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REPORT OF THE SECRETARY
OF THE SMITHSONIAN
INSTITUTION

FOR THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 30

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( Publication 2487 )

WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1917

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CONT ENS):

Researches and explorations—

“Geological explorations in the Canadian Rockies...................--
Ceolasredleldtstudies ss. Seta se TAMER CL kee Lee
Hunting graptolites in the Appalachian Valley....................--
Explorations in the Ohio Valley for fossil algae and coral reefs. ......
Examination of ancient human remains in Florida .................-
biolomical workin Cubaandtlartiscesc 0 0s. os acca oe a ee
Botanical workin the’ Hawatian Islands? (00.22. .0 02200
Camehona, botamieal Ss tatrome se SMe ON Sa Aa AS RU Say A?
ibieloateal yworlsiny Chinas. been Fg) Sey Nyt Wve ae
Explorations in Santo Domingo.......... Ee ee Py er Oe er mRe Po
Bap leu moron COMOCLEDeS a. Ske Sra Nec ol Ua Le
Wolline-Gammer Consoexpe@itiam soo. eo

Pre eeAMcMCONPOMIOn Masa iene eae eet eel. hat eee eee ce metas see
metionaletveseatch Counce y hes ONe Oe Sos NU Sw ie Rae
[PUOISLERN BIC ET Dek Gee Sty Ae ere oh Ase ec Man p ROE aga CRS Ree) Oa te aY CeO

TU UREP Ee Se NT, EU A areet aS oe nO 5 NESE PRR ne RI
Reception to French scientists. ..--.. Pe ae eC ss i As aw a al

ch EE Sel: Te CNS eGR la oe en bade ile at AS ee RUN Ra
Me AIMEE PRI TEC AN NEY EET OLODyeRen YS NA SRI NITE ie ok OL oO a
eae miei niAlby CMO MES ec tee Sec. Lo ele eet kG es ee) Sale
AOE AHO OLOM Camb arent A ae RTT EA RN ae Sah kt ME eA ye ON wa
Penitas mislead LOO SEL VA LOU ae trent ca M re Ane Lic aN Ae SHIN Vl al
International Catalogue of Scientific Literature............-2.----------200-
Appendix 1. Report on the United States National Museum. -..........-.....
2. Report on the Bureau of American Ethnology................-

. Report on the International Exchanges....................-.-.
. Report on the National Zoological Park...............-.-.-.--
. Report on the Astrophysical Observatory.....................-.
SLC HOLb OMMLMC IUD TABY 2 Mace teeta Ucn eye Nt WL aa
. Report on the International Catalogue of Scientific Literature....
Pe MONG Ol PU ICAtIONsila5 a3U ss.) eh els has el nisc quee sues wet
Plates 1, 2. Views in National Zoological Park..................-.....-- face

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REPORT
OF THE
SECRETARY OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
Cuartes D. Watcotr

FOR THE YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1917.

To the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution:

GENTLEMEN: I have the honor to submit herewith the customary
annual report on the operations of the Smithsonian Institution and
its branches during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1917, including
work placed by Congress under the direction of the Board of Regents
in the United States National Museum, the Bureau of American
Ethnology, the International Exchanges, the National Zoological
Park, the Astrophysical Observatory, and the United States Bureau
of the International Catalogue of Scientific Literature.

The general report reviews the affairs of the Institution proper and
briefly summarizes the operations of its several branches, while the _
appendices contain detailed reports by the assistant secretary and
others directly in charge of various activities. The reports on opera-
tions of the National Museum and the Bureau of American Ethnology
will also be published as independent volumes.

‘THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.
THE HSTABLISHMENT.

The Smithsonian Institution was created an establishment by act
of Congress approved August 10, 1846. Its statutory members are
the President of the United States, the Vice President, the Chief
Justice, and the heads of the executive departments.

THE BOARD OF REGENTS.

The Board of Regents, which is charged with the administration of
the Institution, consists of the Vice President and the Chief Justice
of the United States as ex officio members, three Members of the

Senate, three Members of the House of Representatives, and six citi-
1

2 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1917.

zens, “ two of whom shall be residents in the city of Washington and
the other four shall be inhabitants of some State, but no two of them
trom the same State.”

In the personnel of the board the only change was the appoint-
ment on January 15, 1917, of Hon. Henry White, of Maryland, to
succeed Dr. Andrew D. White, of New York, who because of the in-
firmities of age felt compelled to resign after serving as Regent for
nearly 29 years. The roll of Regents on June 30, 1917, was as fol-
lows: Edward D. White, Chief Justice of the United States, Chan-
cellor; Thomas R. Marshall, Vice President of the United States;
Henry Cabot Lodge, Member of the Senate; William J. Stone,
Member of the Senate; Henry French Hollis, Member of the Sen-
ate; Scott Ferris, Member of the House of Representatives; Ernest
W. Roberts, former Member of the House of Representatives; James
T. Lloyd, former Member of the House of Representatives; Alex-
ander Graham Bell, citizen of Washington, D. C.; George Gray,
citizen of Delaware; Charles F. Choate, jr., citizen of Massachusetts ;
John B. Henderson, jr., citizen of Washington, D. C.; Charles W.
Fairbanks, citizen of Indiana, and Henry White, citizen of Mary-
land.

The board held its annual meeting on December 14, 1916. The
proceedings of that meeting, as also the annual financial report of
the executive committee, have been printed, as usual, for the use
of the Regents, while such important matters acted upon as are of
public interest are reviewed under appropriate heads in the present
report of the secretary. A detailed statement of disbursements from
Government appropriations, under the direction of the Institution
for the maintenance of the National Museum, the National Zoologi-
cal Park, and other branches, will be submitted to Congress by the
secretary in the usual manner, in compliance with the law.

FINANCES. :

By the deposit of $4,000 derived from revenues during the year,
the permanent fund of the institution deposited in the Treasury
of the United States now amounts to $1,000,000, the limit authorized
by Congress, and is divided as follows:

MIMTGh Som, YMG = eo ac ae ee ee $727, 640. 00
15 21) of) [pe 0 0 [eae nena a Pte a cally ine, Sas Set Ni ath donc Epes Mela ecm 500. 00
[SMO BH ITO) 0 Wien i 00,6 A eae Meena eeeerer Wee GOL, er yews Vees Seow Ee nee Beh A a 2,500. 00
HoGekias Tyne 2 82 se ee ae 216, 000. 00
UNCON Fn eS ee wha ak we et) a a Le oe 590. 00
PACTS TURING este es Mc We age Ly os 14, 000. 00
PNG OESOT EROUOD TeUnOl eee er eee ee oe Seas ee ee fe 11, 000. 00
Luey I. and" George W."Pooreftund2is Gio hio. 29 28 eee 26, 670. 00
Georreltke Sanford funds ses ye eet esl) 7 ale 1, 100. 00

Total fund in the Treasury of the United States________ — 1, 000, 000. 00

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 3

Other resources.

Registered and guaranteed 4 per cent bonds of the West Shore
Railroad Co., part of legacy of Thomas G. Hodgkins (par

SSPERITIEIEV] Joi LC ar ES a A a Ue te Uma gD Aenea OTE $42, 000. 00
‘Coupon 5 per cent bonds of the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Co., due
perv ae OMS (COS) Cree MN eM os BM EN ek a a 5, 040. 63
Coupon 6 per cent bonds of the Argentine Nation, due Dec. 15,
TUS T, (CROPS Yeas na PO cee Ee 5, 093. 75
MO taAlgnnVESteE! LUM SY aoe CN A LON aM a NE 1, 052, 134. 38

With the exception of $4,000 deposited in the Treasury, above
noted, no other permanent investments were made during the year.
Tels deposits consisted of interest accumulations and rentals only.

The principal revenues of the Institution being collectable July 1
and January 1 each year, a surplus of cash is accumulated at these
times. Instead of allowing this surplus to be idle in the Treasury,
the plan has been adopted to invest such sums as may be spared in
time certificates of deposit issued by strong financial institutions of
this city. The rate of interest obtained on these certificates is three
per cent per annum and it is believed that approximately $1,000 can
be gained each year by this method.

The income of the Institution during the year, amounting to
$88,649.52, was derived as follows: Interest on the permanent foun-
dation, $61,490.59; contributions from various sources for specific
purposes, $16,630, and from other miscellaneous sources, $10,528.93.

Adding the cash balance of $44,711.02 on July 1, 1916, the total
resources for the fiscal year amounted to $133,360.54.

The disbursements, which are given in detail in the annual report
of the executive committee, amounted to $124,127.98, leaving a
balance of $9,232.56 in cash and on deposit in the Treasury of the
United States June 30, 1917.

In addition to the above specific amounts to be disbursed by the
Institution there was included under the general appropriation for
printing and binding an allotment of $76,200 to cover the cost of
printing and binding the Smithsonian annual report, and reports and
miscellaneous printing for the Government branches of the Insti-
tution.

The Institution was charged by Congress with the disbursement of
the following appropriations for the year ending June 30, 1917.

miteruationalrexchaneesa ork LOAN LOL OM oy oO ns sd) | $32, 000
International exchanges, deficiency act of Apr. 17, 1917_______________ 3, 500
st EO WES GHEE LEI COY OSEAN fe OS NIE 2D eS I (Pr ag PU ah a 42, 000
FASTRODIMYV SI Gal OWSER VALOR ys eee he Ne 13, 000
National Museum:

EMIT HU OR ao Ce EXCESS a susagh ns ada 25, 000

FS Sa ETRE AGO Nal NY Erb wep eine Ee I a A a SN cd RR A SE Ee Le D8 46, 000

4 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1917.

National Museum—Continued.

Preservation) o£ collectionss)2: 228222 So. ee 300, 000
Books 2. = Set0t Lea SEO TAO Ee See LES 2, 000:
Postage _UC)) 2h m0 ns JON BG EE Oe ee a ee 500
‘Building ‘repairs 2256 ee ee ee 10, 000:
National ZoolégiGal "(ParksleLe Situeh 1) Pete Stee NOOR TI Di tees 100, 000
International Catalogue of Scientific Literature______________________ 7, 500
A tea ah ly 0 Si YR ae a LA oe 581, 500:

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS.

Throughout its history the Smithsonian Institution has constantly
cooperated with the executive departments and other establishments
of the Government in all matters pertaining to scientific activities.
Particularly during the period of the present world war has the
Institution been of service in connection with many important meas-
ures. Every member of its scientific staff, every one of its 500
or more employees has aided the Nation to the utmost in every
possible manner. The laboratories and workshops of the Institution
and its branches have been utilized to their fullest extent and routine
affairs have taken second place whenever important national matters
have needed attention. Your Secretary, as president of the National
Academy of Sciences, as chairman of the military committee of the
National Research Council, and as chairman of the executive com-
mittee of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, has had
opportunity to keep in close touch with the needs of the Nation and to
give such advice as has been in his power, especially in connection
with the development of aeronautics. —

The Institution was particularly fortunate in having as former
Secretary Prof. S. P. Langley, who in 1896 gave to the world a prac-
tical demonstration of the feasibility of mechanical flight by a ma-
chine heavier than the air propelled by its own power. To him the
Nation to-day owes more than can be told, and as an indication of that
debt his memory is fittingly preserved in the name “ Langley Field,”
a tract of some 1,800 acres near Hampton, Va., where extensive ex-
periments of the highest importance to the art of aviation are now
being carried on. The Government has now been aroused to the su-
preme worth of airplanes, machines which Prof. Langley 20 years
ago foresaw would be of great service in times of war as well as
peace. His prophecy has been fulfilled far beyond his hopes or
dreams. The large machine with which his personal experiments:
ceased in 1903 proved its worth and its capability of actual flight
during the past year. Change after change in the design of air-
planes to adapt them for scouting, for fighting, and other military
purposes has followed in rapid succession until now aerial battles
are of daily occurrence and nations are looking ahead to their ex-
tended use under peace conditions.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 5

As stated in my last report, the organization of the National Ad-
visory Committee for Aeronautics has made unnecessary for the
present the permanent establishment by the Smithsonian Institution
of the Langley Aerodynamical Laboratory. Every facility continues,
however, to be afforded to Federal. bureaus to study aviation models
and records possessed by the Institution and, in particular, to con-
sult the large Smithsonian Library on Aeronautics, together with a
general card index of aeronautical literature.

There has recently been erected adjacent to the Smithsonian build-
ing a temporary structure for the use of the United States Signal
Service especially for housing aeroplanes of various designs and
aviation appliances.

The executive committee of the National Advisory Committee ae
held monthly meetings during the year, and many problems of deep
importance have been discussed.

Upon the recommendation of the committee there was organized
by the Council of National Defense the “Aircraft Production Board,”
“to consider the situation in relation to the quantity production of
aircraft in the United States and to cooperate with the officers of
the Army and Navy and of other departments interested in the
production and delivery to these departments of the needed aircraft
in accordance with the requirements of each department.”

The committee also recommended to the Government the adop-
tion of a continuing program for the training of aviators and the
preduction of airplanes and the establishment of schools and an
adequate organization and personnel of regular officers, both in
the Army and Navy for the efficient use of aircraft and direction
of the aviators provided for. As a result of the committee’s activi-
ties the advance in aerial preparedness has been accelerated.

The committee has established a research laboratory at Langley
Field, Virginia, for the carrying on of scientific investigations.
Among the several subcommittees engaged in the study of aeronautic
problems are those on aerial mail service, aero torpedoes, aircrait
communicating, airplane mapping, relation of the atmosphere to
aeronautics, standardization of specifications for aeronautic ma-
terials and aeronautic nomenclature, specifications for aeronautic in-
struments, radiator design,.motive power, and safe design, construc-
tion, and navigation of aircraft.

The second annual report of the National Advisory Commnnittee
for Aeronautics was published during the year in a volume of 630
octavo pages, including technical reports on “ General Specifications
Covering Requirements of Aeronautic Instruments,” “ Nomenclature
for Aeronautics,” ‘‘ Mufflers for Aeronautics.” “ Gasoline Carbureter
Design,” and “ Experimental Researches on the Resistance of Air.”

6 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1917.
RESEARCHES AND EXPLORATIONS. +e

The usual activities were continued during the past year in advane-
ing one of the fundamental objects of the Smithsonian Institution,
the increase of knowledge. In this work various explorations and
researches were inaugurated or participated in by the Institution and
its branches, covering practically all divisions of astronomical, an-
thropological, biological, and geological science. The extent of these
explorations and researches during the history of the Institution
covers a wide range, although a great deal more of most important
work could have been accomplished had adequate funds been avail-
able. Friends of the Institution have generously aided this work,
particularly during the last few years, through the contribution of
funds for specific purposes, but much yet remains undone, and op-
portunities for undertaking important lines of investigation are
constantly being lost through lack of means to carry them into
execution.

Several proposed expeditions to various parts of the world have
been temporarily delayed by the war in Europe.

I will here mention only briefly some of the recent activities of the
Institution in these directions, and for details of other researches and
explorations may refer to the appendices containing the reports of
those directly in charge of the several branches of the Institution
and also to the accounts given in the customary pamphlet review of
this work published each year in the Smithsonian Miscellaneous
Collections.

GEOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS IN THE CANADIAN ROCKIES.

In continuation of geological work carried on by me for several
years past in the Canadian Rocky Mountains, I was engaged during
the summer and early fall of 1916 in field investigations on the Con-
tinental Divide forming the boundary between Alberta and British
Columbia, south of the Canadian Pacific Railway. The very heavy
snowfall of the previous winter together with frequent snow and
rain squalls during the summer, had made the conditions unusually
favorable for taking photographs, the air being exceptionally pure
and clear during the field season, conditions, however, very unfavor-
able for geological investigations. A large number of photographs
were secured, including a number of panoramic views made on con- »
tinuous films eight feet in length.

The sections examined and measured extend from the Mount
Assiniboine region southwest of Banff, Alberta, northwest to the
Kicking Horse Pass, where the Canadian Pacific Railway has bored
a double loop through the mountains on the north and south sides of
the pass.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. .- 7

The season’s work was undertaken with two principal objects in
view: First, to determine, if possible, the base line of demarcation
between the Lower and Middle Cambrian; and second, to locate the
exact horizon of a Cambrian subfauna (AJlbdertella) that had in its
entirety been found only in drift boulders in the Kicking Horse Val-
ley east of Wapta Lake.

One of the important incidental results auiained was the discovery
at Wonder Pass of a great overthrust fault by which the basal
Cambrian rocks forming the mountains on the west side of the pass
have been thrust eastward over upon the limestones of the Devonian,
shown in the slope on the east side of the pass. The thrust along
this fault has carried the rocks forming the main range of the
Rockies in this area several miles to the eastward. The fault crosses
through Wonder Pass and then curves to the northwest, southeast
of Magog Lake, to the great cliff forming the northern extension of
the Assiniboine massif. During the million or more years that the
agencies of erosion had been wearing away the great mass of rocks
above the fault, mountain peaks, canyons, and ridges have been
earved and polished by frost, snow, and the grinding force of huge
glaciers. The glaciers have now retreated to a point near their
origin, high up on the mountains, but they have left behind them
basins that are filled with beautiful lakes, such as Magog, Sunburst,
and Ross.

The line of demarcation between the Lower and Middle Cambrian
was found to be high up in the section on the face of the cliffs at
Wonder Pass, and throughout the Assiniboine massif.

While camped on Magog Lake, below Mount Assiniboine, some
marvelous reflections of the peak in the waters of the lake were seen
in the quiet of the early morning. The changes in the “cloud ban-
ners,” at the peak occur very rapidly. ‘These views led us to regard
the grand pyramid of Mount Assiniboine as the Matterhorn of
America.

Northwest of Banff the broad valley of the Bow has been eroded
diagonally back through the massive scarf of the overthrust massif
and thus exposed to erosion the heart of the great arch that had its
crest over the region now occupied by Mount Victoria and other
peaks of the Bow Range.

Some photographic views were secured looking south across the
Bow Valley into the heart of the Rockies. A view of Pinnacle Peak
tells the story of the tremendous power of erosive agencies, where the
solossal quartzites and limestones are shattered and eroded into the
most fantastic forms.

West of Pinnacle Peak, at the head of Paradise Valley, Mount
Hungabee rises in a terraced wall 4,000 feet above the glacier at its
foot. while another glimpse of these great cliffs is seen under Mount

8 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1917.

\

Lefroy, where the melting snows cascade down as a beautiful brook
ever the quartzite ledges.

At last, in the cliffs above Ross Lake the Albertella fauna was
located in situ, and from the slopes above the lake a panoramic view
was taken of Mount Bosworth, above Kicking Horse Pass on the
Continental Divide. Although only 9,083 feet in height, Mount Bos-
worth exposes in its slopes over 12,000 feet in thickness of bedded
rocks that constitute one of the best sections of the Cambrian rocks
found in the Canadian Rockies. |

Considerable collections of Cambrian fossils were obtained by
myself and Mrs. Walcott, who accompanied and worked with me
throughout the entire trip, before the storms of late September drove
us back to Banff and ended the research for the season.

Many of the photographs taken in this wonderful region are repro-
duced in one of the publications of the Institution.

GEOLOGICAL FIELD STUDIES.

Dr. ‘George P. Merrill, head curator of geology in the National
Museum, devoted several days of the summer vacation period in 1916
to visiting the gem and feldspar quarries of Auburn, Topsham, and
neighboring areas in Maine. While nothing new was secured, he
was able to add interesting material to the Museum exhibit ilustrat-
ing the character and association of the pegmatite dikes, which is
now being installed in the Museum.

HUNTING GRAPTOLITES IN THE APPALACHIAN VALLEY.

The great value of the extinct organisms known as graptolites in
determining the age of geological formations which contain few and
often no other kinds of fossils, has been proved time and again.
During the summer of 1916 Dr. R. S. Bassler and Mr. C. E. Resser,
both of the division of paleontology, United States National Mu-
seum, had occasion to test this particular group of fossils in the course.
of a study of the Cambrian and Ordovician shale formations of
western, Maryland. They report that—

Recent excavations along the Western Maryland Railroad, in the great shale
belt just west of Williamsport and extending north and south for hundreds of
miles, exposed these rocks to such advantage that it was thought possible
enough fossils could be found in them to determine their exact geologic age and
structure. However, no fossils of any kind were found after much search. It
was then decided that the rocks were either barren of organic life or the cleav-
age produced in the strata by the great.forces resulting in their present folded
condition destroyed all traces of fossils.

Finally a fold of black shale was observed and at the point where the
cleavage and the bedding planes coincided. abundant graptolite remains were

1 Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, vol. 66, No. 17, 1917.

JIE OT" REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 9

discovered. The species which were collected proved to be »f such ‘vpical
Trenton forms that there could be no doubt of the Middle Ordovician age of
this particular shale. Limestones known to be much older outcrop so short
a distance to the east of this that a great fault or displacement between the
two kinds of rocks is clearly indicated.

/ With these facts in hand, the fault was traced for a distence of 80 miles
north and south, thus again showing that the graptolites preved the key to the
geologic structure of the region.

\

EXPLORATIONS IN THE OHIO VALLEY FOR FOSSIL ALGAE AND CORAL REEFS.

Through the extensive studies of the Secretary for several years
past, the collections of the National Museum are rich in limestone-
forming pre-Cambrian algae—a low order of water plants that
secrete lime or silica. An instructive series of these fossils has been
placed on exhibition, but in order to show the geologic oceurrence
and evolution of this group of plants it was necessary to supplement
the pre-Cambrian forms with specimens of more recent age. Ac-
cordingly Dr. R. S$. Bassler, curator of paleontology, spent some
weeks in the Ohio Valley, particularly in the blue grass region. of
Kentucky, in a search for large exhibition specimens, and in a study
of their mode of occurrence. He was successful in procuring a num-
ber of showy exhibition specimens as well as numerous study collec-
tions.

More difficult, however, was the discovery and quarrying of a
fossil coral reef suitable for exhibition in the Museum. Coral reefs
ere known at several horizons in the Paleozoic rocks of the Ohio
Valley but they are seldom so exposed that an instructive section
can be quarried out Without injury to the specimens. A great reef of
corals outcrops in the strata along the banks of Chenoweth Creek at
Jeffersontown, near Louisville, Ky., and this was selected to furnish
an exhibit for the Museum. A section of the stratified rocks 6 feet
by 10 feet was bodily quarried out of the bank, and these strata with
their contained corals were later set up in the exhibition hall of
paleontology.

The lowest layer of limestone is composed largely of fossil brachi-
opod shells. Next above is a layer with scattered corals belonging to
a long-tubed species (Colwmmnaria calcina Nicholson), probably torn
by waves from a near-by coral reef. Overlying this is a limestone
stratum largely made of the twiglike stems of stony Bryozoa (Tre-
postomata).

The main reef of corals is chiefly composed of the rounded heads
of three species of honeycomb corals, some with radial partitions in
the tubes (Columnaria alveolata Goldfuss), others without such par-
titions (Columnaria vacua Foerste), and still others with spongy
walls (Calapoecia cribriformis Nicholson). Large stems of fluted or

10 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1917.

nodular Hydrozoa (Beatricea) are scattered among the honeycomb
coral masses.

Horn corals (Streptelasma rusticum Billings) are to be seen in
both the lower and upper coral beds. The spaces between the lime-
stone layers and also between the heads of coral were filled with
clay which contained many other examples of fossil life.

Another coral reef in central Kentucky composed of a single
species (Stromatocerium pustulosum Safford) was investigated and
several massive and complete specimens excavated for exhibition.
The smallest of these was several feet in diameter. These conical
coral masses are restricted to a single layer of limestone, on which
account they serve to identify the bed from place to place. This
coral reef occurs in the Trenton limestone and fine outcrops occur
around Lexington, Ky., and it has been noted at many localities in
central Kentucky and central Tennessee.

EXAMINATION OF ANCIENT HUMAN REMAINS IN FLORIDA.

A good deal of public and scientific interest was aroused by the
finding of human remains in Florida under conditions which seemed
possibly to indicate extreme age. It was therefore desirable that a
critical examination be made of the bones and their environment.
Accordingly, on the invitation of Dr. E. H. Sellards, State geologist
of Florida, and as his guest, Dr. Hrdlicka, of the United States
National Museum, spent four days in the latter part of October,
1916, at Vero, Fla., where his time was devoted to the study of the
site from which certain human bones described by Dr. Sellards were
obtained, and to a preliminary examination of the bones themselves.

Dr. Hrdlicka reports as follows:

Laborers were engaged, and with their help there was made a clean exposure
about 160 feet in length of the geological deposits in close proximity to the
localities where the human bones had been discovered. This afforded a com-
prehensive and enlightening view of the formations involved.

The two human skeletons had been found in the south bank of a recently
excavated drainage canal. ‘They occurred one in fairly close proximity to,
and the other within the broad, shallow bed of, a sinall fresh-water stream,
now drained by a lateral cut from the canal. The former lay in dark and
somewhat indurated sands, the latter for the most part at the base of the muck
deposit of the stream bed, and between this and the next oider stratum. A
few smaller bones, which probably belonged to the second skeleton, were found
at about the same level a short distance from the rest of the remains in an
elevation of the lower sandy layer.

The first skeleton lay at a depth of 24 feet, the second at a depth of 2 to 34
feet from the surface. The deposits above the first skeleton consisted partly
of somewhat indurated and partly of ordinary sands, overlaid by a layer of
marl. The marl when freshly exposed was found to be of the consistency of
fresh mortar, but on longer exposure hardened to fairly solid rock. Above
skeleton No, II there was only muck and irregular sandy patches.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. Lt

Skeleton No. I is that of a woman, probably adult; skeleton No. II that of an
adult man of somewhat advanced years. The bones of the former lay close to-
gether, those of the latter were dissociated though lying within a moderate-sized
ellipse. Broken pottery, bone and stone implements, and stone chips, were
found in the same strata, more particularly in the muck layers, with the human
bones.

Besides the two skeletons, single bones of three additional human bodies—one a
child, one a young person, and one adult—were discovered in the vicinity.

The human bones were considerably mineralized, and in the same strata in
which they occurred are found many bones of long-extinct animals, such as
mastodons, tapirs, etc.

Due to the presence of the fossil animal bones in the same strata with the
human remains, and to the mineralization of the latter, the opinion was ad-
vanced that the human remains were of the same age as the animal bones,
which would relegate them to the early part of the Quaternary.

This is not sustained by an anthropological study of the case and of the
remains. The human bones show no signs of weathering, gnawing, or trampling,
and the two skeletons were represented by so many parts that the only satis-
factory explanation of the conditions can be found in the assumption that the
remains are those of intentional burials.

The pottery and the bone and stone implements are all identical with similar
artifacts of the Florida or southeastern Indians, while the human bones them-
Selves show, without exception, modern features, with numerous characteristics
which permit their identification also as Indian.

The conclusions arrived at are that the Vero finds represent another of those
cases, which are bound to occur from time to time, where the circumstances
seem to point to antiquity of the human bones, but where a thorough, all-sided
inquiry shows that the mass of the evidence is decisively against such an as-
sumption.

Following the visit to Vero, Dr. Hrdli¢ka made a trip to Fort
Myers, Fla., and to several of the outlying keys, where human re-
mains were reported. The particular object of this trip was to visit
a small island off Fort Myers known as the Demorest or Demere Key,
on which, according to information obtained from Mr. Sam L. King,
of Bristol, Tenn., human bones could be found “ imbedded in con-
eretionary materials.” Concerning these remains Dr. Hrdlicka says:

Demere Key, the surface of which measures about 15 acres, was originally
a low and swampy island, like all of the small keys in the vicinity, but a larger
part of its surface was in the course of time artificially elevated by the Indians,
by means of shells, sand, and soil, for the purpose of habitation and cultivation.
Along the middlé of this large artificial elevation runs a remarkable platform
- about 80 feet long, the eastern boundary of which is supported by a still fairly
well preserved, well-made wall of conch shells. This structure has been briefly
reported by Cushing and by Mr. Clarence B. Moore, but its origin is in doubt.
At a short distance northeast of this elevation there is a low, irregular heap
which contains numerous Indian burials. On examining the surface of this
heap, it was found to consist of shells, detritus, sand, and vegetable matter, and
to be everywhere more or less consolidated to the depth of from 6 to 18 inches.
The consolidation was such that in many places it was very hard to penetrate
the crust with an ordinary mattock. Within this crust, on breaking parts of it
off and turning them over, were found numerous human bones, including some

12 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1917.

more or less defective skulls. Beneath the crust was white sand, which also
contained many bones, with a few Indian ornaments and fragments of pottery.
The consolidated crust differed in composition. For the larger part it was
coquina, of just about such a composition as beach accumulations along the
sea; but in other places the solidified part consisted almost entirely of white
sand, while in still others it was a dark concretionary mass enclosing shells,
sand, and vegetable matter, besides the bones. The human bones, though evi-
dently more or less changed, were not yet petrified; and the mound as a whole
appears to have no claim to antiquity greater than perhaps a few hundred
years; but its surface offers a fine example of what favorable conditions can
accomplish in no great space of time in the way of consolidation and inclusion
into rock of human remains.

BIOLOGICAL WORK IN CUBA AND HAITI.

Mr. John B. Henderson, a Regent of the Institution, and Dr. Paul
Bartsch, curator of marine invertebrates, spent the last half of March
in the region about the Guantanamo Naval Station in eastern Cuba,
collecting a large quantity of very interesting land shells, birds,
plants, fossils, and marine invertebrates. The month of April was
spent in Haiti, where they thoroughly explored the Cul-de-Sac region,
the north coast of the western peninsula, and the coastal range from
the Cul-de-Sac north as far as San Marcos. They secured many in-
teresting specimens of land and fresh water mollusks, several new
birds, some very interesting cacti and other plants, and a general in-
vertebrate collection from this much neglected island. <A large series
of interesting photographs was also made, many of which will be
used in a report on the expedition which the explorers hope to pub-
lish in the near future.

BOTANICAL EXPLORATIONS IN THE HAWATIAN ISLANDS.

During the summer of 1916, from June to November, Mr. A. S.
Hitchcock, custodian of the section of grasses of the division of
plants in the National Museum, traveled in the Hawaiian Islands
studying and collecting the flora, especially the grasses. Concerning
his explorations Mr. Hitchcock says:

The islands are all of volcanic origin and the rock is lava except avery little
that is coral formation. Kauai, the geologically oldest island, shows the great-
est effect of erosion, the deep canyons rivaling in beauty the Grand Canyon
of the Colorado. On the island of Hawaii are the two highest peaks of the
group, Mauna Kea, 13,825 feet, and Mauna Loa, 13,675 feet in height. Above
10,000 feet there is scarcely any vegetation upon these peaks, especially upon
Mauna Loa, which is made up of comparatively recent lava.

The important agricultural industries are the raising of sugar, live stock,
and pineapples. The cultivated trees and shrubs are of great variety and
beauty, and are drawn from all tropical and subtropical lands. One of the in-
troduced trees of great economic importance is the algaroba tree, or kiawe, as
the Hawaiians call it. It is found in a belt on the lowlands along the shores
of all the islands and occupies the soil almost to the exclusion of other plants.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 13

The pods are very nutritious and are eagerly eaten by all kinds of stock. The
flowers furnish an excellent quality of honey. The prickly pear cactus has
become extensively naturalized in the dryer portions of all the islands. The
ranchmen utilize this for feed when other kinds become scarce, the cattle eating
the succulent joints in spite of the thorns. Two introduced shrubs now occupy
extensive areas and have become great pests. These are guava, whose fruit
furnishes the delicious guava jelly, and lantana, with clusters of handsome
parti-colored flowers.

The indigenous flora is highly interesting though not abundant in species.
Two of the commonest trees are the ohia and the koa. The former, also called
ohia lehua and lehua, resembles, in the appearance of the trunk, our white
oak, but bears beautiful clusters of scarlet flowers with long-protruding
stamens. The koa produces a valuable wood much used in cabinetmaking, now
becoming familiar through its use for making ukuleles. Among the peculiar
plants of the islands is the silversword, a strikingly beautiful composite with
glistening silvery leaves, which grows only on the slopes of cinder cones in
the crater of Haleakala and in a few very limited localities on Hawaii. The
family Lobeliaceae is represented by about 100 species belonging to 6 genera.
The numerous arborescent species are very peculiar and characteristic. Many
of them form slender trunks like small palms, crowned with a large cluster
of long narrow leaves. The trunks of some species are as much as 30 or 40
feet high, and the large bright colored flowers are sometimes remarkably
beautiful.

The indigenous grasses of the Hawaiian Islands are not numerous. Three
peculiar species of Panicum inhabit the open bogs formed on the tops of
many of the high mountains in the wet zone such as Mount Eeka and Mount
Kukui in West Maui, some of the peaks of Molokai and Oahu, and Waialeale
in Kauai, that upon the latter covering in all several square miles. ‘These
bogs are found near the summits of ridges in the regions of heavy rainfall, are
devoid of trees and shrubs, and harbor a peculiar vegetation.

CINCHONA BOTANICAL STATION.

Recently the Institution has acquired a three years’ lease of the
Cinchona Botanical Station at Jamaica, comprising about 10 acres
of land, with offices, laboratories, and other buildings, for the
furtherance of our knowledge of West Indian botany. Assignment
of botanists who desire to prosecute studies there are made on the
recommendation of organizations which have cooperated with the
Institution in securing the use of this important field for botanical

investigations.

BIOLOGICAL WORK IN CHINA.

Mr. Arthur deC. Sowerby has continued his work in northeastern
China though conditions have been so unsettled as to make collecting
extremely difficult. A shipment of natural history specimens to the
Museum from Mr. Sowerby received May 27, included 186 bird skins,
44 mammals, 1 reptile, 16 fishes, and other miscellaneous natural his-
tory objects. :

25027—17—_—2

14 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1917.
EXPLORATIONS IN SANTO DOMINGO.

Dr. W. L. Abbott, whose energies for nearly 30 years past have
been devoted to explorations in the Old World, made a short visit to
Santo Domingo (the scene of his earliest expedition, in 1883), where
he spent a few weeks in late summer and fall, 1916, at the eastern end
of the island, chiefly in the vicinity of the Bay of Samana, with trips
to several localities in the highlands of the interior, notably at Con-
stanza and El Rio. On this expedition he made a very interesting
collection of mammals, birds, reptiles, mollusks, insects, and Indian
relics.

In the coast region, Dr. Abbott investigated numerous caves in
search of remains of an extinct mammalian fauna. One of the most
interesting mammals whose remains were found in these caves is a
large rodent, described from a freshly killed specimen in 1836, but
not captured since then. Whether it is extinct or not is at present
an uncertainty. At San Lorenzo Bay, on the south side of the Bay
of Samand, there are “many precipitous limestone hills,” which,
Dr. Abbott writes, are “literally honeycombed with caves. The
cave (usually inhabited) near the pier of the abandoned railroad
is full of shell heaps, and contains many Indian carvings, more or
less obliterated by smoke and lime deposits.” Here he uncovered two
hundred or more archeological objects, including terra-cotta images,
fragments of pottery, stone pestles, carved stone plates, and similar
material.

After exhausting the caves in the vicinity of Samana, Dr. Abbott
visited the mountains of the interior, where, at El Rio, he made a
most surprising discovery in the bird fauna. He writes “I had
heard of a very small ‘ parrot’ which lived in flocks in the pines on
the pine cones. I suspected a crossbill—said to occur here at Jara-
bocoa, below 2,000 feet, but the pair I shot were at near 5,000 feet.”
The bird proved to be a veritable crossbill and, what was most ex-
traordinary, a form closely related to the white-winged crossbill, a
species restricted in the breeding season to the Boreal zone of North
America (from Alaska to the higher Adirondacks), migrating in
winter at rare intervals as far south as North Carolina. .

The series of birds totaled about 250 specimens, of 50 or more
species, over 30 of which are peculiar to the island. The indigenous
species of this island have long constituted the Museum’s chief de-
siderata among the birds of the West Indies, hence Dr. Abbott’s col-
lection has proved of great interest, aside from the special discoveries
mentioned above.

EXPEDITION TO CELEBES.

Through the generosity of Dr. W. L. Abbott, associate in zoology
in the Museum, Mr. H. C. Raven has continued to make natural

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 15

history and ethnological collections in Celebes. In April the Museum
received a shipment of ethnological objects from Mr. Raven, includ-
ing native fish traps, baskets, cloth, rope, hats, dishes, blowguns used
for hunting birds, and a curious native musical instrument.

|

COLLINS-GARNER CONGO EXPEDITION.

Early in 1917 an expedition with the title of the Collins-Garner
Congo expedition in the interests of the Smithsonian Institution, left
for the French Congo and neighboring parts of west Africa. Mr.
C. R. W. Aschemeier, of the department of biology, National Museum,
is representing the Smithsonian Institution and the Museum as
natural history collector. All of the natural history specimens col-
lected by the expedition will come to the National Museum. The
other members of the expedition are Mr. Alfred M. Collins, of Phila-
delphia, chief; Prof. Richard L. Garner, of New York, who is mak-
ing special studies concerning apes and monkeys, manager; and Prof.
Charles W. Furlong, of Boston, scientist, artist, and explorer.

RESEARCH CORPORATION,

In my annual reports for several years past I have called atten-
tion to the Research Corporation organized in 1912 under the laws
of. New York State, and having as its officers and directors a group
of men particularly interested in the development of the industrial
arts. The present Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution is one
of the directors and a member of the executive committee. The
certificate of incorporation declares it to be the purposes of the cor-
poration to—

Provide means for the advancement and extension of technical and scientific
investigation, research, and experimentation by contributing the net earnings
of the corporation over and above such sum or sums as may be reserved or re-
tained and held as an endowment fund or working capital, and also such other
moneys and property belonging to the corporation as the board of directors
shall from time to time deem proper, to the Smithsonian Institution, and such
other scientific and educational institutions and societies as the board of
directors may from time to time select, in order to enable such institutions and
Societies to conduct such investigation, research, and experimentation.

The principal income of the corporation is at present derived from
royalties for the use of the Cottrell process for the electrical precipi-
tation of suspended particles. Dr. F. G. Cottrell, the inventor of this
process, offered his patents to the Smithsonian Institution, but since
it was not practicable for the Institution to administer them commer-
cially, the Research Corporation was organized for that purpose.
The process is now in successful use by a score of smelting and
refining companies and other industrial plants and the financial con-
dition of the corporation is very gratifying.

16 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1917.

The corporation seeks to do for industrial arts what some other
institutions are now doing for the scientes generally, for medicine,
and for the improvement of social conditions. There has now been
established an annual fellowship “open to general competition for
the purpose of encouraging and assisting scientists in the prosecu-
tion of their investigations. ‘To the successful competitor, the cor-
poration offers an honorarium of twenty-five hundred dollars and
the assistance of the corporation in securing the most favorable op-
portunity for prosecuting the particular object of study.”

The Cottrell process in operation has been described in publica-
tions of the Smithsonian Institution. The precipitation processes
and their applications have been briefly described as follows:

Electrical percipitation consists of the removal of suspended particles from
gases by the aid of electrical discharges. The precipitation process operates
by passing the gases carrying the suspended, finely divided particles between
two systems of electrodes, one of which is made to carry a negative electrical
charge while the other carries a positive charge. In ordinary practice the
negative electrodes are small in size, such as iron wires or chains, and the
positive electrodes are large, such as iron plates or pipes. The gases are di-
vided into several channels and passed through the. space between the wires
and the plates or pipes, in the latter case each pipe having a wire placed
along its longitudinal axis. The electrodes are charged by being connected
with a source of high voltage electricity, consisting ordinarily of a high volt-
age transformer for increasing the electric potential up to the working voltage
which varies with the size and character of the installation from 20,000 to
100,000 volts; a rectifier for changing alternating current into direct current,
and a switchboard provided with the necessary standard control equipment.
The suspended particles while passing between the electrodes become electri-
cally charged and are then driven to the plates or the inner surface of the pipes
by the forces of the electric field. A common example of the application of
the process is the precipitation of minute particles containing copper, silver,
gold, lead, zinc, and other valuable metals ordinarily carried away from smelt-
ing and refining furnaces which may by this process be recovered from such
gases without interfering with the operation of the plant. The recovered dust
or fume, in such cases, is often valuable and constitutes a large financial say-
ing. In many other industrial operations where noxious gases, fumes, or dusts
are given off, the process has been successfully applied, some of the materials
precipitated being sulphuric, nitric, and hydrochloric acids: arsenic, bleaching
powder, lead, zinc, and other poisonous materials.

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL.

As stated in my last report, the National Research Council was
organized by the National Academy of Sciences, the President of the
United States appointing the representatives of the Government and
authorizing the appointment of other members by the president of
the academy. There was thus brought together about 50 members
representing various branches of science, and they were subdivided
in several subcommittees. Joint committees were also formed in

oh . REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 17

cooperation with national scientific societies. The Research Council
has since become a part of the Council of National Defense and
operates in coordination with that body. In the membership of the
Research Council are several of the scientific staff of the United
States National Museum, your Secretary being vice chairman of the
council and chairman of the military committee.

With the preparations for actual participation by the United
States in the world war, the council became an important factor in
the scientific work of the Government. On February 29, 1917, the
Council of National Defense adopted the following resolution :

Resolved, That the Council of National Defense, recognizing that the National
Research Council, at the request of the President of the President of the United
States, has organized the scientific forces of the country in the interest of
national defense and national welfare, requests that the National Research
Council cooperate with it in matters pertaining to scientific research for national
defense; and to this end the Council of National Defense suggests that the
National Research Council appoint a committee of not more than three, at

least one of whom shall be located in Washington, for the purpose of maintain-
ing active relations with the director of the Council of National Defense.

Since that time the National Research Council has served as the
department of science and research of the Council of National
Defense and in such capacity has been charged with the organi-
zation of scientific investigations bearing on the national defense
and on industries affected by the war.

Shortly after this action Dr. George E. Hale, chairman of the
council, initially undertook the organization of research activities
in direct cooperation with the United States Government and its
various departments. Office accommodations were provided for
chemistry, engineering, medicine and hygiene, and physics commit-
tees of the council, and arrangements were made to provide such
accommodations also for the agriculture and psychology committees.
Dr. Robert A. Millikan, chairman of the physics committee, was
appointed vice chairman of the council and consented to give his
entire time, upon leave of absence from the University of Chicago,
to work in Washington as the executive officer of the council. Offices
in New York were retained with the secretary, Dr. Cary T. Hutchin-
son, in charge.

Particular mention may perhaps be made of the appointment of
a foreign service committee of the council and of its important
mission and work as a direct aid in acquainting investigators in
this country with the scientific problems which have been confronted
both in military and industrial pursuits in England and France.

Two other committees of the council have been especially organ-
ized as the result of the cooperation brought about with the Council
‘of National Defense; one a committee on navigation and nautical

18 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1917.

instruments, appointed upon the request of the General Munitions
Board and the other a committee on relations with State research
councils, appointed to consider and report upon desirable means of
cooperation between the Council and State research committees.

OFFICERS OF THE COUNCIL.

George E. Hale, chairman; Charles D. Walcott, first vice chairman; Gano
Dunn, scond vice chairman; R. A. Millikan, third vice chairman and executive
officer ; Cary T. Hutchinson, secretary.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.

J. J. Carty, Chairman.

Marston T. Bogert. Van H. Manning. S. W. Stratton.
Russell H. Chittenden. R. A. Millikan. Victor C. Vaughan.
Edwin G. Conklin. Arthur A. Noyes. Charles D. Walcott.
Gano Dunn. Raymond Pearl. William H. Welch.
George EH. Hale. Michael I. Pupin.

The following members and new committees have been added to
the council since my last report:

v

LIST OF NEW MEMBERS.

Carl L. Alsberg. John R. Freeman.
Joseph S. Ames. Hollis Godfrey.
Admiral William S. Benson. Rear Admiral Robert 8. Griffin.
Walter B. Cannon. Herbert C. Hoover.
John M. Clarke. Franklin H. Martin.
Howard EH. Coffin. John C. Merriman.
William M. Davis. Eliakim H. Moore.
Arthur L. Day. Frederick H. Newell.
Henry H. Donaldson. George O. Smith.
William F, Durant. Lewis B. Stillwell.
Rear Admiral Ralph Harle. - Robert W. Wood.

LIST OF COMMITTEES.

Military committee. Astronomy committee.

Agriculture committee. Committee on census of research.

Committee on Anthropology. Engineering committee.

Botany committee. Foreign service committee.

Shemistry committee. Geography committee.

Food committee. Geology and paleontology committee,

Committee on gases used in warfare. Mathematics committee.

Committee on Industrial Research. Committee on navigation and nautical

Committee on Medicine and Hygiene. instruments.

Committee on Optical Glass. Physics committee.

Physiology committee. Psychology committee.

Committee on Relations with State Committee on research in educational
Research Councils. institutions.

Aeronautics committee. Zoology committee.

Anatomy committee.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 19

Since the close of the year the Signal Corps, desiring to avail itself.
of the assistance of the National Research Council, appointed Dr.
R. A. Millikan, third vice chairman and executive officer, and Dr.
Charles EK. Mendenhall majors in the United States Army.

PUBLICATIONS.

The Institution proper issues three series of publications: Smith-
sonian Contributions to Knowledge, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Col-
lections, and Smithsonian Annual Reports. The publications of the
various branches of the Institution issued under its direction include
the Annual Reports, Proceedings, and Bulletins of the United States ©
National Museum, including the Contributions from the National
- Herbarium; Annual Reports and Bulletins of the Bureau of Amer-
ican Ethnology; and the Annals of the Astrophysical Observatory.
All of the publications of these branches and the Annual Report of
the Institution are printed by means of Congressional allotments.

Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge.—Of this series, which
contains in quarto form the results of studies constituting, important
contributions to knowledge, one memoir was published, entitled “A
Contribution to the Comparative Histology of the Femur,” by Dr.
J. S. Foote, of Creighton Medical College, embodying the results of
the author’s work for a number of years on this subject.

Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections.—Of this series, 19 papers
forming parts of five volumes were issued, including three papers by
your secretary containing the results of his field work in Cambrian
geology. The annual Smithsonian exploration pamphlet appears
in this series, which describes briefly the work in the field of the
Smithsonian scientists and scientific expeditions, illustrated by pho-
tographs taken by the explorers in every quarter of the globe. The
necessity for a second reprinting of the sixth revised edition of the
Smithsonian Physical Tables indicates the continued usefulness of
this work. In this series also appeared the important paper by H.
Heim Clayton on the effect of variations in solar radiation on the
earth’s atmosphere, the possibilities of which for use in forecasting
temperature are discussed elsewhere in this report.

Smithsonian report.—As stated in the report on the publications,
Appendix 8, although the final proof of the 1916 report was returned
to the printer in April, the books were not received before the close
of the year because of the great rush of war printing at the Govern-
ment Printing Office.

Special publications—Among the special publications may be men-
tioned an illustrated folder describing the Smithsonian and its
branches, for the use of visitors and correspondents.

20 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1917.

— National Museum publications—-The Museum issued during the
year 1 volume of the proceedings, 73 papers forming parts of this —
and other volumes, and 6 bulletins.

Bureau of Ethnology publications—The Bureau of American
Ethnology published i annual report, 2 bulletins, and a list of pub-
lications of the bureau.

Reports of historical and patriotic societies—In accordance with.
a provision in the charters of the American Historical Association
and the National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolu-
tion, the annual reports of those organizations were submitted to.
your secretary, and communicated by him to Congress.

Allotments for printing—The allotments for the printing of the
Smithsonian report and the various publications of the branches.
of the Institution were practically used up, a small balance remaining”
in one or two cases owing to the impossibility of getting certain
publications off the press before the close of the year.

The allotments for the year ending June 30, 1918, are as follows:
For the Smithsonian Institution: For printing and binding the annual

reports of the Board of Regents, with general appendices, the editions

of which‘shall: not excedd, 10,000,copies_—-i=2 222) 2 5 eee $10, 000°
For the annual reports of the National Museum, with general appen-

dices, and for printing labels and blanks, and for the bulletins and

proceedings of the National Museum, the editions of which shall not

exceed 4,000 copies, and binding, in half morocco or material not

more expensive, scientific books, and pamphlets presented to or ac-

,quired by the;National Museum library.+-._220542-5-j 4) eae 37, 500-

For the annual reports and bulletins of the Bureau of American Hth- Phe
nology and for miscellaneous printing and binding for the bureau___ 21, 000°

For miscellaneous printing and binding:

Tntérnational Dxchanges! 22000 20 U0 WR e, 0 is See 200-
International Catalogue of Scientific Literature-_________________ 100
NationalZnglopicn gearks va. We ale a eee er eae 200
AstrophyvsicaliObpserya tory. 30 a a ee 200°
For the annual report of the American Historical Association________~ 7, 000.
10) 1 eee ES SEE gS eee eee ee Wee eS RE AM 76, 200°

Committee on printing and publication.—The Smithsonian advis-
ory committee on printing and publication considers all manuscripts
offered for publication by the Institution or its branches. During”
the past year 16 meetings were held, at which 101 manuscripts were
considered and acted upon. The membership of the committee was
as follows: Dr. Leonhard Stejneger, head curator of biology, Na-
tional Museum, chairman; Dr. C. G. Abbot, director of the Astro-
physical Observatory; Mr. Ned Hollister, superintendent of the Na- |
tional Zoological Park; Mr. A. Howard Clark, editor of the Insti-
tution, secretary of the committee; Mr. F. W. Hodge, ethnologist in:
charge of the Bureau of American Ethnology; and Dr. George P..
Merrill, head curator of geology, National Museum,

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 21

LIBRARY.

The main purpose of the library of the Smithsonian Institution
has been to assemble a collection of periodicals and publications of
a scientific nature as well as the journals and other publications
of the scientific institutions and learned societies of the world, the
whole to be a library of reference for research in the broadest »
sense. In carrying out this policy an accumulation of over half a
million titles has been made, the main part of which is housed in
the Library of Congress with the designation of the Smithsonian
Deposit of the Library of Congress. In addition to this main part
of the Smithsonian library there are maintained a number of smaller
libraries at the various branches of the Institution, the National
Museum library, the Bureau of American Ethnology library, the
Astrophysical Observatory library, and the National Zoological Park
library. In the various offices of the Institution and the Museum
sectional libraries of technical works in all branches of science are
maintained for the use of the scientific staff. There are 35 of these
sectional technical lbraries.

The accessions to the libraries of the Institution and its branches
during the year aggregated more than 9,000 volumes, parts of
volumes, and pamphlets. Among important gifts during the year
was a first consignment of 561 volumes and 293 pamphiets, part of
the botanical library of Dr. John Donnell Smith, of Baltimore; the
whole of which, amounting to 1,500 volumes, he has offered to the
Institution.

In the Museum library, 1,572 volumes and 3,556 pamphlets were
accessioned during the year, among them the scientific library of Dr.
Edgar A. Mearns, associate in zoology, who died last fall. This
collection is rich in works on mammals, birds, and plants. Through
the continued generosity of Dr. William H. Dall, honorary curator
of mollusks, the sectional library of the division of mollusks, has
been enriched by the addition of 307 titles during the year.

RECEPTION IN HONOR OF FRENCH SCIENTISTS.

On the evening of June 14, under the auspices of the National
Academy of Sciences, a reception was held in the Smithsonian build-
ing for the members of the French Scientific Mission to the United
States. Prof. Charles Fabry told of what France is doing in the war;
Commander Bridge spoke of Great Britain’s work in submarine war-
fare; and Sir Ernest Rutherford sketched the situation as England
sees it. President Walcott, of the National Academy of Sciences, and
Mrs. Walcott were assisted by Lieut. Maurice Paternot, Prof. Charles
Fabry, and Prof. Henri Abraham in receiving the guests.

99 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1917.
NATIONAL MUSEUM.

One of the most important features to be recorded in the opera-
tions of the National Museum during the year was the actual begin-
ning of the building for the Charles L. Freer Art Collections.
Excavation was started on October 2, 1916, and by June 30, 1917,
the foundations and concrete walls inclosing the subbasement had
been completed. The structure, covering 228 by 185 feet, will be
of Milford granite and in exterior and interior design best adapted
to its purpose. Assistant Secretary Rathbun in the appendix to the
present report gives some interesting details regarding this addition
to the Smithsonian group of buildings. The construction of this
art building is made possible through the most generous gift of
$1,000,000 by Mr. Freer for the housing and study of the magnificent
collection he has presented to the Nation. His gift of the building
and collection is the most valued donation which any individual has
ever made to the Government. i

The accessions te the National Museum collections during the year
aggregated about 200,000 specimens pertaining to anthropology.
zoology, botany, geology and mineralogy, paleontology, textiles and
woods, mineral technology, and objects of art. In his report Assis-
tant Secretary Rathbun enumerates the sources and importance of
these accessions, so that it is not necessary here to do more than to
mention some of the principal items. Interesting collections of
anthropological objects were received from the island of Celebes,
gathered at the expense of Dr. W. L. Abbott, who for many years has
most generously contributed toward the growth of the Museum in
ethnological and biological material from various parts of the world.
Dr. Abbott personally visited the West Indies during the year and
met with gratifying success in adding to our knowledge of the
early history of man and of the fauna of that region. A large col-
lection of stone implements belonging to the ancient town builders
of Mexico was received through Capts. Wright and Cooper of Gen.
Pershing’s expedition, and extensive archeological collections from
the Southwestern States were gathered by Dr. Fewkes and others
connected with the Bureau of American Ethnology. Hundreds of
objects of great value in the study of physical anthropology came to
the museum as the result of explorations by Dr. Hrdlicka and others
in Peru.

To the division of American history memorials were added per-
taining to eminent military and naval men and other prominent
Americans and objects commemorative of historic events, besides
costumes, furniture, and other articles illustrative of colonial and
later periods.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 23

Although the Museum is without funds for carrying on extended
biological explorations, yet through the generosity of friends it has
- been greatly enriched by the results of field work in various parts of
the world, particularly the work of Dr. W. L. Abbott so often men-
tioned heretofore. A large and fine collection of reptiles and
- batrachians came as a bequest by the late Julius Hurter, sr., of St.

Louis. :

To the botanical collections were added about 25,000 specimens and
the remnant of the botanical library saved from the flood which so
nearly destroyed the Vanderbilt Herbarium at Biltmore, N. C., in
July, 1916. These objects were presented by Mrs. Vanderbilt. Prof.
O. F. Cook gave to the Museum about 15,000 specimens of crypto-
gams gathered in the United States and Liberia.

In geological material, likewise, and in the department of textiles,
naineral technology, and other divisions of the Museum, there were
important additions described by the assistant secretary.

The attendance of visitors to the Natural History building ag-
gregated about 400,000 and the Arts and Industries building about
250,000.

In calling attention to the present needs of the Museum, I may
mention the fact that on account of the great growth of the collec-
tions during the last few years there is already presented a lack of
exhibition and storage facilities in some of the departments, par-
ticularly in connection with the applied arts, the fine arts, and Ameri-
can history. It is exceedingly gratifying that the accessions should
increase in such great proportions from year to year, but it is like-
wise important that there be a corresponding increase in the number
of the scientific staff and other employees necessary for the proper
care and study of this mass of material made up in great measure
through gifts by the people of the Nation. -

BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY.

The Bureau of American Ethnology, which conducts ethnological
researches among the American Indians and the natives of Hawaii,
is under the direction of Mr. F. W. Hodge, whose report is given in
Appendix 2. . .

Among the important researches of the year was the excavation
and study of Hawikuh, a large reservation on the Zufi Reserva-
tion in western New Mexico. This work was carried on by Mr.
Hodge in cooperation with the Museum of the American Indian,
Heye Foundation, of New York City. The purpose of the excava-
tion of Hawikuh was to study a Zui pueblo, known to have been
inhabited from prehistoric times well into the historic period, to de-
termine as far as possible the character and arts of the Zuni people

24 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1917. ©

in early times, as well as the effect of Spanish contact during the
sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The results of this important
study, which were highly successful, will be published in the near
future.

In the Mesa Verde National Park Dr. J. Walter Fewkes exca-
vated and repaired a large rectangular ruin, 100 by 113 feet, to
which he gave the name of Far View House, by reason of its com-
manding situation on the mesa. The most important result of the
study of this structure is the revelation of a new type of Mesa Verde
building, the form and character of which throws light on the close
relation of pueblos and cliff dwellings. Dr. Fewkes believes that
this structure is the only example of a pure type of pueblo ever com-
pletely excavated, the term “ pure type” meaning a terraced commu-
nity building constructed of shaped stones and having circular kivas,
or ceremonial rooms, united with surrounding rectangular rooms
This type of pueblo may be considered a stage in architectural devel-
opment between the older type of structure and the mixed or modern
form which shows a retrogression in the art of masonry.

Mr. J. N. B. Hewitt, while conducting studies in Canada relative
to the Iroquois League, was selected as an official delegate from the
council of the Six Nations to attend a condolence and installation
ceremony at Muncietown, in which he took a leading part, requiring
the intoning of an address of comforting in the Onondaga language
and also in acting the part of the Seneca chiefs in such a council.

Among the special researches carried on during the year may be
mentioned the completion of the manuscript on the ethnology of the
Kwakiutl Indians by Dr. Franz Boas, honorary philologist. Work
is nearly completed on the results of the field work on the Salishan
language, carried on through the generosity of Mr. Homer E. Sar-
gent, of Chicago, by Mr. James Teit. The study of Indian music
has been continued by Miss Frances Densmore, sufficient data now
being on hand to complete a work on the music of the Ute Indians,
among whom Miss Densmore has now spent two field seasons.

The bureau has published during the year one annual report, two
bulletins, and a list of publications of the bureau. In press or in
preparation at the close of the year were four reports and eight
bulletins. The library of the bureau accessioned 435 new books and
388 pamphlets. .

INTERNATIONAL EXCHANGES.

The International Exchange Service, for the exchange of govern-
mental and scientific publications with other countries, though very
much hampered in its operations by war conditions, has nevertheless
handled during the year a total of 268,625 packages, weighing 290,193

5 REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 25

pounds. On account of the very high ocean freight rates Congress
allowed a small additional appropriation to meet the expense of
foreign shipments.

Suspension of shipments is still found to be necessary in the case
of about 10 countries. It is gratifying to note that since the begin-
ning of the war only three shipments sent out by the Institution have
been lost through hostile action, two of these being on vessels sunk by
hostile warships. Wherever possible duplicate copies of the publica-
tions in lost consignments are procured and another shipment made.

It has been the custom of the Government of India to refer requests
from establishments in this country for Indian official documents to
the Exchange Service for indorsement, and this year a request for
similar services by the director of the Government press at Cairo,
Egypt, has been granted.

NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK.

The National Zoological Park is each year becoming more and
more recognized as a means of natural history education and as a
place of recreation and amusement for the public, and the collection
of animals is now one of the most varied and interesting of its kind
in the country.

In October, 1916, Dr. Frank Baker, superintendent of the park
for 26 years, resigned to take effect November 1, and was succeeded
by Mr. Ned Hollister, assistant curator of the division of mammals
in the National Museum.

The total number of animals in the park at the close of the fiscal
year was 1,223, including 484 mammals, 683 birds, and 56 reptiles.
Among important additions may be mentioned five adult Rocky
Mountain sheep received from the Canadian Government; four Bed-
ford deer, or Manchurian stags, from the Duke of Bedford; and
‘some desirable Australian marsupials presented by Mr. Victor J.
Evans, of Washington, D. C.

Visitors to the park during the year numbered 1,106,800, a daily
average of 3,032. One hundred and fifty-three schools and classes
examined the collection for educational purposes.

Among recent improvements the superintendent notes that the
hospital and laboratory on which work has been in progress for the
past two years, now lacks only the laboratory equipment for the use
of pathologists, and the outside yards for the animals to be con-
fined in the hospital limits. The lake for North American. water
fowl has been enlarged and reconstructed to show as many as pos-
sible of these birds in their natural surroundings. At present no
less than 136 American water birds of 24 species are to be seen in
the lake.

26 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1917.

Every effort is being made to make the park a sanctuary for native
wild birds. Over 100 nesting boxes have been put in place and dur-
ing the cold weather food is provided, resulting in a not able 1 increase
in the bird population of the park.

As noted in last year’s report, the appropriation mans by Congress
in 19138 for the acquisition of a frontage for the park on Connecticut
Avenue, lapsed owing to delays caused by legal complications, and
it is regretted that Congress has not made a new appropriation for
this purpose. As the principal entrance to the park will probably
be on Connecticut Avenue for all time, it is exceedingly important
that the land in question be acquired before it is too late.

Among the imperative needs of the park, the superintendent men-
tions some provision for the parking of the increasing number of
automobiles that visit the Zoo, outdoor dens for carnivorous animals,
additional ponds for waterfowl, a bird house, and a reptile house.
The most urgent need, however, is a substantial increase in the gen-
eral appropriation. Owing to the steady advance in the cost of sup-
plies and the increasing expense occasioned by the larger number
of visitors, the point has now been reached where the entire approp-
riation, which has remained the same for the past seven years, does
not cover actual maintenance expenses.

For some years past the National Zoological Park, in common with
other similar institutions in the United States, has felt the effect of
conditions that operated to hinder more and more the importation of
wild animals from abroad and to reduce the supply.

At the suggestion of Dr. W. T. Hornaday, director of the New
York Zoological Park, a conference was held at the Philadelphia
Zoological Garden to consider the question of sending a joint expe-
dition, on behalf of the New York, Philadelphia, and National Zoo-
logical Parks, to South Africa for animals. It was decided to send
a man out to look the ground over, see what could be done in the way
of arranging for a supply of animals for the future, and bring back
anything desirable that could be secured at the time. Mr. J. Alden
Loring, who had been successful in bringing animals from Europe
for the New York Zoological Park, and had also had experience in
Africa as a member of the Smithsonian expedition to East Africa,
was selected to make the trip.

Mr. Loring sailed from New York July 22, 1916, taking with him
hay and grain enough to feed as many antelopes and other herbivora
as he was likely to obtain, for one of the conditions necessary to se-
cure their entry into the United States was that no forage from
Africa should be brought with the animals. He arrived at Port
Elizabeth, South Africa, August 31, and, returning, sailed from
Durban November 22.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 27

’

The opportunities for securing animals to bring back were found
to be in some respects less favorable than had been anticipated, but
fortunately the zoological garden at Pretoria was fairly well stocked,
and the director was kind enough to deplete the collection somewhat
for the benefit of his distant colleagues. Most of the animals which
Mr. Loring brought back were obtained there, an interesting collec-
tion of mammals and birds being secured. The mammals obtained
include a gemsbuck, a blessbuck, a white-tailed gnu, a nilgai, four
springbucks, a pair of duikers, a pair of meerkats, and a few mon-
keys and rodents. Among the birds are two secretary vultures, a
bateleur eagle, a hornbill, francolins of several species, a few
touracous and hawks, and a number of smaller birds. The collection
has been divided between the three institutions concerned, accord-
ing to their choice, and in proportion to the share of the expenses
that was borne by each. Altogether there were secured 28 mammals,
representing 13 species; 60 birds, of 25 species; and 55 snakes and
tortoises, of 8 species.

While in South Africa, Mr. Loring visited and made notes on the
zoological gardens at Cape Town, Durban, Bloemfontein, Johannes-
burg, and Pretoria.

ASTROPHYSICAL OBSERVATORY.

Measurements of solar radiation were continued as usual on Mount
Wilson. As stated in connection with the Hodgkins fund, an allot-
ment has been made to undertake similar work: in South America.
Much attention was devoted by Director Abbot to the preparation
of the equipment of this expedition. Valuable new instruments
were devised and constructed under his direction. Owing to war
conditions the expedition was located temporarily at Hump Moun-
tain, N. C., in May, 1917, and shelters prepared and apparatus
set up and adjusted under the care of Messrs. Abbot and Aldrich.
The research on the absorption of terrestrial radiation by vapors
of the atmosphere, upon which Mr. Fowle has been engaged for
several years, has been completed, and the results, which are of
great importance to meteorology, have been made ready for pub-
lication by the Institution. A paper of uncommon interest, by H.
Helm Clayton, based upon observations by the Astrophysical Ob-
servatory, has been published in the Smithsonian Miscellaneous Col-
lections. The author shows that the short-interval solar variations,
discovered in Mount Wilson work, affect terrestrial temperatures
and pressures the world over in a well-marked and _ predictable
manner. It is greatly to be hoped that daily solar-radiation obser-
vations at all times of the year may be obtained for use in such
meteorological researches. It was for this purpose that the South

e |
28 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1917.

American expedition was planned, and it will be unfortunate, indeed,
if war conditions should long delay the carrying out of this work.

POSSIBILITY OF FORECASTING FROM SOLAR OBSERVATIONS.

As Dr. Clayton has shown that variations of the sun are followed
a day or two later by correlated variations of temperature, it is of
interest to inquire if the fluctuations of temperature thus caused are
large enough to be worth predicting. From Clayton’s curves it
seems to be shown that in 1913 and 1914 changes of solar radiation -
of 1 per cent produced changes of maximum temperatures as follows:

Pilar, Argentina, - +5.2° C,
Manila, Philipine Islands, +1.5° C.
‘Winnipeg, Canada, =f ti Ch

It may be supposed that the mean temperatures changed half as
much, or +2.6°, +-0.75°, and —3.15° corresponding to 1 per cent
rise of solar radiation. Changes of 3 per cent or even 5 per cent in
solar radiation within 10 days are not very uncommon. For instance,
note the following values of “solar constant” observed on Mount
Wilson in 1911:

Date, Sept. 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Veal We eee eee ee 1.888 1.906 1.917 1.960 1.938 1.993 1.948 1.908 1.892

The observed range was 5.5 per cent in 8 days.

Obviously, the subject presents possibilities that when sufficient
observing stations are equipped in various cloudless regions to yield
accurate “solar constant” values every day, it may be possible to
forecast for one or two days in advance a very considerable part
of the now outstanding temperature fluctuations. At present the
two stations of the Smithsonian Institution in California and North
Carolina are the only ones making the required solar observations,
and not in half of the days in the year, especially in midwinter
and midsummer, can observations be made on account of cloudiness.
A bequest of $500,000 would enable the Institution to equip and
maintain indefinitely the required observing stations.

INTERNATIONAL CATALOGUE OF SCIENTIFIC LITERA-
TURE.

As the greater part of the countries supporting regional bureaus
of the International Catalogue of Scientific Literature are now actu-
ally engaged in hostilities, a great deal of difficulty has been encoun-
tered in preparing and financing the Catalogue. The number of
scientific papers being published has greatly decreased and it has
been found practically impossible to obtain the necessary scientific
and clerical assistance for the preparation of the Catalogue. How-
ever, the Central Bureau at London has succeeded in issuing four

/

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 29

volumes, the twelfth annual issue of geology, and the thirteenth
annual issue of chemistry, anatomy, and botany. This brings the
total number of volumes published since the inception of the Cata-
logue in 1901, up to 216 volumes containing about three million
references to current scientific periodicals. The organization as a
whole is holding together very well under extremely adverse condi-
tions, and when peace is declared it will be necessary only to resume,
rather than reorganize the work.

It is becoming more and more difficult to draw the line between pure
science and applied science, and the present limitation of the Catalogue
to pure science should be broadened to include at least some of the
applied sciences which are advancing with such great strides. Al-
though this would increase the size and cost of the Catalogue, yet
its enhanced value would by increasing the demand for it and con-
sequently its sale, offset any additional cost.

Respectfully submitted.

Cuartes D. Watcort, Secretary.
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APPENDIX 1.
REPORT ON THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report on the op-
erations of the United States National Museum for the fiscal year
ending June 30, 1917:

INTRODUCTORY.

In the last report it was stated that Mr. Charles L. Freer had
made arrangements for the immediate erection of the building to
house the valuable collections of American and Oriental art which
he has presented to the Nation through the Smithsonian Institution,
and also that the preliminary plans had been approved, the site se-
lected and the necessary funds, amounting to $1,000,000, transmitted
by him to the Institution. It is exceedingly gratifying to announce
that the detailed plans having been sufficiently advanced by that time
the work of excavating was begun on October 2, 1916, and by the
close of the fiscal year the foundations, including the concrete walls
inclosing the subbasement, had been completed.

This addition to the Smithsonian group of buildings, with a front-
age of 228 feet, a depth of 185 feet, and a height of 46 feet, and
containing an open central court about 65 feet square, will present
an exterior of pink granite from quarries at Milford, Mass., a stone
which has been employed with good effect for several prominent
structures in Washington. Above the ground level it will consist
only of a basement and main story, the former lighted by windows,
the latter almost wholly by skylights, leaving the upper part of the
walls essentially unpierced except for the entrances, of which that on
the north front comprises three large arched openings. The location,
at the corner of Twelfth and B Streets S. W., between the buildings
of the Smithsonian Institution and the Department of Agriculture,
seems to assure favorable surroundings for the future, as there is
slight probability of intrusion by any high or otherwise objectionable
constructions in that vicinity.

Not only beautiful and effective in general design, but showing
in interior plan a thorough adaptation to the requirements of the
collections both as to space and to lighting, with such facilities as
will make it practically an independent unit of the Smithsonian
group, the character of the construction work so far as it has been

31

32 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1917.

carried leaves nothing to be desired in respect either to enduring
quality or to interpretation of the architect’s conception.

The subbasement will contain the appliances connected with the -
heating, lighting, and ventilation of the building, but steam and
electric current will be supplied from the central plant of the Mu-
seum. In the basement, which will be a well-lighted story, will be
located large studios and rooms for the storage of such parts of the
collections as are not on exhibition, a capacious lecture hall, an office
for the curator, and work and comfort rooms, furnishing, in fact,
all necessary conveniences for administration, for serious study, ane
for popular instruction.

The main story will be entirely devoted to exhibition purposes and
be divided into 19 rooms, each designed for a particular subject or
class of objects, reached by wide corridors. The Whistler collection
will occupy five of these rooms, in one of which the decorations of
the famous Peacock Room will be installed. The central court, to
contain a fountain, will be a special feature of this story, large.
arched openings lighting the adjoining corridors and loggias. The
entire available floor space of the main and basement stories will
aggregate some 55,000 square feet, about equally divided between the
two floors.

Tt will be recalled that this building is designed to avowed
only the Freer collections and to provide for the study and appre-
ciation of their varied contents which supply a vast amount of ma-
terial for research work by specialists. As an integral part of this
specific gift of art, the most important and valued donation which
any individual has ever made, freely and unconditionally, to the
Nation, it can not be otherwise employed. Its completion, an event
anticipated for the fiscal year 1918-19, while insuring an incalculable
gain for the Museum and the public, will not, therefore, satisfy any
of the needs, set forth in the last report, in respect to additional
space for the national collections of both the applied and the fine
arts, as also of American history. The valuable materials in these
departments, which have long since been seriously overcrowded, can
at present be neither properly utilized nor appropriately brought to
the attention of the public. In one branch especially, that of the in-
dustrial arts, it is unfortunate that such a condition should now
exist, particularly as it is coupled with lack of means for securing an
adequate staff of practical experts, as the collections are closely as-
sociated with many of the vital problems now confronting the coun-
try. With its limited facilities, however, an effort is being made to
demonstrate the value of Museum work in time of crisis, and con-
tributions made since the close of the year but in time to mention
the fact of their publication here, have been recognized as of great
national importance by those high in authority.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 33
COLLECTIONS.

The additions to the collections, received in 1,450 accessions, aggre-
gated approximately 195,845 specimens and articles, classified by
subjects as follows: Anthropology, 10,775; zoology, 71,761; botany,
79,155; geology and mineralogy, 9,800; paleontology, 23,190; textiles
and woods, 933; mineral technology, 213; and National Gallery of
Art, 18. Many loans were also accepted for exhibition, chiefly in
the Gallery of Art and the division of American history; and 906
lots of material, consisting mainly of rocks, ores, minerals, and zoo-
logical specimens were received from various parts of the country
for examination and report.

Anthropology.—A. varied collection from the island of Celebes,
made by Mr. H. C. Raven and presented by Dr. W. L. Abbott, and a
large number of objects exhibiting every phase of the textile art as
practiced among the Indians of British Guiana, assembled by Dr.
Walter Roth, constituted the most important accessions in ethnology.
Pertaining to aborigines of the North American Continent were rare
Papago Indian baskets, baskets of interesting weaves and designs,
carved and painted house posts, etc., from the Quileute Indians of
Washington; articles of ivory, horn, wood, bark, and stone from
Eskimo and British Columbian tribes; and many objects pertaining
to the Pueblo Indians of Arizona and New Mexico. Other acquisi-
tions were from Mexico, Central America, Abyssinia, Japan, China,
and the Philippines.

Especially noteworthy was a large collection of antiquities made
by Capts. John W. Wright and Alexander T. Cooper, United States
Army, while with Gen. Pershing’s expedition in the State of Chihua-
hua, Mexico, comprising nearly every variety of artifact of stone
belonging to the ancient mound builders of that region.

Explorations under the Smithsonian Institution resulted in exten-
sive archeological collections from the Mesa Verde National Park,
Colo., and from old Zui ruins near Gallup, N. Mex., made by Dr.
J. Walter Fewkes; from ancient pit villages in New Mexico and ruins
at Awatobi, Ariz., made by Dr. Walter Hough; from sites of prehis-
toric adobe dwellings in western Utah, made by Mr. Neil M. Judd;
and from a cave in the southern wall of Cibollita Valley, N. Mex.,
made by Mr. F. W. Hodge. Dr. W. L. Abbott presented much valu-
able archeological material obtained during his investigations in
Santo Domingo, and among the smaller accessions were many rare
specimens from North and Central America.

Hadji Ephraim and Mr. Mordecai Benguiat made important ad-
ditions to the rich collection of antique Jewish objects lent by
them during previous years. Included in a valuable gift from the
estate of the late John Chandler Bancroft Davis were necklaces,

34 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1917.

searabs, figurines, and Ptolemaic coins from Egypt, a sculptured
brick from the Colosseum at Rome, and marble and terra-cotta vases.
From Miss Isobel H. Lenman were received as a loan a collection of
ancient glassware, comprising bottles, flasks, bowls, cups, tear bottles,
bracelets, beads, and other articles, displaying the marvelous iri-
descence characteristic of the ancient glassware of Syria and
Phoenicia.

The principal accession in physical anthropology consisted of ma-
terial obtained in Peru by Dr. Ales Hrdlicka in 1915 in connection
with the assembling of exhibits for the Panama-California Exposi-
tion. It includes hundreds of objects of great value, among which
are many specimens representing rare and in some instances unique
anatomical features. Besides an excellent series of brains of gorillas
and chimpanzees from the Cameroons and casts of the Sivapithecus
remains from India, aboriginal skulls and other bones were received
from the vicinity of Vero and Fort Myers, Fla., representing the
supposedly very ancient man of that region, from ancient mounds
in Utah and the Mesa Verde ruins in Colorado, from Tennessee and
Illinois, and from Colombia and Hawaii.

Among the many acquisitions in the division of mechanical tech-
nology were rare watch movements; early pieces of apparatus re-
lating to the invention and history of the telegraph, the telephone,
the telautograph, the phonograph, and the graphophone; a Howe
sewing machine, which sewed the first seam done by machinery; and
numerous interesting firearms, some of early make.

To his previous munificent donation, illustrating the history and
development of the pianoforte and including dulcimers, spinets,
clavichords, harpsichords, and organs, Mr. Wee Worch added 28
pieces, increasing the extent of this remarkable collection to 117
instruments.

An instructive dadiuidn to the exhibition series in graphic arts
was a life-size figure of a Japanese wood-cut printer at work, the
outfit, complete in every detail, having been a gift from the Im-
perial Government of Japan. A much earlier stage in the develop-
ment of graphic methods is illustrated by an original Mexican paint-
ing, executed on a sheet of palmetto fiber smoothly surfaced with
white clay. Among other interesting acquisitions were one of the
earliest forms of the machine for casting linotype slugs; materials
of the various kinds employed in miniature painting, with examples
of miniature work on ivory, parchment, and porcelain; and a series
of specimens illustrating processes in making line-cut and ‘halftone
engraving.

American history—The most notable memorial accession consisted
of a large number of relics of Admiral David G. Farragut, United
States Navy, including a jeweled sword presented by the Union

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 35

League Club of New York and a portrait of Farragut by William
Swain, which were received as a donation from the estate of the late
Loyall Farragut, only son of the Admiral. Other officers of the
Navy represented by contributions were Commodore Stephen De-
catur, Commodore John Rodgers, and Rear Admiral C. M. Chester.
Among the furniture secured for the collection were pieces which had
belonged to Presidents Washington and Jefferson, President and Mrs.
Madison, and Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, American minister to
France in 1796-1798. To the large series of medals awarded Com-
mander Matthew Fontaine Maury in recognition of his services to .
science, and placed in the Museum by several of his descendants,
was added the ribbon of the Grand Cross of the Order of Our Lady
of Guadaloupe, presented by Emperor Maximilian of Mexico in 1866,
a gift from Mrs. Mary Maury Werth.

For the gift of the wedding dress of Harriet Lane Johnston, niece
of President Buchanan, for several years shown in the soghicn of
historical costumes, the Museum was indebted to Miss May S. Ken-
nedy. Other hostesses of the White House represented by costumes
more or less complete, lent during the year for incorporation in the
central feature of the hall, were Mrs. Martha Jefferson Randolph,
daughter of President Jefferson; Mrs. Martha Johnson Patterson,
daughter of President Johnson; and Mrs. Theodore Roosevelt.
Among interesting relics were a silk dressing gown of Lafayette, an
eiderdown quilt used by Jefferson, a beaded bag of Mrs. James Mon-
_ roe, and a handkerchief that had belonged to Queen Anne.

A large number of decorations, medals, and badges of the United
States and foreign countries, which had been assembled by the late
Lieut. Thomas Kelly Boggs and were presented by Mrs. Boggs,
formed a very gratifying addition to the numismatic collection. The
greater part of these tokens are foreign war decorations of very
timely interest, and 23 countries are represented. The philatelic col-
lection was augmented to the extent of 3,398 specimens, mainly re-
ceived through the Post Office Department, and including 1,893 ex-
amples of new issues of stamps from countries in the Universal Postal
Union.

Biology.—Through the generosity of friends the department of
biology was greatly enriched by the results of field work in different
parts of the world, adding new genera and species and many forms
not previously represented in the Museum. Mr. H. C. Raven, under
a further grant of funds by Dr. W. L. Abbott, continued his collect-
ing on the island of Celebes, sending to Washington about 900 mam-
mal skins, besides over 1,000 specimens each of birds and mollusks.
Dr. Abbott personally spent some time in Haiti, where he obtained
many birds, including species whose occurrence on that island was
unexpected, reptiles, and mollusks, and also a large quantity of bones

86 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1917.

of mammals from prehistoric kitchenmiddens. The study of simi-
lar deposits on this and other islands of the Antilles was an inter-
esting feature of the year’s activities, a large collection of bones
gathered by Mr. Theodoor de Booy in Cuba, Santo Domingo, and
the Virgin Islands, and presented by Mr. George G. Heye, having
yielded new genera of rodents, birds, and reptiles, which have ap-
parently become extinct within comparatively recent times.

As the proceeds of an expedition to Cuba and Haiti by Mr. John
B. Henderson, accompanied by Dr. Paul Bartsch, the Museum re-
. ceived from Mr. Henderson numerous birds, reptiles, and fishes, and
over 15,000 land and marine invertebrates, mostly mollusks. Mr. F.
J. Dyer, American consul at Ceiba, Honduras, contributed a large
number of insects and mollusks from that country; and Mr. Arthur
de C. Sowerby transmitted mammals, birds, crustaceans, and mol-
lusks from northern China and Manchuria.

The Bureau of Fisheries deposited, as usual, valuable collections
of fishes and marine invertebrates, besides many interesting speci-
mens of mammals, birds, and reptiles. Among the fishes were 72
types, cotypes, and paratypes, 40 of which were of species obtained
on the Philippine cruise of the steamer Albatross in 1907-1911. The
marine invertebrates, numbering several thousand specimens, in-
cluded recently described type collections of annelids and parasitic
copepods. Transfers, chiefly of mollusks and crustaceans, aggregat-
ing over 400 specimens, were made by the Biological Survey and
Bureaus of Entomology and Plant Industry of the Department of
Agriculture.

Exceptionally noteworthy was a bequest to the Museum by the
late Julius Hurter, sr., of St. Louis. An enthusiastic collector, he
had gathered one of the largest and finest private collections of
reptiles and batrachians in existence. Its principal scientific value
lies in its splendid series of Missouri forms which served as the basis
for Mr. Hurter’s “ Herpetology of Missouri,” published in 1911. Not
solely confined to that region, however, it contains valuable material
from various parts of the world, and most of the important sub-
divisions of the group are represented.

From the Santa Marta Mountains in Colombia were received 149
specimens of birds, which added 6 species new to the Museum, and
from Panama, 213 specimens of reptiles and batrachians, the latter
collected by the Smithsonian biological survey of the Canal Zone.
Mr. James Zetek transmitted 769 specimens of mollusks and other
marine invertebrates from Panama, and Prof. G. S. Dodds, of the
University of Missouri, presented a large number of Entomostraca,
representing 55 species, collected in 124 lakes and ponds in Colorado
and forming the basis of a paper which he had published.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 37

The Bureau of Entomology was the principal contributor of
insects, transferring about 3,000 specimens of various orders. The
material from American Consul Dyer in Honduras has already been
mentioned. The other more important accessions comprised Lepi-
doptera from Peru, Mexico, and Alaska; Hymenoptera from western
Argentina, and a collection of miscellaneous insects from Mount
Kinabalu, British North Borneo.

The additions to the botanical collections exceeded 79,000 speci-
mens, including about 25,000 specimens from the Vanderbilt Herb-
arium at Biltmore, N. C., comprising all that were saved from the
disastrous flood of July 15, 16,1916. This valuable herbarium, which
was established and maintained for many years by the late George
W. Vanderbilt, contained at the time of the flood upward of 100,000
specimens, and was especially noteworthy for its representation of
the plants of the southeastern United States. This accession, which
was accompanied by the remnant of the botanical library attached
to the herbarium, was a gift from Mrs. Vanderbilt.

Another notable accession consisted of about 15,000 specimens of
cryptogams, mainly mosses, hepatics, fungi, and myxomycetes, from
the northeastern United States and Liberia, presented by Prof. O. F.
Cook. The Department of Agriculture deposited over 5,800 speci-
mens, resulting principally from field work of the Bureau of Plant
' Industry and including many tropical American palms and Alaskan
and Hawaiian plants. Through exchanges, important collections
were obtained from the New York Botanical Garden, the Gray
Herbarium of Harvard University, the Missouri Botanical Garden,
the British Museum, and the Bureau of Science at Manila. A gift of
about 1,000 Venezuelan plants was received from the Carnegie Insti-
tution of Washington, and about 5,000 specimens were collected in
New Mexico for the Museum by Mr. Paul C. Standley, assistant
curator.

Geology—The Charles U. Shepard collection of meteorites, the
bequest of which was announced in the last report, was formally
_ transferred to the Museum during the year, and constitutes one of
the most important accessions ever acquired by the department of
geology. It comprises 238 falls and finds. Additional specimens of
meteorites to the number of 26 were obtained by gift and exchange,
and there were many acquisitions of valuable ores and rocks from
various localities.

The more prominent accessions of minerals, as also of petrological
material, were from the Geological Survey. Among the former,
were a fine large series illustrating the occurrence of turquoise, a
number of amethyst crystals, many semiprecious stones, and a large
number of minerals and rocks collected in connection with studies
of the gem deposits of southern California. Among the latter were

38 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1917.

extensive collections of rocks and ores representing geological re-
searches in several districts in the western United States.

From other sources were obtained many rare as well as some in-
structive series of minerals and a number of showy specimens espe-
cially desired for exhibition. Among these were type specimens of
stevensite and creedite, material illustrating the genesis of the zeo-
lites and their association with glauberite cavities, a remarkable
specimen of glendonite from Australia, an exceptionally large crys-
tal of iron pyrite and a fine specimen of crystallized anglesite.

The principal acquisitions in invertebrate paleontology were a
collection of Silurian fossils, transferred by the Geological Survey,
which had formed the basis of papers illustrating the geology and
paleontology of Maine, the types of nine species of Paleozoic crin-
oids, a series of rare and recently described insects from the Tertiary
rocks of Colorado, several hundred species of European invertebrates,
and about 2,000 specimens of Lower Ordovician fossils from the zine
mines of Ral nee

A collection of Permian vertebrates from Baylor County, Tex.
contains the greater part of a skeleton of the large finbacked reptile
Dimetrodon, complete enough to mount for exhibition, besides re-
mains in less perfect condition of the same form and of Cardiocepha-
lus, Lyosorophus, Diplocaulus, Seymouria, and Labidosaurus, and
many bones of small reptiles and batrachians. The skull and lower
jaw of a fossil horse, the type of a recently described species, from
the Pleistocene gravels of the Yukon Territory, and part of the skull
of a fossil muskox from the Pleistocene of Miami County, Ind., were
also obtained.

About 400 specimens of small mammalian remains of rare forms
from cave deposits in the mountains of western Cuba were collected
for the Museum by Mr. William Palmer, and a large part of the
skeleton of an extinct and probably undescribed species of bird was
received from the Geological Survey. Goucher College, of Baltimore,
deposited a collection of reptiles and cetacean remains from the
Arundel formation of Maryland, bringing together in the National
Museum practically all of the known vertebrate material from that
formation in Maryland.

Secretary Walcott and party spent the summer and early fall
on the Continental Divide between Alberta and British Columbia,
south of the Canadian Pacific Railway, and besides extensive geo-
logical observations collected about 1,000 pounds of Cambrian mate-
rial containing fossils, which were shipped to Washington.

Teatiles—The accessions in the division of textiles comprised
many excellent examples of the present-day productions of American
textile industries. The largest group of specimens received consisted
of the most important types of cotton threads, arranged to show the

"REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 1 SO

various ways in which they are wound and put up for family and
factory use. They were accompanied by several beautiful examples
of tatting, crochet, embroidery, and cut work, in white and colors,
suggesting artistic and practical uses for many of the threads in
the series, and supplemented an extensive series of models and ma-
chine parts illustrating the manufacture of cotton thread previously
received from the same contributor.

The hearty cooperation of many American manufacturers has con-
tinued to keep the collections supplied with new types and designs
of dress goods as soon as these novelties appear on the market. The
exhibits illustrating the principal methods used in decorating fabrics
were enriched by numerots examples of tied and dyed work and

many samples of skein-dyed plaid silks for comparison with piece-
dyed and printed fabrics.

Fresh samples of the standard types of ribbons commonly used
and many beautiful specimens of novelty and fancy ribbons, show-
ing Aztec, Indian, Chinese, and Byzantine designs, augmented the
ribbon section. The adaptability of mohair, by reason of its luster
and resiliency, to the manufacture of plushes, velvets, and fur fabrics
was shown in an instructive series of specimens comprising up-
holstery goods, cloakings, trimmings, and automobile rugs. Ex-
amples of household industry in the textile arts of a former period
were received in the form of hand-woven coverlets and quilts, while
valuable specimens of foreign hand-worked textiles from China,
Spain, and pe eny were added to the collection through friends of
the Museum.

Additions were teen for the collection of implements illustrat-
ing the preparation and use of flax and other fibers in former times,
including an old wooden rope machine which had seen many years’
service in twisting bed cords and wash lines. The utilization of pine
needles in the manufacture of coiled baskets and of split-palm stems
for large pack baskets was shown in other accessions.

Wood technology—Although circumstances greatly retarded the

_ progress of work in wood technology, some interesting exhibits were
secured. A model measuring 12 by 15 feet and contributed by the
Forest Service is designed to show the various important uses of the
national forests and their administration. A comprehensive cork
exhibit covers every phase of the industry from the raw bark to the
many articles made from this substance, and certain modern methods
of preserving wood are represented by a model and samples of the
materials employed. Examples of 15 species of Argentine woods
and 49 specimens of woods from Surinam were added to the com-
mercial series of timbers, and the series illustrating wood finishing
and tanning materials were also increased.

40 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1917.

Mineral technology—Most important among the additions in min-
eral technology was an impressive model of the Bingham Canyon
copper property in Utah, measuring 16 by 19 feet, accurately sculp-
tured and colored, representing what is probably the most significant
mining achievement of the present generation. It was a gift from
the Utah Copper Co. The manufacture of white lead is shown in
another excellent model presented by the National Lead Co., of New
York, while among the models made in the Museum are five visual-
izing the mode of occurrence, the recovery, and the preparation, re-
spectively, of tin, sulphur, asphalt, lime, and oil. A specimen exhibit
illustrative of design and execution in cut glassware, specially pre-
pared for the Museum, was contributed by T. G. Hawkes & Co., of
Corning, N. Y., and another series of specimens exemplifying the
properties and uses of asphalt came from the Barber Asphalt
Paving Co.

Exhibits more or less representative or at least covering some
phase of 18 mineral resource types are now available to the public in
the halls of the division. Of these, abrasives, asbestos, asphait, coal
and coal products, copper, graphite, lime, mica, petroleum, plaster,
Portland cement, and sulphur have been treated with sufficient Full-
ness to warrant the publication of descriptive accounts of them and of
their significance. '

NATIONAL GALLERY OF ART.

The progress of work in the erection of the building for the Freer
collections has already been mentioned. Next in importance to
record in this connection are the terms of the will of Henry W.
Ranger, N. A.. one of the best-known of contemporary American
painters, who died on November 7, 1916, leaving his residuary estate,
estimated at over $200.000, to the National Academy of Design to be
held as a permanent fund of which the income is to be used for pur-
chasing paintings by American artists, the paintings so obtained to be
given to art or other institutions in America which maintain a gal-
lery open to the public, upon the express condition that the National
Gallery of Art shall have the option and right to take, reclaim, and
own any picture for its collection provided such option and right is
exercised at any time during the five-year period beginning 10 years
after the artist’s death and ending 15 years after his death.

This generous provision by Mr. Ranger, which has been most
gratifying to all lovers of art in this country and may be expected
to have a stimulating influence upon the work of American artists,
will result in a much wider circulation than hitherto of good Ameri-
can paintings and insure the gradual assembling for perpetual ex-
hibition at Washington of some of the best that our painters can

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 41

produce. The system of selection will, in its working, be not unlike
that which has been followed by the French Government in Paris,
and it is to be hoped that the fund for so worthy a purpose may in
time be greatly increased through corresponding action by other
public benefactors. The National Gallery contains five of Mr.
Ranger’s paintings, all of which were presented by Mr. William T.
Evans.

_ Among the permanent acquisitions by the Gallery during the year
were the following oil paintings: “June,” by John W. Alexander;
“On the Lagoon, Venice,” by R. Swain Gifford; “ Portrait of Ben-
jamin West,” by himself; “ Portrait of J. J. Shannon, R. A.,” by
Orlando Rouland; “The Song of the Sea,” by William F. Halsall;
“Portrait of Ellwood Hendrick,” by Augustus Vincent Tack;
“Evening,” by William J. Kaula; “Landscape,” by Chauncey F.
Ryder; ““A Breton Sunday,” by Eugene Vail; “ The Happy Mother,”
by Max Bohm; “ Portrait of Maj. Gen. Julius Stahel, U. S. Volun-
teers,” by J. Mortimer Lichtenauer ; and “ Portrait of Joseph Henry,”
first Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, by Henry Ulke.
Among the sculptures were a bronze “Statue of Robert Emmet,”
by Jerome Connor; a bronze figure, “The Fire Dance,” by Louis
Potter; and a ae statue “'The Dying Tecumseh,” Es Nees
ferdinand Pettrich.

An oil portrait of Dr. Charles D. Walcott, recently painted by
Ossip Perelma, was deposited by the Smithsonian Institution, as
were also large oil portraits of Washington, Jackson, Henry Clay,
and W. W. Corcoran, by the Supreme Court of the District of
Columbia.

Through the kindness of Mr. Ralph Cross Johnson, many fine
examples from his splendid private collection of paintings were con-
tinued on exhibition throughout the year, while the collection of
Mr. W. A. Slater remained in the Gallery until in December. Seven-
teen paintings from 11 friends of the Gallery were also added to the
general loan collection.

The Gallery held four special loan exhibitions during the year.
The most notable of these, given under the auspices of the National]
Park Service of the Department of the Interior during January
and February, and designed to bring to the attention of American
tourists some of the marvelous natural attractions of their own
country, consisted of 45 oil paintings illustrating scenes mainly in
the National Parks and Monuments of the United States, among the
27 artists represented being Albert Bierstadt and Thomas Moran.
Assembled in connection with the meeting of the National Parks
Conference held in the Museum auditorium from January 2 to 6,
this interesting exhibition was opened with a special view on the
evening of the second and the majority of the paintings remained on

42 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1917.

display until March. It was supplemented by series of photo-
graphs, studies in oil, and other pictorial matter shown in several
rooms.

The other special exhibitions were as follows: Twenty oil paint-
ings and 1 bronze group, by Edwin Willard Deming, illustrating
the old-time Indian, his war, hunting, and religious life and myth-
ology; a collection of 27 oil portraits and other paintings by Orlando
Rouland, which was opened on the evening of April 2, and was es-
pecially noteworthy for the number of prominent men represented ;
and a collection of 48 paintings, mostly portraits, by the Russian
painter, Ossip Perelma, which began on April 28.

Mention should also be made of the-ceremonies attending the pres-
entation to the Gallery by the Emmet Statue Committee of the
bronze full-length figure of Robert Emmet by Jerome Connor, which
took place in the rotunda of the new building on the afternoon of
June 28. <A distinguished audience, including the President of the
United States and other high officials of the Government, was in
attendance and several addresses were made.

MEETINGS AND CONGRESSES.

The accommodations afforded by the auditorium and committee .
rooms in the natural history building were utilized on many occa-
sions. Three courses of lectures, extending from November to April,
were given under the auspices of the Washington Society of the Fine
Arts, while three other local societies, the Anthropological Society of
Washington, the District of Columbia Dental Society, and the So-
ciety of Federal Photographers, also made this building their regular
meeting place.

The National Academy of Sciences had its annual meeting in
April, and lectures were delivered under the auspices of the Wash-
ington Academy of Sciences, the War College, the Audubon Society
of the District of Columbia, the Bureau of Commercial Economics,
the Washington Center of the Drama League of America, the
Shakespeare Society of Washington, and George Washington Uni-
versity.

Several bureaus of the Department of Agriculture made use of
the auditorium or committee rooms for conferences and hearings, and
meetings were held by four societies representing special fields of
agricultural subjects. The exhibition halls in the natural history
building were opened one evening for the benefit of the Ohio Corn
Boys and Domestic Science Girls, then visiting Washington. Other
meetings of a governmental character were as follows: By the Na-
tional Association of Postmasters, holding its nineteenth annual con-
vention; by the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce of the
Department of Commerce; by the National Parks Conference, under

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 43

the auspices of the National Park Service of the Department of the
Interior, accompanied by an exhibition of paintings; by the Na-
tional Research Council; and by the Bureau of Commercial Eco-
nomics, which gave an exhibition of lantern slides and motion pic-
tures relative to the prevention of contagious diseases, for the bene-
fit of the Council of National Defense. Mr. Eugene E. Thompson
addressed the employees of the Institution and its branches on the
subject of the first Liberty Loan, and two rehearsals of the Inter-
Departmental Chorus in preparation for Flag Day exercises were
held in the auditorium. ,

Receptions were given, on the invitation of the Regents and Secre-
tary of the Institution, on the occasion of a special view of paintings
by Mr. Orlando Rouland, and to the Daughters of the American
Revolution at the time of their annual congress and the delegates to
the eighth annual convention of the American Federation of Arts.
‘The exhibition halls in the natural history building were opened on
the evening of June 6 in honor of the visiting Confederate Veterans,
Sons of Confederate Veterans, and Daughters of the Confederacy,
the receiving party consisting of Secretary and Mrs. Walcott, Miss
Mary Lee, and members of the local reception committee.

MISCELLANEOUS.

Over 6,000 duplicate specimens, included in 16 regular sets of mol-
lusks, 19 regular sets of fossils, and a number of special sets, were
distributed to schools and colleges. Exchanges for securing addi-
tions to the collections involved the use of about 19,500 duplicates,
while above 14,000 specimens, chiefly biological and geological, were
lent to specialists for study.

The attendance of visitors at the natural history building aggre-
gated 343,183 persons for week days and 68,842 persons for Sundays,
being a daily average of 1,096 for the former and 1,227 for the latter.
At the arts and industries building and the Smithsonian building,
which are open only on week days, the totals were, respectively,
161,700 and 86,336, and the daily averages, 516 and 275.

By the terms of three wills admitted to probate during the year
the Museum will be materially benefited, and in another case the
testator’s desires have already been carried out. Attention has been
called to two of these bequests in other connections. That of Henry
Ward Ranger is destined to have an important bearing on the future
welfare of the National Gallery of Art, while the collection of rep-
tiles left by Julius Hurter, sr., is especially noteworthy and valuable.
To the late Miss Sarah J. Farmer, of Eliot, Me., the Museum is
indebted for the bequest of the models and apparatus left by her
father, Moses G. Farmer, a prominent pioneer in the development of
the electrical industries, many of whose inventions have for some

4
‘

44 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1917.

time been represented in the Museum. Through the wishes of the
late Rev. Bruce Hughes, of Lebanon, Pa., the Smithsonian Institu-
tion becomes the recipient of a small sum, the residue of his estate,
to found the Hughes Alcove, which will be established in some form
in the Museum and be added to: perpetually from the interest on
principal.

The publications of the year consisted of one volume of Proceed-
ings, two volumes of Contributions from the United States National
Herbarium, and four Bulletins, besides 76 separate papers, all of
which were from the Proceedings, except two from the Contributions
and two catalogues of special loan exhibitions in the National Gallery
of Art. The total number of copies of publications distributed was
about 64,000.

The library obtained, by purchase, gift, and exchange, 1,572 vol-
umes, 65 parts of volumes, and 3,556 pamphlets. The more impor-
tant denations were from Capt. John Donnell Smith, the estate of
the late Dr. E. A. Mearns, United States Army, and Dr. William
H. Dall.

Respectfully submitted.

Ricuarp RatTHBun,
Assistant Secretary in Charge,
United States National Museum.
Dr. Cuartes D. Watcort,
Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.
NoveMeser 10, 1917.

APPENDIX 2.
REPORT ON THE BUREAU OF AMERICAN ENTHNOLOGY.

Sir: Pursuant to your request dated July 3, I have the honor to
submit the following report of the operations of the Bureau of
American Ethnology during the fiscal year ending June 380, 1917,
conducted in accordance with the act of Congress approved July 1,
1916, making provisions for the sundry civil expenses of the Govern-
ment, and with a plan of operations submitted by the ethnologist-in-
charge and approved by the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institu-
tion. The act referred to contains the following item:

American ethnology: For continuing ethnological researches among the
American Indians and the natives of Hawaii, including the excavation and
preservation of archzologic remains, under the direction of the Smithsonian
Institution, including necessary employees and the purchase of necessary books
and periodicals, $42,000. j

In addition to conducting the administrative affairs of the bureau,
Mr. F. W. Hodge, ethnologist-in-charge, assisted by Miss Florence
M. Poast, continued the preparation of the annotated bibliography of
the Pueblo Indians as opportunity offered, adding about 1,000 cards
to the 3,800 previously prepared.

SYSTEMATIC RESEARCHES.

In April Mr. Hodge proceeded to New Mexico for the purpose of
making final arrangements with the Zuni Indians for the excava-
tion of the ruins of the large pueblo of Hawikuh, situated on their
reservation in the western-central part of the State. This having
been accomplished, Mr. Hodge returned to Washington and in the
latter part of May again proceeded to Zufi and established camp at
Hawikuh, where excavations were immediately commenced under the
joint auspices of the Bureau of American Ethnology and the Museum
of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, of New York City, the
latter institution bearing most of the expense of the expedition, and
assigning Mr. Alanson Skinner and Mr. E. F. Coffin to aid in the
work. Authority for conducting the excavations was courteously
granted by the Secretary of the Interior.

25027—17—_4 45

46 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1917.

The excavation of Hawikuh has as its chief object the study of
x Zuni pueblo known to have been inhabited from prehistoric times
well into the historic period, for the purpose of determining, so far
as possible, the character and arts of the Zuni people in early times,
as well as the effect of Spanish contact during the sixteenth and sey-
enteenth centuries. Hawikuh was one of the famed “Seven Cities —
of Cibola” of early Spanish narrative, and its history from the time
of its discovery in 1539 until its abandonment in 1670 is quite well
known. Consequently the information that the ruins may be ex-
pected to yield will in all probability shed considerable hight on a
phase of the culture of a branch of the Pueblo Indians at an impor-
tant period in their life.

It is not necessary in this brief report to present the results of the
Hawikuh excavations, which were successful beyond anticipation in
both a subjective and an objective way. It is expected that a sum-
mary report on the work, which was still in progress at the close of
the fiscal year, will be presented for publication in the near future.

The beginning of the fiscal year found Dr. J. Walter Fewkes, eth-
nologist, engaged in an archeological reconnosissance in the vicinity
of Gallup, N. Mex. Early in July he proceeded to Mancos, Colo.,
examining ancient ruins en route and commencing intensive archeo-
logical work in the Mesa Verde National Park, where he remained
until the close of September. These excavations, conducted with the
codperation of the Department of the Interior, were in continuation of
the work initiated several years ago, of uncovering and repairing the
remains of the more important prehistoric ruins in that great area,
thus making them available for study and adding to the park’s many
attractions.

The scene of Dr. Fewkes’s activities during this season was one of a
cluster of 16 ruins known as the Mummy Lake group, situated above
Soda Canyon. None of the walls of this large ruin projected above
the surface of the mound of fallen building stones and other débris
covered with sagebrush, but on excavation tee remains were shown to
be those of a rectangular pueblo, 100 by 113 feet, with three stories at
the north and an annexed court inclosed by a low wall on the south.
By reason of its commanding situation, Dr. Fewkes has named this
former pueblo Far View House. After clearing the ruin of the great
quantity of débris accumulated during centuries, the tops of the walls
of the four kivas uncovered were protected with a capping of con-
crete, and so far as means would permit the walls of other chambers
were similarly treated. As a report on Dr. Fewkes’s work at Far
View House will appear shortly,’ it is not necessary to present the
details here; but it may be mentioned that the most important result

1A Mesa Verde Pueblo and its People,’’ Smithsonian Report for 1916, pp. 461-488,
pl. 1-15, figs. 1-7, Washington, 1917.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 47

of the study of this site is the fact that a new type of Mesa Verde
structure has been revealed, the form and character of which shed
light on the close relation of pueblos and cliff dwellings. Indeed,
Dr. Fewkes reports that Far View House is the only known example
of a pure type of pueblo ever completely excavated, the term “ pure
type” signifying a terraced community building constructed of
shaped stones ant having circular kivas united with surrounding
rectangular rooms. Other significant features are the vaulted roofs
of the kivas, the supporting beams of which rest on pilasters, and
the presence of a ventilator and a deflector in each kiva, as in the case
of certain cliff dwellings. As this pure type of pueblo is entirely
prehistoric, it may be regarded as representing a stage in architec-
tural development between the older stage of pueblo structures and
the mixed type or more modern form in which the arrangement of
the rooms and the art of the mason exhibits a retrogression.

On finishing his work at Far View House, Dr. Fewkes visited
Utah primarily for the purpose of determining the geographic dis-
tribution of ruins in the northern limits of Pueblo culture. This
reconnoissance extended to the Uintah Reservation, where hitherto
unknown ruins in Hill Canyon, near Ouray, were examined and where
a number of stone towers similar to those along San Juan River
were found. These ruins, to which Dr. Fewkes’s attention was
called by Mr. Kneale, agent for the Uncompahgre Ute, are espe-
cially striking owing to their unusual situation on eroded rocks of
mushroom shape. These towers mark the northernmost limit of
Pueblo culture in eastern Utah, and some of them are especially in-
structive by reason of their relation to prehistoric towers much
farther south. An illustrated report on these remains, by Dr.
Fewkes, has already appeared.’

Mr. James Mooney, ethnologist, was engaged in field work among
the Eastern Cherokee of western North Carolina at the opening of
the fiscal year, and on his return to Washington, August 10, resumed
the translation and annotation of the Sacred Formulas of the Chero-
kee, as well as the identification of the plants, etc., used by the tribe
in its medicine and other rites. Mr. Mooney reports this work to
be well advanced, but its complicated nature, coupled with the
author’s ill health during the year, has made progress somewhat
slow. Mr. Mooney also spent considerable time in supplying in-
formation on technical subjects for official correspondence.

Dr. John R. Swanton, ethnologist, was occupied chiefly with two
lines of investigation—the one historical, the other philological. In
July and August he made a thorough examination of the Woodbury
Lowery and Brooks collections of manuscripts in the Library of Con-

1“ Archeological Investigations in New Mexico, Colorado, and Utah,” Smithsonian Misc.
Coll., vol. 68, no. 1, pp. 1-38, May, 1917.

48 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1917.

gress bearing on the early Spanish history of Florida, finding many
important items for incorporation in his “ History of the Southeast-
ern Tribes.” In September Dr. Swanton visited the Newberry
Library in Chicago, where other valuable early documents were found
in the Edward E. Ayer collection, which subsequently were copied
for the bureau’s use by the courtesy of the librarian. These latter
manuscripts include a report on the Indians of Louisiana by Bien-
ville, a Louisiana memoir with an extended description of the Choc-
taw, and a memoir by the French captain Berenger, containing,
besides historical and ethnological information, vocabularies of the
extinct Karankawa and Akokisa tribes. A Spanish census of the
Indians of Florida after the period of the English invasions should
also be mentioned. For some months after his return Dr. Swanton
was engaged in adding to his monograph the historical notes thus
obtained, and in copying and translating the more important parts
of the manuscripts mentioned, including all of the Berenger memoir.

Although Dr. Swanton’s History of the Southeastern Tribes had
been completed a year ago, so far as the information was then
available, the manuscript discoveries described have enabled him to
augment and to improve it substantially, and more recently he has
obtained some supplementary notes from the Louisiana Historical
Society. The preparation of the maps to accompany the monograph,
chiefly from early sources, did not progress as satisfactorily as was
hoped, owing largely to pressure of other illustration work, but they
are now practically finished.

Dr. Swanton’s second paper, also referred to in last year’s report,
remains as then practically complete so far as the available material
is concerned, but it awaits further data respecting the social organi- —
zation of the Chickasaw and the Choctaw. A third paper, on the
religious beliefs and medical practices of the Creeks and their con-
geners, has been brought to the same stage as the last, namely, with
all the available material incorporated: and arranged, and the foot-
notes added.

With a view of furnishing the basis of a general study of the
social organization of the tribes north of Mexico, Dr. Swanton spent
a few weeks collecting material bearing on Indian economic life, but
this has been laid aside temporarily on account of the greater urgency
of a closer comparative study of the Indian languages of the south-
eastern part of the United States, particularly as indications of re-
lationship between some of them have already been noted. As a
basis for this work Dr. Swanton has recorded a comparative vocabulary
of Creek, Choctaw, Alabama, Hitchiti, Natchez, Tunica, Chitimacha,
Atakapa, Tonkawa, Comecrudo, Cotoname, Coahuilteco, and Karan-
kawa. Of these languages about 500 words were chosen, but as the
lexical material from several of the tribes is scanty, the comparison

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 49

can never be complete. It was the intention to follow the compila-
tion of this table with a closer comparison of Chitimacha and Ata-
kapa, which show many resemblances, but in the course of the work
sO many more similarities between Chitimacha and Tunica presented
themselves that these were selected instead. In partial furtherance
of this research Dr. Swanton proceeded to Louisiana in May, where
he remained almost until the close of the fiscal year, visiting, study-
ing, and photographing the mixed Indian population along the gulf
coast in La Fourche and Terra Bonne Parishes, the Chitimacha at
Charenton, and the Koasati northeast of Kinder. From the Koasati
about 150 pages of native text with interlinear translation were re-
corded, and 134 pages previously procured from an Alabama Indian
in ie were corrected.

Mr. J. N. B. Hewitt, ethnologist, at the beginning of March went
to Canada for the purpose of continuing his Iroquois studies. Estab-
lishing headquarters at Brantford, Ontario, he at once undertook the
work of revising the extended texts relating to the Iroquois League,
recorded during former field trips. Shortly thereafter this work
was interrupted when Mr. Hewitt was selected as an official delegate
irom the Council of the Six Nations to attend a condolence and
installation ceremony at Muncietown, in which he took a leading
part, requiring the intoning of an address of comforting in the
Onondaga language and also in acting the part of the Seneca chiefs
in such a council. This official recognition gave Mr. Hewitt the rare -
opportunity of observing how such a ceremony is conducted from
an esoteric point of view.

On returning to Brantford, March 16, Mr. Hewitt resumed work
on the texts pertaining to the league, which necessitated the reading
of the words and the immediate context several times to determine
their final form. Moreover, it was desirable to read the texts over
with every informant separately in order to obtain a full expression
of the informant’s knowledge or criticism of the work of another.
In this manner it was possible to study about 70 per cent of the
texts, and this led, naturally, to the collection of other corrective or ,
amplifying texts and notes. These aggregate 502 pages, comprising
49 topics, recorded from rituals received by Shaman Joshua Buck
and Chief Abram Charles. In addition, Mr. Hewitt recorded in
English translation three traditions, comprising 45 pages, purporting
to relate events and to express ideas alleged to have led to the found-
ing of the League of the Iroquois, showing naively the birth of the
idea of human brotherhood and fellowhood in contradistinction to
mere local tribalism.

Mr. Hewitt also made important discoveries regarding Iroquois
social organization, namely, that certain so-called clans do not exist
outside of the names used to designate them. For instance, the

50 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1917.

“ Ball” clan is in reality the Hawk clan; the “Hand” clan of the
Cayuga is the Gray Wolf clan, and the “ Potato” clan of that tribe
is in fact a Duck clan or possibly a Wolf clan. This confusion has
been due to popular acceptance of a sobriquet for the real name, hence
the doubt in the last instance between the Duck and the Wolf, which
it is probable will ultimately be removed. Mr. Hewitt was fortunate
also in obtaining a set of wooden masks of the various wind gods, and
also two masks of food gods—eight in all. He also procured the
gourd rattle used by the late Chief John Buck, a medicine flute, and
what was probably the last cradle-board with a beaded belt on the
reservation.

On returning from the field early in July, Mr. Hewitt undertook
at once the editing and copying of the texts of some of his material
relating, to the Iroquois League. Among these are the following,
chiefly in the Onondaga language: (1) The eulogy of the grandsires
and founders, one of the essential chants in the condolence ritual, in
the version used by the “ father side ” of the league; (2) the laws gov-
erning federal chiefs in intertribal relations; (3) the laws relating to
murder committed by a federal chief; (4) the charge made to a newly
installed federal chief; (5) the important tradition of the Bear-foot
episode; (6) the address made at the lodge of a deceased federal chief
three days after his burial; and (7) the laws relating to the nomina-
tion and election of a candidate for a federal chiefship. Mr. Hewitt
also commenced the translation of the extended “ father-side” tra-
dition of the founding of the League by the Deganawida and his
associates, read the available proofs of Seneca Fiction, Legends,
and Myths for the Thirty-second Annual Report, and supplied nu-
merous technical data for use in responses to inquiries by corre-
spondents.

Mr. Francis La F faschid: ethnologist, when not engaged in field
work was occupied in *eohbling his notes on the Osage Indians, the
greater portion of which consists of phonographic records taken
from men versed in the tribal rituals, which evidently were composed

-for the preservation and transmission of the religious concepts of
the tribe. Three forms are used in their construction, namely, reci-
tation, song, and dramniatic action. The spoken parts, called “ wigie,”
are intoned by the masters of ceremony and by male members of the
various gentes of the tribe who have memorized them. These wigie
tell of the genesis of the tribe; they recount the stories of the adop-
tion of life symbols and explain their significance, and narrate the
finding and selection of the materials used in making the ceremonial
paraphernalia. The songs used by the master of ceremonies, with
the aid of a few chosen assistants, make the emotional appeal to the
various symbols employed in the ritual. Ceremonial acts, proces-
sions, and dances accompany some of the songs and wigie.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 51

The theme of these composite rites is the desire of the people for
a long, peaceful life and a never-ending line of descendants, and the
Wigie, songs, and dramatic acts constitute a supplication to the
unseen power for aid toward the realization of this desire. The
never-ending life so devoutly sought for the tribe seemed to the
people to be exemplified in the unfailing recurrence of night and
day, in the constancy of the movements of the heavenly bodies, in
the manifestation of a like desire among the living forms upon the
earth, and thus to point to an ever-present unseen animating power
to which the people must appeal for the granting of their prayers.
In this appeal for never-ending life the Osage naturally personified,
and to a degree deified, those objects to which, as he thought, the
unseen power had granted this form of life. Among these he in-
cluded the vast space within which the heavenly bodies mysteriously
moved and into which all living forms are born and exercise their
functions. Thus all aspects of nature are made to play a part in
the great drama of life as presented in these rituals.

Early in the year Mr. La Flesche finished transcribing the wien
as well as his notes on two complete versions and a portion of a third
version of the Child-naming rituals, comprising 107 typewritten
pages. On completing this task he undertook the translation of the

Ysage personal names in current use and of arranging them by
gentes. The Osage generally cling tenaciously to the ancient custom
of ceremonially naming their children in the belief that the cere-
monies aid the young in attaining old age. In this work Mr. La
Flesche was able to determine that many members of the Osage tribe
enrolled as full bloods are in reality of mixed blood. The tabulation
of these names by sex and gentes, with their translations, together
with a transcription of some characteristic tales, occupies 201 type-
written pages.

During the last four months of the fiscal year Mr. La Flesche was
engaged in assembling his notes on the Fasting ritual of the Tsizhu

ashtage gens. Most of the songs are quite different from those be-
longing to the Fasting rituals of the Hénga, while some of the wigie
are the same, these being used in common with slight modifications
among the different gentes.. These Fasting rituals cover 139 com-
pleted pages, including the music.

A wigie was obtained by Mr. La Flesche from an old woman dur-
ing his visit to the Osage in January, 1917. This wigie, which con-
sists of 8 pages, fills a hiatus in the eo previously
recorded.

At the opening of the fiscal year Dr. “Benda Michelson, ethnol-
ogist, was engaged in continuing his studies among the Sauk and
Fox Indians of Iowa, the main work accomplished being the pho-
netic restoration of a long text, written in the current syllabary, on

52 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1917.

the origin of the white buffalo dance, intended for publication as a
bulletin of the bureau. Considerable information pertaining to a
number of sacred bundles of the Fox Indians was obtained, as well
as various data of a sociological nature. Nearly 300 personal names
were recorded, together with the names of the gentes to which their
owners belonged; in this manner about nine-tenths of the population
of the Fox Indians has been catalogued.

About the middle of August Dr. Michelson proceeded to Oklahoma
where, with the cooperation of the Illinois Centennial Commission,
he conducted researches among the Peoria. The ethnology of this
tribe, properly speaking, has practically vanished, but their language
and folklore still persist, though knowledge thereof is confined to
only a few individuals. Contrary to ordinary belief, the Peoria
language, phonetically, is extremely complicated. From notes left
by the late Dr. A. S. Gatschet, it had been inferred that the Peoria
belongs fundamentally with the Chippewa or Ojibwa group of cen-
tral Algonquian languages, and this was fully confirmed. It is quite
clear, however, that there has been another and more recent associa-
tion with the Sauk, Fox, and Kickapoo group, and Peoria folklore
and mythology also point to this double association. The system
of consanguinity is clearly that of the Sauk, Fox, and Kickapoo
group, rather than that of the Ojibwa. Dr. Michelson recorded,
mostly in English, an almost exhaustive collection of Peoria folk-
tales and myths.

After devoting about a month’s time to the Peoria, Dr. Michelson
returned to Iowa and renewed his work among the Sauk and Fox by
making a phonetic restoration of a number of texts on minor sacred
packs pertaining to the White Buffalo dance, as well as by recording
about 200 pages of the extremely long myth of the Fox culture hero.
Most of the ceremonies in connection with the presentation of a new
drum of the so-called religious dance of the Potawatomi of Wisconsin
were witnessed, as also were parts of a number of clan feasts.

On returning to Washington in November Dr. Michelson com-
menced the revision of the English translation of the texts relating
to the White Buffalo dance, and devoted attention also to paragraph-
ing and punctuating the Indian originals for the purpose of making
them correspond with the English equivalents. By the close of the
year the English translations were typewritten and put in almost
final shape, while little work remained to complete the editing of the
native texts.

Mr, J. P. Harrington, ethnologist, spent the entire year in continu-
ation of his intensive study of the Chumashan tribes of California,
obtaining a large body of important information which at present is
in various stages of elaboration and which will comprise about 1,200

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 53

typewritten pages. From the beginning of the fiscal year until Sep-
tember 15 Mr. Harrington devoted his attention to the Purismeiio
dialect, the existing vocabularies being corrected by the informant,
and many new words and grammatical forms added. The next three
weeks were spent on the Obispefio with satisfactory results, inasmuch
as the material obtained in former years was more than doubled.
The sole informant’s feeble health made the recording of this ma-
terial unusually difficult, but it will prove to be of great local as well
as of general interest. The remainder of the fiscal year was devoted
to Ventureno and Ineseno. While not so nearly lost as Obispefo, it
is too late to obtain complete information on these dialects, but in
the process of their study many important points have been deter-
mined. It is largely from their study that the picture of former
Chumashan life must be reconstructed. :

The study of the material culture of the Chumashan tribes has
not been neglected, and in this work archeological material has
been of assistance. Among the important points determined are
details concerning the making of the ancient deerskin dress of the
women, which consisted of a large back flap and a smaller apron.

From the beginning of the fiscal year to the middle of January,
1917, Dr. Leo J. Frachtenberg, special ethnologist, was engaged in
field work in the State of Washington, where he devoted special
attention to the Quileute Indians and to coilecting additional lin-
guistic and mythological material. The ethnologic investigations
covered the subjects of history and distribution, manufacture, houses
and households, clothing and ornaments, subsistence, travel and
transportation, warfare, games, and pastimes, social organization
and festivals, social customs, religion, medicines, charms and current
beliefs, and art, and the recorded results consist of 577 manuscript
pages. In addition, Dr. Frachtenberg recorded 156 native songs,
including words and translations; he also obtained several hundred
native drawings illustrating the material culture of the Quileute,
and photographed a like number of ethnologic specimens. Further-
more, he materially added to his linguistic and ethnologic studies
of this people, commenced during the preceding year, by collecting
several thousand additional grammatical forms and phrases, and by
recording 22 new native traditions with interlinear translations, and
three stories in English. These texts, in the form of field notes, com-
prise 176 pages. While engaged in this field work Dr. Frachtenberg
was instrumental in inducing Mrs. Martha Washburn of Neah Bay,
Mr. and Mrs. Theo. R. Rixon of Clallam Bay, and Mrs. Fannie Taylor
of Mora, to give to the National Museum a part of their collections
of Makah and Quileute specimens, including two old totem poles,

54 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1917.

approximately 100 baskets, and more than 30 other ethnologic speci-
mens. In addition to the Quileute studies mentioned, Dr. Frachten-
berg collected 88 pages of Makah (Nootka) linguistic data, 57 pages
of Quinault (Salish), and 18 pages of Clallam (Lkungen). While
in Portland, Oreg., he obtained through the courtesy of the municipal
authorities a fine collection of photographs representing several hun-
dred archeological objects owned by the city.

Dr. Frachtenberg returned to Washington early in February. Sub-
sequently, after conference with Dr. Franz Boas, honorary philolo-
gist of the bureau, it was arranged that Dr. Frachtenberg prepare
for the Handbook of American Indian Languages comparative
sketches of the Kalapuya, Molala, Klamath, and Quileute, and pos-
sibly one of the Salish languages. He also engaged in the final
preparation of his paper Alsea Texts and Myths, which is now in
process of printing as Bulletin 67. He next proceeded to prepare
for publication the results of his earlier investigations of the lan-
guage, ethnology, and mythology of the Kalapuya Indians, which
will consist of two papers: A Grammatical Sketch of the Kala-
puya Languages and Kalapuya Myths and Texts. The Kalapuya
grammatical material consists of extended field notes gathered in _
1913 and 1914, and of grammatical notes on the Atfalati collected by
Dr. Gatschet in 1877. Dr. Gatschet’s material, comprising 421 pages
of field notes, is of inestimable value; indeed it is to the efforts of
this untiring scholar that we owe the preservation of this most im-
portant dialect of the Kalapuya language, since he obtained his ma-
terial, which includes also some valuable ethnologic data, from the
last full-blood Atfalati. Dr. Frachtenberg’s own material comprises
several thousand grammatical forms, phrases, and vocables, and 32
native texts with interlinear translation—630 pages in all. The prep-
aration of these linguistic data, as well as the work on the Kalapuya
myths and texts, is well under way. Six of the texts, comprising 36
pages, have been prepared for publication; five of these are provided
with interlinear translation and with voluminous notes in which at-
tention is directed to the occurrence of similar myths among other
tribes. During his studies of the Kalapuya languages Dr. Frach-
tenberg discovered that there is sufficient reason to believe that the
Kalapuya, Takelman, and Chinookan languages are genetically re-
lated, the determination being based not only on lexical but also on
structural and morphological material. This discovery tends to es-
tablish a connecting link between some of the languages of California
and most of the languages spoken in Oregon.

During the last two weeks of the fiscal year Dr. Frachtenberg was
temporarily detailed for special work in the Bureau of Investigation
of the Department of Justice.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 55
SPECIAL RESEARCHES.

Dr. Franz Boas, honorary philologist, completed the preparation
of his manuscript on the ethnology of the Kwakiutl Indians, about
2,700 pages of which was submitted to the bureau and assigned as °
the accompanying paper of the Thirty-fifth Annual Report, the com-
position of: which was commenced before the close of the fiscal year.
At the same time progress was made on the preparatory work for
the second part of thememoir. ' Under Dr. Boas’s direction Miss Mil-
dred Downs listed the incidents of the Kwakiutl mythology prepara-
tory to a discussion of the subject, and necessary additional informa-
tion for this purpose was obtained from Mr. George Hunt, of Fort
Rupert, Vancouver Island. Mr. Hunt submitted in all 460 pages of
manuscript in response to questions, and sent botanical specimens
that have been identified through the kindness of Dr. N. L. Britton,
director of the New York Botanical Garden.

The manuscript for Bulletin 59, Kutenai Tales, has been completed.
All the texts having been set up during the preceding year, the ab-
stracts and comparative notes, referring to the pages of the bulletin,
were written out (32 pages of printed matter), and a vocabulary
(140 pages of manuscript) based on the text was prepared.

For the second part of the Handbook of American Indian Lan-
guages Dr. Frachtenberg submitted his sketch of the Alsea grammar,
which will be prepared for publication as soon as a sufficient number
of texts are available. Considerable progress has been made in the
preparation of the Kutenai grammar. Owing to the impossibility
of communicating with Mr. Bogoras in Russia, no progress has been
made in proof reading the Chukchee grammar, which has been in
type for more than three years, but which can not be completed with-
out submitting the proofs to the author. During the year, however,
_ Dr. Boas revised the Eskimo texts by Mr. Bogoras, for which a brief
ethnological introduction has been written by Dr. Ernest Hawkes.

The results of the extended field work of Mr. James Teit, made
possible through the generosity of Mr. Homer E. Sargent of Chicago,
are nearing completion. At the present time two manuscripts are
well advanced. One of these, consisting of about 1,000 pages, pre-
pared jointly by Dr. Boas and Dr. H. K. Haeberlin, was submitted
in May, accompanied with a number of maps showing the distribution
of Salishan dialects at various periods. It consists of a discussion
of the characteristics of the various dialectic groups, comparative
vocabularies on which the deductions are based, and a few simple
texts. The material on which these studies are founded was collected
from field expeditions by Dr. Boas between 1886 and 1900, and by
additional material gathered by Mr. Teit between the latter date and
the present year.

56 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1917.

Dr. Haeberlin has also undertaken to discuss the Salishan basketry,
for which purpose he has made detailed studies of various collections
in the United States and Canada. In connection with this and other
necessary researches on the Salishan tribes, Dr. Haeberlin visited

‘British Columbia and Washington in 1915, and again in June, 1917,
for the purpose of obtaining additional material. These expeditions
were also made possible by the generosity of Mr. Sargent.

In his investigations Dr. Boas has had the valued help of Miss
H. A. Andrews and Miss Mildred Downs. °

In behalf of the bureau, Mr. W. H. Holmes, of the National
Museum, visited New York, Boston, and Cambridge. for the purpose
of studying archeological material in the museums of those cities in
connection with the completion of Bulletin 60, Handbook of Ameri-
can Antiquities, part 1 of which is in type. The proof reading of
this publication was well in hand at the close of the fiscal year, and
progress was made by Mr. Holmes in the preparation of part 2. _

The study of Indian music, undertaken by Miss Frances Densmore
several years ago under the auspices of the bureau, was successfully
continued through the year. The proof reading of Bulletin 61,
Teton Sioux Music, was brought to completion. A second season of
field work was devoted to the Ute Indians, sufficient data being ob-
tained to complete a work on the music of that tribe. Of this mate-
rial 73 new songs were transcribed and analyzed, 23 songs previously
recorded were likewise analyzed, and 5 songs also previously sub-
mitted with analyses were further studied. Five group analyses, to-
gether with about 30 pages of manuscript description, were prepared.
All except about 15 Ute records are now ready for publication; these
cover a considerable variety of songs, analyses of which show impor-
tant differences from songs of other tribes, one peculiarity being an
added importance of rhythm.

For purposes of comparison, Miss Densmore undertook on her
own account a study of primitive Slovak music, 10 songs of which
were analyzed by the method employed in connection with Indian
songs, and these were found to contain interesting points of dif-
ference.

Through the courtesy of Dr. Dayton C. Miller, of the Case School
of Applied Science in Cleveland, Miss Densmore procured graphic
evidence of peculiarities of drum and voice combination noted by ear
in Indian music. Dr. Miller made two photographs, about 30 feet in
length, each representing about 15 seconds’ duration of sound. It is
the intention to utilize part of these as illustrations in the forthcom-
ing bulletin on Ute music, the songs photographed being Ute dance
songs with strong rhythmic peculiarities.

Early in June Miss Densmore proceeded to the White Earth Res-
ervation, Minnesota, for the purpose of conducting a study of the

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 57

-material culture of the Chippewa Indians, and at the close of the
year good progress was reported.

Mr. D. I Bushnell, jr., continued the preparation of the manu-
seript for the Handbook of Aboriginal Remains East of the Mis-
sissippl, about 50,000 words being added to the material previously
furnished, not including a portion that was rewritten as a result of a
discovery of new and valuable information pertaining to certain
localities. Introductions to the archeology of various States remain
to be written, but it is believed that both the manuscript and the
ilustrations for the entire bulletin will be completed before the close
of the fiscal year 1918.

Under the joint auspices of the bureau and the National Museum
Dr. A. Hrdlicka visited in October, 1916, a site at Vero, Fla., at
which were found certain human remains reputed to be of great
antiquity. As a summary account of Dr. Hrdlicka’s observations
has already appeared in Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections (vol.
66, no. 17, pp. 24-29, 1917) and an extended report will be published
in Bulletin 66 of the bureau, now in press, it need only be mentioned
that a thorough inquiry has resulted decisively against the assump-
tion of great antiquity of the remains. The pottery and the bone
and stone objects found in association with the human burials are
identical with similar artifacts of the Florida and other southeastern
Indians, while the bones themselves without exception exhibit mod-
ern features, with numerous characteristics that permit their identi-
fication as purely Indian.

Owing to the fact that Dr. A. L. Kroeber, of the University of
California, found it expedient to elaborate certain portions of his
handbook of the Indians of California, it was not practicable to
submit the entire manuscript before the close of the fiscal year, but
at this writing there is every prospect that the work will be ready
for publication within a short time.

MANUSCRIPTS.

The following manuscripts, exclusive of those submitted for publi-
cation, were received by the bureau:

Photostat copy of a San Blas vocabulary, recorded by Ensign J. M. Creigh-
ton, United States Navy, transmitted to the Smithsonian Institution by the
Secretary of the Navy.

Philippine songs presented by Mr. E. H. Hammond, of Albuquerque, N. Mex.

Photograph of a picture writing on elk skin by Washakie, the Shoshoni chief,
with a key thereto.

Reports on prehistoric ruins in Arizona, with numerous photographs, pre-
pared by the late S. J. Holsinger, of the General Land Office, and deposited
in the bureau by the United States Forest Service.

Abnaki hymns from John Tahamont, of Pierreville, Quebec, presented by
George G. Heye, Esq.

}

58 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1917.
PUBLICATIONS.

The editing of the publications of the bureau was continued
through the year by Mr. J. G. Gurley, assisted as occasion required
by Mrs. Frances S. Nichols. The status of the publications is pre-
sented in the following summary :

PUBLICATIONS ISSUED.

Thirty-first Annual Report. Accompanying paper: Tsimshian Mythology

(Boas).

Coos, An Illustrative Sketch, separate (Frachtenberg), Bulletin 40, part 2
(Boas).

Bulletin 55, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians (Robbins, Harrington, Freire-
Marreco).

List of Publications of the Bureau.
PUBLICATIONS IN PRESS OR IN PREPARATION.

Thirty-second Annual Report. Accompanying paper: Seneca Fiction, Legends,
and Myths (Hewitt and Curtin).

Thirty-third Annual Report. Accompanying papers: (1) Uses of Plants by
the Indians of the Nebraska Region (Gilmore); (2) Preliminary Account of ©
the Antiquities of the Region between the Mancos and La Plata Rivers in
Southwestern Colorado (Morris); (3) Designs on Prehistoric Hopi Pottery
(Fewkes) ; (4) The Hawaiian Romance of Laie-i-ka-wai (Beckwith).

Thirty-fourth Annual Report. Accompanying paper: An Introductory Study
of the Arts, Crafts, and Customs of the Guiana Indians (Roth).

Thirty-fifth Annual Report. Accompanying paper: Ethnology of the Kwakiutl
Indians (Hunt, edited by Boas).

Bulletin 59, Kutenai Tales (Boas).

Bulletin 60, Handbook of Aboriginal American Antiquities. Part 1, Intro-
ductory: The Lithic Industries (Holmes).

Bulletin 61, Teton Sioux Music (Densmore).

Bulletin 63, Analytical and Critical Bibliography of the Tribes of Tierra del
Fuego and Adjacent Territory (Cooper).

Bulletin 64, The Maya Indians of Southern Yucatan: and Northern British
Honduras (Gann).

Bulletin 65, Archeological Explorations in Northeastern Arizona (Kidder and
Guernsey).

Bulletin 66, Recent Discoveries of Remains Attributed to Harly Man in
America (Hrdlitka).

Bulletin 67, Alsea Texts and Myths (Frachtenberg).

The distribution of publications has been continued under the
immediate charge of Miss Helen Munroe and at times by Mr. E. L.
Springer, of the Smithsonian Institution, assisted during the first
part of the year by Miss Lana V. Schelski, and latterly by Miss Ora
A. Sowersby, stenographer and typewriter. Notwithstanding con-
ditions incident to the war and the consequent necessity of withhold-

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 59

ing the transmission of various foreign shipments, publications were
distributed as follows:

Copies

Annual wreponis And »Separatesst.. v1) buwtvaye yale yl ee ae oh 5, 954
REE DIN Sientl Gl) SCT AT LCS a ee ea a a 5, 804
Contributions to North American Ethnology and separates____________ 28
DIE SECT SMA ME Se ais, Ese an pcan bibs lie ip phen ifr Awe ae a aay
Miscellaneous publications 20 i ae A 191
TANG) tren Tenner c one EE RATE A CRSN eae Bb EEN orl ge RR UY Ty aa fs ack 11, 984

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Mr. Delancey Gill, with the assistance of Mr. Albert EK. Sweeney,
continued the preparation of the illustrations required for the pub-
lications of the bureau and devoted the usual attention to photo-
graphing visiting Indians. The results of this work may be sum-
marized as follows:

Photographic prints for distribution and office use-_____________________ 578
Negatives of ethnologic and archeologic subjects__ AAS eM Ui nel A Vette 173
Negative films developed from field exposures_____----___________+-____ 214
Photostat prints from books and manuscripts____-_________ fas ee Na 950
Iran Made. 82 ee ve pg SG sad Ese Maga Mahal 4
Miomritcmsed. bet O Ns TE Biches ci asl i el NNR ah a 62
Portrait negatives of visiting Indians (Creek 9, Arapaho 4, Cheyenne 16) 29
Negatives retouched__________-__-__--__-_--_- th IN IED Se Sa IRN a SN 75
IWlustration proofs examined at Government Printing Office_____________ 9, 000
Illustrations submitted for reproduction and engraver’s proofs edited____ 781
LIBRARY.

-The reference library of the bureau continued in the immediate
care of Miss Ella Leary, librarian, assisted by Mr. Charles B. New-
man. During the year 485 books were accessioned, of which 97 were
purchased, 286 acquired by gift or exchange, and 52 by the entry of
newly bound volumes of periodicals previously received. In addi-
tion the bureau acquired 388 pamphlets. The aggregate number of
books in the library at the close of the year was 21,750; of pam-
phlets, about 13,848. In addition there are many volumes of unbound
periodicals. Several new periodicals were added to the exchange
list and about 50 defective series were either wholly or partly com-
pleted. As might be expected, the publication of various European
periodicals devoted to anthropology has either been suspended or
has ceased entirely. Largely with the assistance of Mrs. Frances 8.
Nichols many of the older books and pamphlets were newly cata-
logued by both subject and author, and thus made more readily
available. Of 133 volumes sent to the bindery about half were re-
turned before the close of the year. Books borrowed from the
Library of Congress numbered about 400.

60 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1917.
COLLECTIONS. :

The following collections were acquired by the bureau, by mem-
bers of its staff, or by those detailed in connection with its researches,
and have been transferred to the National Museum:

Six ethnologic objects from British Guiana, presented by Dr. Walter E. Roth,
of Marlborough, Pomeroon River, British Guiana. (60049.)

A small collection of archeological objects of earthenware, jadeite, ete., from
the Kiché district of Totonicopan, Guatemala. (61097.)

A collection of archeological objects, including human bones, gathered by Mr.
Neil M. Judd in Utah. (60194.)

Seven specimens found by Mr. Joseph Dame in Millard County, Utah, and
purchased from him through Mr. Neil M. Judd. (60105.)

A collection of archeological objects and skeletal material gathered by Dr.
Walter Hough at the Luna pit village in western New Mexico. (60196.)

Ten baskets of the Guiana Indians of South America, presented to the bureau
by Dr. Walter E. Roth, of Marlborough, Pomeroon River, British Guiana.
(60452. )

Seventeen prehistoric pottery vessels, one piece of matting, and a few small -

objects collected by F. W. Hodge in a cist in a cave in a southern wall of Cibol-
lita Valley, Valencia County, N. Mex. (60453.) ©

Twenty-five archeological specimens gathered by Dr. J. Walter Fewkes from
ancient ruins near Gallup, N. Mex. (60502.)

A small black-ware vase from Santa Clara pueblo, New Mexico, presented by
Robert H. Chapman, of Washington, D. C. (60826.)

Twelve stone artifacts from Reeves Mill, near Pitman, Gloucester County,
N. J., presented by Mrs. M. B. C. Shuman. (60836.)

Archeological material collected by Dr. J. Walter Fewkes from excavations
conducted at Mummy Lake Ruins, Mesa Verde National Park, Colo. (60880.)

Archeological material collected by Dr. J. Walter Fewkes from excavations
conducted at Oak Tree House, Mesa Verde National Park, Colo. (60901.)

An Assiniboin headdress from Alberta, Canada, presented by Mr. Robert H.
Chapman, Washington, D. C. (61007.)

Skulls, skeletons, and parts of skeletons, an Indian ornament embedded in
stone, and pottery fragments, collected in the vicinity of Vero and Fort Myers,
Fla., by Dr. A. Hrdlitka. (61291.)

Seven baskets made by the Koasati Indians of Louisiana, collected by Dr.
John R. Swanton. (61315. )

PROPERTY.

Furniture was purchased to the amount of $196.25; the cost of
typewriting machines was $206, and of a camera $10.50, making a

total of $412.75 expended for furniture and apparatus. On the whole

the furniture of the bureau is in good condition, but there are a few
unserviceable pieces that should be replaced, while need of a few
filing cases for current notes and manuscripts is felt.

MISCELLANEOUS.

Quarters—One of the rooms on the third floor of the north tower
of the Smithsonian building, occupied by the bureau, was painted,
and the electric-lighting of three rooms improved.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 61

Personnel.—The only change in the personnel of the bureau was
the appointment of Miss Ora A. Sowersby, stenographer and type-
writer, on February 14, 1917, to succeed Miss Lana V. Schelski, trans-
ferred. A temporary laborer was employed from time to time when
required.

Clerical.—The correspondence and other clerical work of the office,
including the copying of manuscripts, has been conducted with the
aid of Miss Florence M. Poast, clerk to the ethnologist-in-charge;
Miss May S. Clark, and Mrs. Frances S. Nichols. Miss Sowersby
was assigned to the division of publications of the Smithsonian Insti-
tution for duty in connection with correspondence arising from the
distribution of the bureau’s publications.

Respectfully submitted.

F. W. Hones,
Ethnologist-in-Charge.
Dr. Cuartes D. Watcort,
Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.

25027—17——5

APPENDIX 3. :
REPORT ON THE INTERNATIONAL EXCHANGES.

Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report on the opera-
tions of the International Exchange Service during the fiscal year
ending June 30, 1917.

The regular congressional appropriation for the support of the
Service during the year, including the allotment for printing and
binding, was $32,200, but in order to enable the Institution to meet
the very high ocean freight rates on foreign shipments Congress
granted ‘an additional appropriation of $3,500. The repayments
from departmental and other establishments aggregated $3,687.58,
making the total available resources for carrying on the system af
exchanges $39,387.58.

During the year 1917 the total number of OES ce handled was
268,625, which weighed 290,193 pounds.

The number and weight of the packages of different classes are in-
dicated in the following table:

Packages. Weight (pounds).
| mS.
Sent. |Received.| Sent. |Received.
United States parliamentary documents sent abroad ........... 137,863 4) feces cy (iam) (ae 2
Publications received in return for parliamentary documents...|...-..-..-- 3, 4164). 2aeeees 7,646
United States departmental documents sent abroad..........-.- 60,948" | ss eteeees 116, 519") Soe eceeee
Publications received in return for departmental documents..-.|...------- 6,333) 2. 6, 304
Miscellaneous scientific and literary publications sent abroad-. SO, Se oo eee 68,334 j}. ack oes
Miscellaneous scientific and literary publications received from

abroad for distribution in the United States..................|--.------- 22) 9548). een ene 36,012
Morals: 4ahe. Bre RL CNS @ae eer cerlies SOR, eat eee a | 235,922 32,703 | 240,229 49, 962

(Erg: hate Gio.) Re Rg Me SEAS Aare eee ee A SP rece Ane | 268,625 29. ,191

——- - a —

As referred to in previous reports, many returns for publications
sent abroad reach their destinations in this country direct by mail
and not through the Exchange Service.

Shipments are still suspended to Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Ger-
many, Hungary, Montenegro, Roumania, Russia, Serbia, and Turkey.

Shipments both to and from Germany, which were arranged by the
62

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 63

Institution through the State Department, as referred to in the last
report, were discontinued at the outbreak of hostilities between the
United States and Germany. The further efforts of the Russian
Commission of International Exchanges to resume shipments were
not successful, and the commission stated that it would be necessary
to withhold consignments until the end of the war..

In accordance with the proclamation of the British Government
prohibiting the importation into the United Kingdom of books in
bulk, it was necessary to suspend shipments to that country for a
time. However, the London agents of the Institution, Messrs. Wil-
liam Wesley & Son, succeeded in procuring from the Royal Commis-
sion on Paper a special license to import consignments of interna-
tional exchanges into England. Owing to the lack of requisite ocean
transportation facilities, it was also necessary to suspend shipments
for a time to Norway, Sweden, Denmark, and Holland.

The director of the Government Press at Cairo advises the Institu-
tion that four boxes of Egyptian exchanges en route to this country
were lost at sea, and suggests that shipments be withheld until the
end of the war. This suggestion will be followed. On account of
the abnormal conditions in the Mediterranean, shipments to Greece
will also be suspended.

Since the beginning of the war the Institution has suffered the
loss of only three shipments from hostile action. One small ship-
ment—consisting of 24 governmental documents—was lost in transit
to India during the first year of the war. Through the sinking of a
vessel by a warship during the past year 18 packages in transit to
India were also lost. Twenty-one boxes for the French Bureau of
Exchanges were lost when the steamship /wno was torpedoed in
February last. Nineteen of these contained miscellaneous govern-
mental and scientific publications for distribution to various ad-
dresses throughout France and the other two the regular series of
United States official documents for deposit in the National Library
at Paris and the office of the prefect of the Seine.

In the early part of the present fiscal year the Italian Exchange
office in Rome reported that one of the boxes of the consignment
sent to that office in July, 1915, had not been delivered. Steps taken
to have the box traced were unsuccessful.

Wherever possible the Institution has, as formerly in the case of
lost consignments, procured duplicate copies of the publications con-
tained in the above-mentioned boxes.

The Government publications office at Bulaq—which acts as the
Egyptian Exchange agency—has kindly taken charge until the close
of the war of a box addressed to the Jewish Agricultural Experi-
ment Station, Haifa, Palestine, which was detained at Alexandria.

64 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1917.

I am pleased to state that the four boxes held at Bahia, Brazil,
to which reference was made in the 1915 report, have been released
and forwarded to the Government printing works at Pretoria.

Reference has previously been made to the custom of the Govern-
ment of India to refer requests from establishments in this country
for Indian official documents to the Exchange Service for indorse-
ment. The director of the Government Press at Cairo has requested
that the Institution take similar action on applications for Egyptian
official publications. This request has been granted.

Of the 1,217 boxes used in forwarding exchanges to foreign agen-
cies for distribution during 1917, 170 contained full sets of United
States official documents for authorized depositories, and 1,047 were
filled with departmental and other publications for depositories of
partial sets and for miscellaneous correspondents. The number of
boxes sent to each foreign country and the dates of transmission are
shown in the following table:

Consignments of erchanges for foreign countries,

Country pil ciel Date of transmission.

Argentina....... Se eee 43 | July 23, Sept. 13, Nov. 15, 1916; Jan. 13, Mar. 20, June 8, 1917.

ALDAGOSe oss e eee eee 1 | May 28, 1917.

BiGli via. Sts Ss Oh Be. SS 2 | Aug. 29, 1916; Mar. 31, 1917.

PBT AZAD. Sarees bee ae Msi c= 25 | July 25, Sept. 14, Nov. 15, 1916; Jan. 15, Mar. 28, June 9, 1917.

Brigsh Colonies: 525. 52--2-><.- 8 | July 19, Aug. 3, 23, Sept. 11, Oct. 9, Nov. 1, 24,Dec. 20, 1916; Feb.

|: 7, Apr. 14, 1917.

BritishiGuiana- 134-2274 522) 2 | Sept. 21, 1916; Feb. 16, 1917.

Canada. op 25800 0 oo 88... : | 16 | Sept. 25, Dec. 18, 1916; Feb. 17, May 17, 1917.

Chip ea ntact aoe ease ier 2S 19 | July 26, Sept. 16, Nov. 16, 1516; Jan. 16, Mar. 29, June 11, 1917.

Ohingzeee els hereon. 26 | Sept. 5, Oct. 25, Nov. 28, 1916; Feb. 8, Mar. 8, May 23, 1917.

Colombiaws : yzipepe st bt bieises 33 | July 16, Oct. 7, Nov. 12, Dec. 13, 1916; May 19, 1917.

COSEANEACH: Soest crepes tana ss 12 | Aug. 12, Oct. 25, 1916; Jan. 17, Mar. 30, Apr. 6, June 13, 1917.

COLI 6} asp cn a oe 4 | Sept. 25, Dec. 18, 1916; Feb. 17, May 17, 1917.

Denmark. <>. .3 22411 37. O2S0r 20 | Aug. 9, Sept. 29, 1916; Jan. 6, Mar. 12, May 21, 1917.

Benagore. € asses see. ee 4 | Aug. 3, 1916; Apr. 10, 1917.

MOM Dctecieae caress ene see 8 | Aug. 11, 1916; May 16, 1917.

eC Fa ae a PARE 123 | July 10, Aug. 18, Oct. 12, Nov. 14, 1916; Jan. 10, Mar. 21, May 9,
1917.

Germany ss 25-5265. - 250. ¢- =< 48 | Dec. 16, 1916. =

Great Britain and Ireland..... 250 | July 20, Aug. 3, 23; Sept. 11, Oct. 9, Nov. 1, 24, Dec. 20, 1916;
Feb. 7, Apr. 11, 18, June 6, 1917.

GTOGEG See nasties ce core che ace 7 | Aug. 14, Nov. 9, 1916.

Guatemala. ices. - 24¢2-ie--teye 2 | Aug. 30, 1916; Apr. 6, 1917.

Haiit, Seabees poe eees os <2 | 4 | Sept. 25, Dec. 18, 1916; Feb. 17, May 17, 1917.

Mon Gras cece 5 sais cc be wares | 2| Aug. 30, 1916; Apr. 4, 1917.

1010 2 ae ee oor | 30 | July 19, Aug. 3, 23, Sept. 11, Oct. 9, Nov. 1, 24, Dec. 20, 1916;

| Feb. 7, Apr. 14, 1917.

TtAlyuer cegereeeac ttc onc n 90 | July 6, Aug. 4, Sept. 22, Nov. 10, Dec. 23, 1916; Jan. 20, Apr. 20
June 4, 1917.

JaMsICAt st . J4s les 5 | Aug. 29, 1916; Feb. 9, May 24, 1917.

VEDA op coe heh. tome oh saa 50 | July 7, Aug. 16, Nov. 28, 1916; Jan. 19, Mar. 2, May 13, 1917.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 65

Consignments of exchanges for foreign countries—Continued.

Country. une Date of transmission.

oneness 2s ee bess 1 | Aug. 30, 1916.

WiPenare oo. .sswets yssoetheds 2 | Aug. 29, 1916; May 28, 1917.

Loureng¢o Marquez......--.--- 1 | May 29, 1917.

IMGXICOME Se Ac gae sme sdl ete. = 4 | Sept. 25, Dec. 18, 1916; Feb. 17, May 17, 1917.

WWerenlandSe. sls scajcn-cn. 25! 30 | July 7, Aug. 5, Sept. 25, Nov. 8, 1916; Jan. 5, 1917.

New South Wales........----- 43 | July 20, Aug. 26, Sept. 25, Oct. 16, Dec. 5, 1916; Jan. 13, Feb. 15,
Apr. 16, June 19, 1917.

Newiicaland so oii ose. 622.5 17 | July 20, Aug. 26, Oct. 20, Dec. 12,1916; Feb. 13, Apr. 17, June 21,
1917.

Nicaragial. .../s2 2h o. fee. 2 | Aug. 30, 1916; Apr. 10. 1917.

INOW WA Yonica itinicis'nicinweeeelon= 13 | Aug. 9, Sept. 26, Nov. 11, 1916; Jan. 6, Mar. 14, 1917.

ATAU Sees sare Sa sine ccne ae 1 | Aug. 30, 1916.

ROR sped ab geoeee eC e eee ease 12 | July 26, Sept. 16, Nov. 16, 1916; Mar. 29, June 12, 1917.

ONG Pall S.h/2 -ecesetioe ~ <3h 5: 15 | Aug. 10, Sept. 28, Nov. 20, 1916; Mar. 15, May 22, 1917.

@rieensland)-'. Jy.82ss22 2-2. 11 | July 20, Aug. 26, Oct. 20, Dec. 12, 1916; Feb. 15, Apr. 17, June

; 21, 1917.

inieaior. ee ‘4 | Aug, 3, 1916; Apr. 7, 1917.

Sema. sy angetiateenaaal 3 | Aug. 30, 1916; Feb. 16, 1917.

South Australia........-...-.- 18 | July 20, Aug. 26, Oct. 18, Dec. 18, 1916; Feb. 12, Apr. 17, June

20, 1917.

DS Galtterese ta sel cic sees. 22 22 | Aug. 11, Sept. 30, Nov. 17, 1916; Jan. 11, May 14, 1917.

Sqnadlbil. ud 43 | Aug. 9, Sept. 27, Nov. 11, 1916; Jan. 18, May 1, 1917.

Switzerland.....-.--...-.--.-. 52 | Sept. 25, Aug. 9, Nov. 11, 1916; Jan. 10, May 9, 1917.

RAST OMIA ec eles Sse Lee. 10 | July 19, Aug. 3, 28, Sept. 11, Oct. 9, Nov. 1, 24, Dec. 20, 1916;

; Jan. 10, Mar. 21, May 9, 1917.

Mrmidad: =. <+---- Be phd ho ipo 2| Aug. 29, 1916; May 25, 1917.

Union of South Africa.......-. 17 | July 6, Sept. 20, Nov. 13, 1916; Jan. 19, 1917.

ORTON Ace o ereicie «wim a) = mae mele io 15 | July 27, Sept. 16, Nov. 17, 1916; Jan. 17, Mar. 29, June 13, 1917.

VIENOZUNClas tes - 5-22 2- =< 2-2 -- 10 | Aug. 12, Oct. 26, 1916; Jan. 17, Mar. 29, June 18, 1917.

ACCOM ES a Netete clic) - == = =< o-- 22 | July 20, Aug. 26, Oct. 17, Dec. 9, 1916.

Western Australia...........-- 12 | July 19, Aug. 3, 28, Sept. 11, Oct. 9, Nov. 1, 24, Dec. 20, Feb. 7,
Apr. 14, 1917.

Windward and Leeward Is- 1 | May 28, 1917.

lands.

FOREIGN DEPOSITORIES OF UNITED STATES GOVERNMENTAL DOCU-
MENTS.

Ninety-one sets of United States governmental documents were
received for distribution to foreign depositories in accordance with
treaty stipulations and under the authority of the congressional
resolutions of March 2, 1867, and March 2, 1901. A communica-
tion was received during the year from the assistant secretary to the
Government of India, department of education, stating that the
United States governmental documents sent to his department are
turned over to the Imperial Library at Calcutta, and requesting that
future consignments be addressed directly to that library.

A list of the foreign depositories is given below. Consignments
for those countries to which shipments are suspended on account of

66 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1917.

the war are being held at the Institution for transmission to the
various depositories at the close of hostilities.

. DEPOSITORIES OF FULL SETS.

ARGENTINA: Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Buenos Aires.

AUSTRALIA: Library of the Commonwealth Parliament, Melbourne.

AustTriIA: K. K. Statistische Zentral-Koimmission, Vienna.

BavEN: Universitits-Bibliothek, Freiburg. (Depository of the Grand Duchy
of Baden. )

Bavarta: K6nigliche Hof- und Staats- Bibliothek, Munich.

BeErciuM: Bibliothéque Royale, Brussels.

Brazit: Bibliotheca Nacional, Rio de Janeiro.

“BUENOS AIRES: Biblioteca de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata. (Deposi-
tory of the Province of Buenos Aires.)

CanapbA: Library of Parliament, Ottawa.

CHILE: Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional, Santiago.

CHiIna: American-Chinese Publication Exchange Department, Shanghai Bureau
of Foreign Affairs, Shanghai.

CotomptA: Biblioteca Nacional, Bogota.

Costa Rica: ‘Oficina de Depdsito y Canje Internacional de Publicaeiones, San
José.

Cuna: Secretaria de Estado (Asuntos Generales y Canje Internacional),
Habana.

DENMARK: Kongelige Bibliotheket, Copenhagen.

ENGLAND: British Museum, Londen.

FRANCE: Bibliothéque Nationale, Paris.

GERMANY: Deutsche Reichstags-Bibliothek, Berlin.

Guascow: City Librarian, Mitchell Library, Glasgow.

GREECE: Bibliothéque Nationale, Athens.

Hartt: Secrétaire d’Etat des Relations Extérieures, Port au Prince.

Huncary: Hungarian House of Delegates, Budapest.

Inpra: Imperial Library, Calcutta.

IRELAND: National Library of Ireland, Dublin.

Iraty: Biblioteca Nazionale Vittorio Emanuele, Rome.

JAPAN: Imperial Library of Japan, Tokyo.

Lonpon: London School of Economics and Political Science. (Depository of
the London County Council. )

Manrrona: Provincial Library, Winnipeg.

Mexico: Instituto Bibliografico, Biblioteca Nacional, Mexico.

NETHERLANDS: Library of the States General, The Hague.

New SoutH WatLeEs: Public Library of New South Wales, Sydney.

New ZEALAND: General Assembly Library, Wellington.

Norway: Storthingets Bibliothek, Christiania.

Ontario: Legislative Library, Toronto.

Paris: Préfecture de la Seine.

Peru: Biblioteca Nacional, Lima.

PorruGaL: Bibliotheca Nacional, Lisbon.

Prussta: KGnigliche Bibliothek, Berlin.

QuerBec: Library of the Legislature of the Province of Quebec, Quebec.

QUEENSLAND: Parliamentary Library, Brisbane.

Russia: Imperial Public Library, Petrograd.

Saxony: K6nigliche Oeffentliche Bibliothek, Dresden.

Sersra: Section Administrative du Ministére des Affaires Etrangéres, Belgrade.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 67

SoutH AUSTRALIA: Parliamentary Library, Adelaide.

Sparn: Servicio del Cambio Internacional de Publicaciones, Cuerpo Facultativo
de Archiveros, Bibliotecarios y Arquedlogos, Madrid.

SweEDEN: Kungliga Biblioteket, Stockholm.

SWITZERLAND: Bibliothéque Fédérale, Berne.

TASMANIA: Parliamentary Library, Hobart.

TurKEy: Department of Public Instruction, Constantinople.

Union oF Soutn AFrica: State Library, Pretoria, Transvaal.

Urucuay: Oficina de Canje Internacional de Publicaciones, Montevidio.

VENEZUELA: Biblioteca Nacional, Caracas.

Vicrorta: Public Library, Melbourne.

WESTERN AUSTRALIA: Public Library of Western Australia, Perth.

WtrTtreMBEeRG: Ko6nigliche Landesbibliothek, Stuttgart.

DEPOSITORIES OF PARTIAL SETS.

ALBERTA: Provincial Library, Edmonton.

AT.SACE-LORRAINE: K. Ministerium ftir Hlsass-Lothringen, Strassburg.

Botivisa: Ministerio de Colonizacién y Agricultura, La Paz.

BREMEN: Senatskommission fiir Reichs- und Auswirtige Angelegenheiten.

British Cotumeri: Legislative Library, Victoria. a

BRITISH GuIANA: Government Secretary’s Oftice, Georgetown, Demerara.

Buresrta: Minister of Foreign Affairs, Sofia.

Cryton : Colonial Secretary’s Office (Record Department of the Library), Co-
lombo.

Weuapor: Biblioteca Nacional, Quito.

Heyer: Bibliotheque Khédiviale, Cairo.

WIintanpd: Chancery of Governor, Helsingfors.

GUATEMALA: Secretary of the Government, Guatemala.

Hamepure: Senatskommission fiir die Reichs- und Auswirtigen Angelegenheiten.

Hesse: Grossherzogliche Hof-Bibliothek, Darmstadt.

Honpuras: Secretary of the Government, Tegucigalpa.

JAmMAIcA: Colonial Secretary, Kingston.

Liseria: Department of State, Monrovia.

Lourenco Marquez: Government Library, Lourenco Marquez.

Ltseck: President of the Senate.

Mapras, Province or: Chief Secretary to the Government of Madras, Public
Department, Madras.

Matra: Lieutenant Governor, Valetta.

MonTeneEGRO: Ministére des Affaires Etrangéres, Cetinje.

New Brunswick: Legislative Library, Fredericton.

NEWFOUNDLAND : Colonial Secretary, St. John’s.

Nicaragua: Superintendente de Archivos Nacionales, Managua.

NortTHWEST TERRITORIES: Government Library, Regina.

Nova Scorra: Provincial Secretary of Nova Scotia, Halifax.

Panama: Secretaria de Relaciones Exteriores, Panama.
ARAGUAY: Oficina General de Inmigracion, Asuncion.

Princk Hpwarp IstaAnp: Legislative Library, Charlottetown.

RovumManisA: Academia Romana, Bucharest.

Satvapor: Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, San Salvador.

S14m: Department of Foreign Affairs, Bangkok.

Srrairs SETTLEMENTS: Colonial Secretary, Singapore.

Unitep Provinces oF AGRA AND OupH: Under Secretary to Government, Alla-
habad. '

ViennA: Biirgermeister der Haupt- und Residenz-Stadt.

68 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1917.

INTERPARLIAMENTARY EXCHANGE OF OFFICIAL JOURNALS,

Following is a complete list of the governments to which copies
of the daily issue of the Congressional Record are now sent. The
records for those countries to which it is not possible to forward
consignments at present are being held at the Institution:

Argentine Republic. France. Prussia.

Australia. sreat Britain. Queensland. |
Austria. Greece. Roumania.

Baden. Guatemala. Russia.

Belgium. Honduras. Serbia.

Bolivia. Hungary. Spain.

Brazil. Italy. Switzerland.
Buenos Aires, Province of. Liberia. Transvaal.
Canada. New South Wales. Union of South Africa.
Costa Rica. New Zealand. Uruguay.

Cuba. Peru. Venezuela.
Denmark. Portugal. Western Australia.

LIST OF BUREAUS OR AGENCIES THROUGH WHICH EXCHANGHS
ARE TRANSMITTED.

The following is a list of the bureaus or agencies through which exchanges

are transmitted :

ALGERIA, via France.

ANGOLA, via Portugal.

ARGENTINA: Comisi6n Protectora de Bibliotecas Populares, Santa Fé 880, Buenos
Aires.

AustTrIA: K. K. Statistische Zentral-Kommission, Vienna.*

AZORES, vid Portugal.

BEtGIumM: Service Belge des Echanges Internationaux, Rue des Longs-Chariots
46, Brussels.*

Borivia: Oficina Nacional de Hstadistica, La Paz.

Braziz: Servico de Permutacdes Internacionaes, Bibliotheca Nacional, Rio de
Janeiro.

BriTIsH CoLonies: Crown Agents for the Colonies, London.

BRITISH GUIANA: Royal Agricultural and Commercial Society, Georgetown.

BritisH HonpurAs: Colonial Secretary, Belize.

BuLeGArRIA: Institutions Scientifiques de S. M. le Roi de sie 8 Sofia.?

CANARY ISLANDS, via Spain.

CHILE: Servicio de Canjes Internacionales, Biblioteca Nacional, Santiago.

CuHiInA: American-Chinese Publication Exchange Department, Shanghai Bureau
of Foreign Affairs, Shanghai.

CotomsBi1Aa: Oficina de Canjes Internacionales y Reparto, Biblioteca Nacional,
Bogota.

Costa Rica: Oficina de Depdsito y Canje Internacional de Publicaciones, San
José.

DENMARK: Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, Copenhagen.

DutcH GUIANA: Surinaamsche Koloniale Bibliotheek, Paramaribo.

Ecuapor: Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Quito.

Eeypr: Government Publications Office, Printing Department, Cairo.*

1 Shipments suspended on account of the war.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 69

FRANCE: Service Francais des Wchanges Internationaux, 110 Rue de Grenelle,
Paris.

GrrMAany: Amerika-Institut, Berlin, N. W. 7.*

GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND: Messrs. William Wesley & Son, 28 Hssex Street,
Strand, London.

GREECE: Bibliothéque Nationale, Athens.’

GREENLAND, via Denmark.

' GUADELOUPE, via France.

GUATEMALA: Instituto Nacional de Varones, Guatemala.

GUINEA, via Portugal.

Hart1: Secrétaire d’Etat des Relations Extérieures, Port au Prince.

HonpurAs: Biblioteca Nacional, Tegucigalpa.

Huneary: Dr. Julius Pikler, Municipal Office of Statistics, Vaci- utea 80, Buda-
pest.*

ICELAND, via Denmark.

InpIA: India Store Department, India Office, London.

ITAty: Ufficio degli Scambi Internazionali, Biblioteca Nazionale Vittorio Eman-
uele, Rome.

JAMAICA: Institute of Jamaica, Kingston.

JAPAN: Imperial Library of Japan, Tokyo.

JAVA, via Netherlands.

Korea: Government General, Keijo.

LIBERIA: Bureau of Exchanges, Department of State, Monrovia.

LovurENco Marquez: Government Library, Lourengo Marquez.

LUXEMBURG, via Germany.

MADAGASCAR, Via France.

MApDEIRA, via Portugal.

MoNTENEGRO: Ministére des Affaires Btrangéres, Cetinje.*

MozAMBIQUE, via Portugal.

NETHERLANDS: Bureau Scientifique Central Néerlandais, Bibliothéque de 1’Uni-
versité, Leyden.

New Guinea, via Netherlands.

New Sours WAtLEs: Public Library of New South Wales, Sydney.

New ZEALAND: Dominion Museum, Wellington.

Nicaragua: Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Managua.

Norway: Kongelige Norske Frederiks Universitet Bibliotheket, Christiania.

Panama: Secretaria de Relaciones Exteriores, Panama.

Paraguay: Servicio de Canje Internacional de Publicaciones, Seecién Consular
y de Comercio, Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, Asuncion.

Persia: Board of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church, New York City.

Perv: Oficino de Reparto, Depdsito y Canje Internacional de Publicaciones,
Ministerio de Fomento, Lima.

PorruGaL: Servico de Permutacées Internacionaes, Inspecgao Geral das Biblio-
theeas e Archivos Publicos, Lisbon.

QUEENSLAND: Bureau of Exchanges of International Publications, Chief Sec-
retary’s Office, Brisbane.

RouMANIA: Academia Romana, Bucharest.’

Russia: Commission Russe des Echanges Internationaux, Bibliothéque Impe-
riale Publique, Petrograd.

Satvapor: Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores, San Salvador.

Srrpra: Section Administrative du Ministere des Affaires Etrangéres, Belgrade.*

1 Shipments suspended on account of the war.

70 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1917.

Sram: Department of Foreign Affairs, Bangkok.

SourH AusTRALIA: Public Library of South Australia, Adelaide.

Spatn: Servicio del Cambio Internacional de Publicaciones, Cuerpo Facultativo
de Archiveros, Bibliotecarios y Arqueédlogos, Madrid.

SuMATRA, via Netherlands.

SwEDEN: Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps Akademien, Stockholm.

SwitzeERLAND: Service des Echanges Internationaux, Bibliothéque Fédérale

Centrale, Berne.
Syria: Board of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church, New York,
TASMANIA: Secretary to the Premier, Hobart.
TRINIDAD: Royal Victoria Institute of Trinidad and Tobago, Port-of-Spain.
TunNIs, via France.
TurRKEY: American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, Boston
UnIon oF SoutH A¥Frica: Government Printing Works, Pretoria, Transvaal.
UruGuay: Oficina de Canje Internacional, Montevideo.
VENEZUELA: Biblioteca Nacional, Caracas.
VictortA: Public Library of Victoria, Melbourne.
WESTERN AUSTRALIA: Public Library of Western Australia, Perth.
WINDWARD AND LEEWARD ISLANDS: Imperial Department of Agriculture, Bridge-
town, Barbados.

Respectfully submitted.
C. W. SHOEMAKER,
Chief Clerk, International Exchange Service.
Dr. Cuartes D. Watcort,
Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.
Aveusr 15, 1917.

1 Shipments suspended on account of the war.

ei el

APPENDIX 4.
REPORT ON THE NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK.

Sie: I have the honor to submit the following report on the opera-
tions of the National Zoological Park for the fiscal year ending
June 30, 1917:

There was allowed by Congress in the sundry civil bill the sum of
$100,000 for all expenses, except printing and binding, for which
$200 additional was granted.

The continued increase from year to year in the cost of nearly all
supplies used at the park has so greatly enlarged the bills for
maintenance expenses that very little could be done this year in the
way of permanent improvements on buildings and grounds. The
collections have, nevertheless, been kept in excellent condition and
at nearly the normal numbers, though much-needed repairs and
alterations, for the comfort and safety of the public, or to improve
housing conditions of animals, could not be made. The number of
specimens is slightly below that for a number of years, but the actual
value and scientific importance of the collection is probably as great
as at any time in the history of the park.

In October, 1916, Dr. Frank Baker, for 26 years the superin-
tendent, tendered his resignation to take effect November 1. To quote
from an editorial in the Washington Times of October 6, entitled
“The Loss of Dr. Baker ”:

The resignation of Dr. Frank Baker as superintendent of the National
Zoological Park marks the close of 26 years of valuable service in that
eapacity.

A reading of the reports of the Smithsonian Institution shows how much
the Zoo here has developed under Dr. Baker, until it now possesses one of the
most varied and interesting collections of animals of any such institution in
the country.

The average citizen does not bother much about zoos except as a form of
Sunday afternoon entertainment for children. But the educational value of the
parks is becoming more generally recognized. School children of Washington
are now sent to the Zoo to observe the animals, and they can learn and assimi-
late much more there in a few visits than they could accumulate in weeks of
studying geographies.

As a professor of anatomy for 33 years at Georgetown University, as presi- |
dent of the National Association of Anatomists, and as an active member of
half a dozen other scientific bodies, Dr. Baker has also attained note outside

val

72 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1917.

his work at the Zoo. His capacity for work is suggested in the calm announce-
ment that he, at the age of 75 years, must retire from the Zoo, not to seek
leisure, but because of the pressure of other duties. Dr. Baker is one of a
notable group of scientists to be found in Washington whose reputation is
world-wide.

ACCESSIONS.

Gifts——Animals to the number of 99 were presented by friends of
the park, or placed on indefinite deposit. These include many of the
more common species of the native fauna as well as some especially
desirable animals rarely obtained.

One of the most notable gifts was that of five adult Rocky Moun-
tain sheep received from the Canadian Government, through Mr.
J. B. Harkin, commissioner of Dominion parks. These animals
were captured in the Rocky Mountains Park near Banff, Alberta, and
reached Washington March 7 in perfect condition. The shipment
included one 5-year-old ram, a younger ram, and three ewes. A ewe
lamb was born on May 27. Two paddocks were opened together to
give the sheep sufficient range. and the exhibit is one of the most
important now shown by the park. The animals are doing well to
date and although the wild sheep is one of the species most difficult
to keep in eastern zoological] gardens it is hoped that the animals
comprising this accession may be kept on show for a considerable
time. The Duke of Bedford made a further gift of four Bedford
deer, or Manchurian stags, from his collection at Woburn Abbey,
England. The Bedford deer (Cervus xanthopygus) is one of a large
group of Old World deer related to the American elk or wapiti, and
has not heretofore been exhibited. The animals received have been
given a commodious yard bordering the creek on the eastern side
of the park, near the yaks, and are doing splendidly in their new
home. A thrifty fawn was born June 14. Mr. Victor J. Evans, of
Washington, D. C., showed continued interest in the exhibit by de-
positing some desirable Australian marsupials, including two wom-
bats and a nail-tailed wallaby. both new to the collection.

The complete list of the donors and gifts is as follows:

Adams Express Co., Washington, D. C., mink.

Mr. and Mrs. Carl E. Akeley, New York City, vervet monkey and a bonnet
monkey.

Mrs. Ida Bangs, Washington, D. C., yellow-naped parrot.

Mr. J. C. Beard, Brightwood, D. C.. two barred owls.

The Duke of Bedford, Woburn Abbey, England, four Bedford deer.

Mr. C. E. Brewster and Dr. F. Kent, Eagle Pass, Tex., Inca dove, a hybrid
quail, and eight chestnut-bellied scaled quails.

Mrs. C. S. Briggs, Washington, D. C., alligator.

Mrs. F. S. Brown, Washington, D. C., sparrowhawk.

Postmaster General Burleson, Washington, D. C., alligator.

Mrs. E. Caminetti, Washington, D. C., yellow rail.

é
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 7083

Canadian Government, through Hon. J. B. Harkin, five Rocky Mountain
sheep.

‘Prof. W. E. Castle, Bussey Institution, Harvard University, four Peruvian
wild guinea-pigs.

Mrs. Chatham, Washington, D. C., yellow-headed parrot.

Mr. D. Crovo, Washington, D. C., boa constrictor and a murine opossum.

Mr. John O. Darlington, Washington, D. C., two alligators.

Dr. Ned Dearborn, Laurel, Md., common ferret.

Mr. R. E. Dunham, Allegan, Mich., alligator.

Dr. W. O. Emery, Washington, D. C., Cooper’s hawk.

Mr. Victor J. Evans, Washington, D. C., nail-tailed wallaby and two SQL

Mr. H. G. Fletcher, Washington, D. C., alligator.

Mr. J. M. Frank, jr., Washington, D. C., alligator.

Mrs. W. S. Groh, Burke, Va., alligator.

Mr. M. E. Heeter, Washington, D. C., alligator.

Mr. John Heywood, Gardner, Mass., ten mallards.

Mr. J. J. Hoffman, Washington, D. en alligator.

Mrs. Katherine Hunter, Washington, D. C., yellow-headed parrot.

Mrs. J. W Jenks, Washington, D. C., blue jay.

Dr. Guy W. Latimer, Hyattsville, Md., ring-necked pheasant.

Mr, Willis Lillycrop, Washington, D. C., white-throated capuchin.

Mr. T. P. Lovering, Washington, D. C., two chicken snakes, a black snake, a
southern brown snake, and a brown water snake.

Miss Eleanor Marshall, Washington, D. C., alligator.

Mr. D. W. May, Mayaguez, P. R., Mona Island iguana.

_ Misses Margaret and Lily Meldahl, Washington. W. Va., curassow and a red-
yellow-and-blue macaw.

Mr. J. C. Meyer, Washington, D. C., fox sparrow.

Mr. Irvin Miller, second officer, steamship Northland, Norfolk, Va., green -
heron.
: Mr, James Mooney, jr., Washington, D. C., alligator.

Miss Niles, Washington, D. C., alligator.

Mr. William H. Ottemiller, York, Pa., alligator.

Mrs. M. A. Pitt, Washington, D. C., three grass parrakeets.

Mr. T. J. Poole, Washington, D. C., two screech owls.

Mrs. J. L. Primm, Washington, D. C., three Virginia opossums.

Mr. Louis Rueger, Richmond, Va., Mexican puma.

Mr. W. EH. Safford, Washington, D. C., gopher turtle.

Mr. E. S. Schmid, Washington, D. C., woodchuck.

Dr. R. W. Shufeldt, Washington, D. C., water snake.

Miss Pearl Smith and Mr. J. C. Lamon, Alcoa, Tenn., two banded rattlesnakes.

Dr. John S. Stearns, Washington, D. C., horned grebe.

Mr. Wilfred Stevens, Wesley Heights, D. C., indigo bunting.

Mr. C. E. Swihart, Fort Barraneas, Fla., horned toad.

Mr. J. E. Taylor, Oxford, Md., common skunk.

Mr. Hall Vermillion, Washington, D. C., sparrow hawk.

Mr. Clark Vernon, Washington, D. C., alligator.

Mr. J. W. Weaver, Nashville, Tenn., common skunk.

Births —Fifty-two mammals were born, and 41 birds were hatched
during the year. The births include 3 bears, 1 hippopotamus, 8 red
deer, 1 Bedford deer, 2 elk, 2 mule deer, 2 Virginia deer, 1 fallow deer,
1 axis deer, 2 hog deer, 4 barasingha deer, 3 Japanese deer, 1 black

74 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1917.

buck, 1 yak, 3 bison, 1 Rocky Mountain sheep, 1 aoudad, 2 guanacos,
3 llamas, 2 great red kangaroos, 1 wallaroo, 6 coypus, and 1 monkey.
The birds hatched include Canada geese, ducks, Java sparrows, and
peafowl. The hippopotamus is the first one born in the park, and
one of very few ever born in America. It is a thrifty male and has
attracted great attention.

Exchanges.—In exchange for surplus animals the park received
12 mammals and 62 birds. A drill, a young male sea lon, a pair
of scarlet ibises, and numerous ducks for the North American water-
fowl lake were obtained in this manner, as well as other species much
needed to fill gaps in the collection. y

Purchases.—Owing to lack of sufficient funds for the purchase of
animals, many desirable species greatly needed in the collection,
and offered from time to time, could not be obtained. A total of
26 mammals, 23 birds, and 22 reptiles were received through pur-
chase, mostly small native species at low cost.

Transfers—F¥our elk were received from Yellowstone Park
through the Department of the Interior, but only two reached Wash-
ington in good condition and were saved. These were shipped East
with a carload of elk for the State of Virginia, and were obtained
with the idea of introducing new blood in the herd maintained at
the park. The Biological Survey, of the Department of Agriculture,
transferred to the park certain North American mammals, including

-a mountain lion from Arizona, a dusky marmot from New Mexico,
and some mountain beavers from Washington.

Captured in the park.—One bird and one reptile, captured within
the boundaries of the park, were added to the collection.

Deposited —Hon. R. M. Barnes, of Lacon, Il, sent to the park
as a loan a male of the almost extinct trumpeter swan, one of the
finest species of North American waterfowl. The park owned a single
female of this rare swan and efforts are now being made to mate
these surviving birds and preserve the species from extinction. The
two swans are quartered in an ideal place, and although they were
apparently placed together too late to breed this season, hopes are
entertained that by next spring they will be sufficiently familiar with
their surroundings to nest. A number of fur-bearing animals from
the Bureau of Biological Survey, Department of Agriculture, and
some rhesus monkeys from the Hygienic Laboratory were received
on temporary deposit.

REMOVALS.

Surplus birds and mammals to the number of 51 were exchanged to
other zoological gardens, and 62 animals on deposit were returned to
the Bureau of Biological Survey, Department of Agriculture, and
to the Hygienic Laboratory. A number of specimens of native

eS oe

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 75

species were liberated in the Park and dropped from the list of ani-

mals in the collection.

The number of animals lost by death is comparatively small, but
some important and valuable animals are included in the lst. The
death of Dunk, the Indian elephant, was the most notable loss. Dunk
was the first animal to be placed in the Zoological Park when the
present site was occupied. He was presented to the park by Mr.
James EK. Cooper, proprietor of the Adam Forepaugh Shows, April
30, 1891, and was then about 25 years old. Over 50 years of age at
the time of his death, Dunk had reached the average limit for animals
of his kind, for contrary to common belief the longevity of the ele-
phant is not great in proportion to the size of the beast. Others of
the more serious losses were a large Galapagos tortoise (Zestudo
ephippium), February 21, from enteritis; the harpy eagle (TArasaé-
tos harpyia) April 14, from aspergillosis; and a female Manchurian
tiger which was idncirally killed as unfit for exhibition June 29.
The Galapagos tortoise, with others of his kind, had been in the col-
lection since October 1, 1898. The record for the harpy eagle is a
matter of pride for the keepers in the bird department, for this rare
bird of prey had been kept in good health for nearly 18 years. He
was received May 19, 1899, as a gift from the governor of the State
of Amazonas, Brazil, through Commander C. C. Todd, United States
Navy. It is believed that the species has never before been kept in
any gardens for a similar period.

Post-mortem examinations were made, as usual, by the pathological
division of the Bureau of Animal Industry, United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture. The following list shows the cause of death of
animals in each general group. It is believed that the publication of
such lists is to be encouraged, as they are of undoubted value to
gardens less fortunately provided for up-to-date pathological inves-
tigations.

CAUSES OF DEATH.

MAMMALS.

Primates: Gastritis, 1; enteritis, 3; gastroenteritis, 2; no cause found, 1.

Carnivora: Hnteritis, 3; gastroenteritis, 7; malnutrition, 1; anemia, 1; peri-
tonitis, 1; internal hemorrhage, 1. —

Ungulates: Enteritis, 3: gastroenteritis, 1; pneumonia, 3; congestion of lungs,
1: tuberculosis, 2; uremia, 1; peritonitis, 1; necrosis of jaw, 1; cachexia, 1;
malnutrition, 1.

Rodents: Entertits, 1; gastroenteritis, 1; tuberculosis, 2; anemia, 1.

Marsupials: Enteritis, 1; pneumonia, 1; septicemia, 1.

BIRDS.

Passeriformes: Enteritis, 1.
Coraciiformes: Aspergillosis, 1; no cause found, 2.

76

ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1917.
‘

Cuculiformes: Gastroenteritis, 1; internal hemorrhage, 1; cause not found, 10.
Charadriiformes: Enteritis, 2; tuberculosis, 3; pneumonia, 2.

Gruiformes: Tuberculosis, 2.

Galliformes: Enteritis, 2; gastroenteritis, 2; quail disease, 22. ds
Falconiformes: Enteritis, 1; aspergillosis, 3; no cause found, 1.
Anseriformes: Enteritis, 2; tuberculosis, 4; pneumonia, 1; aspergillosis. 2; no

cause found, 3.

Ciconiiformes: Enteritis, 5; anemia, 1; internal hemorrhage, 1; fibroma of in-

testine, 1.
Colymbiformes: Septicemia, 1.

Testudinata: Enteritis, 1.
Loricata: No cause found, 1.

REPTILES.

Serpentes: Enteritis, 1; intestinal necrosis, 1; no cause found, 1.

Thirty-three of the animals lost by death were transferred to the
National Museum for mounting. These included all the rarer speci-
mens or those of special scientific importance.

ANIMALS IN THE COLLECTION JUNE 30, 1917.

MAMMALS.
MARSUPIALIA. CARNIVORA—continued.

Murine opossum (Marmosa murina) __ 1 | Cinnamon bear (Ursus americanus
Virginia opossum (Didelphis virgin- Chinamomuim) 2 22
nai) ie eg a eS eh 3 | Sloth bear (Melursus wrsinus)—------~
Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus har- Polar bear (Thalarctos maritimus) —~
ky) 2 sill ella BS BS oe ea es Nl Re ea 2 | Eskimo dog (Canis familiaris)_-__-~-~-
Phalanger (Trichosurus vulpecula) —-- 2 | Gray wolf (Canis nubilus)__-----__
Dusky phalanger (Trichosurus fulig- Southern wolf (Canis floridanus)—---
SOA A Vagre c ESA A all A ag i eS 2 | Woodhouse’s wolf (Canis frustror)__—
Nail-tailed wallaby (Onychogale fre- Coyote (Canis latrans)——~----------_
CL TEH I U2) Ye eae SEE, SA SY ea ee ae Se 1_| Red fox (Vulpes fulwa)—_ 2-2
srush-tailed rock kangaroo (Petrogale Swift fox (Vulpes velow) _=___—_—_——
penicilliata)tsiies se ee Shoes a 2 | Gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) —
Great gray kangaroo (Macropus gi- Cacomistle (Bassariscus astutus)----~
OUR AG Dp Vpes es A oh eligi eel 2 | Raccoon (Procyon totor)=——2=2 2202
Red kangaroo (Macropus rufus)-—~--~ 5 | Gray coatimundi (Nasua@ narica) _---~-
Wallaroo (Macropus robustus)_---_---~ 8 | Kinkajou (Potos flavus) 2-2
Black-tailed wallaby (Macropus uala- Ferret (Mustela furo) 2222222222222
EET SEG) Na a) aS og ae ate, 1) Mink. (Mustela-vison) == See
Parma wallaby (Macropus parma) -_~ 1 | Tayra (Tayra btoerbtora) See
Wombat (Phascolomys mitchelli) ---~ 2 | Skunk (Mephitis nigra)
American badger (Tagidea tarus)__--~
CARNIVORA. European badger (Meles meles)__---~-
Florida otter (Lutra canadensis vagd@) —
Kadiak bear (Ursus middendorjji) ~~~ 1 | African civet (Viverra civetta)-—---~
Alaska Peninsula bear (Ursus gyas) -_ 2 | Genet (Genetta genetta) ______---__~
Yakutat bear (Ursus dalli)_____--_-~- 1 | Spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta)—--_-
Kidder’s bear (Ursus kidderi)_----~-- 2 | African cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus)——
Hybrid bear (Ursus kidderi-arctos) _~ 3 || Lion "(Felis lé0) Lee
European bear (Ursus arctos)__---~ 2 Somaliland lion (Felis leo somatliensis) —
Himalayan bear (Ursus thibetanus) ~~ 1 | Bengal tiger (Felis tigris) ---__------_~
Japanese bear (Ursus japonicus) _—_~~ 1 | Manchurian tiger (Felis tigris longi-
Grizzly bear (Ursus horribilis)_----~ 3 mlis) 22-2 2 ee
Black bear (Ursus americanus) _—~~-~ 3..| Leopard (Felis pardus) i _ eee
Kenai black bear (Ursus americanus East African. leopard (Felis pardus
BOLT IC CN ce = ee at ae ee 2 suahelica), -_ siivinny ss = vee
1Nine lorikeets, while apparently healthy, died suddenly after convulsions.

pathologists have thus far been unable

to find the cause.

NE RN EP HEB UNDN NDP HBB BPE OH HEPA NNHONNHE

The

a

ae

REPORT OF

CARNIVORA—continued.

BacualNCMels ONCE) = a
Mexican puma (Felis azteca) __------
Mountain lion (Felis hippolestes) _-_--
Canada lynx (Lyn# canadensis) ------
Bay lynx (Lyn@ ruffus) --_-----------
California lynx (Lyn« californicus) —--

PINNIPEDIA,

California sea lion (Zalophus califor-
_ manus) —--—--__---______________
Steller’s sea lion (Humetopias jubata) —
Harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) --------

RODENTIA,

Patagonian cavy (Dolichotis patagon-

CCU) ee ee EN A a
Peruvian guinea pig (Cavia tschudti

(DTALIOIOI)) ea eee ae ET
‘Guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) _-_-_------
Coypu (Myocastor coypus) —--------+-
_ Mexican agouti (Dasyprocta mewicana) -
Azara’s agouti (Dasyprocta azar@) _---~
Crested agouti (Dasyprocta cristata) --
Paca (Cuniculus paca) --------------
WViscacha (Lagostomus maximus) —----
Crested porcupine (Hystria cristata) --
Mountain beaver (Aplodontia rufa) -—--
Woodchuck (Marmota mona) —------£
Dusky marmot (Marmota flaviventris

GUSCULO) ee ee 2 eee
Prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) ~~
Striped spermophile (Citellus tridecem-

MPETERS) 25 oe Se ee ee
Albino squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) —
American beaver (Castor canadensis) —

LAGOMORPHA.

Domestic rabbit (Oryctolagus cunicu-
OG)) S52) = i Ee

EDENTATA,
Hairy armadillo (Huphractus villosus) —

PRIMATES.

Mongoose lemur (Lemur mongoz) ---~--
Black lemur (Lemur macaco) —--------
‘Titi monkey (Saimiri sciureus) —------
Gray spider monkey (Ateles geoffroyt) —
White-throated capuchin (Cebus ca-

LUCID IOS) re ee ae es
Brown capuchin (Cebus fatuellus)_----
Guinea baboon (Papio papio)-------~
Chacma (Papio porcarius) _---------~-
Yellow baboon (Papio cynocephatus) ——
HMamadryas baboon (Papio hamadryas) —-
Mandrill (Papio sphingv) ~-----------
Drill (Papio leucopheus) _-----------
Moor macaque (Cynopithecus maurus) —
Brown macaque (Macaca speciosa) ~---
Japanese monkey (Macaca fuscata) —-_
Pig-tailed monkey (Macaca nemes-

TBUPL LER) as eel ey A ne

25027—17—_6

THE SECRETARY.

Sow Pr bs

bo to eH bh

PNRPeENYDARNY EAS

Ne

Nee

15

BPP e

NNYFE ENE Oe DO

PRIMATES—continued.

Rhesus monkey (Macaca rhesus) —---
Bonnet monkey (Macaca sinica) —~---_-
Javan macaque (Macaca mordac) ——--—
Sooty mangabey (Cercocebus fuligi-

Green guenon (Lasiopyga callitrichus) —
Vervet guenon (Lasiopyga pygery-

Mona (Lasiopyga mona) _~--------~-
Roloway guenon (Lasiopyga roloway) -
Patas monkey (Hrythrocebus patas)—-
Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) —-----~

ARTIODACTYLA.

Collared peccary (Pecari angulatus) —
Wild boar (Sus scrofa)—--_-----_--_-
Wart hog (Phacocherus e@thiopicus)-_—
Hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphib-

FUE S)) eS ESR SPE IES 2 BNL BD el
Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus) —
Arabian camel (Camelus dromeda-

MULES) PESTS BSNL A BTN Eas
Guanaco (Lama huanachus)—-----~-
Llama (Lama glama)__--_-__-__-_--
Alpaca (Lama pacos)-~--~-------~-~-
Vicuna (Lama vicugna)—-------------
Fallow deer (Dama dama)—---------
Axis deer (Awis aavis)_--_--_______-__-
Hog deer (Hyelaphus porcinus) -__-~
Sambar (Rusa wnicolor)__-_---_-___~
Luzon deer (Rusa philippinus)_—~__--
Barasingha (Rucervus duvaucelii) ____
Japanese deer (Sika nippon)—-------
Red deer (Cervus elaphus) —.----_---
Kashmir deer (Cervus hanglu) ------
Bedford deer (Cervus xanthopygus) —-
American elk (Cervus canadensis) —-—
Virginia deer (Odocoileus virginianus) —
Mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) —---
Black-tailed deer (Odocoileus columbi-

Blesbok (Damaliscus albifrons) __-___
White-tailed gnu (Connochetes gnu) _--
Defassa water-buck (Kobus defassa) —
Indian antelope (Antilope cervicapra) —
Springbok (Antidorcas marsupialis

GONMERGIES)) os OS es ee es
Sable antelope (Ozanna niger) —---~-~
Nilgai (Boselaphus tragocamelus) __~
Congo harnessed antelope (Tragela-

DRUSEAHOT UNS) Se oe See
East African eland (Taurotragus oryw

iwingstonti) or eee eee
Tahr (Hemitragus jemlahicus)—-----~
Aoudad (Ammotragus lervia)_-------_
Circassian goat (Capra hircus)_------
Rocky Mountain sheep (Ovis canaden-

849) ee ee ee ae
Barbados sheep (Ovis aries) ---_-----
Zebu (Bos indicus) --._-_-__-__-------
Anoa (Anoa depressicornis) ___-_-_----
Yak (Poéphagus grunniens)_—-----_-

2 | American bison (Bison bison)_---~--

oo 02

=
BRNWONMMAMOCWHENAAAWHE bw oo w

ay

DERE ae RPH Oo

is)

78

PERISSODACTYLA.

Brazilian tapir (Tapirus terrestris)__-
Mongolian horse (Hquus przewalskii) —
Grant’s zebra (Equus burchelli granti) —
Grevy’s zebra (Hquus grevyi)-------
Zebra horse, hybrid (Equus grevyi-

COUGEUS) 255 n= tele Sk BS pe ee Ake

RATITA.

South African ostrich (Struthio aus-

LP OMS)! Se ane ae eee
Somaliland ostrich (Struthio molybdo-

TU COMES) ea aN a
Rhea (Rhea americana) ____.--------
Cassowary (Casuarius galeatus) _-----
Emu (Dromiceius novehollandie) —---

CICONIIFORMES.

American’ white pelican (Pelecanus

CLYENTOCRYNCHOS) Ha ee ae
European white pelican (Pelecanus

ONCCTOTOUS) ea ee ee
Roseate pelican (Pelecanus roseus) —--
Australian pelican (Pelecanus conspic-

ALTAR GE So ee ee
srown pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis) —
Florida cormorant (Phalacrocoraw au-

ritus floridanus) 82 .=—-~-—a==—--=
White-necked heron (Ardea cocot)---
Great blue heron (Ardea herodias)—--
Snowy egret (Egretta candidissima) —-
Green heron (Butorides virescens) —--~
Black-crowned night heron (Nycticorap

nyCclticora®e Meuius)), ~~ 2-2.
Boatbill (Cochlearius cochlearius) ~~~
White stork (Ciconia ciconia) _---_---_
Black stork (Ciconia nigra) --_-----~
Marabou stork (Leptoptilos dubius) —-
Sacred ibis (Threskiornis ethiopicus) —
White ibis (Guara alba) _----------~-
Searlet ibis (@uara rubra) __-_-_-_-_---_

Roseate spoonbill (Ajaia ajaja)—--_--

European flamingo (Phenicopterus

Re LS) Ve et Se eS eS ee
ANSERIFORMES,

Black-necked screamer (Chauna_ tor-

CITA H AT op SS AD ES Oe? Ee
_Horned screamer (Anhima cornuta) ——
Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) —~------
East Indian black duck (Anas platy-

TRYNCHOS Vie yy see 8 ee a Se
Black duck (Anas rubripes) _-----_-
Huropean widgeon (Mareca penelope) —
Baldpate (Mareca americana) __------

Green-winged teal (WNettion caro-
UNENSE) i a ae ene
Blue-winged teal (Querquedula_ dis-
COWS) 21 0. Eee SAE ia ak

Ruddy sheldrake (Casarca ferruginea)

*
= 6 = oD ee to

he

=

ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1917.

PPRISSODACTYLA—continued.

Zebra ass, hybrid (EHquus . grevyi-
Q8iINUS) =o eee

PROBOSCIDEA.

Abyssinian elephant (Lozxodonta afri-
cand aryotis) 2... 55 See

BIRDS. s

>

Newer

wb

-

NNF Ore Wh >

fa

-

1

ANSERIFORMES—continued.
Pintail (Dajfila acuta) -— 222 eee
Wood duck (Atm sponsa) =e
Mandarin duck (Dendronessa galericu-
lata)
Canvas-back (Marila valisineria) _____
Lesser scaup duck (Marila affinis) ____
Rosy-billed pochard (Metopiana pepo-
800Q@) _-2_ 2 eee
Snow goose (Chen hyperboreus) ______
Blue goose (Chen cerulescens) ______~
Ross’s goose (Chen rossii) _-_-_-______
White-fronted goose (Anser albifrons) —
American white-fronted goose (Anser
albifrons gambelt)| 2s 522 eee
Toulouse goose (Anser cinereus do-
mesticus): s-co5 2S) Bae Bee
Bar-headed goose (Anser indicus) —___~
Canada goose (Branta canadensis) ___
Hutchins’s goose (Branta canadensis
hutchinestt) —... 32-2 eee
Cackling goose (Branta canadensis
minimde) 22—e. 1. See
Barnacle goose (Branta leucopsis) ____
Upland goose (Chloéphaga leucoptera) _
Spur-winged goose (Plectropterus gam-
bensi8.... 2 2
Cape Barren goose (Cereopsis novehol-
lendi@) Jo.
Wandering tree duck (Dendrocygna ar-
ciate) . =... eee eee
White-faced tree duck (Dendrocygna
viduttd) ... eee
Black-bellied tree duck (Dendrocygna
qutumnalhis) — —..-.— 22 eee
Mute swan (Cygnus gibbus)_________
Whistling swan (Olor columbianus) —-
Trumpeter swan (Olor buccinator) —__
Black swan (Chenopsis atrata) __-_~-

FALCONIFORMES.

South American condor (Vultur gry-
phus) .. hee eee
California condor (Gymnogyps califor-
NONUS) & 225 eee
Turkey vulture (Cathartes aura) —--__
Black vulture (Coragyps urubu) —---_-
King vulture (Sarcoramphus papa) ——~
Secretary bird (Sagittarius serpenta-
VIS) — owe Sac bane ee ee
Griffon vulture (Gyps fulvus) ______--
Cinereous vulture (Aegypius mona-
Chus)— =~. 22 eee

Woe He He bet

=

why kw

i a i

REPORT OF

FALCONIFORMES—continued.

Lammergeyer (Gypaétus barbatus) —---
Caracara (Polyborus cheriway)_____~
Yellow - throated caracara (Lbycter

GU AEIT)Y a, Se eet A RE eae epee ak LL AB
Crowned hawk eagle (Spizaétus coro-

IE ROPTERR FISD es en es 9 Ss A Sbe LAL UL
Wedge-tailed eagle (Uroaétus audaz) ~~
Golden eagle (Aquila chrysaétos) —____
Bald eagle (Haliewetus leucocephalus) —
Alaskan bald eagle (Haliwetus leuco-

cephalus alascanus) ~~ ~-_____-_____
Sparrow hawk (Falco sparverius) —____

GALLIFORMES.

Mexican curassow (Craz globicera) —_~
Daubenton’s curassow (Crar dauwben-
EOE IO Bre a AL oe OPIS
Wild turkey (IMJeleagris gallopavo) ——_-
Peafowl (Pavo cristatus)__~______~__
Peacock pheasant (Polyplectron bical-
GU MCUE ITT Wea eee a a Fos BIN ee Be
Silver pheasant (Huplocamus nycthe-
IUCIELLS) ys has AP NHI ORAS FS ND Nn Lt Bag &
Natal francolin (Francolinus natalen-
GORY oo le NR SP ee ee
Crested francolin (er cncoinue seph-

Curacao crested quail (Eupsychortyx

ICHUST GIES) Py Se ieee oe aL ea
Bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) ___-_~
Scaled quail (Callipepla squamata) —_—
Gambel’s quail (Lophortyx gaimbelii) —_
Valley quail (Lophortyx californica

SOIC QUID) Vee 2s ae a a Pe Se ae

GRUIFORMES.

American coot (Fulica americana) —__
Whooping crane (Grus americana) -__
Sandhill crane (Grus mexicana) ___-~~
White-necked crane (Grus leucauchen) —
Indian white crane (Grus leucogera-

TIMID) Be ae es Se eee
Lilford’s crane (Grus lilfordi) _-_--_~
Australian crane (Grus rubicunda) ——_
Demoiselle crane (Anthropoides virgo) —
Crowned crane (Balearica pavonina) __
Cariama (Cariama _ cristata)_--~----~-

CHARADRIIFORMES.

Great black-backed gull (Larus mari-

Herring gull (Larus argentatus) ——_--~
Laughing gull (Lerus atricilla)__-_--
Australian crested pigeon (Ocyphaps

VO TUO LCS reer ss toi NCE ee Oa
Wonga-wonga

UCHUCG) 2 2 0s ee pay ye A
Speckled pigeon (Columba pheonota) —
Snow pigeon (Ooluwmba leuconota) _--

White-crowned pigeon (Patagienas
ICUCOCCORGLA) oa ieee ee
Band-tailed pigeon (Chlorenas fas-

LOCO tase ase ea LY ES ay SEL as See

THE SECRETARY.

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CHARADRIFORMNS—continued.
Red-billed pigeon (Chlorawnas flaviros-

White-winged dove (Melopelia asia-

ERGO) ates a Wi Le NS A eye
Mourning dove (Zenaidura macroura) —
Peaceful dove (Geopelia tranquwilla) —
Zebra dove (Geopelia striata) _____-_
Cape masked dove (Gina capensis) ~~~
Inca dove (Scardafella inca) __----_~—
Blue-headed quail-dove (Starnenas

eyanocephala) ~~ -2—-_ =
Collared turtle-dove

TUS OPZUCL) os a aN ete va es ASE AU

CUCULIFORMES.

White-crested touraco as cory-
GREELY SIE SSG WT US EE LOB NS
Grass parrakeet (inepsinens un-
GAUL EUES)) | SESE EEE Ak a es ES Bs
Black-tailed
MeElANUTG) LIAO INS - eB h e
Banded parrakeet
GAG GOY ES A 2 i SB EN
Lesser vasa parrot (Coracopsis nigra) —
Gray parrot (Psittacus erithacus) ~~~
Cuban parrot (Amazona leucocephala) —
Porto Rican parrot (Amazona vittata) —
Yellow-winged parrot (Amazona bar-
DAGENSIS) eee ee oy
Festive parrot (Amazgona festiva) --__
Yellow-fronted parrot (Amazona och-
VOCCPWALG) oa A Na i
Yellow-naped parrot (Amazona auro-
OCLC.) ase ae eg EE
Yellow-headed parrot (Amazona ora-
TROL) ee aia DY a pede e te Repeye Ryu ee
Quaker parrot (Myiopsitta monachus) —

Red-and-blue macaw (Ara _ chlorop-
NEC TCV Se acc Ee PRA ION
Red-and-yellow- ci blue macaw une
IVACHO) ea SS Se URE
Yellow-and-blue macaw (Ara arara-
AUTO) es eas es UM ee EE
Sulphur-erested cockatoo (Cacatoes
ODLETLED) So eS
Great red-crested cockatoo (Cacatoes
moluccensis) ______--_--_-_-----+--

White cockatoo (Cacatoes alba)_____~
Leadbeater’s cockatoo (Cacatoes lead-
beaters) 2 ERIS Ae ae

Bare-eyed cockatoo (Oacatoes gym-
1D GIRLS) ee ee
Roseate cockatoo (Cacatoes roseica-
BLL) Rice Ue eee Le ee
Scaly-breasted lorikeet (Psitteuteles
chlorolepidotus) _-----__----_-----
CORACIIFORMES.

Giant kingfisher(Dacelo gigas) ---_—~
Concave-casqued hornbill (Dichoceros

O1OT NIB) ee et ee
Barred owl (Strig varia) -~----------
Screech owl (Otus asio)__--_--------
Great horned owl (Bubo virginianus) -

peak

79

20

tet et et

12

80 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1917.

PASSERIFORMES.

‘

Yellow tyrant (Pitangus sulphur-
CG ee eae ee ee
Japanese robin (Liothrix luteus) _---
Laughing thrush (Garrulag leucolo-
YT fig pp ds hl ea he A IY
Mockingbird (Mimus polyglottos) _----
Brown thrasher (Toxvostoma rufum) —-
Australian gray jumper (Struthidea
cinered)=-. 22 eee

Red-billed magpie (Urocissa occipi-
(ALA Ba Vee ape ol pe eet ee

FCT) fe a eae
Blue jay (Cyanocitta cristata) -------
American crow (Corvus brachyrhyn-

Choe). Sees See ae eee aL
Australian crow (Corvus coronoides) —
European raven (Corvus corag®) ------~
Glossy starling (Lamprotornis cauda-

$149) pe ee ee SS
Malabar starling (Spodiopsar mala-

Gartous) ees hee esses ee se Sek 1 lat@), 2-22 esi see 2
Napolean weaver (Pyromelana afra) -- 2 | Cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis) _----- 3
REPTILES.

Gopher tortoise (Gopherus polyphe- Horned toad (Phrynosoma cornutum) — 1

MALS) Bae 2 TaD RN 1 | Rock python (Python molurus) —_---- 3

Duncan Island tortoise (Testudo ephip- Anaconda (Hunectes murinus) ------- 2

pi) ae ee ee See ay al Boa constrictor (Constrictor constric-

Albemarle Island tortoise (Testudo tor) .2iLsosuLl. 2 eee eee 3)

AVE OLIUD)) sas gt pa esse ES 1 | Water snake (Natrin sipedon)—------ 2
Alligator (Alligator mississippiensis)_ 30 | Black snake (Coluber constrictor) —-_-- 2
Mona Island iguana (Cyclura stejne- Coach-whip snake (Coluber flagellum) — 1

Gerth Dawes 1 NIE Eb SIS 1 | Chicken snake (Elaphe obsoleta quad-
Gila monster (Heloderma suspectum) — (G rivittata) _...23es ee 3

STATEMENT OF THE COLLECTION.
ACCESSIONS DURING THE YEAR.

Presented : Transferred from other Goy-
Mammals tt atone ere 28 ernment departments:

Bar SB Aneh etek +> aren ene 44 Mammals'= 2.2 eee 5
Reptiles 222222 tae sees 27 5 d ‘ arr tee
—— 99 | Captured in National Zoologi-

Born and hatched in the Na- eal Park: i

tional Zoological Park: Birds 22.3) 1

Mammaisioa2) |. oniedian _ J 52 Reptiles, -_ = ee ql
BirdsS=2322? seer graSs nes 41 , soa Vee
—— 93 | Deposited:

Received in exchange: Mammals: 222530 52
VGA THOT a: ESL eee Wi ee Mi NEP uP} Birdsili 0024. Se il
Beis Aaa) eS 62 ae.

ey (| aE:

Purchased: Total accessions ay ef 397
IVES IN asi ee 26
Bind Set es 2 Se i 23
Reptiles 2. Seen apes) 22

PASSHRIFORMES—continued,

Crimson-crowned weaver (Pyromelana

flammiceps). +...--=-- = 2
1 Madagascar weaver (Foudia madagas-
4 cariensis) —- = 3 eee 3
Paradise weaver (Steganura para
2 diséa) 22.-2--2._- eee 5
1 Cut-throat finch (Amadina fasciata) —_ 1

1 | Black-faced Gouldian finch (Poéphila

gouldi@), ---- 2255 -=3 See i
1 | Black-headed finch (Munia atricapilla). 4
Three-colored finch (Munia matlacca) —- af
1 | Nutmeg finch (Munia punctularia)___ 2
Java sparrow (Munia oryzivora) —---- 13

3 | White Java sparrow (Munia oryzi-
2 UO"rG) =- 2-54 =—- eee 5
Cowbird (Molothrus ater) ----------- 1
1 | Fox sparrow (Passerella iliaca) ~----~- if
1 | Nonpareil (Passerina ciris) _-_-----_-- 1
1 | Saffron finch (Sicalis flaveola)__--__~- 12
Canary. (Serinus canarius) ~--------- 4
1 | Green singing finch (Serinus icterus)_ 3

Red-crested cardinal (Paroaria cucul-

71 |

Ce ee

Smithsonian{Report, 1917.—Secretary’s Report. ; ~ PLATE 1.

«
a

Fic. 1.—THE RECONSTRUCTED BUFFALO House, Now IUSED AS A SHELTER FOR THE
MounTAIN SHEEP, ELANDS, AND KASHMIR iDEER, RECENT GIFTS TO THE PARK FROM

CANADA AND ENGLAND.

Fic. 2.—-VIEW ON THE NEW NorTH AMERICAN WATERFOWL LAKE IN THE NATIONAL
ZOOLOGICAL PARK. TWENTY-FOUR OF OUR NATIVE SPECIES OF WILD DUCKS AND
GEESE MAY BE SEEN ON THIS LAKE.

Smithsonian Report, 1917.—Secretary'’s Report. PLATE 9.

Fic. 2.—Rocky MouNTAIN SHEEP RECEIVED AT THE NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK,
MARCH 7, 1917, FROM ROCKY MOUNTAINS PARK, BANFF, ALBERTA, CANADA.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 81

SUMMARY.

Animals on hand July 1, 1916____ ct PUES FN ae a SS A 1, 383
Accessions during the year____ pa I oN TS RRR AS OF Genres 397
1, 780

Deduct loss (by exchange, death, return of animals, and ,animals lib-
VSTEEUE EVOL )) jet eal a lalla ll eo ata ons ian ial ees pages nO met Niu ew sul 557
COP ToT HUT BO EG ea a a RL 1, 223
Class. Species. Individ-
Marina speasereres csi}. cohen toe ht bee eee Oe eee f 159 484
FSied Se ee octal a A ach cia fue mecinsaon letaacacde Nae saat ae eeeauaae 182 683-
LEAETDES s cco ocoe's eels Aa Si ea eT oS OA ER LGN RRS RNS RL A aE 14 56:
OEE on po SOE SR es Se ee eee Seay ete Aine or SE raEae Me aery tee a 355 1, 223

VISITORS.

The number of visitors to the park during the year, as determined
by count and estimate, was 1,106,800, a daily average of 3,032. The
greatest number in any one month was 171,400, in April, 1917, an
average per day of 5,713. The attendance by months was as fol-

lows:

1916: July, 78,800; August, 80,500; September, 122,550; October, 92,200;

November, 48,250; December, 44,625.

1917: January, 37,750; February, 55,675; March, 108,400; April, 171,400;

May, 110,550; June, 161,100.

Excepting 1916, this was the largest attendance in the history of
the park. The anil of visitors was only 50,310 less than in 1916,
and doubtless would have exceeded that “setyd year but for the un-

.seasonable weather on Easter Monday.
One hundred and fifty-three schools and classes visited the park,

with a total of 8,492 individuals.

In addition to the local schools

and those from near-by States, these included schools from Alabama,
Arkansas, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma,
Pennsylvania, and Vermont. A number of officials from other zoo-

logical gardens visited the park.

The exceptionally favorable weather made the skating pond an
attractive feature during the past winter and for a much longer
period than usual. The ice was kept clean of snow throughout the

season and the appreciation of the public would seem to warrant the
construction of additional lakes to be used for exhibits of waterfowl
ne the summer and skating in winter.

,

é
i

82 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1917.

IMPROVEMENTS.

The hospital and laboratory, which has been mentioned in the re-
ports for the last two years, is still unfinished, but a considerable
amount of work was done on the interior cages so that the building
now lacks only the necessary outside yards and the laboratory equip-
ment. The hospital cages are designed for the care and special com-
fort of indisposed or quarantined animals, and accommodations are
provided for two mammals of lion-size, three of leopard-size, three
large ruminants, and a number of smaller animals. In addition,
there is a large, well lighted, central room for laboratory use. The -
completion of this building will greatly facilitate the work of the
pathologists from the Department of Agriculture who visit the
park.

The largest water fowl lake, in the southeastern part of the park,
was enlarged and reconstructed to provide safe and retired breeding
and resting places for the birds. It had formerly been inclosed by
a fence of ordinary poultry wire without special protection from pre-
dacious animals, and there had been frequent loss from the depreda-
tions of rats and the smaller native carnivores. In order to increase
sufficiently the land area it was necessary to construct a stone wall
along Rock Creek at the rear of the inclosure. By lowering the
grade of the hill bordering the lake, sufficient earth was procured to

fill up to the level of the wall on the inner side. A rat-proof fence —

was woven in the machine shop and further provided with guards
against cats and raccoons. The level of the water was raised about
12 inches, greatly increasing the size of the lake, and the new fence
was constructed on a concrete coping considerably outside the former
boundary. Numerous shrubs, small trees, canes, and grasses were
planted to supplement the fine growth of larger trees already on the
area. Visitors walk along one side of the lake only and as the thick
vegetation virtually hides the fence on the opposite side at all points
the effect is that of a wilderness breeding lake for ducks and geese.
As completed, the inclosure provides almost natural conditions for
the waterfowl of numerous species and forms a very attractive ex-
hibit. It has been given over entirely to North American species,
and it is hoped that a large representation of the ducks, geese, and
other aquatic birds commonly associated with them native to our
continent may be kept here. On June 30, no less than 136 North
American waterfowl, of 24 species, were to be seen on the lake. The
natural surroundings and the fact that only American species are
shown here makes this waterfowl lake of special interest to school
classes, sportsmen, and bird lovers, and it has become one of the
popular features of the park. A cement walk was extended from
the bridge near the Harvard Street entrance along the south side of

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 83

the road to the cross roads, to connect with the cinder path bordering
the lake.

The work of grading and filling around the old buffalo house and
the remodeling of the building for other uses, which was commenced _
last year, has been completed. As reconstructed the building makes .
an ideal shelter of pleasing design and furnishes house space for the
animals occupying the six large paddocks that surround it. The
Canadian Rocky Mountain sheep, the elands, and the Kashmir deer
are provided for in this group of yards.

An outdoor cage and shelter, summer quarters for the chimpanzee,
were built near the north entrance to the lion house. This provides
not only for the better health of this interesting trained ape, but
makes it possible for larger crowds to gather about at the time his
meals are served.

New paddocks were provided for ungulate mammals on the piece
of ground recently leveled by grading northwest of the llama yards.
Much-needed repairs were made on the wolf dens and to the lion-
house roof.

A considerable portion of the pasture land near the office was
plowed as an addition to the garden, in an effort to decrease the cost
ef feed for the animals. For the same reason horseflesh has been
substituted for beef as fcod for the carnivorous animals, with the
prospect of saving at least $6,000 on this item alone during the next
fiscal year. A portion cf the nursery was fenced and breeding pens
for quail and other game birds were installed within the inclosure.
It is hoped that most of the quail of various species needed for park
purposes may be reared in this place and that important experiments
in the breeding of game birds may at the same time be conducted
without additional expense.

THE PARK AS A BIRD SANCTUARY.

The entire 169 acres of the National Zoological Park constitutes a
carefully preserved sanctuary for native wild birds. Every effort is
being made to increase the bird population within this area and to
give better protection to the resident species. During the past year
over 100 nesting boxes were provided for those species which com-
monly nest in holes in trees. These were made in the carpenter shop
at odd times during the winter months from trunks and limbs of
fallen trees with the bark in place. Attached to trees of the same
kind or with bark of the same color these nesting boxes are much less
conspicuous and unsightly in the park trees than square boxes made
from planed boards. Many of the boxes were occupied during the
summer by bluebirds, chickadees, nuthatches, wrens, and flickers, and
additional nests will be provided from year to year. During the

84 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1917.

colder months food is provided for the winter residents in various
parts of the park.

Of all the native wild birds within the park perhaps none attract
so much attention as the turkey vultures, or “ buzzards,” which con-
gregate here in great numbers during the fall and winter months.
Food, at practically no expense, is provided for the vultures, and they
become very tame and confiding. Many visitors from the Northern
States, to whom the birds are a novel sight, greatly admire the grace-
ful flight of these interesting creatures. During the summer months
the vultures scatter out over the surrounding country to nest, and
only a few appear within the boundaries of the park, but the security
afforded for winter roosts brings them back in great numbers with
the approach of autumn.

Bobwhite quail appear to be increasing in numbers within the
park and are now fairly abundant. A considerable number of these
birds must help stock the surrounding country from year to year.

Numerous bird classes from the schools and parties of Audubon
Society members find the wilder parts of the park ideal grounds for
observation of the birds.

ALTERATION OF WESTERN BOUNDARY.

It again appears desirable to recapitulate for future reference the
various stages through which the matter of the adjustment of the
western boundary, near the Connecticut Avenue entrance, has passed.

The following appropriation was made by the act approved June
23, 1913:

Readjustment of boundaries: For acquiring, by condemnation, all the lots,
pieces, or parcels of land, other than the one hereinafter excepted, that lie
between the present western boundary of the National Zoological Park and
Connecticut Avenue from Cathedral Avenue to Klingle Road, $107,200, or such
portion thereof as may be necessary, said land when acquired, together with
the included highways, to be added to and become a part of the National
Zoological Park. The proceedings for the condemnation of said land shall be
instituted by the Secretary of the Treasury under and in accordance with the
terms and provisions of subchapter 1 of chapter 15 of the Code of Law for the
District of Columbia.

As the act required that the proceedings be instituted by the Secre-
tary of the Treasury, the attention of that official was called to the
matter in a letter from the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution,
dated June 28, 1918. A special survey and plat of the land required
was necessary, but this plat was not forwarded to the Department of
Justice until November 5, 1913. Other delays ensued; the title of
the various owners of the land had to be investigated, and it was not
until March 11, 1914, that the district court ordered a jury to be
summoned. <A hearing was set for April 10, 1914, and a final hearing
of the case was heard by the jury on July 2 following. The verdict

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 85

of the jury was not filed until December 11, 1914. The hearing of
objections to the verdict much delayed a final conclusion, especially
as the time of the court was almost wholly occupied by a contest in
an important will case. It was not until June 28, 1915, over two
years from the passage of the appropriation act, that the court con-
firmed the verdict as regards the awards for damages for the land
to be taken. The benefits assessed against the neighboring property
were set aside by this and by a subsequent decision of January 28,
1916. The decree of the court fixed the amount required for the

_ purchase of the land at $194,438.08. The cost of the proceedings for

condemnation was $2,203.35.

The great delay caused by these legal proceedings occasioned an-
other complication. The appropriation made by the act of June 23,
1913, was not a continuing one, but lapsed at the end of one year.
Consequently after June 30, 1915, there was nothing available to de-
fray the purchase of the land.

An item for an additional appropriation and for a reappropria-
tion of the original sum appropriated by the act of June 23, 1913,
was submitted to the first and second sessions of the Sixty-fourth
Congress, but was not favorably considered.

Tt is greatly to be regretted that this appropriation failed, as it
is exceedingly desirable that the land in question be obtained for
park purposes before it is too late. A frontage on Connecticut Ave-
nue at this point is most important, because the principal entrance to
the park will probably be here for all time, and it is essential that
the control of the land be in the hands of park authorities.

IMPORTANT NEEDS.

Grading and filling—The work of grading and filling, commenced
last year, should be continued. The further cutting away of the
irregular hill in the center of the western part of the park and the
filling in of a nearby ravine will level nearly 70,000 square feet of
ground which is now of little use and make available about 25,060
square feet of ground at the ravine, besides straightening out the
automobile road at this point. More inclosures are seriously needed
for deer and similar animals, and this grading would provide for a
number of these yards on flat ground.

Public-comfort building and restawrant.—The need of a suitable

structure for a rest house and refreshment room is strongly felt.

This rest house should provide toilet facilities for both women and
men. It is probably true that the present restaurant occasions more
unfavorable comment from visitors than any other one feature in
the park. It is only a rude wooden platform with cover, but with
open sides; the kitchen and other facilities are inadequate, and the

_ entire structure is in a bad state of repair.

86 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1917.

Roads, bridle paths, and automobile parking—The question of
providing space for the parking of automobiles near the main build-
ings in the center of the park is becoming serious. The available
space is entirely insufficient on nearly every Sunday and on all holi-
days. In order to provide suitable accommodations for the con-
stantly increasing number of cars it will be necessary to make some
change in the roads and lawns at the central point. It will be neces-
sary to make extensive repairs to the roads during the coming year,
which will involve a considerable expenditure. The roads need
repair now, but under the stringent economy that is compelled during
1918 it will not be possible to make even the repairs already needed,
nor to provide proper upkeep of the roads. The greatly increased
auto traffic (sometimes 2,500 cars in a day) makes necessary each
year greater expenditures to keep the roads in order. Some change
should be made in the bridle paths in order that equestrians would
not be forced to use the bridge and the main road from the Harvard
Street gate to the crossroads. Numerous complaints have been made
as to the danger at these points, not only to children, but to the riders
themselves. The bridle path could, at some expense, be carried up
the west side of the creek from the crossroads, and a ford constructed
to connect with the bridle path on the east side of the creek.

Outdoor dens for carnivorous mammals.—Recent experiments have
shown that many kinds of animals usually kept in heated houses are
much better off in outdoor yards. with warm, but unheated sleeping
quarters. Such accommodations should be provided for the Siberian
tiger, some of the lions, and other animals now occupying quarters in
crowded heated houses. The health of these animals would unques-
tionably be improved and their lives prolonged under such condi-
tions, and the space they now occupy in heated houses would become
available for other animals really needing such accommodations.
A series of outdoor, unheated cages and shelters should also be pro-

vided to replace the series of unsightly old wooden cages along the.

hilltop north of the bird house.

Additional ponds for waterfow!—Additional lakes to be used for
waterfowl in summer and for skating in winter could be provided at
comparatively small expense both in the open fiat near the Harvard
Street entrance and near the pelican pond across the road. Exhibits
of waterfowl are very popular and instructive, and the skating
privilege is much appreciated by the public in winter.

Aviary building—The park reports have for a number of years
urged the appropriation of funds for a new bird house. That such a
structure is badly needed is apparent. The building now used for
the birds was erected in the cheapest manner possible for temporary
use and is now in a bad state of repair. The collection is an im-

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 87

portant one, and a suitable bird house would without doubt prove one
of the most attractive and instructive features of the park.

Reptile house—A properly constructed reptile house would, it is
certain, prove almost as attractive to the public as a bird house. The
comparatively small collection of reptiles now kept in crowded quar-
ters in the lion house is very popular.

The most urgent need of the park is a substantial increase in the
general appropriation. When the amount provided was raised to
the present figure, seven years ago, it was recognized that there was
necessity for a considerable sum above the cost of actual maintenance,
in order that improvements could be made and the grounds and
buildings be kept in a good state of repair. Owing to the steady
advance in the price of supplies and to the additional expense neces-
sitated by the constantly increasing number of visitors, the point has
now been reached where the entire appropriation does not cover
actual maintenance expenses. It is only by rigid economy, and by the
elimination of some things really necessary, that the cost of operation
can be kept within the amount.

Respectfully submitted.

N. Ho.uisrer,
Superintendent.
Dr. Cuartes D. Watcorr,
Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.

APPENDIX 5D.
REPORT OF THE ASTROPHYSICAL OBSERVATORY.

Sir: I have the honor to present the following report on the opera-
tions of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory for the year
ending June 30, 1917.

EQUIPMENT.

The equipment of the observatory is as follows:

(a) At Washington there is an inclosure of about 16,000 square
feet, containing five small frame buildings used for observing and
computing purposes, three movable frame shelters covering several
out-of-door pieces of apparatus, and also one small brick building
containing a storage battery and electrical distribution apparatus.

(0) At Mount Wilson, Cal., upon a leased plat of ground 100 .

feet square, in horizontal projection, are located a one-story cement
observing structure, designed especially for solar-constant measure-
ments, and also a little frame cottage, 21 feet by 25 feet, for observer’s
quarters. Upon the observing shelter at Mount Wilson there is a
tower 40 feet high above the 12-foot piers which had been prepared
in the original construction of the building. This tower is equipped
with a tower telescope for use when observing (with the spectrobolo-
meter) the distribution of radiation over the sun’s disk.

During the year apparatus for research has been purchased or
constructed at the observatory shop. The value of these additions
to the instrumental equipment is estimated at $1,000.

WORK OF THE YEAR.
1. AT WASHINGTON.

Three copies of the pyranometer, our new instrument for measur-
ing sky radiation, have been prepared by the Institution, respectively,
for the United States Weather Bureau, the University of Wisconsin,
and for the proposed expedition to South America mentioned in my
report for 1916. These instruments were finished and standardized
by Mr. Aldrich. The tests made led to long investigations and im-
provements, which greatly increased the sensitiveness of the pyrano-

88

a ss

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 89

meter. AJ] three instruments are now in use and, so far as known,
with satisfaction.

Two silver-disk pyrheliometers were standardized for the proposed
South American expedition.

Considerable work was done on the apparatus mentioned last year,
designed to measure the constant of the fourth power radiation
formula. Owing to trouble found in maintaining a vacuum in the
apparatus no actual determinations were made.

Much attention was devoted to the preparation of the equipment
of a solar constant expedition for South America. The purpose of
the expedition, as stated last year, is by cooperation with Mount
Wilson to secure daily values as far as possible throughout the year
for several years, and thus to investigate the influence of solar vari-
ation on terrestrial temperature.

Many improved devices were in-
vented and constructed for the ex-
pedition. Among them is a new
vacuum bolometer of very high sen-
sitiveness and in every way exem-
plary behavior. This instrument is
constructed in such a way as to be
sealed off when highly exhausted,
like an X-ray tube. Having no
cocks or windows it requires no
further attention to maintain a
vacuum indefinitely. The construc-
tion of the sensitive strips follows
the indications of mathematical
analysis covering the whole theory
of the bolometer, so that a maxi- oer
miunyysensitiveness is! obtained. (A \) 71 ¢7_ CORPUERS. machine fy Dee 7
similar instrument was prepared
also for Mount Wilson work. The high sensitiveness of the new
bolometer is indicated by the statement that when used with the same
spectroscope and galvanometer employed in our Algerian expedition
of 1912 more than tenfold deflections on the solar spectrum were
observed with similar conditions.

Another new instrument is a special machine designed to aid in
reducing spectro-bolometry, in solar constant work. Heretofore we
have plotted, on large cross-section paper, logarithms of observed
radiation against the air-masses traversed by the solar beam. Nearly
forty such plots, each of six points, are required to represent a
morning’s spectro-bolometry. The plotted points fall in approxi-
mately straight lines, whose projection to the zero of air mass yields

90 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1917.

logarithms of intensities as they would be observed outside our at-
mosphere. The inclinations of the representative straight lines give
the logarithms of the atmospheric transmission coefficients. What
I desire to point out is that the process requires taking out about
300 logarithms, besides plotting and extrapolating.

In the new instrument as shown in the illustration six 16-inch
slide rules are arranged to be set at chosen places and at’ right angles
to a horizontal linear scale of air masses. The observations are set
up by reading the crossline of the sliders against the central movable
slide-rule scales, these latter being set with respect to the fixed scales
on the sides so as to apply a small correction for sensitiveness of the
bolometric apparatus. <A stretched wire is then adjusted to fit the
six points as thus plotted. On another slide rule fixed at zero air
mass one reading of the crossing point of the wire over the fixed scale
gives the intensity as it would be outside the atmosphere, and a
second reading on the movable scale gives the atmospheric transmis-
sion coefficient. No logarithms or computing are required.

The equipment of the expedition was all boxed ready for ship-
ment to South America when circumstances connected with the war
with Germany led to a postponement. Under these circumstances it
was deemed best to send the expedition to Hump Mountain in North
Carolina, a station at 4,800 feet elevation, where it is now located.
This location was chosen with a view to its being at a great distance
from Mount Wilson, in a region where Weather Bureau observers
reported uncommonly little cloudiness, and easily accessible from the
railroad and from Washington.

The expedition with over 3 tons of equipment went forward in
May, 1917. It is in charge of Mr. A. F. Moore, who is assisted by
Mr. L. H. Abbot. Two small frame buildings were erected for the
observing and living quarters. The apparatus was set up and ad-
justed by Messrs. C. G. Abbot, L. B. Aldrich, and A. F. Moore, and

gotten ready for observing about June 15. Unfortunately the most —

cloudy and rainy summer in the recollection of old residents had
been experienced up to August 1. Otherwise, everything is highly
favorable to excellent solar-constant work. If war conditions war-
rant, the Institution still hopes to send the expedition to South
America later, where a station is selected at which 300 cloudless fore-
noons for observing per year are to be expected.

Before leaving this subject I desire to call attention to the remark-
able paper by Dr. H. Helm Clayton (Smith. Misc. Collections, vol.
68, No. 3) on the “ Effect of Short Period Variations of Solar Radia-
tion on the Earth’s Atmosphere.” Dr. Clayton shows by the methe-
matical method of correlations, free from all influence of personal
judgment, that variations of solar radiation observed by us at Mount
Wilson in 1913 and 1914 were reflected in variations of terrestrial

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 91

temperatures all over the world. The correlations were positive in
and near the Tropics, negative in temperate zones, and positive near
the poles. A lag of from 1 to 5 days occurred, the lag being less for
tropical zones. The barometric pressure also appeared to join in the
correlations. By an ingenius application of his method Dr. Clayton
shows that the short interval fluctuations of solar radiation are not
altogether without periodicity, for the changes tend to repeat them-
selves after 11 and 22 days, respectively. The same tendency is
found in the temperature records of Buenos Aires. We are now en-
gaged in testing this conclusion by computations for other years.

Computations of Mount Wilson solar observations went on in the
hands of Miss Graves as usual at Washington, and the computing is
practically up to date.

Mr. Fowle’s research on the effect of water vapor and carbon
dioxide of the atmosphere to absorb long-wave rays, such as the earth
sends out, is now ready for publication. Many of the best observa-
tions were made by him during the past year. Some observations
made in February, 1917, at a time when the humidity of the atmos-
phere was very small, proved of special value. Opportunity was
taken of using some of the apparatus prepared for the South Amer-
ican expedition to aid in making bolographic observations on. the
solar spectrum at very great wave lengths, reaching to 17 microns.
By means of the spectro-bolometer prepared for South America it
was possible to determine accurately the quantities of water vapor
in the path of the solar beam.

Certain conclusions stated in Volume II of the Annals of the Astro-
physical Observatory may now be corrected to correspond with the
new information. We stated:

We can by no means admit that the radiation from the solid and liquid sur-
face of the earth passes unhindered to space. * * * The clouds, whose
average presence includes 52 per cent of the time, * * * are even more
efficient screens to the radiation of the earth than they are to the radiation of

the sun, so during 52 per cent of the time we may regard the radiation of the
solid and liquid earth to space as zero. During the remainder of the time

water vapor presents almost as effective a screen * * *. From the com-
bined work of Rubens and Aschkinass, Langley, Keeler and Very, and Nichols,
we * * * conclude that a tenth part of the average amount of water vapor

in the vertical column of atmosphere above sea level is enough to absorb more
than half of the radiation of the earth to space, and it is highly probable that,
considering the greater air mass attending the oblique passage of many of the
rays to space, nine-tenths of the radiation of the solid and liquid surface of
the earth is absorbed by the water vapor of the atmosphere even on clear days.
On cloudy days none is transmitted, so that the average escape of radiation
from the earth’s surface to space probably does not exceed 5 per cent.

Some writers have attributed a large share of the absorption of the atmos-
phere to the carbonic-acid gas which it contains, but * in atmospheric
conditions the absorption of carbonic acid gas in the spectrum of the earth
appears to be confined to two bands extending from wave lengths 3.6 to 5.4u. 5

92 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1917.

and from 13.0 to 16.04, respectively. In these bands its absorption is nearly
total from 4.0 to 4.8u and from 14.0 to 15.64 even when carbonic-acid gas is
present in much less quantities than the atmosphere contains. * * * In the
absence of water vapor the total absorption possible by carbonic-acid gas would
be 14 per cent. In all the lower regions of the atmosphere, however, water
vapor is present in such quantities as almost completely to extinguish the radi-
ation of the earth’s surface in these two special regions. * * * It therefore
does not appear possible that the presence or absence, or increase or decrease,
of the carbonic-acid contents of the air are likely to appreciably influence the
temperature of the earth’s surface.

It seems certain, in view of what has been said that the earth’s solid and
liquid surfaces, and the lower parts of the atmosphere, contribute directly
almost nothing to the amount of radiation which the earth as a planet sends
to space. The earth’s surface and the lower atmosphere, of course, exchange
radiation together, and by this process and by convection the heat of these
regions ascends toward space. But convection grows less and less as the air
becomes rarer, and must at length cease to be an appreciable factor. It is the
water vapor and carbonic-acid gas far above the earth’s surface, where the
absorption of the rays by the water vapor and carbonic-acid gas lying still
higher becomes small, that form the true radiating surface of the earth con-
sidered as a planet. * * * With the scanty material at hand, and in con-
sideration of the distribution of water vapor in the free air, it seems safe to
put the effective position of the radiating surface at fully 4,000 meters above
sea level * * * at a probable mean temperature of 263° absolute centi-
grade or —10° centigrade.

Some writers have misinterpreted these remarks and understood
us as supposing that there’is a special layer at 4,000 meters elevation
above sea level which prevents radiation escaping from below and
whose own radiation passes unhindered to space. Our meaning was
quite different. Every layer from sea level to the limit of the atmos-
phere contributes something to the total radiation output of the earth.
But, because of the great absorption of superposed water vapor and
clouds, the lower solid and liquid and atmospheric layers contribute
little, while because of their dryness the higher atmospheric layers
contribute little. Roughly estimating the various factors, we con-
cluded that the center of activity of the radiation of the earth as a
planet could be set at about 4,000 meters elevation.

How far are these conclusions now to be altered? As to the effect
of cloudiness, not at all. As to water vapor Mr. Fowle finds the
following results on the percentages of absorption of rays from a
perfect radiator at the earth’s mean temperature in atmospheric
columns containing besides carbon-dioxide sufficient to produce maxi-
mum absorption, water vapor which if precipitated would produce
certain depths of liquid water:

Prits Water. 5 nde 0. 08 0.3 3.0
Absorption_____-~ 49 dT 66 75
In order to apply these data I give figures for the average quantities
of terrestrial water vapor which, according to Hann, exist in vertical

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 93

columns from sea level to the limit of the atmosphere over different
zones of the earth.
Latitude). i 248 0-20° 20°-30° 30°-40° 40°-50° 50°-60° 60°-90°
Ppt. water°™___ 4.3 3.1 2.2 1.6 1.0 0.6

From these figures it may be seen that the statement, “a tenth
part of the average amount of water vapor in the vertical column
above sea level is enough to absorb more than half of the radiation of
the earth is space,” is confirmed. But the conclusion therefrom that
“nine-tenths of the radiation of the solid and liquid surface of the
earth is absorbed by the water vapor of the atmosphere on clear days”’
is not confirmed. Mr. Fowle has computed the absorption of the at-
mosphere in a state of humidity corresponding to 1.0 cm. ppt. water,
and finds it 72 per cent. Considering that the ppt. water in.a vertical
column over most of the earth exceeds 3.0 em., it now seems probable
that the proper figure should be eight-tenths instead of nine-tenths.

As regards the absorption of carbonic-acid gas Mr. Fowle finds
that one-fortieth part of the amount of this gas found in a vertical
atmospheric column produces the maximum possible effect. This
does not lead to any modification of our conclusions as to the effect of
atmospheric carbonic acid gas as stated above. :

With ordinary humidity, at sea level a layer of air 10 meters long,
according to Fowle, will absorb 50 per cent of the radiation of a
perfect radiator at terrestrial temperatures. Similarly the layer of
air above 11 kilometers, or 6 miles, altitude contains enough water
vapor to absorb 50 per cent of such radiation.

In view of what has been said and remembering the presence of
clouds, only about one-tenth of the radiation of the solid and liquid
surface of the earth escapes directly to space. The atmosphere
above 11 kilometers apparently contributes more than half of the
radiation of the earth viewed as a planet and prevents half of the
radiation of lower layers from éscaping. Nearly the entire output
of radiation of the earth to space, certainly more than three-fourths,
arises from the atmosphere and its clouds as its source. The “ ef-
fective radiating layer,” meaning a layer which if perfectly radiating
to space would equal in radiation the actual earth viewed as a planet,
may still be thought of as at several kilometers altitude and at a
temperature well below freezing.

The subject of atmospheric absorption is so difficult both theo-
retically and experimentally that much more investigation ought still
to be done on it. Mr. Fowle’s long experience has well fitted him
for making further advances. It is hoped to put at his disposal
soon the necessary means to make new researches. These include,
bolometric apparatus of greatly increased sensitiveness, such ‘”

25027—17——-7

94 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1917.

recent studies now enable us to construct. The one obstacle to com-
plete success which now seems insuperable is the lack of any means
to form an intense unabsorbed spectrum free from stray light, ex-
tending from 15 to 50 microns in wave length.

2. AT MOUNT WILSON.

The expedition of 1916 continued “solar-constant” and other ob-
servations at Mount Wilson until late in October. The expedition
was renewed late in June, 1917. Improvements in the supply of elec-
tricity and water to the station were completed in June, 1917.

In 1916 many observations of the sky by day and by night were
made at Mount Wilson with the pyranometer. The plan was fol-
lowed from August to October of measuring with this instrument the
total solar radiation at a fixed zenith distance of the sun, and almost
sunultaneously the total sky radiation over a fixed small area imme-
diately surrounding the sun. It seems probable that as the bright-
ness of the sky depends on the prevailing humidity and dust, and as
the radiation of the sun is diminished by presence of humidity and
dust, a method of combination of the two measurements may be
found, adapted to give approximately the “solar constant.” When
computations are further advanced the matter will be tested.

Restandardization of secondary pyrheliometers in1916 against our
standard water-flow pyrheliometer indicated no change in their
constants.

A vacuum bolometer was employed during a large part of the ob-
serving season. The sensitiveness was so much greater that con-
siderable improvement in the work on the investigation of the dis-
tribution of radiation over the sun’s disk was possible.

Redeterminations were made with great care on the form of dis-

tribution of the solar energy curve outside the atmosphere. New mir-
rors of stellite, a very hard nontarnishing alloy, were substituted
for the silvered mirrors of the spectrobolometer. It is hoped that
the work of 1916 will indicate conclusively how the sun’s variations
affect the distribution of energy in the solar spectrum.

SUMMARY.

Preparation of apparatus and equipment for a new “ solar-con-
stant” station of the Smithsonian Institution, now located at Hump
Mountain, N. C., led to valuable improvements in the bolometer and
the pyranometer, and to the invention and construction of a new in-
strument for avoiding computation in reduction of spectro-bolometric
observations.

A long research on the transmission of long-wave rays by atmos-
pheric columns of known humidity and carbon-dioxide contents,

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 95

has been completed and prepared for publication by Mr. Fowle. In
expeditions to Mount Wilson the observation of the amount and
distribution of solar radiation has been continued. In cooperation
with the new station above mentioned it is hoped to obtain much
more complete records of the variation of the sun, now shown by
Clayton to be of great meteorological significance.

Respectfully submitted.

C. G. ABzor,
Director Astrophysical Observatory.
Dr. Cartes D. Wa cort,
Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.

APPENDIX 6.
REPORT ON THE LIBRARY.

Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report on the
activities of the library of the Smithsonian Institution during the
fiscal year ending June 30, 1917.

The Smithsonian library was founded with the definite plan that
it should contain publications of the scientific institutions and
learned societies of the world, together with a collection of periodicals
and publications of a scientific nature. The most important function
contemplated was that of reference for research in the broadest
sense, and in this connection a complete collection of the catalogues
of the libraries of the world was also contemplated. This policy has
been continued with the result that the vast series of scientific publi-
cations in the Smithsonian library, now numbering a half million of
titles, has been brought together.

As early as 1865 Secretary Henry realized that it would not be
possible to adequately care for the entire collection in the Smith-
sonian building, even if the entire building were devoted to the
purpose; and a special act of Congress authorized the Library of
Congress to assume the care of the main library of the Smithsonian
Institution, the Institution to retain ownership of the publications
and to have the same use of the books as if they were in its own
building, and in addition to have the same privileges in the use of the
Library of Congress as Members of Congress. While the main
collection is in the Library of Congress, there are smaller collections
here in the Institution, i. e. the books for office reference, dictionaries,
encyclopaedias, etc., the Government branch libraries of the Astro-
physical Observatory, Bureau of American Ethnology, and the
United States National Museum. All of these are confined to special
publications relating to the subjects covered by the bureaus, and sup-
plement rather than duplicate books in other libraries.

The library of the Smithsonian Institution is augmented in two
ways, i. e., by gift, and through the exchange-of the Institution’s
publications for those of similar institutions.

96

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 97
JOHN DONNELL SMITH LIBRARY.

In 1905 Dr. John Donnell Smith, of Baltimore, Md., offered to
the Smithsonian Institution his botanical library consisting of over
1,500 volumes, to accompany his herbarium to which it is closely
related. The proposed gift was the most valuable of its kind that
had been offered to the Institution, and it will be of great assist-
ance in the development of botanical research in the Museum. The
conditions were that Dr. Smith should retain possession of the books
as long as he desired, and that when his library should come to the
Institution it should be kept separately and each book should have a
book plate indicating that he was the donor. A plate was im-
mediately designed and engraved, and the ex-libris labels were
printed and sent to Dr. Smith, who had them placed in each one of
the books. In January of the present year the first consignment
of these books for the library was received, and they were at once
placed in a separate stack in the Smithsonian building and kept
together. The number sent amounted to 461 bound volumes, 100
unbound volumes, some incomplete, and 293 pamphlets.

EXCHANGES.

Special efforts have been made to meet the conditions coexistent
with the third year of war in the matter of preserving and pro-
moting foreign exchange relations, and the generous response met
with has been very gratifying. On the other hand, a number of
important publications have been suspended owing to the death or
absence of collaborators; and still others will be withheld pending
termination of the war, while the uncertainties of transportation
have resulted in the loss of a number of valuable publications from
abroad. The policy of broadening exchange relations with South
and Central America has been inaugurated.

ACCESSIONS.

Additions to the library, consisting mainly of gifts and exchanges,
were received in 24,292 packages. Of these 23,307 were received by
mail and 985 through the International Exchange Service. Corre-
spondence in connection therewith amounted to about 1,245 letters
and 2,126 acknowledgments on the regular printed forms.

The cataloguing, not including publications for the Bureau of
American Ethnology and the National Museum, reported elsewhere,
covered 3,546 volumes and 47 charts. Of these 698 were new titles
added to the author catalogue and 59 new periodicals. In addition
to 1,500 printed cards received from the Library of Congress, 1,855
new typewritten cards were prepared. There were 976 volumes
recatalogued.

98 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1917.
SMITHSONIAN MAIN LIBRARY.

Publications for the Smithsonian main library have been for-
warded to the Smithsonian deposit in the Library of Congress as
received, after being duly entered on the records. During the fiscal
year 2,886 of these were catalogued and accessioned, consisting of
1,736 volumes, 301 parts of volumes, 805 pamphlets, and 44 charts,
thereby extending the accession numbers from 525,256 to 527,150.
Several thousand publications remained unaccessioned at the close
of the year, owing to a position of cataloguer being vacant for over
nine months. The existing practice of transferring to the Library
of Congress, without stamping or recording, public documents re-
ceived in exchange for Smithsonian publications, mainly of a sta-
tistical character, has been continued, with the result that 2,349 were
forwarded in this manner.

During the year the titles of 757 new pililichtzon were added to
the catalogue. Want cards to the number of 535 for series in the
Smithsonian division at the Library of Congress were considered
with the result that 154 volumes, 571 parts of volumes, and 51 title-
pages were secured, thus completing 44 sets to date. There were re-
ceived from the periodical division 105 cards, action on which re-
sulted in securing 9 volumes, 79 parts of volumes, and 32 title-pages;
and in response to 32 cards from the order division, 28 volumes and
12 parts were obtained.

The number of dissertations and technological publications re-
ceived showed a marked decrease over previous years. They were
contributed by the following:

Kejserliga Alexanders-Universitet i Finland.
Technische Hochschule, Breslau.

Kongliga Tekniska Hégskolan, Stockholm.

University of Wiirzburg.

University of Breslau.

K6niglich Sachsische Technische Hochschule, Dresden.

Office reference library.—The accessions for the office library,
which includes the Astrophysical Observatory and the National Zoo-

logical Park, amounted to 1,025 publications, distributed as follows:
Office library, 899 volumes and pamphlets; Astrophysical Observatory,

55 volumes, 18 parts of volumes, and 39 pamphlets; National Zoo-
logical Park, 11 volumes and 3 pamphlets.

Reading room.—The reading room has now about 311 foreign and
domestic periodicals, which have been in constant use by the staff
and members of the scientific bureaus of the Government. During
the year 3 5/01 publications from the reading and reference rooms
were in circulation, of which 3,367 were single numbers of pet
and 334 were poukd volumes.

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 99

The aeronautical Kibrary—The aeronautical library is probably
one of the most complete series on the subject in the United States,
and the policy has been to maintain it as such.

Before Dr. Langley came to the Smithsonian Institution as as-
sistant secretary he had made a collection of what had been pub-
lished relating to aeronautics. Later, when he became secretary and
published his epoch-making works “ Experiments in Aerodynamics ”
and “ Internal Work of the Wind,” the number of publications was
gradually growing, so that when his successful experiments were
made with the heavier-than-air models the Institution had the most.
complete library of aeronautical literature in the United States.
With this collection of books as a basis, a bibliography was prepared
by me to cover all existing literature up to 1909. Since that time
the securing of publications has continued, and every possible effort
has been made to have it complete. Dr. Alexander Graham Bell.
a regent of the Institution, has also shown an interest in this collec-
tion by contributing his entire working library of books and news-
paper clippings relating to aeronautics, arranged and mounted,
which is a valuable addition in supplementing the series already in
the Institution. :

There are now on hand 1,009 volumes and 83 titles of periodicals.
With the close of the year a second part of the bibliography of
aeronautics is in preparation by me for the National Advisory Com-
mittee for Aeronautics at the suggestion of the secretary, which will
complete the references from 1909 to the end of 1916.

Art room.—No additions have been made to the collection of pub-
lications relating to art in the art room, in view of the fact that all
of those relating to the fine arts have been placed in the sectional
library of administration for use in connection with the National
Gallery of Art, and those relating to the reproductive processes for
engraving have been placed in the sectional library of the Division
of Graphic Arts in the Museum.

Employees’ library—The condition of the employees’ library has
remained practically the same as last year, with no additions. If
money were available, it could be used to great advantage in adding
some of the latest literature in fiction and other classes. The library
has been in constant use, and 304 volumes were circulated during the
Vear.

John Watts de Peyster collection—This collection of Napoleona
is probably the most unique collection of publications relating to
Napoleon in the United States, and was brought together by Gen.
John Watts de Peyster to include works relating to Napoleon as a gen-
eral. It covers the period from the end of the Napoleonic wars to the
present great struggle. There are many calls for these publications,
and some means must be found to make them available. So far it

.

100 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1917.

has not been possible to do this with the present staff, and a cata-

loguer with a knowledge of French history should be employed for:

the special purpose of cataloguing this collection. Every effort is
being made now to make the books available, but without an adequate
catalogue they can not be used to the fullest extent.

NATIONAL MUSEUM LIBRARY.

The value of the library of the National Museum is largely due to
the systematic collecting of works relating to the subjects covered by
the collections in the Museum and at the same time supplementing as
far as possible series in other libraries of Washington. The books
are consulted by persons carrying on research work in almost every
branch of the Government service, including those who are doing
scientific work along similar lines. The publications for the library
come to the Museum by gift, by exchange of publications, and by
purchase. Many important gifts have been received from specialists,
and those received during the year are given in detail. The ex-

changes, as is the case with the Smithsonian library, have met with ©

many difficulties raised by war conditions in the matter of securing
foreign publications, which have been put partially overcome. The
situation in this respect has, on the whole, shown no appreciable
amelioration over the preceding year. Special effort, however, has
been directed toward maintaining the foreign exchanges at the maxi-
mum compatible with existing conditions. In connection with this
work 271 letters were written in securing a number of new titles and
in filling “ wants” in many of the incomplete sets on hand. The
appropriation for the purchase of books is very small and has been
the same for a number of years, and it is only by judicious spending
that the urgent needs of the Museum can be secured.

The library was fortunate enough to secure by purchase the fol-
lowing three rare books, the editions of which are not represented in
the United States:

Boddaert, P.: EKlenchus animalium, I Roterodami, 1784.

Forster, J. R.: Afrikanischen Vogel, Halle, 1798.

Vroeg, A.: Catalogus . . . Vogelen, ete., s’Gravenhage, 1764, with
separately paged “ adumbratiunculae.”

Mearns collection—One collaborator who had taken a special in-
terest in the library was Dr. Edgar A. Mearns, the announcement of
whose death was received with deep regret last fall. Dr. Mearns
contributed publications to the library each year as well as a collec-
tion of Korans, and after his demise his widow carried out his ex-
pressed wish in presenting the remainder of his scientific library to
the Museum. This collection is especially rich in works on mammals,
birds, and plants.

a

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 101

Dall collectton—tThe continued interest of Dr. William Healey

Dall in the books relating to mollusks, which form the sectional
library of the division of mollusks, has resulted in the further addi-
tion of 307 titles during the past year.
_ Other members of the scientific staff who have contributed to the
collection in the library are: Dr. C. D. Walcott? Dr. O. P. Hay, Dr.
C. W. Richmond. Mr. W. R. Maxon, Mr. W. H. Holmes, Dr. J. C.
Crawford.

A ccessions—There are now in the Museum library 132,203 publi-
cations, consisting of 49,285 volumes, 82,794 pamphlets and unbound
papers, and 124 manuscripts. Of these 1,572 volumes, including 949
completed volumes of periodicals, 3,556 pamphlets, and 65 parts of
volumes, were accessioned during the past year.

Cataloguing—aAs in the past, new material has been promptly
entered and placed on the shelves or assigned to the sectional libra-
ries. The cataloguing covered 623 books, 949 completed volumes of
periodicals, and 373 pamphlets; in addition, 10,142 periodicals were
entered. There were also 4,522 section cards made out covering pub-
lications assigned to sectional libraries.

Loans.—The loans from the general library during the year cov-
ered by this report totaled 12,869 publications, in which are included
3,035 books borrowed from the Library of Congress, including the
Smithsonian deposit, and 496 books borrowed from other libraries.
In addition, 5,580 books were consulted in the reading room of the
library.

Binding —The serious situation with regard to publications re-
maining unbound is being gradually relieved, but much remains to
be done. During the past year 1,377 such publications were prepared
for binding and sent to the Government binder. Of these 685 were
returned within the year.

Technological series Additions to the technological library were
composed of 374 volumes, 3,826 parts of volumes, 802 pamphlets, and
5 maps. There were filed 352 cards for books catalogued. A file of
approximately 2,500 printed cards covering Smithsonian publica-
tions was received and incorporated in the catalogue. In the scien-
‘tific depository catalogue 1,507 author cards were filed, and to 4,515
additional cards subject headings were added, increasing the cata-
logue by 6,022 cards.

Books and periodicals loaned during the year numbered 133 vol-
umes and 297 parts of volumes and pamphlets, making a total circu-
lation of 430 publications. About 620 volumes were consulted in the
reading room of the library. /

Several sets have been rearranged and more logically classified.
In addition, a set of duplicates has been gone over, sorted, and ar-

102 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1917.

ranged by class number. Of the duplicates received 89 were volumes
and 1,328 parts of volumes and pamphlets.

Sectional libraries.—The series of publications in the sectional
libraries were dormant until a few years ago, and no effort was
made to add to the collection of books in these libraries, the whole
matter being held it abeyance until the work on the collections had
been resumed. Books on the various subjects covered have, there-
fore, been sought and the number augmented. During the interval,
however, the future need of publications for working up the collec-
tions was never lost sight of and there were a number of the serials
bound and ready for use. Toward the end of the year two cata-
loguers were employed in the division of mineral technology to put
the books on hand in the very best of order and for the making of a
special author and subject catalogue, so that with the close of the
year the work has been completed and this sectional library is in
excellent condition. It is hoped that during the present year it will
be possible to do the same thing for the division of textiles. This
will, however, not be possible with the present force, which is too
small.

With the death of Mr. Thomas W. Smillie, who was for many
years custodian of the section of photography in the division of
graphic arts, it was necessary that all books in the section should be
checked up. A special cataloguer was employed for the purpose and
the books and pamphlets were put in order and catalogued, periodical
series arranged on the shelves and lacking numbers indicated in order
that the sets could be completed: The work was finished by June 30.

The following is a complete list of the sectional libraries:

Administration. Graphic Arts. Mollusks.

Administrative assist- History. Oriental archeology.
ant’s office. Insects. Paleobotany.

Anthropology. Invertebrate paleon- Parasites,

Biology. tology. Photography.

Birds. Mammals. Physical anthropology.

Botany. Marine invertebrates. Prehistorie archeology.

Comparative anatomy. Materia medica. Property clerk.

Editor’s office. Organic Industries. Reptiles and batrachians.

Ethnology. Mechanical technology. Superintendent’s office.

Fishes. Mesozoic fossils. Taxidermy.

Forestry. Mineral technology. Textiles.

Geology. Minerals. Vertebrate paleontology.

BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY LIBRARY.

This library is administered under the direct care of the ethnologist
in charge, and a report on its operations will be found in the report of
that bureau.

a ee ee eee

ee ee a

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 103
ASTROPHYSICAL OBSERVATORY LIBRARY.

The collection of reference works relating to astrophysics has been
in constant use. During the year 55 volumes, 18 parts of volumes,
and 39 pamphlets were added to this library.

NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK LIBRARY.

This collection contains publications relating to the work of the
park, and while not large is a strictly working hbrary. During the
past year 11 volumes and 3 pamphlets were added to the series.

SUMMARY OF ACCESSIONS.

The accessions during the year, with the exception of the library
of the Bureau of American Ethnology, may be summarized as
follows:

To the Smithsonian deposit in the Library of Congress, including parts

OREO TNE ROUSE Uae 1 As Uhre Se ee i eg ERR G

To the Smithsonian office, Astrophysical Observatory, and National Zoo-
WG ETE RINN od BEAT Ep ta a iy A ec a a ala Ah aah RN ENS ye Mg ei 1, 025
oethe United States’ National Museuml_220: 22 ek hose Vie eee 5, 193
"Oe. eather cad ope ea Ek yn 9, 104

Respectfully submitted.
Pau Brockert,
; Assistant Librarian.

Dr. Cuartes D. Watcort,
Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.

APPENDIX 7.

REPORT ON THE INTERNATIONAL CATALOGUE OF
SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE.

Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report on the opera-
tions of the United States Bureau of the International Catalogue of
Scientific Literature for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1917:

This international enterprise was, at the beginning of the present
war, being carried on through the cooperation of the 34 following-
named countries: Argentine Republic, Austria, Belgium, Canada,
Chili, Cuba, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, —
Holland, Hungary, India and Ceylon, Italy, Japan, Mexico, New
South Wales, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Queensland,
Russia, South Africa, South Australia, Spain, Straits Settlements,
Sweden, Switzerland, United States of America, Victoria and Tas-
mania, and Western Australia. Each of these countries supported
a regional bureau whose duty it was to furnish to the.central bureau
in London classified index citations to all the scientific literature
published within their several regions.

As the greater part of these countries are now actually engaged
in hostilities it is natural that scientific research and publication
would be much affected, and that such an international cooperative
enterprise as the International Catalogue would find itself in many
difficulties. Not only have the number of scientific papers being
published greatly decreased but the difficulty of preparing and pub-
‘Jishing a regular index has increased owing to the impossibility of
obtaining necessary scientific and clerical assistance to aid in the
preparation and publication of the catalogue. The London Central
Bureau was, however, able to publish four volumes of the catalogue
during the fiscal year, these volumes’ were the twelfth annual issue
of Geology and the thirteenth annual issue of Chemistry, Anatomy,
and Botany. All of the eleventh annual issue has now been pub-
lished together with 15 volumes of the twelfth annual issue, 18 vol-
umes of the thirteenth annual issue, and 1 volume of the fourteenth
annual issue, making a total of 216 regular volumes published since
the beginning of the enterprise in 1901. In addition to these regular
volumes several special volumes of schedules, lists of journals, ete.,
have been published.

104

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 105

Almost three million references to current scientific publications
are contained in these 216 volumes, about 12 per cent of which have
been supplied by this bureau.

Owing to the dangers and difficulties of transportation much of the
_ material prepared by this bureau for incorporation in the catalogue
during the present year has been held until such time as it can be
safely forwarded to London. ©

It is not to be expected that the publication of the catalogue
can be regularly carried on until after the return of peace, but it
appears that the organization is holding together better than might
be expected under existing conditions and that when peace is declared
it will only be necessary to resume, rather than reorganize, the work.
_ When it is possible for all the regional bureaus to fully resume
the preparation of the Catalogue it is to be hoped that every effort
will then be made to carry out one of the most important resolutions
adopted at the last convention of the International Catalogue, held
in London in 1910. This resolution was:

(1) To take all possible steps to prevent reduplication by the publication
of several annual and similar catalogues and indexes on the same subject, by
making arrangements such as those now in force with the Zoological Society
of London.

(2) To obtain further assistance and cooperation in the preparation of the
material of the catalogue from the principal scientific societies and academies
and the organizations which collect materials for indexing scientific literature.

Scientific bibliographic work is seldom if ever self-supporting,
and after the war it will undoubtedly be more than ever necessary
to exercise every possible economy in the preparation and publica-
tion of scientific indexes and yearbooks, so that the editors and
publishers of all such publications will find it greatly to their ad-
vantage to cooperate with the International Catalogue to the fullest
possible extent and thus prevent the reduplication referred to in
the resolution quoted above. This will benefit not only the Inter-
national Catalogue and the publishers of the other bibliographies,
but will greatly lessen the labors of librarians and scientific investi-
gators who have occasion to use such works of reference.

More than ever before the line of demarcation between the re-
searches of pure science and the practical application of such re-
searches is being eliminated, and laboratory experiments of to-day
may to-morrow be in actual use in ways vitally affecting the welfare
of man. It is becoming more than ever difficult to define what is
pure science and what is applied science and the heretofore arbitrary,
though at the time necessary, limitation of the scope of the Inter-
national Catalogue to include papers on pure science only should
now be so broadened as to include at least some of the applied
sciences, which have in the last few years advanced with such un-

106 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1917.

precedented strides. The inclusion of papers dealing with the ap-
plication of scientific discoveries would undoubtedly greatly increase
the size and cost of the catalogue, but on the other hand its value
and use would be so increased that the demand and consequent sales
of the catalogue would more than offset any additional cost.
Very respectfully, yours,
LEronARD C. GUNNELL,
Assistant in Charge.
Mr. Cuarztes D. WatcortT,
Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.

a

APPENDIX 8.
REPORT ON THE PUBLICATIONS.

Sir: I have the honor to submit the following report on the pub-
lications of the Smithsonian Institution and its branches during
the year ending June 30, 1917:

The Institution proper published during the year 1 memoir in
the series of Contributions to Knowledge, 19 papers in the series of
Miscellaneous Collections, and 6 special publications. The Bureau
of American Ethnology published 1 annual report, 2 bulletins, and
a list of publications of the bureau. The United States National
Museum issued 1 volume of the Proceedings, 73 papers forming parts
of this and other volumes, and 6 bulletins.

The total number of copies of publications distributed by the
Institution and its branches was 158,797, which includes 2,673 vol-
umes and separates of the Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge,
53,615 volumes and separate pamphlets of Smithsonian Miscellaneous
Collections, 21,865 volumes and separate pamphlets of Smithsonian
Annual Reports, 64,365 volumes and separates of National Museum
publications, 11,984 publications of the Bureau of American Eth-
nology, 4,182 special publications, 23 volumes of the Annals of the
Astrophysical Observatory, 29 reports of the Harriman Alaska Ex-
pedition, and 53 reports of the American Historical Association.

SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO KNOWLEDGE.
QUARTO.

VOLUME 35.

No. 3. A contribution to the comparative histology of the femur. By J. S.
Foote. February 6, 1917. ix+242 pp., 38 pls. (Publ. 2382.)

Title-page and table of contents. April 4, 1917. (Publ. 1740.)
SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS.
OCTAVO.

Of the Miscellaneous Collections, volume 63, 1 paper was pub-
lished ; of volume 64, 1 paper; of volume 66, 11 papers; of volume 67,
2 papers; of volume 68, 4 papers; in all, 19 papers, as follows:

VOLUME 63.

No. 6. Smithsonian Physical Tables. Second reprint of sixth revised edition.
By F. E. Fowle. January 12, 1917. xxxvi+355 pp. (Publ. 2269.)
107

108 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1917.

VOLUME 64,

No. 5. Cambrian Geology and Paleontology. III, No. 5. Cambrian trilobites.
By Charles D. Waleott. September 29, 1916. Pp. 803-456, pls. 45-67.
(Publ. 2420.)

VOLUME 66,

No. 6. Phonetic transcription of Indian languages. Report of Committee of
American Anthropological Association. 15 pp. (Publ. 2415.)

No. 9. Maxonia, a new genus of tropical American ferns. By Carl Christensen.
September 30,1916. 4 pp. (Publ. 2424.) }

No. 10. Three new murine rodents from Africa. By N. Hollister. October 26,
1916. 38 pp. (Publ. 2426.)

No. 11. On the use of the pyranometer. By C. G. Abbot and L. B. Aldrich.
November 6, 1916. 9 pp. (Publ. 2427.)

No. 12. Bones of mammals from Indian sites in Cuba and Santo Domingo.
December 7, 1916. 10 pp., 1 pl. (Publ. 2429.)-

No. 13. The teeth of a monkey found in Cuba. By Gerrit S. Miller, jr. De-
cember 8, 1916. 3 pp.,1 pl. (Publ. 2430.)

No. 14. Preliminary survey of the remains of the Chippewa settlements on La
Pointe Island, Wisconsin. By Philip Ainsworth Means. January 4,
1917. 15 pp., 2 maps. (Publ. 2433.)

No. 15. Three remarkable new species of birds from Santo Domingo. By J. H.
Riley. December 1, 1916. 2 pp. (Publ. 2435.)

No. 16. The determination of meteor orbits in the solar system. By G. yon
Niessl. April 28, 1917. 35 pp. (Publ. 2486.)

No. 17. Explorations and field work of the Smithsonian Institution in. 1916.
April 26, 1917. 134 pp. (illustrated). (Publ. 2438.)

No. 18. On the occurrence of Benthodesmus atlanticus Goode and Bean on the
coast of British Columbia. By C. H. Gilbert. February 21, 1917.
2 pp. (Publ. 2439.)

VOLUME 67.

No. 1. Cambrian Geology and Paleontology. IV, No. 1. Nomenclature of some
Cambrian Cordilleran formations. By Charles D. Walcott. May 9,
1917. pp. 1-8. (Publ. 2444.) :

No. 2. Cambrian Geology and Paleontology. IV, No. 2. The Albertella fauna
in British Columbia and Montana. By Charles D. Walcott. May 9,
1917. pp. 9-59, pls. 1-7. (Publ. 2445.)

VOLUME 68.

No. 1. Archeological investigations in New Mexico, Colorado, and Utah. By
J. Walter Fewkes. May 15, 1917. 38 pp., 14 pls. (Publ. 2442.)

No. 2. Recognition among insects. By N. B. McIndoo. April 30, 1917. 78 pp.
(Publ. 2448.)

No. 3. Effect of short period variations of solar radiation on the earth’s atmos-
phere. By H. Helm Clayton. May 21, 1917. 18 pp., 8 charts,
(Publ. 2446.)

No. 4. Preliminary diagnosis of new mammals obtained by the Yale-National
Geographic Society Peruvian Expedition. By Oldfield Thomas.
April 10, 1917. 3 pp. (Publ. 2447.)

REPORT OF THE SECRETARY. 109
SMITHSONIAN ANNUAL REPORTS.

Owing to the congestion of work at the Government Printing
Office on account of the war, the Smithsonian Report for 1916, which
was ready for printing in April, was not yet off the press at the
close of the fiscal year.

SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS.

The following special publications were issued during the year:

Publications of the Smithsonian Institution issued between January 1 and
June 30, 1916. 3 pp. (Publ. 2422.)

Publications of the Smithsonian Institution issued between January 1 and
September 30, 1916. 3 pp. (Publ. 2425.)

Publications of the Smithsonian Institution issued between January 1 and
December 31, 1916. 3 pp. (Publ. 2537.)

Publications of the Smithsonian Institution issued between January 1 and
March 81, 1917. 1p. (Publ. 2448.)

Classified list of Smithsonian publications available for distribution December
15, 1916.. vi+32 pp. (Publ. 2484.)

The Smithsonian Institution (descriptive folder). 17 pp. (Publ. AQ.)

PUBLICATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.

The publications of the National Museum are: (a) The annual
report to Congress; (0) the Proceedings of the United States Na-
tional Museum; and (c) the Bulletin of the United States National
Museum, which includes the Contributions from the United States
National Herbarium. The editorship of these publications is vested
in Dr. Marcus Benjamin.

During the year the Museum published 1 volume of the Proceed-
ings and 73 separate papers forming parts of this and other volumes,
and 6 bulletins.

The issues of the Proceedings were as follows: Volume 50; volume
51, papers 2139-2172; volume 52, papers 2173-2193; volume 53,
papers 2194-2206, 2208, and 2210-2212.

The Bulletins were as follows:
Bulletin 71, A monograph of the foraminifera of the North Pacific sees Part

VI, Miliolidae, by Joseph A. Cushman.

Bulletin 93, The sessile barnacles (Cirripedia) contained in the collections of
the U. S. National Museum; including a monograph of the American species,
by Henry A. Pilsbry.

Bulietin 96, A synopsis of American early Tertiary Cheilostome Bryozoa, by
Ferdinand Canu and Ray S. Bassler.

Bulletin 98, The birds of the Anamba Islands, by Harry C. Oberholser.

Volume 16, Contributions from the U. S. National Herbarium, entitled “ Sys-
tematic investigations in Phanerogams; ferns, and mosses,” by various
authors.

Volume 17, Contributions from the U. 8S. National Herbarium entitled “ Sys-
tematic investigations in lichens and ferns, grasses, and other Phanerogams,”
by various authors.

25027—17—_8

110 = ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1917.

PUBLICATIONS OF THE BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY.

The publications of the Bureau are discussed in appendix 2 of the
Secretary’s report. The editorial work of the Bureau has continued
in charge of Mr. J. G. Gurley, editor.

During the year, 1 annual report, 2 bulletins, and a list of publica-
tions were issued, as follows:

Thirty-first Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology (containing
an accompanying paper. ‘‘ Tsimshian Mythology” (Boas) ).

Bulletin 40, part 2 (edited by Boas), “Coos, an illustrative sketch,” by Leo
J. Frachtenberg.

Bulletin 55, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, by Robbins, Harrington, and
Freire-Marreco.

List of publications of the Bureau of American Ethnology.

At the close of the fiscal year there were in press or in preparation
4 annual reports and 7 bulletins.

REPORT OF THE AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION.

The annual reports of the American Historical Association are
transmitted by the association to the Secretary of the Smithsonian
Institution and are communicated to Congress under the provisions
of the act of incorporation of the association.

Volume 1 of the annual report for 1914 was issued during the
year, and volume 2 of this report and the report for 1915 were in
press at the close of the year. |

REPORT OF THE NATIONAL SOCIETY OF THE DAUGHTERS OF THE
AMERICAN REVOLUTION.

The manuscript of the Nineteenth Annual Report of the National
Society of the Daughters. of the American Revolution for the year
ending October 11, 1916, was communicated to Congress on Feb-
ruary 5, 1917.

THE SMITHSONIAN ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON PRINTING AND
PUBLICATION.

The editor has continued to serve as secretary of the Smithsonian
advisory committee on printing and publication. This committee
passes on all manuscripts offered for publication by the Institution
or its branches, and considers forms of routine, blanks, and various
other matters pertaining to printing and publication. Sixteen meet-
ings were held during the year and 101 manuscripts were acted upon.

Respectfully submitted.
A. Howarp Crarg, Hditor.
Dr. Cuartes D. Watcort,

Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.

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