eee ee vrereran ptesweer eee reneeeiole sores rere ererenes seresererwrur ens Sr Ne mee eel ane ttle we eS YE eee = nh eh eh PLE SE VE TT Pee ed ve ye PTTeee didi ty tb da hth ted Oe ee eorey $ diated nanan he -v ae bY ww 1 egurue wr Fv yr~ ve WVU be : ! rss Soe pe UAL ed “\ ME EM ™ : wieey ! Wel. 2 f 4~ke~ i wwwee | Lh i ehh H ie (de Wwe wn ae | ene Af te vitwy bee ee { led f whe Set | AJ wv = Mee a ¥ | - 4 wee bi ey “. we ath: epbtiet f 3 Voy Vey I| FORBES — gy . “itt ILL. ; STATE PRINTERS. 1898, GFIELD, SPRIN PHILLIPS Bros. ee nee = oS For THe YEARS 1895 anp 1896. NINTH REPORT OF S. A 2 hy) bh | () i } ‘TWENTIETH REPORT © OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST NOXIOUS AND BENEFICIAL INSECTS STATE. OF ILERNONS. NINTH REPORT OF S, A. FORBES For THE Years 1895 anv 1896. I SPRINGFIELD, ILL.: PHILLIPS BrRos., STATE PRINTERS 1898. ata ‘ so a oes CONTENTS. PAGE LRAUTROB WY aay AAI O) hie Ge Cee oc ae EE REE A 3 op Neo tm ON Le eee es Vv SHES SaNOSe S Cale IN” SII OLS: e.scccsie sand acc Tate cae ER eee 1 MO OMB AMES! Atari ac ct ersietaes oS Staats date ote teen aoe n cr eens Re OCR ee nc 1 INGUBLESIOW EH EAS Cale. hic csa.a ae ers steered et th nee en eee z Extension of Range and Diminution of Numbers.............2...00.---eecccesecscesccees BS OriginvanGiDispercal ss: 504. cs occec soe ces noe oe aaa Oh cee Le ee ee 4 Distovenysimelllino rycen. teenies vote teiae ee one oe: ale, Cie he oh ake STR RT See 6. Inspection of Dilin oist@rehard'$! oj: ose te steels re ee a, ee i Conditions:atintested hocalities:::0-, johsq , 2 |T,AOTO' Sp | sjeetsiere "+ sano]: WAloccort ts sea] Sse? sseTK nopdootene poral fe UA00 2 JOT AA eeGiarels “+ UhOO 109 syeQ| t+" WIOD Bante “** SBI RECA SOIOH ze ye baoheoie be 2? W100 3 yeouAAl 7 WeATAA; Me lereeseees SaOROL “SSB SSBAD| 7 SSRI Sete 59) ** SSB15—OUON | *“SSBIS—IUON |“ SSBIG—OUON |“ SS¥I5—OUON srelete als CoO ee =" kOUON |= 2° DUON 2 “tT OUON| see ew eee ie wee e ewe ae SSBAIL) neeosuTe aes teeeeeee TT sarteee eo UTOS)| BOSC SSBID|""*° "°° SSBIDH SSBI4)) = ie ae sat “T68T FO doa | “Z6ST JO dol) | “6ST FO dolM | “PEST FO Aoayy ‘pepny[ouors)— *sqnas Aq aseBulep JO 93¥qU90.10 4 OA ‘Sploig Kyunog woysi.syg mou Hates fO BUINOE Pbereercteetols ui09 89 19 99 ) +9 69 69 19 09 6g 8¢ Lg 9g gg tg &¢ eg Tg 0g 6F SP LY oP i tP \St “ON PLO dl Injuries to Different Crops.—The region affected is one of varied character, comprising lands originally prairie and others from which the forest had been cleared, together with many remaining remnants of the forest tract more or less completely cleared of underbrush and used as woodland pastures. This forest soil differs of course from that of the prairies, and may itself be divided into upland and bottomland portions. The agriculture is but little diversified, corn and grass being the principal crops of the county. The area in each of these crops (including pastures) was not far from a hundred and ten Then acres in 18% 5, while that in all of the small grains was only about half that amount. In other words, wheat and oats each occupied about one tenth the agricultural area of the county, and corn and grass about four tenths “each. I have accounts from the, various sources above mentioned of sixty-eight fields in Christian county in crops which were more or less injured by the white grub. Thirty-four of these fields were in corn. twenty- five were in grass (usually blue grass), two were a mixture of timothy and clover, one was in wheat and one in oats, and five were in potatoes and other vegetables. Thus only three per cent. of these injured fields reported were in small grain, while the general small grain acreage for the county was twenty per cent. of the whole—additional evidence of the concentration of loss in corn and grass, as already mentioned. The injury reported ranged from that characterized as little or slight to a total destruction of the entire crop, whole pastures being deadened, extensive meadows lying uncut, and no corn being gathered from fields of many acres. The general average of all the grades of injury on these sixty-eight reported fields was forty-six per cent. As an example of extreme damage, mention may be made of a pas- ture tract of two hundred and twenty-five acres in sod for twenty years, the entire area of which was deadened except here and there a small patch. The roots of the grass were so thoroughly eaten away a little distance below the surface that the dead sod could any- where be rolled up like a carpet. In another infested field twelve to fourteen grubs to the square foot were found, and in still another one hundred and twenty-seven were collected from twelve square feet. A dozen to fifteen were obtained from single hills of corn in a ninety-acre field, the crop on which was a total loss. Where injury to. meadows and pastures was in comparatively limited patches, the grubs were of course the most abundant around the margins of such areas, where the grass was still partly alive Relations of Injury to Agricultural History of Land.—By a tab- ular arrangement and summarization of the facts reported it may be shown that the current supposition is correct that crops following upon grass are more liable to injury by the white grub than those on lands which have a different recent history. For example, on forty- two fields which had been in grass in 1894 the average injury by the white grub was reported at fifty-six per cent. while on nineteen fields which had been in grain in 1894 the average injury by the grub was twenty-eight per cent., or just half the above amount. On fiose which had heen in grass for two years preceding, that is, for 32 ‘ 1898 and 1894, the average injury was reported at fifty-five per cent., while on those fields where no grass had grown during these two years the crop injury by the grub - was estimated at thirty-three per cent. Fields in grass and those not in grass for three years preced- ing (from 1892 to 1894) gave substantially the same percentages. The excessive tendency of the agriculture of this region to grass is illustrated by the fact that fourteen injured fields were reported by the owners to have been in grass for periods ranging from eight to forty years. - These fourteen fields were damaged on an average to the extent of forty-eight per cent. It has been a very common supposition among entomologists that the parent of the white grub lays its eggs mainly, if not altogether, in lands bearing pasture or meadow grasses, and that, consequently, crops on ground continuously in small grain or corn are not liable to this insect injury. It is now very evident, however, that under circumstances such as have lately prevailed in Christian county this supposition is erroneous. Seventeen of the fields reported to me had not been in grass since 1890, and yet damage to the crops of 1895 averaged in these fields, according to our reports, no less than thirty-five per cent. According to current accounts ef the life his- tory of the American white grubs, the oldest grubs in the ground in 1295 must have been hatched from eggs laid in the summer of 1893. Forty-two per cent. of the crops borne by three fields which were in small grain in 1893 and 1894 were destroyed by the grubs in 1895, while three fields in corn in these two years were reported injured in 1895 to the amount of twenty-seven per cent. The conclusion is thus unavoidable that where the beetles are excessively abundant, as in this badly infested region, they may, like the ‘chinch- bug, multiply almost without reference to ine crop on the surface at the time when the eggs are laid. Clover and White-Grub Injury.—Interesting items concerning the relation of clover to the white grub are given in the notes of my assistants. In a pasture near Taylorville, where both clover and timothy were growing in the fall of 1595, the latter was very greatly damaged, but the clover presented no appearance of injury, this con- trast being remarked on both the higher and the lower parts of the field. In some patches where tiie timothy was entirely killed, the clover was clearly unharmed, even the smallest roots being entire. Several clover fields in the vicinity gave no evidence of injury, although spots of blue grass in these clover meadows were often found infested with white grubs. Ina town lot at Taylorville liy- ing clover plants were abundant in the smaller patches of dead blue grass, but in the larger areas the clover had been attacked and its roots cut off. This comparative immunity of clover is very probably due in large measure to the peculiar rooting habit of the plant. Even when the tap-root was girdled or eaten away, the smaller roots commonly remained uninjured, and served to maintain the plant. Injuries as affected by Soil and Sitwation.—It is quite apparent from the mass of the reports sent in that fields adjacent to wood- lands. and especially woodland pastures themselves, were much more — oe 33 s generally and seriously damaged than those at a distance from forest trees. Indeed, there was considerable evidence to support the proposition that the intensity of the outbreak was in part to be ac- counted for by the unusual extent of woodland pasture grounds in this region, on which the grubs found always an abundant food in the turf, while the June beetles which give origin to them had like- wise an abundance of food in the leaves of the forest trees still grow- ing from the sod. Crops on high lands were, as usual, more subject to injury than those on low; and the loss was generally much more extensive and severe than it could otherwise have been because of a protracted midsummer drouth. Species of Grubs Concerned.—The grubs collected by Mr. Hart on his visit to Taylorville and vicinity September 6, 1895, were appa- rently nearly all of the two extremely common species, Lachnosterna fusca and L. hirticula, the former commonest on lowland meadows, the latter on bluffy uplands. A few specimens of L. gibbosa were also seen. Life History.—The life history of the white grubs as at present understood was given in my Seventh Report*, published in 1894, and no additional particulars of importance were obtained by the obser- vations made in 1895. For the convenience of readers of this article, however, the statements in the report above referred to may here be summarized. These insects hatch most commonly in grass lands (although fre- quently also in corn) from eggs laid there by various kinds of beetles, all commonly confused under the general name of “June beetles” or “May beetles” or “dor-bugs.” These large, thick, short, snuff-brown beetles, a half inch to more than three fourths of an inch in length, nearly as thick from above downwards as they are wide, and about half as wide as long, are universally known because of their great abundance in May and June, during which months they fly at night, filling the air at dusk with their hoarse buzzing, and often invading lighted rooms in our houses, where they bump and bumble about, as awkward as frolicking cart horses. In this stage the insects are but short-lived, the males dying soon after the sexes pair, and the females living but a few days ‘after they have laid their eggs in the ground. The young grubs, hatching among the roots of grass or grass-like plants, commence to feed at once, and live in the earth in the larval stage for at least two years (so far as known), most of them chang- ing to the dormant pupa from the middle of June to September of the second or third year after hatching, and becoming fully de- veloped “June beetles” again, still in the earth, in August or in September of this same year. These beetles do not. as a rule, emerge from their earthen cells until the following spring, but spend the winter at rest, each in the underground cavity made originally by the grub while preparing to pupate. In May and June they come out and pair and lay their eggs as already related. *Pages 109 and 115 to 122. » ——7) jb A single species (Cyelucephala immaculata) has a slightly different life history, the grub not pupating until spring, The time and place of hibernation of the grubs have their special economic interest, since while in their usual winter quarters these insects are far beyond the reach of any agricultural operations. Ac- cording to our most recent and general observations they begin to retreat from the surface in September, going gradually deeper with the advancement of the season, most of them being much below their usual feeding places before the advent of December. They bury themselves from a foot to a foot and a half,—and sometimes possibly deeper,—remain here during the winter months, and come up from their winter quarters in March and April, the time of their movement varying. Prevention and Remedy.—The simplest and most immediate measure for the prevention of injury by the white grubs is the pas- turing of infested sod with pigs, a fact not by any means new, but substantiated abundaatly by the observations of assistants and the statements of correspondents in the Christian county district. In badly infested fields herds of swine will fairly gorge themselves with grubs. One correspondent describes a field of blue grass and red top, divided by a fence for about three years preceding, on one side of which it had been pastured by hogs and cattle and on the other by sheep No damage at all was done to the grass of the former plot, but upon the latter the pasture became worthless at harvest time, and about half the grass died, destroyed by immense numbers of grubs working about an inch below the surface. Chickens were also very active in destroying these insects, especially in small grassy lots near town. It is clearly evident from the foregoing account that long continu- ance of the ground in grass is an invitation to agricultural injuries by the white grubs both to the sod and to the succeeding crops, whatever these may be. Especially is this true in woodland regions, where the beetles find an abundant food in the leaves of the trees, and the grubs an equally favorable supply in the adjacent sod. No natural or agricultural arrangement could be found or devised more favorable to the maintenance of these insects, and it is not at all sur- prising, consequently, that they should now and then reach the limit of possible destructiveness when such conditions are present. We see further from the foregoing discussion that small grains in rota- tion are a better protection against subsequent white grub injury than is corn, since the eggs of the June beetles are most likely to be laid in grass, next in corn, and less likely on the whole in any of the small grains. The Christian county observations strongly emphasize my recom- mendations, previously made,* of the general use of clover in the crop rotation as a substitute for grass in regions liable to injury by grubs. For a fuller discussion of preventive and remedial agencies the reader is referred to pages 127 to 132 of my Seventh Report (eight- eenth of the series). *Pighteenth Rep. State Ent. LI1., p. 128. ai) “MIDSUMMER MEASURES AGAINST THE CHINCH-BUG. Well-considered and successful artificial measures for the destruc- tion of injurious insects are most commonly based upon an exact knowledge of the life history and habits of the insects themselves. The case is rare indeed in which such knowledge does not reveal a weak point during the course of the year which puts the insect enemy more or less completely at our mercy. Such a weak point in the history of the chinch-bug is its preference in spring for growing wheat, rye, and barley as food plants, and the consequent concentra- tion, more or less complete, of the new generation in such fields of grain at harvest time. Few of the bugs having by this time devel- oped wings, the mass of them are unable to fly, and are compelled, with the ripening of the grain, to leave the fields in which they were bred, traveling on foot in search of food elsewhere, and making their way most commonly into oats or corn adjacent. These facts long ago suggested to farmers what indeed is the oldest of all methods ee attack upon the chinch-bug—the making of dusty furrows, impas- sable by small insects on oe around the infested field of wheat, rye, or barley, or at least between such fields and threatened fields of corn beside them. The common method has always been essen- tially the same as one often used against the army worm—the mak- ing of a shallow ditch or furrow in the dusty earth by dragging back and forth a log through the plowed ground, continuing this pro- cedure to arrest and destroy the bugs as they seek to escape from the small grain. They are commonly killed in such furrows by exposure to the heat and aaa or are mechanically crushed by the log, and, at any rate, are prevented from entering the field, because they are unable to climb the dusty slopes of the furrow into which they have fallen. This method requires, however, the constant service of a man and horse, and it is rendered useless by even so much as a gentle shower of rain, which, by packing the dusty surface, permits the bugs to cross the furrow freely. A modification of this method, in which the dusty furrow is re- placed by coal-tar poured in a slender line along the ground or smeared upon fence boards set upon edge, was introduced many years ago, first in McLean county, in this State,* so far as I have been able to learn. In this method the bugs are trapped by digging beste holes at intervals along the belt of coal-tar, into which they fall a * See Second Report of Dr. LeBaron as State Entomologist of Illinois, pp. 146 and 147. 36 they move up and down the line in search of passageway, and where they may be readily killed. This method is a somewhat expensive one, however, since the coal-tar, exposed to the heat of the sun, dries out rapidly, and in bright weather must be renewed two or three times a day. Another measure of defense is based upon experiments made by myself in 1882,* which demonstrated the extreme susceptibility of the chinch-bug to destruction by dilute kerosene-emulsion, a very simple: mechanical mixture of kerosene and soap suds containing from three to five per cent. of the former, by which the bugs may be very readily killed, as they concentrate upon the outer rows of corn in fields which they are entering on foot. This kerosene-emulsion method also is expensive of both labor and time, especially if depended on alone, since the insecticide must be applied again and again, as the corn becomes repeatedly covered by the invading host, and the outer rows will, after all, commonly be sacrificed to the bugs even if promptly and thoroughly treated. A combination of these methods described in full and earnestly commended in my last entomological report, that for 1893 and 1894,+ gives, in my judgment, the most successful defence against the chinch-bug which has yet been devised. It must be understood, however, that the most thoroughgoing possible application of this combination method by only one here and there in an infested re- gion, will protect a field from invasion only temporarily. If the in- sects are allowed to escape from other fields without interference they will presently acquire wings and scatter everywhere. infesting from that time forward all fields indiscriminately. It is only on condition that the bugs are generally arrested and destroved as they attempt to escape from fields of small grain that the full and permanent bene- fit of this method will be gained. The recommendations in the above report were based on experi- ments made by myself and my assistants on the Agricultural Expori- ment Station Farm at the University of Illinois in July, 1894, as described in full in the article in my entomological report just men- tioned. In an address to the Illinois Farmer’s Institute, delivered Springfield, January 8, 1896,f this description and recommendation were repeated with some elaboration, and further supported there by a brief account of some field experiments made under my direction in Effingham county. Illinois, by an assistant of this office in June, 1895. Some parts of this method were also used with great success by a considerable number of farmers near Georgetown, in Vermilion county, Illinois, late in June, 1896, as described in the weekly “Dan- ville News” for July 2 of that year. Similar and equally successful work was done in Kansas in 1896 by an interesting modification of this trap and barrier method.§ * Twelfth Rep. State Ent. I11]., pp. 59-68. + Pages 1-15. { Rep. Ill. Farmers’ Inst., 1896, pp. 108-110. 2 5th Ann. Rep. Dir. Exper. Station, Univ. Kansas, pp. 45-47. The great importance of making widely known to farmers the as- certained facts concerning the utility of this most valuable and re- liable of all known measures of contest with the chinch-bug, and of substantiating the statements concerning it by detailed accounts of practical experiments, will justify still further discussion of it in the light of our latest experience. My experiments in 1894, although made in the field, were on too small a scale to afford convincing evidence to all of the usefulness of this method as applied on the scale of ordinary farming operations. To find opportunities for a more extensive procedure it was necessary to go some distance from Urbana, since the amount of chinch-bug injury there was insufficient to permit a convincing test of measures for their destruction. On this account an Assistant of the office, Mr. W. G. Johnson, was sent in July, 1895, to Effingham county, Illinois, with instructions to select one of the worst infested fields of wheat in that badly infested region, and to carry on a continuous and ener- getic contest with the chinch- bug around the borders of this field by the trap and barrier method and by the use of kerosene emulsion to destroy such of the chinch-bugs as might escape to adjoining fields of corn. The barriers used were to be the dusty furrow, with post-holes dug at intervals as traps, and a coal-tar strip, similarly reinforced with post-holes. After considerable search in the vicinity of Edgewood, a field was chosen June 4 which answered the conditions ‘admirably, and ar- rangements were made for a commencement of operations. phthora. Tasgceiter part aliveant app ireatly healthy. ° Experim2nt in g»1 con lition anl peoperly managed. Spread of this infection evidently slow and slight. 13 July 15. No rain since July 4 except slight shower this forenoon. Thousands of dead bugs covered with weathered Sporotrichum in field of oats previously observed, especially where pupze had col- lected for molting, but very few cases of fresh parasites found. Entomophthora outbreak also disappearing. Bugs more abundant than July 7, but very few young. Many freshly molted adults and many adults in copula. Eggs scarce. Quantity collected for labo- ratory experimentation. July 16. Three hundred of the above placed in observation box. July 17. Thirty-five dead removed and placed on damp sand _as usual. July 20, four profusely covered with Sporotrichum. No Entomophthora exhibited, but many with bacterial decomposition, which was still more general July 23. July 25, discontinued, with no further change. July 18. Number of dead removed not specified. July 19, two covered with Entomophthora and several undergoing bacterial decay. July 20. no Sporotrichum; a considerable amount of bacterial de- composition. Greenish, milky fluid, full of bacteria, escaping from the bloated bodies. In one case this fluid was black. Swollen abdomens greenish or pinkish before breaking down. July 23, no muscardine, but about a third of the specimens putrid. July 25, no change except increased putridity. July 29, no further change; experiment discontinued. July 20. Forty dead removed. One covered with Entomophthora by five o’clock p.m. July 23, four completely covered with Sporo- trichum; many softened bodies full of fluids of decomposition. July 29, no change; experiment discontinued. July 21. Twenty specimens removed. July 23, five covered with Sporotrichum and one with Entomophthora. July 25 and 27, no change. July 22. Twenty dead removed. July 28, one with Entomoph- thora, ten specimens putrid. July 29, no notable change; discon- tinued. _ July 25. Twelve specimens removed. July 27, one covered with Sporotrichum. July 27. Twelve specimens removed. July 29, three covered with =] : y 4 Sporotrichum. July 28. Unknown number removed. July 29, one with Ento- mophthora; others putrid. The general condition of the chinch-bugs in these Mahomet fields, as exhibited by these observations and experiments, is thus summed up by observer Snow: “The bugs must have been-immensely thick in the wheat. They then attacked corn and wheat adjacent, doing the greater part of their damage by June 15. Millions of them died and are now (July 15) to be found sometimes hardly recognizable and broken up and covered with Sporotrichum. Entomophthora no doubt carried away many, as it was found in quantity in the corn July 7. Next, the oats 74 drying up and being harvested, the bugs have been leaving it for the last two weeks and are making a sent invasion of the corn.’ August 8. Fields had been flooded with heavy rains two or. three weeks previously. Adults practically all gone, and very few young to be found. Possibly swept away by floods. Many bodies covered with Sporotrichum found beneath corn stalks and other rubbish. ECONOMIC CONCLUSION. As a general result of these investigations we certainiy have no warrant for asserting that the natural agencies effective in reducing an extraordinary outbreak of the chinch- bug can now be definitely controlled by us for economic ends. So far as ascertained, the final causes of unusual natural destruction mE this insect are meteorologic- al; and until the weather of the season, or even of the year, can be foretold with approximate definiteness and certainty, we cannot fore- cast the course of events with respect to injuries by the chinch-bug. Economic entomology must wait at this point upon meteorology. Whether the fungi of contagious disease can be artificially made use. of to hasten or intensify the serviceable effects of favorable weather, with a frequency or to an extent to make this procedure economically worth while, [am not yet prepared to say. The methods of dis- tributing these fungi in the field have hitherto been too crude to make their substantial failure conclusive as to the whole subject. It now seems quite clear that they can at best be used only as secondary to other measures, especially the midsummer measures described in the third article of this report. If applicable at all, however, they can be brought to bear at a point now entirely defenceless; and it seems the duty of the American economic ent:molo- gist to spare no pains to investigate to a final and indisputable conclu- sion anything which promisesso much as a remote possibility that the chinch-bug may be attacked even to occasional advantage after it has settled itself in fields of small grain. THE SPONTANEOUS OCCURRENCE OF WHITE MUS- CARDINE AMONG CHINCH-BUGS IN 1895. The fact that the fungi of disease become locally much more ap- parent among chinch- bugs after some years of excess in numbers ot the insects themselves has already been repeatedly mentioned. The receipt in 1895 of large numbers of packages of living bugs, sent to the office with the expectation that they would be e exposed by us to the contagion of disease and returned to the senders for use as an in- fection material, gave mea favorable opportunity to ascertain the condition of the-insects sent with reference to the presence of disease among them when received. The first lot of the season arrived May & from Highland, Madison county. They were sent ina tin box with wheat for food. Several hundred were dead when received, but none showed traces of an external fungus growth. All were placed ina contagion box of the usual construction, and a very profuse growth of Spor otrichum globuliferum appeared on their bodies three days later—an interval so short for the full development of this fungous as to make it practically certain that they were infected when received. Thereafter all such lots were placed, immediately on their receipt: in Mason fruit-jars, each with a little moist sand in the bottom, and were kept there with the screw cap of the jar tightly closed upon the rubber ring, a management which effectually prevented all infection from without unless during the brief interval of the transfer from the package in which the bugs arrived to the fruit-jar in which they were kept. The normal rate of growth and development of the white muscardine fungus on dead bugs i is such that I think it practically certain that these were infected “when received if the fungus appeared among them conspicuously within less than three days after their enclosure in the jar. If such appearance occurred later than three days, it seems possible, although in most cases scarcely probable, that they had become infected after arrival. The second lot of the season, received from Sangamon county, wa placed on damp sand May 14, and two days later one bug was eed and covered with Sporotrichum globuliferum. In three days more two others were in like condition. Another lot, from Hamilton county in Southern Illinois, arriving May 17, was without traces of Sporotrichum five days thereafter. In ten days, however, a great many were dead and several dozens were: well covered with the fungus of white muscardine. 76 May 29, a lot of bugs received from Pleasant Hill, Pike county, ‘was placed on damp earth with wheat for food, a great part of them, however, being dead on arrival. The next day, May 30, many of them were covered with a dense growth of Sporotrichum globulif- erum. ‘They were returned to the sender the same day. May 31, a lot received from Christian county and placed on damp earth. Seems not to have been examined until June 3, when many were found completely enveloped in a growth of Sporotrichum. From June 7 to June 15, six lots were thus tested, received from Montgomery, Shelby, Greene, Macoupin, Randolph, and Clinton counties, all south of the center of the State and well distributed across it from east to west. In four lots, from Greene. Macoupin, Clinton, and Shelby counties respectively, the fungus appeared on the second day after their receipt; and in one from Randolph county on the first day. In all these cases the bugs were dead when they arrived. The remaining lot was not examined for six days after be- ing enclosed, at which time the iaterior of the box containing them was thickly covered with dead, about half of which were imbedded in the white, fruiting fungus. On the 17th of June seven lots, received from six different coun- ties, were tested by the fruit-jar method. Two of these lots—from Moultrie and Franklin counties respectively—showed the presence of white muscardine within two days; a third, from Moultrie county, within three; and two, from Wayne and Jackson counties, within four days after receipt. A lot from Macon county and another from DuPage in Northern Illinois gave no sign of muscardine after ten days or more. Nine lots were tested on the following day from as many different counties, of which Saline, in Southern Illinois, was the farthest south; Edgar, on the Indiana boundary, the farthest east; Calhoun, at the mouth of the Illinois River, the farthest west; and Warren the farthest north. In the Edgar-county lot one bug showed the muscardine fungus on the following day; in that from Cumberland county, two specimens exhibited it within two days; and in that from Macon county it appeared within three. Fungus-covered bugs were abundant in the Warren county lot six days after receipt, and a single one was seen in the Saline county lot at the same time. Four of these nine collections showed no Sporotrichum within from six to ten days after receipt. Results continued about as above to June 27, as shown by obser- vations made on twenty-eight lots received between June 19 and that date. Of these but nine failed to develop Sporotrichum at any time. In twocases this fungus appeared within aday; in five, within two days; and in seven, within three, the intervals in the remaining cases ranging from four to nine days. During the three remaining days of June, however, ten lots out of sixteen received yielded no muscardine, and in the remaining six only two exhibited it within two days. ‘Ten lots tested from July 1 to 18 showed the muscardine in all but two. Four of these came from extreme Northern Illinois —Will, DuPage and McHenry counties. In the DuPage county lot 77 the fungi appeared within two days, in the Will county lot within three, and in the McHenry county specimens within four days. Eighty-two lots of chinch-bugs in al! were thus tested for the pres- ence of Sporotrichum. These came in from fifty-two counties of the one hundred and two in the State, only four of them from Northern, and eighteen from Southern, Illinois. Twenty-seven of these lots, or very nearly thirty-three per cent., yielded no evidence of the presence of muscardine; but in twenty-five cases, vr about thirty per cent:, the fungus of this disease appeared within one or two days after the ar- rival of the specimens. If we assume—as I think from my experi- ence with this fungus that we safely may—that the bugs which gave evidence of its presence within three days had brought the infection with them, then the total number of these lots was thirty-eight, or approximately forty-six per cent. of the whole. No especial localization of muscardine was apparent in any part of the State, but it seemed to be generally distributed, The bugs col- lected were of course ordinarily taken from badly infested fields, and the lots received were an insignificant fraction of the number in the field. No special search was ‘made by the collectors of these insects for diseased specimens, but, on the contrary, they were sent to the office for inoculation on the supposition that they were themselves free from disease. We must suppose, consequently, that muscariine was very much more generally present than the results of these test observations would immediately prove, and it seems to me quite probable that it might have been found in all but a very small per- centage of the fields of the State seriously infested by the chinch- buy dining the spring and early summer of 1895. Indeed, I fre- quently advised correspondents who wished to get a supply of bugs infected with muscardine, simply to shut up in a contagion box with a supply of food any considerable number of bugs from their own fields, in the expectation that the fungus would presently appear among them and that they would thus become spontaneously in- fected. To what extent this general occurrence of muscardine in Illinois may have been due to the several thousand lots of fungus-covered bugs sent out from my office to all parts of the State during the two years preceding, it is of course impossible to say; but the extremely dry weather of those years during the time when these distributions were made, very probably prevented in most cases the successful propagation of the fungus in the fields. This certainly was the case in our own experimental work. [am inclined to think, consequently. that the presence of Sporotrichum here reported was a normal and usual fact. not greatly influenced by the distributions of the preced- ine year. Ifis worthy of additional remark that in most lots of specimens in which the muscardine fungus appeared under our observations only a very small percentage of the bugs in the lot were affected by it— often only one or two out of many hunilre ls. This would in licate either a comparatively scanty distribution of the fungus in the fields or an unequal susceptibility of the chinch-bugs to its attack. 78 In nearly every case by far the greater number of bugs received were dead when they came in, having died, of course, in transit, and being consequently quite fres h upon | their. arrival. The failure of the fungus to spread among these dead bugs after ‘its appearance in our fruit-jars shows that dead insects do not furnish a suitable sub- stratum for its growth except when recently dead. Indeed, we have not at present any evidence that this fungus will grow on a chinch- bug which has died from natural causes other ‘than drowning, or similar sudden accidents which leave the tissues of the insect in ‘sub- stantially normal condition. Certainly if sufficient time elapses between death and infection for bacterial disorganization, the muscardine fungus cannot make a start; and when we remember that every chinch- bug has in the cceca of its alimentary canal an im- mense store of living bacteria, we see that the interval of freedom from post-mortem dec ‘omposition must be very brief. In short, not- withstanding our experimental determination of the susceptibility of the freshly killed chinch-bug to invasion by Sporotrichum, I do not think it probable that insects found dead in the field and imbedded in this fungus have very frequently been infected after death. ci “MISCELLANEOUS CHINCH-BUG EXPERIMENTS. IT have next to report a considerable number of miscellaneous ex- periments on chinch-bugs carried on from my office in the year 1895, the object of which was either to verify earlier experiments or to settle new points in the economy of these insects. Some of these experiments related to the vitality of the hibernating ceneration of the chinch-bug as compared with the midsummer gen- eration, with especial reference to the possibility of introducing con- tagious disease among this hibernating generation while concentrated in their winter quarters, just before the spring dispersal. I thought it possible that the much longer life of this generation and its ex- posure to the vicissitudes of hibernation might so reduce its vigor as to make it more Jiable than the generation next to follow to injury by rains and drouth and by the attack of its muscardine parasites. The results of the experiments give, however, no support to this hypoth- esis. On the contrary, hibernating chinch-bugs immersed contin- uously in water, confined in a saturated atmosphere, or exposed to death by drouth or by starvation, showed powers of resistance prac- tically equal to those of the midsummer generation, as these had been determined by my experiments of previous years Attempts to introduce the contagious disease ae as white mus- cardine among hibernating chinch-bugs completely failed so far as could beseen, owing primarily tothe fact, learned in the course of these experiments, that the fungus of this disease would neither germinate nor grow in the hibernating quarters of the chinch-bug until the weather had warmed sufficiently to lead the bugs to abandon them for the fields of growing grain. The beginning of growth of the muscardine fungus at outdoor temperatures in jars placed on the ground was, in fact quite simultaneous with the spring dispersal of the bug. It is possible, of course, that the muscardine infection was conveyed to the field by these scattering bugs, to take effect there ater: but I have no definite evidence to that effect. Another series of experiments was intended to test the possibility ot the destruction of chinch-bugs under natural conditions in the fields by extreme midsummer heat. Here, also, the results were mainly negative. It wasfound by laboratory experimentation that a moist heat of 117° applied continuously for tw enty hours, of 119° for six hours, and of 120° to 122° for two hours was fatal to chinch-bugs; 80 and that the effect of the same temperatures in dry air was not very materially different. Careful observations of temperatures in all out- door situations where chinch-bugs are likely to harbor in the hottest midsummer days, gave no such fatal temperatures. It seemed possible, however, that chinch-bugs’ eggs might be destroyed by mid- summer heat, even when concealed by ‘clods of earth of considerable size. Experiments with the eggs of these insects show that they will hatch without loss if kept continuously submerged in water from the time that they were laid, but that the young hatching under water will almost invariably drown: that eggs may also hatch if kept con- tinuously in a saturated atmosphere, but that a large percentage may fail under these conditions and that the freshly hatched young may drown; and that kept continuously in very dry air the eggs may fail to hatch almost entirely, large numbers of the young not succeeding in freeing themselves fully from the shell. Drouth of this degree, how- ever, is probably never experienced in the field. Contrary to an earlier conclusion it was proven that eggs of chineh- bugs are but little susceptible to infection by the muscardine fungi, Sporotrichum being, however, more effective than Entomophthora. This latter fungus was shown to spread among bugs in confinement slowly and imperfectly, less actively indeed than Sporotrichum. A field experiment confirmed again the already frequently repeated conclusion that hot and dry weather prevents the spread of white muscardine in the field, but showed also that the fungus of this dis- ease manages to persist, inasmall way, here and there, under general conditions extremely unfavorably to it. An instructive series of laboratory experiments showed that the fungus of white muscardine can be grown very readily upon the dead bodies of chinch-bugs freshly killed if these are well infected immediately after death and kept under conditions of temperature and moisture favorable to the growth of the fungus. This is a point of some practical interest, since it suggests a possibility that chinch- bugs found dead in the tield and covered with the fungus of mus- eardine may not always have been killed by it, but may have grown it as a consequence of pos/-mortem infection. It is also clearly shown by these experiments that chinch-bugs can- not be killed in early spring in their winter quarters by burning over a grassy turf in which they have sought shelter for hibernation. The burial of chinch-bugs’ eggs by plowing and rolling was imitated by a laboratory experiment with the effect to prevent the hatching of from one fifth to one fourth of them when buried to a depth of two to four inches. It is also shown that salt applied to soil and mixed with it to the amount ef twenty per cent. paoluced no effect apon the hatching of chinch-bugs’ eggs distributed through the earth. Ba periments on Comparative Vitality of Hibernating Chineh- bugs.—On page 187 of my Eighth Report it is shown that ‘adult chinch-bugs of the midsummer generation may live floating upon : 81 the surface of water from seven to fifteen days, with an average of about thirteen. To determine whether the hibernating generation might be more readily affected by moisture after prolonged exposure to the winter, a similar experiment was tried, beginning March 31, 1896, with small lots of chinch-bugs carefully placed upon the sur- face of water in glasses and covered with fine Swiss muslin. These hibernating adults, brought in from the field at the time, lived from three to twenty-one days, being an average of a little over twelve days—a result so similar to that of the preceding year that it seems likely that there is little difference between the capacity of the two generations of this insect to withstand the effect of continued moist- ure. On the other hand, an equal number of specimens, similarly placed except that the dishes containing them were covered with glass plates so as to keep the atmosphere thoroughly saturated throughout, lived on an average only eight and two-third days. 10. Confinement of Hibernating Chinch-bugs.—The vitality of this generation was still further tested by putting eighteen speci- mens in three lots of six each in covered glass dishes over moist earth, this being occasionally moistened to maintain normal con- ditions. In this experiment, begun March 31, the chinch-bugs, kept without food, began to die April 25 and were all dead on the 18th of May, the average length of life under these circumstances being thirty-eight days. Ina similar experiment; begun at the same time, with an equal number of insects, kept under like conditions except that the glass vessels were covered with Swiss muslin and that no water was supplied, the bugs began to die in four days and were all dead in eight, the average being between five and six days. Where the glass was empty, the conditions being otherwise the same, deaths began in two days and all the bugs were dead in four, the average period of survival being between two and three days. In these last two experiments death was evidently caused by drouth, and in the first one by starvation. These results are fairly similar to those of like experiments with the midsummer generation reported on pages 187 and 188 of my previous report, and afford additional evidence that the hibernating generation is not noticeably weakened by its exposure to winter conditions. A comparison of these results with those reported under experi- ment No.6, on page 185 of my Eighth Report, would seem to indicate about an equal power of resistance to continuous submersion on the part of chinch-bugs of this hibernating generation collected in fall and those collected in spring. ‘ Experiment No. 5, on the other hand, described on page 184, shows that the freshly molted adults are more delicate than hardened adults. Immersion of Hibernating Chinch-bugs.—From a_ series of twenty-one experiments made to determine the capacity of the hiber- nating generation to sustain continuous immersion in water, we learn that complete submersion in rain water at a temperature of 70° Fah. was sustained without loss of life for periods varying from —h 82 twenty-one to twenty-eight hours;-that bugs began to die after thirty-one hours of submersion; and that all or nearly all were killed by fifty-eight to sixty hours’ continuance of this treatment. One out of thirty-six survived seventy hours’ immersion, however; two out of thirty were living after seventy-two hours; and one out of thirty-six could still move its legs after ninety-nine hours. Attempts to infect Chinch-bugs with Muscardine in their Winter Wuarters.—First experiment. Pieces of corn-meal culture medium upon which Sporotrichum globuliferum had been grown were placed April 3, 1895, in bunchesof orchard grass upon the Experiment Station farmamong hibernating chinch-bugs. The ground at the time was very damp, snow and heavy 1 rain having occurred during the two preced- ing days. The temperature at thie surface of the ground was 52° Fahr. at 1:30 p.m. April 5, temperature at 2 p.m. was 72° Fahr. Culture material dry and abundant in stools of grass where it was placed. Many live chinch-bugs, but none dead and no signs of -in- fection. April 10, temperature of surface at 1:30 p. m. 68° Fahr., ground very wet from heavy rains just preceding, and infection ma- terial all washed away. An abundance of live chinch-bugs but no dead ones. April 12, the afternoon temperature of the surface was 72° Fahr.; April 15, 54°; April 17, at 3:30 p. m., 59°; . April 18, at 1:30 p. m., 68°; April 20, at 10:45 a. m., 72°. At this time the bugs were abundant and in good condition, and there was no trace of dis- ease among them. A few were beginning to fly. April 23, at 2 p.m., surface temperature of ground 68.5°. Bugs less abundant than before, abandoning their winter quarters. No dead. April 24, sur- face temperature at 2 p. m., 74° Fahr. Remains of original infection material evident, but no fresh growth from it and no dead insects. Living chinch-bugs have all disappeared, having abandoned their winter quarters for the season. April 17. Second experiment. It was the primary purpose of this experiment to ascertain whether the conditions obtaining in the winter quarters of the chinch-bugs are such as to permit the growth and fructification of the fungus of white muscardine. For this pur- pose a test-tube of agar-agar and a fruit-jar of corn meal and beef broth were profusely inoculated with spores from a lepidop- terous larva which was completely enveloped ina fruiting growth of Sporotrichum globuliferum. Other larve in the same condition were broken up in fine dirt which was then distributed among chinch- bugs on a selected spot of orchard grass on the Experiment Station farm, where chinch-bugs were present in great numbers. ‘The agar- agar and the corn-meal cultures were placed on the ground in the midst of the grass so treated, each being covered with broken tile. The surface temperature of the ground at 3:30 p. m. was 59° Fahr. April 18, surface temperature at 1:30 p. m. was 68°; April 19, 2 p. m., surface temperature under grass 70°; April 20, 10: 45 a. m., sur- face temperature 72°. Questionable fungous growth beginning on corn-meal culture; none on agar. April 22, 2 p. m., surface temper- ature 67°; bugs abundant in grass, but no traces of fungus among 83 them. Ground rather damp from rains within last twenty-four hours. April 23, 2 p. m., surface temperature of ground 68.5° Fahr. Slight development of impure fungus growth on corn-meal—some of it apparently Sporotrichum; none on agar. No dead chinch- bugs; living beginning to desert their winter quarters. April 24, surface temperature 74° at 2:30 p. m.; ground rather dry. Neither living or dead chinch-bugs in the erase. Traces of original material distributed have all disappeared. Agar culture without growth. April 25, surface temperature at 3 p.m. 72°. Growth on corn-meal medium more abundant on under side of mass, where it has shrunken away from glass; this part unquestionably Sporotrichum. Beginning growth of Sporotrichum in agar tube. A few remaining chinch- bugs found in grass, but no dead and no trace of fungous disease. April 29, surface temperature 71° at 2:30 p.m. Very good growth of Sporotrichum on surface of agar and well-marked in fruit-jars. By May 6 the corn-meal culture of this muscardine fungus was pro- fuse and covered the entire surface; but that on agar was less abundant. Temperature Haperiments on Chinch-bugs.—For the purpose of determining the capacity of the chinch-bug to endure heat, a large number of experiments were tried in my laboratory with chinch-bugs of various ages exposed to temperatures ranging from 100° to 139° Fahr., for periods varying from half an hour to thirty-six hours, under conditions to compare the effects of dry and moist heat respectively at the various temperatures tested. The apparatus used for’ this pur- pose was an ordinary bacteriological sterilizer (Arnold Steam Steril- izer) with an automatic temperature regulator. The insects ex- posed were commonly placed in glass Petri dishes, with paper in the bottom,—either moist or dry,—or, in some cases, in moist earth. In experiments to determine the effect of moist heat a portion of a green corn leaf was commonly enclosed with the insects as food. The particulars and results of these experiments are best exhibited in tabular form, 84 | | BS 3 ee | S| 8 |< mB S | =e es | ae | a : Date. | = Stage. | Air. | 98 | | Results mete) | @ | ee ee tae) ils li - Oo | : S oO a Ne ie Steg Ke if Ss “Aor! Kars Teste nae (epee | 1 WAOeSt moles sats cheeses Moist..| 122 | 1. |All dead 2 Sia aimalt 2e Secon ace me 122 Lal Sire 3 24/1st and 2d molts......| ‘‘ 100-110/1419| Uninjured. 4 Henn Ot v, ie | 139 19| All dead. 5 | 28|/All stages ........ Ballec is | 114 24 |Uninjured. 6 Sb lia 36 ANE 110 (ye el se 7 SB iXsi Ay ie 4 aliecisroeereic Bed eggs 112-114/13 | 34 8 1 be ae era pee se | 114-126] 4 |3 adults dead; others living. 9 24\1ist and 2d molts...... he | 180-133} 49/16 dead. 10 24) ae brn cis, oe | 184-189] 149) All dead. ‘Li 48} ‘* RAN cigs ite i. ae 122 7 |Alive when removed: dead 1 | | hour later. TP) oe aeanee Wes Ni a Da RRB Oee Dry:...| 122° 9 |W Aliidead: 13) eeeeeO poses! aatstamolticnscnc ees. occ Moist..| 125 | 3%4|7 alive; 5 dead. 14 eee 2O.cce 12|\2dimolteessarcecaecse ie 125 | 3534/6 alive; 6 dead. ites eeuaer cena 24l1st and 2d molts...... Dry +. | 7125 3%4| All dead. AG lee ee tae ene ee Se Renee Moist..| 129-187) 2 st Tete play Uiciaiors cre | 24) ay Oe Geena Dry ...| 129-187] 2 es TfcHi | Ne ey ie ee 30; ‘* oo eee Moist..| 1385 | Jo\All alive. i) eee ronaee piz80 aes 2. RRA AS SE [Dry ...} 135 12) All dead. Ot PAT seas 30 ions 2 Meret Moist..} 135 2 Se D1 ae ra Ole nes ABMS GNOMES A oc et elo a ss Dry ...| 125-128} 19/11 dead; 4 barely alive. 7S IR re | 512d molt..............-.| °° «..| 125-128] 49]12 dead; 3 barely alive. 7S BP (eed oc AD UStMOlt secre oie Moist..| 134 19) All alive. Pow ieee (oan AG AA TNVOL Giro ccaye crete srerssat-= <1 [eae | 134 | 19/18 alive: 2 dead. QDI eam ceicn nate c 30/ist and 2d molts...... IDry ...| 134 | Jo) All dead. PA NS es Oe 40| ‘* 45 eee Moist..| 120-182) 49/All alive. QT het 28: ae es A0\hae: apt ease \Dry ...| 120-182) 49/All dead. OS Eee 2S aiect 0 AQ) ass We i saccee |Moist..| 125 | 1 |A}l alive. DO Re OS CS. 5 | 4017 02° Oe adr Dry ...| 125 1:44) eC END Po goer te eens | 40) re oe Ge eee Moist..| 124-130) 1 ia Si Gee et Beer 40) re te UM pre |Dry ...| 124-180) 1 |All dead. gee SF DON 7h 40] ‘* Cy Chaser |Moist..| 115 | 4 |Allalive. 68) rants! Bae 40} ** eee DN bax. ore Dry, =| at5 ae a eee Be Baler OO -c. nee | 50) oid MEL ors css Sees <20 | 3 |All dead. cls ie dip Geese: PRO VAN) stages ess. 2.....0'si oS 120-122) 312/45 dead; 5 nearly dead. SON ps (BD ii:. 20s, c16 | 50) * wesseeeeeees|/MOist..| 120-123} 2 |45 dead; 5 alive. 271 Saas | ee | 50} PNT ie tare eee ee | 120-123) 219/41 dead; 9 living. Bio|) eames || eee | 50) 2 a SEE es ae Ee Dry 128 2 |All dead. OC ee Ff Rn ae ce a eee Rees MO et 805 2. 3:2 115, OO TEA L Lonaennce nee aero) 12: | 3 |89 dead; only 4 active. A'Sept. 2...... | 100) ROM ge te ctecieohren| Moist..| 113 49 |All alive. (RI SO 100) Sy Se Aen) rd 116.6 (20 |All dead. CBI i ae 100) a ee ee IDry «..| 116.6 20 | a MS... | 100|" icc iges tee | MOISt ca 1eeee ora ie TEAS a. - | SOG] Sree. Gin cree ae ace cee Dry ...| 118.4 | 6 in | Bae ey en , 100. ONE G So cec unions |Moist..| 120.2 | 1 |All alive. Mike) Ass Soc | 100! eRe MOS ore Cio, Sistine Dry..<.|°120.2 2 + NOTES ON THE TABLE. No. 1. These specimens were divided into four lots and put into small covered tin pill-boxes lined with moist blotting paper, with a piece of green corn leaf in each. The blotting paper was moist at the end of the experiment, showing that the air had been completely saturated. No. 5. Most of the specimens were feeding on the enclosed corn leaf at the termination of the experiment. No. 8. The temperature was gradually raised during this experi- ment from 114° to 126°. The fact that the adults began to succumb to the heat before the young, suggests that they were spent insects, since in the field the young are much more sensitive to heat than the old. _ 85 No. 9. The eight remaining alive just able to crawl. Three of them died afterwards. No. 36. One of those living was an adult, three were pupz, and one was of the second molt. 37. The living were adults, pups, and bugs of the second molt. The data of the foregoing tables are not everywhere self-consistent, the results of some experiments being out of agreement with those of other experiments professedly identical, but these minor inconsisten- cies are not uncommon in biological experimentation, and are some- times unavoidable. In our case they are probably usually due to the different history and previous treatment of lots of specimens used in the experiments. With the exception of Nos. 1 and 2 the specimens were placed in small covered tin pill-boxes of one-eighth ounce capacity, instead of being enclosed, as in all the other experiments, in glass Petri dishes three inches in diameter and an inch in depth. The difference in result due to this difference in management is shown by a comparison of Experiments Nos. 2 and 9, in the first of which half an hour’s exposure to a moist heat of 122° killed all the specimens, while in the second an equal exposure to a temperature of 130° to 133° was fatal to only two thirds of those subjected to it. Nos. 1 and 2, for this reason. should be rejected. The lowest temperature recorded by which chinch-bugs may be killed in moist air is 116.6°, and in this case all died on twenty hours’ exposure (No. 42). A temperature of 118.4° of moist heat was completely fatal after six hours’ exposure, and the greater part of those subjected to a temperature varying from 120° to 123° died after two hours’ exposure (No. 36). On the other hand, none were killed by one hour’s endurance of 120.2°; about twenty-five per cent. were able to endure from 130° to 133° for at least half an hour (No. 9); and about twenty per cent. survived after two and a half hours’ exposure to a temperature of 120° to 123°. The lowest temperature and the shortest periods found completely fatal in dry air are 116.6° for twenty hours, 118.4° for six hours, 120° for three hours, 125° for one hour, and 120° to 182° for half an hour. A comparison of these conclusions with data already published, based on field observations (see my Eighth Report, p. 10), leaves an. unexplained discrepancy. In Experiment No.3, there reported, chinch- bugs began to die in the open field when exposed to the sun when the surface dirt had reached a temperature of 108°, and in twenty minutes at 122° of surface temperature most of those exposed to it were dead (see page9, Report cited). A similar observation is re- corded on page 38 of the present Report, according to which 110° of heat in the surface of layer dust was;found rapidly fatal to young bugs. The greater efficiency of dry heat may be seen by contrasting Ex- periments 11 and 12, 13 and 14 on the one hand with 15 on the other, No. 18 with 19, 26 with 27, 28 with 29, and 30 with 31. Temperature Experiments with Chinch-bugs’ Eggs.—Yo ascer- tain the temperature exposures destructive of the egg of the chinch- ° 86 bug in the field, laboratory experiments with uniform temperatures were conducted on lots of chinch-bugs’ eggs obtained in confinement under conditions such as to insure normal fertilization of the eggs Twenty-five eggs set aside August 12, 1895, without treatment, and kept as a check, all hatched except two which had evidently been injured, hatching beginning August 17 and continuing until August 22. Lots of ten eggs each were placed in small covered tin pill-boxes (of one-eighth ounce capacity) and placed in a sterilizer at uniform temperatures varying from 91.4° Fahr. (83° Cent.) to 186.4° Fahr. (58° Cent.) and exposed for periods varying from two hours to six- teen and a half hours. After these experimental exposures to uni- form dry heat the eggs were placed under conditions most favorable to their hatching and watched from day to day until they either hatched or were evidently spoiled. Of ten lots so treated only three hatched, and of these all hatched with the exception of one specimen in each of two lots, crushed by accident. The temperature exposures thus found to be harmless were fourteen hours’ exposure to 91.4° Fahr., six hours’ exposure to 95°, and seventeen hours’ exposure to 109.4° The minimum exposure found destructive to the chinch-bug egg was two hours at 116.8° Fahr., all the temperatures above this min- imum being of course fatal to the egg. The various lots which finally hatched were neither notably retarded nor, hastened in de- velopment by their treatment. No experiments were made to ascer- tain the effects of high temperatures in moist air upon the chinch- bug egg. Field Temperatures in Hot Midsummer Weather.—Having fre- quently observed during field experimental operations the destruction of chinch-bugs by direct exposure to the heat of the sun in furrows of dry and dusty earth, I directed during the summer of 1895 some observations and experiments intended to determine (1) field tem- peratures during the heat of the summer in situations frequented by chinch-bugs, and (2) the power of resistance of chinch-bugs of va- rious ages to high temperatures, dry and moist.* August 15, 1895, a bright summer day in the midst of a long sea- of heat and drouth, with a maximum temperature for the day of 93°, aminimum of 55°, and a mean of 76°, it was found at 3:30 p. m. that a thermometer four feet above the ground, in the shade, registered 92° Fahr.; in the sun, six feet above the surface, 98°. At this time the temperature of the surface layers of the soil, as tested bya thermometer laid horizontally upon the surface and barely covered with dirt, was 128°. Similarly placed in the shade, the temperature reading was 80°. Under a clod three inches in diameter, exposed to the sun in a corn field, the temperature was 113°; on the surface of the ground in the midst of green vegetation, in the sun, 103°; on the gurface under dead grass, in the sun, 94°; in corn, behind the sheath of a leaf, three and one half feet above the ground, 89°, and two feet *Barlier data on both these points may be found in my last entomological Report, pp. 8-12. 87 above ground, 87°; on the surface, among the brace roots of the corn plant, in the shade, 91°; in corn field, barely buried beneath the surface, in the shade, 89°. On the 27th of August, a fair day but somewhat cloudy, with sun- shine about two thirds of the time, the earth and air somewhat moist from two thirds of an inch of rain which fell the previous day, a similar series of observations gave a maximum temperature reé ading of 95°, a minimum of 68°, and a mean of 80.5°. It was found at 3:30 p. m. that a thermometer four feet above the ground in the shade registered 92° Fahr.; in the sun, under the same conditions, 95° ; and in the sun, six feet above the surface, 98°. At this time the temperature of the surface layers of the soil, as tested by a thermometer laid horizontally upon the surface and barely covered with dirt, was 101°. Similarly placed in the shade, the temperature reading was 86.5°. Under a clod three inches in diameter, exposed to the sun in a corn field, the temperature was 94°; on the surface of the ground in the midst of green vegetation, in the sun, 97°; on the surface, under dead grass, 88°; in corn, behind the sheath of a leaf, three and a half feet above ground, in shade, 90°, two feet above ground. $9.5”; on the surface, among the brace roots of the corn plant, in the shade, 91°; in corn field, barely buried beneath the surface, in the shade, 89° The second of these days, it will be noticed, was the warmer, the mean temperature exceeding that of the first by 4.5°, the maximum by 2°, and the minimum by 13°. The air temperature at 3:30 p m. was, however, the same for both days in both sun and shade, but the soil temperatures in the sun were much lower on the second and warmer day; a fact doubtless to be accounted for by the rapid evap- oration in progress after the somewhat recent rain. A comparison of these temperature records with those of the tem- perature experiments with chinch-bugs just reported shows that on August 27, a day of moist heat, the chinch- bug was nowhere exposed to a temperature sufficient to endanger its lite, the highest reading in the field lacking several degrees of the heat found tO be fatal to that insect; and that on a dry, hot day, August 13, the only place where the heat was sufficient to kill the chinch- bug was the bare sur- face of the earth in the unobstructed sunlight. The heat under a large clod in the open sunlight lacked but little, however, of a tem- per rature high enough to kill the bug itself on six hours’ exposure, and was probably quite sufficient to cook some, at least, of the eggs in two hours. It is quite likely, however, that the escaping moisture of the earth in such a situation would raise the fatal temperature point so far that no loss of either eggs or bugs would occur. The chinch-bug is prompt to shelter itself from the sun in hot weather, and we cannot infer from these observations any probability that it suffers at any time or in any stage a considerable loss from midsum- mer heat in the field if left free to protect itself according to its in- stincts. Effect of Immersion in Water on Hatching of Chinch-bugs’ Kqqs. —August 6, 7, and 10, 1895, twenty-seven lots of recently hatched chinch-bugs’ eggs, d dozen in each lot, were immersed in glass dishes 88 of water, the temperature of which varied from 64.4° to 78.8° Fahr., and kept immersed for periods varying from three hours to sixteen and a fourth days. An additional lot of a dozen was placed on blot- ting paper on damp earth in asimilar vessel asa check. The periods of exposure and the number hatching out of each lot are as fol- lows {| Time of ex- No. | Time of ex- No. Time of ex- No. posure. hatching. |, posure. hatching. posure. hatching. \| Wess ETS yf 3 hours Sh cAieieeee set 11 | 6 hours He aka ny aetelets 8 QunOUTS yas cen cone 10 Toe eM a Pr eee 11 154 Sh ore eee 9 1Seee 10 21 oe en peo eae 11 24 RUAN act Stee ee +] 10 30 ea eee 11 33 ae Ce ch a a 10 10 NPL Balen Beers tc Eo 12 ARF of VAR eee es epee 12 12 GU merce as ee ale, a ehos: 9 66) ar sen cere ee 11 9 ALICUAIVIS Ha oases iets 10 HQ SViSr cme rente ar 10 12 lite Pe Basie Sarthe ehalayerters 11 Sikes pb ehay be eee 9 atthe 9 111) ac Ne nl 10 LC eT etek Len ree 10 1644 days ....05.... 12 In the check lot, ten eggs hatched out of the twelve set aside. From the above experiment it follows that submersion in water at usual temperatures does not affect the hatching of chinch-bugs’ eggs, the last lot mentioned having been kept under water during the en- tire period of development, and hatching without the loss of an egg. These results were confirmed by another experiment, begun Au- gust 20, in which two lots each of six recently deposited eggs were placed in small glass dishes, one lot being kept continually immersed in rain water and the other being placed « on damp blotting paper on damp earth and kept barely moist. In both cases all the eggs hatched and at about the same rate, the first young appearing in the experi- mental lot September 4 and in the check lot September 3, the last egg hatching in the experimental lot September 5 and in thecheck Sep- tember 4. The te mperature of the water varied from 71” to 83° Bae All the young emerging from the eggs under water would apparently have drowned if they had not been carefully removed, and two of those rescued did not revive. The young in the check all survived and began to feed. Effect of Moist Atmosphere on Hatching of Chinch-bugs’ Eggs: —May 9a large number of eggs were placed upon blotting paper thoroughly soaked in water ona layer of damp sand in a covered glass dish. and kept under daily observation until June 6. Water was added as required to keep the contained atmosphere saturated, with the exception of a single day (May 26), when the contents of the dish became rather dry. Beginning development of eggs was evident by May 17, a change of color being especially conspicuous at the ends of the eggs. Molds of various sorts began to form upon the paper and to run over the eggs as early as the 18th, but with no apparent effect upon their development. Hatching began May 30, when fragments of wheat leaves were placed in the Petri dish as food for the young and as a means of escape from the supersaturated sand and paper. The bugs began to die at once in small numbers, apparently from drowning, as microscopic examinations of crushed specimens gaye no evidence of bacterial or other fungous infectien, 89 neither was any such growth detected in eggs which showed no evi- dence of development. The notes of these experiments do nct give details as to numbers and proportions, but these were ascertained by removing one hundred and forty eggs from this lot May 22 and keeping them under identical conditions with the remainder. These began to hatch May 29, the air having been continuously saturated from the beginning, and by the 30th forty-seven young had emerged, by the 31st eighty-eight; and by June 1, one hundred and four. One more hatched June 3, and the remaining thirty-five did not hatch at all. A comparison with other lots would indicate that this treatment of the eggs may have had the effect to prevent the hatching of an unusually large proportion, and to drown many of the young as they emerged. Effect of Drouth on Hatching of Chinch-bugs’ Eggs.—One hundred and forty eggs recently laid were placed May 9 on dry blot- ting paper in a small covered glass dish and kept continuously under daily observation until June 6. Forty-three of these eggs hatched, the remainder shrinking and shriveling without hatching. None of the young, however, succeeded in escaping entirely from the egg, but all died with about a third of the body sticking in the shell. Effect of Exposing Chinch-bugs’ Eggs to the Fungus of White Muscardine.—May 9, 1895, a large number of chinch-bugs’ eggs recently hatched were placed on blotting paper in a shallow glass dish with a layer of damp sand in the bottom, and were then well covered with spores of the fungus of white muscardine (Sporotri- chum) from adult chinch-bugs collected May Tin the field. The sand and blotting paper were kept constantly moist and the air in the dish thoroughly saturated, water standing in drops upon the under surface of the cover the greater part of the time. Many of the eggs began to show traces of development by the 20th of May, but a few remained unchanged. The first young bug appeared May 22. It was especially treated with fungus spores placed on its body with a needle. By May 30 the young were hatching somewhat freely and were having difficulty in crawling up the very moist sur- face of the blotting paper. Several of them, however, had_estab- lished themselves on a wheat leaf placed in the dish for their benefit. Additional spores of muscardine fungus were introduced at this time from another source. May 31 several dead bugs were seen, recently hatched and sticking to the blotting paper, while adults were crawl- ing about and some were feeding on the wheat. June 1| several of these dead bugs were crushed on a slide in distilled water and exam- ined microscopically. After having been thoroughly and repeatedly washed their bodies were found completely filled with mycelial threads, evidently those of Sporotrichum globuliferum, and a surface growth of this fungus had appeared at the broken end of a mutilated leg. There were no other external traces of this fungous infection on the young at this time. A microscopical examination of eggs ap- parently not likely to hatch was made June 3. They were carefully washed in distilled water and crushed on a glass slide and examine4™ 90 microscopically. No bacterial affection was detected, but mycelial threads, apparently of Sporotrichum globuliferum, were present in them. Bodies of young bugs were likewise examined June 6 with a similar result. One especially significant examination was made of an egg apparently nearly ready to hatch, containing, in fact, a young bug quite fully developed. The egg was thoroughly washed three times in distilled water, and then crushed under a cover- glass. There were mycelial threads in the body cavity of the bug, in practically the same condition as those found in dead bugs after hatching. August 6, 1895, a hundred freshly laid eggs were placed on blotting paper over damp earth in a covered dish, as above, and thoroughly treated with spores of white muscardine. These were from a pure agar culture one remove from growth ona dead insect ob- tained in the field. The eggs began to show the pinkish tint denot- ing development August 10. August 18, a single egg crushed under the microscope gave no evidence of fungous infection, but August 14 one egg was observed havi ing a profuse growth of Sporotrichum globulifer um coming from one send. The egg was completely filled with this mycelium, as shown by a microscopic examination of a per- manent mount. Two bugs dead at 8:30 a. m., August 16, and hatched since 10 o’clock a.m. of the previous day, were found filled with mycelial threads of Sporotrichwm globuliferum. August 18 two young were observed which had not been able fully to release them- selves from the egg shell, and one of these was covered with a very fine mycelial growth, coming principally from the dorsal surface. A dead young bug, which Beds hatched within twenty-four hours, was observed August 20 bearing a profuse mycelial growth of Sporotri- chum, and two others were observed j in the same condition the follow- ing day. Seventy-eight of the one hundred in this lot finally hatched, and six of the remainder exhibited a growth of muscardine. Two eggs showed a similar fungous SE aeoitanne and twenty remained unhatched without change. As a check on the foregoing experiment a hundred eggs from the same lot were treated precisely like the above, except that they were not exposed to fungous infection. These began to hatch August 15, on which date twenty-seven emerged. Twenty-one additional were re- moved on the following day, and by August 18 all had hatched ex- cept eight. By the 21st only five eggs remained unhatched of the hundred used, and no fungus of any sort was seen in or upon either eggs or young. August 22, 1895, thirty freshly laid eggs were placed on blotting paper over damp earth in a covered glass dish three inches in diameter, and treated with spores of a pure culture of Sporotrichum globuliferum, one remove from the insect. These spores were dis- tributed by rubbing them over and about the eggs with a platinum needle. The earth and air in the dish were kept continuously moist. Developmental changes began to manifest themselves August 26, and on the 27th one egg was observed emitting a conspicuous felt growth of Sporotrichum globuliferum. This growth fruited the following day, and a number of others seemed similarly infected. The young 91 began to emerge September 5, ten appearing on that day and six the day following. Four eggs taken at random from time to time and crushed under the microscope were apparently not infected. Nine- teen young emerged in all. Four eggs were used for microscopic examination; one was infected with white muscardine; and six re- mained unhatched at the termination of the experiment, September 7. In a check lot of thirty eggs, kept under identical condition except as to infection, hatching began September 4 and continued until September 7, at which time twenty-four had hatched and six re- mained without evidence of development. Effect of Exposing Chinch-bugs’ Eggs to the Fungus of Green Muscardine.—July 13, an experiment was made to test the possi- bility of infecting eggs of chinch-bugs with the parasitic fungus, Entomophthora aphidis. For this purpose eggs were removed from breeding-boxes containing collections made at Tamaroa July 10, and were placed on damp sand in a Petri dish, together withseveral dead chinch-bugs covered with a fruiting growth of Entomophthora. They were examined from day to day, the sand being kept moist, and more bugs covered with a fresh growth of Entomophthora being in- troduced. No evidence was seen at any time of an infection of the eggs. On the contrary, these began July 16 to change color in a way to show the development of the embryo within. On the 20th several eggs which seemed possibly infected were microscopically examined, but the contents of every egg were entirely healthy. On the 23d these eggs began to hatch, and further observations were not recorded. Experiments with Entomophthora on Chinch-bugs.—Oppor- tunities for laboratory experimentation with the Entomophthora of the chinch-bug, EH. aphidis, have arisen in my experience so rarely that especial pains was taken to apply for experimental purposes, in comparison with the more common fungus Sporotrichum, some ma- terial brought in by Mr. Johnson from a field near Vandalia, Ill.. September 14, 1895, in which field there was a considerable outbreak of Entomophthora among chinch-bugs. The fungus, although col- lapsed when brought in, was quite fresh. A number of bugs adherent to leaves of horse-nettle and covered with a growth of Entomoph- thora were placed on moist sand in a large jar covered with muslin, and to this were then introduced several hundred chinch-bugs fresh from a field adjacent to my office. Four days later, September 15, a few dead bugs were seen, but none exhibiting any fungous growth: and two crushed and examined microscopically gave no evidence of Entomophthora. On the 20th, however, six days after the experi- ment began, a single chinch-bug was found dead and attached to a piece of the corn put in as food, and showing a slight external growth of Entomophthora. No further evidence of infection was obtained until October 1, when the experiment was discontinued—somewhat hastily. as it would appear from observations presently to be re- corded. . At the same time with the preceding experiment, two open con- tagion boxes containing a layer of earth and a large number of chinch-bugs were used for a more extensive experiment that the pre- 92 ceding. Among the great number of chinch-bugs contained in these boxes a considerable number dead with Entomophthora were scat- tered September 14 on the damp earth among the living bugs. Fresh food was at the same time introduced, and the earth in the bottom of the boxes moistened. No trace of an extension of the Entomoph- thora to living insects was seen until September 20, when a single specimen was found dead and covered with a fresh growth of this fungus. Sporotrichum was, however, increasing in both the boxes, appearing not only on chinch-bugs, but on other insects accidentally introduced. No more Entomophthora was seen until September 26, when two bugs were found dead with it. one in each box. More than fifty insects inthe meantime, among them a blow-fly maggot, had produced a fresh growth of Sporotrichum. The Entomophthora at- tack had, however, increased somewhat by the 28th, when about a dozen insects exhibited a profuse growth of it, some of them on the ground and others attached to leaves; this in one of the boxes only. By September 30 this appearance had died away, only a single chinch-bug being found dead with Entomophthora on that day. Sporotrichum was, however, quite abundant, some twenty-five or more showing fresh growth. October 9 the Entomophthora seemed to have disappeared entirely, but on the 12th it had appeared again, showing a good growth on several bugs, specimens covered with Sporotrichum being at least equally common. The experiment was at this time neglected, the contents of the boxes being permitted to dry out and to remain dry until November 30, at which time most of the bugs were dead, such of them as were microscopically examined being filled with a fungus mycelium. Water was now added, with the effect to develop a few “days later a good growth of Sporotrichum on many of the bugs, but none at all of Entomophthora. There is a suggestion of periodicity in these results which leads me to suppose that ‘the coming and going of the fungus in these boxes is to be connected with the period of incubation between the ripening of the spores and the growth and fruiting of the plant anew. The first and second of such intervals seem to have been six days After the second interval, for a period of eight days, from October 1 to 9, the contents of the box were not watered, and it is to this fact, per- haps, that the long interval of fourteen to sixteen days, running to October 12, is to be attributed. During the next month the contents of the box dried out completely, this treatment apparently killing the Entomophthora, as it did not revive upon the addition of water November 30. Sporotrichum was, however, much more persistent in this experiment, and evidently attacked from beginning to enda larger number of bugs than did the Entomophthora. Although this Sporo- trichum had not been experimentally introduced in the beginning, its presence among the chinch-bugs Hele in the experiment had _ al- ready been noted. Field Experiments with White Muscardine Fungus (Sporo- trichum globuliferum) on Chinch-bugs.—The occurrence in 1895 of the chinch-bug in Neve numbers in a field of wheat on the Ex- periment Station premises, at a distance of a quarter of a mile from 93 my office, gave an opportunity not previously possible for careful ex- perimental field work with the fungi of contagious diseases and regu- lar observations of the results. Four such experiments were conse- quently made, the first beginning May 14, the second. May 23, the third, September 4, and the fourth, September 20. The material for infection was obtained from cultures and infec- tion experiments in progress at my office, and from various outside sources indicated in the detailed descriptions. As these are the only experiments of the kind which it has been possible for us to follow with practical continuity, they seem worth reporting in some detail. May 14, ina plot of winter wheat containing about eight acres moderately infested with adult chinch-bugs and young just begin- ning to hatch, about one hundred and twenty-five dead chinch-bugs, covered with a good growth of Sporotrichum globuliferum, and a corn-meal culture of the same fungus having a surface of about a square inch, were placed in stools of wheat in a selected part of the field, the locality being marked for observation. The ground was somewhat damp at the time, a sprinkle of rain (.1 inch) having fallen the night before, and 1.5 inches on the night of the llth. The wheat was trampled down in several places where the infested material was distributed in order to shelter the ground and keep it moist. A quar- ter of an inch of rain fell on the evening of the 15th, and .15 of an inch on the evening of the 18th, followed by a sprinkle merely on the night of the 19th. The weather of this interval was cloudy more than half the time. The mean daily temperature ranged from 41° to 61° Fahr. between the 14th, when the experiment began, and the 22d, when the first examination of the situation was made. The minimum reading reached the freezing point but once (on May 21) and the highest temperature of the interval was 75°. On the 22d the ground was slightly damp and chinch-bugs were rather numerous, many of the eggs showing considerable develop- ment. No traces of fresh fungous growth were found. A large quan- tity of miscellaneous material from two contagion boxes in the labora- tory and from artificial cultures on corn meal were distributed this day in the same field, together with a small number of chinch-bugs covered with a fresh fungous growth. Upon the ground where these distributions were made straw and grass were scattered to preserve the surface moisture. An examination of the field was made May 27, the interval having been clear and dry except for a slight sprinkle of rain on the night of the 26th, and the ground was consequently very dry. No fresh fungous growth was discoverable, and the contents of two more culture pans, each a foot in diameter, together with a fruit-jar culture of Sporotrichum and a miscellaneous lot of chinch-bugs covered with the same muscardine fungus as that received from correspondents, were also scattered in the field. Chinch-bugs were pairing and young were hatching in some numbers. On the last of this month, no notice- able rain having occurred since the 18th, another thorough examina- tion of the field was made. No traces of fresh fungous growth were - seen on the dry material, which could still be found on the surface. 94 The bugs were most abundant in the lower parts of the field, where, in fact, they had dwarfed the wheat. Many young were now clus- tered on the stems, but none were found dead. Adults were still pair- ing, and a few eggs remained unhatched. The month closed with a hot wave, the maximum temperature reaching 95° on the 3lst, and the mean temperature of the last three days ranging from 75° to 83°. Similar weather continued until June 3, at which time the field was again examined with similar results. The only surface moisture observed in the field was under the patches of trampled wheat. The entire contents of two contagion boxes in the laboratory were at this time sown broadcast in the wheat. This material contained several hundred chinch-bugs dead and covered with Sporotrichum, and also many live bugs which had been thor- oughly exposed to infection in the contagion boxes. Many fungiv- orous mites were, however, distributed with this material, these creatures having become so abundant in our laboratory cultures as to compel the cleaning out and renewal of the culture boxes. Five or six hundred other fung us-covcred bugs obtained from Southern Illi- nois fields and the contents of three culture pans and six fruit-jar cultures were likewise distributed. Two days later several hundred dead bugs covered with Sporotrichum and many living ones exposed to infection were scattered broadcast in this field. A trace of rain fell on the 9th and two thirds of an inch on the 12th, the weather otherwise having been almost continually clear and usually very warm, the maximum temperature ranging from 78° on the 5th to 98.5° on the 10th, the minimum from 42° to 74°, and the mean from 66° to 82°. No traces of fungus infection were detected in this field on the 15th, even the artificial culture materials soon being denuded of fungous growth. Chinch-bugs were quite abundant, mostly i in the first three molts, but none were found dead. The ground was only slightly damp from the rain of the preceding day. The next examination was made June 20, only .4 of an inch of rain having falling in the interval. The ground was very dry to a depth of two inches or more, and the wheat had begun to ripen. Bugs of the hibernating generation were now probably all dead, and a few adults of the new generation just emerged were seen among the great numbers of young in the first three stages of development. V ery thorough examination was made of all parts of the field in which infected material had been distributed, but no traces of dis- ease were found among the bugs, nor any aeible traces of fungus on the old material sown. That this distributed fungus was absolutely killed, if not destroyed, was shown by placing portions of the dried- up corn meal found in the field in a moist chamber under conditions favorable to the revival of the Sporotrichum culture. After four days there was no occurrence of any such growth, only Penicillium and two species of Sterigmatocystis appearing. It was evident at this point not only that the distributions made had failed to convey disease to the insects in the field, but also that the Sporotrichum itself had completely perished, whether as a consequence of exposure to heat and sun or devoured, in part at least, by fungus-eating mites, it is not now possible to say. Later in the season, however, after 95 considerable rains, portions of the original culture material were found under the straw where this had been scattered upon the wheat, with a good fresh growth of Sporotrichum, some of it profusely fruiting. It would seem likely, consequently, that the exposure to the sun of the material sown broadcast in the field had killed the fungous growth and prevented the germination of the spores—an ex- planation consistent with the results of laboratory experiments to be reported in another place. Although decidedly abundant in the field, no chinch-bugs were found under straw and grass strewn upon the wheat with a view to forming a suitable culture bed for the Sporo- trichum infection. Neither was there in these places any fresh growth of the Sporotrichum itself. A quantity of additional material from the contagion boxes was now distributed, consisting, as before, of dead and living bugs and debris from the bottom of the box in which they had “been kept. On the 24th, the weather having in the meantime remained clear, warm and dry, another large quantity of this contagion-box material was distributed, being a third of the contents of each of two such boxes two feet wide by three feet long. Bugs were now beginning to leave the wheat, which was very dry and quite yellow, and to enter the corn adjacent. Adultsof the new generation were begin- ning to pair, and they were also sparingly distributed throughout the corn field Eells having evidently flown in from the wheat. The field was harvested June 25. The bugs gadually left this plot, going in different directions to corn, oats, and sorghum, but linger- ing also for a considerable time in the stubble, ‘feeding upon the grass-like weeds (Setaria). Towards the end of June the weather became comparatively moist. a fourth of an inch of rain falling on the 25th, a tenth on the 26th, five hundredths on the 29th, and 1.07 inches on the 30th—nearly an inch and a half on the last five days of the month. The temperature during this interval fell off materially, reaching 96° on the 25th, 84° on the 26th, the maximum then dropping away gradually to 68° on the 30th, when the mean daily temperature fell from 73° on the 25th to 63° on the 380th. The en- tire rainfall of the month, preceding the 25th had been but .7 of an inch, and the maximum temperature had been above 90° on fourteen out of the twenty-four days. A clear sky was recorded forty-five times out of seventy-two observations made. The weather of this period may consequently be described as very hot, dry, and bright. June 28a good many chinch-bugs were seen under the straw and grass in the wheat stubble, evidently driven to shelter from the di- rect rays of the sun. A large quantity of infection material from our contagion boxes was scattered on this day among the chinch- bugs in the oats adjoining the wheat, and the contents of three pans of a corn-meal culture were distributed among the insects on the sorghum adjoining, the bugs in both cases being those that had en- tered these plots from the wheat. On the 2d of July, after the rain- fall of the last of June, several dozen dead chinch-bugs were found in the oats covered with a profuse fresh growth of muscardine fun- gus. They were lying on the ground under a dense cluster of grain broken down by the reaper, and also under other rubbish 96 shelter in the field. This little appearance of muscardine was tem- porary, however, and after a few more days of dry weather, on July 5 onlyasingle specimencould be found after a half hour’ scarefulsearch. Even after a half inch of rain (July 7 and 8) less than a dozen chinch-bugs covered with the muscardine fungus were found by a search of about an hour on the ground under fallen grain or rubbish which had kept the surface somewhat moist. The bugs in the oats were again exposed July 9 to muscardine in- fection, half the contents of a large contagion box being scattered among them. July 12 the other half, containing several hundred victims of muscardine, was similarly distributed where the bugs were most abundant in the oats field nearest the wheat stubble. No dead bugs or traces of fungus were found in the field until July 17, two days after the fall of fae thirds of an inch of rain. At this time two bugs dead and covered with Sporotrichum were observed under rubbish on the surface of the ground where it was very wet. From this until the 20th, when the next search was made, rain fell each day, an inch and three quarters in all, but only half a dozen dead bugs covered with muscardine fungus were found even then. The remainder of the month was rather dry, except for a single shower on the 27th, when about three quarters of an inch of rain fell. Oc- casionally fungus-covered bugs were seen, but in numbers much too small to have the slightest appreciable effect upon the horde on these premises. August was extremely dry and very warm, no rain falling until the 26th of the month, and the maximum temperature ranging in the meantime as high as 96° and 97°. Fifteen days of these first twenty- five give a record of 90° or more. During this period of drouth no trace of the fungus was detected after careful and protracted search of the experimental fields on August 2 and 15. Its presence in a latent condition among these chinch-bugs was, however, shown by an office experiment. August 3 3, 15, and 21, lots of adult bugs brought in from this field and kept enclosed with damp earth and food yielded each within a few days from two to several dead bugs, which became covered with a profuse growtiu of Sporotrichum globuliferum. Nearly three inches of rain fell during the latter days of August, after which a small number of young “bugs were found dead in the field enveloped with a profuse growth of Sporotrichum globuliferum. More than three inches of rain fell September 3 and 4, and an inch and a half on the 16th of that month. The weather in the mean- time was only moderately hot, reaching a temperature of 90° on only three days of the sixteen. September 4 a special effort was made to take advantage of the recent heavy rains by introducing muscardine fungus at a selected point in the corn where chinch- bugs were very numerous and where the ground was moist. Corn was prostrate at the time, blown down by the recent storm, and the stalks of several of these fallen hills were brought together to form a thick covering over the wet surface of the earth. Thoroughly ripened spores from an agar culture of Sporotrichwm globuliferum, but one remove from the insect, were oF carefully dusted behind the sheaths of the leaves, on the ground among the chinch-bugs themselves, about the roots of the corn, ete., and the whole culture mass was then broken up and sprinkled among the bugs. ‘he examinations made September 8, 13, and 18, yielded only a few bugs in this situation dead with muscardine. On this last date, however, many'dead were found among the grass along the sides of the corn and in the sorghum adjacent, a large proportion of them covered with the fungus of white muscardine, especially on the damp earth in the sorghum field, where it was estimated that one such fungus-coyered insect might be found on an average for every six inches throughout the plot. Additional visits made September 23 and 30 gave practically identical results. The general inference from this somewhat prolix account confirms that often previously drawn, to the effect that hot,dry, bright weather, such as here described, even with occasional showers and storms, will not permit the development and spread of the so-called white mus- cardine disease among chinch-bugs in the open field, whatever may be the crop which they infest. The fact is to be especially noted that adults of the hibernating generation perished during the period covered by this narration, while the field infested by them was being frequently and profusely treated with Sporotrichum cultures and furgus-covered bugs, but that even these spent adults did not become infected to any appreciable extent. On the other hand, there was not during this whole season any weather so hot, bright, and dry as to put a complete stop to the continuance of the fungus in the field; but it was always present in some obscure form at leas likely to in- crease with change of conditions. Inoculation of Dead Chinch-bugs with Sporotrichum.—By a preliminary experiment tried on a small scale July 26, 1895, it was ascertained that Sporotrichum globuliferum might be grown with great success upon dead chinch-bugs if these were inoculated imme- diately after death and kept under conditions suitable to the develop- ment of the fungus. To carry this experiment still farther, a num- ber of experiments were arranged in September, 1895. Upon moist- ened sand in the bottom of four tumblers dead bugs were distributed and covered with moist filter paper. In one of these dishes was placed a lot of about five hundred and twenty chinch-bugs which had been killed in vapor of cyanide of potassium and kept exposed con- tinuously to this vapor for about twelve hours. Ina second experi- ment an equal number of chinch-bugs were placed in a tumbler after about three hours’ exposure to the vapor; in a third, after one hour; and in a fourth, after ten minutes. In each case the bugs were thoroughly dusted with spores from a ripe culture of Sporotrichum one remove from an infected insect. In all these trials Sporotrichum grew abundantly upon the dead insects, in one case every bug but one of the entire lot being profusely covered with a fresh growth. A few bugs revived after exposure to the cyanide in all the lots except the first, nearly two thirds, in fact, of those exposed for ten minutes recovering sufficiently to crawl about. —T 98 In an experiment made June 16, 1896, with chinch-bugs killed by immersion in water heated nearly but not quite to the boiling point, dead insects were placed in a box of earth in the open air, infected with spores of Sporotrichum and slightly sprinkled with dirt. To pre- vent the drying out of the box it was moistened daily, and the sur- face of the earth was covered with a layer of green leaves. Within four days the bodies of all the bugs used in this experiment were completely covered with a good growth of Sporotrichum. Burning in| Winter Quarters.—It has been for many years commonly recommended by entomologists and economic writers, that rubbish, dead grass, and the like, along the borders of fields, be burned over in late winter or early spring, as a means of destroying in their winter quarters chinch-bugs and other injurious insects. Doubt having been recently cast upon the efficacy of this method, I directed in March, 1895, an experiment for the precise determina- tion of the effect of such burning upon hibernating chinch-bugs on the Experiment Station farm at Urbana. This experiment was re- ported March 27, by the Assistant in charge of it, Mr. W. G. John- son, and his report is given herewith: “A small plot of orchard grass on the University farm, about two rods wide by four rods long, was carefully and thoroughly searched for chinch-bugs to-day. The bugs were found very numerous in and about the base of every stool of grass examined. Fourteen bugs were counted in one stool and nineteen in another; but these numbers are only approximate and do not represent the whole number in any cluster of grass, as it was exceedingly difficult to part the dense bunches, especially in and about the roots, just at the surface of the ground, where the bugs were most abundant. The plot chosen was particularly favorable for experimental pur- poses from the fact that the ground was thickly matted with a dense erowth of dead grass, which was extremely dry except at the bases of the stools, where it was still green. “The common blue-grass was also abundant on the same plot. and this, together with the orchard-grass, made a bed of dry brown blades and stems three and four inches dee ‘pin places. The chinch-bugs were nestled between the stems of the stools of grass, usually just at the surface of the sround; but an occasional one was found an inch or so below the surface, between the stems. Such places were not very damp and were packed with small particles of dried blades and other rubbish; while the main stems of the grass were green about two inches above the surface, the tops having dried up and fallen over, deeply imbedding the green portions. At one end of the plot a fire was started which burned briskly and soon covered the entire area. In about fifteen minutes I carefully examined the stools of grass at the end’ where the fire was started, and other places later. All the dead brown grass was burned off, leaving the ground bare, except where the clusters of orchard-grass 99 were growing; in such places the chinch-bugs remained in their hibernating quarters uninjured. When the green stubble was parted the bugs scrambled out in all directions when left exposed to the sun for a few minutes. Nota single bug, so far as I could see, had been injured by the fire. Effect of Salt on the Hatching of Chinch-bugs’ Eggs.—August 15, 1895, twenty chinch-bugs’ eggs were placed in earth mixed with twenty per cent. of salt and put in a covered glass for observation. The surface was moistened with water and further sprinkled with salt. A check experiment was arranged at the same time, similar in every way except that the salt was omitted. The eggs began hatching in three days in the experimental lot, and by the 23d were all hatched except one. The record for the check lot was precisely the same. Effect of Burialin Earth on Hatching of Chinch-bugs’ Eggs.— Beginning August 5, 1895. ten lots of chinch-bugs’ eggs, twenty-five in each, were carefully buried in earth at depths varying from one sixteenth of an inch to four inches. An eleventh lot was similarly treated but left upon the surface. The depths to which the various lots were buried was as follows: one sixteenth of an inch, one eighth, one fourth, three eighths, one half, five eighths, one inch, two inches, three inches, and four inches. These lots were observed from day to day and record made of the emergence of the young. By August 24 all the check or surface lot had hatched: twenty-four of those buried to a depth of one sixteenth of an inch; all placed one eighth of an inch under the surface; twenty-three of those buried a fourth of an inch; twenty-four of those at three eighths inch; all at one half inch; twenty-three at five eighths of an inch; twenty-three at one inch; and twenty in each of the three remain- ing lots, buried respectively at two, three, and four inches depth. Tf one may judge from this experiment there was some loss of eggs—from twenty to twenty-five per cent.—from burial at two inches or more. Precise Laboratory Experiments with Muscardine Fungi on Chinch-bugs.—N otwithstanding the great amount of experimental work done with the fungus of white muscardine, as applied to chinch-bugs for their destri uction, exact laboratory experiments kept under close observation and carried on under perfectly uniform con- ditions remained a desideratum, especially as a means of refuting with authority the extravagant statements often made by careless or inexpert observers. On this account experiments were begun at the State Laboratory of Natural History in July, 1895, by Mr. B M. Duggar, an Assistant engaged for the investigation of insect disease. In the first of these experiments the chinch-bugs used were placed in small covered glass jars half filled with moist “sand and kept in a moist condition. Those in the experimental lots were all wet with water in which a large quantity of spores of the muscardine fungus had been thoroughly mixed. To insure still further thorough in- fection small pieces of an ordinary agar culture, one remove from the dead insect, and bearing an abundance of muscardine spores, were 100 placed in the jars with the bugs. In each experiment an equal quantity of chinch-bugs derived from the same source as the experi- mental lot was kept as a check under identical conditions except as to the infection. On July 26 about one hundred bugs were inoculated with mus- eardine fungus (Sporotrichum) as above described. By the 29th twenty-five of these bugs were dead, In one microscopically ex- amined an internal fungus growth was detected, and in another, not yet quite dead, similar fungus threads were seen in comparatively small quantity. Both these observations indicated a successful in- oculation. The remaining dead were transferred to another covered dish. where they were kept on moist sand with a view to obtaining a further development of any fungus by which they might have be- come infected. July 30, eleven more were dead. From a number of chinch-bugs evidently diseased several slides were made which showed that the germinating threads of the fungus were penetrating the joints of the legs. July 31, seven more were dead, and one of these, microscopically examined, contained fungus threads within the body. On the 5th of August all the dead bugs removed from this experimental lot exhibited a good growth of the white mus- cardine fungus, with the exception. of about six specimens. The number of deaths in the check lot amounted at this time to twelve, on none of which was there at this time any apparent growth of the fungus of muscardine. From this first experiment it appears that about three times as many bugs had died where they had been infected with the spores of the muscardine fungus as would have died if they had not been so treated; and that six of these bugs in this lot, which had certainly been thoroughly infected before death, did not grow the muscardine fungus after death, even under the most favorable conditions it was possible to supply. From this last observation it would seem that chinch-bugs dying from natural causes other than parasitism by this fungus are not at ‘all certain to afford a suitable basis for the erowth of the fungus even though they may be thoroughly infected with the spores at the time of their death.* On April 9, 1896, two lots of chinch-bugs, from seventy-five to a hundred each, which had been collected from their winter quarters on the 25th of the preceding month, and kept in confinement with a sufficient supply of moisture and food. were separately placed in glass dishes, one lot being well dusted with spores from a corn-meal culture of the fungus, while the other was similarly treated, but without inoculation, and kept as a check. It should be said that six bugs had previously died in the lot from which these were taken, but that no trace of muscardine had appeared among them. Neverthe- less, six days after the experiment began one dead bug was seen in the check covered with the muscardine fungus, and by April 22 about an equal number were dead in the check and in the experimental lot, * In tite connection see page 78. 10L most of the latter, however, showing a growth of Sporotrichum, and only two of the former. On the 29th, on the other hand, the num- ber of fungus-covered bugs was approximately the same in the two lots. From this indeterminate experiment we must conclude either that Sporotrichum was present in the original lot before division, or that the check lot became accidentally infected at or near the beginning of the experiment. A third experiment with the white fungus (Sporotrichum) was begun September 2, 1895, as a basis of comparison with a series of experiments made at the same time in the application of several other kinds of fungus parasites of insects obtained from Prof. A. Giard, of Paris, France. In this muscardine experiment a small pill-box of living chinch- bugs (not counted) were treated as in the foregoing experiments, ex- cept that infection was produced by shaking the bugs up thoroughly with a quantity of dry spores of the muscardine fungus from an ar- tificial culture one remove from the dead insect. Four days after infection fifty bugs were dead from this lot; three days later. Sep- tember 9, thirty-three additional dead were removed, and, finally, on September 12, twelve more, making ninety-five in all within ten days Transferred to moist sand, approximately half of them exhibited a strong growth of Sporotrichum globuliferum. It has been for some time a favorite surmise of mine that native American insects might be found more susceptible to HKuropean fungus parasites of related species than to American parasitic fungi. With a view to testing this supposition, nine European species of parasitic fungi* known to infest insects in the Old World were ob- tained,—all but one Liege ta densa) from Prof. A. Giard, of Paris, France,—and September were brought into use in a series of ex- periments arranged like those last described. Each parasitic species was used in two experiments, observations on which were continued for fifteen days. In each of these lots the number of bugs dying was recorded, and these dead bugs were transferred to dishes of moist sand with a view to obtaining if possible a post-mortem growth of the parasite used in the infection. Fig. 4. Epithelial cells of Malpighian tubule of same Army Worm. (See p. 107.) Fig. 5. Cluster of characteristic granules of disease. (See p. 107.) Fig. 6. Blood corpuscle of diseased Army Worm, containing charac- teristic granules. (See p. 107.) Fig. 7. Nucleated amceboid cell, containing dark granules; proba- bly a blood corpuscle. * From Bull. No. 3, N. S., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent. ia a I a, 112 . 8,9. Granules in naked cells of doubtful origin, possibly dead blood corpuscles. 10. Fusiform amoeboid cell with blunt ends. (See p. 107.) ll. Fusiform amceboid cell with acute pseudopods and a few with dark granules. PuatEe IX. 1. Various forms of amoeboid cells, with acute pseudopods. From blood of diseased Army Worm. (See p. 107.) . 2. Amoeboid cell with three pseudopods and large nucleus. . 3. Segmented cell from blood, three-cell stage; in outline. (See p. 108.) . 4. Segmented cell from blood, four-cell stage; in outline. .o. Segmented cell showing continued proliferation. Segments swollen by water. . 6. Segmented cell in optical section. ig. 7. Segmented cell with segments separated by pressure. PEATE: X: Fig. 1. Segmented cell from blood of diseased Army Worm; two-cell stage. (See p. 108.) Fig. 2. Segmented cell, four-cell stage. Fig. 3. Segmented cell showing nucleoid center. Fig. 4,5, 6. Different forms and stages of cells of same class as 3. Fig. 7. Disintegrating segmented cell. Fig. 8. Detached cell of doubtful origin from blood of diseased Army Worm. Puate I, 5 ( STEPHENSON 2iMoHENRY Cc f ) (o} tL ° o ° CARROLL Pe ew ; Hat) hi o KANE DeKALO —sz\ foo os PURE AYU LASALLE / 6c wENAY a a% a C iy 6 ; ae vA = ) ra} \ MERCER AM S \ o = - 2) STARM Ta P/SHALL See J» LIVINGSTON (ue rs ° i eel ° ) = KNOX PEORIA/VOODFORD o WARREW 2) z (2) J z= | yaAcauUagIS /Hanco ce) Baer O cK = VERMILLION ° MONTSOMERY Fagor cman | | iv MaCQOUPIN fe) \ JA Sa esl RICHLAND Guay }I rs) ALAR. moO) oF tT ILLINOIS, 1i 0 JEFFERSON HA FRANKLIN S \ l \ LS IACKSON 2) ee t : = a —_ —— — LOCALITIES INFESTED.—1, Monroe Center. 2, V'remont. 3, Quiney. 4, Paloma. 5, New City. 6, Auburn. 7, Tower Hill. 8, Ernst. 9, Collinsville. 10, Mascoutah. 11, Richview. 12, West Salem. 13, Mt. Carmel. 14, Sparta. 15, Villa Ridge. 16, Farm near Sandford, Ind. 17, Herrick. 18, Vermilion. Prac Puate IIT. dea by. tae oad IAG Puate V. . wom = Prats VI. PuaTeE VII. Puiate VIII. Fig. 7. ve 7 pee bes SS ING EE THE WHITE PINE CHERMES.* (Chermes pinicorticis FirTcH.) BY E. L. STORMENT. The University of Illinois possesses a small grove of white pines on the eastern side of its Experiment Station farm, the average size of the trees being about six inches in thickness and thirty feet in height. For several years the trunks and larger limbs of the trees in this grove have been badly infested by this white pine plant-louse, and the trunks in many instances appear as if freshly whitewashed, so thickly is the woolly excretion of the Chermes spread over the bark. The damage the insects have been able to inflict is difficult to estimate with accuracy, but there is no doubt that it is considerable. It is evident in the shortened leaves and the small annual growth of the tips of the branches—on the whole quite sufficient to demonstrate that the louse is of economic importance to such as appreciate the white pine as an ornamental tree. TREES ATTACKED BY THE CHERMES. In order that those interested may be sure of their “diagnosis,” it may be well to give here some details of the appearance of trees in- fested by this plant-louse. So far as known at present, the insect re- stricts its attack to the white, Scotch, and Austrian pines, and my own observations indicate that the white pine is very much preferred. On the Experiment Station farm, growing side by side with the white pines above mentioned, is a grove of Scotch pines of about the same area. These trees show no evidence whatever of injury, though the Chermes is found plentifully on the white pines immediately adjoin- ing. It is also noteworthy that the original description of the insect was made by Dr. Fitch from specimens taken from a white pine. Reports by other observers also indicate this preference—probably due to the fact that the white pine has a smooth, rather tender bark, lacking the rough outer bark found in the Scotch pine. There is, however, no doubt that under certain conditions this species does at- tack the Scotch pine, the observations establishing this fact being made by Professor Herbert Osborn, at Ames, lowa. Its attack upon the Austrian pine is vouched for by the same authority. * This paper, kindly placed at my disposal by the weiter, isthe product of special studies made by him while a student in entomology at the University of Illingis.—S. A. Forses. IV As I have observed the insect at work upon the white pine only, the descriptions that follow are correspondingly limited, except when they may be quoted from some other observer. In the case of the white pine, if the attack be bad the trunk of the tree is covered with a white woolly substance, excreted from numerous pores scat- tered over the body of the insect. When the attack is Just begin- ning, the white patches of wool appear so similar to the hardened gum that has escaped from wounds on the tree as to deceive a care- less observer. If the insects are not so numerous as to cover the bark, this resemblance to scattered drops of resin is perfect when viewed at a distance of three or four feet. Kxamined with a lens, the woolly mass is seen to be filamentous and “crinkly,” much as true wool appears. When touched it is found to be sticky and to stain the skin dark. Water does not dissolve it; ether does, but not readily. The distribution of the “wool” on the tree, since it accords with the distribution of the insect, is worth noting. To some extent it is found on all parts of the trunk and branches, but is usually more abundant on the northern exposure of the trunk, around the bases of the limbs, beneath the limbs, and just at the bases of the leaves. Noexperiments were made by me to determine the causes of this distribution, but the tendency to seek the under side of the limbs and their bases indicates a desire to escape the sunlight. The upper side of a limb is usually entirely free from the insects, except just at its base, and even on the lower side the area of attack does not extend beyond the point where the limbs taper to about one half or three quarters of an inch. This leaves from two to four feet of the ends of the branches free from the insects except the small area of new growth about the bases of the leaves. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE INSECT, ITS FEEDING HABITS, AND ITS CLASSIFICATION. During the winter months the wingless female may be seen under the “wool.” sometimes alone, as noted by Professor Osborn, but more often in the company of several others, as stated by Dr. Fitch. These females may or may not be fixed by their long sucking beaks to the bark, according to the time the observation is made. If in the spring, the beak will be found inserted. About the middle of April the female is usually surrounded by a mass of yellowish or brownish eggs. The insect itself is quite small (0.51 mm.) and dark in color, the head and thorax varying from brown to black and the abdomen being yellowish, shading to brown on the seg- ments next the thorax. The form is depressed or spherical, m either case approaching a circalar outline when viewed dorsally. When in its natural position onthe bark there may be some diffi. culty in distinguishing the insect. Dr. Fitch said it was invisible with the naked eye, but when free in the white wool, or when placed on a piece of white paper, it may be easily seen. During this period of its life history the power of locomotion is very slight. When placed upon its back, the insect is quite as unable to right itself as a tortoise in the same position would be, and for the same reason— y the shortness of the legs. The young larval forms, appearing during the latter part of April and the first days of May, move easily and with considerable rapidity. In its zodlogical relations, the insect belongs to the order Hemip- tera, family Aphididae (plant-lice). It is peculiar to North America, sofar as known. The insects of this order are easily recognized by their sucking beak, and it is by this beak that C. pinicorticis causes injury to the pine. After a short period of active movement imme- diately following the time of hatching, the young larvee insert their beaks into the bark, and begin sucking the sap of the tree. As there are immense numbers of the larvee the effect is soon noticeable in a marked retardation of the growth of the tree, and sometimes in its death. Their presence causes a lessened yearly growth, both in diameter and height; the leaves are thinner and shorter, often tinged with yellow, and the limbs are more slender than is natural. To these results, particularly bad in an ornamental tree, must be added the disagreeable appearance of the sticky white secretion, which stains whatever it touches. Finally, when the injury is at its worst the lower limbs die and fall away, leaving unsightly scars, and ex- hibiting in all its ugliness the spotted, striped, diseased trunk, capped with a small and sickly crown of branches at its top. When an ornamental tree has reached this condition its death is as certain as it is desirable. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE AND GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION. Under ordinary conditions it is not probable that this Chermes is able to kill the tree outright. There are a number of insects (some of which are mentioned further on in this paper) that find the Chermes quite as good food as the Chermes does the pine. Usually these enemies, taken in connection with climatic checks. prevent an attack from being absolutely fatal, but seldom or never can do more. In the grove referred to the injury has been continuous for several years and the appearance of the trees presages their final destruction. A few trees separate from the grove show a much less virulent attack. but the injury is still quite apparent. In general the Chermces seems to be able to maintain itself against its enemies, and to take full advantage of any favoring circumstances which may disturb fora time the “balance of power” in its life relations. The rapid multi- plication of plant-lice—most of which, as is well known. produce several or many generations during the season—enables them to take immediate advantage of any cessation or weakening of opposition on the part of their natural enemies, however slight it may be. This peculiarity may at any time elevate Chermes pinicorticis from the rather subordinate position it now occupies economically to one of prime importance to those who possess or admire any of the species of pine which it attacks. The latter consideration makes its geographical distribution a matter of interest. Presumably the original description by Dr. Fitch was made from specimens taken in New York, and his state- ments indicate that the attack was severe. Dr. Shimer reported it VI from Mt. Carroll, Illinois; Dr. Lintner, from Albany and Tivol, New York; Professor Osborn, from Ames and Ft. Dodge, Iowa; Dr. S. A. Forbes, from Champaign, Illinois, and Prof. W. G. Johnson, observed it at Hamilton and at Normal, [llinois—in the former locality not nu- merous, in the latter plentiful. Other localities reported from Iowa are lowa City and Muscatine, the observers being, respectively, Mr. Lathrop and Mr. Foster. The attack at Ft. Dodge was a severe one. Doubtless this plant-louse is much more thoroughly distributed than these reports indicate, for it is not probable that it would ap- pear in states so widely separated as New York and Illinois and be absent from the intervening territory.* It is noticeable that the places reported are all in the zone of deciduous trees. If further reports should similarly circumscribe its distribution, it would in- dicate another host plant. More information in regard to the dis- tribution would be of much value. NATURAL ENEMIES OF THE CHERMES. ‘The natural enemies of Chermes are numerous and active. Those coming under my own observation are as follows: An unknown species of Syrphus; Chrysopa robertson Fitch, and an unknown species of the same genus; Hemerobius alternans Fitch; Leucopis simplex Loew; Chilocorus bivulnerus Muls; and Megilla maculata DeG. Of these, all but the last two were plentiful. the Syrphus, Chrysopa, and Hemerobius larvee being especially destructive. Regarding the Leucopis there still remains a shade of doubt, owing to the fact that I did not succeed in observing it actually destroying the Chermes: but the circumstantial evidence points strongly to the conclusion that it does. The ladybirds were not at all plentiful although ob- served in quite large numbers at a distance of half a mile from the grove busily feeding on the pine scale Chionaspis pinifolie. Just at the time my observations ceased the ladybird larvee began to in- crease in the grove, but were still far from plentiful. I was unable to rear the Syrphus larva to maturity and am therefore ignorant of the species. It may be known in this connection, how- ever, by its elongate, wedge-shaped form; by its size—about one half inch in length; by its habit of marking itself with the woolly excretion of the "Che rmes, and by the absence of feet. In addition to these means of identification, there are two movements which are quite characteristic. In locomotion the body is extended, the an- terior end (armed with very small jaws) is pressed against the sur- face on which it is traveling and to which it adheres by means of a sticky secretion, while a muscular retraction of the mouth anda small area immediately surrounding it forms a sucking disc by which the larva remains attached while the posterior end is brought *Since the above was written I have received a letter from Professor Johnson confirming this opinion as to its distribution. Professor Johnson says: “It may interest you to know that the same plant-louse is not an uncommon thing in Maryland and the District of Co- lumbia. I saw it also on pines on the campus of C ornell Univ ersity, Ithaca, N. Y.’ At about the same time that Professor Johnson reported its presence at these places I ob- served several trees near Ticona, Ill. (Lia Salle Co.) which were badly infested, and noticed signs of its presence in Putnam Co., nine miles southwest of Ticona. VII forward and fastened in its turn. The other characteristic motion is due to the fact that the larva is blind. When feeding, after the posterior end has been attached in the manner described, with this as a center and point of support, the anterior, or oral, extremity moves through an are of about 120°, touching the surface on which the larva rests several times while so moving. If during this move- ment it should happen to touch any living thing the small jaws fasten upon it and the fluids of its body are extrac ‘ted by the sucking process described above. So far as observed Syrphus larve are not choice regarding their food, attacking with Aesth te impartiality all soft-bodied insects that are unfortunate enough to fall in their way, including even their own kind. Although Syrphus larvee were so plentiful in the cages and on the trees, I did not succeed in getting them to pupate in the former and observed but two puparia on the latter. One of these was lost, and from the other emerged ten specimens of the parasite Syrphoctonus pleuralis. Pachyneuron semiauratus Ashm. emerged from a jar in which several specimens of Syrphias had been placed. The two Chrysopa larve may be known by their long curved jaws, spindle-shaped body, about one-half inch long when grown, free from the woolly excretion of the Chermes, and without the peculiar move- ments of the Syrphus larve. Usually there are some yellowish mark- ings on the side of the full grown larvee. They will be found bur- rowing under the “wool.” The larva of Hemerobius alternans (Pl. II, Fig. 7) may be known by its close general resemblance to taat of Chrysopa, differ- ing, however, in having spines on the back. These spines, or hairs, becoming entangled in the woolly excretion of the Chermes form so effectual a mask that the larva is often not apparent to a trained eye until it moves, and is doubtless concealed when at rest, from eyes more directly interested in its discovery than are those of man. In the vigor of its attack on the Chermes it is second to neither Chiy- sopa nor Syrphus An indication of the presence of the Syrphus, Chrysopa, or Hem- erobius larvee is a change in the appearance of the “wool.” Early in the spring it les close to the bark, and is compact in texture; but since all these larvee burrow in it in search of the Chermes, soon after their advent it becomes loose and hangs in tangled masses. The eggs of none of these natural enemies were obtained except those of Chrysopida. These were found in abundance on the bark of the trees and on dead leaves adhering to the bark. They may be easily recognized, each egg being borne on a stalk, both ecg and stalk being white. When the trees were first examined (March 30), scattered thickly through the “wool” were found many empty puparia about one tenth inch in length and of a light grayish color. Later in the season these were ascertained to belong to a small fly, Leucopis stiplex, Loew. ‘These flies were by far the most numerous of all insects observed to sustain any close biological relationship to the Cherimes. VIIl As stated above, the evidence that the Leucopis preys upon the Cher- mes is circumstantial. The larvee are found under the “wool,” being very seldom seen without removing the latter. This may be done with a penknife, and at the times of the year hereafter given* a careful search will almost certainly reveal several of these minute maggots, of a bright red color, so small that it is necessary to mag- nify them to make observations at all satisfactory. They have little power of locomotion and usually die soon after being removed from the “wool.” The puparium is found in most cases on the upper sur- face of the “wool,” is light red at first, passing through dark red to dusky, and becoming grayish when the fly emerges. The adult ladybirds are so well known to all as to need no descrip- tion further than to give the distinguishing marks of the two species named above. These descriptions are adapted from the Sixth Report of the State Entomologist of Illinois, by Dr. Cyrus Thomas, in which Megilla maculata is characterized as follows: Body somewhat elongated, thorax much narrower than wing cases, eround color pink or reddish yellow, two black spots on the thorax and ten on the wing cases, four on each case and two on the suture; length one fourth to three tenths of an inch, Chilocorus bivulnerus is somewhat smaller, about one-fifth of an inch in length, almost perfectly hemispherical in form, of a deep polished black color, with a single blood-red spot on each wing cover. The larvee are not so likely to be recognized by those interested as are the adults. “They are rather short and somewhat thickened grubs, with numerous prickles or spines, not in a single row along the sides but in several rows. They are sometimes ‘gaily colored, but usually rather dull.” There are other insects which have been ascertained or suspected by other observers to attack the Chermes, which have not been cer- tainly noticed in the University grove. Professor Osborn observed a mite belonging to the genus Oribates which was probably feeding on the Chermes, describing it as “jet black, hard and shiny, and almost globular in form;” and “he thinks there is a strong probability that the mite Ascarus malus (a natural enemy of the oyster-shell bark louse of the apple), which he placed upon a pine began to feed upon the Chermes. Dr. Shimer names in this connection Seym- nus ferminatus Say; an unknown species of Scymnus, the latter para- sitized by a chaleid fly which he named Eutelus? scymne; and Smi- lia misella Zimm. Professor C. V. Riley refers (5th Annual Rep., p. 100) to “the larvee of certain small fadybirde” as attacking the Chermes, and on page 101 more definitely mentions Coccinella picta Rand. Dr. Shimer also mentions Camaronotus fraternus Uhl.—a plant-bug which inthe larval state “resembles a brown ant” and is equal to the ant in activity—as doing its share toward the destruc- tion of the Chermes. * See tables, pp. X, XI. IX KEYS TO LARVAL AND PUPAL FORMS OF NATURAL ENEMIES. Asa key that will enable any one interested to distinguish the principal insect enemies of Chermes may be of value, one is here in- serted. It is founded on larval peculiarities, since it is in this stage that they are apt to be observed. a.—Larva very small, bright red, footless.— Leucopis simplex. Larva larger, not red.—b. b.—Larva widening toward the posterior extremity, footless, usually covered with woolly excretion of Chermes, jaws very small.— Syrphus. Larva short, thick, several rows of spines, body of nearly the same diameter throughout, possessing feet.—Ladybirds. Larva slender, tapering at each end, jaws large, curved.—c. ; 5 SN, c.—Larva spiny, with “wool” on the back. — Hemerobius. Larva not spiny, usually clear of ‘‘wool.’—Chrysopa. To this key is added another by means of which the pupal stages of the same insects may be distinguished. a.—Pupa inclosed in a silk cocoon, spherical, opening by a circu- lar lid.—b. Pupa not inclosed in a cocoon, not spherical. b.—Cocoon of white silk.—Chrysopa. Cocoon of brown silk.—Hemerobius. c.—Attached by the side. Attached by one end, often possessing the power of motion.— Ladybirds. d.—Small,*, ia. or less, reddish or grayish color, opening at end.— Leucopis. Larger, ', to ', in., brownish.—Syrphus. COMPARATIVE LIFE HISTORY OF THE CHERMES AND ITS ENEMIES. The important events noted in the life of the Chermes, up to June 10, when my observations ceased, are given in the accompanying tables (pp. x, xi). Attention is called to the following facts exhibited by this cal- endar: 1. There is a period of a few days in early spring when the Chermes is comparatively free from attack, though its enemies are no doubt present. The larvee of Lewcopis were on the pines in small numbers, and the adults of Chrysopa, Hemerobius, and the ladybirds were observed in numbers in other locations at this time. 2. The severity of the attack reaches its climax at the period when the larvee of the Chermes are attaching themselves (Apr. 26). At that time the Chrysopa and Syrphus larvee are destroying great numbers. Moreover, although not observed at the time, an inspec- | ‘OL OUNG? OF G& YO WOLf SatUlaUum spr pup *[njJyue[d sssq *paarlasqo wonedudg ‘edosklyy SVaYyLooUId SAWMOYO “SABI er sasvo0 Surqoye yy teen Lh AVN a ee Avaddesip sa[Rulay snodoydy|"" "°°" “reece eel ACT Noster tiene ee eeetneueernerttarereeceenslenersresss ss 206 TLIGW SAATISUIDYY YOR}4V 0} SULSOq SUNO A ‘9g [lady ©: s/eie ea) ale 6 6 8 6\e © 6.0506 !6 oo) 0/005 's' 8.0.08 '8)'b Boe 0'8)0-8 . 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Date of Hatching. of oe IXD. ’ i 1 | { Between April 17,10 a. m.,and 18, } Between April 23,10 a. m., and 24, { tine hrs. min. 1 oe PTB ae ots cakes nots tes pit V Sieg Fase Socelces cenaepit cesar 166 Hs Ss. max.. » |f Between April 18, 12 m., and 20, | | § }120hrs. min... Hes ES ee a a ren T Gs j April 25, before 8 a. m............-. 164 hrs. max.. » | Between April 28,10a. m, and 29, I 144 hrs. min... Pi PAs ea) ie = aE EE Lg ‘May 5, before 8 a m........0-....+ { \166 hrs. max.. A TAD 29; 1Ocas IM so Siac casi aden ies eek « 'May 5, between 10 a. m. and 5 p.m. j 1 Hist ness parse Sa XV In experiment No. 4 the egg was found still adhering to the abdo- men of the female and was observed not to be hatched at 10 a. m. May 5, but by 5 p. m. of the same date the larva had emerged. The time required for incubation, therefore, is probably about six days, though it will vary no doubt as external conditions change. I was unable to determine the number of eggs deposited by an apterous - female in the course of the season, but believe it to be nearer sixty than five. The Larvae of the Winged Form. ‘The larvee when first hatched are oval in shape, flattened, yellowish, or light brown. Professor Riley in his manuscript notes says ‘purple-red,’ but 1 have not been able to detect this color. The antenne are three-jointed; the first joint is short and thick; the second is slightly longer and not so thick; the third is three times as long as the first and half as thick, set with a few stiff hairs at the apex, one being two thirds the length of the joint; also a few lateral hairs. Near the end of this joint are a few transverse marks or ridges extending part way around. ‘The mouth parts are well developed; there is a long sucking tube, twice the length of the body, inclosed in a sheath extending under the body nearly to the end of the abdomen. The sheath is apparently fo.r-jointed, sparsely set with stiff hairs, mostly at the apex; ‘the legs are of moderate length, coxa short and thick, femur and tibia equal; tarsus one-jointed, half the length of the tibia, ending i in two short ungues surrounded by digitula (knobbed hairs). There is a short hair or seta on the outer angle of each abdominal segment. Length, 0.38 mm.; width, 0.19 mm. antenns, 0.12 mm. ; legs, 0.15-0.18 mm. **As these his grow they Haconie darker in color, assuming a deep red- brown, and finally almost black, appearance, while the woolly substance de- velops ‘thickly on the abdominal segments and also on the meso- and meta- thorax, entirely hiding the insect, which thus appears like a ball of white down. The substance develops from gland-like surfaces arranged sub-dorsally on each segment, the abdominal segments having also a lateral row of smaller surfaces performing the same office.’’—OSBORN. All newly hatched larvee observed at Urbana were yellow; antennze three-jointed, thick and fleshy; first and second joints about the same size, the three diameters of each apparently equal, the width, how- ever, in rare cases, exceeding the length, also the second joint some- times exceeding the first in ‘all dimensions. The third joint appears as described by Professor Osborn, except that the edge is usually irregularly serrate, and the joint shows throughout its extent the rings he mentions as being near its distal extremity. The distal ex- tremity bears four hairs, one long and the others about half its length. Two or three other very short hairs were observed along the edges of this segment. At the posterior distal angle of the second segment another short hair is located, while four others are visible along the cephalic margin of the head, and still another at the latero- cephalic angle. The eye consists of three ocelli. The hairs on the margin of each abdominal segment are the same in my specimens as in Professor Osborn’s. I notice, however, that the two hairs at the caudal ex- tremity surpass the others in length and thickness. (Plate II, Figs. 1 and 3.) The sucking tube is usually bent on itself, the extreme end only being inserted .into the sheath. The tube is composed of three fila- ments. The tarsus appears to be free from rings with the exception XVI of a slight shaded line near the base, suggestive of another segment. Above the claws is a hair nearly equaling the tarsus in length; one otker hair is visible on the same side toward the proximal end; while the under side of the tarsus carries a hair, located a short distance toward the tibia, and still nearer to the tibia four comparatively long hairs are visible. A few hairs are also visible on the femur and tibia. (Plate II, Fig. 2.) The Pupa of the Winged Form. ‘The pup are similar to the larvae with the exception of the wing pads. The thorax is yellowish or reddish, the wing-pads yellow from the wings show- ing through, and appear washed with brown from the darker color of the outer membrane. The abdomen is reddish, darker than the thorax. Ozeasionally patches of woolly substanee are seen on various parts of the body. The an- pene are folded back against the head, though not joined; the legs are free.’” —OSBORN. No study of the pupze was made at Urbana. The Winged Form. ‘*The winged form is, when it first issues from the pupa, light reddish in color, the wings are very white, expanding rapidly and becoming transparent, while the body gradually becomes darker till nearly black. The antenne are five-jointed, short; the tarsi one-jointed with rudimentary first jomt and two ungues. The wings are four, folding roof-like over the body, the anterior ones being fur nished with a strong sub-costal vein which is branched at one third the distance from the base, ‘the lower branch running parallel for some distance, then turning obliquely toward the posterior margin; also from this branch two oblique discoidal veins running co the posterior margin. The stigma is indistinct. The posterior wings “have a sub-costal vein with no branch veins. This venation applies to the inner structure of the wing when magnified forty or more diameters. Under a simple lens of low power and without transmitted light, the venation appears quite different and is as fol- lows: b Y a = i; oan - injurious insects of the region capable of being conveyed on nursery _ stock to premises free from them necessitated a limitation of the terms of the circular to the insects or classes of insects absent from these premises, or, if present, incapable of transportation in the nursery trade. No certificate was issued, however, which did not testify to the appar- ent absence of the San Jose scale. This insect was found, indeed, in only one Illinois nursery, and this was one which made a specialty of evergreens—not subject to attack by that scale. It was supposed that these inspections would commonly be made at or near the close of the growing season, when all important insect injuries of the year would be conspicuous and when, furthermore, the results of an inspection would remain good until the growing season of the following year was fairly well advanced. A certificate issued upon such inspection would apply to both the fall shipments of the current year and the spring shipments following, but would be valid no longer. The Illinois nurseries inspected during the period just mentioned were, as already said, thirty-four in number, ten in the northern, seven- teen in the central, and seven in the southern, part of the state. Eleven of these nurseries were inspected in 1897, and nine of these eleven with _ twenty-three others, or thirty-two in all, in 1898. The total number of nursery inspections for the two years was therefore forty-three. _Four- teen of these inspections were made by Prof. H. E. Summers, fourteen by Mr. R. W. Braucher, eleven by Mr. E. B. Forbes, and four by Mr. , E. C. Green. During 1897 Messrs. Braucher and Forbes were regular, Assistants of the office and were detailed for service as inspectors as calls came in. They received personally the per diem earned, their regular monthly salaries being suspended for the time devoted to this inspection work. Professor Summers, on the other hand, was not at the time on continuous salary, and was engaged only as needed for this service. In 1898, Mr. Braucher was engaged as needed for necessary inspection, and paid only from the fees; Mr. Forbes was so engaged and paid for a part of his inspections, and for the remainder, while in service as a State Laboratory Assistant, he received the fee, the time so paid being deducted in computing his monthly salary. The total expenditures on account of inspections were $448.30, of which $209.45 were paid for services of inspectors, the remainder ($238.85) being for expenses of travel. The average cost per inspection was thus $10.43. The receipts from nurserymen were $429.55, leaving a balance of $18.75 paid personally by the Entomologist to inspectors and not repaid by nurserymen. =" =~ EXPENSES OF NuRSERY INSPECTION, 1897 AND 1808. Date of Rec'd from Paid les ES cae inspection. Tespedion nurserymen.| inspector. ea pe ne $+ ox" W. A. Watson & Son,..|/Normal..... |Aug. io, ’97| H. E.S. $ 9.03 $ 9.03 3 Pheenix Nursery Co...|Bloomington|} ‘‘ 13, '97| H. E.S. 20.73 20.73 RF Bryant.c Sona. ..2. Princeton..:4|— a Zope Oven tos 15.95 15.95 Pes ehoenix’..:..... Bloomington Sept. ro, '97, H. E. S. 12.56 12.56 SS W. H. & A. L. Tincher|Decatur..... S21 215 17 Mie al tae tee eae 12325 Geo. Gould & Son....|Villa Ridge. .|Oct. 5, 97| R.W.B. 4.00 4.00 ey Srl. Webster ...<.. |\Centralia ...| ‘ 6, '97| R.W.B. 6.13 6.13 i Augustine & Co....... Normale. ete: 6, 207 |DEl was: 15.61 15.601 cp eeheo Bechtel y.. 52... Staunton?.?.)) “" 32, ?o7| HESS: 13.84 13.84 jebtusband os... . a Leanderville; ‘' 16, ’97| R.W. B. 3.00 3.00 JAS OL al 54 7 eee |Champaign .| ‘‘ 29, '97| H. E.S. 1.50 1.50 ies. Peterson & Son’..|Chicago ....|Mar. 7, 8, ’98| H. B.S: 8.75 8.75 tewe miller Co;.......jPreeport. | *4,-\1a,-98| Hi. B25. 6.50 6.50 PARC tla. . oh cscs « (Préeport: aes fro; OSL a 6.50 6.50 eblucher &'Spitler, 2.|Freeport.... | “or, 98) HaEeS. >See 6.50 avs Ota o.oo ass Nursery: nile g ae Deno rica tot 8.95 8.95 J; Ge Vaughan: . 32... Ghicago: (2 2e| shoe" TA oS! Els aso. 7.75 Wea : ss schroeder.;.\...<.. Bloomington |April 4, ’98| H. E.S. | 6.66 6.66 R. Douglas’ Sons......| Waukegan ..| ‘‘ 109, '‘98|) E. B. F. 18.76 18.76 Rob't C. Uecke....... | Harvard Jost“! e598) ..b.e be | Zina 21.07 ie Gremanohany > .=4...|Chicagom.. .< AUgt E25; 98) BeBe II.93 II.93 < R. Douglas’ Sons..... Chicago: 22. A S27 OO -cEs. | 13°73 13673 Spaulding Nurs. & Orch. Co....)Spaulding ..| ‘' 30, ’98) R.W.B. | 10.92 10.92 é Phoenix Nursery Co. .|Bloomington |Sept. 1-4, '98| R. W. B. | Sr. 73 Bras Wane “Ehomasen..... Makancdaten a) 5) aS ees. Eel 3.04 3.04 lmbigebradly ..-7<'- 2. Makanda....| ‘‘ 5/98. Ba Bo} 3.04 3.04 DEW elseibi& Son’... 3. Makanda....| ‘' 6; 298), EH: Ba E- 4.51 4.51 W. A. Watson & Co...|Normal..... 16327. OS), RoWeib: 8.54 8.54 Rob’t C. Uecke....... Elarvai icc): Th (Ole\| eae (Ci: 2.00 2.00 Galeener & Thacker ..|Vienna..... y 75-98) BBs | 10.09 10.09 Pre SEGRE 2 os... Bloomington) ‘' 8, '98|.R W.B. 6.00 6.00 Augustine & Co....... INormalew =a 9, '98| R.W. B. | 6.10 6.10 Arthur Bryant & Son..|Princeton...| ‘‘15,16, '98, R W.B. 16.50 16.50 Alpha Nursery Co. ..|Alpha..... [eee eee OR Ee. Wess. o| 7.59 7.59 L. 8. Frese (Forest Oak Nursery). Coatsburg...) ‘' 19, '98, RW B. | 12.69 12.69 = Gustav Klarner(Quincy| Star Nurseries)..... (Quincy ..... Petes Mipeenne>y aetofs lnc el Sh 13.44 13.44 Bollard, 7... 45... \Melville.....| ** > 26,98) EoC-G 3.29 3.29 Buptonids Sony s..55.. Upper Alton) “ 26, ’98/ E. G. G. | 3.29 3.29 Theo. Bechtel........ Staunton... -.1 S520, 9S kn 1G. 1G: 2.00 2.00 P. S. Peterson & Son. .|Chicago..... \Oct 4,5) 98 |S. Baye: 19.66 19.66 Custer Brothers...... (Normal..... [a8 9 BOOS LR ee. 12.11 12.11 Missing Link AppleCo./Clayton..... i) 22 398). Be ka 19.25 19.25 TD A> JEU ee Sie a a Dundee..... 628 20) Oo Ee Bele 20.81 20.81 In nearly all cases the nursery stock examined was still standing in the rows; a fact which made it usually impossible to ascertain anything directly with regard to the condition of the roots. Indeed, any practi- cable inspection of large nurseries can give at best only a rather loose approximation to a knowledge of injurious insects infesting them—at least on a small scale and to an obscure extent. Our inspectors could only walk through the nursery plats back and forth at intervals of several rows of trees, judging of the general condition of the planta- io Be tion, stopping now and then to examine an individual tree, and giving careful attention only to trees whose general appearance indicated the possibility of insect injury. Of course no premises were found entirely free from insects commonly classed as injurious. In the great majority of cases, however, those present were kinds which would necessarily be left behind in the shipment of clean young nursery trees, and without exception all were common widespread insects of the region or of the ‘state at large. ‘ It is clear, however, that no certificate, however carefully it may be drawn, or however thoroughgoing may be the inspection upon which it is based, should be taken as more than presumptive evidence of the entire absence of seriously injurious insect pests. Indeed, in the hands of any except a thoroughly reliable and honest nurseryman it is entitled to no credit whatever, but may be even worse than no certifi- cate at all, since it would be perfectly easy for an unscrupulous dealer to deceive first the inspector and then his customer, and this with little or no danger of detection. The inspector, of course, must take the word of the nurseryman as to the extent of his property, and can only presume that he has seen all the stock from which the owner is likely to draw for sale, for if deceived in this regard he has usually no means of detecting the deceit. On the other hand, there is no certain means of limiting the use of the certificate to stock actually grown by the nur- seryman or on the grounds where the inspection was made. Duplicates of it may be used, with perfect security from detection, upon any stock from any source, received perhaps long after the last inspection was made. So far as the official certificate tends to give a sense of security to the customer in dealing with a nurseryman he does not know or in whom, if known, he does not have full confidence, it is undoubtedly an evil instead of a benefit; but notwithstanding these drawbacks to its use, it will be difficult, I think, to devise any satisfactory substitute for it, as it is now commonly worded and as it should be generally understood. INSECTICIDE ,TREATMENT. Heretofore and in other states under circumstances such as existed in Illinois in 1897, either nothing has been done in the general behalf, the San Jose scale being left to the care of individuals acting in their own interest, or laws have been passed establishing some state authority competent to deal with the economic situation. In [Illinois an attempt was made to secure such thoroughgoing legislation at the biennial ses- sion of the state legislature for 1897. A bill establishing a state board of horticulture with ample powers of inspection and police was intro- duced in both houses and passed the senate by a unanimous vote, a ae . eee es but was vigorously opposed while in the house and finally failed cig cee committee, the only immediate result of the effort being an item in the general appropriation for the expenses of the state government appro-- priating $3,000 to the State Entomologist ‘‘ for experiment, publication, and instruction concerning the San Jose scale, and for the inspection and disinfection of orchards and nurseries.” It thus became a part of the duty of the Entomologist to do every- thing possible to exterminate the San Jose scale in Illinois wherever it — had been or might be detected or, if destruction should prove impracti- cable, at least to check its multiplication and spread as vigorously as % possible, and to give to owners of infested premises full instruction with respect to precautionary and remedial measures. It was also clearly intended that the office should act to protect the state as far as practi- cable against the dispersal of the scale through the nursery trade. - With a view to the discharge of these duties the following circular was issued in July, 1897: : _An appropriation of $3,000 was made to the State Entomologist of Illinois by the : General Assembly at its last session, ‘‘ for experiment, publication, and instruction Ne concerning the San José scale, and for the inspection and disinfection of orchards and nurseries.” It is the earnest desire of the Entomologist that this sum may be used to the best advantage to disclose the present condition of the fruit interest of the state with reference to this pernicious insect; to exterminate the scale promptly wherever in Illinois it has been or may be found; to protect the nurseryman and fruit grower as far as practicable against the chance of future invasion; and to assure the customers of Illinois nurserymen and of other dealers in fruit plants that Illinois. stock offered for sale is free from this pest. It was the evident intention of the legislature to trust the control of thisimportant matter to the public spirit and enlightened business enterprise of the private citizen, aided in every practicable way by the official Entomologist. It is the purpose of this. circular to make to all interested a cordial offer of information, advice, aid, and super- vision of insecticide operations, as far as the resources at our disposal will permit; and also to ask early and full information from all concerned with reference to the occur- rence or introduction, known or suspected, of the San José scale in Illinois. LocaTION OF COLONIES. It must be our first endeavor to discover promptly and to locate exactly all the colonies of this insect now established in the state. Eighteen such colonies have already been found, nearly all by an inspection of premises to which we have had reason to believe that nursery stock was imported at a time when the nurseries from which it came were infested by this scale. It is of great importance that we have at once full information concerning all importations into the state from places and at times such as to make it possible that the San José scale was conveyed by their means. Iconsequently earnestly request all to whom this notice may come that they will send to this office prompt and precise information with regard to the importation into Illinois of nursery stock or other trees or plants subject to its attack, which were grown in any of the following localities within the time mentioned after°each: Cali- fornia, since 1873; eastern New Jersey, between 1886 and 1894; Maryland since 1887; Florida, since 1889; Washington State and Ohio, since 1890; Georgia and Louisiana, since 1891; Long Island, N. Y., since 1892; Delaware and eastern Massachusetts, since 1893. The plants thus far found subject to injury by the San José scale are the apple, pear, peach, apricot, plum, cherry, quince, grape, raspberry, blackberry, gooseberry, currant, and persimmon, among our fruits; the chestnut, hickory, pecan, English walnut, black walnut and almond among the nut-bearing trees; the oak, basswood, elm, catalpa, birch, poplar, and willow among our shade and forest trees; and a large miscellaneous list of trees and shrubs, including the rose, thorn-apple or red haw, crab-apple, wahoo, spirzea, loquat, cotoneaster, flowering quince, flowering currant, acacia, alder, and sumach. This insect also seriously infests the osage orange, spreading with the greatest facility through the thick growth of the wayside hedge. It is very important that all supposed or possible cases of the appearance of the San José scale in Illinois be reported at once to this office, accompanied by twigs or pieces of bark illustrating the supposed attack. To all communications accompanied by such specimens prompt reply will be made, and energetic measures for its destruction will be taken wherever the scale is thus detected. EXTERMINATON OF THE SCALE. To owners of premises on which this scale is found the Entomologist will give all information and assistance necessary to the prompt extermination of the pest, sending an agent to inspect the situation and surroundings, to give personal instruction as to methods of procedure, and to supervise and direct insecticide operations, An effi- cient spraying apparatus will also be furnished for use where this cannot otherwise be readily obtained. This proposition is made on the sole condition that the owner will destroy stock hopelessly diseased and will provide the necessary insecticide and the labor for its preparation and for its distribution to infested stock, and that the whole operation will be carried on and continued to the satisfaction of a representative of this office. Experience elsewhere has shown that expert assistance of this sort is, as a rule, necessary to insure success; and expenditure of public money in such an interest can be justified only on condition that everything is done needful to the accomplishment of the end desired. The San José scale is commonly regarded by those best informed concerning it as the most dangerous and injurious insect enemy of American fruits. It now occurs in Illinois in comparatively small colonies, where in most cases it can probably be exterminated at small expense. Considering the enormous loss which is likely to fall upon the horticulture of the state if this highly destructive insect is allowed to spread generally throughout our orchards and to infest our nurseries, it is to be hoped that every person upon whose property it appears will regard the situation in the light of the public welfare as well as in that of his private interest, and that he will take without hesitation such measures as may be necessary to protect both. * * * * * * * BULLETIN OF INFORMATION. An illustrated bulletin of information concerning the San José scale and its dis- tribution in Illinois has been published by the State Agricultural Experiment Station (Bulletin No. 48), and will be furnished on application to Prof. Eugene Davenport, Director of the Station. A later and more comprehensive article upon the subject will appear in the forthcoming biennial report of the State Entomologist, which will probably be ready for distribution this fall. * * For omitted section see page 8. — 14 — In accordance with the propositions of this circular, preparations were made during the summer of 1897 for a thorough and general in- secticide treatment of all infested premises, to begin as soon as the leaves had fallen from the trees, this postponement being essential to any reasonable assurance that all the scales on an infested tree would actually be reached. DESCRIPTION OF APPARATUS. The principal apparatus used is a large and complicated machine sprayer consisting of a one-horse power gasoline engine, a three-cylinder force pump, and a large double galvanized-iron tank with a powerful gasoline heater beneath for making the solution of whale-oil soap. Besides this apparatus, intended for use in large orchards or in com- munities where a considerable number of infested places were separated by short distances, we had in use from one to three hand-sprayers of the kind ordinarily used in orchard work. The machine sprayer (Plate II.) is mounted on a two-horse baggage wagon, under the seat of which are placed the battery and the gasoline tank to supply the burners. Immediately back of these, on the first third of the floor space, is the engine. The large heating tank comes next. It is set close to the right side that there may be room on the left for the belt which connects the engine with the pump. The pump. occupies the remaining room in the back. The wagon thus loaded weighs 2,400 lbs. The gasoline engine (Plate III., Fig. 1) which drives the pump was manufactured in the University Shops. It has a four-inch cylinder with a four-inch piston stroke. The gasoline vapor is made by the flow of air over a gasoline jet from a needle valve on the right side, this jet being caused by gravitation from a supply tank placed higher than the engine and above the wagon seat. Gas is drawn into the cylinder from the vapor chamber to fill the partial vacuum caused by the previous explosion, a valve to allow this being opened each time the piston passes the center. The vapor when under a back pressure of forty pounds is exploded by an electric spark caused by an inter-cylinder contrivance making and breaking the current from a sixteen-cell battery. The pulley wheel is. nine inches‘in diameter and makes about four hundred revolutions per minute. The engine is rated at one-horse power. Just back of the engine is the tank, firmly attached to a three- eighths by one and a fourth-inch iron frame raised sixteen inches from the floor of the wagon. There are six legs of the same material as the frame, each bolted to the floor. Beside these legs two braces extend forward from the upper part and are bolted to the flour, one on either ’ 74 — 15 — side of the base of the engine. The tank is of heavy galvanized iron, fifty-six inches long by twenty-six inches wide, and twenty-seven inches deep. Its capacity is one hundred and seventy gallons. A partition runs crosswise through the middle, and each section thus made has a twelve-inch opening in the top and a cap for the same. In the left-hand corner, toward the rear, each section empties through an inch pipe into the system leading to the pump. A valve on this pipe admits the shut- ting off of the section from the feeding system at will. Another valve allows the direct emptying of the section without passing its material through the pump. Each section of the tank is provided with like valve and arrangements, and contains a strainer so placed that all liquid pass-~ ing to the outlet must run through it. Beneath the tank are two sets of gasoline burners (Plate ITI., Fig. 2), each set having twelve burners, all constructed on the same principle as is the common plumber’s torch. Gasoline comes to them through a pipe on the right side of the wagon from a tank under the seat. To this tank is attached an air pump and a pressure gauge. While in use a ten-pound pressure is maintained. By means of valves, one or both sets of burners may be in use at one time, and the construction is such that each burner may be shut off or caused to burn low. The floor of the wagon under the tank is thickly covered with asbestos and cement, which protects the wood and forms a foundation for the pipes which support the sets of burners. Within the iron frame are two side- and two end-strips of gal- vanized iron which protect the burner flames from wind and help retain the heat beneath the tank. The pump is of the triplex type, having three one and three-quarter inch-cylinders capable of a two and a half-inch-piston stroke. The pumping capacity is 0.07 gallon per revolution of crank shaft, or from 2.8 gallons to 4.2 gallons per minute when run within recommended speeds, and the pump will operate against one hundred and fifty pounds per square inch. A one-inch feed-pipe enters from the tank, which is elevated, in the manner stated, above the body of the pump. The dis- charge may be through a one-inch pipe or through the series of four quarter-inch cocks arranged on a cross-pipe which is connected with the one-inch discharge. The belt runs on a twelve-inch pulley with a two and a half-inch face. There are two pulleys, one loose on the shaft. A three-eighths inch pipe is connected up with the discharge and the water jacket of the engine cylinder, and this cylinder again with the feed-pipe, thus allowing a flow through the water jacket. The rate of this flow is governed by a shut-off valve on the jacket feed-pipe near the cylinder. When only two quarter-inch hose are in use this valve Sos may be opened sufficiently to cause not only the circulation in the water jacket, but also to relieve the increased pressure on the two hose. Beside the main parts of the outfit, as above mentioned, there are two tool boxes, about one hundred and fifty feet of three-ply quarter- inch rubber hose, poles and extension rods for spraying higher parts of the trees, pails for carrying water, and gasoline cans. The larger tool box is 8.5 in. x 41 in. x 32 in. outside measure, and was made in this form that it might occupy the space between the tank and wagon box, on the left, when moving from place to place. In this box are the work clothes, a spade, hatchet, nozzles, reducers, wrenches, wire-cutters, packing, screw-driver, and other articles used in connection with the spraying operation. The smaller box is 12 in. x 19 in. x 20 in,, and was made to occupy the space between the engine and the tank. It contains the oils and smaller renewal parts for the engine. | A large tarpaulin covers the whole apparatus, and by means of short ropes attached to its edges may be securely fastened to the wagon- box, so that in shipping, engine, tank, and machinery are all under shelter and protected from the weather. DETAILS OF TREATMENT, WITH RESULTS. At Dundee, Kane county, all the trees (apple, peach, and mountain- ash) upon which the San Jose scale could be discovered were dug out and destroyed in the presence of my Assistant, Mr. R. W. Braucher, November 20, 1897. Everything in the block of trees in which this in- fested stock was found was, in fact, so destroyed at this time except some shade trees—black walnut, horse chestnut, white elm, hard maple, birch, and basswood, and these were thoroughly sprayed with whale-oil soap. A few white-ash seedlings in this block were not sprayed. The apple-, cherry-, and pear-trees in the vicinity, and scattered soft maples, rose-bushes, and syringas next the infested block were sprayed, leaving without treatment only the ornamental shrubbery farthest from the trees infested. These premises were very carefully inspected again September 7, 1898, by Mr. E. C. Green, of my office, and still more fully, October 28 and 29, 1898, by Mr. E. B. Forbes, the first inspection to ascertain, for my own information, the effect of the insecticide procedure there, and the second, made at the request of the owner, to serve as a basis for a certificate of freedom from the San Jose scale and other injurious insects and fungous diseases. Both these skilled and careful observers reported after this interval of nearly a year from the time of treatment that there was no trace of the San Jose scale to be found on these ah Py ahi) ilies a} | eu fA POP Oe an! Cp ee en eae ‘ej Rt Ae Se Js - x } ps gal geste grounds; but to make assurance doubly sure I required the destruction of all stock on the infested premises which could possibly harbor and maintain the scale, designating the various lots and kinds of trees and shrubbery objected to. This requirement had been made good by January 16th, and an unqualified certificate of apparent freedom from the San Jose scale and from all other dangerous insects and from fungous diseases -capable of being transported with nursery stock to the injury of cus- tomers was issued under that date. , At Monroe Center, in Ogle county, the single pear-tree originally first infested had been cut off close to the ground and burned by the owner, and the bark had been removed from the stump for some dis- tance below the surface. Two shoots three or four feet high which afterward grew up from this stump in the summer of 1897, showed no signs of the scale November 18th of that year. Traces of the scale were found, however, on two eight-year old Rocky Mountain cherry-trees and on some sprouts of another pear-tree near by. All the infested bushes and trees on this lot and everything near by were thoroughly sprayed at this time with whale-oil soap—one hundred and fifty trees and shrubs in all, including peach, pear, cherry, apple, and plum, grape, -goosebery, currant, Rocky Mountain cherry, etc., and not a scale could be found on these or on any of the surrounding vegetation by Mr. Green, who visited this place September 9, 1898, for the purpose of ascertain- ing the effect of the treatment. On Mr. Jacob Winzeler’s place, two and a half miles south of Tre- mont, everything on the premises liable to attack by the scale was sprayed with whale-oil soap by Mr. Green March 28, 1898. Nine hun- dred and forty fruit-trees and shrubs were thus treated, and also fifteen | large maple-trees about forty feet high. Ona visit of inspection made nearly six months later (September 14th) Mr. Braucher reported that he found a few living young San Jose scales, about half grown, on three large peach-trees, but that otherwise the premises seemed free from the scale. The large maple-trees had been badly damaged by the spray, many of the lower branches having been killed, evidently by the drip from the branches above.* On Mr. P. B. Stem’s place, three and a half miles north of Manito, two hundred peach-trees and twenty-five apple- and quince-trees were cut out, and also twenty rods of osage-orange hedge. Nine hundred trees were treated in“this orchard, ranging in age from six to ten years. As none of these had ever been trimmed, about three days’ work of four men was required to prepare them for treatment: The spraying upon the 7th and Sth of April, 1898, was followed by a heavy shower in the * All infested trees since destroyed. ate 18 ae ‘ = — “at night, and the whole orchard was consequently sprayed again, the work being finished April 11th. Five months later, September 14-16, 1808, a critical inspection of this whole orchard was made by Mr. Green. On one peach-tree six living scales were found on new wood; on eight other peach-trees one or two scales each were found; and on each of six others from one to seventeen scales remained—mostly on new wood but some under bits of bark on the older growth. Ona single peach-tree a colony of one or two hundred scales was found upon a branch, a part of which had evidently escaped the spray. Except for this single colony the total number of scales found on a very careful search of everything in and near this orchard which had been previously infested resulted in | the discovery of about fifty living scales. ‘ According to the report of Mr. Braucher, as summarized in my last entomological Report (page 15), about ninety-nine per cent. of the San Jose scale in the orchard of Mr. Kiem, near Quincy, had been “7 killed by two successive sprayings with whale-oil soap, made in the fall : of 1896 and the spring of 1897. That this was not an overestimate of the efficiency of the treatment is shown by the report of Mr. Green, who visited this orchard April 13, 1898, and upon a rigid examination could find no living scales on the premises except-on the trunk of one small apple-tree. He proceeded, according to his instructions, to treat thoroughly a third time all the trees (twenty in number) which had originally been badly infested, first scraping the trunks and removing a a 1, gee Be the earth from about the bases. Hot soap solution was brushed on with stiff brooms up to the uppermost twigs, and these were sprayed except in a few cases where they were perfectly fresh and bright, evidently _ never having had any scale upon them. A very critical examination of this orchard made September 20, 1898, by the acute and careful in- spector, Mr. R. W. Braucher, showed that the San Jose scale in this orchard was, however, far from being exterminated, living scales being detected on several apple- and peach-trees which had been badly infested when the treatment of this orchard began. One apple-tree had been so badly incrusted with the scale that especial pains was taken to treat it thoroughly. The limbs were cut back to a few short stubs, the bark was scraped, and the tree was thoroughly coated with strong soap solu- tion by means of a brush. Pieces of bark clipped from this tree showed, nevertheless, that it was still slightly infested by the scale. At Paloma, visited April 17th, where one infested tree had been previously found, no scale could be detected. This tree had been taken out and burned, and others near it had been twice sprayed by the owner with whale-oil soap. Mr. Lowe’s orchard of five acres at Auburn, in Sangamon county, — 19 oe was found by Professor Summers very generally infested, together with a hedge adjoining. This whole orchard and two rows of another orchard adjacent to it, not infested, were thoroughly sprayed by Pro- fessor Summers the first week in January, t898. The infested hedge was not treated, as the owner promised to destroy it. September 17, 1898, it was found by Mr. Green that this orchard was by no means free from the scale, a considerable number of trees—apple, pear, peach, and plum—still showing from one to a dozen, twenty, or more, living scales. A few scales were also found upon apricot trees in an old orchard near by which was not treated by Professor Summers. The situation at this place was on the whole quite unsatisfactory, and the premises will doubtless become thoroughly infested again within the course of two or three years unless additional measures are taken for the destruction of the scale. The infested hedge mentioned above had been twice cut down, but had not been killed. The infested trees on Mr. Henry Archer’s place, two miles from . New City, in Sangamon county, were scattered through the western end of an orchard of about five acres. These were mostly young, but a few of them were large peach-trees, and others were of various sizes inter- mediate. All the very badly infested trees were, however, very small, and the scale had apparently spread but a short distance from them. About sixty trees were sprayed in this orchard in January, 1898, includ- ing, of course, all those visibly infested but going some distance beyond them. September 18, 1898, about seventy trees were found still infested with the scale, commonly not more than from ten to twenty specimens onatree. It was also found in an old orchard adjoining the one prin- cipally infested and which had not been sprayed by Professor Summers in January. At Assumption, in Christian county, the entire small orchard be- longing to Mr. Tobias on a city lot on which a single infested tree had been found, was sprayed February 12, 1898, by Mr. Green, and the pear-tree on which the scale had been brought to these premises was dug out and burned. This tree was one of six obtained by mail from a Philadelphia dealer. The remaining five were found in the hands of other citizens, all free from the scale except one belonging to Mr. Hiram Hooten, which bore a few specimens sufficiently like the San Jose scale to give ground for suspicion. This tree was thoroughly sprayed by Mr. Green. September 20, 1898, on a single tree (a quince) Mr. Green found one San Jose scale; otherwise the trees on Mr. Tobias’s lot seemed free from the scale. At Tower Hill early in February, 1898, two trees on Mr. Grisso’s place were cut out and burned, six were thoroughly sprayed with soap —— 20 —— solution, and others adjacent were partly sprayed. On Mrs. Connor’s place one tree was dug out and seventeen trees were sprayed. Septem- ber 21, 1898, Grisso’s place was found in rather bad condition. On three of the trees sprayed in February from three to eight living scales — were detected by Mr. Green; on two adjacent trees not sprayed the San Jose scale was found, the trunk of one being covered and its upper ~ branches infested; and on another part of the place, a hundred rods from the infested trees above mentioned, three trees were found badly é. incrusted with the scale, one an apple, one a plum, and one a flowering quince. It is probable that the scale is generally distributed on Mr. Grisso’s place, and that only a thorough insecticide treatment of the whole of it can check its spread effectively. On the village lot of Mrs. Connor no scale was found at this time. At Herrick, in Shelby county, it was found that the owner had removed the infested trees in August, 1898, and burned themup. A -yery careful examination of eight others, planted near them and sepa- rate from the main orchard of the owner, was made by Professor Sum- mers February 12, 1898, but no trace of San Jose scale could be found upon them. Spraying at Ernst, January 18 to 24, 1898, was attended by unusual difficulties and much delay owing to unfavorable weather, frequent rains probably washing off much of the soap. Work began January 18th and continued through the forenoon of the rgth, but was then interrupted by : rain which lasted all the afternoon and into the night. The 20th was too windy for orchard work, but spraying began again on the 21st and was followed by rain—in part violent showers—nearly all the 22d. On the afternoon of the 24th spraying began again, but was followed at night and in the morning by several hard showers. One hundred and sixty- four trees were sprayed in all, ranging from yearlings to trees fifteen feet high; and, besides these, rose-bushes, currants, gooseberries, honey- suckles, etc. Notwithstanding this unusual exposure to rains, Mr. Green could find March 24th only nine living scales on these premises, six under a bit of bark upon a pear-tree and three on a currant bush. A great part of the premises was, however, sprayed again, seventy-two bushes and trees being included inthe treatment. Only about four hours’ work was needed, but it took six days to do it on account of daily rains. October 12, 1898, Mr. R. W. Braucher carefully inspected everything on these premises and could not find living San Jose scale upon any shrub or tree. He also observed that the whale-oil soap had generally destroyed the Forbes scale (Aspidiotus forbest), but that the scurfy scale (Chionaspis furfurus) was but little affected by the winter application of » eS = whale-oil soap. From seventy-five to ninety-five per cent. of the fruit ‘buds on the peach-trees had been killed by the January treatment, but buds on the other trees were apparently uninjured. Spray applied dur- ing the latter part of March had, however, killed many buds on plum- and pear-trees. At the farm of Mr. E. L. Howard, in Edgar county, a short dis- tance from Sandford, Ind., it was found in January, 1898, that all the infested currant bushes had been dug out and destroyed by the owner, and that the woodland brush next the infested field had-been partly cleared off and burned. It was the owner’s intention, in fact, to com- plete this work the following spring as a safeguard against the possible perpetuation of the scale in this situation. A plat of quince bushes and some rows of apple-trees in the vicinity of the infested grounds were sprayed by Mr. Braucher at this time, although no San Jose scale was detected on any of these trees or shrubs. Another inspection made by Mr. Braucher October 11, 1898, gave a similar negative result, and it seems likely that the San Jose scale has been exterminated at this point. At Mr. A. H. Evinger’s place near Vermilion, Edgar county, to which the scale had been transferred by purchase of currant bushes from the premises of Mr. Howard, just mentioned, the San Jose scale was found on only three currant bushes among some four hundred in the plantation, and on these it was so scarce as to make it little likely that it had spread to adjacent plants. All the currant bushes in this plantation, together with eighteen small plum-trees near by, were thoroughly sprayed January 4, 1898, and October 11th no San Jose scale was to be found on this place. The colony on the place of Mr. Charles Eckert, three miles from Collinsville, was visited by Mr. Green February 18, 1898, with a view to its destruction. It had by this time made considerable progress, as is shown by a comparison of the observer’s notes with the statement published on page 10-of my last Report. Trees then slightly infested were found by Mr. Green in the last stages of disease from scale attack; and where one badly infested pear-tree was reported previously sixty pear- trees were now badly infested and some of them dead. Work here was retarded by rain and by the reluctance of the owner to allow his trees to be sprayed. Five trees were finally dug out and burned, however, and forty-eight sprayed. The spraying was, unfortunately, followed within twelve hours by about eight hours’ rain. Twenty-two trees were found still slightly infested on these premises September 27, 1898, when revisited by Mr. Green, the number of scales detected varying from one to twenty on each tree. At Mascoutah the infested premises described as_ belonging ee originally to John Baisch* were found in the possession of Charles Clements. The small orchard contained about one hundred trees of various sizes, and the place was in greatly neglected condition, black- berries, raspberries, and gooseberries having grown unchecked, to form a dense and almost impenetrable thicket under the orchard trees. There were no fruit trees adjacent to this lot except in one direction, across the street, and no scale could be found anywhere in the vicinity. It was abundant, however, on a row of peach-trees about the middle of the lot, and had spread from these to blackberries beneath. The owner declined to allow any trimming of trees or any removal of shrubbery, but Pro- fessor Summers made, December 8, 1897, a persistent effort to spray thoroughly everything on this lot, using nearly six hundred pounds of soap. The scale was nevertheless found by Mr. Green September 28, 1898, on about thirty of these trees, the number detected ranging from one to twelve per tree, except in a single instance, apparently over- looked earlier, of a peach-tree thickly infested throughout. At West Salem, visited by Mr. Braucher February 4, 1898, all the trees known to be infested on Mr. Fishel’s premises were sprayed, to- gether with adjacent trees for six rows in one direction and four in another. Sixty-one trees were treated in all, ranging from six to eigh- teen feet in height. From Mr. Braucher’s report of a visit made October 28, 1898, it appears, however, that this spraying was not carried far enough, as he found at the time a few infested trees outside the area sprayed, as well as eighteen within the area which still carried a very few living scales each. The infested orchard on the farm of Mr. C. S. Frame, three and a half miles east of Alhambra, in Madison county, was treated February 25, 1898, twenty-one trees being cut down and destroyed and thirteen others sprayed after heroic cutting back. The weather continued steady for several weeks after spraying, and the soap could still be seen upon the trees a month after it was applied. Visited September 23d and 24th by Mr. Green, it was plain not only that the treatment was but partially effective but also that the scale attack had extended farther than was supposed at the time the spray was applied. From one to a dozen scales were found on each of twenty-five trees, apple, peach, pear, and plum, still standing in various parts of this orchard. The trees had made an excellent growth, and the living scales remaining were usually found on the trunk beneath a thick crust of the dead or in deep cracks where young shoots started out from the old wood. At Walnut Prairie both Mr. Cline’s and Mr. Kreager’s orchards were sprayed by Mr. Green March 15 to 18, 1898, fifty-six trees and *See Twentieth Rep. State Ent. Ill., p. ro. eS ae fifty-five bushes on Mr. Cline’s place and sixteen large trees on Mr. Kreager’s. Operations here were much hindered by rains, and part of the spraying was repeated on this account. These premises were inspected by Mr. Braucher, October 13, 1898. Mr. Cline’s orchard still gave evidence of having been very badly attacked by the scale, and living scales were found upon it in sufficient number to reproduce the difficulty within two or three years. On Mr. Kreager’s place, originally infested from Mr. Cline’s, much the same condition of things was found. The transplanted plum-tree by which the scale was brought to these premises had been very severely cut back and very:thoroughly treated with whale-oil soap, which was rubbed in by hand and applied so freely that it formed a pool around the base of the trunk. Neverthe- less, many living scales were found on this tree by Mr. Braucher in October, especially on the young-growth of the year. Several other trees on these premises were likewise still infested with living scales, which were found also on two peach-trees not sprayed by Mr. Green. The imperfect result of the insecticide treatment of these orchards is doubtless to be attributed mainly to the accompanying rains. At Mt. Carmel, five trees were dug out and two hundred and sixty- two were sprayed, belonging to eleven different owners living on five adjacent blocks. About eighty feet of infested osage-orange hedge was also cut out and destroyed. Most of the trees were large and full of branches, necessitating much pruning as a preparation for the spray. One owner refused my agent admission to his premises, although an inspection on a previous visit had determined the presence of the scale on his trees. Subsequent inspection showed that the scale was much more widely distributed at Mt. Carmel than was supposed at the time this spraying was done _ It was found, indeed, by Mr. Braucher, late in October, on no less than fifteen blocks, many of which had, of course, not been sprayed, and even on those which had been treated with the whale-oil soap it had not been completely eradicated from a single one. The failure of the insecticide to exterminate the scale is well illustrated by the fact that twenty-five trees and bushes were found infested in October upon a lot (Mrs. Deischer’s) where forty-eight had been sprayed the preceding March, and that twenty-three were still infested in an adjoining lot (belonging to Mr. R. K. Stees) where thirty-two had been sprayed by Mr. Green. The situation at Richview proved on continued inspection to be much more serious than was at first anticipated, the scale being so wide- spread as to make it impracticable for us within the time remaining last spring and with the funds at my disposal, to complete the procedure f — 24 — se for its extermination at this point. Instructions were consequently ~ given to my field assistants, Mr. Braucher and Professor Summers, to spray thoroughly those orchards or parts of orchards in which it was present in destructive numbers, and to treat also all other infested vegetation whence it was likely to spread within a year to new territory, thus arresting the ravages of the insect where it was doing real injury, and preventing the extension of the area infested by it. These measures were taken with the expectation of returning to this locality after the fall of the leaves in 1898 fora final treatment of these premises. All of the infested property on the ground of Mr. J. W. Stanton, where the scale was first discovered at Richview, was thoroughly sprayed with whale-oil soap in February, 1898,—some sixteen hundred trees in all,—except certain badly infested trees which were dug out and burned. In addi- tion to this the premises of Mr. Jasper Wilgus, separated from those of ~ Mr. Stanton by a country road and a high hedge fence, were very gen- erally treated, several badly infested trees being destroyed and many _ others sprayed. About an eighth of a mile of hedge was cut down and burned, and the stumps remaining were profusely sprayed with kero- sene. From the orchard of Mr. Chas. Cooper, all trees originally found infested had been cut out and destroyed, but a few remained infested February 14, 1898. One of the places worst infested, a mile south of Richview, on the estate of Mr. Newcome, contained about twenty-three hundred trees. The condition of the spring weather and the exhaustion of funds avail- able for the purpose prevented the thorough treatment of these premises, but the trees originally infested were all cut out and extensive spraying was done with the object of exterminating the scale from the orchard worst infested and of reducing its numbers in other parts of these grounds sufficiently to render its spread unlikely. Approximately five hundred trees were sprayed in all upon these premises, leaving only a few partially infested trees scattered here and there. Later all or nearly all of these were infected with a fungus parasite of the San Jose scale, as will be described in another section of this article. Half a mile north of the Newcome place a single apple-tree, ina garden belonging to Mr. B. F. Johnson, badly infested with the San Jose scale, was sprayed, together with two other trees adjacent to it. A single infested tree which had been detected in an orchard immediately west of Richview, rented by Mr. Hamilton, was dug out and destroyed by the owner. Although no scale could be found on any other orchard tree, eighteen or twenty trees immediately surrounding were thoroughly sprayed by Professor Summers, and a large osage-orange hedge beside this orchard was cut out. A prolonged inspection of one of Mr. Stanton’s orchards at this * place, made by Mr. Braucher early in November, showed substantially the same results as in those previously described. The great mass of the scales had been killed, but everywhere enough remained to give origin to a new attack, which in a short period of years would equal in destructiveness the one suppressed by our insecticide operations. Fif-_ teen hundred and forty-four trees were sprayed in this orchard of dwarf pears, and of these, fourteen hundred and nine were examined by Mr. Braucher the first of November. Not less than one hundred and seven of these trees still showed the living San Jose scale—in a great majority of the cases in small numbers only, but quite numerous on here and there a tree. As a general result of the operations above described it appears that the San Jose scale has been exterminated in seven* out of twenty- one places treated, namely, at Dundee, Monroe Center, Sandford, Ver- milion, Ernst, Herrick, and Paloma, but that more or less conspicuous traces of its presence are to be found in all the fourteen others.f On several of these fourteen premises it was wholly killed on many badly infested trees, but in none of them onall. Even at Quincy, where a single small orchard was sprayed, at intervals, three times in a very thoroughgoing manner, enough of the scales survived to reproduce the original condition in three or four years at most. The places where the scale was completely destroyed were those where it had made least headway and where everything seen to be infested was promptly cut up and burned, this destruction being reinforced in most of the cases by a general spraying of everything in the immediate neighborhood on which the scale could live. There seems, on the whole, little likelihood that the spraying method can be depended on even where most thoroughly and persistently applied, to exterminate the scale on any place where it has had a few years to establish itself. On such a place the only sure remedy is the ax and the faggot, applied to every tree and shrub on which the scale is seen to have made a lodgment, supplemented by lib- eral spraying of all vegetation which may have become obscurely in- fested. It is true that fumigation with hydrocyanic acid gas has occa- sionally been recommended as efficient for the extermination of the scale even where the trees are completely and heavily infested, and some experiments lately published, especially in a Report on the San Jose *Now nine. +Inspections made since the preparation of this manuscript show that the San Jose scale has apparently been exterminated at Villa Ridge alsoand on Mr. Winzeler’s place near Tremont. At both places; every tree upon which there was any definite _ reason to suppose that the scale was finally present, was cut out and destroyed. \ pf : Cot wt Pe ae PS Sas scale in Maryland,* seem to sustain this recommendation. The general judgment of economic entomologists will, however, doubtless support the following statement quoted from a letter by Dr. L. O. Howard, writ- ten December 14, 1898. ‘¢While hydrocyanic acid gas furnishes the most effective means of destroying the San Jose scale and many other scale insects, it is not, as some seem to suppose, an absolutely perfect remedy, and experience © for many years has fully demonstrated, and also experience in the East, that here and there an occasional scale will escape this treatment, and, in the course of two or three years, it will be necessary to go over the plants again. In California, treatments are found to be necessary about every three years. Where the work is done with exceptional care, per- haps a longer period of immunity is sometimes gained.” In brief, the San Jose scale can clearly be kept in check by thor- ough spraying with whale-oil soap or by general fumigation with hydro- cyanic gas once in two to four years, according to the situation and the rapidity of its multiplication; but it can be exterminated where it has once effected a lodgment only by drastic measures of destruction sup- plemented by careful spraying or fumigation, or by repeated treatment applied in every case just as soon and just as frequently as a watchful inspection gives any evidence of the presence of the scale. DIFFICULTIES OF COOPERATION. The state legislature, as has already been said, rejected in 1897 a plan of legal and authoritative control and substituted therefor a mere appro- priation to the State Entomologist, who was thus provided with funds for an investigation and destruction of the San Jose scale, but was left without authority to compel action on the part of reluctant owners, or to proceed to act in opposition to their wishes. The success of the work of destruction was consequently dependent upon volunteer co- operation between the Entomologist’s office and the citizens most im- mediately concerned. ‘There was commonly no difficulty in securing such codperation, at least in the form of permission to enter upon premises and the contribution of a considerable amount of labor in the application of insecticides. It was much more difficult, however, to induce the responsible owner to share in any way the expense of opera- tion, some refusing absolutely, declining to acknowledge any responsi- bility to the community; others declining to bear any share of the expense until satisfied that the insecticide operation was fully successful; and still others agreeing, but neglecting, either to purchase the insecti-— cides or to pay for them when furnished, as proposed in my office circu- *Bull. No. 57, Md. Agr. Exper. Station, Aug., 1898. — 27 — lar. Indeed, three owners out of the thirty or more concerned posi- - tively objected to have their premises entered on. Two of these were finally prevailed upon by the use of tact and persistence, but the third successfully resisted the persuasions of the agent of my office, and his premises were necessarily left without treatment. As illustrations of the difficulties encountered, the following items from the reports of Pro- fessor Summers and Mr. Green will be of interest: ‘« Stepping into the yard of Mr. ———-,,” writes Mr. Green, ‘‘I met an angry old gentleman who vehemently ordered me to move on, saying that his trees did not need any inspection. I tried to tell him about the scale, and referred him to his neighbors who were having their trees examined, assuring him that there was no charge for the inspection or the work. He would listen to nothing, however, but said that he was old enough to care for his own trees and didn’t ask the state to look after him. The last legislature, he said, was a band of thieves and rob- bers, and had started a scale scare to furnish fat salaries for two of its favorites; then further remarked that a man had been there some time before who had gone across his lot without permission, and that now he would be glad to see the last of me. I finally apologized for troubling him and left.” SCAT — walked out to the place of Mr. —, three miles from town. The oldest son, a man of about twenty-five, showed me the infested trees, the mother also coming along. Some Japanese plums =r one corner of a large peach and apple orchard were in the last stages o, disease, completely infested by the scale. In another lot were severa. pear-trees, all badly infested and some dead. Both mother and son tried to convince me that the trees did not need treatment, or at any rate that they could wash off the scales themselves with their own soft soap. I pointed out the trees which I was sure that it would be abso- lutely necessary for me to treat with whale-oil soap, but they said noth- ing. I asked if one of their sons could take me back to town that after- noon and bring out the apparatus if it had come. They said the boys were busy and had no time to spare; but as a friend was to be taken to the train that afternoon, one of the girls hitched up a horse and I was allowed to ride with them. I found my spraying apparatus at the depot and sent back a note by the girl asking that the team be sent for it in the morning. Starting out to the place on foot, I met the team with a girl driving. She said she was going for a load of brick, and would not bring out my material without orders from home. I presently found a neighbor of the family who agreed to bring my apparatus out that day as he returned from hauling a load of wheat to town, and I sent word to Mr. ——— that I would be out to spray his trees, asking him to have aor weal 7 water hot that we might go to work without delay on my return. He ‘ looked more surprised than pleased when I came back with the appa- | ratus, and there was no hot water. It threatened rain, and was then too _ late to begin, so I contented myself with their promise to have hot water ready in the morning. The next day, while the boys were heat- ing the water, I pruned the trees. The boys finally helped in spraying and took the machine back to town, but the owner flatly refused to pay for the soap. The elder son, who took the apparatus to the station, became quite friendly before we separated, and told me that when I ‘came back the second time they talked of getting the shot-gun and driving me off the place.” At another town, where the trees and bushes on a village lot were thoroughly infested by the scale, Professor Summers was met at first by a refusal to give him admission to the grounds. He ignored the refusal, however, and continued his preparations, entering upon a good natured conversation with the owner. Seeing a large soap kettle at hand, he asked the use of it for boiling up his whale-oil soap. This was refused ~ on the ground that the kettle belonged to the owner’s father and that it 3 ‘‘might be called for any minute.” By inquiry in the neighborhood another kettle was found, and this was hired at fifty cents a day. The owner of the infested trees, on his way to town to consult a lawyer, met a neighbor who told him not to interfere with his unwelcome visitor who, if an agent of the state, was probably acting under authority of law. | This very reasonable but mistaken supposition served our purpose, and no further objection was made, although all assistance was steadily refused. The work was thoroughly done by Professor Summers, and no charge was made by us for materials used. As an example of the cordial spirit in which our propositions were commonly received, Mr. Green’s account of his experience at Manito may suffice. ‘‘Visited, according to instructions, the farm of P. B. Stem, three and a half miles north of Manito. Walked out in the morning and found the owner plowing, He at once put away his horse and showed me the worst infested section of his orchard, spending the rest of the day with me in examining trees and hedges. We found that the scale was scattered through something more than six acres and had also infested twenty rods of hedge. Learning that the soap necessary to thorough insecticide treatment would probably cost about $30, he asked me if I wished the money-at once. The next day he hired an additional man for the work and gave also his own time and that of his son. We all worked two days in pruning trees to be sprayed, and afterwards one of- us cared for the fire, another worked the pump, and the remaining two — * ~ gt 0 ee applied the spray. Everything I asked was cheerfully done. Trees too seriously damaged for treatment were cut down and burned over their stumps, and a row of osage-orange hedge especially valued by the owner because in a year or two it would yield valuable posts was also cut out by my advice and thoroughly destroyed. Mr. Stem made five trips to town on my account, gave five days’ work of three men, sacrificed about two hundred trees besides the hedge, and put himself to considerable inconvenience in his farming operations, as his teams were left idle when his oats should have been planted.” GENERAL INSECTICIDE PROCEDURE. The field assistants responsible for the spraying of infested orchards ~ were Professor H. E. Summers and Messrs. E. C. Green and R. W. Braucher. Their methods were, of course, substantially the same. When hand sprayers were used the soap solution (two pounds to the gallon of water ) was made in large soap kettles, which it was possible to find in every neighborhood. To diminish the labor and expense, _ and likewise to insure a more thorough application of the insecticide, trees to be sprayed were pruned and cut back as much as the owner would permit. If the trunks of the trees were rough they were scraped to remove loose bark, and if the scale was found upon the trunk the earth was scraped away to the surface of the upper roots. The assistant always directed the spray himself, depending on the aid of owners for the rest of the work. In distributing the insecticide, limbs and branches were followed out one by one with the nozzle in a way to make sure that the spray reached every portion of the surface. Trees were fre- quently sprayed from opposite directions, especially if the wind were blowing considerably. Trees so covered with the scale that the surface of the bark was generally concealed were commonly cut out and burned. When the machine sprayer was in use two men from my office traveled with it, and two lines of hose were commonly used at once, with two spray nozzles for each. The soap solution was in process of prepara- tion in one of the tanks while the spraying was emptying the other, and the spraying machine was thus kept continuously at work. For this continuous operation of the apparatus, however, a third man was re- quired to attend to the engine and make the soap solution. The progress of the work was very much delayed and continuously embarrassed by the unusually wet and open winter. Frequent rains and sleets hindered orchard work or made a repetition of it necessary, and the wretched condition of the roads blockaded the machine .sprayer for weeks ata time. We also found this large and heavy apparatus incon- venient for our purpose owing to difficulties of railroad transportation. — 30 — It could only be moved on a flat car,—not always to be had at call; 4 3 and loading facilities at small stations were sometimes insufficient for a the handling of it. These experiences, together with the partial failure of the engine, led towards the end of the season to a substitution of hand equipments entirely for the machine sprayer, three of these being in the field at once during the latter part of our operations. AN EFFICIENT FUNGOUS DISEASE.* Notwithstanding the quantity that has been done and written— much of it by myself—concerning the use of the bacterial and other fungus parasites as a means of spreading contagious disease among in- sects for their destruction, it can scarcely be said that this insecticide method has been reduced to practice with entire success for so much as a single insect species. In the nearest approximation to a practical method yet made, the use of Sforotrichum for the chinch-bug, the results have been from the beginning so equivocal and so variable that this method has never yet been recommended from this office as gener- ally available or in any way trustworthy. It is with especial satisfaction, consequently, that I now report a series of experiments with a fungus parasite of the San Jose scale, first successfully applied by Prof. P. H. Rolfs, of the Florida Agricultural Experiment Station, which gave in our hands during the summer of 1898 great promise of usefulness as a strong and steady check upon the increase of this orchard pest. The conditions of experimentation with this fungus are fortunately very favorable to tangible and precise results. The scale insects being motionless, we are able to keep the identical individuals treated under continuous observation without artificial management; and the fungus used being one not native to the San Jose scale, the results of experi-| mentation are not liable to be clouded by its spontaneous occurrence ~ either before or after the experiment is begun. It has been very easy, consequently, to demonstrate the success or failure in every case, and the results may be accepted as unequivocal. The existence of this parasite of the San Jose scale was first brought to my notice by a letter from Prof. John B. Smith, written January 5, 1897, informing me that Professor Rolfs, of Florida, seemed to have found a specific organism which ‘‘had cleaned out some infested orchards in Florida and promised to control the scale completely.” He further quoted Professor Rolfs to the effect that the fungus had with- stood quite a low temperature, and that it was a constant parasite of a scale on the oak. He was also kind enough to send me a small quantity * See Plate IV., Fig. 7, for an illustration of the characteristic growth of SA~h@- vosttlbe coccophila from the edges of a San Jose scale killed by this fungus. ”) RU Ra (eo... 2 2. te Sg ee eel > ~— t ie AL - "i 7 ayy, ce | ae oak We ae aes a Jet eee : : joe PA | 1:(n . +a ; i “c¥ : i< Thee i; = 7 : - _ i” mint ~ 72. un : , ? a , i] 2 —— ) ' = : ? . é a o ; a . 1 - : yy 7 » , : J ¥ 7 > , ‘7 “ 7 a4 7 &y Ms, & |MeHENRY y, o Se i?) | Dundee ¥ Pa DU PAGE y : a | Se eo | HENRY BUREAU af" aia i re KNOX KANKAKEE LIVINGSTON 1ROQUOIS DOUGLAS EDGAR Cc Assum ption HRISTIAN SHELBY ' Tower Hill, MONTGOMERY Word. Ahaseir® MADISON MARION MAP 4 ILLINOIS > Sh , PERRY Png Owing FRANKLIN Se Known Distribution 8. e o we SALINE SAN JOSE SGALE ot f be | with he and Effects red ) of PRX Treatment. 6 Infested but not Treated, @Freated but not exterminated. @ Exkerminated. IESE Nae DEL ey ye PrATEe: LET. PrADE IVE SAN JOSE SCALE. the of PARASITES Lie ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY OF THE SUGAR BEE, * New enterprises,—new difficulties; new crops,—new insect enemies and old enemies in a new role. The recent introduction and rapid extension of sugar-beet culture in America have brought to general notice several insect species not before known as injurious, and have given a new food to others well known for their attacks on the older crops. The beet plant is very similar as food for insects to some of our commonest weeds, and hence it has attracted the prompt attention of several species which, if we have noticed them atall, we have hitherto regarded as our friends; and it has also served to give additional variety to the diet of several crop insects of somewhat general feeding habits. It has thus already recruited a large entomological following—about one hundred and fifty species in America, if we put upon the list everything which has thus far been found to feed upon the beet in the field. Most of these, of course, can hardly be called injurious in the economic sense, but with our present knowledge of the subject about forty species may be definitely so classed. Furthermore, we may expect additions to this list from time to time, since the necessary concentration of beet culture in the neighborhood of factories and the consequent devotion of large areas to this crop year after year for an indefinite period give oppor- tunity for an extraordinary multiplication and a continuous maintenance * This paper (printed also as Bulletin No. 60 of the Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station) consists essentially of a summary of published knowledge concerning insect injuries to the sugar beet in the United States, but includes also the results of studies of beet insects made at the office of the State Ento- mologist and under his direction during the years 1898 and 1899, together with various data concerning the species treated taken from the office records of observation and experiment, It is my intention to follow the preparation of this preliminary report with continuous studies of the subject year after year, and especially to make insecticide experiments with a view to ascertaining the best and cheapest poisons and methods and apparatus of application for use in the sugar-beet field. I shall be extremely obliged to sugar-beet growers of Illinois and adjacent states for prompt informa- tion of the appearance of insect injuries in their beet fields and for any other helpful data. — 50 — ’ Z ae of its insect enemies. Doubtless, also, many beet insects which in the short period since beet culture began in America have been present in small or moderate numbers only, will from time to time exhibit that tendency to extraordinary and alarming multiplication common among the injurious species generally. It must not be inferred, however, that the beet plant is especially liable to insect injury. On the contrary, taking the country at large, it is at present less subject to such damage than corn or wheat, cabbage or potatoes. Itisa fact particularly favorable to this crop that the marketable part of the plant is but little subject to injury by insects, by far the greater part of the species which feed on it infesting only the leaf, and relatively few injuring the root. The critical period of insect injury to the beet is in the beginning of the season, while the plants are still small and slow of growth. There is at this time so little vegetation on the ground that a comparatively small number of insects may serve to lay the field completely bare; and poisons are often not available since a leaf-feeding insect may com- pletely devour the little beet while getting a fatal dose of poison for itself. The principal injurious groups are the leaf-miners, the web-worms, the cutworms, the woolly bears and several other leaf-eating caterpillars, the wireworms, the white grubs, the flea-beetles, the blister-beetles, the plant-bugs, the leaf-hoppers, the plant-lice, and the grasshoppers. The . web-worms, the cutworms, the flea-beetles, the blister-beetles, the leaf- miners, and the root-lice have done the greater part of the mischief in the states beyond the Mississippi, but in Illinois the only considerable injury seen by us in 1898 and 1899 was that done by the pale striped flea-beetles, the grasshoppers, and the blister-beetles. Insect injuries to the underground part of the beet commonly take the form either of a cutting of the tap-root, an eating away of the smaller roots, or a burrowing or excavation of the mass of the beet itself. They are commonly due either to wireworms, to white grubs, or to the beetles of one of the muck-worms (Ligyrus gibbosus). More rarely root-lice seriously damage the plant in summer by sucking the sap from the roots. It is probable that larve of some of the flea-beetles will also be found to infest the plant under ground. Injuries to the leaf may be done either by bugs with a sucking beak, or by beetles, grasshoppers, or insect larve, with biting mouths. The former abstract the sap from the stem or the blade of the leaf, often making discolored spots, dwarfing the growth and causing the leaf to curl, or even killing it completely. Beetles and their larve, caterpillars, grasshoppers, and the like, commonly make holes in the leaf, the smaller insects small circular holes as a rule, and the larger ones either gnawing away the edge of the leaf, eating out irregular holes, or, if cutworms, cutting off the stalk near the ground, Small holes made in the young growing blade may greatly enlarge as the plant expands, becoming longest in the direction of the most rapid growth. Certain maggots of flies (the leaf-miners) eat out the interior substance of the leaf in patches, leaving the cuticle unbroken. EXAMPLES OF INSECT INJURY TO THE BEET. The first injury to the beet reported in America was a mining of the leaves by the maggots of certain flies in a New York vegetable garden, an injury sufficient to prevent the use of the leaves for ‘‘greens.” Later, serious and extensive damage was done by these leaf-miners to fields of sugar beets in California. The leaf is penetrated by the insects, and the tissue is eaten out between the upper and lower layers of the cuticle, colorless blister-like spots being thus produced. Perhaps the most destructive of the beet insects in the West are the garden web-worms (Lowostege similalis and L. sticticalis). The latter was in 1892 the chief depredator in the beet fields of Grand Island, Platte Center, and several other Nebraska localities, where many of the plants were entirely defoliated. The garden Mamestra (amestra trifoli?), a caterpillar allied to the zebra-caterpillar of the cabbage, has been reported by Professor Lawrence Bruner, of Nebraska, to be quite common in his state, and is sometimes considerabiy injurious to the beet. Cutworms have been noticed wherever beets are raised. Bruner reports them in 18g9r as occasionally quite destructive to the plant while it is small, continuing their injury more or less throughout the summer. They commonly cut off the leaf at or a little below the surface of the ground, but some of them merely feed upon the blades. In 1892 they almost entirely destroyed sugar beets growing upon two Experiment Station plats at Lincoln, Neb., on one of which only about twenty per cent. of a stand was obtained. It was noticed here that little injury was done on land plowed the preceding fall and a second time in spring. Osborn noticed cutworms in Iowa doing serious injury to young beets in 1891. The army-worm (Leucania unipuncta) has occasionally attacked the beet, with other vegetation; and grasshoppers are frequently respon- sible for a considerable injury in the latter half of the season. They are not especially fond of this plant, however, and rarely injure it seriously except when: their numbers are excessive. The caterpillar known in the West as the army-cutworm (Chorizagrotis agrestis) de- stroyed beets, with many other plants, in Montana in 1897, traveling by night like the eastern army-worm, and collecting in masses in irrigation ditches to a depth of six to twelve inches. The western Laphygma or beet army-worm (Laphygma flavimaculata), related to the grass-worm of the East, almost completely defoliated hundreds of acres of beets in Colorado in 1899. Several of the flea-beetles—readily distinguished from other beetles infesting the beet by their leaping habit when alarmed—seriously injure the leaves by riddling them with small holes. The worst of these is the pale-striped flea-beetle (Systema ‘teniata), abundant in beet fields in Illinois in 1898 and 1899. Two insects hith- erto little noticed by the economic entomologist, and known locally as French bugs (Monoxia puncticollis and M. consputa), have made a serious attack upon this plant, the first of these species in New Mexico and the second on the Pacific coast—especially in Oregon. The former sometimes riddles the leaves, leaving only a network of veins, and of course checking the growth of the plant or even killing it. The well-known blister-beetles of various species have infested beet fields with serious consequences in many places, especially in the northern Mississippi Valley. They are most destructive, as a rule, after a period of unusual abundance of grasshoppers, on the eggs of which their larve feed. The muck beetle (Ligyrus) has occasionally been somewhat injurious to beets over limited areas in western Nebraska, working underground and gnawing the beet from without, sometimes entirely imbedding itself in the root. White grubs and wireworms are less injurious than might be supposed from their great numbers and general feeding habits, owing, no doubt, to the fact that beets are rarely planted after grass, in which these insects mainly breed. A root aphis (Pemphigus bet@) sometimes does serious injury, frequently attributed by beet growers to the more active and conspicuous ants which live in its company. The most noticeable instance of this injury known to us was reported from La Grande, Oregon, where both the quantity and the quality of the crop were seriously affected in 1899. A considerable injury has been done by one of the green plant-bugs or stink-bugs (Lioderma) locally abundant from South Dakota to California and Mexico. PRINCIPAL PREVENTIVE AND REMEDIAL MEASURES. The more important measures of prevention of insect injury to the beet are clean culture and a suitable system of rotation. So many of the insect enemies of this plant depend largely upon certain common fleshy weeds, that the growth of these in or near a beet plantation is a menace to the crop. The red or spiny pigweeds (Amarantus), white pigweed or lamb’s-quarters (Chenopodium album), purslane, and the cocklebur are the principal examples. Weeds of this description should not be allowed to gain any foothold or even to make a start in or about a beet field, for if they do they are likely to attract their special insects, which, when these weeds are destroyed, transfer their attentions to the beet, sometimes with highly destructive effect. Many beet insects pass the winter on the ground under the protection of fallen leaves and other vegetable rubbish, while others hibernate in the earth of plowed fields. The raking and burning of vegetable trash in fall to destroy the winter _ harborage of injurious insects, and fall plowing to break up the earthen cells of underground species are consequently useful general measures of prevention. The preparation of the soil now commonly preferred by beet growers, that is, plowing thoroughly both in fall and spring, is an important safeguard against insect injury, especially against cutworm attack. Beets should not be preceded on the same ground by any crop especially liable to breed and feed the more prominent beet insects. Thus a system of rotation in which beets follow upon grass would be highly objectionable, since some of the worst insect enemies of the beet—the cutworms, the wireworms, and the white grubs, for example— commonly breed in sod. Either oats or corn may precede the beet without objection from the entomologist, the choice to be made between these two on general agricultural principles. There is no direct remedy available for injuries to the underground part of the beet*, but injuries to the leaves may commonly be arrested by the use of one or the other of the ordinary insecticide sprays; kerosene for plant-lice, leaf-hoppers, and other insects which pierce the leaf with the beak and suck the sap, or one of the arsenical poisons for those which eat the leaf. Kerosene may be applied as an emulsion with soap- suds; or, more conveniently, as a mechanical mixture with water, thrown upon the plant by means of one of the special sprayers now constructed to deliver fixed proportions of water and kerosene intermingled in a very fine spray. The smooth surface of the beet leaf makes it difficult to apply fluid poisons successfully, since they are likely to run off, leaving no residue sufficient to serve asa fatal dose. This difficulty may probably be met by using either Bordeaux mixture or soap-suds instead of water as a medium for conveying arsenic or Paris green. In this case a quarter of a pound of Paris green and an equal quantity of lime should be kept thoroughly stirred up in the tank or barrel with fifty gallons of the Bordeaux mixture or the soap-suds, the latter of a strength to be de- termined by preliminary experiment. When the beets are small the arsenical poisons may probably be best applied, as advised by Professor Gillette, by mixing one part by weight of Paris green with twenty parts of flour and then dusting over the plants before sunrise on a dewy morning. This application may, if more convenient, be made while the leaves are moist from a recent shower. ‘‘To apply the poison,” he says, ‘‘make a small cheese-cloth sack about five inches in diameter and ten inches deep. Fill it with the mixture of poison and flour and walk *In Europe, volatile poisons like bisulphide of carbon are sometimes applied underground, especially for the destruction of root-lice and wireworms; but this measure is doubtless too expensive of time and labor for the American beet-grower, especially as injuries by these insects may be mostly avoided here by a proper general management. along a row of plants shaking the sack over them. This can be done quite rapidly when one has learned how, and is economical of poison — and does not require wheelbarrow or wagon to carry pump and tank. * * * Ifa spray is used, apply either Paris green or London purple in the proportion of a pound to a hundred gallons of water and add two pounds of fresh lime for each pound of poison. The lime should be slaked and strained through a sack to take out lumps. Then use a nozzle that throws a fine spray, and do not continue the application in any place long enough so that the drops sprayed upon the leaves will run together and flow off, carrying the poison with them. ‘« Tf white arsenic is used, prepare according to the following direc- tions: Put two pounds of white arsenic and eight pounds of sal-soda to- gether in a dish and boil for twenty minutes in two gallons of water, and keep as a concentrated solution. J? cs extremely poisonous and should be placed at once where there ts no possibility that children or domestic animals can get tt. Also, label it ‘Poison’ tin large letters. Then, in each forty gallons of water, first slake four pounds of lime and then add slowly one quart of the concentrated solution while the whole is being stirred. The mixture is then ready for application, as in case of Paris green. The lime should be strained through a cloth to take out the lumps.” * Cutworms may usually best be destroyed either by hand-picking, with lanterns at night, or by the use of poisoned baits. The most con- venient and effective of these is a bran mash or dry bran, poisoned with London purple or Paris green. For the preparation of the poisoned mash the insecticide should be thoroughly mixed with dry wheat bran— a pound or two to twenty-five pounds of bran is a suitable proportion— with water enough, sweetened with molasses, to form a mash sufficiently stiff to be dipped out without dripping. This is distributed, a large table-spoonful in a place, along the row of plants, beginning while they are still very young. Dry bran is poisoned by first dampening the bran very slightly with sweetened water and adding the Paris green,—one pound of the poison to fifty of bran,—shaking it on a little at a time and stirring it in until the whole mass is evenly mixed. This poisoned mixture may be conveniently distributed by the use of a seed-drill, filling the seed box with poisoned bran and running lines of it close to the rows. As a comparatively crude but more rapid method, for use ona .- large scale, clover or fleshy weeds may be sprayed with Paris green, cut with a scythe or mowing machine, and pitched in small quantities from wheelbarrows or small wagons wherever desired. The piles of poisoned herbage should be placed at nightfall a few feet apart between the rows of plants. The blister-beetles can often be driven out of a field by whipping * Press Bull., No. 3 (May, 1900), Agr. Exper. Station, Col., pp. 2, 3. a > ee Se ee eee ed -- —_ = ot Be AES ee. - : : —55 — or brushing the plants attacked by them, and once expelled they return slowly or not at all. The very common striped species is usually quite easily expelled in this way, but the margined blister-beetle is not so easily driven. The injuries of these beetles should be arrested, if prac- ticable, without destroying them, as in the larval stage they are ex- tremely useful enemies of grasshoppers. Indeed they are commonly numerous enough to be injurious only when grasshoppers are themselves abundant or have been so very recently. The blister-beetles are also subject to poisoning by Paris-green sprays. Mechanical measures for the collection and destruction of leaf-eating insects are sometimes resorted to in Europe, but have not as yet become necessary in this country. These general suggestions of insecticide measures must suffice for this preliminary report, since few exact experiments have been made in this country with insecticide applications to the sugar beet, and there is very little expert testimony upon this subject to draw upon. CLASSIFICATION OF THE SUGAR-BEET INSECTS. As the beet grower usually cannot become an entomologist, and probably does not wish to become one if he could, it is important that he should have a means of identifying and recognizing insect injuries to his beets without being compelled, more than is really necessary, to make himself acquainted with the names and habits of the insects con- cerned. This end he may accomplish in great measure by a careful observation of the injuries to the plants themselves, by which means he may readily limit his inquiries to a comparatively small number of in- sect species capable of doing the kind of injury under observation. Thus, if he finds the underground part of the beet eaten into or gnawed away he of course excludes at once from consideration those species which infest the plant only above ground, and also those which infest it under ground but which merely pierce it with their beaks and suck out its juices; and similarly, if he finds the leaves ragged and evidently being eaten away by biting insects, of whatever kind, his search fora remedy is greatly simplified. He needs only to see whether the injury is being done by blister-beetles, which should be driven from the field, or by cutworms or grasshoppers, which may best be destroyed by poi- soned baits. If he finds neither of these, he may proceed at once to spray his plants with an arsenical insecticide, knowing that whatever the insect agent of the injury may be this will be the proper method of attack. In this paper the insects likely to do any single kind of injury have been brought together for discussion in an economic group the members of which are few in number and readily distinguishable from each other, and the inquirer is thus brought by the shortest and easiest route to the sources of the practical information which he desires. = 5g oe The following classification of insect injuries to the beet and arrangement of injurious insects under them in economic groups is intended as an aid to these identifications. KEY FOR THE RECOGNITION OF INSECT - INJURIES TO BEETS. Plant apparently injured, but its substance above ground not evidently eaten in a way to account for the injury. : . : Substance of leaf evidently more or less eaten away. (Injuries by biting insects; arrested by arsenical poisons.) : : A F i: yellowish, or purple; often more or less wrinkled or curled. (Injuries by sucking insects or by mites; arrested by kerosene sprays.) 3. Leaves not specked, spotted, wrinkled, or blistered to account for injury; | Leaves discolored—that is, specked, spotted, or blotched with whitish, | f under-ground part of plant affected. : , : . 6. Under surface, when very closely examined, seen to be covered with a very fine loose dirty web. Discolored blotches large, more or less cupped beneath. Minute oval reddish specks moving on surface of leaf. Red Spiders, p. 58. Surface of leaf not webbed. : : A ; E : 4. Small blister-like cavities in the thickness of the leaf, making colorless translucent spots. : : : Leaf-miners, p. 59. Leaf without blister-like spots. . . j c : . 5. Many small greenish, yellowish, or grayish soft-bodied hopping insects on leaves. Empty skins of the same usually scattered on the surface. Discolored specks of the leaf small. : Leaf-hoppers, p. 62. Leaf-hoppers not abundant. Discolorations usually larger. Plant-lice, leaf-bugs, plant-bugs, and other Hemiptera, pp. 80-100. Small sluggish greenish insects numerous on underground growth, usually associated with ants. 5 ‘ : Root-lice, p. 159. Roots eaten, excavated, or burrowed. Witreworms, white grubs, muck-beetles,* pp. 161-165. Leaves cut off at ground. : é : . Cutworms, p. 100. Leaves not cut off. : 3 : : : ; : 8. Leaves rolled or folded. 2 ; , é : ; 9. Leaves not merely rolled or folded. ; : : : rato, ~~ ~ ee c—_— 7 a oF oa ee —_—_"_, { Leaf rolled at edge, small striped green caterpillar within the roll. | Leaf-rollers, p. 105. | Leaf folded lengthwise at middle, sides closely webbed together, small green caterpillar usually in fold beneath web. Leaf-folders, p. 106. Plant more or less covered or inclosed with loose open web, leaves eaten Io - by spotted or striped caterpillars. . : Web-worms, p. 106. Plant not webbed, leaves free. . : : : ; be { Leaves riddled by small, usually circular holes. Many small hard leaf- | beetles present. . +Plant-beetles, flea-beetles, etc., pp. 112-128. | Leaves ragged by coarse irregular openings or eaten away irregularly from { edges. . Grasshoppers, beetles, caterpillars, etc., pp. 128-158. *See also the dark-sided cutworm (Carneades messoria), p. 102, foot-note. 2% _- DETAILED DISCUSSION OF GROUPS AND INJURIES. The imperfect state of our knowledge of the sugar-beet insects in America has made it important that both the beet grower and the ‘ investigating economic entomologist should be considered in the prep- aration of a detailed account of species and injuries. For the benefit of the beet grower the species have been discussed, so far as possible, in economic groups, and those which do the principal harm, or seem likely to become important enemies to this plant, are treated with especial fullness. As an aid to investigation, however, even relatively insignificant species have been noticed, and at least mention has been ~ made of every insect known by us to be to any extent destructive. — Considerable attention has also been given to the bibliography of the _ subject, and every bibliographical reference of any importance in our possession is contained in the list of papers presented herewith. Especial acknowledgments are due to Professor Lawrence Bruner, of the State University of Nebraska, for a complete list of insect species known to him as injurious to the sugar beet and for other useful infor- mation without which the difficulty of preparing this paper would have been very much increased. Copies of published figures have also been received from Professor Bruner and from others as follows: from the Division of Publications of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, through the kindness of Dr. L. O. Howard, Chief of the Division of Entomology; from Prof. H. E. Summers, State Entomologist of Iowa; from Prof. Otto Lugger, State Entomologist of Minnesota; from Director C. D. Smith, of the Michigan . Agricultural Experiment Station; from Director Jas. H. Shepard, of the South Dakota Agricuitural Experiment Station; from R. W. Doane, Assistant Zodlogist of the Washington Agricultural Experiment Station; from Prof. M. V. Slingerland, Entomologist of the Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station; from Dr. Jas. Fletcher, Dominion Entomologist and Botanist to Government Experimental Farms, Ottawa, Can ; from Director Chas. D. Woods, of the Maine Agricultural Ex- periment Station; and from the J. B. Lippincott Publishing Company, Philadelphia. To Mr. Theo. Hapke, formerly of the Illinois Sugar Refining Com- pany at Pekin, and to Prof. P. G. Holden, Superintendent of the Agricultural Department of this Company in 1goo, we are indebted for many courtesies shown and assistance given during visits to their premises for the study of beet insects in the field. *. Co => - hes = wt) So ae. ; = t rity: . — 58 — Leaves of plant discolored, and lower surface covered with a delicate, * loose, and dirty webbing. THE “RED SPIDERS THE COMMON RED SPIDER. Tetranychus bimaculatus Harv. About the first of September, 1899, during a period of uncommonly dry weather, in sugar-beet fields near Tremont and Pekin, IIl., plants were observed here and there, most commonly near the margins of the fields, which were conspicuously paler than the rest, many of the leaves, especially the larger ones, being spotted and blotched with pale yellow- ish. The under surface of the leaf beneath these faded spots was un- usually dirty, and with a magnifier was seen to be coated with a fine loose web containing many minute particles; and moving over the sur- face of the leaf were minute oval translucent reddish mites, usually marked on each side of the back with a darker blotch. Many of the dust-like particles in the web on these leaves were evidently empty egg- shells of the mite, and others were its globular excreta. Careful com- parison of these specimens and of those found abundant on hemp in the vicinity of beet fields in 1900, showed that all belonged to the species mentioned above. The injury was not serious here, and no other instance of the occur- rence of the ‘‘red spider” in beet fields came to our knowledge last year; but. the very severe injury which many kinds of vegetation suffer from these mites, particularly in hot and dry weather, makes it desirable . that the attention of beet growers should be called to them. Although they are commonly more injurious to greenhouse plants than to growths in the open air, their occurrence on trees, shrubbery, and herbaceous vegetation generally is well known. ! A correct idea of the form and structure of this mite may be got from Fig. 1, 2, 3, and no extended description need be given here, espe- cially as other species of the genus will very likely be found abundant on the beet leaf. The life history of these mites has not been thoroughly worked out, but they are believed to winter as adults among dead leaves, in the crevices of sticks, and in similar shelters. They begin to breed as soon as the weather favors their multiplication and continue active throughout the season, but the number and succession of generations is as yet unknown. According to the observations of Prof. F. L. _ Harvey,* by whom this species was described, it infests an unusual list of plants, distributed through no less than twenty-four of the botanical orders. Those worst injured at Orono, Me., were beans, fuchsias, wedding bell (Brugmansia), castor-oil plant, and Boston smilax (JZjr- *Ann. Rep. Me, Agr. Exper. Station, 1892, p. 133. ee ee ee siphyllum). Among the other host plants are mignonette, pinks, roses, apricots, cucumbers, musk-melons, fever few, verbenas, sage, helio- _ trope, cypress vine, moon-flower, morning-glory, tomato, egg-plant, The Red Spider, Tetranychus bi- The Red Spider, 7etranychus b7- The Red Spider, 7e- maculatus, male, greatly megnified. maculatus, female, greatly magni- tranychus bimaculatus, (Harvey.) fied. (Harvey.) foot. (Harvey.) hop, and calla. If an insecticide operation is required for the destruc- tion of the red spider in beet fields, the usual kerosene sprays (see page 53) would probably be effective if so applied as to reach the under side of the leaves. Leaves marked with irregular blister-like blotches, due to removal of substance between the upper and the lower cuticle. THE.BEET LEAF-MINERS. Chortophila floccosa Macq. Chortophila betarum Lintn. Pegomyta vicina Lintn. The beet leaf-miners are the larve or maggots of small flies which mine out the interior substance of the leaf in blotches of various shape, _ leaving the cuticle entire until it is ruptured later by the escape of the full-grown larva for pupation in the earth. The abandoned mines then become dried, shriveled, and discolored, and are further torn by the subsequent growth of the leaf. The three species known to injure the beet in America were re- _ ported from a single vegetable garden in New York by Dr. J. A. Lintner Pe in 1881*. ‘‘A leaf free from eggs,” says he, ‘could rarely be foul and so large a number of the leaves were blotched by this means that~ they could be no longer used for ‘greens’.” The attack continued throughout the greater part of the season, and a similar instance was noticed in 1882 by Dr. Lintner in Vermont. ut i a ‘oy. alt Fig. 4. The Beet Leaf-miner, Pegomyta vicina: a, surface of egg, very highly magnified; 4, larva; 4 > ‘J 55 5 2 c, last segment of same; d, anal spiracles; e, head; / thoracic spiracles; g, cephalic hooks of larva; 4, puparium; 7, adult fly; 4, head of male; Z, head of female. (From Howard, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture.) A much more serious injury by these insects occurred in California in 1891 on the plantation of the Western Sugar Beet Company, where about a thousand acres of promising beets were all more or less dam- aged by one of the species above mentioned (P. vicima). In 1894 and: 1895 the same species did much harm to spinach in New York, as reported by F. A. Sirrine.t These or related species feed also on the common white pigweéd or lamb’s-quarters (Chenopodium album), which they are often extremely abundant, and from this plant they are likely sometimes to spread to the beet. The eggs are placed by the female on the under surface of the leaf, sometimes singly, but most commonly in numbers varying from two to five together. From thirty to forty have sometimes been counted ona single leaf. The larve enter the leaf at once on hatching, making a burrow which is in the beginning scarcely wider than the diameter of the egg-shell, but which expands within a short distance into an irregu- lar blotch. When two or more eggs are placed side by side the larve from them occupy the same cavity. When they become so crowded as * First Ann. Rep. State Ent. N. Y., p. 203. t Fourteenth Ann. Rep. N. Y. Agr. Exper. Station, p. 619. si eee ‘& aa — 61 — ' to interfere with each other’s food supply, some of them may leave their native mines and form others elsewhere. The leaf-miners observed by Dr. Lintner usually entered the earth for pupation, although a few formed their puparia between the leaves. From existing accounts it appears. that the species hibernate in the puparia, from which the flies _ emerge in April and May. The work of the larve has been seen in the field from the middle of May until November 20. In Howard’s breed- ing experiments the life cycle of a generation was about a month in length, and there are evidently several broods in a season, six or seven in New York, according to Sirrine’s opinion. The great variation in the numbers of these insects-in different years is probably to be ex- plained, in part at least, by the destruction of their eggs and larve by other insects. Most of the eggs examined by Lintner in September, 1881, had been destroyed, apparently by some insect which punctured them and fed upon their contents. A common predaceous inseet, Coriscus ferus, was observed by Sirrine apparently puncturing the larve from the outside as they lay in the mines. The following general description of Pegomyta vicina in its several stages, given by Mr. Sirrine, will serve for the identification of these insects. ‘ on willows and other plants in damp places (Uhler), on bushes and trees (Van Duzee), on celery (Davis), on apple (Gillette and Baker), on hickory (Packard), on grasses and grains (Osborn), and in dry weedy grass-lands (Van Duzee). We have found it abundant in young wheat in Illinois. It causes the dark purple spotting often seen on the leaves of lamb’s-quarters, and probably a similar discoloration common on beet leaves (U.S. Bull. 23, p. 17). Bruner mentions an undetermined A/lygus —very likely this or some other Ph/epscus—as frequent on beets and causing the spotting of lamb’s-quarters. We once found a small bass- wood brush swarming with this species in October. The leaves were noticeably faded and spotted with blackish points. The adults seem quite uniformly distributed through their season, which is from late May to about the middle of October, though they are especially abun- dant in June and the first part of July, and again in fall. There are probably two broods, and the winter is presumably passed in the egg stage as there is no record of winter collections of the adult. Thamnotettix belli Uhl. This is recorded only from Canada, Michigan, and Colorado. It is included here on the authority of Gillette and Baker, who have reported its occurrence on cultivated beet, alfalfa, and Artemisia tridentata in Colorado, the dates given ranging from May 8th to August 18th. Gnathodus abdominalis Van D. Guathodus impictus Van D. The two species of this genus here mentioned are recognizable by their short transverse heads and somewhat dull green color. They are about an eighth of an inch long. Both seem widely scattered east of the Rocky Mountains, and have been taken with other leaf-hoppers on sugar beets, but they are not common enough as yet to be of any economic importance. Both occur in ‘Illinois on corn and rye. We have taken aédominalis from wheat and grass, and Gillette and Baker record it from sugar beets and barley. We have found zmfzctus on sugar beets, wheat, rye, blue-grass and other grasses, and in groves. _ The _—. ; SoG ae data as to their life history are too scanty to show the number of broods. Abdominalis has been taken mostly in June and August, while our speci- mens of zmpictus were nearly all captured in May and July. Cicadula 6-notata Fall. (Cicadula 4-lineata Forbes. ) (PIFIL.;) Big: 3.) The two pairs of black bars and two dots on the head above form the unmistakable trade-mark of this little green species, one of the most abundant in Illinois beet fields throughout the season. It has a wide but rather northerly distribution,—reaching to Canada, Connecticut, Mis- sissippi, California, and Alaska,—and a great variety of food plants, among which the grasses and small grains take a prominent place. Davis records it as the most abundant of the celery leaf-hoppers. We have reported it as especially injurious to wheat (Fourteenth Report, page 68), and have also collected it from oats, corn, sorghum, blue- grass and other grasses, apple, elm, willow, cucumbers, dog-fennel, and other weeds. No adults have been taken later than the middle of November or before the middle of May. The species doubtless hiber- nates as an egg. Apparently there ate two broods, the adults being most abundant in the latter half of May and in June, and again in the fall months—from September rst to the close of the season. Dicraneura fiebert Loew. This leaf-hopper closely resembles the species next mentioned, but it is slightly larger and more amber-colored, and without definite mark- ings on the thorax, the most important difference being in the wing venation. It has occasionally been taken by us on sugar beets in Illinois. It is found from Massachusetts to Kansas, but it is not very abundant. We have taken it also on grass-lands and in woods, and on elm and soft maple-trees. Specimens have been taken from late in May through July, and again from near the end of August to early in November, thus indicating two broods and hibernation in the egg. Empoasca malt LeBaron. (Empoa albopicta Forbes. ) (Pl. IL. Fig: 3:) Although not destructive in grass-lands, this delicate little shining- winged, yellow-green insect is probably our worst all-round leaf-hopper pest, so excessively abundant that notwithstanding its varied diet it is able to make a serious attack on quite a number of the cultivated plants of its list. It is extremely abundant on sugar beets everywhere, both in the nymph and adult stages, thus showing its ability to breed on this s — 78 — Secs ' plant. It is probably the species mentioned by Bruner in his list of beet insects as Erythroneura sp. It was first named and studied as an apple insect, and as such in nurseries probably does the greatest damage; but it is also injurious to raspberries and garden vegetables, especially potatoes and celery, to clover, corn, and sorghum. It is further recorded in our notes on black walnut, Pte/ea trifoliata, and elm, as well as on oats, rye, grass, and some weeds, and by Gilette on beans, plum, wild grape, and cottonwood. Nymphs have been observed on celery and other plants, as well as on apple. - On infested young apple-trees the injury is very evident. The leaves curl and crinkle and the internodes are shortened, showing retardation of growth. No local effect of their punctures on beets has been recognized, but in view of the large numbers usually present in beet fields there is good reason to believe them capable of injury to beets. What we supposed to be the eggs of this species were found in slight swellings in the green twigs and the midrib and leaf stem of the apple. The nymphs are pale green. There is considerable uncertainty in using the statements of others concerning this insect because of the frequency with which it has been confused with other small greenish or yellowish species of its own and related genera, descriptions and figures of which may be found in Gillette’s article on the Zyphlocybine in the Proceedings of the U. S. National Museum, Volume XX., page 709. The row of six (or even eight) white dots along the front margin of the prothorax are evident as a rule even in alcoholic specimens, and at once distinguish the species. If this character is unsatisfactory, reference should be made to the wing venation, good figures of which are given by Gillette in his article. Specimens in alcohol can be conveniently examined by spreading out the wings, when wet, on a glass slide. The species most likely to be confused with this are A/etra albostriella, without distinct markings, bred by us from basswood, and reported on pear and cherry; Z7yphlocyba rose, yellowish without markings, found by us common on rose, goose- berry, and apple, and reported by Gillette also on cherry, currant, plum, grape, oak, and cottonwood; Diécraneura fieberi, already described above; Empoasca obtusa, bred by us on apple and collected on willow, having similar venation, but of larger size and with the head scarcely longer at the middle; and, finally, the species next to be treated, Z. flavescens (Pl. II., Fig. 4), which has been found with mad on apple and sugar beets, and in which there are usually three pronotal spots instead of six. Observations on this or a related species show a rather rapid devel- opment—from the laying of the egg to the imago within a month. The adults were noted as very abundant in late April and early May; common and more numerous than the nymphs early in June; on June 26th, vi, z = nyaa aes 4 a *trising in clouds,” nine tenths of them nymphs. None of the imagos are recorded in Illinois from November rst to the last of April, and it is almost certain that they pass the winter in the egg. It can only be surmised from present data that there are four or more broods in a season in central Illinois. Empoasca flavescens Fabr. (Pl. IL., Fig. 4.) This is closely related to the preceding species and similar to it in habit and food plants, so far as these are known to us. It was not found among the sugar-beet leaf-hoppers until fall, but became very common in October, more so indeed than ma/z. It is whiter than ma/z, and has only three spots on the margin of the thorax. These are not always distinct, and indefinite markings resembling them may be noted in some similarly colored species of related genera, which may be distinguished by their venation, as mentioned above. The species is common and widespread, and is reported from localities ranging from New York and the District of Columbia to California and Mexico. Its smoky-winged variety, dzradzz, is recorded from New York, Michigan, Illinois, and Iowa, on apple, hops, walnut, beans, and weeds. It has been collected December 16th, and again among leaves in the woods in early spring. We have taken it as early as April 20th. This indicates hibernation as an imago, and considering its abundance in late fall it is evident that its life history is unlike that of #a/z—perhaps more like that of the Zyphlocybas next to be treated. THE GRAPE LEAF-HOPPERS. Typhlocyba. (Pl. III., Fig. r.) Early in October, on sugar beets on the University farm, the species Typhlocyba vulnerata Fitch was very common, and a few of Z. comes Say and its variety vz#7s Harr. were also seen. These and a number of other tiny leaf-hoppers finely marked in various patterns with scar- let, orange, ivory-white, etc., on a pale yellowish white ground color, are commonest and very injurious on wild and cultivated grape-vines, Virginia creepers and redbud, and also occur on raspberry and a few other plants. They are widely distributed throughout the country. These leaf-hoppers spend the winter as adults in large numbers among dead leaves and other trash upon the ground, coming out and laying their eggs on the vine leaves when warmer weather comes in April and May. By the middle of June the adults become numerous, and continue in increasing numbers until the leaves fall at the end of the season. All stages may be found on the vines at once, and the suc- cession and number of broods has never been made out. - ° ‘7 i» OT eae EO 5 ign = "vn? bee 2 ¥ 4 a ae =e - : z . ’ 2 Se £S eS CON THE’ TREE-HOPPERS:. Membracide. Acutalts calva Say. As might naturally be expected, the tree-hoppers live mostly on trees. A few, however, may occur on herbaceous plants, such as the present species, which we noticed on the sugar beet in the latter part of June. It is about an eighth of an inch long, triangular when seen from above, blunt in front, acute behind, black above, the wings on each side yellowish white. Its favorite food seems to be the ‘‘Joe Pye weed” (Lupatorium purpureum), but we have taken a few on honey-locust and it is reported on buckwheat by Webster.* Our specimens were mostly taken in the latter part of June. The life history of the species is not known to us. It is found throughout the United States east of the Rocky Mountains and in Mexico. Leaves variously spotted and blotched and sometimes minutely specked. Suctorial insects present which are not leaf-hoppers. : PLANT-LICE.* Aphidide. Occasionally where the beet leaf is visibly but obscurely injured, as shown by a blotchy discoloration of the surface or bya crinkling and curling of the leaf, small, sluggish, inactive bluish green or blackish insects known as plant-lice (affzdes) may be found clustered in patches on the under surface of the affected leaf. These leaf-lice are oval or somewhat egg-shaped, their bodies are soft, their legs and antenne are well developed, and at the back of the abdomen, near the hinder end of the body, a pair of prominent tubes—the so-called honey-tubes—pro- jects backwards or upwards like miniature stove-pipes. The greater part of them are without wings, but, among these, winged individuals will occasionally occur, with large, delicate, few-veined wings. Ants of various species are likely to be found with and among them, and, indeed, wherever ants are abundant on or about the beets, the presence of plant- lice may always reasonably be suspected. They do their injury to veg- etation by sucking the sap through a stiff, jointed beak by means of which the tissues of the plant are pierced. Three species have hitherto been reported on the beet leaf in America, and to these three more are added in this paper. We have not yet found in Illinois any plant-louse species infesting the leaf of the sugar beet in sufficient numbers to do appreciable injury, *Rep. Comm. Agr., 1886, p. 577. +Two additional species of plant-lice infesting beets, Aphis middletonii and Pemphigus bete, are described on a later page under the head of insects affecting the roots of this plant. > a ey ae WA ok) ee HN Pe a the My ye sal ¥ e RAP ttn = ee Re ee Rey ae ae r ‘ ~~ 4 ED 4 se ST iam but their rate of multiplication is enormous, and under especially favor- able circumstances almost any species may rapidly become so abundant locally as practically to destroy its food plant for the time being. Most of the species hatch from eggs in the spring, all of this first generation being females capable of reproducing without copulation, and giving birth to living young as soon as they themselves become adult. Several generations are ordinarily brought forth in like manner in a single season, only the last of which is composed of both males and females, and these produce the eggs. by means of which the species is carried past the winter. These insects are commonly kept in check by their natural enemies, the ladybugs, the lace-wing flies, and a number of rapidly-breeding par- asites. It is only occasionally, consequently, that remedial measures are likely to be necessary. In that case tobacco-water, kerosene emul- sion, or a mechanical mixture of water and kerosene should be used, as prescribed for leaf-hoppers on page 64. The arsenical poisons, Lon don purple, Paris green, and the like, are inadmissible, since they do not take effect on the plant-louse, but will kill many of its insect enemies. They are thus likely to increase the danger instead of diminishing it. THE MELON APHIs. Aphis gossypii Glover. (Aphis cucumeris Forbes. ) This is the common melon and cucumber aphis of the central United States. It abounds on a large variety of plants throughout all the United States except the extreme northern part, and also in Mexico, the West Indies, and Australia. It was found in Nebraska by Mr. T. A. Williams in 1890 breeding abundantly on beets in the vicinity of infested cucumber vines. An injury attributed to ants, reported from Nebraska, was perhaps due to this species. Its leading food plants are melons, cucumbers, and other vines of the cucumber family, crops of which it sometimes almost destroys. It is also abundant on cotton, beans, pear-trees, European dogwood, orange-trees, hothouse plants, and a large number of the commonest weeds, including purslane, shepherd’s- purse, pepper-grass, pigweed (Amarantus), lamb’s-quarters (Chenopo- dium), plantain, dock, dandelion, Jamestown weed (Datura), etc.; also, in lesser numbers, on hops, spinach, tomato, red clover, and burdock. The eggs have been found on purslane, and are at first yellowish or greenish, but soon become jet-black. The color of the wingless lice varies all the way from yellow or green to black; the antenne, about half as long as the body, are mostly pale, and the honey-tubes are black. The winged ones are similarly varied, but are never entirely black; the sealing (MAS head, antennz, and honey-tubes are black, together with some bars on the thoracic segments and some lateral abdominal spots. Eggs and many wingless females have been found in midwinter; in May the lice gradually increase in numbers on the plants; and in the latter half of June, according to Professor J. B. Smith, if sufficiently numerous and favored by fine weather, an extensive migration of winged individuals occurs, rapidly enlarging the infested area. After the first week of July this movement of dispersal ceases under ordinary circum- stances; but winged lice have been seen as late as August. The sexually mature forms have not yet been distinguished. Ants assist to some ex- tent in transporting and distributing the lice in summer. Aphis atriplicis Linn. Both in America and Europe this is a common species on plants of the order Chenopodiacee, especially orache (A¢rzplex) in Europe, and lamb’s-quarters (Chenopodium) in America. It is reported by Bruner as common on beets in Nebraska. The effect on Atriplex is peculiar. The leaf-lice cluster along the midribs, mostly on the upper surface, causing a tubular longitudinal rolling up of the leaves.* The species is listed from Illinois and Missouri. It is closely related to the preceding, and further study may show that the two forms are not distinct. : The eggs are of the usual form and color, and were found with sexually perfect individuals in dry rolled leaves of Atrzplex. The sum- mer females vary from green to black, but are mostly blackish spotted with white. The sexually perfect individuals are wingless and much smaller than the viviparous form. Aphis sp. A number of wingless females were swept in July from beets in a field near Tremont, Ill., the species of which we have not found de- scribed. Not having winged individuals and not being sure of the host plant, it seems best to leave the species unnamed. It seems to belong — to the Wectarophorini of Géstlund, and is easily recognized by two dark rings on the antenna, which include the sutures between segments III, IV, and V, and by the dark color of the apex of V and the basal part and tip of VI (the so-called VI and VII); by the broad conical cauda, widest at base; and by the long honey-tubes and antennz, both surpass- ing the tip of the body. The antenne are raised on low tubercles. The setaceous part of VI is about twice as long as III; the honey-tubes are as long as the anterior femora. Myzus achyrantes Monell. This was originally described from specimens found on Achyrantes, a plant belonging to the pigweed family, and might naturally be looked *Kaltenbach, Die Planzenfeinde, p. 508. ‘ _ for on beets. It is at present, in fact, our commonest beet leaf-louse in Illinois. Though not especially abundant, it occurs in small colonies on the under side of the leaves in the latter part of June and in July, being most numerous about the end of June. The first winged individuals were noted July 5th. Itis a green aphis, with but little dark coloring in -the wingless female. The winged female has the thorax and antennz black and a large dark patch on the abdomen between the honey-tubes. The species is also recorded from Amarantus (Williams) and Malva ro- tundifolia CEstlund), and we have collected it in abundance on corn. Nectarophora erigeronensis Thos.? Specimens were taken in sweepings from sugar beets July 13th, 14th, and 26th in the vicinity of Pekin, Il]., and on the University farm (on the first date mostly wingless) which agree fairly well with the descriptions of - erizeronensis except as to the tibie. These are usually pale with black ag p yp tips, and not entirely black as stated for erzgeronensis. The honey- tubes are either entirely dark or with the basal portion pale. The an- tennz are dark except at base, the femora with the apical part, or even more than half the length, black. Nectarophora pist Kalt. The ‘‘green dolphin” is a rather common garden pest in the United States. Its body and appendages are almost entirely green. It infests principally plants of the pea family (Leguminos@), especially the garden pea, sweet pea, and clover, but has also been taken in the pupal and winged stages on beets in Nebraska, and in Europe on shepherd’s-purse, nettles, and Sfzr@a. In Illinois it occurs mostly about the end of May. THE FLATAS OR LANTERN-FLIES. THE MEALy FLata ( Orments pruinosa Say). THE GREEN Fata (Chtorochroa conica Say). Although these odd looking insects, closely related to the leaf- hoppers, are common and injurious in Illinois and elsewhere, they have not received the attention from economic entomologists that they deserve. They are from a quarter to half an inch long, with broad flat wings, held vertically and meeting behind the body. As the insect is broad in front, the general form when at rest, seen from above, is that of a wedge. The young are covered with a white woolly excretion. Like some plant- lice they collect in patches on the under side of leaves or on their stems, and do their injury by sucking out the sap. These young are rather short and blunt at the ends, very broad across the wing-pads, and pale greenish beneath the woolly coating. This latter rubs off easily, but those which have lost it reproduce it within a few days. * The green Flata is clear yellowish-green throughout, about three- eighths of an inch long, and the wings about one-fifth of an inch broad. The head is pointed in front between the eyes. The mealy Flata is smaller than the above, about one-fourth of an inch in length and one-eighth of an inch across Fig. 13. The pant the wings. Its color is at first pale bluish-green, some- Flata, Chlorochroa times darkening to a slate-color or sooty brown, dusted conta over with a whitish coat. The head is short and cut squarely off across the front between the eyes. Both the above species have been found on sugar beets and on a variety of other plants, sometimes in number sufficient to do injury, although in general they are not very common insects. Many adults of both were seen by us in July on sugar beets with beaks inserted in the leaves. They were most abundant near a hedge of Osage orange, one of their favorite food plants, on which they had very likely bred. The eggs of the mealy Flata are laid in the bark of twigs within a lengthwise slit with raised edges, and are placed end to end in a continuous row an inch or more in length. Those believed to belong to the green Flata, on the other hand, are placed in a series of short slits, placed nearly end to end, within each of which is an egg which has been pushed sidewise under the bark, causing a noticeable elevation of the bark over the eggs. Fig. 14. ‘The Mealy i I aii aes The mealy Flata is recorded by various authors as Flata, Orments prut- nosa,eggs:a,formand abundant and injurious on grape-vines, apple-trees, Bae ere gooseberry, rhubarb, privet (Zigustrum), maple, hack- eggs in twig. berry, red clover, fleabane, and various other weeds. Miss Murtfeldt * found it on a large variety of plants, but especially on dahlias, which were injured beyond recovery. We have bred it from nymphs on apple, elm, box-elder, and observed it in numbers on black- berry, sugar beet, and Osage orange, on the first of which it was seen actually to feed. Riley found the eggs in sassafras twigs. The green Flata probably has a similar list of food plants. Miss Murtfeldt ob- served it on Osage orange and lilac. It was found by an assistant of this office, Mr. C. C. Adams, breeding abundantly (June zoth) on the stalks of corn in a corner of a field, and was later found in numbers on ragweed, catnip, milkweed, and the Osage orange in the same vicinity. Probably these species hibernate in the egg, which, according to Riley, hatches about the middle of May. Nymphs of the mealy Flata found by him June 2oth were full grown July 3d. Our largest rearings of both species—the green Flata on corn and the mealy species on box- *Bull. No. 13, U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., p. 61. sa av elder—were from colonies first observed June zoth. The latter began to emerge July rst and nymphs were still numerous July r2th. The former | (conica) was a little later, adults not appearing till July 21st. An exami- nation July 27th of the place where these specimens were found, revealed a large number of aduJts and only a single nymph. Nymphs of this species taken on various plants July 8th to 15th emerged from the 17th tothe roth. Our earliest date for the imago is July 6th. Adults of both species were seen by us on sugar beets July 14th; and they were abundant in the early part of August on their favorite food plants. We have col- lected adult pruznosa up to the middle of September, and have taken single individuals of conzca October 3d and of sruinosa November 14th. This record strongly indicates that there is but one annual brood, nymphs occurring from about the middle of May to late in July, and imagos from July to the end of the season. These insects are especially sensitive to the effects of rainy weather, as was strikingly shown by colonies of C. contca on corn. After a heavy rain very few could be found on stalks where they had been common - before, while on plants which afforded them better shelter their numbers were not so much diminished. LHE PIGWHED BOG: Piesma cinerea Say. This small, gray, rough and much-flattened, somewhat diamond- shaped bug, well shown in Fig. 15, was very abundant on pigweed (Ama- rantus) in sugar-beet fields in central Illinois July 13th, yet scarcely one was seen on the beet itself. Experience has shown, however, that it will attack the beet energetically if its favorite food plant becomes scarce. In Iowa, and especially in Nebraska, it has been noticed by Osborn and Bruner respectively as very common on beets, sometimes doing much harm. It lives also on smartweeds, grasses, and a variety of trees, —among which the buckeye may be especially mentioned, — and occasionally injures the blossom of the grape in ; spring. The effect of its work upon the plant is 2h, Se ae very evident on badly infested pigweeds, where born, U.S. Dept. of Agri whitish dots thickly mottle the surface, the plants oe evidently suffering from loss of effective leafage. Its life history is not peculiar. Adults are very abundant from late May to early July in central Illinois, and again from October onward. They winter under any convenient shelter, but are abundant under the loose bark of trees, a situation to which they are especially adapted by their flattened form. Their occasional abundance is illustrated by the fact 3 s Rs Bs ¥ dl AS OP ao ee ; : r ay ae 286% " - a - rs ~ SEG As | oes . e ae fifth of an inch in length, nearly uniform grass-green, the thorax only being dark green, the legs and antenne yellowish, and the wing mem- branes slightly dusky with changeable tints of purple and green. THE FALSE FLEA-HOPPER. . Agalliastes associatus Uhler. (Cie bros.) This minute, active, black hopper is common in the beet field, but much less so than the following species, with which, indeed, it is likely to be confused unless closely examined. It is narrower and a little longer than the other, and may be further distinguished by the absence of the dull white point on the wing. The adults of this insect were commonest in our beet fields in July, the earliest fully developed speci- mens being noticed June 25th. From July onward the number gradu- ally diminished until October 3d, when the last of the species were seen. In Colorado full grown specimens have been taken from May r4th to August 24th, mostly in late July and early August. It occurs through- out Illinois and is reported from New York, Colorado, and Utah. * THE GARDEN FLEA-HOPPER. Halticus uhlert Giard. This important injurious insect has been treated at some length by Chittenden,} and we have but little to add to his account except to record it as a common beet insect in Illinois in company with the ‘‘ false flea-hopper” above mentioned. It has occurred especially in our col- lections on clover, pigweed (Amarantus), and beets. It is injurious, according to Chittenden, to beans, peas, egg-plants, chrysanthemums, and a large number of common weeds. The visible result of its work is a deadening and whitening of the leaf where the beak is inserted to pump out the sap, the leaf becoming finely mottled with white whenever the injury is considerable. It is a tiny insect, about a sixteenth of an inch long, shining black sprinkled with minute tufts of short yellow hair which may be easily rubbed off. The cuneus of the wing is minutely tipped with dull white in the long-winged form. In the short-winged form the wings are uni- form black and destitute of the membrane, and do not cover the tip of the body. The species can be most readily distinguished from A galliastes associatus by the shorter, broader body, which has an oval outline, that of the other species being relatively slender, with parallel sides. The adults appear rather early as a rule, occurring in the beet *Popenoe has reported what is probably this species as associated with the garden flea-hopper in Kansas. He reports his specimens, on Uhler’s authority, a sAgadlzastes .bractatus Say; but as Say’s Capsus bractatus is a Halticus close to whlerz, this is probably a slip of the pen. tBull. No. r9, N. S., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., p. 58. Te es aT ce oy) J | ~ eS ™~ OS “field about the middle of May, becoming abundant in July, and contin- uing until October. Chittenden suggests that there may be two broods ; = Fig. 17. The Garden Flea-hopper, Halticus uhlert; a, short-winged female; 4, long-winged emale; c, male; d@, head, side view, showing beak. (Chittenden, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture.) in a season, the species passing the winter in the egg. We have never obtained it in our numerous winter collections, and this surmise is probably correct. THE Dusky LEAF-BUG. Plagiognathus obscurus Uhler. Although this is a fairly common Illinois species, it has not often been found by us on beets. It is a small, funereal, faded-black insect, shaped like the very abundant tarnished plant-bug but of much smaller size. It is generally distributed over the United States east of the Rocky Mountains, and is recorded from a considerable variety of plants. Its time distribution in our collections indicates the development of two separate broods and hibernation in the egg. Over fifty lots have been collected by us, and all occurred either between June 14th and July 2oth or between August 14th and October 8th, with the exception of a single collection made November rst. ana go ae i i zs, THE GREEN LEAF-BUG. Reco Macrocoleus chlorionis Say”. : (Pl. IV., Fig. 1.) Except the tarnished plant-bug, this little grass-green insect is the commonest leaf-bug on the sugar beet in Illinois. Young were taken on beets in the latter part of June, and in July it was mostly adult. It | was at this time very common in beet fields, flying up from the larger plants whenever these were disturbed. Later it became less abundant, and by September rst had almost disappeared, although occasional specimens were taken on beets as late as October roth. A common whitish mottling of the leaves was attributed by us to the abundance of this leaf-bug. It seems to have a special liking for the beet, as we have not found it common on other plants although we have taken it in small numbers at many localities in central and southern Illinois. It is nearly a uniform green, the thorax only a little darker, the legs and antennz yellowish, and the eyes and the tips of the antennz blackish. The wing membranes are dusky and the upper surface of the body is sparsely covered with short black hairs. It is to some extent nocturnal, and it has been taken by us at electric lights. Garganus fusiformis Say. Very little is known of the habits of this handsome and not very common leaf-bug. It was taken by us on sugar beets in September, and the adult has occurred elsewhere in our collections from June roth to October 8th. It is widely distributed over the eastern United States. Lccritotarsus elegans Uhler. This beautiful little capsid is comparatively rare, but as two-thirds of the specimens in our collections were taken on sugar beets it is deserving of mention here. It is reported from Illinois, California, Texas, and Kansas. THE TARNISHED PLANT-BUG. Lygus pratensis Linn. Chief among the leaf-bugs is this very abundant and widely distributed insect. Itis nearly a quarter of an inch long, brassy brown, minutely and variably streaked and spotted with yellow, often with black marks on the thorax which are darkest and thickest in front. The young are greenish, of course without wings, the older of them with two pairs of round *Mr. Ashmead has informed us that specimens sent him by us represent a new species of the genus - Macrocoleus; but among Say’s unrecognized descriptions of Cafside is one of Capsus chlorionts (Leconte edition, I., p. 346) which sufficiently characterizes our specimens to warrant the adoption of his name for the species. The coloration of our specimens and the relative lengths of the antennal joints are exactly as described by him. f Fig. 18. The Tarnished Plant-bug, Lygus pra- tensis, adult. — black dots on the back of the thorax and one dot on the abdo- men. It swarms on nearly all kinds of cultivated plants, flying up readily when disturbed. It is very common in beet fields, where every observing fruit-grower must have noticed it, and frequently occurs at electric lights. These insects have been accused of manifold injury to a variety of fruits and plants, but notwith- standing their abundance in beet fields no well-marked injury to beets has been traced to their presence. It is not impossible, however, that the mere drain of their appropriation of the sap of the plant may be burdensome to it while it is laying up its enormous store of nutrition in the root. This species is found during the winter in sheltered situations, under boards, beneath the basal leaf tuft of the mullein, dead grass, beds of leaves, and the like. At this season most of these leaf-bugs are adult, but a few young may sometimes be found among them. They emerge with the first warm days of spring and lay their eggs about the plants on whose sap they are feeding. The young of the year appear late in April or early in May, and the earliest mature in the latter month, at which time all ages are to be found to- gether. The successive broods have not as yet been distinguished. Fig. 19. The Tarnished Plant-bug, Lygus pratensis, nymph. 9 J Pp They continue active and abundant until the approach of frost, when their breeding ceases and the remaining young mature for hibernation. The burning of vegetable trash, especially in cold weather, when insects are sluggish, will destroy many of this species, and a spray of - BA : a ae) Oe -Fs Sets. Peet re Mae ae Weis te ; at some suitable kerosene mixture will be found an effective means of attack if this should become necessary on the beet. THe Dusky LEAF-BuG. Calocorts rapidus Say. This insect is similar in form and size to the preceding, being, how- ever, longer and a little narrower. It is blackish brown with a very narrow yellow border at each side, the prothorax yellow and red with a central black cross-bar, often divided. The antennz are conspicuously barred with black, yellow, and red. The young are pale green, with Fig. 21. The Dusky Leaf-bug, Calocorzs vapidus, nymph. a a ~ Fig. 20. The Dusky Leaf-bug, Calocorts rapiz- dus, adult. much of the head, most of the prothorax, the thighs, and the middle of the abdomen red. ‘Their antenne are red ringed with white. This is a common species, less abundant than the tarnished plant- bug, but extremely like it in its economic relations. It continues throughout the season until October. Hadronema militarits Uhl. An inhabitant of the country west of the Mississippi, reported by Bruner as very common on beets in some localities in Nebraska in the oy Nei Pe ere eo —93 — latter part of July. The adult has been taken in Colorado from June to September. It infests pigweeds (Amarantus), and hence probably its liking for beets. THE SMALLER PLANT-BUGS. Lygeide. The species of this large and important family have a hard and brittle cuticle, with colors usually varying from grayish to black and seldom marked with red, green, or yellow. The membranous tip of the anterior wings has four or five unbranched veins, some of which usually start from a single closed cell at the base. Although this family. con- tains some of the most destructive agricultural species,—the notorious chinch-bug among them,—its injuries_to the beet have hitherto been insignificant, at least in Illinois. The frequency with which adults of this family have been taken in the winter warrants the assumption that they hibernate as a rule in the imago stage. The young are produced in spring, and the adults become relatively more abundant with the progress of the season, although no general statement can be made con- cerning the number of broods annually. Six species of this family are on our list of beet insects, and doubt- less others will be added after further studies in the field. Owing to their generally similar pepper-and-salt coloration they are distinguished to an ordinary observation with considerable difficulty—a fact of no practical importance, since whatever the species the injuries are essen- tially the same. Some of the most noticeable differences of those hith- erto observed on the beet may, however, be indicated for the benefit of the student of the insect enemies of this crop. Our beat-leaf species belong to four genera. They are of similar size, ranging from one-eighth to three-sixteenths of an inch in length. Emblethis and Sphragisticus (Fig. 22, 23) have an even, long-oval form, the outlines of the thorax flowing without break into those of the abdo- men, both laterally and dorsally. The second of these two genera is pale gray and black with the gray more or less sprinkled with black dots. Geocoris and Nystus (Fig. 24, 25) are colored like the above, but the thorax and abdomen are more distinct, with a break in the outline at their juncture. Geocoris (Fig. 24) is easily distinguished by its very large head and eyes, together equal in breadth to any other part of the body. Lmdblethis griseus (Fig. 22) is dull grayish brown with black points or dots and yellowish legs. Sphragisticus nebulosus (Fig. 23) has the head and front part of the prothorax dull black, the hinder part of the prothorax and the leathery part of the wings gray sprinkled with black points, and the wings also with some black spots. The membranes of the wings are whitish. Geocoris budlatus (Fig. 24) is gray with some black spots, the thorax and wings with black points, and the antenn black. Vystus angustatus (Fig. 25) is gray with black dots and points and some dark marks along the line of union between the leathery part and the membranous part of the wings. Limblethis griseus Wolfe. (2. arenarius Fieber. ) This species occurs, according{, to Bruner, in Nebraska on the white pig- weed and on beets and has been found about the roots of stink-weed (Zragros- tis major). It is found in Illinois and several other American states from Ne- vada to Massachusetts, and occurs also in Europe. It is recorded from Colo- rado at various dates from February ee BE ae 19th to August 6th. Sphragisticus nebulosus Fall. (Lrapezonotus nebulosus Fall.) This insect has been found, according to Bruner, on beets and quite commonly also on other plants of the beet family, but is espe- cially abundant on the white pigweed. It is abundant in Illinois and is extensively distrib- uted over the United States, British America, and Europe. Bruner has recorded (U. S. Bull. 22, p. 95) an unusual outbreak of this species in company with the large-eyed plant-bug (Geo- corts bullatus) and the false chinch-bug (/Vyszus angustatus) in the neighborhood of Lincoln, Nebraska, on land which had been allowed to grow weeds during the latter part of the season preceding. The following spring was dry, and : swarms of these insects injured seriously what Fig. 23. Sphragisticus nebu- foliage appeared, especially that of grape-vines fosus, adult. (Bruner.) 3 t 3 and various cultivated trees. Gillette and Baker in their ‘‘ Hemiptera of Colorado’”’* give dates for the adult in that state ranging from February 9th to September 2d. We have found it in December in Illinois. *Bull. 31 (Tech. Ser. No. 1), Col. Agr. Exper. Station, p. 25. - : peru! Sieg THE LARGE-EYED PuRSLANE BUG. Geocorts bullatus Say. - This species ranges from Canada to the Rocky Mountains. It is common in Illinois on sugar beets, but is especially abundant west of the Mis- souri River, where it seems to be one of the com- monest insects of the sugar beet. It apparently prefers purslane, but it is common on the pigweeds (Amarantus and Chenopodium) and on smart- weed and other weeds as well. Its injuries to grapes and small trees have been mentioned in the preceding paragraph. It is sometimes called the ground-bug because of its habit of collecting under low-spreading plants and running over the Fig. 24. The Large-eyed Purslane Bug, Geocorzs bullatus, surface of the ground. adult. Geocorts pallens Stal. This western species, closely related to G. du//atus, is reported by Gillette and Baker* to have been taken on sugar beets in Colorado. Their collections of the imago were made between May 7th and August 24th. Nysius minutus Uhl. This insect is said in Gillette and Baker’s ‘‘ Hemiptera of Colo- rado” to be common from that state to the Dakotas, and to occur also in California and Texas and in some of the Atlantic states. It was taken from June 4th to October 15th on sugar beets, Bzge/ovéa, and mustard, being especially injurious to the last-mentioned plant. THe FaLse CHINCH-BUG. Nysius angustatus Uhl. This destructive species is widely distributed, attacks freely many cultivated crops as well as weeds, and not infrequently makes a destruc- tive attack on plants of ~ economic value. It com- monly does its most serious injury in spring, especially in dry weather, the hungry adults swarming on the young foliage after their fast of hibernation and de- Fig. 25. The False Chinch-bug, Mysius angustatus: stroying it before it is fairly , appearance of injured leaf; 4, nymph; ¢, adult. unfolded. The late generations produce a less serious effect upon the more abundant leafage of the summer and fall. *Bull. 31 (Tech. Ser. No. 1) Col. Agr. Exper. Station, p. 25. — D6.e— It was especially injurious to corn near New Holland, Illinois, late ~ in May, 1898. It often collects on beets and other garden plants, and injures strawberries, apple grafts, potatoes, turnips, radishes, cabbages, ~ lettuce, and mustard. It is said to prefer plants of the cruciferous family, but purslane is a favorite with it. It is often mistaken for the chinch-bug. It is commonly reported to winter as an adult, and we have taken it under the spreading leaves of dock in December and by sweeping as early as April rrth. On the other hand, both Webster and Osborn have reported the pairing of adults in November, and Mr. Web- ster believes that he found its eggs at this season under Luphordia, where it had taken shelter. From this he supposes that it probably hibernates in the egg, the young hatching in the spring. Osborn has found the eggs among the blossoms of pigweed (Amarantus retroflexus). We have bred the imago by May 16th from young collected May 11th. The number of generations annually is not certainly known, but there are ‘apparently at least two, and very likely three. If insecticides become necessary for these insects diluted kerosene emulsion may be used. The usual precautions of clean culture and the destruction of rubbish during the fall and winter should of course be taken. THE SQUASH-BUG FAMILY. Coretde. Two species of this widespread and abundant family may receive mere mention here because of the possibility rather than the certainty of their being injurious to the beet. Coriézus lateralis, a yellowish in- sect about a quarter of an inch long, with small spots on the wings and head, and resembling in shape the common squash-bug, is not even known certainly to feed upon plants. It is fairly common in beet fields late in the season, and the nature of the reports of its occurrence on other vegetation makes it likely that it is of vegetarian habit. « Acan- thocerus galeatoy is mentioned here because of Bruner’s statement that he has found it several times on beets in Nebraska. This is also shaped like a common squash-bug, but is much larger, with greatly swollen thighs and slender tibie. The back is brownish gray, and the wing membrane nearly black. It is widely distributed and occurs on various kinds of vegetation, and has been reported as destructive to the orange in Florida. Corizus lateralis Say. Too little is known of the habits of this common insect to permit it to be included positively among injurious species, but as it occurs not infrequently in beet fields late in the season together with other species of its genus, it may be mentioned here at least as a hint to the student. Gillette and Baker list several species of the genus found in Colorado on barley, alfalfa, and various weeds. Webster reports /aferalis as com- mon on buckwheat, and Uhler found it on rank vegetation at the bor- ders of woods. It inhabits the United States east of the Rocky Moun- tains, hibernates in the adult stage, and, according to Uhler, is two- brooded, the first generation of adults appearing from late May to early July, and the second from August to October, inclusive. Acanthocerus galeator Fabr. (Euthoctha galeator Fabr. ) Little has been published of the biological relations of this insect, common in Illinois. It is mentioned here on the authority of Bruner, who reports that he found it several times on beets as well as on the wild cucumber. It has much the form and colors of the common squash- bug (Anasa tristis), but is readily distinguished by its greatly swollen thighs and slender tibie. Its back is brownish gray, and the wing membrane is nearly black. It is found throughout the United States east of the Rocky Mountains. The eggs, which are attached by one side in irregular clusters to leaves and stems of plants, are of a ruddy, golden color, and of an oval shape, subtriangular in cross-section. The young are purple-black, very spinose, with orange heads and crimson abdomens. We have found this insect on blackberries and raspberries and on forest undergrowth. It has been reported by Hubbard as very destructive in Florida. It seems to hibernate as an adult. It has been taken by us under bark and leaves November 2d, and again April 2oth. There is probably but one generation in a year. The greater part of our specimens were taken in June and July, and again in fall. THE STINK-BUG FAMILY (Pentatomide). THE WESTERN GREEN STINK-BUG. Pentatoma uhleri Stal (Lioderma uhlert Stal). Members of the family represented by this species are well known to every one by their broad and flattened form and by their habit of visiting blackberries, strawberries, and the like, upon which they leave a distasteful excretion familiar to all who have eaten those fruits when freshly picked. The present species belongs in the West, from South Dakota to California and New Mexico. It has occasionally become extraordinarily abundant and destructive, attacking cultivated crops almost without discrimination. Corn, wheat, oats, beets, cabbage, and a great variety of garden produce were destroyed by it in South Dakota in 1897,* although it seemed to prefer turnips, radishes, potato blos- soms, and young sweet-corn. In Texas it has destroyed entire plantings *Bull. 57, Agr. Exper. Station S. Dak., p. 36. Fig. 26. The Western Green Stink-bug, Pentatoma uhleri: 1, egg (enlarged 8 times); 2, surface of egg, greatly magnified (300 times); 3, nymph one week old, dorsal view; 4, Same, ventral view; 5, beak of two-weeks old nymph; 6, nymph two weeks old; 7, nymph ten weeks old; 8, beak of adult; 9 and 10, adult, two color-varieties; 11, adult, ventral view. (Saunders.) of peas and Lima beans, and has been particularly injurious to corn, attacking plants an inch and a half in diameter so heavily as to cause them to wilt and break down. It has become locally very destructive to wheat also, infesting the heads when the kernel is in the milk. At least four thousand acres of grain were thus destroyed in South Dakota. This insect is irregular broad-oval in form, about half an inch in length by a quarter of aninch wide. During the early part of the season it is uniformly green except the end of the scutellum and a narrow band along the sides of the thorax, which are a light straw-yellow. There are also a few white flakings over the upper part of the body. Later the color changes through light olive to dark red, and, finally, to dark magenta with occasionally one or more indefinite patches of black _ on the thorax. The eggs are laid in a single layer of from twenty to fifty. They are white and perfectly smooth, the free end opening by a cap-like valve. The life history of this species has been very well made out. In fall the adults burrow, as a rule, a few inches into the soft earth under weeds and rubbish, sometimes going as far as eight inches under ground, and in one case observed three feet. They have also been found in crevices and under bark, and occasionally in piles of manure. In late March and early April they appear in South Dakota under weeds and rubbish, and in a few days begin laying eggs, which hatch within a fortnight. By the middle of June the half-grown young begin to over- spread the fields and injure cultivated plants. By July roth the adult stage was reached in 1897, and the bugs began to gather on the wheat. About August rst eggs for a second brood were laid on various plants, especially the Russian thistle, wheat, and corn stalks, the thistles being sometimes conspicuously whitened by continuous layers of the eggs. The adults of this generation commonly hibernate. They have, how- -ever, in confinement laid eggs in November of the same year. These facts show clearly the dangerous character of this insect with respect to any vegetation which it freely feeds upon. THE NEGRO-BUGS (Corimelenide). THe CoMMON NEGRO-BUG. Corimelena pulicaria Germ. This extremely abundant and widespread little insect, about a tenth of an inch across, nearly hemispherical, shining black, occurs through- out the summer and fall upon a great variety of vegetation, including farm crops and common weeds, and has been occasionally found by us on the sugar beet. It bears a strong general resemblance to the small black lady- bugs, but is peculiar in the fact that the fore wings are reduced to narrow ——— TOOL —— strips beside the large scutellum, and are marked by aslender line of white. The young are similar to the adults, but with the grayish brown back of the abdomen visible, and the wings, of course, wanting or rudimentary. It is often abundant in grain fields and in grass, but congregates especially ; ; : Fig. 27. The Common upon certain common weeds, the Spanish needle Negro: bug. Compelene (Bidens) being apparently its favorite food. pulicaria, adult, natural size and enlarged. Smartweed, pigweed, and rib-grass (Plantago lan- ceolata) are also much resorted to by it. We have found it on young corn in May doing considerable injury, and also in blue-grass meadows, appar- ently injuring them. Unlike most equally abundant Hemiptera this insect seems to develop but one brood a year. It winters as an adult, begins to breed in May and June, and by the end of July the young are practically all full grown. Substance of leaf or stem more or less eaten away. Injuries by biting znsects. Leaves cut off at ground. THE CUTWORMS. Agrotis, Noctua, etc. The true cutworms, distinguished by the peculiar method of their injury to plants, are well known to all farmers, gardeners, and horticul- turists, but the details of their life history, the conditions under which their injuries are most likely to be done, and methods of prevention and remedy will bear frequent repetition. They are all nocturnal in their feeding habits, remaining secreted by day, usually in the vicinity of their food plant. Coming forth at night they eat fresh buds and foliage, cut’ off young plants and tender stems, often wasting more than they con- sume. There are several species of cutworms, rarely distinguished by the ordinary observer with any accuracy, most of them plump, soft- bodied, cylindrical caterpillars, dirty grayish or whitish and variously spotted and striped. Young beets suffer considerably from these pests, which in Nebraska have at times destroyed entire crops, devouring three or four successive plantings before they cease their work. They are essentially grass and clover insects, and by far the greater part of them are bred in pastures and meadows. ‘The life histories of the various species differ consider- ably. The eggs are laid in summer, as a rule mainly on grass, but, at times. on almost any kind of vegetation growing on suitable ground, and even on trees or vegetable trash or on the ground itself. The newly hatched larve have but four pairs of abdominal legs, and move at first like measuring-worms, acquiring a fifth pair later. When full grown the cutworms most commonly pupate under ground, each forming a smooth, dark brown chrysalis, from which in three weeks or more comes some one of several species of dull brownish or grayish moths about an inch and a half across the spread wings. This hides by day, like the larva, and flies only at night. These insects are usually single-brooded, although some species have two or three genera- tions in a year. They hibernate almost invariably as partly grown larve, doing their principal damage to vegetation during spring while finishing their growth. They are much subject to the attacks of parasites and other preda- ceous enemies. ‘Tachina flies fasten their white eggs to the back of the larva near the head, and from these the young parasitic maggots pene- trate to the interior. Small hymenopterous parasites hatch from eggs deposited within the bodies of the caterpillars, and at maturity leave behind the shriveling body of their host, together with a little tuft of tiny yellow or white cottony cocoons on a blade of grass or the stem of a weed. Larger hymenopterous parasites, such as Opfzon, also attack them; predaceous beetles, like the caterpillar-hunter (Ca/osoma), destroy numbers of them; and insectivorous birds, especially the robin and meadow lark, greatly aid in keeping them in check. Ground-squirrels also feed freely upon them, thus compensating by their protection of the meadows for their occasional raids upon corn fields in spring. Common experience enforces the conclusion to be drawn from the foregoing life history, that beets should not be planted on a spring- plowing of sod, since this is very likely to be infested with cutworms, which will commonly continue their attack upon the young crop at least until the early summer months. A sod plowed in late summer or early fall, is, however, commonly free from these insects, especially if it be broken so early as to offer no temptation to the female moths flying abroad in summer in search of suitable situations for the deposit of their eggs. The margins of fields may notwithstanding be invaded, and the crop be seriously injured by cutworms coming in from grass-lands adjacent, and in this case either collecting by hand or poisoning may be resorted to. A very useful poisoned bait for cutworms, and for grasshoppers as well, is made by stirring together fifty pounds of bran and a pound of Paris green, and making of this a rather stiff mash with sweetened water. If a tablespoonful or two of this mixture be placed at close intervals along the rows of beets in the evening, the cutworms will eat it in preference to the living plant, and will thus be killed. Sirrine, of New York, recommends especially a mixture of one pound of Paris green to twenty pounds of a mixture of equal parts of bran and middlings, and this he says is most effective when used dry. About e » bal ( y in, + , ‘in nn. se oe ey ria NY Mi EN ye Teg eae 4 o i ryt ' — — 102 — ' the same results may be obtained by heavily spraying a patch of clover with Paris green stirred up in water, and then mowing this poisoned vegetation and scattering it here and there among the plants in small bundles or packages. Only four kinds of cutworms* have so far been reported as attacking beets in America, but it is altogether probable that most of our common species will be found to feed upon them, as upon other vegetation. Two of the above are common Illinois species; the greasy cutworm and the spotted cutworm. The former (Agrotzs ypstlon—Fig. 30) is a some- what greasy-looking smooth caterpillar, dirty gray to blackish, with small darker dots and faint indications of a paler stripe down the mid- dle of the back. The latter (Voctua c-nigrum—Fig. 28) has a double row of narrow blackish triangles on the back, diminishing in size from behind forwards and usually disappearing before reaching the head. The army-cutworm (Chorizagrotis agrestis) varies from light green to dark brown with stripes along the sides. The fourth American beet- cutworm (WVoctua plecta) is not known to us in the larval stage. THE WESTERN ARMY-CUTWORM. Chorizagrotis agrestis Grote. This species ranges from Nebraska and Texas to Arizona and Mon- tana. It attracted special attention in 1897 by a remarkably destructive outbreak in Montana, where it traveled in hordes, like the army-worm, by night, as its supply of food became exhausted}. It practically swept the country clean of vegetation as it went, devouring all kinds of farm and garden crops (including beets) as well as weeds and grasses and the leaves of fruiting shrubs and trees. Immense numbers were drowned in irrigation ditches. One section of a ditch, for example, two hundred and fifty feet long and two feet wide, was filled with a mass of cutworms *As this article is going to press we notice a report of serious and peculiar injuries to beets by the so-called dark-sided cutworm (Carneades messortia), published in Bulletin 42 of the Washington State Experiment Station, in an article entitled ‘‘“A New Sugar Beet Pest, and Other Insects Attacking the Beet.” The writer, Mr. R. W. Doane, says: «Among the various species of cutworms that frequently do more or less damage to the beets is the dark-sided cutworm (Carneades messoria). These are dark, earth-colored larve that feed sometimes upon the leaves of the plant, but more commonly on the upper portion of the root. Sometimes the roots are gnawed entirely in two, at other times large, ugly-looking holes are made in the sides, which, if made while the plant is young, either wholly destroys it or causes it to develop into a deformed, ill-looking root. The worms usually feed only at night, lying concealed in the ground during the day. In very badly in- fested fields we have often found five or six larve around a single beet, usually lying quite close to the root, but sometimes a few inches away. When fully grown these larve change to brown pupz from which, some time later, the adult moth emerges. “The best and often the cheapest way to get rid of these pests is to search them out and destroy them. Where indications of the insect’s work are found, the worm itself is almost sure to be found in the soil not faraway. As they are unusually near the surface they are not hard to find, and one person can go over quite a large field in a day and destroy nearly all the worms therein. These larve are frequently found hid away under loose boards or stones lying about in the fields. This suggests the feasibility of using such things as traps, and very excellent results have been obtained by scattering loose boards around over the field and collecting and destroying any of the worms that use these for their hiding places during the day.” tBull. Mont. Agr. Exper. Station, No.:17, pp. 10-18. thas one six to twelve inches deep, and the smaller ditches were sometimes dammed until the water burst the banks, carrying bushels of the still living caterpillars into adjoining fields. The mature larva is about two inches long, nearly smooth, light: green to dark brown with alternating dark and light stripes along the sides. The moth is brown with gray markings, and a wing expanse of about an inch and a quarter. The larve hibernate, like other cutworms, partly grown, doing their principal damage in spring, and the moths appearing late in summer and fall. Ditching and poisoning, as for the common army worm (Lewcania) will, of course, be effective against this western species. A barrier of poisoned clover proved on one occa- sion to be an efficient means of destroying it. THE SpotTreD CuUTWORM. Noctua c-nigrum Linn. This insect, common to Europe and America, is best known as a corn cutworm, but destroys also cabbages, beets, and other garden plants. We have bred the moth, in fact, from cutworms taken on beets. The spe- cies is double-brooded, injuries of the first generation being practically over by the first of May, and those of the second brood occurring mainly in July and Au- gust. The larva is ashy gray or pale brownish, about an inch and a half long when full grown, and marked as in the accompanying figure (Fig. 28). It pu- pates under ground or in loose cocoons at the surface. The hibernating larve begin feeding in April and May, and most of them produce adults in May or early June. fields. The caterpillar is translucent green, with white lines on the body and two black dots on the neck shield. It feeds in a loose marginal fold of the leaf, fastened down by a web spun by itself; or sometimes it draws two leaves together, forming a loosely webbed retreat between them. It is said to live, when full grown, in a webbed concavity on the under side of the leaf, but according to our observation this is certainly not always true. | ai SP ae ee Si, Ska tS OS PL pee r + oe tS: De dad Tee. eee 4 = TOR ee ere be, ee This well-known species is common to Europe and America, and ~ is at times very destructive in greenhouses, where it eats irregular holes in the leaves of various plants. It is also reported by Davis as a celery insect, and by Johnson as injuring young tobacco plants in hot- houses. The strawberry has been mentioned among its food plants in England. Larve found September 2d in Illinois yielded us the adult October 15th, and the moth has been collected by us late in April—facts which indicate the hibernation of this species in the imago stage. The pub- lished breeding records of English entomologists indicate a similar hibernation, moths emerging late in October from pupz formed early in that month. The summer history of the species is not well estab- lished, but our own breeding-cage records and greenhouse observations taken in connection with a few scattered published notes indicate the possibility of at least four generations annually. During the past summer we have several times seen small beet leaves folded along the midrib, and on separating the folds have found a dense silken web forming a somewhat tubular retreat, in which lay a small slender, green, active larva. At least two species of these were recognized, both apparently belonging to the Zortricide. They were placed in breeding-cages, but failed to mature. Plant more or less completely covered or inclosed within a loose open web; the leaves eaten by spotted or striped caterpillars. THE GARDEN WEB-WORMS. Loxostege and Hellula. Already notorious in the history of beet culture in America are two species of insects belonging to the genus Loxostege, both commonly known as web-worms in the Western States, where they are most abundant. They are rather small, smooth, active larve, which spin a conspicuous web about the foliage infested by them. They feed largely on garden weeds, such as purslane, lamb’s-quarters, and pigweed, but when excessively abundant, as they often are in the West, they may completely destroy beets and other garden vegetables, and a great variety of weeds and cultivated plants. A third species, the so-called imported garden web-worm (/ed//ula undalis) is especially destructive to cabbages and other Cruciferae. It has lately made its appearance in the eastern United States, and is likely to extend its range. The eggs of the parent moths of the web-worms are apparently laid upon the plants, above ground. The larve make separate webs about | ae ts ee is geo a 107 — the foliage upon which they are feeding, each with a closely webbed inner retreat for concealment. A single leaf or an entire plant may thus be inclosed. The brown pupa of the native web-worms is formed in an elongate cocoon within a silken tube among the surface debris or in the loose earth beneath the plant. The paler pupa of the imported web-worm is inclosed in a compact white silken cocoon. The moths of these species are small, brownish, buff, or gray, with broad sub- triangular wings, and present a triangular outline when at rest. The species seem to hibernate in the cocoon, either as larve or pupe. There are three or more broods in a year, usually becoming more destructive as the season progresses. The numerous dipterous and hymenopterous parasites of these species, together with their other enemies, insect and vertebrate, seem under ordinary conditions to keep them well in check. The protective web spun by these caterpillars is not sufficiently dense to repel an arsenical spray, and they are consequently easily de- stroyed and their injuries checked if action is prompt and vigorous. Their attack in the beet field often develops very rapidly, and must teceive immediate attention if serious mischief is to be prevented. If beets are to be planted on land previously covered with pigweed, purs- lane, or lamb’s-quarters, it has been found useful to harrow the land thoroughly in fall to uncover the hibernating larve and pupz in their cocoons, and thus to expose them to destruction by the weather and their natural enemies. ; Four species of native web-worms have been observed in Nebraska, where these insects have been most extensively studied, three of them feeding upon beets and one on lamb’s-quarters and hence likely to feed also upon the beet. ‘Two of these have been well studied; the common web-worm (Loxostege similalis) and the beet web-worm (ZL. sticticalis). The first is common in Illinois, although it has never proven very destructive here, and the second probably occurs in the state, although it has not yet been noticed here to our knowledge. Another common species of the genus, Z. chorta/is, occurs also in Illinois, and may quite possibly attack the beet. The larvee of stmz/alis and sticticalis are easily distinguished. That of szmz/alis (Fig. 33, a) varies from pale yellowish to dusky, with symmetrically placed black dots on each segment, and with a pair of narrow pale lines down the middle of the back and one such on each side of the body. The larva of sticticalis (Fig. 35, @) is darker, the dots are black with white centers, and there are three broad dark stripes above. The larva of the imported web-worm (fed/u/a undalis—Fig. 38, 5, c) is yellowish or grayish, with five well-marked brownish purple stripes above, but no conspicuous dots. eNO Sy 1 PE aD Nigra THe COMMON GARDEN WEB-WoRM. Loxostege similalis Guen. |(Zurycreon rantalis Guen., Botis posticata G. & R.) This common and widely distributed web-worm breeds largely on pigweed (Amarantus) and purslane, but has not attract- ed especial attention in Illinois by its injuries to cultivated crops. Considerable numbers were pres- ent in beet fields last season in Fig. 33. The Common Garden Web-worm, Zox- this state, however, and a notice- Fae ae y Ee coy seeeee om able amount of damage was V3 C, gment of same, top view; d, pupa; e, last segment of same. (Riley, U. S. Dept. of done.* A full list of its food Pemere) plants appears in the U. S. En- tomological Report for 1885, page 267. Although this species has been most abundant in the region west of the Mississippi, it is distributed throughout the United States and occurs also in South America. It is a common insect in Illinois, and has been reported by Webster as one of the most abundant moths on buckwheat in Indiana. It has been recorded as common and injurious in Mississippi and the Western States, particularly in Nebraska, where it has been a very destructive species, a serious outbreak occurring in 1885 and another in 1892. At both these times this insect destroyed almost all the vegetation which came in its way. The corn crop of the region was seriously injured, and many fields of beets were completely stripped. The larve spin loose but evident individual webs, with usually a single web-worm to each, inclosing more or less of the foliage of the in- fested plant. On beets a single leaf is often lightly webbed over, with a closer retreat along the midrib where the leaf narrows into the stem. Most commonly, however, especially if the plant be small, the entire base is inclosed in a thin web, with a tubular retreat extending into the loose earth close by. The greatest damage is done within these webs by the eating of the growing bud, thus, according to one beet grower, ‘causing the root to rot in the center above. When very young the larve gnaw the surface of the leaves, but later they rag them with large irregu- lar holes, or even devour them almost wholly, leaving a blackened web- covered skeleton. The eggs of this insect have not been seen by us, and have not been described. They are apparently laid upon the leaves. The larve are whitish or dusky, with black dots. They are very active, feigning death *An attack on soy-beans at Brighton, Macoupin county, IIl., was reported to us by a correspondent, and specimens of the larve sent, which we bred to the adult of this species. ee when disturbed, or spinning a thread, dropping to the ground, and slip- ping out of sight in crevices or in the loose earth. Most of the feeding is done at night, the larve usually resting in the web by day. The full grown web-worm spins a delicate brownish cocoon within its silken retreat in the earth, and changes there to a brown chrysalis with a pair of terminal prominences each bearing three short spines at the posterior tip of the body. The moth is buffy or grayish, with darker markings as in the figure. Like the other moths of its family it is strongly at- tracted to lights. This species seems to hibernate as a moth, and the published data, together with those in our possession, indicate more or less definitely the occurrence of about four generations in a year. The first moths of the season noticed in the West in the latitude of central Illinois appeared late in May and early in June. These probably developed from an un- observed generation of larve, the descendants of the hibernating imagos. A brood of larve followed in June, becoming adult early in July; and another came about the middle of that month, examples occurring on sugar beets in Illinois July 13th. Larve of this brood taken from sugar beets July 26th had pupated July 31st, and a moth emerged August 15th. Adults of this brood have been taken by us abundantly in late July and in August. Larve found in Kansas August 11th were thought by Dr. Riley to indicate a fourth larval brood. We have had pupe and adult larve from soy-beans, collected August 27th. These had nearly all pupated by September 4th, and the adults emerged September roth to 13th. September rst and 2d, full grown larve and moths were very common in our beet fields and also on purslane and pigweed (4ma- vantus). Latve put in breeding-cages entered the earth for pupation September 6th to 11th, emerging October 15th to 18th. Some very young larve, perhaps representing a fifth brood, were also noticed Sep- tember 2d. The young web-worm grows rapidly, apparently requiring not more than ten days to mature. Three hymenopterous parasites have been reared from this species: Limneria eurycreontis Ashm., Agathis exoratus Cr., and a species of Pachymerus. A Tachina fly has been bred from it which appears to be an important parasite. Ladybirds, ground-beetles, etc., also prey upon it. THE BEET WEB-WORM. Loxostege sticticalis Linn. This species suddenly appeared in great numbers in Nebraska in sugar-beet plantations in 1892, causing great destruction to the beet, but not to other cultivated plants. The injury was mainly done within a few days, one plat, for example, losing half its foliage within thirty- six hours after the first signs of injury were noticed. The destruction — 110 — was greatest on old beet land and in the middle of large fields where weeds had been most abundant the year before, and especially on sandy soil and comparatively high ground. Another injurious brood appeared Fig. 36. The Beet Web-worm, Fig. 34. The Beet Web-worm, Lexostege sticticalis: Loxostege sticticalis: a, larval case; a, eggs; 4, same, enlarged; c, cocoon of pupa; d, laryal 4, same,occupied by cocoon of a par- case; ¢, posterior tip of pupa. (Riley, U. S. Dept. of asite; c, pupa. (Riley, U. S. Dept. Agriculture.) of Agriculture.) later in the same season. The usual food plant of this web-worm is believed to be lamb’s-quarters (Chenopodium album), and so serious an injury to beets as that described above is altogether exceptional. This species inhabits Nebraska and adjoining states, and has also been taken in Michigan, but it is not yet known to occur in Illinois. It has been found on Amarantus in Kansas and Nebraska, and on tansy in Michigan. Fig. 35. The Beet Web-worm, Loxo- stege sticticalis: a, larva; 6, an abdominal segment of same, top*view; c, same, side Fig.37. The Beet Web-worm, Loxostege sticticalis, adult. view. (Riley, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.) (Riley, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.) : The pale yellow, very flat, circular eggs are attached to the leaf surface singly or in an overlapping row of two to five or more. The caterpillar, we are informed by Prof. Bruner, does not web the vegeta- tion together so freely as does that of the garden web-worm. Besides the loose cover to the leaf or plant it makes a tubular ‘silken burrow in . ee ioe op =< = ro SA the earth or in the surface debris at the base of the plant, and when full grown constructs within this a thin cocoon about twice its own length, —or, in the case of hibernating larve, about thrice its length, —in which it changes to a dark brown pupa, this stage lasting about two weeks. The larvee of the last brood winter in their tubular retreats, changing to pupz the following May, and soon after emerging as moths. A June brood of larve, not yet observed and probably not abundant, must come from these moths, in turn becoming adult, this brood of moths producing the destructive Nebraska brood of 1892, which was at its worst during the third week of July. A presumptive third brood of larve reached its maximum that year about the end of August, and en- tered the ground for hibernation. A few of these larve gave origin to the moth in September and October, and these may exceptionally pro- duce a fourth larval brood. In Michigan tansy patches a brood of larve appeared in August, probably corresponding to the second or late July brood in Nebraska, the third brood following in the latter part of Sep- tember. These changed to moths the following May in breeding- cages. The species is unusually subject to parasitism by several species of Hymenoptera and at least one of Diptera. THE IMPORTED GARDEN WEB-WORM. Flellula undalis Fabr. This garden pest is especially destructive to cabbages, turnips, and other Cructfere, but is also reported as feeding on purslane and as attacking beets. It was first known to occur in this country in 1895, when it was found very destructive to cabbage in the vicinity of Charleston, S.C. In 1898 it appeared near Augusta, Ga., causing a loss variously estimated at from $15,000 to $50,0o00.* It inhabits Asia, southern Europe, and Australia, and is obviously of European importation, doubtless of comparatively Fig. 38. The Imported Garden Web-worm, Hellula unda- y dis: a, adult; 4, larva, side view; c, same, top view; @, pupa recent date. The moth is (Chittenden, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.) also said to have been col- lected in southern California, and. perhaps in Texas. It is seriously injurious in South Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama, and has also ap- *Bull. No. 19, N. S., U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., p. 52. — 112 — 40: A a peared at Los Angeles, California. As it is of tropical and subtropical distribution mainly, it does not at present threaten serious injury in the great beet-growing districts of the country. Its injuries to cabbages in Georgia were apparently increased by the slow growth of vegetation due to a rainy and backward season. The egg being laid in the heart of the growing plant the hatching larve are generally carried out upon the unfolding leaf, but on the occasion referred to the growth was compar- atively slow, and the larve consequently frequently attacked the heart of the plant with destructive effect. The eggs hatch in from ten to fourteen days. The narrowly striped full grown larva is half to two-thirds of an inch long. It spins a web about itself, extending this with its own growth. In breeding-cages the pupa was formed in a rather compact white silken cocoon about three- eighths of an inch long. It is three-tenths of an inch in length, light yellowish brown, with a pruinose surface bloom and a median dorsal stripe. The adult is about five-eighths of an inch across the expanded wings, grayish, with whitish and blackish lines in patches. The princi- pal injuries seem to be done during the latter part of the year, in August, September, and the fore part of October. In breeding-cages moths have begun to emerge November 21st—a fact which would seem to indicate hibernation as an adult. The number of generations annually is unknown. ‘The larva is parasitized by a Tachina fly (Lxorista piste Walk.) and probably by an ichneumon (Lzmnerta tibiator Cr); It is evident that this species can be easily transported, especially on cabbage, either in egg, larval, or pupal stage, and it is practically certain, consequently, to extend its range according to its capacity to endure our climate. As it isa southern species in the Old World, it will perhaps not become general in the United States. Leaves riddled by small holes usually more or less definitely circular. Many small hard-shelled leaf-beetles present. THE LEAF-BEETLES. Chrysomelide. GPE TV.s Figt.23 Pls/V.2MUklas VP lek SBieeers) . The adults of several of the species of the great family of leaf- beetles feed upon beet leaves and are commonly present in beet fields in sufficient number to make them a prominent feature of the insect life of the crop. Most of these species pass the larval stage on the roots or leaves of other plants, infesting the beet, with various other kinds of vegetation, when they become adult. There are a few species, however, which live upon the beet as larve also, and one of these at least is a beet pest of the first importance. (oe ts rg te ae The beet leaf-beetles vary in size from small to minute. The wing- covers are often longitudinally striped, or in a very few cases spotted, and still other species, especially the smaller forms, have a uniform metallic luster—bronze, green, or black. The leaf-beetles should be carefully distinguished from the beneficial ladybugs (Coccine/lide), of similar form and size and also often abundant upon the beet leaves. The latter have wing-covers either plain yellowish or spotted with black, or, in the smaller forms, plain black, often with red or white spots. The leaf-beetles commonly riddle the leaf with small holes, and if abundant may seriously injure the plant or even destroy the crop when it is still young. Often the injury does not extend at first entirely through the leaf, the epidermis of the opposite side being left unbroken, but this soon shrivels and breaks away and a perforation results. This is usually the case with young larve or with the smaller flea-beetles. The holes made by the cucumber beetles and their allies (Dzadrotica) are more irregular than those made by flea-beetles, the latter being small and approximately circular. If the injured leaf be young the holes increase with its growth, and also change form, becoming longer in the direction of its length. They are sometimes so numerous as to pepper the leaf thickly as if it had been riddled by fine shot, and as they increase in size the substance often breaks away between them, making large irregular openings. The numerous species of this family which breed on cultivated plants other than beets are not likely to injure beets seriously except in the immediate vicinity of such plants. Those which breed on weeds are more likely to be injurious, especially in weedy fields. Those which breed on the beet leaf itself have rarely been destructively abundant on that plant, but are liable to become so at any time. Since all these insects, in both the adult and larval stages, feed ex- posed upon the surface af the leaf, biting and devouring the substance of it, they may be destroyed by the ordinary insecticides, especially the arsenical sprays. The main difficulty in the application of these is their liability to run off the smooth surface of the leaf, but this may be pre- vented in great measure and the efficiency of the insecticide increased by a combination with the Bordeaux mixture, as described on another page.* Professor Garman, of Kentucky, has found, indeed, that Bor- deaux mixture alone is an efficient insecticide for certain of the flea- beetles. The most serious damage by insects of this class is done when the beet is very young. Here spraying is obviously futile, since the leaves would be eaten before the insects were thoroughly poisoned. This crisis may often be avoided, however, by early planting and active cultivation, pushing the plant rapidly forward before the attack is fully developed. *See p. 4or. £3 — 114 — _ The eggs of insects of this family are laid either upon the leaves of | the plant infested by the larve or on its roots or in the ground close by. The root-feeding larvz are usually whitish and slender, but the leaf-eat- ing species are darker, shorter, and thicker, and often with the segments strongly marked. The larvze change to whitish pupe in the earth, about the base of the plant infested by them. As a general rule the species pass the winter as adults, are found feeding on the leaves in May, and produce larve in June, adults from which are present in July and August. Two and even three broods may occur before the end of the season, but in many root-feeding forms there is but one each year. The important genus Sysfexa forms a notable exception to the foregoing account, hibernating either as larva or egg, and producing a single . brood of adults in summer. Co/asfis seems to have a similar history to Systena, and Chetocnema departs from that given above by the fact that its single brood of larvae appears about a month later. The greater part of the beet leaf-beetles belong to the group com- monly known as flea-beetles because of the expert quickness and energy with which they leap when disturbed. This group can be distinguished from other beetles of the family by the very thick hind thighs, shaped somewhat like those of a grasshopper. Other members of this family fly rather than leap when alarmed, their hind thighs being of ordinary size. The species of flea-beetles infesting the beet are so numerous, the individuals so small, and the characters distinguishing them so technical and obscure, that a discrimination of the species—useless as it is for economic purposes—will not be attempted in this paper. The entomolo- gist interested in specific characters is referred to Dr. Horn’s ‘‘ Synopsis of the Halticini of Boreal America.”* Certain of these jumping beetles are, however, so common and occasionally destructive in the beet field that they are deserving of special mention. The yellow-black flea-beetle (Disonycha xanthomelena—Pl. V., VI.) is one of the commoner beet insects, both larva and adult feeding upon the leaves. It may be distinguished among the flea-beetles by its com- paratively large size (its length about a quarter of an inch), by its metallic greenish-blue or black head and wing-covers, with the thorax uniform pale yellowish above and black beneath and the abdomen ‘entirely yellow beneath. A much smaller, also very abundant, species whose injuries in spring frequently attract attention, is the pale-striped flea-beetle (Systena teniata—Fig. 39). This is about an eighth of an inch in length, light yellowish brown in general color, with a broad pale stripe down each wing-cover.f *Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Vol. XVI. (1889), pp. 163-320. +Other species which have been found on beets, many of them more or less injurious, are Disonchya crenicollis, D. triangularis, and D. cervicalis, Systena hudsonias and S. frontalis, Phyllotreta vittata, P. albionica, and P. decipiens, Epitrix brevis, Crepidodera atriventris, Glyptina brunnea, Longitarsus melanurus, Chetocnema denticulata, C. pulicaria, and C. confinis, and Psylizodes punctulata and P, convexior. I Fa, - The leaf-beetles which do not have the leaping habit are fewer in number and much more readily discriminated. The two ‘ French bugs” (Monoxia), not found in Illinois, are either pale yellowish with indefinite spots (AZ. consputa) or uniform in color but varying from yellow to black, rarely with a more or less distinct pair of dark stripes on the wing-covers (WZ. puncticollis). The beetle of the northern corn root worm (Dradrotica longicornis—Fig. 49) is uniform green; that of the southern corn root worm (D. 12-functata—Fig. 45), generally yellow with three cross rows of black dots on the wing-covers, four in each row. The common cucumber beetle (D. vi¢tata—Fig. 46 a) is striped with black and yellow; and the grape-vine Colaspis (C. drunnea—Pl. IX., Fig. 1) is a thick clay-yellowish beetle about an eighth of an inch long, with cylindrical thorax only about half as wide as the body across the prominent shoulders. $ — } i. 5 n - 4 THE LARGER STRIPED-FLEA-BEETLE. Disonycha crenicollis Say. This rather large flea-beetle, about a quarter of an inch in length, striped with pale yellow and black and with a pair of black dots near the middle of the yellow thorax, has been occasionally found by us in the beet fields of Illinois in summer and fall, and has also been seen on beets in Nebraska. It ranges from New York and Iowa to Texas and Mexico. Its larval habits are not known, but those of related species feed exposed upon the leaves of beets and other plants. This beetle also injures strawberry leaves, and it is one of the common melon beetles of southern Illinois. It hibernates as an adult, but the number of its suc- cessive broods has never been determined. THe THREE-SPOTTED FLEA-BEETLE. Disonycha triangularis Say. (BIESLV3; Ege 2°) This beetle is black except the thorax, which is pale yellowish above and bears three small dots arranged as a triangle, the middle one of the three usually very small. It feeds commonly on leaves of the sugar beet in Illinois, on lamb’s-quarters, apparently its favorite food, and also on the spiny pigweed (4marantus). It is found throughout the United States and Canada. It hibernates as an adult, occurring not uncommonly in our January collections. We have taken it fre- quently in July, and occasionally also in late August and early fall. Its life history is not known except'by analogy with that of the following species. It occurs throughout the United States east of the Rocky Mountains and in Canada. et On THE YELLOW-BaCK FLEA-BEETLE. Disonycha red enarielers Dalm. (Disonycha collaris Fabr.) CPL V,5-VE.) At any time throughout the season from early spring to fall the beet leaves may become riddled with small round holes usually from an eighth to a fourth of an inch in diameter. This very common injury is most frequently done, according to our observation, by the larve and adults of this common flea-beetle of the beet. The adult insect is about a quarter of an inch long, steel-blue to blackish above, with pale yellow thorax without spots; the larva is grayish white, cylindrical in general form, and also about a quarter of an inch long. ‘The segments are strongly marked, each bearing a row of raised tubercles, with a stiff black hair from the tip of each tubercle. The larve commonly feed from the under side of the leaf, and drop to the ground when disturbed. When young they merely gnaw the surface, causing discolored spots to appear on the upper side, but when older they eat entirely through the leaf. They are somewhat gregarious,-especially when young, keeping together and moving in company from one leaf to another. The species ranges from the Rocky Mountains to the Atlantic and Gulf coast, and is also reported from Montana and British America. It has been treated as a spinach insect, attacking this plant as it does the beet, and the beetles have been found feeding on lamb’s-quarters, pigweed, and a species of chickweed (Ste//aria media). There seem to be two broods in a season. ‘The female beetles emerge from their winter quarters in April and May, and lay their eggs in those months and in early June at the bases of the plants infested, on bits of leaf or earth, or even within the earth. The eggs are orange- colored, and placed on end like those of the potato beetle. They begin to hatch in April or May, according to locality, and continue to hatch into June and even into early July. Most of the larve of this generation have attained their growth and entered the earth for pupa- tion late in June and early in July, and beetles begin to emerge in about a month from the time of the first deposit of the eggs. Eggs deposited June zoth at Urbana gave origin to the adult July 25th, and others ob- tained June 27th and 28th yielded larve which began to pupate July 15th and to yield adults July 25th. The beetles of the second genera- tion lay their eggs in late July, August, and early September, and the beetles of this second brood mature before winter sets in. Miss Murt- feldt has found the larvee feeding upon spinach leaves near St. Louis in April and May, the first beetles from these larvee appearing late in the latter month. In the northern half of Illinois the development is some- i — 117 — ae what later. A dipterous parasite (Hypostena barbata) was bred by us in June from the beetle. Disonycha cervicalis Lec. This species is yellow and black like D. xanthomelena, but differs in the fact that the body is entirely yellow beneath, while in xanthome- Jena the under side of the thorax is black. It is recorded by Bruner as a beet insect in Nebraska. Although it occurs in Georgia we have not yet seen it in Illinois. Crepidodera atriventris Melsh. A tiny clay-colored species, of whose habits little is known. It was found by us on sugar beets in early October, and is recorded by Web- ster from buckwheat September 7th. It is common in Illinois, where it hibernates as an adult, occurring in our collections in December and March. Our specimens have been taken, however, mainly late in April, in May, and in July. THE POTATO FLEA-BEETLE. Lipitrix cucumeris Harr. This very small, blackish, faintly shining, minutely punctured spe- cies lives as a larva, so far as known, only on the roots of solanaceous plants (potato, tomato, egg-plant, tobacco, etc.). The beetles are also practically confined to plants of this order for food when these are available, but, nevertheless, infest other plants occasionally. They have been found abundant in Nebraska on the potato, horse-nettle, and on beets, riddling the leaves of all these plants with minute holes. We have taken them several times in small numbers on sugar beets in IIli- nois. They are also recorded as injurious to celery, sweet-potatoes, raspberry, turnip, cabbage, and petunia, and have been found by us doing much injury to young potatoes by gnawing the sprouts. The larve are not leaf-miners, as they are often said to be, but feed upon the roots, being especially injurious to those of the potato, tomato, and egg-plant. They bore into potatoes, often making them “‘pimply.” There is probably but one brood in a year, the eggs being laid in June, the larvze feeding in June and July, and pupating in the earth. The adults, issuing in July and August, hibernate, and feed again in spring, disappearing after the eggs are laid in June. They are some- times parasitized by a hymenopterous insect, probably one of the Bra- conide. The proximity of beets to any of the cultivated food plants mentioned above or to Jamestown weed and other wild members of its favorite family would of course expose the beet field to injury by this insect. ;. tre es LEpitrix brevis Schwarz. (PIS Ma ign srs) This very minute, black, strongly punctured flea-beetle is doubtless frequently overlooked on account of its small size. Outside of Illinois it is known to us from Florida, Louisiana, and Texas. It is somewhat common in this state, and many examples have been taken at Urbana in October on sugar beets. It was originally described from specimens taken on the black nightshade (Solanum nigrum). ‘The larva probably feeds on roots of Solanaceae. Chetocnema denticulata Ill. This flea-beetle is about an eighth of an inch in length and of a uniform metallic bronze color. It feeds principally upon grass and grain, but has been found injuring beets to some noticeable extent in Nebraska and in Illinois. Inthe Eastern States it has been reported as injurious to broom-corn, millet, and various grasses. On corn, when abundant, it does conspicuous injury, making minute holes, elongate slits, and white streaks on the leaf. We have seen it very abundant on coarse grasses on the banks of the Ohio River opposite Elizabethtown, Ill. It hibernates as an adult and eggs have been obtained from it by us early in July. Its life history is otherwise unknown, the larve never having been recognized. The beetles were found most abundant on broom-corn near Wash- ington, D. C., during the last week in June, the numbers diminishing after the first week in July. About the middle of August adults, proba- bly of the new brood, have been taken by us abundantly in Kentucky, and also at Metropolis, in southern Illinois. It apparently occurs throughout the United States east of the Rocky Mountains, and it is also known from California, Utah, and Montana. THE CorRN FLEA-BEETLE. Chetocnema pulicaria Melsh. A number of specimens of this minute bronzed species were taken by us on sugar beets in October in Urbana. ‘The species has been known mainly as a corn insect in Illinois, where for several seasons it did considerable injury to the leaves, riddling them with minute holes, causing them to wither, and noticeably dwarfing the plants. It has also been taken on sorghum, blue-grass, wheat, strawberry, ragweed, and horse-nettle, and was found with the species preceding injuring broom- corn at Washington, D. C. It occurs from Pennsylvania and North Carolina to Texas and, Colorado, and seems to be especially common in southern Illinois. It hibernates as an adult, and has been found de- SMe. ee 7 a 1g — structive to corn in southern INinois during the latter half of May, the middle of July, and on various dates thereafter up to the close of the season. Nothing is known of its immature stages, but we have found the adult in winter quarters in November. THE SWEET-POTATO FLEA-BEETLE. Chetocnema confinis Cr. This minute species has been found by us on sugar beets in Octo- ber, but makes its principal attack on the sweet-potato, morning-glory, and other plants of the order Convolvulacee. It burrows small channels along the leaf veins, causing the leaves to turn brown and die if the weather is unfavorable, or, if the plants are young, often killing them before they have fairly started to grow. It has been found by Webster very abundant and injurious on corn and wheat. We have seen it riddling the leaves of raspberries with small holes, thus destroying as much as twenty per cent. of the foliage. It is most injurious on low lands and near the winter shelters of the beetles. Nothing is known of its life history except that it hibernates as an adult and appears abundantly in May,—at which time the sexes copulate,—and that it disappears by the first of July but comes in again during the latter part of the month, becoming abundant by August and continuing until the close of the season. It occurs throughout the greater part or all of the United States. THE SMARTWEED FLEA-BEETLE. Systena hudsonias Forst. (Pl. VII., Fig. r.) This beetle is bluish-black throughout, about an eighth of an inch in length, and more elongate than most of the small flea-beetles, ap- proximating in form the cucumber beetles (Déiadbrotica). It occurs everywhere east of the Rocky Mountains. It has been found abundant on sugar beets in New York, and has occasionally been noticed by us on the same plant at Urbana. No serious damage has been noticed, however, the species feeding primarily on smartweed and dock, and also infesting the daisy, fleabane, plantain, ragweed, goldenrod, catnip, Brunella vulgaris, and the wild verbenas. The adults of this species are commonest in midsummer, gradually diminishing in number, and wholly disappearing before winter. Although the life history is not definitely known and the immature stages have not been identified, the species is probably single-brooded, the eggs being laid in the fall. . — = * “te hs aa Pee 35°54, ee > \C aes 3 ; Coa, SEAL |e eae : — 120 — see Ne / aes THE RED-HEADED FLEA-BEETLE. Systena frontalis Fabr. (Pl. VIII., Fig. 2.) A somewhat elongate insect, about an eighth of an inch long, with a narrow thorax, resembling the preceding species in form and general appearance, and bluish black like that, except that the head is pale red- dish. It has been reported from New York as riddling the leaves of garden beets to an extent to give the field a brownish look. It has also been seen in moderate numbers on beets in Illinois and Nebraska. Other cultivated plants are occasionally infested, unusual injury having been reported to the leaves of the gooseberry, grape, and pear. It is especially a smartweed beetle, but feeds also on lamb’s-quarters and on one of the mallows (/7/zdiscus militavis). It seems to be most abundant in August and September, but its life history is unknown. In the single instance of reported injury the attack was arrested by spraying with Paris green. ’ Tuer PALE-STRIPED FLEA-BEETLE. Systena teniata Melsh. (Systena blanda Say.) This is one of the most abundant and generally injurious of the flea-beetles and infests an unusual variety of plants, most of them abundant weeds. It is very destructive in beet fields especially when unseasonable weather prevents an early and rapid growth of the plant. In 1899, for example, sugar- beet planting was largely delayed in Illinois until the middle or latter part of May. To- wards the middle of June, when these later plantings were very small, the adults of this species were emerging in great numbers and, concentrating on the young beets, com- pletely destroyed many fields of this plant, Lea Es ee sie Flea- necessitating a second and sometimes a third ie ik planting. The beetles commonly do not eat quite through the leaf of the beet, but gnaw pit-like excavations on both surfaces until young plants if severely infested blacken, shrivel up, and disappear, whole fields being thus laid completely bare. If the plant survives, the epidermis of the leaf opposite to the injury dries up and breaks away, a small hole thus resulting. This injury was much great- est, according to our observation, on beets following or adjoining clover sod. The principal damage to beets by this insect was done the third ~ | RE ST oe Pa _ week in June, but some of the fields replanted June 25th were also de- -stroyed. This species occurs throughout the northern part of the United States east of the Rocky Mountains, from southern New England to Georgia, and is also abundant in the extreme, southwest.; “It has’) 32 .7<_.. destroyed beets in New York, New Jersey, Michigan, Indiana, Kk Illinois, Nebraska, and Colorado, AD and has done serious local injury fF to various other crops including Wee carrots, corn, fruit-grafts, toma- e toes, clover, potatoes, melons, A\ beans, strawberries, blackberries, a) alfalfa, lettuce, parsnip,egg-plant, : summer savory, sweet-potatoes, ra clover,and the cotton plant. Lint- ner records it as an oak insect, and it is destructive to a great variety | of weeds including ragweed, night- shade, pigweed, cocklebur, plan- } tain, purslane, etc. i \_ Its life history is imperfectly 4 known. All stages of the insect * have been found and described, = but the number of generations an- : nually has not been ascertained \/ AS Ges DN Reo with Pena and the stage of = Flea-beetle, Systena tenz- hibernation is somewhat in doubt. oe nee Eee In our own extensive collections tena teniata: larva,side the imago of this insect has been very abundant in June and July, especially in the former month, and has gradually diminished in number until September, none appearing later than September nor earlier than June. In many winter collections made for the purpose of accumulating lists of hibernating insects S. tentata has not once occurred. Furthermore, larve collected by us from roots of corn in Champaign county, IIl., May 17th had partly, but not altogether, transformed to the adult on the 17th of June, the pupa stage being likewise present at that time. Eggs have been laid, accord- ing to Chittenden, from June roth to July 8th. We find, consequently, at present no satisfactory evidence of more than one brood or of the hibernation of the adult. From the facts now on record it would seem most likely that larval hibernation is the rule; that the June and July appearance of the beetles is due to the development of the adult at that view, greatly enlarged. —— 122). season; and that the midsummer eggs give origin to the larve which pass the winter inthe earth. The food plants of the larvze are doubtless very imperfectly known. Thus far the larva has been found feeding only upon sprouting kernels of corn in the earth and the roots of lamb’s- quarters (Chenopodium) and Stramonium (Jamestown weed). The facts stated above with regard to the relation of this beetle in the beet field to the growth of clover makes it seem likely that the larva may also infest that plant. The larva is a slender, stiff, sluggish insect, about an eighth of an inch in length, yellowish white, and narrowing gradually from behind forward. The sutures of the thorax form a peculiar X-mark, and the anal segment tapers to a prolonged process with a crown of short spines and four long spinose hairs at its apex. ‘ Si — 123 — THE CABBAGE FLEA-BEETLE. Phyllotreta vittata Fabr. This minute insect, from a tenth to a twelfth of an inch in length, black with two longitudinal yellowish stripes—narrower in the middle and sometimes broken into four yellow spots, is a destructive enemy to crucif- erous plants, especially to cabbage, turnips, and radishes. The worst in- jury is done by the larvz, which live upon the roots, but the leaves are often very badly pitted or riddled by the beetles. Beets are not injured, so far as known, by this beetle to any serious extent, although the adults occur upon them occasionally in considerable num- bers. The species hibernates as an Fig. 43. The Cabbage Flea-beetle, Payl/o- imago, occurring in our collections in ae heen ai %, adult. (Riley, U- November, December, and March. Plants are likely to be injured by them in the latter part of May; larve are produced late in May and June; and beetles are developed from these in the latter part of August. The species is doubtless single-brooded, at least in central Illinois. Phyllotreta decipiens Horn. This is an insect of the far West, inhabiting Washington and Ore- gon, and reported injurious to beets, radishes, turnips, potatoes, etc., in the latter state. It has the general appearance of P. vittata, except that its black color is varied only by a short indistinct yellowish line on each wing-cover, this, indeed, being sometimes wanting. THE WESTERN CABBAGE FLEA-BEETLE. Phyllotreta albionica Lec. This species is common in Colorado, occupying there the place of P. vittata in the Eastern States. The adults are very small,—only about a fifteenth of an inch in length,—black above, with a brassy luster, and without longitudinal stripes. They are reported by Bruner as injuring sugar beets in Ne- 5; braska; and by Gillette as infesting cauliflower and Fig. 44. The Wester? : Cabbage Flea-beetle, Other cruciferous plants and the bee-plant (Cleome Phyllotreta albionica, jntegrifolia). The immature stages and life history (Riley, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.) are unknown. — 124 — THE RHUBARB FLEA-BEETLE. “t Psylliodes punctulata Melsh. This and the following species are about a twelfth of an inch in length, of a bronzy luster, elongate-oval in form, and readily recognized by the curious mode of attachment of the hind tarsi. P. punctulate attacks beet, cucumber, and radish leaves. We have noticed it several times on sugar beets in Illinois, but never in numbers to be seriously injurious. Its favorite food is apparently the rhubarb leaf, in which it burrows small superficial pits about a tenth of an inch in diameter. It is apparently single-brooded, the hibernating beetles appearing in May and disappearing in June. The larve are said to bore the stems of succulent plants, but their depredations have attracted no special atten- tion, This species ranges from Canada to New Jersey, and westward to the Pacific coast. Psylliodes convexior Lec. The range of this species is more southerly than that of the preced- ing, extending from the Pacific coast to Florida and the District of ~ Columbia. Like P. punctulata it is somewhat elongate-oval, about a twelfth of an inch in length, with a bronzy luster, but broader and more convex than the preceding species. The beetles are said to be very abundant and injurious to beets in parts of Nebraska. They are re- corded as injuring corn in Indiana, eating pits in the leaves and not perforating them, and also as feeding on panic-grass. THE EUROPEAN BEET-TORTOISE-BEETLE. Casstda nebulosa Winn. This is a European beet insect of considerable importance which has lately made its appearance in California as an entomological rarity. If it should maintain itself in this country it is likely to require the at- tention of beet growers, who should consequently be forewarned against it. Its principal European food is lamb’s-quarters (Chenopodium album) and other plants of the Chenopodium family, but in the absence of these it turns its attentions to beets, sometimes devastating large areas by eat- ing out the parenchyma of the leaf, leaving only the principal veins. In this country it is said to feed on morning-glories, sweet-potatoes, and Irish potatoes. This species hibernates as an imago, and lays its eggs, in groups of several, in large numbers on the under side of the leaves. The larvz,— which feed in groups of three or four on the under side of the leaves, riddling them with small holes, —are oval, flat, and spinose, light green with white markings, and with two long tails turned over the back and — 126 —_— supporting a protecting shield composed of cast skins and excrement. The pupa is similar in appearance, but lacks the elongate tails, and is attached to the under side of the leaf. The beetles are turtle-shape, pale rusty brown with dark mottlings. They feed on the upper side of the leaves, gnawing the surface but not eating through the leaf. There are two broods of beetles in a year, one appearing in August and the other in the fall. This beetle is little likely to injure beets if its usual food plants are suppressed in the field. THE GRAPE-VINE COLASPIS. Colaspis brunnea Fabr. (Pl. IX., Fig. 1.) This common beetle, ranging from Nebraska to the Atlantic States and Canada, has frequently been taken on the sugar beet in Nebraska and Illinois. It is a very general feeder in the beetle stage, injuring grape, strawberry, beans, buckwheat, corn-silk, clover, willow blossoms, and the leaves and blossoms of many other plants. It is said to begin its injury by making a small round hole, which it enlarges until, perhaps, the entire leaf is eaten. The larva—a whitish cylindrical grub an eighth of an inch in length and with a yellowish brown head—has been found feeding upon the roots of timothy and Indian corn in central Illinois, and is also widely known as a strawberry root-worm. It appears to be primarily a grass-root insect in the larval stage, attacking other crops when these are substituted for grass on infested land. It lives as a beetle during the summer months, ranging in our collections from June 22d to September 14th, but being most abundant in July and August. We have not found it at allin winter even in strawberry beds where it had been previously abundant. The eggs are doubtless laid in summer and fall, and the time at which injury to corn begins indicates the presence of the larve in the ground quite early in May. The species is evidently single-brooded, and probably hibernates as a larva partly grown. THE SOUTHERN Corn Root Worm. Diabrotica 12-punctata Oliv. This notorious pest includes the sugar beet in its large dietary, which contains also leaves, silk and pollen, and unripe kernels of Fig. 45. The Southern Corn Root corn; unripe grains of wheat; petals of various “274074 12 Punctata, adult. ~~ Ty Sa eee TT) SE NL, Cn Pile FT tee ua — 126 — - garden flowers; the leaves of small grain, fruit-trees, garden vegetables, and of some weeds; and, lastly, certain molds. The beetles are common — on sugar beets throughout the season, and have frequently been found gnawing away the surface or making irregular holes in beet leaves in Illinois, Nebraska, and Oregon. ‘The larve are subterranean, living on the roots of corn, but especially also on those of coarse sedges of the genera Scirpus and Cyperus. The life history of this insect isin confusion. The beetle appears in early spring, increases in apparent numbers with the advancing season, becoming most abundant in August, and continues in gradually diminish- ing numbers until October or November. The data, published and un- _published, in our possession, are insufficient to separate the succession into distinct broods. THE STRIPED CUCUMBER BEETLE. Diabrotica vittata Fabr. This well-known melon and cucumber pest feeds when in the beetle stage on a large variety of plants, among which, according to observa- tions made in the beet fields of Nebraska and Oregon, the sugar beet is Fig. 47. The Striped Cucumber Beetle, Fig. 46. The Striped Cucumber Beetle, Diadbrotica Diabrotica vittata; a, top view of head vittata: a, adult; 4, larva; c, pupa; d, last segment of and prothorax of larva; 4, leg of same. larva. (Chittenden, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture.) (Chittenden, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture.) to be included. It is, like the preceding species, subterranean as a larva, feeding in that stage upon the roots of cucumbers, squashes, melons, and other plants of the cucumber family. The adults feed not only on these plants but also on beans, peas, and ripe apples; on the leaves, silk, pollen, and unripe kernels of corn; on the blossoms of fruit-, and other, trees; and on the sunflower, the goldenrod, and other Composite. We have found them eating the blossoms and riddling the Rg aR 27 - leaves of the horse-chestnut in early spring. The species winters in the beetle stage, coming out from its hibernation quarters in April or May, fe, and attacking its favorite food plants even before teed they appear above ground. The beetles of the > following brood begin to appear about the second ERO week of July and continue abundant until October. Fig. 48. The Striped Cu- : : . amber! Beclle Diabrotica + Lhe-details of the -life history -are’ not clearly vittata: a, egg; >, portionof known and the number of generations annually its surface greatly enlarged. : - (Chittenden, U.S. Dept. of has not been definitely determined. Agriculture. ) THE NORTHERN CORN Root Worm. Diabrotica longtcornis Say. The grass-green adult beetle of this species is more or less abundant according to the kind of agriculture prevalent, as it breeds, so far as known, only in fields of Indian corn, and becomes numerous Ne ees there only where the same land is oo tee Afra ee planted to corn for several suc- & OLB uy cessive years. Itis abroad as a A y beetle during the late summer and fall, and dies before winter, leaving eggs in the corn field to hatch the following spring. It lives upon a considerable variety of the softer and more succulent vegetable tissues of the latter part of the season. Although it has never been known to eat beet leaves it is frequently seen upon them, especially in the vicinity of Fig. 49. The Northern Corn Root Worm, Déa- corn fields, and the fact that in eS pu erconnrsy adults ' Nebraska it has sometimes riddled the leaves of radishes and turnips makes it seem likely that a closer observation of it in the beet field would show an occasional similar injury there. THE FRENCH Bucs. Monoxia puncticollis Say. Monoxia consputa Lec. (M. guttulata Lec.). Monoxia puncticollis has seriously injured the beet crop in New Mexico. It inhabits seacoasts and inland salty places, occurring .along the Atlantic coast, in Texas, and in California, and inland in the south- western United States as far as Colorado. The larva feeds on the sea- $1289 : toa ee blite (Sweda linearis). A New Mexico correspondent of the U. S. De- says the beetles lay _ * partment of Agriculture, Division of Entomology, cm a og as their eggs on the under side of the sugar beet, these hatching in about ~ six days. The larve feed on the beet leaf. Hundreds occurred on a single plant, causing it to shrivel and die. After about nine or ten days, they enter the earth, change to pupz, and a few days later the beetles appear. ' Monoxia consputa injures sugar beets to a serious extent in the West. It ranges from Arizona and California northward to the Dakotas and the northwestern United States. It is quite common on the Pacific coast, and seems to be the most troublesome beet pest in Oregon. These beetles eat small holes in the leaf, sometimes leaving only a_net- work of veins, checking the growth of the beet plants, or killing them entirely. An application that was successful in killing these and other leaf-feeding insects was composed of half a pound of Paris green and . three pounds of whale-oil soap in fifty gallons of water. The whale-oil soap was probably necessary to make the spray adhere to the plants. GRASSHOPPERS. Acridide and Locustide. Notwithstanding the abundance of grasshoppers everywhere in beet fields, and the considerable list of species occurring there, their injuries to beets are not usually serious but are mainly confined to fields adjacent to grass-lands in which grasshoppers have bred in extraordinary num- bers. An instance of injury under these conditions came to our notice in July, 1899. One of the fields of the Illinois Sugar Refining Company, near Pekin, Ill., was considerably injured at this time by the common -red-legged grasshopper (Pezotettix femur-rubrum—Fig. 55), which ate large irregular holes in the leaves, or cut broad deep notches out of their edges, leaving only the larger veins to hold the leaves together. The two families commonly confused under the general name of ‘‘ grasshopper” may be easily distinguished by their antenne. Those of the meadow grasshopper (Locus/id@) are many-jointed, slender, and much longer than the body (Fig. 57, 59) and those of the Acridide (often called locusts by entomologists) are much shorter than the body and comparatively thick (Fig. 50—56). The female of the Zocustide (Fig. 57) has projecting backward from the tip of the abdomen a com- pressed sword-shaped organ which is used for placing the egg in or about plants, while the female of the Acridide has at the end of the abdomen four stout blunt structures with curved tips which, brought together on the middle line, form a thick conical tip to the body, used _ in forcing the abdomen into the earth for the deposit of the egg mass. *Bull. No. 18, N. S., p. 95. - Lite’ “129 — The young of both families differ from adults principally in the absence ~ of developed wings. A few of our grasshoppers hatch in fall and become full grown in spring. Most of them, including all those really injurious to beets, pass the winter in the egg, and, hatching in the spring, undergo their succes- sive molts during the summer, and reach the winged stage in the latter part of the summer and early fall.. Most of these summer species con- tinue to feed until cold weather closes their career. As a general rule, whenever grasshoppers are destructively abun- » dant one year they are present for some years following in insignificant numbers only, a fact explained by the numbers and powers of reproduc- tion of their parasites and other enemies. Late in the season adults are often seen with small, bright red, egg-like bodies attached at the bases of the wings, and sometimes elsewhere on the body. ‘These are para- sitic mites, which, like ticks, suck the blood of their insect host in the fall, and, in the following spring, after undergoing a striking metamor- phosis, devour the egg masses of the grasshoppers in the ground. Long thread-like, milk-white hairworms (JZermzs) are often found in the abdo- mens of grasshoppers, living there as internal parasites, and escaping after maturity to enter the earth, where they pass the winter, pair, and produce myriads of eggs the following spring. The young from these infest the grasshoppers of the year and assist greatly in the reduction of any excess of numbers. Larve of a Tachina fly often occur within the body when grasshoppers are very numerous, and every specimen so infested perishes before reproducing. Deadly fungus parasites also infest and kill them, and larve of the common blister-beetles devour their eggs in the earth. If injuries by grasshoppers reach a stage or threaten a result which calls for treatment in the beet field their numbers may best be reduced by poisons mixed with bran mash. For this purpose stir thor- oughly five pounds of arsenic into half a barrel of bran (or in this ratio - for smaller quantities), dissolve in a pail of water an amount of sugar equal in weight to the arsenic, and stir the sweetened water into the bran, adding more water, as necessary, until a good mash is made. This should then be distributed in handfuls to the part of the field in- fested by grasshoppers, which will prefer it to the beet itself, for which, indeed, they have no very eager appetite. Injuries by invasion from without should, however, be prevented when practicable by watching adjacent grass-lands, and, if grasshoppers appear on them in unusual numbers, by using the so-called ‘‘hopperdozer” for their destruction, according to methods frequently published and generally well known. Spring plowing of grass-lands and their subsequent treatment with the disc harrow will effectually destroy the eggs in the earth. The common short-horned grasshoppers (4cridide@) are thicker I ‘ = and heavier, and are armed with a thicker crust than the Locustide, or slender-horned group. ‘The former are usually neutral blackish brown Ba eT tie Ce a ee — 130 — ahh ee or gray in general color. Some of them have pointed foreheads, the * face slanting downwards and backwards. The yellow grasshopper (Stenobothrus curtipennis) is an example of this form (Fig. 50). The others have rounded foreheads, with the faces nearly vertical. Among these are two well-marked groups. In one there is a distinct slender conical spine midway between the fore-legs on the under side; in the other there is little or no trace of this spine. The black-winged grass- hopper (Doessostetra carolina, Fig. 51), known by its black under wings broadly bordered with yellowish, is the only one of the group without the spine which we have noticed frequently in Illinois beet fields. There are other common Illinois species of this group, however, which may yet be found to feed on beets. Of the remaining genera, those possessing the prothoracic spine, only Schistocerca, Campylacantha, and Melanoplus have been reported from beet fields. Schistocerca contains very large species, some of which are common in central and southern Illinois, but the species (S. alutacea—Fig 52) known to be injurious to the beet is not often seen in Illinois. It is a brownish yellow species with a pale stripe down the middle of the back, usually much blotched with red on the fore wings and abdomen, and with a closely placed row of red or blackish points along the hinder edge of each abdominal segment, above. Cam- pylacantha olivacea, a species with rudimentary wings, is found from Nebraska to Texas. The genus Me/anoplus contains our commonest grasshoppers. There are five well known species on our list of those infesting the beet, two larger ones (d7v7téatus and differentialis), about a quarter of an inch through at the base of the fore wings,—which latter are not evidently dotted with small spots,—and three smaller ones, about an eighth of an inch thick, with the fore wings sprinkled with reddish or blackish dots, at least along the middle. The two-striped grasshop- per (Melanoplus bivittatus—Fig. 54) has a yellowish line on each side of the back along the angle between the upper and lateral surfaces when the wings are closed. The olive grasshopper (MZ. differentialis—Fig. 53), a very common Illinois species, is a heavy species of a nearly uniform dark olive color. MMelanoplus femur-rubrum (Fig. 55), the abundant ‘‘red-legged grasshopper” of the beet fields, and everywhere else in Illinois, has the shortest wings of the three smaller species, these reach- ing when closed little beyond the tip of the body; and if the tip of the male abdomen be carefully viewed from behind, it will show a nearly straight upper edge. In the other two small species, the closed wings reach considerably beyond the tip of the body, and the tip of the male abdomen is distinctly notched above. One of these is JZ. spretus (Fig. 56), the Rocky Mountain grasshopper, which has never invaded — 131 — Illinois; the other is a moderately common Illinois species, WV. atlanis. The meadow grasshoppers are distinguished from the other long- horned green grasshoppers comprising the family Zocustzd@ by the point of the forehead ending in a narrow but very blunt and somewhat wart- like protuberance between the bases of the antenne. They belong to two genera, Orchelimum and Xiphidium, corresponding somewhat in size and variety to the two groups of larger and smaller species of the genus MWelanoplus. These also have a spine between the bases of the fore legs. In Orchelimum, this is quite short and the sword-shaped ovi- positor of the female is rather broad and noticeably curved (Fig. 57). In the smaller species, those belonging to Xzphzdium, the spine is long and slender, and the ovipositor is straight or very little curved. The two species of Xzshidium on our list are short winged. They may be separated as follows: In X. femorale the wings cover about half the length of the abdomen in the female, and two-thirds of it in the male; the ovipositor is much shorter than the body and a little curved throughout; and the terminal points of the male abdomen are straight and usually parallel. X. strictwm has very short wings, less than half the length of the abdomen, while the ovipositor is very long, exceeding the length of the body. The terminal points of the male curve slightly inwards. THE YELLOW GRASSHOPPER. Stenobothrus curtipennis Harr. This trim little species, yellowish olive above and yellow beneath, has short narrow wings and yellowish hind legs with black knees. It is quite common throughout Illinois and has been reported among the more numerous species on sugar beets in Iowa. Al- though wintering as an egg, it matures at an unusually early date the following year, adults having been taken as early as June 23d. It becomes common in July, and continues until October. THE BLACK-WINGED GRASSHOPPER. Dissostetra carolina Linn. This is a rather large species, very common through- out Illinois, found by Bruner eating leaves of the sugar beet in July. Its mottled brown color, varying to yel- leweich ft aay aad Fig. 50. The Yellow sh or gray, often with obscure cross bands on the Grasshopper, Séeno- wings, makes it inconspicuous when at rest, but it is 4*Arus curtipennis. distinguishable at once in flight by its black hind wings aa strongly bordered with yellow. The median dorsal ridge extending Fig. 5r. The Black-winged Grasshopper, Déssostetra carolina. (Lugger.) backward from the head is dis- tinct and sharp, while in our other common species from the beet there is little trace of such a ridge. This grasshopper matures early, having been taken from June 25th until fall. It pairs early in August and deposits eggs in August and September. Trimerotropis latifasciata Scudd. This species has been sev- eral times reported as injurious to the sugar beet in western Nebraska, but is not found in Illinois. Spharagemon equale Scudd. This is a widespread insect in Nebraska, where it is reported as feeding upon the sugar beet, but not in numbers to make it especially injurious. It is not known to occur in Illinois. Schistocerca alutacea Harr. (Acridium alutaceum Harr., and A. emarginatum Uhl.) This species is generally rare in Illinois, becoming more common It is mentioned by Os- born among the grasshoppers most numerous on sugar beets in Iowa. It is found from July to October. westward. THE LUBBER GRASSHOPPER. Melanoplus differentialis Thos. This is a very common and widely distributed grasshopper, its normal range extending from the Pacific to Indiana, and south to Mexico. Its uniform dark olive color and large size, taken in con- nection with its distinctive features mentioned above, will readily serve to identify it. Next to the red- legged species it is our most injuri- (Lugger.) Fig. 52. Schistocerca alutacea. ae 3 ous grasshopper. It lays its eggs in damp shady ground during the latter part of the afternoon. As many as one hundred and seventy-one eggs have been count- » ed in a single mass. Sometimes only one such cluster is laid by a single female, but two or even three may be deposited at inter- Fig. 53. vals. The adult stage is reached about the first of August, and the eggs ~ are laid from the middle of August to October. The Lubber Grasshopper, Melanoplus differentialis. THE TwoO-STRIPED GRASSHOPPER. Melanoplus bivittatus Say. This species,common in Illinois,is confined mainly to the Mississippi Valley, not occurring on the Atlantic or Pacific slopes or in the extreme northwest. It may be recognized at once by the yellowish dorsal stripes on each side of the middle, along the angle between the back and side. It has attacked beets in low grounds or beside rank growths of grass or clover, but has never been seriously injurious to that crop. The eggs are placed in any compact soil, such as old roads, closely- cropped pastures, and prairie sod. Adults usually begin to appear about July rst. Eggs are apparently laid in September, and have been observed to hatch in March. Fig. 54, The Two-striped Grasshopper, Melanoplus bivittatus. (Riley, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.) THE COMMON RED-LEGGED GRASSHOPPER. Melanoplus femur-rubrum DeG. This is the commonest Illinois grasshopper, and the most abundant of its kind in fields of beets. It closely resembles the western destructive grasshopper (Melanoplus spretus), and also another species of the genus (atlanis) which occurs in Illinois but which is much less generally known than the other two. The native home % ; s) of the destructive western grasshopper, SRS Oar aak DAN le sayy 3 or Rocky Mountain locust, is the mountain country of the Rocky Mountain system; a//anis breeds mainly — 134 — in the lesser mountains and hills of the eastern part of the country; while the present species prefers relatively low and level territory, being also most at home in the eastern part of the United States. The destruc- tive sprefus never reaches Illinois; the long-winged at/anis is common in the hilly region of the southern end of this state; while the shorter- winged, red-legged species is abundant everywhere. It does not tend to migrate in large swarms like both the others, although when very abun- dant locally, flights to short distances are sometimes made in numbers to suggest the flying swarms of the western locust. A single female red- legged grasshopper may lay approximately one hundred eggs in three or four separate masses, deposited in the ground usually in grass-lands and in the firmer parts of fields, such as paths and roadways and trampled spots in pastures. This species is single-brooded. Most of the eggs hatch in May, and the young feed and grow through June and July, getting wings about seventy days after hatching. Occasional adults may appear as early as the latter part of June, but the great part of the generation matures in August, and from this time on the perfect insects are most abundant. They continue their depredations until arrested by the approach of winter. Melanoplus atlanis Riley. This species: inhabits especially the Eastern States, and seems to prefer hilly and wooded country. It is much like the western destruc- tive grasshopper in structure and habits, and in its tendency to migrate when very numerous. It is at times very destructive, especially in New England. It is common in the hilly region of southern Illinois, and is taken at times in other parts of the state. It lays from two to four egg masses and its period of development is about eighty days. The adults are nearly a month earlier in their appearance than those of. the red-legged species, being common- est in July and August. THE Rocky MOUNTAIN GRASSHOPPER. Melanoplus spretus Thos. This, the most de- structive American spe- = cies, is so thoroughly well Fig. 56. The Rocky Mountain Grasshopper, Melanoplus known throughout the re- spretus: a, a, a, females ovipositing; 4, egg pod removed fron : . : . 2 g Sen eS OVIPOSN DE: 8s CBE Poe removes 2) lonantestedsayritt deaeme ground, with end broken open, showing eggs; c, eggs; d, e, egg masses in the ground; 7, egg mass completed and covered up. special treatment here is uncalled for, particularly as it does not occur in Illinois.. a 2 es Li Campylacantha olivacea Scudd. (Pezotettix olivaceus Bruner.) This species ranges from Nebraska to Texas, but does not occur in Illinois. It is reported as rare in eastern and middle Nebraska, but it is occasionally found there in beet fields, and also feeding on sunflower (Helianthus) and lamb’s-quarters. THE LARGER MEADOW GRASSHOPPER. Orchelimum vulgare Harr. This is one of the long-horned species (Zocustid@), the commonest of its genus in Illinois. By means of its sword-like overpositor it lays Fig. 57. The Larger Meadow Grasshopper, Orchelimum vulgare, female. (Lugger.) li Fig. 58. The Larger Meadow Grass- Fig. 59. The Larger Meadow Grasshopper, hopper, Orchelimum vulgare; eggs in Orchelimum vulgare, male. (Lugger.) stem of corn tassel, with single egg in outline. its eggs in the pith of a great variety of soft plants, from one to several in a place according to the size of the stem. The clusters are placed at intervals of about an inch in a single row which usually takes a slightly spiral direction along the stem. The cuticle is torn up with the jaws before the eggs are inserted, a row of roughened fibrous spots thus marking the location of the eggs. These are especially common in corn stalks just below the tassel, or in stalks of weeds, elder twigs, and the like. They are usually laid in the first half of September, but hatch somewhat late in the following season. The young are most abundant in July and August, and adults begin to appear by the end of July. This species seems to prefer upland localities, especially fields of clover and timothy. It has been often seen by us on beets. — 136 — é Tenth THE SMALLER MEADOW GRASSHOPPERS. Aiphidium. Specimens of X7phidium nemorale Scudd. were taken on sugar beets -in Urbana in October, 1898, and those of X. s¢rictum Scudd. were found feeding on beets July 26th and August 19th, young at the former dates -and adults at the latter. OTHER LEAF-EA TING. BEL TLES*= Clivina impresstfrons Lec. This little ground-beetle about a quarter of an inch long, recognizable by the accom- panying figure, (Fig. 60), may receive mere seen by usin small numbers enlarging a small excavation on the petiole of a beet leaf. The same species had previously been seen bur- rowing freely into seed corn in the ground. THE BEET CARRION-BEETLE. Silpha opaca Linn. This insect, a member of a genus, and indeed of a family, nearly all of which feed tarian, and has become noted in Europe as perhaps the worst insect pest of the beet field. Fig, 6o..Clivina impressifrons.. Lt was brought into America at least twenty years ago, but is still quite uncommon in the United States. It was re- ported by Dr. Horn from Cali- fornia in 1880, and in 1891 Prof. Bruner found it several times in the beet fields of Ne- braska. In 1893 he reported again that it had been several times taken in Nebraska feeding upon beetleaves. In England, Fig. 61. The Beet Carrion-beetle, Silpha ofaca: France, and Austria large num- x, 2, young larvze feeding on beet leaf; 3, 4, larvae; 5, < ~ adult beetle in flight; 6, adult at rest. (From publishers bers of the larve of this species of Curtis’s ‘‘Farm Insects.”) appear in the early part of the season in the beet field eating away the parenchyma of the leaf, usually *The flea-beetles and a few other beetles doing a similar injury to the beet have already been treated on pp. 112-128. mention as a beet insect, having been once- upon decayed animal matter, is itself a vege- a — 137 — at night, and leaving only the skeleton of the veins or wholly destroying the young leaves as fast as they appear. The adult insect is black, with nearly parallel sides, the body flat and thin, about three-fourths of an inch in length, with more or less marked parallel ridges on the wing- covers. The scaly looking larve taper from before backwards and have something the appearance of the well known sow-bugs or cellar bugs (Oniscide). The beetles hibernate, and lay their eggs in June, and these hatch in about five days thereafter—in England and France about July cst. The young mature within a fortnight. In about a month from the time the eggs were deposited the aduit beetles emerge. Silpha bituberosa Lec. This American species, our nearest ally to the beet carrion-beetle of Europe, is a western and northern species, ranging from the British Northwest Territory as far south as Kansas. In British America the larvee were seen by Mr. Fletcher in 1893 feeding on a variety of weeds, particularly upon those belonging to the Chenopodium family, and also on squash and pumpkin vines. In breeding-cages they ate freely of the leaves of beet and lamb’s-quarters, feeding by night and hiding by day. The larve are black and shining, half to three-quarters of an inch long and a fifth of an inch wide, convex above, flattened below, and tapering towards each end. The beetle is dull black, with dusky hairs on the thorax, of oval outline, broader than’S. ofaca, which is a com- paratively elongate species. Fletcher found the larve living in his breed- ing-cages from June 5th to July 12th, and adults emerging from July 6th to 24th. Although this species has not yet been known to injure beet plants in the field, the foregoing facts make it an object of interest to economic entomologists engaged in the study of insect injuries to the Deet. BiG Lo Re ELL LS Meloide. This family of insects, readily distinguishable by their elongate- cylindrical bodies, comparatively soft wing-covers, small thorax, and rounded head attached to the thorax by a comparatively slender neck, receive their common name from the fact that when crushed or roughly handled they cause a blister on the skin due to an irritant oil secreted by the beetle. They are best known to ordinary agriculture by their injuries to the tomato and potato, especially to the latter. Previous to the advent of the hard-shelled, thick-bodied Colorado potato- beetle these blister-beetles were the principal insect enemy of the potato, and are frequently referred to now as the ‘‘old-fashioned potato-beetle.”’ There are several American species of this family, some striped with black — 138 — and yellow, others black or gray, and still others uniformly colored with metallic blue, green, or coppery. They move commonly in companies, devouring their food plants as they go. Their injuries to vegetation are confined to the beetle stage, the food habits of the larve being very different from those of the beetle. The young of some species are para- sites on bees and eat their eggs and honey, but most of them are bene- ficial as larvee, feeding on the egg masses of the grasshoppers buried in the ground. They hatch from eggs laid by the female blister-beetle in small cavities burrowed in the loose ground among grasshopper eggs. Most of them pass the winter in the larval stage, coming out as adult beetles the following summer. In the beet field these insects may either be poisoned with arsenical applications, killed by knocking them off into water covered with a film of kerosene, or driven out of the field by threshing the infested plants with brush or wisps of straw. Curiously, if the commonest species are subjected to this last treatment they are not likely to return. On ac- count of the beneficial habits of their larve it is best, as a rule, not to destroy the beetles unless really necessary to preserve the crop. Indeed they are commonly abundant only when grasshoppers have themselves become abundant enough to do considerable harm, the blister-beetle then largely contributing to the suppression of the grasshopper out- break. A pound of Paris green or London purple stirred up with an equal weight of lime in two hundred gallons of water has been found sufficient to destroy the beetles without injury to the leaf, at an expense for the insecticide of only two cents per acre. With an ordinary hand force- pump working in a barrel on a cart, the cost of treatment was about a dollar an acre, but with a specially constructed sprayer carrying a num- ber of nozzles, one for each row, Osborn thought that the expense could be reduced one half. Megetra vittata is a black western species with very large exposed abdomen and a short pair of strongly diverging wing-covers bearing fine reddish markings. Jacrobasis unicolor (Fig. 62) is uniform ashy gray, sometimes darker. The gray specimens are almost indistinguishable by the naked eye from the less common /fpicauta cinerea, and the dark ones might be confused with /. pennsylvanica, but they differ clearly from both of these in the larger relative size of the second joint of the anten- ne. Lpicauta maculata (Fig. 63) is a western species, gray, finely dot- ted with black. Z. vittata (Fig. 64) is the common yellow and black striped species, with either four or six black stripes above. Z. cinerea is uniform gray, distinguished from our common JZ. wnicolor as already stated; “. marginata (Fig. 65), common in Illinois, is black above with a narrow gray edge all around each wing-cover, except at base. E. pennsylvanica (Fig. 66), very common in Illinois, is solid black 28 Ste 139 throughout. Cantharis nuttalii (Fig. 67) has brilliant metallic colors— coppery, green, or blue. Like /. macu/ata it is a western species. Megetra vittata Lec. This insect is reported by Cockerell to injure sugar beets in New Mexico and also in Arizona, and is probably in the larval stage a bee parasite and honey eater. THE CoMMON GRAY BLISTER-BEETLE. Macrobasts unicolor Kirby. This beetle, although common in Illinois, has not yet been found by us in the beet field, but in Nebraska it is reported as injurious to the sugar beet. It in- habits the entire western United States and is — especially destructive to plants of the bean family, including beans, peas, clover, black locust, honey-locust, wild indigo, lupines, and Astragalus. It also seriously damages the potato and is known to injure tomatoes and sweet-potatoes and to eat the leaves of the cherry, anemone, and chrysanthemum. In the latitude of central Illinois the beetles have been found from May roth to October. They are most abundant about the middle of June, vee TEL Cheon Gay and are actively injurious fora month or more. Blister-beetle, Macrodasis uni- Specimens collected June 13th soon laid their EER ena eggs abundantly, the female burrowing into the earth for this purpose, sometimes as much as two inches, and depositing a batch of sixty to one hun- dred and twenty eggs irregularly stuck together. THE SPOTTED BLISTER-BEETLE. Epicauta maculata Say. This abundant western species, ranging from New Mexico to Dakota and west to California and Oregon, is reported as decidedly injurious to beets in Kansas, Nebraska, and South Dakota. It is especially fond of lamb’s-quarters and other weeds of the Chenopodium family, and also feeds oe a upon the potato, clover, and greasewood. maculata, (Bruner.) a a -~ ve . ye THE STRIPED BLISTER-BEETLE. Epicauta vittata Fabr., and var. /emniscata Fabr.* This is the common striped blister-beetle of Illinois, the one most generally known as a potato beetle. The variety may be distinguished by the fact that it has six black stripes on the back instead of four. It is distributed throughout the United States from Florida to Canada, and west to the Rocky Mountains. It is a well-known destroyer of the potato and tomato, and feeds frequently with injurious effect on leaves of the sugar beet. It scatters more widely in feeding than the black species does, and is consequently less injurious to individual plants attacked. It ¢ ae ; devours also buckwheat, carrots, corn, some of Fig. 64. The Striped Blister ‘ beetle, Epicauta vittata. the leguminous plants, cabbage, the arrowleaf (Bruner.) (Sagittaria), clematis, and the common pigweed (Amarantus). The adults occur from June ist to the first part of Sep- tember, most abundantly in the latter half of July and in August. Dr. Riley found them at St. Louis in October, and a second brood more or less complete may occur inthe South. With us, however, the species is apparently single-brooded, the female laying four or five hundred eggs, about one hundred and thirty at a time. THE ASH-COLORED BLISTER-BEETLE. Epicauta cinerea Forst. This species, extremely like the gray blister-beetle, with which it has evidently often been confused, appears to be most abundant west- ward, principally in Nebraska and adjacent states. It occurs, however, in small numbers in Illinois and probably farther east. It is quite destructive to plants of the bean family in Nebraska, and almost de- stroyed a small beet field near Lincoln in that state. It often completely defoliates the hornbeam, honey-locust, and black locust trees. It has been taken sparingly in July and August in both northern and southern Illinois, most commonly on the Virginia creeper. *This form is so generally found pairing with typical w/tfata, that there can be no doubt of their specific identity. a THE MARGINED BLISTER-BEETLE. Epicauta marginata Fabr. (£. cinerea marginata Horn). This blister-beetle, very com- mon in Illinois, is easily distin- guished by its general black color, except that the wing-covers are edged with gray. It is quite in- jurious to beets in Illinois and IJn- diana, but not especially so in Ne- braska. It has done serious injury to beans, tomatoes, potatoes and other vegetables, and to asters and other flowers. Among wild plants it feeds upon pigweed, ground- cherry(PAysalis)and wild sunflower (Helianthus). We have taken the beetles from the latter part of June till October, most abundantly from about the middle of July until after the middle of August. Two broods of the beetles are said to have been observed in Indiana. | oe SS eee iA — Fig. 65. The Margined Blister-beetle, Zpzcauta marginata, adult. THe Biack BLISTER-BEETLE. Epicauta pennsylvanica DeG. This is probably our most destructive blister-beetle both to beets and to other crops, owing especially to its great numbers and its gre- garious feeding habits. It seems to be very com- mon throughout the country from Massachusetts to Utah. It is found in Texas, and in Kentucky is said to have destroyed an acre of beets in two days. It is one of the most destructive of beet insects in Nebraska, and has been reported to us from Minnesota beet fields, and is known to have destroyed a beet crop in some part of New York. It feeds upon a variety of plants including potatoes, beans, carrots, cabbages, the leaves and silks of corn, honey-locust, passion-flowers, garden pinks, and pigweed, and, especially in fall, upon 3 i ; Fig. 66. The Black Blister- flowers of the goldenrod, rosin-weed (S7/phiuwm), deetle, Epicauta pennsylvan- tca. (Bruner.) mustard, etc. The adults appear from June to October. ‘The period of its greatest abundance is during August and Septem ber—about a month later than that of the other species. The Kentucky outbreak referred to above occurred late in July. NUTTALL’s BLISTER-BEETLE. Cantharts nuttalli Say. This beautiful western species, shining green and red or purple, is distributed from the Mississippi to the Rocky Mountains, being es- pecially abundant northwestward into British America. The larve probably feed on the eggs of the Rocky Mountain grasshopper, as the beetles seem to increase in numbers after ‘‘grass- hopper years.” When abundant they ravenously devour the tender parts of garden vegetables, including beets, beans being perhaps injured worst. The adults appear about July rst and Stace Se in some localities continue in destructive num- beetle, Cantharis nuttailz. bers into the fall. For this species destruction eee U.S. Dept. of by mechanical means is evidently to be pre- ferred to insecticide measures. SNOUT-BEETLES. Rhynchophora. The beetles of this family are distinguished by the character of the head, which is drawn out in front into a more or less evident beak or snout, sometimes short and broad, sometimes very long and slender, but always attached to the head without a joint,and bearing the mouth and the jaws atitstip. The larve of this family are white, thick grubs, without legs and usually with brown heads, which live in the roots, stems, and fruits of plants, within which the eggs are deposited.by the female beetle. The adults often injure plants by feeding on the leaves, stems, flowers, and fruit. Those with short snouts simply devour the leaves or stems from without, and those with longer snouts puncture the stem or some other thick and succulent part of the plant and devour the soft sub-. stance within. In this manner beets are injured, the leaves being eaten by some species, and the leaf stems punctured and gouged by others. So far as known to us, the larve of the snout-beetles do not appear in the beet root, although Lintner makes a statement to that effect. In eastern Europe serious injury is often done to beets by beetles of this family, but in America they have rarely been abundant enough in the beet field to do any considerable harm. The beetles are sluggish and most of them feign death when disturbed, falling to the ground and ? . ? Se Ps Sen ee oe a 6 ‘ ‘ rie fo Fo! Shy so ee = - 1. . iy : 3 oe = 143 — lying motionless there. They are thus easily captured by hand, or they may be reached by the usual arsenical insecticide applications to the beet plant. Seven species of American snout-beetles are known to feed upon the beet leaf, four of them black or gray with broad short snouts, and three minute black or gray beetles with long slender snouts. Zanymecus confertus is about as large as the cucumber beetle and one fourth of an inch long. It is gray, mottled and speckled with brown, and washed with yellowish, especially on the subcylindrical head and thorax. LE picerus imbricatus (Fig. 68) is also blackish gray with oblique pale- gray bands upon the back. It is three-eighths of an inch long, plump and rounded, and much heaviest behind. Two species of Otiorhynchus common to this country and Europe infest the sugar beet in America, O. sulcatus and O. singularis. Sulcatus, three eighths of an inch long, with heavy abdomen and small distinct thorax, is black, without trans- verse or oblique bands, dotted sparsely with minute tufts of yellow hairs; singularis is similar but smaller, five sixteenths of an inch long, with rela- tively larger thorax, the color dull dark brown sprinkled with yellowish. Two American species of Cen¢rinus injure the leaf-stem of the beet; C. penicellus, which is about an eighth of an inch long, brownish gray, usually with denuded black spots near the tip of the wing-cover, and C. perscitus about half as long as the foregoing and a much darker grayish- brown. A minute black seed-weevil (4fzov) also occurs on sugar beets. THE IMBRICATED SNOUT-BEETLE. Lipicerus imbricatus Say. This beetle feeds upon a very large list of plants, comprising the sugar beet, the leaves and bark of the twigs of the pear, peach, plum, apple, cherry, raspberry, blackberry, and gooseberry, the leaves and fruit of the strawber- ry, and the leaves of the cabbage, bean, watermelon, musk- melon, cucumber, squash, beet, potato, tomato, sweet - pota- to, onion, corn, pig- eon-grass,and locust, besides the blossoms of the red clover: In Fig. 68. The Imbricated Snout-beetle, Epiécerus tmbricatus: a, the beet field the adult, top view; 4, side view; c. larva, top view; d, side view; ¢, egg: largest of the leaves 7, eggs on leaf. (Chittenden, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture.) are eaten away until, in some cases, only the stems and a few fragments of veins and leaves are left. —144— | This species is widely distributed from the Atlantic to Utah and Arizona, except in the most northern states. It is especially common on sandy soil and east of the Mississippi. Eggs have been found on the pear and strawberry and on the wild sensitive-pea ( Cassta marilandica). They are elongate-cylindrical, pale yellowish, smooth, and shining. They are placed side by side in irregular rows within a concealment made by gluing together two adjacent leaves, or by turning over the edge of the leaf and gluing it securely to the surface. A female of this species. kept under observation in Washington laid five hundred and forty eggs, which hatched in from ten to fifteen days. The larve have not as yet been raised to maturity, but they seem to thrive in confine- ment on strawberry leaves. There is apparently but one generation in a year, the species hibernating as an adult. The beetles have been found abundant in early spring along the Potomac, and we have col- lected them throughout the season up to August 1st. They are most injurious, however, in May. The eggs have been noticed April 24th to July 6th. The first adults of the season seem to appear about Septem- ber rst, and specimens of this generation have been taken by us in October. When disturbed the beetles drop to the ground, apparently feigning death, and they can consequently easily be destroyed by knocking them off the plants into pans of water covered with kerosene. THE BLAck VINE-WEEVIL. Otiorhynchus sulcatus Fabr. This European species seems not to thrive in the United States. Although it is found from New York northwest into Canada and has long been known on this continent, it is still comparatively rare here, and its injuries have been confined mainly to greenhouse plants, espe- cially the fern and cyclamen. In Europe it is a troublesome pest, eat- ing the leaves and shoots of grape, strawberry, raspberry, mangel-wurzel, primrose, etc. ‘The eggs are laid in the earth at the roots of the plant infested by the adult. There is but one brood a year, and the species passes the winter in the larva stage. The pupa is formed in April, and the beetles appear in April and May. ‘They are nocturnal in their habits, feeding only in the night and hiding usually by day. ‘They are conse- quently readily collected under chips, pieces of board, etc., like the plum-curculio. THE CLAY-COLORED WEEVIL. Otiorhynchus singularis Mann. (O. pictpes Fabr.). This European species, but little known in this country, is a nox- ious pest in England, swarming out at night from their day-time retreats, bt x = Tg ne _ and devouring the leaves of vines, fruit-trees, raspberries, currants, and a considerable list of garden crops. Not only leaves, but buds, green shoots, and tender bark are eaten. ‘The larve infest the roots of many of the plants attacked by the adults. The species has been reported from Essex, Massachusetts, by Prof. A. S. Packard. Its life history is substantially the same as that of the preceding species. Tanymecus confertus Gyll. This species has been but once reported as notably injurious to the sugar beet. In Nebraska it devoured early in the season the cocklebur, lamb’s-quarters, and smartweed in a twelve-acre beet-field, and when these were gone completely destroyed the beets. This was a very weedy field which had been allowed to fill up with cockleburs, and the beetles probably bred on the roots of this plant. The species is found throughout the United States as far west as the Rocky Mountains. It is apparently single-brooded and hibernates as an adult. We have collected it in November and December, and at various dates in spring and summer up to the first part of July. A few beetles taken by us in September were probably from the new brood. Apion sp. A single black species of this genus of minute seed-weevils, has been found by Bruner in Nebraska on sugar beets. Centrinus penicellus Hbst. This little beetle, reported by Bruner as attacking beets in the West, is moderately common from the Atlantic States to the Rocky Mountains. It gnaws small holes in the leaf-stems, and when numerous does considerable harm to plants attacked. Its immature stages and life history are unknown. We have taken the beetle in the latter part of July and in August. Centrinus perscitus Abst. Bruner reports this species also as injurious to beets, gnawing small holes in the leaf-stems. It is commoner in Nebraska than the preced- ing species, and is reported also from Georgia, Texas, and Iowa. THE VEXPOSED LEAF-EATING. CATERPILLARS. Besides the web-worms, cutworms, leaf-rollers, etc., already dis- cussed, fifteen species of caterpillars have thus far been seen by us or ee iy ses i ee OS pe ae DY Ys A ye ice ne. Fetes =a Bee reported by others feeding upon the beet leaf with a frequency to make a them worthy of mention in this article. The cigar-case-bearer is a minute caterpillar, instantly recognized by the whitish cigar-shaped case with which it surrounds its body in summer, only the head and legs pro- jecting as it crawls about. The common army-worm (Fig. 69), the cot- ton cutworm, the grass-worm (Fig. 73), and the beet army-worm are striped with gray, blackish, or brown. The army-worm has three dark stripes on each side; the cotton cutworm may be recognized by two con- spicuous rows of velvety black oval-triangular spots on the back, and by a black spot on each side of the first segment of the abdomen just be- hind the legs; and the grass-worm and the beet army-worm have oneach side a broad blackish stripe. The slight differences between the last two will be given in describing the beet army-worm. Next follow two green larve, each with a white or roseate lateral stripe. One of these, Mamestra trifolit (Fig. 75 a, 6), is distinguished by a row of darker streaks down each side of the back which are wanting in the green beet leaf-worm (Peridroma incivis). The zebra-caterpillar (AZamestra picta— Fig. 77) may be readily known by its brilliant black and yellow stripes and bands, and the pale green Pluscas (Fig. 76) by their resemblance to measuring-worms as they move along. Having but three pairs of legs on the abdomen they loop the body more or less in locomotion. The purslane-caterpillar (Copidryas gloveri—Fig. 78) is banded with black on a light background; and the purslane-sphinx (Des/ephi/a) is either yellow-green, —with eye-like spots on each segment, often accom- panied by dark stripes (Fig. 81),—or blackish, with series of pale yellow _ spots (Fig. 82). All the foregoing are smooth or naked caterpillars. Three addi- tional species are densely covered with a fur of long slender hairs, on account of which they have received the general name of the woolly bears. These are the yellow bear (Sfilosoma virginica—Fig. 84 d, Fig. 85), the hedge-hog caterpillar (Pyrrharctia tsabella—Fig. 84 c, Fig. 86), and the salt-marsh caterpillar (Leuwcarctia acrea—Fig. 84 a, 0). THE CIGAR-CASE- BEARER. (Coleophora fletcherella Fernald. ) This little caterpillar in its curious cigar-shaped case has been sev- eral times noticed by us on sugar beets, eating small circular holes through the leaves. It ranges from New York and Canada eastward, and sometimes seriously injures the buds of apple, pear, and plum in spring, and later bores the fruit. It spends the winter partly grown, forming its characteristic case about the middle of May. It pupates within this case, attached to the leaf, in June and July. Its injury to beets has thus far been altogether insignificant. “147 — THE ARMY-WORM. Leucania unipuncta Haw. The common army-worm is a striped caterpillar with sixteen legs, of similar size and general appearance to ordinary cutworms, to which, : indeed, it is closely related in the entomological classification and by all its habits except the occasional one of traveling in hordes or armies, to which its common name is due. When full grown it is greenish black, lighter beneath, with three dark stripes, similar in width, on each side of the body, the middle one nearly black. The adult moth is fawn-colored, with dusky hind wings, and with a small white dot near the middle of each fore wing. Although it is normally a grass insect, breeding ordinarily in meadows, or occa- sionally in fields of young grain, a large variety of garden vegetables, including beets, are accepted by it as food if they happen to be in its line of march. It will not be seen in the beet field, however, except where its ordinary food supplies of grass and grain have be- gun to fail, compelling it Fig. 69. The Arm y-worm, Leucania uni, uncta, §- 09 larva. to abandon its usual feed- ing grounds. It is a com- mon insect at all times Rig Ge STVEPATaS wor: Leucanial dx eee and in all parts of Illinois, adult; 2, abdomen of female adult; c, eye; @, base of male burit 1s.nat noticeably de sso. ae acne structive except in occasional years. when circumstances favor its mul- tiplication to an extraordinary extent. The eggs are deposited in the rolled-up bases of grain or grass leaves on ground where the rankest growth of plants occurs. From ten to fifty may be laid on a single leaf. The moths are of nocturnal habit, and the eggs are deposited after dark. The caterpillars feed at night, usually remaining hidden by day except during cloudy weather. When full grown they bury themselves in the ground an inch or two, forming there, by turning about, a smooth Fig. 70. The Army- worm, Leucania unt- puncta, pupa. are three generations in a year, and the winter is passed mainly in the moth or the pupa stage. The adults, which come abroad in early spring either from hibernat- ing pupz or from the winter quarters of the moths, lay eggs late in cavity within which the transformations occur. There — 148 — April or early in May for the first brood of the caterpillars. Thesecond brood, appearing in Illinois late in June or early in July, is more likely than either of the others to be injurious, and more than one of the three broods is never destructive in the same locality. This species is especially subject to destruction by parasites, which speedily suppress any destructive outbreak, with the effect that the army- worm is rarely especially abundant for two successive years in the same locality. Commonly, indeed, an interval of several years occurs be- tween noticeable army-worm outbreaks. Wherever these insects appear in numbers, their movement may be checked and themselves destroyed by the time-honored farmer’s resource of ditching across their line of movement, or by plowing a series of furrows, with the smooth vertical edge facing the advancing host. In ~ these barriers, which they will not easily surmount, they can readily be destroyed by methods generally well known. Sometimes a similar purpose may be effected by spraying thoroughly with Paris green and water a strip of vegetation which the army-worms are about to cross. If they are abroad in the vicinity of a beet field their progress must be promptly arrested, as a day’s delay will often result in the destruction of several acres of the crop exposed to their invasion. THe CorTron CuTworm. Prodenia ornithogalli Guen. (P. lineatella Harv.). This caterpillar, an inch and a third to an inch and two-thirds long, is conspicuously marked with a row of velvety black oval-triangu- lar spots along the back, at some distance on each side of the middle. It is darker than the average cutworm and is distinguished by a conspicuous black spot on each side just behind the joint- ed legs.*,° Itahasare varied list of food plants, including beets, corn, wheat, cabbage, potato, as- paragus, salsify, peach, raspberry, and, especially, cotton. Dr. Riley says that he found it on practically all kinds of succulent plants both wild and cultivated. It is one of the common caterpillars in Illinois Fig. 72. The Cotton Cutworm, Prodenia orntthogall?, adult. beet fields. It has attracted principal attention as a cotton insect, destroying sometimes acres of young plants shortly after they appeared above ground, and later boring into cotton bolls much as does the boll- worm (ffe/tothis). ‘The species is found from Massachusetts to Minne- 5 nim ta Beta sota and California, and south to the Gulf of Mexico. It passes the winter, according to Riley, most generally in the larval stage, but some- _ times also as pupa or imago. The caterpillars are commonest in Illinois in July and August, where there is perhaps but a single brood. In the South, however, there seems to b2 at least two generations annually, one occurring in April and the other late in June. THE COMMON GRASS-WORM. Laphygma frugiperda S. & A. This insect, called also the fall army-worm, and often confused on that account with the true army-worm, was extraordinarily abundant throughout Illinois and many other states during the summer of 1899. According to Chittenden’s article* it was reported from New York and New Jersey southward to Florida, and westward to Texas, Kansas, and Nebraska. It attracted most attention, perhaps, last season in lawns, the turf of which it completely deadened in many towns; but it was also injurious to small grain,corn, broom-corn,etc., giving rise to much apprehension among those not acquainted with its history and habits. In Illinois it was defi- nitely reported to the office from Chicago and its suburbs, from Quincy, Meredosia, Arcola, =>) and Urbana, and from Villa Ridge in extreme | 2 hl southern Illinois, as well as from many inter- Fig. 73. The Common Grass- mediate places. ae ee It is especially fond of grass and other 2, abdominal segment of larva, tp graminaceous plants, corn, broom-corn, wheat, eee spew: oats, etc. In a watermelon field it cleared out the grass-like weeds, but did not injure the melon vines. Notwithstanding its abundance about Champaign none were seen by us on beets until October, when young larve were found gnawing the leaves of that plant. Most of them were freshly hatched, but none of the lot was large enough for unmistakable identification. Its list of food plants is so long and varied as to be almost exhaustive of our ordinary crops and weeds. Indeed, in extreme cases it leaves scarcely any green vegetation uninjured, and has even been known to enter greenhouses, and Fig. 74. The Common Grass- to eat corn fodder in the stack worm, Lapfhygma frugiperda: a, : adult; &, c, two-color varieties. *Bull. No. 23, N. S., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., p. 79. hb On It differs from the army-worm in its method of avoiding the con- sequences of a too prolific multiplication, not moving off in definite hordes and in fixed directions, like the latter insect, but spreading’ indefinitely in all directions from the most densely populated area. It ranges over the whole United States east of the Rocky Mountains, and it is also found in Jamaica and Brazil. There are at least two, and probably three, generations of the species in each year in the latitude of central Illinois, one becoming destructive in the larval state late in July and continuing abundant in August, and another appearing in Octo- ber. The fall brood is usually the destructive one, any other rarely being numerous enough to attract attention. This species is believed to hibernate mainly in the pupa stage, but partly also, in all probability, asanadult. Thus, larvee collected by us October 11, 1884, were mostly alive in the earth as pupze in December, a few only having emerged in the preceding month, It is held in check mainly, if not wholly, by its parasites, of which a tachinid fly is one of the most important. THE BEET ARMY-WORM. Laphygma flavimaculata Harv. This caterpillar, which replaces the foregoing in the Western States, differs from it by its more decidedly mottled ground-color, by a row of white dots at the lower margin of the lateral dark band, and by the yel- lower color of the light stripes. It is an interesting fact that while the preceding species was doing serious, unusual, and very wide-extended injuries in the Eastern and Southern States, the present one was simi- larly abundant in Colorado, where besides destroying many kinds of weeds and grasses it completely defoliated thousands of acres of sugar beets. In some cases where the foliage of the beet did not furnish it sufficient food, the root was attacked and the upper surface often com- pletely gnawed away. Late plantings of course suffered most severely, especially when surrounded by newly broken ground. The weeds most generally eaten were pigweed, saltweed, wild sunflower, and C/leome. Potato, pea, and apple leaves were also devoured. . These injuries occurred about the middle of August, at which time larve and pupze were abundant, and a few moths laden with eggs were also noticed. These facts are derived from the statements of Prof. C. P. Gillette, of the Colorado Experiment Station, who furnished the material for this account together with specimens of the insect. This species evidently hibernates as a moth, and at least two broods. of larve may be looked for each year, the first about June and the sec- ond in August. The species has been reported thus far from Colorado and California, but it doubtless has a more extended range in the moun- at a tain region of the far West. Prof. Gillette’s field experiments showed that it could be destroyed by dusting or spraying arsenical poisons on the beet leaf. THE GARDEN MAMESTRA. Mamestra trifolit Rott. (M. chenopodit Albin. ) This green larva, striped with rose or pinkish white, with a row of darker lines on each side of the back, is found all over Europe and North America. It infests a variety of garden plants and weeds, and sometimes does considerable in- jury to beets by eating the leaves or even the entire tops of small plants, as reported by Bruner in Nebraska. We have found it also on beets in late September and early October on the Experiment Station farm in Illinois. In Amer- ica it has been noted feeding on cabbage, turnips, and numerous other garden vegetables, and upon lamb’s-quarters and purslane among the common weeds. It is evidently two-brooded, hibernat- ing as a pupa, and the moths ap- pearing in the early spring. We é have found them abundant at Hig? 7572 The Garden Mamesktanafnece ore electric lights in May. Larve of /eté: a, 6, larva; c, pupa; d, adult; e, wing of adult ¥ enlarged; 7, last segment of pupa, ventral view. the first brood have been takenin @itey, U.S, Dept. of Agriculture.) June and early July, and of the second brood in September and early October. Larve taken from the sugar beet September 26th and October goth entered the ground for pupation between October 8th and 13th. Mamestra sp. Bruner mentions a larva found abundant in beets at Norfolk, Neb., which was about the size and general appearance of the darker form of M. ¢trifolii but differed in habits and markings. It was not bred to the imago, and its species is consequently unknown. THE GREEN BEET LEAF-wWoRM. Peridroma inctvis Guen. During 1899 and 1900 this green larva, with a white or roseate stripe on each side, was the commonest caterpillar on beet leaves in Illinois. ~ te & It fed freely exposed on either the under or upper side of the leaf, eat- ing irregular holes, but not becoming seriously injurious. Garman reports it as a common Kentucky insect. It ranges from Florida and Texas to Massachusetts and Illinois, and occurs also in California. French and Garman speak of it as feeding in gardens, and we have found it eating purslane as well as sugar beets. The larva enters the ground and pupates there. In southern Illinois and Kentucky the species is apparently two-brooded. lLarve are common in spring, yielding the imago in June and July; and another brood of larve oc- curring in August and September gives the imago in October. In central Illinois we have found larve of all sizes common in July and again in September, the last of them disappearing about October 15th. Examples taken July 14th and 26th and September 2d all went into the winter in the pupa stage. Further study of the life history is evidently necessary to determine the usual facts for this species. THE CABBAGE PLUSIA. Plusia brassice Riley. This pale green looping caterpillar is striped with longitudinal whitish lines of varying distinctness, which narrow noticeably towards the head. It is by preference a cabbage insect, but occasionally eats the leaves of beets. When young it eats small holes in leaves, but as it grows larger it devours the leaf completely, and even gnaws away the stalk. It is seriously injurious to the cabbage in the South, and in Minnesota was reported in 1884 to be almost as injuri- ous to cabbage as the com- mon cabbage worm (Pverts rape). It feeds also on celery, kale, turnip, tomato, lettuce, mignonette, dande- lion, dock, clover, lamb’s- quarters, and some less common cultivated plants. It ranges throughout the United States, and occurs also in Canada. The eggs are laid upon the food plant singly or in small clusters, loosely attached to the leaf. The full grown larva spins a gauzy cocoon wrapped in the leaf or attached to the stem, and within this the green or light yellowish pupa is presently found. The blackish or dark gray moths are distinguished Fig. 76. The Cabbage Plusia, Plusta brassitce@: a, larva; j, pupa in its thin cocoon; c, adult. 5-9 MRL Wa oe ae he aT Pct is Ra Pe ra ty aak yt Se 3 er ers ae ee : she 3 c = P ¥ ers” - Ea : by a silvery U-shaped spot on the middle of the fore wing and an oval silvery dot adjoining it on the outside. = Be" - The number of generations annually has not been satisfactorily de- . termined. Riley believed that there were probably four in the latitude of ~— Washington, D. C. This caterpillar has an enormously destructive parasitic enemy, a minute hymenopterous insect, which pupates within the skin of its dead host and emerges in almost incredible numbers, over twenty-five hundred having been counted which must have come froma. single infested larva. Ina large lot of larve collected by us at Urbana, only one example escaped parasitism, and Dr. Riley reports a similar observation upon fifty larve collected by him. THE CELERY PLUSIA. Plusia simplex Guen. . This is our commonest Illinois Plusia. It occurs generally in the i United States east of the Rocky Mountains, as well as in New Mexico and the Hudson Bay Territory. Itisa very destructive celery insect, and we have bred it from a larva found feeding on the sugar beet. It differs : from the cabbage species in the fact that its spiracles are distinctly ringed with black, according to Coquillett, while in the cabbage Plusia these rings are indistinct, partial, or wanting. There are believed to be three broods of this species in a year. The caterpillars of the first generation of the year hatch late in May and get their growth late in June or early in July. The life of the second generation extends from the first part of July to the middle of September, and the third begins to issue from the egg early in October. This brood hibernates about half- grown, attaining full size during the latter half of April. This account, cofmpiled from Coquillett’s statement in the Eleventh Illinois Report, is confirmed by our collections, in which the moths of this species occur twice in April, ten times early in May, ten times between July 15th and August.15th, and six times in the latter half of September. THE ZEBRA-CATERPILLAR. Mamestra picta Harr. Although evidently preferring cabbage and other cruciferous plants, this abundant and conspicuous caterpillar occasionally attacks beets. It seems to be somewhat whimsical in its food habits. It has been re- ported by Felt, of New York, as excessively abundant in timothy and as the probable agent in the destruction of twenty acres of oats. Other food plants recorded are cauliflower, turnip, rutabaga, bean, pea, carrot, celery, potato, spinach, asparagus, buckwheat, corn, clover, currant, cranberry, apple, orange, willow, spruce, mignonette, aster, sweet pea, snowberry, honeysuckle, smartweed, burdock, and lamb’s-quarters. It ote = sige ey Sepa) is distributed from Canada to Florida, and west to Nebraska. ~The eggs are deposited in large clusters of as many as a hundred and fifty each, usually on the under surfaces. of the leaves.. The young caterpillars are at first white, hairy, and speckled, each with a black head and a black crescent upon the thorax. They feed for -a time in a dense group, but after a few days they molt and assume the zebra-mark- ings of the full grown larva. Thisis black with two yellow stripes on each side, the broad interval between : which is crossed by numer- Fig. 77. The Zebra-caterpillar, Wamestra picta: a, larva; ; : Pmaults (Riley, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.) ous fine white lines. The under surface is tawny. When disturbed the caterpillar coils up and falls to the ground. It pupates under ground within a rude cocoon. There are two genera- tions a year, hibernation being either in the pupal or larval stage. The first and most destructive brood of larve occurs in June and July, and the second in September and October. ~ THE PURSLANE-CATERPILLAR. Copidrvas glovert G. & R. Fig. 80. The Purs- lane-caterpillar, Cofz- Fig. 79. The Purslane- dryas gloveri, with caterpillar, Copidryas head and last seg- gloverz, egg, greatly en- ments enlarged. Fig. 78. The Purslane-caterpillar, Cofz- larged. (Riley & How- (Riley and Howard, dryas glover?; a, adult; 4, larva. (Riley & ard, U.S. Dept. of Agri- U. S. Dept. of Agri- Howard, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture.) culture ) culture.) This insect, the usual food of which is purslane, is not an Illinois species, but as it seems to have spread from its original home in Texas. and New Mexico into Kansas and Nebraska it may yet reach Illinois, where there is certainly no lack of its favorite food. In Nebraska it has been seen to feed on the leaves of the sugar beet. Its size is about that of acommon cutworm. It is whitish or light gray, conspicuously 5 banded with black on each segment, and shaded with salmon-pink. ‘The eggs are laid in clusters of two to five on the under side of the leaf of the infested plant. The young larve, which hatch in two or three days, are light or yellowish green at first, with darker shadings. They * become full grown in eight or nine days, and make then a tubular burrow in the earth for pupation, closing the opening with a thin layer of dirt. After about twelve days as a pupa, the moth appears. This is brownish gray, with a creamy curved streak along the fore wings, the hind wings buff with a blackish border. Four broods of this caterpillar have been recorded. THE PURSLANE-SPHINX. Detlephila lineata Fabr. This fairly well-known caterpillar varies in markings to an unusual degree. . Two distinct forms may be separated, one yellow-green, with eye-like spots on each segment, often accompanied by dark stripes, the Fig. 8x. The Purslane-sphinx, Dezlephrla lineata, larva. other blackish with series of pale yellow spots. Its favorite food-plants are purslane and chickweed, and on these it may often be found in con- siderable numbers. Its preferences are not very strict, however, and it may devour almost any low plant. It is reported by Bruner to injure Fig. 82. The Purslane-sphinx, Dezlephila lineata, larva, dark variety. (Lippincott Co.) the sugar beet in Nebraska, and has been seen eating beet leaves at Pekin, Ill. Thus far it has caused no serious injury to vegetables in cul- tivation, and if it should become locally abundant it could easily be destroyed by hand. When full grown it forms a smooth cavity in the : eS 2 earth within which it changes to a light-brown pupa with a tongue-sheath like the handle of a pitcher. The handsome well-known moth from this pupa is commonly called the white-lined morning-sphinx. It is one of the twilight species which when flitting about flowers in the dusk is most likely to be mistaken for a hummingbird by those ignorant of the Fig. 83. The Purslane-sphinx, Dezlephzla lineata, adult. (Lippincott Co.) habits of that species. It is also not uncommon at the electric light. This sphinx-moth is, two-brooded, the larve of the first brood being most abundant in July and August, and those of the second from the middle of September through October. It hibernates in the pupa stage. THE WooLLy BEAars (A4rctiide). THE YELLOW BEAR (Sf2losoma virginica Fabr.). THE HEDGE HOG CATERPILLAR (Pyrrharctia tsabella Abb.). THE Satt-MarsH CATERPILLAR (Leucarctia acrea Dru.). The larve of these three related species are one and a half to one and three fourths inches long, and thickly coated with erect hairs—from which fact their general name is derived. They are common and widely distributed, and very general feeders, devouring leaves of garden vege- tables (including beets), small fruits, vines, and young trees. The yel- low bear is probably the commonest and the salt-marsh caterpillar the least common of the three in Illinois. The hedge-hog caterpillar, tawny red on the middle half or two-thirds of the body and black at each end, is a familiar object in late fall and early spring, often noticed as it hur- ries over the ground in search of hibernating quarters, for it passes the winter in the larval stage. It derives its popular name from the fact that it rolls itself up into a bristly ball when frightened or disturbed. In the other two species the coat is nearly uniform in color throughout, but differs in shade from very light. to very dark. ‘The head of the yellow Se bear is pale and unmarked, the hair is commonly dark brown, the body beneath it often wit -cusky stripes. In the salt-marsh caterpillar the A. 7 Fig. 84. Faces of woolly bear larve: a, 4, The Salt-Marsh Caterpillar, Lewcarctza acrea, showing: variation in extent of black coloring; c, The Hedge-hog Caterpillar, Pyrrharctia rtsabella; d, Vhe Yellow Bear, SAzlosoma virginica. head is more or less black, the hair is commonly dark brown, and the body is blackish, with pale lateral and medio- dorsal stripes. Both these species hibernate in the pupa stage. When quite young the larve merely eat the surface of the leaves, but when older they make large holes. When one of the woolly bears is full grown it seeks a conven- ient shelter, makes rath- Fig, 85. The Yellow Bear, Sfzlosonta virginica: a, larva: er a thick cocoon of the 6, pupa; c, adult. : . : hairs of its coat inter- woven with coarse silk, and transforms within this to a dark brown chrysalis. The pupa of the hedge-hog caterpillar bears some tufts of golden bristles, and its tawny cocoon is often found on old boards. — 158 — erie ope see The perfect insects of these species are very well-known thick-bod- ied moths, that of the yellow bear being the one to which the common name of ‘‘miller” is most likely to be attached. Its heavily-coated wings are snowy white with a few black dots, and the abdomen orange, with three rows of black spots above. ‘The adult of the hedge-hog cat- erpillar is the Isabella moth, orange-buff on wings and body, with the hind wings tinted more or less with rose. ‘The wings are also speckled with black, and black dots are arranged on the upper surface of the abdomen in three longi- tudinal rows. The moth of the salt-marsh caterpillar has the abdomen orange, and all the wings white in the female, the male differing by the orange hinder wings. In both sexes with black, and the abdomen with black in three longitudinal rows. All three of the species seem to be normally two- Fig. 86. The Hedge-hog Caterpillar, Pyrrharctia brooded. "The nyo gsabella: a, larva; 6, pupain cocoon; c, adult. brood are commonest in June and July, and those of the sec- ond brood in September. The woolly bears are frequently beset by hymenopterous parasites, and the hedge-hog caterpillar seems especially subject to death by muscardine—due to the attacks of a parasitic fungus which converts the body soon aiter death into a rigid mummy, scarcely shrunken from the proportions of the living insect. Injuries to the roots. In case an unthrifty condition of the beet plant is not fully ex- plained by injuries to the foliage, an examination of the roots will often betray the presence there of insects doing an injury sufficient to diminish the general vigor of the plant, or which may result in its destruction. There are two classes of injury to the roots of beets by insects; those resulting from a sucking of the sap from the tissue of the root by true bugs ( Hemiptera); and those due to beetles and their larve, which gnaw the surface of the root or eat into its substance. Injuries by the sucto- rial Hemiptera are distinctly recognizable only when the insects them- selves are found on the root, since the local effect of the abstraction of the sap is not usually very marked. The insects of this description thus the wings are thickly speckled — Oy A ae . ts .o, ae ob nih oy ae - = 7 . i eae ges SS ee far noticed on the beet root are few in number, and have rarely been of great importance. Our present list of those infesting the root of the beet is limited to two species of plant-lice (Pemphigus bete, and Aphis middletonit) and a single mealy bug (Dacty/opius), the species of which is uncertain. TOOL IELCLE (Aphidide and Coccid@ ) 3 = Tue Beer APHIS. Pemphigus beta Doane. This insect, but very lately brought to the attention of beet-growers, offers an extraordinary example of the injury to vegetation which may be done by root-lice. Our information concerning it is due to Mr. R. W. Doane, Assistant Zodlogist of the Washington State Agricultural Experiment Station, at Pullman, Wash., whose latest publication on this species is contained in Bulletin 42 of that Station. Attention was first called to this pest, he says, in 1896, when it was found that a field of two or three acres of beets was generally infested, a strip of twenty-five to a hun- dred yards being so badly in- jured that the beets were nearly all soft and spongy, and the plants much smaller than the average. Other beet fields in the vicinity of this were also generally infested. During sub- sequent years this aphis has been found in considerable 5 numbers in almost every beet Fig. 87. The Beet Aphis, Pemphigus bete: a,winged field in that locality, and in female; 4, wingless female; c, antenna of winged female. : ; pues : 1899 it was unusually destruc- tive. It was first described as a new species by Mr. Doane in rgoo, and seems thus far to have been found only in Washington and Oregon. In the latter state it has been even more destructive than in Washington, at least a thousand tons of beets having been destroyed by it in one year in a single valley devoted largely to beet culture. Like very many other beet insects, this species infests also several wild or useless plants; a wild yarrow (4chillwa /anulosa Nutt.) and a knot-weed (Polygonum aviculare), together with various other weeds and grasses, both native and introduced. It has also been reported as occurring on potatoes, cultivated roses, and the wild service-berry, but its identity in these cases is as yet in doubt. This root aphis occurs in two forms, wingless and winged, the + mse Sr , ‘ Ned o* > hin hae ee 4 ‘ 1 Ape ; ures : Cras ibe ahi hele — 160 — wingless form being much the more abundant. These are small, pale yellow or whitish, with a mass of flocculent matter covering the posterior part of the body, evidently much as in the case of the woolly aphis of : the apple. Indeed, the first thing to attract attention when an infested ~ beet is examined is this white fungus-like substance covering the in- fested surface.. The insects are mostly pear-shaped, an eighth of an inch in length when full grown. «« Upon examination with the lens the whole body, including the legs. and antenne, is seen to be dusted over with a white powder, and the floc- _ - culent mass is seen to be made up of thousands of very fine white threads. arising from the last three or four segments of the body and often half as long as the body itself. The legs and antenne and a rather large spot on the dorsal side of the head are brown. The eyes appear as small black dots on the sides of the head. The antennz are six jointed, the third joint being the longest; the sixth joint, which is the next in length, has the distal portion contracted so it is only about half as large as the basal portion. ‘Winged forms are also often found late in the season. These are somewhat larger, more elongated, and very much darker in color. The whole head and thorax, together with the legs and antenme, are bluish ‘black, lightly dusted with the white powder. The abdomen is dark green with only a little of the flocculent matter on the posterior segments. The thin membranous wings are usually held folded roof-like over the body, beyond the tip of which they extend for some distance. The eyes are much larger than in the wingless forms and are brown. With the winged forms a number of pupz usually also occur. These look just like th2 winged forms, but instead of the wings they have little blunt pad-like organs, the undeveloped wings, on either side of the thorax.” The smaller rootlets of the beet are first attacked by this aphis, and if it occurs in considerable numbers these are soon all destroyed, and the leaves thereupon soon wither, and the whole beet shrivels and becomes spongy. ‘This wilting of the leaves will frequently, in fact, be the first thing to attract the attention of the beet grower. The actual injury to the crop will, of course, depend largely upon the time when the attack of the aphis is made. If the plants are small they may readily be destroyed, while if they are practically full grown the loss of the small rootlets will not materially affect them. No sexual generation of this aphis has as yet been discovered and no eggs have been seen, viviparous reproduction continuing throughout the year except when the cold of the winter temporarily suspends the physiological activities of the species. The winged females, appearing from time to time during the summer and fall, serve to distribute the species generally, new colonies being started: wherever these females find lodgment and food. In districts liable to injury by this insect it dig Ne Eta At RO A oe stbibe eS he tak ean 5) th Cea Eee cee ae Bi atk ee sng ta a 2 ganna seems inadvisable that beets should be the first crop on new land, or that ground should be continued in beets or in any other root crop after the pest has made its appearance in the field. ‘ Aphis middletonit Thos. Occasionally colonies of this root aphis, which had previously been _found only on roots of certain weeds, were detected by us in 1899 and rgoo in Illinois on the sugar beet, established among the smaller roots on each side of the main mass of the beet. Only a small percentage of the beets examined were infested. Two species of ants, Lasius niger alienus and Formica schaufusst, were running about among them in a way to indicate an association of the usual form. The wingless insects of this species are greenish gray, with dark - spots above, near the sides, and some dark cross-bars in front of the middle. The winged individuals have the kead and thorax ‘black. Thomas found the winged form among the wingless ones during the latter part of September, and the eggs occurred at the same time among the roots. ; The species is recorded as abundant on the roots of various weeds of the order Composite—the fleabanes (Z7igeron), horse-weed (Ambrosia trifida), goldenrod (Solidago serotina), iron-weed (Vernonia), and aster. It has been recorded from Illinois, Minnesota, and Nebraska. THE Roor Meaty Bue. Dactylopius sp. A minute whitish insect, resembling a wingless plant-louse, but with an oblong or oval body and very short legs and antennze, may some- times be found on sugar beets. Like the beet root-aphis, described above, it is usually well covered with a white waxy excretion. Such insects infest the roots of a considerable variety of plants. Little is known of their life history, and very few have been taken on beets. A single immature specimen was seen on a sugar-beet root in July in IIli- nois along with examples of Aphis middletoniz, and specimens doubtfully referred by Cockerell to Dactylopius solani Ck\l. were found in Colorado onthe crown of the sugar beet. This species occurs on the roots of a common western weed, Solanum rostratum, and a variety of it infests the roots of a plant of the beet family, A¢iplex canescens. WIREWORMS. Lilateride. Among the subterranean insect enemies of the beet one may occa- sionally find, buried in its substance or eating into it from without, long, cylindrical, hard, smooth, reddish brown, worm-like larve; about an % 4 inch long:when full grown, and with three pairs of short legs immedi- “ ately back of the head. This last is flattened, wedge-shaped, with the 5) mouth in front and the jaws extending forward. These wireworms are ordinarily most abundant in grass-lands, which are their normal breed : Fig. 92. The Corn Fig. 90, The Corn Wire- Wireworm, J/elanotus worm, MWelanotus cribulosus, cribulosus, right-side last segment of larva, top view. of. one of -the view. middle segments. Fig. 88° The Corn Wireworm, Melano- Fig. 8y.. Drasterius ele- Fig. 91. Drasterius elegans, last tus cribulosus, larva. ¢gans, larva. segment of larva, top view. ing grounds, but as they live in the earth about two years before trans- forming to the adult beetle stage, they continue their injuries to suc- ceeding crops when the infested pastures or meadows are broken up, often doing much greater injury to this cultivated vegetation than to the grass the roots of which furnish their usual food. These wireworms have been found to eat the smaller roots of beets, and, burrowing into the tap-roots and crowns, often cause the plants to shrivel and die. The species have not ordinarily been discriminated by observers, but we have seen larve of AZelanotus crtbulosus and of Dras- terius elegans about beet roots which had been more or less injured and eaten away. An elaborate account of them and of their injuries to corn will be found in the Eighteenth Report of the State Entomologist of Illinois, with keys and figures for the discrimination of the various spe- cies thus far separated. The injurious species agree fairly well in the main features of their life history. They change, when full grown, to dormant pupz in the earth in July, or sometimes in August, and again some three or four Fg ON aR UR ae oN WES a as bo, le ee ee | geier Si fe oe ee Sap r . bm tae = 163 — weeks later to the brown or reddish beetles commonly known as click- beetles or ‘‘jumping-jacks hard, somewhat hairy insects, of slender eval form, distinguished at once by their peculiar habit of springing into the air with a sudden click when placed upon their backs. A large part of these fully developed beetles remain under ground until spring, enjoy- ing there the protection of the oval earthen cavity or cell formed by the Fig. 93. The Corn Wireworm, Melanotus cribulosus, adult. Fig. 94. Drasterzus elegans, adult, e larva as a preparation for pupation. A part, however, come forth from the ground in fall, passing the winter in sheltered places, and the remain- der emerge in spring, laying their eggs most commonly in grass-lands in the earth. Of their subsequent life history little is yet definitely known. It seems certain that all live more than one year as wireworms in the earth, and observation of the various sizes of larve of the same species to be found in the field at once, usually supports the common impression that the period of life in the larval stage does not extend much beyond two years. Obviously, infested ground, and especially infested grass-land, should not be put into sugar beets for a year or two after it is broken up from sod. WHITE GRUBS. Lachnosterna and Ligyrus. The white grubs or grub-worms are the larve or young of the very common insects usually known as May-beetles or June-bugs, and of another group, known as manure beetles. These grubs are so common and generally recognized that the accompanying figures will serve to identify them without further description. They are most abundant in grass-lands or in lands recently in grass, although they are occasionally bred in large numbers in fields of corn. They do serious injury to the j underground parts of a great variety of crops, including sugar beets, being, like the wireworms, most destructive the second year after grass- They eat the smaller roots, destroy the tap-root of the plant, or gnaw Fig. 95. ‘A June-bug larva or White Grub, Lachnosternu Fig. 97. A June-bug, Lachnosterna rugosa, adult; VULOSA. a, last segments of male, from beneath. large cavities in the substance of the beet—injuries frequently indicated — by the sudden wilting of the leaves. In a Nebraska field of beets, planted on ground which had lain idle for a few years, about fifteen per cent. of the plants were thus destroyed., Grubs of Lachnosterna rugosa have been found by us this year injuring the roots of beets in central Illinois, and causing the plants to wilt. The white grubs common in this state are elaborately treated in the Eighteenth Report of the State Entomologist of Illinois, to which reference may be made for a more de- tailed account. The following summary of the life history will, however, be useful in this place. ' The eggs are transparent white, at first oblong-oval, soon becoming nearly spher- ical. They are deposited in the earth, Hig~96) A Jurie-bug larva or White ~~ gne to three amches below, “the=stmmaees Grub, Lachnosterna rugosa, last seg- ; 4 ee etrantbeneath, usually some time in June, and they hatch in about ten to eighteen days. The young larve feed on roots during the remainder of the season, winter over deeper in the ground, and come up and resume feeding when the next season opens. A second winter is passed in the same way, and in June and July of the third season they form oval cells in the earth, and in late summer change to the June beetles. These beetles do not usually leave their cells until the following spring, when they emerge, pair and lay their eggs, and soon die. They feed during their short life on the } OP id 0 ee ia afi ae a gt ee ot Pole be << 4 gi Lint: seth e se a ye ret He ee ai eo tua ke gay ht RY ee > = 5 utd 5) : aN 5 . teas je leaves of trees, especially oak, hickory, and ash, as well as on a few other plants. The damage to foliage is sometimes considerable. _ There are no measures which can be depended upon for the destruc- tion of white grubs in the beet field, and the beet grower must conse- quently rely upon preventive measures. The most obvious of these is suggested by the fact that the white grub is bred mainly in grass-lands, and that there are few pastures or meadows of long standing which are not more or less infested by them. Consequently, whenever an old sod is broken up it should be planted to some other crop for at least two years before it is set in beets; or, if necessity requires that beets should be raised on such ground at once, this should not be done until it has been cleared of the grubs by thorough pasturing of the sod with pigs. These ' search out and root out the grubs in the ground, greedily devouring them, and may in the course of a few weeks completely clear a badly infested turf. The fact of the winter retreat of the grubs to a considerable depth Ddelow the surface must, however, be borne in mind in this connection. From November to March inclusive they will commonly be beyond the reach of pigs. THe Muck BEETLE. Ligyrus gibbosus DeG. ‘ (BILXG; Bigs 2:) The larva of this muck beetle need not ordinarily be distinguished from the white grubs above discussed, its size, habits, and appearance being substantially similar; but its life history is less definitely known, and the period of its continuance in the earth isin doubt. The prin- cipal economic difference is due to the different habit of the adult beetle, which does not feed, so far as known, upon the leaves of plants like Lachnosterna and Cyclocephala, but burrows in the earth, eating the roots or the lower part of the stalk of the infested plant much as does the larva itself. In early spring, says Mr. H. E.. Weed, the beetles are often dug up by persons working in grass-land. They are said by Bruner to have been quite destructive to sugar beets over limited areas in western Nebraska, gnawing great holes into the roots and sometimes thus entirely imbedding themselves. They work at different depths from the surface, sometimes as much as six or seven inches, but mostly about three or four inches under ground. They were most abundant on old ground and on ground that had been irrigated. They are reported as feeding also on carrots, roots of sunflowers, and tubers of the dahlia. In Mississippi, according to Mr. Weed, a serious injury to corn follow- ing upon grass was done by these beetles, which gnawed the base of the stalk, causing the plant to wilt or killing it outright. The species is ' widely distributed in the United States, and is abundant in Illinois. TECHNICAL LIST OF SPECIES OF BEET INSECTS. — ORDER ACARINA. 5 es - RED SPIDERS. _ Tetranychus bimaculatus Harv............ ise cy Ones cae he See > ORDER ORTHOPTERA. GRassHoPPERS (4cridide@, Locustide). Stenobothrus curtipennis Harr. ....++ 131 Melanoplus femur-rubrum DeG....._ Wissosteira carolina: Linn. ......:.. 3x) VMs atlanispRileyass en - ies ear ey. oe ~ ‘Trimerotropis latifasciata Scidd.... 132 .M. spretus Thos... >... 2 a. sae. as ci _ Spharagemon equale Scudd........ 132 Campylacantha olivacea Scudd..... oi 24) /Schistocerca’ alutacea Harr. 2:22... 132 Orchelimum vulgare Harr....... SE eee BY Melanoplus differentialis Thos...... 132 Xiphidium nemorale Scudd........¢ 136 i ParerlVie Divattatus Say 4.) skis asc sie ee TAQ eX ShuIC tims SCLC Chere spear aa 136% : Se ‘ z = eee wae rare < é ay ye Sar a 2 ey “Es ORDER-HEMIPTE RA: he = : a SUBORDER HETEROPTERA. ; S Fe <4 \ + eon - Tue Picweep Bua. ge Roe? ma egiiiy . : S. Ormenis pruinosa Say....... Poke Seas 83 eistobera tricarinata Say. ......2..%. 67 rburnia-ornata-Staloicn: ..\.4 ic ainin es vg SER 127 i FLEA-BEETLES. Breeding on Leaves of Plants. Disonycha crenicollis Say........... 115 Disonycha xanthomelzena Dalm..... 116 Ds trian eularis: Say vi. cs... ong csc ds loo TES; D.cervicalis lech. s.vasn cee ary Breeding on Roots of Plants. Crepidodera atriventris Melsh....... 117” Systena frontalis)habr.. cs a3 cane 120 Epitrix cucumeris Harr... ........- TI] ao-uteoniataMielShy: wcrc ees 120 Fo.UDreviS SCHWanZ.i os waa tele on .. 118 Longitarsus melanurus Melsh...... 122 Cheetocnema denticulata Ill......... 118 Glyptina brunnea Horn......... st; Sues @oilicaria Melsh ! 4.182. Se: 118 . Phyllotreta vittata Fabr...... 2.22.5 123 CrConhnis. Crox. i. fect ase sacs oas wcepale 119 P. decipiens Horn... ..27 oe: Sen ee 123 Systena hudsonias Forst.........:.. Tio -Pralbionicatkeck. 2/7. ose cea 123 Leaf-mining Llea-beetles. Psylliodes punctulata Melsh........ 124 .Psylliodes convexior Lec: ...... 0. 124 BLISTER-BEETLES (JZelo¢de). Megetra vittata Lec............+0-- 139) | -Epicauta cinerea Forst... ja. se poeta Macrobasis unicolor Kirby......... r39 EK. marginatal Fabra.) 22a Epicauta maculata Say............. 139 E. pennsylvanica DeG. <1. \. Set 141 Ma eRVAU Gta ADT accesskey. oie rhs le mes, shone 140 Cantharis nuttalli Say.......-..-. 142 E. vittata lemniscata Fabr......... 140 SNOUT-BEETLES (AAvauchophora). Leaf-eating Snout-beetles. Epicerus imbricatus Say.......... 143 Tanymecus confertus Gyll......... 145 Otiorhynchus sulcatus Fabr........ Laat sApion (Sh. ei laenseie oda aeons 145 Ow smpularis Mann. ..5..-.0... 6. woalad Stem-eating Snout-beelles. Centrinus penicellus Hbst ........ 145 Centrinus perscitus Hbst.......... 145 ORDER-LEPIDOPTERA. THE CIGAR-CASE-BEARER. Coleophora fletcherella Fern... ...... ccc cece eee eee cence eee teen teen eee ee eens 146 LEAF-ROLLERS (Zortricide, Pyraustide). Wontricidce-SPp da sey oe hee hook ew 106 Phlyctenia ferrugalis Walk,....... 105 ~ ls similalis Guen.. A pods agen ee tes Hellulecnndalis Fabs. ine . sticticalis Linn aN, Bee aie Sane. OG) ; ae * CuTWorRMS. Carneades messoria Harr........... 102 Noctua c-nigrum Linn. Chorizagrotis agrestis Grote.... ..... 102 Agrotis ypsilon Rott wNoctnarplecta. Minn... 5) 56. 5A... 104 a es : ExPposED SMOOTH CATERPILLARS, Leucania unipuncta EAA Wrvr sisi) erie. BAZe.. Mamestra spans cole a eee Prodenia ornithogalli Guen.......... 148 Peridroma incivis Guen..... ; Laphygma frugiperda S.& A..... .. 149 Plusia brassice Riley eee L. flavimaculata Harv.............. “150'. 2b. simplex:Guen..2. 6 eats Mamestra trifolii Rott......... ..+.-, 151 Copidryas gloveri G. & R. : Mamestra picta Harr..,............. 153 Deilephila lineata Fabr 3 God Gels f WooLLy Bears (4rctzide). _ Spilosoma virginica Fabr............ 156 Leucarctia acresa Dru eS Pyrrharctia isabella Abb............ 156 Sat Rs \ = ORDER DIPTERA. = Fy ‘ THE Beer LEaF-MINERS. ee Chortophila floccosa Macq.... ...... 59 Pegomyia vicina Lintn...... ..... C. betarum Lintn.......... ee awe eae, We 50 cts. > ) ; 4s . ei sen eo \ 1 Mv, Ax pal Nag ta tg Ze " rele ea a a > — 170 — ECONOMIC BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1882. Lintner, J. A.—Notice of some Anthomyians mining Beet Leaves. (Ninth Ann. Rep. on the Injurious and other Insects of the State of New York, pp. 203-211.) Account of injury in vegetable garden at Middleburg, N. Y., in summer of 188r. Method of feeding, notes on life history, and description of immature stages given. Three species of adults bred from the larve: Phorbia (=Chortophila) floccosa, C. betarum n. sp., and Pegomyta vicina n. sp. Similar depredations by these insects observed at Morrisville, N. Y., and at Bennington, Vt., during this same season. 1884. LinTNER, J. A.—Insects mining Beet Leaves. (Cultivator and Country Gentleman, Vol. XLIX., Aug. 18, 1884, p. 677.) _ Answer to a correspondent who sends from Erie, Pa., beet leaves mined by larvee of Anthomyid@. Species not determined. Refers to earlier observations of this injury to beets. Advises picking off infested leaves. 1888. Bruner, L.—Report of the Entomologist. (Rep. Neb. State Bd Agr., pp. 84 130.) Epicerus imbricatus briefly treated (p. 117), and list of food plants given, in- ‘cluding the beet. 1889 Cassipy, JAMEs.—Notes on Insects and Insecticides. (Bull. 6, Col. Agr. Exper. Station, p. 18.) Systena mitts (=teniata) reported to injure beets, etc. 1890. ‘Lintner, J. A.—Notices of Various Insects. (Sixth Kep. StateEnt. N.Y.,pp 109-155.) Epicauta vittata extensively treated (p 132), and beets mentioned among food plants. WesstTerR, F. M.—Notes on Garden Insects. (Insect Life, Vol. III, pp. 148-151. Subjoined statement also in Trans Ind. Hort Soc, 1890, p. 26.) Reports beets on grounds of the Indiana Experiment Station seriously injured by Systena blanda (=teniata). 18q1. Bruner, Lawrenck.—Report on Nebraska Insects. Beet Insects. (Bull. No. 23, ~ U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent. pp. 11-18.) General description of insect injury to beets in Nebraska during summer of 1890. _ Notes use of growing beets for shelter against the sun by many insects not feeding upon them. Insect enemies of sugar beets mostly general weed-feeders, especially those infesting tumble-weeds, pigweed, purslane, and other juicy weeds. None found exclusively injurious to beet. Only very few considered destructive. Those recog- nized either leaf-feeders or root-borers. Publishes list of sixty-four species with brief notes upon injuries by each. Advises clean culture, and use of arsenical sprays except for suctorial insects, and for these the kerosene emulsion. BRUNER, LawreENcE.—Notes on Beet Insects. (Insect Life, Vol. III., No. 5, pp. 229, 230 ) Author's abstract of article read at the second annual meeting of the Association of Economic Entomologists, held at Champaign, IIl., Nov. 11-13, 1890. Consists mainly of list of sixty-four species found upon either leaves or root of the sugar beet. Notes fact that most of the common species are usually known as weed-feeding forms. BruNER, LAwWRENCE.— Experiments in the Culture of the Sugar Beet in Nebraska. Insect Enemies. (Bull. No. 16, Neb. Agr. Exper. Station, Vol. IV., Art. r., Sugar Beet Series No. II., pp. 55-72; and Fifth Ann. Rep. Neb. Agr. Exper. Station, pp. 55-72.) General article, discussing the garden web-worm, several flea-beetles, blister- beetles, true bugs, leaf-hoppers, cutworms, and wireworms, giving descriptions, illus- trations, habits, and life histories of several of them, with description of injuries to beets and other food plants, and recommendation of remedies. OsBoRN, HERBERT, and GossarD, H. A.—Some Insect Enemies of the Sugar Beet. (Bull. No. 15, lowa Agr. Exper. Station, Nov. 1891, pp. 265-272.) General article, including observations made at Ames, Ia., with matter compiled mainly from Bruner. Discusses cutworms, grasshoppers, blister-beetles, flea-beetles wireworms, true bugs, the clover leaf-hopper, beet lice, and ‘‘Insects associated with rotting in Beets.”’ WasHBurn, F. L.—A Sugar-Beet Beetle (J/onoxta guttulata). (Bull. No. 14, Oregon Agr. Exper. Station, p. 11; Noticed in Bull. No. 26, U.S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., p. 11, and in Bull. No. 18, N. S., p. 95.) Reported as quite destructive to sugar beets in Oregon. A solution of Paris green—half a pound to fifty gallons of water—with the addition of three pounds of whale-oil soap killed the beetles, but six weeks later they were again at work. Double the above strength of poison was used without injury to the beet leaf. 1892. BRUNER, LAwRENCE.—Notes on certain Caterpillars attacking Sugar Beets. (Bull. No. 24, Neb. Agr. Exper. Station, Vol. V., Art. II., Sugar Beet Series, No. IV., pp. 3-7; Sixth Ann. Rep. Neb. Agr. Exper. Station, App., pp. 47-51.) Description of food plants and natural history of some of the garden web-worms, with illustrations of zsycreon similis (after Riley). Natural and artificial remedies. BRUNER, LawrRENCE.—Keport upon Insect Depredations in Nebraska for 1891. Sugar Beet Insects. (Bull. No. 26, U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., pp. 10, 11.) Adds two species to list of Nebraska beet insects, and two others are reported from Oregon. Notes abundance of cutworms, which almost destroyed entire crop on two Experiment Station plats. Observation indicating that fall plowing followed by spring plowing may prevent injury. —- 172 — Nicuotson, H. H., and Ltoyp, RacHeL.—Experiments in the Culture of the Sugar Beet in Nebraska. (Bull. No. 21, Neb. Agr. Exper. Station, Vol. V., Art. I., Sugar Beet Series No. III., p. 15; Sixth Ann. Rep. Neb. Agr. Exper. Station, Apps Pp: 15) Mention of injury to beets by cutworms. Amount of injury as related to previous crop. Destruction by poisoning. Suaw, G. W.—Sugar Beet. (Oregon Agr. Exper. Station, Bull. No. 17, p. 15; Bull. No. 44, p. 36.) Under ‘‘Enemies,” J/onoxta gutlulata (see Washburn, 1891), Phyllotreta decipiens, and cutworms are reported as injurious. 1893. BRUNER, LawRENCE.—Keport upon Insect Injuries in Nebraska during the Summer of 1892. Beet Insects. (Bull. No. 30, U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Eat., pp. 36-41.) Describes injuries by //adronema militar?’s, blister-beetles, white grubs (Zach- nosterna), the beet web-worm (/ovostege stictical’s), the garden web-worm (Loxo- stege similalis), Silpha opfaca, and species of WZamestraand Anthomyia. Gives also remedies and preventive measures for blister-beetles and white grubs, and notes on the life histories of Z. sézctvcal’s and Anthomyra. Bruner, LawrENcE.—Soms2thing about a few of the Insect Enemies of the Sugar Beet. (Bull. No. 27, Neb. Agr. Exper. Station, Vol. VI., Art. I., Sugar Beet Series, No. V., pp. 30-33.) General preliminary discussion of insects injuring beets in Nebraska, including Hadronema miiitarz’s (quite numerous), two or three leaf-hoppers not specified, white grubs (destroying in one case fully fifteen per cent. of the beets), and two or more species of web-worms, the injuries and life history of one of which (Loxostege sticticalis) is briefly summarized. Results of experiments with arsenical and kero- sene sprays were favorable. Expenses of spraying estimated. Lintner, J. A.—Beet Insects. (Cultivator and Country G2ntleman, Vol. LVI., July 16, 1891, p. 577; Ninth Ann, Rep. on the Injurious and other Insects of the State of New York, pp. 374-376.) Describes injuries to beet leaves submitted for examination. Infers attack by tarnished plant-bug, flea-beetles, and leaf-miners. Advises use of kerosene emulsion. Ritey, C. V.—The Sugar Beet Web-worm. JLovostege sticticalis Linn. (Rep. of the Entomologist, in Aun. Rep. Dept. Agr. for 1892, pp. 172-175, PI.VL., Fig. 1-3.) Account of outbreaks of this insect in Nebraska beet-fields in 1891 and 1892, with details of its successful treatment with Paris green. Life history given so far as known; also brief descriptions of egg and larva. Mothand larva contrasted with cor- responding stages of the ‘‘so-called garden web-worm.”’ . Ritey, C. V., and Howarp, L. O.—The Sugar Beet Web-worm. (Insect Life, Vol. V., July, pp. 320-322. Four figures.) Notes additional to the above, with account of experimental economic measures for the destruction of the larval cases in fall. Conclusion reached that most of larvze left undisturbed in beet fields will transform to adults and stock the beet plantations with their eggs—probably in June. Three generations believed to occur. Recom- mends application of Paris green solution on first appearance of larve. — 173 — 1894. BRuNER, LAWRENCE. —Keport on Injurious Insects in Nebraska and Adjoining Dis- tricts. Sugar Beet Insects. (Bull. No. 32, U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., p. 18.) Account of '‘7anymecus conferlus as a Sugar Beet Enemy.” Howarp, L. O.—Completed Life-history of the Sugar Beet Web-worm. (Insect Life, Vol. VI., pp. 369-373, Fig. 30, 31.) Huston, H. A.—Sugar Beets. (Bull. No. 49, Purdue Univ. Agr. Exper. Station, Vol. V., March.) Under ‘‘Injury from Insects” (p. 33), damage by “/ftcauta marginata (=crnerea) recorded, with note of remedy used. Piper, C. V.—Small punctured flea-beetle (Psylliodes punctulata). (The Ranch June 23, 1894.) Damage to Sugar beets. Remedies. 1895. GILLETTE, C. P., and Baker, Cart F.—A Preliminary List of the Hemiptera of Colorado. (Bull. No. 31, Tech. Ser., No. 1, Col. Agr. Exper. Station. 137 pp.) Record from sugar beets the following species: Vystus minutus (p. 22), Geo- corts pallens (p. 24), Lygus pratensis (p. 36), dgallia uhlert (p. 81), Platymetopius acutus (p. 84), Thamnotetltx (=Lutettix) tenella (p. 100), Gnathodus abdominalis (p. 104), and Dactylopius solant? (p. 126); and from ‘‘cultivated beet,” Zham- notettix (=Lutettix) belli (p. 94). Howarp, L. O.—The Beet-Leaf Pegomyia (Pegomyza vicina Lintn.). (Insect Life, Vol. VIL, p. 379.) Account of its injuries in sugar-beet fields in California. Figure. 1896. Osporn, HERBERT.—Spraying Mangelsfor Blister Beetle [/pzcautu pennsylvanica | (Bull. No. 33, Iowa Agr. Coll. Exper. Station, pp. 597, 598.) A solution of London purple, one pound to two hundred gallons of water, was found to be a very satisfactory spray, costing about one dollar an acre. When sugar beets are attacked by this insect the same treatment, it is said, will be found effective. QuainTancE, A. L.—Insects Affecting the Beet. (Bull. No. 34, Fla. Agr. Exper. Station, March, 1896, pp. 264-266.) Brief general account of blister-beetles, cutworms, and wireworms, with refer- ence to miscellaneous insects affecting the beet. SIRRINE, F. A.—The Spinach Leaf Maggot or Miner, Pegomyia vicina. (Fourteenth Ann. Rep. Bd. of Control, N. Y. Agr. Exper. Station, pp. 625-633, Pl. IV.) General article. Known only to feed on Chenofodium, beets, and spinach. 1808. CHITTENDEN, F. H.—A New Sugar-Beet Beetle. (Bull. No. 18, N. S., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., p. 95.) Reports serious local injury to sugar beet by J/onoxtia puncticollis in N. Mex. Gives correspondent'’s notes on life history. Principal damage by larva. — 174 — Saunpers, D. A.—Four Injurious Insects. (Bull. No. 57, U. S. Exper. Station, S. Dak., pp. 35-52.) Ltoderma (=FPentatoma) uhleriand Eficauta maculata treated. Said to attack beets; the former new as a beet insect. SayLor, Cuas. F.—Beet-Sugar Industry in the United States. (House Document 396, 55th Congress, 2d Session; Separate Reprint. 72 pp.) On pp. 224 and 231 are given answers by correspondents in Nebraska, California, and New Mexico to the question, ‘‘What are the obstacles you encounter, including diseases, insects, etc.?”’ Wiccox, E. V.—An Army Cutworm. (Bull. No. 17, Mont. Agr. Exper. Station, pp. 10-18.) Description of an excessive outbreak of Chortzagrol’s agrestis, with an exten- sive list of plants attacked, including beets. 1899. COcKERELL, T. D. A.—A/egetra vittata injuring Sugar Beets. (Ent. News, Vol. X., p. 44.) Reported by a correspondent in New Mexico. Comment oncoloration of the two specimens sent. Fe.t, E. P.—Notes of the Year for New York. (Bull. No. 20, N. S., U. S. Dept. Agr; Div. Ent:, p. 6o:) Reports injury by Sysfexa frontalis to sugar beets in N. Y. Insect killed by spraying with Paris green. GILLETTE, C. P.—The Sugar-Beet Caterpillar. (Special Press Bulletin, Col. Agr. Exper. Station, Aug. 19, 1899.) Injuries to sugar beets in Colorado by Laphyvgma f/lavimaculata reported. Spraying with Paris green recommended. Pettit, Rurus H.—Some Insects of the Year 1898. 13. Leaf-miner in Sugar-Beet. (Bull. 175, Mich. State Agr. Coll. Exper. Station, pp. 356, 357, Fig. 14.) Pegomyia vicina reported mining sugar-beet leaves in Michigan. Imago figured. Stone, J. L.—Sugar-Beet Investigations for 1898. Part I. Observations and Con- clusions based upon a Study of Field Conditions. (Bull. 166, Cornell Univ. Agr. Exper. Station, March, pp. 419-438.) ‘‘Enemies of the Beet Crop” (p. 425); Systena teniala, S. hudsonias, and Pegomyta vicina reported as common beet-feeders, but no considerable damage done. 1g0o. CHITTENDEN, F. H.—The Pale-striped Flea-beetle (Sys/ena blanda Mels.). (Bull. No, 23, N. S., U. S. Dept. Agr., Div. Ent., pp. 22-29.) Detailed account of this species as an enemy of cultivated plants, including sugar beets. Doane, R. W.—A New Sugar Beet Insect, and other Insects attacking the Beet. (Bull. No. 42, Wash. State Agr. Exper. Station. 14 pp., 4 figures.) Detailed account of the beet aphis (Yemphigus befce) and its injuries to sugar beets; also brief treatment of flea-beetles,—especially Psylliodes punctulata,—and of cutworms,—in particular Carneades messorta,—as beet insects. — 175 — Doane, R. W.—Notes on a New Sugar-Beet Pest, with a Description of the Species. (Ent. News, Vol. XI., No. 3, pp. 390, 391.) Description of Pemphigus bet, with note of extent and character of its injuries to the sugar beet in Washington State, and a brief account of its life history. GILLETTE, C. P.—The Beet Army Worm (Lapfhygma flavimaculata). (The Sugar Beet, July, 1900, p. 103*; Twelfth Ann. Rep. Col. Agr. Exper. Station, p. 39— briefer account of same outbreak. ) Account of injuries to beets in Colorado in August, 1899. Many acres com- pletely stripped of foliage; body of the beet also injured. Items of life history given. Arsenical poisons tested successfully. Arsenate of lead preferred. One pound toa hundred gallons of water used without injury to beets. Occurrence of insect reported at various Colorado points and at Lehi, Utah. Figure of injured beets. * Received after the paragraphs on this species (in preceding article) were in type. Errata.—On page 75, under /utettix tenella Uhl., the synonym 7hamnotettix tenella Uhl, should have been placed; and on page 113 the foot-note citation should be to page 53. Yellow-dack, line 1, page 116, should read yellow-dlack. All the figures of the plates except Fig. 1, Plate III., and Figures 29, 31, 58, 65, 72, 84, and 85 in the text, drawn by the Artist of the State Laboratory of Natural History, Miss L. M. Hart, are published in this paper for the first time. Figures 18-21, 27, 28, 30, 39-41, 45, 49, 53, 55, 50, 60, 69-71, 73, 74, 76, 81, 86, 88, and 89-97 have all been published in the Reports of the State Entomologist of Illinois. ADDITIONAL ERRATA. Page 75, line 6 from bottom, for ‘‘the next spectes” read Phlepsius : Fe irroratus. Page 78, line 15 from bottom, for A/e¢ra read Alebra . Page 115, last paragraph, dele third sentence. : | Bs % Page 128, line 15 from bottom, for Pezotetfix read Melanoplus. Page 13 tr, line 14, for femorale read nemorale. rs! es Page 149, line 8 from bottom, for none read one.’ ne — 176 — PLATE I. xy “Fe, > [MHart Fig. 1. Stobera tricarinata. Fig. 2. Leburnta puella. Fig. 3. Lzburnta ornata, DELPHACINE LEAF-HOPPERS. = 7 Ff Prange Ll: | | | fe | Saas Fig. 1. Crcadula sexnotata. Fig. 2. Deltocephalus nigrifrons. ‘is i | { | | | | { | | | | | | L J i Fig. 3. “Hmpoasca mali. Fig. 4. LEmpoasca flavescens. GREEN LEAF-HOPPERS. — 178 — Praise ape meen Som. Serene ener Fig. 1. The Grape Leaf-hoppers, 7vfh/ocyba. Leaf showing effect of injury, and, on under side, the cast skins and the young; at left, young of different ages; at right, adults of 7. wa/nerata (upper) and 7. comes (lower). (Lugger.) P FF - PPI 2S * a \ f \ ‘ * | ) wee L nine ! Fig. 2. Phlepsius trroratus. Fig. 3. The False Flea-hopper, 4ga/- liasles assoctatus. — 179 — PGA Eels Fig. 1. The Green Leaf-bug, J/acrocoleus chlortonts. Fig. 2. The Three-spotted Flea-beetle, Disonycha triangularts. Fig. 1. Larva, dorsal view ee ~ - ee A 1 — A i ‘ SSN \. Sa) i ny, ~N Nee A} } J | = —at Fg Ss - {\ ) + } ees | a SF ISI] A) SSPE { ~ G 2 (OZ he ~—— fe \ A) °) n Av =< - = BN eae + 4) s< T Us hee ete PAs a . NO Ct aM a it RCo > “ k \ PINK Ly 1 ip] ‘ y 8B Fig. 2. Larva, side view. Fig. 5. Adult Fig. 6. Eggs on leaf. THE YELLOW-BLACK FLEA-BEETLE, DISONYCHA XANTHOMEL-ENA == iT, = JP ges Wile Beet-leaf riddled by the Yellow-Black Flea-beetle, Disonyvcha xanthomelena. Piok T. Fig. Fig. 2. 1. Lpttrix brevis. Glypltina brunnea. FLEA-BEETLES — 183 — PuatTeE VIII. Fig. 1. The Smartweed Flea-beetle, Syvstena hudsonias. Fig. 2. The Red-headed Flea-beetle, Systena frontalts, FLEA-BEETLES, SYSTENA. Fig. 1. The Grape-vine Colaspis, Colasfis brunnea., .2. The Muck Beetle, 2teyrus gtbbosus. & INDEX. A abdominalis, Gnathodus, 67, 76. Acacia, 13. Acanthoceros galeator destructive to Or- ange, 96. general description and distribution of, and plants found on, 97. % hibernation of, 97. - Achillea lanulosa infested by Beet Aphis, a Loo: Achyrantes, Myzus achyrantes on, 82. achyrantes, Myzus, 82. acrea, Leucarctia, 146, 156. Acrididze and Locustide, distinctions be- tween, 128, 129, 130. Acridium alutaceum, 132. emarginatum, 132. Acutalis calva, distribution, general de- scription, and food plants of, 80. acutus, Platymetopius, 66, 72. = = Adams, C.. C., -84: wquale, Spharagemon, 132. Agallia, 64. general description of adults of species of, 64, 65. novella, description of adult of, 65. of nymphs of, 66. on distribution, life history, and food plants of, 69. nymphs of, 65. punctata, G8. 4-punctata, 69, TO. oA description of nymph of, 65. 7 on distribution, life history, food 5 : plants, and habits of, 68. sanguinolenta, description of adult of, GD. of nymph of, 66. egces of, 70. on distribution, life history, food plants of, 69, 70. uhleri, description of adult of, 65. plants found on, 70. — miptera of Colorado cited, 70. See also Gillette and Baker. ; barbata, Hypostena, 117. 2 Barley, Corizus lateralis on, 97. Gnathodus abdominalis on, 76. Basswood, 13. Alebra albostriella on, 78. infested by Phlepsius irroratus, 76. Bean as food plant of Black Blister- beetle, 141. : ‘ of Imbricated Snout-beetle, 143. 3 of Striped Cucumber Beetle, 126. of Zebra-caterpillar, 153. - - Bean— Continued. Empoasca flayescens, var. Empoasea mali on, 78. infested by Melon Aphis, 81. injured by Common Gray Blister-bee- tle, 189. birdii on, 79. by Common Red Spider, 58. by Garden Flea-hopper, 88. by Grape-vine Colaspis, 125. by Margined Blister-beetle, 141. by Nuttall’s Blister-beetle, 142. by Pale-striped Flea-beetle, 121. Lima, destroyed by Western Green Stink-bug, 99. Bee-plant infested by Western Cabbage Flea-beetle, 123. Bees parasitized by larvz of blister-bee- tles, 138. Beet Aphis. 159-161. agricultural procedureas preventive measures against, 161. character of injury by, 160. destructive to Sugar Beet. 159. mode of reproduction of, 160. plants infested by, 159. wingless and winged forms of, de- scribed, 160. Army-worm, 146. crops destroyed by, life history of, and measures against, 150, 151. Carrion-beetle, 136, 137. See Carrion- beetle, Beet. insects, economic 170-175. technical list of species of, Leaf-worm, Green, 146, 151. food habits, range, and life history of, 152. Tortoise-beetle, European, food plants, life history, and general description of; 124, 125. Web-worm, 109-111. worm, Beet. (See also Sugar Beet.) bibliography — of, 166-169. See under Web- Beetle, Common Cucumber, general de- seription of, 115. See under Striped Cucumber Beetle. Beetles, characterization of injury to beets by, 56. cucumber, characterization of injury by,;, 113. other leaf-eating, 136, 137. predaceous, as enemies of 101. belli, Thamnotettix, 76. bete, Pemphigus, 52, 80, 159. betarum, Chortophila, 59. Bidens as food plant of Common Negro Bug, 100. Bigelovia, Nysius minutus on, 95. bimaculatus, Tetranychus, 58. Birch, 138. Eutettix seminuda on, 75. cutworms, Birds as enemies of cutworms, 101. Bisulphide of carbon for root-lice and wireworms, 53. : bituberosa, Silpha, 137. bivittatus, Melanoplus, 130. bivulnerus, Chilocorus, 43, 44. Black Blister-beetle, range and injuries of, 141. Cherry, Wild, Eutettix seminuda on, 75. Locust defoliated by Ash-colored Blis- ter-beetle, 140. injured by Common Gray Blister- beetle, 139. Nightshade, Epitrix brevis on, 118. Vine-weevil in United States and Eu- rope, injuries, oviposition, life his- tory, and capture of, 144. Walnut, 13. Empoasca mali on, 78. -winged Grasshopper, general descrip- tion of, 130. 131. Blackberry, 13. Acanthoceros galeator on, 97. as food plant of Imbricated Snout- beetle, 143. infested by Oncometopia undata, 71. by San Jose Seale, 22. by stink-bugs, 97. injured by Pale-striped Flea-beetle, 121. Mealy Flata, feeding on, 84. blanda Systena, 120. Blister-beetle, Ash-colored, range and in- juries of, 140. Black, range and injuries of, 141. Common Gray, range, injuries, life history of, 139. Margined, color and food plants of, 141. Nuttall’s, color, distribution, food, hab- its and destruction of, 142. Spotted, range and food plants of, 139. Striped, range, injuries, and life his- tory of, 140. Blister-beetles, 137-142. as beet insects, 50, 52, 55. distinction of species of, 138. general description of and injuries by, 138. grasshoppets’ eggs as food of, 138. larvee of, as parasites of bees, 138. measures against, 55, 138. oviposition and hibernation of, 138. Blue-grass, Agallia novella on, 69. as food plant of Agallia sanguino- lenta, 70. Cheetoecnema pulicaria on, 118, Cicadula 6-notata on, 77. eggs of Deltocephalus blades of, 74. Gnathodus impictus on, 76. infested by Common Negro-bug, 100. and inimicus in vaoreeers Agallia 4-punetata on, i ee Bordeaux mixture as medium for conyey- — __ ing _arsenical insecticides, 53, 113. ee Boston Smilax injured by Common Red == Spider, 58. er - Botis harveyana, 105. are : posticata, 108. Box-elder, Mealy Flata on, S4. Braconide, 117. bractatus, Agalliastes, 88. fans. Capsus, 88. te Bran mash, poisoned, me LOT: ___brassicze, Plusia, 146, 152. fe Braucher, JR.IW., 3, eh 1, Chlorate aks 20s ees Ot. .20: 23°24, 25, 2 brevis, Epitrix, 114, i = Broom-corn injured by Cheetocnema den- ticulata, 118. ih by Common Grass-worm, 149. by Corn Flea-beetle, 118. a Brugmansia injured by Common Red Si Spider, 58. so - prunnea, Golaspis, 115, 125: Pe Glyptina, 114, 122 «Brunella vulgaris infested by Smartweed —- - Flea-beetle, 119. --‘Bruner, Lawrence, 57, 67, : 85, 94. on Aecanthoceros galeator, on Allygus sp., 76. : - on Beet Carrion-Beetle, 136. ser = on Beet Web-worm, 110. on Black-winged Grasshopper, 151. on cutworm injury to Beet, 51. ry. on Disonycha cervicalis, 117. = > on Garden Mamestra, 151. for cutworms, 54, Cee, 96, 97. = = on injuries by Muck Beetle, 165. oS on insects found on Sugar Beet, Spe ~ 145. on Mamestra sp. on beets, 151. on occurrence of Athysanus sp. on Beet, 75. on outbreak of Sphragisticus neb- ulosus, 94. on Purslane-sphinx, 155. on Western Cabbage Flea-beetle, 2 123 Buckeye, Pigweed-bug feeding on, 85. Buckwheat, Acutalis calva on, 80. as food plant of Striped Blister-bee- tle, 140. of Zebra-caterpillar, 153. Corizus lateralis on, 97. Crepidodera atriventris on, 117. - Deltocephalus inimicus on, 74. infested by moth of Common Web-worm, 108. i injured by Grape-vine Colaspis, 125. Bugs, French, 115, 127. See under French Bugs. bullatus, Geocoris, 94. Garden "Bulletin Sant he “Agricultar ment Station cited, Bd, § O4, 5. tion cited, 13, 49. Maryland Agricultural — Expet Station cited, 26. Ors! Montana Agricultural Experimen tion cited, 102. South Dakota Agricultural Exper Station cited, 97. ed U. S. Department of Agriculture, J vision of Entomology, cited, 44, 84588) 94,111) 122) 1287 140m mre Washington State Agricultural Exp ment Station cited, 102, 159. ~~~ Bulrushes, eggs of Dledrocephala a Bee depesited in tissue of, 72 oo dar, 153. infested by Melon Aphis, 81. Burning rubbish as measure against Chinch-bug, 96. as measure against Plant-bug, 91. to prevent insect injury to ‘Bee 53, 86. vegetation as measure against Died eephala aes 72. Burrill 0s J, Bythoscopus cen 69. Ne ie Tarnished TiS ee Cc Cabbage, Agallia 4-punctata on, 68. : as food plant of Agallia cng lenta, 70. of Black Blister-beetle. ids of Cotton Cutworm, 148. of Garden Mamestra, 151. — *% of Imbricated Snout-beetle, 1432 of Striped Blister-beetle, Bee of Zebra-caterpillar, 153. destroyed by Cabbage Flea- neediest 1: by Imported Garden Web-wo orm 106; SA: 26 oe by Spotted Cutworm, 103. by Western Green Stink-bug, 9 Flea-beetle, general description, juries, and life history of, 123. Western, general description a injuries of, 123. E injured by Cabbage Plusia, 152. by False Chinch-bug, 96. by Potato Flea-beetle, 117. Plusia, 152. See Plusia, Cabbage. Calla infested by Common Red Spider. Calocoris rapidus, general description 87, 92: - : Calosoma as enemy of cutworms, 101. Calva acutalis, 80. * Campylacantha, 130. olivacea, distribution and food ee = of, 130,- 135: “canescens, Atriplex, 161. hoc S- ewe Sisymbrium, 70. Cantharis nuttalli, general description of, 139. See under Blister-beetle, Nut- tall’s. Capsidee, 86. how to distinguish from Lygzidez, S7. Capsus bractatus, S88. chlorionis, 90. Carboleum for San Jose Scale, 41. Carneades messoria, 56. character of injury to beets and measures against, 102. earolina, Dissosteira, 130, 131. Carrion-beetle, Beet, general = and life history of, 137. . history of and injury by, 136. Carrot as food plant of Black Blister-bee- tle, 141. of Muck Beetle, 165. of Striped Blister-beetle, of Zebra-caterpillar, 153. by, deseription 140. injured by VPale-striped Flea-beetle, 121, Cassia marilandica, eggs of Imbricated Snout-beetle deposited on, 144. Cassida nebulosa, 124. See Beet-Tortoise-beetle. Castor-oil plant injured by Common Red Spider, 58. Catalpa> 13. Caterpillar-hunter as enemy of cutworms, 101. Caterpillars, Characterization of injury to beets by, 56. exposed leaf-eating., 145-150. species of, which Beet, 145. Catnip as food plant of Smartweed Flea- beetle, 119. European feed upon Green Flata on, S84. Cauliflower as food plant of Zebra-cater- pra 5a% infested by Western Cabbage Flea- beetle, 123. Cedar, Red, Agallia novella on, 69. Celery as food plant of Agallia sanguino- lenta, 70, of Cabbage Plusia, 152. of Cicadula 6-notata, TT. of Noctua plecta, 105. of Zebra-caterpillar, 153. destroyed by Celery Plusia, 153. Deltocephalus inimicus on, 7T4. infested by Greenhouse Leaf-roller, 106. by Longitarsus melanurus, 122. by Platymetopius acutus, 73 injured by Empoasea mali, TS. by Potato Flea-beetle, 117. Phlepsius irroratus on, 76. Plusia, distribution and life history of, 153. Celery Plusia—Continued. larva of, distinguished from Cahb- bage Plusia, 153. Cellar bugs, 137. Centrinus penicellus, general description of and injuries by, 1438, 145. perscitus, general description, injuries,~ and range of, 148, 145. cerviealis, Disonycha, 114, 117. y¥ Cheetocnema, coneerning life history of, 114, confinis, 114, 119. See under Flea- beetle, Sweet Potato. denticulata, 114. general appearance, food _ plants, hibernation, and range of, 118. pulicaria, 114, 118. See under Flea- beetle, Corn. : Chenopodiacexw, Agallia 4-punctata on, 68. as food plants of European Beet-Tor- toise-beetle, 124. infested by Aphis atriplicis, $2. chenopodii, Mamestra, 151. Chenopodium album, 52. as food plant of Beet leaf-miners, 60. of Beet Web-worm, 110. of European Beet-Tortoise-_ beetle, 124. as food plant of Agallia sanguinoleta, 70. of Pale-striped Flea-beetle, 122. of Silpha bituberosa, 137. of Spotted Blister-beetle, 139. infested by Aphis atriplicis, 82. by Large-eyed Purslane Bug, by Melon Aphis, 81. Cherry, 13. Alebra albostriella on, 78. as food plant of Common Gray Blis- ter-beetle, 139. of Imbricated Snout-beetle, 143. infested by San Jose Seale, 4, 5. Rocky Mountain, infested by San Jose Scale, 5, 17. Typhlocyba rosze on, TS8. Wild Black, Eutettix seminuda on, 75. Chestnut, 13. Chickweed as food plant of Purslane- sphinx, 155. ; of Yellow-Black Flea-Beetle, 116. Chicory as food plant of Noctua plecta, 105. Chilocorus bivulnerus, 438, 44. Chineh-bug as food of Common Bug, 86. False, 94. injuries, life history, and measures against, 95, 96. Sporotrichum for, 30. Chionaspis furfurus, 20. Chittenden, I. H., description of eggs of Pale-striped Flea-beetle, cited, 122. 95. Flower my Chittenden, F. H.— Continued. on Common Grass-worm, 149. on eggs of Pale-striped Flea- beetle, 121. on Garden Flea-hopper, 88, 89. ehlorionis, Capsus, 90. Macrocoleus, 87, 90. Chlorochroa conica, general description, oviposition, food plants, and life history of, 83, 84, 85. Chorizagrotis agrestis, 102. See Cut- worm, Western Army. as beet insect, 51. chortalis, Loxostege, 107. Chortophila betarum, injury to beets by, 59: floccosa, injury to beets by, 59. Chrysanthemum as food plant of Common Gray Blister-beetle, 139. injured by Common Flower Bug, 86. by Garden Flea-hopper, 88. Chrysomelids, 112. Cieadula nigrifrons, 75. 4-lineata, 77. 6-notata, general description of, 67, 77 distribution, food plants, and life history of, 77. Cigar Case-bearer, range and injuries of, 146. einerea, Hpicauta, 1388, 140. marginata, Hpicauta, 141. Piesma, 85. Clay-colored Weevil, juries of, 144, 145. Clean culture as measure Chinch-bug, 96. asmeasureagainst Pigweed Bug, 86. as protection against insect injury to the Beet, 52, 63. Clematis as food plant of Striped Blis- ter-beetle, 140. Platymetopius acutus. on, 73. Cleome as food plant of Beet Army-worm, 150. integrifolia infested by Western Cab- bage Flea-beetle, 123. Click-beetles,; 163. See Wireworms. Clivina impressifrons, injuries by, 136. Clover, 122. and timothy fields, upland, preferred by Larger Meadow Grasshopper, 135. as food plant of Cabbage Plusia, 152. of Spotted Blister-beetle, 139. of Zebra-caterpillar, 153. blossoms punctured by Common Flow- er Bug, 86. destroyed by 70. infested by Garden Flea-hopper, 88. by Nectarophora pisi, 83. injured by Common Gray Blister-bee- tle, 139. by Empoasca mali, 78. oeeurrence and in- against False Agallia sanguinolenta, Clover injured— Continued. by Buropean 125: by Pale-striped Flea-beetle, 121. Midge larvee as food of Common Flow- ‘ er Bug, 86. Red, blossoms of, cated Snout-beetle, 143. infested by Melon Aphis, 81. injured by Mealy Flata, 84. e-nigrum, Noctua, 102, 103, 105. Coccidee, 159. coccinea, Diedrocephala, 71. Coeccinellidae, 113. coccophila, Sphwrostilbe, 30-40, 44. Cockerell, T. D. A., on Dactylopius sp., 161. ‘on injuries by Megetra vittata, 139. Cocklebur, 52. Pale-striped Flea-beetle destructive to, 121. Tanymecus confertus destructive to, 145. : Colaspis brunnea, 125. See under Grape- vine Colaspis. concerning life history of, 114. Grape-vine, 125. See under Grape- vine Colaspis. < Coleophora fletcherella, of, 146. eollaris, range and injuries Disonycha, 116. comes, Typhlocyba, 79. var. vitis, Typhlocyba, 79. Common Flower Bug, general description, food habits, and food plants of, 86. Garden Web-worm, general descrip- tion of larva of, 107. See Web- worm, Common Garden. Grass-worm, abundance and _ injuries of, in 1899, 149. (See Errata, 175.) contrasted with Army-worm, 150. food plants and habits of, 149. range, life history, and parasites of, 150. Gray Blister-beetle, range, injuries, — and life history of, 139. Negro-bug, general description, food plants, and life history of, 99, 100. Red-legged Grasshopper, 128, 1338. Red Spider, 58. See under Red Spider. Squash-bug, 97. Composite, Agallia 4-punctata on, 68. as food plants of Striped Cucumber 3eetle, 126. infested by Aphis middletonii, eonfertus, Tanymecus, 148, 145. confinis, Cheetoenema, 114, 119. conica, Chlorochroa, 88. consputa, Monoxia, 52, 115, 127, 128. econvexior, Psylliodes, 114, 124. Convolvulacew injured by Sweet- Potato” Flea-beetle, 119. 161. as food of Imbri- Beet-Tortoise- peetle; iy) t Copidryas gloveri, 146, 154. See Purs- lane-caterpillar. Coquillett, D. W., on Celery Plusia, 153. Coreids, general description of two spe- ‘cies of, possibly injurious to Sugar ~- Beet, 96. Corimelzena pulicaria, general description, food plants, and life history of, 99, 100. Corimelwnida, 99. Coriseus ferus as enemy of larva of beet . leaf-miners, 61. of leaf-hoppers, 63. Corizus lateralis, general description, food plants, distribution, and life history of, 96, 97. Corn, account of injuries to, ~ worms, cited, 162. as food plant of Cotton Cutworm, 148. x of Diedrocephala mollipes, 71. _of Grape-vine Colaspis, 125. of Southern Corn Root Worm, 125, 126. of Striped Blister-beetle, 140. of Striped Cucumber Beetle, 126. ~ of Zebra-eaterpillar, 153. Cicadula 6-notata on, 77. Deltocephalus inimicus on, 74. destroyed by Western Green Stink- bug, 97, 99. eggs of Diedrocephala mollipes on, 72. fields as breeding place of Northern Corn Root Worm, 127. Flea-beetle, injuries, range, and hiber- nation of, 118. Gnathodus abdominalis and G. impic- tus on, 76. Green Flata breeding on, 84. injured by adult and larva of Pale- striped Flea-beetle, 121, 122. by Agallia novella, 69. by Chetocnema denticulata and C. pulicaria, 118. by Common Garden 108. by Common Grass-worm, 149. by Common Negro-bug, 100. by Corn Flea-beetle, 118. by Deltocephalus nigrifrons, 75. by Empoasea mali, 78. by False Chinch-bug, 96. by Muck Beetle, 165. by Psylliodes convexior, 124. by Spotted Cutworm, 103. by Stobera tricarinata, 67. by Sweet Potato Flea-beetle, 119. leaves and silk as food of Black Blis- ter-beetle, 141. Myzus -achyrantes on, 83. Oncometopia undata on, 71. Root Worm, Northern, general deserip- tion of, 127. See under North- ern. by wire- Web-worm, Corn, Root Worm— Continued. Southern, 125. See under South- ern. seed, injured by Clivina impressifrons, 136. ; silk injured by Grape-vine Colaspis, 125. stalks, eggs of Larger Meadow Grass- hopper deposited in, 135. eggs of Western Green Stink-bug laid on, 99. Sweet, injured Stink-bug, 97. Cornell University Agricultural ment Station, 57. Cotoneaster, 13. Coton as food plant of Butettix semi- nuda, 75. Boll-worm, eggs of, eaten by Common Flower Bug, 86. Cutworm, 146. See under Cutworm., destroyed by Cotton Cutworm, 148. infested by Diedrocephala versuta, 71. by Melon Aphis, 81. injured by Pale-striped Flea-beetle, 121. Cottonwood infested by Empoasca mall, 78. by Typhlocyba rose, 78. Crab-apple, 13. Cranberry as food plant of Zebra-cater- pillar, 153. erenicollis, Disonycha, 114, 115. Crepidodera atriventris taken on Sugar Beet and Buckwheat, 114, 117. eribulosus, Melanotus, 162. Cruciferz, Agallia 4-punctata on, 68. Cabbage Flea-beetle destructive to, 123. infested by Western beetle, 123. Imported Garden tive to, 106, 111. Cucumber as food plant of Imbricated Snout-beetle, 143. of Melon Aphis, 81. of Striped Cucumber Beetle, 126. Aphis, 81.. See Aphis, Melon. Beetle, Common, general description of, 115. See under Striped Cucum- ber Beetle. beetles, 119. character of injury by, 118. Cieadula 6-notata on, 77. infested by Common Red Spider, 59. by Rhubarb Flea-beetle, 124. Wild, Acanthoceros galeator on, 97. eucumeris, Aphis, 81. Epitrix, 117. Currant, 3,. 13. as food plant of Clay-colored Weevil, 145, by Western Green Ex peri- Cabbage Flea- Web-worm destruc- of Zebra- caterpillar, sa, Bs Flowering, 153. < infested by San Jose Scale, 4, 20, a. by Typhlocyba rosee, 78. ecurtipennis, Stenobothris, 130, 131. ~Cutworm, Army, as beet insect, 51. ae Cotton, 146. = \! general description, food plants, ? distribution, and life history of, - 148, 149. -) ‘Dark-sided, 56. > ¢ injuries to beets by, 102. Pag 5 Greasy, 102. 5 food plants and life history of, 104. >.>. Spotted, 102. hy ~ food plants, general description : and life history of, 103. : ‘Western Army-, 102. description, hibernation, and 1 measures against, 103. distribution of, and devastation by, 102. _ . Cutworms as beet insects, 50, 51, 53, 56. i: breeding places of, 100. general discussion of injuries, life his- tories, and enemies of, with recom- mendations against, 100-105. poisoned baits for, 54, 55. Cyclamen injured by Black Vine-weevil, 144. Cyclocephala, 165. “Cyperus as food of Southern Corn Root “Worm, 126. -Cypress-vine ¢ Spider, 59. ra infested by Common Red EsAE o . D Dactylopius sp., solani, 161. Dahlia injured by Mealy Flata, S4. tubers as food of Muck Beetle, 165. Daisy infested by Smartweed Flea-beetle, 119. Damsel-bug as enemy of leaf-hoppers, 63. Dandelion as food plant of Cabbage Plusia, 152. infested by Melon Aphis, 81. Dark-sided Cutworm, 56. Datura infested by Melon Aphis, 81. Diss Gre GL, “Loy, 40; ls on Greenhouse Leaf-roller, 106. on Longitarsus melanurus, 122. decipiens, Phyllotreta, 114, 123. Deep plowing and rolling, effect of, on Pegomyia vicina, 62. Deilephila lineata, 146, 155. sphinx. Delphacinw, 62. See under Leaf-hoppers. description of, 64. Delphax tricarinata, 67. 159, 161. See Purslane- \Disonyeha cervicalis, 114. t Ne oe Deltocephalus inimie 8, 73. a description 50f; 66e se distribution, food ‘plants, — history of, 74. — t larva of, infested by red mites pea melsheimeri, food plants and life tory of, 73. 3 general description of, 66. — nigrifrons, distribution, injuries, life history of, 75. f general description of, 66. | two forms of, 75. a7 denticulata, Cheetoenema, 114, tte Diabrotica, 113, 119. : 12-punctata, 115, ~ 225. See — > Southern Corn Root Worm. ee % longicornis, 115, 127. — See under nae Northern Corn Root Worm. = ie vittata, 115, 126. See Striped Cue ber Beetle. oS diaspidis, Aphelinus, 44. od Dicraneura fieberi, concerning range, f ; plants, and life history of, 77. general description of, 67, 77, 78. — Diedrocephala, general description of, 64 coccinea, 71. ¥ ars mollipes, burning vegetation as meas- ure against, 72. Se description of, 66. eggs of, 71, 72 fungus parasite of, 72. ’ a nymphs of, 71. 35% ¥ ao = on distribution, food plants, and life history of, 71, 72.0.5 aan versuta, description of, 66. food plants of, 71. Dintte, waraaities 101, 107, 109, 11, ut autre = general description and oecurrene Of lis collaris, 116. erenicollis, 114, 115. beetle, Larger-striped. triangularis, 114, 115. beetle, Three-Spotted. xanthomelzna, 117. general description of, 114. — Flea-beetle, Yellow-Black. Dissosteira carolina, general description of, 180, 131. 3 See under Fleas See. under Pie Ditching against Army-worm, 148. Doane, R. W., 57. A New Sugar-Beet Pest, Pett other Insects attacking the Bz: Beet, paper on, cited, 102, 159. on Beet Aphis, 159, 160. se Dock as food plant of Cabbage Plusia, 152. ae of Smartweed Flea-beetle, — 119. False Chinch-bug taken under leaves of, 96. Dock—Continued. — ; infested by Melon Aphis, 81. - Dog-fennel, Cicadula 6-notata on, 77. Dogwood, European, Melon Aphis on, 81. Drasterius elegans, 162. 12-punctata, Diabrotica, 115, 125. Dusky Leaf-bug, general description, dis- tribution, and life history of, 89, 92. E Eecritotarsus elegans, general description ; of, 87. occurrence of, on Sugar Beet, 90. Eggplant as food of Potato Flea-beetle, 1h rae infested by Common Red Spider, 59. injured by Garden Flea-hopper, 88. by Pale-striped Flea-beetle, 121. Eggs of Acanthoceros galeator, 97. of Agallia 4-punctata, 68. of Agallia sanguinolenta, 70. of Aphis atriplicis, 82. of Aphis middletonii, 161. of Army-worm, 147. - of bees as food of blister-beetles, 138, 139. of Geet Army-worm, 150. of Beet Carrion-beetle, 137. of Beet leaf-miners, 60, 61. of Beet Web-worm, 110. of Black Vine-weevil, 144. of Black-winged Grasshopper, 132. of blister-beetles, 138. of Cabbage Plusia, 152. of Celery Plusia, 153. of Cheetocnema denticulata, 118. of Cicadula 6-notata, 77. of Common Garden Web-worm, 108. of Common Gray Blister-beetle, 139. of Common Red-legged Grasshopper 134. of Cotton Boll-worm, 86. of cutworms, 100. of Deltocephalus inimicus, 74. of Deltocephalus melsheimeri, 73. of Deltocephalus nigrifrons, 75. of Dicraneura fieberi, 77. of Diedrocephala mollipes, 72. of Dusky Leaf-bug, 89. of Empoasca mali, 78. of European Beet-Tortoise-beetle, 124. of False Chinch-bug, 96. of Garden Flea-hopper, 89. of Grape leaf-hoppers, 79. of Grape-vine Colaspis, 125. of grasshoppers, 129. as food of blister-beetles, 52, 188. of Greasy Cutworm, 104. of Green and Mealy Flatas, 84. of Gypona 8-lineata, 72. of Imbricated Snout-beetle, 144. of Imported Garden Web-worm, 112. Eggs—Continued. of Larger Meadow Grasshopper, 135. of leaf-beetles, 114. of leaf-bugs, 87. of leaf-hoppers, 63. of Lubber Grasshopper, 133. of Melanoplus atlanis, 134. of Melon Aphis, 81, 82. of Monoxia puncticollis, 128. of Oncometopia undata, 71. of Pale-striped Flea-beetle, 122. of Pegomyia vicina, description of, 61. of Phlepsius irroratus, 76. of plant-lice, 81. of Potato Flea-beetle, 117. of Purslane-caterpillar, 155. of Rocky Mountain Grasshopper, 142. of Smartweed Flea-beetle, 119. of Striped Blister-beetle, 140. of Systena, 114. of Tachina flies, 101. of Tarnished Plant-bug, 91. of Two-striped Grasshopper, 133. of web-worms, 106. of Western Green Stink-bug, 99. of white grubs, 164. of wireworms, 163. of Yellow-Black Flea-beetle, 116. of Yellow Grasshopper, 131. of Zebra-caterpillar, 154. Elateride, 161. Elder twigs, eggs of Larger Grasshopper deposited in, 135. elegans, Drasterius, 162. Eecritotarsus, 87, 90. Elm, 13. Cicadula 6-notata on, 77. Dicraneura fieberi on, 77. Empoasea mali on, 78. infested by San Jose Seale, 4. nymphs of Mealy Flata on, 84. emarginatum, Acridium, 132. Pmblethis, 93. arenarius, 94, griseus, distribution and food plants of, 94. general description of, 93. Empoaseca, 67. albopicta, 77. flavescens, 78. distribution, food plants, and life history of, 79. general description of, 67, 79. yar. birdii, range and food plants of, 79. mali, 79. food plants and life history of, 78. general description of, 67, 77. species likely to be confused with, 78. obtusa infesting Apple and Willow, 78. Empusa grylli as parasite of Diedro- cephala mollipes, 72. Meadow habits, \ Endive as food plant of Noctua plecta, 105. English Walnut, 13. _ Epiceerus imbricatus, general description of, 148. See Snout-beetle, Imbricated. Epicauta cinerea, distinctions as to color, 1388. See also Blister-beetle, Ash-colored. marginata, 141. erea mMarginata. maculata, general description of, 138. See also Blister-beetle, Spotted. marginata, general description of, 138. See Blister-beetle, Margined. pennsylvanica, color of, 138. Blister-beetle, Black. vittata, general description of, 138. See also Blister-beetle, Striped. var. lemniscata distinguished, 140. Epitrix brevis taken on Sugar Beet and Black Nightshade, 114, 118. cucumeris, 117. See under beetle, Potato. Eragrostis major infested by Emblethis griseus, 94. Erigeron infested by 161. erigeronensis, Nectarophora, 83. Errata, 175. Erythroneura sp. as beet insect, 78. Eupatorium infested by Agallia 4-punce- tata, 68. purpureum as food plant of Acutalis ealva, 80. Euphorbia, eggs under, 96. European Beet-Tortoise-beetle, food plants, life history, and general description of, 124, 125. Dogwood infested by Melon Aphis, 81. Eurycreon rantalis, 108. eurycreontis, Limneria, 109. Eutettix seminuda, general of, 66. . distribution, food plants, and life history of, 75. (See Errata, 175.) tenella, infesting Sugar Beet, 75. (See Errata, 175.) BHuthoctha galeator, 97. exoratus, Agathis, 109.: Exorista piste as parasite Garden Web-worm, 112. F Fall Army-worm, 149. See Common Grass- worm. harrowing for garden web-worms, 107. plowing to protect beets against injury by cutworms, 101. False Chinch-bug, 94, bug, False. Flea-hopper, 87, 88. False. (—Epieauta cin- See also Flea- Aphis middletonii, of False Chinch-bug description of Imported 95. See Chinch- See Flea-hopper, x Felt, E. P., on injuries by Zebra-cater- pillar, 153. femur-rubrum, Melanoplus, 130, 133. _ Pezotettix (=femur-rubrum, plus), 128. Fern injured by Black Vine-weevil, 144. ferrugalis, Phlyctznia, 105. : . ferus, Coriscus, 61, 63. Feverfew infested by Spider, 59. fieberi, Dicraneura, 67, 77, 78. Flatas, Green and Mealy, general descrip- tion, oviposition, food plants, and_ life history of, 83, 84, 85. Common or Lantern-flies, 83-85. - flavescens, Empoasca, 79. Pca var. birdii, Empoasca, 67. flavimaculata, Laphygma, 51, 150. Fleabane and other weeds infested by Mealy Flata, 84. = infested by Aphis by Smartweed Flea-beetle, Cabbage, injuries, and life middletonii, 161. Flea-beetle, 119. general description, © history of, 128. Corn, injuries, range, and hibernation of, 118. Larger Striped, description, range, in- juries, and hibernation of, 115. Pale-striped, as beet insect, 50, 52, 120. description of adult, 114. of larva and eggs of, 122. distribution and injuries of, 121. food plants of larva of, 122. Potato, food plants, life history, and parasite of, 117 . Red-headed, general description and food plants of, and arrest of injury by, 120. Rhubarb, general description, food plants, hibernation, and range of, 124. Smartweed, general description, dis- tribution, food plants, and life his- tory of, 119. Sweet-Potato, injuries, and range of, 119. Three-Spotted, description, food plants, range (See Errata, 175), and hiberna- tion of, 115. Western Cabbage, general description and injuries of, 123. Yellow-Black, general description of, 114, 116. (See Errata, 175.) mode of feeding and food plants, range, life history, and parasite of, 116; 117. ; hibernation, Flea-beetles as beet insects, 50, 52, 56, 113. beet, 114. character of injuries by, 1138. Flea-hopper, False, distribution of, 88. general description of, 87, 88. occurrence in beet fields, 88. Melano- — Red | ~y Flea-hopper— Continued. Garden, food plants and hibernation of, 88, 89. general description of, 87, 88. Fletcher, Jas., 57. on Silpha bituberosa, 137. fletcherella, Coleophora, 146. _ floceosa, Chortophila, 59. Flower Bug, Common, general description and food of, 8&6. Flowering Currant, 18. — Quince, 13. Flowers injured by beetle, 141. fluviatilis, Scirpus, 72. Forbes, E. B., 9, 16,31, 33, 34,'35, 36, 37, 40, 42. forbesi, Aspidiotus, 20, Formica schaufussi, 161. French bugs as beet insects, 52. general description of, 115. injuries, range, and life history of 127, 128. insecticide application for, 128. French, G. H., on Green Beet-Leaf-worm, 152. frontalis, Systena, 114, 120. frugiperda, Laphygma, 149. Fruit blossoms as food of Striped Cucum- ber Beetle, 126. grafts injured by Pale-striped Flea- beetle, 121. -tree leaves, buds, and bark devoured by Clay-colored Weevil, 145. Fruits and field crops injured by Greasy Cutworm, 104. Fuchsias injured by Common Red Spider, 58. % Fulgoride, 64. Fumigation with hydrocyanie acid gas for San Jose Seale, 25, 26. Fungus. parasite of Diedrocephala mol- lipes, 72. of grasshoppers, 129. of San Jose scale, 24, 30-40, 44, 47. of woolly bears, 158. furfurus, Chionaspis, 20. fusiformis, Garganus, 87, 90. G galeator, Acanthoceros, 96, 97. Euthoctha, 97. Garden Flea-hopper, food plants and _hi- bernation of, 88, 89. general description of, 87, 88. flowers as food of Southern Corn Root Worm, 126. Mamestra as beet insect, 51. general description, food plants, in- juries, and life history of, 151. Pea infested by Nectarophora pisi, 83. pinks as food of Black Blister-beetle, 141. Margined Blister- XI Garden— Continued. produce destroyed by Western Green Stink-bug, 97. Web-worm, Common, general descrip- tion of larva of, 107. See Web- worm, Common Garden. Imported, 111. See under Web- worm, web-worms, 106-112. destructive to Beet, 51. Garganus fusiformis, general description of, 87. occurrence on Sugar Beet, 90. Garman, H., on Bordeaux mixture for flea-beetles, 1138. on Green Beet-Leaf-worm, 152. Geocoris, 93. bullatus, 93, 94, 95. distribution and food plants of, 95. pallens on Sugar Beet, 95. gibbosus, Ligyrus, 50, 165. Gillette, C.-P., and Baker, C. F., 75, 76, 94, 95. Hemiptera of Colo- rado cited, 70, 94, 95. on Hutettix tenella, (ds on occurrence of Cori- zus lateralis, 96. on Thamnotettix bel- li, 76. the Typhlocybinze article on cited, 78. on arsenical poisons for beet in- sects, 53. on Beet Army-worm, 150, 151, 175. on Platymetopius acutus, 73. on Western Cabbage Flea-bee- tle, 128: Glassy-winged Soldier-bug as enemy of leaf-hoppers, 63. gloveri, Copidryas, 146, 154. % Glyptina brunnea, distribution of, 122. taken on Sugar Beet, 114, 122. Gnathodus, 66. abdominalis, 67, 76. range and food plants of, 76. impictus, general description of, 67, 76. range and food plants of, 76. Goldenrod as food plant of Striped Cu- cumber Beetle, 126. flowers as food of Black Blister-beetle, 141. infested by Aphis middletonii, 161. by Smartweed Flea-beetle, 119. Gooseberry, 3, 138. as food plant of Imbricated Snout- beetle, 143. injured by Mealy Flata, 84. leaves injured by Red-headed Flea- beetle, 120. general description of, - Grains, Gooseberry— Continued. ay 3 - Typhlocyba rosz on, 78. ; gossypii, Aphis, 81. Grain as food of Cheetocnema denticulata, 118. fields, Common Negro-bug abundant in, 100. fruit trees, garden vegetables, and weeds, leaves of, as food of Southern Corn Root Worm, 126. injured by Common Grass-worm, 149. leaf-hoppers infesting, 67, 68, 71, 76, 17 Grape, 13. - blossoms injured by Pigweed Bug, 85. injured by Black Vine-weevil, 144. by Grape-vine Colaspis, 125 ¥ by Greasy Cutworm, 104. injury to, by Oncometopia undata, 71. leaf-hoppers, distribution, food plants, and life history of, 79. general description of, 67, 79. ~ leaves injured by Red-headed Flea- beetle, 120. Typhlocyba rosz on, 78. Wild, Empoaseca mali on, 78. Grape-vine Colaspis, general description of beetle of, 115. range, food, and life 125. eultivated and wild, of Typhlocyba, 79. injured by Mealy Flata, 84. by outbreak of Sphragisticus nebu- losus, Geocoris bullatus, and history of, injured by species e' Nysius angustatus, 94. Grape-yines, 3. Agallia novella on, 69. Grass, Common Negro-bug on, 100. eggs of cutworms on, 100. roots as food of wireworms, 162. -worm, 51, 146. See Common Grass- worl. Grasses devoured by Western Army-Cut- -worm, 102. infested by Beet Aphis, 159. by Pigweed Bug, 85. injured by Cheetocnema denticulata, 118. leaf-hoppers occurring on or injuring, 67, 68,69, 715 -72,.738, 74; 75, 16,77, 78: Grasshopper, Black-winged, general de- scription of, 130, 181. Common Red-legged, 128, 133. general description of, 1380. haunts, habits, oviposition, and life history of, 134. Larger Meadow, oviposition of, and preferences as to localities and food plants, 135. Lubber, or Olive, of, 130. general description "Grasshopper, Hubbel — ontinued, é we oe distribution, and: deposition of, 133. b. Rocky Mountain, 130, 133, Wie eggs of, 142. ots Two-striped, general description, — ¥ tribution, and deposition of eggs er a 130, 133. x Yellow, general description and hibe nation of, 130, 131. Z Grasshoppers, 128-136. as beet insects, 50, 51, oe ‘138. enemies of, 55, 129. injuries to beets, 128. life history of, 129. ; meadow, general deseription of, eee smaller, 136. measures against, 129. occurring on or injuring Sugar Be et, 128; 130; 138i, 13272133) 235.2136: parasites and other enemies of, 129. poisoned baits for, 55. Gray Blister-beetle, Common, juries, and life history of, 139. : Greasewood as food plant of Spotted Blis: ter-beetle 139. : Greasy Cutworm, injuries to beets by, and general description of, 102. — coe Cutworm, Greasy. oes Green, E. C., 9, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23° 27, 28, 29. ,' Green Beet-Leaf-worm, 146, 151. der Beet-Leaf-worm, Green. , dolphin on Sugar Beet, 88. See Nee- taropbora pisi. = Flata, “general description, oviposition, S food plants, and life history of, 83, 84, 85d. Ne Leaf-bug, general description of, 87, ‘Oe plant-bug as beet insect, 52 range, Stink-bug, Western, 97. See Stink bug, Western Green. pe Greenhouse Leaf-roller, 105. See Leaf- roller, Greenhouse. faerie: plants injured by Black Vine- weevil, 144. Ground-beetles as enemies of Contes Garden Web-worm, 109. ; Ground-bug, 95. See Large-eyed Purslan Bug. ee be Ground-cherry as food plant of 1 Margined Blister-beetle, 141. ~~ ses Ground-squirrel as enemy of cnewiedion 101. ee grylli, Empusa, 72. guttulata, Monoxia, 127 Gypona, general description of, 64. 8-lineata, description of, 66, 72. distribution and food plants of, Hackberry injured by Mealy Flata, 84. -Hadronema militaris as a beet insect, 92. Hairworms as parasites of grasshoppers, 129. Halticus uhleri, food plants and hiberna- tion of, 88, 89. general description of, 87. - Hand-picking for cutworms, 54, 101. for Purslane-sphinx, 155. for snout-beetles, 1438. Hapke, Theo., 57. Hard Maple, 3. Harvey, EF: L., 58. harveyana, Botis, 105. Haw, Red, 13. Hedge infested by San Jose scale, 7. See Osage Orange. Hedge-hog Caterpillar, 146, 156. der Woolly bears. Helianthus as food plant of Campyla- ' -cantha olivacea, 135. of Margined Blister-beetle, 141. Heliothis, 148. Heliotrope infested by Common Red Spi- der, 59. Hellula, 106. undalis, 106, 107, 111. See under Web- : worm, Imported Garden. Hemiptera as beet insects, 56, 158. Hemp infested by Common Red Spider, 58. Hibiscus militaris as food plant of Red- headed Flea-beetle, 120. Hickory, 13. : leaves as food of June-beetles, 165. Phlepsius irroratus on, 76. Holden, RAGe at. Honey eaten by blister-beetles, 138. locust, Acutalis calva on, 80. as food plant of Black Blister-bee- tle, 141. defoliated by Ash-colored Blister- beetle, 140. injured by Common Gray Blister- beetle, 139. See un- Honeysuckle as food plant of Zebra-cat- erpillar, 153. Hop, Empoasea flavescens var. birdii on, 79. infested by Common Red Spider, 59. Melon Aphis on, 81. Hopperdozer for grasshoppers, 129. Horn, G. H., on Beet Carrion-beetle, 136. Synopsis of the MHalticini of Boreal America, cited, 114. Hornbeam defoliated by Ash-colored Blis- ter-beetle, 140. Horse-chestnut injured by Striped Cu- ecumber Beetle, 127. Horse-nettle, Corn Flea-beetle on, 118. infested by Potato Flea-beetle, 117. by San Jose Seale, 42. Horseradish, Agallia 4-punectata on, 68. XII Horseweed infested by Aphis middletonil,* 161. Hothouse plants infested by Melon Aphis, 81. Howard, L. O., 57. on hydrocyanie acid gas for San Jose Seale, 26. x on life history of beet leaf-min- ers, 61. Hubbard, H. G., on injuries by Acantho- ceros galeator, 97. hudsonias, Systena, 114, 119. Hyaloides vitripennis as enemy of leaf- hoppers, 63. Hydrocyanie acid gas for San Jose Seale, 25, 26. Hymenoptera, parasitic, 101, 107, 109, 111. 18 be Sires laa} Hypostena barbata as parasite of Yellow- Black Flea-beetle, 117. Ichneumon, 112. Illinois localities infested by Scale, discovery of new, 3. Sugar Refining Co., 57, 128. Imbricated Snout-beetle, 148. Snout-beetle, Imbricated. imbricatus, HEpiceerus, 1438. impictus, Gnathodus, 67, 76. Imported Garden Web-worm, 111. under Web-worm, Imported Garden. impressifrons, Cliyina, 136. incivis, Peridroma, 146, 151. Indigo, Wild, injured by Common Blister-beetle, 139. inimicus, Deltocephalus, 66, 73, 74. Jassus, 74. Insect Life cited, 86. Insecticide apparatus for destruction of leaf-hoppers in potato fields, 64. sprays in orchard work, experiments with, 40-42. Insecticides. See Remedies. insidiosus, Triphleps, 86. Inspection, expenditures on account of, in — 1897 and 1898, 9. of nurseries, 7-11. value of official certificate of, 11. integrifolia, Cleome, 123. intertexta, Liburnia, 67. Tronweed infested by Aphis middletonii, 116. irroratus, Allygus, 76. Phlepsius, 66, 76. Isabella Moth, general description of, 158. isabella, Pyrrharctia, 146, 156. J Jamestown Weed, 117. as food of Pale-striped Flea-beetle, 122. infested by Melon Aphis, 81. San Jose See under See Gray XIV Japanese pear infested by San Jose Seale, 5. Plum infested by San Jose Seale, 27. Jassoidea, 62. See under Leaf-hoppers. description of, 64, Jassus inimicus, 74, Joe Pye Weed as food plant of Acutalis ealva, 80, Johnson, W. G., on roller, 106. Jumping-jacks, 163. See Wireworms. June-berry infested by San Jose Scale, 5. June-bugs, 163. See White grubs. K Kale as food plant of Cabbage Plusia, 152. Kaltenbach, J. H., Die Pflanzenfeinde aus der Klasse der Insekten, cited, 82. on food plants of Noctua plecta, 105. Kerosene for blister-beetles, 138. for Imbricated Snout-beetle, 144. for leaf-hoppers, 64. for leaf-piercing insects, 53. for plant-lice, 81. for Red Spider, 59. for San Jose Seale, 2, 40, 41. for Tarnished Plant-bug, 92. Sprayer, ‘‘Eclipse,’’ 40. “Suecess,’’ tests of, 41. use of, by orchardists, for seale in- sects, 2. emulsion for False Chinch-bug, 96. for leaf-hoppers, 63. for leaf-piercing insects, 53. for Pegomyia vicina, 62. for plant-lice, 81. for Red Spider, 59. Knot-weed infested by Beet Aphis, 159. L Lace-wing flies as enemies of plant-lice, 81. Lachnosterna, 163, 165. rugosa, injury to Beet by, 164. Ladybird, Twice-stabbed, 43, 44. Ladybirds as enemies of Common Garden Web-worm, 109. Lady-bugs, 99, 113. as enemies of plant-lice, 81. Lamb’s-quarters, 52. as food plant of Agallia sanguinolenta, 70. of beet leaf-miners, 60. of Beet Web-worm, 110. of Cabbage Plusia, 152. of Campylacantha olivacea, 135. of European Beet-Tortoise-bee- tle, 124. of Garden Mamestra, 151. Greenhouse Leaf- Lamb’s-quarters as food plant—Continued. of garden web-worms, 106, 107. of Pale-striped Flea-beetle, 122. of Red-headed Flea-beetle, 120. of Silpha bituberosa, 1387. of Spotted Blister-beetle, 1389. of Three-Spotted Flea-beetle, 115. E of Yellow-Black Flea-beetle, 116. of Zebra-caterpillar, 153. devoured by Tanymecus confertus, 145. infested by Aphis atriplicis, 82. by Melon Aphis, 81. i by Phlepsius irroratus, 76. lanceolata, Plantago, 100, Lantern-flies or Flatas, 83-85. lanulosa, Achillea, 159. Laphygma flavimaculata, 51, 150. See Beet Army-worm. frugiperda, 149. See Common Grass- worm. Large-eyed Purslane Bug or 94, 95. Larger Meadow Grasshopper, oviposition of, and preference as to localities, 135: = Striped Flea-Beetle, description, range, injuries, and hibernation of, 115: Lasius niger alienus, 161. lateralis, Corizus, 96. latifasciata, Trimerotropis, 132. Leaf-beetles, 112-128. as enemies of the Beet, 112, 113. beet, 114. character of injuries by, 113. general description of, 113. insecticides for, 113. : life history of, 114. preventive measures against injuries by, 113. Leaf-bug, Dusky, general description, dis- tribution, and life history of, 89, 92. Green, general description of, 88, 90. Leaf-bugs, 56, 85-93. general description, and conspicuous differences in species of, noted, 87. leaf-folders, leaf-hoppers, leaf-miners, leaf-rollers, characterization of in- juries to beets by, 56. life history of, 87. Leaf-eating beetles, other, 136, 137. caterpillars, exposed, species of, which feed upon Beet, 145-158. f Leaf-folders, 56. Leaf-hoppers, character of injury to beets by, 62,63. device for destruction of, 64. enemies of, 63. eggs of, 63. grape-vine, on beets, 67, 79. : i general description and life his- tory of, 79. Plant-bug, | . _-- Leaf-hoppers— Continued. Kae infesting the beet, 50, 62-79. four groups of, 64-67. life history of, 63. -parasites of, 63. Leaf-miners as beet insects, 50, 51, 59-62. See under Sugar Beet leaf-miners. characterization of injury to Beet, 56. Leaf-roller, Greenhouse, general descrip- tion, food plants, and life history of, 105, 106. Leaf-rollers, 105. Leaf-worm, Green Beet, 146, 161. der Beet-Leaf-worm, Green. See un- Leguminosz infested by Nectarophora pisi, 83. devoured by Striped Blister Beetle, 140. Lepidium infested by San Jose Seale, 42. Lettuce as food plant of Cabbage Plusia, 152; of Noctua plecta, 105. injured by False Chinch-bug, 96. by Pale-striped Flea-beetle, 121. Leucania, 103. unipuncta, 147. See Army-worm. as beet insect, 51. Leucarctia acrea, 146, 156. Woolly bears. Liburnia intertexta, 67. ornata, general description of, 65. on distribution, life history, food plants of, 67. puella, general description of, 65. on life history and food plants of, 68. on Sugar Beet, 68. Ligustrum injured by Mealy Flata, 84. Ligyrus, 52, 163. gibbosus, 50, 165. See Muck Beetle. Lilac, Green Flata on, 84. Lima Bean destroyed by Western Green Stink-bug, 99. Lime and London purple or Paris green for blister-beetles, 138. See under and for beet insects, 54; with Bordeaux mixture added, 58. Limneria eurycreontis as parasite of Com- mon Garden Web-worm, 109. tibiator, 112. linearis, Suzeda, 128. lineata, Deilephila, 146, 155. lineatella, Prodenia, 148, Lintner, J. A., on injury to Beet by leaf- miners, 59, 60. on life history of beet leaf-min- ers, 61. on Pale-striped Flea-beetle, 121. Lioderma as beet insect, 52. uhleri, 97, Lippincott Publishing Co., J. B., 57. XV _ Locust as food plant of Imbricated Snout- beetle, 143. Black, defoliated by Ash-colored Blis- ter-beetle, 140. injured by Common Gray Blister- beetle, 139. Locustidz, 128, 131. and Acridide, 128, 129, 130. Locusts, 128. See Grasshoppers. London purple, 81. and lime for blister-beetles, 138. for insects injurious to beet leaves, 54. longicornis, Diabrotica, 115, 127. Longitarsus melanurus on Sugar Beet and Celery, 114, 122. range of, 122. Loquat, 13. Loxostege, 106. chortalis, 107. distinctions between, similalis, 51, 107. See under Web- worm, Common Garden, sticticalis, 51, 109. See under Web- worm, Beet. Lubber, or Olive, Grasshopper, 130. under Grasshopper. Lugger, Otto, 57. Lupines injured by Common Gray Blister- beetle, 139. Lygeide, general description of family of, also of beet-leaf species of, 93. how to distinguish from Capsidz, 87. Lygus pratensis, 87. See Tarnished Plant- bug. See M Macrobasis unicolor, general description of, 188. See Blister-beetle, Common Gray. Macrocoleus, 90. ehlorionis, general description of, 87, 90, Macropsis nobilis, 69. novellus, 69. maculata, Epicauta, 138, 139. Maine Agricultural Experiment Station, BT: Annual Report of, cited, 58. major, Eragrostis, 94. mali, Empoasea, 67, 77, 78, 79. Mallows as food plant of Red-headed Flea-beetle, 120. Malva rotundifolia infested by Myzus achyrantes, 83. Mamestra chenopodii, 151. Mamestra, Garden, as beet insect, 51. general description, food plants, in- juries, and life history of, 151. picta, 146, 153, sp. on beets, 151. trifolii, 146, 151. tra. See Garden Mames- Mamestra trifolii— Continued. ; F Megetra vittata, as beet insect, 51. -Mangel-wurzel injured by Black Vine- weevil, 144. - Manure beetles, 163. Maple, 17. > Hard, 3: - injured by Mealy Flata, 84.— Soft, Dicraneura fieberi on, marginata, Epicauta, 138, 141. tHe -Margined Blister-beetle,55; color and food plants of, 141. marilandica, Cassia, 144. May-beetles, 168. See White grubs. Meadow Grasshopper, Larger, oviposition of, and preferences as to localities and food plants, 135. grasshoppers, distinguishing characters rer alsale smaller, 136. Lark as enemy of cutworms, 101. Meadows and pastures as breeding-places of cutworms, 100. Mealy Bug, Root, 159, 161. Flata, general description, oviposition, food plants, and life history of, 83, ese.) QO, media, Stellaria, 116. general description and food of, 1389. Melanoplus, 130, 131. atlanis, 131, 138, 134. haunts, habits, injuries, and ovi- position of, 154. bivittatus, 130. See Grasshopper, Two-striped. differentialis, 130. hopper, Lubber. femur-rubrum, 130. See under Grass- hopper, Common Red-legged. ' species of, infesting Sugar Beet, 130. spretus, 180, 1338, 134. Melanotus cribulosus, 162. melanurus, Longitarsus, 114, 122 Meloide, 137. Melon Aphis, 81. See Aphis, Melon. Melons.as food plants of Melon Aphis, 81. of Striped Cucumber Beetle, 126. injured by Larger-striped Flea-beetle, 115. by Pale-striped Flea-beetle, 121. melsheimeri, Deltocephalus, 66, 73. Membracide, 80. 4 Mermis as parasite of grasshoppers, 129. messoria, Carneades, 56, 102. Michigan Agricultural Experiment See under Grass- Sta- pantpebetayé Microcera, sp., culture of, 36. middletonii, Aphis, 80, 159, 161. Mignonette as food plant of Cabbage Plusia, 152. of Zebra-caterpillar, 153. infested by Red Spider, 59. multe ‘Hadronema, 92 2 SEIDISCus S120 s s 4 Milkweed, Green Flata foun on, 8 Millet injured by Cheetocnema den ta, 118. —F- minutus, Nysius, 95. misella, Pentilia, 48, 44. Mites as sugar beet insects, 58. destructive to grasshoppers, 429. red, infesting larva of — Sheeran inimicus, 75. Molds as food of Southern Corn | Worm, 126, ‘ mollipes, Diedrocephala, 66, 71. Monoxia consputa and M._ puncticolli: general description of, 115, - at 128. See under French bugs: “~~ = as beet insect, 52. | oe ; guttulata, 127. ae ole puneticollis as beet insect, 52. ~ SS e Moon-flower infested by Common Te de Spider, 59. Morning-glory as food plant of Europea Beet-Tortoise-beetle, 124. Fx infested by Common Red Spider, 59. injured by Sweet Potato Flea- bee 119. Morning-sphinx, Purslane-sphinx. » Mountain Ash infested by San Jose Seale, Sales : Muck Beetle as beet insect, 52, 56. economic difference between, May-beetles, 165. = food plants, injuries, and distri tion of, 165. 5 Muek-worms, 50. Murtfeldt, M. E., on food plants of Gree and Mealy Flatas, S4._ ee on Yellow-Black Flea-beetle — spinach insect, 116. White-lined, 156. ~ Snout- peetles 1438. z an F infested by Common Red Spider, 59. ves Mustard flowers as food of Black Blister- pat beetle, 141. Ree injured by False Chinch-bug. 96. ee by Nysius minutus, 95. Beh Myrsiphyllum injured by Common Red a Spider, 58. See mytylaspidis, Aphelinus, 44. ~ ° ai Myzus achyrantes, plants recorded ‘from and general description of, 82, 83. N nebulosa, Cassida, 124. nebulosus, Sphragisticus, 93, 94. Trapezonotus, 94. Nectarophora erigeronensis collected fro om Sugar Beet, 83. =f : pisi, general description and food = plants of, 83. nae Lore Nectarophorini, 82. Negro-bug, Common, general description, food plants, and life history of, 99, 100. Negro-bugs, 99. nemorale, Niphidium, 131 (Errata, 175), 136. Nettles, Nectarophola pisi on, 83. niger alienus, Lasius, 161. Nightshade, Black, Epitrix brevis on, 118. Pale-striped Flea-beetle destructive to, 121° nigrifrons, Cicadula, Deltocephalus, 66, nigrum, Solanum, 118. nobilis, Macropsis, 69. Noctua, 100. e-nigrum, 102; 103, 105. Spotted. plecta, 102. distribution, food plants, and gen- eral deseription of moth of, 105. Northern Corn Root Worm, general de- seription of adult of, 115. life history and injuries of, . 127. novella, Agallia, 65, 69. novellus, Macropsis, 69. Nursery inspection, 7-11. nuttalli, Cantharis, 189, 142. Nuttall’s Blister-beetle, color, distribution, food habits, and destruction of, 142. Nysius, 938. angustatus, 94. injuries and life history of, and measures against, 95, 96. minutus, distribution of, and taken on, 95. ee (0. - ‘ D. See Cutworm, plants 18) Oak, 138. infested by 121. leaves as food of June-beetles, 165. Platymetopius acutus on, 73. Typhlocyba rose on, 78. Water, parasitized scale on, 31. Oats destroyed by Western Green Stink- bug, 97. Cicadula 6-notata on, 77. Empoasca mali on, 78. infested by Zebra-caterpillar, 153. injured by Common Grass-worm, 149. by Deltocephalus nigrifrons, 75. obseurus, Aspidiotus, 31. Plagiognathus, 87, 89. obtusa, Empoasca, 78. 8-lineata, Gypona, 66, 72. (stlund, O. W. 83. Okra infested by Oncometopia undata, 71. olivacea, Campylacantha, 1380, 135. olivaceus, Pezotettix, 135. Olive, or Lubber, Grasshopper, 130. See under Grasshopper. Pale-striped Flea-beetle, XVII Oncometopia, general description of, 64. undata, 70, 75. concerning distribution and life his- tory of, 71. food plants of, 71. general description of, 66. Onion as food plant of Imbricated Snout- beetle, 148. Oniscide, 137. opaca, Silpha, 136, 1387. Ophion as parasite of cutworms, 101. Orache infested by Aphis atriplicis, 82. Orange as food plant of Zebra-caterpillar, bE infested by Melon Aphis, 81. Osage, as food plant of the Green and Mealy Flatas, 84. . Orechelimum, general description of, 131. vulgare, 135. See Larger Meadow Grasshopper. . Ormenis pruinosa, general description, oviposition, food plants, and life his- tory of, 83, 84, 85. ornata, Liburnia, 65, 67. Osage Orange as food plant of the Green and Mealy Flatas, 84. js infested by San Jose Scale, 4, 13, 25, 24: Osborn, Herbert, 69, 70, 76, 85, 86. on Diedrocephala versuta, 71. on False Chinch-bug, 96. on Gypona 8-lineata, 72. on insecticide measures for blister- beetles, 138. on life history of Agallia 4-puncta- ta, 68. and parasiteof Deltocephalus inimicus, 74, 75. on Schistocerea alutacea, 132. Otiorhynchus picipes, 144. singularis,, general description of, 143, 144. See Clay-colored Weevil. suleatus, general description of, 143. See Black Vine-weevil. Pp Pachymerus as parasite of Common Gar den Web-worm, 109. Packard, A. S., 76, 145. Pale-striped Flea-beetle as beet insect, 50, 52, 120. See under Flea-beetle. pallens, Geocoris. 95. Panie-grass as food of Psylliodes convex- ior, 124. Parasites and other enemies of cutworms, 101. of bees, 138, 139. of Beet Web-worm, 111. of Cabbage Plusia, 153. of Common Grass-worm, 150. of Deltocephalus inimicus, 75. of Diedrocephala mollipes, 72. XVIII Parasites— Continued. of Imported Garden Web-worm, 112. of leaf-hoppers, 65. of plant-lice, 81. of Potato Flea-beetle, 117. of San Jose Scale. 24. 30-10, 44. of woolly bears, 158. of Yellow-Black Flea-beetle, 117. Paris green, 81. for beet insects, 538, 54, 55. for blister-beetles, 55. for cutworms, 101, 102. for Red-headed Flea-beetle, 120. and lime for blister-beetles, 138. for insects injurious to beet leaves, 54. and whale oil soap for Monoxia consputa and other insects feed- ing on beet leaf, 128. Parsnip injured by Pale-striped Flea-bee- tle, 121. Passion-flower as food of Black Blister- beetle, 141. Pastures and meadows as breeding places of cutworms, 100. Pasturing with pigs to clear sod of white grubs, 165. Pea as food plant of Beet Army-worm, 150. of Striped Cucumber Beetle, 126. of Zebra-caterpillar, 153. destroyed by Western Green bug, 99. Garden and Sweet, infested by Nec- tarophora pisi, 83. injured by Garden Flea-hopper, 88. by Common Gray Blister-beetle, 139. Sweet, as food plant of Zebra-cater- pillar, 153. Peach, 13. as food plant of Cotton Cutworm, 148. of Imbricated Snout-beetle, 143. infested by San Jose Seale, 3, 4, 5, 6. kerosene spray on, 40. orchards artificially seale fungus, 382, 33. Pear, 13. Agallia novella on, 69. Alebra albostriella on, 78. as food plant of Imbricated Snout- beetle, 143. eggs of Imbricated posited on, 144. infested by Melon Aphis, 81. by San Jose Scale, 4, 5, 6, 17. injured by Cigar Case-bearer, 146. by Red-headed Flea-beetle, 120. Japanese, infested by San _ Jose Seale, 5. Pecan, 13. Pegomyia vicina, description of stages of, elted, 61. injury to beet by, 59, 60. Stink- infected with Snout-beetle de- Pegomyia vicina— Continued. measures against, 62. ya Pemphigus bet as beet insect, 52, 80, 159. See under Beet Aphis. penicellus, Centrinus, 143, 145. Penicilium, 31. pennsylvyanica, Epicauta, 138, 141. Pentatoma uhleri, 97. See Western Green Stink-bug. Pentatomids, 97. Pentilia misella as enemy of San Jose Seale, 43, 44. s Pepper-grass infested by Melon Aphis, 81. by San Jose Seale, 42. Peridroma incivis, 146, 151. perniciosus, Aspidiotus, 1-47. perscitus, Centrinus, 143, 145. Persimmon, 13. Pestalozzia, 31. Petunia injured by Potato Flea-beetle, ally Pezotettix femur-rubrum (=Melanoplus femur-rubrum), 128. olivaceus, 135. Phlepsius, 76. irroratus, distribution, food and life history of, 76. general description of, 66. Phlycteenia ferrugalis, general descrip- tion, food plants, and life history of, 105, 106. plants, Phyllotreta albionica, 114, 123. See under Flea-beetle, Western Cabbage. decipiens, injuries and general appear- ance of, 114) 123: vittata, 114, 128. See under Flea-bee- tle, Cabbage. Phylloxera as food of Common Bug, 86. Physalis as food plant of Margined Blis- ter-beetle, 141. picipes, Otiorhynchus, 144. picta, Mamestra, 146, 153. See Zebra-caterpillar. Pieris rapse, 152. Piesma cinerea, 85. See Pigweed Bug. Pigeon-grass as food plant of Imbricated — Snout-beetle, 143. Pigweed, 107. as breeding plant of Common Garden Web-worm, 108, 109. as food plant of Agallia sanguinolenta, 70. of Beet Army-worm, 150. of Black Blister Beetle, 141. of garden web-worms, 106. of Margined Blister-beetle, 141. of Striped Blister-beetle, 140. of Yellow-Black Flea-beetle, 116. blossoms, eggs of False Chinch-bug among, 96. Bug, general description, food plants, life history, and checks on multi- plication of, 85, 86. Flower under Pig weed —Continued : Common Negro-bug on, 100. Garden Flea-hopper on, 88. infested by Melon Aphis, 81. Pale-striped Flea-beetle destructive to, 121, Spiny, as food plant of Three-Spotted Flea-beetle, 115. White, 52. as food plant of beet leaf-miners, 60. Emblethis griseus on, 94. Sphragisticus nebulosus on, 94. Pigweeds as breeding place of beet leaf- -miners, 62. infested by Hadronema militaris, 93. Large-eyed Purslane Bug on, 95. red, or spiny, 52. Pinks, garden, as food of Black Blister- beetle, 141. infested by Common Red Spider, 59. pisi, Nectarophora, 83. — piste, Exorista, 112. Plagiognathus obscurus, distribution and life history of, 89. general description of, 87, 89. Plant-beetles, characterization of injury to beets, 56. Plant-bug, Green, as beet insect, 52. Large-eyed, 94. Tarnished, 87, 89. See Plant-bug. Plant-bugs as beet insects, 50, 56. smaller, 93-96. See under Lygeide. Plant-lice as beet insecrs, 50, 56, 80-83, 159, 161. general description of, 80. natural enemies of, 81. on life history of, 81. remedial measures for, 81. Plantago lanceolata, Common Negro-bug on, 100. Plantain infested by Melon Aphis, 81. by Smartweed Flea-beetle, 119. Pale-striped Flea-beetle destructive to, 121, Platymetopius acutus, description of, 66, 72. Tarnished on distribution, food plants, and life history of, 73. plecta, Noctua, 102, 104. Prom ©3;.13; as food plant of Imbricated Snout-bee- tle, 143. Empoasea mali on, 78. infested by San Jose Seale, 4, 5. injured by Cigar Case-bearer, 146, Japanese, infested by San Jose Seale, rie Typhlocyba rosw on, 78. Plusia brassicw, 146, 152. See Cabbage. Plusia, xIX Plusia— Continued. Cabbage, injuries and food plants, range, general description, number of generations, and parasites of" 152, 153. Celery, 153. See Celery Plusia. simplex, 153. See Celery Plusia. Poisoned baits for cutworms, 54, 55, 101, 103. for grasshoppers, 129. Polygonum ayiculare infested by Beet Aphis, 159. Y Popenoe, E. A., 88. Poplar, 13. posticata, Botis, 108. Potato as food plant of Beet Army-worm, 150. of Black Blister-beetle, 141. of Cotton Cutworm, 148. of European Beet-Tortoise-bee- tle, 124. of Imbricated Snout-beetle, 143. of Spotted Blister-beetle, 139. of Zebra-caterpillar, 153. Beet Aphis reported as occurring on, 159. blossoms injured by Western Green Stink-bug, 97. Ilea-beetle, food plants, life history, and parasite of, 117. injured by Common Gray Blister-bee- tle, 139. by Empoasea mali, 78. by False Chinch-bug, 96. by Margined Blister-beetle, 141. by. Pale-striped Flea-beetle, 121. by Phyllotreta decipiens, 123. by Potato Flea-beetle, 117. by Striped Blister-beetle, 140. pratensis, Lygus, 87, 90. Prescott Chemical Co., 41. Primrose injured by Black Vine-weevil, 144. : Privet injured by Mealy Flata, S84, Proceedings U. S. National Museum cited, 78. Prodenia lineatella, 148. ornithogalli, 148. See under Cutworm, Cotton. pruinosa, Ormenis, 83. \Psylliodes convexior, 114. range, general description, and in- juries of, 124. punctulata, 114, 124. Rhubarb. Ptelea trifoliata infested by mali, 7S. puella, Liburnia, 65, 68. pulicaria, Chetocnema, 114, 118. Corimelmwena, 99. Pumpkin as food of Silpha bituberosa, BY (- See Flea-beetle, Empoasca - KX punctata, Agallia, 68. puncticollis, Monoxia, 52, 115, 127. punctulata, Psylliodes, 114, 124. purpureum, Eupatorium, 80. Purslane, 52, 107. as food plant of False Chinch-bug, 96. of Garden Mamestra, 151. of garden web-worms, 106. of Purslane-sphinx, 155. Bug, Large-eyed, distribution and food plants of, 95. -caterpillar, 146. food, distribution, description, and life history of, 154, 155. eggs of Melon Aphis on, 81. infested by Common Garden Web- worm, 108, 109. by Large-eyed Purslane Bug, 95. by Melon Aphis, 81. Pale-striped Flea-beetle destructive to, 121. -sphinx, 146. distinct forms, food preferences, and life history of, 155, 156. measure against, 155. Pyraustide, 105. Pyrrharctia isabella, 146, 156. Woolly bears. 4-lineata, Cicadula, 77. 4-punctata, Agallia, 65, 68, 69, 70. Q See under Quince, 13. Flowering, 18. _ infested by San Jose Seale, 20. infested by San Jose Seale, 17, 19. R Radish as food plant of Western Green Stink-bug, 97. destroyed by Cabbage Flea-beetle, 123. infested by Rhubarb Flea-beetle, 124. injured by False Chinch-bug, 96. by Phyllotreta decipiens, 1238. leaves riddled by Northern Corn Root Worm, 127. Ragweed as food plant of - Flea-beetle, 119. Corn Flea-beetle on, 118. Green Flata on, 84. infested by San Jose Seale, 42. Pale-striped IFlea-beetle destructive to, 121. rantalis, Eurycreon, 108. rape, Pieris, 152. rapidus, Calocoris, 87, 92 Raspberry, 13. Acanthoceros galeator on, 97. as food plant of Clay-colored Weevil, 145. of Cotton Cutworm, 148. of Imbricated Snout-beetle, 1438. grape leaf-hoppers on, 79. Smartweed Redbud injured by Raspberry—Continued. a infested by Oncometopia undata, 71. injured by Black Vine-weevil, 144. | by Empoasca mali, 78. by Potato Flea-beetle, 117. by Sweet Potato Flea-beetle, 119. Red Cedar, Agallia novella on, 69. ~ Clover blossoms as food of Imbricated — Snout-beetle, 143. é infested by Melon Aphis, 81. injured by Mealy Flata, 84. Haw, 13. -headed Flea-beetle, general deserip- tion and food plants of, and arrest of injury by, 120. -legged Grasshopper, 130. injury by, 128. mites infesting larva of Deltocephalus inimicus, 75. Pigweed, 52. Spider, Common, 58. kerosene for, 59. life history of, 58. plants infested by, 58, 59. spiders, characterization of injury to beets by, 56, 58. Grape-vine leaf-hop- pers, 79. reflexus, Amarantus, 96. Remedies and preventives for insect dep- redations: agricultural procedure, 53, 129, 161, 163, 165. arsenic, white, and sal-soda, 54. arsenical poisons, 53, 64, 81, 107, 113, 138, 148, 151. barriers, 148. bisulphide of carbon, 53. Bordeaux mixture, 53, 118. bran mash, poisoned, 54, 101. burning rubbish, 53, 86, 91, 96. vegetation, 72. carboleum, 41. \ clean culture, 52, 63, 86, 96. deep plowing and rolling, 62. ditching, 148. early planting and active cultiv ation, 113. fall harrowing, 107. and spring plowing, 53, 101. fumigation, 26. sal fungous infection, 30. : hand-picking, 54, 101, 148, 155. hopperdozer, 129. hydroecyanie acid gas, 25, 26. insecticide apparatus, 64. R kerosene, 2, 40, 41, 53, 59, 64, 81, 92, - 138, 144. emulsion, 53, 62, 68, 81, 96. lime and Paris green or London pur- ple, with addition sometimes of Bor- deaux mixture, 53, 54, 1388. London purple and lime, 54, 138. mechanical measures, 55, 142. = yt ‘Remedies—Continued. Paris green, 55, 120, 188, 148. and lime, 53. 54, 138. with Bordeaux D3: in bran mash, 101. and whale-oil soap, 128. pasturing with pigs, 165. poisoned baits, 54, 55, 101, 108, 129. rotation of crops, 52, 53. sal-soda and white arsenic, 54. soap-suds, as means of conveying arsenical insecticides, 53. spring plowing and harrowing, 129. summer plowing, late, or early fall, 101. tobucco-water, 81. traps, 102. whale-oil soap, 16, 24, 26. and Paris green, 128. whipping and brushing, 54, 55, 1388. Report, Commissionerof Agriculture cited, 80. New York Agricultural Station cited, 60, 62. State Entomologist of Illinois cited, 5, 22, 69, 77, 153, 162, 164. of New York cited, 60. United States Entomologist cited, 108. Rhubarb as food plant of Rhubarb Flea- beetle, 124. mixture, Experiment Flea-beetle, general description, food plants, hibernaticn, and range of, 24. injured by Mealy Flata, S84. Rhynchophora, 142. Rib-grass infested by Common Negro-bug, 100. Riley, C. V., 140. on Cabbage Plusia and parasite of, 153. on Cotton Cutworm, 148, 149. on number of broods of Common t Garden Web-worm, 109. Robin as enemy of cutworms, 101. Rocky Mountain Cherry infested by San Jose Seale, 5. Grasshopper. 130, 133, 134. eggs of, 142. ROlis: sP)-H., 32. on fungus parasite of San Jose Seale, 30, 31. Root Mealy Bug, 159, 161. Worm, Northern Corn, 127. See under Northern. Southern Corn, 125. See under Southern. Root-lice, 159-161. as beet insects, 50, 52, 53, 56. rosze, Typhlocyba, 78. Rose, 3, 13. infested by Beet Aphis, 159. by Common Red Spider, 59. XXI Rose, infested— Continued. by Typhlocyba rose, 78. Rosin-weed flowers as food of Black Blister-beetle, 141. rostratum, Solanum, 161. F Rotation of crops as preventive of in- sect injury to beets, 52, 53. rotundifolia, Malva, 83. rugosa, Lachnosterna, 164, rugulosus, Scolytus, 40. Russian Thistle, eggs of Western Green Stink-bug laid on, 99. Rutabaga as food plant of Zebra-cater- pillar, 153. Rye infested by Agallia novella, 69. by Empoasca mali, 78. by Gnathodus abdominalis and G. impictus, 76. Ss Sage infested by Common Red Spider, 59.- Sagittaria as food plant of Striped Blis- ter-beetle, 140. Salsify as food plant of Cotton Cutworm, 148. Sal-soda and white arsenic for leaf-eating beet insects, 54. Salt-Marsh Caterpillar, 146, 156. der Woolly bears. Saltweed as food plant of Beet Army- worm, 150. sanguinolenta, Agallia, 65, 69. _ San Jose Seale, circular on, 12. co-operation in insecticide work for, 26. distribution of, 44. discovery of new Illinois locali- ties infested by, 3. extermination of, 25. fungous disease of, 2, 24, 30-40. field notes on, 37. hydrocyanic acid gas for, 25, 26. in Illinois, recent work on the, 1-47. increase of area infested by the, oo. insect enemy of, 43, 44. insecticide treatment for, 2, 11- 30. apparatus used in, 14, 30, 44, 45, 46. details of, with results, 16-26. general procedure, 29. legislation against, 11. miscellaneous field memoranda on, 42-43. mode of distribution and yaria- tion in attack of, 6. plants subject to injury by, 13. power of locomotion of, 42. reproduction of, 42. See un- ~ ¥X1T San Jose Scale— Continued. volunteer nursery inspection on . account of, 7. Sassafras infested by Mealy Flata, 84. Say, Thomas, 76. Seale, San Jose, Jose Seale. Seurty, effect of whale-oil soap on, 20. schaufussi, Formica, 161. Schistocerea, 130. alutacea, general description of, 130. distribution of, 132. Scirpus as food plant of Southern Corn Root Worm, 126. fluviatilis, eggs of Diedrocephala mol- lipes deposited in, 72. Secolytus rugulosus, 40. Seurfy Seale, effect of whale-oil soap on, 20. Sea-blite as food plant of Monoxia punc- ticollis, 127. Sedges as food plants of Southern Corn Root Worm, 126, Seed-weevil on Sugar Beet, 143, 145. seminuda, Eutettix, 66, 75. (Errata, 175.) Sensitive-pea, Wild, eggs of Imbricated Snout-beetle deposited on, 144. serotina, Solidago, 161. Service-berry, Wild, Aphis, 159. sexnotata, Cicadula, 67. 77. Shepard, Jas. H., 57. Shepherd’s-purse infested by Melon Aphis, 81. by Nectarophora pisi, 83. Shrubs, ornamental, 3. siccifolius, Bythoscopus, 69. Silpha bituberosa, range, food plants, and general description of, 137. opaca, 136, 137. See Carrion-beetle, Beet. Silphium, 1-47. See under San infested by Beet flowers of, as food of Black Blister-beetle, 141. similalis, Loxostege, 51, 107, 108. simplex, Plusia, 153. Singularis, Otiorhynchus, 148, 144. Sirrine, F. A., description of the stages of Pegomyia vicina, by, 61. on injury to spinach by Pego- myia vicina, 60, on life history and beet leaf-miners, 61. on measures against Pegomyia vicina, 62. on poisoned bait for cutworms, 101. Sisymbrium canescens infested by Agallia ubleri, 70. Slingerland, M. V., 57. Smaller meadow grasshoppers, 136. Smaller Plant-bugs, 93-96. See Lygeide. Smartweed as food plant of Red-headed Flea-beetle, 120. enemy of Smartweed as food plant—Continued. of Smartweed Flea-beetle, 119. of Zebra-eaterpillar, 153. devoured by Tanymecus confertus, 145. Flea-beetle, general description, dis- tribution, food plants, and life his- tory of, 119. : infested by Common Negro-bug, 100. by Large-eyed Purslane Bug, 95. by Pigweed Bug, 85. Smilax, Boston, injured by Common Red Spider, 58. Smith, Co De aK Smith, John B., on fungus parasite of San Jose Seale, 30. on device for destroying leaf- hoppers, 64. a on migrations of Melon Aphis, 82. Snout-beetle, Imbricated, food plants, distribution, oviposition, and life his- tory of, and measures against, 143, 144. Snout-beetles, 142-145. American, species of, which feed on beet leaf characterized, 143. distinguishing characters and injury of, 142. Snowberry as food plant of Zebra-cater- pillar, 153. Soap-suds as medium for conveying arsen- ical poisons, 53. Soft Maple infested by Dicraneura fieberi, 77. Solanacez, 118. solani, Dactylopius, 161. Solanum infested by San Jose Seale, 42. nigrum infested by Epitrix brevis, 118. rostratum infested by Dactylopius so- lani, 161. Soldier-bug, Glassy-winged, leaf-hoppers, 63. Solidago serotina infested by Aphis mid- dletonii, 161. Sorghum infested by Corn Flea-beetle, 118. by Cicadula 6-notata, TT. injured by Empoasca mali, TS. South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station, 57. Southern Corn Root Worm, general de- seription of adult of, 115. dietary and life history of, 125, 126. Sow-bugs, 137. Soy-beans attacked by Web-worm, 108, 109. Spanish Needle as food plant of Common Negro-bug, 100. Spheerostilbe cocecophila as parasite of San Jose Seale, 30, 40-44. cultures of, 31. effectiveness as infection agent, 35. distribution to orchards, method of, 33, 34. as enemy of Common Garden - Sphzerostilbe coccophila— Continued. effect of, on San Jose Seale in Flor- ida orchards, 32, 33. field notes concerning spread of, 37-40. , result of field work with, 36, 37. Spharagemon equale, 152. Sphragisticus, 95. nebulosus, deseription of, 93. food plants and distribution of, 94. Spider, Common Red, 58. See under Red Spider, Common. Spiders, red, characterization of injury to beets by, 56, 58. Spilosoma virginica, 146, 156. Woolly bears. Spinach, 62. as food plant of Zebra-caterpillar, 153. infested by Agallia 4-punctata, 68. by Melon Aphis, 81. injury to, by Pegomyia vicina, 60. by Yellow-Black Flea-beetle, 116. Spiny Pigweed as food of Three-Spotted Flea-beetle, 115. Spirea, 3. infested by Nectarophora pisi, 83. Sporotrichum for Chinch-bug, 30. Spotted Blister-beetle, range and _ food plants of, 139. Cutworm, 102. food plants, general description, and life history of, 103. Sprayer, ‘‘Eclipse,’’ 40. machine, 14, 44. “Success Kerosene,” Sprays, experiments 40-42. spretus, Melanoplus, 180, 1338, 154. Spring plowing and harrowing to destroy eggs of grasshoppers, 129. Spruce as food plant of Zebra-caterpillar, 153. Squash as food plant of Imbricated Snout- beetle, 148. of Silpha bituberosa, 137. of Striped Cucumber Beetle, 126. Squash-bug family, general description of two species of, possibly injurious to Sugar Beet, 96. Stellaria media as food of Yellow-Black Flea-beetle, 116. Stenobothrus curtipennis, 130. on general appearance and hiberna- tion of, 131, Sticticalis, Loxostege, 51, 107, 109. Stink-bug as beet insect, 52. family, 97-99. Western Green, distribution, injuries, general description, and life history of, 97-99. Stinkweed infested by Emblethis griseus. 94, See under tests with, 41. with insecticide, > XXII Stobera tricarinata, general deseription Of 765. infesting Sugar Beet, 67. note on distribution, food plants, and life history of, 67. Stramonium as food plant of Pale-striped Flea-beetle, 122. Strawberry as food plant of Agallia san- guinolenta, 70. of Greenhouse leaf-roller, 106. of Imbricated Snout-beetle, 143, 144. eggs of Imbricated Snout-beetle de- posited on, 144. infested by Agallia novella, 69. by Corn Flea-beetle, 118. injured by Black Vine-weevil, 144. by False Chinch-bug, 96. by Grape-vine Colaspis, 125. by Greasy Cutworm, 104. by Larger Striped-Flea-beetle, 115. by Pale-striped Flea-beetle, 121. strictum, Xiphidium, 131, 136. Striped Blister-beetle, range, injuries, and life history of, 140. Cucumber Beetle, food of adult and larva and life history of, 126, 12 Te general description of, 115. Flea-beetle, Larger, description, range, injuries, and hibernation of, 115. Suzeda linearis as food plant of Monoxia puncticollis, 128. Sugar Beet Army-worm, 51. as breeding plant of Melon Aphis, 81. as food plant of Agallia sanguino- lenta, 70. of Army-worm, 147. of Cotton Cutworm, 148. of Imbricated Snout-beetle, 143. of Purslane-caterpillar, 155. of Silpha bituberosa, 137. of Spharagemon zequale, 132. of Striped Cucumber Beetle, 126. of Three-Spotted Flea-Bee- tle, 115. of woolly bears, 156. attacked by Two-striped Grasshop- per, 13853. Common Flower Bug occurring on, 86. eutworms attacking, 102. destroyed by Beet Aphis, 159, 160. by Beet Web-worm, 109. by Black Blister-beetle, 141. by eutworms, 100. by European Beet-Tortoise-bee- tle, 124. by Pale-striped Flea-beetle, 120, 121. XXIV Sugar Beet destroyed—Continued. by Spotted Cutworm, 103. by Tanymecus confertus, 145. by Western Green Stink-bug, 97. economic entomology of the, 49-184. examples of insect injury to the, 51. ‘fields, occurrence of Corizus latera- lis in, 96. first report of injury to, in Amer- dea 51. flea-beetles, 114, Gypona, 8-lineata collected from, 72. infested by Acanthoceros galeator, 96, 97. by Acutalis calva, 80. by Agallia novella, 69. by Agallia 4-punctata, 65. by Agallia uhleri, 70. by Aphis atriplicis, 82. by Aphis middletonii, 161. by Aphis sp., 82. by Apion sp., 148, 145. by Athysanus sp., 75. by Cabbage Flea-beetle, 123. by Campylacantha olivacea, 135. by Cicadula sexnotata, 77. by Cigar Case-bearer, 146. by Common Negro-bug, 99. by Common Red-legged Grass- hopper, 128. y by Crepidodera atriventris, 117. by Deltocephalus inimicus, 74. by. Deltocephalus melsheimeri, (Gy by Dicraneura fieberi, 77. by Diedrocephala mollipes, 71. by Diedrocephala versuta, 71. by Disonycha cervicalis, 117. by Dusky Leaf-bug, 89. Sugar Beet infested—Continued. — by Larger Meadow Grasshop- per; 135. by Larger Striped-Flea-beetle, 115. by by by by by by by Liburnia ornata, 67. Liburnia puella, 68. Longitarsus melanurus, 122. _ Mamestra sp., 151. Melon Aphis, 81. Myzus achyrantes, 83. Nectarophora erigeronensis, 83. by by by by by by by by by by Nectarophora pisi, 83. Nysius minutus, 95. Oncometopia undata, TO. Phlepsius irroratus, 76. Platymetopius acutus, 73. Red-headed Flea-beetle, 120. Rhubarb Flea-beetle, 124. Schistocerca alutacea, 132. Smartweed Flea-beetle, 119. Southern Corn Root Worm, 125, 126. by by by Dy by by species of Tortricids, 106. _ Sphragisticus nebulosus, 94. Stobera tricarinata, 67. Sweet-Potato Flea-beetle, 119. Thamnotettix belli, 76. \ « Xiphidium nemorale and X. | strictum, 136. by Yellow Grasshopper, 131, injured by Ash-colored Blister-bee- tle, 140. by by by Black-winged Beet Army-worm, 150. Beet Carrion-beetle, 136. Grasshopper, 131. by Cabbage Plusia, 152. by Emblethis griseus, 94. by Empoasca flayescens, 79. by Empoasca mali, 77. by Epitrix brevis, 118. by Eutettix seminuda, 75. by False Chinch-bug, 96. by False Flea-hopper, 88. by Garden Flea-hopper, 88. by Geocoris pallens, 95. by Glyptina brunnea, 122. by Gnathodus abdominalis G. impictus, 76. by Grape-vine Colaspis, 125. by grape-vine leaf-hoppers, 79. or injured by grasshoppers, 128, 130. by Green Leaf-bug, 90. by Greenhouse Leaf-roller, 105. by Hadronema militaris, 92. by Imported Garden Web-worm, a ia by Large-eyed Purslane 95. and Bug, by Centrinus penicellus and C. perscitus, 145. by Cheetocnema denticulata, 118. by Clivina impressifrons, 136. by Common Garden Web-worm, 108. by Common Grass-worm, 149. by Common Gray Blister-beetle, 139. by ecutworms, 100, 102. by French bugs—Monoxia sputa and M. puncticollis, 127, 128. by Garden Mamestra, 151. by garden web-worms, 106, 107. by Green Beet-Leaf-worm, 151. by Green and Mealy Flatas, 84. by Lachnosterna rugosa, 164, by leaf-beetles, 112, 115. by leaf-bugs, 86. by leaf-hoppers, 63. : by Margined Blister-beetle, 141. by Megetra vittata, 139. con- | XXV Sugar Beet injured— Continued. by Muck Beetle, 165. by Noctua plecta, 105. by Nuttall’s Blister-beetle, 142. by Pigweed Bug, 85. by Phyllotreta decipiens, 125. by Potato Flea-beetle, 117. by Psylliodes convexior, 124. by Purslane-sphinx, 155. by snout-beetles, 142, 143. by Spotted Blister-beetle,. 139. by Striped Blister-beetle, 140. by Trimerotropis latifasciata, 32s by Western Cabbage IT lea-bee- tle, 123. by wireworms, 162, by Yellow-Black 114, 116. by Zebra-caterpillar, 153. injuries to leaf of, 50. to roots of, 50, 58, 165. insects, acknowledgments for Ccop- jes of figures illustrating arti- cle on, ete., 57. classification of the, 55. detailed discussion of groups and injuries of, 57-165. economic bibliography of, 170- 175. key for recognition of insect in- jury to the, 56. leaf-hoppers infesting the, 62, 79. leaf-miners, 59-62. destruction of eggs and larvee of, 61. economic measures against, 62. enemies of, 61. injury to Spinach by, 60. life history of, 60, 61. liability to insect injury, 50. Northern Corn Root Worm on, 127. preventive and remedial measures for insect injury to the, 52-55. Seed-weevil on, 143. (See also under Beet.) sulcatus, Otiorhynchus, 143, 144. Sumach, 13. infested by Platymetopius acutus, 73. Summer plowing, late, or early fall, to free soil of cutworms, 101. Savory injured by Pale-striped Flea- beetle, 121. Summers, H. H., 9,,19, 20,22, 24, 27, 28, 29, 57, 63. Sunflower as food plant of Campylacantha olivacea, 135. of Striped Cucumber Beetle, 126. infested by Agallia 4-punctata, 68. by Oncometopia undata, 71. roots as food of Muck Beetle, 165. Wild, as food plant of Beet Army- worm, 150. Flea-beetle, Sunflower, Wild—VContinued. as food plant of Margined Blister- beetle, 141. Sweet Corn injured by Western Green Stink-bug, 97. Pea as food plant of Zebra-caterpillar, 153: infested by Nectarophora pisi, 83. Potato as food plant of European. Beet-Tortoise-beetle, 124. of Imbricated Snout-beetle, 143. Flea-beetle, injuries, and range of, 119. injured by Common Gray Blister- beetle, 139. by Pale-striped Flea-beetle, 121. by Potato Flea-beetle, 117. by Sweet-Potato Flea-beetle, 119. hibernation, Syringa, 3. Systena, concerning life history of, 114. blanda, 120. See Pale-striped Flea- beetle. frontalis, 114, 120. beetle, Red-headed. hudsonias, 114, 119. beetle, Smartweed. teeniata as beet insect, 52, 114, 120. See under Flea-beetle, Pale-striped. See under Flea- See under Flea- Tt Tachina fly as parasite of Common Gar- den Web-worm, 109. of Common Grass-worm, 150. of Imported Garden Web- worm, 112. larve of, infesting grasshoppers, 129. flies as parasites of cutworms, 101. teeniata, Systena, 52, 114, 120. Tansy infested by Beet Web-worm, 110. Tanymecus confertus, general description of, 1438. on food plants, distribution, and life history of, 145. Tarnished Plant-bug, 89. general description of, 87, 90. life history and destruction of, 91. tenella, Hutettix, 75. (See Hrrata, 175.) Tetranychus bimaculatus, 58. Thamnotettix belli, range of, and plants recorded from, 76. Thistle, Russian, eggs of Western Green Stink-bug laid on, 99. Thomas, Cyrus, 161. Thorn-apple, 13. Three-Spotted Flea-beetle, description, food plants, range (See Errata, 175), and hibernation of, 115. Thripidz as food of Common Flower Bug, 86. XXV FS ee tibiator, Limneria, 112. Timothy as food plant of Grape-vine Co- laspis, 125. and clover fields, upland, preferred by Larger Meadow Grasshopper, 135. infested by Zebra-caterpillar, 158. Tobacco as food plant of Potato Flea-bee- tle, 117. plants injured roller, 106. -water for plant-lice, 81. Tomato as food plant of Cabbage Vlusia, aay of Imbricated Snout-beetle, 148. of Potato Flea-beetle, 117. infested by Common Red Spider, 59. by Melon Aphis, 81. injured by Common Gray Blister-bee- tle, 189. by Margined Blister-beetle, 141. by Pale-striped Flea-beetle, 121. by Striped Blister-beetle. 140. Tortricidz, 105. species of, infesting Sugar Beet, 106. Transactions of the American Entomo- logical Society, cited, 114. Trapezonotus nebulosus, 94. Traps for Dark-sided Cutworm, 102. Tree-hoppers, 80. Trees and shrubs, leaves of, devoured by Western Army-Cutworm, 102. as place of deposit of eggs of cut- worms, 100. by Greenhouse’ Leaf- eultivated, injured by outbreak of Sphragisticus nebulosus, Geocoris bullatus, and Nysius angustatus, 94. infested by Pigweed Bug, 85. leaves of. as food of June-beetles, 165. triangularis, Disonycha, 114, 115. tricarinata, Delphax, 67. Stobera, 67. tridentata. Artemisia, trifida, Ambrosia, 161. trifoliata, Ptelea, 78. trifolii, Mamestra, 51, 146, 151. Trimerotropis latifasciata, 132. Triphleps insidiosus, 86. tristis. Anasa, 97. Turnip as food plant of Agallia sanguino- lenta, 70. of Cabbage Plusia, 152. of Garden Mamestra, 151, of Western Green Stink-bug, 97. of Zebra-caterpillar, 153. destroyed by Cabbage Flea-beetle, 123. by Imported Garden Web-worm, ai injured by False Chinech-bug, 96. by Phyllotreta decipiens, 123. by Potato Flea-beetle, 117. leaves riddled by Northern Corn Root Worm, 127. Twice-stabbed Ladybird, 43. 65, 76. Two-striped Grasshopper, 130, See Grass- x hopper, Two-striped, Typhloecyba, general description of, 67, 79. comes and comes yar. vitis, infesting Sugar Beet, 79. : rosre, food plants of, 78. ; yulnerata infesting Sugar Beet, 79. Typhlocybine, article on, cited, 78. U Ubler,. P: BR.,-69, 76. on Corizus lateralis, uhleri, Agallia, 65, 70. Halticus, 87, 388. Lioderma, 97. Pentatoma, 97. undalis, Hellula, 106, 107, 111. undata, Oncometopia, 66, 70, 75. unicolor, Macrobasis, 138, 139. unipuncta, Leucania, 51. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Division of Publications, 57. National Museum, 67. v Van Duzee, EB. P., 76. on synonymy of Stobera tri- carinata, 67. Verbenas infested by Common Red Spi- der; 59. Wild, infested beetle, 119. Vernonia infested by Aphis middletonil, 161. P vyersuta, Diedrocephala, 66, 71. vicina, Pegomyia, 59, 60, 61. Vines, leaves of, devoured by ored Weevil, 145. Vine-weevil, Black, 144. See under Black. Violets infested by Spotted Cutworm,. 104. Virginia Creeper, Ash-colored Blister-bee- tle on, 140. injured by grape-vine leaf-hoppers, 69, virginica, Spilosoma, 146, 156. vitripennis, Hyaloides, 63. vittata, Diabrotica, 115, 126. Epicauta, 138, 140. lemniseata, Epicauta, 140. Megetra, 1388, 139. Phyllotreta, 114, 123. vulgare, Orchelimum, 135. vulgaris, Brunella, 119. vulnerata, Typhlocyba, 79. Ww 97. by Smartweed Flea- Clay-col- Wahoo, 13. Walnut. Black, 13. infested by Empoasca mali, 78. English, 138. infested by Empoasea flavescens var. birdii, 79. \ ’ i Walsh, B. D., on injury to Grape by On- yh ecometopia undata, 71. Washington Agricultural Experiment Sta- Pi tion, 57. oy Water Oak, parasitized Aspidiotus ob- ee scurus upon, 31. Watermelon, 149. as food plant of Imbricated beetle, 143. Webster, F. M., 80. on Common Garden Web-worm, 108. on Corizus lateralis, food plants of, 97. on Crepidodera atriventris, 117. on False Chineh-bug, 96. j on injuries by Sweet Fiea-beetle, 119. on life history of Deltocephalus inimicus, 74. Web-worm, Beet, injuries, food plants, distribution, life history, and para- sites of, 109, 110, 111. Common Garden, food plants, distribu- j tion, and injuries of, 108. general appearance of chrysalis and moth of, 109. general description of larva of, 107. life history and enemies of, 109. Imported Garden, destructive to Cab- bage, 106. i general description of larva of, Vs an 107. ty a injuries general tory, = ala Ps Web-worms as beet insects, garden, 106-112. destructive to beets, 106. food plants and deposition of eggs of, 106, 107. life history and enemies of, 107. measures against, 107. Wedding-bell, injured by Common Spider, 58. ~ Weed, H. E., on Muck Beetle, 165. Weed, Jamestown, 117. Weeds as food of Silpha bituberosa, 137. destroyed by Pale-striped Flea-beetle, 121. devoured by Tanymecus confertus, 145. by Western Army-Cutworm, 102. eggs of Larger Meadow Grasshopper in stalks of, 135. infested by Beet Aphis, 159. ré by Common Negro-bug, 99, 100. j E by Corizus lateralis, 97. (he by Flatas, 84. by Garden Leaf-hopper, 88. Snout- Potato by, and _ distribution, description, life his- and parasites of, 111, 50, 56. Red by Large-eyed Purslane Bug, 95. i by Pale-striped Flea-beetle, 121. i ee XXVII Weeds infested— Continued. by Pigweed Bug, 83. leaf-beetles which breed on, 113. leaf-hoppers infesting, 67, 68, 69, 70, (A hss COL ay COs. TOs stalks of, eggs of Larger Meadow Grasshopper deposited in, 135. tree-hoppers infesting, 80, 81. Weevil, Clay-colored, occurrence and in- juries of, 144, 145. Western Army Cutworm, 102. worm, Western Army. Cabbage Flea-beetle, general deserip- tion and injuries of, 123. Green Stink-bug, distribution, injuries, general description, and life history of, 97-99. Sugar Beet Company, damage to beet plantation of, 60. : Whale-oil soap for San Jose Seale, 16, 24, 25, 26. effect of, on Aspidiotus forbesi, 20. on Seurfy Secale, 20. and Paris green for Monoxia con- sputa, 128. Wheat as food plant of Cotton Cutworm, See Cut- 148. of Southern Corn Root Worm, 125. destroyed by Western Green Stink- bug, 97, 99. eggs of Deltocephalus inimicus in leaves of, 74. of Western Green on, 99. infested by Corn Flea-beetle, 118. by Ganathodus abdominalis and G. impictus, 76. by Phlepsius irroratus, 76. injured by Cicadula 6-notata, 77. by Common Grass-worm, 149. by Deltocephalus nigrifrons, 75. by Sweet Potato Flea-beetle, 119. Whipping or brushing for blister-beetles, 54, 138. White grubs, 56, 163-165. as beet insects, 50, 52, 53, detailed account of, cited, injuries, life history, and adult of, 164, 165. measures against, 165. -lined Morning-sphinx, 156. lane-sphinx. Pigweed, 52. as food of beet leaf-miners, 60. infested by Emblethis griseus, 94. by Sphragisticus nebulosus, 94. Wild Black Cherry infested by Butettix seminuda, 75. Cucumber infested by galeator, 97. Grape infested by Empoasca mali, 78. Stink-bug laid 56. 164. food of See Purs- Acanthoceros | Wild, Grape—Continued. vine injured by species of Typhlo- eyba, 79. Indigo injured by Common Gray Blis- ter-beetle, 139. Sensitive-pea, eggs of Imbricated Snout-beetle deposited on, 144. Service-berry infested by Beet Aphis, 159. Sunflower as food plant of Beet Army- worm, 150. of Margined Blister-beetle, 141. verbenas infested by Smartweed Flea- beetle, 119. Yarrow infested by Beet Aphis, 159. Williams, T. A., 83. on infestation of Beet by Melon Aphis, 81. * Willow, 13. as food plant of Zebra-caterpillar, 153. blossoms and other leaves and blos- soms injured by Grape-vine Colaspis, 125. : infested by Cicadula 6-notata, 77. by Empoasca obtusa, 78. Willows infested by Phlepsius irroratus, 76. Wireworms, 161-163, 164. agricultural procedure as preventive measure against, 163. as beet insects, 50, 52, 53, 56. normal breeding grounds, injuries, and life history of, 162, 163. Woods, Chas. D., 57. XXVIII 4 is . j + ‘ ‘ oy ee Woolly bears as beet insects, 50. distribution, food habits, general * description and distinctions of — larve and moths, number of broods, and parasites of three re- lated species of, 156-158) X xanthomelena, Disonycha, 114, 116, 117. Xiphidium, 136. general description of, 131. nemorale and X. strictum, characters ef, contrasted, 131. : strictum and X. nemorale infesting Sugar Beet, 136. c.aracters of, contrasted, tot general description of, 131. Y Yarrow, Wild, infested by Beet Aphis, — 159. Yellow Bear, 146, 156. bears. : -Black Flea-Beetle, general description, 114. See also under Flea-beetle. Grasshopper, general description and hibernation of, 180, 1381. ypsilon, Agrotis, 102, 104. 14 : Zebra-caterpillar, 51, 146. distribution, description, and life his- tory of, 154. food plants of, 153. Sa See under Woolly a pen, ‘a ue ih Bi ra ae a Me ei =) Par by _ ? 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