egg- shell of the missing grub was to be found. This leads to the suspicion that the more vigorou.s of the newly-hatched grubs eats its less fortunate neighbour. Larva. The newly-hatched grub is about 2 mm. long and is whitish in colour with brown well-developed mandibles. The thoracic region has a swelling on the ventral side. The abdomen is made up of ten seg- ments each of which has a short projection on the dorsal side with the help of which the segments may be counted. The whole body has a slight curvature on the ventral side. Small short brownish hairs are scattered all over the ventral side of the body and round the last two Segments. The grub "has neither thoracic nor abdominal appendages and locomotion is effected entirely by means of the wriggling movements brought about by the contractions and relaxations of the muscles of the body-wall. As soon as the grub comes out of the egg it begins to bore into the stem ; it makes a straight tunnel in the centre of the stem, blocking up its entrance and a short distance inside it with excrement. The full-grown larva is a little over thirty-two millimetres in length and has the ventral thoracic lump well developed. The segments of the body have the dorsal surface convex and the ventral surface plain. The body has a glistening appearance and is covered all over by short hairs which are yellow on the dorsal side and brown on the ventral. The anal segment of the body is flattened at its hind end and has a circle of brown hairs along its edges. The duration of the larval period is variable. Of the foup grubs that completed their life-history in captivity one pupated two months and five days after hatching from the egg, another two months and 26 days, a third three months and 16 days and the last three months and 24 days. No. Hatched on Pupated on Larval period 1 2nd May 1917 . 7th August 1917 . 2 months 5 days. 2 9th, 10th May 1917 . 5th, Gth August 1917 3 months 2G days. 3 16th. 17th June 1917 . 3rd October 1917 . 3 months 10 days. 4 12th, 13th .June 1917 . 7th October 1917 . 3 months 24 days. PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIED ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 92 The larval period may thus be put rouglily to be from two to four months. Pupation has not been observed in nature ; probably it is in the soil or some other place outside the stem because all the grubs reared in captivity came out of the stem when they were full-grown and pupated outside. Pujia. This is of the typical Lamiad type. It is yellow in colour and 20-25 mm. long. The appendages of the head and the thorax are folded together on the ventral side inside the exceedingly thin and trans- parent pupal skin. A day or two after pupation the eyes get dark. The colour of the pupa changes gradually from yellow to brown and after a week the pupal skin is cast off and the adult emerges. No. Pupated on Emerged on Pupal period 1 7th July 1917 . 14th July 1917 Days 2 6th August 1917 14th August 1917 S 3 3rd October 1917 . 13th October 1917 . 10 4 7th October 1917 . 15th October 1917 . ■ On emerging from the pupal skin the beetle is dull and Soft to the touch. In a day or two the body gets hard and the beetle begins to move about and feed on the bark of the moringa stem. These observations were made by me at the Insectary of the Agri- cultural College, Coimbatore, under the guidance of M. R. Ey. T. V. Eamakrishna Ayyar Avargal, the Acting Government Entomologist of Madras, and I take this ojjportunity of tendering him my heart-felt thanks for the valuable suggestions he gave me during my mvestigations. The habit of emergence from the stem to pupate elsewhere, at the Mr. Fletcher, conclusion of the larval period, is most unusual in a Lamiad beetle. Further observations on this point, under natural conditions, appear desirable. C7.— NOTES ON THE LIFE-HISTORY OF THE POLLU FLEA- BEETLE (LONGITARSVS NIGRIPENNIS, MOTS.) OF PEPPER. Bij T. V. Eamakrishna Ayyar, B.A., F.E.S., F.Z.S., Actinrj Government Entomologist, Madras. The subject of this paper is a flea-beetle which is found causing some damage to cultivated black pepper {Pifer nigrum) in the pepper- growing tracts of North Malabar. 926 rEOCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING Since there is no previous record of this insect as a pest and since there is nothing also regarding the life-history or habits of the insect, I believe the following notes may be of some use in adding to our know- ledge of this beetle. So far as I know, sixteen species of this genus, Longitarsus, have till now been recorded from different parts of India, and of these Longitarsus nigripennis is one. The previous record of its locality in his description of the species by Motsohulsky is simply " India " with no mention of the exact locality. Jacoby has described some species latterly and these are from Pondicherry, Madura, Calcutta, North Kanara and Belgaum. The species of this genus are comparatively small in size, no" more than 3 mm. in length, and are extremely active in habits. Their hind femora are very much thickened, thus showing the great saltatorial powers these insects possess. I have very rarely found them flying ; they commonly leap or hop from place to place and cover great distances in such a way. This species (L. nigripennis) is 2*^ mm. in length. The head is comparatively very small and more or less covered by the fairly prominent prothorax. The antennae are long and the eyes prominent. The hind femora are extraordinarily stout compared with the size of the insect. The head and prothorax are of a pale fulvous-yellow colour when fresh ; in dry specimens this appears reddish-brown ; the elytra bluish-black. The antennse and legs are of a pale brownish colour ; but the hind femora have a shinmg bluish-brown colour ; the eyes are dark. Damage done by the insect. Yo\i will find from the title of this paper that I have called this the " Pollu flea beetle of pepper."' This means that the insect is associated with a disease of pepper called " PoUu " which really means ' hollow ' or empty. The turning hollow of the grow- ing pepper-berry is often caused by this beetle. There are, of course, other causes which bring about this ' PoUu ' condition but I shall confine myself only to the insect side of it. The small cream-white grub of this beetle burrows into the ripening green berries of pepper and eats away the inner contents, which causes the seedlessness or hollowness of the berry called ' Pollu.' The external indication of such an attack on the growing pepper-vine is generally the presence of a group of two to four darkish berries in a spike of pepper, the rest of the spike being healthy and green. Infested berries are commonly- found in groups of two, three or four. An examination of the inside of one of these blackened berries will disclose a short stout pale white grub. Generally only one of these three or four berries shows the grub and this is explained by the fact that this one grub is responsible for the damage of all the three or four berries in the group, the larva feeding on the inner contents. PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 927 of the berries one after the other. Not more than four berries are attacked by one grub before it is full-fed. At the initial stages of infestation one has to examine the spikes more carefully to find berries that are just getting attacked, since, at the beginning, the berry that is first attacked simply shows a pale sickly yellowish surface and a minute hole through which excrement might be seen thrown out ; the characteristic dark group of berries begins to show itself only when the grub has finished with one berry and has entered the second. In certain cases another phenomenon is noted in infested pepper-berries and that is the darkening of the whole distal portion of a spike. This happens when the grub in tunnelling through one berry to another encroaches on the main stem of the spike and scoops out a good portion of it ; this damage to the stalk at the middle arrests the flow of nutrition to the distal portion and the berries beyond this spot turn black and do not ripen, although they remain attached to the spike almost throughout the season. Life-history. Observations made in the field go to show that the eggs are laid singly. Each egg is carefully thrust and glued to the tissue just underneath the skin of the green pepper-berry, commonly near the attachment of the berry to the spike ; only one egg is generally deposited in each berry. To find out the egg one has to open the berry skin very carefully in very thin slices. The egg is ovoid in shape and measures 1-5 mm. in length ; it has a pale brownish colour. It has not yfet been possible to get the eggs hatched out in captivity although several methods were tried. The grub is pale to cream-white in colour with the head and jDrothorax dark ; it is comparatively short and stout in build. The grub goes on growing by feeding on the inner contents of two or three berries for about forty or fifty days, after which it stops feeding and drops down into the soil to pupate. It goes down into the soil two to three inches and before the final moidt to assume the pupal stage builds an oval cocoon of soil around itself. The pupa is pale white in colour. In this condition it remains for ten days — the period noted in captivity. After this period, the adult form is assumed, but the beetle remains in that condition for a day or two in the soil and comes out only after these one or two days which are apparently necessary for the insect to get its body hard and become active itself. The adult insect readily and voraciously feeds on the tender pepper- leaves, biting numerous small holes in them. Seasonal history. The investigations with regard to the habits, etc., of this insect are stil incomplete. But, so far as work has been done, it appears that there are two clear broods in the year, one generation of beetles emerging in October and another in January. It is thought that VOL. ni H 928 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING the insect sestivates in the adnlt condition through the summer months, March to June. But whether this is so or whether there is another breed during this period of the year will be definitely known next season. Nalvral enemies. So far no natural enemies of any kind either predatory or parasitic have been noted. Olher host phnts. Besides pepper no other plant has been found till now wherein the pest breeds. This jDoint can be verified during the off- season, when the pepper-vines are dormant. Extent and distribution of the ' Polhi ' caused by the insect. The pest is not noted in two of the three pepper tracts, viz., the coastal region and the Ghat region, but is prevalent only in the sub-montane jungly tracts below the Ghats. The insect is more commonly found in shady, damp and very cool plots. Even in the same place those plots, which are somewhat open and not full of shade-trees, are less infested with the beetle pest. With regard to the extent of damage the actual injury done by the insect in causing ' Pollu ' is very little compared to the extent of actual ' Pollu ' caused by all causes combined. We have reckoned it r.-ughly as between 5 and 8 per cent, of the total damage. Control-methods. Looking at the life habits of the insect it appears to me that the most vulnerable stage in the life of the insect is the pupa, and I think measures to destroy these in the soil at the proper season will go a great way in checking the multiplication of the pest. Hoeing the soil under the vines in September-October and December-January, the seasons when the pupae are found under the soil, might do good. Nothing could be done to tackle the borer which is an internal feeder. Then, coming to the methods whereby the adult could be checked and prevented from laying eggs, one method is spraying ; our attempts in this direction have shown that it is rather difficult to get the pepper vines satisfactorily spra3'ed, although in some plots where we tried some deterrents like lead arsenate and Bordeaux mixture the pest did not appear. Investigations are still continued in this direction. 68.— ON SOME OF THE BIONOMICS OF BRUCHID^ (LARIAD^). By Rameao S. Kasergode, Assistant Professor of Entomology, Poena. The seed-testing Department of Bombay has for some years past been engaged in trying to find out the germinating capacity of most seeds used by the cultivator during the sowing season. The results show that most of the seed, besides being mouldy, is destroyed by insects and does not germinate satisfactorily. Mouldiness is preventible by preserving the seed in dry conditions, and admixture of weed-seeds can PROCEEDINGS OF THE XHIKD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 929 be remedied by careful field selection, but the insect attack is more difficult to check even if the cultivator would try to depend upon his own seed without going to a Maniari for it. It is therefore necessary to investigate the nature and extent of injury by insects alone, and pulse-seeds were first taken in hand as being likely to be solved easier than most ether store-house pests. In the year 1914 Farm-grown pulse-seed was collected under careful supervision of the following five varieties, (1) pecs, (2) ual (Lolichos lablab), (3) htr {Cajcmus indicvs), (4) liilthi (Lolichos biflmus), (5) gram [Cicer arietinuin). They were fully dried and kept in sealed kerosine tins to prevent external infection. The tins, when opened at the end of the year, showed that gram and kulthi escaped attack from Bruchids totally but the liir, ual and peas were attacked, the peas least of all. This helped to show that the infection need not necessarily come from old infested seed»of previous years but may also come from the field direct. In the year 1915 a large number of plants of each kind were kept under close observa- tion from the time of their flowering. Eggs of all insects known to lay their eggs on the pods were carefully brushed away daily, but all efforts during the whole year to isolate the eggs of Bruchids proved use- less. A variety of different adult Bruchids were however caught in the flowers of tur, ical and peas. These were identified by the Imperial Entomologist as belonging to three different species, B. affinis, B. ihech- romcB and B. chinensis (Pachymems chinensis). The dry pods on several plants other than those under observation showed clean-cut round holes on them very much like those found upon stored pulse-seeds. There was therefore no doubt that the Bruchids did breed on the green pods on the plants in the fields, feeds of these plants kept in glass-topped boxes developed some more Bruchids during the summer of 1915. During the following season Bruchids reared from stored seeds were enclosed in paper bags along with growing pods on potted plants. The Bruchids laid their eggs freely. The pea Bruchid, B. o-ff^ms, laid its eggs anywhere about on the outside of the pods singly, but the lur Bruchid, B. tlieobromcs, restricts itself solely to the depressions found on the inr pod. B. chinensis would not lay eggs on any of the common pulses. The Bruchids reared from these eggs fitted very well with the identified specimens from Pusa. The shape and size of the eggs of these Bruchids made it possible for me to search for similar eggs in the field and to my great satisfaction I was able to find simUar eggs in the field. In both these cases the adults have been caught in the flowers. The same have now been reared from eggs in the field. The eggs are from two to two and a half millimetres long, round at the end and slightly bent on one 930 PHOCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING side. In colour the eggs of affinis are lighter than those of B. iheobromcB which have a slight tinge of yellow in them. It is difficult to follow the life-history of these small beetles inside the pods or seeds but better means for rearing may make it possible to find out the details of the life stages of these beetles. It was only in 1917 that eggs of the wal Bruchid were isolated. This Bruchid is different from any of the three identified Bruchids and it lays its eggs in small masses of three to five eggs in each cluster and each green pod may have from two to six such masses laid on it. The eggs are white, of the same shape and colour as of B. affiHis. All the eggs are capable of developing into fully-formed adults even although there may be only three to five seeds in each pod. It is probably explained by each seed being larger than most other pulse-seeds and capable of siistaining more than one grub. As many as six of these beetles have l»een bred from each seed. B. affinis is also in the habit of laying more eggs than the pods are liliely to contain seeds and although as many as seventeen eggs have been counted on each pod the seeds inside always regulate the number of beetles that would breed out of the pod. The rest probably die. Further breedings of the beetles in the laboratory have shown that Bnichus affinis is not capable of breeding in dry seeds and that it has only one generation in a year. The other two Bruchids, B. theohromce and the wal Bruchid, do breed successfully to the total destruction of dry seeds in the store. At the time these investigations were carried out a fat grub of a beetle was seen to breed in the pods of Crotalaria juncea. On breeding, it proved to be a Bruchid of a new type as yet unidentified, of which specimens are exhibited. This beetle passes through only a single generation in a year and the eggs and larvae are found in green pods in plentiful numbers to the total destruction of the seeds in them. The larvae have the habit of spinning a tortuous long silken cocoon inside the pods wherein they pupate. The eggs are laid, one on each pod, just in the manner of other Bruchids. The recognition of the fact that many of our common Bruchids are found breeding in the field brings us a little nearer to the solution of the problems of control-measures. It is helpful at least to know that mere care to exclude external infection is not in itself sufficient to prevent destruction of pulse-seeds and it may therefore be necessary to fumigate the seed directly after harvest. Unless the pods in the field dry and open up, the Bruchids do not breed on them. PKOCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 931 In my experiments I enclosed green pods in paper bags and even then Mr. Ramrao. they were attacked. Our experience at Pusa supports that of Mr. Ramrao. Mr. Fletcher. The question of the identity of these Bruchids, and of the distinctions between the various species, seems at present to be in considerable con- fusion. Last year we sent a number to Dr. Marshall for determination but we have not yet received the identifications. 69.— ON THE INSECT PAEASITES OF SOME INDIAN CEOP- PESTS. ByT. V. Ramakrishna Ayyar, B.A., F.E.S., F.Z.S., Acting Government Entomologist, Madras. It need hardly be stated that the study of insect parasites — especially of those which are natural enemies of some of our important crop-pests — ofiers a very wide and almost unexplored field in India. Besides being very fascinating from a purely scientific point of view, this study is of the greatest importance ii)_ connection with some of the problems of Agricul- tural Entomology connected with the various control-measures against insect pests. Among the various insect parasites we know of, the representatives of the Order Hymenoptera are by far the most numerous and important. There is little doubt that there is a considerable amount of material of these insects which have been collected or reared out, not only at Pusa but at the different centres in India where any entomological work is done. But unfortunately very little appears to have been done in the way of getting this material worked out and the economic importance of the different forms recorded or estimated. Systematists like Cameron, Szepligetti, Ashmead, Viereck, Crawford, Morley, etc., have recorded sundry Indian species of parasitic Hymenoptera in different scientific periodicals ; but all of these are systematic papers and there is very little in these descriptions to show the economic aspect of these parasites. In spite of this drawback such papers are really useful because of the fact that, in order to properly appreciate the real importance or otherwise of these different forms, the correct identification of each species is a very essential factor. I therefore venture to believe, that the little information contained in this paper regarding some of our reared parasites which I have managed to get identified within the past year or two, may be of some use in adding to our knowledge of Indian parasitic Hymenoptera in relation to their hosts. The paper is certainly imperfect, but is only prepared to point 932 TEOCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING out the importance of the study of Indian parasitic wa&ps many of which are very good friends of the Indian farmer. The information in my list is very little compared to what we might be able to get when all the accumulated material all over India is worked out, but perhaps this may be of sonie use as a preliminary list. I have arranged the information in a tabular form showing the hosts and the parasites so that it will facilitate easy reference. The parasites noted in the above table are those whose host relations have been definitely known. I have, however, come across records of other Indian parasites by authors like Crawford, Viereck and others and although I have not been able to peruse the papers to see whether anything is said of the host relations of these parasites, the names of these parasites appear to give some hint in that direction. Such are the following . — Viereck has described in the Proceedings of the United States National Museum 1912, the Indian species, ylpawtefes creatonoti, A. slauropi, A. papilionis, A. flusiw, A. phycodis, and Meteorus arciicida. These evidently look like parasites on Lepidoptera which are more or less familiar to us. Similarly Cameron's Apanteles tachardioB, Ectadiofhatrius tachardice and Chalcis tachardice in the Indian Forest Records certainly show some relation to the " Lac insect." The following described by Crawford in the Proceedings of the United States National Museum. 1912-13, also suggest that they have parasitic relations with insect pests, viz., Tetrctsticlius ophiusce, BrucJiocida orientalis. Some records of parasites reared at Pusa are being published in the Bulletin of the Second Hundred Notes, now in the press, Some of the insects included in this paper are new. Who is describing them ? Some are being described by Dr. Howard and others by Mr. Girault. Where are the descriptions being published ? In some journals not accessible to us. That is rather unfortunate. The descriptions of the parasites that we send out for determination are coming out in the Indian Forest Records. We sent specimens of grasshoppers to Mr. Bolivar but I have not heard from him. I think that specialists should be asked to send descriptions for publication in India. It is very difficult for workers in India to obtain access to some of these scattered papers. FEOCEEDINGS OF THE THIHD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING M "§ rf . . . .l8'|ie.1s d a ^ ^ J2O0O0J2g,J2OOOOOOOJ3. ^.S _g g gqqpQj S S gqQqaQPO a3 |3 "3 '3 '3 'o ""3 '3 '3 "^ ^ SJ 8 • ■ S ■ ■ ■ 3 • ■ ■ s ' S ■ • B 'U U 'U I 1 = =^ lip I I S • • -J .s o . . . >> • . • „- ■ CO ^ O e — I . . .3 . .1 . .-f :Sl^. .1 . . . lllii ilpi tilil lilt II -il llliljsgi i ii§is^Sii| |-c 111 •a-s J P g O g .9 iQqqQpoQ-lQ Qp pgg •i; I ?^ I '§ g .ipf^s^.gi|3§ .|«o|.si|°°| :3-| 3 it •3.ss8S^.S.5-« ^.S.S|p.Si;5g''„-e|, ll* ;ll « s i I fill lilt .i-l I =ij|lssii 'iii^ ft, o &1 fi 11, fei Ki 5i) R< a, ;j-^ a, -^0,00^ Ci^i ^Kio, PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIED ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING U 1 •o >> ll £ 1 1^ ^^«il & 6 &e 1 1.^ ■ s i • go ..r !■ • ^ . 11 « 1 . :i iiifi 1 It Hill o I. 1 i II 1 III 1 1 Lepidopteba. Fhtliorimcca heliopa (on tobacco- stem). Nephantis serinopa (on palms) (Iradllaria soyella (on red-gram) . Coleoptera. ^fcfdM 4m6o (on agathi) Ditto AspidomorpJia miliaris Sphenoptera sp. (on red-gram stem) Dinoderus sp. (in dry bamI)oo) g o CP g PHOCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 1 1 <» 1 £ ■? ill eg 666 § 1 11 III" QQP - s •s i aj ■ 8 ■ • • • 8 ■ • ■ p. TJ a .•s •s ffi ■|l S.S8 a .s 1 ■■ 1 1 « |M^« lip ^im s o fim . &i6 & 6 .a • ■ ■ c-i ■ ■i.ii 50 s 3 t b •^ -2 1 11 ^ 1 .1 o . . . . lilii liff nil iitl • -^ \ — ' s o 8J ■ ■ ■' ■ ' 8 ■ ■ ■ "S 1^ Is l5^ IP e •' -t. 1 fflll }-J O .fcl '>. K.-S o » S- g e'so o fc 5 o i ° 1 1 Hill « ! ° jitP 111 III 1 11 1 II 1 fei a^ocioci ot?i£; ^aq 0 11 s3 ^1 936 PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING ^lay not these descriptions be contained in the Departmental publi- cations, Bulletins and Memoirs ? Will the Report of this Meeting be a suitable place for the publication of these results ? It is very difficult to get our parasites identified and we are handi- capped for want of these identifications. Our work could be carried much further if we could get these insects identified quickly. We had a large collection of parasites of cotton boll-worms but lost it all on its way to a specialist, as it was sunk by enemy action. At present we have a large collection of parasitic Hymenoptera and Diptera that we cannot get identified. We sent a large collection to Dr. Howard in 1914 and we have not heard any more of it since. One American Entomologist came to India from Florida to get parasites of Aleurodids, but we in India know practically nothing of these parasites. At present the identification of Chalcidids is our chief trouble and, unless they can be identified, we cannot proceed with our work. I quite agree with what Mr. Misra has said. One of our crying needs is for good systematic workers on our parasitic Hymenoptera and Diptera to let us know what the different species are, and, until we get this, we cannot proceed with the control of crop-pests by means of parasites. 70.— HINTS ON COLLECTING AND PRESERVING INSECTS. Bij T. Bainbrigge Fletcher, R.N., F.L.S., F.E.S., F.Z.S., Imperial Enfomologist. Collecting. Plates 146-161. Localities. Insects of some sort are present in practically every locahty within the Tropics, although it is obvious that some localities support a richer insect-fauna than others. Particular insects of course favour special locaUties but, for general collecting in India, the Hill tracts, especially between the heights of about two and six thousand feet, will be foimd to produce a more varied fauna than any area of similar size in the Plains. This is due mainly to the fact that the flora of these Hill tracts is much richer than that of the Plains. Many species of insects are only found in the Hills and other species only occur in the Plains^ but there is of course no definite Hill insect-fauna as wholly distinct from that of the Plains, many species being equally abundant in both sorts of locahty, nor are the insects found in one Hill tract necessarily the same as those found in others. Briefly speaking, the insect-fauna of the North- Western Himalayas has a decidedly Euro- pean fades whilst that of the Eastern Himalayas is decidedly Oriental with a shght tinge of the palasarctic element partly derived from the PHOCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 937 North-West and partly througli Northern China {e.g., Vanessa antiopa) ; the Khasi Hills (and probably the other little-known Hill tracts of Assam) have a strictly Oriental fauna and form a sub-region closely related to that formed by the Burma Hill Tracts ; the South Indian Hills, except the Nilgiris, are very httle known as regards their insect- fauna, which is however very distinct from that of the North-Indian Hills, and a line drawt\ East and West through the Palghat Gap, between the Nilgiris and the Auamalais, seems to form a definite demarcation between two faunal sub-regions, whilst the Ceylon Hills form a third such sub-region. The Khasi Hills seem to be the richest locality for insects within Indian limits and doubtless this remark might be extended to include the Hill districts of Assam generally, but it must be confessed that the surface of the ground has scarcely been scratched in any of these Hill tracts, or indeed in any locaUty in India whether in the Hills or Plams, so far as our knowledge of the insect population is concerned. In a country where it is possible to discover some new and undescribed insect on most days of any week in the year, and where our Imowledge of the insect-fauna is so scanty even in the best-worked localities, no keen collector or student of insects need ever be at a loss for occupa- tion. Hill or Plain, wet or dry, cultivated area or jungle, all alike will furnish a wealth of novelty. The Hills, however, as a whole will supply a greater wealth of material, both of beautiful species and of those interesting from the entomological view-point, and the collector in such localities will daily come across the most interesting and at times bizarre forms of insect hfe. Nor, in his appreciation of the individual forms, should he neglect to notice more general facts, such as the great preva- lence of gi-een-coloured insects in locaUties with a heavy rainfall and. consequent very verdant vegetation. Desert tracts form the very antithesis of Hills but these also have an interesting, though necessarily scanty, msect-fauna, of which practi- cally nothing is known in India,* and an investigation of desert- living forms of insect-life and a comparison of the different forms found in the various desert tracts would be of considerable interest. Many insects are aquatic during the whole or only a part of their existence and every more or less permanent body of water supports a considerable insect-fauna, which comprises members of all the principal Orders, and the aquatic insects of India as a whole form a complex of which we know remarkably little aS yet, although special attention * See " Fauna of a. Desert Tract in Southern India " by Annandale and Wrcughton in Mem. A. H. B. Vol. I, No. 10 (1906). 938 PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING has been paid to them of late by the Zoological Survey and, of course, very special attention has been paid to one group, the mosquitos, by numerous workers. In any locality, therefore, the collector will find ample material for observation and collection, and he will find further that close observa- tion will as a rule develop a trained eyesight which will reveal innumer- able insects which would never be noticed at all by the untrained eye. In any case, it will be found that it pays better to work thoroughly one good, if circumscribed, locaUty rather than to spend time in moving on to some other, perhaps less favourable, place. " If you know a better place, go to it — and stop there " is not a bad entomological motto. It is bad poUcy to try to combine collecting \vith a walking tour. It in best to survey a locality briefly, note down one or two likely places for the particular insects required, and to work this or these thoroughly. The following remarks deal with special localities or methods of collecting. Insect Pests usually obtrude themselves upon notice and, where an insect is m sufficient numbers to constitute itself a pest, little difficulty usually occurs in obtaining specimens. In the case of crops, the crop affected should be examined and also any adjacent likely food-plants. Insect pests of sann-hemp for example, are likely to be found also on wild species of Crotalaria, a*id pests of sugarcane and cereals on wild grasses. It is often important to know what are the alternative food- plants, either cultivated or wild, of pests because this knowledge may be of considerable importance in devising control measures. This paper deals with collecting insects generally and not with control of pests and therefore it seems unnecessary to say much about insect pests here, beyond pointing out that every item of information regarding the occurrence, life-history, and so on, of insect pests is of importance in devising control-measures. Accurate records of the occurrence of all pests are very desirable, as it is possible that the accumulation of records of this sort will eventually throw a good deal of light on the reasons for the occurrence of such outbreaks and will perhaps enable us to forecaste them and take preventive measures in due time. On all occasions, therefore, when insects are found present in destructive numbers, the collector will assist the progress of economic entomology considerably by taking some specimens and forwarding them to an entomological centre with any information about the outbreak, instead of merely passing them over as conmion things of no interest to any- body. Bright, sunny, open places such as ope^ glades near or in wooded areas, gardens, and, generally speaking, any places containing flowering plants, sunshine, and shelter from wind. \^il] be found good localities PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD EiVTOMOLOGICAL MEETJXG 939 for the collection of sucli insects as butterflies, dragon-flies and dayflyin" insects generally. Eoadside hedges, covered with flowers, are also very attractive, especially in the earlfy morning, when insects are feeding. For shade-lovers, f^nch as most moths, shaded tunnels in woods, roadside bushes, and any localities jDroviding leafy shade will yield an ample supply of specimens, which will usually require to be beaten out during the daytime. Caves, if sufficiently deep to be in permanent darkness, often have a peculiar insect-fauna of their own composed of small moths, crickets and beetles, which are sometimes blind and often have their antennae enormously developed. Very little is known as yet of the caverni- colous insects of India and collectors who have an opportunity of explor- ing deep caves will doubtless come across many new and interesting forms. Under stones or logs will be found a favourite habitat of numerous insects and when collecting Such it is as well to have the forceps, killing- bottle and a supply of tubes of spirit in readiness, as many of these insects scuttle away as soon as they are exposed to the light. Beneath large stones will be found Thysanura, Collembola, earwigs, cockroaches, crickets, beetles (especially Carabids and Tenebrionids), Reduviid and other bugs, ants, termites (especially Capritennes) and numerous other insects, some of which live in colonies under such shelter, the same stone in some cases sheltering several colonies which tend to get mixed up together when the stone is overturned ; some care is therefore neces- sary in securing specimens in Such cases, as it need scarcely be pomted oiit that individuals from different colonies of such insects as ants and termites should never be placed into one tube. Logs (which term covers the caSe of all large pieces of wood lying on the ground) also give shelter to many of the insects enumerated above and in addition the dead wood itself provides food and shelter for a large number of insects and their predator^. Rotten palm-stems, whether fallen or standing, generally harbour Oryctes larvae and rotting logs in the Hill districts- will be found to contain Passalid beetles in all stages. A stout knife or small axe is usually required for successful grubbing in logs. Many insects (e.g., Aradid bugs and Brenthid beetles) often occur in numbers under the bark of dead trees, and the bark requires to be ripped off to find them. , Felled or fallen trees, which are still green, attract many insects which feed on dying or dead wood and these will generally be found on the under-side of the felled trunk. In some cases, indeed, trees may be felled on purpose to serve as traps for some beetles attacking dying trees. 940 PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIED EXTOMOLOGIC-U. MEETING Wood-borers will be found both in dying, dead, and decaying trees, as noted above, and also in living trees, where their presence is often indicated by the extrusion of their sawdust-like excrement or by the dying back of the bored branch or stems. The adults are compara- tively rarely met with but may sometimes be found resting on the attacked trees, although best obtained by collection and breeding of the immature stages. In special cases, attacked stems may be enclosed in wire gauze in order to trap the adults on their emergence. Root-borers, such as HepiaHds, are usually captured by accident and are also best obtained by breeding. Streams and fonds furnish many insects which live in the water either as larvse or adults. For purely aquatic insects a water-net will be required but many of these fly by night and may be caught at Ught. There are also many groups of insects, whose larval existence is aquatic and the imaginal life aerial, and these may be caught along the edges of streams and ponds, although some range far afield from water, which they only approach to oviposit. It is only possible to search com- paratively shallow areas with a water-net and a drag-hook may be used to bring up weeds, sunken branches, etc., from greater depths. These, if searched, will be found to yield a rich harvest, especially of immature stages ; Ranatrid bugs, for example, will be found amongst weeds, whilst fresh-water sponges contain the larvse of Sisijra. Different kinds of streams often have quite different ty|)es of insect- fauna ; thus, some Species of dragon-flies afEect rapid, rocky-bedded streams, whilst others prefer more sluggish streams with muddy bottoms and banks. Similarly, some insects prefer small accumulations of water whilst others live only in large ponds, lakes, or rivers. Holes in trees, which accumulate dead leaves or hold water after rain, are favourite hiding and breeding places for some insects and will often repay examination. Many beetles and mosquitos and the Tabanid fly, Gaslroxides ater, habitually live and breed in such situations. Hot Springs in other parts of the World have been recorded as con- tainmg many insects which live habitually in water at a temperature usually fatal to insect-life. I am not aware that any insects have been noted in hot springs in India but it is probable that such may occur. Similarly, in the United States the larva of an Ephydrid fly {Psilopa Coq.)* has been found living, feeding, and swimming about in Is of crude petroleum which are so numerous in the various oil- * " The Petroleum Fly in California," by D. L. Crawford, Pomona Cull. Journ. Ent. IV, 687 697, figs. (May 1912). PEOCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 941 fields of California — another example of hardy constitution to which we have as yet no parallel in India. Wet places, especially wet sandy patches in beds of streams or muddy patches along roadsides, are often very attractive to butterflies ui dry weather and may sometimes be seen literally carpeted with these insects sucking up the moisture. In such cases, it is often noticeable that each species keeps to itself. Marshy places have a special flora to which some insects are attached. For example, the larva of Buclieria paliidicola feeds on Drosera (" sun- dew ") and the imago of this little Plume-moth may be taken in the evening hi and around marshy places where Drosera is growing abun- dantly. Dry, sandy places, such as the beds of rivers during the dry season, yield many insects, amongst which species of Cicindela are conspicu- ously plentiful. The sandy seashore also has its special fauna, and Cicindela biraruosa, for example, is never found at any distance from a sandy beach. The presence oj ants in numbers on plants is generally a sure sign of the presence of other insects which they are attending, such insects iticludhig Lycsenid larva3, Coccids, Aleyrodids, Membracids, etc. Many insects also are predacious or parasitic on Coccids, etc., and theSe also should not be overlooked. . Ants' nests contain numerous myrmecophilous insects (principally beetles) rarely found except by searchiag these nests. Termites' nests also contain termitophilous CoUembola, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera and other insects amongst which may be mentioned ' the curious wingless Phorid flies belonging to the genus Termitoxenia. The nests of the social spiders of the genus Stegodyphus harbour small Gelechiad moths, and nests of vertebrate animals often contain fleas and other parasites of such animals and also insects feeding on the substance of the nests themselves, from which they may be collected or bred out. Spiders' webs often repay examination as they are sometimes found to contain undamaged specimens of uncommon insects. At least one bug Uves normally in spiders' webs, being predaceous on the eggmaSses, and spiders' eggs also have insect parasites. Bats have a pecuhar insect- fauna of which Uttle is known in India. Flying-foxes are infested with peculiar wingless Nycteribiad flies of the genus Cyclopedia, and Lyroderma carries small winged Streblid flies and the rare and abnormal bug, Polyctenes lyrce. Other verte- brate animals have of course their special parasitic insects, but those of bats are of especial interest from a scientific view-point. 942 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICjVl fflEETUSTG Dead animals and animal droppings attract many insects, principally beetles and flies, whose early stages are passed in dead animal matter, and examination of animal carcases and droppings and of the ground beneath them will yield many insects rarely found in any other way. In the case of animal droppings these may be placed in a bucket of water, when the contained insects will float up. The insect-fauna of human excrement is of considerable importance in connection with the trans- mission of many diseases but it cannot be said that this subject has as yet received adequate entomological investigation in India. Besides those insects which breed in such situations, carrion and animal droppings often attract butterflies and may sometimes be used as baits to bring within reach species which normally fly high up. Attraction by other scents may also be turned to advantage in the capture of insects. Newly-turned earth exercises potent attraction for some flies, whilst the males of some species of fruit-flies are attracted by the smell of citronella oil, or kerosine. Assembling is a special form of attraction by smell, by which the males of some insects congregate attracted by the smell of a newly- emerged virgin female of the same species. Advantage may be taken of this, in such cases, by exposing a bred or captured newly-emerged female and catching the males aS they are attracted to her. The female should be isolated in a gauze cage as, once junction with a male is effected, the attraction ceases. This method of capture may be adopted in the case of wild silk moths and some other groups. Sugaring is another method of attraction by smell, used especially for the capture of night-flying moths, although little adopted in India, apparently because of the prevalence of ants. The usual procedure is to prepare a mixture of coarse treacle and sugar boiled or mixed together, which is thinned with beer and a little coarse rum added just before application ; but almost any sweet mixture containing a little alcohol, such as treacle with a little methylated spirits, will prove attractive. The mixtm-e is painted at dusk on to tree-trunks, palings, flower-heads or any suitable surface and it is best to apply it in long vertical streaks well worked into the bark. After dark the prepared patches are examined by means of a lantern, and the insects, attracted to the sugar and rendered stupid by the alcohol, are picked off as required either in boxes or direct into the killing-bottle. The beam of the lamp should be directed from below upwards, not neglecting to examine any di-ops or trickles of the mixture which may have dropped down, as insects will often drop off when the light falls on them and are then liable to knock ofl" any others below them. A still, warm, dark, sultry night is usually best and the cumulative effect of sugaring is Page oil /ig. 1.— Knaggs Butterfly Decoy (front view) Fig. 2.-^Knaggs Butterfly Decoy (side view). Fig. 3.— Light trap in section. PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 943 very marked — those patches which have been painted on regularly for a long time proving much more attractive than new patches. Cold,, windy, or moonlight nights are usually less productive. The Andres-Maire trap, used for the control of Agrotis ypsilon in India is a special form of sugaring, which otherwise seems scarcely to have been tried in India, although it seems worth a trial in suitable localities. Attraction by sight may be used for the capture of some insects, such as some butterflies which normally fly high up out of reach. Hebo- mpia glaucifpe, for example, may be attracted by pinning a roughly- coloiu'ed paper model in a convenient situation below the trees afiected by this butterfly and, as soon as a specimen has been caught in this way, it may be substituted for the paper model in order to attract further examples. Some years ago. Dr. H. G. Knaggs described in the Entomologist (Vol. XX\7, pp. 1.54-157, 180-182, 207-210 (1893)) a working model of an artificial decoy butterfly, of which the main idea can be grasped from the two figures reproduced here. (Plate 146, figs. 1, 2). An imitation butterfly, or the wings of a real one, is glued on to two pieces of card cut roughly to the shape of the wings and these cards are worked up and down by pulling on strings attached to a piece oi watch-spring fastened under each card, so that an imitation of a butterfly's action in opening and shutting its wings when at rest is thus secured. The model is fastened to a screw which can be seciu-ed into a wooden stake driven into the ground in any convenient situation. Any butterflies attracted may either be caught in an ordinary net or the decoy may be supplemented by a spring net, on the lines of a bird-catching net, worked by a second string from the same distance as the decoy. Light exercises a very powerful attraction in the case of many night- flying insects, a fact which fs only too well-known to all dwellers in India, and which may be taken advantage of to increase the collection. Many insects, which fly in to the ordinary house lights, will form welcome additions to the collection and special methods can be adopted to increase these numbers by the use of a powerful lamp with a white screen placed behind it in order to increase its attractive power and to provide a suitable resting-place for the insects so attracted. Or an unused room may be used as a trap, a light being left burning in it all night and suitable precautions taken to exclude toads, bats and other insectivorous animals. Special light-traps, which can be placed anywhere, may also be used. Some of these require the attention of the collector and some 944 PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING are self-actiug. The former have been used with great success in Ceylon especially and are generally composed of an acet3dene lamp surrounded by a mosquito-net framework to prevent the insects flying into the lamp, the back of the framework covered with white cloth to act as a reflector, and the whole apparatus packing into a box for convenience of transport. A lamp of this type can be taken and set up in any con- venient place, such as the edge of a clearing overlooking a good expanse of jungle, the operator standing by and picking off the required insects as they fly in to the light. As in the case of sugaring, dull, cloudy still, warm, sultry nights are usually the best, and comparatively little comes in on cold, windy, or bright nights, although nights of heavy rain are often very productive. Very few insects are attracted on bright moonlight nights, as a rule, and the period from about the fourth to tenth days after a full moon is usually the best. Self-acting light-traps may be put up and left out all night, the catch being examined next morning. They are so arranged that insects can fly in to the light but are unable to find their way out again. One drawback to their use in India lies in the number of large insects (beetles, grasshoppers, etc.), which may be attracted and do damage to the more delicate specimens, and also to the prevalence of geckos ; it is therefore necessary to adopt some means of killing all entrants into the trap. A self-acting light-trap may be made out of an old packing case of any suitable size, but about 2 feet 6 inches in height answers best. The construction is shown in Plate 1 16, fig. 3, which shows a section through the trap. AB, CD, CE are pieces of glass fitting right across the box and are fixed by narrow strips of wood nailed to the sides. EG is a woodeii partition with a hole (JIv) 6 inches square cut out of it opposite the flame of the lamp, this hole being closed with a pane of glass fixed behind it with putty or nails. The lamp is an ordinary wall-lamp provided with a reflector. The chimney passes ins'de a tin tube (T) which in its turn passes through the top of the box ; where th's tube passes through, the top of the box must be well puttied, or wet will get thi'ough and crack the chimney. The lamp is put in and removed through a door at the back. In the bottom of the front of the box is a drawer which contains a shallow dish filled with potassium cyanide and covered with muslin. The glass sheet AB overlaps the sheet CD, and insects climbing up CD towards the opening are diverted by the glass strip CE and fall into the drawer. To work this trap, it is placed in a favourable position, the lamp lighted and left overnight. Smoking may be used for disturbing inserts ivo'm thick herbage whence they are often difficult to dislodge by beating, the smoke being PEOCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 945 puffed into the herbage with the mouth (tobacco smoke) or a bee-smoker or a smudge being used. Large numbers of small insects are often to be collected in this way. Beating bushes or herbage with a stick will dislodge munerous insects which may be caught as they fly put or when settled again. The beating or shaking of trees, bushes, flowers, etc., over an inverted umbrella, piece of white cloth or large sheet of paper, will also result in the dropping of large numbers of miscellaneous insects, which can be picked out as required; or the whole mass can be placed in a tight bag for subse- quent examination at leisure. Flowers, moss, termites' fumjus-combs, etc.. may similarly be collected in a tight bag and turned out for subsequent examination over a clean «heet of paper or cloth. Termitoxenia may thus be collected from the fungus-combs, and especially the " nursery combs " of mound-building termites. The time of day, when collecting is done, will determine to a large extent the material collected in the case of many groups and, con- versely, if it is intended to collect particular groups, it is important to select the appropriate time of day for their collection. The early part of the forenoon, when the sun begins to warm the air, is the feeding-time of many butterflies, such as Ornithoptera and strong-flying Papihonids, which then descend to feed on such flowers as Lantana, but later on in the day fly high up or at such a pace that capture becomes very diflSicult. The morning is also the best time to catch dragon-flies, partly because their intestines are then less likely to be replete with insect prey, since specimens taken with empty alimentary canals are more likely to keep their colours than examples which are full of insect prey, and partly because many dragon-flies are to be found in mimbers near water in the morning but in the afternoon seem to disperse and are often not to be found in places where earlier in the day they were abundant. The early evening is the best time for the collection of Microlepi- doptera which may then be beaten out of bushes and herbage or taken on the wing. Twilight brings forth a few butterflies [e.g., Melanitis) most Sphingids and Mel ol outbids. Sphingids and the ciu^ious nightflying bee [Xyloco'pa rufescens) may then be caught attracted to flowers, and Melolonthids may be found feeding or clustered on leaves or may be attracted to a white sheet. i2 946 PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING After dark, most motlis and night-flying insects generally are on the wing and may be taken at light or at sugar. A few insects fly late at night, but it will be noticed that very few seem to be on the wing after about 10 p.m. Some insects fly at special anl irregular times. Amongst such are termites, whose flight usually takes place on a still evening after the first heavy rains, but may take place (in the same species) at other times of the day. Thus at Pusa the flight of Odonlotermes assmuthi usually occurs in the late afternoon, but may take j^lace in the early morning or at almost any time during the day, that of Microtermes obesi always occiu's between 7 and 8 p.m., that of Eremotermes jxtra- doxalis in the late afternoon, and that of Coptoiermes heimi at dusk, whilst, on the only occasion at Coimbatore that I have noticed the flight of Hodotermes vianim, it occurred late at night after 10 p.m. When such flights occur, it 'is important to trace the jjlace whence the emer- gence is taking place, in order to secure specimens of the soldiers and workers which belong to the winged adults. This is often difficult to do, especially in cases where the adults issue singly from small holes or slits in the ground, but, by bending down as near ground-level as possible and watching carefully, it is often possible to find the holes of emergence and, by digging up the ground beneath these, the soldiers and workers may be found and definitely associated with the winged forms. The winged adults of Eremotermes, for example, emerge from minute slits in the ground, which are very difficult to discover, and the soldiers and workers, which are rarely seen otherwise, may be tm'ued up fi'om the soil beneath the hole of exit. Odontotermes, on the contrary, usually streams up from a mound or hole or holes of exit, whose entrance is thickly surrounded with soldiers and workers running around on the surface of the soil. " Carpe d-iem." In the case of the occurrence of termites' swarms, as in all other cases of collecting insects, the entomologist's motto should be " Carpe diem." When an insect, of which specimens are required, is found commonly, the opportunity should be taken to take a sufficient series at the time ; otherwise, if this is not done, the chances are that the species will not be found again later on when required, or an oppor- tunity of taking examples (such as revisiting a particular locality) may not reciu". It is better to take a good' long series of any uncommon insect when met with rather than to take only a few; it should be remembered that duplicates or excess specimens will often be desiderata to other brethren of the net and he who has such specimens to spare to others is most likely to be remembered when they have specimens to dispose of. P,i(je ) on sola pith, (c) on single card stages, and (LAtE 152. rage 953. Fig. 1.— To kill a butterfly it should be pinched at the place s'.iown by the arrow-head. ^ Fig. 2. Cyanide killing-bottle. PEOCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 953 Zygjenids, etc.). are very tenacious of life and will fly ofi again gaily after a really hard pinch (Plate 153. fig. 1). For most insects a killing-bottle is used, made of any tightly- stoi^pered wide-mouthed glass jar which is usually charged with potas- sium cyanide. The jar should have a cork stopper, as a glass stopper is very liable to break either itself or the bottle when clapped to smartly, as is necessary when shaking specimens into the bottle out of glass- bottomed boxes ; and it is more convenient if the cork stopper is fitted into a wooden top (Flate»153, fig. 2). The jar is charged by filling in small lumps of potassium cyanide to a depth of an inch or more (according to the size of the jar) and then filling the chinks between the lumps with dr}- plaster of paris ; a thick mixture of plaster of paris is now made up with a minimum of water and poured over the cyanide to form a smooth layer, which sets hard and keeps it in place. There is always a considerable condensation of water on the inside of a newly-charged bottle and this water requires to be wiped off several times. In damp weather also the cyanide picks up a good deal of water from the air and the surface of the plaster is liable to get very wet. It is as well, therefore, to cover the surface of the plaster with several layers of thick white blotting-paper, which should be renewed when it becomes wet or dirty. Some collectors powder the cyanide and mix it with the plaster. But a bottle prepared with lump cyanide and a minimum of water in the plaster, as described above, will last longer. For general collecting, it is useful to have at least two bottles, one of which may be reserved for more delicate specimens which are liable to be broken if mixed up with larger ones. Killing-tubes, made from a corked glass tube prepared in the same way as a bottle, are also useful for small specimens, and can be carried in one's coat-pocket when a bottle would be unnecessarily cumbrous. Besides potassium cyanide, various other killing materials may be used, such as chloroform, benzine, ammonia, etc. In the case of specimens collected in glass-bottomed boxes, for example, one end of a strip of paper dipped in chloroform may be introduced into the box, when the insect is speedily stupefied. Benzine may be used in a similar way and is sometimes used mixed with chloroform. Killing bottles or tubes may also be extemporized by stuffing a wad of tissue ^Japer into the bottom of a suitable bottle or jar and pouiing onto it a few drops of choloroform or benzine or a mixture of both ; a glass tube charged in this manner will remain effective for two or three hours if not left opened too long. 954 rEOCEEDI>"GS OF TJIE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETIKG Insects killed iu a bottle or tube become very stiff after death, as rigor mortis sets in ; this passes oft' after some hours. If insects are to be set, therefore, they should be left in the bottle overnight when they will usually be found in proper condition for setting the next morning. Tobacco smoke makes an effective temporary stupefying agent, very useful in the case of Microlepidoptera which have been collected in glass-bottomed boxes. The lid of the box is raised very slightly on one side and a pufi' of smoke blown into the box ; in a few seconds the moth is stupefied, when it can be shaken ogt, pinned, given a nip on the thorax with the forceps and will then be in beautiful condition for setting forthwith. After using chloroform, benzine, tobacco smoke or any similar agent to stupefy or kill insects in collecting-boxes, care should be taken that the boxes are left open and thoroughly aired afterward.'? as, if any trace ■of the killing agent lingers inside the box, any insects subsequently placed in the box are likely to be made very restless and knock about until they spoil themselves. Occasionally a specimen will be found which is too large to go into any ordinary killing-bottle. Such insects as large Coleoptera, Phasmids, etc., may be dropped into a basin of boiling water, which kills them immediately ; they should, of course, be well dried before putting them away. Larger moths, such as Attacus atlaSj may be killed by holding them with the wings over the back and thrusting into the side of the thorax a pen or stoiit pin dipped in a saturated solution of oxalic acid ; if no such killing agent is available, a red-hot needle thrust into the lower part of the thorax is a barbarous but effective method. Dragon-flies, especially large ones, should not be killed at once if it can be helped, as the subsequent putrefaction of the intestinal contents will spoil the colour of the bodies. It is better to place them alive each in a separate box or dry glaSs tube plugged with a wad of crumpled paper and to leave them until next day before killing in order to give them time to empty their alimentary canals. The intestinal contents of large dragon-flies may also be removed, after killing them in the cyanide bottle, by slitting up the underside of the abdomen with a pair of scissors and pulling out the stomach and intestines with a pair of forceps. A blunt-pointed pair of scissors is better than a fine-pointed pair, as the latter is more likely to pene- trate the skin of the back. In the case of male dragon-flies, care must be taken to make the slit around the secondary sexual apparatus found beneath the anterior end of the abdomen so as not to spoil these organs, which are of importance for systematic discrimination of the species. A stout bristle may be passed in through the front of the thorax Page 955 PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 9f)5 and down tlie inside of the abdomen, to prevent the latter from breaking off, as dragon-flies when dried are peculiarly brittle objects. Wet material. Many insects are not easily preserved dry, either because they are too small to pm or because they shrivel up. Minute insects (such as small Chalcidids), which in any case require to be mounted as microscopic objects for satisfactory study, are best pre- served in spirit. Spirit is also the b^st medium for the collec- tion and preservation of insects such as Aptera generally, termites, Embiads, Thysanoptera, and Aphids, which shrivel up too much to make satisfactory dry specimens ; and it is also as well to preserve in- spirit some duplicate specimens of most other groups which are ordinarily pinned, in order that both wet and dry examples may be available for study, this remark applying especially to such groups as Psocids, earwigs and dragon-flies. Some iusects whose brilliant colours in life are due to a thin film of liquid within the chitinous epidermis, such as many Cassidine beetles, lose tj^ese brilliant colours entirely when dry, but the brilHancy is retained in the case of specimens kept in spirit or. formalin and in such cases a few duplicate examples may be kept wet. Immature stages are also best placed into spirit. The best preservative agent for general use is ordinary spirits of wine at a strength of about 70, reduced to about 50 in the case of immature and Tery soft-bodied insects so as to avoid distortion. Formalin is also used sometimes but is not very satisfactory ; the ordinary commercial formalin is of about 40 per cent, strength and this is diluted to about 4 per cent, for preserving purposes. For collecting, therefore, a supply of corked tubes of various sizes and filled with spirit is required, and a pencil and paper should also be at hand in order that a temporary label may be placed in each tube as it is filled. These temporary labels should be replaced or supplemented by permanent labels, giving full data and written on good paper with a moderately soft pencil, and placed inside eacH tube. Labels stuck onto the outside of tubes are liable to fall off or be obliterated. A collecting-bag is a useful accessary in which to carry the apparatus required for fieldwork. It may be of any convenient size or material. A very useful bag is easily and cheaply made from stout cloth or light canvas about sixteen inches broad and twelve deep and three wide, with slightly rounded corners, and pro\aded with a flap Secured by a button and also with a wide strap to pass over the shoulder. The bag may be divided into two or more compartments in order to avoid mixing full and empty boxes, tubes, etc. Such a bag will hold killing-bottle, foldmg-net, field-knife, and a supply of boxes and tubes. (Plate 154, fig. 1). yob PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIKD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING The dollies when collecting may be selected with due regard to their suitability for the purpose. A loose coat, with pockets ample both in size and number and capable of being buttoned up, provides stowage for a large amount of material. The forceps and lens \n\\ of coiirse be carried in one pocket, the latter attached to a button-hole by a string if considered necessary. A supply of small empty boxes may also be carried in one side pocket and transferred as filled to the corres- ponding pocket on the opposite side ; for ordinary right-handed people , it is more convenient to carry empty boxes in the right-hand coat pocket. The left-hand coat pocket, besides filled boxes, will hold a killing-tube ready charged. An inside breast-pocket will accommodate the folding net if a bag is not carried, and an outside breast-pocket securely buttoned, will hold a supply of tubes with pencil and paper for labelling. Finally, a few pins may be stuck into the lining of the topi and specimens such as butterflies, which can be killed by pinching, pinned sideways and stuck into it, several specimens on one pin if necessary to economize space ; such specimens can be relaxed and moved off the pin later on and either set or placed in papers. A note-book should be an indispensable part of the field-apparatus. It should be of a convenient size, of good plain paper bound in stout boards and provided with its pencil. If carried in the collecting-bag it will be at hand when required to make a note on habits or any point observed concerning insect or to make a sketch on the spot of any peculiar attitude, etc. It is useful, in connection with such notes to number them consecutively, either with a series of figures or letters, and to label the specimens to which they refer with corresponding numbers ; on looking over the notes afterwards it is then possible to pick out in the collection the particular specimen referred to, and similarly, when a numbered specimen is named up, the name can be entered in the note-book, which in this way becomes a valuable record. Setting is the name applied to the process of spreading out insects partly for display in a collection and partly for convenience of proper examination of their structure, the latter requirement being important in the case of all collections made (as all should be) for scientific purposes. When collecting in the field, it is not necessary as a rule to set large insects, as it is nearly always possible to relax these after- wards and they occupy a smaller amount of space if carried unset, but it is desirable to set small specimens (such as Microlepidoptera) when fresh, as it is often difficult to set them satisfactorily afterwards. Some collectors of special groups, e.g., butterflies, also prefer to set their captures when fresh. Tngf f)57. Fig. 1.— Travelling case for setting. z I ^ S ^ / /' /--•-^-•-^ QSSSS^ l«^',Vl.»-.'.-,^'».HI^,-il|.J%l.jm>l Fig. 2. Setti.ng small moths on Hat cork sheet. PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 957 In the case of specimens snch as large Lepidbptera, Neuroptera generally and others whose wings are to be spread out, it is usual to do this on sjjecial setting-boards, which are usually made of parallel strips of wood covered with papered cork sheet and with a space between to receive the bodies of the insects. (Plate 154, fig. 3). Setting- boards are sometimes made with the corked side-pieces sloping slightly upwards or curved do\vnwards, but the best boards are flat and raised about one inch above the bottom of the board to give plenty of room to grasp the pin with the forceps below the insect when set. The specimen to be set is first pinned through the middle of the thorax, the pin being placed upright or sloping forward very slightly, and then pinned into the groove of the board so that the bases of the wings are just above the level of the board. Two strips of moderately- thin glazed paper are then cut of a width and length proportional to the size of the board and one end of each strip is piimed onto the end of the board in front of the insect whose wings are then stretched downwards and forwards until the hinder-margins of the forewings are at right angles with the axis of the body ; the strip of paper is then passed down over the fore-wings, the hindwings drawn up as necessary, and the strip of paper pinned down to fix the wings in position. The antennae (and legs, if necessary) should also be fastened into symmetri- cal positions with pins, and the body fixed with pins into a position parallel with the head and thorax. Both for the sake of di^jjlay in a collection and for structural examination it is important that the wings be spread out symmetrically and sufiiciently ; a very common error is to draw the forewings, especially in Lepidoptera, insufficiently far forward, so that they are overlapped by the front portion of the hindwings, with the result that it is impossible to examine satis- factorily the structure of either pair of wings. As a general rule, the forewings should be so placed that their hinder-margins are in a straight line and the hind wings should be drawn up only so far as not to overlap the forewings. (Plate 154, fig. 3), Most insects are pinned through the thorax, except Coleoptera (beetles) which are pinned through the right elytron (wing-case) and Ehynchota (bugs) which are usually pinned through the scutellum. (Plate 154, fig. 2). In cases where the thorax or scutellum bears special characters {e.g., Chalcidids, many Rhynchota) the pin should be so placed as not to destroy these characters ; in pirming a series of any small insect, therefore, it is as well to pin a few specimens sideways through the thorax, so as to retain the thoracic characters unimpaired. Earwigs, cockroaches, beetles, flies and bugs are usually left unset ^IthouErh the wings and antennae may be displayed symmetrically 958 PEOCEEDIXGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING GraSslioppers and other winged Orthoptera usually have the wings spread out on one side only, and this is done for economj'' of sjiace in the storage of these large insects. Settmg-boards may be carried and kept in any convenient tight- shutting box, but when travelling a setting-case is often convenient. This may take the form of a large box, somewhat after the style of a small meat-safe, with shelves to hold the boards, or a more compact travelling case may be made of the size of a store-box with soft-wood setting-boards fitted in. (Plate 155, fig. 1). Specimens can then be set when fresh and carried on the boards. As noted above, however, there is rko real need to set large speci- mens at the time of capture, as they can nearly always be relaxed and set at any subsequent times and for small specimens, which require immediate setting, there is no need to carry special boards when travel- ling, as such small specimens can be set quite satisfactorily on small sheets of cork, pith or compressed peat which can be pumed into the store-box. The procedure is as follows : — a strip of paper slightly wider than the expanse of wings of the insect to be set and as long as the width of the cork sheet is cut and pinned onto the sheet and two narrow slips of paper are pinned onto this at a Suitable distance apart, the insects being then set on this paper-covered cork in the ordinary way. (Plate 155, fig. 2). Data can be written on the paper. Any ordinary fairly- thin glazed paper is satisfactory ; thin " squared " paper is very useful as the cross-lines give a good guide to the proper position of the wings. Improvised setting can also be done without boards in many cases, by pinning the insect onto a small card to which the wings, legs, etc., may be secured by small pins. When dry, these pins and cards can be removed. (Plate 156, fig. 2). No definite time can be given during which insects can be left under setting. It depends entirely on the humidity of the surrounding air and the size of the insect. In dry weather small insects may be ready to take off the boards even after a few. hours and in damp weather they may take a week, whilst large insects may take four or five days to two or three weeks. By gently testing with a pin to see whether -the body is quite firm and hard, it is possible to see whether the insect is ready in any case of doubt, as, if the body is quite firm, it may be assumed that the insect is ready to remove from the boards, but if the -body is at all soft it should be left longer. In damp weather or when rapid removal is required drying may be expedited by placing the boards in a drying chamber, or in a box over a lamp or in front of a fire ; but, in cases where artificial heat is used, care must be taken to see that the PLATE *! 56. » Si' 1 5 rt^ 0 a >- X ® O 3 i h- Is 11 II S2 E 2 ■ i' e M || s.* is So E C 11 li I* PEOCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 959 wiugs are properly fastened down or they will tend to cockle up at the tips. J a any case of doubt or when there is no hurry for removal it is as well to leave the insects on the boards as long as possible, provided of couToC that the boards are kept in a safe place. After relaxation, set insects require to be kept on the boards for a longer period than do fresh specimens of similar size, as they are very liable to " spring " if removed too soon. Dragon-flies require to be dried as rapidly as possible in order to retain their colours, and in damp weather the process of drying generally requires to be hastened artificially to avoid decomposition and mould. Labelling is a most important item in the art of collecting. Every singl^pecimen in a collection, to be of any scientific value at all, must carry a label or labels showing at least where and when it was obtained, and any further particulars concerning it, such particulars usually including the name of the person who collected it. Other particulars should include references to note-book or other record, foodplaut or any particulars regarding place of occurrence, habits, colour in life, etc. Finally, if the specimen has been ideutified by a specialist it should bear a label showing its name as given and the name of the identi. fier and date (at least the year). The labels shotdd be as small as possible, as it is a waste of space in the store-box and a decided eye- sore to attach enormous placards to the specimens, as one often sees done, especially in Government Collections in India. If there is not room to write all particulars on one small label, it is better to use two or more labels, one placed below the other, but the uppermost should always be that showing the locality and date of capture, and these particulars at least should be legible without removal of the pinned specimen. Then may follow particidars of foodplant, etc., references to any records of rearing or habits, etc., and finally a separate label showing identification. (Plate 1.56, fig. 1). When large numbers of insects from one locality are dealt with, it is convenient to use labels printed in small type, as printed labels are more compact, neater and more legible. When the locality is in the Hills, its height above sea-level should be stated and, except in the case of well-kno\vn localities {e.g., Calcutta), it is as well to add the Province ; thus : — Assam ; Khasi Hills. Shillong (5,000 feet) (date) (Collectors name.) The spelling of place-names should conform as far as possible to the rule that consonants are pronounced as in English and vowels as VOL. Ill K SbO PEOCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING in Italian, the only exceptions being in the cases of very well-known names of erroneous spelling {e.g., Lucknow, Calcutta). Thus, it is preferable to write Darjiling, Karachi, MuzafEarpur, rather than Darjeeling, Kurrachee, Mozufferpore. Vague indications, such as " on cotton " should be avoided, as such labels give no real information. Full particulars (e.g., " imago eating cotton flowers," " imago resting on cotton leaf," " larva rolling and eating cotton leaf ") give definite information and are preferable. The correct botanical names of foodplants siiould also be ascertained and used as far as possible, as popular or local names are often incapable of exact identification. Dry, unfinned material. Some specimens are best collect^ and kept dry and unpinned and may either be preserved permanently in this state or be re!?.v,^rl and set at any subsequent time. Such insects >? butterflies, dragon-flies, ant-lions, and, generally speaking, any broad-winged insects, may be placed iuSide paper enve- lopes with their wings folded over their backs and in this way a large number can be packed in a comparatively small space. Envelopes are best made of a moderately thin slightly glazed paper, rectangular pieces rather longer than broad being folded over to form a triangular envelope, on the outside flap of which should be written full data (place and date of capture, collector's name, and any remarks). (Plate 156, fig. 3.) These envelopes can be stowed in any tight box, together with some powdered naphthaline, and may be kept for years if required. Special boxes for storing such envelopes, and useful either in the case of a cilip''*^i"n kept in papers or of duplicates kept for exchange or pres' «x/o+',; n, have been des'gned and desciibed by Mr. E. Ernest Green, y, iiose account of them is as follows : — " Triangular iDajjeT envelopes have been employed by travelling entomologists for the temporary storage of butterflies, for many years. But it has been usual to lay these envelopes haphazard in plain boxes, in such a manner that it is impossible to find any particular specimen without turning over the whole contents of the box. " By the use of the special boxes here described the envelopes occupy very much less space, the contents are less liable to damage, and any individual specimen can be found and removed with the greatest ease without disturbing the remainder. '' The boxes are made of tin plate, with partitions dividing them into trough-shaped spaces. The envelopes rest edgeways in the troughs. The boxes are fitted with two lids, above and below — " Plate 157, fig. 1, shows a box with the upper lid removed and the lower one in place. The box measures 9 in. by 6 in. by 3 inches. Fig. 2.— Design 1 (underside). Fig. 1 — Design 1 (with lids). Fig. 3 —Design 2. Fig. 4. Design 3. Green's boxes for storage of papered insects in envelopes. PBOCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 961 The upper space contains a single trough (a) and carries envelopes with a base of 5^ inches. " Figure 2 represents the reverse of the same box, with two smaller troughs (b, c) to contain envelopes of half the size. " Figure 3 shows a box of the same size, but designed for the smaller-sized envelopes alone, and containing four troughs (d, e, /, g.). " Figure 4 is a larger box, of just double the depth of the others, measuring 9 in. by 6 in. by 6 in. with a diagonal partition forming a single trough above and below {h, i), capable of carrying envelopes of a larger size. " (In figures 2, 3, and 4 the two lids have been omitted for the sake of clearness.) boxes are designed for three sizes of envelopes, which gives a sufiicient range for butterflies of any size. Size 1 is made from a rectangle 8 in. by 5 in., size 2 from a rectangle 6 in. by 4 in., size 3 from a rectangle measuring 4 in. by 2j in. " It is found in practice that a box made according to figure 1 will carry, without overcrowding, from 100 to 130 full envelopes in the larger trough, and from 175 to 200 in each of the two smaller spaces. Design 2 wUl hold in each of the four spaces 225 Lycajnidse, making a total of. 900 insects. Design 3 will hold 75 or more filled envelopes in each of the two spaces. " For convenience of examination the insects should be arranged in families ; the genera alphabetically in each family, and the species alphabetically in each genus. Subsequent additions can be slipped into their places without disturbing those already in position. To keep the envelopes in place when the troughs are only partly occupied, triangular blocks of cork about f inch thick can be employed. For use as collecting boxes the troughs can be charged with empty enve- lopes, and the cork triangles will serve as markers to separate the unused envelopes as they are filled. " The boxes illustrated are of the simplest design, as made by a local tinsmith in Ceylon. They can be improved by a coating of black japan on the outside. " Messrs. Watkins and Doncaster have adopted this design, and are turning out boxes (to suit their special-sized envelopes) in stout japanned zinc, with perforated partitions at the end of each trough for the reception of naphthaline or camphor." {Spolia Zeylanica, VII. pp. 164-166 (May 1911)). k2 VbZ PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIED ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING Or the envelopes may be packed in stout paper packets as described by Major H. D. Peile in tbe Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, Vol. XXV, pp. 309-312 (September 1917), as follows :— " Standard sizes of paper-triangles should be used. For small and medium-sized butterflies semi-transparent butter-paper is best, as it enables the contents to be seen through the paper at a glance, and guards against spread of any grease that may form. For large triangles use stronger glazed paper such as that of English illustrated weeklies, as glazed paper does not rub the scales ofi the wings. " Place the newly-captured butterfly with the antennae close against the forewings and at the fold of the paper, so that they dry in that position safe from injury (see sketch 3). Do not place it with body against the fold [see sketch 4) as in this position the antermse almost always dry sticking out and eventually get broken off in handling the paper or specimens. " If papered butterflies be massed together in a box any particular specimen cannot be got at without many being handled, resulting in damage to some sooner or later. " The paper triangles should be kept in packets of corresponding standard sizes, so that these packets, fitting closely in an ordinary biscuit- tin, economize space and enable any one packet to be easily taken out without disturbing its contents. " The paper triangles should be so placed in a packet that the bodies of the specimens are alternately to right and left and so lie evenly ; if not so placed they form a lopsided pile, and space is wasted and pressure is all on one side. " All packets should be of uniform height — 1 inch — so forming two or three tiers in the tin according to the kind of biscuit-tin used and each packet should contain just so many specimens as not to be loose in it, and then the vertical sides of the packets take any weight or pressure. " A medium-sized packet has its longest side about 3^ inches ; larger packets can be made double, or smaller ones half the size of this one. Stout fiaper such as parchment-note answers best. " Attached is an outline pattern (reduced half-size) for making such a packet (Plate 159, fig. 1). Cut along the outside continuous lines, and fold backwards at the dotted lines. This pattern may be used for outlining others with a pencil, keeping the centre portion of the pattern fixed with the fingers of the left hand, and turning up each portion after outlining as one works inwards. Paste A to underside of B so that C is between the two ; then paste underside of D onto E with F between them. To close the packet insert the flap between Page 982. PLAtt 156. 3. PeLfoe-r for Medium Fa. fser Crianglc. FoLct at dotted h'ncS. B\xtte,yf{y pltLccd, With, rtntemioc 5*/e, '^.PAJaer triangle elo$«.<4. Major Peile's envelopes for butterflies.^ ruijn {163. ^ ^ o u ' ^ s < ^ £.5 PHOCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 963 G and H. A number of these outlined and cut out for packets, but not folded, can be kept ready to be made up into packets as they are wanted. " The pattern for packets should be of rough paper so that it will last a long time, and if some coloured paper be used for it the pattern will not get pasted together for a packet in mistake for one outlined from it. " The lower sketch [fig. 2] shows an open completed packet. " Diagram 5 shows an arrangement of three sizes of packets, say in the uppermost tier in a small biscuit-tin, a space in the middle being conveniently left for naphthahne. " Each packet is numbered and a list of contents pasted on the outside of the tin. Finally the tin is closed against damp and insects by a strip of 1-inch adhesive plaster all round the edge of the closed cover." Many insects, however, are not suitable for storage in ordinary envelopes, grasshoppers and stick-insects, for example, and these may be wrapped in tissue-paper rolled m ordinary unglazed paper. Large beetles may be packed in dry saw-dust in which a httle powdered naph- thaline has been mixed, or they may be made up in httle packets of thin paper and kept in a box with naphthahne. When saw-dust is used, it should not be that obtained fi-om any resinous wood. The same procedure may be adopted with large bugs and, generally speaking, when accommodation in the collecting store-box becomes or is hkely to be cramped, space in it can be reserved for small and delicate specimens, all large insects being disposed of in papers or saw-dust. Scale-insects may be collected and kept as dry specimens, according to the siz§ of the foodplant, in envelopes or boxes. In such cases a parallel series in spii?it is useful. Insects kept dry in glass tubes should have the inside of the cork naphthalined before being closed up, to prevent development of mould. Relaxing is the process of softening dried insects for the purpose of manipulating them at some interval after they have stiffened subse- quent to the vanishing of rigor mortis. It is usually effected by exposing them to a damp atmosphere, by placing them in a closed box (Plate 159. fig. 4) on damp sand or blotting-paper, a few drops of carbohc acid being added to prevent the growth of mould. The tune taken to relax an insect in this way varies with the size of the insect and the temperature, the time being extended directly by the size of the insect and lowness of the temperature. In warm weather small 964 3'EOCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING iasects may be relaxed in twenty-four liours and large ones in two or three days. The process may be hastened by using warm water, over which the insects are suspended or floated on a piece of cork. Care must be taken that the insect is sufficiently softened to permit of easy setting and, conversely, that it is not left in the relaxing-tin so long that it becomes too decomposed. As already noted, relaxed insects are peculiarly' Hable to "spring" {i.e., the wings fail to retain their positions) if removed too soon from the setting-board ; extra, time on the boards should therefore be given in the case of all relaxed specimens and, in any obstinate cases, the wings may be fixed with a small drop of cement appUed to the base of the lower surface of each wing. Green insects, especially moths, are very liable to fade when relaxed and should therefore be set when fresh as far as possible. Cement, by the way, should also form part of the collector's appara- tus, as it is often required for mending broken specimens. Special Insect Cement is prepared, obtainable in small bottles, and only a very minute quantity is required to be applied. If it becomes too thick, it may be softened by adding a little vinegar or acetic acid solution. Preservation. Assuming that an insect is pinned and labelled and (whether set or not) is ready to be placed in the collection, it still remains to take all necessary precautions to preserve it effectively. To do this it is necessary to keep it free from fungal and animal pests and from die action of light. Mould is the worst enemy of insect collections in damp climates such as are found in most parts of India, either all the year round or at certain seasons, and constant vigilance is required to prevent its development and spread on specimens. Large insects whea badly attacked may often be cleaned with a small brash moisteaed with benzine but Small and delicate specimens, such as Microlepidoptera, are ruined once and for all when badly moulded. As in so many other oases, prevention is much better than cure, and every effort should b3 made to prevent the entry and growth of mould on the spacim3a^. The best preventive is (1) to see that all new acquisitions are thoroughly dried and free from mould before patting them away in the collestion and (2) to keep the atmosphere inside the store-boxes, cabinet-drawars or other receptacles thoroughly impregaated with naphthahne vapour, in which mould is unable to develop from any spores which obtain admittance from the air when the receptacles are opjaei. A plenti- PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIED ENTOMOLOGICAX MEETING 965 ful supply of powdered naphthaline should therefore be kept in all store- bexes, cabinet-drawers, etc. It is of comparatively little use to pin a large lump of solid naphthaUne in one corner, as the evaporation from a limited surface is too small to exercise any really beneficial effect. In the case of cabinets, there is ample space provided as a rule around each drawer and, if this space is kept iilled with powdered naphthaline, the collection will remain quite safe ; should excessive evaporation take place and naphthaline be deposited on the specimens, a httle airing will speedily fi-ee them without damage. In the case of store-boxes, a " camphor-cell " is usually provided and" this should be filled with powdered naphthaline, but it is often too small and in such cases the inside of the box may be painted over with naphthaline dissolved in benzine. It is best to keep store-boxes in tightly-fitting almirahs which can be given a plentiful supply of naphthaline in crystals or small lumps so that the boxes are kept in an atmosphere impregnated with naph- thaline vapour. Extreme dryness is also injurious to insect specimens, as they become very brittle and are apt to break at the least touch. Moderately dry conditions of storage should be aimed at as far as possible. Insect Pests, especially Psocids (the so-called " mites "), Dermestid beetles, Tribolium, and Tineid moths attack and ruin specimens to which they have access, but are easily kept at bay by the use of tightly- fitting receptacles well impregnated with naphthaline. In case pests such as Dermestids gain access to the collection, however, it takes more than naphthaline to destroy them. In such cases a mixture may be used composed of naphthaline dissolved in carbon bisulphide and mixed with beech-wood creosote, in the proportion of about one-third of each constituent, and a httle of this poured into the boxes ; this acts equally well for insect pests and mould and at Pusa we rise this to a consider- able extent, especially during the Rains. Care must be taken that insect pests do not attack specimens when on the setting-boards and be subsequently introduced into the collec- tion with the set specimens. The boards should therefore be kept in a tightly-fitting drawer or similar place with plenty of naphthaline and carbohc acid. Major Fraser mentions a small fly which attacks insects (especially dragon-flies) on the setting-boards at Poona, but I have never come across this. Larger animals, such as mice, will devour the bodies of dried speci- mens, and of course ruin them, but the access of such large animafe can only be due to gross carelessness. And, generally speaking, damage to a collection by animal pests of any sort is only possible when there is a certain amount of neglect exhibited. 966 PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING Light is injurious to the colours of most insect specimens, especially in the case of moths and green-coloured insects, which rapidly fade when exposed to Hght. Glass-topped cases are therefore very unsuit- able receptacles for the permanent storage of a collection of any value and are usually only seen in public museums, where it is necessary to exhibit specimens ; and in such cases they should be so placed as not to receive direct simUght at any time and should be kept efficiently screened when not actually in use. The dire combined effects of light, mould, insect pests and neglect generally are perhaps nowhere more evident than in the case of the insect-cases displayed to the public view in many museums throughout India. Store-boxes are necessary for the collection of- specimens and are convenient for their preservation, at least temporarily, especially in the case of small collections, as it is always easy to interpolate boxef! when expansion is necessary. Various patterns have been tried at Pusa during the last fourteen years, all teak- wood boxes 17ixl2x3 inches. The first pattern was Uned with pith and provided at one end with a partitioned compart- ment to hold naphthaline balls. A second pattern was lined, top and bottom, with cork sheets covered with white paper. A third pattern had no cork at all but was lined with two sheets of paper stretcTied over thin slips of wood screwed to the inner sides of the boxes, these screws being adjustable to secure proper tension of the paper. A fourth pattern was Uned on the bottom with cork linoleum painted white and fixed in with a mixture of paraffin wax and naphthaline, a further supply of this mixture being also placed in the lid of the box. A modification of this last pattern had a white-painted sheet of cork linoleum embedded in a thick layer of paraflan wax and naphthaline poured into the bottom of the box and allowed to set, the Hd of the box being simply varnished. The last pattern was in use for a long time and the majority of the collections at Pusa are still kept in such boxes, but they are not satis- factory in use, as the wax makes them very heavy to handle and is liable to melt in really hot weather whilst the naphthaline soon evapo- rates and exercises no preventive action on insect pests or mould after a year or so. The linoleum sheet also is liable to buckle upwards at times, the specimens being pressed agamst the hd of the box and often ruined in this way. We are therefore no longer recommending this paraffin-lined box for general use. Stoieboxes are usually made in standard sizes (8x6, 10x8, 13x9, 14x10, 16x11, and 17|xl2 inches) and 3 inches deep, these measure- ments being external dimensions. Small boxes are useful^ to trans- mission of specimens but for a collection the largest size (17ixl2) is PEOCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 967 preferable, and in any case it will be found most convenient to have all the boxes of a uniform size, at least as regards length and breadth. As regards depth, the ordinary depth of 3 inches is too shallow to admit of placing large or high-set insects on both sides of the box without risk of damage and an external depth of four inches is best. A four- inch box is not only more economical of space (as three four-inch boxes filled on both sides hold as many specimens as six three-inch boxes which can only be filled on one side, and also occupy on a shelf only the space required by four three-inch boxes) but is also more easily placed upright on an almirah shelf as it does not tend to topple over as a three-inch box does. As regards material, imported store-boxes, as supplied by dealers in entomological requisites, have until comparatively recently been made of deal, the top and bottom often only glued to the sides, with the result that these come unstuck in damp weather. The tops and bottoms also crack and spht in the dry weather, so that glued deal- wood boxes are unsatisfactory under Indian conditions. In any case, the tops and bottoms should be screwed onto the sides in addition to being glued. Locally-made boxes are made of various kinds of wood, of which teak is that most frequently used. A well-made box of good, seasoned teak should last well, but has the disadvantage of bemg heavy and is by no means immune from, the top especially, .splitting in hot, dry weather, with the result that insect pests and mould play havoc with the collection during the ensuing Rains. Another disadvantage of locally-made boxes is that it is extremely difficult to secure exact standardization in size, with the result, if the boxes are kept in racks, that some boxes will be found not to fit in properly. Three-ply store-boxes, i.e., boxes whose tops and bottoms are made of a " three-ply " wood, such as " Venesta " boarding, and whose sides are usually made of deal, have come into use of late years and our experi- ence of them has shown that they are thoroughly satisfactory in use. A box of this pattern, 17| x 12x4 inches, holds a large number of insects whilst being sufficiently light for easy handling. The tops and bottoms should be screwed on and the whole of the outside vanished. The inside is fitted with a large cell for naphthaline and the top and bottom lined with sheet cork covered with white paper. The first requirement of a good store-box is that it must remain tight, without cracking or shrinking under any climatic conditions in India, and this requirement has only been fulfilled so far in the case of three-ply boxes. We have had no experience of metal boxes in India. 968 PBOCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAl MEETING Small label-holders, made of thin sheet brass, may be attached to the front of the box to hold card labels to indicate the contents of each box. If these labels are rubbed over with paraffin wax, after being written on, they are less liable to be eaten by fish-insects. Storage. For a collection of any size, some definite system of storage is required. At Pusa and most of the Agricultural Colleges, teak-wood boxes, lined with paraffin-wax and naphthaline, have been stored in open wooden racks, the boxes sliding on horizontal wooden or iron slats. This method has been given a thorough trial at Pusa during the last thirteen years and has proved thoroughly defective, as :— (1) every box is exposed to dust and atmospheric conditions, the result being that the tops of the boxes frequently split in the hot, dry months of March-May so that there is free access to light, insect pests and spores of mould, the last especially proving very troublesome during the Rains (June- September) when the saturated air penetrates into the boxes through such cracks ; (2) it is impossible to keep the boxes in an atmosphere impreg- nated with naphthaline vapour, so that when aU the avail- able napl^thaline added with the paraffin wax has evaporated there is no further protection by this means against insect pests and mould ; (3) the system of storage in open racks gives very poor economy in space, as not more than about twenty boxes can con- veniently be kept in one rack. Almirahs are preferable to open racks as the store-boxes are kept free from dust and it is possible to surround them with an atmosphere impregnated with naphthaline vapour, so that, if a box should crack or be left improperly shut or spring open (as sometimes happens), its contents incur far less risk of damage by insect pests, mould, or light. If store-boxes four inches in depth are used, they will stand upright on shelves quite securely ; but if boxes only three inches in depth are used they are unsteady if kept upright and will require thin battens to keep them in place. For heavy insects there is some risk of displace- ment if the boxes are kept vertical and this is one objection to storage in almirahs, but, on the other hand, if the boxes are placed horizontally theie is a great deal of waste of space as each box requires to be provided with a separate pigeon-hole Boxes of four inches in depth placed upright on shelves in almirahs are much preferable to boxes three inches in depth kept either vertically or horizontally as far as economy of space is concerned. PtKje. 06S. rnr- 909. P lATE 161. ■ .N^OL^MUUc ctli M ■ U-- ^ra if^ Nivj^WrtiaLcKe cell Cabinjt drawer with glass partially removed, showing naphthaline cell running all around the four sides. PEOCEEDINGS OF THE THIRB ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 969 Cabinets (Plate 160) seem to have been little used in India hitherto but provide by far the best means of storage for the permanent preservation of insects as all the specimens are kept free from mould, pests, and light, provided, of course, that the cabinets arc thoroughly well made of properly seasoned wood and that the drawers are kept supplied with naphthaline, which, however, evaporates comparatively slowly under closed conditions. A great advantage in cabinets is the very large economy of apace yielded by their use instead of store-boxes, whether these are kept in racks or almirahs, as three or foiu- twenty-drawer cabinets may be placed on top of one another, so that eighty drawers (equivalent in storage space to one hundred and twenty three-inch store-boxes or to sixty four-inch boxes) only occupy about the same floor-space as one rack holding only twenty three-inch boxes. The most convenient size for a cabinet is one of twenty drawers, in two tiers of ten drawers each. It should be made of thoroughly- seasoned, best quality mahogany or teak. Inferior woods will warp in the dry weather and swell in the rains, with the result that the sides may crack and the drawers will stick. Under no circumstances should resinous wood, such as cedar or pine, be used, as the resin contained in such wood is sure to exude sooner or later and condense in little blebs on the glass and inside of the drawers and even on the specimens them- selves. It is thoroughly bad economy to have any but the very best quality of wood and workmanship in a cabinet. It should be provided with double wooden doors, to lock in the centre and lined with velvet along the hinge-edges to exclude dust. No fancy-work in the top or bottom is required if it is intended to stand cabinets one upon another. The drawers may be made of any size but a convenient size is 18xl8X2| inches externally, giving internal dimensions of about 16x16 inches of corked space and at least IJ inches fiom svjface of cork to lower surface of glass. In any case the drawers should be made interchangeable, not only in the'r own cabinet, but in all the cabinets containing one collection. By this means it is possible to expand and rearrange the collection without moving all the specimens. The drawers should be fitted with glass frames to drop in and with a space all around about I inch wide, under the edges of the frame, for naphthaline (Plate 161). They should be lined with sheet cork over which unglazed white paper is pasted. The cost of a well-made cabinet, in the above dimensions, landed in the laboratory, may be put at about Rs. 15 per drawer. Preservation of Larvce. Caterpillars may be preserved dry after having been " blown." The process is as follows : — Select a well- 970 PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGiaUi MEETING coloured specimen, preferably a day or two after a moult, and kill it either in the cyanide bottle, with chloroform or other agent or, in the case of a non-hairy caterpillar, by dropping it into spirit or boiling water. If wet, it is then dried on blotting-paper, on which it is laid. A small slit is then cut in the anus with a fine-pointed pair of scissors and the contents of the body are carefully squeezed out through the vent with the help of a small rounded piece of wood, such as a pencil, which is rolled lightly over the body, commencing near the anus and gradually working up towards the head. In this way, all the contents of the body can be removed, leaving only the empty skin. Care should be taken not to press too hard, especially at first, or the skin may burst. The skin being emptied of its contents, the point of a fine blow-pipe, either of metal or of glass tubing drawn out to a point, is inserted into the hole through which the body-contents have been removed and the skin is gently inflated either with the mouth or by means of a small rubber bulb or bellows attached to the blow-pipe. If the skin slips off the blow-pipe it may be secured either with a twist of cotton or by means of a piece of watch-spring lashed onto the blow-pipe and with its free end pressing against the end of the blow-pipe. The inflated skin is then dried moderately rapidly over a piece of wire-gauze placed over a spirit lamp. When thoroughly dry, the skin will retain its shape without collai^sing and may be removed from the blow-pipe and mounted with glue onto an artificial spray of its foodplant or onto a strip of pith or a piece of silk-covered wire and then, after labelling, pinned into the collection. ^ Many caterpillar^ keep their natural colours very well under this process, but green larvae nearly always lose all colour. Such may either be left as they are or may be painted by hand or a little dry green paint may be distributed over the inside of the dried skin. Another method, known as " popping," is sometimes used for the preservation of small non-hairy caterpillars and possesses the advant- ages of simplicity and quickness. The only requisite is a glass-tube or piece of tin or anything that will stand heat. The caterpillar is killed with chloroform or benzine or in the cyanide bottle and placed in the tube which is heated over a flame. The caterpillar will first contract and then expand and burst and dry in this expanded state. It may be allowed to cool in the tube and can then be removed and mounted. As a rough-and-ready method for the preservation of small larvae, the process of '' popping " often gives satisfactory results under conditions, such as touring, in which regular inflation is not practicable. Dried tmpinned material, such as Coccids, may be kept either in envelopes or boxes (according to size) placed in drawers and kept PROCEEDINGS OF THE TIIIED ENTOMOLOCUCAL MEETING 9(1 supplied with plenty of naphthaline. No general rules can be given for the preservation of more bulky material such as wasps' nests. In any case it is best to keep all such material away from light as far as possible and to protect it with naphthaline. Spirit material may be kept in tubes or jars according to size., but in any case should be properly labelled with full information written with pencil or waterproof ink on labels placed inside the tubes or jars. Labels gummed onto the outside of containers are very apt to drop off or become illegible on account of fading or attacks of fish-insects. Corked tubes are best kept on their sides if the corks are good, as they should be ; if placed upright, the corks are apt to dry and shrink, so that the spirit evaporates. Loss of spirit by leakage and evaporation is always a trouble in the case of corked tubes and the best method of storage is to remove the corks altogether, plug each tube with a wad of tissue-paper (not cotton-wool), and place the tubes in a jar filled with spirit. A layer of cotton-wool should be placed at the bottom of the jar to prevent the tubes breaking. By this means all the specimens of one species or group may be kept together so that they are readily accessible when required, a large label placed inside the jar indicating its contents at a glance. By this means also the spoiling of specimens by loss of spirit is reduced to a minimum, as it is much easier to see when the jars require refilling and less trouble to fill a few jars than many separate tubes. It is as well to go over the jars at regular intervals to see whether any renewal of spirit is required. For a working collec- tion, it is impracticable to seal up specimens hermetically, and there will always be some loss of spirit even in the best-fitting jars. Tops that fit very well are apt to stick especially if the jars have not been opened for some time ; to obviate this and reduce evaporation of spirit in the case of less well-fitting jars, a little thick vaseline may be smeared around the edge of the cover. All spirit specimens should be kept in dark almirahs and not be exposed to light. Transmission of Specimens. A paper, on collecting and preserving insects would not be complete without a few words regarding the transmission of insect specimens, as every collector, especially in a coimtry such as India, is sure at some time to require to send specimens away for identification, and it is extremely annoying and unsatisfactory to find that cherished speci- mens, possibly unique and irreplaceable, have been destroyed in trans- mission. At Pusa we send out hundreds, sometimes thousands, of specimens in the course of a year to correspondents in India, Europe, 972 PKOCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETINU America and practically all parts of the World and receive back speci- mens after determination by specialists, and rarely suffer loss in trans- mission (except owing to the Germans' piracy during the War). But it is far otherwise with the specimens we receive from correspondents in India. Frequently we receive a box of pianed insects, sent through the post wrapped only in a sheet of paper ; the inevitable result being that the box of " specimens " on being opened is found to consist of a tangled mass of pins, labels, and broken insects. Such a result is due solely to gross carelessness or stupidity or both and may be avoided by a realization of the jolting to which a parcel of insects is liable when going through the post and by adoption of precautions accordingly. Pinned specimens should be -firmly pinned into postal boxes or small store-boxes lined with good cork previously prepared with naphthaline solution (in benzine) to prevent mould or insect attack en route. Lumps of naphthaline should not be pinned into the corners of the box, whether enclosed in muslin or not. A wad of cotton-wool may, however, be pinned in one or more corners to catch any stray legs, bodies, etc., which may be jarred off the specimens. Large specimens should be secured with cross-pins or strips of paper firmly pinned down over them. If the box is sufficiently deep to take specimens piimed into both sides (top and bottom), a sheet of thin paper should be placed between the two sides, and secured by all four edges of the box when it is shut, to isolate any specimens which may become loose. Then wrap the box in clean paper and pack it into an outer packing-case with at least two inches of good resilient packing all around between the insect-box and the outer packing-case. Tow, balls of crumpled paper, or excelsior, all make excellent packing material ; cotton-wool may be used for the light packages. Ordinary wood-shavings, cut paper or straw should not be used for packing material, as they are not sufficiently resilient. Sprinkle a little powdered najihthaline onto the packing material as it is filled in, and make sure that there is plenty of packing material below and above the specimen box as well as all around it. The lid of the packing-case should be screwed down and not nailed, as nailing down is apt to jar the specimens and a nailed lid is also more liable to be damaged in opening the box. When any quantity of specimens are to be sent away, it is as well to have packing- boxes made specially of light wood. Bombax wood makes very good packing cases which are light and yet sufficiently strong to stand the postal journey to Europe and back. In sending insects abroad for identification, it is as well to declare them as " of no commercial value " on the Customs Declaration form ; if they get broken or lost on the way, no compensation from the Post Office will replace them whilst, PEOCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 973 if you declare theii value at a fancy figure, your correspondent (in some so-called civilized countries at least) will be called on to pay Customs Duty on them at a correspondingly inflated rate. With unpinned, dry material the main object is to prevent rattling about in transit. Do not send specimens loose in a tube ; pack them sufficiently tightly with a wad of tissue-paper, not cotton-wool. Butter- flies and similar specimens in paper envelopes should not be allowed to rattle about. Pack in a light but sufficiently strong J)ox and, if it is not quite full, fill it up with tissue-paper or balls of crumpled paper, adding a little powdered naphthaline. Spirit material is best sent in tubes fitted with good corks. Speci- mens must not be sent loose in a tube. Place a wad of tissue-paper at the bottom of the tube, then fill in the specimens, then another wad of tissue-paper pressed- gently against the specimens to prevent their moving and then, if necessary, more tissue-paper up to the cork. Do not use cotton-wool inside the tubes, as the specimens get entangled in the fibres. See the tube is filled with spirit and that the cork is tight. If the cork tends to come out, place a piece of thin string in the tube, then ram home the cork and withdraw the string. If the tube cracks or the spirit leaks out en route, the moistened wads of tissue-paper will help to keep the specimens in condition until their journey's end. See that each tube contains its proper label. Wrap each tube separately in paper and then in a wrapping of tow or wool and pack in a stout wooden box with plenty of packing aroimd each tube and an extra quantity lining the bottom, sides, and top of the box. As in the case of pinned specimens, it is best to use screw-down lids to the packing boxes. Living material should be sent as a rule in light wooden boxes — not in tight tins or boxes punched with large holes, as insects are usually asphyxiated in air-tight tins and living insects often escape if holes are provided for this purpose. Eggs of insects,may be sent wrapped in tissue-paper or thin muslin placed in small boxes or a piece of bamboo so that they will not rattle about or be exposed to pressure in the post. Larvae are generally best sent in wooden boxes. Caterpillars may be packed with dry leaves, as wet leaves placed with them usually ferment and they are often killed by the conditions so resulting. If food for the caterpillars is to be sent, it should be sent separately and might be wrapped in slightly damped muslin and sent in an airy wooden box. Subterranean larvae are best sent packed in crumpled paper pressed moderately tightly together ; if sent in earth, they are usually crushed or asphyxiated. 971 PHOCEUDINGS OF THE. THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING Pupse should be wrapped carefully in tissue-paper or cotton-wool and packed carefully in cotton-wool. Finally, the great art of successful transmission of insect specimens by post is to use plenty of good packing material. It is far better to pay a little extra in postage and make sure that plenty of packing material surrounds the insects sent than to skimp the packing and find that the specimens have arrived broken to pieces on account of defec- tive packing. May I say a few words as regards labelling insects ? I put down details of each specimen on a card and on the label I have only a number referring to this card. That means that your specimens are incomplete in themselves and ' if you send them out it is very difficult to know what the data are. You could make out a list and send it with the specimens. That is not an easy matter when you have to send out thousands of specimens as we do. A card index is certainly a valuable accessory. You really require a clerk to deal with the writing work in the case of a large collection. Do you prefer cork for lining the boxes ? We use pith and it answers very well with us. I think that cork is better to work with and more permanent. I certainly prefer cork for cabine'ts. I use asbestos sheets, but these are too hard to take ordinary pins. 71.— A METHOD OF PRESEEVING BUTTERFLIES AND OTHER INSECTS. By Dr. E. H. Hankin, M.A., Sc.D., Chemical Examiner to Govern- ment, Agra. The ordinary method of preserving butterflies is not without its disadvantages from the point of view of the ordinary collector. In a cork-Hned store-box about a quarter of an inch of vertical space is occupied by the butterfly and nearly two inches of vertical space by its pin. My attempts at an improvement on an ordinary store-box have led to a method which may perhaps be of use in special cases. Each buttOT- fly is mounted in an air-tight box having a glass top and bottom. The sides of the box are made of a strip of bent tin electroplated. I submit specimens of butterflies mounted in this way [exJdbited]. I have used three sizes of boxes. The largest takes ordinary quarter- plates as used m photography. The next size is fitted with these plates I'EOCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 975 cut in two and the smallest size has these plates cut in four. The advant- ages of using photographic quarter-plates is that the glass is of very good quality and is practically a waste product. The tin frame is made of such a size that the distance between the two plates is sufficient to accommodate the legs and body of the insect. The butterfly is attached to one of the glasses by a cement made of four parts of resin and one of beeswax. The glasses are attached to the frame by a cement containing four parts of resin, four parts of Sealing-wax and one part of beeswax. The constituents are melted together and sufficient lamp-black is stirred in to give it a black colour if black sealing-wax is not available. In mounting the butterfly, the glass to which it is to be attached is first fixed in position in the frame. Marks are made on the outside of the glass with a grease-pencil to indicate points to which the adhesive composition is to be applied. The composition is melted over a flame and small drops of it are put on at the points indicated by means of a thin pointed glass rod. The butterfly is set on a flat piece of cork upper side downwards. A pin may be used to attach it in position while the wings, are being set but must be removed as soon as this is done. It is advisable to allow the set butterfly to dry in the presence of carbide which is a most efficient desiccating agent. When thoroughly dry the butterfly is removed from the sheet of cork and placed with its back upwards over the mouth of a bottle of suitable size. The glass in the frame is warmed so that the spots of composition are properly melted. It is then lowered into position over the butterfly until the latter adheres. The frame is then laid on the table and some of the black composition is placed along the ledge on which the second glass is to rest. It is warmed with the help of a Bunsen burner and the glass ■is dropped into position. It is advisable to cool the edges of the frame rapidly with the help of water so -that the composition sets before the air in the box has had time to cool. Otherwise the cooling of the air may result in a decrease of pressure and air from the outside may- be drawn in through the layer of composition under the edge of the glass and the box may not be airtight. It is not difficult to mount the butterfly in an atmosphere of carbonic acid gas in these boxes. To do this I made a glass-walled box whose bottom was a little larger than the frame of my container. Carbonic acid gas was led into this from a tube provided at the bottom and replaced the air by displacement. The box containing the butterfly was lowered into the glass case. Gas was allowed to enter during a few minutes. The glass lid was then lowered into position. For this VOL. Ill L 976 PEOCEEDTNGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING purpose it was attached to the end of a rod by msans of a piece of plasti- cine. The composition on the edge had previously been put into place and heated. It remains adhesive sufficiently long for the glass firmly to ' adhere to it. The great objection to this method is that it is expensive. It is not every tinsmith who has sufficient skill to make the frames. If they were made of aluminium they might be produced cheaply and would not need electroplating. Such frames might be of use for preserv- ing sjjecimens of other insects than butterflies or for seeds or other natural history specimens. Mounting the insect in the box takes up so much time that the method could scarcely be suitable for ordinary museum purposes. But it might be useful in special cases in which it was desired to preserve the original colours. The method has the advantage that the heads, abdomens, etc., can be cemented either to the glass or to each other and hence are not likely to come loose. I have here some specimens of butterflies, mounted in this way, which Dr. Hankin has sent for exhibition in illustration of his paper. In an accompanying letter he says : — " Some time ago I met an alumi- nium manufacturer and showed him these boxes. He told me he would be ready to consider the question of making them in quantity if there was any prospect of a demand. I should be glad to hear what entomo- logists say on that point. Some sent uji to Simla were rapidly sold for charitable purposes." It seems to me that, whilst such boxes might find a small sale as curiosities, such a method of preservation would be quite unsuitable for an entomological collection on account of the time taken in preparation and the inaccessibility and difficulty of storing the specimens themselves. If kept in a damp climate the specimens would be sure to go mouldy sooner or later. 72.— THE IMPORTANCE OF COLLECTING. By David Sharp, M.A., F.E.S. Many who have a taste for entomology begin collecting with enthu- siasm, but after a time diminish their efforts or even altogether abandon them. There are numerous reasons that account for this fact, but as this brief communication is of a practical rather than of a philoso- phical nature, I need allude to but one of them, and that is a belief that collections are more advanced and nearer completion than the other branches of entomology are. This I beUeve to be a great error. Those who have inspected a large collection of insects and have recognized its great extent may be pardoned for entertaining the idea that rROCEEDINGS Ol' THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING yil collections are large enough ; although really, in comparison with the condition of Nature they are intended to exemplify and to make us understand, they are painfully incomplete. The great Sociologist Herbert Spencer held that it was amongst the very first duties of a civilized community to make itself thoroughly acquainted with the environment among which it lives. Alas, to think how very far we are from this. There is not a single square mile of the earth's surface of which we know thoroughly the fauna and flora. Hence the number of existing forms with which we .are totally \macquainted is very great, and I feel that I need not insist on this for I believe all entomologists will admit it. I think I may say with probable truth that not more than one-fourth of the insects ■existing in India are represented in any collection, or even in all collec- tions if they could be imited or brought together as one. But to get together a collection of all the insects of a limited region is merely to lay one of the foundation-stones of the science of entomo- logy in that region. For we have not only to recognize that the creatures exist, but also to become acquainted with their variation, their distri- bution and their habits ; to study the anatomy and the development of each species, and (as many at least among us recognize) their evolu- tion, i.e., the relation of their generations. And what a huge number of specimens is required for all these purposes, of this huge number of kinds that we believe to be in existence. I gay then, do not discontinue collecting but go on with it with the greater knowledge and discretion that your experience may suggest. I urge this because entomology is the science of many generations. In a hundred years (I might say a thousand with almost equal truth) entomology will still be in a rudimentary state ; but in that period many of the gpeciet! of animals now existing will have become extinct. This constant extinction of other animals by the extension of civiliza- tion is one of the saddest facts that the naturalist is forced to recognize, and we should at least endeavour to preserve some record of them for the instruction of posterity. It is frequently said nowadays that posterity can take care of itself, but it cannot do so in the matter of a knowledge of the animals that we have caused to cease to exist. I trust these few considerations, which must be famihar to many if not to all of you, may tend to promote the habit and art of collect- ing. This period ought in the history of entomology to be marked as the age of collections. These very imperfect remarks on an important Subject should naturally be followed by others on the preservation and distribution of the specimens collected. B\it this would take me too far for a Meeting l2 978 rROCEEDINCiS OF TIIK TIIIISD E.VTOM().I>()GICAI, MEETIXG of ttis kind, and I can merely add that in my opinion the advancement of collections stould be attained by international combination. For want of this the Extremely limited resources of entomology are much wasted, and the admirable enthusiasm of collectors is smothered if not entirely extinguished. Fletcher. Br. Sharp is familiar to all of you as the author of the two volumes on Insects in the Cambridge Natural History, to mention only on« work with which you are all familiar. He is absolutely correct in drawing our attention to the vast amount of work still to be done in collecting and studying insects and we are all much obliged to him for his kindness in sending us this paper. 73.— NOTE ON A VERY CURIOUS GEOMETRID LARVA. % T. Bainbrigge Fletcher, R.N., F.L.S., F.E.S., F.Z.S., Imferiat Entomologist. (Plate 162,) The Geometrid larva shown in the accompanying photographs and coloured sketch* ■^^as found by me at Shillong on 29th June 1918 feeding on a small plant of Heptapleurum kypoleucimi (Araliacese). As you will see from the figures, it provided a very good imitation of a small piece of dead stick covered with a thick growth of green moss. It was in the evening when I found it and I did not examine it very closely at the time, but supposed it was probably an " Emerald " cater- pillar which had applied pieces of moss to its back, in the same way as is done with lichen in the case of another small Geometrid larva which is very common at Shillong. On examining the larva next morning, however, I was siurprised to find that the supposed fragments of moss were really outgrowths from the skin itself. As you will see from the figures, the resemblance to moss was exact both in shape and colour, the detailed exactitude of the protective resemblance in this caterpillar being very striking. ' ^ The larva fed on Heftafleurum leaves, usually remaining motionless by day, and ultimately pupated on 12th July. The pupa is shown in the coloured sketch. It was brought to Pusa when I retm-ned there at the end of July but the journey and change of climate proved too much for it and it failed to emerge. It is therefore not possible to say definitely what species this caterpillar belonged to, untU further examples ' Not reproduced. Page. 97 S. Fig. 2.— Geometrid larva on Ilcptaphioam at Shillong. PHOCEEDINGS 01' THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 9/^ may be found and reared out. The caterpillar, however, does not seem common and further repeated search for other examples failed to discover any. 74.— INDIAN EPIPYROPID.E. By T. Bainbrigge Fletcher, R.N., F.L.S., F.E.S., F.Z.S., Imperial Entomologist. (Plate 163.) The genus Epipyrops, with type anomala, was first described by Westwood in Trans. Entom. Soc. London, 1876, p. 522, tab. 7, from examples reared at Hongkong by J. C. Bowring from larvae found upon Fulgora candelaria. In the Transactions for 1877, pp. 434-435, Profes- sor Westwood mentions an Epipyrops larva found by Lieut-Colonel Godwin- Austen on the body of a species of Aphcena (Fulgoridse) in the Dillrang Valley, and also figures (Tab. X, C.) another larva found upon Eurybrachys spinosa, presumably somewhere in Madras, as the specimen belonged to the Madras Museum. It is, however, no longer in existence there, as Dr. Henderson informs me. Nevertheless, these records are of interest as indicating that species of Epipyrops had been observed to occur in India more than forty years ago, although apparently the moths were never reared from the larvse. _ Epipyropidae, however, are by no means confined to the Oriental Region. In 1883 G. C. Champion noted {Proc. Ent. Soc. London, 1883, p. xx) that he had often observed larvse attached to some of the smaller Fulgoridse in Central America, but apparently in this case also no moths were bred out. In 1902 H. G. Dyar described (Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., V. 43-45) Epipyrops barberiana reared from a larva attached to a Fulgorid in New Mexico, and two years later W. J. Holland recorded (Entl. Neivs. XV 344-345) this same species from Texas on another species of Fulgorid. Finally, in 1905 R. C. L. Perkins described (Hawaii Svgar Planters' Assocn., Entl. Bull. No. 1, pt. 2, pp. 75-84, figs. ) three new genera and seven new species of Epipyropidse from Fulgorids, Jassids and Delphacids in Queensland and New South The first definitely described species of Epipyrops recorded from the Indian Region was E. poliograpka, from Mankulam and Yatiyantota in Ceylon, described by Sir George Hampson in the Bombay Natural History Society's Journal in 1910. In the following year I took a single specimen, apparently belonging to an undescribed species, a% light at 980 PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL ^IEETI^•G Hoshangabad in September. In October 1914 P. Susainathan bred several examples from EurybrcKhys tomenfosa at Coimbatore. In November 1915 I found larvae, probably of E. poUographa, on the same insect at Pollibetta in South Coorg, and in December 1917 numerous larvae of E. eurybracJiydis, again on E. tomentosa, at Coimbatore. Epipy- ropids are therefore widely distributed in the Indian Eegion, being known to occur in Ceylon, Coorg, Coimbatore, Hoshangabad and the Dilrang Valley. At our last Meeting Mr. Kunhi Kannan also exhibited some s23ecimens found on Idiocenis at Bangalore, but I have not had an opportunity of examining these. It is probable therefore that search on Fulgorids and other Homoj)tera in India would reveal a large number of species of this interesting group of moths. The systematic position of Epipyrops has been a matter of doubt. Westwood placed the genus in Arctiadae, from which it is excluded b)' the neuration, 8 of hindwing being free from base and not coincident at all with upper margin of cell. Sir George Hampson, as recently aa 1910, has placed Epipyrops in Limacodidae, but the reason for this is not evident, as the hindwing has not vein 8 anastomosing with the cell as is required for Limacodidae by his table in Cat. Lep. Phal. (Vol. I, p. 19). S. B. Fracker, in his classification of lepidopterous larvae {lllinoids Biol. Monogr. II p. 96 (191.5)) includes Epipyrops as a distinct family Epipyropidae under the superfamily Zygaenoidea between the American families Pyromorphidae and Megalopygidae and together with the Cochlidiadae (Limacodidae). Perkins in 1905 had already considered that these insects should form a distinct family most nearly related to Funiea and Talceporia of the Tineidae and to the Psychidae of the Psychina. It seems best to retain them as a distinct family. The known genera may be tabulated as follows : — Cell of hind wing; emitting only 4 vein.? (4 absent). 7 free to base . ... . . . . . . Palcsopsyclie. Cell of hind wing eii^itting 5 veins (4 present), 7 absent . 2 Cell of hind wing emitting 6 veins (4 and 7 present) . Epipyrojjs. Fw. with 7 out of 8 pear apex ;..... Agamopsyche. with 7 and 8 basally approximated but distinct . Heleropsyche. 2 \ '^■ iFw. Of these, all but Epipyrops are only known from the Australian Eegion as yet. Turning to the Indian species, we have at least three, E. poliographa, Hmpsn., E. euryhrachydis, n. sp., and a third uudescribed species from: Hoshangabad. r'i(,f .«/. Fig. 1.— Neuration of E2Hpi/ioits euitjbfachi/fNs, Fig. 2. Egg of l':pij>!/i(>/)f< jioNo- f/rap/ia, Hmps. (magnified). Fig. 3.~ICj)i2)>/ioj>s (■iiiiflnorht/2 PROCEEDINGS OF IHE THIRD EXTOIIOLOGIC AL MEETING What is required, in my opinion, is a thorough revision and abstract- ing of all useful information which has been published to date on all Indian Insects, the term " Indian " including the whole of the Indian Empire from Baluchistan to Madras and including Burma, Ceylon, Andamans and Nicobars, Maldives and Laccadives, and such adjacent territories as Kashmir, Bhutan, Tibet and Yunnan, i.e., entomogeo- graphical India. This information would best take the form of a General Catalogue of Indian Insects, issued in parts which might be Aevoted to groups {e.g., Isoptera, Odonata) or families {e.g., Gelechiadae). Once issued this could easily be kept u]) to date, by the insertion of addenda and corrigenda as new information became available, either the whole catalogue being kept up to date at one Entomological Institute, or different Institutes being responsible for special sections. It would probably facilitate matters if this Institute (or Institutes) kept their corrected up-to-date catalogue(s) in the form of card catalogues, additional "information being -issued either in the form of annual supplements or of revised sections of the General Catalogue as requisite. What information should such a General Catalogue contain ? The ideal catalogue would contain a general sketch and diagnosis of the group treated of, with lists of literature and general remarks on distri- bution, habits and life-histories ; if the group treated of were an Order, it should contain keys to the Families contained in it (if more than one) and under each Family there should be a key to the Genera, which would follow in systematic order ; under each Genus would be given references to the original description and any subsequent redescrip- tions, and similarly with synonyms, the type-species of each generic name being indicated ; the species contained in each genus would follow in systematic order, under each species being quoted the full reference to the original description and any subsequent re-descriptions, and similarly with synonyms and varietal names, then would follow refer- ences to occiurence, life-histories, habits, foodplants or any other relevant information, a brief note being given in square brackets after each reference regarding the information contained in it ; and in a separate column against each species would be given its distribution, the infor- mation given under this heading being connected with the references under the specific name by small arable numerals, so that it could be seen exactly what was the authority for the distribution given. With the help of such a Catalogue, the student should be able, by means of the keys, to run any unknown insect (provided of course, that it was a described species) down to a genus and could then compare it with the published descriptions of a comparatively few species. Such PKOCEEDIXGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 993 a Catalogue could not be a deterininator for all unknown insects but •would provide a very ready help in their determination. Such is the ideal Catalogue. It remains to be seen how nearly we can approach such an ideal. It will be by no means easy as things are at present, for no one of us has the time or knowledge required for the production of such a Catalogue. But I venture to think that, if we can enlist the help of specialists who have worked on particular groups of Indian insects, and add their help to our own efforts, we can at least make a start in such an undertaking. A certain amount of work in this direction has already been done by myself. The Orthoptera were listed by me in 1912, the list being based on Kirby's Catalogue with additions to that date. This list is at Coim- batore and a little work would bring it up to date. Up-ru "ate card catalogues of the Blattidee, Dermaptera, Isoptera, Odonata, and all Neuroptera (sensu antiquo), prepared by myself, are at Pusa. We have also at Pusa a card-catalogue of addenda to the " Fauna " volumes on Hymenoptera (also listed by llr. Ramakrishna Ayyar in the Bombay Journal ; but many of Cameron's names are synonyms and the whole requires careful check) and also lists of other Indian Hymenoptera. The Coleoptera have been partly listed recently in Junk's " Cata- logus Coleopterorum " and the parts of " Genera Insectorum " and we have a rather incomplete card-catalogue of Indian species. The Coleoptera form one of the largest and most difficult groups for the preparation of a complete catalogue. The Macrolepidoptera have been listed in the " Fauna " volumes on moths and the supplementary papers in the Botnbay Journal, but numerous additional species have been described in the Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., Novitates Zoologicw and other publications and some groups have been thoroughly revised {e.g., the Sphingidee by Rothschild and Jordan and part of the Noctuidse in the Cat. Lef. Phal.). My own copy of the " Fauna " volumes is partly corrected up to date but requires a good deal of additions to make it complete. The Butterflies have been listed in Lepidoptera Indica, but numerous additions have been made since then. There should not, however, be any great difficulty in making a complete list of these. The Microlepidoptera have been listed by myself in a catalogue corrected up to date. The Diptera were listed by myself in 1910 and the card catalogue made then is presumably still in the Imperial Pathological Entomo- ji 2 99 i PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIHD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING legist's Section. I understand that Mr. Brunetti is publishing a cata- logue of the Nematocera and it should not require a great deal of work to complete a general list of Diptera. The Rhynchota, so far as dealt with in the " Fauna " volumes, have been corrected up to Vol. VI in my copy of the " Fauna " volumes. Vol. VII has to be added. The Aleyrodidae, Psyllidae, and Coccidse have not been listed. It will be seen, therefore, that a good deal of the work has been done already, more or less completely, and only requires a little more to be done to bring it up to date. The Coleoptera compose the most formidable group whose listing remains to be done, both because of the large numbers of families, genera and species concerned and because of the extremely scattered literature on this Order. Most of the other groups can be done, to some extent at least, with- our present resoiu-ces. What I suggest is that we should, as far as possible, invoke the aid' of specialists in various groups to prepare catalogues of those groups not listed already and, as regards other groups, endeavour to list these ourselves to the best of our ability. Such a catalogue could take any one of the following forms, viz : — Form 1. — A mere list of Indian genera and species without refer- ences or localities but with synonyms. Form 2. — A list of genera and species with references, localities and synonyms. Form 3. — A more complete list, as outlined above, with diagnoses of groups, families and genera, citations of generic types, and full references with synonyms and localities. I give brief examples of these three Forms. Personally I think that the third Form is the best and if we are to undertake the work of preparing and issuing such a catalogue it would be most satisfactory to do it really well and to put it in the most useful form. Form I.— Pterophori. Pterojihorida Zell. Agdistis, Hb. bennetii. Curt. Cnffimidophorus, Wallngr. _ rhododactylus, Fb. (Extract from R. Soidh's " Entomologist " synonymic List oj British Lepidcptera .) PHOCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 995 Form II.— Pterophorid^. 207. Triclioptilus, Wlsghm. 1880. ISlO.—Paludum Z. Is. 18il, 866 ; L. E. VI. 400 ; Stt. . Germ.(s)? ; Cat. Suppl. 13 ; HS. 19,V p. 382 ; Hein.— Austr. inf ; Wck. 810 ; Snell. II, 2, p. 1057 ; Leech Helv ; Angl ; Pteroph t. 18, f. 8; Meyi. 431; Hofm Bat; Fen; Pteroph 122 Liv ; Gal. alp ; Cat. (Extract from Slaiidinger and Rebel's " Catalog der Lepidojjteren des Palwarctischen Faunengehietes.") Form III. — Pterophorid^. Head often with fork«d scales, forehead smooth or with conical "horny prominence or tuft of scales, ocelli usually obsolete. Tongue •developed. Maxillary palpi obsolete. Forewing with 5 remote from •4, neuration often much degraded, usually cleft into two (rarely three or four) segments. Hindwing with 5 remote from 4, 7 remote from 6 ; tower surface with a more or less developed double row of dark spine- like scales on lower margin of cell ; ^ang usually cleft into three seg- ments. Cilia containing ramified hair-scales. This is one of the two groups of Microlepidoptera covered by the popular term " Plume-moths," the wings being cut by longitudinal ■clefts into indistinct segments which in some genera have a feathery appearance. On this account the members of this group are generally •easy to recognize, but there is one section (the Agdistinae) in which the wings are not cleft, although even here there is some diminution of scaling on the areas which are developed into clefts in the other «ub-families. The Pterophoridae are easily separated from all other Lepidoptera, however, by the series of spine-like scales on the lower surface of <^he hindwing. The family is usually considered as belonging to the Pyralidina ^nd has some Pyralid affinities, but it is very isolated and it is prcbab'y better to treat it as a separate entity. Larva rather short, usually with well developed fascicles of hairs in the free-living forms, but these are necessarily much reduced in the case of internal feeders. As a rule the larvae seem attached to composite plants, feeding on the flowers and fruits but in a few cases they tunnel in stems or fleshy fruits. Pupa usually hairy, attached by the tail by 996 I'EOCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING means of a double cremaster ; there is occasionally a very slight cocoon but generally the pupa is freely exposed. Literature. The literature on this group is very scattered but the following list contains the principal papers requisite for its study : — Key to Genera. 1. Wings not fissured ....... 2 Wings fissured ........ 3 2. Termen of f. w. not falcate ; f . w. 8 and 9 separate . Agdistis. Termen of f. w. strongly fulcate ; f. w. 8 and 9 stalked . Steganodnctyla. 17. F. w. with 10 out of 7 . . . . . . Pselnopliorus. F. w. with 10 separate ■ . . . . . . Pterophorus. CosMOCLOSris, Meyr. (1886). Coswjoc/osii's, Meyr. T. E. S. 1886. 7(') .... Type ; aglaodesma, Mey. vglaodesma, Meyr., T. E. S. 1886. 12('), B. J. XVII. 134 (1906)(°-) Ceylon (dry low Fletcher, Spol. Zeylan. VI 32 (1909) [Diacrotrichi](') ; country)('). Meyr., Gen. Ins. Pteroph. p. 4, tab. f. 1 (1910) [Diacro- Puttalaiiv( «) 1richa'](^) Solomon Isds(^) E. Australia. (1) To conclude, I consider that it is highly desirable and within the bounds of practicability to prepare such a general catalogue in order to gather together the results of past work and to form a foundation for future work ; that its preparation should be a matter for combined action of the various Institutes interested in Entomology in India ; and that, if these various Institutes are prepared to combine in this matter, such a catalogue should be prepared and edited by an inter- departmental committee and published by Government. With regard to this matter of the preparation of a catalogue, I have written to various specialists in different groups and have received replies from nearly all of them promising help in their special groups. Mr. Bagnall, for example, writes that he is willing to undertake the Thysanoptera, Dr. Cameron the Staphylinidee, Dr. Gravely the Passa- iidae, and so on. Mr. Prout wi-ites as follows : — " There is certainly a demand for an up-to-date catalogue of Indian Insects and I should like to collaborate so far as limited time and oppor- tunity may render possible. I could at any rate do the sub-families PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 9J7 OSnochrommcB, HemitkeimB and Sterrhi7icB {=^ Acidaliinw) and probably the LarentiincB. The unwieldy sub-family " Boarmiince " I unfor- tunately have not yet bo well in hand, though I have of course hosts of notes and references, bo that if no one better could be found, I might find myself able to do fairly well with them by the time the list was required." Mr. H. E. Andrewes, who is working on Indian Carabidse, sends quite a useful note on this subject, which I will read to you. He says : — " Having quite recently prepared a Catalogue of Oriental Carabidse, I mention a few of the consideration.? which have presented themselves to me, as a Coleopterist, in the course of that work. " (1) My first idea had been to confine myself to species recorded from India, Ceylon and Burma, bat I Soon found that I must abandon this scheme, and before long decided to take in the whole of South Eist Asia, including Japan in the North, and the entire Malay region in the South. The fact is that our knowledge of the fauna of India is at present BO imperfect that species described from China, Indo-China, Siam, and Malay Archipelago, etc., are continually reappearing in India, so that a catalogue of species recorded at present from India only would give quite a false impression, and inevitably lead to the redescription of known insects, and a consequent augmentation of the already super- abundant synonymy. It would also Umit the opportunities for the comparison of Indian species with allied forms in adjacent areas, which has always seemed to me so great a help to Entomologists. If I may slightly modify Kipling I would say " what should they know of India, who only India know !" It may surprise some to learn that even among ground-beetles (quite apart fi'om those inhabiting the desert tract from Egypt to Sind), there is at least one species common to India and Africa, and quite a number are spread over large tracts of South East Asia, and the adjacent islands. My -fir,st point therefore is that, in the present state of our knowledge, a catalogue should aim at covering a wide area. " (2) Of existing catalogues of the Coleoptera — all that 1 am com- petent to say anything about — the only complete one extant is that of Gemminger and Harold, commenced in 1868, a monument of painstaking labour, which must have proved of inestimable value to Coleopterists during the past fifty years. During that period, however, the number of described species has probably doubled, so that it is now quite out of date. Before the war a new World-catalogue was in course of preparation under the auspices of the firm of Junk in Berlin, and some parts had already appeared in 1914 ; I have, however, no details at hand about it. 998 rEOCEEDlXGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING " In 1890 E. T. Atkinson published in a supplement to the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal his catalogue of Oriental Carabidse, an excellent piece of book-work, but necessarily suffering, as such work must always do, from his lack of special knowledge of the subject. He himself only claims " to give a list of recorded species," and that he did very well. " My own investigations have shown me (a) what an immense number of changes and corrections result from a study of the material to be catalogued, (b) How very far short I still am of arriving at anything like fijaality in regard to already existing species. My second point is, therefore, the importance of getting a Subject catalogued, wherever possible, by someone who has studied or is studying it. This I fear is to some extent a Counsel of Perfection, but a general interest in Entomo- logy seems to be increasing, as its economic importance becomes more widely known, and it ought not to be very difficult to induce more of those who have the taste for it to make themselves experts in a small group rather than remain amateurs in a more extended field. Where it is impossible to get a catalogue on these lines, one of the Atkinson type is most desirable, and sure of a cordial reception from entomo- logical workers. " (3) It may be suggested that the existence of the now numerous volumes of the " Fauna of India " series render catalogues more or less unnecessary. Writing as a Coleopterist only, I hardly think this view will have much weight for another five and twenty — perhaps fifty — years, for, although half a dozen volumes on Coleoptera have already been published, not a single large family has yet been completed, and catalogues are likely therefore to be as necessary as ever for many years to come. On their extreme importance to all workers in entomology I need hardly insist, and progress during the coming years should be materially increased by anj' stimulus which can be imparted to this branch of the subject." This subject has, of course, been considered by the Committee appointed to deal with this subject,- so I will only now read the followmg report of the Committee on this Cataloguing question : — " Report of Committee on Catalogue of Indian Insects. " The Committee considers that it is very desirable that a General Catalogue of all described Indian insects should be prepared and issued and makes the following proposals to this end : — (1) That a Standing Committee of the Entomological Meeting be appointed, with power to add to their number, to take the PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 999 necessary steps for the preparation of such a Catalogue, which should include references not only to descriptions but to the natural history (in its widest sense) of the insects concerned, and that the Standing Committee should report progress to the next Entomological Meeting. (2) That the area to be covered should include the whole area included in the " Fauna " volumes with the addition of Tibet and Yunnan. <3) That the aid of specialists in the various groups of insects be invoked to help in this matter, and, where such special aid is not available, the Standing Committee should make the best arrangements possible in each case. (4) That Govermnent be approached with a view to sanctioning the preparation and issue of such a Catalogue which might be printed at the Govermnent Press and published under authority of the Government of India as an interdepart- mental publication of the Entomological Meetings." I propose a formal Resolution to the effect that the Report of the Mr_ Fletcher Committee appointed to consider the question of the preparation and Resolution 3. publication of a catalogue of Indian Insects be approved. I beg to second that Resolution. Mr. Ramrao. [The Resolutim was put to the Meeting and carried unanimo%isly.\ The next thuig is to appoint a Standing Committee to take action Mr. Fletcher, and report progress to the next Meeting. I shall be glad of the names ■of any volunteers who feel that they can assist in this matter. I shall be glad to assist. Mr. Beeson. I will do what I can to help. Mr. Andrews. I should like to see Ceylon represented on the Committee and will Mr. Senior-White, gladly assist as far as possible. Then the Committee will consist of Messrs. Beeson, Andrews, Senior- Mr. Fletcher. White and myself and we will meet together before we separate and discuss details. 77.— A SKETCH OF OUR PRESENT KNOWLEDGE OF INDIAN MICROLEPIDOPTERA. By Edward Meyeick, BA., F.R.S. (Plate 167.) My friend Mr. Fletcher has suggested to me that it might be useful if I would contribute a few remarks summarizing the present state of 1000 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETIKG our knowledge of the Microlefidoflera of India, and I stould be showing little gratitude for his generous and valuable help towards their study, if I failed to comply with so reasonable a request. When in 1905 I commenced a series of papers on the subject in the Journal of the Bombay Nalural History Society, only about 100 species had been authentically recorded from the whole of India, and a large proportion of these were incorrectly classified or otherwise very inade- quately known. The difficulty of collecting and preserving these fragile and delicate insects in good condition in the climate and surroundings of India is great but not insuperable, as has since been proved by the skill and energy of my correspondents, and the backward condition of our knowledge was hard to justify, the Indian species being at that time less known than those of any other considerable geographical area. From Australia I had already classified about 2.500 species, sufficient to give a good idea of the character of the fauna, which is a rich one. If Burma is included with India, I daresay the probable number of species occurring within these regions may be estimated at 10,000. I proceed to indicate how far our acquaintance with these already extends. Looking at the subject from a geographical point of view, it appears that even now only a small part of the vast area included has been investigated, and that very inadequately. The southern portion of the peninsula is the best known ; Mr. Fletcher has sent many species from Coimbatore and some from other southern localities ; several collectors have visited the Nilgiris ; Mr. L. Newcome has made consi- derable collections in Coorg, and Mr. R. Maxwell in Kanara. More- over the fauna of this region has much affinity with that of Ceylon, from which I have received copious material, and many species will probably prove to be common to both regions. From Pusa representa- tive collections have been sent by the Imperial Entomologist and his predecessor, but presumably this locality has not an extensive fauna. I obtained a large number of specimens, forming the captures of a year, from a native collector in the Khasis ; this man was an expert collector, but without scientific knowledge. A few species only have been received from other parts of India, including the neighbourhoods of Bombay and Calcutta, and certain points in the Himalayas ; and Dr. Annandale and Mr. Fletcher have contributed a few from Burma. I cannot accurately state the number of species, described and unde- scribed, which I possess at the present time, but estimate it roughly at about 2,300.* * The number of descnhed species on my list is 2,42.5.— T. B. F. PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 1001 This leaves us (conjecturally) 8.000 more to be discovered, and tlie question arises, where are they ? In the first place it is obvious that they are not equally distributed over the land, but on the contrary very unequally. Large stretches of wide plain or cultivated fields may probably be little productive, but even these are liable to contain many more species than might be supposed possible ; the insects mav occur in very limited nooks of only a few square yards, they may be obtainable only for a few days in the year, only in certain weather or at a certain time of day, only by certain means of capture, or only by unusually sharp-sighted collectors. Even of experienced Microlepi- dopterists only a few can perceive a Nepticvla on the wing, and some of the MicropterygidcB, when flying in their favourite conditions of mixed sunlight and shade, although relatively larger, are almost invisible. Limncecia ■phragmiteUa is a "species of not inconsiderable size (20 mm. expanse) ; it was described in 1851 from two wasted English examples, having eluded all earlier collectors, and was thought to be of extreme rarity ; later a chance discovery was made of the larva, which feeds in the seedheads of Tyfha, causing the down to hang out in masses (which however hardly attract attention, being attributed to natural decay), and it was found to be extremely easy to collect and rear ; the imago is excessively sluggish, resting on the foodplant, which it closely resembles in colour, whilst the Tyfha, growing in water, is little liable to be disturbed. Special search presently showed the insect to be common not only in England but in Europe ; I discovered it in North Africa, in Australia, and New Zealand, and have obtained it from South Africa and North America ; so that it now appears that this supposed rare and local species is really one of the commonest and most widely distributed of insects ; but it is still hardly ever taken except by those who know how to look for it. This distribution is believed to be quite natural, the Tyfha being a cosmopolitan plant ; the insect might be looked for in India. Even where insects seem plentiful, it is wise to believe that we are passing over as many species as we find. The most favourable localities for number and diversity of Micio- lefidoftera are forest-clad ranges, at elevations of from .3,000 to 7.000 feet; these will always repay prolonged and careful collecting. Such ranges, if they form isolated blocks, have probably been islands at some earlier period, and are likely to possess numerous peculiar species. The vegetation naturally gives good indications ; if the trees and plants are varied and peculiar, the Microlepicloftera are sure to be so likewise. At the same time it must be remembered that a large number of species feed on lichens, dead wood, refuse, fungi, and probably on dead leaves, thus making themselves independent of the flora. From mountains 1002 PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING situated near the equator (Mt. Kilimanjaro in East Africa, and the Andes of South America) I have received species found at heights of 13,000 feet, and they probably attain 14,000 feet ; in the Himalayas I anticipate they will be found up to 12,000 feet at least, but I have none yet from anything like this. Coast sand-hills and saltmarshes, carrying a peculiar vegetation, are usually very productive of interesting species, quite different from those of other regions ; these have not yet been touched, apparently. The larvee of Microlepido'ptera are probably almost invariably edible (not protected by distastefulness or irritating hairs, as many larger Lepidofleni are), and when one considers the multitude of their enemies in the active life of a tropical forest, ants (one species of ant alone, introduced into the Hawaiian Islands, has exterminated there most of the Microlepidoptera in those districts over which it has spread), spiders, ichneumons, birds, lizards, and many other insect-eating creatures, it seems extraordinary that so many species still maintain their existence: Under this violent pressure it is certain that a variety of ingenious expedients for concealment and protection wUl have been evolved, offering a succession of interesting riddles to the acute collector. Alexander the Great, putting hard questions to the Indian sages, inquired which was the most crafty of animals, and was answered " That which has not yet been discovered." Many will be found to be internal feeders in flower-heads, seed-vessels, berries, shoots, stems, or roots ; others feed underground amongst roots, and these are difficult to find or to obtain uninjured, except in sand. Those which feed on dead leaves or ground-refuse (often in portable cases of leaf-fragments) are also difficult to observe, and have been much neglected. Some have adopted the courageous but effective method of sheltering within the nests of termites, ants, or spiders, apparently sometimes tolerated by the owners as useful scavengers, and protected by them against external enemies, securing at the same time a supply of food and defence against drought or rain. An Australian species [Cyclotorna) is at first parasitic on certain Homoptera {Jassidce), to whose bodies the larva adheres ; it then goes through a kind of pupal stage in a cocoon, and emerges as a larva of quite different form and colouring, which lives in ants' nests, feeding on the ant-larvae, and ingratiating itself with the ants by excreting an agreeable liquor for their consumption. Some very interesting forms feed on scale-insects (Coccidw), sheltering themselves amongst the fragments of their victims. Probably many curious kinds of parasi- tism remain to be discovered. I wUl now review the families in order, indicating how our know- ledge of them stands at present. PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING ,1003 The CarfosinidcB may be known by the combination of obtuse palpi, scaletufts on forewings, and absence of vein 6 of hindwings ; I have ten Indian species, a number which will no doubt be considerably increased. The larvae are believed to feed usually in berries, and should be easy to collect ; it would seem however to be a disadvantageous habit, as they must be liable to wholesale destruction by berry-eating birds. ' The Phaloniadce are Tortricina which have vein 2 of forewings rather approximated to angle of cell, instead of widely remote as in the following families ; they are principally interesting in India through their absence, only three or four species being known. Yet the family is largely developed in Europe, especially throughout the Mediterranean region, and extends thence all down North and South America ; its abrupt termination on the frontier of India is a very striking feature. The TwtricidcB proper are distinguished (not quite absolutely) from the Eiicosmidw by the absence of the cubital pecten of hairs on hind- wings. Over 100 are known already, and they are probably most numerous in the Himalayan region, where they wUl be largely increased. The larvae are mostly leaf-rollers, and as they are often not at all parti- cular as to foodplant, they are liable to be very destructive pests of cultivated trees and shrubs. Owing to their versatility of habit, species that have never hitherto been noticed as injurious are capable of becoming suddenly dangerous. The Eucosmidw are very numerous and diversified in India, which is probably the original centre of distribution of the family. I have already about 250 forms. The larva3 are very miscellaneous in habit, some feeding on leaves, others in fruits, stems, or roots. The consi- derable genus Laspeyresia has a strong leaning to the pods of Legumi- nosce, which offer a large and promising field for larval research. The small family Chlidanotidce is intermediate in characters between the preceding and the Glyphipterygidce ; it appears to be mainly charac- teristic of Ceylon, but there is one species from Assam. Coming now to the Tineina, the first four families are marked by the sickle-shaped pointed palpi, smooth head, and stalking (or coinci- dence) of 7 and 8 of forewings, and are distinguished from one another by the hindwings, which in the Gelechiadce are trapezoidal with termen more or less sinuate, 6 and 7 usually diverging ; in the CEcopJioridce elongate-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, 6 and 7 parallel ; in the Cosmof- terygidce lanceolate or linear, 6 and 7 diverging ; anA'mthe MetachandidcB are subtrapezoidal, with vein 6 absent. The pecten on the basal joint of anteima is theoretically present, but in the Gelecliiadce is generally absent. The Gelechiadce are abundantly developed in India (which 1004 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING is their place of origin), and I have nearly 700 species ; moreover as they are often small, obscurely coloured, retired in habit, •and difficult to find in the imago state, it is probable that they will be largely increased by careful rearing fi'om the larvae. The large genus GeJechia, however, so numerous and omnipresent in Europe and North America, stops abruptly on the confines of the Indian region, in the same curious jnanner as the FhaloniadcB. Its place is taken by the more primitive genus Brachmia, with its derivative Lecithocera and alUes. The larvae mostly feed on low plants and shrubs, displaying an interesting variety of habit ; few have yet been discovered. The Metachandidce are an interesting family specially characteristic of the Mascarene region, of which a few stragglers extend into Africa on one side and India on the other. I have about 15 Indian species ; the larval habits are unknown. The Cosmopterygidce are usually small and slender-winged, and readily escape notice, but under a lens are often very attractive ; the species of Cosmoptenjx, decorated in black, orange, and metallic gold, are hardly surpassed for elegance. About 120 species of the family have been found. The larval habits are very various, but are usually fixed for each genus. The larvae of Cosmopterijx mine blotches in leaves, with a preference for Graminece. Other genera feed in .shoots, or on seeds and dry refuse, or on scale-insects. Much work remains to be done in this family, which is ofteii neglected. The OecophoridcB are principally represented by the Depressariad group, though the large genus Depressaria itself follows exactly the main lines of distribution of Gelechia, and stops short at the border. The other three groups of the family are each represented by a few species only. Altogether there are about 150 species. Amongst the most curious and peculiar are the gigantic forms of Lactistica, which are amongst the largest of the Tineina, :jyith extraordinarily elongated posterior legs ; and the still larger Binsitta barrowi, whose pupa imitates a snake's head. In several genera of this family the pupa is naked and sits erect upon its tail, imitating a leaf or other object. The larvee of Pseudodoxia feed in singular long acute cases on lichens ; those of the elegant genus Macrobathra on leaves of Leguminosw, especially Acacia ; other genera sometimes on dead leaves, or in decayed wood or bark. The Physoptilidce at present consist of a single peculiar species only. The Xylorijctidw resemble broad-winged Oecophoridcc, but in the hindwings 6 and 7 are usually basally approximated or stalked,- the antennal pecten invariably absent, and in the Stenomid group 7 and 8 of forewings are separate. They are generally of fair size, and the PHOCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 1005 larvae habitually protect themselves with some sort of shelter or tent- like covering, which in some Australian forms is developed into a tunnel in wood closed by a movable barricade, the larva carrying in leaves for food. I have about 70 species, but these insects are often retired in habit, and careful search for larvae will reveal unexpected novelties. I now include the OrneodidcE at this point. These easily recognized insects, with the wings divided each into six (or rarely seven) plumes, are represented by 14 species, but I anticipate considerable additions from the Himalayan region. I pass over the Sesiadce (or Aegeriadce), which belong here but are commonly appropriated by the collectors of the larger Lepidoptera without any justification. The Heliozelidce are at present only known by two species of Antispila, small but elegantly marked insects whose larvte mine in vine-leaves cutting out cases for pupation ; I have no doubt that Heliozela should be fairly represented, but these very small and obscure-looking moths have probably been overlooked. The Heliodinidce are narrow-wmged insects with smooth heads, no antennal pecten, and the curious habit of erecting the posterior legs over the back, the tarsal joints of these being always more or less spinose at apex. There are about 60 species. The principal genus is Stathmo- poda, which will be found very numerous when the lan'ge have been sufficiently investigated ; these are various and interesting in habit with a preference for the pods of Leguminosce and figs, some being gall- producers. The larvae of other genera feed in the fructification of ferns, or on scale insects. I recommend this family for special study. The GlypJiipterygidw are allied to the preceding but very different in appearance, their development having taken place in the direction of broader wings instead of narrower ; the antennal pecten is always absent. I have about 90 species, but the representation is probably very incomplete ; Glijpilivpteryx in particular, of which the species usually frequent Carex^ov J uncus in open or swampy places, has probably not been sufficiently looked for, as it should not be less numerous than in Australia, where it is plentiful. Several of the principal genera {Simaethis, Imma, Phycodes) are closely associated with the various species of Ficus and its allies, and have probably been developed with them fiom the same place of origin. The BJastobasidce possess a stigmatium (thickened costal space between 11 and 12 of forewmgs) as in the Hyponomeutidce, veins 6-10 being characteristically approximated whilst 11 is remote, and a strong antennal pecten. For obscurity and similarity they are unsurpassed 1006 PHOCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING by any Lepidoptera ; but the males generally offer tangible sexnaP characters. Hence those who collect these insects should take care to obtain good series of both sexes under the same circumstances to ensure identification. Only a few species have been definitely ascertained so far, for lack of adequate material. The main development of the family is in America. The larvse feed on seeds and dry vegetable matter, or on scale-insects, and may be of much economic importance. The ScythridcB are represented by about 20 species of Scythris ,- collection in open flowery spaces by sweeping-net would probably largely increase these, especially perhaps in the Himalayas ; the larvse usually feed on low plants. The EladiislidcB are few in number at present, and although these small and obscure insects (chiefly grass-feeders) are easily overlooked^ I think it probable that they are much less numerous here than in Europe. The Hyponomeutidw have a general resemblance in character to- the (EcoplioridcB, but with shorter and simpler palpi, less specialized neuration, and are distinguished by the presence of a stigmatium. I have about 50 species. The gigantic speckled species of Nosymna, the large spotted forms of Atteva and Ethnia, and the gaudy crimson and yellow Anticrates would attract attention anywhere. The larvee are mostly leaf-feeders, sometimes living gregariously in a web and easy to observe ; that of Comocritis feeds on lichens and bark of trees j those of Argyresthia in shoots of trees. The Coleophoridw are narrow-winged insects usually recognisable by the antemise being held forward in repose. Only about a dozen species are to hand at present, but none have yet been bred, and the species of this family are notoriously very retired in the perfect state, though often obtainable in abundance as larvae. The larvae are case- feeders, either mining (from within the case) characteristic small blotches in leaves, or often feeding on seedheads and flowers, when the case (itself constructed of seed-husks) is hard to detect. I anticipate however, that the family is here not very numerous ; it abounds in Europe, and is common also in Africa and North America. The interesting family Gracilariadce contains delicate and elegant msects, whose larvae are mostly leaf-miners. Their peculiar habit of resting with the forepart raised and the anterior legs rather widely separated and displayed (Plate 167) usually causes them to be easily recognisable, and the filiform porrected maxillary palpi are very characteristic. I have about 150 species and fresh ones are being continually discovered by rearing from the larvse, principally of the Page 1006. Resting attitude of a Gracillariad (Acrotercops resplendens.) PEOCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING lOOT genus Acrocercops, which though cosmopoUtan is at its maximum ia India. The Epermeniadce are everywhere a scanty group, represented by a dozen species. The curious Idioglossa has gilt markings on both fore and hindwings, an unexplained eccentricity. The typical forms of Epermenia have scale-teeth on dorsum of forewings. The larvae ar& external feeders on leaves, protectmg themselves by a slight web. The AmphitJieridce are another small group of narrow-winged insects, with long antennae, and the eyes usually curiously divided by a line of scales ; I have 6 species. The Plutellidce nearly resemble the Hyponmneutidce, from which they are distinguished by the distinct short porrected maxillary palpi. They are an ancient family, not now numerous anywhere, though Plutella maculipenms ^is the most universally distributed of all the- Micwlepidoptera ; there are about 20 species. The known larvae are leaf-feeders. The Lyonetiadce are typically rough-headed, with folded maxillary palpi like the Tineidce, but advanced forms have suffered much degrada- tion, and may have lost these Structures ; the distinguishing mark of the family is the upturned (or sometimes down-turned) apex of forewing in repose, sometimes very strongly marked and striking, looking like a deformity, and the basal joint of the antenna often forms an eyecap. I have nearly 100 species. Some of these insects are amongst the smallest and most delicately marked of the Lepidoptera, Such as Phylhcnistis, which is probably rather numerous, requiring close study ; its larvae mine flat blotches ia leaves. Opostega, which is probably also numerous, has the most degraded neuration of all Lepidoptera ; its larvae are scarcely known. The larvae of Bucculatrix, although of very small size, feed externally on leaves, and have a peculiar ribbed cocoon. The earlier genera usually have larvae feeding on dry vegetable matter ; those of Opogona are often resident in the nests of Termites. The family as a whole is very interesting for study. The Tineidce are an extensive group, with normally rough head and often folded maxillary palpi, the neuration well-developed and simple, the veins of hindwings usually separate. I have over 200 species, but some genera are very obscure and need much more study to discri- minate the different forms. The species of Melasina are especially difficult, and good series should be taken, but even then two or three species may occur commonly together. The larvae usually feed on dead or dry vegetable (or sometimes excremental) matter, fungi, bark, dead leaves, roots, etc., but in other countries are occasionally leaf- VOL. III. N 1008 PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING miners. Some are attached to the nests of Termites or ants. Not infrequently they are case-bearers. The AdelidcB may be kno^vn at once by the very long antennae, only parallelled in certain Trichoptera ; their brilliant ornamentation of purjDle, gold, and other metallic hues renders them very attractive. Over 20 species are known. The larvae are case-bearers, often feeding habitually on dead leaves, yet attached to certain plants in their primary stages. The NepHculidce are an ancient group of much interest with quite peculiar neuration, rough heads, large eyecaps, and folded maxillary palpi ; they are usually very small, and are naturally difficult of observation, but occur all over the world. The larvae are leaf-miners, and in hot countries pass very rapidly through all their stages ; hence with proper precautions they are not difficult to breed. About 8 species are known so far, but very possibly they run into hundreds. Effective collections of these tiny creatures can only be made by those who specialize in them, disregarding the attractions of larger insects. The Hepialidw should be mentioned at this point, but owing to their size are usually mistaken for Macrolepidoptera. Finally, the Micropterygidce are (like the ■Hepialidw) distinguished from all the precedjng by the 12-veined hindwings, and from the Hepia- lidw by the folded maxillary palpi. They are at present represented by a single specimen (Neopseustis) from the Khasis, a highly peculiar and remarkable insect which argues the existence of other Species, probably even more remarkable. Some at least of these should be looked for at high elevations in the Himalayas, in spring-time, especially in Conifer forests, but actually attached either to catkin-bearing trees and shrubs or to mosses, frequenting mingled sunshine and shade ; not improbably they might be of Trichopterous appearance, and might be overlooked on this account. These insects are so important and interesting from their bearing on the origin of the Lepidoptera that no pains should be Spared to discover them. The Microlepidoptera in India are probably not less numerous than the Macrolepidoptera but have attracted the attention of very few collectors, partly on account of their small size and partly (probably mostly) because there has been no regular guide to the study of these small moths. The descriptions of the species and genera are extremely scattered. Many have been described in the Bombay Natural History Society's Journal and in Exotic Microlepidoptera, a few in the Indian Museum Records and others ^iti scattered publications issued outside PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIKD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 1009 •of India, and these descriptions have included odd specie? of various famihes as they came to light. There has been so far no general resume •of our knowledge of the group as a whole, so that Mr. Meyrick's paper will, I hope, be of value to the general lepidopterist in India by giving him at least Some idea of the characteristics of the various families. In his sketch I note that Mr. Meyrick has omitted the Pterophoridse, perhaps by oversight, and I have therefore included a brief account -of this Family in my note on the proposed catalogue of Indian Insects in order to supplement his paper. The student of Indian Microlepi- ■doptera should therefore be able now to place his specimens at least into their proper families with some certainty. The time for a Fauna volume, or series of Fauna volumes, on the Microlepidoptera has not yet come. As you see from Mr. Meyrick's paper, he thinks that we know at present only about one quarter of the existing species and I agree that his figure of ten thousand species is not below the mark ; certainly I find that about forty per cent, of my captures are novelties, in whatever part of India they are made. But I hope that sometime we may have at least a small guide to the study of Indian Microlepi- doptera, as such a publication could not fail to stimulate interest in these small but neglected insects. In their variety of habits and Structure :and beauty, as also in their, economic importance, the Microlepi- ■doptera scarcely yield in importance to the Macrolepidoptera, and the elegance of the adult insects themselves in such groups as Cosmop- teryx, Acrocercops, Leucoptera, and Neniotois cannot but forcibly remind one that Naiura maxinie in minimis miranda. At Pusa I have got together a tolerably good collection of Indian Microlepidoptera, which ipomprises many of the commoner species and I shall be glad to receive material from all parts of India and to help in identification of speci- mens as far as possible. We are all, I am sure, much indebted to Mr. Meyrick for sending in this interesting and valuable paper. 78.— THE TEICHONYMPHID PAEASITES OF- SOME INDIAN TERMITES. By Captain Froilano be Mello {Instituto de Afudises e Vaccina, Nova-Goa). (Plates 168—170.) It is with a feeling of pride that I come to this Entomological Con- ference to expose before its learned members the results of my researches on Indian Trichonymphids. I dare say that my audacity will find some just excuses in the hope I have been cherishing that this work n2 1010 PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING is a kind of inti^oduction which will contribute to a^ certain extent to fill the gap left in this branch of the, nowadays so important, biological literature in India. But I feel that the time has come for rectifying what I have just now said : the priority of these studies in India does not belong to me. In 1912 one of our colleagues, who gives us the honour of presiding at this Conference, was the first to discover in the rectum of Hodotermes viarum from Coimbatore, the existence of a very abundant Trichonymphid fauna. This distinguished Entomologist, whose preparations I have lately studied and to whom t owe so much of learned advice, is Mr. Bainbrigge Fletcher. To him my best thanks are due. The relations between Trichonymphids and Termites are explained by the three following theories : — (a) the first one admits the fact as a mere case of accidental para- sitism ; (b) the second finds in these relations a certain influence on the differentiation of the termites, castes ; (c) the third finds in these conditions a symbiotic relationship in which the parasites, forming their own bodies by the con- sumption of the wood ingested by the termite, would help the nutrition of its host. I will quote on this subject the words of Bugnion : — " Reproducing daily in prodigious quantities, dying every day by millions, these para- sites would be digested and would in this way contribute to the nutrition of the termite." The most important argument on which the theorj' of Bugnion is founded, is not only that the Trichonymphids are harmless to the termite, but that the larvae of Calotermes greeni harbour an abundant Trichonymphid fauna during the most part of their life in which they feed on wood. It happens however that these larvse cease eating wood some days before moulting and the Trichonymphids disappear at the same time. In fact, one can see that the termites kept in captivity and without wood for noiu-ishment lose their parasites rapidly. But I cannot induce you to believe this pretended conclusion of Bugnion, not only for the reason that the death can be explained by want of food, but especially because I have studied some species of Odontotermes and Microtennes that feed on wood •without harbourmg Trichonymphid parasites in their digestive tract. Trichonymphids are not found in all kinds of Termites. Some of thena never contain such parasites : the genus Tennes, for example. PROCEEDINGS ^jPfBl; THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 1011 IVIany species from Nova-Goa, Daman, Fragana, Baroda, and Pusa, feeding on wood, are also without Trichonymphids. The genera that up to this date have been found to harbour these parasites are : Leucotermes in France, Philadelphia, Italy, Portugal and Portuguese India ; Calotermes in Italy and Ceylon ; Hodotermcs at Coim- batore in India (I have already referred to the slides of Mr. Bainbrigge Tletcher) ; Coptotermes in Brazil, Ceylon and Portuguese India ; Glyptotermes, Arrhinotermes and Termitogeton in Ceylon ; Neotermes in our island of S. Thome in Africa according to the studies of my colleague Carlos Franca, published in the last year, and, I believe, Eitteimes with their Trichonymphids belonging to the genus Lekhnella in the Argentine. I know that the termites from Chili show also Trichonymphids but I am sorr}" I was not able to consult and compare the papers on this subject. If you find this work worthy of any interest, I pray you Tvill be pleased to overlook its deficiencies. What are Trichonymphids ? The common meaning of this word does not correspond to the zoological classification. It is generally used sensti lato. Some authors consider the Trichonymphids as belong- -ing to the Mastigophora and others to the Infusoria. I prefer to call them the multicHiate protozoal parasites of the intestine of white ants. You will see that the meaning is merely etymological [trix, hair ; nymflia. nymph). At the end of this paper I will try to establish a ■ classification of true Trichonymphids which, I may already remark, belong to the class of Mastigophora and can be easily separated from the Infusoria which also are found as parasites of the white ants. Since 1860, everyone knows that a curious Trichonymphid, called Lophomonas blattarum, has been described in the intestine of Stylopyga orientalis, but I have not yet specially studied the parasites of Indian Cockroaches and for the present I wUl consider LopJwmonas blattarum as an additional species of the group of Trichonymphids. And as I have spoken of the Mastigophora and Infusoria, it will not ^be out of place to draw your attention to the fact that transitional forms are to be found between these classes, represented in the Infusoria by the genus Mommastix of Roux and in the Mastigophora by the genus Caduceia of Carlos Franya. My researches refer specially to the parasites of Leucotermes indicola, Wasm., the identification of this termite being due to the kindness oj Mr. Bainbrigge Fletcher. The intestine of Leucotermes indicola is full -of an abundant protozoal fauna to which I can apply the following 1012 PEOCEEDIXGS OF THE THIKD ENT#9iBfWlCAL MEETING words of Leidy. I cite them with due homage to the memory of that American Scientist : — " The brownish matter proved to be semifluid, but my astonishment was great to find it swarming with myriads of parasites which indeed actually predominated over the real food in quantity. Eepeated examinations showed that all indivi- duals harbour the same world of parasites, wonderful in. number, variety and form."' Figures 1-6 on Plate 168 show the different forms of Tr. agilis. This protozoon is composed of a kind of head, hyaline and in shape like the head of a mushroom, a kind of neck consisting of two parts, one internal, of the form of an Iwvrglass but with the constriction at the level of the union of its anterior and middle third, and one external ectosarc, enveloping and protecting the ]wurglass-Yi\iQ formation. The neck is inserted above in the middle of the head protruding into its interior and seems like the neck of an open bottle, and below it is attached to the body by its convexity, this articulation being very thin and extremely mobile. The third portion is the body, oval, globulous, susceptible of a very great polymorphism and containing a large nucleus, sometimes hyaline, sometimes full of more or less abundant chromatic granules, and surrounded by a very distinct nuclear membrane. The constitution of the body is thinly granulous and the endoplasm is full of wooden particles, irregularly placed. Tr. agilis is covered with flagella, which are disposed in three series : the first one composed of short and immobile flagella, inserted in the ectosarc layer around the neck, the second emerging around the inferior articulation of the neck, and formed by long flagella, covering the anterior part of the body like a surplice ; the third with the flagella shorter than the former, inserted on the whole body and endowed with a limited mobility. The flagella of the second series are extremely mobile and this mobility, added to that of the inferior articulation of the neck and to the sarcodic contractions of the body, gives the parasite the most extraordinary forms and is the cause of its extreme polymorphism. The flagella of the third series have been considered by some authors as the longest, of a fantastic length. It is an optical mistake against which I must protest. At first sight these flagella seem really very long, because they are numerous and following one another. Sometimes they cross one another and the best places to determine their length are the lateral borders of the parasite. Should they be so extraordinarily long, they would seem still longer when the Trichonynifha shortens : this is never the case and the PEOCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 1013 distance from the ectosarc to the free extremity of the flagella is always the same, whatever may be the form of the parasite. Tlie movements of Trichonympha are very interesting. It advances majestically as if searching its way, moving its anterior portion to the right and the left, forwards and backwards and throwing away by means of the flagella of the second series all the animated and inanimated particles that are to be found in its march and when a stronger obstacle is obstructing its way, the protopla.sm shows a sarcodic contraction, the body becomes narrow and elongated and the animal, changing its way, progresses again. I will draw your kind attention to figure 5 representing the parasite seen on its vertical axis. The four concentric circles are : the first the summit of the hourglass-like formation, the second the outline of the hyahne head, the third the periphery of the flagellated surplice, the fourth the circumference of the body, more or less irregular. I was able to study the division of TricJionympha, these forms being very rare in the intestines of Termites kept in captivity. My studies confirm the observations of Foa in Italy. As you see, figure 6 shows the division of the hourglass-like formation before the nuclear division. I have seen all the stages of their division and I can definitely affirm that the division commences by the hourglass-like formation which is followed by that of the nucleus and body. The hourglass-like formation is therefore a blepharoplast that at the moment of division assumes the function of a centrosome. I will now compare my description with those of other authors. Plate 168. figures 7-1-5. represent some figures from Plate 51 of Leidy, but only those which correspond to Tr. agilis. You will easily perceive that their general configuration is very similar to mine. His description however is erroneous and the figures incorrect. Leidy thought that the constriction, sometimes found in the body of Trichonympha, divides this protozoon into two parts, head and body, and some of his figure* show a line marking this division. Leidy continues : " a large spherical nucleus is constantly to be observed situated centrally at the conjunction of the two divisions of Trichomjmpha as seen in figures 1-iO." It is unnecessary to prove that Leidy has included in this so-called head a part of the body. Secondly Leidy does not describe either the hour- glass-like formation, or the head of mushroom and these parts are wanting in his figures. He thinks that the anterior portion is acuminate " and the base abruptly terminating on the line of conjunction of the head and body." Concerning the flagella he described four series : the first immediately behind the pointed summit of the " head, are the shortest, extend upon sides and wave incessantly." These are the 1014 PKOCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING flagella of my first series, but Leidy was not right from the point of view of their mobility. The second series of Leidy comes " from a circle behind the former, extend backward and outerward and wave like those of the first rank." They are the flagella of my surplice. The third series of Leidy start? from the head beneath the former, and spreads over the body to its posterior extremity or beyond it to an extent pro- portionate with the shortening of the animal. Leidy's fourth series, " the longest of all the series springing from the head, fold backward in a special direction, clearly envelop the body and extend beyond its extremity in a twisted fasciculus with divergent ends." The mistakes of Leidy have been copied in the various text-books of Protozoology. As you see, the figure given in Ray Lankester's book (Plate 168, figure 17), for example, is a reproduction from the figure 10 of Leidy's original paper (Plate 168, figure 16). The figure 18 of my Plate 168 represents the TncJionympha of Giassi's description. He has well described the hourcjlass-li'ke formation and the mushroom-like head, but believes that the first is like the neck of a bottle, whose very large but not very distinct base, would be situated in the body of Trichonympha, constituting the line of separation of his so-called striate and non-striate zones. This base would harbour the nucleus of Trichonympha surrounded by some rodlets, forming his cestello. I have never seen this cesteUo, and it is not true that the hour- ghss-like formation has any connection with the body endoplasm, unless by its articulation. Finally for Grassi all the flagella, short and long, come from the anterior striated zone, which is evidently a mistake. The description of C. Franca is very much like mine. I must however, note the following two points : (1) the distinction that Franfa establishes in the body protoplasm in pr^tclear and post nuclear segments, with a granular structure iu the first and alveolar in the second, I never found in my specimens. Moreover, it can be easily seen that this distinction ■cannot take place because the position of the nucleus is very variable. Franga's series of flagella are three, but the first comes from the line of conjunction of the two first segments, the second (my surplice) from the borders of the second segment and the third from the anterior part of the third segment. These are the longest for him and envelop the whole body. I think that the mistakes are mostly due to the study of these parasites in dry stained preparations. Studying the slides of Mi. Bainbrigge Fletcher I have seen that the flagella of the third series seem to be the longest. My researches have been done in hanging drops and vital coloration. I have examined thousands of Tr. agilis and you may safely believe my description. By this I have found out PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 1015 the mistakes of others. But I think that it would be desirable to com- mence any new researches on this subject by a study of the parasites of the American Leitcotermes flaripes. It is quite possible that under the name of Tr. agilis a number of different species or varieties haye been described and therefore each description might be perfectly correct in itself. In the remaining figures (19-30) of this Plate you will find the re- production of the parasites that Leidy considered as young forms or immature stages of Tr. agilis. Please give this subject your kind atten- tion. Excepting perhaps figure 30, which seems to me to constitute the Microjoenia hexamitoides of Grassi, all the others present an almost' identical constitution, well pictured in his figvxre 11 (my figure 19). Grassi, Biitschli, Delage rejected the conception of Leidy, and C. Fran§a created in 1914 the genus Leidya for his L. metchniJcowi. The genus Leidya has the following characteristics : nucleus situated in the anterior third of the body of the parasite, flagella inserted on a double spiral band, starting from the anterior extremity and crossing the body in opposite directions. Keeping these fundamental character- istics I was obliged to introduce a small modification, that is to say, that the flagella envelop the body in the whole or part of its extension. You will easily see in Plate 169, figures 31-40, the reason of this modi- fication. Fom: species of Leidya parasitize the intestine of Leucoternies indicola : L. meichnikowi of Fran5a, and L. annandalei, L. kemfi and L. campanula all of which I have studied. With two of them I associated the names of the distinguished zoologists Annandale and Stanley Kemp. All these parasites present a vivid progressive movement and their anterior part is more mobile ; the first three easily take circular forms and all present also an interesting helicoidal movement following the direction of their spiral turns. Their anterior flagella are shorter but it seems that they have all an identical disposition and there is no place to describe the siderophile formation giving insertion to the anterior flagella of L. metclinikowi of Franfa. In stained preparations one can easily distinguish the basal granules giving origin to the flagella. They are situated in the inferior face of the spiral band, excepting on the anterior part, which, when it is elongated, changes the situation of these granules from inferior to interior. My last three species, and specially L. ccnnpaniila, show a curious contractile movement, beginning in the basal insertion of the spira and permitting the elongation of the jongitudinal axis of the parasite. The animal progresses thus in a shaky way. 1016 PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING You can easily see the differences between these four sjiecies. L - meichnikowi (figures 31-33) with the whole bod}^ covered with spiia and flagella, L. minandalei (figures 34-3C) with its posterior glabrous part, L. Icemfi (figures 37-38) with a tuft of cilia, in this glabrous part, which are immobile and are more easUy tinged wth vital stains than the other flagella, and L. camfannla, (figures 39-40) a species I have characterized by the constancy of its morphology which remains always the same in all stages of life of this j^rotozoon. Plate 169 gives place to some interesting remarks. One of the figures of Leidy shows some spherical bodies that the American author consi- dered to be masses of sfores. He makes also reference to the fact of wood particles being sometimes surrounded in the body of Trichonympha by a hyaline substance, and the protoplasm is in other cases stuffed with round hyaline bodies. I have tried to study the constitution of the bodies contained in the protoplasm of Trichonympha and arrived at these conclusions — (1) all the circular bodies found in the endoplasm of Trichonympha are identical with the circular bodies found free in the intes- tine of the Termite ; (2) the circular bodies with an internal substance of more or less irregular form are wood particles surrounded by a kind of hyaline secretion ; (3) circular bodies with an internal substance more or less nucleiform are Termite leucocyte.? or nuclei of Leidya that I have seen being phagocyted on more than one occasion by the Tri- chonympha ; (4) the circular hyaline bodies resembling fat drops which some- times fill the endoplasm of Trichonympha seem to me to be- fat drops or divisional masses of the protoplasm of cells and protozoa phagocyted by Trichonympha ; (5) some of the circular bodies that Leidy considered to be masses of spores are alimentary masses, well divided. Others . . . . — but I must firstly tell what I have observed. Three times only, in more than 100,000 parasites, once in the body of a Trichonympha , twice in that of Leidya, I have seen small spheres, formed by a kind of rolled up thread (chromatic ?) and animated by such a vertiginous circular movement that their parasitic nature could easily be recognised. I saw nothing more than the vermicular stajge and the sphseric stage, following one another and the divisional phenomena that are represented in the Plate. The vermicular form pierces the body of its host and moves freely in the ground imder the microscope. I cannot say if this Trichonympha'^ parasite may constitute the evolutive PEOCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MIEETING 1017 stage of some sporozoon and if what I observed belongs only to the . sexual (male) element of this sjDorozoon. But as these elements are so discouragingly rare, I believe it will not be devoid of interest to call the attention of protozoologists to them, creating a new provisional genus Enchelyspheroides, whose etymology comprises both the stages. I have observed. I will be glad if others are more fortunate than myself in being able to study the whole evolution of the parasite. I must add that these bodies have nothing to do with the trichocysts of Infusoriaus. In protozoologieal literature I have found only three parasitic genera of Protozoa : Metchnikotcella, Caull and Mesn. 1897, a parasite of Grega- rines ; Hyalosaccus, Keppene 1899, a parasite of Dinoflagellates ; and Chitridyopsis, Aim. Schn., a parasite of the intestinal cells and of the Gregarine of Blaps mortisaga. My parasite has no similarity with these genera and has been provisionally named EncJielyspieroides trichomjm- fJuirum (figure 41). This plate shows also three new* species of para- sites of Leucotennes indicola, belonging to the Infusoria : Opalina iermitis and its divisions (figures 45-47), Balantidium termitis (figure 42) and Nyctotherus flelcheri (figures 48-49), well known genera upon which I will not make further remarks : I must only say that Dobell was in 1910 the first to describe his iV. termitis (figure 50) in Cahtenues militaris from Ceylon and my species of Nyctotherus to which I have associated the name of Bainbrigge Fletcher differs from that of Dobell not only by its size but also by the form of the meganucleus and the situation of the micronucleus. You see in the same plate two figures more, about which I must give some explanations : one is my Pyrsonympha grassii, n. sp.* (figure 43) of Leucotermes indicola, the other is Grassi's P. flagellafa (figure 44), parasite of L. lucifugus of Italy, reproduced for comparison. There is nowadays a tendency to consider the genus Pyrsony^npha as synonymous with Dinenympha and this comes from the fact that Leidy described under the name P. vertens not only this species but also some stages of Dinenympha gracilis. In 1893 Grassi created the family Pyrsonym- phidse with the following characteristics : flagella disposed in spiral lines, nucleus on the anterior extremity, no micronucleus, mouth or contractile vacuoles, elHpsoidal monaxomic body, aspnmetric poles, locomotion by helicoidal movements. * Although referred to as new species in this paper. Captain Froilano de Mello has published descriptions of these novelties in a paper entitled " Osparasitas multiciliados do oaria na India Portuguesa " in BoZe^jw rie Agricuttura, kao 1, No. 2, pp. 131 — 147 (Nova Goa ; April 1919) and this publication has precedence of the present paper. — Editor. 1018 PHOCEEDINGS OF THE THIED ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING By these characteristics the family Pyrsonymphidse seems similar to that of Holomastigidse of Franca : but I think that the family Pyrsonymphidse must subsist with the following addition : axial fila- ment, single or multiple. Eeally, when we study the two species of PyrsonympJia described before me, we will see that in P. -yertewsLeidy describes " in addition to the undulatory lines of the surface of the body or the ciliary invest- ment, another accessory to movement usually seen more or less distinctly as a cord, narrow fold or doubly contoured line extending from one end to the other." On Plate 170, figure 79, 1 have reproduced the P. vertens of Porter, a figure extracted from Ra}' Lankester's Treatise on Zoology. This figure shows a " gpeciahsed (muscular ?) band running through the whole length of the medulla." This apparatus I consider to be an axostyle. In P. fiageUata you see easily the axostyle apparatus, under the form of a curved cone, with the base turned to the inferior pole. ^My P. grassii has all the characteristics of a Leidya but possesses an axostyle, whose disposition is quite contrary to that of P. flageUata and ending apjjarently near the nucleus to which the base of the axostyle seems to form a kind of cradle. But in the family Pyrsonymphidse, Grassi included his genus Holo- mastigotes, which seems to me a doubtful genus and in every respect must belong to the family Holomastigidse ; you will soon see the figures of H. elongatum of Grassi, a parasite of the Italian Leucotermes lucifiigus. In Plate 169, figures 51-56, are seen the figures of different positions of a new Infusorian for which I was obliged to create a new genus. I have gladly associated with it the name of Franca. Figure 51 represents the dorsal view, figures 52 and 53 the side views with the right lip very developed. Figure 54 shows the parasite seen with its mouth in a moment of dilatation, fig\ire 55 the ventral face, and figure 56 the view from the inferior pole. The micronucleus is situated inside the mega- nucleus, the endoplasm is full of particles of wood and minute vacuoles. There is no anus. All the cilia are of the same length, excepting those of the mouth, which are longer. The striation of the body is helicoidal and the centre of this striation seems to be the nuclear region. I have named this parasite Fmnciella termitis and it belongs to the order of Heterotricha, suborder Polytricha, group Bursarina. The genus most closely alUed to it is the genus Bursaria, whose typical species is B. truncatella of Fr. Muller. Plate 170, figures 57-60, show the Trichonymphids of Coptotermes travians from Ceylon, briefly described by Professor Bugnion. You will see that numbers 57 and 58 are Leidya metclmihowi, number 60 PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 101^ Tr. agilis. number 59 seems also a Tr. ogilis with the anterior extremity bent on a superior plane. As you know, Professor Bugnion did not identify any of the parasites from Ceylon Termites. Trichonyraphids have also been recorded by Professor Bugnion as found in the intestine of Termites of the genera Glyptotermes and Termi- togeton. The five figures given by Professor Bugnion in his paper illustra- ting the description of Termitogeton umbilicatus. Hag., in the Annales de la Societe Entomohgique de France, Volume LXXXIII (1914), belong to Trichonymfha agilis. Plate 170, figures 61-68, represent the parasites of Arrhinotermes flaws from Ceylon according to the figures of Professor Bugnion. You see also here Tr. agilis and L. metchnikowi. I cannot say to what species figure 66 may belong. I will now show (Plate 170, figures 69-74) the parasites of H. viarum of Coimbatore from the slides prepared by Mr. Bainbrigge Fletcher. I could easily identify the species Tr. agilis and L. metchnikmvi. But H. viarum contains numerous other species which can only be classified by a study iu loco. I hope that one of the colleagues that honours me by hearing this lecture will apply himself to this task whose interest is recognized everjTvhere. I have also reproduced (Plate 170, figures 80-87) the Trichonymphids of Cahtermes greeni, as given by Professor Bugnion. I cannot identify them. These are certainly new genera to be described. But Professor Bugnion's figures have not the necessary neatness to encourage a classification. His descriptions are also too short. I must however, say that the circular form is common to all Trichonymphids en etat de souff ranee and it is not only on this morphology that an identification can be based. Finally I must tell you that I have studied the parasites of two species of Coptotermes collected at Daman and Pragana, our possessions near Bombay. These species of Coptotermes have not yet been identified. That of Daman has the following fauna : — Tr. agilis, Leidya metchnikowi, L. annandalei, Opalina termitis, and the common Spirochsete of white ants or Treponema termitis. The termite of Pragana has Tr. agilis, Leidya metchnikmvi, L. annandalei, L. kempi, Franciella termitis and the same spirochaete that I have also found in two other species of Termites. I am quite glad to see that Tr. agilis of both these species of Termites is just the same as the Trichonympha of Leucotermes indicola and I dare say that this protozoon in India and Ceylon has the same characteristics that I have already described. True Trichonymphids belong to the class of Mastigophora. The absence of a micronucleus in some of them, the existence of basal granules 1020 PHOCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING in the •rigin of the flagella, the absence of vacuoles, cirri or membraaiella, prov% this assertion. The parasites that I have described — excepting the Infusoria that I specified — belong to the order of Hypermastigina of Grassi and Foa : forms usually large, with numerous flagella whose disposition is variable. To render the systematization more comprehensible and less arid I have figured on Plate 170 the illustrations of different genera. You have there (figure 93) a Stephanonympha of Janicki, belonging to the family Calonymphidse : large multinucleate forms, axial filaments present. To every nucleus corresponds one blepharoplast giving rise to one or more flagella. You see also the Joenia annectens of Grassi (figure 88), the Lopho- monas hlattarum of Stem (figures 91-92), single and in divisional stage, and Caduceia theobromcB (figure 94), a species described in the last year by Franca. They are all mononucleate forms, with an axial rod and a well developed basal apparatus — characteristics of the family Lopho- monadidse of Grassi. You also see (figure 90) the Gijmnonympha zeylanica of Dobell which, with Tr. agilis, belongs to the family Trichonymphidse of Leidy : large mononucleate forms. No axial filaments. The small figure you see, is a Microjcenia hexamitoides of Grassi, a flagellate of the family Octomitidse (Plate 170, figure 89). The family Holomastigidae comprises mononucleate forms, without axial filaments, and numerous flagella inserted on spiral lines. The genera Leidya and Holomastigotes have been included in this family. Finally the family Pyrsonymphidse has been modified in this manner : mononucleate forms, with flagella inserted in spiral lines, simple or multiple axial filaments, no basal apparatus. Order Hypermastigina Grassi and Foa 1911. Families. UephaiK Janicl Pseudoirichonym- pha, Grassi and^ roa 1911. nolo7nastigotoides, Grassi and Foa 1911. Caduceia, Franca Leidya Fran?a Pagr 1021(1). TRICHONYMPHID PARASITES OF TERMITES. Parjc 1021{2}. TRICHONYMPHID PARASITES OF TERMITES. Page 1021(3) PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 1021 Ladies and Gentlemen, I must conclude. My great disadvantage ■comes from the fact that I am speaking a language that is not mine. But I know that you will pardon my mistakes. Ladies and Gentlemen, I bring you the hearty salutations of the Nation, your oldest Ally, that since the first moment, when all was obscure and doubtful in the horizon, sided with you firmly decided to triumph or die with you. I bring you particularly the hearty greetings of the Portuguese Scientists and my personal feelings could be well expressed by the words of the Indian Poet : — " I was a foreigner and you have received me as a brother.'.' And to reply to this courtesy I will now repeat the words of the great Shakes- •speare. " I speak as my understanding instructs me, and as mine honesty puts .it to utterance." We are much indebted to Captain Froilano de Mello for his interest- ^- Fletcher, ing lecture and we all appreciate and reciprocate the complimentary allusions with which he has concluded. It may be considered by some that the study of Protozoa, such as the Trichonymphid parasites of Termites, comes rather outside the scope of Entomology but in my opening Address at the beginning of this Meeting I pointed out how the study of such parasites may throw some light on the evolutionary history of the Termites themselves, and from this point of view we may take a just interest in such studies. This paper is important as being the first attempt to study these para- sites in India, and I can only hope that it will lead to further researches along a most interesting line of work. Explanations of the Plates illustrating Captain Froilano de Mello' s paper on the Trichonymphid parasites of some Indian Termites. PLATE 168. 1 — 4. Trkhonympha agilis, different forms. .5. T. ngilis, viewed anteriorly. 6. T. agilis, division process. 7—15. T. agilis (after Leidy, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. (2) VIII, t. 51, ft. 1—9) 16. T. agilis (after Leidy). 17. T. agilis (after Lankester, copied from Leidy). 18. T. agilis (after Grassi and Sandias, Cost. Soc. Termiiidi, t. 5, f. 1), 19—30. The so-called young forms of T. agilis (after Leidy, I.e. t. 51, ff. 11—22). PLATE 169. 31 — 33. Leidya metschnikoivi. -34 — 36. Leidya annandalei. .37 — 38. Leidya kempi. 1022 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING Explanations of the Plates illustrating Captain Froilano de Melius paper on the Trichonymphid parasites of some Indian Termites — contd. 39 — 40. Leidya campanula. 41 Enchelyspheroides trichonympharum. 42. Balantidium tennitis, n. sp. ^ 43. Pyrmnympha grassii, n. sp. 44. Pyrsonytnpha flagellata (a,iteT GiBbSai). 45—47. Opaliim termitis, n. sp. 48 — i&. Nyctotherwsfietcheri,n.sp. 50. Nydolherus termitis (after Dobell). 51 — 56. Franciella termitis, n. g., n. sp. PLATE 170. 57 — 60. Trichonymphids from posterior intestine of Coptofermcs (after Bugnion, Mem. Soc. Zool. France 1910, p. 114, fig. 1). 61 — 68. Trichonymphids from Arrhinotermes fJavus (after Bugnion, Mem. Soc. Zool.. i-rancelOll.t. 3,ff. 6— 13). 69 74. Trichonympha. agilis from Hodoiermes viarum. 75 78. Holomasti gates elongatum (after Grassi and Sandias, I.e., t. 5, ff. 21 — 24). 79. Pyrsonympha verlens (after Ray Lankester). 80 87. Trichonymphids from Calotermes greeni (after Bugnion and PopofF, 3Iem. Soc. Zool. France 1910, t. 5). 88. Jcenia annectetis (after Grassi and Sandias, t. 5, f. 6). 89. 3Iicrojcenia hexamitoides (after Grassi and Sandias, t. 5, f . 10). 90. Gymnonympha zeylanica (after Dobell, Spolia Zeylan, VII, t. 2, f. 1). 91. Lophomonas blattarum (after Minchin, Introd. Study Protozoa fig. 45a). 92. L. blattarum, dividing stage (after Minchin, I.e., fig. 45c). 93. Stephanonymplia (after Franca, Soc. Port. Sci. Nat. VIII, p. 8, fig. Dl). 94. Caduceia theobromce (after Franca, I.e., t. 2, f. 1). 79.— GENITALIA OF SOME CEYLONESE HESPERIADiE. Bxj W. Ormiston, F.E.S. (Plates 171—172.) The leading work on tliig Family is still " A revision of the Oriental Hesperiidse " by Messrs. Elwes and Edwards. Unfortunately the authors had apparently few Ceylon specimens to examine and so I fear that several of our species will require renaming. Their work mainly decides questions of specific identity by an examination of the prehensores of the males, and the authors point out "that a very considerable practice in making this examination and great experience in estimating the value of the characters observed, are necessary to form an opinion on the subject." I confess that I have PROCEEDINGS OF TUE TTIIEO ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 1023 had no previous experience, but the sketches in the Plates exhibited herewith are, in nearly every case, the result of the exammation of a large number of specimens. In no case was the sketch made from a single specimen. I am sending a set of my slides to the Colombo Museum where anyone interested can examine them. They include all the Ceylon Hesperiadse with the exception of C. spilothyrus and G. albofasciata. When removed from the body of the insect and dried, the clasps almost invariably shrivel and curl up, thus entirely altering their outlines as seen imder a microscope. I have, therefore whenever possible, used perfectly fresh undried specimens for my sketches. In cases where there are only sUght differences between the prehensores of two forms it is necessary to examine a large number of each, to ascertain if these differences are permanent or only casual variations. For iastance, with regard to Padraona dara, Messrs. Elwes and Edwards write that Mr. Edwards dissected " fifteen specimens from difierent localities, and found considerable variation in degree, but no differences which can be regarded as specific." Lieutenant-Colonel Evans in his notes on Indian butterflies {Journal of the Bombay Nat. His'. Socy.) says that he examined 23 males in his collection and found he had five species. I have dissected over 100 Ceylon specimens, and I find two very distinct forms which show no signs of grading and extremely slight internal variation. {See PL 171. figs. 27— 3 ).) I beheve there is also a third but I have been unable, so far, to obtain sufficient specimens to prove that it is not merely a variety or seasonal form. {See PI. 171, figs. 31, 32.) By the courtes)' of Mr. F. Hannyngton, I.C.S., I have been able to dissect a few specimens from Coorg and found two forms among them which are very distinct from anything I have seen in Ceylon. Apparently this group is split up into numerous local races, and, so far as my experience goes, the prehensores will be found a more constant and reliable means of separating them than the colouration of the wings. I believe that similar local races also occur in the philippina and kumara groups of the genus Parnara. A question which arises is whether differences in colour caused by cUmatic influences are accompanied by changes in the prehensores. This of course can only be settled by breeduig experiments. For instance, Indian writers treat Caprona saraya as a seasonal, form of C. ransonnetti, although Messrs. Elwes and Edwards point out that their clasps differ considerably. In Ceylon C. siamica shows an almost similar divergence from 0. ransonnetti and v/ould therefore, I presume, be treated as a seasonal form. I have examined about a dozen specimens of G. siamica and have, so far, fouivd no signs of grading in the clasps and am therefore inclined to regard it as distinct. {See PI. 171, figs. 9, 10, 11 and 12.) 1024 PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING To satisfactorily Settle the status of our Ceylon species and races it will be necessary to examine a large number of allied Indian forms, especially from South India, and I shall be very grateful to any Indian collectors who will send me specimens for dissection. In this paper we come again on the question, which arose several times during the discussion of several LepidopterouS peSts during the earlier part of this Meeting, of the separation of superficially- similar forms by means of distinct differences in the male genitalia. The Hesperiadse form an especially difficult group for the discrimination of species in the ordinary way and we must welcome Mr. Ormiston's work on the separation of the Sinhalese species as a solid contribution to the Subject. I would therefore call your particular attention to his appeal for specimens of Hesperiadse, from Southern India especially, and would ask you to send him for examination any specimens that you can spare, as further comparison of the forms occurring in India and Ceylon cannot but improve our knowledge on this subject. Explanation of Plates 171- -172 illustrating " Genitalia of some Ceylonese HesperiadcB." 1. Hiinlinm liifermis 2. Ditto 3 Tapena lliwailesi. 4. Ditto 5. Coladenia lissa 6. Ditto 7. Tagiades distans 8. TagiadeS atfictis 9 & 10. Caprona mnsonnettii 11 & 12. Caprona. siamica 13. SaraJigesa albicili 14. Ditto 15. Baracus villnius 16. Ditto 17. Sua.stus gremius 18. Siiastus m.invta 19. Ditto 20. Hyarotis admstus 21. Mntnpa aria 22. Ditto 23. Paduka lebadea 24. Gangara thyrsis . 2.5. Telicota bambutce ' 26. Telicota augias . 27. Padraona pseudotticesa Inner face of clasp. Dor.sal aspect of tegumcn. Inner face of clasp. Dorsal aspect of tegumen. Inner face of clasp. Lateral aspect of tegumen. Inner face of clasp. Ditto. Inner face of clasps. Ditto. Inner face of clasp. Dorsal aspect of tegumen. Inner face of clasp. Dorsal aspect of tegumen. Inner face of clasp. Ditto. Dorsal aspect of tegumen. Inner face of clasp. Ditto. Dorsal aspect of tegumen. Inner face of clasp. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. Page 1024. ISD' I IS ^ :\« <]= ffiCD'- r3 PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING He 28. Pailraona pfcudomoesa speria 29. Padraona nKssioides . 30. Ditto 31. Padraona dam-! . 32. Ditto 33. Halpe ceylonica (or ege a) . ii. Ditto 35. Halpe decorata . 36. Ditto 37. Baons pendllata 38. Ditto 39. Ditto 40. Ditto + 1. Parnara kunutra 42. ■ Ditto 43. Ditto 44. Ditto 4.5. Parnara seriala . 46. Ditto 47. Ditto 48. Ditto 49. Parnara lutrooa 50. Ditto 51. Ditto .52. Ditto 53. Panuirn bada 54. Ditto ,.55. Ditto 56. Parnara cingala 57. Ditto 58. Ditto .59. Ismene atapTius ■60. Ditto 61. Parata butler i 62. Ditto 63. Parata alexis 64. Ditto 65. Uasora badra 66. Ditto 67. Rhopalocampta benjamini . 68. Ditto 69. Bibasis sena 70. Ditto 71. Badamia exclamationis 72. Ditto Dorsal aspect of tegumen. Inner face of clasp. Dorsal aspect of tegumen. Inner face of clasp. Dorsal aspect of tegumen. Lateral aspect of tegumen. Dorsal aspect of tegumen. Inner face of clasp. Dorsal aspect of tegumen. Inner face of clasp. Latenal aspect of tegumen. Dorsal aspect of tegumen. ^'entra I aspect of tegumen. Inner face of clasp. Later.-il aspect of tegumen. Dorsal aspect of tegumen. Ventral aspect of tegumen Inner face of clasp. Lateral aspect of tegumen. Dorsal aspect of tegumen. Ventral aspect of tegumen. Inner face of clasp. Lateral aspect of tegumen. Dorsal aspect of tegumen. \'entral aspect of tegumen. Inner face of clasp. Lateral aspect of tegumen. Dorsal aspect of tegumen. Inner face of clasp. Lateral aspect of tegumen. Dorsal aspect of tegumen. Inner face of clasp. Dorsal aspect of tegumen. Inner face of clasp. Dorsal aspect of tegumen. Inner face of clasp. Dorsal aspect of tegumen. Inner face of clasp. Dorsal aspect of tegumea. Inner face of clasp. Lateral aspect of tegumen. Inner face of clasp. Dorsal aspect of tegumen. Inner face of clasp. Lateral aspect of tegumen 1026] rEOCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGIC.iL MEETING 80.— ON THE BOLLWORM PARASITE DESCRIBED AS RHOGAS LEFROYI BY DUDGEON AND GOUGH. By Pbofessok Charles T. Brues {Harvard University). In tlie Agricultural Journal of Egypt for 1914 (Vol. 3, part 2, pp. 108- 110) Dudgeon and Gough described two Braconid parasites of the Egyptian bollworm {Earias insulana) whicli they referred to the genus RJiogas. Specimens presumed to be R. lefroyi had been given this manuscript name previously by Ashmead. Recently, T. Bainbrigge Fletcher, Esq., the Imperial Entomologist of India, sent me a number of specimens bred from the bollworm in India asking me if I thought all were of the same species and whether they were Rhogas lefroyi. A comparison of the specimens with the short desciption of R. lefroyi and the photograph of the wings which accom- pany it, show them to agree very well, and they seem unquestionably to be the species described by Dudgeon and Gough. They do not, however, belong to the genus Rhogas, but are referable to Microbracon. It is evident from Dudgeon and Cough's original figure also that they cannot belong to Rhogas as the submedian cell in the hind wing is very short and in the front wing is the same length as the median, while the basal vein is almost perpendicular to the costa and not strongly oblique as in Rhogas. From the description the antennae also are of a different conformation from those of Rhogas. It appears therefore that this insect must be known as Microbracon lefroyi and that the other species described in the same publication as Rhogas Mlcheneri is probably also a Microbracon. There is of course a possibility that the species may have previously been described, although I have not been able to find that this is the case. In order to make the species more easily recognizable I have drawn up the following description from the specimens forwarded by Professor Fletcher. Microbracon lefroyi. Dudgeon and Gough. Agric. Journ. Egypt, vol. 3, pt. 2, p. 109 (1914) (Rhogas). Female. Length 2-3 mm. ; ovipositor slightly longer than the abdomen, but not C[uite so long as the abdomen and propodeum together. Body honey-yellow, varied with black and piceous, legs usually some- what lighter and the sides of the abdomen often much paler. Black markings variable ; in melanic specimens they include spot on front above base of antennae, ocellar space, occiput, autennte, stripe on each of the three lobes of mesonotum, scutellum, p^opor' um irregular marks on pleurae, abdominal segments three to five, except narrow lateral PEOCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 1027 border, and sheaths of ovipositor ; in light specimens the entire body is pale honey-yellow with only the flagellum of antennae, tips of man- dibles, ocellar triangle, clouds on the second and third segments, and ovipositor black, piceous or brown. Wings faintly to distinctly tinged with brown, the stigma and veins fuscous. Antennae 25- to 27-jointed, the joints slightly decreasing in length to apex, the basal ones barely twice as long as thick. Mesonotum .shagreened, scutelliim shining ; propodeum distinctly shagreened, but often more nearly smooth basally toward the middle, without median carina except at extreme apex which is finely areolate ; mesopleura finely shagreened, with a narrow polished strip along its posterior margin. Abdomen broadly oval or nearly circular in outline ; first segment twice as wide at apex as at base, posterior corners separated by deep grooves, median field triangular ; second segment four times as broad as long, with an obsolete median carina ; third segment a little longer than, the second ; following shorter ; entire abdomen except corners of first segment finely roughened, without distinct punctures or reticulations, except sometimes on the second and third segments near the middle ; second sutme finely crenulate. Wings as figiued by Dudgeon and Gough {loc. cit.). Male. Length 2 mm. Similar to the female with the antennae 24-25-jointed and the head and thorax generally darker ; the abdomen has the sixth segment black and lacks almost all the yellow at the sides although the first two segments are yellow and usually paler than in the female. There is an enormous amount of colour variation in the large number of specimens examined, a slight variation in the number of antenna! joints and in the sculpture of the propodeum and abdomen but none of these seem to be in any way definite or correlated. Microbracon sp. / In the lot of bollworm parasites are two males from Pusa (3 XII. 15 ; T. Ram), easily distinguishable from the foregoing. The head is pale yellow with black markings, the antennae 29-jointed, the propodeum bears a median carina and the abdomen is coarsely some- what irregularly longitudinally striate. In the absence of the female, it would be hazardous to attempt to identify it. This redescription of Microbracon lejroiji will be useful to Indian jj^ Fletcher, workers, but I may add that we at Pusa are not quite ready to agree that all the specimens of Microbracon parasitic on Earias belong to M- lefroyi. Indeed, as you will see, Professor Brues considered two specimens to represent a distinct sp,ecies. When this redescription 1028 PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAI, ■MEETING came to hand, we went over all our material and made out that we- had at least four or five species of Microh-acon, differing in habits as well as in appearance and structure, and all reared from Earias, as well as several other doubtfully distinct species reared from hosts other than Earias. I may remark here that it is important for us to know in what other hosts the Earias-'miesiing species are capable to breeding. All this material, representing the collections made from rearing during many years, was sent to Professor Brues with a letter pointing out the differences which we believed to exist ; but unfortunately this parcel was lost by 'submarine action and the whole of oxur collection was lost. I mention this because, if be had received this second collection, it is just possible that Professor Brues might have modified this paper to some extent. As it is, we must wait until we can seciu-e more exten- sive material from known hosts. 81.— SOME RECENTLY NOTED SOUTH INDIAN MELOLON- THIDyE OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE. By P. V. Isaac, Assistant to the Government Entomologist, Madras. Under the term Melolonthidw there are included for the purposea- of this paper the four important sub-families of pleiirostid Scarahceidce, namely : — (1) Cetoniana?. (2) Dynastinas. (3) Rutelina>. (4) Melolonthinee. When in the summer of 1916 reports were received of damage to cinchona seedlings by white grubs in the Government cinchona planta- tions at Dodabetta (8,000 feet) in the Nilgiris, the study of Melolonthidse received fresh imiiortance ; and the appearance in 1917 of the volume on Rutelinae in the Fauna of India Series, has been of much help in sustaining the interest in the group. The species which have in recent times come into prominence are : — Cetoniance. (1) Anthracophora crucifera, Oliv. This beautiful insect has been found commonly on Lantana flowers and cholam inflorescence in Coim- batore. (2) Protcetia avrichalcea, F. This also has been found at Coimbatore both on Lantana and cholam flowers. PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 1029 Rutelinw. Popillia chlorion, Nevvjn. This little shining green insect is a pest in its larval stage on cinchona roots in Dodabetta. MelolonthincB. (1) Holotrichia repeiita, Sharp. This was found in large numbers in the soil in the cinchona plantations at Dodabetta. The grubs injure the roots of young cinchona plants. (2) Holotrichia sp. This is of the same general appearance as H. repetita. but is slightly smaller. This was found in great abundance in the cinchona plantations at Dodabetta, in the ground, awaiting the South- West-Monsoon to fly out. These are injurious to cinchona seed- lings in the larval stage. Both these species of Holotrichia were caught in large numbers in light traps. From individuals of both species confined in cages it was found that they lay small white eggs singly and that each female can lay about 100 eggs. (3) Holotrichia rujoflava, Brs. This was taken near roots of orange plants at Coimbatore. It is believed that the grubs of the species ate off the bark, just below ground level, from orange plants and caused their death. (4) Serica nilgirensis, Shp. The larvae of these were found in com- pany with those of the two Holotrichias mentioned above at roots of cinchona seedlings. It is hoped to do more work on the group, now that it is safe to trans- mit specimens to, and receive communications from, experts abroad. This paper might have been taken -earlier when we were discussing Mr. Fletcher. crop-pests. There does not seem to be much systematic work in it, although the title was communicated for inclusion in the programme under the head of Systematic Entomology. In Sylhet I found the bark of orange-trees eaten away near the Mr. Ghosh. ground by something. I could not associate this with an insect. It might have been due to some bacterial or fungal disease. At Coimbatore we were able to observe fresh cuts from day to day Mr. Isaac. and the only thing found near these were the Melolonthid grubs. Species of Holotrichia are common girdlers and are also accompanied 1 by Adoretus and one caimot differentiate their work. I am not, how- ever, in a position to add any definite observations. 1030 PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 82.— NOTES ON TWO PSYLLID GALLS EXHIBITED, WITH EEMARKS ON INDIAN PSYLLID^. By T. V. Ramakeishna Ayyar, B.A., F.E.S., F.Z.S., Acting Government Entomologist, Madras. (Plate 173.) Unlike other minor groups of insects it is gratifying to note that the group of jumping plant-lice or Psj'llidse has been studied to some extent in India. The previous records are chiefly by Buckton and Kieffer and latterly by Dr. Crawford. I am sorry I have not been able to see KielTer's " Monograph of Gall-making Psyllids " published in the Annah of the Brussels Entomological Society in 1905, which would certainly have helped in preparing this note, and also given us infor- mation as to whether these galls are recorded by him. The early records of Indian Psyllids to which we have easy access are in the pages of Indian Museum Notes by Buckton and latterly in the pages of the Records of the Indian Museum by Crawford. The following species have so far been noted : — (1) Psylla cistellata, Buckt., on mango shoots; Dehra Dun (7. M. N. Ill, 1, p. 13). (2) Pemphigus cedificatar,Bnc'kt. , onPistacia terebinthus ; Baluchis- tan {I.M.N. Ill, 1, p. 71). (3) Phacopteron lentiginosum, Buckt., on Ganiga finnata ; Poona and Dehra Dun (I.M.N. Ill, 5, pp. 18-19). (4) Psylla obsoleta, Buckt., on Diospyros melanoxylon ; Bombay {I.M.N. V, 2, p. 35). In Lefroy's Indian -Insect Life, Plate LXXX, we have figures of two other undesciibed species making galls on Alstonia scholaris and Ficus glomerata. There is another species. of Psyllid we have in Coim- batore, a pretty bad pest of a species of garden Cardia ; it does not however make any jKominent gall-like structure on the plant. This Crawford has named Ewphalerus cifri (probably it is the same as found on C^Vrws jDlants elsewhere). The two kinds of galls just before you are : — (1) That of Phacofteron lentiginosum on Ganiga pinnata from pepper gardens in North Malabar. As you see, the leaves are very badly galled and in the worst cases the plants show nothing but these cylindrical, ovoid or finger-like galls which often give the appearance of a cluster of Page 1030. PLATE 173. Page 1031. gf Fig. 2.—Fiil(/oroi cauihlarift. Natural size. ^ 0 y\z. 3. ». 3. — Kicfinifi hicolorata. Twice natural size PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 1031 fruits (see fig. 2). The galls in nature have a pale yellowish-green appearance with a tinge of reddish-brown. Often the plant, which is occasionally used as a standard to train the pepper vine on, suffers very much from this Psyllid. (2) The other is the gall caused by an undetermined species ; and although I have consulted Crawford's " Monograph of American Psyllidse " I have not been able to find any figures or descriptions that would apply to this interesting species. I have sent it on to Dr. Crawford for correct identification. The gall made by this insect is very curious and beautiful (see fig. 1). It was found on a wild shrub, Ficus nervosa, in the Taliparamba forest in North Malabar. Any casual observer will surely mistake the gall for some natural out- growth of the plant. The galls are attached to the mid-rib of each leaf and commonly on the upper surface. In struc- ture it is oval covered over with hairy and villose processes of plant tissue. In nature it is greenish in colour with a mixture of light yellow. The galls are not very unlike that shown in plate 5 of Ind. Mvs. Notes, V. 2, caused by Psylla isitis, but certainly shows differences. The object of this note is simply to create if possible an interest in this very interesting study of insect galls in India. PJiacofteron lentiginasmn is common in all forest areas, not only in Mr. Dehra Dun and Poona. In Travancore Garuga finnata is popularly called the Mosquito- Mr. Isaac. tree as it is believed to give birth to mosquitos from its limbs. This tree is of no economic importance. On account of this Psyllid Mr. Ramakrishna only galls are found and we do not see any leaves on it when it is attacked Ayyar. in this way. The whole subject. of galls and gall-makers in India is one which Mr. Fletcher requires investigation. It is a very wide subject which is at present awaiting workers to take it up. One comes across the most curious galls at times. I have here [eaJvibited] a photograph of a gall which occurs commonly on Qvemis griffithii at Shillong ; as you will see, it forms a curious sort of rosette something like an unexpanded thistle- flower. Another gall which I found at Shillong last year was on leaves of Rubus assamensis and resembled a small spiny sea-urchin ; from this I bred a Cecidomyiad fly. 1032 PEOCEEDIN^GS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 83.— NOTE ON SOME SWARMING FULGORID BUGS. Bij T. V. Ea.makrishna Ayyar, B.A., F.E.S., F.Z.S.. Actmg Govern- ment Entomologist, Madras. (Plate 174.) Though it is a common sight to^iind swarms of small bugs like species of Idiocenis, Helopeltis, Caloco^is, Emfoasca and other minute forms, I have not seen bugs of fairly large size as the ones I am referring to in this note appearing in such numbers, and it is to know from you whether any one else has noted these insects in such numbers that I speak about these to-day. The three Fulgorid bugs arc : — 1. Ftdgora ddesserti, Guer. Species of this genus of large beautiful bugs ate regarded as more or less rarities. In October 1917, while out on a collecting trip to the foot of the Nilgiris, I accidentally came across this insect in large numbers. About twenty or thirty of them were always found perched on the bark of the stem of huge trees, chiefly Ailanthus excelsa and Terminalia belerica. The peculiar colouration of the tegmina and the head protects them easily and it is very difficult to find them on these tree stems even when they are in numbers. Once disturbed, all fly away and it was found rather difficult to catch them unless very carefully netted. 2. The other bug, also a Fulgorid, is Kalidasa sanyiiinalis, Westw. (fig. 91 of Dist. Vol. III). This is a smaller fprm and has more or less sanguineous colour. Numbers of this bug were also found always in the same situations as the Fulgora. (Plate 174, fig. 1.) The same thing — these two bugs found in company — was observed later on in Ganjam. In this case the species of Fulgora was' F. cande- laria, Linn. (fig. 82 of Distant, Vol. III). (Plate 174. fig. 2.) 3. The third one is a species of Ricania — those bugs which have fairly large dark wings with pale white transparent blotches on them. The species concerned here is, U. bicolorata. (PL 174, fig. 3.) In the months of April and May this bug is found in thousands on almost every plant along the mountain railway line running from the foot of the Ghats up to Hillgrove or Coonoor. I believe Mr. Dutt has seen this when he came down to Madras last time. [Specim,ens of the bugs ivere exhibited.] Mr. Fletcher. j-^j^ ^^^ Epipvropidae on these Fulgorid bugs 1 Mr. Bamakrishra ^ ^ ^ t I-i" . i i f .^ ^yygj ^ I am sorry to say i did not look for them. Page 1033. PhyUochoreia ramakHshnui, Bol. (x3). PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD EXTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 1033 Fidyora candelaria does not seem to be a very common species as a Mr. Fletcher. Tule. I have not come across it myself in India although I found it in Hongkong twenty years ago. Did you observe any special function of j^ Ramakrishns. the cephalic prolongation I fiyy&r. No. Fulgorids are known to transmit fungal or bacterial diseases to plants. Mr. Beeson. Work is being done in the sandalwood areas on the spike disease of sandal in this connection. Another point of interest about these Fulgorid bugs is their supposed Mr. Fletcher. luminosity. Fidgora candelaria was so called because it was supposed to be luminous. I think it was Madame Merian in Surinam about two hundi-ed years ago who recorded that some of these bugs were found to be luminous when the box containing them was opened in the dark, but since then no authentic corroboration of this statement seems to have been obtained. I made inquiries at Hongkong but was unable to obtain any confirmation of this supposed luminosity. The luminosity. if it does really occur, may be the result of bacterial disease and not to the action of photogenic organs. 84.— EUMASTACIN.f; FROM SOUTH INDIA. By T. V. Ram.\kri.shna Ayyar, B.A., F.E.S., F.Z.S., Acling Government Entomologist, Madras. (Plate 175.) In exhibiting herewith some specimens of these curious insects collected from South India I would add a few remarks. The group Eumastacinse is, as most of 3'ou know, a sub-family of the well-known Orthopterous family Acridiidae. The insects included in this sub-family are all very curious and abnormal in structure as compared with other grasshoppers {see figure). The striking features of these insects are the extreme shortness of the antennae, the curious posture and structure of the wings (some are apterous) and the peculiar leaflike projected formation of the prothorax in some forms. Almost all of them are comparatively small in size, ranging from half an inch to not more than a couple of inches in length. .Almost all the Indian species recorded are from the Hills of Burma, Kashmir and South India. Mr. Kirby in his Fauna Volume on Acridiidw has described all the forms known up to 1914. Since then Candido Bolivar has described three new South Indian forms, from some material we sent from Madras, 1034 PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING in the Spanish journal Trah. Del Museo Nac. de Cienc. Nat. (Ser. Zoologica, Num. 16) (1914). These three species are Phyllocoreia rama- krishnai and Bennia burri from the Western Ghats, South Kanara, and Mastacides nilgirisicus from the Nilgiris. Extremely little is known of the bionomics of these extraordinary creatures. I found them in damp localities on hill-sides and on low- growing brushes. Their peculiar slow and sudden movements often reminded me of the chameleon. I have not seen any of these in flight, but they hop about very effectively. Some of them have very good protective colouration — green, brown or speckled to suit the sur- roundings. I believe they are plant feeders, since I found one or two species feeding on Terminalia leaves. Though these do not appear to be of any economic importance so far noted, this is a group of insects worth studying, as almost nothing is on record regarding the life-history or habits of these insects. I have here [exhibited] some specimens of Eumastacinse. Incidentally I would plead for a catalogue of our own as the figures of this group in the Fauna volume are not reliable on account of their being ascribed to the wrong species. We have very few specimens of these grasshoppers in the Pusa collection. I got a few when I was in Burma and Ramachandra Rao has collected a few during the course of his Lantana deputation. The description of these species was published in a Spanish journal. It took me three years to get it translated. You say that almost aU the species recorded from India are from the Hills of Burma, Kashmir and Southern India. I do not know about Kashmir, but my Biu-mese specimens were taken at a compara- tively low elevation on the railway-line between Maymyo and Lashio, and I note that two of your species were taken at Taliparamba and Tamarasseri, neither of which are at any height above sea-level. When I was in Ceylon I remember finding one species at Trincomali also and that is at sea-level. 8.5.— SUGGESTIONS REGARDING PUBLICATION QF COMMUNI- CATIONS ON ENTOMOLOGICAL SUBJECTS. Bij C. C. Ghosh, B.A., Assistant to the Imperial Entomologist. It is intended in this paper to deal with a few points regarding the existing facilities for publication of communications on entomological PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 1035 subjects, to point out how far the existing publications satisfy the needs of different classes of readers and to discuss whether there is room for a publication solely_ devoted to entomology in India. Readers of entomological publications may be placed under two categories : — (1) entomologists and (2) non-entomologists, i.e., the lay public. In the first category are included the workers in as well as outside India. The departmental Memoirs and Bulletins, and the journals dealing with zoological matters generally, such as the Journals of the Asiatic Society and the Bombay Natural History Society and Records of the Indian Museum at Calcutta are accessible to this class. All these publications afford ample facilities for publishing all communi- cations on entomology, but as none of them, except the Departmental Memoirs and Bulletins, is solely devoted to entomology, the compara- tively small entomological contributions are buried among the more- voluminous matters dealing with general zoology. Besides, these publications are hardly available to the Provincial Entomological Assist- ants working in the mofussil. The Departmental Memoirs and Bulletins are meant to be records of work which is more or less complete and which is either of too popular or too technical a nature. The time has there- fore arrived to consider whether it will be useful to have a periodical publication solely devoted to Entomology, in which reports of observa- tions and investigations, of trials of preventive and remedial experi- ments, notes on life-history and similar matters, which cannot by them- selves form the subjects for separate Bulletins and Memoirs, can be published. Such matters are extremely important and in fact form the bricks with which the edifice of Economic Entomology in India has to be built up. At present only a very small proportion of such observa- tions, etc., is actually recorded. Out of this recorded matter again only a small proportion is actually published and that too in such a scattered manner, in Departmental leaflets, annual administration reports, provincial year-books, and the pages of the Asiatic Society and Bombay Natural History Society's JonrmU in India as well as of various journals outside India, that it is hardly accessible to all workers. Even if a worker is enthusiastic enough to collect this scattered information from all these various and not easily accessible sources, much of it is necessarily brief and incomplete and not as valuable as it may be and ought to be, because in administration reports and even in the annual reports of the Entomological Department much room cannot be provided for detailed treatment. Mere records of catches are useful ; descriptions of the methods used in collecting are highly interesting ; observations of habits in actual field conditions in nature are extremely valuable ; and the workers 103b PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING engaged in field investigations tlu-oughout the country have ample opportunities of contributing to our knowledge in these matters. But for waivt of facilities for publication either such things are not recorded nowadays or even if recorded they are consigned to files. After a time the interest due to freshness of the observation becomes stale even to the observer himself and he gradually loses the stimulus of recording his observations. If he knows that there is an organ which is his own and in which all things, interesting and useful, however small and described however briefly, will find a corner under his own name, he is not likely to let slip any opportunity for observations and recording them. A person not in the habit of recording them will be tempted to do so when he sees his fellow workers doing it and getting the credit for it. The healthy rivalry which will thus be evoked will be of immense benefit to Economic Entomology in India. This will also improve the quality of the work. Wlien one is going to put down a thing in black and white for publica- tion, under all the chastening influences of the prospect of criticism, one is naturally compelled to go deeper into it. A publication of the nature suggested here will be of very great use to the working entomologists as it will be a sort of a meeting ground for them and serve the purpose of a perpetual conference of the kind in "which we have been partaking at present. A record of observation on a particular insect in a particular aspect in one Province will evoke interest in it and lead to observations on that aspect in the other Provinces. Besides it frequently happens that more than one of us are engaged on the same problem in different Provinces. We follow oiu: own lines in complete ignorance of what others are doing or what pro- gress has been made. The suggested journal will remedy this defect. It may be argued that we may co-operate tlirough correspondence. But this is only possible when we know what others are doing and at present there is no means of distribution of this knowledge. Besides some workers may justly look forward to recognition. Recognition of one's efforts however insignificant always acts as a stimulus and the proposed journal will give an incentive to young entomologists when they see that their eft'orts are being recognized. In this manner many things will come to light, which although probably small in themselves, may form important links for work another may be doing. We there- fore see that a journal solely devoted to the subject of entomology is not only desirable but -ivill serve a very useful purpose in furthering the work of the economic entomologists in this country. To begin with, it may form a part of the Agricidtural Journal of India or can be issued as a separate publication under a distinctive name such as the " Indian Entomologist." A separate publication would of course PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 103'i he preferable even though it be of a small size and issued as a quarterly ZT\i:^''''' ""^^^"t '^'^^^'^ -"^ ^« - want of Materials tor It. The following among other sources can be mentioned here •- (1) Records of observations of the kind pointed out above and which all entomological workers have the opportunitv of making but very few of them at present make (2) Reports of mvestigational tom-s undertaken by all workers with regard to particular insects or problems. (3) At present rearing is not done in all the Provinces. For want of rearing the work remains defective. It is hoped that this defect .vill be remedied at an early date. The records of rearing and notes on life-history thus made in different Provinces under different climatic conditions will supply ample and extremely useful materials. (4) Life-histories which are fully worked out (5) The Conference m which we have met' is now a permanent function. The Proceedings and at least some of the papers read m these conferences can most fittinglv be included in this journal. (<3) In order to enhance its educative value, useful communication^^ on Indian Insects appearing in other journals may be re- printed m It. - ic Now we turn our attention to the non-entomological readers, includ- Ses ^sf f n ' 1 ^^:,^---^*-'''l P-blic. The educated professional classes also fall under this category as practically all of them possess lands which they or their relations cultivate. The prevalent ignrn of even the elementary facts of insect life has been dealt with in my paper on ' Some aspects of Economic Entomology in India," in S he necessity has been indicated of the compilation of simple elementey books on entomology m all the Indian vernaculars and of'the in rodui^ tion of entomology as a subject for nature study in the primarythooTs. A JculTu LrL ' T '''^T^*^"- t° ^^y that the publications of the Agricdtural Department, however highly applauded and valued here body o the Indian agriculturists. Ift order to make my point clear t IS only necessary to remind you of the small percentage of English- knowing people in the country. The publication^, being in the Engl sh anguage, can be expected to be read only by this small perceiSle foTmfe ::1T-V'' f '^' "'^^ "^"^ '^'^y ^« «-*-"^ '--i them. 1 foi one would be inchned to regard their number to be very small Memoirs, etc., this number is practically .//. Unfortunately it has to 1038 PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING be admitted tliat tlie Agricultural Department has not yet been success- ful in reaching the public in most cases and as members of a Service intended to help the agricultural public, it is our duty to find out why and in what respects we fail to reach them. Many of the officers of this Department have peculiar notions about bringing the results of agricultural research to the notice of the public. One recorded it as his opinion that those who did not know English could not be said to be educated and the matters in which this Department dealt were so abstruse that they would not be intelligible to the so-called " unedu- cated " people even if presented to them in their own vernaculars. This reveals a want of knowledge of the actual conditions. Without going too far it will be sufficient if we inquire how ma y of the coolies we engage in the Pusa Farm know how to read and write their own vernacular. From my experience of Bengal and Bihar it can be said that it is a common practice with all cultivators to read or hear read the epics of Ramayana and MakabJiara'a, both written in not vi ry simple verses. Therefore the fault is with us if we cannot present our subjects in a simple, clear and intelligible manner, and not with the cultivators whom we wish to inform. They know their agricultural problems thoroughly, although they may not be able to express them in the maimer in which we can. All important matters relating to agriculture can hardly fail to interest them. The public can be reached through various available agencies. Although newspapers and magazines are not yet as widely read in India as in some of the Western countries, from my experience of Bengal I can say that the vernacular weekly papers are most widely circulated and they find their way to remote villages. Any information intended to be spread quickly cannot be better done than through the medium of these weekly papers. Four weekly papers of Calcutta can be ijamed which together can ca'iy the information throughout the whole of Bengal. It depends on us to supply them with the information. Other- wise wrong information or correct information awfully distorted is likely to be spread. As an instance the following incident may be mentioned. A vernacular monthly magazine on one occasion published the information that damage to stored rice could be prevented by the application of carbon bisulphide and gave the direction that carbon bisulphide was to be tied in a piece of cloth and kept in the midst of the stored rice. This information was quoted in many papers, and necessarily widely circulated, with what result you can imagine. It seems therefore highly necessary that instead of remaining co tented with giving useful information on Economic Entomology in books which seldom find their way to the remote villages, we should frequently PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 1039 communicate such information to the daily and weekly and especially the weekly vernacular papers. This will go a great way in popularizing Economic Entomology. We therefore come to the following conclu- sions : — (1) For the great body of non-entomological readers in India there are means of diffusion of useful information and we should make more use of these means than we have been doing in the past. (2) At present there is not sufficient means of satisfying the needs of the working entomologists for whom a journal solely devoted to the subject of Entomology has become a necessity. There is no objection to sending communications to the vernacular Mr. Ramakrishna papers. But, as regards this proposed Journal, the first question is Ayyar. the material and money required to run it. Is there any likelihood of getting help from the Government ? Considering its usefulness. Government ought to help. I agree with what Mr. Ghosh has said regarding the scattered material Mr. Fletcher, and the scattered methpds of publication adopted at present and I have already referred to this point in my note on the expansion of entomolo- gical work in India, printed as Appendix K to the Report of the Indian Industrial Commission. I consider that all entomological work should be published in one set of publications issued by Government. But I really do not see the necessity just at present for a Journal as proposed by Mr. Ghosh. A Journal might start off well but would soon break down fi'om wailt of material. As things are at present it is difficult to get material for pubhcation. Some of us are too busy on every-day routine and new investigations to have spare time to write. In 1916 I issued a Bulletin of one hundred short notes on Indian Insects and appealed for material for a second hundred such notes. Very few came in in response to my appeal and, after waiting for about two years, I had to sit down and complete the second hundred notes myself by writing up various life-histories and so on to complete the Bulletin, which has now gone to the press. Material of the nature indicated by Mr. Ghosh, as to be published in the proposed Journal, can in nearly all cases be included in such Bulletins and in this way we have a co^ected mass of material which is accessible to everyone. Such Bulletins are pubhshed at such long intervals as to prevent Mr. Ramakrishna their utility. Ayyar. Not necessarily ; the freqiiency of pubhcation depends entirely on Mr. Fletcher, the material available. If each of you would send in only one note 1040 PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIED ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING Mr. Bamakrishna Ayyar. Mr. Eunhi Eannan. Mr. Ghosh. Mr. Senior- White. Mr. Fletcher. H^. Ramakrishna Ayyar. Mr. Fletcher. each month we could get out three or four such Bulletias every year without any difficulty. The difficulty about these Bulletins, each containing one hundred Notes, is that you have to wait to complete the hundred Notes each time. How will these Notes appear ? The Second Hundred Notes are appearing under no definite author- ship. Those Notes which have been contributed from outside have the contributors' names appended to them. Another question that arises in connection with this proposed Journal is, who would run a paper of the nature suggested ? I think that the question of such a publication might well be post- poned until the question of an entomological Bureau has been decided. It is important that we should reach the general public and now we cannot do so. As I have said, the vernacular papers do not publish anything, or if they do publish it is usually wrong. I do not see that this proposed Journal would improve things in that respect. At present our Agricultural Department Bulletins and Memoirs and Reports have a very large circulation and are sent to all the prin- cipal newspapers in India but many of these publications are never even noticed in the newspapers. It is dangerous to send Bulletins, etc., to be abstracted by editors of newspapers. We should send them ready-prepared articles. There are other difficulties as regards running such organs as Mr. Ghosh suggests. The subscription list of Spolia Zeylanica is not more than 120. If a paper, as suggested by Mr. Ghosh, is decided upon, then it should be obhgatory for all the members to send their contributions only to this paper and nowhere else, and all systematists should be asked to be prepared to publish the work done on Indian material in this Journal. I am afraid that there are serious practical difficulties about that proposal so long as the entomological workers in India are scattered about in different Departments and Services as they are at present. Probably the systematists would not object as a rule to have their work published in India and I think this should be done wherever possible. But, as a matter of fact, to give an instance, when I put up Dr. Hancock's paper on Tetriginse fi'om the Pusa Collection for pubhcation ui our series of Memoirs, there were objections raised to its inclusion on the ground that it was systematic work. What is the difference between a Memoir and a Bulletin ? We have always refrained from attempting a definition of either, but, roughly speaking, the series of Memoirs is intended to take in PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 1041 completed or advanced work, whilst the Bulletins include incomplete or preliminary work. But I know of cases where one part of a Memoir has been pubhshed Mr. Ramakrishna in one year and a second part has appeared three years later. I sent ^yyar. a paper of mine to be published as a Memoir and I was told that it could only be published as a Bulletin. I presume that you are referring to the paper on the Coccidse of Mr. Fletcher. Southern India. That seemed to me to be a collection of short notes on different species rather than an intensive study of one or more species, and therefore it was a Bulletin. I am sorry if we offend on occasion but we try to do our best. Bulletins do not supply our needs and this Journal, that I have Mr. Ghosh, proposed, should be a common ground for the discussion of entomolo- gical matter. I know that there is no real difficulty in contributing to the vernacular papers, although this has to be done with permission ; yet it has not been done so far, and we ought to do it regularly. These Bulletins of one hundred Notes should be replaced by a Journal such as I propose. We could start it as a part of the Agricultural Journal of India, Mr. Misra. quarterly or half-yearly in separate parts. We could send in notes of general interest such as a discussion on the value of topping cotton- plants against bollworms. Or a portion of the Agricultural Journal of India should be set apart for Entomology. Would it not be better to bring forward a definite proposal on the Mr. Afzal Husain. fiubject of this Journal 1 I will bring forward a Resolution. Mr. Ghosh, I do not see the necessity for setting apart a portion of the Agri- Mr. Fletcher. cidtural Journal. I am sure that the Editor is always pleased to receive and insert any contributions on entomological subjects without being necessarily tied down to setting aside a portion for entomological articles. I suppose that any contributions could be sent to the Agricultural Mr. Ramakrishna Journal. Ayyar. Mr. Andrews, how can one get the publications of the Indian Tea Mr, Senior- White. Association ? On applying to the ordinary booksellers one is usually told that these publications are not in stock. Our publications are obtainable from the Secretary of the Indian Mr. Andrews. Tea Association. p2 104iJ PHOCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING Mr. Ghosh. I beg to propose the following Eesolution : — Resolution 4. " The Th rd Entomological Meeting is of opinion that it would be" desirable to have a Journal solely devoted to Entomology and Government should undertake publication o! it. Definite pro- posals regarding its size and time o! publication will be decided by a Committee." Mr. Kunhi Eannan. The Chaiiman. Mr. Fletcher. Mr. Ramaki'ishna Ayyar. I second that Resolution. [The Resolution, on being pvt to the Meeting, was declared carried by 12 votes against 6.] I propose the following Committee be appointed in accordance with the terms of the Resolution just carried, viz., the Imperial Ento- mologist, the Forest Zoologist, the Government Entomologist, Madras, and Mr. Andrews. We need not hurry on with this matter. We had better wait for the decision as regards the centralization scheme. I am afraid that is rather out of order now as the Resolution has been carried. We can only now consider the appointment of the Committee proposed in it. Whilst thanking the gentleman who proposed my name for this Committee, I beg leave to decline on personal and official grounds, as I have already voted against the scheme. Whilst quite prepared to give any assistance that I can to such a Journal if and when it is started, I must also decline to serve on the Committee, as I have already opposed the scheme and the acceptance of a place on the Committee would stultify my attitude regarding this proposed Journal. When the Heads of Sections do not agree with this scheme, it would not be possible to run the Journal. I therefore propose the following Resolution : — " The Resoluton last passed may be recorded but action on it may be postpon d untl som th^ng defin te has been decidd about the organizat'on of the Central Entomological Institute." I second this Resolution. [The Resolution, on being fid before the meeting, was declared carried, only one vote being recorded against it.] Page. 1043. PHOCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 1043 86.— THE PREPARATION AND REPRODUCTION OF SCIENTIFIC ILLUSTRATIONS. Btj A. W. Slater (Manager, Calcutta Phototype ComjMmj). (Plates 176—179.) There are many processes used in reproduction for printing, but iu the present day photo or process engraving has quite Superseded all other methods, and it is quite rare to find any publication in which the illustrations are produced other than by a photographic process. It is not intended in this article to give a history of the art of repro- duction or a detailed treatise on every stage of each process but just a general outline of the procedure in the principal processes used and to point out from the engraver's side httle points that should be thought of m preparmg originals or in the choice of the process to be employed. Nearly all illustrations are in these days produced by either Line engraving. Half-tone engraving or Three-colour engraving. These all come under the heading of process engraviiig which is the process by which di-awings or photographs are, by the aid of photo- graphy, transferred to metal, afterwards being etched by chemical action, the result being a block from which a very large number of ■copies can be printed. The choice of the process to be used must of necessity depend on the nature of the drawing, photo or picture to be reproduced. Line Blocks. Line engravings or Une blocks are made from pen and ink sketches, i.e., black and white drawings in fine, without any shading except that obtaiued by the varying thickness of the line of the drawing. Before considering the points which go to make a good original a brief descrip- tion of the process will be interesting. In the first place a negative is made somewhat similar to an ordinary photographic negative except that the wet plate process, in which the operator prepares his own plate, is used. This negative must be perfectly black and white with clear white lines on a black ground. It is at this stage that the attempt to reproduce the grey or faint lines, described later, affects the result as, in the endeavour to clear the negative by chemical action, all the lines are liable to lose their true value and thicken up. The negative is then printed, a piece of sensitized metal (usually zinc) being placed into contact with the negative in a printing frame and exposed to the action of the hght. The effect of the hght passing through the clear parts of the negative is to make the coating on the plate insoluble in water. When sufficiently exposed the plate is covered 1044 PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING with a coating of greasy ink and then placed in water, it is then wiped carefully with cotton wool and the coating which has not been acted on by hght, being soluble, washes away, taking the ink with it, leaving the ink on the parts which have been acted on by hght. The ink image on the zinc plate should now be a true representation of the original copy. The thin film of ink is next reinforced by very fine powdered asphal- tum and is now ready for etching. After examining the plate to see if the lines are all correct the plate is now placed in a weak solution of acid which etches the parts not covered by the mk image. Considerable care and skill are required at this stage as a httle carelessness means- the loss of fine lines. After a short etch the image on the plate is again strengthened to enable it to stand a stronger solution of acid, this process of etching being repeated till the white spaces are deep enough to make it im- possible for them to take ink from the printing machine roller. After trimming away the superfluous metal and mounting on wood the block is ready for the printer, each line of the drawing which has been reproduced standing in relief from the rest of the metal. The following are the points to be observed in preparing originals for line work. All drawings should be made with clear black lines on white paper or card. Eough paper should be avoided. Care should be taken that all the hnes are drawn firmly ; scratchy or grey Imes, produced by the ink being thinned down, are not permissible. Drawings for the fine process are better if made larger than the required size, reduction giving sharper and clearer results. It should be borne in mind that each line reduces in breadth as well as in length. All lettering should be neatly and clearly put in, care being taken to make all lettering sufficiently large to stand reduction. This point is often lost sight of, the result being that lettering which appears perfect on the original is unreadable when reduced. All lettering and in fact every line of the original should be perfect and complete, as alterations on the finished block are extremely difficult. The most suitable scales of reduction are one half or two-thirds the size of the original. Half-tone process. The Half-tone process is used when it is desired to show the grada- tions fi'om black to white with the intervening tones. This is also a photographic process but to obtain the desired effect it is necessary to make a special negative which is broken up into dots varying in size. Plate showing comparison between a half-tone from a wash drawing, and a line block of the same subject. .y PLATE 178. :.^:^ pkoceEdings of the third entomological meeting 1045 These dots in the negative are obtained by placing in the camera, between the lens and sensitive plate, a screen consisting of two pieces of glass which are engraved with parallel lines and joined together so that the lines cross at right angles. There are various rulings varying from 50 to 200 or more lines per inch and the finer the screen the finer the illustration, provided the conditions for printing the block are perfect. It is however seldom desirable to use a screen finer than 150 lines, especially in India, as owing to climatic and other conditions it is diffi- cult to print blocks made with an extremely fine screen. From the negative a print is made on a sensitized piece- of copper or zinc by ex- posure to light. The light passing through the dots of the negative renders the solution on the metal insoluble so that it is covered with a mass of- dots the reverse of the negative. These dots form the printing surface after the metal between them has etched away. The etching requires considerable skill, as to obtain the real tone value it is necessary to stop out various parts during etching ; otherwise, except from a very bright and brilUant picture, the result would be fiat and Hfeless. It should be explained that a half-tone block must receive from the printing roller an even coat of ink all over and that it is impossible to ink one part lightly and other parts with a thick layer of ink. The effect is obtained by varied sizes of dots ; the very fine dots in the high lights impress only a small dot on the paper, while in the darker tones and shades the dots are larger and in a given area more ink is impressed on the paper than when the dots are smaller. A reference to the diagram illustrated on Plate 177 will make this clear. After the plate has been etched it is mounted on wood and is now ready for the printer. We will now consider what to avoid in preparing originals for repro- duction by the half-tone process. Wash drawings or photographs should be of the best possible. A bright clear original with all the detail clear and distinct will give the best result. With skill good results can be obtained from flat photographs but, if possible, they should be avoided, as they create difficulties at every 1046 PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING stage of the process and it is almost impossible for a workman to keep details which are only slightly discernable on the copy. Photographs of subjects with a lot of fine detail should be taken in a good light and a white background used, care being taken to avoid shadows. A good well-diffused light is preferable to sunlight. Avoid unnecessary reduction in the case of originals with a lot of fine detail ; on the other hand, a good bold subject will be improved by reduction. Photographs should be packed flat and should not be roughly pasted on paper. Negatives are not necessary if good clear prints are available. Three-Colour Engraving. The three-colour process is an adaptation of the half-tone process and the procedure is the same except that special colour-sensitive plates are used and greater skill is needed at all stages. The principle of the three-colour process is based on the theory that all colours are composed of yellow, red and blue, which, while not scientifically true as applied to light, is nearly correct when applied to inks. Three-colour negatives are, briefliy, made as follows : — Each negative retains only those rays of the desired colour. Thus the negative showing the yellow values excludes the blue and red rays. The yellow rays are excluded from the red and from the blue negatives. The rays not wanted are cut off by means of Ught filters. The etching of three- colour illustrations is similar to half-tone etching. Three-colour work, as the name implies, requires three printings. First the yellow plate, then the red, lastly the blue, each colour " regis- tering " on the previous impressions, thus completing the picture in its natural colours. To print three-colour illustrations is an exceedingly delicate task. The amount and colour of the ink must be carefully regulated and, as many impressions are usually taken, the printer must be cautious to maintain uniformity. As the colours fit exactly on top of one another the merest stretching or shrinkage of the paper will be disastrous to fine work. Originals for this process should be in colours and complete in all detail and should be made on smooth card. The degree of reductiou depends entirely on the original. A very well drawn original with a lot of fine detail should be reproduced to the same size but as a rule it is best to make the copy for reduction to two-thirds. PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIED ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 1047 Hints on the making of originals. The following brief remarks are common to all processes : All originals should be as perfect as possible. When giving instruc- tions for reduction linear measurements are understood ; thus, " half size " means reduce to half the length and breadth, not half the area. Originals can be enlarged if necessary but this should be avoided if possible. It is advisable to indicate by a short note if any particular point in a scientific illustration requires special attention so that the engravers can obtain the best result. Other methods of reproduction. Having considered the processes which are most commonly in use at the present time we will briefly refer to other methods of reproduc- tion which are available. Photozincography is the process which is the most useful for large work such as the reproduction of maps and can be carried out in black and white or in colours. A good drawing or sketch in black ink on white paper or tracing paper can be enlarged or reduced by photography and a printing plate prepared. This process is more economical in large size than the line block process. Colours are introduced by difi^erent printings, each colour having to be printed separately. Originals should show all the required lettering and detail and a separate rough sketch showing the colours required should be supphed, or a proof in black can be supplied by the printer which can be coloured by hand as a guide. Wood Cuts or wood engraving are, as the name implies, blocks made of wood. This is purely a hand process the quality of the work depend- ing entirely on the engraver. It is not recommended as it is very diffi- cult to obtain good work in India owing to the scarcity of good workmen. Briefly, a drawing is made on a piece of box-wood and all the parts which are not required to print are cut away from the wood by hand. Photogravure is a most artistic process but it is slow and expensive. This is also a photographic process but differs from others in so much that, instead of the printing surface being in rehef, the plate is prepared so that the image is etched into the copper plate to varying depths according to the origmal. Printing ink is forced into the etched portions and naturally the places which are deeply etched take up more ink. 1040 PHOCEEDINGS OF THE THIED ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING The plate when inked is passed through a machine with a sheet of paper, the result being that all the ink is taken up by the paper. 87.— LANTERN SLIDES. We gave an exhibition of lantern-slides of Indian Insects the other night. Has anybody anything to say on this subject ? Our main difficidty at present is to get them coloured. The arrangement which we used to have has broken down and we have great difficulty in getting this work done satisfactorily. Cannot your artists do it ? They could only do it in their spare time. We always have more work for the artists than they can get tlirough. After our own arrange- ment fell through I arranged with the Calcutta Phototype Company to have this work done in Calcutta so that the finished coloured slides could be supplied by them and Mr. Slater got hold of a man who said he could do them ; after about three months this man only produced about half-a-dozen slides and, on inquiry, it was found that he had sent these to Japan to be done. So we did not progress much as regards getting them done locally. If any of you know of anyone who would be prepared to colour these slides, we should be glad to be informed. What do you pay for colouring a slide 1 One rupee and eight annas. It takes time and care but the materials are not costly. 88.— NOTE ON THE DECIilAL METHOD OF SUBJECT INDEXING ENTOMOLOGICAL LITERATURE. By C. F. C. Beeson, M.A., I.F.S., Forest Zoologist. Everyone who has to deal seriously with entomological literature adopts s-^me method of recording references , to the subjects in which he is interested or expects to be interested. Each of us has apparently evolved a system that suits his own immediate requirements, and in consequence there is considerable variety in the systems now in use ; e.g., some use a card catalogue with a dichotomous or numerical index ; some prefer entries in specific and general ledger files ; some use loose- leaf notebooks and others interleaved publications. It seems to me that if entomological work in this country is to be centralized or co-ordinated it is also desirable to centralize or standardize methods of recording references to literature. It would be of immediate PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MGETINC 1049 assistance to the individual worker if a standard system of classifying references were available, and it would also prepare the way for the introduction of an official catalogue of literature on Indian entomology which will have to be maintained by a Central Institute. For entomological literatiu-e numerous skeleton schemes are already in existence based on the well-known Dewey decimal system of classify- ing literature. It is hardly necessary to point out the merits of a decimal system, but it may be repeated that it is : — (1) less expensive, (2) most easily understood, remembered and used, (3) practical rather than theoretical, (4) capable of almost unlimited expansion, and admirably adapted for the needs of the student or specialist. Examples of decimal methods that have been used successfully are the Bibliogra/phia Zoologica, Concilium Bibliografliicwn, the Interna- tional Catalogue of Scientific Literature, and the Zoological Recard. As to the relative merits of the existing systems I can offer no remarks.; on the contrary, it is hoped that this note may produce an exprfession of opinion by those who have had occasion to test one or more systems. I attach a statement showing the scheme of classifica- tion used for literature on Forest Zoology at the Forest Kesearch Insti- tute. It resembles very closely that used in the International Catalogue of Scientific Literature, i.e., a binomial association of decimal groups combmed with phylogeuetic classification. While it works satisfac- torily for present requirements I do not think it will do so permanently. A scheme to be entirely comprehensive must provide for all possible contingencies, which may arise in future. The specialist or professional user of a specialized library can usually find the material for which he is searching, without the aid of a logical or completely comprehensive scheme, provided the index is elaborately cross-referenced. But, since the subject indexing of libraries must be carried out in this country by a clerical staff of moderate intellectual attainments, a more or less mechanical method is essential. I suggest that it is desirable to adopt a standard cassification of entomological li' srature in India,* and that a phylogeuetic system on a decimal basis if, likely to prove the most efficient. As to the details of the subject heads and the numerical notation, expert opinion is necessary, and it is therefore desirable to consider the catalogue of the Bureau of Entomology and the London Library Subject-Index as possible models and to invite the opinion of their librarians. * Attention is drawn to the report of the Proceedings of the All-India Conference of Librarians held in January 1918, at which was considered the possibility of intro- ducing a uniform system of subject-inde.xing in libraries in India. 1050 PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIED ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING CLASSIFICATION OF LITERATURE ON FOREST ZOOLOGY Main subjects. General Zoologj'. Protozoa. Metazoa excluding Arthropoda and Vertebrata. Arthropoda general. Crustacea. Araclmlda, Myriopoda, etc. Insecta general. Aptera, Thysanoptera. Anoplura, Siphonaptera. Mallophaga. Coleoptera. Diptera. Hemiptera [Rhynchota]. Hymenoptera. Lepidoptera. Neuroptera. ,-'' Isoptera. Orthoptera. Vertebrata general. Pisces. Amphibia, Reptilia. Aves. Mammalia. Subheads of main subjects. 01 Treatises, Text-books, Manuals. 03 Bibliographies, Catalogues, Lists, Dictionaries. 05 Reports of Institutions, Departments. Congresses, Museums. 07 Philosophy, History, Biography. .09 Technique, Methods of Research. 10 Nomenclature. 1 1 Systematics, Monographs, Faunae. 13 Anatomy, Morphology, Physiology. Development. 15 Ethology, Ecology, General Bionomics, Life histories. 17 Aetiology, Variation, Evolution. 19 General Economics. 21 Geography, Travel. 23 Control Measures, Insecticide?. This paper cannot be of much use to this productive Meeting but I put it forward with the idea of eliciting information. I am rather doubtful myself as regards the present necessity for the introduction of such a scheme. One difficulty is the fact that a publication may fall under several distinct heads at the same time. Another difficulty, so far at least as concerns the main subjects of the classification of literature on Forest Zoology as given by Mr. Beeson, is that this classification does not go far enough. Neuroptera for example includes very diverse groups which are usually regarded nowadays as Orders and will undoubtedly be given ordinal rank by general consent in the near future. This system therefore presupposes the permanency of our classification, which is far from being the case. I do not suggest this for general adoption. A modification of the system is essential. You must have cross-references, letter -files, and so on, to complete it. I keep a card index also and started it by Families and put all the information for a particular species under that species. I number PEOCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETINU 1051 according to the sections suggested by Mr. Beeson. If a genus is split up, you have simply to remove your card and change your guide card. Our experience is that cards are not satisfactory except (1) when Mr. Fletcher, the work of a Section or Department is comparatively in its infancy and (2) for purely systematic references. All our economic work is recorded on the File system, the Files being kept arranged in systematic order, and each species having its File, which includes all the information we have on it, whether published or unpublished, and including corres- pondence about it and any illustrations that have been done. On turning up a File we have at once the whole information we have on the subject of the insect concerned. Systematic work is entered on card-catalogues or interleaved copies of " Fauna " volumes, and general notes are entered into interleaved copies of Indian Insect Life and So2dh Imlian Insects. It is very rarely that any publication fails to fit into one of thesd systems but, for the few that do not, a general alphabetical card-catalogue is quite sufficient. The main difference between Mr. Beeson's scheme and that adopted at Pusa seems to be that he considers that subject-indexing of entomolo- gical literature can be carried out by a clerical staff, whilst we act on the assumption that this is technical work that must be done by a properly trained man. I should be very sorry to have to rely on references as extracted by merely clerical labour. Eecently in our own library I found a monograph on dragon-flies put away by the librarian under the heading of Diptera and that sort of thing is bound to happen constantly when merely clerical labour is devoted to classi- fication of entomological literature. I beg to propose the following resolution : — Mr. Beeson. " That this Meeting considers it desirable to adopt a standard classi- Resolution 6. flcation of Entomological Literature for India. " That, if such a sch'jme be adopted, it would be of considerable advantage that it should, if possible, coniorm with the scheme in use at ths Impsr^al Bureau of Entomology, London, and that the Director of that Bureau ba approached for informotion on the matter. " That such information be ci culated to those interested in the sub- ject in India, and that the matter be brought up for discussion at the next Entomological Meeting." I second this Resolution. j^j^ Andrews. [This Resolution, on being fut to the Meeting, ivos carried imanimouslij.'] 1052 PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 89.— NOTE ON PLANT IMPORTS INTO INDIA. By T. Bainbrigge Fletcher, R.N., F.L.S. F.E.S., F.Z.S., Imperial Entomologist. (Plates 18 J— 182.)' Until about a year ago India was a free dumping-ground for the plant-feeding pests of the whole world, and that we have not received more of them' than we actually have done is probably only one more example of the good luck attendant on the usual " muddle-through " policy of the British Empire as a whole. Anybody was at liberty to bring into India any living plants of any kind — fruit-trees, ornamental plants, rubber-stumps, sugarcane-setts, etc.— and to bring with them any insects which happened to be living on or in them, so that there was every chance of our receiving, not only insects already known to be bid pests in other countries but also the many insects which were liable to develop into bad pests under novel conditions of climate, food and absence of enemies which they found awaiting them in India. Here we may remark that it is almost always the insects which have been introduced into a new country that become the worst pests of that country even in cases when they did, and still do, comparatively little harm in the countries from which they were brought. In its own country, in which it has lived for innumerable thousands of generations, the numbers of any insect tend to remain constant on the whole, as any undue increase is checked by natural causes of which parasites and predators form a considerable proportion. But an insect introduced into a new country providing sufficient food and a climate to its liking is introduced, more frequently than not, without the parasites and predators which' keep it in check in its old home, with the result that it increases disproportionately and becomes a seripus pest. The same tendency is of course true of animals other than insects and of plants. We in India know of at least three bad pests which have been intro- duced of comparatively late years. One is Phthorimwa operculella which was originally broughtinto Bombay about 1905 or 1906 with seed potatoes from Italy and spread all along the Western Ghats and then southward into Madras and northward into the Central and United Pro- vinces and Bihar and which now causes damage amounting in the aggregate to lakhs yearly. Another is Eriosoma (Schizoneura) lanigera which has been brought into all the fruit-growing districts on imported apple-trees and which has done serious damage already and is likely to do more in the future as fruit-culture extends in India. Coccus viridis is another example. These three insects have all become bad pests in India and there is no doubt but that all were introduced. PHOCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 1053 "What other inf5ects may have been introduced and may turn up as pests we do not know, but it is to be hoped that there will be none in this category. As showing the frequency and ease with which pests may have been introduced into India with plants, I can quote a few cases which have come under my personal notice : — (1) A parcel of sugarcane setts received from Antigua was found to contain two living larvae and a cocoon of Sfhenofhorus scKchari, a weevil which is well-known as destructive to cane in the West Indies and Guiana. (2) Another parcel of sugarcane setts received from Java contained a living example of a beetle which was apparently Holaniara picescens, described by Van Dev enter as a cane-pest in Java. (3) Apple-trees imported from England and guaranteed free from Eriosoma lanigem by the exporters were found on arrival to be badly affected with this Aphid. (4) Young coconut trees imported from Ceylon were badly affected with an Aphid not otherwise known from India and almost certainly imported with the plants (see South Indian Insects, pp. 506-507). These are only a few cases, but you will realize that they are cases which only came under notice more or less accidentally and that they formed a very small proportion of the total imports. It is impossible to imagine what insects may not have been brought into India in the past on the innumerable parcels of crop- and garden-plants imported by Government Departments and private individuals. This danger was percei-««d many years ago and the first action taken was in 1906 when, o-\ving to the special danger of importation of the Mexican Cotton-boll Weevil, orders were issued by Government direct- ing that all cotton-seed imported from the New World should only be admitted into India after fumigation with carbon bisulphide at the port of entry, and this regulation was in force until superseded by later legislation. The regulation, however, was not very effectively carried out, as at least one case came to my notice in which an Agricultural Officer imported cotton-seed from America through the post without its being fumigated. Further action as regards plant imports other than cotton-seed was initiated in December 1906 by the Bombay Chamber of Commerce, which addressed to the Bombay Government a letter pointing out the 1054 PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING danger of the mtroduction into India of insect pests, more particularly through the importation of plants from foreign countries, and requesting Government to take the matter into serious consideration and to adopt early m«asxures for the protection of the staple agricultural products of India. The Government of Bombay thereupon referred the matter to their local Agricultural Department and to the Inspector General of Agriculture and obtained from Ceylon information regarding the measures adopted there. Correspondence then followed between the Inspector General of Agriculture and the Imperial Mycologist and Imperial Entomologist regarding the pests and diseases likely to be introduced and the best means of preventing their introduction into India, and the two latter Officers in July 1910 prepared a combined schedule of dangerous plants the importation of which into India should be controlled, and this combined schedule with the previous- correspondence was circulated by the Government of India to Local Governments and Administrations for their opinions on the proposals made. These opinions were on the whole favourable and it is interest- ing, on reading over them, to note the cases in which examples are given of practical experience of receiving insect pests on imported fruit- trees. A Committee was then appointed by the Government of India to consider the whole subject and to make recommendations. It met at Pusa m November 1911 and consisted of Messrs. B. Coventry (Inspector- General of Agriculture), E. J. Butler (Imperial Mycologist), A. Howard (Imperial Economic Botanist), T. Bainbrigge Fletcher (Imperial Entomologist), A. T. Gage (Director, Botanical Survey), R. F. L. Whitty (Customs Departmeut, Bombay), and R. D. Anstead (Planting Expert, South India). This Committee recommended (1) that plant imports likely to introduce insect pests should be fumigated, (2) that importation of plants from foreign countries should be permitted at the seven principal ports only, (3) that all living plants, excepting only culinary vegetables or fruits intended for consumption ^and seeds and a few other specified exceptions, should be fumigated with hydrocyanic acid gas at the place of entry, (4) that the Govern- ment of India should address Foreign Governments and Native States ojming sea-ports in India on the subject of introducing restrictions similar to those applied in British India, and (5) that no action need be taken with regard to the land frontiers of British India other than those of Foreign Governments and Native States owning sea-ports in India. It was supposed that the importation of plants, could be regulated imder Section 19 of the Sea Customs Act (VIII of 1878), but it was found that the Sea Customs Act could not be used in the manner proposed PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 1055 and that separate legislation to deal with the matter was necessary, and a " Bill to prevent the introduction into British India of any insect, fungus or other pest which is or may be destructive to crops " was published in the Gazette of India of 13th September 1913 and considered by a Select Committee whose Report was presented to the Council of the Governor General of India on 16th January 1914 and passed into law, as Act II of 1914, on 3rd February 1914, as follows :— Act No. II of 1914. " An Act to prevent the introduction into British India of any insect^ fungus or other pest, which is or may be destructive to crops. " Whereas it is expedient to make provision for preventing the intro- duction into British India of any insect, fungus or other pest which is or may be destructive to crops ; It is hereby enacted as follows : — "1. This Act may be called the Destructive Insects and Pests Act, Short title. 1914. " 2. In this Act, unless there is anjrthing repugnant in the subject, refmitions. or context : — (a) " crops " includes all agricultural or horticultural crops and trees or bushes ; (h) " import " means the bringing or taking by sea or land ; and (c) " infection " means infection by any insect, fungus or other pest injurious to a crop. " 3. (1) The Governor-General in Council may, by notification m the Power of Governor- ^"^^"^ °-^ ^!*'^!^' Pro^i^it or regulate, subject to General in Council to regu- such restrictions and conditions as he may ofaSSlytiXf inipose the import into British India, or any part thereof, or any specified place therein, of any article or class of articles hkely to cause infection to any crop. "(2) A notification under this section may specify any article or class of articles, either generally or in any particular manner, whether with reference to the country of origin, or the route by which imported or otherwise. " 4. A notification under section 3 shall operate as if it had been issued under section 19 of Sea Customs Act „nK«on 3! "*''"''"" 1878, and the officers of the Customs at every port shall have the same powers in respect VOL. Ill . " n 1056 PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING of any article with regard to the importation of which such a notification has been issued as they have for the time being in respect of any article the importation of which is regulated, restricted or prohibited by the law relating to Sea Customs, and the law for the time being in force relating to Sea Customs or any such article shall apply accordingly. " 5. (1) The Local Government may, subject to the control of the Governor General in Council, make rules for the Power of Local Govern- detention, inspection, disinfection or destruc- ment to make rules. . . f. ■ , t ^- t ■ , tion of any article or class of articles in respect of which a notification has been issued under section 3 or of any article which may have been in contact or proximity thereto, and foregulating . the powers and duties of the officers whom it may appoint in this behal •• (2) In making any rule under this section the Local Government may direct that a breach thereof shall be punishable with fine, which may extend to one thousand rupees. " 6. No suit, prosecution or other legal proceeding shall lie against Protection to persons any pBrson for anything in good faith done or acting under Act. intended to be done under this Act." A Notification of certain draft rules proposed to be made under this Act was published in the Gazette of India dated 21st March 1914, but these rules did not provide for fumigation and, so far as insect pests were concerned, dealt only with sugarcane, cotton seed, and living rubber and coffee plants. Then followed over three years of correspondence regarding various details before there was issued on 7th November 1917, nearly eleven years after the subject was first mooted, a Government Order under this Act, which, with subsequent small amendments, reads as follows : — "No. 13-C. GOVERNMENT OF INDIA. - Department of Revenue and Agriculture. Agriculture. Delhi, the 7th November 1917. ' ' In exercise of the powers conferred by section 3, sub-section (i) of the Destructive Insects and Pests Act, 1914 (II of 1914), the Governor P«lOCEEDIX<-i S OF THE THIHD EXTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 1057 General in Council is pleased to issue the following order for the purpose of prohibiting, regulating and restricting the import into British India of the articles hereinafter specified. 1. In this order : — {i) " official certificate " means a certificate granted by the proper officer or authority in the country of origin ; and the officers and authorities named in the third column of the Schedule are the proper officers and authorities to grant in the countries named in the second colunui the certificates required by the provisions referred to in the first column thereof ; • plant " means a living plant or part thereof but does not include seeds ; and "prescribed port" means any of the following ports; namely Bombay, Calcutta, Dhaneshkodi, Karachi, Madras, Negapatam, Rangoon and Tuticorin ; {ii) all provisions referring to plants or seeds shall apply to all packing material used in packing or wrapping such plants or S€eds. '■2. No plant shall be imported into British India by land or sea by means of the letter or sample post, provided that sugarcane for planting intended to be gi-own under personal supervision of the Government Sugarcane Expert may be imported by him by such post. [Gazette of India, Pt. I, p. 155, 9th February 1918]. "3. No plants other than fruits and vegetables intended for con- sumption, potatoes and sugarcane shall be imported into British India by sea except after fumigation with Hydrocyanic Acid Gas and at a prescribed port : •• Provided that plants which are infested with hving parasitized insects and are intended for the introduction of such parasites may be imported without such fumigation if they are accompMned by a special certificate from the Imperial Entomologist to the Govermnent of India that such plants are imported for the purpose of introducing such para- «ities. • 4. Potatoes shall not be imported into British India b}^ sea, unless they are accompained by — (i) a certificate from the consignor stating fully in what country' and in what district of such country the potatoes were Q 2 1058 PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING grown and guaranteeing that warty disease was not known to exist on the farms where the potatoes were grown ; and (n) au official certificate that no case of warty disease of potatoes has been known during the twelve months preceding the date of the certificate within five miles of the place where the potatoes were grown. " 5. Rubber plants shall not be imported into British India by sea unless they are accompanied by an officiaj certificate that the estate from which the plants have originated or the individual plants are free fi-om Fames semitostus and Sfhoerostilbe repens. '■ 6. Sugarcane shall not be imported into British India by sea unless • it is accompanied by an official certificate that it has been examined and found free from cane borers, scale insects, Aleyrodes, root disease (any form), pine apple disease (Thielaviopsis Ethaceticus), " Sereh " and cane gum mosis : Provided that canes for planting intended to be grown under the personal supervision of the Government Sugarcane Expert may be imported direct by such expert without such certificate. "7. Coffee plants shall not be imported into British India by sea from America (including the West Indies) except by the Madi-as Department of Agriculture. ■■ 8. Seeds of coffee, flax, bersim and cotton shall not be imported by land or by sea by letter or sample post. " 9. Coffee seeds shall not be imported into British India by sea fi'om America (including the West Indies) except by the Madras Department of Agriculture. " 10. Flax seeds and bersim (Egyptian clover) seeds shall not be imported into British India by sea, unless the consignee produces before the Collector of Customs a license from a Department of Agriculture in India in that behalf. "11. Cotton seeds shall not be imported by sea except after fumiga- tion with carbon bisulphide and at a prescribed port. " 12. Nothmg in these rules shall be deemed to apply to any article brought by sea from one port in British India to another. [No. 520-232 of 13th June 1919.] R. A. AUNT, Secretary to the Government of India. peoceedings of the third entomological meeting 1059 " The Schedule." [Paragraph 1 («).] Paragraph .Country of Origin Authority 3 4 (ti Great Britain and Ireland The Board of Agriculture and Fisheries, England. The Board of Agriculture for Scotland. The Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction for Ireland. Sweden .... The Ministry of Agriculture. Norway . . . The Norwegian Board of Agriculture. * Denmark .... The Ministry of Agriculture. France Ditto. Japan (inoludhig Formosa) The Department of Agriculture and Italy The Ministry of Agriculture. British East Africa . The Department of Agriculture. Australia .... The Departments of Agriculture, Victoria. South AustraUa, New South Wales, Queensland, Tasmania and Western Australia. -5 Ceylon The Department of Agriculture. Malay Peninsula . The Department of Agriculture, Fede- rated Malay States. The Department of Agriculture, Indus' Dutch Indies .... try and Commerce. Belgian Congo The Department of Agriculture, British East Africa . Ditto. Uganda Protectorate Ditto. Nyasaland .... Ditto. • South Africa .... The Union of South Africa Department of Agriculture. ■6 Dutch Indies . . The Department of Agriculture, Indus- try and Commerce. Mauritius . . . . The Department of Agriculture. Philippine Islands . The Bureau of Agriculture. Japan (including Formosa) The Department of Agriculture and Commerce. South -Wrica The Union of South Africa Department of Agriculture. . Egypt The Ministry of Agriculture. West Indies .... The Imperial Department of Agricul- ture, Barbados. British Guiana The Department of Science and Agri- culture. The Department of Agriculture. Trinidad .... Jamaica .... Ditto. United States Ditto. Ceylon . . . . . Ditto. . Malay Peninsula . The Department of Agriculture, Fede- rated Malay States. British East Africa . The Department of Agrieulturs. Queensland .... The Department of Agriculture and Stock. 1060 PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING The effect of this Ord^r on the various classes of Plaut Imports is shown in the Table on next page. Roughly speaking, so far as insect pests are concerned, the regulations amount to this : — (1) There is no restriction on the importation b}' land or sea of seeds other than seeds of coSee, flax, bersrm and cotton. (2) There is no restriction on the importation of any plants what- ever through the land frontiers of India except through the letter or sample post. It is not considered that there is any great danger of new pests being brought in along the ordinary trade routes across the frontiers of Northern India and Burma. (3) No plants, except seeds other than those specified above, may be sent into India by letter or sample post. This regulation is enforced because the contents of letters and sample packets are not declared by the ' senders and there is therefore no regular means of checking their contents. (4) Fruits and vegetables (except potatoes) intended for consump- tion are admitted without restriction except by letter or sample post. (5) Potatoes, sugarcane, rubber plants, coffee-plants and seeds, flax seed, bersim seed and cotton seed are only admitted subject to special restrictions. (6) All other hving plants are only admitted through specified ports of entry after fumigation. (7) Plants merely sent from one port to another, both being in British India (e.g.. from Calcutta to Rangoon) are not subject to any restrictions. As regards the land frontiers and Foreign Governments and Native States owning sea-ports in India, the French and Portuguese possessions and the Travancore, Cochin, Baroda and other States have expressed their wilUngness to cooperate by introducmg the necessary restrictions on plant imports from overseas. In the case of Portuguese India such articles will not be despatched from the Portuguese Customs House until they have been examined by an expert ofiicer of the Agricultural Inspecting Department, such preventive measures bemg taken as may be considered necessary. The French ports, I imderstand, propose to adopt restrictions similar to our own. Travancore proposes to confine the importation of plants to the port of Alleppey. Junagadh State issued an Order in May 1918 on the same lines as the British India Notification, fumigation to be at the port of entry. Cambay, Sachin, PHOCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 1061 a o Canes tor plant- ing imported di?ect by the Govern m e n t Sugar cane Expert and in- teniled to be grown under his praunal 00 1 1 i 1 in llij m - Yes (i) A certiflcat* from the consignor stating fully in what conntrv , and district of that country the potatoes were grown and gua- ranteeing that warty disease wa.s not known to exist on the Farms where the potatoes were grown : and (ii) A certificate from an offieer of the Board or Ministry of Agriculture or other similar Gov- ernment Department of the country, to the effect that no case of warty disease of pota- toes has been confirm- ed during the 12 months preceding the date of the certificate within 5 miles of the place in which the potatoes were grown. Yes. A certificate from an officer of the Board or Jlinistry of Agricul- ture or other similar Onvemment Depart- ment of .the country of origin that it has been exainineil and found free from eaiie borers. ^ ' & ill Hi iS 1 11 ^ z 1 1 1 ^' ■2 , 1 .. No. except through the letter or sample post. Ditto 5 i • - 1. Potatoes 3, Sugarcane 1062 I PHOCEEDINGS OF THE THIED ENTOMOLOGICAL MKETING 3 1 => exempted from the restrictions in^columns 6 The imports of these from the New World (including South America and the West Indies) can only be made by the Madras Depart- ment of Agri cultore. Ditto. mil « 1^1 ^ 1 i I Is it subject to the pro- Is it subject to duction of special ccrU- Fumigation flcates. 11 so, what certificates rodes, root disease (any form), pine apple disease (h'hmaviipn, ethacetwm) "Sereh" and cane gummosis. No ... . Yes. A certificate from the Government My- cologist of the country of origin that the Estate from which the plants have originated or the individual plants are free from Fomes- ^0 . No Yes, with Hy- drocyanic Acid Gas. Ditto No 1 . No Yes. Bombay, Calcutta, Mad- ras, Karachi, Tuticorin, Dhaneshkhodi, Negapatam and Kangoon. Ditto No lilH §: & a §, j 1 " So. Except through letter or sample post. Yes Yes Yes 1 i 3 1 . No. Except through the letter or sample post. Ditto Ditto Ditto "3 1 5 3. Fruits and vegetables in- tended for con- sumption (ex- cept potatoes). ■ J.iving rubber plants and part* ihereot (except seeds). . ColTec plants and any living parts thereof. Coffee Seeds Page 1063. Fumigation Box. Sketch sliowing construction and external measurements. rEOCEEDINGS OF THE THIHD ENTOMOLOGIC.U. MEETING 1063 =^.l-g'g"-§ ■|ll|s|| f'Iflolfllllllll .1 -tSaS =111 III Hi 89 ■S|^.s-ggg^ g'?o=^.£S-g-aa5SS iil^Hlill;! ^flliiiffiljil 1064 rilOCEEDINGS OF THE TUIED E^'TOMOLOGICAL MEETING Janjira, Nawanagar, Porbandar, Morvi, Jafrabad, and Bhavnagar States have not considered it necessary to introduce restrictions, as living plants are usually imported through Bombay. The danger of importation of pests through sea-ports other than the principal ones in British India is comparatively small and it is to be hoped that no such cases will arise. As regards other land frontiers, no serious danger is anticipated at present and therefore no restrictions have been imposed. In the case of plants received from overseas, they arrive either (1)^ on freight, (2) by post or (3) brought in by passengers. Packages brought in on freight are necessarily landed through the Customs Department to whom the necessary statements of content's have to be made. It is probable therefore that all such cases of importa- tion are dealt with as a matter of routine. In the case of living plants which are to be fumigated, the packages containing them are opened and placed, with all packing materials, in a fumigation box, the hd of which is then fastened down securely and a charge of gas given by means of the small box attached to the side of the large one. The construction of the fumigation box is shown in (Plates 180 — 182. The internal measurements are : — (?) Main Box, 8'6" long, 3'6" high, 3'3" broad = 96- 6875 c. ft. . (ii) Generating Chamber. — I'S" long, 1*3" broad, 1*3" high= 1-9531 c. ft. the internal capacity of the two boxes being therefore 986406 c. ft. The construction will, I think, appear sufficiently plain from the photographs. The planks are joined with a f" to secure gas-tightness (see section of generating chamber, where part of side of main box is shown). If any cracks appear, they can be closed with putty, caulked or pasted over with stout paper. All that is required is a gas-tight box. The lid fits on to a ledge on inner edge of the sides, a gas-tight joint being secured by a strip of felt or other similar material secured onto this ledge. The main and generating chambers are separated by a sheet of perforated zinc to prevent any parcels under fumigation falling into the generating chamber ; wooden or metal bars would do equally well. The generating chamber is provided with a lead tray to catch any acid that may be spilled ; its lid is bored with a small hole fitted with a cork. For convenience of transport, the perforated zinc sheet, generating chamber and lead tray are best removed and packed inside the main box' which may be strengthened for transport by additional wooden battens. Pagd 1065. PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 1065 For use, the parcels to be fumigated are placed iu the main chamber and its lid tightly fastened down. The weighed quantity of sulphuric acid and water is placed in a glass beaker or earthenware jar in the fumigating chamber and the weighed quantity of potassium cyanide is wrapped loosely in a piece of thin paper tied by a string of which one end is passed through the hole in the top of the fumigation-chamber, which is then closed up. All being ready, the packet of cyanide is easily pulled up by means of the string and dropped into the vessel of acid, a glass strip being provided on either side of the fumigation-chamber through which it can be seen that the packet reaches the acid and that the gas is properly evolved in the form of bubbles. The cork is of course replaced as soon as the packet has been dropped in. The gas evolved (Hydrocyanic Acid Gas) is colourless and non- explosive. On completion of the time required for the fumigation process, the nuts holding dovrti the lid of the main box may be slacked off and turned back. If the lid is properly tight, practically no gas should escape during this process and no clanger should therefore be run by the operator. The Hd can then be lifted, which is best done by raising it from some little distance by means of a rope attached to the handles of the lid and passing through a block attached above the Fumigation Box. Fumigation should not be done in a closed room but in an open shed or verandah where the gas liberated from the Fumigation Chamber will be rapidly dissipated without any danger to any one in the vicinitv. If reasonable care is taken in opening up the box after fumigation, no danger can ensue, but of course if the operator (or others) deliberately inhales the gas, the consequences may be serious. AVith the help of a block and long lead to raise the lid whilst keeping at a reasonable distance, and of course to windward if there is any breeze, and with care not to approach the box until all the gas has been dissipated, and with due regard to selection of a locality so placed that the released gas will not blow into any offices, etc. (it is very quickly dissipated and rendered harmless in the open air), there is not likely to be any danger. The following directions for fumigating plants embody the necessary information : 1. Remove the covers of the cases, wrappings of packages, etc., and spread the plants out in the trays together with all moss, wrappings, etc., in or with which they have been packed, taking care that the coa- tents of each package are kept separate. The plants should be spread out loosely so that the gas will be able to penetrate between the plants. 2. Close up the plant-chamber, wedging the door or lid securely. 1066 PHOCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 3. Place the vessel containing the requisite quantity of water in the small external gas-generating chamber. Add the acid to the water ; never pour the water into the acid, or it will react violently and spatter about. Take the weighed quantity of cyanide, wrap it loosely in a piece of thin paper tied by a string of which one end is passed through the hole in the top of the fumigation- chamber which is then closed up. All being ready, the packet of cyanide is easily pulled up by means of the string and dropped into the vessel of acid, and the hole on top of fumigation-chamber corked up. Note the time. Quantities of chemicals required. For each Fumigation Box (100 cubic feet) : — Water ......... 1 fluid ounce. Sulphuric Acid . 1 „ ,. Potassium Cyanide (9S per cent.) .... Jounce For larger Chambers : — According to size, at the rate of — Wafer , . . . 1 fluid our Sulphuric Acid . . . . 1 „ Potassium Cyanide (98 per cent.) i ounce Per 100 cuhic feet of internal capacity. ■i. After three-quarters of an hour open the door or lid of the plant and fumigatmg chambers, taking care not to breathe any of the gas whilst doing so, and leaving them oj^en for at least a quarter of an hour before making any attempt to remove the plants. The trays may then be removed and the plants exposed to a current of air for another quarter of an hour, after which they may be repacked. Note. — In all cases when an agent ot the consignee is in attendance, the unpacking and repacking of the plants will be done by such agent. Cautions. 1. Living plants miist not be watered immediately before fumigation as wet foliage is liable to be injured by gas. If received wet, they should be allowed to dry before fumigation. 2. After fumigation plants should be protected from the sun for several hours, preferably until the following morning. Do not therefore spread plants out in the sun's rays after fumigation to dissipate the gas. It is better to carry out fumigation at night if possible. 3. Sulphuric Acid is strongly corrosive and will burn into the skin, flesh or clothing. If acid should accidentally be spilt on to the hands, plunge them immediately into a bucket full of water. If acid should be PROCEEDINGS OF THE TUIKD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 106T splashed ou to the clothes, pour Hquid ammonia on to the spot to neutra- lize the acid. 4. Potassium Cyanide is a deadly poison if taken into the system, either if swallowed or introduced through any cut or wound in the skin. It is better therefore not to touch it with the bare hands but to wear gloves or to handle it with forceps. 5. Hydrocyanic Acid Gas, produced by the action of Sulphuric Acid on Potassium Cyanide, is extremely poisonous if inhaled. It is colourless, non-inflanunable, and has a faint smell something hke that of peach-kernels or of some metals when the'se are struck together. Great care must be taken to avoid breathing in any of the gas before it has all escaped. Should syniptoms of poisoning be noticed the patient should be immediately removed and placed in the open air. In the case of plants received from overseas by post, under a Govern- ment of India Notification dated 1.5th December 1917, the Chief Post Office Officials at the specified ports of entry are empowered to search or cause search to be made amongst all articles in course of transmission by post to any place in British India for all plant imports whose entry is regulated under the Pest Act and to deliver to the Customs Depart- ment all postal articles reasonably beheved or found to contain such goods. Parcels from abroad are of course accompanied by a declaration stating their contents, and the entry of plant imports (except non- specified seeds) by letter or sample post is prohibited. Any plant imports, whoiSe entry is regulated under the Pest Act and which are found in the Foreign Mails, are therefore Tianded over to the Customs Staff for necessary action. Living plants brought in by passengers are subject to the same restrictions as if they come in on freight, and are required to be fumigated or to be accompanied by the certificates required under the Act, It is probable that the regulations are not very strictly enforced in all cases and that there is still some danger of pests being brought into India in this way. Turning now to the actual working of these regulations, it was originally proposed to erect a regular fumigatorium at each port of entry and to have a special man, belonging to the Agricultural Depart- ment, at each such port to carry out the work. In view, however, of the small quantity of plant imports at all ports except Bombay, it was decided that the fumigation could be done by the Customs Staff in special boxes designed for this purpose, and on issuing the Notification under the Act Government directed that the work of fumigation should be entrusted to the Customs Staff as an experimental measure for a 1068 rEOCEEDlXGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING period of cue year in the first instance. This period has now elapsed and presumably the Customs Staff will continue the work, as no practical difficulties seem to have arisen in doing it. A few unforeseen contingencies which have arisen may be mentioned here. A case occurred in which a parcel of water-lilies was brought into Calcutta ; as it was not possible to fumigate wet plants of this sort and as there seemed no danger of their introducing pests, they were allowed in without fumigation. A trade in sugarcane from the Persian (lulf to Karachi was also reported ; as the cane was intended for eating purposes in Ka:rachi and as it seemed unlikely that any new pests or diseases woixld be introduced, this was also allowed to be landed. A more serious case occiured in Bombay in June 1918 when some ten thousand maunds of cotton seed from Mombasa was brought to Bombay ; it was not possible to fumigate this large quantity with carbon bisulphide in accordance with the regulations, as the apparatus at hand was in- sufficiently small, and it was passed to the consignees without fumigation on their giving a bond that it would be used for oil-making in Bombay. A report was also received that unginned cotton, amounting to 50,000 Bengal maunds during the past year, is received at the port of Porbandar (Porbandar State) from the ports of Gwadar and Chobar in the Persian . Gulf, but no action seemed necessary in this case as we are not likely . to receive from the Persian Gulf any pests that we have not got already. I have also come across one case where plants were fumigated and proved. to have living insect pests on them on receipt by the consignee ; in this case, the packing material had not been fumigated and the plants were consequently reinfested ; steps have been taken to prevent a recm'rence of this. Penalties for infringement of the regulations governing the importa- tion of plants into India are provided as follows : — I (i) Section 4 of the Pest Act (II of 1914) prescribes that a Notifica- tion issued under Section 3 of the Act shall operate as if it had been issued under Section 19 of the Sea Customs Act. (ii) Under Chapter XVI, Section 167 (a) of the Sea Customs Act goods which are landed at ports other than those prescribed for the landing of such goods are liable to confiscation. Plant imports, therefore, which are landed otherwise than at Bombay, Calcutta, Dhaneshkhodi. Karachi, Madras, Negapatam, Rangoon or Tuticorin are liable to confiscation. (/(■(') Under Chapter 167 (8) of the Sea Customs Act, the importation of prohibited goods may involve confiscation and the imposi- tion of a fine not exceeding thrice the value of the goods or one thousand Rupees. PBOCEEDINGS OF THE THIED ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 10G9 (iv) Section 5 (2) of the Pest Act (II of 1914) empowers Local Governments to punish breach of any rule made under Section 5 by a fine which may extend to one thousand Rupees. With reference to the importation of insect pests I may mention Dr. Gough. "that the scale-insect that we are fighting in Egypt was found by me ' on some oranges that I had at the Taj Mahal Hotel in Bombay. It would be best for the Government of India to take measures against the importation of fruit from Egypt. Our importation laws are ad- ministered by the Entomological Department and not by the Customs Department. What is the name of this scale ? Mr. Ramakrishna Ayyar. Aspidiotus ficiis. Dr. Gough. But we already have that in India and it is widely distributed and Mr.Fleteher. has been foimd in Calcutta on palms. I might say that it is not possible to avoid all insects coming in. ur. Gough. Samples without value do get in without our knowledge. With us the matter is simplified as oiu* only ports of entry for fruit are Port Said, Alexandria and Suez. With us the ports of entry are so scattered and at such enormous Mr. Fletcher, •distances apart and the importations of plants at some ports are so small and infrequent that it is at once uneconomic to keep an entomological staff at each port to do the fumigation and imi^ossible to supervise the work properly in the absence of a proper Entomological Service. That is our difficulty at present. If we can only get a properly organized Entomological Service with a sufficiently large staff it should be possible to arrange for at least the proper supervision of this work if not for doing it entirely. An Entomological Supervisor, for example, in going liis rounds to inspect the work of the Provincial Entomological Assistants, could take in these ports on his rounds and see that the work was being done properly. I should like to draw the attention of the Meeting to a paper read Mr. Ramakrishna by me at the last Science Congress at Bombay on " Some Foreign Insect ^y*^- Pests not required in India." One point about a paper of this sort is that it is comparatively easy j^j Fletcher. ' to make a list of foreign pests that we have not got and do not want to get, but we do not know in all cases whether what is a pest in one coimtry will actually be a pest in another country. As I have pointed out in my paper, an insect which is more or less harmless in its own native home often becomes a bad pest when introduced into a new country, and probably the opposite is sometimes the case. As regards foreign 1070 PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING pests likely to be brought into India, I have often wondered why we have not got Plodia interfunctella into India, but we do not seem to have it. In this connection one thing that we want is a regular insect- siu-vey of the various plant-nuiseries in India. Probably such a survey would reveal a number of hitherto unknown and unsusjjected pests which have been introduced with plants and are being distributed tlu-oughout the country. But, until we get a proper-sized entomological staff, it is hopeless to try to start work of this sort. . Mr. Senior-White. Coolies travelling between Ceylon and India may bring in pests. The Customs Department caimot stop that. Mr. Fletcher, The Act covers all plants whether brought in by hand or otherwise.. I know that these coolies do sometimes bring plants with them but the Customs Department should deal with that under the Act. 90.— ENTOMOLOGICAL EDUCATION IN AGRICULTURAL COLLEGES. This subject is down on the programme for general discussion and has been considered by a Committee under the chairmanship of Mr. Higginbottom and composed of all those present at this Meeting who are engaged in teaching work at the various Colleges. As I explained to the Committee, my idea in including this subject amongst the Agenda was that some of those engaged in teaching might benefit by discussing with other teachers the syllabus of the course in Entomology and also by seeing the various diagrams and models used in teaching at other Colleges and brought to this Meeting, at my suggestion, for exhibition. As most of those who are most interested in the subject have already discussed this question in Committee, and in the absence of Mr. Higgin- bottom, I will now read the — " Refort of the Committee on Eniomohcjical Education in Agricultural Colleges. " Considering the great economic importance of insect pests to Indian Agriculture, we recommend that all Agricultural Colleges should make provision for the teaching of Entomology. "The aim of the teaching of Entomology in Provincial Agricultural Colleges should be to give the students a sufficient knowledge of ento- mology to be able (1) to recognize the common pests and to know some- thing of their life-history and the control measures applicable to each, and (2) to be in a position to report intelligently regarding the occurrence of any unusual pests. PEOCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD EM lOMOLOGICAL MEETING 1071 " To this end we recommend that the course should include, in addition to the lecture and laboratory work, a sufficient amount of practical work in the field to acquire a knowledge of the insects under field conditions and ol the actual methods adopted to control them. " In view of the demand for coloured plates shomug the life-histories of Indian insects for the use of their classes of students, we recommend that all Agricultittal Colleges requiring such plates should make an annual estimate in anticipation of their demands and that such estimates should be forwarded to Pusa by 1st January in each year to be consoli- dated into one indeut in order to reduce cost and expedite delivery of these plates." This Report is now before the Meeting. Has anyone any remarks Mr. Fletcher, to make on it ? What is the cost of these coloured plat^ supposing that we require Mr. D'Abteu. only one copy of each 1 That is the difficulty which we sought to avoid in the last paragraph Mr. Fletcher, of the Report. It is as much trouble to the printer to get the blocks ia register to print off a single copy as it is to print off a thousand, and he would probably charge you at least one rupee each for single copies. If we can know the demand, we can get a number printed at one time. The liues suggested by the Committee seem to meet the requirements. Mr. Ghosh, In the Agricultural Colleges the aim is to train farmers and fruit- growers and not entomologists. We want to give these students a training which will be of real practical value to them, for example, they should be able to distinguish a pest from a non-pest ; any insect biting ofi a few leaves does not become a pest. If the student cannot make a distinction in this direction he is likely to magnify small things and to adopt preventive and remedial measiu-es which are not at all called for. Secondly, they should be able, at least in all ordinary cases, to trace the real culprit when they observe any injury to their crop or orchard ; for instance, when they see the top-shoot of a brinjal plant droop they should have sufficient knowledge to see that the ladybird-beetle grub feeding on the Aphids on the leaves is not responsible for it. Thirdly, they should be able to distinguish the beneficial from the injurious. Foiurthly, they should have just a general knowledge of the external anatomy of insects so as to be able to place the insects at least in their Orders. This amount of systematic work is quite sufficient for them. In order to make them famUiar with common insects, their mode of feeding and causing damage, merely telling them of these insects or giving a description of their damage, however elaborate the description VOL. HI R 1072 PHOCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING Mr. Fletcher. Resolution 7. Sardar Harchand Singh. Mr. Kunhi Eannan. may be, or showing them figures and illustrations or dry specimens in the cabinet, does not do. On the other hand, when once the student is shown the Aphids, the mealybugs and scales or caterpillars in the field, no student of average intelligence will make mistakes about them. The laboratory work required of the students would be confined to the insects collected by the students themselves. They should be expected to rear those which can be reared and as the rearing goes on they should be made to make notes on life-history. This is the place where they can easily be taught the differences between a bug and a moth and those between a moth and a beetle or those between a fly and a beetle. All measures of control are based on life-history and habits and the students' attention should be particularly drawn to those points. If it is thought that entomology does not warrant so much time to be devoted by the students, in answer I may say that by the method which I advocate, viz., studying entomology mostly in the fields, the students while engaged in entomological observations, unconsciously make very valuable observations on the crops themselves. The obser- vation concentrates their attention on the crop. Or. to put it inversely, while carrying on their work in the fields the students should be en- coiu-aged to make observations on the insect and fungal pests. They should collect those insects which should be under rearing so that the students may have an opportunity of foDowiog the insects in their course of life-history. Eearing can be done in batches, e.g., sis boys rear the leaf-roller, another batch of six may rear the stem-borers and so on, while all can see the insects being reared by the whole body of boys. The stafi to help the students should be a demonstrator and a laboratory keeper. The rearing will be done under the supervision of the demonstrator. The students should be required to visit the rearing place compulsorily once every day to see how the insects progress. If they cannot spare the time J;o feed the insects and clean the cages, the laboratory keeper can do that for them. I propose a Resolution : — " That the Report of the Committee appointed to consider the question of Entomological Education in Agricultu-.al Colleges be approved." I second this Resolution. [The Resolution, on being put to the Meeting, teas carried unanimously.'] I suggest that cabinets of the various insect-pests and the life- histories of the insects of particular localities be prepared for use in schools. In Mysore we circulated such cabinets and they created very great interest. PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 1073 Stories of insects in simple language and illustrated by coloured plates Harchand Singh, should be prepared for use in our schools and also be inserted in the elementary text-books. They are sure to interest the children. The ignorance of the facts of insect life is really very great and some- Mr. Kunhi thing must be done. Kannan. It is no use making cabinets and having books if there are no teachers Mr. Afzal Husain. to explain them. In all school primers there are chapters on animals and insects, but the teachers find them useful only for dictation as they contain some difficult technical words that children cannot spell correct- ly. We must first train the teachers. In Baroda we have village museums. Mr. Patel. [The general opinion of the Meeting was that theoretical lectures are of no use.] As a member of the Ceylon Board of Agriculture I have to deal ^^- Senior-White. with the raiyat in connection with insect pests and my experience shows that it is little use to have coloured plates and books ; you must show the actual insect. The best thing is to teach general entomology and agriculture in the training colleges for teachers. I have dealt with this subject in my paper on " Some aspects of ^^- Ghosh. Economic Entomology in India." In the Central Provinces we have been keeping show-cases in villages. Mr. Ehare. What about that reader for use in the Central Provinces and for Mr. Fletcher. which I wrote some chapters on insects ? I do not know anything about it. Mr. Khare. 91.— SOME ASPECTS OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY IN INDIA. By C. C. Ghosh, B.A., Assistant to the Imperial Entomologist. In this paper it is proposed to deal with a few ideas which have occurred to the writer with regard to Economic Entomology in relation to Agriculture in India. The question is dealt with from the view- point of the Indian cultivators. The aim of the Agricultural Economic Entomologist is to protect the crops against insect pests. The success of his work depends on the adoption of proper and efficacious methods of control or prevention. The efficacy of the methods depends on the thoroughness of the study of the pests in all their relations, including proper experiments and verification of the preventive and remedial measures suggested by the life-history and behaviour of the insects concerned. Even when the methods recommended to deal with them are based on such study, another essential condition of success is their proper application. This presupposes on the part of the constituents Wei PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING of the entomologist capacity to understand and to carry out the recom- mendations. Measures of control and prevention against insects may be broadly placed under two categories. In one, definite results can be expeqted by the adoption of certain definite measures. If the Scales, Mealy- bugs and Aleurodids, etc., are sprayed with certain spray-fluids, we can see the results at once. The insects are killed and the plants saved. Great progress has been made in this respect in America and other countries. Although similar results can be expected and are obtained in India, a good deal of work has yet to be done to test the fumigants and sprays under Indian conditions of temperature and moistiure and especially to find out simple things which the Indian cidtivator can make up and use with small expenses within his means. In the other category such definite results can hardly be expected and under it are included the majority of the pests, caterpillars, grubs, bugs and the whole host of insects affecting garden, vegetable and field crops. In their case, the measures of control and prevention, however carefully and accurately they may have been worked out, can only approximate to certainty in their results. With regard to most of these, although the Agricultural Department with a recognized entomological staff has now been in existence in India for about a decade and a half, Economic Entomology may be said to be still in its infancy. It has not yet been possible to make out a complete survey of the pests, although most of the principal ones have been discovered. Of the known ones again, on account of the paucity of workers, it has not been possible to carry out the intensive study necessary to understand them in all their aspects, viz., in relation to the agricultural practices followed for cultivating the crop or crops concerned, the climate, presence and absence of alter- native foodplants and various other conditions, a correct study of which is necessary tq^ grasp their real nature. Insects like all other living creatiu-es are influenced by varying conditions of early or late rainfall, drought, scarcity or abundance of food and presence or absence of enemies. Therefore, unless we are able to keep them under careful observation for a series of years our knowledge of their real behaviour is extremely defective. It has not/yet been possible to devote such study to them and in fact no ttttempits at the study of most of them have yet been made. Our recommendations to combat them are therefore in most cases based on general observations and deductive inferences. For instance, borers in sugarcane cause " dead heart." On the principle of " catch and kill," to diminish the number of borers, recommendations have been made to cut out the shoots with " dead heart." Similar measures are recommended for borers in rice which cause dry ear. PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 1075 Although the principle of " catch and kill " is applicable in many cases -n-ith successM results, recent experiments have proved that it is hardly of use in the case of sugarcane and rice just mentioned. In sugarcane " dead hearts " have been found to be caused by various agents which Are not got rid of simply by the removal of the shoots with " dead hearts,"' and in fact this remedial operation has a retarding effect on the crop. Similarly removal of rice plants with dry ears has been found to be hardly helpful to the standing and of doubtful utility to the futiu-e crop. When we come to verify our own recommendations we find that they do not always possess the merits we claim for them. Recommen- dations based on general impressions and imperfect knowledge of the pest are bound to be vague and even useless and not applicable to all <5ases and localities. These remarks apply to most of the insects we have to deal with. This defect is due to imperfect study which again is ascribable not to inefficiency of the experts who have made -the recommendations but to want of facilities. The constituents of the Agricultural Economic Entomologist in ■India have absolutely no knowledge of insect life. To them a cater- pillar is an insect which is born and dies as such. The moth or the butterfly resulting from the same caterpillar is a separate insect taken to be born and to die as the moth or the butterfly. This ignorance of insect life is not simply confined to the imeducated classes, but is equally prevalent among the educated classes also. .Moreover, the maj ority of the cultivators own only a few acres of land which is scattered in small plots, often half or even one-third of an acre in area or even less. And in addition to this, they are proverbially poor. Any measure of insect control involving an outlay of expenditiu-e is either inexpedient on accoimt of the scattered nature of the plots under cultivation or beyond the means of the cultivator. But although totally ignorant of the elements of insect life, the Indian cultivators owing to the accu- mulated experience of ages have in many cases evolved methods of cultivation best adapted to the successful growth of the crops which are liable to be seriously affected by insects or fungal diseases. Take for instance the " wilt disease " of tobacco at Rangpur, which the writer had the opportunity of investigating from the entomological point of view. The soil is turned over frequently with the hand plough. The cultivators believe that they are removing the extra moisture from the soil by this operation, but really they conserve moisture by preparing a sort of a surface mulch. Scientific investigation corroborated the same process to be efficacious to a great extent against the disease as the germs are frequently exposed to the sun and are thus killed. Similarly in the " Koleroga " disease of betel-nuts in Mysore, the people 1076 PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING have a method of covering the bunches of the nuts by tying over them the broad leaf-sheaths locally called Kottes. Scientific investigation revealed the fact that the spores of the disease are spread by rainwater and kotte-tying is efficacious against it. *In Gujarat, against the cater- pillars which bore the tobacco stem and cause a swelling in it, the culti- vators follow the method of making an incision in the swollen part which in many cases cures the disease and enables the plants to grow normally, the plants remaining stunted if not cured. The entomologist cannot yet suggest a better method. In the case of the plant (Orobanche) parasitic on roots of tobacco in Bihar, scientific investiga- tion recommended the stoppage of the ratoon crop. In spite of the root parasites the cultivators make a profit out of the ratoon crop and therefore they are not prepared to give it up. But they have a method of evading the parasites by not growing tobacco for consecutive years in the same place. In extreme cases cultivation of particular crops, which they have not been able to protect, has been given up. The writer knows of a locality in the Raniganj Subdivision of Bengal where no cms paddy is cultivated, although it grows well there, as it caimot be protected against the rice bug, Leptocorisa varicornis. The agricultural practices followed by the cultivators are usually suited to the local conditions. Although with regard to many pests we are not in a position to suggest really efficacious measures, whatever recommendations to deal with an insect are made, they must take into account the local conditions and the current agricultural j^ractices or they become not only impracticable and useless but make the cultivators lose confidence in the entomologist. What would one think of drowning rice plants in order to kill cateri^illars of Chapra mathias feeding on their leaves by raising a high mound all round the field and filling it with water ? Ridiculous is too mild an adjective for this recommen- dation. ' Yet it has been made by an entomologist who probably never saw the conditions under which rice is cultivated. It also illustrates the fault of making recommendations on the strength of general impres- sions and imperfect study, which are likely to magnify small things beyond proportion. The Chapra mathias caterpillars are a very minor pest, hardly requiring any treatment in most cases. While in the case of most of the injurious insects we have not yet been able to find out practical methods of prevention of control, in the case of some of the pests at least, simple measures, quite within the means of the cultivators, are efiicient. For instance, removal and destruction of eggclusters or congregated young caterpillars of Diacrisia on jute or of the white butterfly (P. hrassicce) on cabbage will check their increase. The Red Cotton Bug may be shaken off into a pan of kerosinized water. Timely PHOCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 1077 destruction of the top-shoot borers of brinjal may diminish future damage. The surface caterpillars among vegetable crops or in the field may be picked ofE by children by turning over the surface of the soil. Enough time and labour can almost always be spared by the members of the cultivator's family for such measures. Many wonder why he does not adopt -them. He does not adopt them because he does not understand the reason of the thing. He cannot comprehend how the destruction of the caterpillars feeding to-day will ensure safety of the new crop or to the crop at a later stage. He does not understand that insects like all other living creatures are born of parents and not out of air or water and are endowed with a power of rapid development and growth, and a fecundity not commonly met with among animals, beatts or birds he ordinarily sees. When he will understand that ten caterpillars feeding to-day have the power of giving rise to about five thousand a month later, he will of his own accord and without any advice from the entomologist, seek out the ten or even two and destroy them. Therefore the best service the entomologist can at present render to the cultivator is to acquaint him with the elements of insect life. The attitude of apathy, indifference or resignation, at present so common on his part, can be dispelled only by this knowledge, and his co-operation secmred, without which the entomologist however much backed he may be otherwise, cannot be successful in his work of checking the pests. While it is true in many cases that no reforms can be safely or widely introduced into the agricultural system without the willing and intelligent co-operation of the farmer, which e^in only be expected from him if his education has been directed in that line, it is hardly so in entomology. Even small children without education can see and grasp the elementary things of insect life as they do of cattle. Only the things have to be pointed out to them. In this respect the ento- mologist is much more favourably situated than the mycologist or the bacteriologist and need not requisition the services of a microscope. Insects have a charm both for the young and the old. It will not be easy to approach the old people, at once, but they can be approached through the children. As an instance of how children can quickly grasp the elements of insect life, the writer mentions here his experience with a child about eight years old. This child otie day found a golden- coloured glistening chrysalis of the common butterfly Enplcea core, hanging on a leaf of oleander. She was asked to keep it in a tumbler and she saw how the butterfly emerged from it. She was further asked to search the oleander bush and she found eggs and caterpillars of the same butterfly. She saw the caterpillars hatching from the eggs and was made to feed and rear them in a tumbler. She saw the connection 1078 rnocEEDiNGs of the third entomological meeting between the egg, the caterpillar, the pupa and the butterfly. This aroused her interest in insects and she collects them from all sorts of plants. Soon after her experience with the above butterfly one day she found two pupae of the oleander hawk-moth (Deilephih nerii) under cover of old leaves lying on the road side. She brought them to the writer and accurately described them as the pupse of some large cater- pillars although she had not seen such pupae before. As against this method of teaching, the writer remembers while reading in his under- graduate days that the word " caterpillar " in a text book was explained as referring to an unknown creature living on the surface of the earth and he had not had the opportunity of recognising it in the ubiquitous " sMm poka " until he joined the Agricultural Department. In India insects are present everywhere and they form the best subjects for Natiu-e Study for small children. But the instruction should be on proper lines. In Bengal villages and almost everywhere in the coimtry most of the cultivators' boys attend the village palhshalas (primary schools) for shorter or longer periods according to the means .of the family. All families make an attempt to teach the boys at least how to read and make small calculations. While attending the path- sJialas the bo)'s can be shown the common insects by the Gnni (teacher). For this purpose the Guru himself has to be taught when he attends the Gum training-schools. Elementary text 'books written in the plainest language in the vernaculars will be of help in this direction. When the cultivators will imderstand insect life they will know the complexity of the problem and the difficulties of the entomologist and will not expect wonders from him. The writer has heard the Ento- mological Assistants in the Provinces being styled by the people as " doctors." The people expect that plant-diseases due to insects are capable of being cured by these entomological " doctors " with the application of medicines, if not by incantations and mantras, as they see human diseases cured by medical men and more recently cattle diseases by veterinary surgeons. In this connection it may be pointed out that most of the provinces have an Entomological Assistant, whose time is wholly taken up and he himself spent up, in moving from place to place, under orders to check insect outbreaks wherever they occur throughout the Province. The position of the Entomologist in India is at present this. In the case of most of the pests he cannot suggest really efficacious measures on account of not having facilities for proper study. In the case of some insects, for instance. Aphides, Scales, etc., the efficacious measures either involve an outlay not within the means of the cultivator or lack facilities for adoption. The results of preventive measures are not PHOCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 1079 apparent at once and preventive measures do not appeal to the people as, to quote one example, they do not see the connection between the hibernating caterpillars in juar stalks and the brood of the same insect in the crop of the next spring. In some cases the entomologist cannot do more than recommend the methods which the cultivators themselves follow. Frequently again for want of facilities for local investigation the advice given through correspondence has no reference to actual conditions and therefore turns out to be impracticable. All these difficulties in the way of the entomologist are not apparent to the ordi- nary people. In some quarters therefore there is a tendency to belittle • the importance of the entomologist in the economy of the Agricultural Department. This is hardly justifiable as the entomologist is judged before he is given facilities for equipping himself for the work he is expected to be able to do. In Agricultural Economic Entomology in India there are two distinct lines on which progress is urgently needed, first investigational and the second educational. We have to push on vigorously the investigational part which can be carried on without the co-operation of the people. The investigation of a pest must be carried on in its natural environ- ment in the locality where it occurs, in order to enable the investigator to see it in its real perspective. The mango fruit weevil {Cryptorrhyn- chiis gravis) or the Rice Hispa which occur and cause extensive damage in Eastern Bengal and Assam cannot be investigated with imported individuals at Pusa, where they do not occur or occur only as curiosities. It will be years before the investigational part can make much progress even if we proceed at a much faster rate than we are doing at present. But in the educational part we can have very good residts in the course ' of a, short time, if only we can utilize the agency indicated above. If with the co-operation of the Educational Department Nature Study with insects be made a compidsory subject in primary schools, the knowledge of insect life will spread quickly. Through the boys attending the pathshalas it will spread into their families and those of their neigh- bours. If a proper beginning on these or similar lines be made, progress is expected to be very rapid and this wUl help the Economic Entomolo- gist immensely in his work of checking the ravages of insects. Mr. Ghosh's paper contains many facts which are obviously true. Mr. Fletcher. We require, in the first place, very detailed work on the natural history (in its widest sense) of the innumerable insect pests which cause in the aggregate money losses amounting to hundreds of millions of rupees every year in India alone. For that we require a very large increase of staff, and, in my opinion, such an investigational staff should be 1080 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING centralized in order to obtain the best economy and efficiency. That is the first thing we want — a thfTough knowledge of the insects concerned —and it is not a bit of good to recommend control measm-es before we have this thorough knowledge. We can of course recommend what Mr. Ghosh calls the " catch and kUl " policy, as in the case of bagging of grasshoppers, but measures of that sort are mere temporary palliatives and are not control-measures as I regard the word " control." In the second place, there is room for a considerable amount of education on the part of the raiyat as regards the life-histories and methods of life of the commoner insects. That is in some respects simple work, only requiring organization, but it is rather outside the scope of the investiga- tional staff and could well be left to Provincial activities provided that it was done in close co-operation with the entomological side of the work in order to ensure acciuacy. But I thinlv strongly that the investi- gational work must come first. Otherwise, if you start to tell the raiyat this and that about insects, the first thing he will want to know wilLbe the practical question of control. If your investigational work has got far enough to have elucidated definite lines of control, the raiyat will then be willing to listen to what you have to say, if you can tell him not only about the life-history but also about the control ; but, if your information stoj)s short at the life-history and you camiot answer his questions about control, I doubt whether he wUl see the practical value of what you have to tell him. As far as Nature Study is concerned I quite agree that insects form a suitable subject for use in India but many of the lessons on insects in text-books in use in India are, I think, founded on insects which are not Indian and this point requires amending and the text-books checked by competent entomological workers. I think that we might have a Resolution on this subject. I have drafted one and, if it meets with general approval, perhaps Mr. Ghosh would like to propose it. I propose the following Resolution : — " This Meeting— (1) considers, in v,ew of the great importance of a knowledge o£ insects and insect life-histories to the peoples of India, that readers for use in the primary schools in India should, as fa: as possible, eontam simply written accounts of some of the insects commonly found in the Provinces concerned. (2) suggests th'^t entomology shculd figure prominently in all courses of Nature Study, and PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING lOSl (3) recommends that the educational authorities should enUst the help of entomoiogical workers in the preparation of such accounts in their readers or text-books." I second this Resolution. Mr. Kunhi Eannan. [The Resolution iras put to the Meeting and carried unanimously.] 92.— THE ORGANIZATION OF ENTOMOLOGICAL WORK IN INDIA. We now come to the last subject on our Agenda-paper, the organi- Mr. Fletcher, zation of entomological work in India and in the first place I may perhaps explain why this subject was placed on the list of Agenda after the programme was printed. When Sir Claude Hill, the Hon'ble Member in charge of the Revenue and Agricultiu-e Department, was at Pusa last month I showed him the programme of subjects for discussion at this Meeting and he asked me whether we would not discuss my organi- zation scheme, to which I replied that my scheme had alreadj^ gone up to Govermnent officially and that subsecjuent proceedings seemed to me more a matter for executive action. Sir Claude Hill however said that Government would welcome any discussion on it at this Meeting, at which so many entomological interests would be represented, and it was therefore included in the programme. The question of the means of improvement of entomological work, and particularly of entomological research, has been in my mind for many years and you must not think that this proposal of mine is a hasty or ill-considered one. Since taking over the duties of Imperial Entomologist in 1913 I have visited all the Provinces with a view to acquiring a first-hand knowledge of their requirements and of how these may best be met and I may remind you that I have myself served as Government Entomologist in the only Province that has yet created such a post. I have been able therefore to regard this question not only from the point of view of what is best for the Indian Empire as a whole but from the Provincial aspect also. One's first idea is, perhaps naturally, the creation of Provincial Staffs, but more mature considera- tion convinced me that better progress would be made by an equal number of men working together rather than by the same number of men working separately^in other words, by a strong Imperial Staff rather than by numerically ec[ual but much less efiicient Provincial 1082 PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING Staffs ; and some three years ago I had the details more or less worked out in my own mind. Two years ago the Goverimient of India called for proposals for an expansion of the Pusa Research Institute and I then drafted my proposals for the centralization of all the varied ento- mological work being done in India, as I considered that the question should be considered as a whole and not only as regards Pusa alone. These proposals were submitted to Government and were confiidered by a Committee which met in Simla in May 1918 and reported favourably on them. They were also printed in the Report of the Indian Industrial Commission which also endorsed them. It is now for this Meeting to consider them and make any criticisms on them. I may say that for my part I shall welcome any criticisms that you may have to offer. I will now read the Report of the Committee appointed to consider this subject. " Report of Committee on organization of entomological ivork in India. " No alternative proposals having been received, the Committee has considered the proposals contained in Mr. Bainbrigge Fletcher's scheme ^Appendix K to Report of Indian Industrial Commission) on which they offer the following remarks :— (1) The Committee considers that the centralization of entomolo- gical research work in India is very desirable. (2) As regards the Agricultural and Forest Departments, the Committee considers that the dimensions of the Service proposed are not large enough to commence the work satis- factorily, in view of the importance of entomology in India, and that an increase in the numbers proposed is necessary and that an increase in the rates of pay proposed for the lower grades is also necessary. The Committee offers no remarks as regards other Departments. (3) The Committee considers that the staff of the central entomolo- gical institute should be imperial {i.e., employed directly under the Government of India). v(4) Provincial staffs will be required, in addition to the staff of the central entomological iiistitute, and we consider that they should work under the local Agricultural or Forest or other Departments, as the case may be, reporting to the central institute through such local Departments. PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGIC.\L MEETING 1083 (5) Ab regards the location of the entomological institute, we consi- der that Coimbatore is the most suitable locality that has- yet been suggested. * E. A. Andrews, C. Beeson, Sam HiGGlNBOTTOM, Lewis H. Gough, T. Bainbk'igge Fletcher, C. S. MiSRA,* T. V. EaMAKRISHNA AYYAK,f ' K. KuNHIKANNAN,t Y. Eamachandra Eao.-}- " As a representative of the Forest Department I wish to record my opinion on the suitability of Dehra Dun as an alternative locality after Coimbatore. Dehra Dun compared with Coimbatore is equally accessible and habitable, and is rapidly becoming a scientific centre of great im- portance. As regards the preservation of an in^^ect collection climatic conditions are not prohibitive although they are far less suitable than those of Coimbatore. Improved methods of storing would nullify dis- advantages arising from high humidity. As regards facilities for ex- perimental breeding of insects Coimbatore appears to epitomise various soil and locality conditions better than Dehra Dun, although the qualifications of the latter are high. In my opinion facilities for this work are not essential at a Central Institute, as seasonal history investi- gations require to be carried out in experimental stations in the field. (Sd.) C. Beeson. " I feel that Coimbatore is too far South to be central, but I cannot suggest any other place that offers so many advantages with so few disadvantages. I feel that the neighbourhoods of Poona, Indore or Rutlam, Bangalore and Jubbulpore are worth considering. (Sd.) Sam Higginbottom. " In view of the function that the Central Entomological Bureau is expected to fulfil in the future it is desirable that it should be located in or near a centrsl place easy of access to all workers in Entomology from different parts of India. Its proximity to an Institute dealing with cognate subjects of Agricultural Bacteriology, Chemistry, Botany, * Subject to note appended, t Subject to the note appended. 108i PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING Mycology, etc., from a broad or Imperial point of view is also desirable. In my opinion these conditions are fulfilled at Pusa. If, however, ade- quate provisions are made, it will be possible to keep the specimens in as good a condition as it will be possible to do elsewhere. ^ (Sd.) C. S. MiSEA. ' ' "We consider that as far as the Agricultural side of the Scheme is concerned, the work of the Entomological Assistants in the Provinces is better controlled and directed through a Provincial Entomologist than through a Deputy Director of Agriculture, necessarily preoccupied with his own work. We consider also that no provision has been made in the sell erne for the training of Indians for posts in the Superior Service.* As regards officers coming under Class II of Mr. Fletcher's scheme, we consider that any grade less than Es. 100—150—15—300, 300 — 25—500, will fail to attract the best men required for efficient work in the Pro- vinces as well as for final recruitment into the Imperial Service on attainment of the maximum of the grade. We also consider that unless the Provincial Entomological Staff is also made Imperial, it would seriously detract from the merits of a Centralised Entomological Eesearch Institute. (Sd.) T. V. Eamakrishna Ayyar, (Sd.) K. Kunhikannan, (Sd.) Y. Eamachandra Eao." With regard to this Committee Eeport, no alternative scheme was submitted to the Committee and I take it that no one has any other scheme to propose. The Committee is unanimous regarding the desirability of the centrali- zation of research work in entomology in India, and when one considers the demand for investigational work in entomology in connection with Agricvdture, Forestry, and Medical and Veterinary Science in India and with the more systematic side of the subj ect, as well as the enormous extent of the subject of entomology generally, which renders it quite impossible for any one worker to be really a master of more than one small section of the whole science, and when one further commences to multiply the various workers in these sections by the number of Provinces into which the Indian Empire is divided for purely adminis- * This sentence was amended at the General Meeting to read as follows : — Provision should be made at the Central Entomological Institute for the reception of a limited number of post-graduate students desirous of acquiring a knowledge of the methods employed in entomological research work. PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 1085 trative purposes, you will find that, if expansion is to take place on the present decentralized lines, we shall have thirty or forty or more entomologists all working separately, each provided with expensive laboratories and libraries and collections, which are necessary if any good work is to be done, and each man with his work diffused, incomplete and often redundant. To me there seems no question but that an equal number of men all belonging to one Central Institute would accom- plish far more and far better work, because each man could be employed on a particular line of work, and at far less cost to the State on account of the centralization of laboratories, libraries, collections and records generally. Such items as recruiting would be greatly facilitated by the establishment of a centralized service on account of the more regular occurrence of vacancies and because a centralized Service with a high reputation would attract a batter class of candidates than odd vacancies in various Services occurring at infrequent intervals. There are numer- ous other advantages of centralization and practically no disadvantages, but I do not propose to say any more on this subj ect now because these points have been dealt with in my Note which you have had an oppor- tunity of seeing. As regards the numbers required to commence with, this point was also endorsed by the Simla Committee. As regards the dimensions proposed originally in my scheme it should be remembered that those numbers represented a bare minimum to commence with and were largely influenced by the practical difficulty of recruiting larger numbers of really competent men, but if the various Departments require more workers (as apparently they do, the Forest Department,' for example, having now asked for five men instead of the three allowed for in my scheme) than this minimum must be increased accordingly. No remarks have been offered regarding the numbers proposed for work on the special problems of Departments other than the Agricultural and Forest Departments, not because the Committee considered the proposed numbers sufficient but simply because no represent.atives of such other Departments were present at this Meeting. As regards the rates of pay proposed in the lower grades, we shall probably all agree that they err on the low side, particularly in these days, and that some increase is necessary. There is no difference of opinion as regards the necessity for the employment of the staS of the Central Entomological Institute directly under the C4overmnent of India. There are very few iaisects which are respecters of Provincial boundaries and it is obv'ous that, to get the best results, problems must be studied in as broad and imperial a manner 1086 PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETINO I do not think there is any difference of opinion regarding the neces- sity for permanent Provincial Staffs in addition to the Staff of the Central Entomological Institute, but there is a sharp difference of opinion, clearly shown in the note of dissent appended to the Committee Report by Messrs. Ramakrishna Ayyar, Kunhi Kannan and Rama- chandra Rao, regarding the employment of those Provincial workers. The majority of the Committee consider that such Provincial Staffs must work under the Provincial Officers (Agricultural, Forest, or others, as the case may be) whUst the minority consider that these men, although permanently stationed in the Provinces, should work directly under the Central Institute without any direct subordination to the local authorities. This latter scheme would not work in practice in my opinion, because it would lead to constant friction with the Provincial authorities and because it would be extremely difficult for the Central Institute to keep in sufficiently close touch with the various local workers scattered all over India and Burma. As regards the location of the proposed Entomological Institute, there is also considerable difference of opinion, which again is clearly shown in the various notes appended to the Report of the Committee My own view is that Coimbatore is the most suitable locality that has yet been suggested. It is not ideal altogether, but it approaches the ideal more closely than any other locality that I know of. If a more central place could be found, climatically and otherwise equally or more advantageous than Coimbatore, such a place would undoubtedly be preferable,. but I do not know of any such place nor has anyone else as yet made any really useful suggestion regarding this. The main objection which is usually raised regarding Coimbatore is its supposed inaccessibility but I think that this bugbear of inaccessibility has been greatly exaggerated and this will be minimized in the near future when air transport has come in as a regular method of travel and despatch of mails. I just ask you to consider for a moment the facilities for transport in India one hundred, or even fifty, years ago and compare them with the present day and I will further ask you to try and look ahead another twenty or fifty or a hundred years and try to imagine the way in which distances will be reduced by improvement in means of transport. It would be folly to my mind to put up large and expen- sive buildings in any locality which we are not absolutely satisfied will be thoroughly suitable. We have found that out by bitter experience at Pusa and have no wish to repeat an experiment of that sort. I hold no special brief for Coimbatore and, if anyone can satisfy me that another locality will be more suitable, I am quite willing to be convinced. The Committee Report is now before you for consideration. PHOCEEDINGS OF THE THIHD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 1087 May I know if the whole of my note of dissent will be printed ? I Mr. Misra. should hke to see the whole of it printed. There was no desii-e to curtail this note but, as I read it, I understood Mi- Fletcher. that only the concluding paragraph was intended to be added. The following is the full note appended by Mr. Misra to the Report of the Committee :— " The Committee appointed to consider the question of reorganiza- tion of the Entomological work in India consisted of the following besides myself : — Mr. T. Bainbrigge Fletcher, Imperial Entomologist. Mr. C. F. C. Beeson, Forest Zoologist. Mr. E. A. Andrews, Entomologist Indian Tea Association, Tocklai. Dr. L. H. Gough, Director of Entomology, Egypt. Mr. Kunhi Kannan, Senior Assistant Entomologist, Mysore. Mr. T. V. R. Ayyar, Acting Government Entomologist, Coimbatore. " Mr. Y. R. Ramachandra Rao, Assistant to Government Entomolo- gist, Counbatore, on Special Deputation on Lantana work. " In my opinion the localization of the Central Entomological Bureau in a Central place would have far reaching effects on the future develop- ment of Entomological work in India and I think shifting the work from Pusa to extreme south would not secure this object. By locating the Central Bureau at Coimbatore the inconvenience felt by entomolo- gical workers in the North, East, and West of India would be so great that they might hereafter bring to the notice of the Provincial Govern- ments concerned the necessity of having a separate Bureau for the North of India, and as a number of workers in Entomology are here, I hope you would be pleased to obtain their views by announcing the minutes of the Committee and then making a suggestion to the Govern- ment, who will no doubt obtain the views of the Local Government before deciding upon the localisation of the Bureau. As suggested by the majority of the members in the Committee, I think, Coimbatore would not meet the situation. Pusa is in one extreme and Coimbatore is in the other. I think, if proper provision^ are made, it is possible to keep the specimens in good condition at Pusa. The conditions of ^ storage of specimens at Pusa in the past have been rather peculiar and it is to these causes more or less that they have not remaiaed so good as they should have been. I also think, if it is at all decided to shift from Pusa, Jubbulpur would meet the requirements much better than Coimbatore. It is central fit-om all parts of India, it commands access to the neighbouring rice, wheat, sugarcane, cotton tracts and other important crops, and access to the neighbouring Pachmarhi Hills, the VOL. Ill s 1088 PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGIC.'UL MEETING Fletcher. summer Head quarters of the Chief Commissioner of the Central Pro- vinces, is also easy by rail. As for provision for special investigations on tea, coffee, cinchona in South India, Assam and Burma, I thini:, the requirements would be amply met with, by the estabhshment of field laboratories of special workers on the subjects as considered by the Committee. Besides this, I think, the proximity of the Bureau to a Central Institute Uke Pusa deaUng in coguate branches of Agri- culture, Chemistry. Bacteriology, Botany, Mycology, etc., from a broad or Imperial point of view would be found desirable. A future worker on insecticides or chemotropism of msects would like to be in frequent personal touch with the head or workers in the Central Chemical Bureau. " In view of the above, I beg to submit the following to be appended to the minutes of the Committee regarding the localization of the future Central Bureau of Entomology in India : — '' In view of the function that the Central Entomological Bureau is expected to fulfil in the future it is desirable that it should be located in or near a central place easy of access to all workers in entomology from different parts of India. Its proximity to an Institute dealing with cognate subjects of Agricultural Bacteriology, Chemistry, Botany, Mycology, etc., from a broad or Imperial point of view is also desirable. In my opinion these conditions are fulfilled at Pusa. If, however, ade- quate provisions are made, it will be possible to keep the specimens in as good a condition as it will be possible to do elsewhere. " In their note to the Committee Report Messrs. Raraakrishna Aj^ar, Kunhi Kannan and Ramachandra Rao have also raised the question of the provision of training for Indians. This point was not raised in Committee or we might have said something about it. As it was, we were considering the question of centralization more from the point of view of research. I do not know at present how this question of training can best be provided for. I feel strongly that to make a really first-class entomologist you must at least start with a man who has an innate keenness for the subject and that it is useless to put classes of students, who have not got this aptitude inborn in them, through courses of instraction and expect to turn out uniform and first-class results. We may be able to pick up a few really keen men from here and there and give them Special training, but that is quite a different thing from regular teaching courses. Another thing is that the proposed Central Institute is intended to be prunarily a Research Institute and the first thing k e want at present is to find out mformation before talking of imparting it to others. At least facilities should be afforded for attracting research students. PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 1089 Any students desirous of knowledge for its owji sake would always Mr. Fletcher, be welcome and. the Director would keep his eyes open and be eager to secure any really promising man for the Entomological Service. But I maintain that you cannot make a man an entomologist by merely passing him through a course of training. Such a man will never be more than a routine worker unless he has real keenness in him to start with. That means that you are going against the whole system of education. Mr. Afzal Husain. It must be admitted that a centrahzed Institute of the kind suggested is very desirable. During this Meeting we have constantly been remind- ed of the very great difficulty of getting our specimens identified. We have lost a large collection through enemy action and boxes full of our insects have been with specialists outside India for years. We do want a central place for India, an Institute such as the British Museum (Natural History) is for the whole Empire, where speciahsts can work and our insects be identified. But this scheme does not take into account the pure, side of the Science, I mean research in physiological and embryological problems of Entomology. These problems may have no immediate application but are very interesting and important. Without pure science we cannot go very far with our applied science. I do not know whence Mr. Husain has derived this idea. The Central Mr. Fletcher. Institute would of course deal with the class of problems he mentions, provided that the staff could tackle them. In cases where particular problems concerned sciences outside of entomology, such as the trans- mission of fungal disease by insects or work in which the co-operation of a chemist was necessary, my idea is that we should either send an entomologist to work with the mycologist or chemist, or borrow a mycolo- gist or chemist to work at the Entomological Institute. The exact arrangements to be followed in any particular case would have to be arranged at the time. My scheme allows for complete mutual colla- boration with other Departments and for work on every aspect of entomology, pure and applied, and I cannot understand the idea preva- lent in some Cjuarters, that the Entomologists want a Central Institute merely to go inside and lock the doors and pore over specimens of insects and shut themselves off from zoological and other work. Entomology is a branch of Zoology just in the same way as Zoology is a branch of the Natural History of a hundred and fifty years ago. Yet we do not hear nowadays of a botanist or a mineralogist claiming that Zoology is a part of his work because he is equally a student of Natural History. We Entomologists merely claim that we are speciahsts in a science, which is big enough nowadays to stand on its own legs as a science separate from Zoology, and that we know what is required to be done and we prefer to do it m our own way. 1090 PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING As has been abeady pointed out by the Committee which considered this scheme at Simla, this proposed Institute does not provide facilities for the teaching of Entomology. I have been through a complete course of training in Zoology in this country, but we did extremely little of Entomology. If we want a large staff, we must train the men. I do not agiee with Mr. Fletcher when he says that ordinary graduates of the Indian Universities can teach Entomology in the Agricultural Colleges. We must have really capable people to teach, men who can stimulate their pupils. I might refer to my own teacher, Lieutenant- Colonel J. Stephenson. His influence and teaching have been responsible for the development of Biology in the Punjab. Now we find his pupils going to England for specialization in the subject in which he instructed them. All the Zoological posts in Northern India are held by his pupils. This demonstrates how a teacher can influence his pupils. We want men like him to be teachers in these Agricultural Colleges. In England, which is not an agricultural country, the Universities are erecting special chairs for Entomology. Entomology is a vast subject and cannot be taught by giving a short course of lectures. At Cambridge we have a course of lectures extending over two terms and that is only for pure Entomology. There is another course of applied Entomology extending over three terms. Professor Lefroy's course is a one-year course ; he does morphology during the first term, systematic entomology during the second term, and applied entomology in the third term. If we want to help the growth of entomology in this country, we must start with the teaching of entomology. It is not essential that an Institute like the one suggested should only be for research work. Teach- ing keeps the mind young. The comparison of the proposed Institute with Cambridge and Oxford is not applicable. Cambridge and Oxford are primarily educa- tion bodies and keep up research as a secondary thing. The proposed Institute may better be compared with Rothamsted and many American institutions which are primarily for research. It is strange to hear that the Universities in England are merely educative ; they are as much for research work as they are teaching institutions, if not more so. I do not believe in the system of education in this country. Educa- tional institutions should be private concerns and based on competitive principles so that we get better education. This scheme, that aims at preventing unnecessary expenditure, should have a teaching side. It should give the benefit of research work to students and this can be done best in the Central Institute ; of course, the research should be of an advanced nature. PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 1091 Some of the Provincial Agiiculturai Colleges have served as a rather Mr. Fletcher, awful warning not to lay too much stress on the teaching side too early. Many of them were started in a hurry and commenced to give courses before they had any knowledge of what to teach as regarded local condi- tions. Teaching will come later on. The demand for entomologists was created in England and these jip_ Andrews, chairs of Entomology were estabUshed to meet that demand. First let us have a well-organized Research Institute and create a demand and then in the near future education will have to be provided for. Surely teaching was done before the Research Institutes were started. Mr. Afzal Husain. The first thing is to have specialists and, if they find time, they can Mr. Andrews, give courses of lectures. Mr. Lefroy's course was started as a temporary measure and it was afterwards made permanent when it was found successful. We should have a provision that if a body of well-qualified candidates Mr. Senior- White, not more than about half-a-dozen, come forward, the specialists may give courses of lectures. They cannot be expected to sit down and teach elementary things. If it is in order, we should like to amend the sentence in the Com- Mr. Ramakrishna mittee's Report, i.e., " We consider also that no provision has been Ayyar. made in the scheme for the training of Indians for posts in the Superior Service," so as to read as follows : — " Provision should be made at the Central Entomological Institute for the reception of a limited number of postgraduate students desirous of acquiring a knoweledge of the methods employed in entomological research work."' If you all three, who signed this Note, are agreed to amend it in Mr. Fletcher, this way, I am quite prepai ed to accept the amendment. This amendment exactly expresses what we want. In the Tata Mr. Kunhi Research Institute, the professors do research work and also guide Kannan, the research work of students. Mr. Andrews has taken the case of a few men who have to give a Mr. Afzal Husain. long course of lectures. There are men who do research work but also give a short course of lectures in their own subject. Training in entomology requires more than lectures. The Central Mr. Fletcher. Institute should be modelled more after the lines of the very successful Bureau of Entomology in the United States of America, which does no teaching work as such. There is another aspect. Entomologists become experts after a Mr. Afzal Kusain. long period of work when they are practically old men. Where are the experts to be got for this Institute 1 This point has been brought forward in the Report of the Industrial Commission. ]092 PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING There certainly will be difficulty in getting together a body of experts in various lines and it will necessarily be a gradual process. Therefore it is best that we start training men in this country. In an Institute of this kind men fresh from College are better drafted on to special subjects so that they come without a bias and specialize in that subject in the course of time. The doors of the Institute should be open to all. There must be some limit to the number of students to be admitted. Some of us have drafted another note dealing with the points that concern most of us and especially the Provincial Assistants. In a discussion that we had before this General Meeting we came to certain conclusions which we have incorporated in this note, which we should like to have included in the Proceedings. Provided that the note is signed by its supporters, there is no objec- tion to its inclusion in the Proceedings, as it comes to the same thing whether you each sjaeak on the subj ect or whether you read a note. The following is the note : — " In our opinion that part of the scheme which contemplates investi- gations of special crops and problems by the appointment of Special Experts who wOl include in their sphere 6f investigations the crops or problems as they affect the country as a whole is good. By such investi- gations, the experts will be able to investigate problems as they affect different parts of the country and will thus be able to make efficient recoTnmendations. But in oiu: opinion the success of such organization is indissolubly connected with the appointment of Provincial Entomolo- gists who will keep themselves in touch with the Special Experts and will also attend to the adoption and carrying out of the measures recom- mended by them. This will do away with the extra burden which would otherwise have fallen on the shoulders of the Deputy Directors of Agri- culture, who having no expert knowledge of the subject take only a half-hearted interest in the recommendations and give a step-motherly treatment to the Entomological Staff entrusted with the execution of the recommendations. " The scheme as outlined in the recommendations of the committee appointed during the present session contemplates continuation of the present system whereby the Entomological Assistants do not get oppor- tunities and encouragement for work but are at times even employed to do non-entomological work. " By the appointment of a Provincial Entomologist the question of dual control will be avoided ; and the Special Expert dealing with a problem affecting different Provinces will not be expected to become conversant with the language, habits and agricultural practices of the rROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING W\)d people of different Provinces. In our opinion recognisance of the above factors is essential to the success or otherwise of the suggestions of the Special Expert. By the presence of a Provincial Entomologist the Special Expert will have the advantage of a local organization and will be left free to deal with research and the consideratiofi of the subject or subjects from a broad or Imperial point of view. " In our opinion the requirements of Entomology will be amply met with if the Special Experts were attached to the Imperial Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, where they would remain in touch with other experts in Botany, Chemistry, Bacteriology, Mycology, etc. In our opinion close intimacy between experts dealing with Imperial or broad questions is essential for the special subjects being investigated in all t'leir bearings, so as to yield substantial results. '■ The difficulties experienced in the past with regard to the preserva- tion of insect specimens due to humidity can be overcome by the improved methods of storing at present introduced at Pusa. " In our opinion, special investigations for the following are required and we suggest these for immediate consideration on the strength of ■ovir experience gained during the last decade or more. (1) Cereals. (2) Sugarcane. (3) Cotton. (4) Store Pests. (b) Fruit Pests. (6) Termites. (7) Parasites. (8) Lac. (9) Bees. " In our opinion any scheme which does not provide for the adequate training of the Indians for ihe Indian Agricultural Service cannot be considered satisfactory. Hitherto the conditions of service in the Department have not at all been attractive to the best graduates of the Indian Universities. Therefore, in any future scheme of development in Entomology the aim should be to attract such students as would after necessary training in research be able to carry out research work on their own initiative. | '■ We further think that in order to attract the best Indian graduates in Class II of the scheme it is necessary to start them on an initial salary of not less than Rs. 200 and after a probationary period of a yeaj; to confirm them on Rs. 2-50. Thereafter they should go up to Rs. 500 after a reasonable period of service. 1094 PEOCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING " The opinions embodied in this note relate exclusively to Agricul- tural Economic Entomology. Ramrao S. Kasargode. R. Madhavan Pillai. E. S. David. J. L. Khare^ C. U. Patel. T. N. Jhaveri. P. C. Sen. P. V. Isaac* V. G. Deshpande. C. C. Ghosh. Harchand Singh. G. R. DuTT." Many of the points referred to in this note have already been dis- cussed and it scarcely seems necessary to go over all that ground again.. I need only remark that the unsuitability of Pusa as an entomological centre is not based solely on the difficulty of preservation of specimens, . as seems to be implied in this note. We have had a long discussion on this Committee Report and, as you have seen, there are differences of opinion on certain points, such as the question of Provincial stafis and the location of the proposed Central Institute, but those differences of opinion are clearly shown in the Report itself and I have no doubt will be fully considered by Government before any final action is taken. I now propose : — " That the Report of the Committee on organization o£ Entomolo- gical work in India, as amended, be accepted." I second that Resolution. [The Resolution was put to the Meeting and carried vnanimovsly.] Fletcher. That is the last item on our programme and it now only remains to ■ close this Meeting.- In my Opening Address I asked you to give me your views regarding the next Meeting, its duration and the date and. place at which it should be held, but I have not received any suggestions. Its duration must depend, largely on the business to be got through and a fortnight has been none too long for this Meeting. As regards date, the end of the cold weather is the most suitable time for most of us. As Pusa is at present the central entomological station and many of * Excepting that I am in favour of Coimbatc agree with what is said herein. the locality for the Institute, I' PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING 1095 you require to consult collections and records, the next Meeting will probably be at Pusa in the beginning of February 1921. It has given me very great pleasure to have seen so many people here attending this Meeting. We have got through a good deal of hard work together and I hope that the visitors have enjoyed their etay here. Many have come from great distances, not without incon- venience to themselves. We thank them for the share they have taken in making this Meeting a success. I shall look forward to the next Meeting, when we hope to have a larger gathering still. I am voicing the opinion of all present and also of those who have Mr. Beeson, come and gone when I say how much we are indebted to Mr. Fletcher and in expressing our opinion that such Meetings are productive of various new ideas, as we get to know what other workers are doing and what is left undone. We shall go away in a state of mental exhila- ration. At this Meeting, considerable importance has been given to subjects beyond merely Economic Entomology, such as methods of breeding, etc. One of the main advantages of centralizing Entomology would be the privilege of collaborating. We are alive to the tremendous amount of work entailed in the preparation of these Meetings. On behalf of the Meeting I propose a vote of sincere thanks to Mr. Fletcher. • I should like to second this vote of thanks with very great pleasure. Mr.Aadrews, I have had the privilege of attending all three of these Meetings. The first was a success, the second was a greater success, and the third has been a greater success still. These conferences are an indication of what might be attained by centralization. I think that the increasing success of these conferences shows what centralization can do. I thank Mr. Fletcher very cordially for the trouble he has taken in making this Meeting a success and in giving us all so piuch help. I should like to thank Mr. Fletcher not only for help in the Meeting Mr. Ramakrishiu but also for various kinds of help during our stay here. Ayyar. In addition I beg to thank Mr. Fletcher for helping us in the identi- Mr. Senior-White^ fication of our specimens. And we also owe thanks to the Heads of the other Sections at Pusa for their kindness in giving us the opportunity of seeing something of the work of their Sections. I wish to thank Mr. Fletcher and the British Government for giving Captain de Hello, me the opportunity of coming to attend this Meeting. On behalf of the Indian States we join with the others in thanking Mr. Eonhi Mr. Fletcher for the help he has given us. Although we have not been Kannan. able to contribute much, yet we have learnt a great deal. I hope that the practice of inviting us will be continued. 1096 PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING TfT. Fletcher. I feel tliat you have rather overwhelmed me wnth thanks for the little that I have been able to do. I am very glad to hear that you consider that the Meeting has been a success and, for making it so, you must remember that the help given me by my staff has contributed not a little to this end, besides the numerous contributions that you yourselves have made. We have been very glad to have you all here and hope that you will all be able to attend two years hence. It now only remains for me to declare this Meeting closed. APPENDIX. List of Resolutions passed by the Third Entomological Meeting. Resolution 1 (page 7). The Entomological workers assembled at this Meeting desire to express their sense of the loss to Entomological^cience sustained by the imtimely deaths of their former co-workers in India, the late Edward John Woodhouse and Charles William Mason. Resolution 2 (page 782). This Meeting considers that there is considerable danger of the introduction into India of bee-diseases by the unrestricted importation of bees, beeswax, and honey from countries infected with such diseases, and that such importation should therefore only be permitted under necessary restrictions. Proposed by Mr. T. Bainbrigge Fletcher, Imperial Entomolo- gist, Pusa. Seconded by Mr. C. C. Ghosh, Assistant to the Imperial Ento- mologist, Pusa. Carried unanimously. Resolution 3 (page 998). That the Report of the Committee appointed to consider the ques- tion of the preparation and publication of a catalogue of Indian Insects be approved. Proposed by Mr. T. Bainbrigge Fletcher, Imperial Entomologist, Pusa. Seconded by Mr. Ram Rao S. Kasergode. Assistant Professor of Entomology, Poona. Carried unanimously. Resolution 4, (page 1041). The Thu'd Entomological Meeting is of opinion that it would be desirable to have a Journal solely devoted to Entomology and Govern- ment should undertake publication of it. Definite proposals regarding its size and time of publication will be decided by a Committee. Proposed by Mr. C. C. Ghosh, Assistant to Imperial Entomolo- gist, Pusa. • ( 1097 ) 1098 PROCEEDINGS OF THE THIRD ENTOMOLOGICAL MEETING Seconded by Mr. Ram Rao S. Kasergode, Assistant Professor of Entomology, Poona. Carried by a majority of twelve against six. Resolution 5 (page 1041). The Resolution last passed may be recorded but action on it may be postponed imtil something definite has been decided about the organization of the Central Entomological Institute. Proposed by Mr. T. V. Ramakrishna Ayyar, Officiating Ento- mologist to the Government of Madras. Seconded by Mr. C. C. Ghosh, Assistant to the Imperial Ento- mologist, Pusa. Carried by majority — 1 vote against it. Resolution 6 (page 1050). That this Meeting considers it desirable to adopt a standard classifica- tion of Entomological literature for India. That, if such a scheme be adopted, it would be of considerable advan- tage that it should, if possible, conform with the scheme in use at the Imperial Bureau of Entomology, London, and that the Director of- that Bureau be approached for information on the matter. That such information be circulated to those interested in the subject in India, and that the matter be brought up for discussion at the next Entomological Meeting. Proposed by Mr. C. Beeson, Forest Zoologist. Seconded by Mr. E. A. Andrews, Entomologist to the Tea Association. Carried unanimously. Resolution? page 1071). That the Report of the Committee appointed to consider the question of Entomological Education in Agricultural Colleges be approved. Proposed by Mr. T. Bainbrigge Fletcher, Imperial Entomologist, Pusa. Seconded by Sardar Harchand Singh, Superintendent of Dairy Farms, Patiala State. Carried unanimously. Resolution 8 (page 1079). This Meeting (1) considers in view of the great importance of a knowledge of insects and insect life-histories to the peoples of India, APPENDIX 1099 that readers for use in the primary schools in India should as far as possible contain simply written accounts of some of the insects commonly found in the Provinces concerned, (2) suggests that entomology should figure prominently in all courses of Nature Study, and (3) recommends that the educational authorities should enlist the help of entomological workers in the preparation of such accounts in their readers or text books. Proposed by Mr. C. C. Ghosh, Assistant to the Imperial Entomolo- gist, Pusa. Seconded by Mr. K. Kunhi Kannan, Senior Assistant Entomolo- gist, Mysore State. Carried unanimously. Resolution 9 (page 1093). That the Report of the Committee on Organization of Entomolo- gical Work in India, as amended, be accepted. Proposed by Mr. T. Bainbrigge Fletcher, Imperial Entomologist, Pusa. Seconded by Y. Ramachandra Rao. Carried unanimously. INDEX A 11 scientific names of insects are indexed under both specific and gc neric names, but page re- ferences arQ only given under the latter. All names in italics are treated as sj'nonyms and should be looked up in this Index under the njimes given in roman letters. An asterisk indicates that a figure of the insect referred to is given on the page cited. Names of plants have not been indexed nor have those of the birds quoted in Mr. D'Abreu's paper. abdominalis, Aulacophora. „ iSerinetha. aberrans, Pyrilla. Abidama producta, 272, 354. ablutella, Eaphimetopus [AjieraMia). abniptaUs, Syngamia. abruptella, Trichophaga. abyssinia, Spodoptera. acaciaria, Boarmia. Acanthophorus serraticornis, 587. Acanthops3che bipars, 13S ; A. cana, 334 338 ; A. punctimarginalis, 334 ; A. sub teralbata, 138. Acanthopsyche (Mahasena) theivora. acerata, Anarsia. Achsea Janata, 80, 335, 340, 347, 933. achatirms (portentosus), Brachytrypes. Acherontia lachesis, 95, 333, 339, 340; A Styx, 95, 333, 340, 347, 898. acidula, Gracillaria. Aclees oribratus, 204, 577. Aclerda japonica, 295. Acmaeodera burmitina, 987*. acocephaloides, Neodurtus. Acontia graellsi, 80 ; A. intersepta, 79 ; A, malvse, 79 ; A. transversa, 79, 335, 339. Acria gossjrpiella, 636. Acrida turrita, 305. Acridiidse as crop-pests, 304 ; eaten by birds, 860. Acridinse eaten by birds, 860. Acrocercops semula, 851 ; A. allactopa, 852 ; A. auricilla, 162, 852 ; A. austeropa, 851 ; A. barringtoniella, 851 ; A. bifrenis, 852 ; A. brochogramma, 852 ; A. cathedrsea, 162, 585, 851 ; A. crystallopa, 852 ; A. cylicota. 852 ; A. desiccata, 852 ; A. diatonica, 852 ; A. elaphopa, 852 ; A. erioplaca, 852 ; A. extenuata, 852 ; A. gemoniella, 162 594, 851 ; A. geometra, 852 ; A. hemiglypta 852; A. hierocosma, 162, 582, 852; A^ hyphantica, 852 ; A. isodelta, 851 ; A, isonoma, 162, 585, 851 ; A. labyrinthica 852 ; A. loxias, 852 ; A. lysibathra, 852 ., A. macroclina, 852 ; A. ordinatella, 16r 851 ; A. orthostacta, 851 ; A. pentalocha 585, 851 ; A. pha;ospora, 162, 580, 851 : A. pharopeda, 853 ; A. phractopa, 852 A. prosacta, 162, 851 ; A. quadrifasciata, 851 ; A. resplendens, 851, 1006* ; A. scan dalota, 853 ; A. scenias, 853 ; A. scriptulata 853 ; A. supplex, 564, 851 ; A. syngramma, 162, 323, 584, 852 ; A. telestls, 162, 580 852 ; A. tenera, 853 ; A. terminabte, 161 564, 851 ; A. tricjona, 851 ; A. triscalma^ 853 ; a: ustulatella, 852 ; A. vanula, 853. AcrocUta cheradota, 841 ; A. nsevana, 841; A. vigescens, 842. Acrolepia manganeutis, 854. Acrotylus inficita, 306. aclaa (aoteus), Rhyncolaba (Thcretra). actffion, Lytta. acteus, Ehj'ncolaba. Actias selene, 99*, 323. actiniformis, Ceroplastes. acuta, Chiloloba. ,, _ Leptocorisa. acutissimus. Coccus, acutissimum, Lecanium. acutus, Agrilus. „ Gelasimus. Acythopeus citrulli, 206, 320, 595. AdeUdse, 856, 1007. • adersi, Lecanium. Adisura atkiusoni, 61, 323, 344, 453, 933. admiidum (longispinus), Pseudococcus. Adoretus bicaudatus, 175 ; A. bicolor, 176 A. caUginosus, 177, 361*; A. duvauceli 175, 566, 576, 578, 591, 593 ; A. horticoW 176, 566, 576, 578, 591, 593 ; A. lasiopygus, 1101 1102 176, 578, 582 ; A. lobiceps, 175 ; A. nitiduB, 698 ; A. ovalis, 176 ; A. versutus, 176, 361, 566, 576, 578, 591, 593. Adoxophyes fasciata, 639 ; A. privatana, 336, 337, 338, 339, 341, 840. adrastus, Hyarotis. adulatrix, Stathmopoda. adusta (maidis). Aphis, advena, Silvanus. sedia, Heterusia. sedificator. Pemphigus. jEgeria ommatisefoimis, 159. iEgeriada;, 159, 1004. iegrotalis (bipiMctalis), Psara (Pachyzancla). jegyptia, Orthaoanthaoris. segyptiaca, Icerya, 287. „ Simaethis. jegyptium, Hyalomma. semula, Acrocercops. cenescens (armigera), Hispa. ^olesthes holosericea, 222, 580 ; M. induta, 668. jeolopa, Lobesia. jEolopus (Aiolopus). Moloscdis (Stathmopoda) theoris. .Etherastis circnJata, 160, 580, 850. afiaber, Alcides. affinis, Aiolopus (Moloipus). ,, Bruchus. „ Oides. , , Pempheres. „ Podontia. af ricana, Gryllotalpa. agamemnon, Papilio. Agamopsyche, 980. Aganoptila phanarcha, 846. Agathia visenda, 570. Agdistis tamaricis, 840. Ageatrata orichalcea, 180. agilis, Trichonympha. aglea, Delias. Agonosoelis nubila, 252. agramma (peponis), Plusia. Agrilus acutus, 247 ; A. grisator, 574. Agriophara (Synchalara) rhombota. Agromyzidse, 47-^9, 344. Agrotis c-nigrum, 63 ; A. flammatra, 63 ; A. sp., 64 ; A. ypsilon, 62, 349, 350, 580, 622—625, 704. Aiolopus affinis, 305 ; A. tamulus, 305, 342, 562, 860. albicilia, Sarangesa. albifrons, Epicephala. albilineella, Pyroderces. ,%lbiscripta, Hypelictis. albistigma, Cirphis. albistriga, Amsacta. albocaudata, Gymnoscelis. albofasciella, Latypica. alboguttata, Protietia. albomaculata, Thomsoniella. albomarginatus, Rhagastis. albopunctata, Oxycetonia. Panilla. albostriata, Plusia. Alcides affaber, 199, 321 ; A. bubo, 198, 321*, 934 ; A. collaris, 199 ; A. fabricii, 199 ; A. frenatus, 200, 585; A. leopardus, 199, 453 ; A. mali, 200, 567 ; A. pictus, 319*, A. sp., 563. alciphron, Hypsa. alcmene, Chloridolum. alecto, Theretra. Aleurocanthus nubilans, 277 ; A. piperis, 277 A. spiniferus, 277, 431*, 574. Aleurolobus barodensis, 277, 418*. alexia, Parata. Aleyrodes cotesii, 278 ; A. ricini, 347 ; A. sp., 278. Aleyrodidse as crop-peats, 277, 574, 587. algira, rarallclia (Ophivsa). Alissonotum piceum, 183, 361 ; A. simile, 183. 361. alilalis (bivitralis), Margaronia (Qlyphodes). aUactopa, Acrocercops. almana, Junonia. alope, Lacera. alopecodes, Deuterocopus. altercata, Anarsia. alternus, Stauropus. Altha lacteola, 333, 337 ; A. nivea, 104. Alucita niveodactyla, 840. amabilis, Eublemma. Amaranth Pyraustine, 134. Amata cyssea, 333, 338 ; A. passaUs, 52, 333, 1 337, 338, 339 ; A. perixanthia, 661. j Amatidae, 52. ambiguella, Clysia. Amblyrrhinus poricolUs, 194, 564, 568, 569, 582, 583, 585. amethystias, Strobisia. j Amphipyra magna, 71 ; A. pyramidea, 71 ; ! A. surnia, 71 ; A. yama, 71. Amphitheridse, 854, 1006. amphix, Lyncestis. Ampittia dioscorides, 114 ampla, Lymantria. amplum, Apion. Ampullaria sp., 694. Amsacta albistriga, 57 ; A. lineola, 55 ; A. moorei, 56, 71 ; A. moorei sara, 56, 71. Amyna ooto, 74 ; A. punctum, 74, 335, 338 ; A. selenampha (punctum), 74. anacardij, Phtocothrips. Anadastus sp., 316, 919*. analis, Bruchus. „ Parallelia (Ophiusa). Anaraia acerata, 155, 845 ; A. altercata, 845 ; A. didymopa, 845 ; A. ephippias, 155, 845 ; A. epotias, 845 ; A. exallaota, 155, 845 ; A. Idioptila, 845 ; A. melanoplecta, 155, 453, 585, 845 ; A. omoptila, 155, 845 ; A. sagittaria, 155, 570, 845 ; A. sagmatica, 845 ; A. veruta, 845. Anastatus coimbatorensis, 933, 935. anastomosalie, Omphisa. Anataractis plumigera, 149, 846. Anatona atillata, 178. Anatrachyntis coriacella (simplex) ; A. falca- teUa, 149, 846 ; A. simplex, 149, 846. Ancylis-. cyanostoma, 841 ; A. glycypliaga, 841; A." lutescens, 144, 569, 841. Ancylolomia ohrysographella, 120, 341. andersonianum, Potamou. Andraca bipunctata, 100, 666. AndraUus spinidens, 69. Andres Maire trap, 943. andrewesi, Platypria. Anerastia ( Raphimetopus) abluteUa. angustatus, Calocoris. angustifions, HaUplus. annandalei, Leidya. annectens, Joenia. amiulatum, Sphaerodema. Anobium sp., 723*. Anomala antiqua, 173, 347 ; A. aurora, 173, 590, 597 ; A. bengalensis, 171, 361 ; A. biharensis, 172, 361*; A. deoorata, 173, 590 ; A. dimidiata, 174, 566, 570, 579 ; A. dorsalis, 170; A. dussumieri, 174, 582; A. elata, 171 ; A. ignicoUis, 173 ; A. Uneatopemiia, 173, 593 ; A. olivieri, 171 ; A. palUdospila, 173, 590, 598 ; A. polita, 171, 361, 568, 579 ; A. regina, 175 ; A. rufiventris, 174, 566 ; A. transversa, 571 ; A. varicolor, 172, 593 ; A. variivestis, 172, 566. . anomala, Epipyropa. Anomalococcus indious, 316, 326. Anoploonemis phasiana, 256. Anoplomus flexuosus, 589. Antestia cruciata, 252, 574, 586, 590. Anthersea paphia, 569 ; A. roylei, 100*. VOL. ni. Anthicidffi eaten by birds, 864. Anthomyiada;, 39-40, 324, 370*, 414, 573 eaten by birds, 866. Anthophora confusa, 862. anthracina, Megachile. Anthracophora orucifera, 177, 1028. Anthrenus fasciatus, 317 ; A. pimpinellse, 317. anticatus, Laccophilus. Anticrates lucifera, 850. Anlicyra (Dinara) combusta. Antigastra catalaunalis, 134, 347, 933. antiopa, Vanessa, antiqua, Anomala. Antispila argostoma, 848 ; A. aristarcha, 848. Antithyra vineata, 847. antonii, Helopeltis. antrami, Clania. Ants as pests, 33. „ indicating presence of insects, 941. „ nests, Insects in, 941. Anua coronata, 80, 335, 337. aonidum, Chrysomphalus. Apanteles creatonoti, 932 ; A. papilionis, 932 : A. phycodis, 932; A. plusise, 932; A. sp., 933 ; A. stauropi, 932 ; A. tachardije, 932. Apenesia electriphila, 986*. Aphanus sordidus, 262, 347, 348, 762. Aphididie as crop-pests, 279, 325, 343, 344, 345, 346, 348, 349, 350, 351, 592, 598, 763 ; eaten by birds 867. Aphis durranti, 283 ; A. gossypii, 284, 561, 562 ; A. maidis, 283 ; A. malvse, 283 ; A. malvoides, 283 ; A. medicaginis, 282 ; A. nasturtii, 284 ; A. nerii, 282 ; A. rumiois, 282 ; A. sacchari, 282. Aphis (Brevicoryne) brassicie. „ (Siphocoryne) indobrassicse. apioalis, Hindsiana. ,, Nephotettix. Apidfe, 35 ; eaten by birds, 862. Apines concinna, 252. Apion sp., 198, 344, ; A. amplum, 320. spp. eaten by birds, 864. Apis doraata, 772*, 862 ; A. fasciata, 779 ; A. florea, 772, 862 ; A. indica, 772. Apoderus tranquebaricus, 196, 321, 564, 583. Apogonia ferruginea, 167 ; A. proxima, 167 ; A. sp., 361. Apollodotus prsefectus, 264. Apomecyna histrio, 217 ; A. perotteti, 211 321*; A. pertigera, 217, 350. Apparatus for collecting, 946. Apple-borer, 597. „ Gracillariad (see G. zachrysa). 1104 Apple Limaoodid, 105*. „ Notodontid, 101*i „ Tortricid, 148. approximator, Aristobia. Apriona oinerea, 21.3, 577, 589 ; A. germari, 213, 589 ; A. sp., 213. Aprocerema (Stomopteryx) nerteria. aprobola, Argyroploce. Apsylla cistellata, 277, 585, 1029. Aptiuothrips rufieornis, 619. Aquatic Insects, 937. arachidis, Sphenoptora. Arachnida eaten by birds, 867. " Arbela " dea, 141 ; A. qiiadrinotata, 141 , 573 ; A. tetraonis, 141, 570, 574 ; A. tliei- vera, 142, 587, 581, 587, 592. Arbelida: (Teragridse). arcTiesiri (undata), Pelamia (Eemigia). Arotiadse, 53 ; eaten by birds, 865. aroticida, Meteorus. arototaenia, Ophiusa. arenosella, Batrachedra. argentana, Cnepliasia. Argina argus, 94 ; A. cribraria, 94, 563 ; A. syringa, 94, 563. argostoma, Anti.spila. argus, Argina. Argynnis hyperbius, 107, 590. Argyrestliia iopleura, 850. Argyria tumidioostalis, 119, 388*. argyrodoxa, Neptioula. Argyroploce aprobola, 146, 582, 584, 842; A. cenchropis, 842 ; A. citharistis, 842 ; A. ebenina, 842 ; A. erotias, 146, 584, 585, 842 ; A. illepida, 146, 568, 582, 595, 842 ; A. leucaspis, 146, 582, 842 ; A. paragramma., 147, 394*, 842 ; A. poetica, 842 ; A. rhynchias, 842 ; A. semiculta, 842 ; A. tonsoria, 843. aria, Matapa. aristareln, Antispila. Aristeis thwaitesii, 847. Aristobia approximator, 215, 517, 599. aristoloohioB, Papilio. Aristotelia ingravata, 844. armigera, Hispa. arotrsea,Brachmia. Arrhenothrips ramakrishnse, 327, 619*. Arrbinotermes flavus, 1018. articulatiis, Aspidiotus (Selanaspidus). artooarpi, Parlatoria. arvalis, Cryptolechia. Arytaina isitis, 276. asellus, Blosynis. Asopus malabaricus, 255. asperulus, Ceuthorrhynohus. -■^sphondylia sesami, 49. Aspidiotus articulatus, 299 ; A. camellia;, 300, 330 ; A. curcumse, 300, 32G ; A. cyanophylli, 300, 605 ; A. cydonise, 300, 606, 607 ; A. deatructor, 300, 583, 607 ; A. dictyospermi, 301 ; A. hartii, 301, 326 ; A. latanisc, 301, 574, 607 ; A. orieiitalis, 301, 568, 605 ; A. tamarindi, 302, 326. Asjiidiolus (Chrysompbalus) aurantii. aspidiatrse, Hemichionaspis. aspidomorpha, Cassidocida. Aspidomorpha foveata, 234 ; A. indica, 234, 351 ; A. miliaris, 234, 934. Aspongopus brunneus, 256 ; A. janus, 255. assamensis, Ethmia. assamensis, Serioa. Assamia moesta, 268, 354. Assembling, 942. assulta, Heliothis. Asterolecanium pustulans, 588. Astroopius sp., 934. Astycus lateralis, 188, 562, 589. Aswatthamanus cylindrious, 305. Asympiesiella indica, 934. Atabyria bucephala, 856. Atactogaster finitimus, 195. ataphus, Ismene. ater, Hypophorus. Athalia leucostoma, 38 ; Athalia proxima, 37, 348. athanasii, Ceraphron. Athysanus fusconervosus, 441 ; A. indicus, 431. atjjinsoni, Adisura, 61. Idiocerus. „ Julodis. Atmetonychus peregrinus, 187. atraopa, Odites. atomosa. Exelastis. Atraetomorpha orenulata, 307, 800 ; A. scabra, 307. atripennis, Aulacophora. atromaculatn (cnioifera), Anthracopliora. Attagenus piceiis, 719.* Atteva fabriciella, 160, 850; A. niveigutta, 160, 850. attioiis, Tagiades. augias, Telicota. augur, Serinetha-. Aulacophora abdominalis, 229, 350, 588 ; A. atripennis, 229 ; 350 ; A. excavata (atri- pennis) ; A. foveicollis (abdominalis) ; A. Btevcnsi, 228. 1105 Aularches miliaris, 307, 347, 562, 575 ; A. punctatua, 307 ; A. seabiosa;, 307. aurantii, Chrj'soinphalus. „ Dialeurodes eugenix. „ Toxoptera. aui-iclialcea, Protsetia. auricilia, Diatrsea. aurioilla, Acrocereops aurifluri (xanthogastrella), Scirpophaga. aurora, Anomala. austeropa, Acrocereops. australis, Boophilus. authaema, Autosticha. Autoserica sp., 165, 361*, 574. Autosticha authoema, 845 ; A. chemetis, 845 ; A. exemplaris, 845 ; A. protypa, 845. avence (padi) Siphocoryne. Aximopsis uvi, 934. Azazia rubricans, 86, 345. Azygophleps scalaris, 140. Bactra truciilenta, 394*, 842 Bactrocera (See Chietodacus). bada, Pamara. Badamia exolamationis, 1025.* badgleyi, Epioauta hirticornis. badra, Hasora. Bael flea-beetle, 318. Bag for collecting, 955*. Bagvallia (Tlirips) orj'zse. Bagrada pieta, 253, 348, 350. Bakla stem-fly, 48. Balaninus c-album, 190, 581 ; B. sp, 197. balanoptycha, Eucosma. Balautidium termitis, 1016*. ballardi, Phenacoccus. ballardi, Tylopholis. balsamina;, Metialma. Bamboo Woolly Aphis, 325.* bambucivora, Pyrausta. bambusae, Cosmopteryx. Odites. ,, Oregma. bangalorensis, Odoatotermes. banian, Hieroglyphus. banksi, Phyllipsocus. Baoris pencillata, 1024*. Baracus vittatus, 1023*. barbatum, Stromatium. barberi, Diaspis. .• „ Melaserica. barberiana, Epipyrops. barcalis, Pilocrocis. barodensis, Aleurolobus. barringtonieira, Acrocereops. barrowi, Tonica. basalis, Chajtocnema. „ Vespa. basiplectra, Stathmopoda. Bats, Insects living on, 941. Bathj'aulax sp., 935. Batocera ruhus, 212, 577, 5S7 ; B. sp., 577. Batrachedra arenosolla, 846 ; B. silvatica, 847. bauhinife, I.ithocoUetis. bayadera, Gynacantha. Beara dichromella, 79, 335, 339, 569. Beating out insects, 945. beatrix, Lyniantria. beckii, Lepidosaphes (Mi/litaspis). Bed-bug eaten by bird, 867. Bedellia soiiinulentella, 854. Bee-diseases, 779. Bees in Egypt, 779—781. Beeswax, Production of, in India, 775, 777. Belionota prasina, 245, 580, 587. Belippa laleana, 105*, 565, 592, 595. belli, Idgia. Belostoma indica, 867. Belostomidse eaten by birds, 867. Bembex lunata, 909*. Bemisia leakei, 278. bengalella, Heterographis. bengalense, Pentodon. bengalensis, Anomala. benjamini, Rhopalocampta. Bennia burri, 1033. bergii, Neomaskellia. Berosus decrescens, 863. Berytidse as crop-pests, 259. Bethylid parasite of Platyedra gossypiella, 446*. hetlnni (nigrorepletus), Hieroglyphus. bliurmitra, Boarmia. Bibasis sena, 1025*. bicaudatus, Adoretus. biclavi.s, Howardia. bicolor, Adoretus. ,, Merauoplus. „ Nupserha. ., Staurodei-us. „ Trachys. bicolorata, Ricania. bicomis, Schizocephalui. bidentulus, Corigetus. bifrenis, Acrocereops. biharensis, Anomala. t2 1106 bilinea, Canea. idiastis, is:;, 8(4 ; B. insulsa. 1.5:!, 84:. ; billnealis, Marasmia. B. xeioph^'Jf>.>. bilineatus, Hieroglyphus. Brachmia (Heloystogramma) hibisci. ^bilobus, Olenecamptus. Brachyoaudus pruni, 284. 'bimaculatus, Libgryllus. Brachycyitarns (Acanthopsyche) subteralbata. bimaoulatus, Miopristis. brachymorpha, Platyptilia. binotalis, Crocidolomia. Brachyplatys pauper, 249 ; B. subaeneus, BinsiUa (.See Tonioa). 249 ; B. vahlii, 325. bioculalis, Rivula.. brachyrrhinus, Lixus. bioculatus, Tetranyclius. Brachytes sp., 256. bipars, Acanthopsyche. Brachythemis contaminata, 895. bipunctalis, Psara (Pachyzcmdn). Brachytrypes portentoaus (achatinns), 312, bipunctata, Andraca. 349, 562, 585, 596, 634 ; B. sp., 860. bipunctatus, Cletus. Brachyunguis carthami, 285. Nepbotettix. Brae onid parasite of Platyedra gossypieUa, bipunctifer, Schcenobius. 447. Birde, Insects eaten by, 859—871. Bradinopyga geminata, 896. bispinifrons, Pentodon. Brahmina coriaoea, 167, 566, 576, 578, 591,. bisselliella, Tineola. 593. Biston marginata, G02. brassicse, Brevicoryne. Bistou suppressaria, 101. , Phaedon. Bitter-gourd gall-fly, 324*. Pieris. bivalvata, Ingliaia. Brenthia coronigera, 849. bivitralis, Margaronia (Glyphodes). bretinghami, Pachnephorus. bjerkandrella, Choreutis. breviceps, Phoxothrips. blaudiatrix, Eutelia. Brevicoryne brassicse, 280; B. chenopodii. blandiella, Onebala. 280; B. coriandri, 280. blandus, Myllocerus. brevistylus, Dacus. blapsigona, Phthorimsea. breviuscula, Nanaguna. Blastobasid^, 158, 849, 1005. Brinjal Sarrothripine, 77. Blastobasis crassifica, 158, 849 ; B decolor, Brithys crini, 64, 334, 337. 849 ; B. spermologa, 849 ; B. transcripta. brochogramma, Acrocercops. 849. bromelia:, Pseudococcus. blattarum, Lophomonas. Bruchid* 239, 720. Blattidae eaten by birds, 859. Bruchus analis, 321, 762; B. affinis, 239, BUssusgibbus, 261. 721*; 929; chinensis, 239, 322, 721*. 762, blitealis, Noorda. 858, 929 ; B.sp., 722*. 762, 864 ; B. theo- Blosynis asellus, 185 : B. ina;qualis. ISO. bromaj, 239, 322, 762, 929. Boarmia aoaciaria, 335, 339 ; B. bhurmitra, Bruchooida orientaUs, 932. 335, 340. brunnea, Myrmicaria. Boarmiane, 101, 565. brunneicornis, Physothrips. Boarmiane No. 2, 101*, 5G5. bruniieus, Aspongopus. bochus, Jamides. bubo, Alcides. boerhavije, Hippotion. Bucculatrix crateracma, 854; B. exedra. boeticus, Polyommatus. 854 ; B. loxoptila, 164, 854 ; B. mendas, bolina, Hypolimnas. 854 ; B. verax, 854. Boinboteiia jooosatrix. 75, 584 ; B sp., 76. bucephala, Atabyria. Bombyoida;, 100. bucephalus, HeUocopris. Boophi!u,s australis, 867. Buckleria defectalis, 838 ; B. paludicola. Borers, Rearing of, 883*. 838 ; B. wahlbeigi, 838 ; B. xerodes, 838. .Borkhausenia pseudospretella, 847. Buprestidae as crop-pests, 244, 571 ; eaten Borolia venalba, 67. by birds, 863. brachelytra, Gonocephalura. burkilli, Pulvinaria. Braohmia arotr*a, 153, 844 ; B.effera, 154, Burmacrocera petiolata, 986*. 323. 844; B. engrapta, 154, 844; B. burmanioa, Eleotrocyrtoma. 1107 Burmitempis halteraUs, 986*. campanula, Leidya. burmitica, Winnertziola. campestris, Melasina. burmiticus, Myodites. Camponotinae eaten by birds, 862. burmitina, Acmseodera. Camponotuscompressus, 316, 862 ; C. irritana, Liburnia. 862. Sciara. cana, Aeanthopsyche. burmitinus, Elater. „ Thosea. burri, Beniiia. candelaria, Fulgora. Bntea Limacodid, 322. Candida, Dactylethra. bntleii, Parata. Canea bilinea, 659. Bu'terflies, Decoy for, 943*. canidia, Pieris. eaten by birds, 871. Cannibal caterpillars, 888. Byrrhidae eaten by birds, 863. Cantao ocellatus, 910*. Cantharidse eaten by birds, 863. Ca7itkarida; (Meloidx). c Cantharis (Lytta). canthusalis, Margaronia {Glypkodes). ■Cabinets, Insect, 968*. capensis, Heteracris. oacaUse, PlatyptiUa. capensis, Perigea. caohara, Caligula. capitata, Ceratitis. Cacoecia compacta, 840; C. dispilana. 840; capitata, Dilinia. C. cpicyrta, 144, 571, 580, 840 ; 0 isocyrta. Cajpsa taprobanensis, 251, 574. 840 ; C. micaceana, 144, 344, 345, 579 596, capparidana, Laspeyresia. 598, 840 ; C. pensUis, 840 ; C. philippa. caprese, Eulecanium. 840. Caprinia conchylalis, 128. oadamb^, Cossue. Capsidae as crop-pests, 264. Cadamustus (Stephanitis). Caprona ransonnettii, 1023*; C. siamioa, Cadmilos (Galeatus). 1023*. Caduceia theobroms, 1019*. Capua invalidana, 143, 840. ca;salis, Margaronia. Carabidae eaten by birds, 862. Margaronia (Glyphodes). cardoni, Idgia. caSer, Sphenarches. cardoni, Pheropsophus. Cages for rearing insects, 878*, 892* cardui (medicaginis). Aphis. cajani, Ceroplastodes. Carea subtilis, 79, 322*, 933. Calandra linearis, 595 ; C. oryzse, 715*, 735, carpalina, Myiopardalis. 741, 762 ; C. rugicoUis, 320 ; C. stigmati- Carpocapsa (Laspeyresia) pomonella. collis, 208, 576. Carpomyia vesuviana, 45, 324, 453, 570 c-album, Balaninus. Carposinidae, 143, 840, 1002. calcuttiB, Serica. carthami, Bracliyungtiis. calianthina, Parlatoria. Caryoborus gonagra, 763. caliginosus, Adoretus. Cassidinae eaten by birds, 864. Caligula cachara, 836*. Cassidocida aspidomorphw, 934. Callipterus trif olii, 285. eastanea, Thosea. callistrepta, Pyroderces. castaneum, Tribolium. Callitettis versicolor, 272, 354. castor Psychid, 139. Calobata sp., 47. „ Semi-looper (see Achaea Janata)* Calocoris angustatus, 266. catachlora, Exinotis. Calotermes greeni, 1018 ; C. militaris 20. Catalogue of Indian Insects, 989. Calpe ophideroides, 87, 590. Catantops sp., 310, 860. Caltoris bevani, 116 ; C. colaca, 116. catalaunaUs, Antigastra. calvum, Potamon. Catephia inquieta, 86. calyptroides (echinocaeti), Diaepis. Caterpillars eaten by birds, 865. camellia;, Aspidiotus. cathedraea, Aorocercops. caminodes, Hilarographa. Catochrysops (Euchrysops) cnejus. .-Camouflage, 14, 900. Catochrysops pandava, 112 ; C. strabo, 897. 1108 oatoirei, Pheropsophus. Catopsilia pyranthe, 110. Caudata, Elymnias. caudatus, Chsetodacus. oaudularia, Thalera. oausodes, Oxyptilus. cautella, Ephestia. Cave Insects, 939. Ceoidomyiadfe, 49, 324, 554, 678. Celama interueUa, 53, 344 ; C. squalida, 54. celerio, Hippotion. cephalonica, Corcyra. Cephalosporium lecauii, 328. Cephonodes pieus, 96. Cerataphis latanise, 326. ceratitina, Stiotaspis. Ceratitia capitata, 46. ceriferus, Ceroplastes. Cerocoocus hibisci, 287, 561, 562. Ceronema koebeli, 291. cervina, Thosea. Ceroplastes actiniformis, 292 ; C. ceriferus, 292, 632 ; C. floridensis, 292, 588, 60S, 632 ; C. rubens, 292, 603, 609, 632. Ceroplastodea cajani, 293, 326, 609 j C. chiton, 293. cellifera, Polychrosis. celtis, Selepa {Phtheia). cenchropis, Argyroploce. Cerambycidse, 220, 587 ; eaten by birds, 864. ceramicus, Duomitus. Ceraphron athanasii, 933. Cercopidse as crop-pests, 272 ; eaten by birds, 867. cerealella, Sitotroga. Ceropia induta, 341. Ceroplastes actiniformis, 603. Cerosloma (Dasyses) rugosellus. Cetoniadss, 177. Ceuthorrhynohus asperulus, 201. Ceylonia theacola (Toxoptera anrantii). ceylonica, Halpe. Chcerocampa (Hippotion) echeclus (eson). Chserocampa theylia, 333, 338. Chsetocnema basalis, 233 ; C. sp., eaten by birds, 864. Chsetodacus caudatus, 44, 324, 351, 572, C. correctus, 43, 586 ; C. cucurbitse, 19, 44 351, 589, 592, 695, 625—629, 935; C. diversus, 43, 572, 586, 592, 600 ; C. dorsalis, 41, 572, 580, 581, 587, 591, 592, 598, 763 C. duplicatus, 43 ; C. ferruginous, 41, 572, 580, 581, 591, 597, 598; C. hageni, 45; C. incisus, 41, 324, 580, 581, 586; C, tuberculatus, 42, 598 ; C. versicolor 42, 680, 586, 594 ; C. zonatus, 42, 508, 577, 586, 591, 594, 935. Chafer grubs, 343, 345, 563. ChaiiopJtorus maculal'us (CaUipterua trifolii) Chalsenosoma metallicuni, 232. Chalcidida: as crop-pests, 36. Chalciope h3rppasia, 81. Chalcis tachardise, 932. chalcothorax, Chlsenius. chaloytes, Plusia. ohalinota, Opogona. chalybacma, Epicephala. Chapra mathias, 116, 341, 342, 354, 442, 933. Chauliops fallax, 261. Chelaria phacclota, 846 ; C. rhicnota, 156, 586, 846 ; C. scopulosa, 846 ; C. spathota, 156, 584, 846. CheUdonium cinctum, 223, 317*, 331, 573. Chelonella sp., 933. ohenopodii, Brevicoryne. cheradota, Ancylis. Chernetidse eaten by birds, 867. ehernetis, Autosticha. cherssea (oschophora), Ephysteris. Chilades laius, 111, 322, 333, 340 ; C. trocbilus putU, 111, 572. Chilo oryzte, 120, 390*, 410 ; C. simplex, 120, 354, 385*, 410, 414, 416, 546, 933 ; C. sp. (C. S. 1769), 391* ; C. ap. (C. S. 1835), 392* ; C. sp., (C. S. 1795), 120, 391*; C. sp. (C. S. 1831), 120, 392*. Chiloloba acuta, 179. Chilomenes sexmaculatus, 32, 863. China Stemfly, 48. chinensis, {Brvchus) Pachymerus. Chionaspis decurvata, 295 ; C. dilatata, 295, 588 ; C. graminis divergens, 295 ; C. manni, 295 ; C. megaloba, 296 ; C. nilgirica, 296 ; C. sp. 571 ; C. these, 632 ; C. varicosa, 296 ; C. vitis, 296, 588, 602. chiridota, Idiophantis. chiton, Ceroplastodes. Chlsenius chalcothorax, 863 ; C. circumdatus,. 863 ; C. hamifer, 863 ; C. marginifer, 863 ;. C. nigricans, 863 ; C. rugulosus, 863. Chlidanotidse, 843, 1003. chlora, Pseudoterpna. Chloridea (See HeUothis). Chloridolum alcmene, 222, 574. chlorion, Popillia. Cliloropidse, 47 ; eaten by birds, 866. Chlumetia transversa, 76, 453, 582, 585. Cholatn Cecidomyiad, 50. Cholam Fly, 39. Cholotis crypsiloga, 846 ; C. pachnodes, 846. 1109 chorditcs, Oxyptilus. Choreutis bjerkandrella, 849. chotanica, Phyllotreta. chromalaria (cupreoviridis), Earias. Chrotogonus sp., 306, 860. Chrysanthemum Pyralid, 136. Chrysis fuscipennis, 862. Chrysochroa sp., 246. chrysographella, Ancylolomia. Chrysomela democratica, 598. Chrysomeldise aa crop-pests, 224, 563, 565, 568, 572, 578, 579, 593; eaten by birds, 864. Chrysomphalus aonidum, 302, 574, 602, 604, 607, 1068 ; C. rossi, 303, 602 ; C. aurantii, 302, 326, 574 ; C. triglandulosus, 303, 608. chrysophthalma, PhyUocnistis. Chrysopidse eaten by birds, 861. Chrysops dispar, 806. cichorii, Zonabris. CicindelidEe as crop-pests, 249 ; eaten by birds, 862. Cidaria ciugala, 336, 338. cincta, Thea. cinctalis, Phlseoba. cinotum, Chelidonlum. cinerea, Apriona. oinerea, Walkeriana. oingala, Cidaria. ,, Parnara. cingulatus, Dysdercus. circulata, iEtherastis. circumdata, Metriona. circumdatus, Chlsenius. Cirphis albistigma, 65, 323*, 933 ; Q. compta, 65 ; C. fragUis, 66 ; C. insularis, 65 ; C. loreyi, 65, 342 ; C. unipuncta, 66, 341. cirrhophanes, PhyUocnistis. cistellata, Apsylla. citharistis, ArgjToplooe. citrella, PhyUocnistis. citri, Dialeurodeg. „ Euphalerus. „ Prays. „ Pseudococcus. citrifolia, Toxoptera. oitrineUa, Olegores. citroplecta, Microcolona. citropleura, platyptilia. citruUi, Acythopeus. ,, (gossypii). Aphis. Clauia antrami, 138 ; C. crampri, 138, 334, 339 ; C. destructor, 138, 642 ; C. variegata, 640. darisona, LithocoUetis. ClavigraUa gibbosa, 257, 344, 346 ; C. horrens, 257. clepsidoma, Eucosma. Cleridse eaten by birds, 863. clerodendroneUa, CEdematopoda. Chtthara (Giaura) sceptica. „ valida (see Nanaguna breviuscula). Cletus bipunctatus, 352. cMenteUa, Phycita. CUnocentrus sp., 933. Clitea picta, 232, 568. Clivina striata, 863. Clothes for coUecting, 955. Clovia UneaticoUis, 325*; C. punctata, 442. clj'pealis, Idiocerus. clypeata, Serica. Clysia ambigueUa, 143, 579, 840. Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, 127, 341, 442. cnejus, Euchrysops.j^ I c-nigrum, Agrotis. ! Coccidse as crop-pests, 286, 596, 598, 599. coccinea, Parectopa. j Coccinellidse as crop-pests, 248; eaten by ! birds, 863. Coccus acutissimus, 293 ; C. colemani, 32S ; C. hesperidum, 293, 605 ; 0. longulus, 293 ; C. mangif erse, 293, 588 ; C. viridis, 294 , 328, 605. coclesalis, Pyrausta. Coconut Scolytid, 320. cocotis, Pseudococcus. Codophila maculicoUis, 251. Coelosterna scabrator, 215, 570 ; C. sp., 214, 589 ; C. spinator, 215. ccerulea, Cyphosticha. co^ea;, Lecanhtm (Saissetia hemisphKrica). „ Zeuzera. cofEearia, Homona. Coffee Borer (see Xylotrechus quadripes) „ Pesta in South India, 328. coffeifoUeUa, GraciUaria. cognata, Hypena. coimbatorensis, Anastatus. Coladenja tissa, 1023*. Colasposoma semicostatum, 227, 572. colemani. Coccus. Colemania sphenarioides, 308. Coleophorid«, 850, 1006. Coleoptera as crop-pests, 165 ; eaten by birds, 862. CoUascroceus fieldi, 110; C. hyale, 110. collaris, Alcides. CoUecting insects, Hints on, 936 ; LocaUties for — , 936, 1001 ; time for — , 945 ; appar- atus for — , 946 ; importance of — , 976. Collyris sp, 249, 331. corticina, Myrmecozela. combusta, Dinara. corymbatus, Pseudococcus. Committees, 22. Cosmophila erosa (indica) ; C. fulvida 85; Comocritis pieria, 160, 336, 338, 850, 872. C. indica, 85, 335, 339 ; C. sabuUfera, 85. compaota, Cacoecia. Cosmopolites sordidus, 208, 593. complana, Hypsa. Cosraopterygidse, 149, 846, 1003. complanata, Popillia. Cosmopteryx bambusse, 150, 486 ; C. mimetis, compressus, Camponotus. 486 ; 0. phiBogastra, 150, 486. compta, Cirphis. Cosmoscarta funeralis, 273 ; C. relata, 273. Conarthrus jansoni, 319. ■ 581. conchylalis, Oapriuia. Cossidae, 142 ; eaten by birds, 865. conciliata, Eucosma. Cossus cadambse, 142. concinna, Apines. ootesii, Aleyrodes. conoolor, Hieroglyphus. Cowpea Agromyza, 48. „ Lymantria. Crabs, 327, 680-694. „ Suana. crameri, Clania. concursa, Steganodactyla. Craspedia defamataria, 102 ; C. fibulata, 335, Cnephasia argentana, 841. 337, 338, 340, 341 ; C. remotata, 335 337, conterta, Holotrichia. 338. confusa, Anthophora. crassicomis, GaUobelicus. contusus, Cybister. crassifica, Blastobasis. coniotalis, Metasia. crateracma, Bucoulatrix. conista, LithocoUetis. craiiropa, Istrianis. connatioornis, Aptinothrips ruficorniB. creatonoti, Apanteles. Conocephalus indious, 860. Creatonotus gangis, 59. Conosia irrorata, 51. Cremastogaster hodgsoni, 34 ; C. sp., 328; oonsangius, Polia. C. subnuda, 862. conspersa, Euproctis. Cremastus sp., 933. conspersa, Lawana. orenulata, Atractomorpha. contaminata, Brachythemis. cretaceus, Sympiezomias. Contheyla rotunda, 104, 322, 331, 575. cretata, Pseudodoxia. Contioi of Insect Pests, 15, 18, 23, 27. Crctoniavegeta, 73. convolvuli, Herse. oretosus, Spilophorus. Copromorphidse, 848. oribraria, Argina. Coptosoma oribraria, 249, 344, 345, 346, 935 ; „ Coptosoma. C. indicum, 866 ; C. nazirae, 250, 325*; 0. cribratus, Aclees. ostensum, 325 ; C. sp., 250, 344, 345. Cricula trifenestrata, 100, 569, 570, 581 582, Coptotermes sp., 1018. 584, 597. Coroyra cephalonica, 323, 762. crini, Brithys. cordiger, Ectomocoris. crinitus, Sitones. Coreidse as crop-pests, 256 ; eaten by birds. critica, Eucosma (Eucelis). 866. Crobylophora daricella, 854. ooriacea, Brahmina. crocata, Tarache. coriacella (simplex), AnatrachynUs {Pyro- crooeus fieldi, Colias. derces). Crocidolomia binotalis, 132, 336, 338, 340, 349, ooriandri, Brevicoryne. 933. Corigetus bidentulus, 211. Crocidophora ptyophora, '133. Corixid.e eaten by birds, 867. Crocidosema plebeiana, 842. Corizus rubioundus, 259. Crossotarsus sp., 185. cornifrons, Mudaria, crotonis, Pseudococcus. cornigera, Promalactis. crucifera, Anthracophora. coronata, Anna (Ophiusa). Cruciferous Leaf-miner, 47. eoronata, Ophiusa. oruciata, Antestia. coronigera, Brenthia. cruentatum, Rhipiphorothrips. correotue, Chsetodacus. orypsiloga, Cholotis. nil crypsilychna, Lecithocera. Crypsithyris hypnota, 856 ; C. longicornis, 856 ; C. mesodyas, 856. Cryptoblabes ephestialis, 125. Cryptocephalus dodecaspilus, 225. Cryptolechia arvalis, 847. Cryptophagidse eaten by birds, 863. Cryptorrhynchus gravis, 204, 587, 597 ; C. mangiferaj, 204, 586 ; C. poricoUis, 205, 587. crystallopa, Acroceroops. Cucujidse eaten by birds, 863. cucumeris (gossypii). Aphis, cucurbits, Chsetodacus. cuciirbiti (malvae). Aphis. Cumbu Cecidomyiad, .50, 324. Cumbu Fly, 39. cumulata, Planostocha. cunioularis, Elegistis. oupreoviridis, Earias. cupricollis, PopUlia. Curculionidse, 185, 570 ; eaten by birds, 804. Curouliouids, undetermined, 209 — 210, 211. curcumse, Aspidiotus. Curry Leaf-hopper, 325. cyanea, Haltica. „ Mimastra. ,, Redoa. „ ScutelUsta. oyanopliyili, Aspidiotus. cyanostoma, Ancylis. Cybister confusus, 863 ; C. tripunctatus, 863. Cyclopelta obscura, 344. Cydnus sp., 866. cydonise, Aspidiotus. Cylas formicarius, 196, 351. cylicota, Acrocercops. Cylinders, Zinc, for rearing, 879*. cylindricus, Aswatthamanus. Cyphosticha coerulea, 163, 323, 853. cypris, (Edematopoda. Cyrtacanthacris ranacea, 310, 562, 860. Cyrtotrachelus dux, 207 ;' C. longipes, 207. cyssea, Amata. Dactylethra Candida, 844. Dattylopuis (Pseudococcus). Dacua, (see also Chsetodacus). „ brevietylus, 40, 324, 588, 595; D. longistylus, 40, 324, 935; D. olese, 17,41,590. dsedalota, Laspeyresia. daksha, Papilio. Ifenais plexippus, 332, 337. danica, Locusta. dara, Padraona. daricella, Crobylophora, Dasychira divisa, 334, 337 ; D. dudgeoni, 654 ; D. fusiformis, 334, 337, 338, 339, 340, 344 ; D. horsfieldi, 89, 334, 339, 566 ; D. mendosa, 89, 334, 3|8, 339, 340, 344, 566, 583, 590, 653, 677 ; D. securis, 90, 341, 342, 343, 354, 933 ; D. sp., 90, 590. Dasyneura gossypii, 49. daubei, Plusia. dayanum, Potamon. dea, " Arbela." Dead animals, Insect fauna of, 942. Decadarchis dissimulans, 855. decipiens, Sympiezomias. decolor, Blastobasis. • decorata, Anomala. „ Halpe. Decoy for butterflies, 943*. decrescens, Berosus. decurvata, Chionaspis. defamataria, Craspedia. defectalis, Buckleria. defoliator, Emperorrhinus. Deilephila hypothous, 97 ; D. nerii, 96, 333, 337. Deiradolcus sp., 209, 566, 589, 591. delesserti, Fulgora. Delias aglea, 117. democratica, Chrysomela. demoleus, Papilio. dentatus, Halys. Polyptychus. dentifer, Myllocerus. dentipes, Metaplax. depressa, Saissetia. depressella, Emmalocera (Papua). depressum, Gonocephalum. depunctalis, Nymphula. Dereodus poUinosus, 188, SCO ; D. eparsus, 352, 362, 596. Dermestes larvaUs, 987*. Dermestidse eaten by birds, 863. derogata, Sylepta. deschampsi, Phymatostetha. Desert Insects, 937. desicoata, Acrocercops. Desmidophorus hebes, 206. destructor, Aspidiotus. „ Clania. ., (pisi), XecfaropJiorn (Macrosipbum). Deudorix epijarbas, 113, 594. Deuterocopus alopeoodes, 839 ; D. planeta, 839 ; D. ritsemse, 839 ; D. eocotranus, 839. devastans, Empoasca. devestita, Laelia. Diabasis sp., 645. Diacrisia esimia, 677 ; D. montana (suffusa), 55 ; D. nigrifrons, 54 ; D. obliqua, 54, 324, 345, 347, 348, 562, 563 ; D. sp., 55. DiacDotricha fasciola, 136, 565, 838. Diadiplosis indica, 554, 617. Dialeurodes citri, 278, 574 ; D. eugenise, auranfcii, 278. D. eugenise, 325. dianthi, Mhopalosiphum (Myzus persicse). Diapromorpha melanopus, 225. Diaspis barberi, 297, 602 ; D. echinooacti, 297 ; D. mangiferae, 298, 602 ; D. rosae, 298, 602 ; D. sp., 574. diatonica, Aoroceroops. Diatrsea auricilia, 119, 387*, 416 ; D. sacchar- alis, 118; D. saochariphagus, 119; D. sp. (C. S. 1610), 119, 388*; D. sp. (C. S. 1674), 119,389*; D. sp., (C. S. 1769), 119; D. sp. (C. S. 1835), 119; D. venosata (striatalis), 118, 388*, 414, 416. Dichoorocis punotiferaUs, 128, 324, 336, 338, 347, 580, 586, 587, 589, 591. Dichomeris evidantis, 845 ; D. ianthes, 154, 845. diohromella, Beara. Diotyophora pallida, 268. dictyospermi, Aspidiotus. dicycla, Monopis. didyma, Nephele. didymopa, Anarsia. diemenalis, Lamprosema (Nacoleia). diffusa, Naranga. Dihammus fistulator, 216. dilatata, Chionaspis. „ Phenacaspis. DiUnia oapitata, 569 ; D. medardaria, 569. diluticornis, Zaiithia. dimidialis, Eublemma. dimidiata, Anomala. Dinara combusta, 100. Dinoderus sp., 934. dionysius, Phyllognathus. Diopsidse eaten by birds, 866. diosoorides, Ampittia (Hesperia). Diplonearoha insinuan-s, 841. Diptera as crop-pests, 39 ; eaten by birds, 865. Dirades theolata, 590. direptalls, PlatyptUia. discolor, Myllocerus. disorepans, Lecanium. disjunota, Megachile. dispar, Chrysops. Disphinctus humeralis, 265 ; D. politus, 266. dispilana, Caccecia. dissimilis, Pliytosoaphus. dissimulans, Decadarchis. distans, Tagiades. distinota, Sogata. distinctissima. Geisha. cUvergens, Chionaspis graminis. diversus, (Bactrocera) Chsetodacus. divisa, Dasychira. dodecaspUus, Cryptocephalus. dodecastigma, EpUachna. Dolyooris indicus, 251, 343, 562. dominica, Olottula (see Brithys crini). dominica, Khizopertha. dorinda, LithoooUetis. dorsalis, Anomala. dorsalis, Chsetodacus. „ ■ Epacromia (Aiolopus tamulus). „ Scirtothrips. dorsata, Apis, dorsatus, Myllocerus. Dorylus labiatus, 35 ; D. orientalis, 35, 349, 354, 361. downesi, Lema. dracsense, Hemichionaspis. Dragonflies, Preparation of, 954. Dragonfiies (see Odonata). Drasterius sp., 244, 361*, Dry specimens, 960. dudgeoni, Dasychira. dumetana, Tortrix. Duomitus ceramicus, 142, 699 ;^D. leuconotus, 142 ; D. mineus, 142 ; D.;sp?, 142. duplicatus, Chsetodacus. durantce (durranti), Aphis, durranti. Aphis, dussumieri, Anomala. duvauoeli, Adoretus. dux, Cjrrtotrachelus. Dynastidse, 181. Dyscerus fletcheri, 210*, 567 ; D. malignua, 210*, 567. Dysderous cingulatus, 262, 351, 562, 867. Dysodia ignita, 333, 338. Dytiscidse eaten by birds, 863. Earias cupreoviridis (chromataria), 78, 336, 339, 448, 562 ; E. fabia, 78,*335, 339, 361, 1113 443, 448, 451, 470, 562 ; E. msulana, 78, 443, 448, 470, 503, 562. ebenina, Argyroploce. Eboda obstinata, 841. eburifera, Gnatholea. eoheclus, Hippotion. echidna, Platypria. echinocaoti, Diaspis. echinus, Urentius. ■ Economic Entomology, Some aspects of. 1072. Ectadiophatmis fachardise, 932. Ectomocoris cordiger, 867. edoola, Heterusia. Education, EntoOiological,^ in Agricultural CoUeges, 1069. - edwardsi, Sesarma. Eelworms, 327. effera, Brachmia. „ Leoithocera. egena, Halpe. egialeaUs, Terastia. Egypt, Entomological Service in, 511 — 513. Egypt, Beekeeping in, 779. ElachistidK, 850, 1005. elaphopa, Acrocercops. Elasmoscelis platypoda, 268, 354. elata, Anomala. Elater burmitinus, 987*. Elateridje as crop-pests, 244, 317 ; eaten bv birds, 864. electrinus, Hyptiogastrites. electriphila, Apenesia. Electrocyrtoma burmanica, 986*. elegans, Heteracris. „ Heterrorhina. Elegistis cunicularis, 856. Eligma narcissus, 78. elongatum, Gonocephalum. elongella, Stenachroia. elpis, Lampides. Elymnias caudata, 575 ; E. undularis, 105. Emmalooera (Papua) (Polyocha) depressella {saecliarella), 123, 379*. Emmalocera sp., 377*. emolus, Lycsenesthes. Emperorrhinus defoliator, 190, 566, 568, 590, 591. Empoasca devastans, 276 ; E. flavescens, 275, 633 ; E. sp., 276 ; E. thea, 276. Empusa lecanii, 328. Endrosis lacteella, 847. Enchelyspheroides trichonymphanim, 1016*. energa, Melasina. engrapta, Brachmia, v Enithares sp., 867. Entomological Education in Agricultural Colleges, 1069. Entomological Journal Suggested, 1035, 1041. Entomological Literature, Subject indexing of, 1047. Entomological Publications, Proposals regard- ing, 10—13, 1034. Entomological Society, Proposed Indian, 7—9. Entomological worlj, Organization of, 1080. Entomology, Some Aspects of economic, 1072. Envelopes for Specimens, 960*. Eophileurus perforatus, 576. Eimcromia (Aiolopus) tamulus (dorsalis). Epepeotes uncinatus, 215, 577. Epermeniadae, 853, 1006. Ephemeridse eaten by birds, 801 ; eaten by fish, 908J Ephestia cautella, 323. ephestialis, Cryptoblabes. ephippias, Anarsia. Ephysteris cherssea (oschophora), 844. Epicauta hirticornis badgleyi, 240 ; E. sp., 240. Epicephala albifrons, 851 ; E. chalybacma, 453, 851. Epicometis squaUda, 180. Epicrocis lateritialis, 336, 337. epic}Tta, Cacsecia. epidectes, Oxyptilus. epidesma, Peronea. epijarbas, Deudorix. Epilachna dodecastigma, 248, 345, 351 ; E. viginti-octo-punctata, 248 ; E. sp., 350. Epimarptis philocoma, 853. Epipyropidse, Indian, 978.* Epipyrops anomala, 978 ; E. barberiana, 979 ; E. eurybrachydis, 981*, E. poKographa, 980; E. sp., 979. Episomus lacerta, 189. Epithectis studiosa. 844. epius, Spalgis. epotias, Anarsia. erebius, Platymetopus. Erechthias zebrina, 855. Eretes sticticus, 863. Eretmocera impactella, 158, 849. ergasima, Phthorimsea. Ergolis merione, 107, 347 ; E. taprobana,. 107. Eridontomeroidella gibboni, 935. Eriosoma lanigera, 285, 597. (chalcytes), Plusia. Eriophyes gossypii, 559 ; E. sp., 581, 582. erioplaca, Acrooercops. eriihonius (demoleus), Papilio. •erosa (indica), Cosmophila. erotias, Argyroplooe. Erotylidae as crop-pests, 249. erythrina, Lepidosaphes. eson (echeclus), Hippotion (Ohcerocampa). Estigmene lactinea, 55, 334, 337, 338, 339, 347. Ethmia assamensis, 850. Etiella zinckenella, 126, 344, 346. Eublemma amabilis, 453, 797 ; E. dimidialis, 73 ; E. hemirhoda (dimidialis), 73 ; E. olivaoea, 73, 335, 340, 350 ; E. quadriUneata 453, 554, 617 ; E. scitula, 335 ; E. secta (dimidialis), 73 ; E. silicula, 73, 585, 586. Eucelis (Eucosma) critica. Euohromia polymena, 52. Euchrysops cnejus, 112, 333, 339, 344. EuooQtacra prsemorsa, 310. Eucosma balanoptycha, 841 ; E. clepsidoma, 841 ; E. conoiliata, 841 ; E. critica, 145, 841 ; E. foenella, 842 ; E. melanaula, 145, 841 ; E. melanoneiira, 842 ; E. stereoma, 842 ; E. zelota, 145, 842. Eucosma ludicra (critica). Eucosma trichocrossa (critica). Eucosmidae, 144, 841 1003. Eucrotala micleata, 855. eugenise aurantii, Dialeurodes. eugenise, Dialeurodes. agnamptus marginatus, 197, 584, 597. eugrapliella, Nephopteryx. Eulecanium capres, 294 ; E. persicje, 294. Eumastacinae, 1032—1033. eumenoides, Mellesis. Eupatorus hardwiokei, 181. Euphalerus citri, 276, 574. Euplexia opposita, 335, 337, 341. Euprootis conspersa, 646 ; E. flava, 567, 578, 583, 591, 593, 594; E. fraterna, 91, 324, 334, 338, 339, 340, 344, 593, 596, 933 ; latifascia, 91 ; E. lunata, 91, 569, 583, 584, 589 ; E. semisignata, 334, 337 ; E. scintil- lans, 92, 334, 338, 339, 340, 344, 565, 583, 586, 594 677, 933 ; E. sub-fasoiata, 91 ; E. varians, 648. Eupterote geminata, 99, 333, 339, 340; E mollifera, 99. Eupterotidse, 99. eurybrachydis, Epipyrops. Eurybrachys tomentosa, 267. Eurydema pulohrum, 348, 350. Eurygeaius wiokhami, 987*. 35 ; Ji;. pigra, y6i. E. ventralis, 251 eurynome, Neptis. eurytion, Melittia. Eurytoma indi, 37, 315*, J Eurytomine, 36, 37. Eusarcocoris guttiger, 252 ; E. sp., 266. Eutelia blandiatrix, 587. Euthalia garuda, 106, 584. Euxoa segetum, 61, 349 ; E. epinifera, 61. Euzophera pertioeUa, 123, 336, 340, 933; E. plumbeifasciella, 124, 323, 568, 595; E. punicasella, 124, 594. evidantis, Dichomeris. exallaota, Anarsia. ejccavata (atripennis), Aulacophora. excavatus, Macropes. exclamationis, Badamia. exclamationis, Laslia. Excrement, Insect fauna of, 942. exedra, Bucculatrix. Exelastis atomosa 137, 839, 933 ; E. liophanes, 839. exemplaris, Autosticha. exigua, Laphygma. eximia, Diaorisia. Exinotis cataehlora, 849. expansum, Paralecanium. extenuata, Acrocercops. externalis, Nodaria. fabia, Earias. fabriciana, Simaethis. fabricieUa, Atteva. fabricii, Alcides. j faloatella, Anatrachyntii I faUax, Chauliops. farinalis, Pyralis. farinosus, Paramecops. fascialis, Hymenia. fasciata, Adoxophyes. {Gracilaria ?). fasciatus, Anthrenus. Hapalochrus. fasciola, Diacrotricha. fastuosa, Psiloptera. Fatua longioornis, 317. faunus, Xanthotrachelus. fese, Popillia. Feeding habits of insects, 879. femorata, Sagra. f errugalis, Hapalia {Pionea). ferruginea, Apogonia. ferruginea, Tettigoniella. {errugineus, Chsetodacus. „ Rliynchophorus. fetialia, Polychrosis. fibulata, Craspedia. fici, Hemichionaspis. f,cus (aonidum), Chrysomphalus. „ Hypsa. Fig, Borer in, 577. filiformis, Ranatra. finitimus, Atactogaster. Fiorinia proboscidaria, 299 ; F. these, 299, Fisheries, Importance of insects to, 906. fistulator, Dihammus. flagellata, Pyrsonympha. flammatra, Agrotis. flammifera, (Edematopoda. flava, Euproctis. flavescens fsamellise), Aspidiotus. „ Empoasca. „ Orthacanthacris. flavieeps, Pycnosoma. flavotasoiata, Opogona. flavis, Arrhinotermes. „ Salius. Flea-beetles, 343, 563. fletcheri, Dyscerus. „ Nyctotherus. „ Opius. „ Stylotermes. flexuosus, Anoplomus. florea, Apis. floridensis, Ceroplastes. florivora, Prosintis. fluctuosalis, Nymphula. fcenella, Eucosma. folus, UdaSpes. Forceps, P51*. Forest Insects, 669—704. Forficulidje eaten by birds, 859. formicarius, Cylas. Formicidse, 33 ; eaten by birds, 862. Formicomus sp., 361. formosana, Lecithocera. formosanus, Odontotermes. fornicatus, Xylebonis. Fossil Insects, Indian, 982*. fossilis, Henioocephalus. foveata, Aspidomorpha. foveicoUis (abdominaUs), Aulacophora. fragiiis, Cirphis. Franciella termitis, 1018*, 1019. frater, Sympiezomias. fraterna, Euproctis. frenatus, Alcides. fructicassiella, Trachylepidia. frugalis, Pelamia {Semigia). frugivora, Tinea. Fruit Insects, Rearing of, 884. Fulgora candelaria, 1031*; F. delesserti, 1031. Fulgoridffi as crop-pests, 267 ; eaten by birds, 867. fullonica, Opbiusa (Othreis). fulvida, Cosmophila. fumiceps, Opogona. Fumigation of imported plants, 1064*. fumipennis, Microdus. funeralis, C'osmoscarta. Fungal diseases of Coccus viridia, 328. furcifer (banian), Hieroglyphus. furoifera, Megamelus, 270, 271. fusca, Protsetia. fuscipennis, Chrysis. fuscipunctella, Tinea, fusconervosus, Athysanus. fuscus, Riptortus. fusiformis, Dasychira. gaika, Zizera. galba, Spialia. Galeatus retiarius, 263. GaleruoeUa singhara, 229, 595; G. sp. 230, 581. Galerucines, undetermined, 231. Gall-making insects. Rearing of, 882. Gallobelicus orassieornis, 266, 349. Gangarathyrsis, 115, 575, 600, 1024*. gangis, Creatonotus. ganodes, LithocoUetis. garuda, Euthalia. Gastrimargus transversus, 306. Geisha distinctissima, 634. Gelasimus acutus, 693. Gelatine grubs, 30. Gelechia (Helcystogramma) hibisci. ,, (Platyedra) gossypiSUa. ,, tamariciella, 844. Gelechiads, 150, 843, 1003. geminata. Bradinopyga. geminata, Eupterote. geminata, Solenopsis. gemoniella, Acrocercops. genialis, Lobesia. geochrota, Triohotaphe. geometra, Acrocercops. geometralis, Lepyrodes. geometrica, Grammodes. Geometrid larva, A very curious, 978*. 1116 Geometridfe, 101. Geotomus sp., 866. germari, Apriona. Gerris sp., 867. Giaura sceptioa, 77. Gibbiura scotias, 719*. gibboni, Brilontomeroitlella. gibbosa, Clavigralla. gibbuB, Blissus. gideon, Xylbtrupes. gilviberbis, Soirpophaga. Gitonides perspicax, 555*. glauoitia, Thyrsostoma. Glass-bottomed boxe^, 952*. Glass jars for rearing, 877*. glaucinans, Pericyma {Homoplera). globigera, Lepidoscia. globosa, Xystrooera. globulifera, Monanthia. gloriosse, Polytela. OloUula dominica (see Brithys crini). glyoyphaga, Anoylia. GlyphipterygidiB, 159, 849, 1005. Glyphodes (see Margaronia). Glyptomorpha sp., 934. Gnatholea eburifera, 221, 573, 596. Gnathospastoides rouxi, 242. gnoma, Theretra. Gnorimoschema (Phthorinisea) heliopa. gonagra, Caryoborus. Gonocephalum brachelytra, 242 ; G. depres- sum, 243, 578, 864 ; G. elongatum, 243 ; G. hofmannseggi, 243, 578 ; G. sp., 244, 864. gonodaotyla, Platyptilia. gossypiella, Acria. gossypiella, Platyedra (Qelechia) (Peclino- phora). goasypii, Aphis. Dasyneura. „ Eriophyes. ,, Sphenoptera. GracUlariad^, 161, 850, 1006. Graoillaria acidula, 853 ; G. eoffeifoliella, 853 ; G. iseljea, 853 ; G. ootopunotata, 853 ; G. soyella, 163, 853, 934 ; G. theivora, 163, 853 ; G. zachrysa, 17, 163, 566, 853. graellsi, Acontia. graminea, Nezara. graminis divergens, Chionaspis. graminum, Toxoptera. graminivora, Mahasena. Gramnaodes geometrica, 81 ; G. stolida, 81. granarium, Macrosiphum. grandissimum, Trombidium. granulans, Melasina. Graptostethus servus, 260, 344, 346, 562. Grasshoppers, Observation of oviposition of, 886. grassii, Pyrsonympha. gravis, Cryptorrhynohus. Green potato leaf-beetle, 319. greeni, Calotermes. gremius, Suastus. grisator, Agrilus. Gryllidse as orop-pests, 311, ; eaten by birds, 860. Gryllodes sp., 860. Gryllotalpa atrioana, 311, 359*, 861. Gryllus viator (melanocephalua), 313, 588. guttiger, Eusarcoeoris. Gymnonympha zeylanica, 1019*. Gymuopleurus sp., 864. Gym-nosoelis albocaudata, 335, 339. Gynaoantha bayadera, 896. Gynaikothrips karnyi, 619. H habroohroa, Phyllocnistis. hageni, Chaetodaous. halidayi, Idolothrips. HalipUdse eaten by birds, 863. Haliplus augustifrons, 863. halistrepta, Machseropteris. Halpe oeylonica, 1024* ; H. decorata, 1024* , H. egena, 1024*. halteralis, Burmitempis. Haltica cyanea, 232. Halticines, unidentified, 233, 234. Halticus minutus, 267. Halys dentatus, 866. hamlfer, Chlsenius. Hantana infernus, 1023*. Hapalia ferrugalis, 135. Hapalochrus fasoiatus, 248. Haplosonyx trifasoiatus, 566. Haplothrips tenuipennis, 27, 619, 621. HapsLfera {Dasyses) rugosella, 165, 395*, 590, 856 ; H. seclusella, 856. hardwiokei, Eupatorus. Harmologa miserana, 841. hartii, Aspidiotus. Hasora badra, 1024*. hebes, Desmidophorus. heoabe, Terias. hederae, Odites. Helcystogramma hibisoi, 154, 845. helenus, Papilio. 1117 Heleocoris sp., 867. helicodes, Phyllocnistis. Heliooopris bucephalus, 887 ; H. sp., 865. Heliodinids, 158, 848, lOOi. heliopa, Phtborimaea. HeUothis assulta, 61, 335, 340, 349, 578 ; H. obsoleta, 60, 335, 338, 340, 344, 345, 394*, 573, 578. Heliothrips indieus, 618, 619. HeUozeUdse, 848, 1004. Hellula undaHs, 132, 336, 338. Helopeltis antonu,265, 325, 330 ; H. theivora, 24—26, 30, 265, 325, 669—671. Hemichionaspis aspiclistrse, 298, 326, 608 ; H. dracsenae, 298 ; H. fici, 298 ; H. minima, 298 ; H. minor, 299 ; H. these, 299, 606. hemicitra, Monopis. hemidoxa, Laspeyresia. hemiglypta, Acrocercops. Hemiptera as crop-pests, 249 ; eaten by birds, 866. hemirhoda (dimidialis), Eublemma. hemisphserica, Saissetia {Lecanium). hemitorna, Stathmopoda. Henicocephalus fossilis, 987*. Henicospilusretic'ulatus, 933 ; H. sp., 933. Hepialidse, 1007, 1018. heringi, Rhodophasa. Herse eonrolvuli, 95, 333, 339. hespera (didyma), Nephele. Hesperia (Ampittia) dioscoridcs (maro). „ (Spialia) galba. Hesperiadse, 114. „ Ceylonese, Genitalia of, 1021*. hesperidum, Coccus. Heteracris capensis, 311; H. elegans, 311; H. Ulustris, 311 ; H. sp., 311. Heterogamus sp., 933. Heterograpbis bengalella, 125, 323, 576. Heteronychus lioderes, 865 ; H. sacchwi, 182. Heteropsyche, 980. Heteroptemis respondens, 306. Heterorrhina elegans, 177. Heterusia aedia, 664; H. edoola, 14Q ; H. magnifica, 139 ; H. virescens, 140. hexamitoides, Microjoenia. hibisci, Cerococcus. „ Helcystogramma. hierocosma, Acrocercops. Hierodula westwoodi, 859. hieroglyplii, Scelio. Hieroglyphus banian, 309, 935 ; H. bilineatus, 309 ; H. concolor, 309 ; H. nigrorepletue, 308. Hilarographa caminodes, 159, 849. Hindsiana apicalis, 618. Hippoboscidse eaten by birds, 866. Hippotion boerhavije, 333 ; H. rafBesi, 333, Hippotion celerio, 97, 578 ; H. echeclus (eson), 97. birsutus, Pbenacoccus. hirticornis, Epicauta. hislopi, Lomatus. Hispa armigera, 237, 342. hispidus, Tanymecus. Hispine beetle on plantain, 593. bisteroides, Tetroda. bisteroidea, PopUlia. bistrio, Apomecyna. bistrio, Menida. bodgsoni, Cremastogaster. Hodotermes tristis, 987* ; H. vianim, 314, 1009. hofmannseggi, Gonocephalum. Holcocera pulverea, 797, 850. Holcomyrmes scabriceps, 33. bolosericea, ^Eolesthes. Holotricbia conferta, 167, 329; H. repetita, 168, 1028 ; H. sp., 1028 ; H. rufoflava, 1028. Homona cofiearia, 30, 143, 840 ; H. menciana, 637, 840. Homoptera (Pericyma) glaucinans. honesta, Lagoptera. „ Ropica. Honey, Uses of, in India, 773. Hopatroides seriatoporus, 242. Hoplocerambyx spinicornis, 696, 703. horrens, Clavigralla. horsfieldi, Dasj'cbira. borticola, Adoretus. liospes, Lj-ga?us. Hot Springs, Insects in, 940. Howardia biclavis, 297. hugelii: Lophostemus. Humbertiella indica, 859. humeralis, Dispbinctus. Rbynchocoris. hunteri, Meristos. hyale, CoUas. Hyalomma sgyptium, 167. Hyalopterus pruni, 215. Hyarotis adrastus, 1024*. Hyblsa puera, 8S, 324, 701. hybridella, Pbalonia. Hydaticus larvie eaten by birds, S63. hydrodromus, Paratelphusa. Hydrometridsc eaten by brids, 867. 1118 Hydrophilidae eateu by birds, 863. Hydrophilus olivaoeus, 863. Hyelopsis (Lithacodia) signifera. Hymenia faaciaUs, 127, 336, 337. Hymenoptera as crop-pests, 33, 315 ; eateu by birds, 861. HypargjT-ia sp., 323. Hypelictis albiscripta, 845. Hypena cognata, 335, 341. Hypara medioaginis, 194 ; H. variabilis, 194. hyperbius, Argynnis. Hypermastigina, Families of, 1020. hyphantica, Acrocercops. hypnota, Crypsithyris. Hypolimnas bolina, 332. Hypomeces squamosus, 187, 572, 668. Hyponomeutid:e, 160, 850, 1005. Hyponomeuta lapidella, 850 ; H. malinellus, 850. Hypophorus ater, 863. Hypophrictis inceptris, 855 ; H. plana, 855 ; "h. sp., 855. Hyposidra talaca, 335, 338, 339, 340. hypothous, Deilephila. hyppasia, Chaloiope {Trigonodes). Hypsa alciphron, 93, 577 ; H. complana, 93 ; H. ficus, 93, 576, 577. Hypsipyla robusta, 700. Hyptiogastrites electrinus, 986*. hyrtaoa, Mctanastria. hystricellus, Tingis. hystrix, Platypria. ianthes, Dichomeris. Icerya purchasi, 633. ioeryoides, Phenacoccus. iohnsea, Stenoma. lohneumonidse eaten by birds, 862. Idgia belli, 248 ; I cardoni, 247 ; I. melanura, 247. idiastis, Brachmia. Idiooerus atkinsoni, 273, 586. 597 ; I. olypeaUs, 273, 586 ; I. uiveosparsus, 273 ; I. sp., 274. Idioglossa triacma, 853. Idiophantis chiridota, 844. idioptila, Anarsia. Idolothrips halidayi, 618. ignicoUis, Anomala. ignita, Dysodia. illepida, Argyroplooe. Illustrations, Preparation and Reproduction of scientific, 1042. illustris, Hcteracris. imbricans, Lecanium. Imma mylias, 849. immaculata, Xanthopimpla. immeritalis, Schcenobius. impaotella, Eretmocera. impoUta, Rhytinota. Importation of insects on plants, 1052. importunitas, Ragmns. impressus, Pachnephorus inachus, Kallima. insequalis, Blosyrus. inceptrix, Hypophrictis incisus, Chsetodacus. inconspicuus, Nysius. Incurvariadse, 856. incurvata, Lithocolletb. indi, Eurytoma. „ Megastigmus. ,, Telenomus. indica, Apis. „ Aspidomorpha. „ Asympiesiella. „ Cosmophila. „ Diadiplosis. „ Humbertiella. „ Leucaspis. „ Margarouia (Glyphodes). „ Metapelma. „ Neoheegeria. „ Tinda. indicata, Lamprosema {Nacoleia). indicola, Leucotermes. indicum, Coptosoma. „ Podagrion. „ Syntomospliyrum „ Anomalococcus. „ Athysanus. > „ Conocephalus. „ Dactylopius. Dolycoris. „ Heliothrips. Leeuwenia. „ Ootetrastichus „ Panchoetothrips. ,, Tanymecus. indobrassicae, Sipliocoryi>c indus, Scarites. induta, ^olesthes. „ Ceropia. inferens, Sesamia. infernus, Hantana. inficita, Acrotylus. „ Saluria. 1119 infusella, Phycita. Inglisia bivalvata, 293. ingravata, Aristotelia. inquieta, Catephia. inquisitrix, Macrasola. Insectaries, Construction of, 889*. Insectary Technique for wood-borers, 892*. insectella, Setomorpha. Insecticides, 25. insignis, Orthezia. insinuans, Diplonearoha. iusolitus, Phenacoccus. iasulsa, Brachmia. Earias. insularis, Cirphis. integranota, Nemoria. internella, Celama. iuterpunctella, Plodia. intersepta, Aoontia. invalidana, Capua, iopleura, Argyresthia. Ipobraoou sp., 935. Ipa longif olia, 702. irritans, Camponotua. irrorata, Conosia. iselaea, Gracillaria. isitis, Arytaina (Psylla). Ismene ataphus, 1024*. ismene, Melanitis. isocampta, Pammene. isocLalca, Nepticula. isocrates, Virachola. isocyrta, Cacoecia. isodelta, Aorocercops. isonoma, Acrocercopa. Isoptera as crop-pests, 313. latrianis orauropa, 844. iteina, LithocoUetis. ityaalis, Margaronia (Olyphodee). jaculatrix, Laspeyreaia. Jak-fruit weevil, 320*. jambulaua, Tumidicoxoides. Jamides bochus, 333, 339. Janata, Achaea. jansoui, Conarthrus. janus, Aspongopus. japonica, Aclerda. Jassidae as crop-pests, 273,563 ; eaten by birds, 867. Jivatma sp., 268. jocosatrix, Bombotelia Jcenia annectens, 1019*. Juar Ceoidomyiad, 50. „ stemfly, 51. juliani, Metastenomsaa. Julodis atkiusoni, 246, 588. Junonia almana, 106; J. lemonias, 106, 902] J. orithyia, 106. Jute Apion, 198. „ Trachye. 246. Kalidasa sanguinalis, 1031*. Kallima inachus, 106, 591. kamyi, Gynaikothrips. kempi, Leidya. khapra, Trogoderma. Killing-bottle, 952*. „ specimens, 952*. Knives, 952.* ba3beli, Ceronema. kcenigana, Laspeyresia. koenigi (viarum), Hodotennes. Kolingi pod beetle, 318*. Kolla mimica, 275 ; K. sp., 442. kumara, Parnara. Labelling insects, 959*, 973. labiatus, Dorylus. Labidura riparia, 859. labrodes, Parectopa. labyrinthica, Aorocercops. lacoa, Tachardia. Laccophilus anticatus, 863. Laccotrephes ruber, 867 Lac-dye, Production of, 786 Lacera alope, 335, 339. lacerta, Episomus. lachanitis, Opogona. lache sis, Acheroutia. Lachnus pyri, 284. Lac insects, 795*. Laoon sp., 864. lacteella, Endrosis lacteola, Altha. ,, Amsacta. lacticinia, Nyctemera. laotinea, Estigmene. lactucse, Oxyptilus Lselia devestita, 89 ; L. exclamationis, 334, 340. 1120 Isetua, Oxyoarenus. Lagoptera honesta, 590. lahorenais, Stephensonia. laius, Chilades. laleana, Belippa. Lamiad cane-borer, 372*. Lamiadse, 212. Lamiada, unidentiaed, 220, 572. Lampideselpia, 112. Lamprosema diemenalis, 129 ; L. indicata, 129, 336, 337, 345. Langia zenzeroides, 98*, 565, 592. Languages, Proposed restriction of, 12. Languria sp., 249 (see also Anadastus). lanigera, Eriosoma. Lantana Agromyzid, 675. Lantern Slides, 1047. Laphygraa exigua, 70, 71, 324, 342, 347, 349. lapidella, Hyponomeuta. Lariadse, 239, 720; eaten by birds, 864. Lariad», Bionomics of, 928, Larvae, Preservation of, 969. larvalis, Dermestes. lasianthi, Lepidosaphes. Lasiocampidse, 102. Lasioderma serricome, 722*, 762, 763 lasiopygus, Adoretus. Laspeyresia capparidana, 843 ; L. dsedalota, 843 ; L. bemidoxa, 147, 843 ; L. jaoulatrix, 843 ; L. koenigana, 843 ; L. leucostoma, ' 147, 323, 843 ; L. malesana, 843 ; L. mamertina, 843; L. pomonella, 148, 567, 843 ; L. pseudonectis, 147, 843 ; L. pty- chora, 149, 843 ; L. pulverula, 843 ; L. pycnochra, 843 ; L. torodelta. 148, 843 ; L. tricentra, 147, 843. Laspeyresia (Eucosma) trichocrossa (critica). latanise, Aspidiotus. „ Cerataphis. lateralis, Astycus. lateritialis, Epicrocia. Lathetious oryzse," 7 14*. latifascia, Euprootis. latus, Poeoilocoris. Latypioa albofasoiella, 856. ' Lawana conspersa, 574. Leaf-eating insects, Rearing of, 881. Leaf-mining insects. Rearing of, 882. lebadea, Paduka. lecanii, Cephalosporium. „ Empusa. Lecanium (see also Coccus). „ a'.utissimum ; 603. adersi, 295, 603 ; L. discrepans, 295, 603, 605 ; L. imbricans, 295 ; L. maraupiale, 296 ; L. marcarse, 296 ; L. sigaiferum, 296, 605. Leoithocera orypsilychna, 844 ; L. ofEera, 844 } L. formosana, 637. Leeuwenia indiciis, 618. lefroyi, Microbracon (Rhogas). lefroyi, Physothrips. Legislation against pests in Mysore, 57—59. in Egypt asainst cotton bolKvorm.-*, .503— .509. regarding Plant Imports, 1054. Leidya annandalei, 1014*, 1015, 1019 ; L. campanula, 1014*, 1015; L. kempi, 1014*, 1015, 1019; L. metchnikowi, 1014*, 1015, 1018*. Lema downesi, 224. lemonias, Junonia. Lens, 9.52. lentiginosum, Pliacopteron. leontina, Myrmecozcla. leopardus, Alcides. lepida, Parasa. Lepidoptera as crop-pests, 52, 322 ; eaten hy birds, 865. Lepidosaphes beckii, 303 ; L. erythrina, 303 r L. lasianthi, 303 ; L. pallida, 303 ; L. piperis, 303. Lepidosoia globigera, 856. leptalina, Soritia. "Leptispa pygm*a, 235. Leptocorisa acuta, 258 ; L. varicornis, 257,. 342. ,^ Leptoglossua membranaceus, 257. Lepf^xyd/i (Daous) longiatylua. Lepyrodes geometralis, 336, 340. leucaspis, Argyroploce. Leucaspis indica, 299, 588.' Leucinodes orbonalis, 132, 336, 340, 350. Leucophlebia lineata, 96. leuconotus, Duomitus. Leucoptera sphenograpta, 854. leucostoma, Laspeyresia. LeucoterTnes indicola, 1011, 1014, 1016, 1019. „ speratus, 631. Liburnia burmitina, 987* ; L. psyllo idea, 271 ; L. sp.,271. lienigianus, Pterophorus. Light. Effect of, on specimens, 965. „ traps, 943*. Liraacodid, 105*. Limaoodidse. 103, oHo. limbirena, Plusia. Limnfficia metacyph^, 846 ; L. peronodes,. 846 ; L. phragmitella, 1000. 1121 limulus, Pseudodoxia. Linda nigroscutata, 216*, 567. linearis, Calandra. linearis, Riptortus. lineata. Leueophlebia. lineaticollis, Clovia. lineaticol'is, Paramesus. lineatopenuis, Anomala-. liochalea, Nepticula. Liocrobyla parasohista, 163, 853. lioderes, Heteronyclius. Liogryilus bimaculatus, 312, 349, 861. liophanes, Exelastis. Litchi Eriophyes, 581, 582. Literature, Subject indexing of entomolo- " gieal, 1047. Lithacodia signifera, 74. Ijthocolletis bauliinia;, 850; L. clarisona, 850; L. conista, 850; L. dorinda, 850; L. ganodes, 161, 851 ; L. incurrata, 851 ; L. iteiiia, 850; L. neodoxa, 851; L. triarcha, 161, 850 ; L. virgulata, 850. litterata, Varuna. litlornlis (litura) Prodenia. litura, Prodenia. livii, Polygnotus. Lisus braohyrrhinus, 195, 352, 569. Lobesia,8eoiopa, 145, 842 ; L. genialis, 842. lobiceps, Adoretus. Lobopelta ooellifera, 862. Locusta danica, 306. LocaMdce (Phasgonuridse). Locu.sts, 15. Loemophloeus pusillus, 714*. Lomatus hislopi, 987. longiceps, Physothrips. longicoliis, Odoiporus. longicomis, Crypsithyris. Fatua. longifolia, Ips. longipes, Cyrtotraohelus. longipes, Plagiolepis. longispinus, Pseudococcus. longistylus, Dacus. Longitarsus nigripennis, 318, 925. longulus. Coccus. Lophomonas blattarum, 1019*. Lophostemus liugelii, 220, 567. loreyi, Cirphis. loxias, Acrocercops. loxoptila, Bucculatrix. Loxostege massalis, 134. Lucanid*, 184. Lucanus lunifer, 184, 591. Lucerne stemfly, 49. lucidalis, Pisara. lucifera, Anticrates. Indicra (critioa), Eucosma. lugubris, Oxycarenus. lunalis, Sylepta. lunata, Bembex. luuata, Euproctis. lunifer, Lucanus. lutescens, AncyUs. Lymantriadae, 88; eaten by birds, 865. Lycajnesthes emolus, 112, 582, 583. ' Lycsenidse, as crop-pests, lU ; eaten by birds, 865. Lygajidae as crop-pests, 260 ; eaten by birds. Lygajus hospes, 260, L. pandurus, 260, Lygropia quaternalis, 336, Lymantria ampla, 334, 337, 338, 339, 340; L. beatrix, 90, 584 ; L. concolor, 91 ; L, obfuscata, 90 ; 568. Lyncestis amphix, 86. Lyonetiada;, 164, 854, 1006. I Ij'sibathra, Acrocercops. ; lysimon, Zizera. \ Lytta actaeon, 240; L. picta, 240; L. rufi- collis, 240 ; L. tenuicollis, 240 Macalla moncusalis, 126, 583, 584, 597' Machseropteris halistrepta, 855. Maohaerota planitise, 272, 556* ; M. sp , 272 592. machseralis, Pyrausta, machaon, Papilio. Macrseola inquisitrix, 856. Macrobathra nomaea, 847. macroclina, AcrocerBops. Macroma melanopiis, 181. Macropes excavatus, 261 ; M. raja, 261, Macrosiphum granarium, 279 ; 343 ; M. pis), 279; M. rosajformis, 279 ; M. sanbomi, 279 ; M. sonchi, 279, 348. macvlatus, Chaitophorug (Callipterus trifolii) macuUcolIis, Codophila. maculipennis, Plutella. maculosa, Serica. madurensis, Nisotra. msesioides, Padraona. magna, Amphipyra. magnifica, Heterusia. Mahasena (Clania) destructor „ graminivora, 137 : M. theivora 13? u2 1122 Mahasena sp., 644. maidis, Aphis, major, Tseniothrips. malabaricus, Asopus. „ Phassus. Malajnus sp., 863. malesana, Laspeyresia. mall, Aloides. malignus, Dyscerus. malinellus, Hyponomeuta. malFse, Acontia. „ Aphis, malvoides. Aphis, mamertina, Laspeyresia. Manatha scotopepla, 139. manganeutis, Acrolepia. mangiferae. Coccus. „ Cryptorrhynchus. „ Dacus (see Chsetodacus zonatus). „ Diaspis. „ Parlatoria. „ Phenacooous. „ Rhynchsenus. Mango-hoppers (see Idiocerus). Mango-leaf Cecidomyiad, 50, 583. manni, Chionaspis. Mantidae eaten by birds, 859. Mantis sp.. Parasite on eggs of, 935. JUarasmia bilinealis, 127 ; M. trapezalis, 127, 342, 354 ; M. venilialis, 127. Margaronia alitalis (bivitralis); M. bivitralis, 131, 336, 341 ; M. caisalis, 17, 131, 581 ; M. canthusalis, 131 ; M. indica, 131, 336, 338, 351 ; M. itysalis, 576 ; M. marginata, 130 ; M. negatalis, 130 ; M. stolaUs, 130 ; M. vertumnalis, 130. Margaronia (Glyphodes) pyloalis, 599. marginata, Biston. „ Margaronia {Glyphodes). marginatus, Eugnamptus. marginella, Serica. marginifer, Chlseuius. marmoralis, Tarache. marmoratus, CEdaleus. maro (dioscorides), Ampittia (Hesperia). Marsh Insects, 941. marsupiale, Lecanium. martensi, Potamon. Maruoa testulalis, 133, 336, 339, 344, 345, 346. Mason, C. W., 7. massahs, Loxostege (PJUyctanodes). Mastacides nilgirisious, 1033. Matapaaria, 115, 1024* mathias, Chapra [Parnora). mauritanious, Tenebroides. mauritia. Spodoptera. maxima, Pulvinaria. Mealy-bugs, 350, 351, 561, 563, 697, 598, 599. medardaria, Dilinia. medicaginis, Aphis. ,, Hypera. medinalis, Cnaphalocrocis. Megachile anthracina, 35 ; M. disjuncta, 36. Megacoelum stramineum, 264. • megaloba, Chionaspis. Megamelus furcifera, 270, 271. Megastigmus indi, 37, 935. melanaula, Eucosma. Melanitis ismene, 105, 332, 338, 341. melanocephalus, Gryllus, 313. melanoneura, Eucosma. melanopleota, Anarsia. melanopus, Diapromorpha. melanopus, Macroma. melanozona, Telphusa. melanura, Idgia. Melaserica barberi, 167. Melasina campestris, 855 ; M. energa, 855 ; M. granulans, 855. melicerta (Janata), Achiea (Ophiusa). melititis, Odites. Melittia eurytion, 159, mellerborgii, Polytus. Mellesis eumenoides, 45, 351. Meloidse as crop-pests, 240, 348. Melolonthid Beetles, control of, 28, 30. Melolonthidae, 165, 1027; eaten by birds, 865. Melyridse as crop-pests, 247. Membracidae as crop-pests, 271 ; eaten by birds, 867. membranaceus, Leptoglossus. menanon, Papilio. menciana, Homona. mendax, Bucculatrix. meudosa, Dasychira. Menida histrio, 245, 342. Meranoplus bicolor, 34, 344. mercarse, Lecanium. Meridarchis reprobata, 143, 581, 840 ; M. soyrodes, 143, 570, 840. merione, Ergolis. Meristos hunteri, 987. mesodyas, Crypsithyris. Metacanthus pulohellus, 259. Metachandidse, 846, 1003. metacypha, Limnoecia. metallioum, Chalaenosoma Metanastria hyrtaca, 103, 564, 680, 694. 1123 Metapelma indica, 934. Metaplax dentipes, 692. Metasia coniotalis, 135. Metastenomyia juliani, 934. metchnikowi, Leidya. Meteorus arotioida, 932. ' Metialma bal^aminse, 201. meticulosalis, Terastia. Melisa (Mahasena) theivora. Metriona circumdata, 235, 351. micaceana, Caocecia. Miorobracon lefroyi, 446, 450, 452, 453 ; redescribed, 102.5—1026. Microbracon sp., 933, 1026. Microcolona citropleota, 846. Microdus fumipemiis, 933. Microjoenia he.xamitoides^ 1019*. Microlepidoptera, Life-histories of, 838 ; Sketcli of knowledge of , 999. Mioropezidse, 47. Micropterygidse, 857, 1007. Mierotermes obesi (aiiandi), 313, 711. miliaris, Aspidomorpha. „ Aularches. „ Calotermes. „ (pandums), Lygaeus. Mimastra cyanea, 230, 567, 568, 571, 578, 579, 589, 592. inimetis, Cosmoptery.K. mimioa, KoUa. mimosse, Pylcetis. min^s, Duomitus. Mycalesis. minima, Hemichionaapis. minor, Hemichionaspis. „ loerya. „ Phycodes. minuta, Suastus. minutella, Nephopteryx. minutus, Halticus. Miopristis bimaculata. 225. miserana, Harmologa. Mites, 327, 559, 581, 582. modesta, Phidodonta. moesta, Assamia. Mole-crickets (see Gryllotalpa). moUifera, Eupterote. molopias, Platyptilia. Monanthia globulifera, 264. monachella, Monopis. moncusalis, Macalla. monodactylus, Pterophorus, 840. MonoJiammus (Dihammus) fistulator ; M. nivosua, 215 ; M. versteegi, 216, 573. Monolepta signata, 230, 345, 347, 348, 361, 578. Monopis dicycia, 856 ; M. hemicitra, 856 ; M. monachella, 856. Monophlebus stebbingi octocaudata, 286, 587 ; M. sp., 287, 589 ; M. tamarindus, 286. monostigma, Scirpophaga. montana, Diacrisia. ,, Ochrophara. monticollis, Teratodes.^ montis, Porthesia. moorei, Amsacta. Morirtda shoot-borer, 318. Moringa stem-borer, 317, 922*. Mosquitos eaten by fish, 908. Mosquito, Tea (see Helopeltis theivora). Mould on specimens, 964. Mucialla (see Tirathaba). Mudaria comifrons. mungonis, Pachytj'chius. Muscid«, 39 ; eaten by birds, 866. Mycalesis mineus, 105 ; M. perseus, 105. Mycetophilidfe eaten by birds, 865. Myelois pectinicomella, 124, 336, 340. Myiopardalis carpalina, 45, 589, 592. mylias, Imma. Myllocerus spp. eaten by birds, 864. blandus, 191, 361, 594 ; M. dentifer, 192, 319 ; M. discolor, 192, 319, 361, 568, 569, 579, 581, 583 ; M. dorsatus, 190 ; M. sabulosus, 191, 570, 583, 593 ; S. setulifer, 190; M. sub fasciatus, 191, 319 ; M. transmarinus, 191, 570 ; M. viridanus, 190, 319, 579 ; M. undecim-pustulatus, 192, 361, 566, 569, 579, 583, 594. Myodites burmiticus, 897*. tnyricce (rubens), Ceroplastes. Myrmicaria brunnea, 34. Myrmecinse eaten by birds, 862. Myrmecozela corticina, 855 ; M. leontina. 855 M. tineoides, 855. myrseusalis, Rhodoneura. Mysore, Pest Act in, 57 — 59. mytilaspiformis, Parlatoria proteus. Mytilaspis (LepidoSaphes). Mytilaspis pallida, 604. myxodes, Opostega. Myzus persicae, 280. N Nacoleia (Pilocrocis) barcalis. „ (Lamprosema) diemenalis ; A'. (L, ) indicata. 1124 Havana, Anoylis. Nagoda nigricans, 660. Nanaguna breviuscula,- 76, 585. napaea, Paratelphusa. JSTaranga diffusa, 74, 341. nararia, Natada. narcissus, Eligma. narooa, Pamara. Narosa conspersa, 333, 340 ; N. nitobei, 660. nasicomis, Oryctes. nasturtii. Aphis. Natada nararia, 103, 322, 933; N. velutina, 103, 584. Nauoorida; eaten by birds, 867. nazirse, Coptosoma. nebulosa, Rapama. nebulosus, Pleoophlebus. Necrobia rufipes, 863. Neclarophora destructor (Maerosiphum pisi). negatalis, Margaronia (Glyphodes). Nemoria integranota, 336, 339. neodoxa, Lithocolletis. Neodurt-us acocephaloides, 596. Neoheegeria indica, 619. Neomaskellia bergii, 278, 427*. Nepliantis serinopa, 157, 575, 600, 848, 934. Nephele didyma (hespera), 333, 337, 570. nephelotis, Plotheia. Nephopteryx eugraphella, 124, 594 ; N. minu- tella, 124, 336, 340, 350 ; N. semirubella, 124. Nepliotettix apicalis, 275, 433 ; N. bipunctatus, 275, 342, 433*. Nepidse eaten by birds, 867. Nepticula argyrodoxa, 857 ; N. isochalca, 857 ; N. liochaloa, 857. NepticuUda;, 857, 1007. Neptis eurynome, 332, 339. nerii. Aphis. nerii, Deilephila. Nerius sp. , 47. nerteria, Aprocerenia (Stomopteryx). Nets, 947*. Nezara graminea, 254 ; N. viridula, 254, 563. ni, Plusia. nigri, Saissetia (Lecanivm). nigricans, Chlaenius. nigricans, Nagoda. nigrifrons, Diacrisia. nigripennis, Longitarsus. nigrisigna, Plusia. nigrita, Sagra. nigrofasciatus, CEdaleus. nigrorepletus, Hieroglyphus. nigroscutata, Linda. nilgirica, Chionaspis. nilgiriensis, Serica. nilgirisicus, Mastacidcs. nipse, Pseudococcus. Nisaga simplex, 99. Nisotra madurensis, 231, 351. nitidula, Tarache. nitidus, Adoretus. nitobei, Narosa. nivea, Altha. niveigutta, Atteva. niveodactyla, Aluoita, 840. niveosparsus, Idiocerus. niviferana, Tonica {Binsitta). nivosus, Monohammus. nobilis, Scutellera. Noctuid cane-borer, 377*. Noctuid^, 60 ; eaten by birds, 865. Nodaria extemalis, 88. Nodina ruHpes, 226, 590, 598. Nodostoma subcostatum, 226, 578, 592. nolalella, Symitha. nomsea, Maorobathra. nonagrioides (vuteria), Sesamia. Noorda blitealis, 134. . notabilis, Tarache. Notiobiella sp., 555. Notodontid, 101*, 565. Notodontidae, 100. Notonectidre eaten by birds, 867. nubila, Agonoscelis. nubilalis, Pyrausta. nubilans, Aleurocanthus. nubilans, Scymnus. nucleata, Eucrotala. nuda, Perina. Nupserha bicolor, 218. Nyctemera laoticinea, 334. Nyctotherus fletcheri, 1016* ; N. termitis, 20. nymphsese, Siphocoryne. Nymphalida;, 105. Nyraphula depunctalis, 126, 341, 352; N. fluctuosalis, 126, 341. Nysius inconspicuus, 260, 325. Oberea sesami, 219 ; 0. sp., 219. obesi {ana7tdi), Microtermes. obesus, Odontotermes. obesus, Plocaederus. obfuscata, Lymantria. obliqua, Diacrisia. obsoura, Cyclopelta. 1125 obsoleta, Heliothis. Psylla. •obstinata, Eboda. obtusisigna, Plusia. ocellajris, Paniscus. ocellatus, Cantao. ocellifera, Lobopelta. Ocinara varians, 100, 577. occipitalis, Pheropsophus. Ochrochira sp., 250. Ochropbara montana, 251. octo, Amyna. octocaudata, Monophlebus stebbingi. octopunctata, Graoillaria. Odites atmopa, 847 ; 0. bambusse, 848 ; 0. hedeiae, 848 ; O. melititis, 848 ; 0. spolia- tri-x, 848. Odoipoms lougicolUs, 208, 593, 600. Odonata eaten by birds, 861 ; night-flying — , 895; eaten by fish, 908. Odontotermes bangalorensis, 314 ; 0. foruio- sanus, 630; 0. obesus, 314, 711; 0. parvidens, 313. CEoia ceoophila, 846. cccophila, (Eoia. (Ecophylla smaragdina, 33. 316, 561, 582, 583, 862. (Ecophoridae, 156, 847, 1003, 1004. ffidaleus marmoratus, 860. „ nigrofasciatus, 306. CF.dematopoda clerodendronella, 849. CF-.cypris, 849,'CE. flammif era,' 849 ; (E. venusta. (Edipodinse eaten^by birds, 860. Oides affinis, 228. oldenlandiae, Theretra. olese, Dacus. „ Saissetia (I.ecanium). Olegores citrinella, 636. Oleneoamptus bilobus, 218, 321*, 577, 581. Oliarus sp., 268. olivaoea, Eublemma. olivaceus, Hydrophilus. Olive Friutfly (see Dacus olese). ommatiseformis, Jigeria. omoptila, Anarsia. Omphisa anastomosalis, 133. Oncocephala tuberculata, 236. Onebala blandiella, 844. Onthophagus sp., 864. oophagus, Tumidiacapus. Ootetrastichus indicus, 935. Opalina termitis, 1016*, 1019. «palinoideB, Tarache. Opatrum (Gonocephalum). operculella^ Phthorimsea. Ophideres fuUonica, 86, 573. ophideroides, Calpe. ophiosema, Simaethis. Ophiusa (Parallelia) algira. „ (ParaUeUa) anaUs. „ arctotaenia, 594. „ (Anna) coronata. „ (Achsea) meliceria (Janata). ophiusK, Tetrastichus. Opius fietcheri, 19, 628. Opogona chalinota, 855 ; 0. flavofasciata, 855 ; 0. fumiceps, 855 ; 0. laohanitis, 855 ; 0. pisecincta, 855. Opostega myxodes, 855. opposita, Euplexia. opsigona, Tinea, optabilis, Paranagras. " Orange beetle," 225. Psychid, 139. orbonalis, Leucinodes. ordinatella, Acrocercops. Oregma bambusse, 286. Orgyia postioa, 88, 324*. 334, 338, 339, 340, 651. orichalcea, Agestrata. orichaloea, Plusia. orientalis, Aspidioius. „ Bmchocida. „ Dorylus. „ Stylopygo. ,, Vespa. Vitellus. orithyia, Junonia. Orneodid«, 848, 1004. Ortalidse eaten by birds, 866. Orthacris sp., 308, 326. Orthacanthacris aegyptia, 309 ; 0. flavescens, 309 ; 0. succincta, 310. Orthezia insignis, 676, 857. Orthocraspeda trima, 658. orthogona, Simaethis. Orthoptera as crop-pests, 304, 326. orthostacta, Acrocercops. Oryctes nasicomis, 181 ; 0. rhinoceros, 182, 575, 600. oryzae, Calandra. „ Latheticus. „ Pachydiplosis. „ Ripersia sacchari. „ Thrips. oschophora (cherssea), Ephysteris. Oscinis thea;, 47, 668. ostensum, Coptosoma. Othreis (Ophideres) fullonica. ovalis, Adoretus. 1126 ovi, Aximopsis. ovigera, Stathmopoda. Ovipositioti, luducing, 886. Oxya velox, 308, 34:2, 935 ; 0. sp., 860. oxyse, Scelio. Oxyambulyx serioeipennis, 96*, 595. Oxycarenus hyaliiiipeimis, 502, 561 ; 0-. Isettis, 261, 562 ; 0. lugubris, 262. Oxycetonia albopunotata, 179, 572 ; O. versi- color, 179. Oxyptilus causodes, 839 ; 0. chordites, 839 ; 0. epideotea, 839; 0. laotuose, 136, 838; O. pelecyntes, 839. Oxyrhaoliis taraudus, 271. Paohydiplosia oryzse, 49, 324, 371*, 442, 935. Paohnephorus bretinghami, 227 ; P. impres- aus, 227; P. app., 361. paohnodea, Cholotia. Paohymeras chinensis, 239, 721*, 762. Paobyonyx quadridens, 200. paohyapHa, Tinea. Paohytychiua muugouia, 201, 321. Pachyzancla (Paara) bipunctalis (mgrotalis). Paddy atem-fly, 342. padi, Siphocoryne {Siphonaphis). Padraona dara, 1022, 1024* ; P. msesioides, 1024* ; P. paeudomseaa, 1024*. Paduka lebadea, 1024. Pagria signata, 226. Palaeopsyche, 980. paUmpsesta, Pseudodoxia. palleseena, Sogata. paUicoata, Theretra. pallida, Diotyophora. „ Lepidoaaphes. „ Mytilaapia. palUdoapila, Anomala. Palm Psychid, 139. paludicola, Buckleria. palpigera, Paraspiatea. Paminene isocamptar843 ; P. theriatia, 843. pammon (polytea), PapUio. Panohsetothrips jndicus, 327*, 618. panda va, Catoohryaopa. Pandemia ribeana, 480. pandurua, Lygseua. Panilla albopunotata, 335, 341. Panisous ooeilaria, 933. Panivaragu flea-beetle, 318. Paper, Wood-fibre for making, 14. paphia, Anther»a. Papilionidse, 107. Papilio agamemnon, 108, 332, 337 ; P. aristolocliise, 332, 337, 903 ; P. daksha, 108, 571 ; P. demoleus, 107, 332, 340, 568, 571, 596, 900 ; P. erilkoiiius (demoleus) ; P. heleuua, 108 ; P. hector, 903 ; P. macliaon, 107 ; P. memnon, 108, 571, 906 ; P parinda, 108, 332, 340; P. polymnestor, 108, 571 ; P. polj-tes, 109, 332, 340, 571. 900, 903. papilionia, Apantelea. papilloaa, Parlatoria. Papua (Emmalocera) depreaaella. paraclina, Porthmologa. paragramma, Argyroploce. Paralecanium expausum, 294. Parallelia algira, 81 ; P. aualia, 80, 592. Paramecopa farinoaua, 195. Paramesua lineaticoUis, 442. Paranagma optabilis, 935. Parasa lepida, 104, 575, 583, 587, 592, 594, 595, 933. paraschiata, Liocrobyla. Parasites, control by, 30, 62 ; P. of crop-pests, 931 ; P. Rearing of, 880*. Paraspistes palpigera, 154, 845. Parata alexia, 114, 322, 1024*; P. butleri, 1024*. Paratelplmsa liydrodromus, 680, 688 ; P. napaea, 681 ; P. spinigera, 683, 684 ; P. sp., 681. Parectopa coccinea, 853 ; P. labrodes, 853. parinda, Papilio. Parlatoria artocarpi, 608 ; P. calianthina, 304 ; P. mangiferse, 304 ; P. papilloaa, 609, P. pergandii, 304, 583 ; P. proteus mytilaa- piformis, 304 ; P. zizyphua, 304, 604. Parnara bada, 117, 1024* ; P. cingala, 1024* ; ' P. kumara, 1022, 1024* ; P. narooa, 1024* ;. P. philippina, 1022 ; P. seriata, 1024*. Parnara (Caltoris) colaca. „ (Chapra) matliiaa. parvicepa, Perissothripa. parvidena, Odontotermea. passalia, Amata (Syntomis). pauper, Braohyplatya. pealianum, Potamon. Pebrine, 805, 808, 809. pecten, Spodoptera. pectinicornella, Myelois. PecHnophora (Platyedra) gosaypiella^ peculiaris, Physothrips. pedator, Xanthopimpla. pedestria, Ploosederua. „ Riptortua. 1127 Pelamia frugalis, 81, 335, 338; P. undata, 82. pelecyntes, Oxyptiius. pellionella, Tinea. Peltotraohelus pube?, 193, 321, 669, 571. Pempheres affinis, 202, 320. Pemphigus sedilicator, 1029. pencillata, Baoiis. pensilis, Cacoecia. pentalocha, Acrocercops. Pentatomidse as crop-pests, 249 ; eaten by birds, 8b6. Pentodon bengalense, 183 ; P. bispinifrons, 183. peponis, Plusia. peregrinus, Atmetouychus. perforatus, Eophileurus. „ Platj-notus. pergandii, Parlatoria. Pericallia ricini, 59, 334, 338, 339, 340, 592. Pericyma glaucinans, 82. - Perigea capensis, 67, 933. Perina nuda, 93, 576, 581, 583. Perissothrips parviceps, 619. perixanthia, Amata. perlatus, Xanthotracbelus. Perlidse as pests, 18. Peronea epidesma, 841 ; P. siderota, 841. peronodes, Limnoecia. perotteti, Apomecyna. perpusilla, Pyrilla. perseus, Mycalesis. ■persicai, Dacus (see Chaetodacus zonatus) persicfe, Eulecanium. „ Myzus. „ Tuberodryobius. perspioax, Gitonides. perticella, Enzophera. pertigera, Apomecyna. pervetus, Trigoualys. Pest Act in Mysore, 57—59. Pests, Collecting specimens of, 938. Petasobathra sirina, 165, 855. petiolata, Burmacrocera. petiolatum, Zyxomma. petrolei, Psilopa. phacelota, Chelaria. Phacopteron lentiginosum, 1029, 1030*. Phsedon brassicse, 228. phseospora, Acrocercops. phalerata, Zonabris. Phalonia ambiguella, 840. Phaloniadae, 143, 840, 1002. phanarcha, Aganoptila. Pbasgonuridse as crop-pests, 354, 574 ; eaten by birds, 860. phasiaua, Anoplocnemis. pliaropeda, Acrocercops. Pbassus malabavicus, 165. Pheuacaspis dilatata, 588. Phenacoccus baliardi, 288, 603 ; P. hirsutus, 288, 549, 550, 610*, 618 ; P. iceryoides, 288, 326, 603, 605 ; P. insolitus, 288, 326 ; P. mangiferae, 288, 603. Plieidce (Assauiia) moista. Pheropsophua cardoni, 863; Ph. catoirei, 863 ; Ph. occipitalis, 803. Philanthus ramalivishnaa, 315, philippa, Cacoecia. pfeiUppina, Pamara. Phidodonta modesta, 238. Philocoma, Epimarptis. Phlseoba oinotalis, 305. Plilycicenodes (Loxostege) massalis. Phoxothrips breviceps, 618. phractopa, Acrocercops. phragmitella, Limnooecia. Phragmatooecia sp., 140. Phrixoscelcs plexigrapha, 161, 851. Phthorimiea blapsigona, 152, 323, 844, 933 ; Ph. ergasima, 152, 844; Ph. heliopa, 150, 349, 844, 939; Ph. operculella, 152, 350, 764—770, 844. Phtocothrips anacardii, 618. Phycita clientella, 125 ; P. infusella, 125, 453. Phycitid caue-borere, 378*. Phycodes minor, 159, 599, 849; P. radiata, 159, 577, 849. phycodis, Apauteles. PhylUp.socua banksi, 897*. Phyllocnistis chrysophthalma, 854 ; P. cirr- hophanes, 854; P. citrella, 164, 568, 572, 854; P. habrochroa, 854; P. helicodes^ 854 ; P. selenopa, 854 ; P. synglypta, 854 ; P. toparcha, 164, 323, 578, 854. Phyllocoreia ramakrishnai, 1033*. PhvUognathuB dionysius, 183. Phyllotreta chotanica, 232 348, 349, 350 ; P. vittata, 232, 349. Phymatostetha deschampsi, 272. Physomenis sp., 257. Physoptila scenica, 847. Physoptilidse, 847, 1004. ftiysothrips brunneioornis, 619 ; P. lefroyi, 618 ; P. longiceps, 619 ; P. peculiaris, 619 ; P. setiventris, 619, 621 ; P. usitatus, 618. Phytometra (see Plusia). Phytoscaphus dissimilis, 194 ; P. triangularis, 193,569,691. piceus, Attagenus. picrophaea, Pseudodoxia, piota, Bagrada. „ Clitea. „ Lytta. piotalis, Pyralis. pictus, Alcides. „ PcBcilocerus. „ Cephouodea. jiieria, Comocritis. Pieridffi, 109. Pieris brassicae, 109, 349, 352 ; P. cauidia, 109, 352. Piezodonis rubrofasciatus, 254 pigra, Kurytoma. Pilemostoma triliueata, 235. Pilocrocis barcalis, 128. pilula, Serica. pimpiaellie, Authreiius. Pinning insects, 957*. Pins, 951. Pionea (Hapalia) fevrugalis. piperis, Lepidosaphes. „ Aleurocauthus. Pisara lucidalis, 334, 337. pisi, Macrosipiiura. plagiata, Tiracola. plagiatus, Rliyncliocoris. plagiola, Selca.. Plagiolepis longipes, 328. plana, Hypophrictis. planeta, Deuterocopus. planitise, Maohserota. Planostocha cumulata, 841. Plantain stem-boring beetle, 353. Plant Imports into India, 1051—1068. Platyedra gossypiella, 153, 336, 339, 443, 445, 453, 472—547, 562, 844. Platyedra gossypiella. Parasites on, 446'*, 447. Platymetopus erebius, 863. Piatymycteras sjostedti, 193, 569, 583. Platynotus perforatus, 864. platypoda, Elasmoscelis. Platypodidse, 185. Platypria andrewesi, 236, 569 ; P. echidna, 237 ; P. hystrix, 237. Platyptilia brachymorpha, 839; P. cacaliae, 839; P. citropleura, 839; P. direptalis, 839 ; P. gonodactyla, 839 ; P. molopias, 839; P. pusillidactyla, 677, 839; P.'' taprobanes, 839. plebeiana, Crocidosema. Plecophlebus nebulosus, 986*. plectica, Stomphastis. plexigrapha, Phrixosceles. plexippus, Danais. Plodia interpunctella, 1069. Plocsederus obesus, 222 ; P. pedestris, 222. Plotheia (Selepa) celtis. yephelotis, 77, 335, 340. plumbeifasoiella, Euzophera. plumigera, Anataraotis. Plusia agramma (peponis) ; P. albostriata, 83; P. chalcytes, 83, 335, 338, 339; 340; P. daubei, 83 ; P. eriosoma (chalcytes) ; P. limbirena, 82, 334, 337 ; P. ni, 82 ; P. mgrisigna, 84 ; P. obtusisigua, 335, 339 ; P. orichalcea, 84, 335, 338, 341 ; P. peponis, 84, 335, 338, 933 ; P. signata, 83. plusise, Apanteles. Plutella maculipennis, 164, 336, 338, 349, 854, 1006. Plutellidse, 164, 854, 1006. Podagrion indicum, 935. Podontia affinis, 597 ; P. 14-punctata, 233. Poecilooerus pictus, 307, 577. Pcecilocoris latus, 250. Poedenis sp., 863. poetica, Argyroploce. Polia consanguis, 64. poliographa, Epipyrops. polhnosus, Dereodus. politus, Disphinctus. polita, Anomala. Polychrosis cellifera, 581, 842 ; P. fetialis, 842. Polygnotus livii, 935. polymena, Euchromia. polymnestor, Papilio. Polvocha (Eraraalocera) depressella (saccha- rella). Polyommatus bceticus, Polyptychus dentatus, '■ Polyrachis sp., 862. polytes, Papilio. Polytela gloriosse, 64, 334, 337. Polytus mellerborgii, 207, 593. pomonella, Laspej'resia (Carpocapsa). Ponerinae eaten by birds, 862. Popillia chlorion, 170, 316*. 1028; P. com- planata, 598; P. cupricollis, 169; P. feae, 169, 598 ; P. histeroidea, 170, 590, 598. " Popping " larvae, 970. poricollis, Amblyrrhinus. ,, Cryptorrhynchus. portentosus, Brachjiirypes. Porthesia montis, 649 ; P. 13. 5, 914* Qthorrhoea, 92. Porthmologa paraolina postica, Orgyia. „ Thiacidas. 156, 569, 847. 1129 Potaraon andersonianura, 689 ; P. calvum, 689 ; P. dayanum, 689 ; P. martensi, 682, 683, 684; P. pealianum, 689; P. sp., 683. prsealbata, Stathraopoda. priccincta, Opogona. proefectus, Apollodotus. prsemorsa, Eucoptacra. prasina, Belionota. prasiniferum, Spathostemum. Prays citri, 160, 572, 850. Predators, Rearing of, 880. Preservation of early stages, 889 ; — of specimens, 964 ; — of larviC, 699 ; — by Dr. Hanldn's method, 974. princeps, Tanymecus. Pristomenis testaoeus, 933. privatana, Adoxophyes. probosoidaria, Fiorinia. Prooometis trochala, 157, 384, 848. Prodenia littira, 68, 71, 324, 335, 337, 338, 339, 340, 341, 345, 347, 348, 349, 566, 567, 576, 589. producta, Aliidama. Promalactis comigera, 847 ; P. semantris, 847. prosacta, Acrooercops. Prosintis florivora, 158, 586, 850. Protsetia alboguttata, 178 ; P aurichalcea, 1028 ; P. fusca, 178. Protapan teles sp., 933. Protermitidffi as erop-pests, 314. proteus mytilaspiformis, Parlatoiia. Protofoenus swinhoei, 986*. protypa, Autosticha. proxima, Apogonia. proxima, Athalia. pniinosa, Serica. pruni, Braehycaudus. „ Hyaloptenis. prunicola them (manni), Chionaspis. Psalis (Dasychira) securis. Psara bipunctalis, 134, 336, 340, 350. Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis, 302, 583, 602. pseudobrassicce (indobrassiose), Siphocoryne. Pseudococcus bromeliae, 337, 608 ; P. citri, 289, 329 ; P. cocotis, 289 ; P. corymbatus, 289, 326, 549, 550, 551*— 553*, 561, 605, 609 ; P. crotonis, 606, 607 ; P. longispinus, 289, 326; P. nipae, 289 ; P. saoohari, 290, 326 ; P. saccharifolii, 290 ; P. theffioola, 290; P. virgatus, 290, .549, 550, 551*, 607, 613. Pseudodoxia cretata, 847 ; P. limulus, 847 ; P. palimpsesta, 847; P. picrophsea, 847 ; P. sepositella, 847. pseudomaesa, Padraona. pseudonectis, Laspeyresia. pseudospretella, Borkhausenia. Pseudoterpna chloia, 336, 339. p.sidii, Pulvinaria. Psila sp., 46. Psilida:, 40. Psilopa petrolei, 940. Psiloptera fastuosa, 245. Psyche vitrea, 138, 322, 583. j Psychid on palms, 139 ; — on orange, 139, 571 ; — on rose, 139 ; — on sapota, 139, ' 322 ; — on castor, 139. I Psychida;, 137, 322, 592. Psylla (Arj'taina) isitis. „ obsoleta, 1029. Psyllid on Ficvs nervosa, 1030*. Psyllidse as crop-pests, 276. Psylliodes tenebrosus, 231. psyllioides, Libumia. Psyllopa {Airytama,) puncHpennis (isitis). p tarmioa, Tischeria. Pterophorid^, 136. 838, 994. Pterophorus lienigianus, 137, 839 ; P. mono- daotylus, 840. Ptochoryctis simbleuta, 157, 847. ptychora, Laspeyresia. ptyophora, Crocidophora. pubes, Peltotraohelus. Pubb'cations, Entomological, Proposals regard- ing, 10—13, 1034. puera, Hyblsea. pulchella, Utetheisa. , pulehellus, Metacanthus. pulchrura, Eurydema. pulverea, Holcooera. pulverula, Laspeyresia. Pulvinaria burlulli, 291 ; P. maxima, 291, 316, 326, 561, 609 ; P. psidii, 291, 329, 583, 588, 602, 604 ; P. sp., 291, 606. puncta, Clovia. punctatus, Aularohes. punctiferalis, Dichocrocis. punetimarginalis, Acanthopsyche. puncHpennis (isitis), Psyllopa (Arytaina). punctum, Amyna. Pundaluoya simplicia, 270, 935. punicaeella, Euzophera. piinjabipyri, Toxoptera. Pupae, LeiJidopterous, eaten by birds, 865. purchasi, Icerya. Purohita sp., 325*. pusana, Pyrilla. pusana, Sogata. pusillidactyla, Platyptilia. pusillus, LoemophloeuB. 1130 pustulans, Asterolecanium. Ragmus importunitas, 267. pustulata, Zonabris. raja, Macropes. putli, Chilades. ramakrishnse, Arrhenothrips. pyonochra, Laspeyresia. ramakrishnse, Philanthus. Pycnosoma flaviocps, 39, 866. ramakrishnai, Phyllocoreia. pygmsea, Leptispa. Ramila raficostalis, 394*. pyloalis, Margaronia. ranacea, Cyrtacanthacris. Pyloetis mimosae, 855. Ranatra filiformis, 867. Pyralid cane-borers, 393*. ransonettii, Caprona. „ on Chrysanthemum, 136. Raparna nebulosa, 88. PyralidsB, 117 ; eaten by birds, 865. Raphimetopus ablutella, 122. 385*. Pyralis farinalis, 715; P. pictalis, 715. Rearing insects. Notes on, 875—892. pyramidea, Amphipyra. Recaredus sp., 263. pyranthe, Catopsilia. ' Records, Keeping, of, 888, 956. Pyrausta bambucivora, 136; P. codesalia. Red-gram Agromyza, 47. 135 ; P. machwralis, 135, 701 ; P. nubilalie, Redoa cyanea, 656. 135.. Red Spider (see also Tetranychus), 32. Pyraustine on Amaranthus, 134. Reduviida eaten by birds, 867. PyrgomorpMn» eaten by birds, 860. regina, Anomala. pyri, Lachnus. relata, Cosmoscarta. Pvrilla aberrans. 269 ; P. perpusiUa, 269 ; Relaxing Specimens, 963*. P. pusana, 269. Remigia (Pelamia) frugalis ; B. (P.) undata Pyroderces albilineella, 150, 846 ; P. callis- (archesia). trepta, 846 ; P. promacha, 150. 846 ; P. remotata, Craspedia. semiooccinea, 150, 846. repetita, Holotrichia. Pyroderces (Anatrachyntia) faloatella {spodo- reprobata, Meridarchis. chtha). resinopliila, Ripersia. Pyrrhoooridffl as crop-pests, 262 ; eaten by resplendens, Acrocercops. birds, 867. respondens, Heteropternis. Pyrsonympha flagellata, 1016* ; P. grassii. retiarius, Galeatus (Uadmilos). 1016* ; P. vertens. 1017*. reticulatua, Henicospilus. Pyrsonymphidse, 1017. Rhagastis alboraarginatus, 98. rhicnota, Chelaria. rhinoceros, Oryctes. Rhipiphorothrips cruentatum, 327, 619. Q Rhizopertha dorainica, 322. 716*. 762. Rhizotrogus rufus, 316*. quadraria, Thalassodes. Rhodoneura myrseusalis, 593. quadrata, Tcssarotoma. Rhodophsea heringi, 125. quadridens, Pachyonyx. Rhogas (Microbracon) lefroyi, 1025. quadridentatum. Scleroderma. rhombota, Synchalara (Agriophara). quadrifasciata, Acrocercops. Rhopalocampta bcnjamini, 1025*. quadrilineata, Eublemma. Rhopalosiphum diavthi (Myzua persicae). quadripes, Xylotreohus. Rhopalosiphum (Siphocoryne) nymphaisa. quadripunctata, " Arbela." rhothia,, Spilonota. quatemalis, Lygropia Rhynchsnus mangifera, 202, 583, 584. quatuordeoim-punotata, Podontia. rhynchias, Argyroploce. Rhynchocoris humeralis, 253, 573, 574, 596 ; R. plagiatus, 253. R Rhynchophorus femigineus, 207, 576, 600. Rhynchotal crop-pests, 249 radiata, Phycodes. Rhyncolaba acteus. 98, 333, 337. Kadish flea-beetle, 319. Rhyssemus sp., 864. raffleai, Hippotion. Rhytidodera robusta, 222, 597, 599. Ragi ear-head worm, 323. Rhytinota impolita, 864. 1131 I; R. ribeana, Panclemis. Rioania bicolorata, 1031 ;* R. i speculum, rioini, Alcyrodes. „ Pericallia. ripaiia, Labidura. Ripersia resinophila, 290 ; B. Bacohari, 290. 326, 354 ; R. sacchari oryzEe,591, 342, 353, Riptortus fuscus, 259 ; R. lineariB, 259, 345, 346; R. pedestris, 258. ritaemse, Deuterooopue. Rivula bioculalis, 85. robusta, Hypsipyla. „ Rhytidodera. robustalis, Simplicia. Root-eating Insects, Rearing of, 884. Ropioa honesta, 347. rosse, Diaspis. rosaeformis, Maorosiphum. Rose P8ycid,^139. „ Sawflies, 38— 39. rossi, Chrysomphalus. rotunda, Contheyla. roylei, Anthersea. Rubber Platypodid, 320*. Soolytid, 320*. rubens, Ceroplastes. ruber, Laccotrephes. rubicundus, Corizus. rubidus, Tabanus. rubricans, Azazia. rubrofasciatas, Piezodonis rubus, Batocera. ruficoUis, Lytta. ruficorni.s, Aptinothrips. ruficostalis, Ramila. rufipes, Necrobia. rufipes, Nudiua. rufivcntris, Anomala. rufoflava, Holotrichia. rufus, Rhizoti'ot;UH. rugicoUis, Calandra. rugosella, Hapsifera {Dasyses). rugulosus, Chlseniua. rumicis. Aphis. Butelidje, 169. sabulifcra, Cosmophila. sabulosus, Myllocerus. saccharalis, Diatrsea. saccharella (depressella), {Polyocha). sacchari, Apliia. • „ Heteronychus. „ oryzae, Ripersia. „ Pseudocoocus. Ripersia. saccharifolii, Pseudococcus. sacohariphagus, Diatrsea. sacraria, Sterrha. Safflower seed-fly, 51 ; — shoot-fly, 51, 348; —stem-fly, 51, 348. sagittaria, Anarsia. sagmatioa, Anarsia. Sagra femorata, 224 ; S. nigrita, 224. Saissetia depressa, 294, 605 ; S..hemisphsBrica, 294, 329, 574, 604, 632 ; S. nigra, 295, 560, 561, 606, 608, 009, 935 ; S. olese, 295. Salius flavus, 862. Saluria inficita, 122. sanborni, Macrosiphum. : sanguinaUs, Kalidasa. ; Sapota Psychid, 139. Sara, Amsaota. Sarangesa albicilia, 1023*. I aarasinoi'um, Stegodyphus. Sarrothripine, Brinjal, 77. Sathrophyllia sp., 574. Satumia (Caligula) simla, 595. [ Satumiada;, 99. soabiosBe, Aularches. j scabra, Atractomorpha. I soabrator, Ccclosterna. , scabriceps, Holcomyrmex. ; scalaris, Azygophleps. ^ scandalota, Acrooercops. Scarabjeidse eaten by birds, 864. Scardia sistrata, 855. Scarites indus, 863 ; S. semirugosus, 863. Scavengers, Rearing of, 880. Scelio hieroglyphi, 935 ; S. oxyse, 935. Scelodonta sp., 864 ; S. strigiooUis, 226, 578, 585. scenias, Acrocercops. soenica, Physoptila. sceptica, Gfiaura {Cletthara). Schistocerca tatarica, 310. Schizocephalus bicomis, 860. Schizoneura (Eriosoma) lanigera. Schoenobius bipunctifer, 121, 342, 383*, 410, 442 ; S. immeritalis, 121, S. sp., 384. Soiara burmitina, 986*1 sointillans, Euproctis. Scirpophaga aurijiva (xanthogastrella) ; S. gilviberbis, 121, 342 ; S. monostigma, 121, 382* ; S. ep., 354 ; S. santhogastrella, 120, 381*. 1132 Scirtothrips dorsal is, 619. scitula, Eublemma. soiurus, Tanymecus. Scleroderma quadridentatum, 9S6*. Soolytida;, 184. scopulosa, Chelaria. sootias, Gibbium. scotopepla, Manatha. scriptulata, Acrocercops. Scutellera nohilis, 250. Scutellista cyanca, 93.5. Scymnus nubilans, 553 ; S. ap., 863. scyrodes, Meridarohis. Scythridida;, 850, 1005. seolusella, Hapsifera. secta (dimidialia), Eublemma. Sectional Meetings of Board of Agriculture, 5. seouris, Dasychira. segetum, Euxoa; Selea plagiola, 334, 340. SeUnnmphi (punctuni), Amyna. Selaiiaspidus (Aspidiotus). selene, Actias. Selenocephalus virescens, 442. selenopa, Phyllocnistis. Selepa {Plotheia) celtis, 564, 582, 584, 585. semantris, Promalactis. semialbana, Tortrix. semicoocinea, Pyroderces (Cvsnwpteryx ?). semicostatum, Colasposoma. semiculta, Argyroploce. semirubella, Nephopteryic. semirugosus, Scarites. semisignata, Euproctis. Sena, Bibasis. sepositella, Pseudodoxia. seriata, Parnara. seriatoponis, Hopatroides. Serica assamensis, 166 ; S. calouttse, 166 ; S. clypeata, 166, 571 ; S. maculosa, 166, 571 ; S. marginella, 166,571 ; S. nilgiriensis, 166, 1028 ; S. pilula, 166 ; S. pruinosa, 166. sericeipennis, Oxyarabulyx. Seriuetha abdominalis, 259 ; S. augur, 259. serinopa, Nephantis. serraticomis, Acanthophorus. serricorne, Lasioderma. servus, Graptostethus. sesarai, Asphondylia. „ Oberea. Sesamia inferens, 72, 342, 375*, 410 ; S. nonngrioides, (vuteria), 72 ; S. uniformis, 72, 377* ; S. vuteria, 72. Sesarma edwardai, 692. setiventria, Phyaothrips. Setomorpha insectella, 856. Setting insects, 956*. setulifer, Myllooerua. sexmaculata, Chilomenes. sexpunctalis, Talanga. -seychellarum, Icerya. SJiellac, Production of in India, 784, " Shingling " specimens, 951*. siamica, Caprona. siocifolia, Cyclopelta. siderota, Peronea. signata, Monolepta. „ Pagria. Plusia. siguitera, Lithaoodia {Hyelopns). signiferum, Lecanium. silhctana, Terias. silicula-, Eublemma. Silkworms, 800, 808, 809, 835, 836. Silphidaj eaten by birds, 863. Silvanus advena, 324. silvatioa, Batrachedra. Simaethis jegytica, 849 ; S. opliiosema, 849 ; S. orthogona, 849 simbleuta, Ptochoryctis. Simla, Satuniia (Caligula). simplex, Chilo. „ Nisaga. simplicia, Pundaluoya. „ robustalis, 88. sinensis, Thoaea. singhara, Galerucella. Siphouoryne indobrassicse, 280 ; S. nympheae,^ 281 ; S, padi, 281. Siphonaphis (Siphocoryne) padi. (Siplionophora) Macrosiphum pisi. sirina, Petasobathra. siatrata, Scardia. Sitonea crinitus,.193. I Sitotroga cerealella, 343, 720*, 762, 843. j siva, Taragama. sjostedti, Platymyctei-us. [ ' Sleeving." plants, 876. smaragdina, jEcophylla. Smoking out insects, 944. I Snails, 694. ' Society, Proposed Indian Entomological, 7— 9. socotranus, Deuterocopus. I Sogata distincta, 270; S. pallescens, 271 ; S. pusana, 270. Solenopsis geminata, 34, 343, 570. somnulentella, Bedellia. sonclii, Macrosiplium. eordidus, Aphanus. sordidus, Cosmopolites. 1133 $orghi (maidis). Aphis. Soritia leptalina, 140, 565. soyella, Gracillaria. Spalangia-sp., 628. Spalgis epius, 333, 613, 617. Bparsus, Dereodus. Spathostemum prasiniferam, 309 spathota, Chelaria. spectra, Tettigoniella. speculum, Ricania. Spelling of place-names, 959. spera-tus. Leucotermes.: spermologa, Blastnbasis. Spermophagus sp., 864. Sphserodema annulatum, 867. Sphenarches eaffer, 136, 336, 338. 340. 344, 346, 351, 838. sphenarioides, Colemania. sphenograpta, Leucoptera. Sphenoptera arachidia, 245 ; S. gossypii, 244. Sphenoptera sp., 934. Sphingidse, 95. Spialia galba, 1 14, 333, 339. Spiders attacking cateqiillars, 898. Spider's webs. Insects living in, 941. Spilonota rhothia, 144, 580, 582, 841. Spilophorus cretosus, 180. spinator, Ccelostema. spinicomis, Hoplocerambyx. spinidens, Andrallus. spinifera, Euxoa. spiniferus, Aleurocanthus. apinigera, Paratelphusa. spodochtha (falcatella), Anatrachyntis (Pyro- der'ces). Spodoptera abyssinia, 69 ; S. taauritia, 69, 341 ; S. pecten, 68. spoliatrix, Odites. equalida, Celaraa. squalida, Epicometis. squalidtis, Dacus (see Chsetodacus zooatus). equamosus, Hypomeces. Staging small specimens, 951*. Staphylinidae eaten by birds, 863. Stathmopoda adulatrix, 849 : S. basiplectra, 848 ; S. hemitonia. 848 ; S. ovigera, 848 ; S. prrealbata, 848; S. sycastis, 158, 577, 848; S. sycophaga, 848; S. theoris, 158, 848. Stauroderus bicolor, 305. stauropi, Apanteles. Stauropus altemus, 101, 333, 339, 595. stebbingi octocaudatus, Monophlebus. Steganodactyla concursa, 336, 341, 840. Steeasta variana, 844 ! Stegodyphus sarasinorum, 331. stellifera, Vinsonia. Stenachroia elongella, 117, 343. Stenoma ichnsea, 848. Stenomida^, 157, 848, 1004. Stenopleuga sp., 933. Stenoptilia zophodactyla, 839. Stephaiiitis sp., 263 ; S. typicus, 263, £ Stephanonympha, 1019*. Stephensonia lahorensis. 280. stereoma, Eucosma. Sterrha sacraria, 102. stevensi. Aulacophora. Sthenias grisator, 217, 579, 589. Stictaspis ceratitina, 45, 371* ; S. stri sticticus, Eretes. atigmaticoUis, Calandra. stillata, Anatona. stolalis, Margaronia (Glyphodes). stolida, Grammiides. Stomatocerus sulcatiscutellum, 935. Stomopteryx nerteria, i52, 844. Stomphastis plectica, 853. Storage of specimens, 967. Store-boxes, 950, 965. strabo, Catochrysops. stramineum, Megacaelum. Stratiomyiadse eaten by birds, 866. Streams, Insects in, 940. striata, Clivina. striata, Stictaspis. striatalis (venosata), Diatrsea. strigicollis, Scelodonta. Strobisia amethystias, 845. Stroraatium barbatum, 221, 574. studiosa. Epithectis. Stylopyga orientalis, 20. Stylotermes fletcheri, 314, 587. Styx, Acherontia. Suana concolor, 333, 339. Suastus gremius, 115, 575, 1023*; S. 1023*. subaeneus, Brachyplatys. subcostatum, Nodostoma. subfasciata, Euproctis. subfasciatus, Myllocerus. subnuda, Cremastogaster. subteralbata, Acanthopsyche. subtilis, Carea. sucoincta, Orthacanthacris. Sucking Insects, Rearing of, 885. suffvsa (montana). Diacrisia. Sugaring, 942. aulcatisoutellum, Stomatocerus. superoiliosus, Xanthotraohelus, 1134 gupplex, Aorocercops. suppressaria, Biston. Eumia, Amphipyra. swinhoei, Protofoenus. „ Trichomyia. „ Tcrmopsis. eycastis, Statlimopoda. syoophaga, Stathmopoda. Sylepta derogata, 129, 336, 339, 351, 453, 562 ; "S. lunalis, 130,323. Symitha nolalella, 76. Sympiezomias cretaceas, 189, 319, 589 ; S. deoipiens, 189, 319; S. frater, 189, 319. Synchalara rhombota, 157, 848. Syngamia abruptalis, 763. synglypta, Phyllocnistis. syngramma, Aorocercops. Syniomidte (Araatidse). Syntomis (Amata). Syntomosphyrum indicum, 628. syringa, Argina. Tabanidse, eaten by birds, 866. Tabanua rubidus, 866. Tachardia lacca, 004, 799. taohardife, Apanteles. ,, Chalcis. „ Ectadiophatnus. Tachinid* eaten by birds, 866. Tseniothrips major, 691. Tagiades atticus, 1023* ; T. distans, 1023*. talaca, Hyposidra. Talanga sexpunctalis, 576. tamarieiella, Geleohia. tamariois, Agdistis. tamarindi, Aspidiosus. taniarindus, Mono])hlebus. tamulus, Aiolopns {Molopus). Tanymecus hispidus, 186, 570 ; T. indicus, 187 ; T. princeps, 186 ; T. sciurus , 186. Tanymecus spp. eaten by birds, 864. Tapena thwaiteai, 1023*. taprobana, Ergolis. taproban'enais, Cappaea. taprobanes, Platyptilia. Taraclie crocata, 75, 562 ; T. marmoralis, 75 ; T. nitidula, 75 ; T. notabilis, 75 ; T. opali- noides, 75. Taragama siva, 102, 569, 933. tarandus, Oxyrhaehis. Tarucus tlieophastus, 113, 569. tatarica, Schistocerca. Tea borer in Formosa, 668. Tea Mosquito (see Helopeltis theivora). „ Pests in South India, 330. „ Red Spider (see Tetranyohus bioculatus). ., Tortricid (see Homona coffsaria). Teak leaf-gall, 324. Telohinia violse, 107, 332, 340. Telenomus iudi, 912, 935. telestis, Aorocercops. Telicota augias, 1 16, 1024* ; T. bambusse, 342, 1024*. Telphusa melanozona, 843. Tenebrionidae as' crop-peats, 242 ; eaten by birds, 864. Tenebroides mauritanicus, 718*. tenebrosus, Psylliodes. tenera, Acrocercops. Tenthredinida;, 37—39. tenuicollis, Lytta. tenuipennis, Haplothrips. tenuiscapa, Xylocopa. terasella, Tonica. Terastia egialealis, 133 ; T. meticuloaalis, 133, 336, 339. Teratodes monticollis, 310 579, 860. Terias hecabe, 110, 332, 339; T. silhetana, 111. terminalise, Lithocolletis. Termites, 27, 32. „ nests. Insects in, 941. „ Trichonymphid parasites of, 1009. Termitida;, 313, 343, 345. 347, 354, 356—359, 587, 588, 705—712 ; eaten by birds, 861 ; rearing of — , 887*. termitis, Balantidium. ,, Franciella. Nyctotherua. „ Opalina. ., Treponema. Termopais swinhoei, 897*. Tessarotoma quadraria, 265. lestaceum (serricorne) Lasiodenna. testulalis, Maruea. Tetranychus bioculatus, 26, 29, 612, 668. tetraonia, " Arbela." Tetrastichus ophiusse, 932. Tetriginse, eaten by birds, 860. Tetroda histeroides, 256. Tettigid, 304. Tettigoniella ferruginea, 597, 634 ; T. spectra, 274, 342, 442. Thalassodes quadraria, 102, 584 ; T. veraria, 102, 336, 340, 582. 1135 Thalera caudularia, 335, 340. Thea cincta, 612, 803. thea, Empoasca. theae, Chionaspis. thece, Chionaspis prunicolu (manni). „ Fiorinia. „ Hemichionaspia. „ Oscinis. thecscola, Ceylonia (To.xoptera aurantii). theaecola, Pseudoooccus. theclata, Dirades. theivora, " Arbela." „ Gracillaria. „ Helopeltis. „ Mahasena. theobromae, Bruchus. „ Caduoeia. theophrastus, Tarucus. theoris, Stathmopoda. Theretra alecto, 97, 579, 596 ; T. gnoma, 97, 579, 596; T. oldenlandise, 98, 596; T. pallicosta, 98, 579. Theretra (Rhynoolaba) (aeteus) actcea. theristis, Pammene. theylia, ChEerocampa. Thiacidas postica, 89, 569. Tholymis tillarga, 896. Thomsoniella albomaculata, 442. Thosea cana, 333, 340 ; T. castanea, 657 ; T. cervina, 330 ; T. sinensis, 657. Thrips, 27 ; control of, 620, 621. oryzae, 327, 619. spp., 343, 344. thwaitesi, Tapena. thwaitesii, Aristeis. thyrsis, Gangara. Thyrsostoma glaucitis, 844. Thysanoptera, 304, 327, 618—622. Ticks, eaten by birds, 867. Tinda indica, 593. Tineidse, 165, 855, 1007. tineoides, Myrmecozela. Tineola bisselUella, 856. TingididaB as crop-pests, 263. Tingis hystricellus, 264. Til Root Fly, 46. tillarga, Tholymis. Tinea frugivora, 856 ; T. fuscipunctella, 856 ; T. opsigona, 856 ; T. pachyspila, 856 ; T. pellionella, 856. Tipulidse, 51 ; eaten by fish, 908. Tiracola plagiata, 64, 567, 665. Tirathaba sp., 118,575. Tisoheria ptannica, 165, 569, 855. Tischeriadse, 105. VOL. Ill tissa, Coladenia. tomentosa, Eurybrachys. Tonica barrowi, 847 ; T. niviferana, 156, 847 ; T. terasella, 847 ; T. zizyphi, 156, 572, 847. tonsoria, Argyroploce. toparcha, Phyllocnistis. torodelta, Laspeyresia. Tortricid boring apple fruits, 148. Tortricida;, 143, 336, 840, 1002. Tortrix dumetana, 841 ; T. semialbana, 841. Toxoptera aurantii, 281, 574 ; T. citrifolia, 631 ; T. graminum, 281 ; T. punjabipyri, 281. Trabala vishnu, 103, 564, 580, 598, 933. Trachylepidia fracticassiella, 117. Trachys bicolor, 240, 317* ; T. sp., 246. tranquebaricus, Apodenis. transcripta, Blastobasis. transmarinus, Myllocerus. Transmission of Specimens, 971. transversa, Acontia. transversa, Anomala. transversa, Chlumetia.'' transversus, Gastrimargus. Treponema teimitis, 1019. trapezalis, Marasmia. triacma, Tdioglossa. triangularis, Phytoscaphus. triarcha, Lithocolletis. Tribolium castaneum, 717*, 762, 763. tricentra, Laspeyresia. irichocrossa (critioa), Eucosma (Laspeiiresin.) Trichomyia swinhoei, 986*. Trichonympha agilis, 1011—1014, 1018, 1C19*. trichonympharum, Enchelyspheroides. Trichonymphid parasites of Termites, iO, 1009. Trichophaga abruptella, 856. Trichotaphe geochrota, 845. tricyma, Acrocercops. Tridactylmse eaten by birds, 860. trifasciatus, Haplosonyx. trifenestrata, Cricula. trifolii, Callipterus. triglandulosus, Chrysomphalus. Trigonalys pervetus, 986*. Trigonodes (Chaleiope) hyppasia. trigrapha, Ulodemis. . trilineata, Pilemostoma. trilobitiformis, Pseudaonidia. trima, Orthocraspeda. tripunctatus, Cybister. triscalma, Acrocercops, tristis, Hodotermes. troehala, Procometis. 1136 trochilus putli, Chilades. velutina, Natada. Trogoderma khapra, 717*, 752, 739. venalba, Borolia. Trombidium grandissimum, S67. venosata, Diatraea. Tros sp.. 864. venilialis, Marasmia. truculenta, Bactra. ventralis, Eusarcocoris. Tiypaneid®, 40. venusta, (Edematopoda. Trypetidffi eaten by birds, 866. veraria, Thalassodes. Tryxalinse eaten by birds, 860. verax, Bucculatrix. tuberculata, Oncocephala. versicolor, Callitettix. tuberoulatus, Chaitodaous. Chffitodacus. Tiiberodryobius persiofe, 285. Oxycetonia. tubmidioostalis, Argyria. versteegi, Monohammus. Tumidicoxoides jambulana, 933. versutus, Adoretua. Tumidiscapus oophagus, 935. vertens, Pyrsonympha. turrita, Acrida. vertumnalis, Margaronia (Glyphodes). Tylopholis ballardi, 189, 322. veruta, Anarsia. Tylotropidius varicomis, 311. Vespa basalis, 36 ; V. orientalis, 780. typious, Stephanitis. Vespid*, 36. vesuviana, Carpomyia. viator, Gryllus. D vigesoens, Ancylis. vigintiooto-punctata, Epilaohna. Udaspesfolus, 11.5. vineata, Antithyra. Ulodemis trigrapha, 480. Vinsonia stellifera. 292, 588, 603, 607. uncinatus, Epepeotes. viol«, Telchinia. undaUs, Hellula. Virachola isocrates, 113, 565, 573, 580, 581 undecim-pustulatus, Mylloeenis. 593, 594, 595. undularis, Elymnias. virescens, Heterusia. unipuncta, Cirphis. „ Selenocephalus. Urentius echinus, 263, 350. virgatus, Pseudococcus. usitatus, Physothrips. virgulata, Lithocolletia. ustulatella, Acrocercops. viridanus, Myllooerus. Utetheisa pulchella, 60, 563. viridis, Coccus {Lecanium). viridula, Nezara. visenda, Agathia. V vishnu, Trabala. Vitellus orientaUs, 253, 325*, 573 vnlida, Cletlhara. vitis, Chionaspis. vahlii, Brachvplatys. vitrea. Psyche. Vanessa antiopa, 937. vittata, Phyllotreta. vanula, Acrocercops. vittatus, Baracus. variabilis, Hypera. vulgaris, Nacoleia (Lamprosema indicata). variana, Stegasta. vuteria, Sesamia. varians, Euproctis. „ Ocinara. W varicolor, Anomala. varioomis, Leptooorisa. wahlbergi, Buckleria. „ Tylotropidius. Walkeriana cinerea, 287 ; W. sp., 287. varicosa, Chionaspis. Wallacea sp., 236, 576. variegata, Clania. War, Effects of, 10, 13. Varuna litterata, 690. Wasps as enemies of bees, 780 variivestis, Anomala. Wax Moth, 780, 782. vaughani, Xyroptila. Websteriella (see Parlatoria). vegeta, Cretonia. Weeds in India, 679. Telox, Oxya Weevil cane-borers, 372*, 373*. 1137 westwoodi, Hierodula. Y Wet specimens, Preservation of, 954, 970. White Flies (see Aleyrodidse). yama, Amphipyra. wickhami, Eurygenius. ypsilon. Agrotis. Winnertziola burmitica, 986*. Wood-borers, Breeding Cage for, 892* ; Collecting— ,940. Z Woodhouse, E. J., 6-7. Worms, 694 zaohrysa, Gracillaria. Zalithia diluticomis, 844. Zamila {Vynlln). X zebrina, Erechthias. zelota, Eucosma. santhogastrella, Scirpophaga. zenzeroides, Langia. Xanthopimpla immaculata, 933 ; X. pedator, Zeuzera coffese, 140, 563, 599, 646. 933 ; X. sp., 933. Zeuzerid cane-borers, 373*, 374*. 416. santhorrhcea, Porthesia. Zeuzeridse, 140. Xanthotrachelus faunus, 194, 569; X. per- zeylanica, Gynmonympha, latus, 194 ; X. superciliosus, 195, 569. zinekenella, Etiella. serodes, Buckleria. Zizera gaika, 678; Z. lysimon, 111. serophaga, Brachmia. zizyphi, Tonica. Xyleboms fomicatus, 184, 322* ; X. sp., 184. zizyphus, Parlatoria. Xylocopa tenuisoapa, 316. Zonabris cichorii, 345 ; Z. phalerata, 240 ; Xyloryctidas, 157, 847, 1004. Z. pustulata, 240, 344, 345, 346. Xylotreohus quadripes, 15, 223, 330. zonatus, Chsetodacus. Xylotrupes gideon, 181. zophodactyla, Stenoptilia. Xyroptila vaughani, 839. ZygfenidK, 139. Xystrocera globosa, 221. Zyxomma petiolatum, 896. CALCUTTA SCVEBINTENDENT GOVERNMENT PEINirNO, 8, HASTINGS STREET #