PLEASE HANDLE WITH CARE University of Connecticut Libraries 3 =1153 01E5M3MM 5 ©AYIORDRG Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from LYRASIS members and Sloan Foundation http://www.archive.org/details/reportofstateent275conn S 4-3 Bulletin 275 February, 1926 (Efltttteritritt Agnrultural feepfriment jytatum Nrm Batirtt, (Ennnertirttt TWENTY- FIFTH REPORT OF THE STATE ENTOMOLOGIST OF CONNECTICUT 1925 W. E. BRITTON, Ph.D. State Entomologist The Bulletins of this Station are mailed free to citizens of Connecticut who apply for them, and to other applicants as far as the editions permit. —■»»«»»—»"* CONNECTICUT AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION OFFICERS AND STAFF as of February, 1926 BOARD OF CONTROL His Excellency, John H. Trumbull, ex-officio, President Charles R. Treat, Vice-President Orange George A. Hopson, Secretary Mount Carmel Wm. L. Slate, Jr., Director and Treasurer New Haven Joseph W. Alsop Avon Elijah Rogers Southington Edward C. Schneider . . . .' Middletown Francis F. Lincoln Cheshire STAFF. E. H. Jenkins, Ph.D., Director Emeritus. Wm. L. Slate, Jr., B.Sc, Director and Treasurer Miss L. M. Brautlecht, Bookkeeper and Librarian. Miss J. V. Berger, Stenographer and Bookkeeper. Miss Mary E. Bradley, Secretary. G. E. Graham, In charge of Buildings and Grounds. E. M. Bailey, Ph.D., Chemist in Charge. R. E. Andrew, M.A. "1 C. E. Shepard Owen L. Nolan > Harry J. Fisher, A.B. W. T. Mathis J Frank C. Sheldon, Laboratory Assistant. V. L. Churchill, Sampling Agent. Miss Mabel Bacon, Stenographer. Administration. Chemistry. Analytical Laboratory. Biochemical Laboratory. Botany. Entomology. ■ Assistant Chemists. Forestry. Plant Breeding. Soil Research. Tobacco Sub-station at Windsor. T. B. Osborne, Ph.D., Chemist in Charge. H. B. Vickery, Ph.D., Biochemist. Miss Helen C. Cannon, B.S., Dietitian. G. P. Clinton, Sc.D., Botanist in Charge. E. M. Stoddard, B.S., Pomologist. Miss Florence A. McCormick, Ph.D., Pathologist. Willis R. Hunt, Ph.D., Assistant m Botany. A. D. McDonnell, General Assistant. Mrs. W. W. Kelsey, Secretary. W. E. Britton, Ph.D., Entomologist in Charge; State Entomologist. B. H. Walden, B.Agr. ) M. P. Zappe, B.S. J- Assistant Entomologists. Philip Garman, Ph.D. 1 Roger B. Friend, B.S., Graduate Assistant. John T. Ashworth, Deputy in Charge of Gipsy Moth Work. R. C. Botsford, Deputy in Charge of Mosquito Elimination. Miss Gladys M. Finley, Stenographer. Walter O. Filley, Forester in Charge. H. W. Hicock, M.F., Assistant Forester. T. E. Riley, Jr., M.F., In charge of Blister Rust Control. Miss Pauline A. Merchant, Stenographer. Donald F. Jones, S.D., Geneticist in Charge. P. C. Mangelsdorf, S.D., Assistant Geneticist. M. F. Morgan, M.S., Investigator. George D. Scarseth, B.S., Assistant. Paul J. Anderson, Ph.D., Pathologist in Charge. N. T. Nelson, Ph.D., Assistant Physiologist. THE TUTTLE, MOREHOUSE 4 TAYLOR COMPANY CONTENTS PAGE Twenty-Fifth Report of the State Entomologist of Connecticut 215 Letter of Submittal 215 Report of Receipts and Expenditures 215 Summary of Inspection and Office Work 216 Publications of the Entomological Department, 1925 217 Department Staff and Work 217 Entomological Features of 1925 219 Fruit Insects 219 Vegetable Insects 223 Insects Attacking Field Crops 227 Shade and Forest Tree Insects 227 Household Insects 229 Miscellaneous Insects 230 Convention of Entomological Workers 231 Inspection of Nurseries in 1925 232 The New Law Providing for the Registration and Inspection of Nurseries 232 Nursery Certificates 233 Dealer's Permits 234 Shipper's Permits 235 Package Certificates 235 Quarantines 236 Inspection Work 236 List of Pests Found in Nurseries in 1925 237 Number of Nurseries 238 Nursery Firms in Connecticut Receiving Certificates in 1925 .... 238 Inspection of Raspberry Plantations 242 Nursery Dealers 243 Out-of-State Shippers 243 Inspection of Imported Nursery Stock 244 Pests Found on Imported Nursery Stock 246 Inspection of Apiaries in 1925 246 European Foul Brood 247 American Foul Brood 248 Sacbrood 249 Paralysis 249 Statistics of Inspection 250 Summary 253 Report of Gipsy Moth Work 253 New Equipment 254 Details of the Work by Towns 254 Statistics of Infestations 267 Summary of Statistics ' 269 Quarantine 270 Parasites 270 Financial Statement 272 Further Experiments in Dusting and Spraying Apple Orchards 272 Orchard Under Experiment 273 Acknowledgments 273 Method of Recording Data 273 Materials and Apparatus Used 274 Arrangement of Plots in the Piatt Orchard 274 Summary and Conclusions 277 CONTENTS PAGE Efficiency of Delayed Dormant Applications for the Control of Apple Aphids 278 Summary 280 The Oriental Peach Moth in 1925 1 280 The Curculio Problem in Connecticut 286 Tests of Alcohol-Formalin for Control of American Foul Brood in Bees 291 The Pear Psylla in Connecticut 292 The Different Stages 293 Biology and Control Measures 293 Outbreak of Pea Aphid on Alfalfa , 295 Injury to Apples by the Red Banded Leaf-Roller and its Control 298 The Raspberry Fruit Worm, Byturus unicolor Say, Injuring Straw- berry Blossoms 302 The European Corn Borer in Connecticut 303 Infestations of 1925 303 Extension Work 307 Summary of 1925 Work 308 Further Notes on the Asiatic Beetle 309 Tests and Observations Made in 1925 311 Tobacco Plants Severely Injured by Wireworms 312 Mosquito Control Work in Connecticut 315 The Work by Towns 317 Miscellaneous Insect Notes 321 A Scale Insect New to Connecticut 321 Birch Twig Gall 321 Lace-Bugs Injuring Elm Foliage 321 Conservatory or Asiatic Camel Cricket in Connecticut 321 Borer in Willow Twigs 321 Abundance of Cherry and Pear Slug 322 Abundance of Grasshoppers 322 European Pine Mite in Connecticut 322 ■ Sawfly Larvae Feeding upon Rudbeckia, "Golden Glow" 323 Noctuid Larvae Injuring Young Apple Trees 324 The Rose Stem Girdler in Connecticut 324 Pears Injured by Quince Curculio 324 Tobacco Injured by Tipulid Larvae 325 Syrphid Eggs and Larvae on Apple 326 Index 328 AUTHORSHIP For bibliographical purposes, all material in this Report (Bulletin 275) should be credited to W. E. Britton, except where otherwise indicated. ILLUSTRATIONS The illustrations in this Bulletin are from the following sources : Figs. 38, 39 and 40 reproduced from printed blanks; Fig. 41, map drawn by Alex. Cahn and shaded by Stoddard Engraving Co. ; Figs. 42, 43, 44, 47, 48 and 50 from drawings by Dr. Philip Garman. Fig. 49 drawn by Mr. R. B. Friend. Fig. 45 from photograph by Mr. B. H. Walden. Fig. 46 repro- duced from city map. Plates are all from photographs : I, II, III, a, IV, b, V, a, and XII, b, by Dr. W. E. Britton ; VI and XX. a, by Dr. Philip Garman; X by Mr. J. L. Rogers; XIV, XV and XVI by Mr. R. C Botsford; all others by Mr. B. H. Walden. BULLETIN 275 TWENTY-FIFTH REPORT OF THE State Entomologist of Connecticut To the Director and Board of Control of the Connecticut Agricul- tural Experiment Station: I have the honor to transmit, herewith, my twenty-fifth annual report as State Entomologist of Connecticut. As in former years, this report fully covers the activities of the Department of Ento- mology, as regards the inspection and control work provided for by Statute, and also the various lines of research and observation dealing with economic entomology. Respectfully submitted, W. E. Britton, State and Station Entomologist. INSECT PEST ACCOUNT Report of Receipts and Expenditures of the State Entomologist From July i, 1924 to June 30, 1925. Receipts Insect Pest Appropriation $15,000.00 Insect Pest Appropriation, Added by Board of Control 104.22 Balance on hand July 1, 1924 2.704.52 $17,808.74 Expenditures Salaries $11,982.02 Labor 2,374.56 Stationery and Office Supplies 228.63 Scientific Supplies (Chemicals) 31.67 Scientific Supplies (Other laboratory supplies) 82.87 Scientific Supplies (Photographic) 81.25 Lumber and Small Hardware .71 2l6 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 275 Miscellaneous Supplies* $544.19 Automobile Oil 4.15 Telegraph and Telephone 6.00 Postage 40.60 Travel (Outlying Investigations) 294.87 Travel ( Meetings, etc. ) 185.97 Travel (Gasoline for automobiles) 240.14 Freight, Express and Parcels Post 14.09 Publications (Bulletins, etc.) 40.53 Furniture and Fixtures (New) 15.70 Furniture and Fixtures (Repairs) 14.00 Library (Books and periodicals) 55-38 Library (Binding) 7.50 Scientific Equipment (New) 116.75 Live Stock (Bees) 1.00 Tools, Machinery and Appliances (New) 102.60 Tools, Machinery and Appliances (Repairs) 8.45 Automobiles (New) 595-50 Automobiles (Repairs) 349-73 New Buildings and Structures 35-77 Insurance (Automobile) 121.29 Miscellaneous Contingent Expenses 40.00 Total Disbursements $17,615.92 Balance in hands of State Comptroller, June 30, 1925 192.82 $17,808.74 SUMMARY OF INSPECTION AND OFFICE WORK 210 samples of insects received for identification. 160 nurseries inspected. 151 regular certificates granted. 6 special raspberry certificates granted. 57 dealers' permits issued. 107 shippers' permits issued to nurserymen in other States. 143 duplicate certificates furnished to be filed in other States. 118 parcels of nursery stock inspected and certified. 47 bales of mountain laurel and willow (14 trips) inspected and certified for shipment into New York. 112 orchards and gardens examined. 27 shipments, containing 277 cases, 2,977,346 plants, imported nursery stock inspected. 18 shipments, or 66 per cent, found infested with insects or fungi. 766 apiaries, containing 8,257 colonies, inspected. 19 apiaries and 42 colonies found infested with European foul brood. 26 apiaries and 38 colonies found infested with American foul brood. 3,063 letters written on official work. 255 circular letters. 266 post cards. 46 reports to Federal Horticultural Board. 2,504 bulletins, etc., mailed on request or to answer inquiries. 45 packages sent by mail or express. 37 lectures and addresses at institutes, granges and other meetings. * This includes fuel oil purchased for burning corn stalks and weeds around European corn borer infestations. PUBLICATIONS OF ENTOMOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT 217 PUBLICATIONS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT, 1925 By W. E. Britton : Twenty-fourth Report of the State Entomologist of Connecticut (Bulle- tin 265), 124 pages, 9 figures, 20 plates; 10,500 copies distributed in May. Inspection of Nurseries in 1924, 8 pages, reprinted from the Report. Better Care of Shade Trees, Tree Talk, Vol. 6, No. 4, page 4, February, 1925. Fruit Insects — Important New Ones and Troublesome Old Ones, Report of 31st Annual Meeting, Massachusetts Fruit Growers' Association, Inc., January 7-8, 1925, pp. 118-131, distributed in April. Report of Committee on Injurious Insects, Proceedings of 34th Annual Meeting. Connecticut Pomological Society, December 11-12, 1924, p. 46, published in 1925. Recent Developments in Insect Control, Proceedings of 34th Annual Meet- ing, Connecticut Pomological Society, p. 48. Insects Attacking Vegetable Crops in Connecticut in 1924, Report of Connecticut Vegetable Growers' Association, p. 43. The New Law Providing for the Registration and Inspection of Nurseries, Special Bulletin, 500 copies, July 1925. Regulations Concerning the Shipment of Nursery Stock and the New Law, Bulletin of Immediate Information No. 50, July, 1925. European Corn Borer Here — Will You Co-operate? Leaflet used in clean-up work around infestations, 6,000 copies, October, 1925. Regulations Concerning the Transportation of Nursery Stock in the United States and Canada, Bulletin of Immediate Information No. 51, 24 pages, 2,500 copies, October 1, 1925. By W. E. Britton, G. P. Clinton and W. O. Filley: Second Report of the Tree Protection Examining Board (Bulletin 263), 52 pages, 8 plates, March, 1925. By Philip Garman : Notes on Bee Diseases in Connecticut, Journal of Economic Entomology, Vol. 18, p. 445, June, 1925. A New Genus and Species of Trombidiidae, Journal New York Entomo- logical Society, Vol. xxxiii, p. 85, June, 1925. The Oriental Peach Moth Problem, Proceedings of 34th Annual Meeting, Connecticut Pomological Society, p. 57. By R. B. Friend: Experience with Baited Traps in Controlling Cabbage Maggots, Report of Connecticut Vegetable Growers' Association for 1924, p. 50. DEPARTMENT STAFF AND WORK W. E. Britton, Ph.D., State and Station Entomologist. B. H. Walden, B.Agr., Photographic and General WorkA A ■ M. P. Zappe, B.S., Inspection and General Work. \ Assistant _ Philip Garman, Ph.D., Research Work. J entomologists. Roger B. Friend, B. Sc, Graduate Research Assistant. John T. Ashworth, Deputy in Charge of Gipsy Moth Work. James A. McEvoy, Assistant in Gipsy Moth Work. Robert C. Botsford, Deputy in Charge of Mosquito Work. Miss Gladys M. Finley, Clerk and Stenographer. H. W. Coley, Westport, ) , .. , W. Yatfs HartfnrH f Apiary Inspectors. A. W. Yates, Hartford, J 2 15 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 275 There has been no change in personnel of the regular staff since the last Report. Mr. Walden has continued to act as chief photog- rapher of the Department, has taken charge of the office during" the absence of the Entomologist, has assisted in scoring fruit in the experiments in spraying and dusting, and has continued his researches on the imported currant worm, Pteronidea ribcsi Scop. Mr. Zappe has continued to have charge of the inspection of nursery stock, and of scouting and clean-up work in co-operation with the Federal Bureau of Entomology, on account of the Euro- pean corn borer. He has collaborated with Dr. Garman in the study of the plum curculio in apple orchards and on the life history and control of the Asiatic beetle, Anomala orientalis; with Mr. E. M. Stoddard of the Botany Department in making further tests of various dusts and sprays to control pests of apple orchards, and in making orchard surveys with a view to determining the proper time and materials for treatment. Mr. J. Leslie Rogers was employed to assist in nursery inspec- tion from July I and after the nurseries were completed, was continued on European corn borer clean-up work, during the remainder of the calendar year. Mr. Gerald T. Thompson like- wise helped in inspecting nurseries until September 15, when he returned to College. Dr. W. R. Hunt of the Botany Department also assisted in nursery inspection, paying particular attention to plant diseases. Dr. Garman has continued his investigations on the Oriental peach moth ; treatment for the American foul brood of bees ; and has made further observations on the European red mite. Jointly with Mr. Zappe, he has continued the investigations on the five- year program begun in 1922, of the plum curculio in apple orchards, and some attention has been given to the Asiatic beetle. Dr. Garman has constantly revised his manuscript on the Odonata or dragonflies of Connecticut, which for some time has been ready, and will later be published as a bulletin of the State Geological and Natural History Survey. Mr. Friend, who is taking graduate work for the doctorate in Yale University, has continued his studies on the bionomics of the birch leaf skeletonizer, and jointly with the Entomologist has made observations on the imported birch leaf-miner. Fenusa pumila Klug., from Europe. Mr. Friend has also given considerable attention to several insects attacking vegetable crops. The gipsy moth control work has been prosecuted vigorously as in past years by Deputy John T. Ashworth and his Assistant, James A. McEvoy, with headquarters at Danielson. This work is conducted in co-operation with the Federal Bureau of Ento- mology. Mr. Botsford has continued to serve as Deputy to Director Slate in charge of mosquito elimination work. ENTOMOLOGICAL FEATURES OF 1 925 219 Messrs. A. W. Yates, Hartford, and H. W. . Coley, Westport, have continued to inspect apiaries, as in past seasons, on a per diem basis. Miss Finley has continued to perform the necessary clerical and stenographic work of the Department. The Entomologist has directed the work of the Department and attended to the correspondence of the office; jointly with Mr. Friend he has studied the imported birch leaf -miner; he has con- tinued to serve as Associate Editor of the Journal of Economic Entomology, as Insect Pest Reporter in Connecticut for the Insect Pest Survey of the Bureau of Entomology, and as Chairman of the Tree Protection Examining Board. In October, he was also appointed Superintendent of the State Geological and Natural History Survey. The more important activities of the Department are described in the various papers in the following pages of this Report. ENTOMOLOGICAL FEATURES OF 1925 The early part of the season of 1925 was fairly cool and moist and not favorable for plants that thrive best at high temperatures. The first week in June was fair and very hot, and following this period leaf scorch was evident on some kinds of vegetation. After this hot week it was fairly cool for the remainder of the season, with only light rains until September. One of the outstanding features of the season was the great increase in the Oriental peach moth. The gipsy moth has not spread and the towns of Cheshire and Wallingford have been removed from Federal quarantine. Not a single nest of the brown-tail moth has been seen in Connecticut since 191 9. In order to obtain accurate data regarding the seasonal develop- ment of fruit trees and their pests and especially the presence or absence of the latter, Messrs. Zappe and Stoddard made regular visits during May and June to a number of orchards in each county of the State. In all, 39 different orchards were visited ; three or four visits were made to certain orchards and 62 visits were made altogether. The data gathered in these visits is used herein. Fruit Insects The Oriental peach moth, Laspeyresia molesta Busck., was very abundant in some of the orchards in New Haven County and much wormy fruit was the result. One orchard had nearly 50 per cent, of wormy fruit. The pest was not any more abundant in Greenwich than in 1924, but was much more destructive in some 220 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 275 parts of New Haven County. The distribution of this insect in the State has not been fully investigated, but it seems not yet to be present around Storrs or in the eastern portion of the State. Where abundant, its control is a serious problem and is discussed on page 280 of this Report. The European red mite, Paratetranychus pilosus C. & F., was unusually troublesome at Conyer's Farm, Greenwich, and did some damage at Branford, Wallingford and Middlefield. In Branford and Wallingford the mite injured Mcintosh, and this is the first time we have ever seen brown leaves on this variety from the attacks of the mite. Some eggs were present on apple at Cheshire, April 2, Milford April 17, Southington April 21, Middlefield April 23, and on European plum at Hazard ville, April 7. The best con- trol measure consists in applying a late dormant spray of miscible oil (1-15) to kill the eggs, but failing to give this treatment, per- sistent spraying of the foliage in summer with dilute lime-sulphur will usually kill enough of the young mites to hold the pest in check. Work of the pear leaf blister mite, Eriophyes pyri Nal., was observed at West Hartford, May 19, and a severe infestation on Bartlett and Seckel was seen at Bantam on May 22. A late dormant spray of lime-sulphur or miscible oil will usually control this pest. The red-banded leaf-roller, Eulia velutinana Walker, was abun- dant in some orchards and caused considerable injury to fruit as described on page 298. Apparently this pest may be controlled by lead arsenate sprays or dusts as per regular schedule, with an extra application about August I, in severe infestations. The apple and thorn skeletonizer, Hemerophila pariana Clerck., attracted little attention during the season, though traces of it could be found in nearly every orchard, and the little moths were quite abundant at the Station. The bud moth, Tmetocera ocellana Schiff., was not very trou- blesome in orchards in 1925, though a few specimens were noticed in Southington May 5. Early applications of lead arsenate will prevent injury. The red-humped caterpillar, Schisura concinna S. & A., was received at the Station from Beacon Falls, August 1, Danbury August 4, Thomaston and Torrington August 19. These cater- pillars feed in clusters and strip the leaves from young apple trees in orchard and nursery. Spraying with lead arsenate will prevent defoliation. The tent-caterpillar, Malacosoma americana Fabr., was abun- dant all over the State, but was seemingly less abundant than else- where in Hartford County, particularly in the towns of Simsbury, Windsor, East Hartford, South Windsor and East Windsor. At Wilton, April 20, the young caterpillars had been killed soon after hatching, where a lime-sulphur spray had been applied. ENTOMOLOGICAL FEATURES OF 1 925 22 1 The codling moth, Carpocapsa pomonclla Linn., still continues to be one of the leading apple pests throughout the State. It is against this insect that arsenical poisons were first used on the apple, and it is the chief reason for their continued application. The pear psylla, Psylla pyricola Foerster, continues to be trouble- some wherever pears are grown. Eggs were abundant at Deep River, April 9, and at Southington, x\pril 21-23. The nymphs were killed at Farmington by a spray of lime-sulphur (1-40). None were found in one Wallingford orchard where a delayed dormant miscible oil spray was applied. Seckel pears in the writer's garden were injured for the first time by curculio larvae. Though the adult has not yet been reared, the injury has been ascribed to the quince curculio, Conotrachelus crataegi Walsh, and is described more fully on page 324 of this Report. Fall cankerworms, AlsopJiila pometaria Harr., were present in abundance and caused injury in many localities. We had occa- sion to observe them in New Haven, and eggs were seen in East Haven February 19, and in Groton and North Stonington April 9. The caterpillars attack not only fruit trees but also shade and forest trees. The trees on the Station grounds were banded in the fall of 1924, and as these bands were kept in a sticky condition during the emergence of the adults, and at the time when the eggs hatched, the foliage was scarcely mutilated and was not injured. Spray- ing with lead arsenate early in May will prevent defoliation. An unusual form of injury was reported from Danbury, May 16, where small flea-beetles were defoliating young peach trees. The species responsible for the injury has green wing-covers, reddish-brown thorax, and has been identified as Crcpidodera rufipes Linn. Of course trees may be protected by a spray of lead arsenate. The grapevine flea-beetle, Altica chalybca Illiger, injured grape- vines at Highwood in April by eating holes into the buds. (Plate IX, b.) The bumble flower beetle. Euphoria inda Linn., was received from Danbury on May 20 and June 5, where it was said to be injuring trees and in one instance it was thought to be the gipsy moth. As a rule the beetles feed upon decaying fruit later in summer and we have no records of their injuring the tissues of trees. The plum curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar Hbst., was respon- sible for much injury to apples on unsprayed trees at North Stonington June 11, and at Woodstock June 12. Also in Groton, Montville and Lebanon June 11, all fruit 'on trees near fences and next to woodland was injured and infested by many larvae. Apples injured by this insect were noticed at Wallingford June 4, Pomfret June 12, Waterbury July 22, East Granby August 18; also on apples and peaches at Rockville June 5, and on cherries at New Britain June 15. The characteristic scars on the fruit were 222 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 2J5 noticed in the experiments in spraying and dusting in Milford and at the Station orchard at Mount Carmel. The control of this / pest is treated more fully on page 286 of this Report, but appar- ently lead arsenate sprays applied at the time of the pink, calyx, 7-day and 14-day treatments will in most cases produce 90 per cent, of clean fruit in apple orchards, though where possible all rubbish where the beetles hibernate should be removed. In May, Mr. Walden investigated a case in South Glastonbury where there was a 10 to 15 per cent, injury to strawberry plants by the raspberry fruit worm or raspberry beetle, Byturus unicolor Say, described on page 302 of this Report. Strawberry plants in Coventry, Bolton and Simsbury were injured in May by cutworms eating the leaves. Mr. Walden visited Simsbury and has described the injury elsewhere in this Report. The apple maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella Walsh, continues to be troublesome in many orchards, and infested fruit was received from Waterbur/ July 22, and from Danbury October 6. It may be controlled by late applications of lead arsenate, about July 4 and July 20. The rosy apple aphid, Anuraphis roscus Baker, was not very abundant in most apple orchards, but was observed in Cheshire May 27, and there were a few in Pomf ret and Woodstock on June 12, and in East Granby August 18. It was very bad on one tree in an orchard at Hazardville June 5. The green apple aphid, Aphis pomi DeGeer, was observed in many orchards in spring and early summer. There were very few at Litchfield, Bantam and Cornwall, April 22, at Wallingford. Middletown and East Hampton, April 23, at Cheshire May 27. at Greenwich May 14, at South Glastonbury May 5, at Walling- ford June 4, and at Woodstock June 12. They were abundant at Southington April 2, 31 being counted on one bud; at Rockville April 7, Milford April 17, Wilton April 20, Deep River April 9. and on unsprayed tree, Durham, and Southington, May 5. and very abundant at North Stonington June 1 1 . The species was observed also in Cheshire, Southington and Newington April 21, New Haven April 22, Middlefield April 23, Greenwich March 31. North Stonington April 9, and at Farmington May 6, where a spray of nicotine sulphate had knocked off many of the aphids which were still alive and crawling on the ground. At Southing- ton May 5, aphids were abundant where lime-sulphur was applied as a dormant spray, but there were few where miscible oil had been used. Also at Yalesville, aphids were present on Mcintosh trees which had beer! sprayed with lime-sulphur (1-8), nicotine sulphate, and Kayso, but were few where a dormant spray of miscible oil had been applied. The green peach aphid, Mysus persicac Sulzer, was present on , peach trees in some localities and caused the leaves to curl. There ENTOMOLOGICAL FEATURES OF I925 223 were few in Cheshire May 27, and though abundant in Rockville, by June 5 all had been cleaned up by natural enemies. In one orchard in Highwood on May 22, the leaves on inside fruit clusters had been badly curled and those on terminal branches were unin- jured. Syrphid larvae and lady beetles were abundant, and though we suggested a nicotine dust application for the aphids, could hardly recommend it. The oyster-shell scale, Lepidosaphes ulmi Linn., is one of the commonest pests found in nurseries and is present in many apple orchards. It is usually about the same color as the bark on which it rests, and in shape is elongate, broader at one end than the other, and often curved. Though it occurs on apple, it also infests many shade and woodland trees and seems to prefer poplar, willow, birch, ash, butternut and lilac in Connecticut. There is only one generation each year and it passes the winter in the form of oval white eggs under the old shells on the bark. A spray of nicotine sulphate early in June soon after the eggs hatch is a good remedy. The San Jose scale, Aspidiotus perniciosus Comst, is more prominent than five or 10 years ago, particularly on untreated trees and shrubs in protected places. It was observed at East Haven February 19, on cherry at Milford August 5, and in West Haven October 14. Orchard trees in Connecticut which are sprayed regularly or occasionally with lime-sulphur or with miscible oil do not become seriously infested. ' Young pear and apple trees are occasionally injured by a whit- ish pear-shaped scale known as the scurfy scale, Chionaspis furfura Fitch. This scale was noticed at East Haven February 19, by Mr. Zappe. There is one generation each year, and the species passes the winter as oval, purple eggs under the shells. These eggs hatch the last days of May and a spray of nicotine sulphate early in June is the proper remedy. Vegetable Insects In reviewing the vegetable insects of the season, we have the advantage of the observations of Mr. A. E. Wilkinson, Vegetable Specialist of the Connecticut Agricultural College at Storrs, who traveled all over the State and visited all the principal vegetable growing sections, and observed the pests and other conditions. Free use is here made of Mr. Wilkinson's reports. Damage by cutworms was more prominent than usual in most localities, and was severe throughout the State on all kinds of vegetable crops. Reports of injury to vegetables were received from Middletown May 18. from Southington, Waterbury, Thomas- ton, Morris and Windsor, May 21 ; from South Norwalk, Easton, Weston, Danbury, Bethel, Brookfield and New Fairfield, 224 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 275 on June 5. In general, a poisoned bait of bran mash distributed about the field will prevent damage from cutworms. The stalk borer Papaipcma nitela Guen., was observed in many gardens. It was found in potato stalks at Woodbury, July 31, and was received in corn from Stratford, July 1, Thomaston July 7, Taconic July 21, and Yantic August 4. There is little to do except to remove and destroy the infested stalks. The corn ear worm, Chloridca obsolcta Fabr., though not as abundant as usual, was reported from Mansfield in midsummer and received from East Hartford October 3, and on popcorn from Bridgeport November 3. The European corn borer, Pyrausta nubilalis Hubner, which was discovered at seven points along the Connecticut shore in 1924, and cleaned up around each infestation, is still present in the State. The Federal scouts did not find it in all localities where it occurred last year, but found slight infestations at Bridgeport, Saybrook, New London and at several places in Groton and Stonington. Clean-up work was carried on, but on account of weather condi- tions could not be completed in Groton and Stonington until spring. This work is described more fully on page 303 of this Report. The imported green cabbage worm, Pontia rapae Linn., was present as usual, though possibly less abundant. It was reported from Windsor May 21, and from Southport, Westport, Easton and Bridgeport on June 2. The squash borer, Melittia satyriniformis Hubner, caused the usual amount of injury to squash and pumpkin vines. The Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata Fabr., was not observed to be unusually abundant except on the Station Farm at Mount Carmel, where attention was not given at the proper time. Mr. Wilkinson reported only a few to be seen on June 4, when he visited plantations in South Norwalk, Easton, Weston, Danbury, Bethel, New Fairfield and Brookfield, but that both larvae and adults were plentiful at Southington. Buckland and Wapping on July 24. Of course spraying and dusting with lead arsenate is the remedy. The cucumber or potato flea-beetle, Epitrix cucumeris Harr., was very abundant on potatoes and was also observed on tomatoes and egg-plants at South Norwalk, Easton, Weston, Danbury, Bethel, New Fairfield and Brookfield, June 4, and at Southport, Westport and Bridgeport on June 2. It was present on cucumbers at Windsor Locks, Plainville and Southington, May 21, and on potatoes at Southington, Buckland and Wapping July 24. Thor- ough spraying with Bordeaux mixture and lead arsenate is prob- ably the best remedy in the field, but a few tomatoes or egg-plants in the garden may be protected by spraying with nicotine sulphate. The common asparagus beetle, Crioceris asparagi Linn., and the twelve-spotted asparagus beetle, C. duodecimpuiictata Linn., were ENTOMOLOGICAL FEATURES OF 1 925 225 present in nearly all large asparagus plantations in the State. They were abundant at Riverton and Southington on May 21, and at South Norwalk, Easton, Weston, Danbury, Bethel, Brook- field and New Fairfield on June 5. The larvae or grubs of the former and the adults of both species feed upon the stems and foliage, but the larvae of the twelve-spotted species feed in the seed pods and do not seriously injure the plants. In severe infes- tations, the larvae and adults may be killed on the tall or mature plants, by spraying with lead arsenate forced with strong pressure through a nozzle with fine aperture. Nicotine sulphate may be sprayed upon the shoots if the beetles threaten to injure them. The striped cucumber beetle, Diabrotica z'ittata Fabr., was pres- ent in about the usual numbers in most plantations and was con- trolled only with the usual difficulty. It was reported from South- port, Westport, Easton and Bridgeport, on cucumbers, squashes and melons on June 2. At the Station Farm it was abundant and several treatments were necessary to control the pest. In experi- ments conducted in various sections of the country, particularly on Long Island and in Canada, calcium arsenate and hydrated lime have given fairly good control, though occasional injury to plants resulted on Long Island. Sodium fluosilicate (1 part) and hydrated lime (9 parts), as well as calcium arsenate and gypsum (1-20), gave good results in Canada. Dr. H. C. Huckett on Long Island found that by mixing No. 2 wheat flour with hydrated lime or gypsum, equal parts, it reduced injury and increased adhesive- ness. He also planted squash plants for traps near the cucumbers, then dusted the cucumber plants, thus driving the beetles upon the squash plants, which were then covered and exposed for three minutes to a treatment of four per cent, nicotine dust. This proved effective in destroying the beetles. The cabbage maggot, Hylemyia brassicae Bouche, caused the usual amount of damage and in some localities early cabbages gave only about 50 per cent, of a crop on account of cabbage maggot and cutworms. Cabbage maggot was reported as abundant at Southington and Windsor, May 21 ; Bridgeport, Southport, West- port and Easton, June 2 ; Devon, Stratford, Shelton, Cannondale and New Canaan, June 3 ; South Norwalk, Easton, Weston, Danbury, Bethel, New Fairfield and Brookfield, June 5 ; Hampton, Canterbury, Brooklyn, Danielson, Pomfret, Woodstock, Norwich, Niantic, Lyme, Waterford, Ellington, Rockville. Vernon, Bolton. Coventry, Tolland, Somers, Stafford and Mansfield. June 12. The flies were noticed about radishes at Plainville, May 21. Mr. Friend observed this insect as severely infesting radishes at Chesh- ire, and in cabbages at Westport. Probably mercuric chloride or corrosive sublimate (1 ounce in 10 gallons water) is as good a remedy as any, but is known to retard the growth of the plants and consequently more fertilizer should be applied where this treatment is used. It is inadvisable to dip the young plants into 2 26 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 275 this mixture before setting. In the home garden where only a few plants are grown, tarred paper disks placed flat on the surface of the ground around each plant at the time of setting, will protect them from serious injury. The spinach maggot or leaf-miner, Pegomyia hyoscyami Panzer, which also infests beet and "lamb's quarters," was present in about the usual abundance, though Mr. Friend did not find an infested field suitable for conducting control experiments. This pest was noticed by Mr. Wilkinson at Middletown, May 18, and on beets and spinach at Bridgeport, Southport, Westport and Easton, June 2. The potato aphid, Macrosiphum solanifolii Ashm., was abundant in some sections of the State, and had seriously injured more than ioo acres of potatoes around Middletown by July 21. It was also observed at Stratford, Bridgeport, Westport and Trumbull, on July 19, where some of the vines had turned brown. On July 20, aphids were observed in Windham, Tolland and New London Counties, and on July 24, they were present in abundance at South- ington, Buckland and Wapping. After the rain on July 31, few aphids could be found. Heavy applications of nicotine dust is perhaps the best artificial treatment. The pea aphid, Illinoia pisi Kalt., was present in many fields, but on the whole it did not cause serious injury to peas in Con- necticut in 1925. It was reported as being present at Green's Farms June 3, and at South Nor walk, Easton. Weston, Danbury, Bethel, Brookfield and New Fairfield. June 5. Around New Haven, several slight infestations were observed in pea plantations, but there was no serious injury brought to my attention. The same aphid caused considerable injury to fields of alfalfa as described on page 295 of this Report. In the home garden, dust- ing with nicotine is perhaps the best remedy. The cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae Linn., was present at Middletown May 18, and at East Morris May 21, in both instances on plants from the south. A few were noticed by the writer on home grown plants around New Haven, but they afterward dis- appeared without doing much damage. Even a moderate infesta- tion will prevent the plants from heading, and liberal applications of nicotine dust will control the aphids. The turnip aphid, Aphis pseudobrassicae Davis, was absent from several turnip patches around New Haven, and no reports were received of injury caused by it. The tarnished plant bug, Lygus pratensis Linn., was reported by Mr. Wilkinson as being very abundant on potatoes at Storrs on July 27. The remedy is to dust or spray with nicotine. The onion thrips, Thrips tabaci Linde., was abundant at West- port, July 19. The squash bug, Anasa tristis DeGeer, was found everywhere as usual. The over-wintering bugs are hard to kill except by crush- ENTOMOLOGICAL FEATURES OF 1 925 227 ing, but the newly-hatched nymphs may be killed by a spray of nicotine sulphate. Insects Attacking Field Crops The army worm, Cirphis unipuncta Haworth, was present in some localities and caused considerable injury to timothy grass in Wallingford July 2, and in Milford July 20. Prompt cutting of the grass for hay was recommended as the best treatment in both cases. White grubs which are the larvae of May or June beetles. Phyllophaga sp., were reported as injuring grasslands in a few localities. One report on September 23 of grubs injuring a lawn in Meriden was investigated, thinking it might prove to be the Asiatic beetle, but it was only common white grubs. The Asiatic beetle, Anomala orientalis Waterhouse, which has recently become established in the Westville section of New Haven, caused more injury in the latter half of the summer than has ever been seen before. The grubs eat the roots of grass and thus far the injury has only appeared on lawns around private residences. A more detailed account of this pest may be found on page 309 of this Report. There was severe injury from attacks of wireworms to newly- set tobacco plants under cloth in Windsor during the last of May. Similar damage was reported by about a dozen tobacco growers. A more detailed account of this outbreak will be found on page 312 of this Report. Mr. Wilkinson reported injury to cabbage plants by wireworms at Middletown, May 18, and at Windsor, May 21. Alfalfa fields were attacked in Seymour, North Branford, Sims- bury, East Windsor, Middletown and Woodbridge by the pea aphid, Illinoia pisi Kalt., and a more detailed account is given on page 295 of this Report. Shade and Forest Tree Insects The larch leaf-miner or case bearer, Coleophora laricella Hubn., was observed in a few places, and specimens were received from Rainbow, May 13. Probably it was less destructive than in 1923 and 1924. The cottony maple scale, Pulvinaria vitis Linn., was received from Hartford on maple, June 29 and July 16. The tulip tree scale, Tourney ella liriodendri Gmel.. was received from North Stonington August 28. Two small tulip trees on the Station grounds became infested and were sprayed with com- mercial liquid lime-sulphur (1-9) in October 1923. This cleaned off most of the infestation but a few scales were present one year 228 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 275 later and the trees were sprayed with one of the miscible oils, and are now clean. The pit-making oak scale, Aster olecanium variolosum Ratz., was received from New Haven December 4, on oak. This scale usually occurs on golden or English oak, Quercus robur, and a pit or depression is found in the bark under and around each scale. The woolly maple leaf scale, Phenacoccus acericola King, occa- sionally causes injury to sugar maple trees, and specimens were received from New Haven on September 30. The large woolly or cotton-like wax masses are found on the under sides of the leaves in midsummer, and contain the mature females and eggs or newly-hatched young. The immature females and the male cocoons are much smaller and occur in the cracks and crevices of the bark of the trunk and lower branches throughout the winter. Spraying in March with lime-sulphur and nicotine has proved to be a satisfactory treatment. The pine leaf scale, Chionaspis pinifoliae Fitch, was received from Southington March 5, Greenwich March 26, Meriden Sep- tember 24, and Wethersfield October 3. There are two genera- tions each year and two or three applications of nicotine sulphate between June 1 and August 15 should keep this pest in check. The hickory leaf-stem gall aphid, Phylloxera caryaecaulis Fitch, causes certain trees to become very unsightly by forming galls on the petioles of the compound leaves, which often turn brown and drop in midsummer. Specimens were received from Ridgefield June 11, and from Danbury August 21. Though we have con- ducted no tests for the control of this aphid, probably a spray of miscible oil or lime-sulphur before the buds open would kill the overwintering females or eggs. A wooly aphid on maple, Neoprociphilus aceris (Monell), was received from New Haven, June 22. The spruce gall aphids, Chermes abbietis Linn., on Norway spruce, and Chermes cooleyi Gillette, on Colorado blue spruce, seem to be more abundant than was the case a few years ago. The former was received from Marion June 10, Vernon June 16, and from Meriden September 24; the latter from Greenwich March 24, Pine Orchard July 24, and from Norfolk August 8. These pests are found in many of the nurseries and are mentioned on page 237 of this Report. Spraying the trees in April with nicotine sulphate or with a miscible oil will kill the overwintering females before the eggs are laid. The fall web-worm, Hyphantria cunea Drury, was about as .abundant as usual in late summer and made its nests on the ends of branches of all kinds of fruit, shade and woodland trees. Apparently it was more abundant than usual in New London County. The only specimens received were from New Haven. August 20. The remedies are to clip off and burn the nests or crush the caterpillars, or spray with lead arsenate. ENTOMOLOGICAL FEATURES OF 1 925 229 A small Scolytid beetle, thought to be Ips pint Say, was received from Hazardville May 26, tunneling in pine bark. Sawfly cocoons are often found on pine twigs, and those of the imported pine sawfly, Neodiprion simile Hartig, were received from Greenwich March 26, and larvae and pupae of Neodiprion pinetum Norton, on red pine were received from Danbury, October 30. Work of the poplar and willow curculio, Crypt or hynchus lapathi Linn., was received from Thompsonville, September 8. The spruce mite, Paratetranychus ununguis Jacobi, was injuri- ous to spruce trees about New Haven and specimens were received from Milford May 23, Stamford July 20, and Meriden September 24. One of the best remedies is a spray of linseed oil emulsion. The maple bladder gall caused by a mite, Eriophycs quadripes Shimer, is seen each year on the leaves of silver maple, and during 1925 specimens were received from Collinsville, June 10. Hart- ford, June 29, Westport, July 21, and Somers, August 13. The imported birch leaf-miner, Fenusa piimila Klug, now occurs all over Connecticut on gray birch, particularly on young sprouts. Specimens were received from Yalesville, July 15, Leete's Island, July 30, and Norfolk, August 8. The imported willow leaf-beetle, Plagiodera versicolora Laich., which first appeared in the State in Greenwich, has now spread nearly all over Connecticut. Specimens were received from West Haven August 20, and while inspecting nurseries Mr. Zappe observed the presence of this insect in Greenwich. August 11 and 14, Stamford. August 29, New Canaan, August 3, Ridgefield. September 9, and Bristol, September 8. The elm leaf beetle, Galcrucclla xanthomelaena Schrank, was present and there were many localities where the unsprayed trees were brown in late July and August. Specimens were received from Middlebury, July 16. In many villages the elm trees were sprayed and the foliage kept green throughout the season. The birch leaf skeletonizer, Baccnlatrix canadensisella Chamb., though perhaps not so abundant as in 1923 and 1924, was present and caused many areas of gray birch to become brown in late summer. Household Insects Nearly every season a certain number of specimens of insects infesting stored food products in or about the household are sent to the Station, and some of those received in 1925 are mentioned here. The Oriental cockroach, Blatta oricntalis Linn., was received from Danbury, February 2, and the German cockroach or croton bug, Blatclla gcrmanica Linn., from Cheshire, April 1. Both species are found in homes, especially around the kitchen and pantry and along the water pipes. Commercial roach powders are now sold everywhere. 230 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 275 The black carpet beetle, Attagenus piceus Oliv., is a common pest in houses where the larvae live in floor cracks and feed upon the lint, and the adult beetles eat holes in clothing in closets. Filling or frequent cleaning- of the cracks is advisable. Small pieces of woolen cloth placed on the floors in closets will often be eaten instead of the clothing. Specimens of this insect were received from New London, June 10, and from Milford, October 23. The common carpet beetle or "buffalo bug," Anthrenus scrophn- lariae Linn., was received from Waterbury, October 24. This also injures clothing and particularly carpets on floors. Carbon tetrachloride may be used on infested carpets, or heat generated by applying moisture and going over the carpet with hot flatirons. The common clothes moth, Tineola bisselliella Hummel, was received from New Haven, May 23. Clothes which are worn or moved frequently are usually not injured, and if hung out in the sun about once a month, there is little danger of injury. If this cannot be done, they should be stored at a low temperature, put in moth-proof bags, or packed in naphthalene or camphor. The granary weevil, Calendra granaria Linn., in poultry feed was received from New Haven, September 17; the Mediterranean flour moth, Ephestia kuehniella Zeller, in wheat flour from Water- bury, July 17, and the drug store beetle, Sitodrepa panicea Linn., in stored grain from New Haven, June 25. These insects are common pests of stored food products, and may be controlled by fumigating or heating the infested products. The common white ant, Reticulitermes flavipes Koll., was received from New Haven, April 17, where it infested the struc- tural wood around the base of a veranda ; also the clover mite. Bryobia praetiosa Koch, was reported as crawling about on a house in New Haven, May 8. Miscellaneous Insects The box leaf -miner, Monarthro palpus buxi Labou., was received from Green's Farms, March 16. This is a serious pest of box and has also been recorded from Waterford.* The juniper web-worm, Dichomeris marginellus Fabr., was received from Manchester and West Haven, on June 5, where the caterpillars had injured junipers by webbing the leaves together and feeding upon them inside the web. Convention of Entomological Workers The second convention of Entomologists working in Con- necticut was held at the Station on October 30, 1925. The pro- * Report for 1923, page 312. ENTOMOLOGICAL FEATURES OF 1 925 231 gram was varied from that of last year by securing addresses from a few men working outside the State on problems which are or threaten soon to become Connecticut problems. Thus we had Mr. L. B. Smith and Dr. Alvah Peterson from New Jersey and Dr. H. C. Huckett from Long Island. Though the attend- ance was somewhat smaller than last year, there was great interest shown and all present seemed to feel that it had been a successful and interesting meeting. The following program was fully carried out : Program a. M. Greetings. W. L. Slate, Jr., Director, New Haven, Conn. 10: 15 Notes on the Birch Leaf Skeletonizer. R. B. Friend, Assistant Entomologist, New Haven, Conn. 10:45 The Asiatic Beetle in Connecticut in 1925. M. P. Zappe, Assistant Entomologist, New Haven, Conn. 11: 15 The Corn Borer Survey of 1925. L. H. Worthley, In Charge of Control Work, Arlington, Mass. p. M. 12 : 30 Luncheon. 1 : 30 The Japanese Beetle Survey of 1925. Loren B. Smith, Entomologist in Charge, Riverton, N. J. 2: 15 Gipsy Moth Survey of 1925. A. F. Burgess, In Charge, Melrose Highlands, Mass. 3:00 Progress in Controlling Curculio on Apple in 1925. Dr. Philip Garman, Assistant Entomologist, New Haven, Conn. 3 : 30 Cucumber Beetles. Dr. H. C. Huckett, Research Associate, N. Y. Experiment Sta- tion, Long Island Branch, Riverhead, N. Y. 4 : 00 Oriental Peach Moth Survey. Dr. Alvah Peterson, Bureau of Entomology, Riverton, X. J. 4:30 Anti-Mosquito Work of the Season in Connecticut. R. C. Botsford, Deputy In Charge, New Haven, Conn. 4:45 The Birch Leaf-Miner in the Northeastern States. Dr. W. E. Britton, State Entomologist, New Haven, Conn. The following were present: A. F. Burgess, S. S. Crossman, H. L. Blaisdell, T. H. Jones, Melrose Highlands, Mass. ; H. A. Ames, Bound Brook, N. J. ; S. E. May, Canaan, Conn. ; F. C. Rich, Ansonia, Conn. ; L. H. Worthley, T. M. Cannon, Arlington, Mass. ; Loren B. Smith, J. Peter Johnson, Riverton, N. J. ; H. C. Huckett, Riverhead, N. Y. ; J. A. Manter. E. W. Nelson, R. S. Filmer, P. E. Bitgood, L. A. Gilbert. J. G. Conklin. Storrs, Conn. ; O. W. Spicer, Stamford, Conn. ; G. M. Codding, Mount Vernon, N. Y. ; P. H. Meagher, Wallingford, Conn.; C. L. Marshall. Meriden, Conn. ; D. W. Thomas, 2d, Highwood, Conn. ; G. A. Clyne. Waterbury, Conn. ; Allen Latham, Norwichtown, Conn. ; J. T. Ashworth. Danielson, Conn.; P. L. Buttrick, W. O. Filley, W. L. Slate, Jr., W. E. Britton, Philip Garman, B. H. Walden, M. P. Zappe. R. B. Friend, R. C. Botsford Leslie Rogers, New Haven, Conn.; Alvah Peterson, Riverton. X J. 232 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 275 INSPECTION OF NURSERIES IN 1925 The General Assembly of 1925 enacted a new law defining nurseries and nursery stock and providing that all nurserymen register and apply for an inspection each year before July 1 ; that all dealers register prior to March 1 each year and receive a permit; that all nurseries outside the State wishing to ship nur- sery stock into Connecticut file copies of their valid inspection certificate and receive permits allowing them to ship stock into Connecticut. The new law is as follows : The New Law Providing for the Registration and Inspection of Nurseries Chapter 265, Public Acts of 1925 Section i. Inspection and Shipment of Nursery Stock: The state ento- mologist or his deputies or assistants shall, upon application, inspect at least once each year all nurseries at which woody field-grown trees and plants shall be grown for sale or shipment ; may inspect any nursery stock when dug, before shipment or at destination ; may inspect nurseries at any time for the purpose of controlling plant pests or to ascertain whether such pests exist in nurseries ; may employ such deputies or assistants as he may deem necessary; may prescribe forms for registration, certificates and permits and may make rules and regulations regarding time and methods of inspec- tion ; may destroy or treat or order the destruction or treatment of, and prohibit the movement of, plants infested with dangerous pests ; may co-operate with agents of the United States Department of Agriculture in the inspection of nurseries and control of plant pests ; may, at reasonable times, enter any public or private grounds in performance of his duties under the provisions of this act. In case orders shall be issued for the destruction or treatment of infested plants, the owner, manager or agent of the nursery shall, within a reasonable time from the date of such order, destroy such plants as shall be ordered destroyed and make such treatment within the time specified in the order, or be subject to the penalty provided in section five of this act. Sec. 2. All nurserymen shall register with the state entomologist each year, on or before July first, and make application for inspection, and fur- nish such data on such blanks as the state entomologist shall prescribe and furnish. In case a nurseryman shall fail to make such application on or before July first, he shall pay to the state entomologist the cost of such inspection. All firms, stores and individuals who shall sell but shall not grow nursery stock, shall be classed as dealers, and shall, each year, on or before March first, register with the state entomologist, giving the chief sources of their nursery stock and such data as he may require, on such forms as he may prescribe and furnish, and the state entomologist may issue a permit allowing such dealer to sell such nursery stock. Each nursery out- side the state, before shipping nursery stock into the state, shall file with the state entomologist a copy of a valid inspection certificate and the state entomologist may issue a permit allowing such nursery to ship stock into the state. The state entomologist shall keep a record of all money received as costs for inspection, and such money shall be deposited with the state treasurer. Sec. 3. The state entomologist shall issue to regular nurseries certificates, valid until the first day of August following the date of issue and covering INSPECTION OF NURSERIES 233 the stock inspected and such other stock as shall have been received under valid certificates of inspection ; may issue temporary permits covering cer- tain portions thereof, and permits to dealers. All such certificates and permits may be revoked for cause. Nursery stock which shall not have been inspected or stock from a nursery not holding a valid certificate of inspection shall not be sold or transported, and transportation companies shall refuse to accept any shipment not bearing such certificate or some form of permit issued by the state entomologist, and all nurserymen shall furnish a certificate, and all dealers a permit, to accompany each package of stock sold or transported, but no provision of this act shall prevent or render liable any individual or firm who shall transport stock from his field or property to another field or property belonging to or operated by him, when such stock is not to be immediately sold or offered for sale and when such transportation shall not violate any established federal or state embargo or quarantine regulations. Sec. 4. For the purposes of this act, any place at which hardy trees, shrubs and vines shall be propagated or grown out of doors for commercial purposes, shall be considered a nursery, and such stock shall be regarded as nursery stock; hardy herbaceous perennial plants, including strawberry plants, may be subject to the same provisions regarding inspection and pest control, if, in the opinion of said state entomologist, it shall seem desirable to control the movement of such plants. Florists' ordinary plants, unless woody and field-grown, shall not be included. Sec. 5. Any person who shall interfere with the state entomologist or his deputy or assistant in the performance of his duties under the provisions of this act, or any person, firm or corporation who shall violate any of the provisions hereof, shall be fined not more than fifty dollars. Any person aggrieved by any order issued under the provisions of this act may appeal to the superior court, or to any judge thereof if said court shall not be in session, and said court or such judge may grant such relief or issue such order or judgment in the premises as to equity may appertain. Sec. 6. Section 21 19 of the general statutes is repealed. (Approved June 24, 1925O As this act gives the State Entomologist authority to make rules and regulations and to prescribe forms for certificates and per- mits, the following regulations have been adopted and were printed together with the law as Bulletin of Immediate Information No. 50, under date of July 15, 1925, and a copy sent out with each certificate and permit issued. The forms for certificate and per- mits are included here for reference. The regulations are as follows : Nursery Certificates The original certificate issued by the State Entomologist under Chapter 265, Public Acts of 1925, is to be kept in the nursery- man's possession, and is not to be attached to any package of nursery stock. It applies to the whole nursery which has been inspected and to such purchased stock as has been received from other nurseries under the certificate of a state or government officer. If any stock is received from outside the state unaccom- panied by such a certificate, the State Entomologist should be noti- fied at once so that it may be inspected. 234 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 275 An exact transcript of the certificate including- number and date may be printed on labels or tags for shipping- and must be attached to each package sent out of the nursery. An additional statement, made by the owner, that the stock has been fumigated, will be required in many states. The law now requires that the inspection certificate be attached to every package shipped to points both within the State of Connecticut and outside. Please see that a copy always accompanies each sale whether shipped by freight, express, mail, automobile or whether carried away by the purchaser. After the date of expiration, which is a part of each certificate, the document becomes invalid and should not be attached to any box, bale or package. The nurseryman has no right to change the date or any other portion of the certificate. 9 9 9 £2«$SKi 9 9 m CONNECTICUT AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION £ J NURSERY INSPECTION AND REGISTRATION J 1 CERTIFICATE I I * 9 9 $ "?3r)ts Is to Certlfr that_ % £ . ■ t 5 of Conn., has registered as a Nurseryman, that 5? the nursery stock has been duly examined in compliance with the provisions of Chapter 265, of the Public 9 S Acts of 1925, and that it is apparently free from dangerously injurious insects and plant diseases. J This certificate expires August 1 , 1 92 *St 9 9 9 I dtfr State Entomologist S& Fig. 38. — Facsimile of nursery inspection and registration certificate, less than two-thirds size. The improper use or abuse of a certificate will not be tolerated, and the certificate may be revoked for cause. Duplicate copies of certificates for filing in other states will be furnished on request of the nurseryman. Dealer's Permits The original permit issued by the State Entomologist under Chapter 265, Public Acts of 1925, should be kept in the dealer's INSPECTION OF NURSERIES 235 possession and is not to be attached to any package or shipment of nursery stock, though copies may be made for this purpose. These may be typewritten or printed and a copy must go with each separate sale from stores, and with each shipment or package of nursery stock transported. This copy must be an exact tran- script, and must include number, date of issue and of expiration. After the expiration date, the permit becomes invalid and should not be used. The dealer has no right to alter the date or any other portion of the permit. This permit may be revoked for improper use or abuse, and for not complying with the law. Shipper's Permits The shipper's permit is issued to nurserymen in other states who file applications and duplicate signed copies of their state inspection certificates. The original permit should be kept, and a copy (typed or printed) together with a copy of the inspection certificate of the state in which the nursery is situated should accompany each shipment into Connecticut. Package Certificates Occasionally individuals and firms not in the nursery business wish to ship a few trees or shrubs but cannot do so without inspec- tion certificates. If such materials can be inspected by our men on their usual trips without extra travel and expense, this will be done on request, as an accommodation. Other inspections may be arranged by special appointment, or plants can be sent to the Station with address and postage for forwarding, and here they will be examined and sent along. The U. S. Postal Laws and Regulations, Section 467, paragraph 2, governs the mailing of plants and plant products, and reads as follows : "Nursery stock, including all field-grown florists' stock, trees, shrubs, vines, cuttings, grafts, scions, buds, fruit pits and other seeds of fruit and ornamental trees or shrubs, and other plants and plant products for propa- gation, except field, vegetable and flower seeds, bedding plants and other herbaceous plants, bulbs and roots, may be admitted to the mails only when accompanied with a certificate from a State or Government inspector to the effect that the nursery or premises from which such nursery stock is shipped has been inspected within a year and found free from injurious insects, and plant diseases, and the parcel containing such nursery stock is plainly marked to show the nature of the contents and the name and address of the sender." Such materials may be mailed without certificate to any Agri- cultural Experiment Station or to the United States Department of Agriculture. Florists' plants (not woody, field-grown) and vegetable or other annual herbaceous plants do not require cer- tificates but must be plainly marked as to contents, origin and destination. Package certificates apply only to the contents of 236 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 275 the packages on which they are placed, and the contents of which have been examined. Quarantines Both state and Federal quarantines prohibit the movement of nursery stock and forest products from the area quarantined on account of gipsy and brown-tail moths to any point outside of that area, without inspection and certificate. Federal Inspectors will be stationed at convenient points to cover the quarantined area of the state. Applications for such inspections may be made to the nearest Federal Inspector or to the following : Mr. D. M. Rogers, 408 Atlantic Avenue, Boston, Mass. In charge of Federal gipsy moth quarantine inspection service. Dr. W. E. Britton, State Entomologist, Agr. Exp. Sta., New Haven, Conn. In charge of state gipsy moth quarantine inspection service. Circular letters were issued to nurserymen and dealers, and notices published in Connecticut newspapers calling attention to the new law and its provisions. The law provides that all nursery certificates shall expire on August 1 of each year. All dealer's permits have been made to expire on December 31, and all shipper's permits are valid during the period covered by the certificates issued to the nurseries by their respective States. Inspection Work The annual inspection of growing nursery stock was begun July 7, and most of it was completed by October 15, though a few applied afterward and these inspections were made later. This work was in charge of Mr. M. P. Zappe, who was assisted by Messrs. J. L. Rogers, and G. T. Thompson, and Dr. W. R. Hunt of the Botany Department. Mr. B. H. Walden inspected two nur- series and W. E. Britton, one; Messrs. R. B. Friend and R. C. Botsford, each helped one or two days, and Mr. E. M. Stoddard of the Botany Department helped inspect two nurseries. In one large forest plantation from which trees were sold, Messrs. W. O. Filley, H. W. Hicock, J. E. Riley, Jr., R. Gregory Belcher and Thomas H. Vance of the Forestry Department, assisted. In addition to the inspections made by the nursery inspectors, the gipsy moth scouts were instructed to make careful examina- tions for gipsy moth eggs in and around all nurseries in the quar- antined area, and to report promptly to the office in case any were found. No gipsy moth infestations were discovered in or near any Connecticut nursery in 1925. In 34 nurseries no important pests were found. A list of insect pests and plant diseases found in nurseries during the annual inspection of 1925, together with the number of nurseries infested by each, is given below : INSPECTION OF NURSERIES 237 List of Pests Found in Nurseries in 1925 Nurseries uninfested 34 Aphids, apple, green 10 woolly 11 cherry 1 on larch 1 spruce gall, Chermes abietis 27 cooleyi 19 on willows 1 Apple and thorn skeletonizer ... 8 Birch bucculatrix 1 Borer, bronze birch 1 lilac 4 poplar 1 willow 2 Cherry and pear slug 1 Curculio, poplar and willow .... 1 Elm leaf beetle 5 European pine shoot moth 1 Fall webworm 6 Lace bugs on Crataegus 1 rhododendron .... 6 Laspeyresia molcsta 11 Leafhoppers on apple 18 lilac 1 Mite, box 1 Mite, European red 3 pear blister 9 on silver maple 1 spruce 6 Red-humped caterpillar 2 Sawfly, Diprion simile 1 pine 1 Scale, elm 8 oak gall scale (Kenncs) . . 2 pitmaking 1 oyster-shell 38 pine-leaf 4 rose 3 San Jose 32 scurfy 1 tulip tree 6 white elm 1 Tarnished plant bug 2 Tent caterpillar 1 White grubs 1 White pine weevil 5 Willow leaf beetle, Imported Pla'giodera vcrsicolora 6 Lina scripta 1 Yellow-necked caterpillar I PLANT DISEASES Apple scab 30 Black knot 1 Brown rot 1 Canker, poplar 34 Crown gall 3 Fire blight 3 Leaf spot on catalpa 3 pear 1 quince 2 rose 6 Mildew on apple 7 catalpa 15 cherry 1 grapes 16 Mildew on horsechestnut 2 lilac 7 rose 33 spiraea 1 Peach yellows 1 Raspberry anthracnose 1 mosaic 6 Rust on hawthorn 1 white pine blister .on Ribcs 7 cedar (on apple) 35 (.on cedar) 1 sweet fern (on pine) 1 on willows 1 From an examination of the preceding list it will be seen that the oyster-shell scale still continues to be the commonest pest found in Connecticut nurseries, occurring in 38 of them. The next most comrhon pests in order of their abundance are as fol- lows : cedar rust on apple, 35 nurseries ; poplar canker, 34 nur- series ; mildew on rose, 33 nurseries ; San Jose scale, 32 nurseries ; apple scab, 30 nurseries; spruce gall aphid, Chermes abietis, 27 nurseries, and Chermes cooleyi, 19 nurseries. ^38 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 275 In order to show how the figures of 1925 correspond with those of preceding years, the following table gives the data for the past eight years, as reported by the inspectors : Eight Year Record of Serious and Common Nursery Pests Pest 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 Oyster-shell scale 39 38 38 36 44 42 44 38 San Jose scale 18 19 11 28 19 20 32 32 Spruce gall aphids 15 19 21 31 21 28 40 27 White pine weevil 5 5 1 1 19 17 5 5 Apple and thorn skeletonizer 1 18 2 8 Poplar canker 6 5 13 21 31 34 25 34 Pine blister rust (on Ribes) ... 1 .. .. 2 9 6 8 7 Nurseries uninfested 32 32 46 36 36 32 33 34 It may be seen from the table that in 1925, the two species of spruce gall aphids together form the commonest pest in Con- necticut nurseries, and must be given some treatment to hold them in check. The oyster-shell scale, however, is and has been for the past eight years the commonest single species pest, though the past season the pine blister rust (on Ribes), the poplar canker and the San Jose scale are not far behind. It is hoped that we can soon issue a bulletin on insect pests of the nursery, giving direc- tions for control, so that the Connecticut nurserymen will know just what treatments will hold these pests in check. Number of Nurseries The operation of the new law requiring nurserymen to register has brought to light many new nurseries, that heretofore were unknown to the State Entomologist. During the season of 1925. 160 nurseries have been inspected. Of this number 153 have received regular certificates ; two of these were inspected twice. once in the spring and again in the fall ; three have informed this office since the inspection that they have discontinued the business. Three have been instructed regarding slight infestations, but have not notified this office that the directions have been carried out. In addition to these inspections and certificates, 118 separate parcels of nursery stock have been inspected and package certifi- cates furnished; also 143 duplicate certificates have been furnished the regular nurserymen for filing in other States. The total area of Connecticut nurseries in 1925 is about 2,731 acres, and the list contains 151 names, as follows: Nursery Firms in Connecticut Receiving Certificates in 1925 Ho. of Certificate Cer- Name of Firm Address Acreage Issued tificate Amelunxen & De Wyn Yalesville 2 Aug. 5 12 Baby Blue Spruce Gardens . . New Milford 1 Sept. 5 66 Barnes Bros. Nursery Co. .. Yalesville and Durham 150 Aug. 17 22 INSPECTION OF NURSERIES 239 No. of Certificate Cer- NameofFirm Address Acreage Issued tificate Barnes Nursery & Orchard Co. Wallingford 50 Oct. 20 129 Barton Nursery Hamden 1 Sept. 4 60 Benbow, A Norfolk 1 Sept. 14 85 Berkshire Nurseries (C. B. Myers, Mgr.) Milford 10 Dec. 12 150 Bernson, Gosta M Cromwell 1 Aug. 5 16 Bertolf Brothers Greenwich 45 Aug. 21 31 Booy, H. W Yalesville 2 Aug. 6 17 Brainard Nursery & Seed Co. Thompsonville 10 Aug. 26 40 Braley & Co Burnside 2 Aug. 24 2>7 Branford Nurseries (2) .... Branford 4 Sept. 5 64 Bretschneider, A Danielson 1 Sept. 16 88 Bridgeport Hydraulic Co. .. Bridgeport 650 Sept. 28 105 Bristol Nurseries, Inc Bristol 20 Sept. 16 87 Brooklawn Conservatories .. Bridgeport 1 Sept. 2 55 Brouwer's Nurseries New London 2 Aug. 20 29 Brown, E. M Hartford 2 Oct. 13 122 Burr & Co., C. R Manchester 500 July 23 1 Burroughs, Thos. E Deep River 4 Sept. 1 46 Cant, Alexander Springdale 1 Nov. 7 141 Cardarelli, E. J Cromwell 2 Aug. 3 10 Chapman, C. B Groton 1 Oct. 10 118 Chapman, C. E No. Stonington 2 Sept. 2 52 Clinton Nurseries (Warren Richards, Mgr.) Clinton 2 Sept. 17 91 Conine Nursery Co Stratford 50 Aug. 19 26 Conn. Agricultural College (Prof. S. P. Hollister) ... Storrs 1 Aug. 21 32 Conn. Agr. Expt. Station (W. O. Filley, Forester) . . New Haven 1 Sept. 30 107 .Corrigan, James J West Haven 1 Sept. 22 101 Courtland Avenue Nurseries (A. Pedersen, Prop.) .... Stamford 1 Sept. 10 76 Cross Highway Nurseries . . Westport 6 Dec. 10 147 Curtis, E. D Bantam 3 Dec. 18 151 Dallas, Inc., Alexander Waterbury 5 Sept. 21 97 Dawson's Nursery Willimantic 1 Sept. 14 84 Dowd, Inc., F. C Madison 2 Nov. 10 143 Dunlap, Daniel S Cromwell 3 Aug. 3 8 Eager, Edward M Bridgeport 1 Dec. 5 145 East Rock Nursery (S. Pal- mieri, Prop.) New Haven 1 Sept. 12 80 Edgewood Nursery New Haven 1 Oct. 23 135 Edgewood Nursery, Vidal, Mackintosh, Inc Stamford 1 Oct. 10 120 Eells & Sons Manchester 1 Aug. 13 19 Eldredge, C. F Niantic 1 Nov. 18 144 Elm City Nursery Co., Wood- New Haven and Wood- mont Nurseries, Inc mont 100 Aug. 31 42 Elm Grove Cemetery Asso- ciation Mystic 1 Oct. 23 132 Engelhardt, Paul Wallingford 1 Sept. 22 100 Ensign-Bickford Co Simsbury 10 Dec. 10 148 Evergreen Nursery Co Wilton 12 Aug. 21 30 Fraser's Nurseries Willimantic 2 Sept. 1 48 Galligan, C. W North Haven (Address West Haven) .... 1 Oct. 14 124 240 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 275 No. of Certificate Cer- Name of Firm Address Acreage Issued tificate Gardner's Nurseries Rocky Hill 22 July 28 4 Geduldig's Greenhouses Norwich and Ledyard 2 Sept. 10 74 Geremia, Frank Yalesville 1 Oct. 23 133 Geremia, Joseph Yalesville 1 Aug. 5 11 Glen Terrace Nursery (J. H. Everett, Prop.) Mount Carmel 14 Nov. 10 142 Golden Hill Nursery (A. Johnson, Prop.) Shelton 1 Oct. 2 in Hanford, R. G Norwalk 1 Oct. 2 112 Hansen, Peter Fairfield 2 Sept. 3 57 Heath & Co Manchester 5 July 23 2 Hilliard, H. J Sound View 1 July 28 5 Hiti Nurseries (J. H. Bow- ditch, Prop.) Pomf ret Center 8 Aug. 22 36 Holcomb, Irving Simsbury 1 Aug. 7 18 Holdridge, S. E Ledyard (Address Norwich) 2 Sept. 2 53 Hoogendoorn, C Yalesville 1 Aug. 5 14 Horan & Son, Jas Bridgeport 2 Sept. 19 95 Houston's Nurseries Mansfield 10 Oct. 20 130 Hoyt's Sons Co., Inc., The Stephen New Canaan 400 Aug. 31 43 Hubbard, C. S Cromwell 1 Aug. 31 41 Hull, Curtis M Wallingford 1 Oct. 23 134 Hunt & Co., W. W Hartford 10 Aug. 31 44 Intravaia, Joseph Middletown 1 Sept. 21 98 Jennings, G. S Southport 1 Nov. 3 138 Jones, William Norwalk 1 Oct. 15 126 Kelley, James J New Canaan and Darien 9 Sept. 12 83 Kerner, Eugene Woodbury 7 Sept. 22 103 Keso Nursery (J. J. Kelsey, Prop. ) Clinton 1 Sept. 4 63 Keystone Nurseries (H. H. Kellner, Prop.) Danbury 1 Sept. 10 75 Leghorn, John J Cromwell 2 .Aug. 3 9 Long Hill Nursery (John Eckner, Prop.) Burnside 1 Oct. 7 115 Malavasi & Son, Sam New Haven 1 Oct. 19 128 Mallett Co., Geo. A Bridgeport 1 Sept. 17 90 Maplewood Nurseries (T. H. Peabody, Prop.) Norwich 1 Oct. 15 125 Marigold Farm (H. Kelley, Prop.) New Canaan 5 Oct. 2 108 Marshall, Robert Wethersfield 1 Oct. 2 no Meier, A. R West Hartford 1 Aug. 22 34 Merwin Lane Nursery Fairfield 2 Sept. 10 77 Middeleer, Charles Darien 10 Sept. 19 96 Millane Tree Expert Co. ... Middletown 1 Sept. 9 73 Morgan, Wm. F No. Stonington (Address Westerly, R. I.) 3 Oct. 13 123 New Haven Nurseries (L. A. Soldan, Prop.) New Haven 1 Oct. 7 114 New Haven Park Commission- ers (G X. Amrhyn, Swv-.) New Haven 16 Sept. 9 71 Newington Gardens Newington 2 Aug. 22 35 INSPECTION OF NURSERIES 241 No. of Certificate Cer- Name of Firm Address Acreage Issued tificate New London Cemetery Assn. (E. E. Rogers, Pres.) New London 1 Aug. 20 27 New London County Nurseries (W. J. Schoonman, Prop.) New London 4 Sept. 5 69 New London Greenhouses and Nursery, Inc. (Geo. A. Gorton, Receiver) New London Nicolson & Thurston Litchfield North-Eastern Forestry Co. . Cheshire 40 Norwich Nursery (O. E. Ryther, Prop. ) Norwich Norwood Nursery Hamden Nott Plant Co Meriden Oakland Nurseries Manchester Outpost Nurseries (L. D. Conley, Prop.) Ridgefield Ouwerkerk & Van der Stam Yalesville Park Gardens Bridgeport Pequod Nursery Co Yalesville i< Perry, Wilfred S Waterbury Phelps & V. T. Hammer Co., The J. W Branf ord Pierson, Inc., A. N Cromwell Plumley, D. L Clintonville Polish Orphanage Farm .... New Britain Pomeroy, Edwin C Northville Reumann, Theodore Stamford Ridgefield Florist & Nursery Co. (W. Pinchbeck, Prop.) (2) Ridgefield 2 Sept. 16 89 Rockfall Nursery Co. (P. Mar- otta, Prop.) Rockfall Rowayton Greenhouses, Inc. Rowayton Rushworth, Edwin Yalesville Russell, C. B Newington Saxe & Floto Waterbury Schaeffer Bros. Nursery .... Ledyard Scheepers, Inc., John Stamford Scott's Nurseries Hartford Sierman, C. H Hartford Southport Nursery (L. Coari, Prop. ) Southport South Wilton Nurseries .... South Wilton State Forest Nursery (A. F. Hawes, State Forester) . . Weatogue State Street Nursery New Haven Steck, Chas. A Newtown Steck, Harold W Farmington Steck, Mrs. Sarah B Bethel Stratfield Nurseries Bridgeport 15 Stratford Florist Co. (C. A. Cooper, Prop.) Stratford 1 Sept. 12 81 Stratford Rose Nurseries (John Barrow, Prop.) ... Stratford 1 Sept. 3 58 Sunny Ridge Nursery (C. A. Steck, Jr., Prop.) Bethel 6 Sept. 22 102 I I 40 Oct. 21 Sept. 6 July 31 131 67 7 6 1 1 5 Oct. 29 Oct. 3 Oct. 8 July 23 137 113 116 3 50 15 1 1 Sept. 18 Aug. 5 Nov. 5 July 31 Oct. 2 93 13 140 6 109 2 60 1 1 1 1 Sept. 30 Aug. 17 Sept. 4 Sept. 11 Sept. 5 Oct. 10 106 23 61 78 65 119 50 Aug. 13 21 1 Sept. 5 70 1 Aug. 5 15 1 Oct. 9 117 1 Oct. 23 136 3 Aug. 17 24 14 Sept. 2 56 5 Dec. 8 146 8 Aug. 26 38 10 Aug. 21 33 3 Sept. 1 47 2 Sept. 12 82 2 Sept. 1 50 6 Oct. 13 121 1 Sept. 22 99 1 Sept. 28 104 15 Nov. 3 139 242 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 275 No. of Certificate Cer- Name of Firm Address Acreage Issued tificate Szirbik & Co., Geo New Haven 1 Oct. 16 127 Tanner's Nursery Co Manchester 4 Aug. 26 39 Thomas, D. W Highwood 1 Sept. 14 86 Tow Path Gardens (S. W. Eddy, Prop.) Avon 1 Dec. 10 149 Upson, R. E Marion 2 Sept. 17 92 Vanderbrook & Son, Chas. L. Manchester 11 Aug. 13 20 Van Wilgen Nurseries ....... Branford 7 Sept. 2 54 VasilefT, Nicholas Greenwich 1 Sept. 4 62 Verkade's Nurseries New London, Lyme and Chesterfield . . 20 Aug. 20 28 Wallace Nursery Wallingford 5 Sept. 4 59 Wayside Farm Gardens .... Thomaston 1 Sept. 5 68 Wheeler, Chas. B No. Stonington 2 Sept. 2 51 Wilcox, Harry D Avon 1 Sept. 11 79 Wild, Henry Greenwich and Nor- walk 20 Sept. 1 45 Wilson & Co., C. E Manchester 75 Aug. 19 25 Woodruff, C. V Orange 1 Sept. 18 94 Yale University, School of Forestry New Haven 2 Sept. 1 49 Zack Co., H. J Deep River 5 Sept. 9 72 Total, 151 nurseries 2,731 acres Inspection of Raspberry Plantations A number of raspberry growers and nurserymen applied for inspections in order to obtain certificates for plants free from mosaic. Consequently two inspections of each were made by Entomologists and Botanists of n plantations, mostly in nurseries. Some of these plantations contained too much mosaic to grant certificates, but six special certificates were granted, as follows : Special Certificates on Raspberry Plants No. of Certificate Cer- Name of Firm Address Variety Issued tificate Barnes Nursery & Orchard Co. Wallingford j 5.e$er' Sept 28 7 J a I St. Regis Burr & Co., C. R Manchester, f l^jfej Sept. 30 11 f Cuthbert Conine Nursery Co., F. E. ...Stratford .. "I Kansas Sept. 28 8 L St. Regis Long Hill Nursery (John Eckner, Prop.) Burnside . . . St. Regis Sept. 28 10 f Columbian J Cuthbert Rockfall Nursery Co Rockfall ... i Kansas Sept. 28 6 I Plum Farmer [ St. Regis Scheepers, Inc., John Stamford... LaFrance Sept. 28 9 inspection of nurseries 243 Nursery Dealers As provided by the new law, dealers in nursery stock must also register, and notices and application blanks were sent out to all addresses of dealers that could be obtained, and notices were pub- lished in the newspapers, calling- attention to the provisions of the new law. As a result, 57 dealers' permits were issued for the six months from July 1, when the new law went into effect, until STATE OF CONNECTICUT No eSKK.aEil. 192 CONNECTICUT AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION DEALER'S PERMIT T5l>ls U to C«rtlfj that of has registered as a dealer in nursery stock as provided in Chapter 265, Public Acts of 1925, and is therefore authorized to buy, sell, and transport stock within the State. Not valid after 192 State Entomcloglst Fig. 39. — Facsimile of dealer's permit, less than two-thirds size. December 31. These permits were issued only for the remainder of the current year. The list of dealers is not included in this Report, though a facsimile of the permit is shown in Figure 39. Out-of-State Shippers Following the provisions of the new law, nurserymen in other states wishing to ship nursery stock into Connecticut are required to file copies of their inspection certificates with the State Entomo- logist, and receive permits allowing them to ship stock into the State. Application blanks were sent to all nurserymen who filed certificates and to others whom we thought might wish to fill Connecticut orders. The requirements of the new law have also been published in the nursery journals. The permit issued to each 244 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 275 firm covered the same period as the inspection certificate filed by that firm. For the six months from July 1, when the new law became operative, until December 31, 107 such permits have been STATE OF CONNECTICUT No . .WtMwTh 192 CONNECTICUT AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION SHIPPER'S PERMIT T3l)is Is to Certify that has complied wilh the requirements of Chapter 265, Public Acts of 1925, and is therefore permitted to ship nursery stock into the State of Connecticut. Not valid after 192 Stale Entomologist Fig. 40. — Facsimile of shipper's permit, less than two-thirds size. issued. They are called "shipper's permits" and a facsimile is shown in Figure 40. The list of nurserymen receiving them is not published in this Report. INSPECTION OF IMPORTED NURSERY STOCK The nursery stock entering Connecticut from foreign countries during 1925 has been fruit and rose seedlings for propagation. This stock has been inspected as in preceding years mostly by Mr. Zappe, though assisted at certain times by Messrs. Walden and Rogers. The number of shipments, cases and plants was less than in 1924, as shown in the table below which gives the statistics for the past six years : No. of No. of No. of Year Shipments Cases Plants 1920 17 87 814,491 1921 21 126 1,228,560 1922 30 159 1,997.595 1923 35 179 1,981,895 1924 33 313 3,489,170 1925 27 277 2,977,346 INSPECTION OF IMPORTED NURSERY STOCK 245 These 27 shipments were imported by eight different Con- necticut firms, 18 of them being consigned to two firms. Of the total number, 16 shipments contained rose stocks and 10 ship- ments contained fruit stocks. One shipment contained both fruit and rose stocks. The time required to inspect this stock is equivalent to one man working 40 days and this time, together with the cost of travel and other necessary expenses, amounts to about $500.00. Of this material, 1,233,334 plants were rose stocks and 1,754,- 012 were fruit stocks, the number of each variety being shown in the following table : FRUIT STOCK Variety No. Plants Total Apple 755,512 Apple, dwarf (Doucin) 6,000 Cherry 545,ooo Pear 195,000 Plum 191,000 Quince 61,500 1,754012 ROSE STOCK Rosa manetti 1,109,750 Rosa rugosa 1 13,584 1,223,334 2,977,346 Though the greatest number of shipments came from Hol- land, the greatest number of cases and plants came from France as the following table will show : SOURCES OF IMPORTED NURSERY STOCK, I924-I925 Country No. Shipments No. Cases No. Plants France 10 167 1,904,000 Holland 14 105 999,584 England 2 4 73-750 Canada 1 I 12 27 277 2,977,346 The following table shows the quantities of stock as inspected by months : Month No. Shipments No. Cases No. Plants November 1 2 15,000 December 2 21 217,500 January 8 32 307,734 February 3 34 365.600 March 2 18 180,000 April 8 152 1,701,500 May 3 18 190,012 27 277 2,977,346 246 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 275 In addition to the material tabulated above, there were ig shipments containing 25 packages of seeds, mostly of trees and palms, which were not inspected in Connecticut. Of the 27 shipments inspected, 18 shipments or 66 per cent, were found infested with insects or plant diseases. One of them, Aporia crataegi Linn., on apple and pear stock from France, is considered a dangerous insect pest, which should be kept out of the United States if possible. Details regarding the pests dis- covered in these shipments are given below : PESTS FOUND ON IMPORTED NURSERY STOCK 18 Shipments Infested. Insects Acronycta rumicis Linn., on cherry stock. (1 shipment.) Andre Choplin, •Angers, France. Aporia crataegi Linn., on apple stock. (3 shipments.) Franco-American Seedling Co., Angers, France; Andre Choplin, Maze, France (on pear and apple stock). Calophasia lunula fiubner, on pear stock. (1 shipment.) Andre Choplin, Maze, France. Emphytus cinctus Linn., on rose stock. (13 shipments.) Fa. As. Ouwer- kerk, Boskoop, Holland; Walter C. Slocock, Woking, England; M. Gielen, Oudenbosch, Holland ; Oudyk Bros., Boskoop, Holland ; H. H. Woldering, Veendam, Holland; B. Ruys, Ltd., Dedens- vaart, Holland; Andre Choplin, Angers, France. Gelechiidae sp. on cherry. Andre Choplin, Angers, France. Lepidopterous cocoon, on apple. Andre Choplin, Maze, France. Leptocryptus lacustris Sch., on quince. Andre Choplin, Angers, France. N otolophus antiqua Linn., egg mass on apple leaf. (1 shipment.) Franco- American Seedling Co., Angers, France. Plant Diseases Crown Gall on rose stocks. (2 shipments.) M. Gielen, Oudenbosch, Hol- land; Andre Choplin, Angers, France. INSPECTION OF APIARIES IN 1925 In 1925, as for several years past, the apiary inspection work has been done by Messrs. H. W. Coley of Westport and A. W. Yates of Hartford, on a per diem basis. Mr. Coley covers the southern half of the State (Fairfield, New Haven, Middlesex and New London Counties), and Mr. Yates the northern half (Litchfield, Hartford, Tolland and Windham Counties). This work required a total of 130 man days and the entire cost for the season was $1,881.45. Fewer apiaries were inspected in 1925 than in 1924, though the apiaries averaged slightly larger than last year. The follow- ing table shows the number of apiaries and colonies inspected and the average number of colonies per apiary for each year in Connecticut, since the inspection work was commenced in 1910. INSPECTION OF APIARIES 247 SIXTEEN YEAR RECORD OF APIARY INSPECTION IN CONNECTICUT / Average Average No. of No. of No. Colonies Cost of Inspection Year Apiaries Colonies Per Apiary Per Apiary Per Colony I9IO 208 1,595 7-6 $2.40 .28 191 1 162 i,57i 9-7 1.99 .21 1912 153 i,43i 9-3 I.96 .21 1913 189 1,500 7-9 I.63 .21 1914 463 3,882 8.38 I.62 .19 1915 494 4,241 8.58 i-5i •175 I916 467 3,8o8 8-34 1.61 .19 1917 473 4,5o6 9-52 1.58 .166 I9I8 395 3,047 7.8 1-97 •25 1919 723 6,070 1 1.2 2-45 •29 1920 762 4,797 6-5 2.565 .41 I921 75i 6,972 9.2 2.638 -24 1922 797 8.007 10.04 2.60 •257 1923 725 6,802 9-38 2-55 .27 1924 953 8,929 9-4 2.42 •25 1925 766 8,257 10:7 2-45 .22 In 1925, apiaries were inspected in 118 towns against 142 in 1924 and 119 towns in 1923. Inspections were made in the following 16 towns in 1925 which were not visited in 1924 : Fairfield County : Bethel ; Middlesex County : Saybrook ; New London County : Lyme ; Litchfield County: Harwinton and New Hartford: Hartford County: Bloomfield, East Granby, East Windsor, Granby, Hartford, Marl- borough, Suffield, Windsor and Windsor Locks ; Tolland County : Hebron ; Windham County : Scotland. On the other hand, the following 41 towns where inspections were made in 1924, were not visited by the inspectors in 1925 : Fair- field County: Brookfield, Fairfield, Monroe, Newtown, Stratford, Trumbull, and Weston; New Haven County: Branford, East Haven, Hamden, Milford, New Haven, North Branford, Orange, West Haven, Wolcott and Woodbridge ; Middlesex County : Mid- dlefield ; New London County : Ledyard, New London, and North Stonington ; Litchfield County : Bridgewater, New Milford, Rox- bury, Washington, Woodbury; Hartford County: Enfield, New Britain, Plainville, and Southington ; Tolland County : Andover, Ellington, Somers, Stafford, Tolland, Union, Vernon, and Will- ington; Windham County: Ashford, Eastford, and Pomfret. European Foul Brood European foul brood is a bacterial disease of the young larvae caused by Bacillus pluton. It is more destructive in spring and early summer than at other periods of the year. The cell con- tents are usually not gelatinous or ropy, and though the odor of fermentation is generally present, it is not very offensive. The remedy is to requeen the diseased colonies with Italian queens, 248 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 275 and to build up strong- colonies by uniting- two or more weak colonies if deemed necessary. Of the 766 apiaries and 8,257 colonies inspected in 1925, 19 apiaries and 42 colonies were found infested with European foul brood. This is 2.48 per cent, of the apiaries and .507 per cent, of the whole number of colonies inspected during the season. This is a somewhat larger percentage of the apiaries and slightly smaller percentage of the colonies than were found infested by this disease in 1924. The following table shows the figures regarding European foul brood since the inspection began in 1910. RECORD OF EUROPEAN FOUL BROOD Percentage of Infestation Percentage of Infestation Year Apiaries Colonies Year Apiaries Colonies 19IO 75-9 49-7 I918 9.8 3-3 19II 5i-8 27.4 I919 6.6 1.2 1912 47-7 23-5 1920 43 i-S 1 9i 3 44-4 24-5 1921 3-9i 1.26 1914 32.6 13-9 1922 4.14 .85 1915 26.1 10.3 1923 2.34 .36 1916 18.8 7-05 1924 1.78 .526 1917 16.7 4.86 1925 2.48 •507 During 1925, European foul brood was found only in Nauga- tuck, New Haven County ; Lebanon, New London County ; Corn- wall, Watertown, and Winchester, Litchfield County; Canton, Granby, Marlborough, and Suffield, Hartford County; Hebron, Tolland County; Plainfield, Putnam, and Sterling, Windham County. None was found in Fairfield and Middlesex Counties. American Foul Brood American foul brood is also a bacterial disease of the larvae, caused by Bacillus larvae, but it attacks at a later stage of the brood development than does the European foul brood. It usually shows when the larvae are mature and pupating after the cells are sealed. The diseased cells become sunken, and if broken open, the contents have a peculiar ropy or stringy consistency and a very offensive odor. The remedy has been to shake into clean hives, destroy the infected combs, and disinfect the old hives. Now it is feasible to sterilize the combs by soaking them in an alcohol- formalin solution containing 20 per cent, formalin, after which they can safely be used. Of the 766 apiaries and 8,257 colonies inspected in 1925, 26 apiaries and 38 colonies were found diseased with American foul brood. This is 3.26 per cent, of the apiaries and .446 per cent, of the whole number of colonies inspected in 1925. This is a some- what larger percentage of infestation than has been found for several years, as the following table will show : INSPECTION OF APIARIES 249 RECORD OF AMERICAN FOUL BROOD Percentage of Infestation Percentage of Infestation Year Apiaries Colonies Year Apiaries Colonies I9IO 0 0 1918 I.OI •32 I9II 0 0 191 9 3- I.I 1912 0 0 1920 I.I8 •25 1913 0 0 1921 2-5 .56 1914 1.07 •7 1922 1.38 •27 1915 .8 .18 1923 •965 •323 1916 1.07 •15 1924 I.04 .22 1917 .42 •17 1925 3.26 .424 During 1925, American foul brood was found in Ridgefield, Stamford and Wilton, Fairfield County : Meriden, Wallingf ord, and Waterbury, New Haven County; Cromwell and East Haddam, Middlesex County; Norwich, New London County; Litchfield, Plymouth, and Torrington, Litchfield County ; Andover, Tolland County ; and Bristol and Manchester, Hartford County. None was found in Windham County. Sacbrood Sacbrood or pickled brood is a disease caused by a filterable virus, and is often mistaken for European or American foul brood. The larvae die about the time the cells are capped and lie on their backs with heads turned upward. The color, though variable, is often light yellow or brown with head nearly black. The body is swollen and the contents are watery, but there is no ropiness. The entire cell contents can readily be removed intact as if enclosed in a sac. Treatment for sacbrood consists in keeping bees from contact with infected honey, frames and hives, and in uniting weak col- onies to make strong ones. In 1925, sacbrood was found in 26 apiaries and 69 colonies. This is 3.39 per cent, of the apiaries, and .83 per cent, of the colonies examined. RECORD OF SACBROOD Percentage o f Infestation Percentage of Infestation Year Apiaries Colonies Year Apiaries Colonies 1910 0 0 1918 •253 .032 191 1 ■51 1919 I.24 .19 1912 Several 1920 I.I8 .229 1913 2.8 1921 I.06 • 157 1914 2-59 .721 1922 i-37 .187 1915 2.02 •47 1923 •53 .086 1916 • .428 .051 1924 1.78 •52 1917 I.48 .199 1925 3-39 .836 Paralysis Adult bees are sometimes sickly, and are said to have paralysis. The cause may be poisoning or several other conditions, and it is 250 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 275 usually impossible to give advice regarding treatment, partic- ularly until more is known about symptoms and conditions con- cerning the apiary. Statistics of Inspection The statistics of apiary inspection by towns and counties may be found on the following pages, with summary on page 253. Apiaries Colonies Foul Brood 1 own c iu a, en en w w e J- o U Fairfield County : Bethel 4 o 32 0 0 0 o 0 Danbury 2 1 44 8 0 0 8 0 Darien 7 1 46 1 o o 0 1 Easton 4 0 91 0 0 0 0 0 Greenwich 28 3 206 70070 New Canaan . . 12 1 103 6 0 o 6 0 Norwalk 6 o 53 0 0 0 0 o Redding 2 o 8 0 0 o 0 0 Ridgefield 4 1 16 1 1 0 0 0 Shelton . . . 1 0 28 o o o 0 0 Stamford 35 4 333 8 5 0 3 o Westport 1 o 7 o 0 0 o 0 Wilton .6 1 123 1 1 0 0 0 112 12 1,000 32 7 0 24 1 New Haven County: Beacon Falls ..2 027 o o 0 0 o Cheshire 7 0 81 0 0 0 0 0 Derby 3 1 22 1 o 0 1 0 Guilford 2 0 28 0 o o 0 0 Madison 2 1 26 1 1 o o 0 Meriden 24 0 195 0 o 0 0 o Naugatuck 2 2 31 6 0 3 3 0 North Haven . . 5 0 45 o 0 o 0 0 Prospect 2 o 16 0 o 0 0 0 Seymour 2 1 36 1 0 o 1 0 Wallingford . . 26 6 174 14 4 o 10 o Waterbury 2 1 89 3 3 0 o 0 79 12 770 26 8 3 15 0 Middlesex County: Chester 8 1 80 2 0 o 2 0 Clinton 5 4 62 19 3 o 16 0 Cromwell 2 0 66 0 o 0 o 0 Durham 8 2 98 3 2 0 0 1 East Haddam.. 7 0 120 o 0 0 0 0 East Hampton. 14 0 166 00000 Essex 4 ' 1 72 2 o 0 2 0 Haddam 40 68 00000 Killingworth ..2 1 9 3 o 0 3 0 Town INSPECTION OF APIARIES 25 I Apiaries Colonies Foul Brood ft I O I W I fc Middlesex County — cont.: Middletown ...5 I 27 1 0 0 0 1 Old Saybrook.. 8 1 72 2 o 0 2 0 Portland 5 0 38 0 o 0 0 o Saybrook 2 0 9 0 0 o 0 0 Westbrook ....1 1 4 1 o 0 1 0 71 12 891 33 5 0 26 2 New London County : Bozrah 4 o 142 00000 Colchester ....11 0 78 0 o o 0 0 East Lyme ....3 0 59 0 0 0 0 0 Franklin 2 o 104 00000 Griswold 5 0 130 00000 Groton 6 1 61 1 0 o 1 0 Lebanon 7 1 140 10300 Lisbon 2 o 32 0 0 o 0 0 Lyme 2 0 96 0 0 0 0 0 Montville 5 0 53 o 0' 0 0 0 Norwich 9 2 440 54010 Old Lyme 2 o 52 o 00 0 0 Preston 3 o 38 0 0 0 0 0 Salem 2 o 44 0 0 o 0 0 Sprague 1 0 16 0 0 o 0 0 Stonington ....7 0 83 o 0 0 0 0 Voluntown ....2 0 25 0 o 0 0 0 Waterford ....2 1 45 1 o 0 1 0 75 5 1-638 8 4 3 3 0 Litchfield County : Barkhamsted . . 6 1 37 2 0 2 0 0 Bethlehem ....6 1 22 3 0 3 0 o Canaan 1 0 7 0 0 0 o 0 Colebrook 5 0 34 0 0 0 0 o Cornwall 9 1 70 1 0 1 0 o Goshen 7 0 81 0 0 0 0 o Harwinton ....7 0 40 0 0 0 0 0 Litchfield 12 1 214 22000 Morris 4 0 39 0 0 0 0 o New Hartford. 13 0 76 0 0 0 o 0 Norfolk 4 0 25 0 o 0 o 0 North Canaan .4 080 0 0 0 0 o Plymouth 3 1 21 1 1 0 0 0 Salisbury 6 0 43 0 o 0 0 o Sharon 3 0 102 00000 Thomaston ....7 0 35 0 0 0 0 0 Torrington 16 1 95 1 1 0 o o Watertown .... 13 1 78 2 0 2 0 0 Winchester ... 15 1 96 2 0 2 0 0 141 8 1,195 14 4 10 0 o 252 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 275 Apiaries Colonies Foul Brood Town W w Hartford County : Avon 4 o 32 o 0 0 o 0 Berlin 12 o 183 o 0 0 0 o Bloomfield .... 6 0 143 00000 Bristol 14 1 74 5 4 o 1 0 Burlington 7 0 47 0 0 0 0 0 Canton 16 1 99 5 0 5 0 0 East Granby . . 6 033 o o o 0 o East Hartford. . 50 25 00000 East Windsor.. 10 19 00000 Farmington ...4 0 18 o 0 o 0 0 Glastonbury ... 13 o 166 00000 Granby 3 1 39 2 0 2 o 0 Hartford 3 0 22 o 0 o 0 o Hartland 1 o 125 00000 Manchester ... 14 1 no 33000 Marlborough ..2 1 41 3 o 3 0 • 0 Newington ....1 0 9 0 0 o 0 0 Rocky Hill ....4 o 32 0 0 o o o Simsbury 7 0 55 0 0 0 0 o South Windsor 30 33 00000 Suffield 14 2 102 30300 West Hartford. 20 o 165 00000 Wethersfield ..n 0 62 o o 0 0 0 Windsor 17 0 • 80 0 0 0 0 o Windsor Locks 70 27 00000 195 7 1,741 21 7 13 1 o Tolland County : Andover 1 1 6 3 3 0 o o Columbia 5 0 34 o 0 0 o 0 Coventry 6 o 81 0 0 0 0 0 Hebron 4 1 24 2 0 2 o 0 Mansfield 1 0 8 o 0 0 o 0 17 2 153 5 3 2 0 0 Windham County : Brooklyn 4 0 190 00000 Canterbury 3 0 33 o 0 0 0 0 Chaplin 3 o 21 o 0 o 0 0 Hampton 9 0 87 o 0 o 0 0 Killingly 7 0 32 o o 0 o o Plainfield 20 3 108 9 0 9 0 0 Putnam 5 1 49 T O I 0 0 Scotland 7 0 24 0 o 0 0 o Sterling 2 1 6 1 o 1 o 0 Thompson 6 0 70 0 0 0 0 0 Windham 7 0 86 0 o 0 0 0 Woodstock 3 0 73 0 0 o o 0 76 5 779 11 0 11 0 0 REPORT OF GIPSY MOTH WORK 253 County Fairfield 13 New Haven ... 12 Middlesex 14 New London ... 18 Litchfield 19 Hartford 25 Tolland 5 Windham 12 SUMMARY Apiaries Colonies Foul Brood 112 79 7i 75 141 195 17 76 Q 12 12 12 5 8 7 2 5 1,090 770 891 1,638 1. 195 i,74i 153 779 Q 32 26 33 8 14 21 5 u w 0 3 0 3 10 13 2 11 118 766 63 8,257 150 38 42 24 15 26 3 0 1 0 0 69 No. Apiaries No. Colonies Inspected 766 Infested with European foul brood 19 Per cent, infested 2.48 Infested with American foul brood 26 Per cent, infested 3.26 Infested with sacbrood Infested with bee paralysis Average number of colonies per apiary Cost of inspection Average cost per apiary Average cost per colony 26 3 8,257 42 •507 38 .446 69 3 10.7 $1,881.45 2.45 .22 REPORT OF THE GIPSY MOTH WORK Year Ending June 30, 1925. By John T. Ashworth and W. E. Britton. This work has been carried on as in preceding years by State and Federal agencies working in close and friendly co-operation. The Federal agencies have scouted the towns near and outside the margin of the infested area in order to prevent further spread, and the State appropriation for the most part has been expended within the area known to be infested. This close co-operation has rendered the work far more effective than could possibly result if both agencies worked independently. We hereby express our appreciation and thanks to Mr. A. F. Burgess and his assist- ant, Mr. H. L. Blaisdell, of the Bureau of Entomology. In the following pages will be found a brief account of the work done by both State and Federal forces in each town, arranged by counties. Under towns is mentioned only the number of infestations sprayed, but the amount of spraying done in each town may be learned from the table of statistics, pages 267-269, where the quantities of poison used are given (25 pounds of lead arsenate make 400 gallons of spray mixture). 254 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 275 A report on larvae and pupae is also given in the tables ; scout- ing for larvae is done both before and after spraying, around the colonies discovered during the winter. Most of the larvae here reported were found before spraying, and all such larvae and pupae were killed by hand. New Equipment Duing the year ending June 30, 1925, considerable new equip- ment was bought and some of the old renewed : 1,500 feet of new spray hose was purchased from the Acme Rubber Company, and a saving of ten cents- per foot effected by using couplings from old or leaky hose. The old Corona typewriter was turned in as part payment for a guaranteed second-hand Remington machine. The old Ford touring car was exchanged toward a new Dodge touring car. The two oldest Ford trucks were also turned in and replaced with new ones ; three new Ford trucks were added to the fleet, which now numbers nine Ford delivery trucks and one Dodge and one Buick, both touring cars. A Ford Dealer's cabinet with repair parts, one electric drill, one portable auto jack, and several small tools, such as wrenches, drills, screw drivers and hammers, have been added to the storehouse equipment. Details of the Work by Towns The following pages give a detailed account of the conditions in each town where work was done. windham county Brooklyn — 27 Infestations — 903 Egg-clusters. Brooklyn was scouted during September and October by State men. The town was found to be generally, although not heavily, infested. Egg-clusters were found in 57 different places (count- ing single egg-clusters and colonies). At three of the colonies, 407 or almost half of the total number of egg-clusters were found. Two of these infestations were found on land owned by Mr. Benham, in the southern or Wauregan corner of the town; one colony was found in woodland and a stonewall, the other in an orchard; 268 egg-clusters were found at these two places. One other large colony was found in an orchard owned by Mr. Salmon on Allen Hill. These three and 13 other colonies were sprayed in June by State men. Killingly — 43 Infestations — 1,676 Egg-clusters Killingly was used this year as a school in which to train men in this work for the Federal Bureau, as well as for the State. Most of the infestations found in the town were small for this REPORT OF GIPSY MOTH WORK 255 territory; there were only three colonies of over 100 egg-clusters each. One of these was found in a stonewall on land owned by Lewis Pringle, situated on the west shore of Old Killingly pond, and contained 290 egg-clusters. Another colony of 120 egg- clusters was found in an apple tree owned by Hiram Franklin, just south of Danielson, on what is known as the Green Hollow road. The last colony to be mentioned was one of 101 egg- clusters, found on a white oak and in a stonewall in Dayville on land owned by Stanley King. Twenty-one colonies were sprayed in May by a State crew. Plainfield — 21 Infestations — 428 Egg-clusters In Plainfield as in Killingly, the scouting was done by men who were being trained, both State and Federal men doing the work. Only two important colonies were found in the town. The largest was a colony of 101 egg-clusters in white oak growth near the north end of Moosup pond, owner unknown. The other was in shade trees and a stonewall on land owned by S. H. Dolly, about one mile east of Plainfield village, where 89 egg-clusters were found, most of them in the stonewall and all but one being old egg-clusters. Twelve of the colonies were sprayed by State men in June. Pomfret — 71 Infestations — 2,109 Egg-clusters Pomf ret was scouted early in the year by State crews. As in the last two years, infestations occurred in all parts of the town. About one-fourth of the total number of egg-clusters found were old ones (or hatched). Several infestations were found in stone- walls, but most of them were in woodland; the percentage of orchard infestations was very small in Pomfret this year. There were only three colonies where more than 100 egg-clusters were found; the largest was one of 436 egg-clusters, 191 trees in wood- land owned by Mr. Wetherbee in the extreme southwestern corner of the town being infested. The next largest colony was in two white oaks owned by Mr. McGinnes, about one mile east of Pom- fret station, where 280 egg-clusters were found. Another colony of 114 egg-clusters was found in woodland and a stonewall on land owned by Howard White, near Pomfret Landing. Twenty- four infestations were sprayed in June by State men. Putnam — 68 Infestations — 1,956 Egg-clusters Scouting in Putnam was completed October 31, and the results showed the town to be infested in about the same degree as last year. There were four colonies of more than 100 egg-clusters each, and four colonies of between 50 and 100 egg-clusters ; the 256 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 275 other colonies were mostly small ones. One of the largest col- onies was in three oak trees and a stonewall on land owned by Jerome Shippee, near the Putnam Town Farm, containing 189 egg-clusters. Another of 195 egg-clusters was found in an orchard owned by Miss Bertha White, on the State road to Prov- idence, just east of the Windham County Home. One of 127 egg-clusters was found on one white oak in a pasture owned by H. D. Dimond, in tlje East Putnam district. The fourth colony of 105 egg-clusters was found in a pasture owned by Frank E. C. Pearce; the egg-clusters were in one oak, one hickory and in a stonewall. Forty-two of the infestations were sprayed by State men during May and June. Scotland Scotland was scouted by a State crew the last of the season when the foliage was about half grown. This made the work slow and difficult, but the entire town was scouted and no infesta- tions found. Sterling — 2 Infestations — 82 Egg-clusters Federal men who were being trained scouted Sterling this year, and only two colonies of more than five egg-clusters each were found; both were in orchards near the FJiode Island line, just north of the railroad. One orchard was owned by A. Gibson, the other by H. M. Cook, and contained 11 and 16 egg-clusters respectively. Single egg-cluster infestations were scattered through the town, the greater portion being in the northern part. Both colonies were sprayed June 2 by State men. Thompson — 103 Infestations — 5,256 Egg-clusters In Thompson as in several towns in Windham County, the scouting was done by Federal men who were learning to do the work. The town was found infested throughout, and only three of the largest colonies are mentioned. One of 200 egg-clusters was found on roadside oaks near North Grosvenordale ; another of 175 egg-clusters was found in one apple tree in a pasture owned by A. J. Barvia, near the railroad just north of West Thompson station. A colony of 153 egg-clusters was found in an orchard and oak woodland owned by John Andrews in North Grosvenordale. By the time the spraying crews reached Thomp- son, the larvae were nearly full-grown, so only 22 of the infesta- tions were sprayed before the work stopped. Spraying and scouting for larvae was done by State men. report of gipsy moth work 257 Woodstock — 41 Infestations — 3,902 Egg-clusters About two-thirds of Woodstock was scouted by Federal men late in the year ; in fact egg-clusters were hatching when the work was stopped. None of the colonies found were considered large for this territory. At the largest colony, 58 egg-clusters were found on one elm tree and in a stonewall, in the southeastern corner of the town. Another of 54 egg-clusters was found in an orchard owned by E. J. Cortiss, in the village of East Wood- stock. The next largest colony was one of 26 egg-clusters in an orchard owned by Margaret Potter, on the road leading north from North Woodstock near the Massachusetts line. All the other colonies had less than 25 egg-clusters each, and 15 colonies were sprayed by State men. new london county Colchester — 5 Infestations — 394 Egg-clusters Colchester was scouted by State men and completed on April 28. Five infestations were found, all of them in the eastern half of the town. Two were large colonies for this territory ; the largest contained 325 egg-clusters in woodland owned by Edward Brown, about two miles south of Colchester village. The other colony was about one mile eastward in oak and hickory trees on land owned by Nicholas Clement, where 52 egg-clusters were found. These and two other small infestations of eight egg- clusters each were sprayed by a State crew, about the middle of June. Franklin — 5 Infestations — 18 Egg-clusters Five infestations were found in Franklin by State men, all of them being very small ones. The largest was a colony of nine egg-clusters found in one white oak on land owned by B. Bogacink, about one mile west of Franklin, on the road leading to North Franklin. At each of the other infestations, three egg- clusters or less were found. Two places were sprayed in June by a State crew. Griswold — 3 Infestations — 54 Egg-clusters About two-thirds of Griswold was scouted, the time being insufficient to complete the town. About 37 miles of roadside were covered and three infestations found; one of 51 egg-clusters was in an old apple tree on roadside, in the Pachaug district ; another of two egg-clusters was found in two trees (one maple and one elm) on land owned by Ora Askholm, in the extreme northwestern corner of the town ; the third of one egg-cluster in an apple tree owned by F. Peterstrom, about one mile south of 258 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 275 Glasko village. Two places were sprayed by State men on June 15. Groton — 2 Infestations — 27 Egg-clusters A training school for the Federal Bureau was started in Gro- ton, continued for several days, and a part of the town scouted and only two infestations found. This region proved to be too sparsely infested for training recruits, and the school was dis- continued. One colony of 17 egg-clusters was found in an or- chard in Mystic village owned by Charles Benjamin; the other had 10 old egg-clusters in apple and plum trees owned by H. Shaughness near Eastern Point. One colony was sprayed on June 17 by State men. Lisbon No scouting was done in Lisbon this year except for larvae. This work was taken up in July after the spraying stopped. As no infestations were found, the men were sent to look over last year's colonies. At one of these, larvae and pupae were found, so every tree around this colony was climbed and thoroughly examined ; 285 larvae and pupae were found and destroyed by State men. Salem Salem was scouted the last of the season by a State crew and no infestations found. Stonington — 1 Infestation — 19 Egg-clusters The work done in Stonington this year was of the same char- acter as that done in Groton ; only one colony and five single egg- cluster infestations were found ; then the men were transferred to Thompson. The colony was in white oaks in a pasture owned by Mr. Cash Miller, about one mile south of Stillmanville, and con- tained 14 egg-clusters. Five single egg-cluster infestations were found scattered in and around the village of Stonington. The colony was sprayed on June 16 by a State crew. tolland county Andover — 1 Infestation — 30 Egg-clusters A State crew completed the scouting in Andover on April 20. One colony of 30 egg-clusters was found in one apple tree on land owned by D. Fox, on the south side of the railroad near the Columbia line. This colony was sprayed on June 27 by State men. REPORT OF GIPSY MOTH WORK 259 Bolton — i Infestation — 26 Egg-clusters This town was scouted by State men during- February and March and one colony of 26 egg-clusters found. This was in woodland owned by Sam Alavoid, about one mile east of Bolton village. Two acres of woodland were sprayed by State men on June 27. Columbia — 2 Infestations — 175 Egg-clusters Two colonies were found in Columbia this year by State men, both in the southwestern part of the town near the Hebron town line on land owned by False Keosenity. One was found in apple trees scattered along the roadside and contained 46 egg-clusters ; the other was in woodland where 129 egg-clusters were found. Eighty-eight apple trees and 29 shade trees were sprayed at one colony and one and one-half acres of woodland at the other by State men on June 26. Ellington — 11 Infestations — 97 Egg-clusters Seven of the 11 infestations found in Ellington this year were on or near the State road from Vernon to Somers ; none of them were large and only four are mentioned here. The largest infestation contained 28 egg-clusters. This colony was found in apple trees owned by H. Schuldenfrei on the east side of the State road near the Somers town line. Another of 21 egg-clusters was found on a white oak in the margin of woodland owned by Frank Goodiza, about one and one-half miles directly east of the colony just mentioned. One of 17 egg-clusters was found on a white oak owned by Clem Clark, near Ellington depot and an- other of 14 egg-clusters in a white oak in the northwestern part of the town. Seven of the places were sprayed by State men the latter part of June. Hebron — 1 Infestation — 12 Egg-clusters One colony of 12 egg-clusters was found by State men in Hebron this year, in maple and hickory trees and also a stone- wall along the roadside in the village of Gilead on property owned by H. D. Hodge. This colony was sprayed by State men on June 25. Somers — 16 Infestations — 81 Egg-clusters Somers was scouted by State men, and the work completed on November 15. Sixteen infestations were found scattered in the four corners of the town, with nothing in the center. All the colonies were small and were mostly in apple trees. The largest colony was one of 17 egg-clusters in apple trees owned by Jos. 260 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 275 Pelcozasski, near the Massachusetts line. Another of 15 egg- clusters was found on two oaks owned by M. Keeney, in the village of Somerville. These two colonies were the largest, and most of the others were single egg-cluster infestations. Six of the places were sprayed in June by State men. Stafford — 55 Infestations — 1,290 Egg-clusters Several large colonies were discovered in Stafford this year by State men. The largest contained 225 egg-clusters on a white oak and an apple tree in a field owned by Fred Ramyoni, about one and one-half miles north of Orcuttville. Another of 117 egg-clusters was found in an orchard owned by Charles Stebbens, in the northwestern corner of the town. A colony of 93 egg- clusters was found in apple and oak trees and a stonewall owned by Mr. Sartonia, just east of Staff ordville post office. There were 10 other colonies of between 30 and 40 egg-clusters each. Thirty-four places were sprayed late in June by State men. Vernon — 2 Infestations — 47 Egg-clusters Vernon was scouted by State men, the work being completed on February 7. Two infestations were found; one, a single egg- cluster, on a white oak, on town property in the village of Rock- ville. The other contained 46 egg-clusters found in four white oak trees on land owned by Otto Broil, near the center of the town. This colony was sprayed by State men on June 29. hartford county Avon The work in Avon was confined to the territory around last year's infestation. Three miles of roadside and several acres of woodland were scouted and no egg-clusters found. Berlin Berlin was scouted by State men and the work finished on May 14. No infestations were found. Bloomfield — 3 Infestations — 25 Egg-clusters State men finished scouting in Bloomfield on January 5. Three small infestations were found; one was a colony of 11 egg-clusters on oak and ash trees in a pasture owned by J. G. Hawley, just east of the railroad on State road leading from Bloomfield to Blue Hills Avenue, Hartford. Another colony of 11 egg- clusters was found one mile further south on the east side of the REPORT OF GIPSY MOTH WORK 26 1 railroad in apple trees owned by A. Corte & Son. The third was a colony of three egg-clusters found on oaks owned by Mr. Fuller, near the Simsbury line on the south side of the State road leading from Bloomfield to Simsbury. Two places were sprayed on June 17 and 18 by State men. East Granby— 2 Infestations — 8 Egg-clusters The two infestations found this year in East Granby were both reinfestations. At Mr. Vitten's place just north of the post office, eight egg-clusters were found on willow trees. Larvae were found at Mr. E. W. Kellogg's place later in the spring, so spray- ing was done at both places on June 19 by State men. East Hartford — 1 Infestation — 16 Egg-clusters One colony of 16 egg-clusters was found in East Hartford this year in the southern end of the town in the margin of a swamp on land owned by H. C. Keeney. This colony was sprayed on June 15. All work in the town was done by State men. East Windsor — 4 Infestations — 107 Egg-clusters All four infestations found in East Windsor this year were in one group located near the center of the town. The largest was in white oak trees at Mr. C. S. Clapp's place, where 69 egg- clusters were found. Another of 22 egg-clusters was found in oaks and ironwood trees at Mr. R. H. Bartlett's. The next largest was a colony of 13 egg-clusters in a pasture white oak owned by Oliver Fenton. The fourth infestation was a colony of three egg-clustfers in a white oak owned by F. N. Barber. The two largest colonies were sprayed on June 17 by State men. Enfield — 1 Infestation — 2 Egg-clusters Only one infestation was found in Enfield this year by the State crew that scouted the town. One old and one new egg- cluster were discovered on one oak and a maple tree owned by F. M. Davis, in Hazardville. No spraying was thought necessary. Farmington — 1 Infestation — 9 Egg-clusters The infestation in Farmington this year was a reinfestation of last year's colony in the northeastern corner of the town in wood- land owned by Mr. Charles Beach. Three old and six new egg- clusters were found on oak, pine and spruce trees, and on June 12, a State crew sprayed about two and one-half acres of wood- land in and around this colony. 262 connecticut experiment station bulletin 275 Granby — 8 Infestations — 312 Egg-clusters Eight infestations were found this year by State men in Granby, with a total of 312 egg-clusters. Of this total, 288 egg-clusters were found in three of the colonies. At the largest colony, 195 egg-clusters were found in woodland owned by Max Shinder, in the southwestern corner of the town. Another colony of 73 egg-clusters was found in one apple tree in the margin of a wood- land owned by Edwin Dewey, one-half mile north of West Granby post office. The third was a colony of 20 egg-clusters in an apple tree owned by Francis Spring, near the Suffield town line in the northeastern corner of the town. Four places were sprayed by State men on June 20. Hartford — 9 Infestations — 149 Egg-clusters Although one more infestation was found in Hartford this year than in 1923, the total number of egg-clusters was greatly decreased ; in fact 894 less egg-clusters were found this year than in 1923. The colony on the river flats just east of the Fuller Brush plant was again the largest infestation found in Hartford. Ninety-nine egg-clusters were found this year, where last year there were 936. Considering the difficulties met in handling this infestation, the results of last year's work are considered very satisfactory. Another colony of 22 egg-clusters was found on maple and poplar trees at No. 46 Vernon Street. The next largest was a colony of 10 egg-clusters found on elm and willow trees, on Flatbush Avenue. The six other infestations were all small, three of them being single egg-cluster infestations. Eight of the places were sprayed by State men about the middle of June. Manchester The scouting in Manchester this year was not completed, and only 12 miles of roadside covered, when the men had to be taken to fill vacancies in other crews, and before the work could be taken up again, the spraying season started. No gipsy moth infestation was found in the town as far as it was scouted. New Britain — 3 Infestations — 15 Egg-clusters Three small infestations were found in New Britain, the largest being at last year's colony on Bassett Street, opposite the High School. Nine egg-clusters were found on oak and pear trees here, where no were found last year. The other two infestations were on Washington Street, about one mile north of the colony just mentioned. One contained five egg-clusters on maple shade trees on city property, and the other was a single egg-cluster in an apple tree owned by John Cill. Two colonies were sprayed by State men on June II. report of gipsy moth work 263 South Windsor — 3 Infestations — 40 Egg-clusters Three colonies were discovered this year in South Windsor by a State crew. One colony of 24 egg-clusters was on poplar, apple, locust and plum trees in the northwestern corner of the town. Another of 13 egg-clusters was found on a roadside apple tree owned by T. E. Sheppard, in the northern part of the town near the East Windsor line. The third contained three egg-clusters on three apple trees owned by Charles Parker, in the southeastern end of the town near the Manchester town line. All three places were sprayed on June 16 by State men. Suffield— 10 Infestations — 784 Egg-clusters Four of the 10 infestations found this year in Suffield were large ones although easily handled, as they were all on trees in open country. The largest was a colony of 371 egg-clusters in willow trees along the brook running parallel with the railroad just north of West Suffield village. Another colony of 143 egg- clusters was found a little further up the same brook on willow, white oak and walnut trees owned by Henry Barr. Another colony of 132 egg-clusters was found in one white oak on land owned by O. R. Austin, about three miles north of West Suffield village. The fourth largest colony was on oak trees in a pasture owned by Henry Sheldon, near the East Granby town line on the State road leading from West Suffield to East Granby, where 114 egg-clusters were found. Three infestations were sprayed in June by State men. Simsbury — 3 Infestations — 72 Egg-clusters Two of the infestations were found in the northwestern corner of the town, one of 32 egg-clusters and one of 11 egg-clusters, both in woodland owned by G. P. McLean and Mr. Furlong. The third colony was in apple trees owned by John Kilikoelski, in the extreme southern margin of the town, where 29 egg-clusters were found. Two of the colonies were sprayed in June by State men. Wethersfield — 2 Infestations — 3 Egg-clusters Both infestations were close together in the east end of the village near the Connecticut River, in the same locality where last year's big infestation of 622 egg-clusters occurred. Two •egg-clusters were found at one place and one at the other. Both places were scouted for larvae on June 10, and as none were found, no spraying was thought necessary. 264 connecticut experiment station bulletin 275 Windsor — 2 Infestations — 54 Egg-clusters A State crew completed the scouting in Windsor on October 18. One colony of 46 egg-clusters in one white oak owned by Howard Throth, and another of eight egg-clusters on two road- side apple trees, were found. Both of the colonies were situated in about the center of the town, and were sprayed on June 18 by State men. Four other towns in Hartford County were scouted by State crews, namely : Plainville, Rocky Hill, Southington and Windsor Locks, and no trace of the gipsy moth found in them. MIDDLESEX COUNTY Scouting was completed in the following six towns in Middle- sex County this year by State crews : Clinton, Cromwell, Killing- worth, Middlefield, Portland and Westbrook; nothing was found in any of them. In Middletown, on account of the lateness of the season, scout ing had to be confined to the sections around last year's infesta- tions. Two egg-clusters were found at Mr. Johnson's place near Bear Hill ; later larvae were found at this place, so spraying was done by State men on June 9. NEW HAVEN COUNTY Twenty towns were scouted this year in New Haven County by Federal and State crews : two towns were found infested, namely : Meriden and New Haven. Meriden — 1 Infestation — 11 Egg-clusters One colony of 11 egg-clusters was found in Meriden on poplar and maple trees on East Main Street, and on the property of St. Paul's Church, Curtis Memorial Library and Municipal building. The egg-clusters were scattered over the entire block and the infestation was sprayed on June 6 and 8 by State men. New Haven — 1 Infestation — 120 Egg-clusters A large colony of 120 egg-clusters was found in New Haven by Federal men in oak, elm and poplar trees owned by Mrs. R. Wood, at 603 Winchester Avenue. Spraying was done in a large area around the outside of this infestation in the early part of June by Federal men. The following towns in New Haven County were scouted by State crews and nothing found : Cheshire, Wallingf ord. and Waterbury. Federal men scouted the towns of Ansonia, Beacon REPORT OF GIPSY MOTH WORK 265 Falls, Bethany, Derby, East Haven, Hamden, Middlebury, Mil- ford, Naugatuck, Orange, Oxford, Prospect, Seymour, South- bury and Woodbridge, and found them free from gipsy moth infestation. litchfield county Barkhamsted — 4 Infestations — 131 Egg-clusters Barkhamsted was scouted by State men and two large colonies were found in the southeastern end of the town; one of 70 egg- clusters was in woodland owned by Mrs. P. Perry; the other of 50 egg-clusters was in an orchard owned by John Lowander. Another smaller colony of nine egg-clusters was found in wood- land owned by the Hartford Water Company, just east of Pleas- ant Valley. The fourth infestation was one of two egg-clusters found on two maples in a field owned by J. Legett, in the north- eastern end of the town. All four of the infestations were sprayed in June by State men. Canaan Canaan was scouted by Federal men in the late spring. No egg-clusters were found, but at one 1923 infestation, larvae were found feeding, so 35 shade and 10 apple trees were sprayed in June. Colebrook — 4 Infestations — 23 Egg-clusters All four of the infestations found this year in Colebrook were small. They were in two groups of two infestations each. One group was in the extreme northeastern corner of the town, and both infestations were in woodland. The largest was a colony of five egg-clusters on land owned by Joe Tiller, and the other, one of four egg-clusters, was on land owned by Mr. Howell. The other group was in the western margin of the town ; one colony of 12 egg-clusters was found on a maple tree and in a stonewall at Mr. McKenzie's place ; the other was a colony of two egg-clusters in woodland owned by L. J. Phelps. Three places were sprayed June 24 by State men. Cornwall — 2 Infestations — 23 Egg-clusters Cornwall was scouted by Federal men, and two infestations were found. One of 19 egg-clusters was in woodland owned by J. Grusanski, in the southern end of the town about two miles east of Swift Bridge ; the other was a colony of four egg-clusters on land owned by Constant Beauty, about one mile east of Corn- wall Center. The larger colony was sprayed by Federal men. 266 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 275 New Milford — i Infestation — 3 Egg-clusters Federal men in scouting New Milford this year, discovered three egg-clusters at last year's colony on Mr. F. L. Wanger's place, where 35 egg-clusters were found last year. It was sprayed in June by Federal men and it is hoped that the colony has been eradicated. Norfolk — 15 Infestations — 286 Egg-clusters All but one of the infestations found in Norfolk were situated in the northern half of the town. One small colony of five egg- clusters was found in woodland owned by Mrs. Spofford and the Norfolk Water Company in the southeastern corner of the town. Four of the colonies were large for this part of the State, but a large amount of spraying was done this year and it is hoped that most of the infestations have been cleaned up. The largest colony found was one of 83 egg-clusters in mixed woodland growth owned by E. H. Peasley, in the northeastern part of the town. The next largest contained 48 egg-clusters, in woodland and an orchard near the Massachusetts line in the northwestern corner of the town. A colony of 31 egg-clusters was found in willow and apple trees owned by Carl Stoeckel and Mr. Carlson, about one mile north of Norfolk post office. Another colony of 30 egg-clusters was discovered just north of the village of Norfolk in woodland owned by E. M. Shepard. These four colonies and 10 other smaller infestations were sprayed by Federal men. North Canaan — 2 Infestations — 146 Egg-clusters The work in North Canaan was all done by Federal men this year. Two infestations were found close together in the eastern end of the town near the Norfolk line, both in woodland. Four egg-clusters were found at Mr. Pescidar's place and 142 on the property of C. Rosier, and both places were sprayed. The following towns in Litchfield County were scouted and nothing found: (by State men), Plymouth and Thomaston : (by Federal men), Bethlehem, Bridgewater, Kent, Morris, Rox- bury, Salisbury, Sharon, Warren, Watertown, Washington and Woodbury. FAIRFIELD COUNTY Sixteen towns in Fairfield County were scouted by Federal crews this year, namely; Bethel, Brookfield, Bridgeport, Dan- bury, Easton, Fairfield, Monroe, Newtown, New Fairfield, Red- dling, Shelton, Sherman, Stratford, Trumbull, Weston and West- port. No gipsy moth infestations were found in the county. REPORT OF GIPSY MOTH WORK 267 The statistics of infestations, and work done in the towns covered, are given in the following- tables : Statistics of Infestations, 1924-25 No. No. Egg- No. No. Lbs. No. Larvae No. Miles Infestations Clusters Colonies Poison and Pupae Towns Found Creosoted Sprayed Used Killed Scouted Windham County: Brooklyn ... 27 OO3 16 78l 16 47 Killingly* ... 43 1,676 21 277 462 Il6 Plainfield* . . 21 428 12 250 206 99 Pomfret 71 2,109 24 575 183 no Putnam 68 1,956 42 629 980 84 Scotland .... 0 0 0 0 0 42 Sterling .... 2 82 2 25 3 56 Thompson* . . 103 5,256 22 964 1,094 131 Woodstock* . 41 3,902 13 450 11,741 94 376 16,312 152 3,951 14,685 779 New London County : Colchester Franklin . . Griswold . , Groton* . . Lisbonf . . Salem . . . , Stonington* 394 18 54 27 0 0 19 925 150 16 12 0 0 50 16 512 i,i53 64 0 18 47 0 0 171 134 48 37 12 285 54 19 300 489 Tolland County : Andover .... 1 30 Bolton 1 26 Columbia . . . 2 175 Ellington . . . n 97 1 12 Somers 16 81 Stafford .... 55 1,290 Vernon 2 47 89 1,758 Hartford County Avon 0 0 Berlin 0 0 Bloomfield . . 3 25 East Granby . 2 8 East Hartford 1 16 East Windsor ' 4 107 Enfield 1 2 Farmington . . 1 9 Granbv 8 312 1 12 0 41 1 100 0 53 2 150 48 54 7 125 0 95 1 25 0 68 6 118 0 82 34 597 486 165 1 81 0 81 53 1,208 0 0 0 0 2 100 2 I 87 62 2 50 0 0 I 200 4 100 534 0 0 o 26 o I 0 39 639 72 50 59 74 87 89 90 * Work done by Federal scouts. t Patrolled 1923 infestation. 268 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 275 No. No. Egg- No. No. Lbs. No. Larvae No. Miles Infestations Clusters Colonies Poison and Pupae Roadway Towns Found Creosoted Sprayed Used Killed Scouted Hartford County- —cont.. Hartford . . . 9 149 8 1,037 8 128 Manchester . . 0 0 0 0 0 12 New Britain. 3 15 2 425 221 58 Plainville . . . 0 O 0 0 0 30 Rocky Hill . . 0 0 0 0 0 44 Simsbury . . . 3 72 2 87 2 94 Southington . 0 0 0 0 0 73 South Windsor 3 40 3 75 8 79 Suffield 10 784 3 131 3,450 88 Wethersfield . 2 3 0 0 0 53 Windsor Locks 0 0 0 0 0 26 Windsor .... 2 54 2 37 0 70 52 1,596 32 2,391 3,853 1,367 Middlesex County : 0 0 0 0 0 37 Cromwell . . . 0 0 0 0 0 52 Killingworth . 0 0 0 0 0 62 Middlefield .. 0 0 0 0 0 33 Middletown* . 0 0 1 62 I Portland 0 0 0 0 0 78 Westbrook . . 0 0 0 0 0 29 62 291 New Haven County : Ansonia* 0 0 0 0 0 52 Beacon Falls* 0 0 0 0 0 21 Bethany* .... 0 0 0 0 0 62 Cheshire 0 0 0 0 0 43 Derby* 0 0 0 0 0 35 East Haven*. 0 0 0 0 0 40 Hamden* . . . 0 0 0 0 0 115 Meriden 1 11 I 290 225 147 Middlebury*. 0 0 0 0 0 60 Milford* 0 0 0 0 0 85 Naugatuck* . 0 0 0 0 0 73 New Haven*. 1 120 I 125 0 90 Orange* 0 0 0 0 0 III Oxford* .... 0 0 0 0 0 80 Prospect* . . . 0 0 0 0 0 43 Seymour* . . . 0 0 0 0 0 50 Southbury* . 0 0 0 0 0 120 Wallingford . 0 0 0 0 0 134 Waterbury . . 0 0 0 0 0 147 Woodbridge* 0 0 0 0 0 55 2 131 2 415 225 1,563 * Scouted only around old infestation. REPORT OF GIPSY MOTH WORK 269 No. No. Egg- No. No. Lbs. No. Larvae No. Miles Infestations Clusters Colonies Poison and Pupae Roadway Towns Found Creosoted Sprayed Used Killed Scouted Litchfield County Barkhamsted. 4 131 4 268 22 97 Bethlehem* . 0 0 0 0 0 53 Bridge water*. 0 0 0 0 0 50 Canaan* .... 0 0 I 150 0 60 Colebrook . . 4 23 3 150 2 77 Cornwall* . . 2 23 1 150 0 104 Kent* 0 0 0 0 0 00 Morris* .... 0 0 0 0 0 50 New Mil ford* 1 3 1 187 0 177 Norfolk* . . . 15 286 14 5,244 0 93 North Canaan* 2 146 2 412 0 56 Plymouth . . . 0 0 0 0 0 98 Roxbury* . . . 0 0 0 0 0 74 Salisbury* . . 0 0 0 0 0 112 Sharon* .... 0 0 0 0 0 144 Thomaston . . 0 0 0 0 0 56 Warren* .... 0 0 0 0 0 64 Washington*. 0 0 0 0 0 in Watertown* . 0 0 0 0 0 90 Woodbury* . . 0 0 0 0 0 100 28 612 26 6,561 24 1,756 Fairfield County : Bethel* 0 0 0 0 0 49 Bridgeport*. . 0 0 0 0 0 117 Brookfield* . . 0 0 0 0 0 68 Danbury* . . . 0 0 0 0 0 164 Easton* .... 0 0 0 0 0 81 Fairfield* .... 0 0 0 0 0 128 Monroe* .... 0 0 0 0 0 75 New Fairfield* 0 0 0 0 0 52 Newtown* . . 0 0 0 0 0 180 Redding* . . . 0 0 0 0 0 96 Shelton* .... 0 0 0 0 0 89 Sherman* . . . 0 0 0 0 0 49 Stratford* . . 0 0 0 0 0 58 Trumbull* . . 0 0 0 0 0 66 Weston* .... 0 0 0 0 0 53 Westport* . . 0 0 0 0 0 90 1,415 SUMMARY OF STATISTICS No. No. No. Egg- No. No. Lbs. No. Larvae No. Mil Towns Infestations Clusters Colonies Poison and Pupae Roadw County Covered Found Creosoted Sprayed Used Killed Scoute Windham 9 376 l6,3I2 152 3,951 14,685 779 New London 7 16 512 10 1,153 300 589 Tolland 8 89 1,758 53 I,2o8 534 639 Hartford 21 52 1,596 32 2,391 3,853 1,367 Middlesex 7 0 0 1 62 1 291 New Haven 20 2 131 2 415 225 1,563 Litchfield 20 28 6l2 26 6,561 24 i,756 Fairfield 16 0 0 0 0 0 1415 108 563 20,921 276 15,741 19,622 8,399 170 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 275 Quarantine The Federal forces again scouted the towns of Cheshire and Wallingford, and as no gipsy moth infestations were found, these towns have been released from the Federal quarantine. Fig. 41. — Map of Connecticut. The shaded portion represents the area quarantined on account of the gipsy moth. Late in the season the towns of Cheshire and Wallingford were released from quarantine, but are not so designated on this map. Parasites Each year for several years, parasites reared at the Federal Parasite Laboratory, Melrose Highlands, Mass., have been liber- ated in Connecticut. The names of the species and the names of the towns where liberated, together with the number of individ- uals liberated in each town, have been published in preceding reports. In 1925, only one species, an egg parasite, Anastatus bifasciatus Fonsc, was liberated in Connecticut, and colonies were planted in 40 towns in six counties by Mr. McEvoy. The follow- ing list gives the names of the towns where these parasites were liberated in 1925, and the number liberated in each town : REPORT OF GIPSY MOTH WORK 271 Gipsy Moth Parasites Liberated in Connecticut Year Ending June 30, 1925 County Town Anastatus bifasciatus New London Bozrah 3,000 Colchester 13,000 East Lyme 10,000 Franklin 11,000 Groton 14,000 Lisbon 5,000 Montville 6,000 Old Lyme 5,000 Preston 58,000 Salem 1,000 Sprague 2,000 Waterf ord 2,000 130,000 Hartford Berlin 15,000 Bloomfield 3,000 East Granby 5,000 East Hartford 8,000 East Windsor 5,000 Enfield 1,000 Farmington ■ 3,000 Glastonbury 8,000 Granby 17,000 Hartford 17,000 Hartland 7,000 Manchester 6,000 New Britain 7,000 Newington 7,000 Simsbury 8,000 South Windsor 1,000 Sufheld 8,000 West Hartford 3,000 Wethersfield 1,000 Windsor 4,000 134,000 Tolland Andover 3,000 Bolton 6,000 Hebron 3,000 Vernon 2,000 14,000 Litchfield Barkhamsted 7,000 Colebrook 6,000 13,000 New Haven Meriden 2,000 2,000 Middlesex Middletown 8,000 8,000 301,000 272 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 275 Gipsy Moth Suppression Account financial statement Receipts Appropriation for biennial period ending June 30, 1925 $100,000.00 Expended, year ending June 30, 1924 41,798.01 Balance $58,201.99 Classified Expenditures for the Year Ending June 30, 1925 Salaries and Wages $42,934.99 Printing and Illustrations 73-88 Postage .65 Stationery 53-28 Telegraph and Telephone 34-87 Insurance 170.90 Spraying Supplies 1,300.00 Machinery, Tools and Supplies 1,467.81 Express, Freight and Cartage 6.74 Rental and Storage 818.68 Automobiles : New $3,715.00 Insurance 482.49 Repairs 1,636.87 Supplies and Equipment.. 1,619.96 Gasoline 2,139.56 Oil 712.51 10,306.39 Traveling Expenses 467.18 Inspection of Imported Nursery Stock 169.39 Heat and Light 173-64 Miscellaneous .85 $57,979-25 Balance 222.74 $58,201.99 FURTHER EXPERIMENTS IN DUSTING AND SPRAYING APPLE ORCHARDS Season of 1925 By M. P. Zappe and E. M. Stoddard The experimental work with dusts and liquid sprays begun in 1920 was continued in 1925, the chief object being- to make further tests of combined dust and spray treatments. Con- sequently the plots receiving only dust and others receiving only spray were continued for purposes of comparison, and in addition several combinations of spray and dust were tested. The results of former tests made at this Station have been pub- lished in the Station bulletins and reports as follows : Report for 1920, page 168, results of 1920; Bulletin 235, results of 1921 ; Bulletin 245, results of 1922 ; Report for 1923, page 267, results for 1923; Report for 1924, page 286, results of 1924. experiments in dusting and spraying 273 Orchard Under Experiment The orchard of Mr. Frank N. Piatt, MiJford, which has been employed in preceding tests, was also used in 1925. It contains about 285 trees, 21 years old. The varieties selected for the test in 1925 were Baldwin, Greening and Mcintosh. Acknowledgments The writers are indebted to Mr. Frank N. Piatt for the use of his orchard, power sprayer, and assistance in conducting the tests, and to Messrs. B. H. Walden, Philip Garman and J. L. Rogers, who assisted in scoring the fruit, at harvest time. Method of Recording Data Trees which blossomed freely were selected as count trees. The ripe fruit was harvested and left in baskets under the tree from which it was picked and each apple scored for insect and fungous injury. All injuries on each fruit were recorded even though slight, and often several kinds of injury were noted on a single apple; in such cases all types of injury were recorded separately. Later these figures were tabulated and percentages obtained. Altogether, this work necessitated the separate handling and scoring of 136,486 individual apples, equivalent to about 341 barrels. In scoring fruit, we use a sorting table at which four men can work conveniently. Each apple is examined and the injury recorded on a score board ; if the apple is perfect this fact is recorded. The score board consists of a series of tallying reg- isters which are mounted on a board for convenience, as shown on Plate V, b. In front of each register is the name of the injury to be recorded on that particular register. The men doing the scoring of the fruit call off the injury to another man who does nothing but record the data as it is given, or the board may be placed on the sorting table and each man who scores can record his own data. On check trees where injuries are numer- ous and of various kinds, they are recorded singly for each fruit. Where injuries are mainly of one or two kinds, they are often recorded in lots of five. In this case a scorer holds the type of injury, or good apples as the case may be, in one hand until he has five, and then records it by pressing the lever of the register once, it being understood that each figure on that register represents five apples or five injuries. Often several kinds of injury are found on one apple; in this case each type of injury is recorded and the register marked "Duplicate" must be punched once for each injury except the first one. When the results are tabulated, the number on the 274 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 275 "Duplicate" register subtracted from the total number of injuries will give the total number of apples scored. This figure must be known when the percentages are worked out. After all the fruit from a certain tree has been scored, the figures on the tallying registers are recorded on score sheets which are carried in a shallow drawer under the score board, and are fastened to the top of the board by thumb tacks when in use, (see Plate V, b). The number of registers needed on the score board depend upon the kind of fruit to be scored. When scoring apples, from eight to ten registers are needed, and for peaches, five or six are sufficient. Oftentimes some of the registers may be used to indicate the degree of injury : whether light, medium or heavy. In scoring apples for curculio injury, the number of scars can be easily recorded by the use of these registers. Materials and Apparatus Used The 90-10 sulphur dust which former tests have shown to be the best adapted for Connecticut conditions was the only dust used in 1925. This contains 90 parts of sulphur and 10 parts of lead arsenate, by weight. Materials used in the liquid spray were as follows : Dry lime-sulphur 6 pounds Lead Arsenate 3 pounds Casein spreader* 1 pound Water 100 gallons The spray outfit was the same as used in the preceding experi- ments, a 200 gallon Friend power sprayer carrying two lines of hose with rods and nozzles. The duster was a 1923 model Niagara power outfit, mounted on an automobile truck. Arrangement of Plots in the Platt Orchard This orchard was divided into six plots of two rows each, with the varieties running across the rows, so that all varieties were represented in each plot. Rows A and B were sprayed through- out the season; rows C and D were dusted with 90-10 dust the entire season; rows E and F were sprayed at the prepink, pink and calyx treatments, and were dusted three times afterwards ; rows F and H were sprayed at prepink and third treatment after calyx, and dusted at pink, calyx, first and second treatments after- wards ; rows I and J were dusted at the prepink, calyx and second treatment after calyx, and sprayed at the pink and first and third treatments after calyx ; row M was a check row and received no treatment. * Used only on a portion of one plot. EXPERIMENTS IN DUSTING AND SPRAYING 275 Rows Rows Rows Application Date A&B C&D E&F No. 1 Prepink Apr. 2^ Spray Dust Spray No. 2 Pink May 1 Spray Dust Spray No. 3 Calyx May 15 Spray Dust Spray No. 4, 1 st after calyx June 3 Spray Dust Dust No. 5, 2d after calyx July 1 Spray Dust Dust No. 6, 3d after calyx July 27 Spray Dust Dust Rows Rows G&H I&J Row M Varieties Treated Spray ' Dust Check Mcintosh only Dust Spray Check All varieties Dust Dust Check All varieties Dust Spray Check All varieties Dust Dust Check All varieties Spray Spray Check All varieties The sprayed plot was divided into two sections, one with and the other without casein spreader. The numbers designating the applications may be explained as follows; I, prepink; 2, pink; 3, calyx: 4, first treatment after calyx; 5, second treatment after calyx: 6. third treatment after calyx. Results of Treatment ox McIntosh J! IH •* M - <* - >> « >>.S >> >* " >> " •* 1- _ v-X £ - £ 1-. 52 >- 2 « Cfl£ V3U P '-^Q Wfi C^P u Good 86.5 00.5 88.8 89.5 80.9 79. .86 Scab 6.4 2.7 2.08 1.2 6.35 7.7 51.7 Aphis 1.76 3.5 3.21 3.20 4.38 5.56 479 Red bug 86 .8 .34 .81 .63 .35 2.25 Codling moth 01 .04 .27 .16 .15 .01 4.29 Curculio 3.42 2.1 4.57 3.92 5.18 6.12 29.6 Other chewing in- sects 1.45 .5 1.37 1.33 2.52 1,2 6.48 Discussion of Results There are no striking results from any one treatment shown in this table, there being only small differences in the percentages of good fruit from the various treatments. The difference between the highest and lowest percentage of good fruit is only about 11 per cent. In the sprayed plot, there was a very slight advantage in the section which had casein spreader in the mixture. The percentage of scab in the treated plots was not high in any case, but in the check plot over one-half of the fruit showed traces of 276 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 275 the disease. The plot receiving only dust treatments had less scab than the dust plots of former years. In the combined spray and dust plots, the one having the early sprays and dust later in the season gave a somewhat higher percentage of good fruit, and a little lower percentage of scabby fruit, than the others. Results of Treatment on Baldwin 10 C M _ •g -■* w M * >.* >> " Good 91.27 83.6 87.97 Aphis 94 I.I3 3-93 Red bug 1.76 .90 1.44 Codling moth 52 1.67 .74 Curculio 5.00 9.50 4.27 Other chewing insects 1.66 3.85 2.53 Sooty blotch 0 o o Fruit speck o 0 0 wfl u 85.25 86.9 1.79 i-75 3-89 •78 2-35 •99 2.66 •30 •23 2.01 8.63 5-39 39-3 2.13 2.8 19.9 0 0 3(3.2. 0 0 68.6 Discussion of Results This variety bore no fruit in the casein spray plot; therefore no figures can be shown. In general the sprayed plot gave a little the highest percentage of good fruit, though the differences are slight. The dusted plot yielded a somewhat lower percentage of perfect fruit and slightly higher percentage of codling moth, curculio and other chewing insect injury, but not enough higher to make any great difference. The combined spray and dust plots were nearly as good as the sprayed plot; in fact there were no very great differences between any of the plots. There was no scab and hardly a trace of sooty blotch and fruit speck on the fruit from any of the treated plots. Results of Treatments on Greening Good 86.15 Aphis 1.91 Red bug 1. 13 Codling moth 41 Curculio 7.89 Other chewing in- sects 1.09 Scab 96 Sooty blotch o Fruit speck 0 p. « 3 n »5 E 3 tflfl U 92.05 2.86 1.08 91. 1 1.50 .68 92.7 .68 •5i 91.05 1-74 •47 89-5 2.06 .65 1.2 I.29 4-75 •35 3-o6 •23 4.21 •23 3-91 •50 4.48 .64 5.65 7-74 78.0 .84 2.52 1.96 2.01 1-39 21.6 .04 .05 •25 .21 ■23 21.2 0 0 0 0 0 70.5 0 0 0 0 0 25.0 EXPERIMENTS IN DUSTING AND SPRAYING 277 Discussion of Results The results on Greening were similar to those obtained on Baldwin, there being no particular plot which was very much better or worse than any of the others. The combination plot receiving early sprays and late dusts gave a slightly higher per- centage of good fruit than any others. The spray plot with casein was a little better than that which had no casein in the mixture. The amount of scab on all plots was negligible except in the check, where it ran up to 21 per cent. The check plot also showed 70 per cent, of sooty blotch and 25 per cent, of fruit speck, while the treated plots had none. Summary and Conclusions In an attempt to find some way to determine the relative value of different spray treatments, we have devised a method of scoring which seems to give accurately and briefly the desired result. This method consists of listing the treatments and injuries as shown in the table below and checking for each treatment the troubles it controlled the best in comparison with other treatments in the same experiment, and checking for highest percentages of good apples. For example, in the accompanying table, we find from our data that treatment No. 1 best controlled codling moth on Mcintosh, and we indicate this under No. 1, opposite codling moth, by a letter M. If two treatments are equally good, each one is checked. The sum of the scores under each treatment give the relative value of each. >.£• Good B c a M n G C.3 c/jQ Aphis BM G Red bug BM G Codling moth M G G MB Curculio GM B Other chewing insects B GM Scab • B GB B MB B B Sooty Blotch BGM BGM BGM BGM BGM BGM Fruit Speck BGM BGM BGM BGM BGM BGM Total score 12 13 10 12 8 9 B: = Baldwir 1 G = = Greening M = Mcintosh 278 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 275 From this table we find that spray with spreader was the most efficient and spray without spreader and combination No. 4 tied for second place, followed by dust and combinations No. 6 and No. 5, in the order named. Our results are well summarized in the above table as regards effectiveness of treatments, and a few other features not shown in the table will be mentioned briefly in conclusion. Scab was less prevalent than usual in 1925, due to weather conditions un- favorable for infection in the spring, all control measures gave good results and such infection as did occur was light to medium even on untreated trees. Rains and high humidity in early May undoubtedly would have caused a wider difference in favor of spraying. The same is also true of sooty blotch and fruit speck, as a subnormal rainfall in July and August made conditions unfavor- able for infection, especially of fruit speck. No nicotine solution was used in the summer applications, but evidently there was some control value in all the treatments especially spraying at the prepink, pink and calyx. As our work was conducted to collect data on combinations of spray and dust, we would call attention to the combination with the first three applications of spray and the last three of dust which gave results comparable with spray in all six applications. If this gives effective control in a normal scab year and coupled with entire freedom from the chance to burn the foliage in mid- summer, this combination ought to prove satisfactory. EFFICIENCY OF DELAYED DORMANT APPLICA- TIONS FOR THE CONTROL OF APPLE APHIDS By M. P. Zappe and E. M. Stoddard It is a fact well known among fruit growers that at the time that the delayed dormant sprays are applied, most of the apple aphids have hatched. It should be understood that the following three species of aphids infest the apple, and their eggs hatch in the order given: (1) spring grain aphid, Toxoptera graminum Rondani; (2) green apple aphid, Aphis pomi DeGeer; (3) rosy apple aphid, Anuraphis roseus Baker. All species are sometimes present on the buds, but the green apple aphid is the commonest species and the spring grain aphid, which is not injurious to the apple, was not abundant in Connecticut apple orchards in 1925. As the rosy aphid, the most injurious species, does not hatch until rather late, usually when the tips of the leaves are perhaps half an inch long, it is important that the treatment be delayed until late enough to kill the young rosy aphids after the eggs have hatched. These aphids may be found clustered on the tops of the swelling buds DELAYED DORMANT SPRAYS FOR APHIDS 279 and occasionally some may be seen crawling along the twigs from one bud to another. At this time they are unprotected by any foliage and an application of the proper spray, thoroughly applied, will give more satisfactory control than later sprays, especially after the aphids have begun to curl the leaves around themselves. In order to compare some of the ordinary dormant sprays for aphid control, we sprayed the orchard of Mr. Frank N. Piatt at Milf ord. Four varieties of apples were used in the tests : Mcintosh, Baldwin, Greening and Gravenstein. The orchard was divided into four plots which were treated as follows : Plot I Dry lime-sulphur, 12 lbs. to 100 gals, water Plot II Dry lime-sulphur, 12 lbs. to 100 gals, water, and 1 pint nicotine Plot III Sunoco spray oil, 1 part to 20 parts water Plot IV Check (no treatment) The spray applications were made on April 14 and 15, using a Friend 200-gallon power sprayer. Two lines of hose with rods and two nozzles at each rod were used. At this time the buds were just beginning to show the green tips of the young unfold- ing leaves, and aphids that had hatched were clustered on the tops of the buds. A little later in the season, on May 8, after the aphids had begun to reproduce, several trees in each plot were selected at random and 100 twigs per tree were scored for aphids. The terminal leaves on the selected twigs were examined and were classified as having no aphids, light, medium or heavy infestation. The following tables show the number of terminal twigs examined and the results : Dry Lime-sulphur and Nicotine Variety Light Medium Heavy Greening 44 10 6 Baldwin 40 10 0 Gravenstein 44 12 8 Mcintosh 44 14 10 Average for all varieties 43 11.5 6 39.5 60.; Dry Lime-sulphur, No Nicotine Variety* Light Medium Heavy Greening ' 60 14 6 Baldwin 62 16 8 Mcintosh -2 8 6 Average for all va- rieties '. . . . 64.6 12.6 6.6 None Tot al Infestation Per Cent 40 60 50 36 32 50 64 68 Total Infestation None Per Cent 20 14 14 80 86 86 15-3 84 * No Gravenstein trees in this plot. 280 connecticut experiment station bulletin 275 Sunoco Spray Oil Total Infestation Variety Light Medium Heavy None Per Cent Greening 26 4 0 70 30 Baldwin 48 0 2 50 50 Gravenstein 66 12 4 18 82 Mcintosh 42 4 2 52 48 Average for all va- rieties 45.5 5 2 47.5 52.5 Check Total Infestation Variety Light Medium Heavy None Per Cent Greening 62 28 4 6 94 Baldwin 60 20 10 10 90 Gravenstein 40 36 16 8 92 Mcintosh 56 12 8 24 70 Average for all va- rieties 54-5 24 9.5 12 88 Summary It may be seen from the foregoing tables that Sunoco spray oil at the strength of one part oil to 20 parts water was the most efficient of the sprays used for the control of aphids at the delayed dormant period. Lime-sulphur and nicotine was second best. Lime-sulphur without the nicotine was only a little better than the check trees. The Gravenstein variety seems to be very susceptible to aphid attacks, while the Mcintosh seems to be more immune. This is not only true of aphid infestations of leaves, but in former experi- ments has often been found to hold true of aphid injured fruit, the Gravenstein apples showing great distortion by this insect, while the Mcintosh fruit shows very little. It therefore seems very important that greater efforts be made to control aphids on Gravenstein than on Mcintosh. If the fruit grower contemplates using nicotine in his sprays, we feel that it is best to use it in the delayed dormant, prepink and pink sprays, or even in the calyx spray, if aphids are plenti- ful enough at this time to warrant the expense. In later sprays than these, it is of doubtful value ; in fact it is almost useless to try to control aphids after the trees are in full leaf. THE ORIENTAL PEACH MOTH IN 1925 Philip Garman The Oriental peach moth continued to do damage in Conneet- icut in 1925 and increased considerably in severity in the Wall- ORIENTAL PEACH MOTH 281 ingford section. In the course of experimental work, wormy fruit was found amounting to 46 per cent, in one orchard. Though not nearly as severe in other orchards, yet the damage was enough to be noticed and commented upon. In some orchards no increase was noticed over last year. Spraying operations were conducted in two different orchards and life history work was carried on at the Station, supplemented by many field observations. The first adult emerged from hiber- nation May 5, and adults continued to emerge until June 11. Eggs of the first generation were deposited beginning May 15, continuing until June 17. The first brood (from egg to adult) extended in 1925 from May 15 until July 19. Second brood eggs were laid, beginning June 27 continuing until July 22, the brood extending from June 27 until August 20. The third brood eggs were laid, beginning July 28 and continuing until August 27. Many of the larvae of this generation hibernated but some emerged, producing a fourth or partial fourth generation. According to our records this partial fourth generation began September 6, the first egg being obtained on that day. Whether many of this brood actually reach maturity and hibernate has not been determined for Connecticut. The last adult emerged September 20, and adults were trapped in the orchards September 21. All data obtained is illustrated graphically in Figure 42, the stippled areas indicating the probable extent of the stage in cases where insectary data is apparently incomplete. About 1,500 eggs in all were obtained from moths in captivity and over 500 individual cages were handled in obtaining the records. Several parasites have been reared from the insect, as follows : Eubadizon sp. A parasite overwintering in the cocoon of the host and emerging in spring about the time the moths appear. Adults were obtained May 7 and 8, and August 14. The host material was collected in Wallingf ord and Greenwich, Connecticut. Macrocentrus ancylivora Rohwer. A fairly abundant parasite in August emerging July 28 and August 28 from our specimens. This parasite is apparently identical with important parasites found in New Jersey, Maryland and Virginia. It was obtained from host material collected in Wallingf ord. Glypta rufiscutellaris (Walsh). Two specimens obtained in Wallingf ord emerged from the host July 28, 1925. The control experiments were conducted in the orchard of the Barnes Nursery and Orchard Company at Wallingford through the courtesy of the Messrs. Barnes ; and at the Conyers farm orchard at Greenwich through the courtesy of Mr. G. A. Drew. Treatments in both cases were supplementary to the regular treat- ments given, which in both cases comprised treatments for control of scab and curculio, and in the Conyers farm orchard, a fall CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 275 ^g- Iriijinpr pe>rinH Third Ge/VER/IT' L.arirril fRi'Hinp- ppriod rtriult Coconninr rinri pupal ppr. prnprp-pncp Fourth GEirSEKITION F&g teyirW Period I ATI/a] fppiiinp- pe-rmrl Cnmnnirnr- anrl hihprnrif- liea\y Frosts 1925 Fig. 42. — Oriental Peach Moth. Preliminary life history chart based on data obtained in 1925. This chart is not intended to give com- plete results since there are many points which need further study. However, it shows the trend of development in 1925 as correlated with out spray program. The stippled areas are uncertain periods which are indicated by field observation. There is also a possibility that some of the second generation larvae pass the winter, but of this we have not yet secured any evidence for Connecticut. The adult emer- gence as shown under the head of "first generation" is in reality a part of the third and fourth generations of the previous season. It is shown in this position on the chart for the sake of convenience. ORIENTAL PEACH MOTH 2 S3 application of lime-sulphur. It will be seen that none of the treatments, or those of last year as shown in Table I, reduced the amount of infested fruit below 10 per cent., and we have been forced to conclude that other measures must be found and that all known means of control must be employed in a severe infesta- tion in order to bring through a larger amount of sound fruit. Consequently tests were made of a number of different insecti- cides with a view to determining what substances if any would kill the larva before entering or would provide a suitable coating upon which the larva would feed without digging into the peach or twig. Results of these tests are not yet complete. Small bait pans were also employed in the field to determine the possibility of capturing moths by this means, thus reducing the total popula- tion of the insect in the orchard. In six small tin buckets hung in a bearing orchard, 283 moths were captured between August 11 and September i. Honey, water and yeast was first employed, but was later replaced by molasses and water according to the recommendations of Peterson.1 Adults fly into the mixture, their wings become wet and they are unable to escape. This means of control shows some promise and several investigators are busy working out details of application. It is hoped that it will provide the necessary means of increasing sound fruit and will prove suffi- ciently economical. The whole problem of control is very difficult owing to the habits of the insect, which seems to have developed almost a perfect defense, and about the best that can be done at the present time is the recommendation of nicotine sprays ; cultivation before May 5, so as to bury the larvae to a depth of three inches ; treatment with paradichlorobenzene to destroy the larvae hibernating on the trunk near the ground and destruction or removal of drop fruits. Our experiments to date indicate that four sprays containing nicotine sulphate as applied in 1925 gave as good control as five sprays applied in 1924, though at some- what different intervals. In 1925 these sprays were applied July 13, August 10 and August 20, the fruit being picked the first of September. In 1924, the fruit was picked nearly two weeks later and the final treatments were given August 15. Life history data obtained in Connecticut thus far show that the insect was very abundant in August during 1924 and 1925, and this probably accounts for the favorable results obtained from the treatments in 1925. Considerable foliage injury was noted in the blocks sprayed with nicotine and fish oil soap (potash) which was attrib- uted to an increase of soap in one application (four pounds to 50 gallons of water), since' subsequent sprays containing two pounds of soap per 50 gallons did no damage. Sulphur arsenate dusts (acid lead arsenate 10 per cent., sulphur 90 per cent.) caused some of the leaves to turn yellow and drop, although applied 1 Peterson, A. Journal of Economic Entomology, Vol. 18. 181-190, 1925. 284 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 275 carefully when most of the foliage was dry. This dust in itself is not effective enough and too dangerous to be considered for treatments to control the Oriental peach moth. Nicotine dust caused no noticeable damage, but it is evident that is cannot be used as late as the nicotine soap spray since it has a tendency to cling in the fur of the peach if applied less than three weeks before picking time. This would undoubtedly affect the sale of the fruit. On the other hand, nicotine soap sprays may be applied as late as needed without leaving any undesirable residue on the peaches at harvest time. The nicotine sulphate can prob- ably be added to a fungicide such as self-boiled lime-sulphur or dry mix sulphur lime without decreasing its effectiveness. Very late applications should contain only nicotine sulphate or nicotine sulphate and soap. Treatments for Oriental Peach Moth Control, 1924-1925 Table I. Treatment Farm and Date No. of Peaches Considered I. Self -boiled lime-sulphur, June Conyers Farm 9 and July 14 1924 Total per cent. injured 23- Nicotine sulphate, self-boiled lime-sulphur, casein lime ; July 9 and July 14; nicotine sulphate plus soap, June 30, July 28 and August 15 Conyers Farm 1924 2,167 14. Sulphur arsenate dust fol- lowed by nicotine dust, June 9 and July 14; nicotine dust, June 30, July 15 and August 2 Conyers Farm 1924 1,692 4- Nicotine dust, July 29 and August 10 13, July Conyers Farm 1925 1,964 23- 5- 90-10 sulphur arsenate July 13 and August 10 dust, Conyers Farm 1925 i,932 15-5 6. Nicotine-soap spray, July 29, August August 20 July 13, 10 and Conyers Farm I92S 1,883 10.5 7- Check Conyers Farm 1925 1,924 21.5 8. 90-10 dust, July August 14 IS and Barnes Orchard 1925- 824 38. 9- Nicotine dust, July 30 and August 14 IS, July Barnes Orchard 1925 755 28. 10. Check Barnes Orchard 1925 439 46. ORIENTAL PEACH MOTH 285 X u < w < w 2 o o o o u saunfuj fo PIO '% J UI31S % to 3P!S % 00 UI3JS ^ Xjnfui £ M3N % 00 il UI31S 3P!S % vo 3P!S gj P°°D % £? pOOQ 'OH " "°N I*lox ^ 3 ■* o g> psanfuj % t«*bx ssijnfuj [" Xanfuj PIO'% 3P!S % « to uia^s to 3P!S vo fa U XanTuj UI3JS *8 IN. 3P!S % S =>P!S « P°°D % poor) -oN "°N Ji°°ia •-> &« *^+j S^s- J3 3 > .2 3 7 3 *-> 01—. 1-1 -3 >-c p 3 C "& =1 0 0 en « , 3 bo O 3 >> _r; < rt V. tC ft <5 C/3 en > V c 3 >— 1 3 c (J tn bi IS bo « 3 < 286 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 2J 5 Explanation of Tables II and III All fruit from these blocks was taken from trees in the center of the block. At Conyers Farm, two baskets were taken from each of 10 selected trees, of approximately equal bearing capac- ity— the peaches being picked from all parts of the tree and sub- sequently cut open to determine whether infested or not. There were approximately 60 trees in each block, the trees being of con- siderable size, as shown in Plate VI. Prevailing winds blew across the blocks from end to end and not from one block to another. The nicotine dust block, however, was alongside of an apple orchard which may in part account for the poor showing made by this method of treatment. Owing to the possibility of allow- ing dusts to remain on the fruit at picking, it was found neces- sary to reduce the number of applications as compared with sprays containing nicotine. Only three applications of dust were made as against four sprays. The variety was Belle of Georgia. The work at Barnes orchard, Table II, was carried out in a similar manner, but the amount of fruit scored was much smaller and the results obtained are not considered to be of as much value as those obtained at Conyers Farm. Prevailing winds in this orchard blew across the three different blocks from the sulphur-arsenate dust plot to the nicotine dust to the check which was at the far side of the orchard. The variety was Elberta. In both tables, the heading "new injury" is intended to show that made by late entering larvae probably the third brood, and in most cases the larva itself was found. The heading "old injury" refers to old scars usually accompanied by considerable gum indicating that it was caused by the feeding of the first or second brood larvae. In this case the larva was never found within the peach. THE CURCULIO PROBLEM IN CONNECTICUT Philip Garman The plum curculio in Connecticut offers a serious hindrance to the production of perfect apples in many orchards. It is not so much a problem in peach orchards, although it occurs there abundantly, but apparently there is no second brood of larvae and peaches rarely become extensively infested. Certain varieties of plums are naturally attacked, this fruit being a favorite food, but since plums are not grown extensively in Connecticut, the problem of control is not pressing. It is also known to feed upon cherries, apricots and nectarines. On the other hand, a large proportion (often 80 or 90 per cent.) of the apples in a com- mercial orchard may be deformed or destroyed and a consider- able percentage of marred fruit may and often does remain after CURCULIO PROBLEM IX CONNECTICUT 287 thorough spraying. Such conditions to be remedied need the most careful study of the curculio's habits as well as thorough and painstaking application of control methods. ' The curculio is one of the oldest pests of apples and other fruits in Connecticut. Mention of it is found in almost all liter- ature dealing with fruit culture dating back as far as colonial times — and strange to say, some of the oldest methods of fighting the insect are often practiced to-day. Arsenical sprays have been mainly developed during the past 60 years and there will no doubt continue to be improvements along these lines, since we are only within recent years becoming acquainted with the feeding habits of the insects in relation to the toxic substances placed on the trees, comparative kill obtained with different products, free- dom from spray burn, and many other points essential to the effective and economical use of available poisons. The arsenate of leads which have replaced all other stomach poisons for killing orchard insects, have been developed to a high state of perfection as regards mechanical condition and adhesion ; and much more cannot apparently be expected in the poisons themselves. There still remains, however, the possibility by additions of making them attractive for the particular insect, increasing their stay on the trees long enough to cover the period of activity of the pest, or of increasing the thickness of the coating or palatability in some way in order to obtain more satisfactory results. All poison work as well as other controls, however, must be definitely founded on biological data obtained in the vicinity. It is, for instance, important to know that beetles begin to emen£e_fmrr!Jiib£«Kit4©^ . or when most apple trees are in thepink bud stage ; that they becoine must "arJundani^ on the trees about the 15th or 20th of May (about the time_when the blossoms have_fallen) and that their period of greatest activity apparently lasts till the middle orjast pf^Tune, the egg-laying period extending to the second week of July. It is also important to know that larvae develop abundantly in early apple drops and that they begin to leave this fruit the latter part of June, the majority entering the soil by the middle of July and few or none remaining by the first of August ; furthermore that beetles again begin to emerge from the soil by the first of August or a little before, but that their maximum emergence appears to lie between the 15th of August and first of September, the beetles hibernating shortly after with a relatively small amount of fall feeding. Of the control measures commonly practiced, the following may be mentioned: (1) cultural practices, or care of drop fruits-^ one of the oldest means of control and a very important adjunct to spraying practices especially where curculios are abundant — and one very commonly neglected. To be successful, cultivation 288 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 275 should be completed by the first of August, or if drop fruits only are handled, the operation should probably be complete by the first of July. (2) Spring and early summer applications of arsenicals. To be successful these must be considered from the standpoint of the growing tree and fruit. (the tree must be kept thoroughly covered with poison at this time), and from the stand- point of the relative abundance of beetles on the trees. A schedule comprising pink, calyx, 7-day after calyx, and two weeks after calyx, all with arsenate of lead, meets these requirements and will apparently be successful in producing a satisfactory majority (90 per cent.) of clean fruit where the infestation is ' light or medium. If, however, the infestation is very heavy, even the complete schedule may fail to give the desired freedom and it becomes necessary to apply additional measures to secure relief. Moreover, in some orchards it may be difficult to get over the orchard once a week at the critical time, in which case there are several possibilities. The owner may apply cultural practices as outlined or take care of drop fruit (which if collected should be buried to a depth of two feet so the beetles will not emerge) ; in small orchards it would be possible to jar the beetles from the trees, collecting and destroying them — a method seldom practiced to-day; or it is possible to spray or dust again in the fall after the beetles have emerged as recommended by Snapp ; the latter method offers one serious objection in the case of apples, in that sprays at this time might remain on the fruit at picking time. In the case of peaches or plums, however, this difficulty is not apparent and many beetles can doubtless be killed with a late spray since they feed on the leaves after the fruit is off. (3) There is still another possibility, namely: the treatment of wild apple trees which usually produce annually large numbers of curculios, or the treatment of abandoned or uncared-for orchards which are a decided menace when near a commercial orchard. We have examined many such trees in the neighborhood of well- kept orchards and there can be little doubt that curculios develop there and fly into the commercial orchard, adding much to the troubles of the grower. Hibernating quarters such as fence rows should be cleaned up and stone walls removed if possible. Two years' experimentation with sprays together with data accumulated by this Department in connection with other work /indicate that continued applications year after year give increas- ing percentages of clean fruit. However during six years' experi- mental spraying1 in one of our orchards at Mount Carmel, the desired freedom was secured only after removal of a neighboring peach orchard, (which normally received no arsenical sprays), use of programs planned especially to control curculio, and sys- 1 Experimental curculio spraying begun in 1924. CURCULIO PROBLEM IN CONNECTICUT 289 tematic collection of early drop fruits from the apples. Data on spraying operations are slowly accumulating- under a five-year program and it may be that something will develop that will work effectively in the case of severe infestations without the need of supplementary operations. The difficulties, however, become apparent when we realize that the tree is growing most rapidly at the time of the greatest abundance of the pest, that the average sprays show some repellent action and even if most of the beetles in an orchard are killed, many may come in from outside sources — unless those danger points are considered and treatment provided. The following bibliography of Experiment Station and other publications dealing with the curculio problem is given as it shows the opinions of State and Federal workers on the subject. It is from these sources that many of the recommendations, found in literature to-day are taken. 1905. Crandall, C. S. Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin No. 98. Extensive account of apple and plum curculios with detailed field experiments for control. Spraying operations considered unsuccessful — cultivation recommended. 1906. Crandall, C. S. Ibid., Bulletin 106, pp. 219-231. 1921. Fernald, H. T. In Applied Entomology, pp. 137-139. Control (p. 138). "No one method nor even all the methods of control taken to- gether will give entire freedom from this pest. A combination of the treatments however, will accomplish considerable in this line." Recom- mends removal of rubbish and hibernating quarters; (2) pruning trees to allow sunlight to enter; (3) allowing fowls and hogs to run under trees or through shallow cultivation from time larvae begin to leave fruit till six weeks later ; (4) spraying with arsenate of lead "for apples — treatment commonly given for codling moth though similar later applications may also be necessary if the insects are abundant"; (5) jarring the trees and collecting the beetles when only a few trees are involved. 1906. Forbes, S. A. Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin 108. Used arsenicals in field tests against the curculio on apples with an average increase of 63 per cent, sound fruit over untreated trees. 1914. Headlee, T. J. Report of the Department of Entomology, New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station for 1913, p. 654. States that where curculio is present foliage must be kept covered with arsenical from time the "creature begins to feed until it disappears." Overwintering beetles remain in plum orchards about six weeks, in apple orchards for about a month. 1918. Headlee, T. J. Ibid., Report for 1917, pp. 437-438. "Attack seems to have come between the blossom-fall and the ten-days-after-blossom-fall spraying." "In orchards standing near woodlands or plantings inter- spersed with old stumps or carpeted with grass, the damage was par- ticularly severe." Recommends clean culture during forepart of season followed by cover crop not producing a dense sod, removal of stumps and cleaning of fence rows. Recommends spraying to preserve the coating intact for the first month after blossoms fall. 1919. Headlee, T. J. Ibid.. Report for 1918, pp. 212-213. Recommends 7-day spray after calyx. Records two successful cases of control in orchards where curculios were abundant and where crop unsprayed was 'ruined bv the curculio." Recommends as a schedule for curculio control 290 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 275 (1) before buds swell; (2) as blossom buds first show color; (3) directly after petals fall; (4) seven days later; (5) 17 days after blossoms fall; (6) June 20 to 30 for all fall and winter varieties. Better results obtained with lime-sulphur and arsenate of lead than with arsenate of lead alone ; both have repellent action. 1921. Headlee, T. J. Ibid., Report for 1920, p. 449. Table showing comparison of dust and spray on apples unsatisfactory control of cur- culios indicated with dust. Seven to nine per cent, injured by curculio. 1923. Headlee, T. J. Ibid., Report for 1922, p. 373. Table showing comparison of dust and spray on apples including curculio records. Dusts do not control curculio as well as sprays. 1924. Headlee, T. J. Ibid., Report for 1923, pp. 276-278, Tables 6, 7 and 8. Results of curculio spraying. 1925. Herrick, Glenn W. In Manual of Injurious Insects, pp. 156-157. "Control measures. — All fence rows, hedge rows, and stone walls should be removed from about an orchard. Sunlight on the fallen fruit is fatal to the larvae within, hence judicious pruning to let in the light is useful. Cultivation during late July and early August will destroy pupae in the soil. Thorough spraying with arsenate of lead two pounds to one hundred gallons of water just after the petals fall and again ten days la'ter will be effective if the hibernating places have been destroyed." 1918. Pickett, B. S.. Watkins, O. S., Ruth, W. A., and Gunderson, A. J. Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station, Bulletin 206. Contains much valuable information on orchard sprays for the curculio and their results are ably discussed in tables and text. Page 492, under General Summary: "Codling moth and curculio, as a rule, were well controlled by applications of arsenate of lead." Page 493, controls obtained "from 60 to 94 per cent, (in the most successful experiments in 1913) and the least effectively sprayed plats from 32 to 79 per cent. In 191 4 the most effectively sprayed plats showed controls ranging from 81 to 97 ^er cent, and the least effectively sprayed plats from 45 to 87 per cent. In no 'case did spraying with arsenate of lead fail to exercise a decidedly bene- ficial effect." 1912. Quaintance, A. L. and Jenne, E. L. U. S. Department of Agri- culture Bulletin No. 103. The most extensive single publication on the plum curculio and its control yet published. Contains summaries of all previous work data on life history and parasites and accurate studies of control measures. Page 200 under conclusions : "With a small amount of fruit and abundance of curculios the most thorough spraying will not serve to bring through a satisfactory amount of sound fruit" — "with a large crop of fruit and abundance of insects, results will likewise be disap- pointing." Recommends four sprays for apples using dilute fungicide and lead arsenate: (1) as cluster buds are out; (2) as petals fall; (3) three or four weeks after petals fall ; (4) nine or ten weeks after petals fall. Secured controls amounting to from 19 to 77 per cent, increase in sound fruit from sprays tested. The best figures show 91.07 per cent, sound fruit as a maximum obtained by the method advocated. 1922. Quaintance, A. L. and Siegler, E. H. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Farmers' Bulletin 1270, pp. 7-10. "Most practical means of control are spraying with arsenate of lead, and cleaning up of trash from the orchards and vicinity as well as through cultivation during the summer — the prompt collection and destruction of infested fallen fruit will also aid in reducing this pest." The first spray application to poison the beetles should be applied in pink cluster bud stage, and the second as soon as the petals have dropped, using arsenate of lead at the rate of 1 pound of powder or 2 pounds of paste to 50 gallons of water or fungicide. Supplemental treatments are desirable in orchards where the curculio is more than ordinarily destructive. CURCULIO PROBLEM IX CONNECTICUT 29 I 1914. Singerland, M. V. and Crosby, C. R. Manual of Fruit Insects, pp. 243-251. Recommends for apples: two sprays as for codling moth just after petals fall and three weeks later— "but where the infestation is severe additional applications will be found necessary." Thoroughness of spraying is essential. Reliance should not be placed on any one method of attack. Clean cultivation, proper pruning, thorough cultivation at proper time are necessary. 1922. Snapp, O. I., Turner, William F., Roberts, J. W. U. S. Depart- ment of Agriculture Circular 216. Decribes methods used for controlling curculio in the Georgia fruit belt. Recommends destruction of early drops or disking to destroy pupae, and proper orchard sanitation. Jarring the trees also mentioned. 1924. Snapp, O. I., and Alden, C. H. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Bulletin 1205. Dusting and spraying peach trees after harvest for control of the plum curculio. General summary, p. 17: "Post-harvest treatments are not advisable except in cases where the curculio infestation has been severe during the peach season." Two applications of 10 per cent, lead arsenate and 90 per cent, hydrated lime dust are recommended for these treatments. TESTS OF ALCOHOL-FORMALIN FOR CONTROL OF AMERICAN FOUL BROOD IN BEES Philip Garman Several combs containing American foul brood were received from two different sources in 1925, and treated with Hutzelman's solution or various modifications thereof, with the following results : 1. Comb received May 28 and examined carefully; gross characters were positive for American foul brood; microscopical examination positive; cultures made on egg-yolk agar — appar- ently positive in manner of growth and morphology of the organism. Treated with homemade Hutzelman's solution con- taining one-half gallon formaldehyde (40 per cent.) and two gallons of alcohol (completely denatured formula number 5). The comb was placed in a small three frame hive. It was examined August 4 by Inspectors Yates and Coley and no disease was found. The combs continued clean throughout the summer and on September 24 a full sheet of brood had been formed. There was no evidence of the disease or injury from the treatment. 2. A comb received May 28; gross characters positive; micro- scopical picture and cultural features positive. Treated with formaldehyde (40 per cent.), one-half gallon., and water two gal- lons. A full sheet of brood was allowed to develop and the colony dequeened. No sign of the disease was seen and no scales could be found after brood was out. Examined August 4 by our inspectors ; no disease found. 3. Comb from same source as Nos. 1 and 2 ; gross characters, microscopical picture, and cultural features positive. Treated with Hutzelman's solution, commercial product. Continued brood rearing throughout the summer, the comb being examined 2()2 CONNECTICUT EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 275 August 4, and found free of disease; comb continued clean throughout the summer and examination September 24 showed no disease. 4. Comb received June 19, from another source — fairly rotten with American foul brood. Gross characters and microscopical picture positive. Cultures not made. Comb treated with com- mercial Hutzelman's solution without uncapping brood, but after extracting honey. Soaked 48 hours ; examined September 24, and no diseased brood was found. Combs treated in 1924 were kept under observation and no signs of American foul brood developed. Two combs treated with homemade Hutzelman's solution in 1924 the same as No. 1, above, were found to be freely used by the bees for brood rearing and storing honey. One other comb, however, treated with paraformaldehyde, the latter being left in the comb, remained throughout the season without brood and with very little honey. Although placed in a very strong colony, the bees seemed to ignore this comb and would have nothing to do with it. It apparently retained enoug'h paraformaldehyde to be objectionable, although it had no deleterious effect upon the colony as a whole. Several other combs were treated by similar methods but results so far have been similar to those already described and no description of them will be attempted. THE PEAR PSYLLA IN CONNECTICUT Psylla pyricola Forster Philip Gasman By far the most important enemy of pears to-day in Connect- icut is the pear psylla. It is reported to have been introduced into this State from Europe about 1832 and is now found through- out the northeastern United States. Much and serious damage may result from an infestation, the leaves becoming stunted and hlack or sooty, many dropping prematurely. The fruit may become discolored and remain undersize and the fruit buds may be affected, resulting in a decreased yield the following year. Pear psyllas are present in many Connecticut orchards and cause considerable damage every year. Life History: The winter is passed in the adult stage, the insects hiding under the bark usually near the ground, but also in other places. They emerge during warm days in spring and lay their eggs on growing shoots. According to published records, the eggs hatch in 12 to 18 days and the nymphs mature in about a month. Eggs of the second brood hatch in about 12