<=) For, s ape: 
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY G 
OF THE SMITHSONIAN 


INSTITUTION 


FOR THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 30 


1916 


( Publication 2431 ) 


WASHINGTON 
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 
1916 | 


= 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY 
OF THE SMITHSONIAN 
INSTITUTION 


FOR THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 30 


1916 


( Publication 2431 ) 


WASHINGTON 
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 
1916 


CON PENTS. 


HERS MTEhSOniane nshitiwtdOnsae.ce sae Soc nee ee oer neee eon ne oeeccsans dais 
(pire [Bray oy ined anaaVerei es etna sake Sa ree Ee. Fie RE alee Shes me ee eg er Pate eee he es 


PER RIntCOTOATE GALORE Vso ia -yate ae see rstsine Shiai soa nee ees ee cies Sige oteia Sele = 
Researches and explorations— 
Geological explorations in the Rocky Mountains......-..-.---------- 
MastonorrnomminOlanatac 25.2 she. sa Sed ce Secs Jade. soe 2 moe ee 
Paleontological and stratigraphic studies in the Paleozoic rocks..-..-- 
Ries LOPE GIONS MIR SORE ts x (clare = = 2 ciae'= 2. 32 aacle = Sisiele ae Bed wc <'sisietos aan 
Collecting fossil echinoderms in the Ohio Valley....-..------------- 
Geological work in Pennsylvania and Virginia.......-.------------- 
Expedition to Borneo and Celebes............---------+------+----- 
Explorations in China and Manchuria..........--------------+-+-+-- 
Fh xplorations im eastem Siberia. 52.2525... <2 2. -cee ces += siiee = 
s Expedition to St. Thomas, Danish West Indies........-------------- 
Cactus investigations in Brazil and Argentina........-...----------- 
Hor cledrine MVesiratmONsso. ss... 4 e's «oes en odie wo Sn ate es 
Explorations of ancient Maya cities in Guatemala and Honduras. --- - 
Sim yaOnmocuurmal FAdMAtiOn.. < fc! fe = 35. o.o- shee seeps nates ae ee 
Researches under Harriman trust fund:......--...5...0226-s%.4642- 
PreaparchimonporahlOne ds vine net | aos niche sd sate c ee eee ron Jdacda= tees 
ene preccarch) COUMCI RR. fac ce: fed cn ode ocletne Se aes eis aie meal 
Langley Aerodynamical Laboratory........-..--.---+---+-e-eee ee ee eee 
JEL PCTS Sk EB a CO ee ee OS ene ar pare cts 
interna eee SR te ae Nae eS scien wigs beh an ed abi Mee Satie oes = ie 
International Congresses and Expositions: 
Second Pan American Scientific Congress........----.----------- ee 
Nineteenth International Congress of Americanists.......------------ 
Panama-Pacific International Exposition........-....-------------- 
Panama-California Exposition at San Diego.........--..-.---------- 
Pieraectese IMBC iter eas eee tere oe Pe wie ac 2's ce waka ation a aime sale eletessralse odie Sin 
Teurcausonamerntcan Hthnology<... 22 2a... 555 eee se co sees one shee eeek ecco a= 
Dnibermattonal Pi XChameess.-¢. /. 6. - ne oe alec eicins core eases sees scene cece dees 
National Zoolovical Park. «02. 5 foc. sc 2 amis de cosines os eee ee sete esse 
Msuophysical Observatory. . 2. =. sac - este sl see een ta oe eee seen see 
International Catalogue of Scientific Literature.........---.----------------- 
Neerology =<. =~... . Be SS Lin ae a so a oh ea ae Soe eee ei 
Appendix 1. Report on the United States National Museum......-.---------- 
2. Report on the Bureau of American Ethnology. ...-.---------+---- 
3. Report on the International Exchanges.......-------.------+--- 
4, Report on the National Zoological Park......-.-..------------- 
5. Report on the Astrophysical Observatory....-.---------------- 
Guuveporion tHe dlbran yes. yeknes fed 2 a5) setts he pole ee ieinialn wa oe 
7. Report on the International Catalogue of Scientific Literature. .. 
Se Penert On Di bUcaons e's tee oan < 2325 nia z ajsielnici~'eie ese ine yn oe 
Plate 1. Column of Progress at Panama-Pacific Exposition.......------------- 


PA hy? 
of Sx 
eS 


REPORT 
OF THE 


SECRETARY OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION 
CHARLES D. WALCOTT 
FOR THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1916. 


To the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution: 


GENTLEMEN: I have the honor to submit herewith the customary 
annual report on the operations of the Smithsonian Institution and 
its branches during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1916, including 
work placed by Congress under the direction of the Board of Regents 
in the United States National Museum, the Bureau of American 
Ethnology, the International Exchanges, the National Zooiogical 
Park, the Astrophysical Observatory, and the United States Bureau 
of the International Catalogue of Scientific Literature. 

The general report reviews the affairs of the Institution proper and 
briefly summarizes the operations of its several branches, while the ap- 
pendices contain detailed reports by the assistant secretary and others 
directly in charge of various activities. The reports on operations of 
the National Museum and the Bureau of American Ethnology will 
also be published as independent volumes. 


THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 
THE ESTABLISHMENT. 


The Smithsonian Instituticn was created an establishment by act 
of Congress approved August 10, 1846. Its statutory members are 
the President of the United States, the Vice President, the Chief 
Justice, and the heads of the executive departments. 


THE BOARD OF REGENTS. 


The Board of Regents, which is charged with the administration of 
the Institution, consists of the Vice President and the Chief Justice of 
the United States as ex officio members, three Members of the Senate, 
three Members of the House of Representatives, and six citizens, “ two 
of whom shall be residents in the city of Washington and the other 
four shall be inhabitants of some State, but no two of them from the 


same State.” 
i} 


2 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1916. 


In regard to the personnel of the board the only change during 
the fiscal year was the appointment of James T. Lloyd, Representa- 
tive from Missouri. The roll of Regents on June 30, 1916, was as 
follows: Edward D. White, Chief Justice of the United States, 
Chancellor; Thomas R. Marshall, Vice President of the United 
States; Henry Cabot Lodge, Member of the Senate; William J. 
Stone, Member of the Senate; Henry French Hollis, Member of the 
Senate; Scott Ferris, Member of the House of Representatives; 
Ernest W. Roberts, Member of the House of Representatives; James 
T. Lloyd, Member of the House of Representatives; Andrew D. 
White, citizen of New York; Alexander Graham Bell, citizen of 
Washington, D. C.; George Gray, citizen of Delaware; Charles F. 
Choate, jr., citizen of Massachusetts; John B. Henderson, jr., citizen 
of Washington, D. C.; and Charles W. Fairbanks, citizen of Indiana. 

The board held its annual meeting on December 9, 1915. The pro- 
ceedings of that meeting, as also the annual financial report of the 
executive committee, have been printed, as usual, for the use of the 
Regents, while such important matters acted upon as are of public 
interest are reviewed under appropriate heads in the present report 
of the Secretary. A detailed statement of disbursements from Govy- 
ernment appropriations, under the direction of the Institution for 
the maintenance of the National Museum, the National Zoological 
Park, and other branches, will be submitted to Congress by the 
Secretary in the usual manner in compliance with the law. 


FINANCES. 


The permanent fund of the Institution and the sources from which 
it was derived are as follows: 


Deposited in the Treasury of the United States. 


BeiuestyOr ames SIMiLNS OM S462 eas eee eee ene ee $515, 169. 00 
Residuary legacy of James Smithson, 1867____________ ae eee 26, 210. 63 
ICHOSTC* Oba SAVIIMNES Ol TM COTM eG tts ee ne 108, 620. 37 
Bequest of James! Hamilton, 875262225 2 ee ae eee $1, 000 
Accumulated interest on Hamilton fund, 1895______-_-____ 1, 000 
2, 000. 00 
BS COUCSE Of SLIME OM MET ae ls iis 5) eee eee eee 500. 00 
Deposits from proceeds of sale of bonds, 1881_____________ 51, 500. 00 
GILG LOL PEN ONS Gr LOG 2 TS SO fe eee ee 200, 000. 00 
Part of residuary legacy of Thomas G. Hodgkins, 1894___________ 8, 000. 00 
Deposit, fromy savings! of Income, 1 Oa eee 25, 000. 00 
Residuary legacy of Thomas G. Hodgkins, 1907_________________ 7, 918. 69 
HMeposit from (‘savings ‘or income) 191522 Bs eee eee 636. 94 
Part of bequest of William Jones Rhees, 1913__________________ a 251. 95 
Deposit of proceeds from sale of real estate (gift of Robert Stan- 
ton Avery:)\ 1O1G* 225 2s be pe ge 9, 692. 42 
Bequest) of -Addison/'T. Reid, 19142 ee ee 4, 795. 91 


Deposit of savings from income, Avery bequest, 1914____________ 204. 09 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. © 3 


Deposit of savings from income, Avery fund, 1915__----_-_______ $1, 862. 60 
Deposit of savings from income, Reid fund, 1915_____--___-____ 426. 04 
Deposit of balance of principal, $248.05, and income, $28.89, Rhees 

EOC Ly, IT cae a al a ARI Ere ee 276. 44 
Deposit of first payment of Lucy T. and George W. Poore fund, 

TUG T a a a al i eR I SN 24, 534. 92 
Deposit of part of principal of Addison T. Reid fund, 1916_______ 4, 698. 59 
Deposit of principal of George H. Sanford fund, 1916____________ 1, 020. 00 
MenoOsiioOr Savings from<income, 191G—_ 2 ee 2, 681. 41 

Total of fund deposited in the United States Treasury____ 996, 000. 00 


Other resources. 


Registered and guaranteed 4 per cent bonds of the West Shore 
Railroad Co., part of legacy of Thomas G. Hodgkins (par 


WAITED) at Ae TAN Ss a 42, 000. 00 
Coupon 5 per cent bonds of the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Co., due 
i vinvams mel OM Sas (COS) ee eet ree eee te ee Se A Se 5, 040. 63 
Coupon 6 per cent bonds of the Argentine Nation, due Dec. 15, 
HOI (COS) eR SSS Sk aaa ee Ato DE eg ane LES eee ee 5, 093. 75 
oralepermeanenits: umd ete ee ela eee ee a -1, 048, 134. 38 


The second installment to the Addison T. Reid fund, amounting 
to $4,698.59, and a bequest to be known as the George H. Sanford 
fund, amounting to $1,020, were added during the year to the per- 
manent fund deposited in the Treasury of the United States, which, 
together with incomes of several specific funds amounting to 
$2,681.41, now aggregates the total sum of $996,000, which bears 
interest at the rate of 6 per cent per annum. 

The sum of $10,000, being a part of the bequest designated as the 
Frances Lea Chamberlain fund, the income of which is to be applied 
to the maintenance of the Isaac Lea collection of gems and mollusks 
in the National collections, was received by the Institution in 
October, 1915, and on the advice of the executive committee was in- 
vested in gold notes maturing on December 15, 1917, and July 1, 
1918. These investments form a nucelus of what will hereafter be 
known as the consolidated fund. The income account of each specific 
fund will be credited with the proportion of income which each in- 
vested fund bears to the whole fund. 

The income of the Institution during the year, amounting to 
$107,670.26, was derived as follows: Interest on the permanent 
foundation, $60,751.23 ; contributions from various sources for specific 
purposes, $22,954.99; first payment of the Frances Lea Chamberlain 
fund, $10,000; second payment on account of the Addison T. Reid 
fund, $4,698.59; and from other miscellaneous sources, $9,265.45. 

Adding the cash balance of $42,165.86 on July 1, 1915, the total 
resources for the fiscal year amounted to $149,836.12. The disburse- 
ments, which are given in detail in the annual report of the executive 


4 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1916. 


committee, amounted to $105,125.10, leaving a balance of $44,711.02 
on deposit June 30, 1916, in the United States Treasury and in cash. 

The Institution was charged by Congress with the disbursement of 
the following appropriations for the year ending June 30, 1916: 


international exchanges. 50. 2o_ sats ee es $32, 000 
FRITETICAN CCNMOLOGY ese on ee ee eee ee 42, 000 
Aspropnysical Opservatory 2.2 2 = 23+ = ee eee 13, 000 
National Museum: : 
Kurniturevand {fixtures2in2.5 5. =. 8s) ee ee ee eee 25, 000 
HMeéeatinevand leh ting 22 oe Re i 46, 000 
Preservation of Collections: vt 0s Ss ee ee 300, 000 
BROOKE = a Sees A Se a ee 2, 000 
Rostaghes— eae we te ee et ee ee 500 
SUE LGU Se eT) EE Se eens a ee Oe ee Bae eer anes ese y=) 15). (91) 
Bookstacks for Government bureau libraries__ 2 Se eS reese 
INaOnNAlyAOOLOsiCal Parks oo oes os ee fe eS 2 eo Se — 100, 000 
International Catalogue of Scientific Literature______________________ 7, 500 
PLO teil ta te Sas ie ee eee 589, 500 


In addition to the above specific amounts to be disbursed by the 
Institution there was included under the general appropriation for 
printing and binding an allotment of $76,200 to cover the cost of 
printing and binding the Smithsonian annual report, and reports 
and miscellaneous printing for the Government branches of the 
Institution. 


THE FREER ART GALLERY. 


One of the most important events since the foundation of the In- 
_ stitution was consummated in December last. In my last report it was 
mentioned that Mr. Charles L. Freer was considering the question 
of erecting a suitable building for the permanent preservation of 
the splendid collection of objects of art which he presented to the 
Institution in 1906 and has since augmented by many further gifts. 
It is exceedingly gratifying here to record the gift by Mr. Freer of 
$1,000,000 in cash for the immediate erection of a building and 
that the site and preliminary plans have been agreed upon, so that 
the actual construction work will soon begin. The building will be 
of granite and located at the southwest corner of the Smithsonian 
reservation at Twelfth and B Streets. 

The munificent donation by Mr. Freer of his collection and pro- 
vision for its preservation is unsurpassed in this country, and is one 
of the most notable gifts of its character in the world’s history. 

Mr. Freer describes his collection as follows: 

These several collections include specimens of very widely separated periods 
of artistic development, beginning before the birth of Christ and ending to-day. 


No attempt has been made to secure specimens from unsympathetic sources, my 
collecting having been confined to American and Asiatic schools. My great 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 5 


desire has been to unite modern work with masterpieces of certain periods of 
high civilization harmonious in spiritual and physical suggestion, having the 
power to broaden esthetic culture and the grace to elevate the human mind. 
The original collection consisted of about 2,300 paintings and other 
objects of art, and has since been increased to 5,346 items, including 
American paintings and sculptures, the Whistler collection, and 
oriental paintings, pottery, bronzes, and jades from China, Korea, 
Japan, and other Asiatic countries. 
. A full catalogue of items is given by Mr. Rathbun in his Museum 
Bulletin on the National Gallery of Art. 


EXPLORATIONS AND RESEARCHES. 


The usual activities were continued during the past year in ad- 
vancing one of the fundamental objects of the Smithsonian Institu- 
tion, the increase of knowledge. In this work various explorations 
and researches were inaugurated or participated in by the Institution 
and its branches, covering practically all divisions of astronomical, 
anthropological, biological, and geological science. The extent of 
these explorations and researches during the history of the Institu- 
tion covers a wide range, although a great deal more of most impor- 
tant work could have been accomplished had adequate funds been 
available. Friends of the Institution have generously aided this 
work, particularly during the last few years, through the contribu- 
tion of funds for specific purposes, but much yet remains undone, and 
opportunities for undertaking important lines of investigation are 
constantly being lost through lack of means to carry them into 
execution. 

Several proposed expeditions to various parts of the world have 
been temporarily delayed by the war in Europe. 

I will here mention only briefly some of the recent activities of the 
Institution in these directions and for details of other investigations 
may refer to the appendices containing the reports of those directly 
in charge of the-several branches of the Institution. 


GEOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS IN THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS. 


In continuation of-my previous work in the Rocky Mountain re- 
gion, I was engaged during the season of 1915 in field investigation 
in the Yellowstone Park area and from there north into the Belt 
Mountains east of Helena, Mont. The work in the Yellowstone Park 
was carried on with two objects in view: 

First. To determine, if possible, the extent to which the lower forms 
of alge and possibly bacteria contributed, through their activities, 
to the deposition from the geyser and hot spring waters of the con- 
tained carbonate of lime and silica. 


6 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1916. 


Second. The securing for the National Museum of a series of 


geyser and hot spring deposits, also silicified wood from the petrified 
forests and certain types of volcanic rocks. 

During the investigation and collecting, numerous photographs 
were taken of geysers and hot springs and of deposits made from the 
waters through evaporation and organic agencies. 

The collections were brought to the camps by pack horses and 
buckboard and subsequently packed for shipment at Fort Yellow- 
stone and Yellowstone. Material assistance was afforded by the co- 
operation of the acting superintendent of the park, Col. L. M. Brett, 
United States Army, and officers of the United States Engineer Corps 
- in charge of the maintenance and development of the park roads and 
trails. 

Upward of 5 tons of specimens were collected and shipped to 
the National Museum. This collection permits of the preparation of 
a special Yellowstone Park exhibit of great beauty and interest. 

Tt was found that algal growth was everywhere present when the 
temperature of the waters was from 70° to not much above 180° F., 
and that this growth had a marked effect upon the amount and charac- 
ter of both calcareous and siliceous deposits. 

After completing the investigation of the geyser and hot spring 
deposits, a trip was made to the Fossil Forest in the northeastern 
section of the park, in the Lamar River Valley. Large collections 
were made here of silicified wood and various minerals, one of the 
latter being a remarkable and beautiful form of calcite rosettes, 
which were illustrated and technically described in the pamphlet on 
Smithsonian explorations in 1915. 

The camp site in the Lamar Valley was one of unusual interest 
and beauty. The high hills to the south showed the rock cliffs con- 
taining silicified woods, calcite rosettes, and beautiful specimens of 
chalcedony. A little way from the camp the party met with a 
large herd of bison grazing freely in the broad open valley; also 
herds of elk, bands of antelope, a few black bear, and an occasional 
wolf. 

On leaving the park, after 675 miles of travel with the camp out- 
fit, the party proceeded down the West Gallatin River Canyon, stop- 
ping to examine the section of Cambrian rocks at the mouth of 
Squaw Creek. The next permanent camp was made in Deep Creek 
Canyon, 17 miles east of Townsend, Mont., where the extensive pre- 
Cambrian sections of the Big Belt Mountains are beautifully shown. 
About 2 tons of pre-Cambrian specimens were collected in this 
vicinity before the storms of late September (1915) closed the sea- 
son’s field work. 


1 Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Vol. 66, No. 8, 1916. 


x 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. u 
MASTODON FROM INDIANA. 


Many finds of mastodon and mammoth remains, especially from 
different localities in States bordering on the Great Lakes, are con- 
stantly being reported to the Institution. These “ finds,” chiefly in 
swamp deposits of the Pleistocene, generally consist of a few isolated 
bones or teeth, but afford evidence of an abundance of these great 
creatures during the geological age just preceding the present. Com- 
pared, however, with the great number of remains found, complete 
skeletons are rare, principally because the finds are generally brought 
to light by workmen who have little or no knowledge of the scien- 
tific value of the remains. The National Museum was therefore 
fortunate during the past year in the acquisition of a fine, nearly 
complete adult male mastodon skeleton from a swamp deposit in 
northwestern Indiana. 

A part of the skull, four limb bones, a few ribs and vertebre 
were unearthed by a dredge crew while excavating a drainage canal 
and shipped to the Institution. Mr. J. W. Gidley, of the National 
Museum, later succeeded in finding the lower jaws, most of the re- 
maining vertebre and ribs, parts of the pelvis, and a few more limb 
and foot bones, and on a second visit found the missing sections of 
the vertebral column, several more foot bones, and other important 
fragments. On assembling all the bones recovered it has been found 
that, with comparatively little artificial restoration, an unusually fine 
and complete specimen of the American mastodon can be prepared 
for exhibition. 


PALEONTOLOGICAL AND STRATIGRAPHIC STUDIES IN THE PALEOZOIC ROCKS, 


Dr. E. O. Ulrich of the National Museum, was occupied for sev- 
eral months during the field season of 1915, under the auspices of 
the United States Geological Survey, in a study of the lower 
Paleozoic deposits of the Mississippi Valley. He was engaged 
chiefly in seeking evidence respecting the boundary line between the 
Cambrian and Ozarkian systems. For this purpose many of the 
outcrops of these rocks were visited, but the most important evidence 
was found in the upper Mississippi Valley and in the Missouri where 
the Upper Cambrian rocks are particularly well displayed, and the 
succeeding deposits of the» Ozarkian system are more commonly 
fossiliferous than elsewhere. The relative abundance of fossils in 
these areas permitted the actual boundary between the two systems 
to be accurately determined after considerable study. This boun- 
dary was found to coincide with the uneven plane formed at the 
junction of the deposits laid down by the retreating Cambrian sea 
with those formed by the return of the waters in the succeeding 
Ozarkian time. During the progress of these stratigraphic studies 


8 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1916. 


numerous collections of fossils were secured for the museum series, 
and incidentally the investigations resulted in the proper placement 
of many fossils whose stratigraphic eects had hitherto been un- 
certain. 

In the latter part of the season Dr. Ulrich worked out the field 
relations of some insufficiently located collections of Paleozoic fossils 
made in southwest Virginia at various times in the past. The most 
important result of these investigations is the proof that a large 
coral fauna, exceedingly like that which marks the horizon of the 
Onondaga limestone throughout the extent of this well known and 
widely distributed Middle Devonian formation, had already in- 
vaded the continental basins as far as southwest Viney during the 
closing stages of the preceding Lower Devonian. This instance of 
reeurring fossil faunas is regarded as one of the most important of — 
the many similar instances that have been established through the 
field studies of Dr. Ulrich during the past 25 years. All have served 
in correcting erroneous correlations of formations that had arisen 
through the confusion of earlier or later appearances of faunas with 
the one recognized in the standardized sequence of stratigraphic 
units. 

Mr. R. D. Mesler, under the supervision of Dr. Ulrich, spent the 
summer of 1915 in making collections of Ordovician and Silurian 
fossils from formations and localities in the Appalachian and Missis- 
sippi Valleys which had hitherto been little represented in the 
museum collections. A large number of fossils resulted from his 
trip, particularly from the Middle Ordovician rocks of east Tennes- 
see, which will form the basis of a future monograph on the paleon- 
tology of that region. 


EXPLORATIONS IN. SIBERIA, 


Through the liberality of the Telluride Association the Institution 
was enabled to send Mr. B. Alexander with the Koren Expedition 
to the Kolyma River region of northern Siberia. The expedition left 
Seattle, Wash., in June, 1914, and returned in September, 1915. The 
immediate purpose of the trip was to obtain remains of large extinct 
animals, particularly of the mammoth for which the region is noted. 
The results were not all that were hoped for, but a considerable quan- 
tity of material was obtained, though no complete skeleton. A re- 
port, with photographs taken by the party, was published in the 
pamphlet on Smithsonian explorations and field work in 1915. The 
collection of bones sent in by the expedition contains a few fine speci- 
mens, together with a considerable number of isolated bones, which 
are valuable for study and comparison. They all indicate a late 
Pleistocene age, as the bones of many of the forms represented can 
with difficulty be distinguished from those of species still living in 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 9 


that region. The animals represented include the mammoth, bison, 
carabou, horse (two or more species), rhinoceros, musk-ox, wolverine, 
and wolf. The prize specimen is a finely preserved, almost complete 
skull of Elephas primigenius. It is of especial interest as being the 
only skull of the Siberian mgmmoth in any of our American 
museums. 


COLLECTING FOSSIL ECHINODERMS IN THE OHIO VALLEY. 


Explorations for fossil echinoderms were conducted during the 
summer of 1915, under the supervision of Mr. Frank Springer, asso- 
ciate in paleontology in the United States National Museum. The 
work was limited to two areas of Silurian rocks in the Ohio Valley 
from each of which much valuable material was procured for the 
study of certain definite problems. In southern Indiana Mr. Her- 
rick E. Wilson, under Mr. Springer’s direction, spent a number of 
weeks quarrying for Niagaran echinoderms, particularly crinoids, in 
the vicinity of St. Paul where numerous outcrops of the Laurel lime- 
stone occur. The object of this work was to secure as many speci- 
mens as possible for comparisons of this peculiar fauna with those 
from European Silurian rocks. Not only was much material ob- 
tained by the quarrying operations, but all of the local collections of 
fossils were purchased for Mr. Springer, so that the Museum, which 
hitherto had practically no fossils from the Laurel limestone, is now 
in possession of a splendid general collection of fossils from this 
particular formation. 

The second area of exploration was in west Tennessee along the 
Tennessee River, where Mr. W. F. Pate spent some weeks in search- 
ing for the peculiar crinoidal bulb, Camarocrinus, and the associ- 
ated crinoid, Scyphocrinus, both of which Mr. Springer has proved 
to belong to the same organism. Mr. Pate was successful in finding 
several localities where excellent specimens of the Camarocrinus and 
Scyphocrinus were associated. Much material was secured and the 
specimens will be used in the preparation-of Mr. Springer’s mono- 
graph upon this group of crinoids. 


GEOLOGICAL WORK IN PENNSYLVANIA AND VIRGINIA. 


By arrangement with the United States Geological Survey, Dr. 
Edgar T. Wherry, of the National Museum, continued his studies 
of the geology of the Reading quadrangle in eastern Pennsylvania 
for a month during the summer of 1915. He completed the areal 
mapping of the Cambrian and Ordovician rocks of the region, and 
has transmitted to the Survey the manuscript of a report upon 
his work. He also mapped Cambrian and Triassic formations on 


10 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1916. 


the Quakertown and Doylestown quadrangles, which lie to the east 
of the Reading. 

A brief visit was made to a newly discovered cave near Lurich, 
Va., where the cave marble was reported to be of economic im- 
portance. This view proved to be unjustified, but some unusual 
stalactitic formations were found, two specimens of which were 
obtained for the Museum collections. 


EXPEDITION TO BORNEO AND CELEBES, 


As the result of zoological explorations carried on by Mr. H. C. 
Raven in Celebes, through the generosity of Dr. W. L. Abbott, the 
Museum has received 464 mammals, 870 birds, 50 reptiles, and some 
miscellaneous specimens. The mammals and birds are of great 
value as the first adequate representation of a fauna that has par- 
ticular interest in connection with previous work in other parts 
of the Malay Archipelago. Early in the summer of 1915 Mr. Raven 
returned to America and spent several months on vacation and in 
preparing for further explorations in Celebes and other parts of the 
East Indies. Dr. Abbott has offered his continued support to this 
work. Mr. Raven left Washington for the East by way of Japan 
and Singapore, about the middle of October. Two months later 
he reported from Buitenzorg, Java, that he was making good prog- 
ress toward the collecting ground. 


EXPLORATIONS IN CHINA AND MANCHURIA, 


Zoological explorations, mentioned in previous reports, have been 
continued in China and Manchuria by Mr. Sowerby through the 
generosity of a friend of the Institution who desires to remain un- 
known. During July, August, and September, he made an expedi- 
tion to the lower reaches of the Sungari River and the I-mien-po 
district in north Manchuria, where he succeeded in collecting some 
interesting specimens of mammals, birds, and fishes to be for- 
warded to the Institution. 


EXPLORATIONS IN EASTERN SIBERIA. 


In the summer of 1915 Mr. Copley Amory, jr., returned from the 
northeast coast of Siberia, where for about a year he had been 
gathering zoological material in connection with a party under 
Capt. John Koren. As his part of the results of the expedition Mr. 
Amory turned over to the National Museum 365 mammals, 264 birds, 
and various miscellaneous specimens principally of plants, fish, and 
birds’ eggs. Most of this material was prepared by Mr. Amory him- 
self, though various members of the expedition contributed to the 
collections of both mammals and birds. Among the mammals, about 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. et: 


25 wild species are represented and are of interest for comparing 
the Alaskan species with their nearest Asiatic relatives. 


EXPEDITION TO ST. THOMAS, DANISH WEST INDIES. 


Mr. C. R. Shoemaker, of the division of marine invertebrates in 
the National Museum, spent the two months from the middle of 
June to the middle of August, 1915, in the Danish West Indies, 
under the auspices of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, D. C., 
securing collections of corals and other marine invertebrates. This 
expedition has enriched the collections of the National Museum by 
about 5,000 specimens, which it is hoped will throw considerable 
light on the correlation of these islands in the West Indian complex. 

The collecting was done in the open water, bays, and channels at 
’ St. Thomas, St. John, and St. James. The deeper waters were ex- 
plored by means of dredging from a motor boat, while native divers, 
working from the heavy West Indian row boats, were used for 
collecting in the shallow waters. In addition to this, much shore 
collecting was done. Owing to the very strong and constant trade 
wind, work on exposed reefs was in many cases made impossible by 
the heavy surf. Collecting in the protected bays, however, was most 
successful, as a great variety of bottom was to be found in many 
of them. 

While the chief aim of the expedition was to secure as complete 
a representation of the coral fauna as possible—and this aim met 
with considerable success—fine collections of other marine inverte- 
brates were also obtained, including protozoa, sponges, hydroids, 
meduse, alcyonarians, anemones, bryozoans, starfish, sea urchins, holo- 
thurians, annelids, crustaceans, mollusks, and ascidians. Collections 
were also made on land whenever opportunities offered, including 
insects, mollusks, reptiles, and batrachians. 


CACTUS INVESTIGATIONS IN BRAZIL AND ARGENTINA. | 


Dr. J. N. Rose, associate in Botany, United States National 
Museum (at present connected with the Carnegie Institution of 
Washington in the preparation of a monograph of the Cactacez of 
America), accompanied by Mr. Paul G. Russell, of the United States 
National Museum, continued the botanical exploration of South 
America during the summer of 1915, spending over five months in 
travel and field work in Brazil and Argentina. 

In addition to the good-sized collections of cactuses, consisting of 
living, herbarium, and formalin specimens, moderately large collec- 
tions of insects, shells, diatoms, and other natural-history specimens 
were obtained. In all about 8,000 herbarium specimens were ob- 
tained and over 90 cases, large and small, of living plants were sent 

68663°—16——2 


I ty ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1916. 


back to the United States. The living collection is now on exhibition 
at the New York Botanical Garden. 


Bahia, Brazil, was the first place visited, which city served as a base for 
collecting trips into the interior of the State of Bahia. One of these was to the 
town of Joazeiro, located about 300 miles north-northwest of Bahia, and lying 
in a typical cactus desert, although this region is traversed by the large Rio 
Sao Francisco. Notwithstanding the fact that this stream is full the entire 
year, little or no attempt is being made to use the water for irrigation purposes. 
The country is of that type known as “ catinga,” and resembles in a remarkable 
way the deserts of the West Indies; indeed, the genera of plants are in many 
cases the same, though the species are distinct. Here was seen the “ carnuba,” 
or wax palm, from which is obtained the wax utilized in making records for 
phonographs. Near Joazeiro is the Horto Florestal, or “forest garden,” a 
Government experiment station in charge of Dr. Leo Zehntner, who rendered 
great assistance in the study and collection of the cactuses of the region. 

After making short stops at various stations in returning to Bahia, a trip 
was made to Machado Portella, a small town about 175 miles west and a little 
south of Bahia, the terminus of a little narrow-gauge railway. This is also 
a semiarid region and proved exceedingly interesting botanically. The next 
side trip was to Toca da Onea, still farther south, on the edge of a thick 
tropical forest and in a region much more hurhid than the northern part of the 
State. ; 

About six weeks were then spent in beautiful Rio de Janeiro and vicinity. 
Here, even in the city itself, a botanist finds a great deal to interest him, for 
the trees are covered with epiphytic cactuses, mostly of the genus Rhipsalis, 
and within the city itself rises the picturesque Corcovado, a thickly wooded 
mountain on whose slopes are found many rare ferns and tree-inhabiting 
cactuses. The Jardin Botanico in this city is one of the finest in the world. 
Over 200 species of palms from all parts of the tropics are here grown in the 
open, besides many other rare tropical plants. In another section of the city, 
in a fine large park called the Quinta Boa Vista, is the Museo Nacional, where 
a number of rare cactuses were found in the herbarium. 

From Rio de Janeiro an ascent of Itatiaya, the highest mountain in Brazil, 
was made, and on the very top, 10,000 feet above the sea, was found a small 
eactus with beautiful rose-colored flowers. Excursions were also made to 
Cabo Frio, to Ilha Grande, and to the islands in the Bay of Rio de Janeiro. A 
few days were spent in the Organ Mountains, near Petropolis, the summer home 
of the weaithiest classes of Rio de Janeiro. This range of mountains merits a 
more thorough biological exploration than has been hitherto undertaken. 

Proceeding southward, a day was spent at Santos, Brazil, the world’s greatest 
coffee center. Buenos Aires was visited next, although but little time was spent 
in the city. Several visits were made to the fine suburb of La Plata, where 
resides Dr. Carlos Spegazzini, the leading authority on Argentine cactuses. 

From Buenos Aires a trip was taken across Argentina to Mendoza, a city 
situated near the foot of the Andes, in a region favorable to the growth of suc- 
culent plants. From there a short excursion was made to Portrerillos, Argen- 
tina, on the railway which leads to Valparaiso, Chile. Many very interesting 
plants were found in both these places. 

In the city of Cordova, Argentina, northwest of Buenos Aires, the cactus col- 
lection of Dr. Frederick Kurtz was found to contain some rare types, which were 
very kindly submitted for examination and study. In this vicinity, as well as 
in the neighboring town of Cosquin, many cactuses were collected on the semi- 
arid peneplain. 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 13 


FOG-CLEARING INVESTIGATIONS. 


Aided by a grant of $2,000 from the Smithsonian Institution and a 
grant from the Research Corporation, a committee of electrical engi- 
neering experts, under the general direction of Mr. F. G. Cottrell, 
continued during 1915 the investigations begun at San Francisco by 
the University of California, in cooperation with the United States 
Lighthouse Service, relative to the clearing of fog by means of elec- 
trical precipitation. In a preliminary report read at the first meet- 
ing of the committee, Prof. Ryan, of Stanford University, says: 

Science has established the fact that all dust and fog particles in the open 
atmosphere are electrified and subject to dispersion or precipitation. It is ap- 
parent,. therefore, that a source of very high direct voltage, with facilities for 
control and application, may be of inestimable value in certain quarters and 
seasons for clearing fog away from a street, from along a passenger railway, from 
around the landing stages of a ferry, or, possibly, about or in advance of a ship 
under headway at sea. 

The clearing of fog differs from the treatment of smoke and fumes 
in several respects, principally in that the smoke particles must be 
actually deposited on the electrodes to bring about the desired effect, 
whereas in treating fog it is only necessary to cause coalescence of 
the minute particles into larger ones to give much greater transpar- 
ency, even disregarding the more rapid settling of the larger drops. 
However, other difficulties are to be expected in the problem of 
clearing fog, such as the conditions arising from the continual 
immersion in the wet atmosphere. What is chiefly needed for an 
intelligent conception of the problem is actual first-hand experience 
in handling these and other unusual conditions. 

The most striking features of the apparatus used in these experi- 
ments are the Thordarson 350,000 to 1,000,000 volt transformers, 
which I saw while visiting the San Francisco Exposition. 

A great deal was learned during the year about the electrical 
technique of the problem, and although days of suitable fog condi- 
tions were extremely scarce, on the rare occasions of actual tridl very 
perceptible clearing for a short distance around the high-tension 
wires was obtained as the fog swept past. 


EXPLORATIONS OF ANCIENT MAYA CITIES IN GUATEMALA AND HONDURAS. 


Through the courtesy of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, 
the Smithsonian Institution has been enabled to participate in some 
very interesting explorations in Central America. Prof. W. H. 
Holmes, head curator of anthropology in the National Museum, 
gives the following general account of his work in that country: 


In February, 1916, owing to a generous grant of funds by the Smithsonian 
Institution, the writer had the good fortune to become a member of the Car- 


14 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1916. 

/ 
negie Institution’s archeological expedition to Central America under the able 
direction of Sylvanus G. Morley. The work of exploring and studying in detail 
the remarkable remains of the ancient Mayan culture was vigorously carried 
forward. An especial object of the expedition was the discovery of additional 
inscriptions embodying glyphic dates, for it is the dates, now read with facility, 
which furnish the skeleton of Maya history. 

Among the ancient cities visited while the writer was associated with the 
expedition were Antigua, the ancient Spanish capital of the kingdom of 
Guatemala, built on the site of a prehistoric city; the extensive ruins of the 
ancient city of Iximache, near the site occupied to-day by the capital of 
Guatemala, Guatemala City; the ruined city of Quirigua in eastern Guatemala, 
the subject of much scientific interest during recent years; and the ruins of 
Copan, in Honduras, perhaps the most remarkable of all the American monu- 
ments of antiquity. 

Especial attention was given by the writer to the collection of data and 
drawings to be utilized in preparing panoramic views of the~-several cities 
visited, and every effort was made to obtain information regarding the techni- 
cal methods employed by the ancient builders. The quarries from which the 
stone was obtained were too deeply buried in tropical vegetation to yield up 
their story without extensive excavation and the methods employed in dressing 
and carving the stone remain in large part undetermined. Certain chipped and 
ground stone implements that could have served in dressing the stones used in 
building were found in numbers, but the story of the carving, especially of the 
very deep carving of the monuments of Copan, remains unrevealed. Although 
it is thought that stone tools may have been equal to the great task, it is 
believed by some that without bronze the work could not have been done. 
There are, however, no traces of the use of bronze by the Central Americans. 

The monuments are on a grand scale and great skill and excellent taste are 
manifest in their embellishment, the whole giving evidence of a state of 
culture advancement unsurpassed in any other part of aboriginal America. 


STUDY OF NOCTURNAL RADIATION. 


Several grants from the Hodgkins fund have been made to Prof. 
Anders Angstrém during the past few years to enable him to carry 
on researches on the radiation of the atmosphere, particularly noc- 
turnal radiation. The results of observations made by him in 
Algeria in 1912 and in California in 1913 were embodied in a 
pamphlet published by the Institution in 1915. In this pamphlet he 
summarizes his work as follows: 


The main results and conclusions that will be found in this paper are the 


following. They relate to the radiation emitted by the atmosphere to a radiat-. 


ing surface at a lower altitude, and to the loss of heat of a surface by radiation 
toward space and toward the atmosphere at higher altitudes. 

I. The variations of the total temperature radiation of the atmosphere are 
at low altitudes (less than 4,500 m.) principally caused by variations in tem- 
perature and humidity. 2 

II. The total radiation received from the atmosphere is very nearly propor- 
tional to the fourth power of the temperature at the place of observation. 

III. The radiation is dependent on the humidity in such a way that an in- 
crease in the water-vapor content of the atmosphere will increase its radiation. 
The dependence of the radiation on the water content has been expressed by 
an exponential law, 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 15 


IV. An increase in the water-vapor pressure will cause a decrease in the 
effective radiation from the earth to every point of the sky. The fractional 
decrease is much larger for large zenith angles than for small ones. 

V. The total radiation which would be received from a perfectly dry atmos- 


i? 
phere would be about 0.28 = 


cm.”min. 
observation. 

VI. The radiation of the upper, dry atmosphere would be about 50 per cent 
of that of a black body at the temperature of the place of observation. 

VII. There is no evidence of maxima or minima of atmospheric radiation dur- 

.ing the night that can not be explained by the influence of temperature and 
humidity conditions. 

VIII. There are indications that the radiation during the daytime is subject 
to the same laws that hold for the radiation during the nighttime. 

IX. An increase in altitude causes a decrease or an increase in the value of 
the effective radiation of a blackened body toward the sky, dependent upon the 
value of the temperature gradient and of the humidity gradient of the atmos- 
phere. At about 3,000 meters altitude of the radiating body the effective radia- 
tion generally has a maximum. An increase of the humidity or a decrease of 
the temperature gradient of the atmosphere tends to shift this maximum to 
higher altitudes. 

X. The effect of clouds is very variable. Low and dense cloud banks cut 
down the outgoing effective radiation of a blackened surface to about 0.015 
calorie per cm.’ per minute; in the case of high and thin clouds the radiation is 
reduced by only 10 to 20 per cent. 

XI. The effect of haze upon the effective radiation to the sky is almost in- 
appreciable when no clouds or real fog are formed. Observations in Algeria 
in 1912 and in California in 1913 show that the great atmospheric disturbance 
caused by the eruption of Mount Katmai in Alaska, in the former year, can only 
have reduced the nocturnal radiation by less than 3.0 per cent. 

XII. Conclusions are drawn in regard to the radiation from large water sur- 
faces, and the probability is indicated that this radiation is almost constant at 
different temperatures, and consequently in different latitudes also. 


Another grant was made to Prof. Angstrém in October, 1915, for a 
_ study of nocturnal radiation in the far north during the long 
Arctic night. Concerning this study he wrote to the Institution on 
February 16, 1916, as follows: 


Through this grant I have been able to make observations on nocturnal 
radiation during the Arctic night in the north of Sweden, at a place named 
Abisko, at about 68° 30’ latitude. The observations were extended during 
about a month (Jan. 1-26) and were obtained under various atmospheric con- 
ditions. One night observations were taken at a temperature of —30° C. 
(—20° F.), when consequently the absolute humidity must have been very low. 
In general, these observations confirm the views expressed in my paper?’ in 
regard to the influence of temperature and humidity upon the nocturnal radia- 
tion and the radiation of the atmosphere. 

In connection with the named measurements observations were also made on 
the cooling of snow surfaces under the temperature of the surrounding air as a 
consequence of nocturnal radiation. As was to be expected, a linear relation 
was found to exist between the radiation and the named temperature difference. 


with a temperature of 20° ©. at the place of 


1 Smithsonian Misc. Coll., Vol. 65, No. 3, 1915. 


16 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1916. 


I hope in the near future to get an opportunity to extend these important 
observations on the connection existing between radiation and the cooling of 
various materials existing on the earth’s surface. The question is one of 
scientific as well as of practical agricultural interest. 


HARRIMAN TRUST FUND. 


Dr. C. Hart Merriam, research associate of the Institution, aided 
by the income of a trust fund established for the purpose by Mrs. 
E. H. Harriman, has continued his zoological investigations, par- 
ticularly the study of the big bears of North America. 


RESHARCH CORPORATION. 


The Research Corporation was established in 1912 under the New 
York State laws with the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution 
as one of the directors and a member of the executive committee. 
The primary object of the organization was to develop certain pat- 
ents described in previous reports which had been offered to the 
Institution by Dr. F. G. Cottrell but which could not be administered 
directly by the Institution. Other inventions and patents have since 
been acquired by the corporation, and through royalties from the 
installation and utilization of these patents a considerable fund has 
been created and the income therefrom will be devoted to the ad- 
vancement of technical and scientific investigation and experimenta- 
tion through the agency of the Smithsonian Institution and such 
other scientific and educational institutions and societies as may be 
selected by the directors. 

The Cottrell patents relate to the precipitation of dust, smoke, 
and chemical fumes by the use of electrical currents. Successful 
commercial installations have already been made on the following 
fumes: 

(a) Silver fumes from electrolytic slimes of copper refinery; (0) 
tin fumes from detinning process residues; (¢) hydrochloric acid 
fumes from cleaning vats in electrogalvanizing plant; (d) tin and 
zinc fumes from waste metal recovery plant; (e) “low bleach” from 
electrolytic plant; (7) sulphuric acid mist from contact acid plant; 
(7) lead fumes from copper converters; (4) fumes from roasting of 
zine ores; and (7) dust from buffing wheels and from machines for 
powdering slate. 


NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL. 


At its annual meeting in Washington in April, 1916, the National 
Academy of Sciences voted unanimously to offer its services to the 
President of the United States in the interest of national prepared- 
ness, and it was suggested that the academy “ might advantageously 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. UT 


organize the scientific resources of educational and research institu- 
tions in the interest of national security and welfare.” The President 
accepted the offer and requested the academy to proceed with the 
organization. An organizing committee was accordingly appointed, 
and on June 19 the council of the academy, acting upon recommenda- 
tions of that committee, voted— 


That there be formed a National Research Council whose purpose shall be to 
bring into cooperation existing governmental, educational, industrial, and other 
researeh organizations with the object of encouraging the investigation of 
natural phenomena, the increased use of scientific research in the development 
of American industries, the employment of scientific methods in strengthening 
the national defense, and such other applications of science as will promote the 
national security and welfare. 

That the council be composed of leading American investigators and engineers, 
representing the Army, Navy, Smithsonian Institution, and various scientific 
bureaus of the Government; educational institutions and research endowments; 
and the research divisions of industrial and manufacturing establishments. 


After the close of the fiscal year the National Research Council 
_was fully organized, the President of the United States appointing 
the representatives of the Government and authorizing the appoint- 
ment of other members by the president of the National Academy of 
Sciences. 


OFFICERS AND EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. 


Chairman, George E. Hale; vice chairmen, Charles D. Walcott and Gano 
Dunn; secretary, Cary T. Hutchinson; executive committee, John J. Carty 
(chairman), William H. Welch (ex officio), George E. Hale (ex officio), Edwin 
G. Conklin, Gano Dunn, Arthur A. Noyes, Raymond Pearl, Michael I. Pupin, 
S. W. Stratton, V. C. Vaughan (others to be appointed). 


MEMBERS OF NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL, 


Dr. L. H. Baekeland, Yonkers, N. Y. 

Dr. Marston T. Bogert, professor of organic chemistry, Columbia University. 

Dr. John A. Brashear, Allegheny, Pa. 

Dr. John J. Carty, chief engineer, American Telephone & Telegraph Co. 

Dr. Russell H. Chittenden, director, Sheffield Scientific School, Yale Uni- 
versity. 

Dr. Edwin G. Conklin, professor of zoology, Princeton University. 

Dr. John M. Coulter, professor of botany, University of Chicago. 

Brigadier General William Crozier, Chief of Ordnance, U. S. Army. 

Mr. Gano Dunn, president The J. G. White Engineering Corporation. 

Dr. Simon Flexner, director, Rockefeller Medical Institute. 

Major General William Crawford Gorgas, Surgeon General, U. S. Army. 

Dr. W. F. M. Goss, dean of engineering, University of Illinois. 

Dr. George E. Hale, director, Mount Wilson Solar Observatory. 

Mr. Clemens Herschel, president American Society of Civil Engineers. 

Prof. William H. Holmes, head curator of anthropology, United States Na- 
tional Museum. 

Dr. W. W. Keen, president American Philosophical Society. 

Mr. Van H. Manning, Director U. S. Bureau of Mines. 

Prof. Charles F. Marvin, Chief United States Weather Bureau. 


18 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1916. 


Prof. A. A. Michelson, director, Ryerson Physical Laboratory, University of 
Chicago. 

Dr. Robert A. Millikan, professor of physics, University of Chicago. 

Dr. Arthur A. Noyes, director, research laboratory of physical chemistry, 
Massachusetts Institute of Technology 

Dr. Raymond Pearl, director, Maine Agricultural Experiment Station. 

Prof. E. C. Pickering, director, Harvard College Observatory. 

Dr. Michael I. Pupin, professor of electro-mechanics, Columbia University. 

Mr. Charles F. Rand, president United Engineering Society. 

Prof. Theodore W. Richards, director of the Wolcott Gibbs Memorial Labora- 
tory, Harvard University. 

Mr. C. E. Skinner, director, research laboratory, Westinghouse Electric & 
Manufacturing Co. 

Lieutenant Colonel George O. Squier, Chief of Aviation, U. S. Army. 

Dr. S. W. Stratton, Director U. S. Bureau of Standards. 

Mr. Ambrose Swasey, Cleveland, Ohio. 

Rear Admiral David W. Taylor, Chief Constructor U. S. Navy. 

Dr. Elihu Thomson, Swampscott, Mass. 

Dr. C. R. Van Hise, president of the American Association for the Advance- 
ment of Science. 

Dr. Victor Clarence Vaughan, director, medical research laboratory, Uni- 
versity of Michigan. 

Dr. Charles D. Walcott, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. 

Dr. William H. Welch, president of the National Academy of Sciences. 

Dr. W. R. Whitney, director of the research laboratory, General Electric Go: 


The council will be gradually enlarged by the addition of new 
members who are to serve as chairmen of important committees or 
who are otherwise to engage in some special work. 

To carry out the work of the council committees are being ap- 
pointed, including (a) committee on rules and procedure; (>) com- 
mittee on publication; (¢) committee on research in educational 
institutions to consider general plans for the promotion of research 
in educational institutions and to arrange for local committees in 
each institution; (d) committee on promotion of industrial research 
with functions in the field somewhat similar to those of the preceding 
committee; (e) committee on a national census of research to pre- 
pare a national census of equipment for research, of the men engaged 
in it, and of lines of investigation pursued in cooperating Govern- 
ment bureaus, educational institutions, research foundations, and in- 
dustrial research laboratories. It has also been decided to form joint 
committees in various branches of science in cooperation with the 
corresponding national scientific societies. 


THE LANGLEY AERODYNAMICAL LABORATORY. 


In view of the organization of the National Advisory Committee 
for Aeronautics, provided for by act of Congress approved March 
3, 1915, it has appeared unnecessary at present to proceed further 
fae the permanent establishment of the proposed Langley labora- 


° REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 19 


tory. As secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, I was appointed 
a member of the National Advisory Committee and elected chairman 
of its executive committee, and in this connection I have been able 
to cooperate toward the solution of many important problems per- 
taining to the science and art of aviation. One of the chief advan- 
tages already being realized by the establishment of the advisory 
committee is a closer cooperation between the Army and Navy and 
other Federal departments and coordination of work in the general 
advancement of aviation. The Institution published during the year 
two pamphlets on aeronautics, one, a series of reports on wind 
tunnel experiments, and the other on “Dynamical stability of aero- 
planes,” both of them by J. C. Hunsaker and associates. 


PUBLICATIONS. 


The publications of the Institution proper include three series: 
Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge; Smithsonian Miscellan- 
eous Collections; and Smithsonian Annual Reports. Under the di- 
rection of the Institution there are also issued the Annual Reports, 
Proceedings, and Bulletins of the United States National Museum, 
including the Contributions from the National Herbarium; Annual 
Reports and Bulletins of the Bureau of American Ethnology; and 
the Annals of the Astrophysical Observatory. All of these series 
except the “ Contributions” and “ Collections” are printed through 
annual Congressional allotments. In all of these series there was pub- 
lished during the year a total of 8,498 pages and 623 plates of illus- - 
trations. 

Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge.—This series is intended 
‘to show results of original research constituting important contribu- 
tions to knowledge. One memoir of the series was in press at the 
close of the year giving the results of an extended study on the com- 
parative histology of the femur. 

Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections—Twenty-two papers, 
forming parts of five volumes of this series, were issued, among them 
three papers on Cambrian geology by your secretary. In this series 
the annual exploration pamphlet was issued, giving brief accounts 
of the explorations and field work of the Institution in geology, 
biology, and anthropology, covering every continent on the globe, 
and illustrated by 141 photographs taken in the field by the scien- 
tists themselves. The Smithsonian Physical Tables, which together 
with the Mathematical and Geographical Tables have become stand- 
ard works of reference in educational and research institutions, are 
published in this series. The sixth revised edition of the Physical 
Tables, issued during the preceding year, was quickly exhausted, 
making it necessary to print additional copies. Still another edition 
is now in press, indicating the constant demand for this work. 


20 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1916. * 


Smithsonian report.—The complete volume of the 1914 report was 
received from the printer and distributed at the beginning of the 
year. Material for the 1915 report was sent to press in December, 
and was completed just before the fiscal year closed. In the general 
appendix are 22 papers showing recent progress in various branches 
of science, including “ The utilization of solar energy,” “ Evidences 
of primitive life,” by your secretary, “ Heredity,” “ Linguistic areas 
in Europe,” and “ Recent developments in telephony and telegraphy.” 
The custom of printing special editions in pamphlet form of papers 
in the general appendix has proved of great advantage; in several 
cases there has been a demand for a very large number of copies, 
which was especially noticeable in connection with an article on “ The 
value of birds to man” in the 1918 report. 

Special publications—Opinion 67 of the Opinions of the Inter- 
national Commission on Zoological Nomenclature was issued as a 
special publication. A special paper by Chester G. Gilbert of the 
National Museum, on “ Sources of nitrogen compounds in the United 
States” attracted considerable attention. Among other conclusions, — 
he states: . 

The evolution of a practicable process for the oxidation of by-product 
ammonia to render present resources available, with the development of an 
atmospheric nitrogen fixation output by the Cyanamide process carefully timed 
to meet growing demands following a reduction in the retail price of nitro- 
genous fertilizer, would appear to be the desirable governmental procedure as 
being the one least liable to disastrous consequences. 

National Museum publications —The National Museum issued an 
annual report, 2 volumes of the proceedings, 52 separate papers form- 
ing parts of these and other volumes, and 4 bulletins. 

Bureau of Ethnology publications—The Bureau of American 
Ethnology published 2 annual reports, separates of 4 accompanying 
papers in these reports, and 2 bulletins. 

Reports of historical and patriotic societies—The annual reports 
of the American Historical Association and the National Society of 
the Daughters of the American Revolution were submitted to the 
Institution and communicated to Congress in accordance with the 
charters of these organizations. 

Allotments for printing.—Most of the allotment to the Institution 
and its branches for printing was used during the year, though it 
was impracticable to complete a large amount of material in press 
at the close of the year in the National Museum and Bureau of 
American Ethnology series. ; 

The allotments for the year ending June 30, 1917; are as follows: 
For the Smithsonian Institution: For printing and binding the annual 


reports of the Board of Regents, with general appendices, the edi- 
tions of which shall not exceed 10,000 copies______________________ $10, 000 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 91 


For the annual reports of the National Museum, with general appen- 
dices, and for printing labels and blanks, and for the Bulletins and 
Proceedings of the National Museum, the editions of which shall not 
exceed 4,000 copies, and binding, in half morocco or material not more 
expensive, scientific books, and pamphlets presented to or acquired 


Dyerio@NaLional Vuseum Lilneany=s 22 Ss suis See ee $37, 500 
For the annual reports and Bulletins of the Bureau of American Eth- 
nology and for miscellaneous printing and binding for the bureau_____ 21, 000 
For miscellaneous printing and binding: 
NTL GEM hLO Tae MCh e OS eee nae Sone te eR bee Ce ta 200 
International Catalogue of Scientific Literature______________* 100 
NETO N ll AOOl OS CaS air ee eats ee EN ge a 200 
ASCRODMY SI Calm OD SCLVaLOly 2 eee = ee ah a Re On a ea eee 200 
For the annual report of the American Historical Association________ 7, 000 
Speeds pe otk ADM (areas ee ay PA Rk 76, 200 


Committee on printing and publication—All manuscripts submit- 
ted for publication by the Institution or its branches have, as usual, 
been referred to the Smithsonian advisory committee on printing and 
publication. During the year 18 meetings were held and 96 manu- 
scripts examined and passed upon. The personnel of the committee 
was as follows: Dr. Leonhard Stejneger, head curator of biology, 
National Museum, acting chairman; Dr. C. G. Abbot, director of the 
Astrophysical Observatory; Dr. Frank Baker, superintendent of the 
National Zoological Park; Mr. A. Howard Clark, editor of the Smith- 
sonian Institution, secretary of the committee; Mr. F. W. Hodge, 
ethnologist in charge of the Bureau of American ethnology; and 
Dr. George P. Merrill, head curator of geology, United States 
National Museum. 


LIBRARY. 


The accumulation of a scientific library has always been an im- 
portant phase of the Institution’s work in the “ increase and diffusion 
of knowledge,” and the collection has increased in size from year to 
year until at present it numbers well over half a million titles. The 
accessions of the year aggregated about 13,000 books and pamphlets. 

The main Smithsonian library is assembled in the Library of Con- 
gress and is known as the Smithsonian deposit. In addition the 
Institution maintains the Smithsonian office library, the National 
- Museum library, the library of the Bureau of American Ethnology, 
the Astrophysical Observatory library, and the National Zoological 
Park library, besides some 35 specialized sectional libraries main-’ 
tained in various offices for the use of the scientific staff of the Insti- 
tution and its branches. The Smithsonian office library contains a 
collection of books relating to art, the employees’ library, and an exten- 
sive aeronautical library. This collection of aeronautical works has 
been notably increased by additional gifts from Dr. Alexander 


22 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1916. 


Graham Bell, consisting of 33 books and 37 portfolios of periodicals, 
and by a number of reference works from the library of Major 
Baden-Powell. 

The National Museum library received 4,840 accessions, among 
them 207 titles contributed by Dr. William Healey Dall to his col- 
lection of works relating to mollusks; and the scientific library of 
Dr. Theodore Nicholas Gill, numbering about 3,000 volumes, pre- 
sented to the Institution by his brother, Mr. Herbert A. Gill, which 
is a valuable addition to the natural history series, especially in 
ichthyology. 


INTERNATIONAL CONGRESSES AND EXPOSITIONS. 
SECOND PAN AMERICAN SCIENTIFIC CONGRESS. 


The Second Pan American Scientific Congress, which held its ses- 
sions in Washington from December 27, 1915, to January 8, 1916, 
was the fifth of a series of scientific congresses, the first three of - 
which included only the Latin American countries. At the first 
strictly Pan American Congress, held in Peru in 1908, in which the 
United States was invited to participate, it was unanimously voted 
to hold the next meeting in Washington. The congress held its 
inaugural session at 10 a. m., December 27, at Memorial Continental 
Hall, and business sessions and social affairs were arranged for every 
day thereafter until January 8. The following are the sections into 
which the congress was divided: 

I. Anthropology. 

II. Astronomy, Meteorology, and Seismology. 

III. Conservation of Natural Resources, Agriculture, Irrigation, and Forestry. 

IV. Education. 

V. Engineering. 

VI. International Law, Public Law, and Jurisprudence. 

VII. Mining and Metallurgy, Economic Geology, and Applied Chemistry. 

VIII. Public Health and Medical Science. 

IX. Transportation, Commerce, Finance, and Taxation. 

At the meetings of these sections a great number of papers of 
scientific and economic importance were read. 

The Institution proper was represented in the congress by your 
secretary and Prof. W. H. Holmes, head curator of anthropology, 
United States National Museum, as delegates. Of the branches of 
the Institution, the Bureau of American Ethnology was represented 
by the ethnologist in charge, Mr. F. W. Hodge, and Dr. J. W. 
Fewkes, delegates; and the Astrophysical Observatory by Dr. C. G. 
Abbot, delegate, and Mr. F. E. Fowle, alternate. A reception was 
held for the Latin American delegates by the Board of Regents and 
the Secretary of the Institution in the new building of the National ~ 
Museum on the evening of December 29. 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 93 


This highly successful and important congress was attended by 
approximately 100 official delegates from the 21 American Republics, 


and 60 by special invitation, or representing societies or universities. 


The United States was represented by approximately 1,000 unofficial 
delegates or members. 


NINETEENTH INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF AMERICANISTS. 


The Nineteenth International Congress of Americanists, which 
was to have been held at Washington on the invitation of the Smith- 
sonian Institution in October, 1914, was postponed on account of 
the war in Europe until a more favorable time for an international 
gathering. When it became evident that a fully attended meeting 
would be out of the question in the near future, it was decided to 


_ hold the congress in affiliation with the section of anthropology of 


the Second Pan American Scientific Congress and jointly with the 
American Anthropological Association, the American Folk-Lore 
Society, the American Historical Association, and the Archaeologi- 
cal Institute of America. In consequence the date of the meeting 
was definitely fixed for December 27-31, 1915. 

Mr. John W. Foster, ex-Secretary of State, former minister to 
Mexico and Russia, ex-president of the Washington Society of the 
Archaeological Institute, etc., served as president of the congress. 
The honerary presidents were the Secretary of the Smithsonian In- 
stitution; Mr. Clarence B. Moore, of Philadelphia; and Prof. 
William H. Holmes, of the National Museum. Mr. Clarence F. 
Norment, of Washington, served as treasurer, and Dr. AleS Hrdlitka, 
of the National Museum, as secretary of the Congress. There was 
a long list of honorary vice presidents, a general (honorary) com- 
mittee, associate foreign secretaries, and an organizing committee 
(with the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution as chairman). 

Official representatives of foreign Governments were in attendance 
from Austria, Chile, Cuba, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Guate- 
mala, Nicaragua, Peru, Russia, Sweden, and Uruguay, and about 
100 official delegates from various learned societies:and universities 
in the United States and foreign countries. 

The headquarters of the congress were at the National Museum, 
and most of the sessions were held there. 

_Nearly 100 papers relating to the study of somatology, arche- 
ology, ethnology, folklore, history, and linguistics were read at the 
sessions of the congress, among them papers by several members of 


- the staff of the Bureau of American Ethnology and of the National 


Museum. 


24 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1916. 
PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION. 


Only a very small allotment was allowed the Smithsonian Institu- 
tion and its branches from the congressional appropriation for Goy- 
ernment exhibits at San Francisco in 1915. It was possible, how- 
ever, to make a small display showing in a general way the scope and 
activities of the Institution, and an ethnological exhibit illustrating 
the characteristics and culture status of typical primitive peoples. 
The exhibits were located in the Liberal Arts Palace, covering a floor 
space of about 6,000 square feet. 

The exhibit of the Institution proper consisted of a series of photo- 
graphs of its founder, James Smithson, the four secretaries, pictures 
of the building and departments, and a complete set of its publica- 
tions. There was also displayed an exact reproduction of the 
Langley experimental steam flying machine which performed the 
epoch-making flights over the Potomac River, May 6, 1896, together 
with photographs taken at the time. Langley’s success as a pioneer 
in aviation was commemorated on the Column of Progress at the 
exposition (pl. 1) by a tablet with the following. inscription : 

To commemorate science’s gift of aviation to the world through Samuel Pier- 
pont Langley, an American. 

The principal exhibit by the National Museum dealt with eth- 
nology, or the scientific study of the races of men, their origin, distri- 
bution, relations, and culture. It included four family lay-figure 
groups, the Eskimo of Alaska, the Dyak of the Eest Indies, the 
Zulu-Kaftir of South Africa, and the Carib of South America; also 
village groups in miniature illustrating the houses and house life of — 
various peoples, together with cases of specimens relating to the 
primitive arts and industries. 

The remaining departments or branches of the Institution, includ- 
ing the International Exchange Service, the Bureau of American 
Ethnology, the Astrophysical Observatory, the Zoological Park, the 
Hodgkins fund, the Aerodynamical Laboratory, and the Regional 
Bureau of the International Catalogue of Scientific Literature, were 
represented by charts, photographs, maps, instruments, and publi- 
cations illustrative of their various functions. 

Mr. W. de C. Ravenel, administrative assistant of the United 
States National Museum and secretary to the exposition board, acted 
as the representative of the Smithsonian Institution and its branches, 
with the assistance of Dr. Walter Hough, curator of ethnology, 
United States National Museum. 

The exhibits were enumerated in detail in a descriptive catalogue 
of 120 pages. 


Smithsonian Report, 1916.—Secretary's Report. PLATE 1. 


4 
Vf Sa 


} f x 
bts 


LANGLEY TABLET ON COLUMN OF PROGRESS AT PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL 
EXPOSITION, SAN FRANCISCO, CAL., 1915. 


- REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 25 


The family groups illustrated the most effective museum method 
of presenting ethnological material. The catalogue describes the 
groups as follows: 


The Eskimo family group comprises seven life-size figures clad in the native 
costumes and colored according to life, engaged in the usual summer vocations 
and amusements. At the left a woman is cooking meat in a primitive pottery 
vessel, and another woman is putting dried fish in the storehouse. In the back- 
ground a man with a sinew-backed bow is watching a youth practicing with his 
sling. On the right another man is seated on the ground carving a wooden 
dish with a curved knife, and two little girls are playing with their native toys. 
The structure in the back of the case is a representation of the storehouse 
commonly used by the western Eskimo. The dwelling groups show the houses 
to be dome-shaped, made of earth piled over a cobwork of timbers erected in 
an excavation in the ground. In the summer a passageway gives entrance, but 
in the winter a tunnel is built. A bench on which the people sleep runs around 
the wall on the inside of the house. The cooking within the dwelling is done 
in a pottery vessel suspended over a lamp. 

The group representing the Zulu-Kaffir and Bantu tribes, which live in the 
semiarid southern extremity of the African continent, depicts the natives as 
physically strong and energetic and not so dark as the true negro. This race is 
superior in military and social organizations and compares favorably in the 
arts and industries with other African families. The group shows a section of 
a house with a doorway, a fireplace on which a woman is cooking mush, a 
woman dipping beer from a large pottery jar, a woman from the field with a 
hoe, a water carrier with a jar on her head, a man playing a marimba or 
xylophone, and a boy driving a goat. The natives are represented as they 
existed some years ago, before they were affected by contact with the white 
man. Other cases include models of the native African dwellings and examples 
of the handiwork of these people, an interesting feature of which is the primi- 
tive ironwork in which many African tribes were highly skilled. 

The next group takes the exposition visitor from Africa across the Atlantic 
to northern South America, where dwells the Carib in the forested tropical 
interior of British Guiana. Some of the tribes of this great race have only 
recently been visited by white men. Here is to be seen a Carib warrior with 
his blowgun, a woman and a child squeezing cassava in a primitive lever 
‘press, another woman decorating a tree gourd with characteristic interlocking 
designs, and a child playing with a pet parrot. A hammock swung between two 
house posts represents the form of bed in general use in ancient as well as 
modern Latin America. Among the articles manufactured by these natives 
examples of ceremonial objects and articles of personal adornment are ex- 
hibited, including headdresses, earrings, belts, arm bands, necklaces, and capes. 

A fourth family group represents the Dyaks of the island of Borneo. They 
are expert house and boat builders and skilled in the use of the blowgun. 
Rice, sago, tropical fruits, monkeys, wild pigs, and other game, yield them 
subsistence. The men are warlike, and are still, to some extent, head-hunters, 
their weapons being spears, short swords, and blowguns with poison-tipped 
darts. The Dyak family group is represented on the porch of a communal 
house, carrying on various occupations. A woman is pounding rice in a wooden 
mortar, while another is represented as bringing in a basket of rice on her 
_ back, a third is making a basket, a man armed with a bayoneted blowgun is 
approaching with a freshly killed monkey, and two children are shown playing 
cat’s cradle, a popular native game. 


- , 


26° ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1916. 


The museum exhibits also included a series of objects illustrating 
the development of six kinds of implements and appliances of the 
arts—apparatus for fire making, the jackknife, the saw, the spindle, 
the shuttle, and the ax. Pictures of other exhibits in biology, geol- 
ogy, and anthropology in the National Museum were shown by a 
“ stereomotorgraph ” machine. 

The Smithsonian Institution was awarded a grand prize, under 
the head of scientific investigation, for the collective exhibit by the 
Institution proper, the Bureau of American Ethnology, the Museum, 
the Astrophysical Observatory, and the Bureau of International 
Catalogue of Scientific Literature; a grand prize for the balloon 
pyrheliometer designed and exhibited by the Astrophysical Observa- 
tory; a gold medal for the “Group of elk” shown by the Museum; 
and a silver medal for investigations for the betterment of social 
and economic conditions. The balloon pyrheliometer, as its name 
implies, is an instrument for measuring the heat of the sun. It is 
carried aloft by a pair of rubber balloons until one of them bursts, 
when it gradually descends to the earth, supported by the other. 
Records have thus been obtained at heights of over 9 miles. 


PANAMA-CALIFORNIA EXPOSITION AT SAN DIEGO. 


Although no appropriation was made by Congress for exhibits 
at San Diego in 1915, it was possible for the Institution, through 
cooperation with the exposition authorities, to arrange an interesting 
exhibit of physical anthropology and one illustrating American 
aboriginal industries. These exhibits were described in my report 
of last year. 

At the close of the San Francisco Exposition a number of the 
Smithsonian exhibits were transferred to San Diego, this fair having 
been extended over another year. These exhibits were located in the 
Science of Man Building, and included four large cases containing 
the family groups of natives from different quarters of the globe, as 
described above, and some cases containing specimens of their arts 
and industries, together with several small family dwelling groups. 


NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


The report of Assistant Secretary Rathbun, appended hereto, re- 
views in detail the operations of the National Museum. The total 
number of new specimens acquired was 243,733; about one-half per- 
tained to the department of zoology, about one-third were botanical 
and paleontological, and the rest were additions to the anthropo- 
logical and other collections. Among the ethnological additions 
of special interest may be noted a series of costumes, weapons, 
and utensils from British Guiana; many objects from Celebes, 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 27 


Borneo, and the Philippines; and a large collection from aboriginal 
mounds and ruin sites in Utah. To the division of American his- 
tory the additions included china and glassware and other objects 
once the property of General and Martha Washington. The memor- 
ials of Gen. Sherman, which had long been in the custody of the 
Museum, have now been presented by his son, Hon. P. Tecumseh 
Sherman, and the Cromwell collection of 20,000 domestic and for- 
eign postage stamps, deposited some years ago, became the absolute 
property of the Museum on the death of Mr. Cromwell in Septem- 
ber, 1915. 

To the interesting collection of historical costumes there have been 
added costumed figures representing four hostesses of the White 
House, Mrs. James Monroe, Mrs. John Quincy Adams, Mrs. Abraham 
Lincoln, and Mrs. James R. McKee. 

By the will of Dr. Shepard there was bequeathed an important 
collection of meteorites which had been in the possession of the 
Museum for a number of years. 

In the department of biology the additions were representative of 
many parts of the world, including mammals, birds, and reptiles 
from Celebes and Borneo, collected through the long-continued gen- 
erosity of Dr. W. L. Abbott; and like collections from Siam, Kash- 
mir, northern China, and Manchuria. Part of the results of the 
Smithsonian biological survey of the Panama Canal Zone was a 
collection of about 18,000 fishes. The Carnegie Institution of Wash- 
ington deposited some 8,000 botanical specimens gathered by Dr. 
J. N. Rose in Brazil and Argentina. 

Mr. Rathbun enumerates many other interesting objects recently 
received, particularly those pertaining to the industrial arts, a depart- 
ment which has been very greatly developed since the removal of the 
natural history exhibits to the new building, yet the proper installa- 
tion of series illustrating the many branches of the arts and indus- 
tries is already seriously hindered through lack of space. It is in 
this department in particular that the Museum manifests one of its 
principal functions. The exhibits are so selected and so installed as 
to teach visitors how things are made and what they are made of, 
and not so much who makes the best articles or how they should be 
packed to meet the demands of trade. And yet while these ‘collec- 
tions first of all educate the public they also teach the manufacturer 
and therefore are of decided economic importance. One of the lead- 
ing New England manufacturers not long since, while examining 
the exhibits in his own industrial line, remarked, “this helps 
business.” 

I can not too strongly urge the need of still greater advancement 
in this department of Smithsonian activities. The time is fast ap- 

68663°—16——3 


28 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1916. 


proaching when there should be constructed in the Smithsonian 
reservation another new building, a Museum of Industrial Arts. 
The collections are here and in many respects they surpass similar 
collections in Europe or elsewhere. The splendid new building in 
which the natural history collections are now so adequately housed 
has offered opportunity for the development of that department 
beyond the highest expectations. Like progress could be made with a 
Museum of Industrial Arts. European countries have such struc- 
tures, one is needed here in Washington. It is an economic question. 
Commercial museums have their place for developing trade and 
commerce, and are of much value for such purpose, but the develop- 
ment of the artistic taste of the public through an educational 
Museum of Industrial Arts is of even greater importance. It would 
stimulate inventive skill and advance every art and every industry. 
The exhibits illustrating textile industry and mineral technology in 
particular are very complete, consisting of specimens of raw mate- 
rials, machinery used in manufacture, and the finished products. 

To the National Gallery of Art there has been added a collection 
of 82 drawings in pencil, pen, etc., by contemporary French artists, 
a gift from citizens of France to the people of the United States; 
also an oil painting of Abraham Lincoln, by Story, the gift of Mrs. 
E. H. Harriman. The paintings in the National Gallery collection 
are of much popular interest and of great artistic and intrinsic value, 
but they are crowded in temporary quarters in a building designed 
for purposes other than a gallery of art. 

During the last year Mr. Freer made 535 additions to his collection, 
including 23 paintings and sculptures by American artists, and over 
500 oriental objects consisting of paintings, pottery, bronzes, and 
jades. The entire collection now aggregates about 5,346 items. 

The auditorium in the new building has been the meeting place of 
a number of scientific bodies and of international congresses; and in 
the foyer opportunity was offered for several special exhibitions. 

In cooperating with schools and colleges there were distributed 
some 7,000 duplicate specimens of minerals, fossils, mollusks, ‘and 
other objects, classified and labeled for teaching purposes. 

The number of visitors to the new building averaged 1,012 on week 
days and 1,240 on Sundays. 


BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY. 


The Bureau of American Ethnology is under the direct charge of 
Mr. F. W. Hodge, whose detailed report is appended hereto. The 
operations of the bureau include field work and special researches 
pertaining to the American Indians and the natives of Hawaii. 

With the cooperation of the Museum of the American Indian, Heye 
Foundation, the Nacoochee mound in Georgia was excavated and 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 99 


proved to have been used both for domicile and for burial purposes. 
In the mound were found a large number of smoking pipes and a 
great amount of broken pottery. In New Mexico, also in cooperation 
with the Museum of the American Indian, plans were made for 
excavating the historic pueblo of Hawikuh in the Zuni Valley south- 
west of Zuni pueblo. Among the most interesting field operations 
during the year were those by Dr. Fewkes in the Mesa Verde 
National Park, Colo., where he unearthed a type of structure archi- 
tecturally different from any hitherto found in the Southwest. The 
excavation was carried on under the joint auspices of the bureau 
and the Department of the Interior, and the building, which Dr. 
Fewkes has named the Sun Temple, is described in a pamphlet 
published by that department. The Sun Temple is a large D-shaped 
structure, the longest wall of which measures 131 feet 7 inches. The 
walls are 2 to 5 feet in thickness and show structural qualities that 
compare favorably with any building of this type north of Mexico. 
Dr. Fewkes is of the opinion that though the building was used pri- 
marily as a place of worship, it was intended also for a place of 
refuge in case of attack. 

In the Northwest, investigations were continued by Dr. Frach- 
tenberg on the languages, history, and traditions of the various 
Indian tribes of Oregon and Washington. In connection with this 
work it is interesting to note that in revising some manuscript mate- 
rial Dr. Frachtenberg secured the assistance of the last surviving 
member of the Atfalati tribe of the Kalapuya Indians. 

A number of special researches have been in progress during the 
year, among them research work by Dr. Franz Boas in connection 
with the completion of part 2 of the Handbook of American Indian 
Languages. Through the liberality of Mr. Homer E. Sargent, of 
Chicago, work has been well advanced on an extended study of the 
Salish dialects, as well as on a study of Salish basketry, which it is 
intended to describe in an illustrated memoir. Part 1 of the Hand- 
book of American Antiquities by Prof. W. H. Holmes was in type 
at the close of the year, and the preparation of part 2 was well under 
way. 

The study of Indian music by Miss Frances Densmore, which has 
attracted considerable attention among musicians, has been continued 
during the year, chiefly among the Mandan and Hidatsa Indians in 
North Dakota. A number of ceremonial and war songs were re- 
corded phonographically and a new phase of the work was under- 
taken, consisting of testing the pitch discrimination of the Indians 
by means of tuning forks. There was in press at the close of the year 
a bulletin by Miss Densmore entitled “Teton Sioux music.” 


30 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1916. 


The publications of the bureau issued during the year comprise 
two annual reports with their accompanying papers, and two bulle- 
tins. In press or in preparation at the close of the year were three 
annual reports and five bulletins. The bureau library was enriched 
by the addition of 1,078 volumes, among them 20 volumes of Bibles 
and portions of the Bible in American Indian languages. 


INTERNATIONAL EXCHANGES. 


The total number of packages of governmental and other docu- 
ments handled by the International Exchange Service during the 
year was 301,625, an increase of 25,869 over the previous year. This 
figure, however, still shows a decrease as compared with the total 
handled in 1914, owing to the suspension of shipments to 10 countries 
involved in the European war. Efforts have been made to resume 
shipments to certain of these countries, which have met with some 
degree of success in the case of Germany and Russia. 

The Exchange Service has continued its policy of international 
helpfulness by assisting governmental and scientific establishments 
to procure publications especially desired both in this country and 
abroad. One instance showing the value of this policy may be cited. 
The Pan American division of the American Association for Inter- 
national Conciliation, of New York, wished to assemble a collection 
of several thousand volumes of North American origin for presen- 
tation to the Museo Social Argentino at Buenos Aires. Through the 
Exchange Service the matter was brought to the attention of the 
proper establishments and several hundred governmental and other 
publications were received for the proposed collection. 

The number of sets of United States governmental documents sent 
through the Exchange Service to foreign countries has been reduced 
from 92 to 91, owing to the discontinuance of shipments to the gov- 
ernment of Bombay at the request of that government. 


NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 


The National Zoological Park is becoming each year a greater and 
greater attraction to the public, and as its collections increase so does 
its value become of more importance as a source of information to 
the zoologist in his study of animal life. 

There is now in the park a total of 1,383 individual animals, rep- 
resenting 360 species, as shown by the detailed census in the report 
of the superintendent. 

Among the recent accessions may be mentioned a pair of young 
lions, a pair of Siberian tigers, a great red kangaroo, several mon- 
keys, and a number of interesting birds, but the newly acquired ani- 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 81 


mal that seems most popular is a male chimpanzee, about 44 years 
old, from the forests of French Congo. 

The number of visitors during the past year was 1,157,110, as com- 
pared with 794,530 in the year preceding. This included 161 schools, 
classes, etc., numbering 8,679 individuals. 

Recent improvements include the construction of a hospital and 
laboratory building and the grading of some ridges and gullies to 
secure additional building sites and paddocks for the deer and other 
large animals. 

As mentioned in previous reports an appropriation was made in 
1913 for the purchase of several acres as an extension to the western 
boundary of the park, but legal proceedings and complications inci- 
dent to adjustment of values and benefit assessments caused such 
delay that the appropriation, not being a continuing one, lapsed on 
June 30, 1915, and Congress has failed to renew the allotment for this 
much desired improvement. 

Many important needs are urged by the superintendent, some of 
which I have mentioned year after year. One of these is an aviary 
building for the birds now being housed in temporary quarters 
greatly deleterious to their health. Other needs area building for the 
elephants, hippopotami, and similar animals; an ape house; a reptile 
house; a pheasantry; an ostrich house; an aquarium; and an insect- 
ary; also a gatehouse and a permanent boundary fence. 


THE ASTROPHYSICAL OBSERVATORY. 


Observations of the solar constant were continued at Mount Wil- 
son, Cal., from July to October, 1915, and were begun again in 1916. 

During the year there was published the results of solar-constant 
observations made under Prof. Pickering’s direction at Arequipa, 
Peru, since August, 1912, with a silver-disk pyrheliometer lent by 
the Smithsonian Institution. These observations confirm the vari- 
ations of the sun observed at Mount Wilson. An interesting feature 
of the Arequipa observations was the fact that the volcanic eruption 
of Mount Katmai in 1912, which produced a great deal of dust over 
the northern hemisphere, apparently had no effect on the atmosphere 
south of the equator. 

The results of observations at Mount Wilson in 1913 and 1914 on 
the distribution of radiation along the diameter of the sun’s disk 
were published during the year. It is thus shown that the average 
distribution over the disk varies from year to year as well as from 
day to day. 

Observations have been continued on the transmission of rays of 
great wave length through long columns of air, which it is expected 
will be of much interest in studying the earth’s temperature as 
dependent on radiation toward space. 


32 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1916. 


After several years of experimenting the Astrophysical Observa- 
tory has constructed an instrument called the pyranometer, designed 
for measuring the intensity of sky light by day and of radiation 
outward toward the sky by night. A full account of this instrument 
has been published in pamphlet form. The pyranometer may prove 
of advantage in botanical investigations in forests and greenhouses, 
since it can measure radiation in deep shade as well as in the full sun. 

The Institution has made an allotment from the Hodgkins fund 
for carrying on solar-constant work at some suitable place in South 
America. Throughout the year, for several years, it is intended to 
continue observations at Mount Wilson in California and at the 
South American station with a view to determine the dependence of 
the earth’s climatic conditions on the sun’s variation of radiation. In 
addition to his solar-constant work the director of the observatory 
has given considerable attention to experiments at Mount Wilson 
with solar cooking apparatus “ comprising ovens heated by oil under 
gravity circulation maintained by heat collected by a concave cylin- 
dric mirror of about 100 square feet surface.” These experiments 
were not concluded at the close of the year. 


INTERNATIONAL CATALOGUE OF SCIENTIFIC 
LITERATURE. 


The International Catalogue of Scientific Literature, the United 
States bureau of which is administered by the Smithsonian Institu- 
tion, was organized in 1901, and since that date 17 volumes of refer- 
ences to scientific literature, one for each of 17 branches of science, 
have been published each year. During the past year 24,160 classi- 
fied references to American scientific literature were prepared by the 
United States bureau, bringing the total number of references to the 
literature of this country since the inception of the catalogue up to 
369,509. 

As stated in last year’s report, the war in Europe caused consid- 
erable financial embarrassment to the publication of the catalogue 
owing to the impossibility of collecting subscriptions from several of 
the countries involved. The generosity of the Royal Society of Lon- 
don in making up this loss of income made possible the publication 
of the thirteenth annual issue, and this year a request was made for 
assistance from the United States. Your secretary succeeded in in- 
teresting the Carnegie Corporation, of New York, in the project 
and through the generous assistance of that establishment it was 
made possible to publish the fourteenth annual issue. 

The value to science of this catalogue is universally recognized, and 
it is the opinion of scientists everywhere that any lapse in its publi- 
cation would be a real calamity, as shown by the action of the Inter- 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 83 


national Council of the Catalogue in voting to extend the work to at 
least 1920. 


NECROLOGY. 


James Burrill Angell, doctor of laws, died April 1, 1916. He had 
been a regent of the Institution for a quarter of a century, from Janu- 
ary 19, 1887, to January 15, 1912, when he resigned on account of 
age and inability longer to attend meetings of the board. He was 
born at Scituate, R. I., January 7, 1829, and through his long life as 
a journalist, an educator, and a diplomat he served his country faith- 
fully in many positions of honor and trust. 

He began his career as a professor of modern languages at Brown 
University, was a journalist during the period of the Civil War, 
president of the University of Vermont 1866-1871, president of the 
University of Michigan 1871-1909, United States minister to China 
1880-1882, and minister to Turkey 1897-98, and served on several 
important treaty commissions. In accepting his resignation as a 
regent in 1912 the board recorded its appreciation of his long and 
faithful service to the Smithsonian Institution. 

Respectfully submitted. 

Cuarues D. Watcort, Secretary. 


~ 


; 


ate SY. 
(ahem, Ae 


\- 


APPENDIX 1. 
REPORT ON THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report on the opera- 
tions of the United States National Museum for the fiscal year end- 
ing June 30, 1916: 


INTRODUCTORY. 


Seventy years ago Congress first definitely recognized the national 
collections and directed their segregation and preservation under 
the custody and supervision of the Smithsonian Institution in the 
building to be erected for that establishment. By 1850 arrange- 
ments had been sufficiently perfected to justify the appointment of an 
assistant in charge of museum matters and to begin the acquisition — 
of natural-history specimens, but it was not until 1858 that the 
extensive collections which had previously accumulated at the 
Patent Office could be accepted. With an influx of material rela- 
tively as phenomenal as in more recent years, the Museum rapidly 
spread beyond the boundaries originally assigned to it and by 1875 
was practically in possession of all parts of the Smithsonian building 
not required for the offices of the parent institution. But even so, 
there was a condition of great congestion from which relief was 
only obtained in 1881, the year of the completion of the second 
building. Though specially designed for displaying the many im- 
portant donations in numerous branches of the industrial arts from 
the Centennial Exhibition of 1876, the latter had also to serve for 
the overflow in natural history, a combination which fully taxed 
its capacity in less than three years. Then followed nearly three 
decades during which about as much material was assembled in 
outside storage as found lodgement within the two structures. 

The problem as regards the departments of natural history was 
solved when the new large granite building was made ready for 
occupancy in 1911, except that it lacked accommodations for the 
division of plants, or National Herbarium. As the depository for the 
Department of Agriculture and other establishments conducting 
extensive botanical explorations, this branch of the Museum has 
about outgrown its provisional quarters in the Smithsonian building, 
and its future requirements should not long go unheeded. 

35 


36 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1916. 


The most serious phase of the situation now confronting the Mu- 
seum, however, results from the wholly inadequate facilities for sys- 
tematically developing the collections illustrative of the industrial 
arts. Comprehended under the fundamental act, partly organized in 
1880, greatly enriched from the Philadelphia exhibition of 1876, and 
with a steady growth through all subsequent years, this important 
department, whose principal aim is popular education on technical 
lines by means of exhibits visualizing conditions and processes as 
well as products, is filling to such an extent every foot of available 
space that the halls present rather the appearance of gross storage 
than of orderly and classified arrangement. Public sentiment, ex- 
pressed through many channels, demands better progress than here- 
tofore in carrying out the purposes of this department, but the 
difficulties in the way are by no means confined to limitations of 
space, since the more immediate embarrassments arise from an 
insufficiency of funds for employing the necessary skilled assistants 
required for working up and preparing the exhibits, which includes 
the construction of many models. 

The department of the fine arts is even more poorly provided for 
than any of the other Museum branches, as it is occupying borrowed 
space which is already so crowded as seemingly to forbid further 
contributions, and while this condition lasts there can be little 
hope for advancement. There is, however, one bright feature to 
mention in this connection—the decision to immediately begin the 
erection of the building for the Charles L. Freer collections of 
American and oriental art, the plans showing a beautiful granite 
structure, the completion of which will bring to the Institution much 
the largest donation it has ever had, one of the most notable gifts 
of its character in the world’s history. Put to no expense for either 
building or collections, it is hoped that the example set by Mr. Freer 
will lead to more liberal consideration on the part of the Govern- 
ment of the needs of the National Gallery of Art, for which no ap- 
propriations of any kind have ever yet been made. 

During the past year many valuable additions were made to the 
collections generally, new and instructive features were incorporated 
in the exhibition halls, and a wider public interest was stimulated 
through an exceptional number of meetings and of special exposi- 
tions of scientific and art objects held at frequent intervals in the 
convenient quarters provided for such purposes. 


COLLECTIONS. 


The total number of specimens acquired during the year was ap- 
proximately 243,733. Received in 1,525 separate accessions, they were 
classified and assigned as follows: Department of anthropology, 
29,493; zoology, 120,303; botany, 40,631; geology and mineralogy, 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 87 


1,700; paleontology, 48,403; textiles, woods, and other animal and 
vegetable products, 2,304; mineral technology, 280; and the National 
Gallery of Art, 619. As loans for exhibition, 1,960 articles were also 
obtained, mainly for the Gallery of Art and the divisions of history 
and ethnology. Material for examination and report, consisting 
chiefly of rocks, ores, fossils, and recent animals and plants, was 
received to the extent of 1,036 lots. 

Anthropology.—One of the most desirable ethnological additions 

was a series of costumes, weapons, and utensils—excellent illustra- 
tions of the arts and industries of recently discovered tribes in the 
interior of British Guiana, collected by Mr. John Ogilvie. The 
aborigines of Celebes and Borneo were represented by many import- 
ant objects assembled by Mr. H. C. Raven and presented by Dr. W. 
L. Abbott; and those of the Philippine Islands by extensive and 
varied contributions, including weapons, musical instruments, 
baskets, costumes, etc., received from Mrs. Caroline E. Bates, Mr. 
E. H. Hammond, and the following officers of the United States 
Army, namely, Maj. Edgar Russel, Maj. W. T. Johnston, and Capt. 
J. R. Harris. Baskets, ornaments, and other articles of various 
Indian tribes of North America, were also given by Mrs. Bates; a 
number of rare and valuable objects from the Osage Indians were 
deposited by the Bureau of American Ethnology; interesting ex- 
amples of art and ethnologica from various parts of the world were 
presented by Miss Louise Salter Codwise; and costumes and imple- 
ments from the Blackfeet Indians and the Greenland Eskimo were 
likewise obtained. 
- An extensive collection of archeological material from mounds and 
ruin sites in Utah, resulting from explorations by Mr. Neil M. Judd 
for the Bureau of Ethnology, is of particular value in aiding to 
determine the distribution of Pueblo culture toward the north. 
Other accessions from America consisted mainly of artifacts, includ- 
ing many rare specimens, from several of the States, and of woven 
fabrics and pottery from Peru. A gift of Old World antiquities 
from Miss Codwise was composed principally of Egyptian scarabs, 
necklaces, and figurines, and Palestinian amulets, while a collection 
of prehistoric stone implements from Great Britain contained some 
choice specimens. 

The division of physical anthropology received many skeletons and 
skulls, in very complete condition, from Mr. Clarence B. Moore, who 
obtained them at “The Indian Knoll,” on the Green River, Ky.; 
and a similar collection from Mr. George G. Heye, secured during 
an exploration of old burial sites in Georgia and Tennessee. Es- 
pecially noteworthy was an excellent series of skulls and numerous 
other bones belonging to the period before the advent of the whites, 
procured in old burial caves in Hawaii by Mr. August Busck. 


38 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1916. 


The more notable accessions in mechanical technology bore upon 
the subjects of the telephone and firearms. The American Tele- 
phone & Telegraph Co. contributed a set of instruments and of load- 
ing coils, with examples of line wire and glass insulators, used at the 
opening of the first telephone line between New York and San Fran- 
cisco on January 25, 1915, and also a duplicate of the first instrument 
through which speech was transmitted electrically in Boston in 1875; 
while Dr. Alexander Graham Bell deposited his diplomas, certificates 
of award, and announcements of election to scientific societies, an 
interesting series of documents indicative of the many honors which 
have been conferred upon him. A gift from Mrs. Bates of much 
historical value included old military guns of European and Ameri- 
can manufacture, pistols and revolvers, a gun made in the Philip- 
pine Islands, two very fine bronze swivel cannon, and several Toledo 
blades and other swords. 

Mr. Hugo Worch added three old American pianos to his munifi- 
cent donation of the previous year, and made a provisional deposit of 
four other instruments, three American and one of London make. 
The permanent acquisitions in ceramics consisted mainly of examples 
from some of the prominent potteries of the United States, but 
among the loans were specimens of porcelains from abroad and also 
of glassware, bronze, and brass, which are now exhibited in the 
ceramic gallery. 

Among the accessions in graphic arts were experimental apparatus 
and pictures illustrating progress and the several steps in the elec- 
trical transmission of photographs from one place to another, as 
also the development of the engraving machine called the akro- 
graph; a Wells printing press; examples of the art of overlay in 
printing; samples of poster stamps and lithographs; and a number 
of fourteenth and fifteenth century manuscripts. The additions in 
photography included daguerreotypes, ambrotypes, and tintypes; a 
sepia print of a painting on carved wood by Rosselimo; and a series ~ 
of prints of astronomical subjects from the Yerkes Observatory. 

American history.—The historical collections were increased to an 
exceptional extent by both gifts and deposits. Most prominent was 
a loan by Mr. Walter G. Peter, a descendant of Martha Washington, 
of many objects of artistic and domestic interest once the property 
of General and Mrs. Washington at Mount Vernon, which richly 
supplement the Lewis collection long in the possession of the 
Museum. Mention can here be made of only a few of the articles, 
among which were a china portrait plaque of Washington designed 
by Richard Champion; a water-color portrait of him by William 
Thornton; two gold lockets containing locks of his hair; a gold 
watch of Mrs. Washington, the cover engraved with the Washington 
coat of arms; a child’s French dressing table of exquisite workman- 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 39 


ship presented by Lafayette to the granddaughter of Mrs. Washing- 
ton, Martha Custis, who became Mrs. Thomas Peter; letters written 
to Mrs. Washington on the death of her husband; documents relat- 
ing to the settlement of her estate; and a number of fine examples 
of eighteenth century china and glassware. 

It is pleasing to note that the valuable loan collection of memorials 
of Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman, United States Army, with 
some additions, was given into the permanent keeping of the Museum 
during the year by his son, Hon. P. Tecumseh Sherman. From the 
widow and children of Maj. Gen. Henry W. Lawton, United States 
Volunteers, there was acquired as a gift an extensive series of objects, 
including a medal of honor from Congress, forming a significant 
reminder of the distinguished career of this officer in the Civil War, 
several Indian wars, and the Philippines. Important relics of Capt. 
Edward Trenchard, United States Navy (1784-1824), and of his son, 
Rear Admiral Stephen Decatur Trenchard, United States Navy, 
including two presents awarded to the former by acts of Congress, 
were received on deposit. There were also many other gifts and 
loans of notable personal and period relics, and the national societies 
of the Colonial Dames of America and the Daughters of the Ameri- 
can Revolution made interesting additions to their already extensive 
loan collections. 

By the death of Mr. David W. Cromwell, of New York, on Sep- 
tember 11, 1915, the splendid collection of nearly 20,000 domestic 
and foreign postage stamps, which he placed on permanent deposit 
in 1908, became the absolute property of the Museum. Among other 
additions in philately, including stamps, stamped envelopes, and post 
cards, were 1,565 new foreign and 269 new domestic issues, received 
from the Post Office Department. 

The collection of historical costumes was enriched to the extent of 
562 articles, nearly all of which were loans. To the series of cos- 
tumed figures representing hostesses of the White House four were 
added, namely, Mrs. James Monroe, Mrs. John Quincy Adams, Mrs. 
Abraham Lincoln, and Mrs. James R. McKee. 

Biology——tIn the accessions of vertebrate animals the Asiatic 
region was especially well represented, and many genera and species 
new to the collection were obtained. The name of Dr. W. L. Abbott 
remains conspicuous in this connection through three contributions. 
The first, composed of material gathered under his direction and at 
his expense in Celebes and Borneo by Mr. H. C. Raven, consisted of 
465 mammals, 869 birds, and a number of reptiles and batrachians. 
The second, presented jointly with Mr. C. B. Kloss, contained 197 
mammals and 133 birds. besides reptiles and batrachians from Siam; 
while the third was a series of 188 mammals from Kashmir, British 
India. The Celebes and Siam specimens are especially important, 


40 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1916. 


both as coming from .ocalities not hitherto represented in the Mu- 
seum and as supplementing the existing large collections from the 
related faunal regions of the Malay Peninsula, the Philippine 
Tslands, and Borneo. From northern China and Manchuria was re- 
ceived a valuable series of mammals, birds, and reptiles, the results 
of further field work by Mr. Arthur de C. Sowerby. Obtained by 
Mr. Copley Amory, jr., during a collecting trip to the little-known 
Kolyma River region of northeastern Siberia and presented by him, 
were 365 mammals and 243 birds, besides a number of nests and eggs 
of the latter. 

Additional mammals were received from Baluchistan through ex- 
change with the McMahon Museum at Quetta and from East Africa 
as a gift from Mr. Elton Clark. The most important accessions of 
reptiles, batrachians, and fishes consisted of the specimens obtained 
in connection with the Smithsonian biological survey of the Canal 
Zone by Mr. S. F. Hildebrand, Prof. S. E. Meek, and Mr. E. A. Gold- 
man, the number of fishes amounting to about 18,000. An extensive 
collection of Peruvian fishes made by Dr. R. E. Coker in 1907 and 
1908 was presented by the Government of Peru, and another from 
South American localities was received from Indiana University in 
exchange. The Bureau of Fisheries deposited 1,242 specimens from 
Albatross explorations in the Pacific Ocean. 

The receipts by the division of marine invertebrates were excep- 
tionally extensive. Twenty-seven separate collections were trans- 
ferred by the Bureau of Fisheries, a part of which had been worked 
up and described. They represented investigations by the steamer 
Albatross in the Pacific Ocean, by the steamers Fish Hawk and 
Bache and the schooner Grampus in the Atlantic Ocean and con- 
tiguous waters, and certain other inquiries. Of crustaceans there 
were about 15,000 specimens, of annelids about 1,000 specimens, of 
pteropod mollusks about 3,200 specimens, of starfishes nearly 150 
types, and of fresh-water mollusks about 1,000 specimens from the 
Mississippi River, besides very many unassorted lots of crustaceans, 
salpa, pyrosoma, and other groups. 

A very large number of miscellaneous invertebrates from the Dan- 
ish West Indies and about 5,000 specimens of land and marine mol- 
lusks from the Florida Keys were deposited by the Carnegie Institu- 
tion of Washington, while over 3,000 miscellaneous specimens from 
dredgings off the coast of Florida and about 7,000 land and fresh- 
water shells from Cuba were presented by Mr. John B. Henderson. 
An accumulation of samples of ocean bottom, filling nearly 11,000 
bottles, obtained by vessels of the Coast and Geodetic Survey dur- 
ing hydrographic investigations in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans 
and the Gulf of Mexico, were transferred to the custody of the 
Museum. 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 41 


The principal accessions of insects consisted of Lepidoptera and 
Diptera deposited by the Bureau of Entomology, of named species 
of beetles and Hymenoptera from Australia, and of types of new 
species presented by Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell. 

The division of plants received several large and important col- 
lections. The Department of Agriculture transferred over 6,600 
specimens, of which a considerable proportion were grasses. Some 
8,000 specimens, representing the field work of Dr. J. N. Rose in 
connection with his cactus investigations in Brazil and Argentina 
during the summer of 1915, were deposited by the Carnegie Institution 
of Washington; and about 2,000 specimens secured by the Peruvian 
expedition of 1914-15 were presented by the National Geographic So- 
ciety and Yale University. Among other important accessions were 
specimens from the Philippines, Amboina, China, and Panama. 

Geology.—During explorations in the Rocky Mountain region in 
the summer of 1915, Dr. Charles D. Walcott procured for the Museum 
in the Yellowstone National Park a large and well-selected series of 
the siliceous and calcareous sinters, including some masses of excep- 
tional size, native sulphur, silicified wood, sundry mineral specimens, 
and an extensive representation of volcanic rocks, intended in part 
for an exhibition of the geological features of that park. Among 
other important acquisitions were illustrations of the geology and 
mineral associations of the pegmatite deposits of southern California, 
and of the emerald mines at Muzo, Colombia; a number of scheelite 
specimens of more than ordinary interest from Utah; and an unusu- 
ally fine large specimen of secondary copper sulphate from the Sil- 
ver Bow Mine, Mont.’ The Geological Survey transferred examples 
of the nitrate deposits in Idaho and Oregon, and of potash-bearing 
salts and associated rocks from the vicinity of Tonopah, Nev.; and 
Dr. Joseph P. Iddings presented some fine specimens of the peculiar 
problematic bodies known as obsidianites and Darwin glass from 
Borneo and Tasmania, and an important series of phosphate rocks 
from Ocean and Makatea Islands. 

By the will of Dr. Charles Upham Shepard, who died early in 
July, 1915, the very important collection of meteorites belonging to 
him, which has been on deposit for a number of years, was bequeathed 
to the Museum; while from several other sources material represent- 
ing 382 distinct falls of meteorites in many different parts of the 
world was also acquired. 

The mineral collection received many additions, including excep- 
tionally fine specimens, examples of recent finds and several rare 
species, the largest accession, a deposit from the Geological Survey, 
consisting of about 300 specimens mostly illustrative of a report by 
Dr. W. T. Schaller on the gem minerals of the pegmatites of Cali- 
fornia. From the same Survey was also transferred a large amount 


42 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1916. 


of petrological material, mainly rocks illustrating the geology and 
ore deposits of several districts and localities, described in recent 
papers. ; 

Of fossil invertebrates the Geological Survey made extensive con- 
tributions from the Tertiary of the Atlantic and Gulf coastal plain, 
the Cretaceous of New Mexico, and other formations and localities. 
Other important accessions were several thousand specimens of 
bryozoa and ostracoda from various parts of the world, a collection 
of Upper Cretaceous forms of special interest as containing types 
described long ago by Prof. T. A. Conrad, insects from the Floris- 
sant beds of Colorado, and types of new species of crabs. 

Most prominent of the additions in vertebrate paleontology was a 
nearly complete skeleton of a large mastodon found near Winamac, 
Ind., which has already been mounted and placed in the exhibition 
hall. From the Koren expedition to the Kolyma River region of 
northeastern Siberia were received nearly 200 specimens, of which 
the most valuable is a fine skull of the Siberian mammoth, the only 
one of this northern form now in any American museum. Two col- 
lections of fossil plants, recently described, including the type and 
figured specimens, were transferred by the Geological Survey. One 
was from the San Juan Basin, N. Mex., the other from the Fox Hills 
formation, Colo. . 

‘Textiles—In the division of textiles excellent progress was made 
in the acquisition and installation of new exhibits. Probably the 
most important was an extensive series of specimens, and of models, 
sections, and photographs of machinery from the American Thread 
Co., showing the manufacture of cotton thread in all its details. 
Other noteworthy accessions were two additional Jacquard machines 
for decorating textiles; further illustrations of the operation and 
work of the embroidery automats, of the manufacture of silk fabrics, 
and of the designing, weaving, and printing of silk upholstery and 
drapery materials; examples of Javanese batik work on cotton and 
silk, and of various patterns of moiré silks; a demonstration of the 
successive stages in the production of painted cut velvet, called 
“ Yuzen Birodo” by the Japanese; and samples of silk skein-dyeing 
and silk piece-dyeing and printing. 

The Japanese Commission to the Panama- Paoite International 
Exposition contributed 100 commercial fabrics, including many kinds 
not produced in this country. The representation of American up- 
holstery and drapery fabrics and allied textiles of various materials 
and character of decoration was greatly increased and improved, and 
manufacturers continued to keep the collection supplied with novel- 
ties and new types and designs of dress fabrics as soon as they were 
brought out. Numerous excellent examples of the handicraft work 
done in the schools of the Philippine Islands were also obtained. 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 43 


Wood technology.—tiIn the recently organized section of wood 
technology there were many accessions of samples of important com- 
mercial woods and of illustrations of wood utilization, the public 
installation of which was about to be taken up at the close of the 
year. While the wood specimens, mostly in the form of large boards, 
were intended primarily for practical educational purposes, a large 
proportion had been determined botanically, insuring for them a 
proper technical designation. 

The principal collection of wood samples, from the Philippine 
Islands, consisted of 110 pieces, representing 85 species, the dupli- 
cates showing different characteristics as to grain and figure. In 
addition there were 16 pieces and 15 species from Argentina; 32 
specimens of various foreign woods highly prized for veneers and 
for cabinet and furniture work, including the several important 
varieties which are imported into this country under the trade name 
of mahogany ; 38 specimens of redwood from the Pacific coast, repre- 
senting a large range of patterns produced by the manufacturers and 
some of their better grades of plain lumber; and also examples of 
koa and ohia woods from Hawaii, Honduran mahogany, red gum, 
yellow poplar, white oak, and black cherry. ; 

Material received as part of an exhibit of the turpentine industry 
included three butt sections of longleaf pine from a commercial tur- 
pentine orchard, illustrating the manner in which gum for the dis- 
tillation of turpentine is obtained by the box, the cup and gutter, and 
the Forest Service methods, clearly showing the progressive improve- 
ment from the former wasteful to the modern economical processes. 
These were accompanied by samples of the gum, scrape, turpentine, 
and resin, and examples of the tools used, and, in addition, there 
was a model of a turpentine still of a pattern common to the long- 
leaf pine belt, in a setting typical of the region, some of the trees 
being boxed and others provided with cups and gutters. The utiliza- 
tion of wood was also illustrated by samples of dyewoods in the 
log, and a series of extracts from them, including logwood, Brazil 
wood, fustic, and quebracho; and by several series of specimens 
showing the materials and successive stages in the manufacture of a 
number of articles of common use, such as matches, tool handles, 
brushes, and sporting goods. 

Of subjects other than textiles and woods, while no special efforts 
were made in their behalf, much desirable material was received, in- 
cluding agricultural products generally, foods, medicines, resins, 
models of fishing methods and boats, fishery products, ete. 

Mineral technology.—aA very realistic model of Trinidad Asphalt 
Lake and its environs, a series of colored transparencies and photo- 
graphic enlargements, and a complement of specimens typifying the 

68663°—16——4 


td ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1916. 


different forms of asphalt occurrence as well as the useful products 
prepared therefrom, constituted the most striking addition to the 
exhibits in the division of mineral technology. Next may be men- 
tioned a complete ore stope removed bodily, ore faces, timbering, 
chute, manway, and all accessories, from the Copper Queen Mine 
at Bisbee, Ariz. 

awae: other important acquisitions were a model representing 
the layout of a Portland cement plant and the sequence of operations 
connected with the manufacture of cement; an industrial series of 
specimens covering the occurrence and uses of natural graphite, in- 
cluding a remarkable block of pure graphite weighing 250 pounds; 
a medel reproducing the unique method of mining placer gravel for 
gold in the frozen north by a system of Hated drifting or 
tunneling bedrock, with the ground thawed out in immediate advance 
of the tunnel by means of steam; and a model of a cyanide leaching 
plant showing admirably the method commonly employed in the 
extraction of gold from its ores where the metal does not lend itself 
to simpler and more direct processes for its segregation. 


NATIONAL GALLERY OF ART. 


It is very gratifying to note that early in the year Mr. Charles L. 
Freer waived the condition attending his munificent gift of American 
and oriental art to the effect that the collection remain in his pos- 
session during his life, and expressed a desire that the erection of 
the building be taken up at the earliest possible moment. The sum 
required for this purpose, $1,000,000, also a donation from Mr. Freer, 
was turned over to the Institution in December, and the site and 
preliminary plans, both satisfactory to the benefactor, received later 
the approval of the Board of Regents of the Institution, and of the 
Federal Commission of Fine Arts. The site is the southwestern part 
of the Smithsonian reservation, at the corner of Twelfth and B 
Streets, S. W., and approximately two years will be required for the 
completion of the building, at the end of which time the transfer 
of the many precious objects to Washington may be expected to take 
place. The fact that the planning and the execution of the work of 
construction is in the hands of Mr. Charles A. Platt, of New York, 
insures their being carried out in an eminently satisfactory manner. 

Since the last report Mr. Freer has increased the extent of his 
collection to about 5,346 items by 535 additions, of which 23 are 
paintings and sculptures by the American artists Tryon, Thayer, 
Metcalf, Murphy, and Saint-Gaudens; while the oriental objects, 
numbering 512, consist mainly of paintings, pottery, bronzes, and 
jades from China, Korea, and Japan. Mr. Freer announces con- 
siderable headway in the preparation of the final catalogues, on 
which a number of experts of wide repute are at work. 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 45 


The National Gallery of Art also received during the year from 
the Department of State a most interesting collection of 82 draw- 
' ings in pencil, pen, charcoal, chalk, crayon, and water color, executed 
by eminent contemporary French artists and presented to the people 
of the United States by the citizens of the French Republic as a token 
of their appreciation of the sympathetic efforts of American citizens 
toward relieving the distress occasioned by the European war. There 
should likewise be mentioned an oil portrait of Abraham Lincoln, by 
George H. Story, presented by Mrs. E. H. Harriman. 


MEETINGS AND CONGRESSES. 


The auditorium and committee rooms in the new building were 
utilized to a much greater extent than in any previous year for 
scientific and art meetings, lectures, and other functions. Three of 
the local societies made the Museum their regular meeting place, 
among these being the Washington Society of the Fine Arts, which 
presented its customary three courses of lectures. Annual or special 
meetings were held by the National Academy of Sciences, the Mining 
and Metallurgical Society of America, the Society of American 
Foresters, the American Oriental Society, and the American Surgical 
Association. Lectures, singly or in short series, were given under 
the auspices of 10 of the science and art societies, and 6 receptions 
were held in connection with large gatherings of national and inter- 
national bodies. 

Among the special meetings there were several which merit dis- 
tinctive mention. The most important of these was the Nineteenth 
International Congress of Americanists which met from December 
27 to 31, in affiliation with Section I of the Second Pan American 
Scientific Congress, then also in session in Washington, the American 
Anthropological Association, the American Folk-Lore Society, the 
American Historical Association, and the Archaeological Institute 
of America. On the afternoon of February 9 a bronze tablet in 
memory of Prof. S. F. Baird as the instigator of the Federal fishery 
service, a contribution to the Bureau of Fisheries by 47 subscribers, 
was dedicated in the auditorium with appropriate ceremonies in the 
presence of a large assemblage. 

During the week of the safety-first exhibition, February 21-28, the 
auditorium was occupied on five days for lectures and discourses on 
the subjects comprehended by this notable display, nearly all of 
them being profusely illustrated, both motion pictures and lantern 
slides being used. The speakers, besides the Secretary of Labor and 
several assistant secretaries of departments, were all experts in the 
several bureaus represented. The exercises attending the centenary 
celebration of the organization of the Coast and Geodetic Survey, 


46 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1916. 


held in the auditorium on April 5 and 6, consisted of an exposition 
of the work of this, the first scientific service of the Government, by 
eminent authorities who had been invited to speak upon those phases 
of the Survey’s activities with which they are best acquainted. 

The American Association of Museums held its eleventh annual 
meeting in Washington from May 15 to 18, and the American Federa- 
tion of Arts its seventh annual convention from the 17th to the 19th 
of the same month. While only one session of the former and none of 
the latter was held in the Museum, a reception was tendered to both 
on the evening of May 17, when an important loan exhibition of the 
industrial arts was opened with a special view. 


SPECIAL EXHIBITIONS. 


The educational efforts of the Museum were most notably served 
by several large and important special exhibitions. Supplementing 
the arrangements for the meetings of the Congress of Americanists 
and afliliated societies during convocation week, an interesting 
installation was made of material relating to pertinent subjects. 

During the week of February 21-27 the foyer, with three of its 
communicating rooms, was occupied by one of the most remarkable 
and interesting Government exhibitions that has ever been assembled. 
Having as its theme the “ safety-first ” idea, it was participated in by 
20 bureaus, the American National Red Cross Society, and the Metro- 
politan police department, the activities of all of which are primarily 
for or comprehend in a marked degree the safeguarding of life and 
property, as well as the prevention and care of disease. Although the 
available area was restricted the display proved most effective and 
satisfactory, as it was also comprehensive, probably nothing in the 
Government service relating to “safety first” having escaped some 
representation. Attention was widely called to the exhibition in ad- 
vance. The governors of States were notified of the nation-wide 
aspect of the exposition, one of the results of which was to bring 
about a meeting of State mine inspectors in the Museum, and manu- 
facturers and operators from all over the country were invited to be 
present. The total attendance of visitors during the week was 
35,447. 

The exercises commemorating the centenary of the Coast and 
Geodetic Survey, held on April 5 and 6, were supplemented by an 
exhibition in the foyer, the purpose of which was to illustrate the 
appliances and methods used and the results obtained in both its 
marine and geodetic work during the 100 years of its existence. The 
material was admirably selected and arranged, constituting one of 
the most complete and instructive special displays ever installed in 
the Museum. 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 47 


The models and drawings submitted in competition for the monu- 
ment at Fort McHenry, Baltimore, in memory of Francis Scott Key, 
author of the “Star-Spangled Banner,” and the soldiers and sailors 
who participated in the battle of North Point and the attack on 
Fort McHenry in the War of 1812, were arranged in the rotunda 
of the new building, where, after having been passed upon by the 
jury of awards, they were exhibited to the public from May 17 to 
June 17. 

The exhibition of American industrial art, held during the spring 
and summer of 1915 under the auspices of the American Federation 
of Arts, was repeated as a feature of the seventh convention of this 
association, being opened on May 17, 1916, and continuing for one 
month. The foyer and five of its communicating rooms were occu- 
pied. The exposition was designed to bring together examples of 
art on industrial lines, both hand and machine made, to show what is 
being produced in this country, and though not exhaustive in any 
particular, some of the best-known art workers of the country par- 
ticipated, and it was felt that a fairly high standard had been 
maintained. 

Following the close of the Panama-Pacific International Exposi- 
tion on December 4, and in accordance with an act of Congress, a 
large part of the Museum’s ethnological exhibit was transferred from 
San Francisco to the Panama-California International Exposition 
at San Diego, to be shown there until the end of the calendar year 
1916. The selection made for this purpose consisted of four large 
family groups of Eskimo, Zulu-Kaffirs, Caribs, and Dyaks; miniature 
dwelling groups of aboriginal peoples in many parts of the world; 
four cases of artifacts; and a set of lithographs from Catlin’s North 
American Indian paintings. 


MISCELLANEOUS. 


Duplicate material to the extent of over 7,000 specimens, classified 
and labeled for teaching purposes and arranged in 96 sets, was dis- 
tributed to schools and colleges, the subjects principally represented 
being rocks, minerals, ores, fossils, and recent mollusks. For obtain- 
ing additions to the collections through the medium of exchange, 
about 9,400 duplicates, chiefly from the natural-history divisions, 
were utilized. A large number of specimens were sent for study to 
collaborators of the Museum and other specialists. They consisted 
mainly of plants, recent animals, and fossils, and were contained in 
114 lots. 

The attendance of visitors at the new building aggregated 316,707 
for week days and 64,521 for Sundays, being a daily average of 1,012 
for the former and of 1,240 for the latter. For the older Museum 
building, which is only open on week days, the total was 146,956 and 


48 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1916. 


the daily average 469. The halls in the Smithsonian building, which 
were closed for renovation during about five months, received 48,517 
visitors. 

The publications of the year comprised 2 Rabies of Proceedings 
and 4 Bulletins, besides the annual report and 52 separate papers 
belonging to the series of Proceedings and Contributions from the 
National Herbarium. The total distribution of Museum publications 
aggregated 73,798 copies. 

Through the addition of 1,895 volumes, 72 parts of volumes, and 
2,873 pamphlets, the number of volumes in the Museum library He 
oe to 47,718, and of pamphlets and unbound papers to 19,2 

Respectfully submitted, 
Ricuarp RarHBun, 
Assistant Secretary in Charge, 
United States National Museum. 
Dr. Cuartes D, Watcort, 
Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. 
Ocroser 30, 1916. 


APPENDIX 2. 
REPORT ON THE BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY. 


Srr: I have the honor to submit the following report on the opera- 
tions of the Bureau of American Ethnology during the fiscal year 
ended June 30, 1916, conducted in accordance with the provision of 
the act of Congress approved March 8, 1915, making appropriations 
for the sundry civil expenses of the Government, and with a plan of 
operations submitted by the ethnologist in charge and approved by 
the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. The provision of the 
act authorizing the researches of the bureau is as follows: 

American ethnology: For continuing ethnological researches among the Amer- 
ican Indians and the natives of Hawaii, including the excavation and preserva- 
tion of archeologic remains, under the direction of the Smithsonian Institution, 
including necessary employees and the purchase of necessary books and periodi- 
cals, $42,000. 

Mr. F. W. Hodge, ethnologist in charge, devoted most of his ener- 
gies, as usual, to administrative affairs. However, in pursuance of a 
plan for cooperative archeological research by the Bureau of Amer- 
ican Ethnology and the Museum of the American Indian (Heye 
Foundation) of New York, Mr. Hodge early in July joined Mr. 
George G. Heye, of the museum mentioned, in the excavation of the 
Nacoochee mound in White County, northeastern Georgia, permis- 
sion to investigate which was accorded by the owner, Dr. L. G. 
Hardman. 

The Nacoochee mound is an earthwork occupied by the Cherokee 
Indians until early in the nineteenth century. The name “ Nacoo- 
chee,” however, is not of Cherokee origin; at least, it is not identifi- 
able by the Cherokee as belonging to their language, and by no means 
does the word signify “the evening star” in any Indian tongue, as 
one writer has claimed. 

The summit of the mound, which had been leveled for cultivation 
about 30 years ago, measured 83 feet in maximum and about 67 feet 
in minimum diameter; the height of the mound above the adjacent 
field was 17 feet 3 inches, and the circumference of the base 410 feet. 
These measurements are doubtless less than they were at the time 
the mound was abandoned by the Cherokee, as all the dimensions 

49 


50 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1916. 


have been more or less reduced by cultivation, the slope at the base 
particularly having been plowed away for several feet. The mound 
was reared both for domicile and for cemetery purposes and was 
composed of rich alluvial soil from the surrounding field. Excava- 
tion determined that the mound was not built at one time, but evi- 
dently at different periods, as circumstances demanded. This was 
shown plainly by the stratification of the mound soil, the occurrence 
of graves at different depths with undisturbed earth above them, the 
presence of fire pits or of evidences of fires throughout the mound 
at varying levels, and by the finding of a few objects derived from 
the white man in the upper part and in the slopes of the mound, but 
not in the lower levels. From this last observation it is evident that 
the occupancy of the mound extended well into the historical period, 
a fact supported by the memory of the grandparents of present resi- 
dents of the Nacoochee Valley, who recalled the mound when the 
Cherokee Indians still occupied it and the surrounding area. 

The fact that the mound was used for burial purposes is attested 
by the finding of the remains of 75 individuals during the course of 
the excavations, the graves occurring from slightly beneath the 
summit to a depth of about 19 feet, or below the original base of 
the mound. These graves, with few exceptions, were unmarked, and 
in most instances were not accompanied with objects of ceremony or 
utility. The exceptions were those remains with which were buried 
stone implements, shells or shell ornaments, a smoking pipe, a pot- 
tery vessel, or the like. The skeletons were found usually with the 
head pointed in an eastwardly direction, and were all so greatly de- 
composed that it was impossible to preserve any of them for measure- 
ment and study, the bones in most cases consisting of only a pasty 
mass. 

As mentioned above, most of the burials were unmarked. The 
exceptions consisted of two graves incased and covered with slabs 
of stone, both unearthed near the very base of the mound. One of 
these stone graves contained a skeleton the bones of which were 
largely of the consistency of corn meal, owing to the ravages of 
insects, but what was lacking in the remains themselves was more 
than compensated by the finding near the skull of a beautiful effigy 
vase of painted pottery, the only piece of painted ware, whole or 
fragmentary, found in the entire mound. The occurrence of this 
type of vessel and the presence of the stone graves at the bottom of 
the mound suggest the possible original occupancy of the site by 
Indians other than the Cherokee. 

Perhaps the most remarkable feature of the mound was the large 
number of smoking pipes of pottery, mostly broken, but in many 
forms and of varying degrees of workmanship. Some of the pipes 
are of excellent texture and are highly ornamented with conven- 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. Bd 


tionalized figures of birds, etc., or marked with incised designs. An- 
other feature of the mound was the presence of a great amount of 
broken pottery, especially in the refuse at the base and covering the 
slopes. This pottery is chiefly of fine texture, although some of the 
cooking vessels are of coarse ware. With the exception of the 
painted vessel above noted, the only ornamentation applied by the 
makers of the pottery consists of incised and impressed designs, the 
latter made usually with a paddle of clay or wood, or worked out 
in the moist ware before firing by means of a pointed tool, a spatula, 
a piece of cane, or a shell. 

In pursuance of another plan of cooperative archeological research, 
Mr. Hodge, in October, visited Zufii, N. Mex., with Mr. Heye, for the 
purpose of examining the ruins of the historic pueblo of Hawikuh, 
in the Zui Valley southwest of Zuni pueblo, and of making the nec- 
essary arrangements with the Indians for its excavation. This site is 
of great archeological and historical interest, as the pueblo was in- 
habited when first seen by Fray Marcos de Niza in 1539, and when 
visited and stormed by Coronado in the following year. It became 
the site of an important Franciscan mission in 1629, and was finally 
abandoned in 1670 on account of depredations by hostile Indians. 
By reason of the fact that Hawikuh was inhabited continuously from 
prehistoric times until 130 years after the opening of the historical 
period, it is expected that a thorough study of its ruins will shed 
important information on the effect of the earliest Spanish contact 
with the Zui people and will supplement archeological work con- 
ducted in other village sites of that tribe. Owing to unforeseen cir- 
cumstances, active work was not commenced before the close of the 
fiscal year, but it is hoped that its initiation will not be long delayed. 
A permit therefor has been granted by the Secretary of the Interior. 

By provisional agreement with the School of American Arche- 
ology at Santa Fe, N. Mex., and the Royal Ontario Museum of 
Archeology at Toronto, plans were perfected whereby the Smith- 
sonian Institution, in conjunction with those establishments, was to 
conduct archeological researches of an intensive character in the 
Chaco Canyon of northern New Mexico, one of the most important 
culture areas north of Mexico. Although every effort was made to 
obtain from Congress the necessary appropriation for meeting the 
Institution’s share of the expense (a permit for the excavations hav- 
ing been issued by the Secretary of the Interior), the project was 
presented too late for action, hence the work, so far as the Smith- 
sonian Institution is concerned, has been necessarily postponed. 

As opportunity offered, the preparation of the bibliography of the 
Pueblo Indians was continued by Mr. Hodge, who also represented 
the Smithsonian Institution as a member of the United States Geo- 
graphic Board, and the Bureau of American Ethnology at the meet- 


52 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1916. 


ings of the Smithsonian advisory committee on printing and publi- 
cation. 

Dr. J. Walter Fewkes, ethnologist, having been detailed to con- 
tinue the excavation and repair of prehistoric ruins in the Mesa 
Verde National Park, Colo., under the joint auspices of this Bureau 
and the Department of the Interior, left Washington for that locality 
in August, 1915, and remained in the park continuously until the 
close of October. Dr. Fewkes devoted his attention mainly to a large 
mound of stones and earth situated near the point of a promontory 
opposite Cliff Palace, across Cliff Canyon, the excayation of which 
revealed a type of structure hitherto unknown in the Mesa Verde 
National Park, and architecturally different from any that had been 
previously excavated in the Southwest. The rooms of this‘building, 
which Dr. Fewkes designates as “Sun Temple,” were thoroughly 
cleared out, the débris removed, and the walls were repaired in such 
manner that they will not be likely to deteriorate for many years. A 
report on the work of excavation and on the structural features of 
this interesting building forms the subject of an illustrated pamphlet 
published by the Department of the Interior in June, 1916, under the 
title “ Excavation and repair of Sun Temple, Mesa Verde National 
Park.” i 

Structurally the Sun Temple consists of two parts—an original 
building, to which an annex is so united as to give the two a D- 
shape ground plan, the southern or straight wall of which extends 
almost exactly east-west. This wall measures 131 feet 7 inches in 
length; the highest wall of the structure is 11 feet 7 inches, the lowest 
5 feet. The walls are massive, varying in thickness from 2 to 5 
feet, and are composed of a core of rubble faced on both sides, 
the exposed stones having been earefully fashioned by hand and 
accurately fitted, although, as in the case of pueblo masonry gen- 
erally, the stones are usually neither “broken” at the joints nor 
bonded at the corners. Nevertheless the walls of the Sun Temple 
display excellent structural qualities that will compare favorably 
with any of its class north of Mexico. Architectually the annex re- 
sembles certain tower-like structures in the ancient pueblo region, 
and in plan the whole ruin bears resemblance also to Pueblo Bonito 
in Chaco Canyon, N. Mex. 

The building contains three circular rooms resembling kivas, 
or ceremonial chambers, still used by some of the Pueblo Indians, 
and many other rooms of unusual shape and doubtful significance. 
There was no indication that the Sun Temple had been roofed; 
indeed, there is strong evidence that the construction of the buildings 
was never finished. Dr. Fewkes was not able to determine the age 
of the Sun Temple, but he is of the opinion that it was built later 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 58 


than Cliff Palace. One evidence of its antiquity, however, was 
observed, namely, a cedar tree growing from the top of the highest 
walls was found to have 360 annual rings of growth, indicating that 
it sprouted a few years after Coronado led his expedition into the 
Southwest in 1540. 

The builders of the Sun Temple are supposed by Dr. Fewkes to 
_have been the former cliff dwellers of the neighboring canyons. 
As to its purpose, he is of the opinion that the building was used pri- 
marily for worship, but that like other temples among primitive 
peoples it was intended secondarily as a place of refuge in case of 
attack, and for the storage of provisions. The impression of a fossil 
palm leaf on the corner stone at the southwestern angle is believed to 
mark a shrine where rites to the sky or sun god were performed long 
before the temple was built. It is this supposed shrine that sug- 
gested the name for the edifice. 

On the completion of the excavation and repair of the Sun Temple, 
Dr. Fewkes similarly treated Oak-tree House, a cliff dwelling in the 
precipice of Fewkes Canyon above which stands the Sun Temple. 
A collection of artifacts found in this dwelling was gathered in the 
course of the excavation and later deposited in the National Museum. 

En route to Washington, Dr. Fewkes visited the so-called “ Buried 
City of the Panhandle,” on Wolf Creek in Ochiltree County, Tex., 
which had been reported to the bureau by residents of the neighbor- 
hood and had become locally celebrated. The remains examined 
hardly justify the name given to the site, which in former days was 
used as an encampment by wandering Indians rather than by sed- 
entary people. Dr. Fewkes’s attention was drawn also to a supposed 
artificial wall which gave name to Rockwall, not far from Dallas, 
Tex., but on examination this was found to be a natural sandstone 
formation. 

Dr. Fewkes returned to Washington in November and immedi- 
ately prepared a report on his summer’s work in the Mesa Verde 
National Park for the use of the Department of the Interior, an 
advance summary of which, issued by the department, was widely 
published in the newspapers. An account of the excavation and 
repair of Oak-tree House and Painted House, the largest cliff ruins 
in Fewkes Canyon, was also prepared for publication. On the com- 
pletion of these tasks Dr. Fewkes devoted the remainder of his lim- 
ited time to the preparation of the extended memoir on The Abo- 
rigines of the West Indies for publication in a report of the bureau. 
In June he again departed for the field with the view of initiating, 
before the close of the fiscal year, an inquiry into the archeological 
evidences bearing on Hopi legends that ancestors of the clans of the 
ancient pueblo of Sikyatki lived at Tebungki, or Beshbito, an oval 
ruin 15 miles east of Keams Canyon, Ariz. Dr. Fewkes visited and 


54 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1916. 


surveyed the ruin and made photographs and notes thereof. He 
likewise investigated certain large ruins east of Tebungki, on the 
ancient trail of migration from Chaco Canyon, and traced for some 
distance the prehistoric trail running from San Juan Valley south- 
ward past the great ruins, as yet undescribed, near Crownpoint, 
N. Mex. 

During the months of July to December, 1915, Mr. James Mooney, 
ethnologist, continued to devote most of his attention to the prepar- 
ation for publication of the Cherokee Sacred Formulas, including 
transliteration, translation, and explanation of each formula, with 
complete glossary and botanic index. These formulas, collected by 
Mr. Mooney on the East Cherokee Reservation in North Carolina, 
are written in the Cherokee language and alphabet and held for 
their own secret use by priests of the tribe, most of them long since 
dead. They consist of prayers, songs, and prescriptions, dealing 
with medicine, love, hunting, fishing, agriculture, war, the ball play, 
self-protection, etc. They number in all between 500 and 550, con- 
tained in several manuscripts, as follows: 


1. Gadigwanasti (“ Belt,” died 1888).—186 in a large blank book of foolscap 
size, and 94 others on separate sheets of the same size, closely written; 280 in 
all. Obtained from his son. 

2. A‘yunini (‘ Swimmer,” died 1899).—Written in an unpaged blank book of 
242 pages, 34 by 12 inches, only partially filled; 137 in all. Obtained from him- 
self and transliterated and translated with full explanation from his distation 
in 1888. 

3. A‘wanita (“ Young Deer,” died about 1892) .—24 written on separate sheets 
and obtained from him in 1888. Transcribed later into No 4. 

4, Tsiskwa (“ Bird,” died 1889).—22, dictated from deathbed and with other 
formulas written out in regular fashion, with index, in a blank book of 200 
pages, 8 by 10 inches, by his nephew, W. W. Long (Wiliwesti), in 1889. 

5. Dagwatihi (“Catawba Killer,” died about 1890.—Written out from his 
dictation by W. W. Long, in No. 4, in 1889; 11 in all. 

6. Gahuni (died 1866).—10 in all, together with a Cherokee-English vocabu- 
lary in Cherokee characters and other miscellany, contained in an unpaged 
blank book, 6 by 14 inches, Obtained in 1889 from his widow, Ayasta, mother 
of W. W. Long. 

7. Other formulas originally written by Inali (“Black Fox,” died about 
1880), YAantigfilegi (“‘Climbing Bear,” died 1904, Daninali (“ Tracker,” still 
living), Ayasta (‘‘ Spoiler,” died 1916), Aganstata (“Groundhog Meat,” still 
living), and others; mostly transcribed into No. 4. 

8. A large number of dance songs, ceremonial addresses, Civil War letters 
from Cherokee in the Confederate service, council records, ete., all in the 
Cherokee language and characters, contained in various original blank book 
manuscripts and letter sheets. Some of these have been transcribed into No. 4, 
and many of them might properly appear with the Sacred Formulas. 


Of all this material, about 150 formulas, including the entire 
Swimmer book, No. 2, were transliterated, translated, and anno- 
tated and glossarized, with Swimmer’s assistance, in 1888-89. Of 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 55 


these, 28 specimen formulas were published in 1891 in “Sacred 
Formulas of the Cherokees,” in the Seventh Annual Report of the 
bureau. The manuscript glossary for the whole 150 formulas num- 
bers about 2,000 words. 

All the other formulas, together with the more important miscel- 
lany noted under No. 8, were transliterated and translated with inter- 
linear translation in the summers of 1911-14, together with such 
additional explanation as might be furnished by surviving experts. 
Also some 500 or 600 plants noted in the medical prescriptions have 
been collected in the field, with their Cherokee names and uses, and 
the botanic identification made by assistance of the botanists of the 
National Museum. This entire body, exclusive of No.2 completed, is 
now in process of final transcription and elaboration, with explana- 
tion, botanic appendix, and glossary. Most of the work at present is 
being devoted to the Gadigwanasti manuscript, but the interdepend- 
ence of the formulas. necessitates frequent shifting from one to 
another. The glossary proceeds incidentally with the final transla- 
tion, but more slowly as the full import of the words becomes mani- 
fest. Many of the words and expressions are technical, symbolic, and 
in archaic and unusual dialectic forms, with corresponding difficulty 
of interpretation. The complete glossary will probably comprise at 
least 4,000 words. 

The botanic section will consist of a list of all the plants used in 
the formulas, as stated, and of some others of special importance, 
with their Indian names and meanings, botanic identification, and 
Cherokee uses as deduced from the various formulas and from direct 
information. . 

An explanation of the method and significance of the ceremony, 
the preparation of the medicine and the manner of its application 
will accompany each formula, but this work is deferred to the end, 
to insure symmetrical treatment without unnecessary repetition. 

It is planned to have one or more introductory chapters explana- 
tory of the Cherokee mythology, beliefs relating to the spiritual and 
occult world, ceremonial observances, initiation of hunters, and other 
matters illustrative of the formulas, together with parallels from 
other tribal systems, and also a chapter explanatory of the peculiar 
linguistic forms. 

More than 200 formulas have received final form. The finished 
work will fill at least one large report volume and require a year for 
completion. 

In July and August, 1915, Mr. Mooney gave considerable time to 
furnishing information and suggestions for the proposed Sequoya 
statue intended to constitute Oklahoma’s contribution to the Capitol 
gallery. The usual number of letter requests for miscellaneous in- 
formation also received attention. 


56 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1916. 


On May 27 Mr. Mooney proceeded to western North Carolina for 
the purpose of continuing his Cherokee studies, and at the close of 
the fiscal year was still in the field. 

Dr. John R. Swanton, ethnologist, devoted the greater part of the 
year to his memoirs pertaining to the Creek and associated tribes, to 
which reference was made in the last report. The first of these, 
dealing with the habitat and classification of the former Southeastern 
Indians, their history and population, is nearly completed ; it consists 
of upward of 750 typewritten pages, exclusive of the bibliography, 
all of which has been put in order and annotated. Some new manu- 
- script sources of information have recently been discovered which 
will make further additions necessary, but with this exception the 
text is now complete. Six maps are to be used in illustration; two 
of these, which are entirely new, are now being made, and the others 
are to be reproductions. The second paper, to cover the social organi- 
zation and social customs of the Creeks and their neighbors, has 
likewise been arranged and annotated, but it is being held in order 
to incorporate the results of further field research. 

From the end of September until the latter part of November, 
1915, Dr. Swanton was in Oklahoma, where he collected 113 pages of 
Natchez text from one of the three surviving speakers of the lan- 
guage; he also spent about three weeks among the Creek Indians, 
where about 80 pages of myths in English were procured. Further 
ethnological material was also obtained from the Creeks and from 
the Chickasaw, to whom a preliminary visit was made. While with 
the former people Dr. Swanton perfected arrangements with a young 
man to furnish texts in the native language, which he is able to 
write fluently, and in this way 173 pages have been submitted, not 
including translation. From Judge G. W. Grayson, of Eufaula, 
Okla., to whom the bureau has been constantly indebted in many 
ways, was obtained in Creek and English, and also in the form of a 
dictaphone record, a speech of the kind formerly delivered at the 
annual poskita, or busk, ceremony of the Creeks. From an Alibamu 
correspondent, referred to in previous reports, some additions to the 
Alibamu vocabulary and a few pages of Alibamu text were procured. 

At the beginning of the fiscal year Mr. J. N. B. Hewitt, ethnolo- 
gist, transcribed and edited the Seneca text “ Dooa’dane’gé” and 
Hotkwisdadegé’"a; making 45 pages, to which he added a Literal 
interlinear translation that required more than twice as many Eng- 
lish words as Indian, the whole being equivalent to about 130 pages. 
This text is a part of the Seneca material now in press for the 
Thirty-second Annual Report of the bureau. Mr. Hewitt also read 
for correction, emendation, and expansion, the galley proofs of Cur- 
tin’s Seneca material, and prepared more than 50 pages of notes and 
additions for the introduction and also for the text; he also has ready 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 57 


notes and corrections for the proofs still to come. From unedited 
text Mr. Hewitt completed a free translation of 32 pages of the Onon- 
daga version of the “requickening address” of the Ritual of Con- 
dolence of the League of the Iroquois, being a part of the material 
for his projected memoir on the Iroquois League. 

After the material of the Seneca legends had been submitted for 
printing, Mr. Curtin’s field records and notes, made while recording 
this material, came into possession of the bureau. Mr. Hewitt de- 
voted much time to reading and examining this undigested material, 
some 4,000 pages, for the purpose of ascertaining whether part of it 
should be utilized for printing or for illustrative purposes in what 
was already in type. This examination yielded some good material 
for notes and interpretations, but only small return as to new ma- 
terial for printing. 

In the early autumn Mr. Hewitt made special preparations for the 
prosecution of field work on his projected memoir on the League of 
the Iroquois, by tentative editing and copying of a number of 
Mohawk and Onondaga texts recorded hastily in the field in pre- 
vious years. The following parts of the Ritual of the Condolence 
Council were thus typewritten: The fore part of the Ceremony of 
Condolence, called “ Beside-The-Forest,” or “ Beside-The-Thicket,” 
in Mohawk; the so-called “ Requickening Address,” in the Onondaga 
version, and also the explanatory “introduction” and the “reply” 
in Onondaga to the “ Beside-The-Forest” address already noted; 
and the installation address in Onondaga, made by Dekanawida to 
the last two Seneca leaders to join the League, was likewise edited 
and typewritten. Mr. Hewitt also devoted much study to other 
parts of the League material, for the purpose of being able to dis- 
cuss it intelligently and critically with native informants. Some of 
the most striking results of this year’s field work are due to this 
preparatory study of the material already in hand. Mr. Hewitt spent 
many days in the office in searching out and preparing data for 
replies to correspondents of the bureau. 

On April 17, 1916, Mr. Hewitt left Washington for the Six Nations 
reserve near Brantford, Ontario, for the purpose of resuming field 
work, having in view primarily the putting into final form of the 
Onondaga and Mohawk texts pertaining to the League of the Iro- 
quois, recorded in former years. These texts cover a wide range of 
subjects and represent the first serious attempt to record in these 
languages very technical and highly figurative language from per- 
sons unaccustomed to dictate connected texts for recording. These 
text embody laws, decisions, rituals, ceremonies, and constitutional 
principles; hence it is essential that correct verbal and grammatic 
forms be given, 


58 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1916. _ 


One of the most important results of Mr. Hewitt’s field studies is 
the demonstration that, contrary to all available written records and 
various printed accounts, there were never more than 49 federal 
civil chiefs of the League of the Iroquois, and that the number 50, 
due to misconception of the meaning of ordinary terms by Thomas 
Webster of the New York Onondaga, who died about 30 years ago, 
is modern and unhistorical. This false teaching has gained credence 
because it arose only after the dissolution of the integrity of the 
League of the Iroquois in the years following its wars with the 
United States, when most of the tribes became divided, some remov- 
ing to Canada and some remaining in New York State, a condition 
which naturally fostered new interpretations and newer versions of 
older legends and traditions. 

Mr. Hewitt also recorded a Cayuga version of the so-called Dekan- 
awida tradition, comprising 130 pages of text, dictated by Chief 
John H. Gibson, which purports to relate the events that led to the 
founding of the League or Confederation of the Five Iroquois tribes 
and the part taken therein by the principal actors. In this inter- 
esting version Dekanawida is known only by the epithet “The 
Fatherless,” or literally “ He Who is Fatherless,” which emphasizes 
the prophecy that he would be born of a virgin. In this version 
“The Fatherless”- is represented as establishing among the 
Cayuga tribesmen the exact form of government that later he 
founded among the Five Iroquois tribes. It is said that the Cayuga 
selfishly limited the scope of that form of government, and therefore 
its benefits, to the Cayuga people alone, for the Cayuga statesmen did 
not conceive of its applicability to the affairs and welfare of all men. 
And so, this tradition affirms, it became needful that “ The Father- 
less” return to the neighbor tribes of the Cayuga to establish among 
them the League of the Five Tribes of the Iroquois, which was de- 
signed to be shared by all the tribes of men. This event is men- 
tioned in the other Dekanawida versions. ’ 

This Cayuga version also purports to explain the origin of the 
dualism lying at the foundation of all public institutions of Iroquois 
peoples, by attributing the first such organization among the Cayuga 
to two persons who were related to each other as “ Father and Son,” 
or “Mother and Daughter,” and who agreed to conduct public 
affairs jointly. This statement of course is somewhat wide of the 
mark, because it does not explain the existence of similar dualisms 
among other tribes such dualisms resting commonly, in the social 
organization, on the dramatization of the relation of the male and 
female principles in‘nature. 

Mr. Hewitt was also able to confirm another radical exegesis of a 
part of the installation ceremony of the League of the Iroquois 
as first proposed by himself. This deals with the significance and 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 59 


the correct translation of the words of the famous “Six Songs” of 
this ceremony. All other interpreters who have attempted to trans- 
late these words have assumed that these songs are “ songs of greeting 
and welcome,” but Mr. Hewitt, solely on grammatic grounds and the 
position of these songs, regards them rather as “songs of parting,” 
or “ songs of farewell,” which are dramatically sung by an imperson- 
ator for the dead chief or chiefs. 

Mr. Hewitt also recorded, in the Onondaga dialect, a short legend 
descriptive of the three Air or Wind Beings or Gods, the so-called 
Hofidu’’i, the patrons of the Wooden-mask or “ False-face” Society, 
whose chief function is the exorcism of disease out of the community 
and out of the bodies of ill persons; another on the Medicine Flute; 
another on the Husk-mask Society; and another on the moccasin 
game used at the wake for a dead chief: in all more than 100 pages of 
text not related to the material dealing with the Iroquois League. 

While in the field Mr. Hewitt purchased a number of fine specimens 
illustrating Iroquois culture, exhibiting art of a high order; these 
consist of a wooden mask, colored black; a husk-mask; two small 
drums; a “ medicine” flute; a moccasin game used at a chief’s wake; 
a pair of deer-hoof rattles; a horn rattle; and a squash rattle. 
During the time he was in the field, until the close of the fiscal year, 
Mr. Hewitt read, studied, corrected, and annotated about 8,000 lines 
of text other than that mentioned above, and also made a number of 
photographs of Indians. . 

Mr. Francis La Flesche, ethnologist, was engaged in assembling his 
notes on the rites of the Osage tribe. Up to the month of February, 
280 pages of the ritual of the Fasting degree of the war rites were 
finished, completing that degree, which comprises 492 pages. The 
Cathadse, or Rush-mat degree, was next taken up and completed; 
this degree covers 104 pages. The Child-naming ritual was then 
commenced, and 21 pages have been finished. 

In September, while on leave of absence, Mr. La Flesche was visited 
on the Omaha reservation by Xutha Wato"1 of the Tsizhu Wano" 
gens, who gave a description of the Washabe Athi", or war ceremony, 
as he remembered it. With this description he gave 5 wigie and 14 
songs. The wigie and the words of the songs have been tran- 
scribed from the dictaphone but are not yet typewritten, and the 
music of the songs has not yet been transcribed. A number of 
stories also were obtained from Xuthé Wato*i", among them that 
of the Osage traditional story of the separation of the Omaha and 
Osage tribes. Xuthé Watoi" died soon after his return home, his 
death being regarded by many as confirming the old-time belief that 
anyone who recites informally the rituals associated with these cere- 
monies will inevitably suffer dire punishment. The death of this old 


68663°—16——5 


60 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1916. 


man shortly after giving the rituals has therefore added to the diffi- 
culties attending the task of recording these ancient rites. 

Notwithstanding these obstacles, Mr. La Flesche succeeded, during 
his visit to the Osage Reservation in April and May, in securing 
from old Sho™gemoti® the version of the Fasting ritual belonging to 
the Tsizhu Peace gens, of which he is a member. The wigie and 
the words of the songs have been transcribed from the dictaphone, 
but are not yet typewritten, and the music of the songs is also to be 
transcribed. Sho™”gemo"i" likewise gave the Child-naming ritual 
belonging to his gens, in which there are two wigie, one containing 
227 lines and the other 94. In addition to these rituals, Sho’- 
gemori", after considerable hesitancy, recounted the “Seven and 
Six” (18) coups he is always called on to recount when any 
No”ho'zhi"ga of the Hoga division performs the ceremonies of 
some of the war rites. For this service he is paid a horse and 
goods amounting in value from $125 to $150. 

Mr. La Flesche also secured from Waxthizhi information concern- 
ing the duties of the two hereditary chiefs of the Osage tribe, the 
gentes from which they were chosen, and how their orders were 
enforced. He also obtained from Watsemo"i" two wigie, one recited 
by him at the ceremonies of the war rites, and the other by the 
N6tho"zhi'ga of the H6"ga Ahiuto" gens. 

In these studies Mr. La Flesche was materially assisted by 
Washoéshe and his wife, who have both overcome their aversion to 
telling of the rites. Washdshe resigned from the N6é*ho®zhitga 
order because of the injustice of its members toward a woman whom 
he selected to weave ceremonially the rush-mat shrine for a waxobe 
when he was taking the Cathadse degree. This man presented to 
Mr. La Flesche a mnemonic stick owned by his father and gave the 
titles of the groups of lines marked on the stick, each of which 
represents a group of songs. This mnemonic stick will be placed in 
the National Museum with the Osage collection. 

Mr. John P. Harrington, ethnologist, spent the entire fiscal year in 
making an exhaustive study of the Indians of the Chumashan lin- 
guistic stock of southern California. Three different bases have 
been established for working with informants and elaborating the 
notes. The period from July to October, inclusive, was spent at 
San Diego, Cal., where every facility for the work was granted by 
the courtesy of the Panama-California Exposition; November to 
March, inclusive, at the Southwest Museum, Los Angeles; and April 
to June, inclusive, at Santa Ynez. The month of January, 1916, was 
spent at Berkeley, Cal., where, through the courtesy of the Ban- 
croft Library of the University of California, various linguistic 
manuscripts and historical archives pertaining to the Chumashan 
stock were studies and copied. During the period named more than 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 61 


300,000 words of manuscript material were obtained and _ elab- 
orated. In addition to the grammatical and ethnological material 
an exhaustive dictionary of the Venturefio is well under way, which 
comprises some 8,000 cards. This is to be followed by similar dic- 
tionaries for the other dialects. The most satisfactory feature of 
the work was the collection of material on the supposedly extinct 
dialects of San Luis Obispo and La Purisima. The Purisimefio 
material consists mainly of words and corrected vocabularies, while 
on the Obispeno important grammatical material was also obtained. 
A large part of the material which still remains to be obtained de- 
pends on the life of two very old informants, consequently it is most 
important that Mr. Harrington continue his work in this immediate 
field until the opportunities are exhausted. 

The beginning of the fiscal year found Dr. Truman Michelson, eth- 
nologist, at Tama, Iowa, engaged in continuing his researches among 
the Fox Indians, which consisted mainly of recording sociological 
data and ritualistic origin myths. In August, Dr. Michelson pro- 
ceeded to Oklahoma for the purpose of investigating the sociology 
and phonetics of the Sauk Indians, as well as of obtaining transla- 
tions of Fox texts pertaining especially to ritualistic origin myths. 
After successfully concluding this work, Dr. Michelson returned to 
Washington in. October, when he commenced the translation of the 
textual material gathered in the field. Advantage was taken of the 
presence in Washington of a deputation of Piegan in obtaining a de- 
tailed knowledge of Piegan terms of relationship. From these 
studies Dr. Michelson determined that the lists of relationship terms 
recorded by Lewis H. Morgan, as well as by other investigators, re- 
quire revision. He also commenced to arrange the material gathered 
by the late Dr. William Jones pertaining to the ethnology of the 
Ojibwa Tribe, with a view of its publication as a bulletin of the 
bureau. Toward the close of the year Dr. Michelson undertook to 
restore phonetically the text of the White Buffalo dance of the Fox 
Indians, which likewise is intended for bulletin publication. It is 
believed that the results of this task will be ready for the printer 
before the close of the calendar year. 

Dr. Leo J. Frachtenberg, special ethnologist, divided his time, as 
in previous years, between field research and office work. On July 8 
he left his winter headquarters at the United States training school 
at Chemawa, Oreg., and proceeded to the Yakima Reservation, Wash., 
where he revised, with the aid of the last Atfalati Indian, the 
Kalapuya manuscript material collected in 1877 by the late Dr. A.S. 
Gatschet of the bureau. This material, comprising 421 manuscript 
pages, consists of vocables, stems, grammatical forms, and ethno- 
logical and historical narratives, and its revision marked the comple- 


62 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1916. 


tion of the work on the Kalapuya linguistic family commenced two 
summers ago. This work lasted until the latter part of July. In 
conjunction with this particular phase of field work, Dr. Frachten- 
berg corrected the second revision of the galley proofs of his Siuslaw 
grammatical sketch to appear in the second part of Bulletin 40. 

On returning to Chemawa, Dr. Frachtenberg took up the editing 
and typewriting of his grammatical sketch of the Alsea language, 
the compilation of which was completed during the previous winter ; 
this was finished in the early part of October, and the complete sketch, 
consisting of 158 sections and 421 typewritten pages, was submitted 
for publication in the second part of the Handbook of American 
Indian Languages (Bulletin 40). Dr. Frachtenberg interrupted this 
work on August 22 and took a short trip to the Siletz Reservation, 
where he collected 52 Athapascan and Shastan songs, which were 
transmitted to the bureau for future analysis. 

On October 7 he proceeded to the Quileute Reservation, where he 
enlisted the services of a Quileute informant, with whom he returned 
to Chemawa and brought to a successful completion the study of the 
grammar and mythology of the Quileute Tribe. This investigation 
extended from October until the latter part of March. The material 
collected by Dr. Frachtenberg during this period consists of 30 
native myths and traditions fully translated, a large body of notes to 
these texts, voluminous grammatical forms, and vocables. In Janu- 
ary Dr. Frachtenberg left Chemawa for a short trip to the Grand 
Ronde Reservation, Oreg., where he recorded 19 Kalapuya songs 
on the dictaphone. 

As Dr. Frachtenberg’s allotment for field work among the Quileute 
was then exhausted, he was obliged to remain at Chemawa until the 
close of the fiscal year. He therefore undertook the correction of the 
page proofs of his grammatical sketch of the Siuslaw language 
(pp. 431-629), and on its completion engaged in translating, editing, 
and typewriting the Alsea texts collected in 1910. The editing of 
these texts involved much labor, since it was deemed advisable to 
present in the introduction a complete discussion of Alsea mythology, 
and a concordance beween the folklore of this tribe and the myths of 
the other tribes of the Pacific coast. For that purpose all the pub- 
lished works on the folklore of the tribes of the northwestern area 
were consulted, including that of the Maidu, Shasta, Yana, Klamath, 
Takelma, Coos, Lower Umpqua, Tillamook, Chinook, Kathlamet, 
Wishram, Quinault, Chilcotin, Shuswap, Thompson River, Lillooet, 
Haida, Tlingit, Kwakiutl, Tsimshian, Bellacoola, and the Athapascan 
Tribes of the north. This work was practically completed by the 
close of the fiscal year. The collection consists of 8 creation myths, 
13 miscellaneous tales, 3 ethnological and historical narratives, 4 
statements as to religious beliefs, and 3 tales collected in English (31 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 63 


traditions in all). It comprises, in addition to the introdution, 392 
typewritten pages, and will be submitted for publication as a bulletin 
of the bureau. 


SPECIAL RESEARCHES. 


Dr. Franz Boas, honorary philologist, continued his researches con- 
nected with the preparation of the remainder of part 2 of the Hand- 
book of American Indian Languages, assisted by Dr. Hermann K. 
Haeberlin, Miss H. A. Andrews, and Miss Mildred Downs, and also 
devoted attention to the completion of the report on Tsimshian 
mythology. 

The bulletin on “ Kutenai Tales,” for which galleys were received in 
July, 1915, has been revised twice and is nearing completion. The 
page proof is being extracted preparatory to the accompanying 
grammatical sketch and vocabulary. 

Through the liberality of Mr. Homer E. Sargent, of: Chie: it 
has been possible to do much work on the preparation of an extended 
paper on the Salish dialects, now comprising about 500 pages of 
manuscript. The material has been collected since 1886, partly by 
Dr. Boas himself and partly by Mr. James Teit, the considerable 
expense of the field work of Mr. Teit having been generously met 
by Mr. Sargent. In the course of the last 30 years it has been pos- 
sible to collect vocabularies of all the Salish dialects, sufficient to 
afford a clear insight into the fundamental relations of these dialects, 
a preliminary work necessary to a more thorough study of the lan- 
guage. At the same time Mr. Teit gathered ethnological notes which 
are to be included in this work. The preparation of the vocabularies 
and of the detailed comparison that had been begun in previous 
years by Dr. Boas has been continued by Dr. Haeberlin, the basis of 
this study being their manuscript material and the published sources. 
Also through the liberality of Mr. Sargent and in cooperation with 
Columbia University in the city of New York, Dr. Haeberlin will 
be able to supplement his material by an investigation of one of the 
tribes of Puget Sound. 

The interest of Mr. Sargent has also made possible a detailed study 
of the Salish basketry of the interior plateau and the preparation of 
the illustrations for a memoir on this subject. For the latter purpose — 
there have been utilized the collections of the United States National 
Museum, the American Museum of Natural History, the University 
Museum of Philadelphia, the Museum of the American Indian (Heye 
Foundation), and the private collections of Mr. Sargent and others. 

The preparation of a manuscript on the Ethnology of the Kwakiutl 
Indians has been well advanced. The material for the first volume, 
which is to contain data collected by Mr. George Hunt, has been 
completed, excluding a number of translations which remain to be 


64 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1916. 


elaborated. According to the plan, the work is to consist of two 
parts, the first a collection of data furnished by Mr. Hunt in answer 
to specific questions asked by Dr. Boas; the second a discussion of 
them, and other data collected on previous journeys to British Colum- 
bia. This volume is to consist of an account of the material culture, 
social organization, religion, and kindred subjects. Most of the 
illustrations for this volume have been completed, and about 1,600 
pages of manuscript have been prepared. Miss Downs has made 
detailed extracts from Kwakiutl myths required for a discussion of 
this subject. 

Miss Downs has also compared the proofs of Dr. Frachtenberg’s 
Siuslaw grammar with published texts, and these proofs have been 
compared and passed on by Dr. Frachtenberg. This work completes 
the revision of the Siuslaw grammar, the publication of which has 
been delayed owing to various reasons. 

No progress has been made toward the final publication of the 
Chukchee grammar, as it has been impossible to communicate with 
_ the author, Mr. W. Bogoras, who is in Russia. 

Some progress has been made with the contributions to Mexican 
archeology and ethnology, to be edited by Prof. Alfred M. Tozzer, 
of Harvard University, with a view of their publication by the 
bureau asa bulletin. Dr. Paul Radin has furnished a manuscript on 
Huave; Dr. Haeberlin has nearly completed the study of modern 
Mexican tales, collected by Dr. Boas and by Miss Isabel Ramirez 
Castafieda; and Dr. Boas has been engaged in the preparation of 
material on certain types of Mexican pottery and on an account of a 
journey to Teul, Zacatecas. 

evar Wb Pinics of the National Museum, completed for the 
bureau the preparation of part 1 of the iananone of American 
Antiquities (Bulletin 60), and at the close of the year galley proofs 
of the entire work had been received and were in process of revision. 
On account of the pressure of more urgent work in connection with 
his official duties, only limited progress was made in the preparation 
of part 2. On April 21 Mr. Holmes made a brief visit to the 
museums of Philadelphia and’ New York for the purpose of conduct- 
ing studies required in the preparation of this handbook. 

Miss Frances Densmore’s field trip during the summer of 1915 for 
the purpose of continuing her studies of Indian music, comprised 
visits to three reservations and occupied two and one-half months. 
Most of the time was spent among the Mandan and Hidatsa, at Fort 
Berthold, N. Dak., and during part of her sojourn Miss Densmore 
camped near what is recognized as the last Mandan settlement, 
where she was enabled to record many interesting data that could 
not have been obtained in any other way. The Indians felt more 
free to sing there than at the agency, and Miss Densmore also had an 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 65 


opportunity to observe and photograph native customs, notably those 
of tanning a hide and preparing corn. The study of music on the 
Fort Berthold Reservation included that pertaining to the ceremony 
connected with eagle catching. An old eagle trap was visited and 
photographed, and the songs of the leader in the eagle camp were 
recorded by the only Mandan who had the hereditary right to sing 
them. The songs of the Goose Women Society and the Creek Women 
Society were also sung by those who inherited them and were re- 
corded phonographically. Among these are the ceremonial songs 
sung by the “corn priest” in the spring to fructify the seed corn. 
Songs of war and of the various men’s societies were also recorded. 
The total number of songs from this reservation now transcribed 
exceeds 100. | 

A new phase of the work was that of ascertaining the pitch dis- 
crimination of the Indians by means of tuning forks. This was be- 
gun at Fort Berthold and continued for comparative purposes at 
the Standing Rock and White Earth Reservations. Data from four 
tribes are now available on this subject of research. 

Miss Densmore read all the galley and part of the page proofs 
of the bulletin on Teton Sioux Music. Important additions were 
made to this book in the form of graphic representations, original 
plots of 240 songs and 18 diagrams having been made to exhibit 
the results obtained through mathematical analyses. Of these 
graphic representations 63 will appear in the bulletin. One hundred 
and fifty pages of manuscript were submitted during the year, in 
addition to the descriptive analyses of the songs. 

In the preparation of the Handbook of Aboriginal Remains East 
of the Mississippi, Mr. D. I. Bushnell, jr., added much new material. 
Many letters were sent to county officials in New England requesting 
information regarding the location of ancient village sites, burial 
places, and other traces of aboriginal occupancy in their respective 
areas. Many of the replies contained valuable and interesting infor- 
mation. Letters of like nature were addressed to officials in the 
Southern States, and the replies were equally satisfactory. Numer- 
ous photographs have been received from various sources, which wil] 
serve as illustrations for the handbook, but it is desired to increase 
the number if possible. The manuscript of the handbook will prob- 
ably be completed during the next fiscal year. 

Dr. Walter Hough, of the National Museum, was detailed to the 
bureau in June for the purpose of conducting archeological investi- 
gations in western central New Mexico. Proceeding to Luna, So- 
corro County, Dr. Hough commenced the excavation of a ruin pre- 
viously located by him, as described in Bulletin 35 of the bureau 
(p. 59). This site was thought to contain evidence of pit dwellings 
exclusively, but excavations showed that an area of about 40 acres 


66 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1916. 


contained circular, semisubterranean houses in which no stone was 
used for construction. Seven of the pits were cleared, and it was 
ascertained that many more existed beneath the surface, dug in the 
sandy substratum of the region. Burnt sections of roofing clay 
showed that these houses were roofed with beams, poles, brush, and 
mud, as in present pueblo construction. The roof was supported 
by wooden posts, charred remains of which were found. Nothing 
was ascertained respecting the construction of the sides of the dwell- 
ings or in regard to the height of the roofs. On the floor of each. 
of the pits uncovered were a rude metate, grinding stones, slabs of 
stone, and the outline of an otherwise undefined fireplace not quite 
in the center of the chamber. A bench about a foot high and a few 
feet in length was cut in the wall of some of the pits, and in one of 
the pits, against the wall, was a fireplace with raised sides of clay. 

Another type of structures adjoined the pits; these were rectan- 
gular, open-air houses with mud roofs, in which mealing and culinary 
work was carried on. Here were numerous metates, manos, rubbing 
stones, pottery, etc.; some of the metates were set up on three round 
stones. Near the pit was a cemetery in which infants were buried, 
the burials being associated with clay hearths and much charcoal, and 
near the bodies were placed small pottery vessels. Scrapers of flint 
and bones of deer were also found among the burials. So far as as- 
certained, the people who used the circular semisubterranean houses 
had a limited range. Traces of their culture have not been found 
below an elevation of 7,000 feet in the mountain valley, and it appears 
probable that their culture was associated with an environment of 
lakes which once existed in these valleys. It is evident in some cases 
that the pit dwellings were displaced by houses of stone. In most 
instances artifacts are different from those of the stone-house build- 
ers, and the latter have more points of resemblance to, than of differ- 
ence from, the ancient inhabitants of Blue River. It is probable that 
the range of the pit-house people would be found to be more exten- 
sive by excavation around the sides of stone houses in other locali- 
ties, the remains of pit structures being easily obliterated by natural 
filling. At this time the pit-dweller culture can be affiliated only 
with uncertainty with that of the ancient Pueblos. At the present 
stage of the investigation the lack of skeletal material is severely felt, 
but further work may overcome this difficulty. 

In continuation of his preliminary examination of archeological 
remains in western Utah, summarized in the last annual report of 
the bureau (pp. 51-53), Mr. Neil M. Judd, of the National Museum, 
returned to Utah in June, 1916, and excavated one of the large 
mounds near Paragonah, in Tron County. Limited in time and 
handicapped by unfavorable weather, the results obtained were less 
than those anticipated; nevertheless they show the similarity existing 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 67 


between the ancient Paragonah dwellings and those near Beaver 
City and neighboring settlements, and warrant the belief that the 
builders of these structures were more closely related to the house- 
building peoples of Arizona and New Mexico than has been suspected. 

In the report following his reconnoissance of last year, Mr. Judd 
drew attention to the fact that the mounds still existing near Para- 
gonah comprise a mere remnant of the large group formerly at that 
place and predicted the early razing of those remaining. The hurried 
investigation of this year was undertaken for the purpose of gaining 
information regarding these ruins before their destruction. 

One of the largest and, at the same time, one of the least disturbed 
mounds was selected as a type for excavation. Its dimensions were 
approximately 100 by 300 feet; its average height was 43 feet. Two 
great gashes had been made through the opposite ends of the mound 
by diggings of many years ago, each cut partially exposing the 
walls of a single long room. Including these two dwellings, which 
were reexcavated only with considerable difficulty, Mr. Judd suc- 
cessfully revealed and measured the walls of 14 rectangular houses, 
11 of which are entirely cleared of fallen débris and earth accumula- 
tion. The walls of these ancient habitations, like those previously 
examined near Beaver City, had been constructed entirely of adobe 
mud; in their present condition they exhibited no evidence of the 
use of angular bricks or blocks similar to those employed in Pueblo 
structures subsequent to the Spanish conquest. On the contrary, 
close examination showed that the walls were invariably formed by 
the union of innumerable masses of plastic clay, forced together by 
the hands of the builders and surfaced inside and out during the 
process of construction. Careful inspection of the ruins showed that 
the dwellings were originally roofed in the manner typical of cliff 
houses and of modern Pueblo structures throughout the Southwest. 
No certain evidence could be found that doors or other wall openings 
were utilized by the primitive artisans—each house invariably con- 
sisted of a single room that apparently had been entered from the 
roof. One of the most important discoveries made during the 
course of the Paragonah excavations was that of a circular, semi-- 
subterranean room which, with similar wall fragments previously 
discovered in the Beaver City mounds, tends to establish the use of 
the kiva, or ceremonial chamber, by the ancient house-building 
peoples of western Utah. 

On the conclusion of his studies at Paragonah, Mr. Judd proceeded 
to Fillmore, Willard County, for the purpose of investigating cer- 
tain mounds reported in that neighborhood. These and similar ele- 
vations near the villages of Meadow, Deseret, and Hinckley, were all 
superficially identified as of the same type and representing the same 


68 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1916. 


degree of culture as those above described. In all a collection of 
more than 500 objects was gathered during the course of the season’s 
work. 

A pleasing coincidence resulting from Mr. Judd’s Fillmore investi- 
gation was the fact that the guide he engaged had been employed in 
the same capacity by Dr. Edward Palmer, one of the National 
Museum’s most indefatigable collectors, during the latter’s expedi- 
tion of 1872. 

The archeological data collected by Mr. Judd during his two brief 
expeditions to western Utah are sufficient to warrant the extension 
of the northern limits of the area known to have been occupied by 
the ancient Pueblo peoples. Further work, however, is urgent, since 
that already accomplished has not only contributed certain valuable 
facts to Southwestern archeology, but it has shown also the proba- 
bility of finding, in the unknown desert regions of that section, a solu- 
tion of some of the vital questions with which American anthropology 
has labored for many years. 

By reason of the fact that Mr. James R. Murie has been engaged 
by the American Museum of Natural History, New York City, in 
connection with its ethnologic researches pertaining to the Plains 
Indians, his work of recording the rites and ceremonies of the Pawnee 
Tribe came to a close, and tentative arrangements have been made 
whereby the American Museum will complete the investigation and 
the results published by the bureau. Dr. Clark Wissler, curator of 
anthropology of the American Museum, has undertaken this task. 

Dr A. L. Kroeber, of the University of California, continued the 
preparation of the Handbook of the Indians of California for pub- 
lication by the bureau, and at this writing it is believed that the 
manuscript, with the accompanying maps and illustrations, will be 
submitted for publication before the close of the calendar year. 


MANUSCRIPTS. 


The large collection of manuscripts in possession of the bureau 
was augmented by the following principal items, which do not in- 
clude manuscripts in process of preparation by members of the 
bureau’s staff for publication: 

Miami-French dictionary; photostat copy of the original in the 
John Carter Brown Library at Providence, R. I. 

A number of notebooks from Dr. A. L. Kroeber, on Gros Ventre 
and Cheyenne-Arapaho linguistics and texts. These consist of: (a) 
Gros Ventre, 41-47, 49; (6) Arapaho and Cheyenne, 1-14, 21-22, 
94-98, and also a catalogue of this material recorded on 3,500 cards; 
(c) 110 pages of manuscript on the same subjects. 

First draft of Gatschet’s Klamath Dictionary, 177 pages. 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 69 


Copies of the following manuscripts, made by photostat in the 
bureau by the courtesy of Rev. George Worpenberg, S. J.. librarian 
of St. Mary’s College, St. Marys, Kans. : 


Catéchism dans la langue Potewatémi, A. D. 1847. 

Petit Catechism en Langue Potewatemi, A. D. 1848. 

Evangelia Dom, and Evangelia in Festis, and portions of the Gospels read 
on Sundays and certain Festivals of the Saints. 


PUBLICATIONS. 


The task of editing the publications of the bureau has continued 
in charge of Mr. J. G. Gurley, editor, assisted from time to time by 
Mrs. Frances S. Nichols. Following is a summary for the year: 


PUBLICATIONS ISSUED, 


Twenty-ninth Annual Report (1907-08). Accompanying paper: The Ethno- 
geography of the Tewa Indians, by John Peabody Harrington. 

Thirtieth Annual Report (1908-09). Accompanying papers: Ethnobotany of the 
Zui Indians (Stevenson) ; An Inquiry into the Animism and Folk-lore of the 
Guiana Indians (Roth). 

Bulletin 57. An Introduction to the Study of the Maya Hieroglyphs (Mor- 
ley). 

Bulletin 62. Physical Anthropology of the Lenape or Delawares, and of the 
Bastern Indians in General (Hrdliéka). 


PUBLICATIONS IN PRESS OR IN PREPARATION. 


Thirty-first Annual Report (1909-10). Accompanying paper: Tsimshian 
Mythology (Boas). 

Thirty-second Annual Report (1910-11). Accompanying paper: Seneca Fiction, 
Legends, and Myths (collected by Jeremiah Curtin and J. N. B. Hewitt; edited 
by J. N. B. Hewitt). 

Thirty-third Annual Report (1911-12). Accompanying papers: Designs on Pre- 
historic Hopi Pottery (Kewkes) ; Preliminary Account of the Antiquities of the 
Region between the Mancos and La Plata Rivers in Southwestern Colorado 
(Morris) ; Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Nebraska Region (Gilmore) ; 
Mound Excavation in the Hastern Maya Area, with an Introduction dealing 
with the General Culture of the Natives (Gann). 

Bulletin 40. Handbook of American Indian Languages (Boas). Part 2. 

Bulletin 55. Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians (Robbins, Harrington, Freire- 
Marreco). 

Bulletin 59. Kutenai Tales (Boas). 

Bulletin 60. Handbook of Aboriginal American Antiquities, Part 1. Intro- 
ductory. The Lithic Industries: Mining, Quarrying, Manufacture (Holmes). 

Bulletin 61. Teton Sioux Music (Densmore). 


The distribution of the publications of the bureau has continued 
in immediate charge of Miss Helen Munroe, of the Smithsonian 
Institution, and at times by Mr. E. L. Springer, assisted from the 
beginning of the fiscal ‘year until his resignation on April 15 by Mr. 
W. A. Humphrey, and subsequently by Miss Lana V. Schelski. Not- 
withstanding conditions in Europe and the impossibility of sending 
publications abroad except to a very limited extent, 2,235 more pub- 


70 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1916. . 


lications were distributed than during the previous fiscal year. This 
distribution may be classified as follows: 


Series. Copies. 
Annual-reports and Separatess: <0 22 mat Rr Ee ee Hine seep erene D Wea. 2, 036 
Bulletins and separates. 3 23. ae ee ee 9, 990 
Contributions to North American Ethnology—volumes and separates___ 18 
Tvbred ction) 2 oe kn cake Oe ae es ed ee 9 
Miscellaneous publicationss—2= 6.55) ee i ee 367 

12, 420 
ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Mr. DeLancey Gill, illustrator, has continued in charge of the 
preparation of the illustrations for the publications of the bureau and 
of photographing the members of visiting Indian deputations to 
Washington, in which work he has been assisted by Mr. Albert E. 
Sweeney. The results accomplished in this direction are as follows: 


Number. 
Photographic prints for distribution and office use______________________ 1,437 
Negatives of ethnologic and archeologic subjects_____________=§________ 126 
Negative films developed from field exposures_________________________ 188 
Photostat printsfrom) books and manuseripts ee ee eee gi Pas 
NEO UTES sel SO Oe VE So ee ke det rael a Re tine NE 78 
Prootsvexaminede = £225 = seks Se Ei ee aha EBL eo Beata As eee 251 
Bhotographs: retouched 22 hae aes ae eee ae eS eee 438 
Drawings made_________ Sie a puke ii Pion ee or. Meee 187 
Portrait negatives of visiting delegations (Pawnee, Sauk and Fox, 
Winnebago, Blackfoot, Cheyenne, Chippewa)_________--_--_-__- 25 


The complete editions of three colored plates, aggregating 20,000 
prints, were examined at the Government Printing Office. Tllustra- 
tive material for three bulletins was completed for reproduction, and 
progress was made on similar work for the Thirty-third Annual 
Report. 

LIBRARY. 


The library of the bureau continued in charge of Miss Ella Leary, 
librarian, assisted by Charles B. Newman, messenger boy. During 
the year 1,078 volumes were accessioned; of these 214 were pur- 
chased, 185 were acquired by gift and exchange, and 729 are vol- 
umes of serials which were entered after having been bound for the 
first time. The library also procured 272 pamphlets, chiefly by gift. 
The periodicals currently received number about 750, of which 12 
are acquired by subscription and 738 by exchange. Among the 
more noteworthy accessions of books are 20 volumes of Bibles, Testa- 
ments, and portions of the Bible in American Indian languages. 
The library now contains about 21,315 volumes, 13,460 pamphlets, 
and several thousand unbound periodicals. There were sent to the 
Government Printing Office for binding, 1,338 books, pamphlets, and 


Oo Poa a 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. (et 
serial publications, and of these all but 20 had been returned to the 
bureau before the close of the year. 

In addition to the cataloguing of current accessions the efforts of 
the librarian were devoted to making a subject, author, and analyti- 
cal catalogue of the books represented in the old catalogue by an 
imperfect author catalogue alone. In this connection special atten- 
tion was given to linguistic works. From time to time Mrs. F. S. 
Nichols has assisted in this work, and satisfactory progress has been 
made. 

Although maintained primarily for the use of the staff, the library 
is consulted more and more by students not members of the bureau, 
as well as by officials of the Library of Congress and of the Govern- 
ment departments. 


COLLECTIONS. 


The following collections were acquired by the bureau, by members 
of its staff, or by those detailed in connection with its researches, and 
have been transferred to the National Museum: 


704 archeological objects gathered in Utah and Wyoming by Mr. Neil M. 
Judd. (58757.) 

Collection of potsherds showing types of ornamentation, from the Nacoochee 
Mound, White County, Georgia, being a part of the objects gathered by the 
joint expedition of the Bureau of American Ethnology and Museum of the 
American Indian (Heye Foundation). (58819.) 

170 archeological specimens collected by Mr. Gerard Fowke at the flint quarry 
shop sites at Crescent, St. Louis County, Missouri. (59015.) 

Collection of nonhuman bones from the Nacoochee Mound, Georgia. (59017.) 

A small collection of prayer-sticks from a Pueblo shrine on the summit of 
Langley Peak, west of the Rio Grande and south of the Rio Chama, New 
Mexico, presented by Mr. Robert H. Chapman. (59112.) 

53 Indian potsherds and arrow points presented by Mr. Arthur L. Norman, 
Troup, Texas. (59252.) ; 

Stone “collar” from Porto Rico, received by purchase from Mr. K. A. Behne, 
San German, Porto Rico. (59280.) 

A point and tackle of a salmon spear; a halibut hook, and five small fish- 
hooks, the gift of Mr. Robert H. Chapman. (59288.) 

Set of ear perforators formerly owned by Wathuxage of the Tsizhu Wash- 
tage gens of the Osage, presented through Mr. Francis La Flesche by Mrs. Fred 
Lookout. (59782.) 

Sacred hawk bundle, or waxobe, of the Buffalo-face People of the Osage 
tribe, collected by Mr. Francis La Flesche. (59792.) 

Osage war shield, collected by Mr. Francis La Flesche.  ( 59934. ) 


PROPERTY. 


In regard to the property of the bureau there is nothing to add 
to the statements presented in recent reports. The cost of necessary 
furniture, typewriters, and photographic and other apparatus ac- 
quired during the fiscal year was $238.54. 


72 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1916. 
MISCELLANEOUS. 


Quarters—One of the rooms in the north tower occupied by the 
bureau force was repaired and painted, a new electric fixture in- 
stalled, and the wooden casing under the exposed stairway removed 
and fireproofing substituted. 

Personnel.—The only change in the personnel of the bureau was 
the resignation of Mr. William A. Humphrey, stenographer and 
typewriter, on April 15, 1916, and the appointment of Miss Lana V. 
Schelski on May 15 to fill the vacancy. 

The correspondence and other clerical work of the office, in addition 
to that above mentioned, has been conducted by Miss Florence M. 
Poast, clerk to the ethnologist in charge; Miss May 8S. Clark, who 
particularly aided Mr. Bushnell in correspondence connected with 
the preparation of the Handbook of Aboriginal Remains; and Mrs, 
I’, S. Nichols, who has aided the editor. 

Respectfully submitted. 

F. W. Hopes, 
Ethnologist in Charge. 
Dr. Cuarites D. Watcort, 
Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 
Washington, D. C. 


APPENDIX 3. 
REPORT ON THE INTERNATIONAL EXCHANGES. 


Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report on the opera- 
tions of the International Exchange Service during the fiscal year 
ending June 30, 1916. 

The congressional appropriation for the support of the service 
during the year, including the allotment for printing and binding, 
was $32,200 (the same amount as appropriated for the past eight 
years), and the repayments from departmental and other establish- 
ments aggregated $3,678.25, making the total available resources for 
carrying on the system of exchanges $35,878.25. 

During the year 1916 the total number of packages handled was 
301,625, an increase of 25,869, as compared with the preceding year. 
The weight of these packages was 399,695 pounds, an increase of 
31,841 pounds. 

Although these figures show an increase in the amount of work 
carried on by the service over that for last year, both the number and 
weight of the packages handled are lower than for the year 1914. 
This reduction, however, is accounted for by the suspension of ship- 
ments to a number of countries, owing to the European war, as ex- 
plained in the last report. 

The number and weight of the packages of different classes are 
indicated in the following table: 


Packages. Weight. 


Sent. |Received.| Sent. |Received. 


Pounds. | Pounds. 


United States parliamentary documents sent abroad........... 161526D)|- 2 sess O93; 458) peste see 
Publications received in return for parliamentary documents...|.........- a O0%8 [eee seeeee 16, 938 
United States departmental documents sent abroad.........--- CERT SB anesac oe 142) 415 Wes onccae 
Publications received in return for departmental documents... .|......-..- Ay B02. ase ates 8,911 
Miscellaneous scientific and literary publications sent abroad..| 42, 862 |...--.--.. S45 196) eter oes 
Miscellaneous scientific and literary publications received from 
abroad for distribution in the United States...........--.-..-|-..---.--- DOOM eee Donal 
aint Meee ee Ate aw Eat 276,893 | 24,732] 320,069| 79, 626 
Grane GO pallet eee pet tay eee Me esc tee wise Sle Penna es 301,625 399, 695 


EES" 


73 


44 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1916. 


In connection with the above statistics, attention should be called 
to the fact that many returns for publications sent abroad reach 
their destinations direct by mail and not through the Exchange 
Service. 

Of the 1,758 boxes used in forwarding exchanges to foreign 
agencies for distribution, 319 contained full sets of United States 
official documents for authorized depositories, and 1,439 were filled 
with departmental and other publications for depositories of partial 
sets and for miscellaneous correspondents. The total number of 
boxes sent abroad during 1916 was 105 more than the preceding year. 

As referred to last year, the interruption to transportation. facili- 
ties caused by the European war made it necessary for the Inter- 
national Exchange Service in August, 1914, to suspend the shipment 
of consignments to Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Germany, Hungary, 
Montenegro, Roumania, Russia, Serbia, and Turkey. With the ex- 
ception of Germany, exchange relations with these countries are still 
suspended. It has been possible to arrange for the sending of several 
consignments to Germany through the American consul general at 
Rotterdam, but the Institution has not yet undertaken the regular 
transmission of boxes to that country. One shipment has been re- 
ceived from Germany, and the Institution, through the Department 
of State, has arranged with the British. Government for the:sending 
of consignments from Germany to this country at bimonthly in- 
tervals. 

In May, 1915, as mentioned in the last report, the Institution en- 
deavored to arrange with the Commission of International Exchanges 
at Petrograd for the resumption of shipments to Russia by way of 
Archangel, but the commission then expressed a desire to postpone 
the renewal of operations until after the close of the war. The 
commission now writes that it has been found possible to resume 
the forwarding of consignments either by way of Vladivostok, Rus- 
sia, or Bergen, Norway. The Institution has signified its preference 
for the latter route, at the same time asking if shipments can be 
forwarded to Russia through the same port. 

Through the burning at sea of the steamship Mount Eagle, box 
125, containing publications from various governmental and scien- 
he establishments in this country for distribution in Korea, was 
destroyed. Owing to a similar accident to the steamship Athenaz, 
box 231, for Greece, was lost. In almost every instance the Insti- 
tution was able to procure from the senders duplicate copies of the . 
lost publications, which were duly forwarded to their destinations. 
In this connection it should be stated that the destruction of the 
above-mentioned vessels was not due to the war. Thus far only two 
exchange packages—each containing 12 publications—have been lost 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 15 


through the sinking of steamers by war vessels, reference to which 
was made in the last report. 

In continuation of a policy of international helpfulness, the Insti- 
tution has rendered aid to governmental and scientific establish- 
ments, both in this and foreign countries, in procuring especially 
desired publications. One instance in particular in which the Insti- 
tution extended aid during the year in procuring publications may 
be referred to in this connection. The Pan American Division of 
the American Association for International Conciliation in New 
York City, which was assembling a library to consist of some seven 
or eight thousand volumes of works of North American origin for 
presentation to the Museo Social Argentino at Buenos Aires, applied, 
through the Department of State, for a selection of publications of 
the United States Government and of certain scientific institutions 
in this country. The matter was brought to the attention of the 
proper establishments, and several hundred publications were re- 
ceived for the proposed library. The Department of State, in 
bringing this matter to the attention of the Institution, stated that 
the department attached considerable importance to the request as a 
potent means of furthering the best ideals of Pan Americanism. 

It may be stated in this connection that it is the custom of the 
Government of India to refer any requests from establishments in 
this country for Indian official documents to the Exchange Service 
for indorsement before acting thereon. In such instances statistics 
and other information relative to the society or establishment making 
the request is furnished, and a proper recommendation is made in 
regard to,the application. 

The number of boxes sent to each foreign country and the dates 
of transmission are shown in the following table: 


Consignments of exchanges for foreign countries. 


Number 


Country. Bibs: Date of transmission. 

INR GENTINA ss .cacinas~ “252. ~~ 51 | July 21, Aug. 19, Sept. 30, Oct. 21, Nov. 26, 1915; Jan. 17, Feb. 18, 
Apr. 25, May 26, 1916. 

BORIVTACR = th s— oe cee ee 6 | July 16, Oct. 2, Nov. 12, Dec. 14, 1915; Feb. 3, Apr. 6, 1916. 

BRAZMGe seas Soe aera deseo 37 | July 21, Aug. 19, Sept. 30, Oct. 21, Nov. 26, 1915; Jan. 17, Feb. 
18, Mar. 25, May 26, 1916. 

BRITISH COLONIES..-..--- SS 23 | July 3, 10, 17, 24, 31, Aug. 7, 14, 21, 28, Sept.4, 11, 18, 25, Oct.9, 

- 16, 23, 30, Nov. 6, 13, 20, 30, Dec. 4, 11, 18, 1915; Jan. 28, Feb. 

8, 16, 25, Mar. 8, 20, Apr. 1, 10, 18, May 2, June 5, 16, 1916. 

BRITISH. GUIANA. --22 22.55. 7 | July 20, Aug. 20, Nov. 19, 1915; Feb. 5, Mar. 24, 1916. 

WANADAR Sameera anh Sates fe 24 | Aug. 10, Oct. 23, Dec. 10, 1915; Feb. 25, Mar. 28, June 2, 1916. 

( CHEN UH DS, Cae Beer ete As ae 23 | July 21, Aug. 20, Oct. 4, Nov. 4, Dec. 3, 1915; Feb. 1, Mar. 2, Apr. 
4, May 4, 1916. 

CHINAS os fase ee teds see 53 | July 14, Aug. 12, Sept. 24, Oct. 19, Nov. 27, Dec. 15, 1915; Jan. 8, 


31, Feb. 23, Mar. 8, 24, Apr. 4, 7, 13, May 6, 1916, 
68663 °—16——6 


76 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1916. 


Consignments of exchanges for foreign countries—Continued. 


Country. 


COLOMBIAZ 3.2.52 8ncs acess Se 
COSTA MRICA oc. oc cheeses eee 


ISRANCE =. 3 c5 ss sare ee ee ae 


GERMANY cico< oes noose est 2 
GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 


NEw SOUTH WALES....-..--- 
IN Wa ARATAND 2.0... ceo oeeisecs 


INICARIAGUAMES = oc coteeke ce cee 
INORWAYE.tes acess tees sre erect 


Number 


mission. 
ahaneee. Date of transmissio 


11 | July 16, Oct. 1, Nov. 12, Dec. 13, 1915. 
12 | July 16, Oct. 2, Nov. 12, Dec. 13, 1915; Feb. 2, Mar.3, Apr. 5, 1916. 
6 | Aug. 10, Oct. 23, Dec. 10, 1915; Feb. 25, Mar. 28, June 2, 1916. 
33 | July 2, Aug. 3, Sept. 9, Oct. 9, 28, Nov. 16, 30, 1915; Jan. 16, Mar. 
17, June 10, 1916. 
8 | July 16, Aug. 17, Oct. 2, Nov. 12, Dec. 14, 1915; Mar. 4, Apr. 7, 
1916. 
10 | July 28, Aug. 24, Oct. 6, Nov. 9, Dec. 8, 1915; Feb. 5, May 26, 
1916. 
154 | July 14, 29, Aug. 16, 25, Sept. 25, Oct. 14, Nov. 2, 19, Dec. 4, 1915; 
Jan. 28, Feb. 12, Mar. 14, Apr. 14, May 25, 1916. 
137 | Aug. 14, 1915; Jan. 19, June 9, 1916. 
392 | July 3, 10, 17, 24, 31, Aug. 7, 14, 21, 28, Sept. 4, 11, 18, 25, Oct. 9, 
16, 23, Nov. 6, 13, 20, 30, Dec. 4, 11, 18, 1915; Jan. 20,28, Feb.8, 
16, 25, Mar. 8, 20, Apr. 1, 10, 17, May 2, June 5, 1916. 
9 | July 28, Aug. 28, Oct. 6, Nov. 12, Dec. 11, 1915; Jan. 25, 1916. 
6 | July 20, Oct. 6, Nov. 16, Dec. 14, 1915; Mar. 4, Apr. 6, 1916. 
6 | Aug. 10, Oct. 23, Dec. 10, 1915; Feb. 25, Mar. 28, June 2, 1916. 
4 | July 20, Oct. 6, 1915; Feb. 3, Apr. 6, 1916. 
54 | July 10, 17, 24, 31, Aug. 7, 14, 21, 28, Sept. 4, 11, 25, Oct. 9, 16, 23, 
30, Nov. 6, 13, 20, 30, Dec. 4, 11, 18, 1915; Jan. 28, Feb. 8, 16, 25, 
Mar. 8, 20, Apr. 1, 10, 17, May 2, June 5, 16, 1916. 
94 | July 13, Aug. 25, Sept. 25, Oct. 18, Nov. 2, 18, Dec. 6, 1915; Jan. 
21, Feb. 12, Mar. 14, Apr. 12, May 25, 1916. 
6 | July 29, Sept. 28, Nov. 5, Dec. 15, 1915; Feb. 4, Apr. 7, 1916. 
50 | July 5, Aug. 3, Sept. 11, Oct. 9, Nov. 9, Dec. 9, 1915; Jan. 29, 
Feb. 29, Mar. 29, Apr. 29, 1916. 
3 | July 28, Sept. 28, Oct. 23, 1915. 
3 | July 29, Sept. 28, Dec. 15, 1915. 
1 | July 28, 1915. 
6 | Aug. 10, Oct. 23, Dec. 10, 1915; Feb. 25, Mar. 28, June 2, 1916. 
46 | July 15, 27, Aug. 14,17, 25, Sept. 28, Oct. 13, Nov. 3, Dec. 2, 1915; 
Jan. 21, Feb. 21, Apr. 1, May 2, 1916. 
34 | July 8, Aug. 10, Sept. 23, Oct. 20, Nov. 23, 1915; Jan. 14, Feb. 14, 
Mar. 15, Apr. 20, 1916. 
28 | July 13, Aug. 12, Sept. 24, Oct. 20, Nov. 23,1915; Jan. 15, Feb. 14, 
Mar. 15, Apr. 21, 1916. ; 
4 | July 20, Oct. 6, Nov. 16, 1915; Apr. 6, 1916. 
26 | July 2, Aug. 3, Sept. 9, Oct. 9, Nov. 9, Dec. 8, 1915; Jan. 25, 
Mar. 7, Apr. 17, 1916. 
7 | July 29, Oct. 2, Nov. 16, Dec. 14, 1915; Feb. 3, Apr. 7, 1916. 
30 | July 21, Aug. 20, Oct. 4, Dec. 3, 1915; Feb. 1, Mar. 2, Apr. 4, 
May 4, 1916. 
20 | July 2, Aug.3, Sept. 9, Oct. 9, Nov. 9, Dec. 8, 1915; Jan. 25, Mar. 7, 
Apr. 11, June 16, 1916. 
16 | July 2, Aug. 12, Sept. 24. Oct. 20, Nov. 23, 1915; Jan. 15, Feb. 14, 
Mar. 15, Apr. 21, 1916. 
6 | July 20, Oct. 6, Nov.16, Dec. 14,1915; Mar. 4, Apr. 6, 1916. 
5 | July 28, Sept. 28, Dec. 7, 1915; Apr. 7, Feb. 4, 1916. 
24 | July 8, Aug. 10, Sept. 23, Oct. 20, Nov. 23, 1915; Jan. 14, Feb. 14, 
Mar. 15, Apr. 20, 1916. 
40 | July 7, Aug. 10, Sept. 22, Oct. 19, Dec. 2,1915; Jan. 21, Feb. 21, 
Mar. 29, Apr, 28, June 10, 1916. 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. she 


Consignments of exchanges for foreign countries—Continued. 


Country. sr rete Date of transmission. 

DWIEDENS <((Jee- cues cc hese 49 | July 27, Aug. 24, Sept. 15, Oct. 18, Nov. 24, 1915; Jan. 15, Feb. 17, 
Mar. 17, Apr. 22, 1916. v 

SWITZERLAND........-....---- 50 | Sept. 24, Oct. 13, Nov. 3, Dec. 3, 1915; Jan. 15, Feb. 18, Mar. 24, 

; Apr. 24, June 8, 1916. 

MPASMUANTA Sn). Seki bel soece. 20 | July 3, 10, 17, 24, 31, Aug. 7, 14, 21, 28, Sept. 4, 11, 18, 25, Oct.9, 
16, 30, Nov. 6, 13, 20, 30, Dec. 4, 11,18 1915; Jan. 28, Feb. 8, 16, 
25, Mar. 8, 20, Apr. 1, 10, 18, May 2, June 5, 16, 1916. 

BRINIDAD oy cleo os ndcncic cence 3 | July 29, Sept. 28, Dec. 15, 1915. 

UNION OF SouTH AFRICA..... 34 | July 27, Aug. 25, Nov. 5, Dec. 6, 1915; Feb. 5, Mar.8, Apr. 11,1916, 

WRUGUAWS 255.5.) 2he. sesees | 17 | July 21, Aug. 20, Oct. 4, Nov. 12, Dec. 13, 1915; Feb. 2, Mar. 3. 
Apr. 5, 1916. ; 

WIENIEZUINLAY fen oo oo G ee 13 | July 16, Oct. 2, Nov. 12, Dec. 18,1915; Feb. 2, Mar. 8, Apr. 5, 1916. 

WHETORTAS 2. os Skeid col ook 35 | July 8, Aug. 10, 19, Sept. 23, Oct. 20, Nov. 23, 1915; Jan. 14, 
Feb. 14, Mar. 15, Apr. 20, 1916. 

WESTERN AUSTRALIA......... 20 | July 3, 10, 17, 24, 31, Aug. 7, 14, 21, 28, Sept. 4, 11, 18, 25, Oct. 9, 
16, 23, 30, Nov. 6, 13, 20, 30, Dec. 4, 11, 18, 1915; Jan. 28, Feb. 8, 
16, 25, Mar. 8, 20, Apr. 1, 10, 18, May 2, June 5, 16, 1916. 

WINDWARD AvD LEEWARD 2 | July 29, Sept. 28, 1915, 

ISLANDS. 


FOREIGN DEPOSITORIES OF UNITED STATES GOVERNMENTAL DOCU- 
MENTS. 


The number of sets of the United States official publications regu- 
larly forwarded to foreign countries in accordance with treaty stipu- 
lations and under the authority of the congressional resolutions of 
March 2, 1867, and March 2, 1901, has been reduced from 92 to 91— 
the series sent to the Government of Bombay having been discon- 
tinued at the latter’s request. In asking that these shipments be dis- 
continued, the secretary to the Government of Bombay stated that 
it would in no way affect the transmission of the reports of his 
Government for deposit in the Library of Congress. 

The recipients of the 55 full and 36 partial sets are as follows: 


DEPOSITORIES OF FULL SETS. 


ARGENTINA: Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Buenos Aires. 

AUSTRALIA: Library of the Commonwealth Parliament, Melbourne. 

Austria: K. K. Statistische Zentral-Kommission, Vienna. 

BaDEN: Universitits-Bibliothek, Freiburg. (Depository of the Grand Duchy 
of Baden. ) 

Bavaria: Konigliche Hof- und Staats-Bibliothek, Munich. 

Beteium: Bibliothéque Royale, Brussels. 

Brazit: Bibliotheca Nacional, Rio de Janeiro. 

Buenos Arres: Biblioteca de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata. (Deposi- 
tory of the Province of Buenos Aires. ) 

CanapDA: Library of Parliament, Ottawa. 


78 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1916. 


CHILE: Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional, Santiago. 

CuInA: American-Chinese Publication Exchange Department, Shanghai Bureau 
of Foreign Affairs, Shanghai. 

CoLoMBIA: Biblioteca Nacional, Bogota. 

Costa Rica: Oficina de Depdsito y Canje Internacional de Publicaciones, San 
José. 

CusA: Secretaria de HEstado (Asuntos Generales y Canje Internacional), 
Habana. 

DENMARK: Kongelige Bibliotheket, Copenhagen. 

ENGLAND: British Museum, London. 

FRANCE: Bibliothéque Nationale, Paris. 

GERMANY: Deutsche Reichstags-Bibliothek, Berlin. 

GuLAseow: City Librarian, Mitchell Library, Glasgow. 

GREECE: Bibliothéque Nationale, Athens. 

Haiti: Secrétaire d’Etat des Relations Extérieures, Port au Prince. 

Huneary: Hungarian House of Delegates, Budapest. 

InpIA: Department of Education (Books), Government of India, Calcutta. 

IRELAND: National Library of Ireland, Dublin. 

Iraty: Biblioteca Nazionale Vittorio Emanuele, Rome. 

JAPAN: Imperial Library of Japan, Tokyo. 

Lonpon: London School of Economics and Political Science. (Depository of 
the London County Council.) . 

MANITOBA: Provincial Library, Winnipeg. 

Mexico: Instituto Bibliografico, Biblioteca Nacional, Mexico. 

NETHERLANDS: Library of the States General, The Hague. 

New SoutH WAtLEs: Public Library of New South Wales, Sydney. 

NEw ZEALAND: General Assembly Library, Wellington. 

Norway: Storthingets Bibliothek, Christiania. 

OnTARIO: Legislative Library, Toronto. 

Paris: Préfecture de la Seine. 

PERU: Biblioteca Nacional, Lima. 

PoRTUGAL: Bibliotheca Nacional, Lisbon. 

Prussia: Ko6nigliche Bibliothek, Berlin. 

QuEBEC: Library of the Legislature of the Province of Quebec, Quebec. 

QUEENSLAND: Parliamentary Library, Brisbane. 

Russta: Imperial Public Library, Petrograd. 

Saxony: K6nigliche Oeffentliche Bibliothek, Dresden. 

SerBrA: Section Administrative du Ministére des Affaires Etrangéres, Belgrade. 

SoutH AUSTRALIA: Parliamentary Library, Adelaide. 

Spain: Servicio del Cambio Internacional de Publicaciones, Cuerpo Facultativo 
de Archiveros, Bibliotecarios y Arquedlogos, Madrid. 

SWEDEN: Kungliga Biblioteket, Stockholm. 

SWITZERLAND: Bibliothéque Fédérale, Berne. | 

TASMANIA: Parliamentary Library, Hobart. 

TURKEY: Department of Public Instruction, Constantinople. 

Union oF SoutH Arrica: State Library, Pretoria, Transvaal. 

Urvueuay: Oficina de Canje Internacional de Publicaciones, Montevideo. 

VENEZUELA: Biblioteca Nacional, Caracas. 

VicrortA: Public Library, Melbourne. 

WESTERN AUSTRALIA: Public Library of Western Australia, Perth. 

WUrTTEMBERG: K6nigliche Landesbibliothek, Stuttgart, 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 79 


DEPOSITORIES OF PARTIAL SETS. 


ALBERTA: Provincial Library, Edmonton. 

ALSACE-LORRAINE: KX. Ministerium fiir Elsass-Lothringen, Strassburg. 

Bortv1A: Ministerio de Colonizacién y Agricultura, La Paz. 

BREMEN : Senatskommission fiir Reichs- und Auswirtige Angelegenheiten. 

British CotumpBiA: Legislative Library, Victoria. 

BRITISH GUIANA: Government Secretary’s Office, Georgetown, Demerara. 

Buuearia: Minister of Foreign Affairs, Sofia. 

Cryion: Colonial Secretary’s Office (Record Department of the Library), Co- 
lombo. 

Ecuapor: Biblioteca Nacional, Quito. 

Heyrer: Bibliothéque Khédiviale, Cairo. 

FINLAND; Chancery of Governor, Helsingfors. 

GUATEMALA: Secretary of the Government, Guatemala. 

HAmBurRG: Senatskommission fiir die Reichs- und Auswiirtigen Angelegenheiten. 

Hesse: Grossherzogliche Hof-Bibliothek, Darmstadt. 

Honpuras: Secretary of the Government, Tegucigalpa. 

JAMAICA: Colonial Secretary, Kingston. 

LIBERIA: Department of State, Monrovia. 

Lovurenco Marquez: Government Library, Lourenco Marquez. 

Luseck: President of the Senate. 

MApDRAS, PROVINCE OF: Chief Secretary to the Government of Madras, Public 
Department, Madras. 

Matra: Lieutenant Governor, Valetta. 

MontTenecrO: Ministére des Affaires Etrangéres, Cetinje. 

NEw Brunswick: Legislative Library, Fredericton. 

NEWFOUNDLAND: Colonial Secretary, St. Johns. 

NICARAGUA; Superintendente de Archivos Nacionales, Managua. 

‘NORTHWEST TERRITORIES: Government Library, Regina. 

Nova Scotia: Provincial Secretary of Nova Scotia, Halifax. 

PANAMA: Secretaria de Relaciones Exteriores, Panama. 

PARAGUAY: Oficina General de Inmigracion, Asuncion. 

PRINCE EpWArp ISLAND: Legislative Library, Charlottetown. 

RouMANIA: Academia Romana, Bucharest. 

SALvApDorR: Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, San Salvador. 

S1am: Department of Foreign Affairs, Bangkok. 

STRAITS SETTLEMENTS: Colonial Secretary, Singapore. 

UNITED PROVINCES OF AGRA AND OupDH: Under Secretary to Government, Alla- 
habad. 

ViENNA: Biirgermeister der Haupt- und Residenz-Stadt. 


INTERPARLIAMENTRY EXCHANGE OF OFFICIAL JOURNALS. 


The Governments of Bolivia, Peru, and Venezuela were added to 
those countries with which the immediate exchange of official parlia- 
mentary journals is carried on. Following is a complete list of the 
Governments to which the Congressional Record is now sent: 


Argentine Republic. Bolivia. 

Australia. Brazil. : 

Austria. Buenos Aires, Province of. 
Baden. Canada. 


Belgium. Costa Rica. 


80 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1916. 


Cuba. Portugal. 
Denmark. Prussia. 

France. Queensland. 

Great Britain. Roumania. 

Greece. Russia. 
Guatemala. Serbia. 

Honduras. Spain. 

Hungary. Switzerland. 

Italy. Transvaal. 
Liberia. Union of South Africa. 
New South Wales. ! Uruguay. 

New Zealand. Venezuela. 

Peru. Western Australia. 


It will therefore be seen that there are now 36 countries with 
which this exchange is conducted. To some of these countries two 
copies of the Congressional Record are sent—one to the Upper and 
one to the Lower House of Parliament—the total number trans- 
mitted being 41. 


LIST OF BUREAUS OR AGENCIES THROUGH WHICH EXCHANGES ARE 
TRANSMITTED. 


The following is a list of the bureaus or agencies through which exchanges 

are transmitted: 

ALGERIA, via France. 

ANGOLA, via Portugal. , , 

ARGENTINA: Comisi6n Protectora de Bibliotecas Populares, Santa Fé 880, 
Buenos Aires. 

AustrIiA: K. K. Statistische Zentral-Kommission, Vienna. 

AZORES, via Portugal. 

Brtcgium: Service Belge des Echanges Internationaux, Rue des Longs-Chariots 
46, Brussels. 

Bortvia: Oficina Nacional de Estadistica, La Paz. 

Brazit: Servico de Permutacoes Internacionaes, Bibliotheca Nacional, Rio de 
Janeiro. 

BRITISH CoLonies: Crown Agents for the Colonies, London. 

BritisH Gu1IANA: Royal Agricultural and Commercial Society, Georgetown. 

BritisH Honpuras: Colonial Secretary, Belize, 

Butearia: Institutions Scientifiques de 8. M. le Roi de Bulgarie, Sofia. 

CANARY ISLANDS, via Spain. 

CuILE: Servicio de Canjes Internacionales, Biblioteca Nacional, Santiago. 

CuiInA: American-Chinese Publication Exchange Department, Shanghai Bureau 
of Foreign Affairs, Shanghai. 

CotomsBiA;: Oficina de Canjes Internacionales y Reparto, Biblioteca Nacional, 
Bogota. 

Costa Rica: Oficina de Depésito y Canje Internacional de Publicaciones, San 
José. 

DENMARK: Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Seiskab, Copenhagen. 

DutcH GuIANA: Surinaamsche Koloniale Bibliotheek, Paramaribo. 

Ecvuapor: Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Quito. , 

Eeypet: Government Publications Office, Printing Devartment, Cairo. 

FRANCE: Service Francais des Echanges Internationaux, 110 Rue de Grenelle, 
Paris. 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 81 


GERMANY: Amerika-Institut, Berlin, N. W. 7. 

GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND: Messrs. William Wesley & Son, 28 Essex Street, - 
Strand, London. 

GREECE: Bibliothéque Nationale, Athens. 

GREENLAND, via Denmark. 

GUADELOUPE, via France. 

GUATEMALA: Instituto Nacional de Varones, Guatemala. 

GUINEA, via Portugal. 

Harri: Secrétaire d’Etat des Relations’ Extérieures, Port au Prince. 

Honpuras: Biblioteca Nacional, Tegucigalpa. 

Huneary: Dr. Julius Pikler, Municipal Office of Statistics, Vaci-utca 80, Buda- 
pest. 

ICELAND, via Denmark. 

InprA: India Store Department, India Office, London. 

ITaty: Ufficio degli Scambi Internazionali, Biblioteca Nazionale Vittorio Hman- 
uele, Rome. 

JAMAICA: Institute of Jamaica, Kingston. 

JAPAN: Imperial Library of Japan, Tokyo. 

JAVA, via Netherlands. 

KkorEA: Government General, Keijo. 

LiseriA: Bureau of Exchanges, Department of State, Monrovia. 

LourENcGO Marquez: Government Library, Lourenco Marquez. 

LUXEMBURG, via Germany. 

MADAGASCAR, vid France. 

MAnperra, via Portugal. 

MonrTENEGRO: Ministére des Affaires Etrangéres, Cetinje. 

MozAMBIQUE, via Portugal. 

NETHERLANDS: Bureau Scientifique Central Néerlandais, Bibliothéque de l’Uni- 
versité, Leyden. 

NEw GuINEA, via Netherlands. 

New Sours WALES: Public Library of New South Wales, Sydney. 

New ZEALAND: Dominion Museum, Wellington. 

Nicaracua: Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Mzenagua. 

Norway: Kongelige Norske Frederiks Universitet Bibliotheket, Christiania. 

PANAMA: Secretaria de Relaciones Exteriores, Panama. 

PARAGUAY: Servicio de Canje Internacional de Publicaciones, Secci6n Consular 
y de Comercio, Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Asuncion. 

Persia: Board of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church, New York City. 

Peru: Oficina de Reparto, Depésito y Canje Internacional de Publicaciones, 
Ministerio de Fomento, Lima. 

PortuGaL: Servicgo de Permutagoes Internacionaes, Inspeccio Geral das Biblio- 
thecas e Archivos Publicos, Lisbon. 

QUEENSLAND: Bureau of Exchanges of International Publications, Chief Sec- 
retary’s Office, Brisbane. 

RouMANIA: Academia Romana, Bucharest. 

Russ1aA: Commission Russe des Echanges Internationaux, Bibliothéque Im- 
periale Publique, Petrograd. 

SALvApor: Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, San Salvador. 

SERBIA: Section Administrative du Ministére des Affaires Etrangéres, Belgrade. 

Sram: Department of Foreign Affairs, Bangkok. 

SoutH AustTrAtiA: Public Library of South Australia, Adelaide. 

Spatn: Servicio del Cambio Internacional de Publicaciones, Cuerpo Facultativo 
de Archiveros, Bibliotecarios y Arquedélogos, Madrid. 


? 


82 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1916. 


SumMatTrRA, via Netherlands. 

SwEDEN: Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps Akademien, Stockholm. 

SwItzeERLAND: Service des Echanges Internationaux, Bibliothéque Fédérale 
Centrale, Berne. 

Syrra: Board of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church, New York. 

TASMANIA: Secretary to the Premier, Hobart. 

TRINIDAD: Royal Victoria Institute of Trinidad and Tobago, Port-of-Spain. 

TunIs, via France. 

TurKrEY: American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, Boston. 

Union oF SoutH Arrica: Government Printing Works, Pretoria, Transvaal. 

Urvucuay: Oficina de Canje Internacional, Montevideo. 

VENEZUELA: Biblioteca Nacional, Caracas. 

Victor1IA: Public Library of Victoria, Melbourne. 

WESTERN AUSTRALIA: Public Library of Western Australia, Perth. 

WINDWARD AND LEEWARD ISLANDS: Imperial Department of Agriculture, Bridge- 
town, Barbados. 


Respectfully submitted. 
C. W. SHorMAKER, 
Chief Clerk, International Exchange Service. 


Dr. Cuartes D. Watcort, 
Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. 


Avecusr 23, 1916. 


APPENDIX 4. 
REPORT ON THE NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK. 


Sir: I have the honor to present below a report concerning the 
operations of the National Zoological Park for the fiscal year ending 
June 30, 1916. 

There was allowed by Congress the sum of $100,000 for all pur- 
poses, except printing, for which $200 additional was granted. 

The European war has had a marked effect upon the cost of living 
animals. Not only are the prices higher, but transportation is more 
difficult and therefore more expensive. Many of the regular dealers 
have been obliged to withdraw from the business. Notwithstanding 
these difficulties the National Zoological Park has maintained its col- 
lection fairly well, and remains at about the same level in numbers 
as last year. There are, indeed, some 15 species in the park not pre- 
viously exhibited here. A. careful estimate of the value of the ani- 
mals in the collection shows that it must be at least $90,000, at the 
prevailing market prices. The value of the buildings is estimated 
at $210,000. 


ACCESSIONS. 


Births, 101 in number, included 5 American bison, deer of 11 species, 
a yak, a South American tapir, a Bactrian camel, 2 monkeys, some 
other mammals, and a few birds. 

Gifts—The most important of these was four elands and four 
Kashmir deer received from the Duke of Bedford at Woburn Abbey, 
England. Three fawns were born from the deer during their transit. 
The complete list of the donors and gifts is as follows: 


Mr. Edward Anderson, jr., Tucson, Ariz., a desert lynx. 

Miss Maude Anderson, Washington, D. C., a common canary. 

Miss Marian Ashby, Washington, D. C., a barred owl. 

Mr. O. E. Baynard, Clearwater, Fla., two barred owls. 

The Duke of Bedford, Woburn Abbey, England, four elands and four Kash- 
mir deer. 

Bureau of Biological Survey, an American marten. 

Mr. Robert Burrows, Washington, D. C., two alligators. 

Miss Argine Carusi, Washington, D. C., an alligator. 

Mr. Austin M. Cooper, Washington, D. C., a tarantula. 

Mr. B. J. Court, Washington, D. C., a great horned owl. 

Mr. Blaine Elkins, Washington, D. C., two raccoons. 

Mr. W. C. Emery, Washington, D. C., a copperhead snake, 

83 


84 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1916. 


Mr. Victor J. Evans, Washington, D. C., three marmosettes. 

Mr. George Field, Washington, D. C., a Texan armadillo. 

Mr. Marcus A. Hanna, Washington, D. C., a copperhead snake. 

Mr. G. M. Haynes, Washington, D. C., an alligator. 

Mr. Ross Hazeltine, United States Consular Service, an ocelot. 

Mrs. Mary F. Henderson, Washington, D. C., two grass parrakeets and a 
eanary. 

Mrs. Robert Hitt, Washington, D. C., a bare-eyed cockatoo. 

Mr. G. C. Hogan, Comorn, Va., a gray fox. 

Mr. George Howell, Washington, D. C., two alligators. 

Mr. R. C. Huey, Hot Springs, Ark., a dusky wolf. 

Miss Juergens, Washington, D. C., an alligator. 

Miss Annie Lee Knight, Washington, D. C., a gray fox. 

Mr. J. C. Lamon, Knoxville, Tenn., a black snake. 

Mr. T. P. Lovering, Washington, D. C., a king snake. 

Mr. S. Lyons, Washington, D. C., two alligators. 

Mr. Vinson McLean, Washington, D. C., a gray parrot, a macaw, and a great 
red-crested cockatoo. 

Mr. Lee 8. Page, Washington, D. C., an alligator. 

Hon. Frank Park, M. C., Sylvester, Ga., at request of late Senator Bacon, 
three fox squirrels. 

Mr. Robert Portner, Washington, D. C., an alligator. 

Mr. C. S. Rockwood, Washington, D. C., an alligator. 

Mr. Baynard Schindel, Washington, D. C., an alligator. 

Dr. R. W. Shufeldt, Washington, D. C., a black snake. 

Mr. J. H. Steig, Washington, D. C., a black snake. 

Dr. J. R. Stewart, Washington, D. C., a. woodchuck. 

Mrs. F. H. Talkes, Washington, D. C., a parrot. 

Mrs. R. B. Tingsley, Washington, D. C., an alligator. 

Mr. GC. V. R. Townsend, Munising, Mich., a coyote. 

Hon. Woodrow Wilson, Washington, D. C., two bald eagles. 

Unknown donor, an alligator. 

Unknown donor, two cardinals, one common mocking bird, one brown thrasher. 


Eachanges.—The possession of a considerable number of surplus 
animals made it possible for the park to profit by 187 exchanges. 
Among the important acquisitions were a pair of young lions from | 
the Department of Parks, New York City, a male guanaco from the 
Philadelphia Zoological Garden, a chimpanzee, a fine pair of Siberian 
tigers, a nilgai, a pair of mule deer, a pair of Columbian black-tailed 
deer, a great red kangaroo, several monkeys and other mammals, a 
secretary vulture, and a considerable number of other birds. 

The chimpanzee was new to the collection and is a very intelligent 
and interesting male about 43 years old, from the forests of French 
Congo. He is an object of great interest to the public and attracts 
much attention every day, especially when at his meals, as he has 
been taught to sit in a chair at a table, eat with a fork and drink 
out of a glass. As there was no conveniently available cage for him 
in the monkey house, special quarters have been provided in the lion 
house, in a corner where he is shielded from drafts of air. In 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 85 


order to prevent feeding by visitors a glass screen was erected be- 
tween this cage and the public space. Pure air is provided by a duct 
leading from the outside of the building suitably warmed by a heat- 
ing coil. He has made himself entirely at home there, appears happy, 
contented, and quite healthy. A larger, more spacious cage will be 
constructed for occupation during hot weather, where he can be more 
satisfactorily seen. 

From Yellowstone National Park.—Two black timber wolves, in- 
teresting from their rarity, were transferred from the Yellowstone 
Park. 

Captured.—A raccoon, possibly a wild one, but more probably one 
that had escaped, was caught in a trap. 

Loaned.—3 mink and 7 martens were temporarily loaned, also 1 
monkey and a parrot. 

LOSSES. 


Among the most important losses was that of the young male 
African elephant, Jumbo II, a beautiful, active animal that was 
bought from the Government Zoological Garden at Giza, Egypt, in 
1913. He was then about 4 years old. The death of this valuable 
animal was entirely unexpected, as he had always seemed in ex- 
cellent health. A post-mortem examination, made by veterinarians 
from the Bureau of Animal Industry, revealed a rupture of the 
stomach, a tear 7 inches in length occurring along the great 
curvature. Escape of the stomach contents had caused an acute 
peritonitis. The cause of this rupture is quite obscure. The diet of 
the animal had not been changed either in quantity or quality, and 
the stomach had not been overdistended by food. Nor did an ex- 
amination of the discharged material reveal any substances that 
might have occasioned an active fermentation with considerable evolu- 
tion of gas. The other viscera showed no gross pathologic changes. 

Other losses were a male lion, from softening of the brain, a fur 
seal, a male California sea lion, a black leopard, from old age; a male 
American bison, from pneumonia, a male and female nilgai, from 
generalized tuberculosis; 88 animals were lost from attacks by cage 
mates, by dogs (directly or indirectly), or through other accidents. 
Amebic dysentery attacked some spider monkeys, recently received, 
and caused the death of six of these animals. Post-mortem examina- 
tions were made, as usual, by the Pathological Division of the Bureau 
of Animal Industry, Department of Agriculture.’ 

1The causes of death were reported to be as follows: Enteritis, 24; gastroenteritis, 4; 
amebiec dysentery, 6; fermentation colic, 1; intestinal coccidiosis, 1; cercomoniasis, 1 ; 
pneumonia, 15; tuberculosis, 14; congestion of lungs, 3; pulmonary edema, 1; asthma, 
1; aspergillosis, 4; pyemia, 3; septicemia, 1; toxemia, 1; pericarditis, 1; hepatitis, 3; 
fatty degeneration of kidneys, 1; gangrene of cecum, 1° necrosis of rectum, 1; softening 


of brain, 1; hematoma of liver, 1; tumor, 1; anemia, 2; rupture of stomach, 1; no sufii- 
cient cause found, 17; not fit for examination, 3. 


86 


ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1916. 


ANIMALS IN THE COLLECTION JUNE 30, 1916. 


MAMMALS, 


Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) —-_--_- 
Mona monkey (Cercopithecus mona) _— 
Patas monkey (Cercopithecus patas) — 
Diana monkey (Cercopithecus diana) — 
Bonnet monkey (Macacus sinicus) —-- 
Macaque monkey (Macacus cynomol- 

{14 ee tae SE a ee i 
Pig-tailed monkey (Macacus nemes- 

trinus) 
Rhesus monkey (Macacus rhesus) —--~ 
Brown macaque (Macacus arctoides)— 
Japanese monkey (Macacus fuscatus) — 
Moor macaque (Macacus maurus) —--- 
Chacma (Papio porcarius)_~-------~ 
Guinea baboon (Papio papio)__--_-_- 
Yellow baboon (Papio cynocephalus) — 
Hamadryas baboon (Papio hama- 

dryads) 
Mandrill (Papio sphingz) ~~__-_------ 
White-throated capuchin (Cebus hy- 

MOVCUCWS) ee a= ee ee ee 
Brown capuchin (Cebus fatuellus) ———- 
Gray spider-monkey (Ateles geof- 

{OU ee ee eee 
Marmosette (Hapale jacchus)—~----- 
Mongoose lemur (Lemur mongoz) —-- 
Black lemur (Lemur macaco) 
Polar bear (Thalarctos maritimus) —--- 
European brown bear (Ursus arctos)— 
Kadiak bear (Ursus middendorffi) ---- 
Yakutat bear (Ursus dalli) _-__--_--- 
Alaskan brown bear (Ursus gyd@s)-~-- 
Kidder’s bear (Ursus kidderi)__----- 
_ Hybrid bear (Ursus kidderi-arctos) —-~ 

Himalayan bear (Ursus thibetanus) ~~ 
Japanese bear (Ursus japonicus) —_—_~ 
Grizzly bear (Ursus horribilis) _----- 
Plack bear (Ursus. americanus) —----~- 
Cinnamon bear (Ursus americanus) —- 
Sloth bear (Melursus ursinus 
Kinkajou (Cercoleptes caudivolvulus) — 
Cacomistle (Bassariscus astuta) ----- 
Gray coatimundi (Nasua narica) ~---- 
Raccoon (Procyon, totor) =» ——__~-=— 
American badger (Taxidea tarus) —--~- 
European badger (Meles tarvus) ~-_---- 
Common skunk (Mephitis putida) _--- 
Tayra (Galictis barbara) _____-_____- 
American marten (Mustela ameri- 

COND) 2 ae eee ae ee 
Fisher (Mustela pennantii) _-----+-- 
Mink (Putorius vison) 
Common ferret (Putorius putorius) —— 
North American otter (Lutra cana- 

acisis) ee es eee 
Hskimo dog (Canis familiaris) _------ 
Dingo (Canis dingo) 
Gray wolf (Canis occidentalis) ___--- 
Dusky wolf (Canis nubilus) -_-------- 
Coyote (Canis ltatrans) _______------- 
Woodhouse’s coyote (Canis frustror)-— 
Red fox (Vulpes pennsylwanicus) —--- 
Switt fox (Vulpes velom) === --— == 
Arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus) —------- 
Gray fox (Urocyon cinereo-argenteus) — 
Spotted hyena (Hyena crocutd) _--~- 
African civet (Viverra civetta)_—----- 
Common genet (Genetta genetta) _--_ 
Cheetah (Cynailurus jubatus) —~------ 
Sudanilion (felis leo) === — 
Bengal tiger (Felis tigris) ____---_-_- 
Siberian tiger (Felis tigris longipilis) — 
Puma (Felis oregonensis hippolestes) — 
Jaguar (Felis onca) 
Leopard (Felis pardus) ---_------=-- 
Ocelot (Felis pardalis) _-_______------ 
Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis) 
Bay lynx \Gyne miijas)/ == 
Spotted lynx (Lynw rufus texensis) __ 
beet lynx (Lyne rufus californi- 

cus 


= 
BS NAWRWEANNOUN SBE EOEHE RN WHO RO HOHO HNNNWRERENOWHEENNN EEN NR RwO eb FN RRR OwW tb BPR we 


Florida lynx (Lyna@ rufus floridanus) — 
ow sea lion (Humetopias  stel- 

ert 
California sea lion (Zalophus califor- 

nianus) 
Harbor seal (Phoca vitulina)-----~-~ 
Fox squirrel (Sciurus niger) -------- 
Western fox squirrel (Sciurus ludo- 

ICLONUS e28 oe eS Se es 
Gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) ~~ 
Black squirrel (Sciwrus carolinensis) — 
Albino squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) — 
Thirteen-lined spermophile (Sper- 

mophilus tridecimlineatus) ~-----~~ 
Prairie dog (Cyomys ludovicianus) --~ 
Woodchuck (Marmota mona) _~---_~ 
American beaver (Castor canadensis) — 
Coypu (Myocastor coypus) 
European porcupine (‘Hystria cristata) — 
Indian porcupine (Hystrix leucura)_— 
Viscacha (Lagostomus trichodactylus) — 
Mexican agouti (Dasyprocta mewi- 

cana) 
Azara’s agouti (Dasyprocta azar@) ——- 
Crested agouti (Dasyprocta cristata) — 


Hairy-rumped agouti (Dasyprocta 
orymnolopna) =o ae eee 
Paca’ (Celogenys paca)2— 
Guinea pig (Cavia cutleri) ___-----~- 
Patagonian cavy (Dolichotis pata- 
GOnKCO)) 22 ee eee 


Cottontail rabbit (Lepus sylvaticus) ~~ 
Domestic rabbit (Lepus cuniculus) -—~ 
African elephant (Hlephas o«yotis) —~ 
Indian elephant (Hlephas maximus) —- 
Brazilian tapir (Tapirus americanus) — 
Mongolian horse (Hquus przewalskii) — 
Grevy’s zebra (Hquus grevyi)—----~- 
Zebra-horse hybrid (Hquus grevyi- 

caballus) 
Zebra-donkey hybrid (Hquus grevyi- 

asinus) 
Grant’s zebra (Hquus burchelli granti) — 
Collared peccary (Dicotyles angulatus) — 
Wild boar (Sus scrofa) 
Northern wart-hog (Phacocherus afri- 

cans) 2.2 ee ee 
Hippopotamus 

Dis) 4 ee ee 
Guanaco (Lama huanachus) —------- 
Llama (Lama glama) 
Alpaca. (Lana 7ac0s)- == 
Vicugna (Lama vicugna) __------~-- 
Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) 
Arabian camel (Camelus dromedarwus) — 
Sambar deer (Cervus wnicolor) ~~~ 
Philippine deer (Cervus philippinus) — 
Hog deer (Cervus porcinus) —_—__——- 
Barasingha deer (Cervus duvauceliit) — 
Axis deer (Cervus ais) —~-—-------- 
Japanese deer (Cervus sika)——------ 
Kashmir deer (Cervus cashmirianus) — 
Red deer (Cervus elaphus) 
American elk (Cervus canadensis) ——~ 
Fallow deer (Cervus dama) 
Virginia deer (Odocoileus virginianus) — 
Mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) ~~~ 
Columbian black-tailed deer (Odocov- 

leus columbianus) 
Cuban deer (Odocoileus sp.)—------- 
Blessbok (Damaliscus albifrons) ~---~ 
White-tailed gnu (Connochetes gnu) -— 
Defassa water buck (Cobus defassa) __ 
Indian antelope (Antilope cervicapra) ~ 
Arabian gazelle (Gazella arabica) __- 
Sable antelope (Hippotragus niger) —— 
Nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelws) _-~ 
Congo harnessed antelope (Tragelaphus 

gratus) 
Eland (Taurotragus 

stonii) 


e 


. 
DE BRRERODN WHR NER BR whhe Op 


(a 


a b 
DEN REHEHO RWADSONMDOWOENROHNOWD ND BNE 


e bo 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 


Tahr (Hemitragus jemlaicus)_-_---__- 
Circassian goat (Capra hircus)_—--_-~ 
Barbary sheep (Ovis tragelaphus) __- 
Barbados sheep (Ovis aries-tragela- 

DRAUS Veo a SE ee 
Anoa «(Anoa_ depressicornis) _------_ 
Zepu (Bi00s indiews)=—- ==. 
Yak (Poephagus grunniens) __------- 
American bison (Bison americanus) —- 
Hairy armadillo (Dasypus villosus) ~~ 


Mocking bird (Mimus polyglottos) _-_ 
Catbird (Dumetella carolinensis) _—__~ 
Brown thrasher (Toxvostoma rufum) — 
Japanese robin (Liothria luteus) __-~ 


Laughing thrush (Garrulax  leuco- 
LODRAGS)) oe eS oe eee 
Australian gray jumper (Struthidea 
(CUINEIRAD) Sa eS SS eS a ee ee 


Bishop finch (Tanagra_ episcopus) _-~ 
Cut-throat finch (Amadina fasciata) ~~ 
Zebra finch (Amadina castanotis) —___~ 
Black-headed finch (Munia_ atrica- 

pilla) 
Three-colored finch (Munia malacca) — 
White-headed finch (Munia maja) _~~ 
Nutmeg finch (Munia punctularia) —_ 
Java sparrow (Munia oryzivora) —_—~ 


White Java sparrow (Munia_ ory- 
ZU NOND ETD pe, SS TE NS a ar et ae a 
Black-faced Gouldian finch (Poéphila 
(TIPO UTA TAD) eae aR ee Se ed 
Red-faced Gouldian finch (Poéphila 
UU HTAE HEI) Se ee ee 
Sharp-tailed grass finch (Poéphila 
ECALTACOAUG (0) fs ee es 
Chestnut-breasted finch (Donacola 


castaneothorax) 
Napolean weaver (Pyromelana afra) —— 
Madagascar weaver (Ffoudia madagas- 

(HOE USO) Eee = ee ee ee 
Red-billed weaver (Quelea quelea) ——_~ 
Paradise weaver (Vidua paradisea) __ 
Red-crested cardinal (Paroaria cucul- 

UA TEGIN wa pe i i I 
Common cardinal (Cardinalis cardi- 

nailis) 
Saffron finch (Sycalis flaveola)______ 
Yellow hammer (Hmberiza citrinella) — 
Common canary (NSerinus canarius) —— 
Cowbird (Molothrus ater) ___-_------- 
Glossy starling (Lamprotornis cauda- 

DR), <5 2 Set ONS Ray ee GE Oa eee 
HWuropean raven (Corvus cora#)---~-~ 
Australian crow (Corvus coronoides) — 
oe aaeatalea jay (Garrulus leuco- 

as 
Blue jay (Cyanocitta cristata) _~____ 
American magpie (Pica pica hud- 


"> SAVIN ELEN) Sai ay SSRN eo 3 Ne 
Red-billed magpie (Urocissa occipi- 
OHS) SE ee ea 
Yellow tyrant (Pitangus sulphuratus 
PORATACR OD \ a Sa ee ee 


Giant kingfisher (Dacelo gigas) -_-__ 
' Concave-casqued hornbill (Dichoceros 
bicornis) 
Reddish motmot (Momotus subrufes- 
cens) 
Yellow-breasted, lory{——=--——---=—-=— 
Blue Mountain  lory 
Benoue-Rollondie) =.= 2 So 
Scaly-breasted lorikeet 
CHLONGLED LAOS) 2a ee 
Sulphur-crested cockatoo (Cacatua 
FONE TOG Sess es Ee Oe eee 
White cockatoo (Cacatua alba) __--_~ 
Great red-crested cockatoo (Cacatua 
GLE CGC TUSTS = en ane me ee Ds EES EY 
Leadbeater’s cockatoo (Cacatua lead- 
“‘beateri) 
Bare-eyed 
nopis) 


cockatoo 


ery 


WARD HO bo 


aeae uy kangaroo (Macropus gigan- 
(OTIS) ss See ae i a De pty a pm ea 
Wallaroo (Macropus robustus)~—__—_ 
Red kangaroo (Macropus rufus) ~-_~ 
Bennett’s wallaby (Macropus ruficollis 

DENRCUCI =e ares Ce ee ae Re 
Phalanger (Trichosurus vulpecula) —__ 
Virginia opossum (Didelphys marsu- 

pialis) 


BIRDS. 


- 


NAOODP PHD WH ORR 


o mem me woo NT 0 ee oe NE eH 0 ee eee RHO bt OR RO Oe bp 


ooo 


Roseate 
pilla) 
pee and blue macaw (Ara ararau- 
na 
Red and yellow and blue macaw (Ara 
SOREL PON) } Sayan Roe Aes Dal ee ee a 
Red and blue macaw (Ara chlorop- 
COTO) ee eS a ee ee 
Gray-breasted parrakeet 
CUSNINORECHUS) <a eee 
Cuban parrot (Amazona leucocephala) — 
Festive amazon (Amazona festiva)—_~— 
Porto Rican amazon (Amazona vit- 
LOG) ee oe Re SN Ss eS 
Yellow-shouldered amazon (Amazona 
OCRODTCHA) 2 oe Aes Se ee 
Yellow -fronted amazon (Amazona 
ochrocepihala)|_2=— ee ee 
Yellow-naped amazon (Amazona auri- 
AD LLCs eee oe 
Yellow-headed amazon (Amazona le- 
WOULLOUIUEC) ee ee ee 
Blue-fronted amazon 
CUO) ee ee es ee ee 
Gray parrot (Psittacus erythacus) —-__ 
Lesser vasa parrot (Coracopsis nigra) — 


cockatoo (Cacatua roseica- 


Lape parrakeet (Palwornis  fasci- 
OU SS re ee ee 
Love bird (Agapornis pullaria) _—~____ 
Shell parrakeet (Melopsittacus un- 

CULTS) oe ee ee ee 


Great horned owl (Bubo virginianus) — 
Arctic horned owl 

subarcticus) 
Barred owl (Stri# varia) ——_._-___-_- 
Sparrow hawk (Falco sparverius)___ 
Bald eagle (Haliwetus leucocephalus) — 
Alaskan bald eagle (‘Haliwetus leuco- 

cephalus alascanus) 
Golden eagle (Aquila chrysaétos)_~__~ 
Australian eagle 
Harpy eagle (Thrasaétus harpyia) ——_ 
Crowned hawk-eagle (Spizaétus coro- 

natus) 


‘Cooper’s hawk (Accipiter cooperi)——— 


Venezuelan. hawk oe 22 22 23 8 eee 
Caracara (Polyborus cheriway)_—~-—~ 
Lammergeyer (Gypactus barbatus) __ 
Secretary vulture (Gypogeranus secre- 

tarius) 
South American condor 

DPVUS SHOT UD MUS =e a ee Ba ee 
California condor (Gymnogyps cali- 

ORTOCOITULS oe ee ee eee 
Griffon vulture (Gyps fulvus)_—--_-_~ 
Cinereous vulture (Vultur monachus) — 
Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnop- 

terus) 
Turkey vulture (Cathartes aura) __-_~ 
Black vulture (Catharista urubi)____~ 
King vulture (Gypagus papa)_—-__~ 
Snow pigeon (Columba leuconota) ___ 
ee ae pigeon (Columba flaviros- 

tris 
White-crowned pigeon (Columba leuco- 

cephala) 
Band-tailed pigeon (Columba fasciata) — 
Mourning dove (Zenaidura macroura) — 
Peaceful dove (Geopelia tranquilla) __ 
Zebra dove (Geopelia striata) ________ 
Collared turtle-dove (Turtur risorius) — 
Cape masked dove (Gina capensis) -—- 


(Sarcorhan- 


(Bubo virginianus - 


SB Ne Whe 


e 


= 


EAD 
MONWNARNY BP NONNMPRHE NNW BH HB HWE BND ORE BO BE Bee bt DY NY FY BRE Ww A 


88 


Australian crested pigeon (Ocyphaps 
tophotes) 2s Se Se ee 


Wonga-wonga pigeon (Leucosarcia 
MIiCGih)) eo. 2 eee 
Blue-headed quail-dove (Starnenas 
cyanocennala): SS 
ore curassow (Crax caruncu- 
OG) se ee ee ee 


Mexican curassow (Crag globicera) —_ 
ae le curassow (Crax dauben- 

COND) au oF Rs os ee 
Wild turkey 

silvestris) 
Peafowl (Pawo cristata) _______---_~ 
Sie pheasant (Polylectron chin- 

quis 
Silver pheasant (EHuplocamus nycthe- 

merus) 
Bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) _-+--~ 
Curacao crested quail (Hupsychortys£ 

cristatus) 
Scaled quail (Callipepla squamata) —_~- 
Valley quail (Lophortyx californica 

DOLACO LO es BR 
Gambel’s quail (Lophortyx gambeli) —~ 
Massena quail (Cyrtonyz montezum@) — 
American coot (Fulica americana) ——- 
Great bustard (Otis tarda) 
Common cariama (Cariama cristata) — 
Demoiselle crane (Anthropoides virgo) — 
Crowned crane (Balearica pavonina) - 
Whooping crane (Grus americana) __ 
Sand-hill crane (Grus mewicana) ____~ 
Australian crane (Grus australasiana) — 
European crane (Grus_ cinerea) —--_~ 
Lilford’s crane (Grus lilfordi)_---_~ 
Indian white crane (Grus_ leuco- 

geranus) 
White-necked crane (Grus leucauchen) — 
Ruff (Machetes pugnaz) 
Black-crowned night heron (Nycticorazr 
_ nycticorax nevius) 
Snowy egret (Hgretta candidissima) — 
Great blue heron (Ardea herodias) __~ 


Great black-crowned heron (Ardea 
POCOR) see a OS Ee eae ee ee See 
Boatbill (Cancroma cochlearia)~__~ 


Black stork (Ciconia nigra) 
Marabou stork (Leptoptilus dubius) —— 
Wood ibis (Mycteria americana) _-__~ 
Sacred ibis (bis e@thiopica)_-__--~~ 
White ibis (Guara: aloqa) 2 =-=__ 


Roseate spoonbill (Ajaja ajaja)_____ 
European flamingo (Phenicopterus 
WOSOUS a = ee ee ent: Mire oe LE 
Black - necked screamer (Chauna 
CRAYON) ee a ee 
Horned screamer (Palamedea_ cor- 
PETAL OE ee a 8 i 


Whistling swan (Olor columbianus) — 
Trumpeter swan (Olor buccinator) ___ 
Mute swan (Cygnus gibbus)_--_-___ 
Black swan (Chenopis atrata) ---__~ 


Spur-winged goose (Plectropterus 
TOMUCTISTS) Same ee ee ee eee 
White muscovy duck (Catrina mos 
ORG) Se oe eee ee eee 


Alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) — 
Painted box tortoise (Cistudo ornata) — 


Duncan Island _ tortoise (Testudo 
ephippiumy es S— Sees eee ee 
Albemarle Island tortoise (Testudo 
icine) yi Ne eee ee 


Gila monster (Heloderma suspectum) — 
Regal python (Python reticulatus) —_—_ 
Common boa (Boa constrictor) _—~-__ 
Anaconda (Hunectes murinus) ------- 


16 


= 
» b 


CN bw Ne 


Qe 


27 
2 


RR COCR 


HB eH WORE w DS NNW HON HED BEE REDO HO Be oe 


ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1916. 


Wood duck (Ai@ sponsa)_—______._— 
Mandarin duck (Dendronessa galeric- 
ulata) 
Cape Barren goose (Cereopsis nove 
hollandie) 


Lesser snow goose (Chen  hyper- 
> OOTCUS) =~ os ae eS eee 
Greater snow goose (Chen hyper- 


bereus. NPAs) oo ee See 
Blue goose (Chen cerulescens)______ 
Ross’s goose (Chen rossi) .-_._._____ 
American white-fronted goose (Anser 

albifrons gambelt) ~--2 --- = 
Barred-head goose (Anser indicus) —~__ 
Chinese goose (Anser cygnoides)_____ 
Canada goose (Branta canadensis) ___ 
Hutchins’s goose (Branta canadensis 


Rutehingit) ~~ ee Se eee 
Cackling goose (Branta canadensis 
MANN): Se Se ee eee 
Bernicle goose (Branta. leucopsis) —__~ 
Upland goose (Chloéphaga magel- 
lanica) __-_-= Be Lc ee eee 


White-faced tree duck (Dendrocygna 

VIMUAEG) aos eS ee 
Fulvous tree duck (Dendrocygna bi- 

COlOT) =e a a ay ee ee ee 
Wandering tree duck 

CURT A) Pe eae ee etal 
Ruddy sheldrake (Casarca ferruginea) — 
Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos)_ ~~ ___ 
East Indian black duck (Anas sp.)___ 
Black duck (Anas rubripes) __~_____ 
European widgeon (Mareca penelope) — 
Pintail (Dafila acuta) 


ore aden teal (Querquedula dis- 
COTS), S22 Ae ae ae ee ee eee 
Rosy-billed pochard (Metopiana pe- 

posaca) === ss es ee eee 


Red-headed duck (Marila americana) _— 


American white pelican (Pelecanus 
erythrorhyncnos) 2-2) eee 
European white pelican (Pelecanus 


onocrotaluUs) 2 ae eee eee 
Roseate pelican (Pelecanus roseus) ~~ 


Brown pelican (Pelecanus occiden- 
LOS )\ 2a es eS ae eee 
Australian pelican (Pelecanus  conr 
epiciliatis)—2= eee eee 


Florida cormorant (Phalacrocoraz m- 
ritus. floridanius): =o eee 
Water turkey (Anhinga anhinga)_--~ 
Great black-backed gull (Larus ma- 
TUS eA SD ees 
American herring gull (Larus argen- 
tatus smithsonianus) __-______---= 
Laughing gull (Larus atricilla)____—_ 
South African ostrich (Struthio aus- 
tralis) a eae ee 
Somali ostrich 
PRONE )\e Bae Se er ee eee 
eerea cassowary (Casuarius gatlea- 
ES) ee ee SS eee 
Common rhea (Rhea americana 
Emu (Dromeus nove hollandie) ---- 


REPTILES, 


Black snake (Zamenis constrictor) ___ 


Coach-whip snake (Zamenis 

lum) 
Water snake (Natriz sipedon) —_---__~ 
Common garter snake (Hutenia sir- 

CGT Se Di Fes = 
Texas water snake (Hutenia prowima) — 
King snake (Ophibolus getulus) _~ 
Copperhead (Ancistrodon contortria) - 


flagel- 


to 
Ps) 


= 


NeEeEROFR D © BH WS GQ ANNO KNEE & Wb 


ee ee 
a 


Be FF HDS KF ON HS OA NH OO he 


bee 


ROR oe oD 


“ 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 89 
STATEMENT OF THE COLLECTION. 


ACCESSIONS DURING THE YEAR. 


PEST TS Se a Fe SB Sg a 66 
TPCT IGE a a es I ee ee a ae ee 105 
Born and hatched in the National Zoological Park____________________ 101 
Su BBWS, Mba eb: 0 ha a ee te a Te eee, Se oe ee 187 
Hecerved- trom, Yellowstone National Park 2222) = 2 
aApiucedsin National Zoolozicall Parks. so. 3 oo te 2 1 
Menosited.im National Zoological (Park= 22-22-22. So) a et 12 
SUC EES ae ean fa PR ee a 474 
SUMMARY. 
PRSTETTNCULS MONE MreDT Clerc iN bye ae ON OL pies Sk eS ee eh ee 1397 
PRCROSS SOM SLUTS LI eg DLC VOI aeg oT es ad ree Cae ee ee 2 Pe 474 
1, 871 
Deduct loss (by exchange, death, return of animals, etc.)_______-_-_-___ 488 
CONST SEN RIT EF SUEY hey Oe ae PIG wees 2 ee SY aloe eta es Se es Ie 1, 383 
Class. Species. ae 
VESTAS J 2 ah ges Sealine 3 ee eee ae ee RSs RE rye Pc oe 155 574 
TEAR 5 oc ecadln ee So RRR BO ae ee em cee ROEM EIE Seer Foe APT ae 189 751 
IMD RS Soaked oe Sia ae Se Cee re Re OCR tei ee ata aN MSR mre res Bee ety 16 58 
HG iillac op cao gbesucmacbusce asec ng aeecoes eens Bese eases were cee eee aos sonnbee | 360 1,383 
VISITORS. 


The number of visitors to the park during the year, as determined 
by count and estimate, was 1,157,110, a daily average of 3,162. This 
was the largest year’s attendance in the history of the park. The 
greatest number in any one month was 248,080, in April, 1916, an 
average per day of 8,269. The attendance by months was as follows: 

1915.— July, 71,900; August, 79,100; September, 100,200; October, 121,600; 
November, 90,300; December, 34,050. 

1916.— January, 55,200; February, 58,380; March, 95,800; April, 248,080; 
May, 128,200; June, 74,800. 

One hundred and sixty-one schools, classes, etc., visited the park, 
with a total of 8,679 individuals. 


IMPROVEMENTS. 


The hospital and laboratory building which was mentioned in last 
year’s report has been nearly completed, lacking only the interior 
- fittings and the necessary outside yards. It is a pleasing structure, 
built, after the designs of the municipal architect, of blue gneiss of | 
this neighborhood, warmly colored by infiltration of iron oxide. A 
retaining wall was built and some grading done to provide sufticient 


e 


90 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1916. 


area near the building for quarantine quarters for such animals as 
do not require artificial heat. Many of the chestnut trees surround- 
ing the building became blasted by the “ chestnut blight” and had to 
be cut down. <A roadway of tar-bound macadam was constructed 
about the building connecting with the nearest main driveway. Con- 
nection with the nearest sewer (in Klingle Road) has been effected. 
Preparation should now be made to put the laboratory into effective 
operation. A modest supply of the necessary apparatus should be 
furnished in order that suitable facilities may be available for post 
mortem examination by the Government bureaus cooperating with 
the Zoological Park. 

Attention has previously been called to the fact that the topog- 
raphy of the park is so irregular that it is difficult to find building 
sites with attached yards in convenient situations without extensive 
grading. A-case in point occurs at the site of the barn which has 
been used for bison and other hoofed animals. The building here, 
made of logs with bark on, has become unsightly by decay and re- 
quires extensive repairs. It is situated on a hill of small elevation, 
but the slopes of which are sufficiently steep to cause continual 
erosion when it is worn by the hoofs of the animals. It was there- 
fore thought best to grade down this hill and fill up the adjoining 
eullies, much enlarging the area of the yards. In order to do this 
effectively, it was necessary to borrow earth from the prominent ridge 
that extends from the zebu house northwesterly to the camel yards. 
About 25,000 square feet will be added to the level ground previously 
available. Only a portion of this work will be defrayed from the 
current appropriation,-the remainder from next year’s appropriation. 
The work was let out by contract, very favorable terms being se- 
cured. The additional paddocks thus obtained will be used, in part, 
for the exhibition of the beautiful ruminants presented to the park 
by the Duke of Bedford. 

New sheds were built in the property yard for temporarily housing 
these animals and others displaced during the alteration of their 
regular quarters. 

A needed convenience was provided at the elephant’s quarters by 
installing, at small cost, hydraulic lifts to raise the heavy doors which 
give access to the outside yards. rf 

The inclosure for ducks near the flight cage was reconstructed to 
make it safe from raccoons, etc. 

A concrete driveway was constructed in the rear of the bear yards 
to provide for convenient transfer of animals and care of the 
quarters. 

A motor truck was purchased during the year to haul food sup- 
plies, for which a trip is made every day except Sunday to the market 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 91 


and the fish wharf. A shelter house for the truck was built near the 
food house. 

Preparations were begun near the close of the year for building an 
additional toilet room for women, to be located in the valley a Ree 
below the large flight cage. 


ALTERATION OF WESTERN BOUNDARY. 


It appears desirable to recapitulate for future reference the various 
stages through which this matter has passed. 

The following appropriation was made by the act approved June 
93, 1913: 

Readjustment of boundaries: For acquiring, by condemnation, all the lots, 
pieces, or parcels of land, other than the one hereinafter excepted, that lie | 
between the present western boundary of the National Zoological Park and 
Connecticut Avenue from Cathedral Avenue to Klingle Road, $107,200, or such 
portion thereof aS may be necessary, said land when acquired, together with 
the included highways, to be added to and become a part of the National Zoologi- 
cal Park. The proceedings for the condemnation of said land shall be insti- 
tuted by the Secretary of the Treasury under and in accordance with the terms 
and provisions of subchapter 1 of chapter 15 of the Code of Law for the 
District of Columbia. 


As the act requires that the proceedings be instituted by the Sec- 

retary of the Treasury, the attention of that official was called to 
‘the matter in a letter from the Secretary of the Smithsonian Insti- 
tution, dated June 28, 1913. <A special survey and plat of the land 
required was necessary, but this plat was not forwarded to the 
Department of Justice until November 5, 1913. Other delays en- 
sued; the title of the various owners of the land had to be investi- 
gated, and it was not until March 11, 1914, that the District court 
ordered a jury to be summoned. A hearing was set for April 10, 
1914, and a final hearing of the case was heard by the jury on July 
2 following. The verdict of the jury was not filed until December 
11, 1914. The hearing of objections to the verdict much delayed 
a final conclusion, especially as the time of the court was almost 
wholly occupied by a contest in an important will case. It was not 
until June 28, 1915, over two years from the passage of the appro- 
priation act, that the court confirmed the verdict as regards the 
awards for damages for the land to be taken. The benefits assessed 
against the neighboring property were set aside by this and by a 
subsequent decision of January 28, 1916. The decree of the court 
fixed the amount required for the purchase of the land at $194,438.08. 
The cost of the proceedings for condemnation was $2,203.35. 

The great delay caused by these legal proceedings occasioned an- 
other complication. The appropriation made by the act of June 23, 
1918, was not a continuing one, but lapsed at the end of one year. 

68663°—16——7 


92 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1916. 


Consequently after June 30, 1915, there was nothing available to 
defray the purchase of the land. 

An item for an additional appropriation and for a reappropria- 
tion of the original sum appropriated by the act of June 23, 1913, 
- was submitted to Congress, but was not favorably considered by the 
House of Representatives. It was introduced in the Senate as an 
amendment to the sundry civil bill, but was dropped by the confer- 
ence committee. : 

A similar item was offered in the Senate as an amendment to the 
District of Columbia appropriation bill, was accepted in Committee 
of the Whole, but thrown out finally in consequence of an appeal 
for retrenchment. 

It is greatly to be regretted that this appropriation failed, as it is 
exceedingly desirable that the anomalous and inconvenient situation 
of the park should be remedied as soon as possible. It now fronts 
on no principal thoroughfare and attains none of the dignity which 
an institution controlled by the Government should have. 


IMPORTANT NEEDS. 


Aviary building —Attention has been called to the need for this 
building in almost every annual report since 1908. The following is 
an extract from that document: 


The temporary bird house is crowded during the winter far beyond its 
proper capacity, and it is impossible to care for the birds satisfactorily. When 
it was built, and also at the time that additions were made, the funds available 
for the purpose were so small that it was necessary to build in the cheapest 
manner possible, so that the house has already required considerable repair 
and will very soon have to be largely rebuilt. The park has a good collection 
of birds, including a number of rare, interesting, and valuable specimens, 
sufficient to fill at once a large aviary and make one of the most important 
and attractive features of the park. 


In the report for 1909 will be found the following: 


The need for a structure of this character is evident to any intelligent visitor 
to the park. Only a part of the collection can now be exhibited to the public, 
because of lack of room. A number of outdoor shelters and cages should also 
be provided for the exhibition of hardy birds. 


Again, in the report for 1912 will be found: 


In spite of all efforts the fine collection of birds in the park is very far from 
being adequately housed. The wooden building in which the larger number 
are kept is too small, too low, insanitary, and really unworthy of a national 
institution. It was built in the cheapest manner to meet an emergency, and, 
although considerable sums have been spent on it for repairs, it is far from 
satisfactory. It is desired to build a suitable aviary in the western part of the 
park and to group about this the cages for the eagles, vultures, condors, and 
owls, now scattered somewhat irregularly about the grounds. It is believed 
that a suitable structure can be built for about $80,000. 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 93 


It was again urged in 1914 as follows: 


Attention has been called for several years past to the importance of erecting 
a suitable house for the care and preservation of the birds of the collection, 
most of which are now housed in a low wooden temporary structure which is 
by no means suitable for the purpose and has to be constantly renewed by 
repairs. The matter has been repeatedly urged upon Congress and an appro- 
priation of $80,000 asked for a new structure. This is by no means an extrava- 
gant sum, as the aviaries of most zoological collections cost considerably more 
than this. 


Also, in 1915: 


Progressive deterioration of the temporary bird house again made repairs 
necessary there. The wooden floor, which had already been rebuilt twice, was 
replaced with concrete, as was also a part of the wooden foundation. The cost 
of this work was $700. This building is an example of the ultimate costliness 
of cheap temporary construction. 


* * * * * * * 


An aviary building is still a most urgent need, and repeated efforts have been 
made to secure an appropriation for this purpose. 


It has been with great difficulty that the collection of birds has 
been kept in a fairly presentable condition. The building in which 
they are housed is a very common frame structure that has been 
repaired several times. The birds are crowded and not exhibited to 
advantage. In view of the fact that fine aviaries have been built at 
New York, Philadelphia, Boston, and Chicago, it seems most unfor- 
tunate that the national collection should have to be housed in this 
manner. It has been most unfavorably criticised by visitors. 

The urgent needs of the park will be by no means satisfied by the 
construction of an aviary only. There are other buildings urgently 
needed for the proper housing and exhibition of the animals and the 
comfort of the public. Among these are the following mentioned in 
the report of last year: 

A building for elephants, hippopotami, and similar animals.—The 
park has at present several interesting animals belonging to this 
group, including two species of elephants, two fine hippopotami, 
four tapirs, and other specimens. Some ofthese animals are large and 
powerful, and it is difficult to keep them safely in the insecure quar- 
ters to which it has been necessary to assign them. It is also reason- 
ably certain that other similar animals will be added to the collection 
within a short time. A house for this group should be substantially 
constructed and occupy a space of at least 170 by 88 feet, with cages 
on both sides, 80 feet deep on one side and 60 feet on the other. 

A publie comfort building and restaurant—This should be a 
building about 80 feet by 60 feet, including porches and a rest room 
for ladies. It is urgently needed, as the park is a considerable dis- 


94 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1916. 


tance from town and is annually visited by over 1,000,000 people, 
including many young children. The present restaurant is so only 
in name, it being a makeshift affair, open on all sides, established on 
a temporary platform and affording no shelter during the driving 
and violent rainstorms that are so common here in summer. It fre- 
quently occurs that large numbers of people are drenched with rain 
_ before they can traverse the considerable distance between the deep 
valley in which the park is situated and a place of shelter. Most 
zoological parks are provided with spacious and commodious he 
ters of this kind. 

Gatehouses.—Suitable gatehouses should be erected at the principal 
entrances to the park, viz: Those near Connecticut Avenue, at Quarry 
Road (Harvard Street), and at Adams Mill Road. It is sometimes 
necessary to close the entrances promptly, as in the case of the escape 
of an animal or for arrest of some offender. Besides this, the present 
entrance gates are far from dignified or suitable for a Government 
institution. They are properly merely temporary, awaiting the time 
when the boundaries of the park are definitely fixed. Each gate- 
house should have not only quarters for the watchman but also toilet 
facilities. 

Boundary fence.—In connection with this the inclosing boundary 
fence of the park should be considered. The present fence is of the 
type known as the “ Page woven-wire fence.” 

It is believed that it would be more economical and efficient to con- 
struct a practically permanent iron fence than to replace the present 
nearly worn-out structure by another of similar character. It is sug- 
gested that the matter be referred to several iron-fence builders with 
a request for designs and prices. While the first cost of such a fence 
would undoubtedly be much greater, it would many times outlast the 
present structure and could be absolutely depended on to stop animals 
and men. Certain animals and game birds could be allowed to run 
at large within the park were it entirely certain that the fence would 
prevent their escape. We already have at large peacocks, wild tur- 
keys, and squirrels, and it would be easy to considerably increase this 
list. It should be remembered that on several rare occasions caged 
animals have become loose within the park, and it is by no means 
certain that such accidents will not again occur. A few years ago 
the superintendent of the park was sued for damages alleged to be 
due to the escape of a wolf. The park is well wooded and a sudden 
heavy gale may throw tree trunks across the paddock fences, break- 
ing them down and thus leading to the escape of the animals. Should 
this occur during the darkness of a stormy night it would be practi- | 
cally impossible for the keepers and watchmen to confine the animals 
again until daylight. 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 95 


These improvements were urged in the last year’s report. There 
are others perhaps equally important which are needed to bring the 
establishment up to the modern standard of what a zoological park 
ought to be. Most of these have been mentioned from time to time 
in other reports or have been urged upon the appropriation com- 
mittees of Congress. They are briefly as follows: 

Administration building —The present office of the park isin an old 
dwelling house situated rather remotely from the buildings for the 
animals and inconveniently for the prompt and constant supervision 
of the operations of the park, as is the general practice in the foreign 
zoological gardens. A modest office building should now be erected 
in a central location. This would greatly expedite the general work 
of the park and improve the discipline of the working force. It is 
estimated that a building 50 by 36 feet, to contain office rooms, a 
drafting room, and a room for specimens would be sufficient. 

Stable and forage barn—There should be a stable and garage 
where the work horses and automobiles of the park could be stored. 
These should be on the ground floor, a storage loft for forage above. 
The dimensions should be at least 100 by 40 feet. 

Shop.—The present shop is not large enou&h to accommodate 
conveniently the carpenters employed at the park. The woodwork- 
ing plant is now dangerously near the blacksmith shop and the cen- 
tral heating plant. A separate building 100 by 46 feet should be 
erected. 

Ape house.—Special quarters should be provided for the large 
anthropoid apes. These are probably the most interesting animals 
that can be exhibited and require special treatment and care. The 
group comprises the gorilla, the orang, several species of chimpanzee 
and of gibbon. They are so nearly related to man that observation 
and study of them is of the highest importance. The park has now 
only a chimpanzee, and it has been necessary to provide special quar- 
ters for him. It would be quite proper to place in the same building 
some of the larger species of baboons, as they require nearly the same 
treatment. A house for these animals should have a main building 
150 by 60 feet, cages on both sides, and a wing 90 by 60 feet also, 
with similar cages. Outside cages should be erected along the 150 
feet of the main building 18 feet deep, along the sides and end of 
wing 16 feet deep. 

Lion house.—The house now occupied by the cat tribe is quite too 
small for the purpose, and it has always been intended to increase its 
capacity both by replacing the wooden extension by a masonry 
structure and by building an addition 120 feet long across the north 
_end of the present building. This, of course, would be fitted with 
cages both within and without. 


96 = ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1916. 


Reptile house-—No properly appointed house for reptiles now 
exists here, and the few specimens we have are inconveniently and 
unsuitably exhibited in the lion house. There should be a house 120 
by 50 feet, with properly fitted cases on both sides and having a wing 
20 by 50 feet with table exhibits. This would enable the park to 
exhibit all the important snakes of the United States and the prin- 
cipal ones of the western hemisphere, as well as the cobras and others 
of tropical East India; also the extremely varied group of lizards, 
the different species of crocodiles, etc. 

Tortoise house —A\most at the inception of the park a group of 
giant tortoises from the Galapagos Islands was obtained from Hon. 
Walter Rothschild. These still remain and might well form the 
nucleus of a collection of the tortoises of the world. A house,80 by 
45 feet, with cages on both sides and yards 16 feet deep, would accom- 
modate such a. collection. 

House for zebras, wild asses, and others of the horse family.— 
The park has already an interesting exhibit of this family including 
the Mongolian wild horse and two species of zebra. This should 
be enlarged and suitable quarters provided in a house 120 by 44 
feet. The stalls should be on one side only and yards 50 feet deep 
be arranged. 

House for tropical antelopes.—The teeming African fauna should 
be represented much more fully. It would require a house at least 
175 feet by 75 with stalls on both sides and with commodious yards 
arranged about it in an elliptical form ranging in depth from 40 
feet to 80 feet. Some of the stalls should be fitted up for giraffes. 

House for tropical deer and swine——A few specimens are already 
found in the collection. An adequate exhibit would require a house 
100 feet by 45 feet with cages on both sides, the yards 30 feet deep 
an one side and 50 feet on the other. 

House for marsupials—The group of pouched animals, such as 
kangaroos, wallabies, opossums, wombats, Tasmanian wolves, etc., 
should be exhibited apart from the other mammals. These animals 
are dying out, rapidly diminishing in number year by year. They 
should have a house 120 feet by 40 feet with cages on both sides, 
the yards being 60 feet deep on one side, 20 feet on the other. 

Pheasantry.—Besides the general aviary building, which it is hoped - 
may soon be erected, separate quarters should be provided for cer- 
tain groups of birds. Among these are the pheasants, comparatively 
hardy birds of very showy plumage, offering great variety. An 
exhibit can be secured at a reasonable expense. A house for them 
should be a low structure 140 by 18 feet. Visitors should not be 
admitted to this house; the birds would be seen in the outside yards 
which should be about 25 feet deep. A small appropriation will be 
asked of the present Congress for the establishment of a pheasantry. 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 97 


Ostrich house—The ostriches and their near relatives the emus, 
the rheas, and the cassowaries are so large and important that they 
should have a house to themselves. This should be 120 feet by 35 
feet, with cages on one side only and yards giving plenty of room 
for exercise from 30 to 100 feet deep. 

Tropical waterfowl.—These birds require heat during the cold 
season and the house would be really their winter quarters. During 
the summer they would be in the large “ flight cage” or in some other 
outdoor inclosure. A house 120 by 50 feet, with cages on one side 
and one end, would be required. 

Tropical birds of prey—These require similar treatment but could 
not, of course, be housed with the waterfowl. A house 80 by 45 feet 
with cages on both sides and outside cages 18 feet deep would be 
needed. 

Aquarium.—An exhibit of fish and other aquatic creatures is neces- 
sary to a complete survey of the domain of zoology. Such an exhibit 
was for a few years shown at the park and was one of the most popu- 
lar features of the collection. It was installed in a rude frame struc- 
ture erected for temporary use as a carpenters’ shop. The tanks and 
other apparatus were furnished by the United States Fish Commis- 
sion, having been used at the Atlanta Exposition. The building be- 
came quite unsafe and in 1901 Congress was asked to appropriate 
$25,000 toward the construction of a permanent structure. As this 
was not granted it became necessary to abandon the exhibit until such 
time as Congress may enable it to be properly housed. A building 
about 130 by 50 feet would be sufficient for the present. 

Insectary.—In several European gardens an exhibit under glass is 
made of social and other interesting insects, such as ants, bees, wasps, 
butterflies, moths, etc. These have proved very attractive and are 
inexpensive. A house 60 feet by 30 feet with wall cases and table 
cases would accommodate such an exhibit. 

The foregoing list merely recapitulates the needs of a fairly com- 
plete establishment such as may be seen in the European capitals. It 
would be well if the municipal architect, to whom the park is required 
to go for plans and specifications for buildings, could be asked to 
prepare estimates of cost for all of the above improvements to pre- 
sent to Congress. 

In order to accommodate the buildings a considerable amount of 
grading should be done. The park is already cramped for space for 
convenient parking of vehicles upon crowded days. Over 50 automo- 
biles and sight-seeing cars are sometimes assembled here at once, and 
there is great difficulty in managing them. A request for an appro- 
priation of $4,000 for grading banks and filling ravines which was 
asked of Congress last year will be renewed. 


98 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1916. 


Automobile—tThe office of the park very much needs to have a 
small automobile for use in attending to the public business. The 
distances within the park itself are so considerable that it is a great — 
waste of time and energy to traverse them on foot, or by horse 
vehicle, and the use of an automobile would greatly increase effi- 
ciency in the business of the park. The purchase does not involve any 
increase of the appropriation for the park, but merely the insertion 
of a clause in the appropriation act authorizing the purchase of a— 
motor-propelled vehicle. 

Roads.—The ordinary thoroughfares in the park were, at the close 
of the fiscal year, in fair condition. Nothing has been done, how- 
ever, toward the repairing of the injury done by the construction by 
the District of the main trunk sewer known as the Rock Creek Main 
Interceptor. Attempts were made to get an appropriation to repair 
this defacement of the natural beauty of the park, but as yet without 
avail. The remarks then made were as follows: 

By authority of Congress a large sewer has been constructed on the right 
bank of Rock Creek through the entire length of the park, part of it being laid 
in a deep open cut, and part of it in a tunnel. A very large amount of rock has 
been excavated by blasting and this has been piled along the bank of the stream, 
destroying the natural beauty of the park by large piles of fragments of stone. 
While the contractor was required to “restore the surface as nearly as possible 
to the condition in which he found it,” yet the amount of disturbance is so 
great that it is practically impossible to do this. It is proposed to cover these 
stone heaps with earth and to plant upon them, trees and shrubs which will 
modify the unsightly appearance. A narrow road can be formed upon the top of 
the open cut sewer which will be a convenience to the public entering the park 
from the southern end. 

The general appropriation for the park has remained at $100,000 
per annum for six years past. This has had to suffice for the repairs 
and construction of buildings, the care of grounds, and the mainte- 
nance of roads and walks. In the meantime the cost of supplies, ma- 
terials of all kinds, and labor has steadily increased so that there has 
been no opportunity to make even the most necessary improvements. 
The appropriations should be markedly increased, since a well- 
equipped zoological park is something of which the nation may well 
be proud. 

Respectfully submitted. 

Frank Baker, 
Superintendent. 
Dr. Cuartes D. WaLcort, 


Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 
Washington, D.C. 


APPENDIX 5. 
REPORT ON THE ASTROPHYSICAL OBSERVATORY. 


Sm: I have the honor to present the following report on the opera- 
tions of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory for the year 
ending June 30, 1916. 


EQUIPMENT. 


The equipment of the observatory is as follows: 

(a) At Washington there is an inclosure of about 16,000 square 
feet, containing five small frame buildings used for observing and 
computing purposes, three movable frame shelters covering several 
out-of-door pieces of apparatus, and also one small brick building 
containing a storage battery and electrical distribution apparatus. 

(6) At Mount Wilson, Cal., upon a leased plat of ground 100 feet 
square, in horizontal projection, are located a one-story cement ob- 
serving structure, designed especially for solar-constant measure- 
ments, and also a little frame cottage, 21 feet by 25 feet, for observer’s 
quarters. Upon the observing shelter at Mount Wilson there is a 
tower 40 feet high above the 12-foot piers which had been prepared 
in the original construction of the building. This tower is equipped 
with a tower telescope for use when observing (with the spectrobo- 
lometer) the distribution of radiation over the sun’s disk. 

During the year apparatus for research has been purchased or con- 
structed at the observatory. shop. The value of these additions to 
the instrumental equipment is estimated at $1,500. 


WORK OF THE YEAR. 
1. AT WASHINGTON. 


Some years ago the Institution lent the Harvard College Observa- 
tory a silver-disk pyrheliometer for use at Arequipa, Peru. By re- 
quest of Prof. Pickering the observations which had accumulated 
since August, 1912, were reduced at the Astrophysical Observatory 
and published by the Smithsonian Institution during the past year.? 
Owing to the high altitude of Arequipa the variations of solar radia- 
tion observed at a fixed zenith distance of the sun (as, for instance, 


1 Arequipa Pyrheliometry, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., Vol. 65, No. 9, 1916. 
99 


~ 


100 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1916. 


that whose secant is 1.2) were found to be almost wholly governed 
by three things—the atmospheric humidity, the distance of the sun, 
and the variations of the sun’s emission. Hence from measurements 
of the humidity by the psychrometer it was possible to compute from 
the observed radiation the probable intensity of the solar radiation 
outside the atmosphere for each day. These empirical solar-constant 
values from Arequipa observations confirm the variations of the sun 
observed at Mount Wilson by the complete spectrobolometric process. 
Indeed, it appears that if eight or ten well-separated stations at high 
altitudes should be equipped with the pyrheliometer and psychrome- 
ter their combined results might well be expected to determine closely 
enough the sun’s variations. A most interesting feature of Arequipa 
observations is that there is nothing anomalous about the observations 
of 1912 to suggest that the volcanic eruption of Mount Katmai (of 
June 6, 1912), which produced a great deal of dust all over the 
northern hemisphere, produced any turbidity of the atmosphere 
whatever south of the Equator. 

Results of Mount Wilson solar-constant observations have been 
furnished in advance of publication to Dr. Bauer of the Carnegie 
Institution for comparison with magnetic data. He finds a close 
correlation between certain fluctuations of the earth’s magnetic field 
and the variations of solar radiation. 

The tower-telescope observations of the distribution of radiation 
along the diameter of the sun’s disk, made at Mount Wilson in 1913 
and 1914, having been fully reduced, a preliminary publication of 
them has been made by the Smithsonian Institution.1 These results 
show distinctly that the average distribution of solar radiation over 
the solar disk varies from year to year. Greater contrast of bright- 
ness between the center and limb of the sun prevailed in 1907 and 
1914 than in 1913. The change is greater for short wave lengths 
than for longer ones. Changes also occur from day to day. Both 
of these kinds of changes are found correlated with changes of the 
solar constant of radiation, but in opposite senses. High values of 
the solar radiation attend periods of greater solar activity and are 
associated with increased contrast of brightness between the center 
and edge of the solar disk. For short-period fluctuations of solar. 
radiation, however, low values of solar radiation are associated with 
increased contrast. It seems reasonable to suppose that the first kind 
of phenomena is caused by increased convection in the sun, bringing 
fresh radiating surfaces forward more rapidly, thus increasing the 
effective solar temperature. The second kind of phenomena may be 
caused by temporary increases of the turbidity of the outer solar 
envelopes, restricting the solar emission especially at the limb. 


1QOn the distribution of radiation over the sun’s disk and new evidence of the solar 
variability, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., Vol. 66, No. 5, May, 1916. 


+ ee 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 101 


Mount Wilson observations of 1915, including both the solar-con- 
stant work and the tower work, have been almost all reduced. 

Mr. Fowle has continued at intervals between other work the re- 
duction of his numerous observations of the transmission of rays of 
great wave length through long columns of air of known humidity. 
Many sources of error have required to be considered and eliminated, 
and the reading and reduction of the curves of observation Was ex- 
tremely tedious. The results are at length reaching such a stage that 
it can be seen that they fall into excellent agreement and will be of 
high interest in connection with studies of the earth’s temperature 
as dependent on its radiation outward toward space. In fact, the 
results of Mr. Fowle’s work are expected to be ready for publication 
within a short time. 

For some years we have endeavored to design and construct an in- 
strument capable of measuring accurately the intensity of sky light 
by day and of radiation outward toward the whole sky by night. 
At last success seems to be reached in an instrument devised by 
Messrs. Abbot and Aldrich and constructed by Mr. Kramer. The 
instrument is called the pyranometer, from the Greek words zip, 
fire, dvd, up, pérpor, a measure; thus designating an instrument 
adapted to measure heat coming from or going to space above. 
The pyranometer is somewhat after the principle of the Angstrém 
pyrheliometer, in that the intensity of radiation is measured by 
electrical compensating currents, whose strength is adjusted with 
reference to the indications of a delicate thermocouple. A full ac- 
count of the instrument has been published by the Smithsonian 
Institution,’ including the tests which have been made to determine 
its accuracy by comparisons in solar measurements with the pyrheli- 
ometer. Complete accord between the two instruments js found at all 
altitudes of the sun when due regard is paid to the fact that the 
pyranometer presents a horizontal surface. The pyranometer seems 
to be suitable for botanical investigations, for it is capable of measur- 
ing the radiation ever in deep shade, as in forests and greenhouses, 
as well as in full sun. In short, it can measure radiation in all situa- 
tions where plants are accustomed to grow, except under water. 

The consideration of the pyranometer has led us to undertake 
the determination of the constant ordinarily called “sigma” of 
Stefan’s formula of radiation, according to which the emission of 
a perfect radiator per square centimeter per second is equal to the 
fourth power of the absolute temperature multiplied by “sigma.” 
In recent years a good deal of disagreement has arisen as to the 
value of “sigma.” We require to use it for certain tests of the py- 


1 The pyranometer—an instrument for measuring sky radiation: Smithsonian Mise. Coll., 
Vol. 66, No. 7, May, 1916. 


102 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1916. 


ranometer and have devised a new method which seems very free 
from error for making its determination. The apparatus has been 
constructed and is now set up practically ready for use. 


2. AT MOUNT WILSON. 


Messrs. Abbot and Aldrich continued observations at Mount Wil- 
son of the solar constant of radiation from July 1 to October 22, 
1915, and renewed the expedition early in June, 1916. Besides con- 
ducting solar-constant observations and determinations of the dis- 
tribution of light over the sun’s disk in seven different wave lengths _ 
on each favorable day, comparisons of the pyrheliometers used or- 
dinarily on Mount Wilson were made in both 1915 and 1916 with 
standard water-flow pyrheliometer No. 3. The comparisons showed 
no change to have occurred in the sensitiveness of secondary pyrheli- 
ometers Nos. IV and VII, on whose readings rest the solar-constant 
determinations made at Mount Wilson since 1906. 

A good deal of attention was also given to the installation and 
trial of a solar cooking apparatus comprising ovens heated by oil 
under gravity circulation maintained by heat collected by a concave 
cylindric mirror of about 100 square feet surface. The apparatus 
seems highly promising, but owing to a couple of defects was not 
in satisfactory operation until after the close of the period covered 
by this report. 


3. PROPOSED SOLAR-CONSTANT EXPEDITION. 


On recommendation of the writer an allotment was made from 
the Hodgkins fund of the Smithsonian Institution for the purpose 
of duplicating the solar-constant work of Mount Wilson at the most 
favorable station on the earth. The expedition is being prepared 
and will go forward, probably to South America, in the summer of 
1917. It is intended to continue solar-constant determinations by the 
spectro-bolometric method on every favorable day in every month 
of the year for several years at both Mount Wilson and the station 
in South America, with a view to determining the dependence of 
the earth’s climatic conditions on the sun’s variations of radiation. 


SUMMARY. 


Observations of several kinds have been made, reduced, and pub- 
lished which support one another in confirming the variability of 
the sun, and some of which tend to indicate dual causes of it. An 
expedition is proposed to occupy the most favorable station in South 
America for several years, beginning in 1917, for the purpose of 
making, in connection with the Mount Wilson observations, a full 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 103 


and accurate determination of the solar variation for comparison 
with climatic changes. Measurements of the transmission of long- 
wave rays through long columns of moist air are almost ready for 
publication and appear to be resulting very satisfactorily. A new 
instrument, called the pyranometer, for measuring skylight and 
nocturnal radiation has been tested and found accurate. 


Respectfully submitted. 
C. G. Assor, 


Director Astrophysical Observatory. 


Dr. C. D. Watcort, 
Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. 


APPENDIX 6. 
REPORT ON THE LIBRARY. 


Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report on the opera- 
tions of the library of the Smithsonian Institution during the fiscal 
year ending June 30, 1916: 

The number of packages of books received during the year was 
31,017, as compared with 29,928 packages in the year preceding. 
Of these 29,619 were received by mail and 1,400 through the Inter- 
national Exchange Service. Correspondence in connection with these » 
included 1,241 letters and 3,997 acknowledgments on the regular 
printed form. The total accessions of books, pamphlets, and parts 
of sets aggregated 11,755. 


SMITHSONIAN MAIN LIBRARY. 


Publications for the main Smithsonian library are forwarded each 
day, after entering, to the Smithsonian deposit in the Library of Con- 
gress. Those catalogued and accessioned during the fiscal year num- 
bered in all 18,637, which may be further described as 3,101 volumes, 
739 parts of volumes, 383 pamphlets, 13,155 periodicals, 211 charts 
and 1,038 parts of serials to complete sets; extending the numbers 
in the accession book from 521,617 to 525,255. 

The cataloguing included 5,045 volumes, 200 charts, and the adding 
of 738 new titles and the making of 5,329 typewritten cards; 3,480 
printed cards from the Library of Congress for publications de- 
posited by the Institution were filed in the catalogue. In addition, 
3,596 volumes were recatalogued on standard size cards, from the old 
catalogue for inclusion in the new catalogue. 

Documents relating to public matters and statistics of foreign 
countries, presented to the Smithsonian Institution largely in return 
for its own publications, were forwarded to the Library of Congress 
without stamping or recording, continuing a policy of some years 
standing. The publications sent in this way numbered 4,642. 

Dissertations were received from Utrecht, Toulouse, Lund, Upsala, 
Leiden, Leipzig, Giessen, Paris, Bern, enhance and J one Hop- 
kins, and from the Technical Hochschules of Berlin and Stuttgart. 

104 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 105 


Mr. Herbert A. Gill, administrator of the estate of Dr. Theodore 
Nicholas Gill, has presented his brother’s scientific library to the 
Smithsonian Institution with the understanding that it is to be 
credited to the estate and that such publications as relate to the work 
of the Museum shall be placed in that library. 

The securing of exchanges in return for Smithsonian publications 
and missing parts to complete the sets have been continued, notwith- 
standing war conditions abroad, and the results have added new titles 
and completed sets and series. In response to the requests for missing 
parts in the Smithsonian deposit in the Library of Congress 50 sets 
were completed and 1,038 parts supplied. These numbers include 
the completing of 30 sets in the series of publications of learned in- 
stitutions and scientific societies, and the supplying of 824 parts and 
the completing of 20 volumes of periodicals, and the supplying of 212 
separate numbers. 


SMITHSONIAN OFFICE LIBRARY. 


The office library includes a collection of books relating to art, the 
employees library, and various works of reference, besides quite an 
extensive aeronautical library. 

In the reference room the transactions of scientific societies, and in 
the reading room the current foreign and domestic periodicals, have 
been in constant use. In the latter there are now 189 titles on the 
shelves. 

In addition to the use of the library by the scientific staff of the 
Institution, almost all of the bureaus of the Government have availed 
themselves of the privileges of consulting and using the publications 
in the libraries. 

From the reference and reading rooms in the Institution 3,330 
publications were circulated during the year. Of these 473 were 
bound volumes and 2,857 were single periodicals. 

Additions have been made to the aeronautical collection by way 
of exchange and by purchase of a few of the important works recently 
published. An acquisition of special value was a number of refer- 
ence works formerly in the library of Maj. Baden-Powell. 

A scrap book of articles from the older magazines is of interest, 
as describing early inventions in the arts, brought together and 
arranged in chronological order. 

Dr. Alexander Graham Bell has continued to add to his collection 
of works relating to aeronautics by contributing 33 books and 37 
portfolios and periodicals. This working library, which Dr. Bell 
used constantly while carrying on his experiments in aeronautics, 
will be of great value to students in the future. In addition to Dr. 
Bell’s gift a total of 58 volumes were added during the year. 


106 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1916. 
NATIONAL MUSEUM LIBRARY. 


The library of the National Museum has been handicapped, as has 
almost every library in the country, by the nonreceipt of many 
European publications on account of the war. 

Accessions.—There are now in the Museum library 47,713 volumes, 
79,241 pamphlets and unbound papers, and 124 manuscripts. During 
the year just closed the accessions numbered 1,895 volumes, 2,873 
pamphlets, and 72 parts of volumes. 

Cataloguing—New material was entered as received and sent out 
to the shelves or to the sectional libraries, so that it would be avail- 
able at once to those interested. The recataloguing from the larger 
cards to the standard size, and the identification of the publications 
has been continued. 

The new publications catalogued numbered 914 books, 3,157 pam- 
phlets, and the total number of cards made was 4,669. The periodi- 
cals and parts of publications catalogued numbered 9,674, and peri- 
odical cards were made for 25 new publications; 2,025 section cards 
were made for periodicals assigned to sectional libraries, and 460 
new periodical cards were written for the Museum library record. 

There were recatalogued 135 books, 275 pamphlets, necessitating 
the making of 415 cards. 

Exchanges.—N otwithstanding the conditions abroad, the efforts to 
secure missing parts and new exchanges have been continued. In 
connection with this work 257 letters were written, with the result 
that many parts that were lacking were supplied and many new 
titles were secured. 

Loans.—During the year the loans from the general library num- 
bered 12,085 publications, which includes books assigned to the sec- 
tional libraries, 4,978; 3,228 books borrowed from the Library of 
Congress, which included those from the Smithsonian collection; _ 
207 from the Department of Agriculture library; 100 from the 
United States Geological Survey; 50 from the Army Medical 
Museum library; and 11 from other places. From the Museum 
shelves there were borrowed 3,511 volumes, and 1,899 section cards 
were made. 

Binding.—The binding of the publications that have come to the 
Museum in parts, or paper covers, in order that they may be prop- 
erly cared for and saved from destruction, is still a serious matter, 
as many remain unbound. It was possible this year to bind more 
than last year, which has relieved the situation; but it will take 
several years, at the present rate, to catch up with the needs of the 
library in this direction. 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 107 


There were 799 volumes prepared and sent to the Government 
binder. Of this number 625 were returned to the Museum before 
the close of the year. 

Gifts—The following persons have contributed to the collection 
in the building: Dr. William Healey Dall, Dr. Edgar A. Mearns, 
Dr. Charles Doolittle Walcott, Dr. Oliver pee Hay, Dr. F. Alex- 
ander McDermott, Dr. F. P. Dewey, Dr. Walter Hough, Mr. William 
R. Maxon, Dr. A. C. Peale estate, and the estate of Dr. Theodore 
Nicholas Gill. 

Dall Collection—Dr. William Healey Dall has continued to con- 
tribute to his collection of books relating to mollusks which he pre- 
sented some years ago for the sectional library of the division of 
mollusks. Since July 1, 1915, he has added 207 titles. 

Gill collection—Al|II the books and pamphlets from the estate of 
Dr. Theodore Nicholas Gill are being classified and arranged so 
that they can be properly distributed. From the hasty examination 
made in looking over the collection as it was being transferred it 
appears that the Museum library will have a valuable addition to 
its series of works relating to natural history, especially in ich- 
thyology. 

Technological series—In this branch of the library there have 
been catalogued 1,052 volumes and 2,125 pamphlets, making a total 
of 3,177. The cards typewritten and filed in connection with this 
work numbered 3,505, the periodicals entered 3,631. 

The books and pamphlets withdrawn for consultation in connection 
with the work of the Museum from this part of the library num- 
bered 587. This is in addition to those borrowed from the central 
library. 

The filing of cards in the scientific depository set of printed cards 
from the Library of Congress has been continued. Two thousand 
and thirty-three author cards and 4,031 subjects cards were placed 
in the alphabetical series. 

Sectional libraries—The checking of publications assigned to the 
sectional libraries has been continued as the other work would allow, 
and while some progress has been made the work is not near com- 
pletion. 

The following is a complete list of the sectional libraries: 


Administration. Hditor’s office. 
Administrative assistant’s office. Ethnology. 
Anthropology. Fishes. 
Biology. Geology. 
Birds. - Graphic arts. 
Botany. History. 
Comparative anneoniy: Insects. 


68663°—16——8 


108 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1916. 


Invertebrate paleontology. Parasites. 

Mammals. Photography. 

Marine invertebrates. Physical anthropology. 
Materia medica. Prehistoric archeology. 
Mechanical technology. Property clerk. 
Mesozoic fossils. Reptiles and batrachians. 
Mineral technology. Superintendent’s office. 
Minerals. Taxidermy. 

Mollusks. Textiles. 

Oriental archeology. Vertebrate paleontology. 
Paleobotany. 


LIBRARY OF BUREAU OF AMERICAL ETHNOLOGY. 


The collection of works relating to ethnology is administered by 
the ethnologist-in-charge, and an account of its operations will be 
found in the report of that bureau. 


ASTROPHYSICAL OBSERVATORY LIBRARY. 


The collection of reference works relating to astrophysics is in con- 
stant use, and during the year there were added 61 volumes, 20 parts 
of volumes, and 18 pamphlets. 


NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK LIBRARY. 


This library contains publications relating to the work of the park 
and the care of the animals, reports of other zoological parks, and 
works on landscape gardening. The number of publications added 
was 21 volumes and 5 pamphlets. 


SUMMARY OF ACCESSIONS. 


The accessions during the year, with the exception of the library of 
the Bureau of American Ethnology, may be summarized as follows: 
To the Smithsonian deposit in the Library of Congress, including parts 


to‘complete ‘sets. 9 So on et ee eae ee 5, 472 

To the Smithsonian office, Astrophysical Observatory, and National Zoo- 
fOSiGal (Paris ooo) a el eS Se eet ee a 1, 448 
Ho the United States’ National Museum__._. 2 4, 840 
1 Un) Ee ee Soe Sto ARNE SPN he Nae ket NM eee 2 vv) OO as 11, 755 


Respectfully submitted. 
Pavut Brockett, 
Assistant Librarian. 
Dr. Cartes D. Watcort, 
Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. 


APPENDIX 7. 


REPORT ON THE INTERNATIONAL CATALOGUE OF 
SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE. 


Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report on the opera- 
tions of the United States Bureau of the International Catalogue of 
Scientific Literature for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1916: 

Each year 17 volumes of the catalogue are published by the Central 
Bureau in London, one volume for each of the following named 
sciences: Mathematics, mechanics, physics, chemistry, astronomy, 
meteorology, mineralogy, geology, geography, palaeontology, gen- 
eral biology, botany, zoology, anatomy, anthropology, physiology, 
and bacteriology. 

The publication was begun in 1901, and since then all of the first 
11 annual issues have been published, together with 14 volumes of 
the twelfth issue, 10 volumes of the thirteenth issue, and 1 volume 
of the fourteenth, a total of 212 regular volumes, in addition to 
several special volumes of schedules, lists of journals, etc. 

The 14 volumes of the twelfth issue published are mathematics, 
mechanics, physics, chemistry, astronomy, meteorology, mineralogy, 
geography, palaeontology, general biology, botany, zoology, anatomy, 
and anthropology. 

The 10 volumes of the thirteenth issue published are mathematics, 
mechanics, physics, astronomy, meteorology, mineralogy, geography, 
palaeontology, general biology, and zoology. 

The one volume of the fourteenth issue published is zoology. 

During the year there were 24,160 classified references to American 
scientific literature prepared by this bureau as follows: 


Literature of— 


OOS Ce ae 0 5 ahs ne eh ee eae is en Dl 6 
SS 9 |e SO Pa SN A ele cs aad FR 2 
U3 [1 [oid A Ae eh eek ee Le ek AS | ae lee 75 
L121 1 bee Rese e ERM e Ries 822 GUS eS eee ame Ceres Bs 369 
ih 1G rae De (oh, Gee oe ene Cee ey eats SLID. Se WNT 835 
TNE IE) = SRS SEY ee eer Veet Coe eles 3, 948 
LEED Le Ly ce OS i Ie Ue ne RTS LNA Spee ie-Oan  1AE 5” 
151 7 ge a es ase NO ne ae PEN SHE 10, 175 

PROG as 2 shor hast Ms Ta ae he de 24, 160 


It was, of course, inevitable that an international cooperative enter- 
prise such as the International Catalogue should be affected by the 
109 


110 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1916. 


war in Europe, but it is a matter of congratulation that the prepara- 
tion and publication has been continued with comparatively little 
change. As was pointed out in the last report the finances of the 
catalogue had been seriously affected on account of the inability to 
collect the subscriptions from Germany, Austria, Hungary, Belgium, 
and Poland. 

Before the beginning of the war the receipts and expenditures of 
the London Central Bureau approximately balanced and therefore 
as the delinquent remittances from the five subscribing countries 
above mentioned amounted to almost $6,000 a year it was necessary 
to obtain this sum in order to continue the publication. 

The Royal Society of London very generously offered to make 
good this loss of income and made a grant of £1,100 to enable the 
thirteenth annual issue to be published. The Royal Society has sub- 
sequently granted additional sums aggregating £3,750 to enable the 
Central Bureau to continue the publication of the catalogue without 
interruption. 

A request having been made for assistance from the United States 
the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution became so interested in 
the subject that he was enabled to obtain a grant of $6,000 from the 
Carnegie Corporation of New York for the purpose of aiding 
American students by making it possible for the Central Bureau to 
publish the fourteenth annual issue of the catalogue. 

The value and service to science of the work done by the catalogue 
is so universally recognized that any lapse in its regular publication 
would be a serious calamity. 

The great need for a Catalogue of Scientific Literature was felt as 
far back as 1855 when Prof. Joseph Henry brought the subject to 
the attention of the British Association for the Advancement of 
Science. The idea resulted in the Royal Society’s Catalogue of 
Scientific Papers which will, when completed, be a catalogue of 
periodical scientific literature from 1800 to 1900. 

Though this catalogue is simply a list of titles by authors’ names, 
including only periodical literature, it soon became evident that its 
production was too great a task for one society or even one nation 
to continue; therefore in 1893 a council of the Royal Society was 
held and a committee was appointed to consider the question. It 
was agreed that international cooperation should be obtained for the 
production of a complete subject and author catalogue of science 
beginning with 1901. 

The value of such a catalogue as then proposed may be estimated 
when it is considered that some of the most eminent scientific men 
of the day were members of the committee. Among the members 
were Lord Kelvin, Lord Rayleigh, Sir Michael Foster, Sir Joseph 
Lister, and Dr. Ludwig Mond. At the first meeting Prof. Armstrong 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 111 


was elected chairman and he has ever since been prominently identi- 
fied with the affairs of the catalogue. 

To obtain international cooperation the committee caused over 
200 letters to be sent to institutions and societies throughout the 
world and in 1895 a special meeting was called to confer with Prof. 
Alexander Agassiz, who advised that an international conference be 
called in 1896. 

In the report of the committee it was stated “that in no single 
case was any doubt expressed as to the extreme value of the work 
contemplated,” and “that the matter had been taken up in a most 
cordial manner by the Smithsonian Institution, the secretary of 
which, in his reply, refers to the desirability of a catalogue of the 
kind suggested as being so obvious that the work commends itself 
at once.” 

Three international conferences were held in London (1896, 1898, 
and 1900), and as a result the publication of the catalogue was under- 
taken. 

It may be noted that among the prominent delegates attending 
these conferences (not including those before mentioned. as members 
of the Committee of the Royal Society) were Sir Norman Lockyer, 
Prof. H. Poincaré, Prof. Simon Newcomb, Dr. John S. Billings, 
Right Hon. Sir. John E. Gorst, and Prof. Van’t Hoff. On the ad- 
vice of these and other prominent men the catalogue was begun. 

The value of the catalogue is shown by the following resolution 
adopted 10 years after the publication was begun by the represen- 
tatives of the countries participating in the work: 

That in view of the success already achieved by the International Catalogue 
of Scientific Literature and the great importance of the objects promoted by 
it, it is imperative to continue the publication of the catalogue at least dur- 
ing the period 1911-15 and on recommendation of the International Council 
during the subsequent five years 1916-20. (The International Council of the 
catalogue has subsequently voted to extend the work during the period 1916-20.) 

This convention was presided over by Sir Archibald Geikie, then 
president of the Royal Society, and had among its members repre- 
sentatives from all of the principal countries of the world. 

These men were thoroughly familiar with the service of the cata- 
logue to the scientific men in their respective countries and voted 
unanimously to continue the work on account of the value and 
success achieved by it. 

Respectfully submitted. 

Lronarp C. GUNNELL, 
Assistant in Charge. 


Dr. Cuaries D. Watcort, 
Secretary of the Bae oan Tene: 


APPENDIX 8. 
REPORT ON THE PUBLICATIONS. 


Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report on the pub- 
lications of the Smithsonian Institution and its branches during 
the year ending June 30, 1916: 

The Institution proper published during the year 22 papers in 
the series of Miscellaneous Collections, 2 annual reports, pamphlet 
copies of 54 papers from the general appendices of these reports, and . 
8 special publications. The Bureau of American Ethnology pub- 
lished 2 annual reports, separates of 4 accompanying papers in these 
reports, and 2 bulletins.. The United States National Museum issued 
1 annual report, 2 volumes of the proceedings, and 52 separate papers 
forming parts of these and other volumes, and 4 bulletins. 

The total number of copies of publications distributed by the 
Institution and its branches was 153,262, which includes 249 volumes 
and separate memoirs of Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, 
32,397 volumes and separate pamphlets of Smithsonian Miscel- 
laneous Collections, 25,718 volumes and separate pamphlets of Smith- 
sonian Annual Reports, 73,798 volumes and separates of National 
Museum publications, 12,420 publications of the Bureau of American 
Ethnology, 7,696 special publications, 47 volumes of the Annals of 
Astrophysical Observatory, 83 reports of the Harriman Alaska Expe- 
dition, and 647 reports of the American Historical Association. 


SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO KNOWLEDGE. 
QUARTO. 


The title-page, table of contents, and cover for volume 27 were 
issued, and there was in press at the close of the year a memoir by 
Dr. J. S. Foote, of Creighton Medical College, on “The comparative 
histology of the femur,” the result of extended original research. 


SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS. 


OCTAVO. 


Of the Miscellaneous Collections, volume 62, 2 papers were pub- 
lished ; of volume 63, 1 paper; of volume 64, 3 papers; of volume 65, 
8 papers and title-page and table of contents; of volume 66, 8 papers; 
in all, 22 papers, as follows: 

112 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. WS} 


Volume 62. 


No. 4. Reports on wind tunnel experiments in aerodynamics. By J.C. Hunsaker, 
E. Buckingham, H. E. Rossell, D. W. Douglas, C. L. Brand, and E. B. 
Wilson. Hodgkins Fund. January 15, 1916. 92 pp., 5 pls. (Publ. 
2368. ) 

No. 5. Dynamical stability of aeroplanes. By Jerome C. Hunsaker, assisted by 
T. H. Huff, D. W. Douglas, H. K. Chow, and V. H. Clark. Hodgkins 
Fund. June 30, 1916. 78 pp., 3 pls. (Publ. 2414.) 


Volume 68. 


No. 6. Smithsonian Physical Tables. Reprint of sixth revised edition. By F. E. 
Fowle. February 18, 1916. xxxvi+355 pp. (Publ. 2269.) 


Volume 64. 


No. 3. Cambrian Geology and Paleontology. III, No.3. Cambrian trilobites. By 
Charles D. Walcott. January 14, 1916. Pp. 157-258, pls. 24-38. 
(Publ. 2370.) 

No. 4. Cambrian Geology and Paleontology. III, No.4. Relations between the 
Cambrian and pre-Cambrian formations in the vicinity of Helena, 
Montana. By Charles D. Walcott. June 24, 1916. Pp. 259-301, pls. 
39-44. (Publ. 2416.) 

No. 5. Cambrian Geology and Paleontology. III, No.5. Cambrian trilobites. By 
Charles D. Walcott. In press. 


Volume 65. 


No. 3. A study of the radiation of the atmosphere. Based upon observations of 
the nocturnal radiation during expeditions to Algeria and to Cali- 
fornia. By Anders Angstrém. Hodgkins Fund. August 27, 1915. 
159 pp. (Publ. 2354.) 

No. 6. Explorations and field work of the Smithsonian Institution in 1914. July 
del O15, 9dspps Leplsy (Bubli2363:) 

No. 9. Arequipa pyrheliometry. By C. G. Abbot. Hodgkins Fund. March 1, 
1916. 24 pp. (Publ. 2367.) 

No. 10. A phylogenetic study of the recent crinoids, with special reference to the 
question of specialization through the partial or complete suppression 
of structural characters. By Austin H. Clark. August 19,1915. 67 pp. 
(Publ. 23869.) 

No. 11. A magneton theory of the structure of the atom. By A. L. Parson. 

November 29, 1915. 80 pp., 2 pls. (Publ. 2371.) 

No. 12. The jaw of the Piltdown Man. By Gerrit S. Miller, jr. November 24, 
TOL saol pps oeplss s CEubL 2376) 

No. 13. Descriptions of seven new subspecies and one new species of African 
birds (Plantain-Eater, Courser, and Rail). By Edgar A. Mearns. 
November 26, 1915. 9pp. (Publ. 2378.) 

No. 14. The sense organs on the mouth parts of the honey bee. By N. HB. McIndoo. 
January 12, 1916. 55 pp. (Publ. 2381.) 

Title-page and table of contents. June 17, 1916. v pp. (Publ. 2419.) 


Volume 66. 


No.1. Descriptions of a new genus and eight new species and subspecies of 
African mammals. By N. Hollister. February 10, 1916. 8 pp. 
(Publ. 2416.) 


114 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1916. 


No. 2. A list of the birds observed in Alaska and Northeastern Siberia during 
the summer of 1914. By F. Seymour Hersey. March 31, 1916. 33 
pp. (Publ. 2408.) 

No. 8. Explorations and field work of the Smithsonian Institution in 1915. May 
27, 1916. 119 pp. (Publ. 2407.) 

No. 4. The Ordaz and Dortal expeditions in search of El Dorado, as described 
on sixteenth century maps. By Rudolf Schuller. April 27, 1916. 
15 pp., 2 maps. (Publ. 2411.) ; 

No. 5. On the distribution of radiation over the sun’s disk and new evidences of 
the solar variability. By C. G. Abbot, F. E. Fowle, and L. B. Aldrich. 
Hodgkins Fund. May 23, 1916. 24 pp., 1 pl. (Publ. 2412.) 

No. 6. Phonetic transcription of Indian languages. In press. 

No. 7. The Pyranometer—an instrument for measuring sky radiation. By C. G. 
Abbot and L. B. Aldrich. Hodgkins Fund. May 23, 1916. 9 pp. 
(Publ. 2417.) 

No.8. Three new African shrews of the genus Crocidura. By N. Hollister. 
May 23, 1916. 3 pp. (Publ. 2418.) 


SMITHSONIAN ANNUAL REPORTS. 
Report for 191}. 


The completed volume of the Annual Report of the Board of 
Regents for 1914 was received from the Public Printer in August, 
1915. 


Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution showing 
operations, expenditures, and condition of the Institution for the year ending 
June 30, 1914. xi+729 pp., 155 pls. (Publ. 2321.) 


The general appendix contained the following papers, small edi- 
tions of which were printed in pamphlet form: 


The radiation of the sun. By C. G. Abbot. 16 pp., 4 pls. (Publ. 2322.) 

Modern theories of the sun. By Jean Bosler. 8 pp., 2 pls. (Publ. 2323.) 

The form and constitution of the earth. By Louis B, Stewart. 14 pp. (Publ. 
2324.) 

Some remarks on logarithms apropos to their tercentenary. By M. d’Ocagne. 
T pp, 2 pls. (Publ. 2325.) 

Modern views on the constitution of the atom. By A. S. Eve. 9 pp. (Publ. 
2326. ) 

Gyrostats and gyrostatic action. By Andrew Gray. 16 pp., 10 pls. (Publ. 
SPATE) 

Stability of aeroplanes. By Orville Wright. 8 pp. (Publ. 2328.) 

The first man-carrying aeroplane capable of sustained free flight—Langley’s 
success as a pioneer in aviation. By A. F. Zahm. 6pp., 8 pls. (Publ. 2329.) 

Some aspects of industrial chemistry. By L. H. Baekeland. 25 pp. (Publ. 
2330. ) 

Explosives. By Edward P. O’Hern. 27 pp., 7 pls. (Publ. 2331.) 

Climates of geologic time. By Charles Schuchert. 35 pp. (Publ. 23382.) 

Pleochroic haloes. By J. Joly. 15 pp., 3 pls. (Publ. 2333.) 

The geology of the bottom of the seas. By L. de Launay. 24 pp. (Publ. 
2334.) 

Recent oceanographic researches. By Ch. Gravier. 10 pp. (Publ. 2335.) 

The Klondike and Yukon goldfield in 1918. By H. M. Cadell. 20 pp., 6 pls.” 
(Publ. 2336.) 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 115 


The history of the discovery of sexuality in plants. By Duncan S. Johnson. 
24 pp. (Publ. 2337.) 

Problems and progress in plant pathology. By L. R. Jones. 13 pp. (Publ. 
2388. ) 

Plant autographs and their revelations. By Jagadis Chunder Bose. 23 pp. 
(Publ. 2839.) 

The National Zoological Park and its inhabitants. By Frank Baker. 34 pp., 
41 pls. (Publ. 2340.) 

On the habits and behavior of the herring gull. By R. M. Strong. 31 pp., 10 
pls. (Publ. 2841.) 

Notes on some effects of extreme drought in Waterberg, South Africa. By 
Hugéne N. Marais. 12 pp. (Publ. 2342.) 

Homeeotic regeneration of the antennae in a Phasmid or walking-stick. By 
H. O. Schmit-Jensen. 14 pp., 2 pls. (Publ. 2343.) 

Latent life: Its nature and its relations to certain theories of contemporary 
biology. By Paul Becquerel. 15 pp. (Publ. 2344.) 

The early inhabitants of western Asia. By Felix v. Luschan. 25 pp., 12 pls. 
(Publ. 2345.) 

Excavations at Abydos. By Edouard Naville. 7 pp., 3 pls. (Publ. 2346.) 

An examination of Chinese bronzes. By John C. Ferguson. 6 pp., 14 pls. 
(Publ. 2347.) 

The réle of depopulation, deforestation, and malaria in the decadence of certain 
nations. By Felix Regnault. 5 pp. (Publ. 2348.) 

The story of the chin. By Louis Robinson. 11 pp., 12 pls. (Publ. 2349.) 

Recent developments in the art of illumination. By Preston S. Millar. 18 
pp., 2 pls. (Publ. 2350.) 

The loom and spindle: Past, present, and future. By Luther Hooper. 49 pp., 
11 pls. (Publ. 2351.) 

The demonstration play school of 1913. By Clark W. Hetherington. 29 pp. 
(Publ. 2352.) 

Sketch of the life of Eduard Suess (1831-1914). By Pierre Termier. 10 pp. 
(Publ. 23853.) 

Report for 1916. 


The report of the executive committee and proceedings of the 
Board of Regents of the Institution, and the report of the Secretary, 
both forming part of the Annual Report of the Board of Regents to 
Congress, were issued in pamphlet form in December, 1915: 

Report of the executive committee and proceedings of the Board of Regents of 
the Smithsonian Institution for the year ending June 30, 1915. 21 pp. 
(Publ. 2380.) 


Report of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution for the year ending June 
30, 1915. 110 pp. (Publ. 2379.) 


Small editions of the following papers, forming the general appen- 
dix of the report for 1915, were issued in May, 1916, and the complete 
volume was received from the printer in June: 

Review of astronomy for the year 1913, by P. Puiseux. 9 pp. (Publ. 2383.) 
The utilization of solar energy, by A. S. E. Ackermann. 26 pp., 6 pls. (Publ. 
2384. ) 


The constitution of matter and the evolution of the elements, by Ernest Ruther- 
ford. 36 pp., 5 pls. (Publ. 2385.) 


116 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1916. 


Submarine signalling, by R. F. Blake. 11 pp. (Publ. 2386.) 

The earthquake in the Marsica, Central Italy, by Ernesto Mancini. 4 pp., 1 pl. 
(Publ. 2387.) 

Atlantis, by Pierre Termier. 16 pp. (Publ. 2388.) 

Evidences of primitive life, by Charles D. Walcott. 21 pp.,18 pls. (Publ. 2389.) 

The place of forestry among natural sciences, by Henry S. Graves. 13 pp. (Publ. 
2390. ) 

Lignum Nephriticum, by W. E. Safford. 28 pp., 7 pls. (Publ. 2391.) 

Impressions of the voices of tropical birds, by Louis Agassiz Fuertes. 25 pp., 
16 pls. (Publ. 2392.) 

The Eskimo Curlew and its disappearance, by Myron H. Swenk. 16 pp., 1 pl. 
(Publ. 2393.) 

Construction of insect nests, by Y. Sjéstedt. 7 pp., 3 pls. (Publ. 2394.) 

Olden time knowledge of Hippocampus, by C. R. Eastman. 9 pp., 4 pls. (Publ. 
2395. ) 

Heredity, by William Bateson. 386 pp. (Publ. 2396.) 

Some aspects of progress in modern zoology, by Edmund B. Wilson. 14 pp. 
(Publ. 2397.) 

Linguistic areas in Europe: Their boundaries and political significance, by Leon 
Dominian. 35 pp., 5 maps. (Publ. 2398.) 

Excavations at Tell el-Amarna, Egypt, in 1918-14, by Ludwig Borchardt. 13 
pp., 18 pls. (Publ. 2399.) 

Vaccines, by L. Roger. 8 pp. (Publ. 2400.) 

Progress in reclamation of arid lands in the Western United States, by John B. 
Beadle. 22 pp., 18 pls. (Publ. 2401.) 

Some recent developments in telephony and telegraphy, by Frank B. Jewett. 
21 pp. (Publ. 2402.) 

Sir David Gill, by A. S. Eddington. 12 pp. (Publ. 2403.) 

Walter Holbrook Gaskell, by J. N. Langley. 10 pp. (Publ. 2404.) 


Special publications. 


The following special publications were issued in octavo form: 


Publications of the Smithsonian Institution issued between January 1 and 
June 30, 1915. Published July 20, 1915. 2 pp. (Publ. 2372.) 

Publications of the Smithsonian Institution issued between January 1 and 
September 30, 1915. October 25, 1915. 2 pp. (Publ. 2377.) 

Publications of the Smithsonian Institution issued between January 1 and 
December 31, 1915. January 27, 1916. 3 pp. (Publ. 2405.) 

Publications of the Smithsonian Institution issued between January 1 and 
March 31, 1916. April 20, 1916. 1p. (Publ. 2418.) 

Classified list of Smithsonian publications available for distribution, October 
15, 1915. November 4, 1915. iv+32 pp. (Publ. 2375.) 

Opinions rendered by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. 
Ovinion 67. April 27, 1916. Pp. 177-182. (Publ. 2409.) 

Rules and regulations for the conduct of the work of the National Advisory 
Committee for Aeronautics. July 16, 1915. 5 pp. 

Sources of nitrogen compounds in the United States. By Chester G. Gilbert. 
June 30, 1916. 12 pp. (Publ. 2421.) 


PUBLICATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 


The publications of the National Museum are: (a) The annual 
report to Congress; (b) the Proceedings of the United States Na- 


REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. TE7 


tional Museum; and (c) the Bulletin of the United States National 
Museum, which includes the Contributions from the United States 
National Herbarium. The editorship of these publications is vested 
in Dr. Marcus Benjamin. 

During the year the Museum published an annual report, 2 
volumes of the Proceedings and 52 separate papers forming parts 
of these and other volumes, and 4 bulletins. 

The issues of the Proceedings were as follows: Volume 48; volume 
49, papers 2092, 2094 to 2130, and the complete volume; volume 50, 
papers 2131 to 2138; Annual Report of the United States National 
Museum for 1915. 

The bulletins were as follows: 

Bulletin 50, The Birds of North and Middle America, part 7, by Robert Ridgway. 
Bulletin 91, Report on the Turton collection of South African marine mollusks, 
with additional notes on other South African shells contained in the United 

States National Museum, by Pauli Bartsch. 

Bulletin 92, Bibliographic index of American Ordovician and Silurian fossils 

(two volumes), by Ray S. Bassler. 


Bulletin 94, Handbook and descriptive catalogue of the meteorite collections 
in the United States National Museum, by George P. Merrill. 


PUBLICATIONS OF THE BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY. 


The publications of the bureau are discussed in appendix 2 of the 
Secretary’s report. The editorial work of the bureau has continued 
in charge of Mr. J. G. Gurley, editor. 

During the year, 2 annual reports and 2 bulletins were issued, as 
follows: 


29th Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology (containing an ac- 
companying paper, “The Ethnogeography of the Tewa Indians,” by John 
Peabody Harrington). 

30th Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology (containing two ac- 
companying papers, ‘ Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians,” by Matilda Coxe 
Stevenson, and “An Inquiry into the animism and folklore of the Guiana 
Indians,” by Walter EK. Roth), and a “ List of publications of the Bureau of 
American Ethnology.” 

Bulletin 57. An Introduction to the Study of the Maya Hieroglyphs, by Sylvanus 
Griswold Morley. 

Bulletin 62. Physical anthropology of the Lenape or Delawares, and of the 
Eastern Indians in general, by AleS Hrdli¢ka. In press. 


REPORT OF THE AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. 


The annual reports of the American Historical Association are 
transmitted by the association to the Secretary of the Smithsonian 
Institution and are communicated to Congress under the provisions 
of the act of incorporation of the association. 


118 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1916. 


The annual report for 1913 (2 volumes) was published during the 
year, and the first volume of the 1914 report was in press at the 
close of the fiscal year. 


REPORT OF THE NATIONAL SOCIETY OF THE DAUGHTERS OF THE 
AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 


The manuscript of the Eighteenth Annual Report of the National 
Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution for the year 
ending October 11, 1915, was communicated to Congress on March 
28, 1916. 


THE SMITHSONIAN ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON PRINTING AND 
PUBLICATION. 


The editor has continued to serve as secretary of the Smithsonian 
advisory committee on printing and publication. This committee 
passes on all manuscripts offered for publication by the Institution 
or its branches, and considers forms of routine, blanks, and various © 
other matters pertaining to printing and publication. Eighteen meet- 
ings were held during the year and 96 manuscripts were acted upon. 

Respectfully submitted. . 

A. Howarp Crark, Editor. 

Dr. Cuartes D. WALcort, 

Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. 


O 


AY 
3 9088 01296 8376 |