J iff Td ZO E a REPORT of the UNITED STATES PARTICIPATION in the INTERNATIONAL INDIAN OCEAN EXPEDITION John Lyman Indian Ocean Coordinator National Science Foundation July 20, 1962 2 S¢?ThOO TOEO O ETT 1OHM/18W ORGANIZATION AND HISTORY The International Indian Ocean Expedition (IIOE) was conceived at the first meeting of the Special Committee of Oceanic Research (SCOR) of the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU) in September 1958. United States participation was initially planned by the Committee on Oceanography of the National Academy of Sciences (NASCO). The preliminary plan was presented to the Federal Council of Science and Technology in May 1960, and approval for United States participation was announced by the White House on June 13, 1960. Scientific responsibility for the United States participation was assigned to the National Academy of Sciences — National Research Council, and the National Science Foundation was directed to plan and coordinate Federal support for United States participation in the program. At the request of the Director of the National Science Foundation, other Federal agencies with potential interest in the IIOE appointed representatives to serve as single points of contact and facilitate communication among the agencies. As a result of meetings of these representatives held during the summer of 1960, it was determined that the preliminary plans were inadequate to carry out the stated aims of the IIOE, particularly in the areas of biological oceanography and of air-sea interaction, and following international meetings held by SCOR at Copen- hagen and Helsinki in July 1960, NASCO enlarged its Indian Ocean Expedi- tion Panel, set up five Working Groups (Biology; Geology, Geophysics, and Bathymetry; Meteorology; Physical and Chemical Oceanography; and Expedi- tion Data, respectively), and drew up an enlarged program for U. S. participation, During the spring of 1962 it was agreed between SCOR and the new International Oceanographic Commission (I0C) that henceforth the Secretary of the I0C would have responsibility for coordination of the IIOE, Siml- taneously NASCO, as the United States adhering body to SCOR, has felt it inappropriate for it to continue to coordinate the United States partici- pation in the IIOE, and full responsibility for the United States program thus has been assumed by the National Science Foundaticn. FINANCIAL SUPPORT The original Presidential directive in June, 1960, provided that United States participation in the IIOE would be funded by normal budgetary process. Accordingly, the United States Navy, historieally the chief Federal sponsor of basic research in oceanography through its Office of Naval Research, agreed to permit vessels whose operations it finances through research contracts at Scripps Institution of Oceano- graphy, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, and Lamont Geological Observatory to undertake cruises to the Indian Ocean, Likewise the data-processing facilities at the Navy Oceanographic Office were put at the disposal of the U. S. participants, and survey vessels in the Indian Ocean were assigned to make oceanographic observations in support of the IIOE, “3s tetoonid ons. tots attest on ashy Gb bogs Tracie 'S, 9 63 eyvyes yore ee “4eloness anf sively TLS ba ‘ Tt Ger re Mit witch Bins Per nbteat rae i ed} to Mata Dotty oxy P20 Urey ade * £08 Bitlosbsink oTey Sim. ‘CUsdieth Cary ils Qo buss itergonnso, Ladiveverd eae | BESTA alt sey vicina eG? 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O1Et eng Ps. - Insinateet kes 4 Baie (OLE he wf aL Oflte re onaeaG. - abn aha ue mb os hvenehl wae nh. read bare. ekity na Beales ‘elastin ages OF eee gm Prey BHITIO obdgargonsEo 0 rill OS he 2 te iheteaung api as eis Bd: ssc Worms Gis ehOReG a hia |: ye te Laouass a Hd Saaltavrsaita: 9 bricsry Boiteeng | By wt tosh Pe ae = 2 = The National Science Foundation, which supports research through grants made as the result of applications proposing specific research projects, encouraged United States research institutions to submit proposals for research connected with the IIOE, and took steps to augment its available research funds by the inclusion of a special item for the IIOE, commencing with its Fiscal Year 1962 budget. Other Federal agencies have been less successful in obtaining the additional funding required to permit them to operate themselves in the Indian Ocean or to support research there in fields related to their specific missions, and in some cases the National Science Foundation has transferred funds to enable these agencies to carry out urgent programs related to the IIOE, The following tabulation, extracted from the 1963 National Oceano- graphic Program, prepared by the Interagency Committee on Oceanography of the Federal Council of Science and Technology, (with the addition of information from the U. S. Weather Bureau) summarizes planned Federal support of the U. S. participation in the IIOE through Fiscal Year 1963: THOUSANDS OF DOLLARS Fiscal Year 1961 1962 1963 USN 760 580 1,300 NSF =- 1,500 4,000 Bur.Com.Fish. - = 70 Weather Bureau = = 792 SCIENTIFIC PROGRAM BY DISCIPLINES The United States program for the IIOE, in accordance with the original stated aims of the expedition, is devoted to the scientific examination of four great areas of interest in the Indian Ocean. The first of these concerns itself with the problems of why there is an ocean basin in the first place; what are the forces that have shaped and are continuing to shape the basins; what are the resemblances between this piece of the earth's crust and any other; and how is the basin of the Indian Ocean dissimilar from other ocean basins? The techniques used in attempting to answer these questions are primarily geophysical and geological, and they have been or will be employed on expeditions sent out by Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Lamont Geological Observatory, Stanford University, and Woods Hole Oceano- graphic Institution. The second broad area of investigation involves the chemical and physical description of the waters of thef® Indian Ocean, and the study of their motions. The techniques used involve sampling of the waters in predetermined patterns, with respect both to horizontal distribution and to vertical spacing of the samples; concurrent precise measurements of water temperature; subsequent chemical and isotopic analyses of the water samples; and determination of current flow at east: can octet oder on ° sions: peal on ait hed har PEew sv | ‘% aA 30) exniasinger : k Or oi? 30% WitgoT, aater2 hada) edt Mitetou gap od Perv BE. rs) -¢ theyre av in en Par tpi Loatgiig. | at bs P amt tnsd stheog. | Sta yo golem exit Seyacie ot sbcihin 06 ete Bos. 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All United States ships participa- ting in the IIOE will be equipped for such water sampling, and the direct measurement of current flow is the particular object of a University of Rhode Island expedition embarked in the Scripps Institution vessel ARGO. The third major field of interest is the living populations, plant and animal, of the Indian Ocean, All United States ships will be equipped to sample plankton and to observe surface biological phenomena, and some will measure primary productivity. The research vessel ANTON BRUT will have biological oceanography as her primary mission, and the Stanford University vessel TE VEGA will concentrate on biological and physiological studies of island groups and other shallow water areas, The fourth main area of research is concerned with the interaction between the ocean and the atmosphere. Several of the U. S. research vessels that will work in the Indian Ocean will be equipped to make upper=air meteorological observations, but the United States will have the greater part of its meteorological effort based ashore. Observations from meteorological aircraft of the U. S. Weather Bureau and of Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, working in connection with the Inter- national Meteorological Center that has been established with the assistance of the Government of India and the United Nations Special Fund; from meteorological satellites; and from meteorological buoys (to be planted in the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea with the help of the Indian Navy), will be utilized in the program, SCIENTIFIC PROGRAMS OF INSTITUTIONS As indicated in the preceding paragraphs, research programs of all United States vessels participating in the IIOE will contribute to at least two of the four fundamental areas of interest; many will contribute to three; and some to all four, For this reason, it is more practical to describe the programs in detail by setting forth tre past, present, and planned cruises of each institution. SCRIPPS INSTITUTION OF OCEANOGRAPHY The Scripps Institution of Oceanography of the University of California at San Diego plans to undertake three major cruises to the Indian Ocean under the overall direction of Dr. Robert L. Fisher. The first of these, called MONSOON, was carried out by the research vessel ARGO according to the following itinerary: 1960 19 October 23 October 13 November 14 November 18 November 7 December 10 December 1961 2 January 6 January 15 January 17 January 22 January a Schedule ARGO left Darwin Joined by M/V MALITA MALITA detached ARGO arrived Jakarta ARGO left Jakarta Arrived Mauritius Left Mauritius Arrived Fremantle Left Fremantle Arrived Hobart Left Hobart Arrived Wellington Program Geological-geophysical exploration, under Dr, R. L. Fisher. Emphasis on two-ship seismic refraction work between Darwin and Jakarta. Same program, except for seismic refraction. Emphasis on heat flow, large-volume water-sampling; topography. Same The following observations were made between Darwin and Wellington: Underway Observations Precision depth recordings Gravimeter recordings Towed proton precession magneto- meter recoraings Insect collection, nets on superstructure Bat Surface Water Samples (for radio caesium). Stat eration: Seismic refraction stations Gravity cores Piston cores Heat flow measurements by temperature probe Hydrographic casts to bottom 17,000 miles 15,500 miles 16,000 miles 13,800 miles 618 29 OO = et ta | ~_ : | - woth mee a rm Station Operations (Continued). Special 2~liter water samples Midwater trawl hauls One-meter standard plankton tows 17-cm vertical microplanton hauls Bottom samples (biological) Rock dredges Large=yolume (c water samples and trace elements Bottom photography 13 stations 18 stations 18 stations In addition, some seismic reflection shooting was carried out, occas- ional air samples were taken, gravity was measured in ports of call; rocks and biological specimens were collected in ports of call; and large organisms were dip-netted at light lures on most night stations, The second Scripps cruise, called LUSIAD, is also being carried out by the R/V ARGO, according to the following itinerary: 1962 27 June 24 July 27 July 25 August 28 August 25 September 1 October 26 October 28 October 29 November 2 December 23 December 27 December 1963 15 January 18 January 14 February 17 February 15 May 18 May 7 June Schedule Leave Singapore Arrive Mombasa Leave Mombasa Arrive Colombo Leave Colombo Arrive Cochin Leave Gochin Arrive Port Louis, Mau. Leave Port Louis Arrive Fremantle Leave Fremantle Arrive Port Darwin Leave Port Darwin Arrive Jakarta Leave Jakarta Arrive Visakhapatnam Leave Visakhapatnam Arrive Mombasa Leave Mombasa Arrive Cape Town Program Studies of equatorial circulation during one monsoon season, under Dr. John Knauss. Hydrographic casts and direct current observa= tions with the aid of anchored buoys. In company R/V HORIZON: two-ship seismic refraction work under Drs. George G. Shor, R. W. Raitt, and R. L. Fisher. Bottom—sampling; hydrographic casts; heat—flow measurements, C-* collections under Dr. N. W. Rakestraw. Topography, magnetism, gravity, underway measure=- ments; under Dr. R, L. Fisher. Repeat equatorial circulation during second monsoon, under Dr. Knauss. Geological-geochemical-geophysical observations underDrs. George Bien, John Belshé, and Charles Keeling. 7 7 : 7 : ' ‘ 7 a AB" SRR” RAR The itinerary of the R/V HORIZON during LUSIAD is scheduled as follows: 1962 Schedule Leave Suez Arrive Aden Program 16 September Conduct underway reflection profiling of Red and Arabian Seas. Leave Aden Arrive Cochin 17 September 27 September 1 October Leave Cochin In company R/V ARGO; two-ship 26 October Arr. Port Louis, Mau. seismic refraction work under 28 October Leave Port Louis Drs. George G. Shor, R. W. Raitt, 29 November Arrive Fremantle and R. L. Fisher, Bottom-sampling, 2 December Leave Fremantle hydrographic casts, heat-flow 23 December Arrive Port Darwin measurements. Besides serving as consort to the R/V ARGO between Cochin and Port Darwin, the HORIZON will carry out hydrographic studies between Suez and Cochin and from Port Darwin she will return to San Diego via the Pacific. Figure 1 shows the tract of MONSOON and Figure 2 that of LUSIAD. The third planned Scripps cruise will be carried out by the R/V SPENCER F. BAIRD between February and May 1964 under W. R. Riedel. Emphasis will be on detailed stratigraphic, geochemical, and heat flow development in the central and eastern Indian Ocean where earlier cruises have indicated areas of especial interest. Continuous underway magneto- meter recordings will also be made. LAMONT GEOLOGICAL OBSERVATORY Three cruises of the R/V VEMA have been planned as part of the IIOE. VEMA 16 Itinerary Figures 3 and 4 27 December 59 22 January 60 25 January 60 22 February 60 26 February 60 14 March 60 16 March 60 31 March 60 Left Cape Town Arrive Mauritius Left Mauritius Arrive Fremantle Left Fremantle Arrive Adelaide Left Adelaide Arrive Wellington Under the direction of C. Fray, as Chief Scientist, VEMA made the passage from Cape Town to Mauritius and from Mauritius to Fremantle. More than 8300 miles of topographic track was recorded with a precision depth recorder in the southern Indian.Ocean. The existence of a fie rigs saute rie ‘ il ohiniabh evirth wie LOA. 2'rp) notgni lio ayia c > +. h 8822824 ags odam (MEV ,tetinero® tld ne. y¥et «Dd Io Moltoored selina oo sultinel per) bow antéizel od swot t soteloeig a dthw bsixcona aew stownt phagargogns es getter GOES gi 5 20 samatelxe of! snes). aekbal axedieoe edt ak eelroe eh ‘TL oumsty 2021 20lk 200! 206 _ 208 2Ob Of BYGOSIN 2024 208 002 = 209 20S “| NOISB3S80d 8) SLNVEINY ‘1 SITISHIAIS s) BAIdIVA | vuso0o0s Of 202 °Ob OL 20! T96T “YUEL-O96T * 4°20 | Ayderzouessg9 qo UOT IAT YSUT sddt.iosg NOOSNOW Yoe ry, ayveutxouddy eo) (oe O98VU-S310GNLIS WId3dS NOZIYOH -S3IGNLS IVID3dS *¢ emmsTy Ge: aQ NSS A. aN ye \ ‘ SS - am SNiLIETOW, gO - “. mh NI b ihou-s 3 te SRR \ SO REY FUP : i bakom ML S3ONLS INIUUND daaave WW or ; a yypyya VN S ‘ i 1 NIH GSA SS, x io HON3YL NvIS3INOON! / 3O S3IONLS DJILANOVW ONY ALIAVES ‘DJIHDVH9OdOL WVID3dS €96T eunP-Z96T sun Aydergzou'~soQ Fo uotTynqATysuT sddtuos GVISNT 40f syoery pouuelT dq mid-ocean ridge and associated rift valley was verified by six crossings of this topographic feature. A towed magnetometer produced a continuous plot of the total intensity of the earth's magnetic field along the ship's track. Forty-seven piston cores of the bottom sediment were obtained. Multiple photographs of the bottom were taken at 23 stations. Thirty hydrographic stations were occupied and consisted of serial observations of temperature, salinity, and oxygen. Sixteen large volume water samples, representative of all of the water masses, were collected for C-14 age determination. Biological collections included 11 bottom trawls and 80 plankton samples. Additional observations included measurements of the heat flow through the ocean floor, and propagation of sound through the SOFAR channel. Under the direction of John E. Nafe, as Chief Scientist, VEMA made passages from Fremantle to Adelaide and from Adelaide to Wellington. During the early part of this program seismic refraction measurements were undertaken in cooperation with HMAS DIAMANTINA. During the remainder of the passage the program of observations under way and at stations was closely similar to that of the Cape Town to Fremantle traverse. VEMA 18 Itinerary Figure 5 3 June 62 Leave Cape Town 20 June 62 Arrive Mauritius 22 June 62 Leave Mauritius 12 July 62 Arrive Fremantle 14 July 62 Leave Fremantle 1 August 62 Arrive Wellington Manik Talwani, as Chief Scientist, directed the work of VEMA from Cape Town to Mauritius. Marcus Langseth was in charge from Mauritius to Wellington. The underway program included continuous magnetic, topo- graphic, gravity, and seismic reflection measurements. At the Stations cores and Camera Stations were the most common combinations, with more emphasis than usual being placed on plankton sampling. In the area south of Australia a number of bottom trawl stations have been occupied. The passage from Bass to Wellington will begin about July 25th. Parti- cular emphasis is placed on comparison of total sediment thickness with that found in the Atlantic Ocean. VEMA 19 (1963) VEMA 19 (1963) is being planned to enter the Indian Ocean via either Suez or Cape Town, proceeding to Kerguelen and thence to Fremantle. The new R/V CONRAD, to be operated by Lamont Geological Observatory, will also spend three months in the Indian Ocean in 1963. During all VEMA cruises, the following program is being carried out under the supervision of the investigators named. Dr. Maurice Ewing is the principal investigator on all VEMA cruises. vaeedo % WAEXROTG OAT sponasy edt "to y gl Io ted oF caLinte ‘elsanto eav li : SL eEHe I fccent meRba™ 7 : cf alaadgan weLacs GOAL), Ge dene ae aby caoo0 An tind, att wediad oe beaentg wnted at (EORL) CL AMY e .oltaamrs® ot aogsdt ‘hue caleggiod of gotiesseny” | i us 2 Lite octotavinad® Uismtgetos® gucuent yo Botwogn et ot ,GARHOD V\A went ie: eee gen ee entnom awit hasge oute ode to Dabiees gated Gt metaorg aatwollet pd! 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Worzel Magnetometer total field intensity J. R. Heirtzler recordings Bathythermograms R. Gerard Seismic reflection J. I. Ewing Surface water temperature M. Ewing Station Operations Seismic refraction profiles (Charles Drake (J. E. Nafe (J. I. Ewing Gravity cores Cc. Fray Hydrographic casts R. Gerard Large-volume samples for cl4, H3, W. Broecker Sr, Cs Microbiological sampling P. R. Burkholder Plankton sampling Alan Bé' Bottom trawling for biological specimens Alan Bé Sound velocity and transmission J. I. Ewing Measurements Bottom temperatures and temperature M. Langseth gradients Bottom dredging for rocks C. Fray Bottom Photography M. Ewing In Port observations Rock collections C. L. Drake UNIVERSITY OF RHODE ISLAND Under Dr. John A. Knauss, the Narragansett Marine Laboratory of the University of Rhode Island is carrying out two three-month studies of the equatorial current circulation in the Indian Ocean aboard the R/V ARGO, whose cruise itinerary has been given above. Planned locations of the sections are shown in Figure 6. WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, under the direction of Dr. Paul Fye, is planning the following cruises to the Indian Ocean. lhe the mobdoethh suf caked mpacuaediitt ened SOU | atooW seit a me connead mul Get odd owt apes Sees genoa |G ak soe Ki x NG Co SIS masse rss teen f 0y4na}07 OOUV A/Y UT sucTjoeg JUeTaND TeTsoyenby GNVISI AGOHY Jo ‘nA q \ \ 006 (Ss BOS ea oOr ut ies Gn i ee eat ae Wve he a ae orn ho oo eae Sh rile te ere niet ean rete eee SCIEN. Wo Jee Te Uy rT Ue CIO ES Pea ea ca C FP O2l eel 2Ob 1 S¥NISINHS 20/1 Sica fi rac JOBMYS \* 496T-T96T *NIVHO A/} 208 202 o Cie +r tt epee eet + 209 20S Ob | NoIssassog Or S96T T96TTEI6T ‘NIVHO A/U SO : YE vVolIds” Hinos ; NOINN zanoiwaoy 3 oz NIVHO 9 = , ea? Fae one ».. =r a Oe y oa ae ae a & f VANS» ay) v he 20! (sasinud 3011 1N3YUYND 40 SONI -ONI4 3H1 NO G3SVa NOISIASY¥ OL 193rENs) S964 HOYVW- #961 1d 3S v96t HONVA- £96) 1439S NOILNIILS HI JIHdVHSONY 390 310H SQOOM 3HL JO s3asinud VV IISAHdO039 Jasod0ud wos ADIRAA MTuGe 3 £ —-i16- @. Sayonos ¥ 1 OMITBE | SURMIBIUHD 01 a 0 1Z Z 2,¥F, par eeetinn! kK HIANY ONL Go 0 LN3YNND SVHINSY 8 vas NviavYY AHdVYDONV3I90 TVOISAHd 20! 20! S96 | AVW-AYXVOANYS ITSIUNVILY ece LIVYONIY 1V9190108031L3W 8 ITAY3A09NSIO HLIM BAILVY3d009 AHdVYSONV3I90 1 TVOISAHd £961 AON-3NNe 202 IL SIANV VL come eoc#. 021 “ON 2001 +06 208 OL 209 0S Ob _— = {pment cna a rg =n i ie J ee voter name om it eS eee mil (= 1963 June - November ATLANTIS II Physical and chemical studies in Red and Arabian Seas and Agulhas Current (Figure 8) September 1964 CHAIN Geophysics and submarine geology between Socotra and Cape Agulhas (Figure 7) ‘March September 1965 CHAIN Geophysics and submarine geology, Cape Agulhas to Laccadives, Chagos to India, India to Suez (Figure 7) March February - July ATLANTIS II Physical and chemical studies in Red and Arabian Sea and Agulhas Currents (Figure 8) The programs indicated for the CHAIN and ATLANTIS II respectively are the primary ones. The CHAIN cruises will also include physical and chemical oceanography and the ATLANTIS II cruises geophysics and submarine geology. Key scientists involved in the above programs are: Earl E. Hays, J. B. Hersey, C. O'D. Iselin ; and A. R. Miller. : . In addition, the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution will also have scientific responsibility for the operation of the R/V ANTON BRUUN, which will be devoted primarily to biological work. Under the direction of Dr. John H. Ryther, assisted by Dr. Edward Chin, the following schedule has been established; 1963 February - April AG Bay of Bengal, Andaman Sea, and Nicobar Islands, A. B. (Figure 9) May - July 2. Bombay-Colombo-Mauritius-Bombay, A, C. (Figure 10) August - September 3. Bombay - 40°S - Tamatave, A. C. (Figure 9) ee ade a iar) le eS ; eg ae vile Tips wie Ae ay AIOMACEA oa Urano. oat neti e eholrat oals [ftw asalurs HEARD ee | pe Rane sean tages vote ais nt heviowsh adatiaes a on erALLiM 2 «A bum atboat 0 x3 ey an! 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U. S. NAVY Survey vessels of the U. S. Navy have occupied hydrographic stations in the Persian Gulf and Andaman Sea, as shown in Figure 15. The research vessels CHAIN of Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, ARGO of Scripps Isntitution of Oceanography, and CONRAD of Lamont Geological Observatory are owned by the U. S. Navy, and their operations are supported by the Office of Naval Research. The Office of Naval Research also supports part of the operations of the VEMA and HORIZON. The Navy is also providing one R5D aircraft for use in the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution meteorological program and is supplying a NOMAD weather station. Support has been given to the National Oceanographic Data Center for research on data processing for the NOMAD buoy observations. U. S. WEATHER BUREAU Four planes of the Weather Bureau Research Flight, normally based in Miami, Florida, in hurricane observation, will operate in India from May to July 1963 and again in January and February 1964. The Weather Bureau is also assigning two professional meteorologists to the International Meteorological Center at Bombay. Radiosonde equipment is being loaned by the Weather Bureau for installation on the ANTON BRUUN and ATLAMTIS II. BUREAU OF COMMERCIAL FISHERIES The research program of the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries in the Indian Ocean has the following objectives: 1. To study the distribution and abundance of adult tunas in relation to the circulation during the two monsoon seasons. 2. To study the relation of the apex predators (tunas, marlins, sharks, etc.)to the food-chain, standing crops and productivity. og ten - ee orien ‘ony at aeeetnze Lokptommeo to voacul ait to en sev ishel ae fiction tet a aaa] nantes taawt Jibs Io soakituids fre dokbedbiterh att yhyta of sie See ee ee ee eee . ocint} Vacnhire coqn ‘els analiatos sah thalaieel = aottriats itedo-bool piv off.ate edrade ,eokivam’ | eM tvivonuberq how aqorte —26- “at aInsty Ol 002 “1 SVWASINHD “1 ONITSay | zaneTuaou Sonvyss “1 S0rvuWwo 202 9 24 iwnvnvony Sr as NOTAAS = Vv4ELo0z06 =a <0f 02 je0! = 19] bd } | 201 i t | 096T* 08a aListnoaa ssn | T1961 | oNVuuaS ssn | [96 T Sew QNIMLSVG sposn 3. 6. This program will be carried out by personnel of the Bureau's Biological Laboratory, Honolulu, aboard the ANTON BRUUN. aoe a. Organisms eaten (qualitative and quantitative analyses of stomach contents). b. Standing crop of nekton (qualitative and quan- titative analyses of mid-water trawl collections). ec. Standing crop of zooplankton (qualitative and quantitative analyses of zooplankton collections). d. Phytoplankton productivity (C14) uptake). Investigate subpopulations (serology of apex predators: billfish, and sharks). tunas, Distribution and abundance of larval and juvenile fish (plankton and night-light collections). Zoogeography of zooplankton and zooplankton forms as biological indicators (distribution and abundance of selected zooplankters such as copepods of the genus Candacia). Taxonomy, occurrence, and distribution of demersal fishes and invertebrates. On cruises 2 and 5, a party of 8 fishermen and 3 scientists will be embarked to engage in longline fishing as follows: a. On each cruise, fish 60 baskets of gear at each station. Occupy 16 stations along each of two meridian; 13 of the stations to be at 5° latitude intervals and remaining 3 stations to be occupied in areas of high abundance. b. Data and biological samples to be collected. (2) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) Catch (by species) and effort. Length and/or weight of each fish. Sex and general state of maturation. Preserve stomachs in 10 percent formalin. Preserve ovaries in 10 percent formalin. Preserve blood samples for serological studies. Preserve selected whole specimens for taxonomic studies. os} 1 mene Loaaowrog 38 $0 b bntroden og itlv viettonioe € Ban pn aR pret a to €! yonkbivem owt to dose tiae alevresat obuttiel ie dake oct ehabands ggid Yo azets at being of OF euoksnee € sBetootine od oF aolqme Laakgghahe fem are Pr: | oT has (setosge wd) dot09 (t) a Hott dono to tdgtow 20\Sam atgent, (8). ‘Oideivdem to adeda Lose Bux xe (£) ‘thiomot dxeossq Of at edramcte swuwmest (4) snkieotot gavored Of at astreve etouerd (2) xia Meals ties 10% ages booldi pytsessd (8) -uptbiite, stempozet 20% eawmtpoe foxy betovtes eyxssext (VY) tas int cane o maotnéath tne rnin yon er oa = -28- Bottom trawling to study the distribution and relative abundance of demersal species in relation to the topography and nature of the botton, will be conducted on Cruises 1 and 4, using a single-warp shrimp trawl. Catches will be assessed quantitatively at sea, given a preliminary sorting, and sent to the U. S. National Museum for final distribution to qualified taxonomists for systematic studies of the fishes and invertebrates collected. NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION Support of the United States program for the IIOE by the National Seience Foundation is epitomized by the following tabulation of grants made since 1960: NSF Grant No. G- 11800 G-16570 G16570A1L G-17182 G-19289 G-20952 G-21960 Institution National Academy of Sciences - National Research Council National Academy of Sciences - National Research Council National Academy of Sciences - National Research Council Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution University of Hawaii Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution University of Rhode Island Principal Investigator R. C. D. Vetter Meid Hoover H. S. H. A. Ryther Ramage Ryther Knauss Title Amount Support to the $ 47,400 Special Committee on Oceanic Research of the International Council of Scienti- fic Unions. Support of Coordi- 56,900 nator, Indian Ocean Expedition Support of Coordi- 44,200 nator, Indian Ocean Expedition Planning of a pro- 24,000 gram in biology for the Indian Ocean Expedition Support of U. 5S. Meteorology Pro- gram of the Indian Ocean Expedition 97,200 U. S. Program in 450,000 biology for the International Indian Ocean Expedition Equatorial Circula-100,000 tion of the Indian Ocean 0G, Ot oh mtgerT 4B U ec? set “adlotd (eth: Lael tamisdal ee moth Becks. dsesacd) CO .OUL-eluottd Labrogsips Rithal odo te sate ; fAas20 Teo Gl ah a BRUAAN. «A tb eertt-n en =20- NSF Grant Institution Principal Title Amount Number Investigator G=-22223 Office of J. Hughes NOMAD weather Naval Research station for the $ 50,000 International Indian Ocean Expedition G-22255 University of R.L. Fisher Participation in 150,000 California the International Indian Ocean Expedition G-22260 Columbia Univ. M. Ewing Participation in 150,000 the International Indian Ocean Expedition G=-22388 University of D.J. Portman Heat and water 231,900 Mighigan vapor exchange for the International Indian Ocean Expedition G=-22389 Woods Hole A.F. Bunker Air-Sea Inter- 97,000 Oceanographic action for the Institution International Indian Ocean Expedition G-22413 University of C.S. Ramage Atmospheric Cir- 146,600 Hawaii culation Project Por the Interna- tional Indian Ocean Expedition G-23113 Woods Hole A.F. Bunker Research Aircraft 100,000 Oceanographic Por meteorological Institution program of the International Indian Ocean Expedition U. S. COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY The USC&GS Ship PIONEER will sail in mid-February of 1964 from San Francisco to take part in the International Indian Ocean Expedition, returning to San Francisco the following September. In addition to underway observations, en route to and from the Indian Ocean, the PIONEER will concentrate on gravity, magnetic, and hydrographic operations in the Andaman Sea and the eastern Bay of Bengal. Space will be made available aboard the vessel for two meteorologists and one or two biologists. Three noxth-south profiles of oceanographic stations are planned from 5°N to 5 S across the Equator south of the Bay of Bengal. These are only tentative plans covering work on specific Coast and Geodetic Survey projects. It is anticipated that they will be modified and added to as the information from other participants becomes available and as other organizations develop cooperative programs with the PIONEER. These plans are predicated on the assumption that TRANSIT navi- gation will be available for determing ship positions throughout the expedition. Leg I - San Francisco to Singapore Leg II - Singapore Trincomalee (Figure 16) From Singapore, the track will be northwest through the Malacca Straits into the Andaman Sea. The actual tracklines in the Andaman Sea will depend in part on the results of the work of the ARGO which returns from this area in the early summer of 1963. In general, how- ever, there will be a series of sawtooth crossings of the Andaman Sea carrying out all of the standard underway observations with special attention paid to the bathymetry and the gravity work. Sediment cores and bottom photographs will be taken in the Andaman Sea along these lines. Rock dredgings will be attempted at places where the topography suggests that rock outcrops might be present. Planned tracklines in this area will be modified in the field as dictated by the bottom topography and gravity anomalies encountered. The pattern will include at least two crossings of the Andaman-Nicobar Ridge into depths of at least 3000 meters west of the ridge. These could conceivably be through Ten Degree Channel and Duncan Pass. At the northern end of the Andaman Sea, special lines shall be run to determine if submarine channelling extends seaward of the mouths of the Irrawaddi River. From the Andaman Sea, the ship will pass into the Bay of Bengal where the underway operations, cores (or dredgings), and bottom photography will continue along a series of East-West lines at approximately two-degree spacing from the coast of Burma out to approximately 88°E. Topographic, gravimetric, or magnetic anoma- lies found along these lines will be developed more fully. Special Sid nett ae Pen ra a0 et atest ito a eee tae ek ed Liiv Yedt Yesd fetagrottns ef gt | areebowy yer): peony me Bis pean xaitto ati ot bd ee od dobbs bme bolttbom eddie iies Hsdienes WE wiRolbong si6 wi acini ag a a eee rnen gh ae ‘sidel teve aoe (nr ‘sinh. ie Bh : . i an soustau iit: nou dteevdixon od ile ue ase’ oroqegat Seon) ae P ; et is at abehok sit et yoakiolaast Lagden aff coat me A old ober tee ew dohge OORA ait Yo atiow ade Jo atkieas aad de J | “won ,tothieg ch AfOOL to tence phnae SAF wt wore ahas : ey | eRe Ir RA Ct ho, agrteaos> Adcodwea Se get en ae: fifty stodd | wave Mage? eg i fc, Lads eg aidiw augtieviaads ywowehey SeaURre, At 3D Lie dee, Babytses oo! ae Bevis 0 tact PERS IWtow ysivere edd bea ertemgiond ont ot Stag aohtaodsa. am Pide''S) Seats gabhe ae cmuMm@hns edd ot seed ee LLM), esithertpe Ae ees iia dieberenco? aa saul waenle le Bedamedin ed Lee" ietoe fe eee ine Matos aries tuakeng. ae tate | ras Mahe BaF yd Retadeth ae bist? ‘ede ok Aare = he ; ShSLORE Coin ieemten ett ~benetavoons eel iain qikveng vis eee fas, Bey eaten neOh BETA sedeoLcamebod, sit hy ‘aagttibac ores owed Paeel Aa et Vide iownon Blico seen | .sghtx ade Ae, aay wxedent Beg ' Cy to ds cxamiaon at? tA .ateet geome Bap Le i : : aukragive ty welesated of ave ad [Lada asakt’ z pet eid MOvVAH tehawersl odd to ‘aedteom aay %o brie abesaxe fgren feaneds a | Lagass to yet edt odat saeq Ll bw | gids ‘aril .se8 ‘whapiionl sue wore” aie eam motiod Sas’ (egnigberh xo) estou \anoliageyy cateian oid evedw i te Bogkl JoeWotard to osivea a giate sattiigon Litw ydgeraateng | (1) le oF #20 sorted Yo seado edt hots sokosqa ommeb-owd Ylehemimoxgas: tf ~srtuis itongan so oittomivers .bigergege? 088 yietaakmonqge, ¢ Latoog ‘ha oom, hoqmiaved bg. Litw eanks oaeelt feet ‘igen pent wie he EO er gr | NOISBISSOd Ob ¢ yee fyoiu4v Hinos* | NOINN i 1 NOINNaY : ‘ 3 E: E gO; 5c H [ee is ¥ t ay 3 i oz j é s ° 1 zanoTuaou eee y % x i SONv7S! | 3v2uvoswm *1 sorvavo soavouvo| . : oe | 1 ONINa3» s3yON0D Y 1.4u39- 3 | BONZAIAOEd ivuevaty “L SVINLSINHS 8) JANVHINYG % S3ITNISHOAGS N novadat 3 br : a = = ZN ee 1201 en PA ihe ee eee + @ YAENOT d oD). Go SM care will be taken along the more northerly of these lines to look for any southerly extension of the Ganges Canyon. This has been surveyed in some detail by the Pakistan Navy as far as the edge of the continen- tal shelf. The GALATHEA'S lines showed that it extends south into the Bay of Bengal beyond the shelf, but its extent is not known. It is possible that the valley found by the ALBATROSS east of Ceylon may be the extension of this Ganges Canyon. After a stop at Calcutta, the PIONEER will carry out a detailed survey of the Ganges Submarine Canyon seaward of the continental shelf. The canyon will be traced as far seaward as is possible. Cores will be obtained from the canyon Ploor where possible and attempts will be made to dredge the canyon walls. Bottom photographs will be obtained where camera lowerings appear feasible. If the canyon terminates well north of the latitude of Ceylon, the east-west lines previously run in the eastern Bay of Bengal shall be continued westward from 88° to the coast of India. If the canyon continues south to or beyond Ceylon, it shail be followed to its termination with cross sections run at frequent intervals. On the termination of this project, the ship will proceed to Trincomalee, Ceylon. Leg III - Trincomalee to Djakarta HO Charts 2523 and 3689 show hard ridges through which has been cut a submarine canyon that heads in Trincomalee and Goddiyar Bays on the northeast coast of Ceylon. The canyon has apparently been cut in quartzite and other hard Pre-Cambrian rocks. The canyon extends seaward to depths of at least 800 fathoms where the soundings terminate. As the ship leaves Trincomalee, this canyon will be traced seaward with a set of profiles, and an attempt will be made to dredge the steep walls. Sediment cores and bottom photographs will be obtained where possible. Upon the completion of the canyon survey, three north-south sections of oceanographic stations will be oceupied from 5°N to 5S along “84°F, 88°R, and 92°F. Statiorswill be at 5, ho and 3°, and at eae etervate to the Equator for a total of 17 stations along each profile. The stations at 5°, 3° and 1°N and S will be deep sta- stions to the bottom, the others will be to 2000 meters. Standard bottle spacing will be used, except that depth of stations and bottle spacing may be modified in the light of other results obtained before the PIONEER sails. From the southern end of the easternmost line (5°S, 92°F), the track to Djakarta is tentatively planned to accomplish two crossings of the northwestward extension of the trend of the Java Trench. These would be underway observations as described above. The first line would approach the Sumatra coast near Padang and then turn southwest continuing to the latitude of the Sunda Strait, thence due east through the Sunda Strait to Djakarta. The tracklines between the "ad soa dobde danrtay seghix frau woke eB owe eed adtat Oh ee ten WAS UyLbboD bas solemonixt nt absed tod? noyen exirondia @ # esd vitoetaggs) aad coyao SdT cooly to theeD seroestnlh ‘ony aoyiag Sef .aidso% oAbsdmed-orT bred saddo has etietzep & i), | SaAdiewoe eo? azetiv gigites COB tenal ta to adggab od Insyesa steed sh hood oo Liew eoyoes ated | selemoonbe! amveet @hsd (met th” 5 9 * water of ohm ad fitw Seweadin me fie cael ttorg to gee a dtu ineusea, a ed Liky asigergovody, mottod fos neta twomtbes ,aliaw’ icone: eahdhamoy STSaW sii dt asenalt lin rita ater ty cottage i aa, el i 8 Bag: he @ on sd Letrinotoad@ 86a ce i Pikes iow {iW (ddoe 8 we) todeupH ont oF seated so Ja mute qouh nd tile Spas WPL See [f' .%C ta angkonte ent) eit pone me i iiehogsa ~.ansdtem OOOS ot od thew eroltho oat, eedrodh ante wm. olfted hae aaoksate So déqob dedd dqesxs .boun od Litw gakoaga b edcsicl hea ketde China: werkt’ ital tind add od Ligier? ay. bend sie ahha: i ode {8°89 OE} nbs dadmvetane: arts pee teabiahanies pnd son — Pes Ea ow ii bigmor ee ot heuseto ylevideoney ak’ : ver scat? .donett pve add to boast. edd to ‘dokemidid Bruswdeowddras oat to. outt tert? ad? .evoda badtoeeb as easiverieade ‘ened DaaK teed god cenad teak ibaa, acahey sean Faad, orden oad doaot We Fide eah eonsty .dhende) atent ent he, abotkdal eat’ gt noaws ed ponkivaess ant siden’ 64 ald Sa ay i F i 7 vat iH r ¢ As wi mM Ht ematical Uy ui) VERIO‘, Ae man, fs end of the oceanographic stations and Djakarta are only tentative and will be changed to supplement the work of the ARGO currently operating in this area.